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The

Gardens’ Bulletin

— STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

A Journal reflecting the activities of the Botanic
Gardens of the Straits Settlements, published
as material is available.

Singapore:
Printed at the Methodist Publishing House.
1923—1925.

Lal kane
” 7-8
9-12

DATES OF PUBLICATION.

issued August, 1923 4 san Se

issued April 15th, 1924

issued Nov. 7th, 1924 ap ce) ee

issued March, 1925 ..

1-120
121-244
945-302

305-4166

CONTENTS.

Vegetation Studies
A Botanical Reconnaissance upon the Main Range of

the Peninsula at Fraser Hill 19
The vegetation of Gunong Belumut in J ohore 245
The flowering plants of Taiping 303

The Malaysian Flora
The as-yet botanically unexplored parts of the Malay

Peninsula - 8
Haplochorema sumatranum ; 18
A Botanical Reconnaissance upon the Main Range of

the Peninsula at Fraser Hill se 19

Cleome Chelidonii Linn. f. in the Malay Peninsula .. 280
The Floras of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the

Philippine Islands 283
A Note on Semecarpus Curtisii, King Pa 200
Orchid Notes .. 2. © ete 299
The flowering plants of Taiping 303

Economic Plants
(a) Yams
A spiny yam from Sumatra 3
Tahitian yams |
Yams at the Malaya- -Borneo Exhibition 5)
A list of oriental vernacular names of the genus
Dioscorea (with 11 maps) ea» 2121
Varieties of Dioscorea pentaphylla in Malaysia ae 208
Dioscorea piscatorum or Tuba-ubi, a fish-poison 260
(b) Coconuts
The fertility of branched coconut palms I
Branched coconuts and their fertility .. 274
A study of the coconut flower and its relation to
fruit production 261
(c) Rubber
Two hybrid trees of Hevea braziliensis x confusa 207
(d) Lettuce
An experiment with Lettuces .. 2
Morphology of Plants
The fertility of branched coconut palms |
Branched coconuts and their fertility 204
Branching in Arenga pinnata 2
Abnormal inflorescences of Elaeocarpus petiolatus 11
Stenomeris in the Malay Peninsula 289

Meteorological Records
Rainfall in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore and Penang
1915, 19
1922-113, 117, 120

: 1923 29%
1924 460
Relative Humidity, Botanic Gardens Singapore
1923 301
1924 459
Drugs
A Chinese belief regarding Phyllocactus Hookeri, Walp = 280)
Cleome chelidonii Linn. f. in the Malay Peninsula .. 280
Various
Observations on the expansion of Dictyophora imdusiata,
Desy. a i; $8 Fi 5 SOR
Mosquito larvae in the pitchers of Nepenthes _. pea
Facing p. 1 Branched coconut palm at Bachok, Kelantan.
“ + (a) A spiny vam from ‘Sumatra.
&
_ (b) Yams from Tahiti.
55 7 Some yams of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

a 245 Summit of Gunong Belumut, with shoulder-

high scrub containing Matonia.

is 247 At the junction of the Matonia-serub with the
mossy forest, on the western ridge of Gunong
Belumut.

ia 291 ‘Typical mossy forest, near the summit of Gunone

Belumut, upon the south face.

. 258 Tubers of three varieties of Dioscorea penta-

phylla.

- 289 Tubers of a Stenomeris.

The.

>

ee Bulletin

te >

| ea é sehen Kae 1923. Nos,1-3

ees SON TENTS.

“The Fert tility of. Branched Coconut Palms: . a ae 1

Branching in Arenga pinnate GREW Ase

Bn Experiment with Lettuces .. 9°... és es a 2

pe Spiny Yam from Sumatra... . he si ue 3

| | Pabitian Migtiae fet eRe ee tf ag

: - Yams at the Malaya-Borneo Exhibition by a AP 5
ie : a “As-vet: Lanes Abc Parts of the Malay

| dy _ Peninsula yee Ua Gs Fe te is a “ts 8

‘: a. j ‘nora Inflorescences of Elaeocarpus petiolatus ... ree. Lt

_ BGrne Re i ey 2
-Maplochorema somatranum be eae pie pele

o SA Botanical. ‘Reconnaissance upon the Main Range of the
Peninsula ‘at Fraser’ Hill . Ge a a aie e419

~ Rainfall at the Botanic Gardens Sea 3 eee ELE
“fsa at the Botanic Gardens Singapore, 1922... hencnts
Rainfall at the Waterfall Gardens Penang, VOOH ok aoe i net TLD |
_ Rainfall at the Wateriall Gardens Penang, 1922 = .: sen Lae
= Summary. of Rainfall, nL Ae ey genera: re Seen a BS
| Sommery of ‘Rainfall OR de ye a ae:

s

J
7 ae: yee es bes Fel ; ;
Pe Pee, AY te. We i ae bors ‘ : \ ‘ R x ;
i = % so) Po be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
wigs rd Cc. Lea Fo ey

Ms: Hi es Pr se eas Printed at thie ‘Methodist Pushing “Hassa. Oineeh IVOLD A RBORETU

Set ee ee

oy RENE

Branched coconut palm at Bachok, Kelantan.
From a photograph seit by Mr. F. G. Crosste.

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN,

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Vol. 111 Issued August 1923

THE FERTILITY OF BRANCHED
COCONUT PALMS.

In a paper in the Annals of Botany, xxi, 1907, p. 420, Mr. H.
N. Ridley gave an account of an abnormally branched coconut palm
standing upon Perseverance Estate in Singapore island. ‘This tree
which is figured upon his plate xxxvi, he was told had never fruit-
ed: and the idea that branched coconut-palms are sterile, seems to
be general: but it is not absolutely true. Reports of fertile branched
coconut palms in New Guinea and in the West Indies have been
noticed, and the matter is discussed in Hunger’s Cocos nucifera
(2nd Edition, Amsterdam, 1920) pp. 218-226.

ral

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At Geviang on land adjoining the Perseverance Estate there

stands at the present time a forked coconut palm. It is sterile
now, but is said to have berne fruit.

2

In Penang island upon a coconut plantation near Tanjong
Bunga stands a palm branched as in the annexed drawing by Mr.
Mohamed Haniff. It has seven branches and the stumps of two
additional ones. Mr. Mohamed Haniff has ascertained that all the
fully crowned branches are fertile, and the palm is fruiting now.
The tree is said by an old Malay on the Estate to be 45 to 50 years
in age.

Mr. Frank G. Crosslé has supplied the following information
and the photograph reproduced here of a branched coconut to which
the following relates “The tree is upon tue outskirts of the village
of Bachok, Kelantan. It is said that once it had fourteen branches,
and that five have died off: the stumps of two of these can still be
seen. The height is approximately 25 feet high from the ground
to the place where it divides. It has now started to bear fruit,
three nuts on three different branches, which have matured.”

Mr. Crosslé continues that he has heard of several branched
coconut-palms before, and knows one at Kretay in Trengganu, but
that he has never heard of one bearing fruit.

Further information upon branched trees occurring elsewhere
would be valued.

I. H. BurRKItL1,

BRANCHING IN ARENGA PINNATA.

A young palm of Arenga pinnata Merr. (A. saccharifera
Labill.) planted out as a replacement in the Arenga Avenue of
the Botanic Gardens suffered in 1920 injury to its terminal bud.
This bud was replaced by an axillary bud from one of the upper-
most axils, and that bud is now commencing to produce a trunk.
The possibility of this palm branching kas not been recorded
before.

1. H. BurKiuu.

AN EXPERIMENT WITH LETTUCES.

In the end of 1921 lettuce-seed of a number of different races
was ordered from England and from France, with the object of
ascertaining the: best races for local cultivation. The seed duly
arrived,—twelve races from Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Reading,
England, and 15 races from the firm of Vilmorin-Andrieux and
Co., Paris. Of the english races eight were cabbage lettuces and
four cos lettuces: and of the french races twelve were cabbage let-
tuces and three cos. The seeds were sown on November 21st. in
a mixture of sand and burned earth, and germination was very
satisfactory in forty-eight hours. When the seedlings were 2—3
inches high,—that was in 7—9 days,—they were transplanted into
beds, care being taken to do it only when the sun was off the beds,

9
Vv

and set out in rows nine inches apart. <A fortnight later they were
manured by pouring an emulsion of cow-dung into runnels betweer.
the rows. In 41-44 days they were mature, the maximum weight
being five ounces.

The lettuces were then sent out in pairs to friends willing to
endeavour to judge their table value, each pair with a voting paper.
These voting papers showed that the english race was preferred to
the french in four cases, and the french to the english in one,
while as regards the others the votes cast were roughly equal. The
four races of english origin judged better than the french race
against which each was pitted, were :—Sutton’s Golden Ball, Stand-
well, Improved Tom Thumb and Satisfaction: the french race
judged better than its english competitor was Vilmorin’s All-the-
year round.

On the whole it appears that from the salad standpoint only
races favoured in England are a little better suited to Singapore
than races favoured in France.

The races named above are not the only races which did satis-
factorily. Sutton’s Heartwell, Whiteheart Ideal, and Nonesuch
made good in growth, as also did Vilmorin’s Large White Stone,
Balloon, Neapolitan, Green Madrid and May King.

The experiment, however, must not be considered as final.
The chinese cook comes in, and the way in which he served the
trial lettuces must have varied. Few know just how a lettuce
should be treated, and the cook is not one of them. A lettuce for
salad should be allowed just to get. flaccid, then an hour before serv-
ing it should be plunged into pure cool water, which it will take
up the more greedily for the flaccidity and it will be the crisper
and better when eaten. But at any rate the chinese cook would
treat both competing lettuces with equal disregard to their best.

J. LENNON.

A SPINY YAM FROM SUMATRA.

In the whole vegetable kingdom there are very few instances
of the conversion of roots into spines, and these almost without ex-
ception in Monocotyledons; e.g., some palms, one of the Iridaceae
and a few species of Dioscorea such as D. esculenta and D. prehen-
stlis,

A new and divergent instance is now added in the undescribed
Dioscorea from Sumatra which is here figured. This Dioscorea
converts the roots arising on its tubers into spines, and they may
cover the whole surface; thus it wears an armour against the de-
predations of wild pigs etc. It is otherwise with the Asiatic
Dioscorea esculenta and the African D. prehensilis where the spines
are the lateral rootlets of long specialised roots produced above
the yam and distributed around it in a way that would on the whole

4

seem to be more effective, because the spines persisting from the-
year before protect the succulent root of the new year; but the
interest of a different method of getting cover is not reduced
thereby.

I. H. BurKI1.

TAHITIAN YAMS.

The statement made in this Bulletin vol. I, 1917, p. 396, that
Doscorea esculenta does not penetrate the Pacific to the eastward
of Fiji is now proved incorrect. Its tubers have been sent to-
Singapore by the great kindness of Professor Harrison Smith;
who has supplied also all the other yams which he could get wild
or cultivated in the neighbourhood of Papeete. They are figured
upon the accompanying plate.

The great yam, Dioscorea alata, Linn. is the most important
to the Tahitians of these roots. They grow it in several races, such.
as ufi taho-taho (No. 1 on the plate) and ufi opura (No. 10),
both being large rather long yams, as ufi mene-mene (Nos, 4 and
5) which has neat round tubers, as ufi tiauu (No. 9) which is long
and deep going, and as ufi paparatea (No. 2) which is very long
and deep going.

The first crop raised in Singapore from these showed above
ground differences between ufi taho-taho and ufi opura in the frills.
on the angles of the stems, the first having them green and the
second having them purple, in a slight earliness in ufi taho-taho,
and in the lobes of its leaves being larger less rounded and some-
what uprising in comparison with those of ufi opura. There were
three tubers got from each, the largest of ufi taho-taho weighing
5525 grammes, and the smallest 2607 grammes (average 3957
grammes) the largest of ufi opura weighing 4590 grammes, and
the smallest 2352 grammes (average 3825 grammes). Ufi papa-.
ratea returned an average of 3230 grammes; ufi tiauu of 2230
grammes; and ufi mene-mene of 2253 grammes.

No. 6 in the plate are tubers of Dioscorea esculenta, Burk.,—
the lesser yam, which Professor Harrison Smith obtained with
the name ufi hot. Further Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn., (No. 3 on
the plate) was given to him under the same name, with the ex-
planation that whereas the first is edible, the latter relatively is.
not. It is most interesting that the edible and the relatively in-
edible should not have been distinguished by name; and it would
seem therefore that the first though edible is really a very little
known and used food. Again the name is interesting for wfi and
hot both have the meaning “Yam” and nothing more, in the
centres of their use: and the Tahitian when he says ufi how says
yam-yam in two different, but closely related, languages. This in
itself, apart from the confusion of the cultivated with the wild root,.
suggests a recent introduction of the tuber.

6-6 7 8 10

Yams from Tahiti.

’,
:
4
¥
.

¥
7

ee

Le coriaes,

5

Hoi, one may surmise came to the Tahitians from Hawaii, but
ufi belongs to their language absolutely, being their form of ubi
or yam in Malay, and certainly represents a very old root in the
language as it is in Madagascar as of.

The last species, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linn., is No. 6 and
8 on the plate. The Tahitians call it wfi patara a name to be found
in Nadeaud’s Plantes usuelles des Tahitiens, and possibly a more
sought food with those people fifty years ago, which is when
Nadeaud was in Tahiti, than now. It grows wild, and does not
even in cultivation return more than 1 kilo by weight of tubers.

ise -BGRGEEL,.

YAMS AT THE MALAYA-BORNEO EXHIBITION.

The Malaya-Borneo Exhibition (Singapore, April, 1922) with
its agricultural and horticultural objects collected from all parts
of the Malay Peninsula, from Sarawak and from Brunei offered an
unequalled opportunity of collecting information regarding native
crops and was so used. Then at its winding up, through the
Committee for the Agri-Horticultural Section exhibitors were
persuaded to give many of their exhibits to the Botanic Gardens,
notably roots, and from among them a set of yams went into culti-
vation in the Economic Garden for better study. This is a report
upon them,

Of their genus,—the genus Dioscorea,—four species were ex-
hibited in abundance in the following order :—
Dioscorea alata, Linn.—the Greater Yam,
Dioscorea esculenta, Burk.—the Lesser Yam,
Dioscorea hispida, Dennst.—the Gadong,
Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn.:
of all four species there were exhibits from the Malay Peninsula ;
of the first two from Brunei; and of the first from Sarawak.
Incidentally it was observed that Yam-scale exists in Malacca,
Klang, Pahang and Brunei.

The tubers after a preliminary disinfection, were planted on
April 21st. They were dug again on January 6th., 1923.

THE GREATER YAM.

Two races of the Greater yam from Singapore have already
been figured in the Gardens Bulletin (vide Plate III in the issue
of March 31st, 1917, Vol. 1, part 11-12) being what are called im
the markets of the town Ubi nasi (rice yam) and Ubi merah (red
yam). It was known before the Exhibition occurred that both
these races are cultivated also near Klang, and that Ubi merah
comes freely into Malacca town from the country behind it. It
was therefore not surprising to find the race commonly sold in

6

Singapore as “Ubi nasi” on exhibition from Klang. It is a
heavy-yielder, and three hills cultivated in the Botanic Gardens
from the Klang specimen returned 13 lbs., 8 lbs. 2 0z., and 6 Ibs.
respectively. ;

This Ubi nasi grows to 18 inches or more in length, and for
most of the Peninsula seems to be the deepest going yam taat is
cultivated. But in the Exhibition from Sungei Terap, Kinta
district, a chinese cultivator exhibited a single root of one of those
races which go still deeper, and which do not seem to be in favour
for the soil and with the cultivator in this country, though they
usually have a greater delicacy. It was interesting to learn thus
that deep-going yams, though scarce, exist.

Judging by the Exhibition, the yams which find favour in
the Peninsula are such as are represented on the upper block of
the attached plate. They may be circular in section as those upon
the upper line, or flattened as those in the lower: when they are
flattened, they are also lobulate as the illustrations show. Races
characterised by producing tubers that are circular in section
were exhibited from Klang, Malacca, and Pekan: races with their
tubers flattened and lobed were received from Krian, Kuala Kang-
-sar, Temerloh, Klang and Alor-Gajah. Two of these, one cir-
cular from Klang, and one flattened from Temerloh, both without
any magenta sap, carried the name ubi nasi, which indeed in
general does not signify any particular race, but indicates a tuber
of the ordinary downwardly-growing habit which boils white, like
rice, as it has no magenta sap in it: the name indeed contrasts with
ubi merah. One of the tubers circular in section, but with
magenta sap was labelled at Klang ubi java (Java yam), and one
of the flattened tubers with magenta sap was labelled at Alor-
Gajah ubi paha kerbau (buffalo thigh yam).

It is easily realised that, from a condition in which there is
one yam deeply lobed, it is a step to one in which the plant pro-
duces more than one tuber. A race producing many neatly round-
ed small tubers was received from Malacca, which when grown in
the Economic Garden returned 24 tubers from three plants.

Ubi sekok from Raub, Pahang, which is the race figured on
the upper line of the lower block on the plate, proved to be one
of which the exact counterpart had not been seen before: it is with-
out magenta sap, and much branched, but not in one plane only,
as is usual.

Of conspicuously flattened and branched yams the Peninsula
supplied a single example, namely that figured on the lower line
of the lower block on the plate. It came from Klang. As such
yams travel badly and are not suitable for sending to a distance,
it may be that they are more common in the Peninsula than the
Exhibition showed.

Very interesting it was to find from the Peninsula examples
of those up-growing yams which require earthing-up in cultivation,

e

( X ) Half-long races of the Greater Yam: on the upper line (left ),
a race with a tuber circular in section such as seems to find favour
in the Malay Peninsula: upper line ( right ), three tubers of a race
from Sarawak with the habit of producing one supplementary horizontal
tuber: on the lower line ( left ) two tubers of a flattened and lobed
yam from Klang which finds favour in the Peninsula, and (right ) three
tubers of a still more lobed race received from Krian.

( Y ) Upper line, a peculiarly branched race of the Greater Yam sent
from Raub with the name of Ubi sekok:; and below ( left ) two tubers
a flattened very smooth race from Brunei, and ( right ) a much flatten.
ed and branched race from Klang.

SOME YAMS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA AND
BORNEO,

7

They came from Kuala Lipis, from Krian and from Klang. The
exhibitor at Kuala Lipis attached the name Ubi junjong to his
exhibit. Junjong is among other things, the stake that a climber
is grown up, and the name may be translated pole yam, the word
“pole” being used exactly as in Pole bean. The exhibitor at
Klang attached the name ubi ular (or snake yam) to what he sent.
This name— ubi ular— is the name which Rumpf between 1628
and 1702, obtained in Amboina for the same type of yam, and is so
appropriate that it would persist anywhere where the malay lan-
guage is spoken. The Klang ubi ular differed slightly from the
others in possessing a diminished tendency in the snake-lke roots
to curve upwards and extrude from the ground, and had no mag-
enta sap.

These snake yams yield well; and ten hills of the Krian and
Kuala Lipis race returned nearly fifty lbs. of tubers, one reaching
7 Tbs., while nine hills of the Klang race yielded 64 lbs., one at-
taining 134 lbs,

Malacca sent a race producing several tubers to each hill, and
these subglobose. Upon the average there were eight to each hill.

From Sarawak came a yam which agrees in character with the
commoner lobed yams of the Malay Peninsula, and another much
flattened and branched like an open hand which has nothing pre-
cisely in common with any of the hitherto known Peninsular races.

From Brunei came another race with the flattened lobed tuber,
the lobes widely divergent, figured on the lowest line of the plate.
All these three carried magenta sap.

THE LESSER YAM.

The Lesser Yam was exhibited in two races from Machap in
the Alor-Gajah division of Malacca, and also from Klang. Both
of these carry thorns upon the specially defensive roots and there-
fore belong to that group of races which have been called collective-
ly “spinosa.” They both produced 6-12 tubers rather closely
bunched together, much as in that race which is figured in the
Gardens Bulletin for March 1917, volume I, part 11-12 upon the
top row in plate IX. But they differed markedly in flavour, and
differed somewhat in the colour and smoothness of the skin. The
one race when cooked gave a mealy or starchy tuber, and its yellow
skin was very smooth; the other when cooked gave a harder sweeter
tuber, and its hight umber skin carried a fair sprinkling of small
rootlets. The Klang exhibitor attached the name “ubi torak” to
the second.

This second sweeter race was sent also from Brunei.

GADONG.
The tubers of Dioscorea hispida are not edible, but can be
made to furnish a large quantity of starch, and this under proper
preparation iis a good food. Consequently they appeared in the

8

Exhibition among other roots that are eaten, and some of those
shown were of great size.

DiIoscoREA BULBIFERA.

This unimportant yam was exhibited from Klang and from
Seremban in the variety “sativa,” which produces large and
numerous edible bulbils at the expense of the root-tuber. The
plants raised from the tubers obtained at the Exhibition proved
identical, and appear to be not different from the “ Otaheiti pota-
to” which has been grown for some forty years in India, reaching
India via the Andaman islands, and is known in various islands
and shores towards the Pacific. The name Ubi Kastela (Castile
yam) found applied to it in Singapore suggests that the Portuguese
or the Spaniards had once something to do with its dispersal.

I. H. BuRKILL.

THE AS-YET BOTANICALLY UNEXPLORED
PARTS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The object of this note with its two maps is to indicate the
parts of the Malay Peninsula which are at present botanically un-
explored, and to ask for collections of dried plants from them.
One of the maps is of the localities where determined species of the
genus Dipterocarpus are known to occur; the other is of the local-
ities where determined species of the genus Dioscorea are known to
occur. The genus Dipterocarpus consists of important forest trees
and their economic value has led the Forest Department to pay
much attention to them: the genus Dioscorea consists of herbaceous
climbers which do not demand attention in the same way: and for
that reason the two maps are unlike although there is reason to
believe that no wide stretches of the Peninsula are without repre-
sentatives of either genus. As the maps show, neither genus is
known from many parts, and only the one or the other from other
parts.

The three Settlements, Penang, Malacca and Singapore, are
demonstrated the best studied ; after them the parts of Perak about
Taiping and north and south of Ipoh; and the parts of Selangor
adjacent to Kuala Lumpur: for Dipterocarpus Negri-Sembilan and
the middle part of the Pahang river have been studied, but not for
Dioscorea. Large areas of Kedah, the whole of Kelantan and the
whole of Trengganu, large areas of Pahang, and also of Johore are
without any of the dots that indicate the occurrence of a determined
species of either genus.

_. What is demonstrated in these two maps for the two genera
is true of plants of all kinds: Collections of dried plants are
wanted from all the blank parts of the maps.

I. H. Burki.u.

Known Distribution of Dipterocarpus.

10

F]

|
|
|
|
|
|

THE
MALAY PENINSULA | |

cuore,

Known Wistribucion of Divs

11

ABNORMAL INFLORESCENCES OF ELAEOCARPUS
PETIOLATUS.

In 1921 Mr. Burkill noticed an abnormality in the develop-
ment of the flowers of a tree of this species growing in the Eco-
nomic Garden. Some notes were made at the time by Mr. G. B.
Deshmukh, who was then Field Assistant at the Gardens. The
tree has again produced flowers, and an investigation of them shows
a greater complexity in their abnormal features than Mr. Desh-
mukh records. The unusual points are a complex branching of
the inflorescence, accompanied and accentuated by the production
of buds in the axils of some or all of the floral organs, and the
complete sterilisation of the flowers. ‘The final result is an elabor-
ate branch system bearing minute buds at the apices of its ultimate
branchlets. There is some variation of these phenomena in differ-
ent inflorescences, and an account of these is given below. It is
probable that the abnormality is not caused by any stimulation due
to insect attack, but is inherent in the nature of the individual tree.

The normal inflorescence of the species is a simple raceme,
and some of those on the present tree approximate to this, while
others are very much branched before any flowers are produced.
The flowers on the less branched inflorescences are of normal size,
but in the axils of some or all of the sepals are produced buds, each
of which developes into a flower on a pedicel which may reach 4
or 5 cm. in length. 'The stamens are normal in appearance, but
never bear pollen. The axis of the flower continues to grow out
above the stamens to a length of 1 to 1.5 em., carrying some of
them, reduced in size, with it. No evidence of the presence of
carpels has been olsserved, but the organs at the apex of the pro-
duced axis are too immature to be recognisable. The new flowers
are smaller than the original one but behave in the same way, and
Mr. Deshmukh records that the process may be repeated four times.
During the present flowering very few buds of the third order have
been seen, and none of the fourth order. The flowers of each order
are smaller than those of the preceding.

The smaller flowers produced by the branchlets of the more
complex inflorescences and, to some extent, those of the second and
third orders above mentioned show a greater degree of abnor-
mality. The first change is the presence of buds in the axils of
petals as well as of sepals. In progressively smaller flowers, on
smaller branchlets, additional petals, with or without axillary buds,
replace stamens. These small petals are somewhat modified in
form, having a less laciniate tip and a few reddish glandular hairs
like those on the margins of the sepals. In the smallest flowers of
which the organs are not too small to be distinguishable all the
stamens (reduced in number) have been replaced by modified
petals, and some of these, with axillary buds, are carried above the
flower by the continued growth of the axis. When the sepals fall,

12

the remains of such a flower form a rather modified branch-system
of the already complex inflorescence. On the smallest branchlets
the reduction in size of the flowers is so great that the floral organs
are not differentiated sufficiently to be recognisable.

R. E. Hoitrem.

ORCHID NOTES.

A NEw MALayan ORCHID,—DENDROBIUM CITRINO-CASTANEUM.

This orchid was brought to me by Mr. Poul Feddersen as an
epiphyte which he had found near Johore Bahru. It is a typical
Dendrobium of the section Sarcopodium, falling, in Dr. F. Kranz-
lin’s arrangement of the species of Sarcopodium (Engler’s Pflan-
zenreich, IV, 50, II B. 21, p. 321), near to Dendrobium elongatum,
Lindl., but being quite distinct from it, and not possessing the
affinity to the section Desmotrichum which that species has. As
one of the Sarcopodiums with rather numerous flowers, and these
prettily coloured, it may not be unworthy of cultivation. The
duration of the flowers, however, is unknown to me, and possibly it
is a little exacting in the conditions of flowering.

Dendrobium (Sarcopodium) citrino-castaneum. Planta
epiphytica. Rhizoma repens, 5 mm. diametro, ab initio vaginis
tubulosis pallide virescentibus obtectum, maturitate atro-castaneum,
inter pseudobulbos ad 5 em. longum. Pseudobulbi conoidei,
glaberrimi, politi, virides, ad 6 cm. longi, ad 2.5 cm. diametro, ex
bracteis initio pallide virescentibus, deinde scariosis et atrocas-
taneis, maturitate liberati, bifoliati. Folia obovato-elliptica, ad
14 cm. longa, ad 3.5 em. lata, glaberrima sed vix polita, firma,
apice rotundata vel obtusa, mucronulata, nervis 20 vel ultra in-
conspicuis, supra saturate viridia, infra pallidiora. Corymbus
pluriflorus, conspicuus, floribus 6—10: pedicelli cum ovariis 2-4
em. longi: bracteee ovato-lineares. Sepala citrina; dorsale ad 18
mm. longum, 5 mm. latum, lanceolatum, acutum, 7-nerve: lateralia
equilonga, mentum 6 mm. profundum formantia, ex eodem tri-
ingulari-lanceolata, acuta, 6-nervia, nervis 2 supra et nervis 2
infra medium. Petala citrina, 16 mm. longa, sepalis paullulo
minora, angustiora, concoloria, 5-nervia. Labellum ex basi 1.5
mm. lata trilobatum, castaneum: limbus fere planus, crassus, 5
mm. longus: lobus medius exacte linguiformis, crassiusculus, supra
sulcatus, 8 mm. longus; lobi laterales oblique oblongi, tenues, apice

rotundati atque minutissime denticulati. Gynostemium 5 mm.
longum.

——

JOHORE, Prope Johore bahru, P. Feddersen.

DENDROBIUM CALLIBOTRYS, Ridl.

_ From Gunong Pulai in Johore Mr, G. A. Best recently brought
into the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, an orchid which on flowering

13

‘appears to be D. callibotrys, Ridl.: but as it does not agree with
the description in some small points, a note on it isin place. First-
ly he said that D. callibotrys is an orchid of low levels in Singa-
pore island and adjoining Johore territory, so that the finding of
it on Gunong Pulai only extends the range in a measure within
expectation.

The raceme of this plant of G. Pulai is 5 cm. long and 9-
flowered. The bracts are obovate and at flowering reflexed on to
the axis: they are large concave and light green. The sepals and
petals are light-yellowish green, not white as is said of the type-
plant from Singapore. The dorsal sepal is obovate, obtuse, 9 mm.
long: the lateral deltoid-falcate as long: the petals broadly lanceo-
late obtuse a trifle shorter. The lip is 12 mm. long, very markedly
three lobed at the middle and at the base of the side lobes has two
lateral warts extended back into crests and one median smaller
wart, slightly extended back in a crest, and prolonged forward into
a low ridge which runs the length of the mid-lobe: the side lobes
stand almost as side walls to the entrance of the flower and are
flushed from the tip down with salmon-pink: the mid-lobe is a
bright lemon yellow with two grooves down it one on each side of
the ridge above mentioned: it is directed obliquely downwards.
‘There is honey; and it has a pleasant faint scent.

THE FLOWERING oF BULBOPHYLLUM pusTULATUM, Ridl.

I received recently from Mr. P. Feddersen a plant of this
Bulbophyllum with two buds upon it; and I interested myself in
‘observing their expansion. The buds arose from the bases of the
lowest two leaf-carrying pseudobulbs, and they flowered one day
apart, in the order of their position. The opening of the flower
commenced in the afternoon. At noon upon the next dav these
‘were as drawn, below, that is to say not yet fully expanded.

Me

4

é-)))
Z aye
a

Half expanded flowers of Bulbophyllum pustuiatum, xz-

Full expansion was attained only upon the morning of the
third day, and in the afternoon of the same day they began to
wither, unfertilised.

The colour is a rather dark amber with crimson veins inside
which show translucently through to the outer side, and with a
deep crimson fleshy hinged lip, designed to fall forward when an
insect alights upon it, thrusting the insect’s head against the stigma
and the pollinia for the purpose of pollination. The spurs of the

14

column are light amber, transparent and very firm. The foot is
crimson and carries streaks of nectar. The lip has auricles and
is hairy below: above it is slightly pitted marginally and with three
shallow impressions as the drawing shows upon its face. The crim-
son sap does not extend through ‘its flesh.

The lip in its natural position: und on the right the pollen masses.

CyMBIDIUM LANCIFOLIUM Hook. in PENANG.

This widely distributed orchid is rare in the Malay Peninsula ;
and on that account the discovery of it upon Tiger Hill, Penang,
by Dr. J. S. Rose and Mr. Mohamed Haniff, is of interest. The
species extends from India to Japan, and southwards to Java. In
the Peninsula it has been collected on G. Bujong Malaka in the
Main range, and on Bukit Sedanan in Malacca and near Nyalas,
which are places between the southern termination of the Range
and Mt. Ophir.

COELOGYNE CYMBIDIOTDES, Ridl.

This orchid was described by Mr. H. N. Ridley (Jour. Linn.
Soc. Lond. Bot., xxxviii, p. 329) from dried herbarium specimens
collected by Mr. H. C. Robinson upon Gunong Tahan between
3,000 and 6,000 ft. Its flower is figured here from a living plant
brought into the Singapore Gardens by Mr. Mohamed Haniff.
The colour is cream and chocolate.

It is one of three Coelogynes of close affinity; viz. C. dayana,
Reichb. f., C. densiflora Ridl., and this. Of the three the first is
the most ‘widely distributed, occurring in the Peninsula and in
Borneo: in the Peninsula upon the Taiping Hills and on G. Bubu;
on the Main range near the Semangkok pass; on Benom; and again
on Mt. Ophir. C. densiflora occurs on Bukit Etam, and C. cym-
bidioides on G. Tahan. It is a legitimate view to take that the
second and the third are subspecies emerging from the more wide
C. dayana.

Figure of the flower of C.cymbidioides, x3
ARACHNIS BREVISCAPA, J. J. Sm.

The two following drawings represent the flower of Arachnis
breviscapa, J. J. Sm. (Arachnanthe breviscapa, J. J. Sm. or

15

Vandopsis breviscapa, Schlechter) an orchid from Sarawak, which
flowers in the Botanic Gardens in April. The colour is mustard
yellow with umber markings; the lip has umber lines on it and is
‘white at the tip.

Flower of Arachnis breviscapa, in face view and in section, x.
ASCOCHILUS HirsuTus, Ridl., var PORPHYROCHLAMYS,

A pleasing little orchid has recently flowered in the Botanic
‘Gardens, Singapore, which without doubt is to be assigned to Sar-
cochilus hirsutus, Hook. f. (Fl. Brit. Ind., VI, p. 38, and Ann.
Roy. Bot. Garden Calcutta, V, p. 44, pl. 67); but having certain
peculiarities not found in the type, it is here described as a variety
under the name porphyrochlamys. Mr. Ridley (Mat. Fl. Malay
Peninsula, Monocotyledons, I, p. 179) transferred Sarcochitus hir-
sutus to the genus Ascochilus as A. hirsutus.

The plant which flowered in Singapore is of uncertain origin.

Its stems ascend obliquely and the solitary inflorescences arise
from the axils of lower leaves about to die, standing nearly horizon-
tally, and bearing the flowers in a corymb facing forwards. This
means that the twist upon the ovary and pedicel varies in the
different flowers. The flowers produced were up to 10 in number,
pleasantly fragrant and lasted about four days. They expanded
‘widely as here drawn.

Expanded flower of Ascochilus hirsutus, nat size.

The details of the flower are not exactly as in Sir Joseph
Hooker’s description and drawings; but then he apologises for his
work in the following words “ Described from the drawing and a
very few detached flowers in a very bad state, contained in an
attached pocket. The analysis of the lip of the latter was most

16

difficult and, though conducted with extreme care, I cannot vouch

for its perfect accuracy.”

According to Sir Joseph Hooker’s des-

criptions, the type and this variety differ in the following points :—

TYPE.

Leaves apparently flaccid and
probably drooping

Peduncles green
suberect
Flowers 2/3 in.
Dorsal sepal apiculate
Lip...claw dilating into a cup-
like spur:

side-lobes or arms of the
hypochil wing-like:

point of spur drawn as
elongated.

VAR PORPHYROCHLAMYS.

Leaves firm and horizontal on
either side of the obliquely as-
cending stem

Peduncles purple

horizontal

Flowers 1 inch

Dorsal sepal obtuse

Lip...claw not dilated into a
cup-like spur:

side-lobes narrow falcate,
even-edged to the tooth-
ed apex:

point of spur very short.

The drawings to which Sir Joseph Hooker referred are those

of Kunstler, whose locality is given loosely as “ Perak.”

In the

Singapore Herbarium is a drawing of the species made by C.

Curtis and localised as from Telok Anson
It seems that the plant flowered in the Waterfall Gar-
From this source came Mr. Ridlev’s description in his
The drawing represents the spur at the apex of the

violacea.”
dens.
Materials.

“came with Phalaenopsis

labellum as elongated somewhat; and in this respect the plant is as

Kunstler’s and not as in the var. porphyrochlamys.

Mr. Curtis

represents the hairs on the outside of the flower as reddish purple.

Flower of Ascochilus hirsutus expanding.
The same in section; the arrow points to frilled edge of the callus.
Flower of Ascochilus hirsutus from the side before expansion.

The same in section.

AG

A New OrcHID—SACCOLABIUM CRUCICALLUS.
Saccolabium crucicallus is a species brought by Mr. Mahomed
Haniff into the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, from Pungah in Lower
Siam. It belongs to the section Teretifoliae and suggests the Perak
®. Kunstleri, Ridl., but in flower is manifestly distinct. It suggests.
also S. lwisifolium, Ridl. from Lower Siam.

Saccolabium crucicallus. Planta epiphytica. Caulis
elongatus, pensilis, viridi-purpurascens, 5 mm. crassus, internodiis
ce. 2 em. longis. Folva teretia, ut cauli 5 mm. crassa, aliquo modo:
recurvata, minopere versus apicem obtusum contracta, viridia vel
purpurascentes. ad 14 cm. longa. Racemi ex caule ad latera
foliorum enascentes, a caule basi divergentes deindedeflexi versus
terram prorsi, ad 15 em. longi, 25-flori; axis angulatus: pedicelli
cum ovarlis horizontales, lutescentes. Sepala purpureo-brunnea,
obtusissima, + mm. longa, 2 mm. lata, dorsale quadrato-ovatum ;
lateralia oblique quadrato-ovata. Petala sepalis concoloria, lineari-
acuta, 3 mm. longa, 1 mm. lata explanata. Labellum cremeum
nisi in lobis basalibus ubi luteum; lobi basales rotundati, omnino
inflexi; lobi apicales ovati carnosiusculi ad. medium inflexi; lobus
medius in parte apicali horizontalis, latissime ovatus, obtusus: cal-
ear ob callo cruciformi in ore fere clausum, intra dorso cristatum,
lateribus crassum, mellifer, callo in ramo infimo paullulu hirsuto.
Gynostemium anguste cithariforme, luteum.

Floret mense Septembris in Horto Botanico Penangensi:
habitat in collibus prope Pungah, Siam inferioris, Mohamed Hanif.

1h)

Flower of Saccolabiwm crucicallus, x 2, and the cross shaped callus
still more enlarged. W. is the wali of the spur and the arrow indicates the
approach to the honey.

Stems more or less pendulous green, but developing a pur-
plish pigment on the exposed side which confused in the eye with
the green looks purplish brown, about 5 mm. thick. Leaves about
2 cm. apart, up to 14 cm. long terete as thick as the stem, recurved
slightly, in a very slight degree tapered just below the blunt apex,
with a little of the purple pigment in them where exposed. Raceme
from the side of the leaf, about 15 cm. long and 25-flowered,
directed earthwards except in the first few cm. which carry it
out from the stem, angled. Pedicels and ovary (at flowering in-
distinguishable) about 1 cm. long at right angles to the axis yel-
lowish with a few minute purplish markings.

Sepals purplish brown squarely ovate, except for a very slight
obliquity in the lateral sepals all three equal, very blunt 4 mm.

18

long by 2 mm. wide. Lateral petals of the same colour as the
sepals linear acute 3 mm. long by 1 mm. wide, standing in the
same plane as the sepals 1.e. at right angle to the ovary. Labellum
cream-coloured with bright vellow on the lower of the two pairs
of lateral lobes, with a blunt- spur 2 mm. long and very faintly
bilobed this spur nearly parallel to the ovary and so horizontal.
Side lobes bifid, the upper of the two divisions thin circular bent
in over the entrances to the spur: the lower of the two pairs ovate
siightly fleshy and at first directed forward, but then equally bent
in: the mid lobe directed forward very broadly ovate oblate obtuse:
interior of the spur with from above a cross-shaped callus hollowed
between the points and just hairy upon the lowest point, and from
below a curved ridge which impinges upon the back of the callus,
while the wall of the spur thickened at either side (W in figure)
closes any approach to the honey under the callus. The approach
to the abundant honey is thus over the lateral arms of the cross
and therefore above the lateral lobes of the lip. An arrow indi-
cates it.

Column yellow slightly fiddleshaped presenting a very slightly
hollowed face forwards.
I. H. BurkKILL.

HAPLOCHOREMA SUMATRANUM.

The late Dr. Karl Schumann defined in 1899 a genus Haplo-
chorema, with then four species from Borneo, to which he added
two more from the same island in 1900. He remarked that its
affinity was close with Kaempferia, but that by having an unilo-
cular ovary, it appeared sharply distinguished from this and from
all other genera of the Zingiberaceae to which it belongs. If the
character drawn from the ovary holds good then a Sumatran plant
now in cultivation in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, is also a
Haplochorema: but it suggests Gastrochilus more than Kaempferia.
The ovary of all the species in these three genera should be ex-
amined afresh to decide how they differ and are to be distinguished.

Dr. T. Valeton has already questioned the soundness of Karl
Schumann’s judgment in regard to an unicellular ovary in a few
Zingberaceae marking them off as a genus, and in the Bulletin
du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, series 2, No. 27, 1918, Dp. La
has reminded us that Curcuma Kunstleri, Baker, may possess one
as an abnormality.

The following is a description of this new Haplochorema.

Haplochorema sumatranum. JHlerba pedalis et ultra, svl-
vicola. Ehizoma breve. Folia disticha, 2—4 supra vaginas duas:
petiolus ad 12 cm. longus, in dimidio inferiore vaginatus, vagi-
norum apicibus lanceolatis mox emortuis: lamina late elliptica,
apice et basi acuta, araneoso-hirsuta, ad 30 cm. longa, ad 15 em.
lata. Racemus 3—5-florus: flores invicem exserti singuli, bracteis

to

transparentibus cincti, apicibus bractearum brunneo-lineatis. Se-
pala albotransparentia, 1.5 cm. longa. Corollae tubus 6—7 ecm.
longus, albus; petala acuta, inaequalia; dorsale majus anguste tri-
angulari-ovatum, 1.2 cm. longum: lateralia triangulari-lanceolata,
1.4 em. longa. Labellum 1.5 cm., 0.8 em. latum, basi album, vix
bilobatum sed subrotundatum, apice luteum, in medio linea scalari-
formi notatum. Staminodia alba, 1 cm. longa, obovata, apice
rotundata. Staminis connectivum crista luteo-tincta, dentibus
2-—4 parvis latis coronatum; anthera apices deflexi, granas pollinis
extendantes. Ovarium 6—8-ovulatum: ovula ex basi orta; stig-
matis os despiciens.

Habitat in sylvis montis Bukit kramat kuda, prope Sino-
langit, in Sumatra: collegit Mohamed Nur sub numero 7258.
Colitur in Horto botanico Singapurense.

The flowers of this small herb are not conspicuous; they are
produced one at a time close to the ground under the leaves, the
bases of the lamina of which they scarcely attain. The raceme
is not distichous as are the leaves, but shows an arrangement in
three stichies. The ovary is sessile among the transparent bracts,
and possesses upwards of eight ascending ovules in its single
cavity. The corolla-tube is very long and slender, reaching 7
em., white, and of the same thickness throughout. The petals are
not quite equal, the upper which is inclined to arch over being
largest while the other two which lie close together are quite behind
the labellum. The labellum is large, and only just bifid at the very
tip; in the basal half it is white with a brown ladder-lhke double
stripe down the mid-line not extending into the throat, and in the
apical portion it is chrome yellow. ‘The staminodes are white.
The connective is bent upon the filament at an angle of 45 de-
erees; it is crested above by reason of four small teeth.

FA Burin.

A BOTANICAL RECONNAISSANCE UPON THE
MAIN RANGE OF THE PENINSULA AT
FRASER HILL.

These pages are written under the belief that the following
more or less accurately represents the history of the warmth and
moisture loving flora of the Malay Archipelago from the Miocene
period.

In the Miocene there was a time, or there were times, when
very humid conditions prevailed right from the westernmost limits
of the Indian Ocean to the Pacific. So long as they prevailed it
was possible for plants which can only exist under such conditions,
namely the components of a tropical rain forest, to spread through
the lands between Africa and the neighbourhood of say New
Guinea. But there intruded into this warm and moist climate

20

drier conditions spreading from the west, which on reaching the
Arabian Sea cut off that part of the tropical rain forest flora which
is now left in the Mascarene Islands, and on reaching the bay of

Map showing present position of the west wind drift and cold ocean
eurrent, causing dry climate in Western Australia. Western Malaysia is
shown black, and other areas of tropical rain forest shaded.

Bengal cut off the tropical rain forest flora of Ceylon and South
India; and then impinged upon a rain forest belt extending from
Malaysia northwards to the region of the eastern Himalaya, but
never so strongly as to break it down. From the dates of the
stages of the eastward advance of dry conditions the three rain
forest floras, (1) of Mascarenia, (2) of Ceylon and South India,
(3) of Malaysia, with Burma, etc. remained isolated, and evolved
independently. About the period when the extension of the dry
conditions had become complete, it appears probable that the cold
West-wind drift (vide map), which surrenders so little moisture

21

to the winds that blow upon Western Australia, reached the. outer
shores of Malaysia more distinctly than it does now, and rendered
dry their face towards the Indian Ocean in a measure sufficient
for an extension of certain dry-climate plants to Australia. Dur-
ing this extension, the rain forest flora would be at bay in the cen-
tre of the archipelago. But a recovery from this extreme soon
“coming, the rain forest flora spread back to the shores of the
{ndian Ocean, first reaching it where the west wind drift would be
weakest, that is to say along the shores of Sumatra, and subse-
quently following the retreat of the cold current eastward into
Java, and onward. |

Within the Archipelago complicated orographic changes helped
or hindered in various ways the recovery by the tropical rain forest
of mastery; and it is for the present generation of naturalists to
gather together the geographic and geologic details, which alone
can lead to an understanding of the course of events. Much has
been written, all of it subject still to criticism, and especially be-
cause most of the writers have neglected the possibility of climatic
changes, in their effort to explain the peculiarities of the dispersal
of living things by land changes: but this is certain, that at present
what is here defined as Western Malaysia (see the map) holds the
most intense rain forest flora of the old world—a flora which on
that account must be considered to have had the least chequered
history. It has produced in itself, in a greater measure than any
other Old World flora, forests of lofty trees, with an abundance of
epiphytes and a wealth of ground plants physiologically fitted to
exist in deep and moist shade; and therefore has great claims on
the attention of naturalists, because it demonstrates that there has
been a nucleus of constant climate within the Malay Archipelago,
though not by any means of necessity throughout it.

More than twenty years ago, Dr. U. Stapf called attention to
the appearance that Borneo holds as it were a nucleus of the pecu-
liar Malaysian flora. This would happen as a consequence of
Borneo holding its least interrupted developments and is under-
standable upon the theory that the outer shores of the Archipelago
were once dried by the greater volume of cold water in that north-
ward branchof the west wind drift current which still affects south-
eastern Malaysia somewhat.

There are good reasons for thinking that the cold of the Glacial
period did not alter the temperatures of the Equator, though great-
ly compressing the warm temperate and subtropical belts of the
Globe. The seas of the Tropics fell, in consequence of the great
volumes of water withdrawn and converted into ice caps at the
poles, which ice caps again acting through gravity further lowered
tropical sea-levels, a condition adding island to island in a region
such as Malaysia where the seas are shallow.*

*The increase of land area is arctic and probably also in antarctic regions
during the glacial period would, bowever, most Probably have tended to a de-
crease of Jand area inthe tropics, this effect counteracting that of the arcomu-
lation of ice at the poles (see C. E. P. Brooks, ‘‘Hvolution of Climate’’, 1922.)

22

These land unions may be considered as furthering the spread
of the rain forest flora after the dry conditions of the outer coast
had given way.

In the mountains of southern India and of Ceylon herbs occur
of northern genera, and undoubtedly of northern origin. It is
possible to believe that the Glacial period gave to most of those in |
southern India the opportunity which brought them where they
are: but as regards those in Ceylon the view which is most accept-
able is one which would allow them to have reached the peaks of
that island as other plants have undoubtedly reached Oceanic
islands, namely by the success now and then of a random shot.
And the same supposition is at present the most tenable one for
the explanation of the existence of a few truly northern genera (all
herbs) upon the mountains of Malaysia. We believe then in a
very long continuation of warm and moist conditions within the
Malay Archipelago, unbroken over part of it, and that part central,
but probably broken at one time on the periphery.

Holding that view, ard finding it possible to put a part
of it to a test in paying a short visit to some part of the Malay
Peninsula we sélected for our work the new hill-station of Fraser
Hill in Lat. 3° 42’ N. Long. 101° 44’ E. We spent at it the second
half of September, 1922, attempting to study the vegetation in the
broadest way; and we collected all groups of plants. We were
helped in this by Mr. G. 8S. Neal of the Forest Service, who, with
two Malays, was sent most kindly by that Department to assist us.
One of us (I.H.B.) has determined the collection of Seed-plants,
the other (R.E.H.) has determined the ferns, and is responsible
for the naming of the plants of lower position through specialists.
We do not in this report enumerate anything below the mosses:
but as Mr. H. N. Dixon has most kindly sent his determinations
of them, they and their distribution are included. Mr. Ridley’s
Flora of the Malay Peninsula arrived in the Colony too late for
use in the preparation of this report.

We selected Fraser Hill for our work because new roads and
paths have made the forest particularly accessible, a new map has
fixed the altitudes accurately, and not a little felling has brought
the top of the forest within the possibility of investigation. [t
obviously promised more rapid results than any other place that
was open to us.

Fraser Hill occupies the very summit of the Main Range on
the Selangor-Pahang boundary. It is not virgin ground, which in-
deed was an advantage to us, for Mr. C. C. Curtis collected in the
neighbourhood, and Mr. H. N, Ridley subsequently visited it twice:
the Hon. Mr. C. Hose, Mrs. Ferguson-Davie and Mr. G. FE. §.
Cubitt also had collected a few plants there between 1919 and ovr
visit; and Mrs. Smith of Bangkok collected ferns in June 1922.
Mr. Ridley has described the new species which he got at Fraset
Hill as frem Sempang mines. These mines, existing as mines no
longer, Were under a hill whereon a Mr. Fraser built himself a

23

house, and the hill was called Bukit Fraser. When it was decided
to develop a hill-station around this house, several other hill-tops
being taken into the area, the name Bukit Fraser or Fraser’s hill
became no longer accurately descriptive: and we have followed the
Ordnance Survey’s map by calling it instead “Fraser Hill” as
if an English township: by this name we mean all the land above
4,000 ft. which has been allotted for development as circumstances
permit into a residential place.

The ridges may be described as three, called the North ridge,
the South ridge and the Reservoir ridge, the second and the third
being parts of the waterparting 4,289 and 4,370 ft. high respec-
tively: the remaining one is entirely on the Pahang side of the
division, and reaches 4,286 ft. while South summits on the same
side of the waterparting reaches 4,360 ft. A line of vein-quartz
extends under parts of the second and third, and while responsible
for the resistance to aerial denudation which has made the two
ridges, is also responsible for a change in the flora marked enough
to carry peculiar species. There is vein-quartz elsewhere, but not
so much in evidence, and under the upper end of North ridge
appears a thin wall of quartzite.

About Fraser Hill the crests of the Main range are twisted
out of the approximate north-and-south line of the range to be
nearly east-and-west. That is how Fraser Hill possesses a “ north
ridge” entirely in Pahang. Westward from Reservoir ridge reach-
ing 4,370 ft., with many serrations, the range attains 4,800 ft. in
Pine-tree hill (so misnamed from the Dacrydiums upon it) and
bending a little north successively there is the Gunong Semangkok
of the maps (5,600 ft.) and the twin peaks of G. Ulu Liang (6,335
and 6,360 ft.) In the other direction the range falls to the Se-
mangkok pass, where the Gap resthouse is situated at 2.790 it.,
and rises very abruptly to a Trigonometrical station at 3,883 {ft.,*
(which appears to be the “G. Semangkok” of Mr. Ridley in his
descriptions of plants) and with serrations to G. Ulu Semangkok
(4,576 ft.), south of which is G. Ulu Kali (5,812 ft.), and then
comes G. Mengkuang lebar, collected over by Mr. H. C. Robin-
son, the land falling to the Ginting Sempah pass.

We visited Pine-tree hill and a spot a couple of miles short
of the Trigonometrical Survey’s post on G. Ulu Semangkok.

The drainage from a large part of Fraser Hill runs down a
valley toward Tras,—the Tras stream,—and from the immediate
neighbourhood of Fraser’s house this valley has been much mined
for tin. We descended it to 3,300 ft.

It will be found quite clear in the following pages whether we
collected the plants we name beyond the limits of Fraser Hill to-
wards Pine-tree hill, or below.the 4,000 ft. contour line either

*For some of the unpublished altitudes we record our best thanks to
Mr. V. A. Lowinger, the Surveyor General.

24

towards the Gap or in the upper Tras valley or south-east of the
Gap towards G. Ulu Semangkok: and we count no locality below
4,000 ft. as Fraser Hill.

The normal vegetation of Fraser Hill is forest and this we
shall describe. A second form of vegetation is that which the
steep hill sides, by reason of landslides, maintain: places in the sun
being thus afforded to plants of small growth. Man by mining has.
destroyed the forest not a little, and into the bared places, the
landslide vegetation is able to step; but in the wake of man follow
many plants which would not seem to be part of the landslide flora:
and the mining has been of long enough duration to have given
them a good hold. The making of roads of course has exactly the
same effect as the mining. These three elements, then, we distin-
guish on the face of the land,—the forest, on the one hand, and
upon the other the landslide plants with the followers of man.

There have been periods in the history of the every part of
the globe, when mountain-building was more active in it than now;
and these would be periods of steeper slopes and numerous re-
peated landslides( yet the hill-sides of the Malay Peninsula are.
still very steep) ; and in such periods there would be a great oppor-
tunity for the development of species suited to such a peculiar
condition. We are bound to believe that it has occurred; Calanthe
aurea, Rubus rosaefolius, Litsea citrata, Homalanthus populneus
are plants holding their places in the hills by landslides. Pteri-
dium aquilinum, Histiopteris incisa, Dipteris conjugata, Hypolepis
tenuifolia and probably the Gleichenias are ferns belonging to this
group of plants.

The miners of Fraser Hill formerly had but narrow steep
paths for their traffic: but now the station is reached by bullock
carts and upon the roads one sees the process of introduction of
weeds through bullock droppings: thus the droppings lying upon
the bare roads carry grasses, notably Hleusine indica and in the
second degree Fimbristylis diphylla. By their absence away from
the droppings it is to be concluded that casual seeds of these upon
bare landslide surfaces would have but a poor chance of survival.

__ The forest of the Main range in the Semangkok pass we con-
sider changes at about 3,300 ft. There the Dipterocarps disappear
and the depth of the vegetation is reduced from 200 ft. to 100 ft.
Close to the elevation at which the Dipterocarps vanish, Arenga
disappears, and Pandanus also. Upon the ridges above 4,000 ft.
the big trees are about 100 ft. high. We roughly measured eighty-
two on the North, South and Reservoir ridges, as given in the fol-
lowing table, taping the bole at breast height, but judging the other
dimensions by eye with the help of a rod laid against the lower
part of the bole. We measured all trees in the selected places that
appeared to be upwards of five feet in girth, our malay assistants
naming them: and we consider that we obtained the height of the
forest in this way with a fair measure of accuracy. All measure-
ments are expressed in feet.

20

TABLE I,
The Size of Trees at Fraser Hill.
Maliy name No. limit limit limit of limit of
and probable of of of total spread of
genus trees girth bo.e height longest
branch
Kadondong 31 4.5-11.5 35-75 65-105 = 15-40
(Canarium )
Nyatoh. 11 4.5-13 25-65 65-100 15-20
(Payena)
Mempuning 7 4.5-8 45-70 75-100 15-30
(Vuercus )
Kelat 9 4.5-6.5 35-70 60-90 15-30
(Hugenia) 3
Rengas 5 5-10 40-60 80-100 15-25
(Gluta)
Bintangor 2 5-6 65-70 85-90 20
(Calophyllum)
Meragu 2 4-8 40-45 75-85 20-30
Medang 2 4.5-5 55-65 80-85 15-20
(? Phoebe)
Penaga betul 1, 248 55 85 30
(Calophyllum )
Samok : ee Ss 40 65 40
(Hugenia)
Iudai 2 igi & 20 85 20
Kadondong mata-hari pees: 25 70 20
(? Trigonochlamys)
Plangi ie 5. 60 95 20
Kulim burong I er 5, 60 85 25
Kayu kuning 1 ae 60 80 20
Tampoi to 45 85 30
(? Baccaurea)
Kumala i all: 60 90 35
Pelit 1 4.5 35 70 15
Pulangdaing Dy aeo 30 80) 20
Kunkur i hee De). 70 80 | 10
Putat iL, 45 60 80 20
(Barringtonia)

It is a very noteworthy fact that the big trees are upon the
tops of the ridges; down their slopes, while there are more trees

26

to the acre than above, on the average they are smaller. Though
not quite certain of the cause of this, we believe that it is a conse-
quence of horizontal light passing under the crowns and making
the conditions easier for the lesser growth, which so favoured in
the air handicaps in the soil the competitors which might become

of larger growth.

From the eighty to one-hundred feet high forest of Fraser
Hill, if we ascend, as we do in the direction of Pine-tree hill, we
get into forest fifty feet high, and then into forest twenty-feet
high. Doubtless on G. Ulu Liang at the height of a further
thousand feet, this reduction in depth would bring us to the real
Elfin forest of our highest mountains: but we did not approach it
at all. The vegetation of the summit of Pine-tree hill is of trees.
of Dacrydium Beccarii about twenty feet high, and of Rhododen-
drons and Vacciniums not taller.

Before passing on from the matter of the depth of the forest,
it may be said that by means of Negretti and Zambra’s dendro-
meter we measured some of the lofty trees at 3.300 ft. and below
and found a lofty Shorea with a bole of 17 ft. in girth to reach
200 ft.

The tall forest, of course, holds more than one height of tree.
On slopes it is not layered, but on the tops of the ridges the big
trees with crowns 20-40 feet across (see the table above) shut out
light enough to make it necessary for light-diffusion spaces to exist,
whereunder a new layer of foliage can develop. The forest that is
50 feet high exhibits no layers.

About Fraser Hill there is no mossy forest: it is necessary to
ascend higher for it. One of us spent a week in May, 1922, on G.
(redeh in Java at 4,500 feet, finding the climate there, height for
height, colder and the forest more mossy. It is very probable that
the air currents which sweep down the sides of G. Gedeh from any-
thing up to 9,000 feet account for this; and there are no heights
over Fraser Hill to supply cold down-draughts. The higher moun-
tains further north «were frequently observed to be covered with
cloud when Fraser Hill was free from it (G. Ulu Liang is reputed
to be very wet) and this more constant saturation of the atmos-
phere is no doubt necessary for the maintenance of mossy forest.
However, the more one ascends from the height of Fraser Hill in
the direction of Pine-tree hill, the more mossy becomes the forest
and the deeper the layer of raw spongy humus upon it, until the
latter is eighteen inches thick. In this mossy layer Calanthe
angustifolia, Burmannia longifolia, Sonerila rudis, S. velutina,
Argostemma Yappii find themselves particularly at home.

Pine-tree hill is about 4,800 feet high. It is evident that a
flora of another type replaces the typical Fraser Hill forest there,
and this one observation suggests that the type of vegetation which
we have said commenced about 3,300 feet, gives way about 4,800

Pa

feet. The conclusion wants confirmation. In this replacing vege-
tation, because the trees are of lesser size than at lower levels, ex-
cept for the interference of cloud, more sunlight is able to reach
the ground. The vegetation which uses this sunlight is only in
a small measure of phanerogamic herbs, apparently “because of the
acidity of the mossy raw humus on the ‘surface of the soil.

There is no light-diffusion space in the mossy forest, and the
small trees are very crowded. Upon the tops of the ridges of
Fraser Hill there is however a somewhat imperfect light-diffusion
space with the branches of the trees above it and with small to four
feet high plants below it such as: Polygala venenosa, Pterisanthes
pulchra, Blastus cognauru, Sonerila rudis, S. albiflora, 8. integri-
folia, Phyllagathis hispida, Begonia tricornis, Begonia sp., Argo-
stemma Yappu, A. urticaefolium, A. spinulosum, A. involucratum,
Gardenia pulchella, Chasalia rostrata, C. lurida, Cephaelis 2 spp.,
Pentaphragma Scortechinu, Labisia pumila, L. longistyla, Ardisia
Maingayi, Didymocarpus flavescens, D. hirta, D. malayana, D.
platypus, D. quinguevulnera, D. crinita, D. venusta, D. pumila,
Strobtlanthes hirtisepalus, Filetia hirta, F. paniculata, Justicia
subalternans, Gomphostemma sp., Piper stylosum, P. semangko-
anum, C. brachystachys, Balanophora multibracteata, Burmannia
longifolia, Liparis sp., Calanthe angustifolia, Anoectochilus Rein-
wardtu, Anoectochilus sp., Cryptostylis arachnites, Globba auran-
tiaca, G. cernua, Camptandra ovata, Zingiber spectabile, Zingiber
gracile, Zingiber Griffithu, Alpina petiolaia, Geostachys secunda,
Curculigo latifolia, Tacca cristata, Pinanga polymorpha, Pinanga
paradoxa, Lacuala pusilla, Forrestia gracilis, Arisaema Scortechinu,
Amorphophallus sp., A. Lowti, Lephatherum gracile, Lindsaya or-
biculaia, L. decomposita, Trichomanes rigida, T. pluma, Diplazium
bantamense, D. sylvaticum, D. tomentosum, D. fraxinifolium, As-
plenium tenerum, Dryopteris crassifolia, D. calcarata, D. parasitica,
Phegopteris laserpititfolia, Taenitis blechnoides, Cheiropleuria
bicuspts, Selaginella atroviridis, S. Wallichii.

Equally under dense shade, but requiring running water, or
an unusual amount of it, with good soil, are: Im patiens oncidi-
oides, Ophiorrhiza erubescens, Cyrtandra pilosa, Phaius callosus,
Alocasia Beccarti and Schismatoglottis sp.

his assemblage of small plants contains a very large pert-
centage of seed-plants with a restricted distribution. Of the 70,
44 or 63 per cent, are confined to the Malay Peninsula and a fur-
ther 13, making in all 57, or 84 per cent, do not pass out of what
is here ‘called western Malaysia. This is a greater percentage of
endemism than in the overshadowing trees ‘and shrubs, but not
greater than among epiphytes, nor among giant herbs.

The overshadowing trees and shrubs number 105 and of them
60, or 57 per cent, are confined to the Malay Peninsula, and another
26, making in all 83, or 82 per cent, do not extend beyond western
Malaysia.

28

The climbers which climb these forest trees are 28 in number,
and of them 12, or 43 per cent, are endemic, while a further 10,
or 22 in all, making 79 per cent, do not pass beyond western
Malaysia. The figures will be found in Table II.

The wide-spread seed-plants of the forest-floor flora are:
Chasalia lurida, Chloranthus brachystachys, Crypstostylis arach-
nites, Panicum indicum and Lephatherum gracile—plants which
do what no epiphyte does, namely spread from Ceylon to Malaysia,.
but with a broken distribution in almost every case.

' The following are the Fraser Hill species which have an ex-
tension from western Malaysia into eastern Malaysia in varying de-
grees, without extending into Australia nor into the Pacific:

(forestal species )
Anoectochilus Reinwardtti reaches Amboina; Memecylon myrsin-
oides reaches Celebes; Polygala venenosa, Xanthophyllum excel-
sum, Urophyllum glabrum, Quercus cyrtorrhyncha, Engelhardtia
spicata, Dacrydium faleiforme, Liparis compressa, and Eria major
reach the Philippines; and Burmannia longifolia reaches New
Guinea;

(species of the open)
Joinvillea borneensis reaches Palawan only, and Spathoglottis
aurea reaches Celebes. Spathoglottis plicata and Gannia javanica
from western Malaysia reach Samoa and Fiji respectively.

The following species occur in Tenasserim or the Andamans
and thence south and east into Malaysia but in no case through
it to Australia, nor into the Pacific:

(forestal plants)

Inmacia triandra, Leptonychia heteroclita, Schima Noronhae,

Adinandra dumosa, Vitis mollissima, Arthrophyllum diversifolium,

Lhodamnia trinervia, Hlytranthe formosa, Eria floribunda, Cur-

culigo latifolia, Tacca cristata and Anadendron montanum.
(plants of the open)

Elaeocarpus gambir, Daphne composita and Glochidion coronatum.

There are a few interesting plants with a distribution in the
direction of Indo-China and China. They are (1) reaching Indo-
china Illicium cambodianum, Labisia pumila, and Dacrydiwm
elatum: and (2) reaching China, Gynura bicolor and Smilaa laevis.

The following have an extension of range northward to the
eastern Himalaya: (all forestal, except Jussieua, Pratia and
Blumea) Jussieua fissendrocarpa, Randia racemosa, Ophiorrhiza
erubescens, Blumea balsamifera, Pralia begonifolia, Ardisia color-
ata, Loranthus pentapetalus, L. coccineus, Elytranthe globosa,
Conocephalus suaveolens, Ficus rostrata, Podocarpus neriifolius.
Out of these Randia extends to Australia, the Podocarpus to New
Guinea; Loranthus pentapetalus and Conocephalus suaveolens to
the Philippine Islands; the others not passing bevond western
Malaysia in an eastward direction.

————

20

The following occur in Ceylon or Southern India and two
reach the Seychelle islands :—

(forestal)

Melastoma malabathricum Hugenia zeylanica, Psychotria sarmen-
tosa, Chasalia lurida, Vernonia arborea, Gaertnera Koenigit,.
Unearia dasyoneura, Chloranthus brachystachys, Cryptostylis ara-
chnites, Panicum indicum, Lophatherum gracile

(of open places)

Vitis trifolia, Pithecolobium angulatum, Drymaria cordata, Rubus
rosaéfolius, Trichosanthes bractescens, Embelia Ribes, Polygonum
chinense, Litsea citrata, Homalanthus populneus (doubtful), Trema
orientalis.

Of these two reach Australia, four eastern Malaysia, and the
other two do not pass beyond western Malaysia.

Of the ferns nearly 50% reach Ceylon and nearly 20%
reach the Mascarenes.

There remain 19 pantropic plants and everyone of them is a
plant of the open. All of them are foreign to the flora of Fraser
Hill, being intruders following man: and it will scarcely be neces-
sary in this place to name them. Fourteen ferns are pantropical,
six of these being plants of the open.

It is convenient to name here, before passing on, the few plants
which we found above Fraser Hill and not at it: they are, Poly-
althia pulchra which is endemic, an Hugenia which appears to be
endemic, Sonerila tenwifolia, which occurs in Sumatra, Java and
Borneo, S. velutina, Webera salicina and Pentapterygium Scort-
chinu, all three being endemic, Diplycosia latifolia which occurs
in Sumatra, a Diplycosia and Dischidia albida, which are endemic,
an Antidesma unmatched and possibly endemic, Dacrydium Bec-
caru which occurs in Borneo and in Mindoro, and lastly Agrosto-
phyllum bicuspidatum, an orchid whose absence at Fraser Hill is
improbable as it occurs from Tenasserim through the Peninsula to
Java and to Celebes. Eight out of twelve are endemic species.
Three of them are genuine xerophytes, t.e. Dacrydium Beccarw and
the two species of Diplycosia.

The next statement gives the distribution, as known, of those
species which are confined to western Malaysia, but not endemic in
the Peninsula :—

reaching Lingga only, 1 species,

reaching Bancka only, 1 species,

reaching Sumatra only, 13 species,

reaching Borneo only, 11 species,

reaching Java only, 7 species,

reaching Java and Sumatra, 8 species,

reaching Borneo and Sumatra, 11 species,

reaching Borneo and Java, 5 species.

reaching Sumatra, Java and Borneo, 14 species;
this makes 46 as common to the Peninsula and Sumatra, 36 as.
common to the Peninsula and Borneo; and 34 common to the

30

Peninsula and Java: but it is certain that as Sumatra and Borneo
become better known the number of plants common to either of
them and to the Peninsula, will increase and greatly out-distance
the number that are common to Java and the Peninsuia.

TABLE Tk

Distribution of Species.

ULE

Forest Plants. |
Numbers of species |

Confined within the Peninsula.

Extending to Islands of Wes-
tern Malaysia,

: to the Pacific,

Shading trees and shrubs | 60 | 26 | 6
Climbers | 12 | 10
Overhead parasites beep docs %
piphytes oy are. ob
Giant herbs eat) vt
Plants of the forest floor | 44 | 13 | 4
around ferns eee iat Se
Epiphytic ferns | 38 | 41 14
i | |
%. Percentages | |
Shading trees and shrubs | 57 | 25 | 6
Climbers | 43 130 ay
Overhead parasites Bie 7k ee
Epiphytes 64 | 30! 2
(riant herbs | 6Y | 33] ..
Plants of the forest floor | 63 | 18 Lich
Ground ferns Sh el Ona
Epiphytic ferns | Goi 8. | cae
|
Plants of the Open. |
Trees and shrubs 2a ae
Climbers Jigs al es el”
Herbs iy 2s Rare 4
Ferns mE Wis

Extending to Tenasserim and
the Pacific.

Extending to the Himalaya,

China and the Pacific.

——— Se a ae

tC
.
. . . . . e
. . .

; to Ceylon or Mas-

a ee
|
Boe
i Bone
es
fe
ib
Sy per
12| 3
Ns
|

|
4 |
7

earenia and the Pacific.
Without bounds in the tropics.

8] 9
6 | 10

an

©) eo 09
Qo-

2 TOTAL

—_

bet DO
Com CO ce

31

In the notes below some trouble has been taken to show how
species montane in the north of the Peninsula descend more or
less to sea level in the south. This we attribute to the distinct
intercalation of qa dry period in the north, and its disappearance,
all but complete, southwards.

Of the plants which extend from the Peninsula into other parts
of western Malaysia, without going further, two thirds descend to
low levels. On the other hand very few of the Fraser Hill species
which are endemic in the Peninsula descend to low levels. It is
as if to have been able to pass between the Peninsula and other
parts of western Malaysia, the forestal species with which we are
dealing had to possess the ability to live in a climate as of Johore
and Singapore at sea level.

) A land connection between the Peninsula and Sumatra and

another between the Peninsula and Borneo, in past ages, are ad-
mitted generally to have existed. It would seem right in general
to believe that those land connections, at any rate on the last oc-
easion of their existence, were low, having at the same time the
climate of the south of the Peninsula; it is not necessary to place
them as geologically remote, and it is possible to believe that while
they (or the last of them if they were repeated) existed,our possibly
already considerably evolved montane forestal flora retained its
isolation in our mountains undisturbed, evolving locally its endemic
species.

It is easiest to believe that the dry climate flora which seems
to have passed down the coasts toward the Indian Ocean, did so
earlier, and that the spread of these moisture loving plants into:
Java from Sumatra was subsequent.

Mention has been made of the occurrence of quartz in veins
about Fraser Hill. This rock by its very slow decomposition makes
the poorest of soils: and the vegetation on them is characteristic.
In the first place Dacrydium falciforme is a most abundant tree.
Its chief associates are Eugenias, one of which is F. zeylanica.
Other trees which were found with it upon this soil are:—
illicium cambodianum, a curious Anonacea, Weinmannia Blumer
Pygeum ovalifolium, Timonius sp. Lindera Wrayii, Elaeocarpus
pamculatus, EH. apiculatus, E. reticulatus, Vaccinium bancanum
Rhodamnia uniflora, Cinnamomum aureofulvum and C. rhyncho-
phyllum, Evodia pachyphylla, Ilex sp. Melastoma malabathricum,
var. perakense, Ardisia chrysophyllifolia and A. retinervia, Eugenia
oreophila, Arthropanax pinnatum, Memecylon myrsinoides, Anorin-
cleistus grandiflora, Wikstroemia Candolleana, Litsea sp. Rubus
glomeratus, Vitis trifolia, Gynochthodes sublanceolata, Gaertnera.
Koemgi, Chasalia curviflora, Psychotria sarmentosa, Uncaria da-
syoneura, Dioscorea laurifolia, Smilax laevis, Nepenthes sanguinea,
Alyxia pumila, Pterisanthes pulchra, Scindapsus Scortechinti, Cyr-
tandromaea megaphylla, Argostemma Yappti, Didymocarpus hirta
D. pumila, Pteridium aquilinum, Ceropteris calomelanos, Alsophi-
la kingu, Hypolepis tenuifolia, Histiopteris incisa.

3X

Of the seed plants in this list 24 are endemic; 10 reach other
parts of Western Malaysia; two pass just outside, one to Celebes
the other to Mindore; and the rest are much more widespread ;
Melastoma malabathricum -reaching the Seychelles, Lngenia zey-
anica, Uncaria dasyoneura, Psychotria sarmentosa, Chasalia lurida,
and Gaertnera Koenigti reaching Ceylon, Vitis trifolia reaching
Himalaya, Similar laevis reaching China, and Jllicum cambodia-
num reaching French Inlo-China.

The percentage of endemism is about 55 or not different from
that found in the forest of Fraser Hill taken as a whole.

Summary. When a traveller ascends from the Semangkok
pass to Fraser Hill, he passes at about 3300 feet out of a very lotfy
forest into one of !esser growth—its tall trees being 80-100 feet
high at Fraser Hill. At a little distance from Fraser Hill where
the range runs higher, about say +700 feet, another type of forest
appears, being of lesser growth and more mossy. The forest which
we have studied especially is a part of that between 3300 and 4700
feet, namely that at Fraser Hill itself between 4000 and 4370 feet.
Of its woody shading plants 57% are confined to the Peninsula,
of its epiphytes 64% and of its ground vegetation (seed plants)
63%. These are high percentages, and indicate a considerable
isolation of the mountains of the Peninsula. The species of the
forest which are not endemic exist for the most part as lowland
plants in the south of the Peninsula: by doing which they suggest
that when the Peninsula was joined by land to Sumatra or to
Borneo the land bridge was in climate and want of elevation as
Johore and Singapore. It is clear that the montane species did
not cross it. ‘These montane species were evolved locally from
typically Malaysian genera, and do not declare themselves immi-
grants evolved elsewhere. All their genera except Daphne, Geosta-
chys, and Nenga are known from Borneo and all except Leptorr-
hyncha, Blastus, Anerincleistus, Phyllagathis, Filitia, Daorydium,
Agathis (introduced however) Camptandra, Geostachys and Join-
villea are known from Java: whereas as many as 60: of the genera
are absent from Ceylon. |

We recognise as present another flora—the flora that requires
open ground. It is small and of mixed origin, for there are in it
species whose genesis would seem to be upon ground bared by land-
slides, and there are intruders following man. The flora is rather
small for analysis though very interesting.

PART! TE

Enumeration of the Seed-Plants, Ferns and Mosses
Collected.

In this enumeration the literature cited is the last only which
sums up 1m any way the distribution of the plants in various parts
of Western Malaysia.

33

Abbreviations: G.=Gunong or mountain: P.=Pulau or island
_(s.n.)=specimen sine numero, an unnumbered specimen: and of
Works quoted :—

King, Sir George, Materials for a Flora of the Malay Penin-
‘sula in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal vols. 48 to
75, continued by Mr. J. 8. Gamble, with the assistance of Sir
David Prain, Dr. O. Stapf, Mr. H. N. Ridley, M. C. deCandolle,
Prof. J. M. Macfarlane, quoted as King, Mat., Prain, Mat., ete

Ridley, H. N., Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula
Monocotyledons,. Singapore, 1908, 3 vols. quoted as Ridley, Mat.
Monoe.

Koorders, Excursions-flora von Java,3 vols. quoted as Koor-
ders.

Smith, J. J., Orchideen von Java, Leiden 1905, quoted as
Smith; Ji J.

(Merrill E. D., A eee enumeration of Bornean plants
in the Journal of the Straits branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
special no., 1921, quoted as Merrill.

Ames. 0., in the last named, quoted as Ames.

WINTERACEAE.

Ilictum cambodianum, Hance: King, Mat., 58, pt. 2, 574.
A small tree distributed within the Peninsula and in Indo-China:
within the Peninsula it is montane occurring on Kedah peak, on
the Taiping hills, on G.-Tahan, and down the tops of the Main
range from the mountains of Telom to G. Mengkuang Lebar; on
Benom; then on Mt. Ophir. It is common about Fraser Hill
particularly wpon vein-quartz ridges. The claret flowers smell of
anise: they are produced both on the old wood and on the ends
of branches and turn down. The stigmas overtop the anthers by
a little and spread into a ring as the fruit forms. The Malays
call the tree Bakau bukit or hill mangrove, because its red wood
suggests mangrove wood.

MAGNOLIACEAE.

Talauma Candollei, Blume; Koorders, 2, p. 240: Merrill p.
eal: I. mutablas, Blume. (King, Mat., 58, pt. 2, p. 373. A
shrub very variable in its different varieties, distributed from
Sumatra and from Pungah in Lower Siam through the Peninsula
to West Java and North Borneo. In the Peninsula it occurs on
Kedah peak, in Penang and on the Main range from the mount-

ains of Telom to the Semangkok pass. It was got coming into
flower (8860).

Kadsura?. A big climber, flowerless, but appearing as if
Kadsura lanceolata, King, was found at 3,300 ft. under Fraser
Hill towards Tras. (7868). The Malays call it Akar belewar.

34
ANONACEAE.

Uvaria sp. A big liane with a stem 4 in. through, unfortun-
ately without flowers and without fruit. (8804).

Polyalthia pulchra, King, Mat. 60, pt. 2, p. 55. A small
tree, endemic within the Peninsula, and montane, distributed
upon the Taiping hills and G. Bubu: upon the Main range from
G. Kerbau to G. Mengkuang Lebar. It was obtained on Pine-tree.
hill at 4500 ft. (8533) in fruit. The fruit-stalks are coral-pink.

Goniothalamus macrophyllus, King, Mat. 60, pt. 2, p. 76.
Koorders, 2, p. 252: Merrill, 260. A small shrub, little branched,
distributed from Sumatra eastward to mid Java and north Borneo:
in the Peninsula in the north montane, and is in Lankawi, and
P. Adang, Penang, on the Taiping hills, and on the Main range
of Perak, south to the Semangkok pass; further it occurs down
approximately to sea level in Johore and Singapore. It was both
in flower and fruit (8507, 8957): the wood is fragrant suggesting
cinnamon. The Malays call it Tunging.

Goniothalamus sp. A small tree 30 ft. high found in flower
(8896) and in fruit (7809), which matches none of the Peninsula
species. The Malays call it Tampaian.

Anonacea. A tree of medium size, densely covered under
the leaves with tawny felt, occurring upon the vein-quartz ridges
(8684. 8930).

MENISPERMACEAE.

Limacia triandra, Miers: King, Mat. 58, pt. 2, p. 382. A
climber, within the Peninsula, and extended northwards to Moul-
mein and French Indo-China: in the Peninsula montane, oceur-
ing in Lankawi, in Penang, on Kedah peak; and upon the Main
range about Fraser Hill (8620) and on Bukit Kutu.

PITTOSPORACEAE.,

Pittosporum sp. A bush with larger fruits than P. feru-
gineum, Dryand, and not tawny under the leaves, but otherwise-
rather similar; as known at present quite local: it was obtained
by Mr. Ridley at the Semangkok pass in 1904 (no. 12073) and
now has been gathered at Fraser Hill (s. n.). |

POLYGALACEAE.

Polygala venenosa, Juss.: King, Mat. 59, pt. 2 p. 1380:
Merrill, p. 3824. A herb of the interior of Malaysia; in Sumatra,
common in the forests of the Peninsula upon the mountains and
te their feet sometimes, extended through Borneo to the Philippine
islands. In the Peninsula recorded from Kedah peak, Penang,
the Taiping hills, the Main range from G. Kerbau and the mount-
ains of Telom to G. Tampin. It was found to be plentiful in the
forest of Fraser Hill both in flower and with half ripe fruit (8590).

35

Xanthophyllum excelsum, Mig. Merrill p. 326: X. affine,
Korth.: King, Mat? 59 pt. 2 p. 142: Koorders, 2 p. 453. <A tree
of the second rank in the forest, distributed from Tenasserim
through western and north-eastern Malaysia extending from the
Peninsula to Billiton and Java and through Borneo to the Philip-
pines. It extends north to Tongkah in Lower Siam (lat. 8° N.),
and southwards to Singapore both in the plains and on the hills.
Ti was less common at Fraser Hill than XY. Maingayi.

Xanthophyllum Maingayi, Hook. f.: King, Mat., 59 pt. 2
p. 136. An endemic smal] tree, distributed within the Peninsula,
montane, on Penang, on the Taiping hills, and on the Main range
from Perak to G. Tampin. About Fraser Hill it is numerically
the commonest woody plant, being the universal under-tree of the
hundred-feet high forest (8673). Like others of its_genus the

Malays call it Minyak berok, or baboon’s oil.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Drymaria cordata, Willd. Joorders, 2 p. 214. A weed
which is to be considered as introduced through man into Malaysia,
but from not-remote parts of Asia. It occurs in Sumatra through
Java up to 6500 ft. Im the Peninsula it occurs about Fraser Hill
(7848) very sparingly, upon the roadside near to the Gap on the
Semangkok pass, and at Gintine Sempah on the crest of the Kuala-
Lumpur-Bentong road.

PORTULACACEAE.

Portulaca oleracea, Linn.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 84
Koorders, 2, p. 208: Merrill, p. 247. A weed of all warm countries:
in the Malay Peninsula scattered up and down. It was found at
ahout 3300 ft. on the road from the Semangkok pass to Fraser Hill.

GUTTIFERAE.

Calophyllum spectabile, Willd. King. Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 175:
Koorders, Java, 2 p. 617. A Calophyllum apparently this, but
without flowers and without fruit, was collected at Fraser Hill.
C. spectabile is a wide-spread tree occurring from the Andamans
and Nicobars and Cochin-china through Malaysia to Fiji and the
- Society Is.

TERNSTROEMIACEAE.
Ternstroemia Scortechinii, King, Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 193.
A medium-sized endemic tree. It is known to occur on the Taiping
hills, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom to
Fraser Hill, and is on Benom. It is probable that it is also on
G. Tahan. At Fraser Hill it was found attaining 30 ft. in height
and in fruit (7754 bis).

Adinandra acuminata, Korth.: King, Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 189. -
A tree of second rank occurring in ERTS and the Malay Penin-
‘sula. In the Peninsula it is nat uncommon from Penang and

36

Taiping to Singapore. In the south of the Peninsula it grows at
sea-level: but it is one of those species which in the north scarcely
descend so low. It has not before this been got on the Main range-
(8947) unless some of the material at Calcutta came thence.

Adinandra dumosa, Jack: King, Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 188:
Koorders, 2, p. 611: Merrill, p. 391. A small tree distributed
through Malaysia. In the Peninsula it is frequent at low eleva-
tions: but has been got at 3000 ft. on Kedah peak and on Mt.
Ophir (Ridley in Jour. F. M. S. Mus. 7%, p. 39). It occurs im
the Andamans and the Nicobars. At Fraser Hill it is common:
but the Fraser Hill specimens all fail to dry black as A. dumosa
normally does. It attains there 50 ft. in height (7760). Mr.
Cubitt’s no. 6527 from Fraser Hill is the same as ours.

Schima Noronhae, Reinw.: King, Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 201:
Koorders, 2, p. 610: Merrill, p. 390. <A fairly large tree, distributed
from Lower Burma, and Sumatra into the Malay Peninsula, to
Java, Borneo and Palawan: in the Peninsula most frequent in
the north, and not quite to sea level; reaching 5,000 ft. on G.
Tahan and on the Taiping hills. At Fraser Hill it is common,
and was in flower.

Gordonia sp. The yellowish flowers of a species of this genus
were seen on the ground between Fraser Hill and Pine tree hill:
but the tree whence they had fallen could not be identified.

Saurauia nudiflora, D. C.: King, Mat., 59, pt. 2, p. 198:
Koorders, 2, p. 604. A small tree in distribution in Sumatra,
through Java and in the Malay Peninsula on the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan and on the Main range of Perak and Selangor. It
is favoured by the interference of man, and takes possession of
cleared areas: below Fraser Hill it was plentiful on slopes that
had been mined at 3000-4000 ft. (7764. 7873), attaining 20-25
ft. in height. It is called Jelatang Gajah, or Elephant nettle.

Saurauia rubens, Ridl. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 61,
p. 1: A small endemic and very local tree producing its pendent
flowers close to the base of the trunk in large groups. It carried
fiowers and fruit at Fraser Hill (8585): these fruits when ripe
fall off their pedicels, which persist for a time. Curtis found it
in flower in the same neighbourhood in May 1902, and Ridley in
April 1911. | |

DIPTEROCARPACEAE.
Dipterocarpus cornutus, Dyer: King, Mat., 61, pt. 2, p. 93.

a
A lofty tree occurring down the Peninsula from Kedah to Sing-
apore; and ascending the Main range on the east side under Fraser

hill to about 3300 °ft. where it was in flower (Sa

Shorea bracteolata, Dyer: King, Mat., 61, pt. 2, De dae
This lofty tree ascends to about 3300 ft. on the Selangor face of
the hills under Fraser Hill. The species is distributed from Penang
te Malacca and in Pahang, within the Peninsula, and is in Sumatra.

37

MALVACEAE.

Urena lobata, Linn.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 43: Koorders,
2, p. 583: Merrill, p. 374. A pan- tropic weed. In the neigh-
bourhood of Fra:er Hill it follows man, as it is quite foreign to
the forest which is the natural vegetation there: it is therefore
most abundant where the land has been mined. Machado collected
it near the Semangkok pass in 1903. Ridley in 1910 on Sakai
clearings further north.

TILIACEAE.

Grewia fibrocarpa, Mast.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 111. A

tall bush, endemic, distributed generally in the lower ground of

the Peninsula from Penang to Singapore, and upon the east side

known from the islands of P. Tiuman and P. Tinggi. It occurs

at Fraser Hill in forest and carried its scarlet fruits (8606), one

only as a rule as the result of a whole panicle of flowers. The
pulp is not unpleasantly acid.

2 gt AD pets genee, Kurz: Merrill, p. 378: LZ. glabra,
Turez.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 94. A shrub, in distribution
from Deiaaseritit and ire a down the Malay Peninsula
to the northern edge of Johore and in Sumatra, to Borneo and to
Celebes. It was food on the edge of a eully at Fraser Hill
(7870), and it has been collected before near Frazer Hill (Ridley
15586) and G. Kerbau and in the mountains of Telom.

Elaeocarpus gambir, Becc.: Merrill, p. 370: H. sttpularis:
King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 133: Koorders, 2, p. 369. <A tree of
moderate size and quick growth, able to take advantage of the
clearings of man. It is distributed through western Malaysia
except eastern Java and is in Tenasserim. In the Peninsula it
cecurs under the mountains in the north as well as on them; and
in the south it is down at sea-level. It was in flower and in fruit
at Fraser Hill and had attained 40 ft. in height; it carried a
sprinkling of red dying leaves (7794) on fruiting branches.

Elaeocarpus jackianus, Wall.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2, p. 137.
A small endemic tree which is able to take advantage of the clear-
ings of man. In distribution it is general down the western side
of the Penin-ula: in Penang it occurs from the coast to the hill-
tops at 2500 ft.: it is common at low elevations in Perak and
down through Selangor and Malacca to Singapore. About Fraser
Hill in places that have once been clearel, young plants of this
are very conspicuous (7788), which by their cordate leaves may
be distinguished varietally, as var. cordata, the leaves being 22 x 12
em.; the berries sparingly pilose: their pedicels very hispid.

Elaeocarpus paniculatus, Wall.: King, Mat., 60, pt. 2. p.
129: Merrill, p. 371. A tree of the Malay Peninsula Banca and
northern Borneo: it occurs in the lowlands of the Peninsula from
Lankawi and Kuantan to Singapore; from the hills it has scarcely
heen recorded. At Fraser Hill it was found flowering sparingly
(8567).

38

Elaeocarpus reticulatus, Rid]. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As.
Soe. 61, p. 2. A bush about 6 ft. high carrying its berries upright;
endemic and confined to the Main range from G. Kerbau to G.
Mengkuang lebar. It was got at 7000 ft. on G. Kerbau, at 5000
ft. on G. Mengkuang lebar: at Fraser hill it occurs at 4200 ft.
on veln-quartz (8897).

Elaeocarpus sp., near FH. apiculatus, Mast. A small tree
differing in small points from this species was collected at Fraser
Hill in fruit. (8570). EH. apiculatus is a tree of low elevations
from Penang to Singapore down the west side of the Peninsula.

GERANIACEAE,

Impatiens oncidioides, Ridl., ex Hook. f. in Kew Bull. 1909,
p- 11. A herb with beautiful yellow flowers found by water, en-
demic and montane, occurring along the higher ground of the Main
range from G. Kerbau and Telom to G. Menuang Gasing at the
head of the Langat valley in Selangor. It occurs at Fraser Hill
with clear lemon-yellow flowers (8589) and more rarely with prim-
rose yellow flowers (8943). It does not descend much below.
The spur is in the mid-line of the flower.

RUTACEAE.

Evodia pachyphylla, King, Mat., 62, pt. 2, p. 210. An
endemic shrub, montane and of very limited distribution in the
Peninsula, occurring on the Main range from G. Kerbau, G. Bujong
Malaka and Telom down to Fraser Hill Where it was found on a
vein-quartz ridge and also upon the very summit of Pine-tree hill
at 4800 ft. which is west of Fraser Hill in the variety grands,
King. It was obtained in flower (8541). The flowers are of a
cream colour.

BURSERACEAE.

Canarium rufum, A. W. Benn.: King, Mat., 62, pt. 2, p.
°44. An endemic tree common at low elevations in Perak, ex-
tending thence southward to Malacca, and found also in the interior
of Pahang. Fraser Hill (7831) at 4200 ft. is its uppermost limit
as at present observed. It was sterile.

Doni tee A big tree growing at Fraser Hill, sterile
7802).

MELIACEAE,

Aglaia sp. A tree with hard wood and spars li
é sparse foliage called
by the Malays Tenkohalan, was collected in fruit (8680). It ap-
pears to be the species referred to in the Materials (Jour. As. Soe.
Beng., 64, p. 65) by Sir George King with his collector’s number
4606. The Sakais are said to eat the fruit.

» 39

CELASTRACEAE.

Salacia sp. near to S. latifolia, Wall. A sprawler found in
mine area on the east of Fraser Hill at about 3600 ft., in flower
(8600).

AMPELIDACEAE.

Vitis elegans, Kurz, King, Mat., 65, pt. 2, p. 392.. A hand-
some vine endemic except that it extends to Banca, very plentiful
about sea-level in the south of the Peninsula, but northwards rare:
it has been collected in Malacca, and in Perak (probably Larut) ;
also there exists a specimen carrying a Penang label, but not pro-
perly. authenticated. It is very common at Fraser Hill (8445)
and was both in flower and in fruit, its fruits small black berries.

Vitis furcata, Laws.: King, Mat., 65, pt. 2, p. 399. <A rather
-small vine, in distribution in Sumatra and in the Malay Peninsula,
by no means uncommon under the hills down the west side of the
Peninsula from Penang to Singapore, in the Taiping hills and
down the Main range from the mountains of Telom southwards.
It was in flower and in fruit, (7787).

Vitis mollissima, Wall.: King, Mat., 65, pt. 2, p. 402. A
common vine with large white berries exceedingly irritant to the
throat (whence the Penang Malay name for it of Kesarkitan burong
or bird’s complaint) found from Burma, the Andamans and the
Nicobars, and through the Malay Peninsula: in the Peninsula in
the lowlands chiefly. It carried ripe fruit at Fraser Hill (s. n.).

Vitis trifolia, Linn.: King, Mat., 65, pt. 2, p. 688: Cissus
carnosa, Gagnep.: Koorders, 2, p. 564: Columella trifolia, Merr. :
Merrill, p. 368. A rather small vine, widely distributed from
north-western India to southern China and through Malaysia to
New Guinea. In the Peninsula it is not uncommon in the low
country; but as regards the hills it has only been collected where
roads have been made across the Main range, and its presence is
artificial. It is not uncommon in cleared ground at Fraser Hill
both with upwardly directed flowers and green fruits in September
(8568).

Pterisanthes pulchra, Ridl. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc.,
61, p. 2. A small woodland vine, endemic and absolutely local,
very common, but very rarely flowering (8924). Mr. Ridley re-
marks on the difficulty of finding its flowers. He records it as on
rocks but it is within our experience under trees that it is to be
found; it was got upon vein-quartz and granite soils.

ILICACEAE.
Ilex sp. A bush attaining 10 ft. in height with black 5-celled
fruit, growing on vein-quartz (8921).

Ilex sp. A small stiff tree which has been collected on Bukit
Etam (Kelsall no. 1845). It was found at Fraser Hill in flower
(8693).

40)

ANACARDIACEAE.

Gluta ’ A tree attaining 80 ft. in height rather like G.
élegans, Kurz, but larger-leaved, which the Malays distinguish as
Rengas gunong or mountain rengas (8678).

LEGUMINOSAE.

Millettia sericea, W. and A.: Prain, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 88:
Koorders, 2, p. 382: Merrill, p. 303. A climber, distributed in
western Malaysia:—Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, north Borneo
and through all Java, high and low. In the Peninsula it occurs
through the low country on the west side from Penang to Singapore,
owing some of its spread to the agency of man, and this is parti-
cularly the case about Fraser Hill where it occurs on old mined
lands, and newly cleared house-sites (8662). The Fraser Hill
plants are rather small-leaved, as are also some from Penang.

Desmodium heterophyllum, D. C.: Prain, Mat., 66, pt. 2,
p. 185: Koorders, 2, p. 387: Merrill p. 304. <A prostrate weed,
spread from the Mascarene islands through southeastern Asia, from
the wetter Himalaya, and the wetter parts of southern India and
Ceylon, southern China, and Malaysia to the Philippines. In the
Peninsula it seems not uncommon in the low country, but of its
occurrence in the hills there is only evidence that it oceurs on G.
Kerbau. It was obtained, not abundantly, at about 3500 ft. in
the mined lands under Fraser hill over Tras, (7874) whither ob-
viously it has come with the help of man. It occurs in Java both
on and under the mountains.

Desmodium laxum, D. C.: Prain, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 138:
Merrill, p. 304. An upright herb, wide-spread from the eastern
Timalaya and China to the Malay Peninsula and to north Borneo.
It is uncommon in the Malay Peninsula, and on the Main range
has been got only in Ulu Batang Padang and in Telom, and now
within a hundred feet of the Gap at the Semangkok pass (8851)
1,e. about 3000 ft.

| Bauhinia cornifolia, Baker: Prain. King in Jour. As. Soc.
Beng., 66, pt. 2, p. 186. A magnificent woody climber, visible by
the mas: of its flowers at half a mile away, endemic, and montane
but closely allied to B. bidentata, Jack, with a wider distribution
from Sumatra to the Philippines. In the Peninsula it occurs in
Penang, on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from G. Bujong
Malaka to G. Angsi in Negri-Sembilan, and just under the hills
in Selangor; also on Benom in Pahang. - It is common at Fraser
Hill (8586), ite +

Pithecolobium angulatum, Benth.: Prain, Mat.. 66, pt. 2,
p. 274: Koorders, 2, p. 356: Merrill, p. 292. <A small tree, doubt-
fully distinct from the Javanese P. montanwm. Benth., which is
there a feature of certain montane forests; in distribution from
the Eastern Himalaya through Burma and Siam to Sumatra,

+1

Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines, also in the Andamans and
the Nicobars. In the Peninsula it is on the hills of Penang, on
the Main range at G. Batu Puteh, and in the south from Kuala
Lumpur to Singapore at low levels. At Fraser Hill it appears to
owe its place to man, and was found as a small tree not yet at
flowering (8663). The Malays call it Petai belalang, or grass-
hoppers’ Parkia.

ROSACEAE.

Pygeum ovalifolium, King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 292. A small
tree, endemic, and of a very restricted distribution, collected by
Sir George King’s coilector at some unrecorded place in Perak,
elevation 5000 ft., and now at Fraser Hill (8505, 8558). There
is a gland at the base of the leaf below upon each side of the
midrib. The Malays call it Sepuleh hutan, or jungle Fragraea.

Pygeum Maingayi, Hook. f.: King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 288.
A small shrub endemic and montane or submontane, found in
upper Perak and down the Main range from. Perak to G. Tampin,
then in the forests of Malacca and upon G. Pulai in Johore. It
was in flower and in fruit at Fraser Hill (7824, 8405). Though
a shrub only at Fraser Hill in Negri Sembilan it seems to be a
tree; or two species are confused.

Rubus glomeratus Blume: King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 295:
Koorders, 2, 324: Merrill, p. 288. A bramble, montane in the
north of the Malay Peninsula, and in the south down near sea-
level, in British North Borneo and through Java. In the Penin-
sula, in Penang it is above 1000 ft.; in the Taiping hills it is at
and about 4000 ft.; it is at Fraser hill above 4000 ft., both in
cleared places and in the direction of Pine-tree hill in a landslip
area (8564) : it was found also east of the Gap in Semangkok pass,
and Machado collected it in 1903 somewhere near the Gap: it is
known to occur on Bukit Kutu.

Rubus rosaefolius, Smith: King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 296:
Koorders, 2, p. 326: Merrill, p. 288. A small shrub with a plea-
sant fruit and for that reason encouraged by man throughout its
distribution, which is from Kamaon in the north-western Himalaya
to Japan, and southwards, in hilly regions, to Borneo and through
Java. In the Malay Peninsula it occurs upon the very tops of the
hills in Penang, on the Taiping hills from 4000 to 5000 ft., and
down the Main range from Telom to Ginting Sempah just north-
east of Kuala Lumpur. At Fraser Hill it is very common chiefly
in the neighbourhood, of the old mines.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.,

Weinmannia Blumei, Planch.: King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 299:
Koorders, 2, p. 311: Merrill, p. 287. A medium-sized tree extend-
ing from Sumatra to (apparently) British North Borneo, and
through Java. In the Peninsula it is found on the Taiping Hills

42

from 4500 to 5000 ft., on G. Tahan and on G. Bubu at 3300 ft.,
on the Main range about Fraser Hill (8653), on Benom and on
Mt. Ophir. It is called Kasai bukit (hill Pongamia) by the
Malays, and is by no means uncommon.

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

Bucklandia populnea, R. Br.: King, Mat., 66, pt. 2, p. 308.
A tree of considerable size found from the Central Himalava down
in hilly regions to Sumatra and Java: in the Malay Peninsula,
collected on G. Inas at 5000 ft. in Perak, and on the Main range
in Ulu Batang Padang at 3900 ft., on G. Tahan, and on Benom.
Under Fraser Hill (8855) it occurs commonly as an immature
tree in mined lands from 3300 to 3700 ft. in the Upper Tras valley.
As it reaches 6000 ft. in the Khasia hills, 3300 ft. is a relatively
low elevation.

MYRTACEAE.

Tristania Maingayi, Duthie: King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 72.
An endemic tree but only uncertainly distinct from T. merguensis,
Griff., which as its name implies occurs in Tenasserim (as well
as in the Peninsula) and extends to Borneo. TT. Maingayi is found
on the hills of Penang and on Kedah peak and was obtained as an
80-feet-high tree at 4000 ft. in Fraser Hill (7752) with flowers.

Rhodamnia cinerea, Jack: Merrill, p. 423: R. trinervia,
Blume: King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 74: Koorders, 2, p. 673. A small
tree distributed from Tenasserim southwards through western
Malaysia (unless it fail in east Java), to the Philippines and to
north Australia: in the Peninsula it is very common at low levels,
but in the higher hills possibly is rare. At Fraser Hill it occurred
a a oe tree with leaves of less than the usual size, at 4,100 ft.

7832).

Rhodamnia uniflora, Burkill; R. trinervia, var.. uniflora
Ridl., in Jour. F.M.S. Mus., 4, p. 146: R. trinervia, Ridl. in Jour.
F.M.S. Mus., 2, p. 114. A montane endemic tree, occurring on
G. Tahan, and at Fraser Hill, where it is common upon ridges of
vern-quartz (8656, 8941), and attains a height of. 60 ft. The
young leaves are yellow below, the fruit a dull purple. On the
breadth of the leaves and upon their colour below the species is to
be distinguished, and not as the name suggests upon the fewness of
the flowers from the nodes, for some varieties of R. cinerea exist
wherein .the flowers may be very few. The G. Tahan specimens
seen are Wray’s and Robinbson’s No. 5500 from between 5000 and
6000 ft., and Ridley’s Nos. 16024 and 16272 from “Wray’s camp.”
It is said also to be on Mt. Ophir, and G. Kerbau: but ‘specimens
have not been seen.

Eugenia corrugata, King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 93. A small”
tree with dark foliage and hard wood, occurring at Fraser Hill

43

(8803), endemic within the Peninsula. The locality whence the
type came in not exactly recorded but was probably on or under
the Main range.

No. 7843 from Fraser Hill is an Hugenia which also may per-
haps be this species.

Eugenia zeylanica, Wight: King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 108:
Merrill, 434. A tree of fifty feet with a rather small broken head,
in distribution in southern India and Ceylon in the Andamans, in
Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. In the Peninsula it
occurs in Lower Siam at least from Takuapa, and southwards down
both sides to Singapore. It was in flower at Fraser Hill (8677).
The Fraser Hill specimens have smaller leaves than is usual at
lower elevations.

Eugenia valdevenosa, Duthie: King, Mat. 70, pt. 2, p. 111.
A small tree, endemic, occurring in Penang, the Taiping hills, and
on the Main range from above Gopeng down into northern Negri
Sembilan. It was obtained in fruit (7811, 8829), as a tree 25 ft.
high.

Eugenia sp., apparently endemic, and an undescribed species.
A tree occurring at Fraser Hill in flower (7751). It has curious-
ly crested branches, which suggest, but differ considerably from,
those of /. setosa, King.

Eugenia microcalyx, Duthie: King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 124.
A medium sized tree. endemic, distributed down the west coast
of the Peninsula from Penang to Singapore and in the hills above
Gopeng, in Ulu Bubong and about the Semangkok pass. It was
in flower at Fraser Hill (7796).

Eugenia sp., near . valdevenosa, Duthie; but with more
coriaceous and smaller (12x 6 cm.) leaves, was got on Pine-tree
hill at 4,800 ft. (8535).

Eugenia oreophila, Rid]. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc., 61,
p. 9. A shrub very closely allied to #. jugalis, Ridl., endemic and
local, described from specimens collected in Ulu Semangkok by Mr.
F. Dennys in 1907 as Kelat bukit or hill Eugenia; found by us in
flower at Fraser Hill (8899) and at the Trigonometrical station
immediately over the Gap upon the east side of the Semangkok pass
(8870).

Eugenia n. sp., with obovate coriaceous leaves, 8 x 4 cm. the
veins most obscure, was got in flower (8685) at 4,300 ft.

Eugenia sp., apparently near F. corrugata, King, with leaves
about 14x 7 cm. drying brown, and with flowers about 1.5 cm.
across, was got in the valley of Fraser Hill (7777).

Eugenia sp. A tree with red bark, sterile, here and there
about Fraser Hill (7806).

. Barringtonia Scortechinii, King, Mat., 70, pt. 2, p. 138.
A tree of second rank, endemic and montane or submontane except

+4

that it has been collected at Temerloh in Pahang, found in Penang,
in the Taiping hills and on G. Bubu, in the Main range from Fraser
Hill (8691) to G. Berumban in Negri-Sembilan, reaching the foot
of Bukit Kutu. It carried deep crimson flowers on the end of
branches, hanging into the light-diffusion space of rather dense
one-hundred-feet high forest.

MELASTOMACEAE.

Melastoma malabathricum, Linn.: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2,
p. 6: Koorders, 2, p. 690. A shrub of wide distribution, occurring
from the Seychelle islands, through the parts of India which are
damp enough, into China, and through Malaysia to northern Aus-
tralia and to New Caledonia. In the Peninsula it is general, and
owes its abundance largely to man; but not its presence, for it can
hold its own in light forest: and it reaches 5,000 ft. on G. Tahan.
It is plentiful at Fraser Hill (8574) in the variety perakense.

Blastus Cogniauxii, Stapf: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 18:
Merrill, p. 438. A weak shrub of shade with small inconspicuous
flowers, distributed down the Malay Peninsula and in northern
Borneo. In the Malay Peninsula it occurs in the Taiping Hills,
in Upper Perak, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from Bujong
Malaka and the Telom hills to Ginting Bidai east of Kuala Lumpur,
on G. Taneng and G. Pantai in Johore, and again in low country
about Kuala Lipis and in the south of Johore. It is frequent at
Fraser Hill (8613).

Anerincleistus floribundus, King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 17.
A shrub 20 ft. high, endemic, and until found between Fraser Hill
and the Gap, Semangkok pass, at about 3.300 ft., and west of Fraser
hill on the track to Pine Tree hill at 4,300 ft. known only from
the Taiping hills and on G. Bubu. Its terminal panicle of pink
flowers with exposed yellow stamens is very conspicuous (8509).

Anerincleistus grandiflorus, Ridl. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy.
As. Soc., 47, p. 45. A endemic and montane shrub, of limited
distribution along the Main range from Fraser Hill to G. Meng-
kuang, lebar. Curtis obtained it in the neighbourhood of the
Semangkok pass at 2,000-3,000 ft. in May 1902: Mr. Ridley in
flower in April 1911; the Hon’ble Mr. G. Hose collected it at Fraser
Hill in flower in August 1919 and we found it at 4,200 ft. on one
of the vein-quartz ridges of Fraser Hill (8939) flowering in Sep-
tember, 1922, but not freely. The specimens from the mountains
further south are labelled 5,000 ft. and 5,400 fit. It carried flowers
with white petals and a pink calyx as well as ripe fruit.

Sorerila tenuifolia, Blume: Stapf and King. Mat.. 69, pt. 2,
p. «4: Koorders, 2, p. 692: Merrill, p. 442. A herb distributed
through the wetter parts of western Malaysia, occurring in Sumatra
in western Java, in northern Borneo, and in the Malay Peninsula
montane on G. Bubu, on G. Tahan, on the Main chain from G.

45

Kerbau and the mountains of Telom to Bukit Etam at altitudes of
4,000 to 5,300 ft., and on Mt. Ophir. It was not seen at Fraser
Hill, but at Pine tree hill, at 4,800 ft., where it is common (8542).

Sonerila rudis, Stapf and King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 27. A
herb growing in moss in forests, endemic, and montane from 3,000
ft. upwards over a restricted area of the Main range, from G.
Kerbau, G. Bujong Malaka and G. Batu Puteh south to the Se-
mangkok pass; very common at Fraser Hill both in flower and in
fruit (8414, 8624). It propagates itself by runners to a consider-
able extent.

Sonerila albiflora, Stapf and King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 28.
A herb of the forest floor, endemic, and montane, occurring on the
main range at 3,500 ft. and above, from G. Bujong Malaka to the
Semangkok pass, and also on G. Kledang over Ipoh at only 1.000 ft.
above sea-level. It was found between Fraser Hill and Pine-tree
hill (8508) in flower and with ripe fruit. The flowers are pale
pink, as well as white. ‘The Hon’ble Mr. G. Hose who collected it
below Fraser hill in 1919, obtained it at 3,800 ft.

Sonerila integrifolia, Stapf and King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 34.
An upright herb of shade. endemic, and montane or submontane,
found on the Taiping hills, and under them on the west side; on
G. Bubu, on the Main range from Fraser Hill to Ginting Sempah
north-east of Kuala Lumpur and under the Main range on the
west side. It is very common at Fraser Hill (8540, 8602, 8641)
both in flower and jn fruit, and was got also above the Gap on the
ascent towards G. Ulu Semangkok at 3000 ft. (8886).

Sonerila velutina, Rid]. in Jour. F. M. S. Mus., 4, p. 18.
A. herb, of a somewhat more upright habit and of a darker chestnut
colour than the common S. rudis, endemic, and as far as known
confined to the Main range between G. Kerbau, the mountains of
Telom and the Semangkok pass occurring from 4500 ft. upwards.
It was found at Pine-tree hill at 4800 ft. (8645), and on G. Ulu
Semangkok which is south-east of the Semangkok pass.

Phyllagathis hispida, King Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 46. A herb,
endemic in the mountain-forests of the Peninsula, found on the
_ Taiping hills, in upper Perak, on G. Tahan, and down the Main
range from Ulu Batang Padang and the mountains of Telom to
the Semangkok pass. It is very common at Fraser Hill and was
in new flower (8623).

Marumia nemorosa, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 47:
Merril] in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. p. 444. A woody sprawler,
about 20 ft. long, occurring in the interior of western Malaysia,
1e. in Sumatra the Malay Peninsula and in Borneo. In the Penin-
sula it is found in the low country from Penang and Trengganu
southwards to the Johore straits; it ascends the Taiving hills to
3500 ft.. on Fraser Hill to abeve 4000 ft. (7791, 8647) and Bukit
Kutu. It was found in flower and with half ripe fruit and is
frequent. The rose-magenta flowers fall in the afternoon.

46

Dissochaeta pallida, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 52.
A endemic woody sprawler extending from Tomah in lower Siam
(lat. 6° N.) down to Singapore, ascending the mountains as in
Penang, in the Taiping hills to 4500 ft., and on the Main range:
te about 4000 ft. It carried flowers and fruits at Fraser Hill,
(8553, 8646).

Dissochaeta annulata, Hook. f.: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 50:
Merrill, p. 445. A woody sprawler, occurring down the Peninsula
and in northern Borneo. In the north of the Peninsula it is
montane occurring on Western Hill in Penang, on the Taiping
hills, at Fraser Hill (8628) in the Main range, on Mt. Ophir, on
G. Pantai in Johore, and lastly in Singapore island within 500 ft.
of sea-level.

Anplectrum pallens, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 57:
Merrill, p. 443. <A sprawler, distributed in the interior of western
Malaysia from Sumatra to northern Borneo: within the Peninsula
occurring as a submontane or montane plant, in Penang on Western
Hill, on the Taiping hills from 2000 ft. downwards, on the Main
range from the Semangkok pass to the neighbourhood of Kuala
Lumpur, and under this range a: well as extending southwards to:
Singapore. It was not observed at Fraser Hill itself, but was
obtained at the Trigonometrical station immediately over the Gap
of Semangkok pass on the east side at 3800 ft. (8872), in fruit.

Medinilla venusta, King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 61. A shrub,
endemic and possibly confined to the Main range; but the origin
of the specimens which Sir George King used when writing his
description is not recorded more nearly than “Perak.” It is com-
mon as an epiphyte at Fraser Hill, and is a very beautiful plant
(8430, 8554).

Medirilla crassinervia, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 64:
Merrill, p 447. A beautiful bush with large cherry-red fruits,
extending from the Malay Peninsula eastwards to Borneo and om
to Ternate, Banda and New Guinea. Within the Peninsula it is
montane in the north, but descend: to low levels in Singapore and
Johore: in the north it occurs in Penang, on G. Tahan, and on
the Main range from Ulu Batang Padane to Gua Batu or Batu
Caves near Kuala Lumpur. It was found under Fraser Hili in

the uprer Tras valley in a mined area upon the tops of boulders,
at 3600 ft. (7866).

Medinilla Clarkei, King, Mat, 69, pt. 2. p. 63. A beautiful
bush with white flowers and white berries, endemic and montane
within the Peninsula, found on Gunong Tahan at 3300 ft., on the
Main range from G. Kerbau to G. Menkuang lebar, on Benom and
again on the top of Mt. Ophir. It is not uncommon at Fraser
Hill (8557), where also the Hon’ble Mr. G. Hose obtained it in
August 1919.

Medinilla heterantha, King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p. 61. Speci-
mens with seven equal anthers (s.n.), but otherwise appearing to

47

be WM. heterantha were obtained just under Fraser Hill in the upper
Tras valley at about 3500 ft. MW. heterantha is an endemic and
montane species of the Peninsula which is recorded as occurring
on the Taiping hills, and on the Main range on G. Batu Puteh.

Memecylon dichotomum, C. B. Cl.: King, Mat., 69,

. 75. A small tree, endemic, submontane found on Kedah ai
on the Taiping hills, on G. Bubu, on G. Tahan, down the Main
range in Perak and Selangor; and at Gemas on the Johore-Negri-
Sembilan boundary. It occurs at Fraser Hill as a small tree about
30 ft. high under other trees (8697). It is called Nipis kulit or
“thin-bark,” like several other small trees.

Memecylon heteropleurum, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt.
p. 78: Merrill, p. 453. A shrub with beautiful pinkish- Ete acter ers
and purple fruits; which contain a pink-fle-hed seed: distributed
in the interior of western Malaysia, 7.e. in Sumatra, in the
Peninsula and in Borneo. In the Peninsula it occurs from Penang
down the western side to Singapore. It occurred as an epiphyte
at Fraser Hill (7869) and has been collected on G. Tahan. Our
specimens have a venation in the leaf closer than usual, but not
closer than Cwrtis 814, from Penang which i: admitted as this.

Memecylon myrsinoides, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p.
81: Koorders, 2, p. 702: Merrill, p. 454. A shrub, distributed
through western Malaysia, Sumatra, the Peninsula, Bancka, Java,
Borneo and bevond in Celebes. In the Peninsula it is in the low
country from Lankawi to Singapore; and the Fraser H:!! locality
is of a surprising elevation. It grew as a shrub 15 ft. high upon
one of the vein-quartz ridge: (8937) and was in flower. Is it
really absent from western Java as Koorders implies?

Memecylon laevigatum, Blume: King, Mat., 69, pt. 2, p.
82: Merrill, p. 454. A shrub, in distribution from Tenasserim,
the Andamans and Nicobars, through Sumatra, and the Peninsula
to Bancka, Java and Borneo. In the Peninsula it is found in
the jowlands down both sides. It was not found at Fraser Hill,
but at the Trigonometrical station immediately over the Gap, Se-
mangkok pass, on the east side at 3800 ft. (8888), in fruit; and
in want of flowers the determination is slightly doubtful.

LYTHRACEAE.

Duabanga sonneratioides, Ham.: King, Mat., 67, pt. 2, p.
10. A tall tree distributed from the central Himalaya in hilly
regions through Burma and Siam, to the Andamans and Nicobars,
and to the Malay Peninsula, where it seems to reach its limit on
the eastern slopes of the Main range not far from Kuala Lumpur.
On the east side of Fraser Hill from about 3300 ft. (7867) down-
ward: almost if not quite to the foot of the range it occurs in
groups by streams: it is present also on the west side, but is rare.
It exists in Penang, on the Taiping hills and is common in the

48

valley of the Perak river near Kuala Kangsar and again about
the mountains of Telom at 4000 ft. The Malays who eat the acid
young fruit call it berembang bukit.

ONAGRACEAE.

Jussieua fissendrocarpa, Haines, in Jour. As. Soc. Beng. N.
S. 15. p. 313. A marsh-herb distributed from north-eastern India
southwards at least to Singapore and possibly to the Philippines,
and occurring own the Peninsula here and there in the lowlands.
At Fraser Hill it was found in the vegetable garden under Frazer’s

bungalow (7850).

SAMY DACEAE.

Casearia esculenta, Roxb.: King, Mat., 67, pt. 2. p. 17.
A shrub or small tree, distributed in southern India and Ceylon,
and then from Tenasserim southwards to Sumatra and Singapore
mostly in the low country, but also in the hills, as on Kedah peak,
on the hills of Penang, and down the Main range from G. Kerbau
and the mountains of Telom to G. Angsi. It is recorded as at
7300 ft. on Korinchi peak in Sumatra. It was found with rather
small leaves in fruit on G. Ulu Semangkok. which is south-east
of the Semangkok pass (8880).

CUCURBITACEAE.

Trichosanthes bracteata, Voigt: Koorders, 3, p. 297: Mer-
rill, p. 584: T. palmata, Roxb.: King, Mat., 67, pt. 2, p. 29. A
herbaceous climber distributed from the Himalaya to Ceylon and
in Japan, as well.as in China, thence southwards through Sumatra,
the Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Celebes. Timor to northern Australia. :
in the Peninsula not well collected and its presence is not attested
for the south. At Fraser Hill it owes its abundance to the inter-
ference of man, and its stems extend over the exposed earth of the
new roadsides, carrying globose green fruits in abundance (8562).

BEGONIACEAE.

Begonia tricornis, Ridl. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soe., 75,
p. 385. A herb of forest, endemic and montane, restricted to the
Main range from ‘the mountains of Telom to Ginting Bidai, east
of Kuala Lumpur. At Fraser Hill it is not uncommon; it was
found in fruit (8669) sparingly.

Begonia sp., not uncommon at Fraser Hill (8428) in flower
growing in shade, half-prostrate and rooting at the nodes. The
flowers are light pink, and the leaves are relatively broader than
those of B. tricornis.

UMBELLIFERAE.

Eryngium foetidum, Linn.: King, Mat., 61, p. 71: Koor-
cers, 2, p. 724. ‘This American plant which is slowly spreading
westward in Asia, is quite common at Fraser Hill round the old

49

mines, and down the valley towards Tras: so long as the forest is
not allowed to close in, it will persist. Machado collected it near
the Gap in 1903.

ARALIACEAE.

Heptapleurum, sp. A tree forty feet high, with dark claret
flowers (8946), apparently a new species, found at 4000 ft.

Heptapleurum sp.A shrub 6 ft. high, with a prickly stem, is
not uncommon at Fraser Hill (7882) and in the upper Tras valley
(s.n.), allied to H. ellipticum, Seem., but differing in the incon-
spicuousness of the veins of the leaf.

Arthrophylium diversifolium, Blume: King, Mat., 67, pt.
2, p. 59: Koorders, 2, p. 717: Merrill, p. 458. A small tree, distrib-
uted through western Malaysia and in the Andamans; in the Penin-
sula common all down the west side, whereas on the east side it has
been collected only upon P. Tiuman; but it is assuredly present.
It was found in forest at Fraser Hill (7834) at 4200 ft.— an
upward extension of its recorded altitudes, in flower.

Arthrophyllum montanum, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. 8S. Mus.
4, p. 24. A shrub, endemic, confined to the Main range from the
mountains of Telom to the Semangkok pass. It was found on
veinquartz ridges at Fraser Hill in flower (8926), being three feet
high only.

Arthrophyllum pinnatum, C. B. Clarke in part: King,
Mat., 67, pt. 2, p. 59 in part. A small shrub, endemic apparently,
occurring on the top of the hills in Penang, and on the Main range
from G. Batu puteh to G. Mengkuang lebar. It was found on G.
roel Semangkok at 3000 ft. (8865). The Mount Ophir plant
differs.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Viburnum sambucinum, Reinw.: King & Gamble, Mat., 72
pt. 2, p. 113: Koorders, 3, p. 285: Merrill, p. 512. A bush, spread
through western Malaysia, in Sumatra, the Peninsula, Borneo and
throughout Java, from about 1000 ft. to 5000 ft. In the Peninsula
it is montane as regards the north, but descends to sea-level in
Singapore: it occurs upon the summit of Government Hill, Penang,
on the Taiping hills, and down the Main range from the mountains
of Telom to G. Menkuang lebar. Often it owes its position to
man in chief part, and this is the case at Fraser Hill, where it
occur: about the old mines (7779). It was newly in flower.

Viburnum Beccarii, Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2, p. 114. A bush
occurring in Sumatra and in the Malay Peninsula, montane. In
the Peninsula it was first collected by Scortechini in Perak, pro-
hably in the mountains at some littJe distance to the north of Fraser
Hill. It occurs at Fraser Hill (8631) and was in flower. It has
been determined from descriptions only.

50
RUBIACEAE.

- Uncaria dasyoneura, Korth.: King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt.
2, p.136. A woody climber, distributed in Ceylon, and then dis-
jointedly in Sumatra and the.Malay Peninsula. In the Peninsula
it is montane: it occurs in Penang, and is on the Main range in
Perak where Sir George King’s collector got it: at Fraser Hill it
is very abundant and in Malacca, probably on Mt. Ophir. It is
also said that Lobb got it in Singapore; but then Lobb’s plants
are not accurately labelled in all cases. At Fraser Hill where it
goes to the tops of fairly large trees, it was in flower and new foliage
and with enormous quantities of fruit (8409): it was also on G.
Ulu Semangkok. Havilland distinguished the Ceylon plants va-
rietally (Jour. Linn, Soc. Bot., 33, p. 52.)

Argostemma Yappii, King in King & Gamble, Mat, 72, pt.
2, p. 145. A half-epiphytic herb, endemic and of narrow distribu-
tion on the mountains, on G. Tahan above 5000 ft., and on the
Main range from the mountains of Telom to G. Mengkuang lebar.
It occurs at Fraser Hill (8573) at 4200 ft. and thence upwards
to 4800 ft. in Pine tree hill (8527); and it occurs on G. Ulu Se-
manekok which is south-east of the Gap. It climbs the lowest one
or two feet of tree trunks and has a very fleshy stem.

Argostemma urticaefolium, King: King & Gamble, Mat.,
72, pt. 2, p. 146. A herb, perhaps occurring in Sumatra, and
found upon the Main range of the Peninsula from the Telom
mountains to Bukit Etam. It flowers about the Semangkok
pass in May (Curtis 3748); and only in one spot were flowers
found in September, (8857).

Argostemma spinulosum, ©. B. Clarke: King & Gamble,
Mat., 72, pt. 2, p. 149. A herb, endemic, and montane, occurring
on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from G. Batu puteh to
Bukit Etam, and in Johore on G. Pantai. It is rare at Fraser

Hill (8622).

Argostemma involucratum, Hemsl.: King & Gamble, Mat.,
72, pt. 2, p. 151. An endemic herb with beautiful white flowers
montane, gcecurring on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main
range from G. Kerbau, Bujong Malaka and the Telom mountains
to the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur, on Benom, and on Mt.
Ophir. At Fraser Hill it is perhaps the commonest herb in the
forest and in September its flowers, turned downwards obliquely
with a conspicuous large green nectary, were everywhere (8412) ;
but towards Pine-tree hill it disappeared.

Ophiorrhiza erubescers, Wall.: King & Gamble, Mat., 72,
pt. 2, p. 172. A small forest herb, occurring in Upper Burma
and down the Malay Peninsula as far as Bukit Sedanan in Malacca.
It is montane or submontane, but has been collected at 6500 ft.
on Ridley’s G. Berumban. It was found in fruit at Fraser Hill
(8594) and on G. Ulu Semangkok (8887).

5 {

Mussaenda mutabilis, Hook. f.: King and Gamble, Mat.,
72, pt. 2, p. 182. A woody sprawler, endemic, rather submontane
than montane, distributed from (perhaps) Penang and Bundi
south-wards to Singapore, occurring on the Taiping hills, on the
Main range and on Mt. Ophir to 2000 ft. at least. It was found
under Fraser Hill at about 3800 ft., exposing its brilliant scarlet
flowers at a height of about 20 ft. from the ground in a place
where a fallen tree had let light into the forest (7759).

Mussaenda villosa, Wall.: King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2,
p. 183. A woody sprawler, distributed in Sumatra and in the
Peninsula southwards to Malacca and Mt. Ophir: it occurs at low
elévations, and the Fraser Hill plant (s.n.) appears to be varietally
distinct from the lowland plant. It was found just above 4000 ft.
The Mt. Ophir plant also differs. .

Lucinaea Ridleyi, King in King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2,
p. 178: Merrill, p. 558. A woody sprawler occurring in the hilly
parts of the north of the Malay Peninsula and in north Borneo.
In the Peninsula it has been got in the Taiping hills, and on the
Main range in the Batu Padang valley and at Fraser Hill at 4300
ft. in flower (8681). Lobb collected specimens which exist in
herbaria with the label ““Singapore” upon them; but Lobb’s labels
are not always accurate.

Urophyllum glabrum, Wall.: King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt.
2, p- 198: Merrill, p. 5389: U. arborewm, Korth.: Koorders, 3, p.
255. A small tree distributed in western Malaysia from Sumatra,
through the Peninsula, in western Java, in Bancka, Borneo, and
to the Philippines. It is one of the species which in the Peninsula
occur at sea-level in the south: but are rare or absent in the low-
Jands in the north, however it is on P. Nipis, an islet off the Lower
Siam coast near P. Adang,—but not in the usual form. It has
been collectel upon the Main range north of Fraser Hill: and is
plentiful at Fraser Hill (8668, 8688) as a small tree 25 ft. high,
in flower and in fruit. The Malays call it Tabosah.

Stylocoryna fragrars, Blume: King & Gamble, Mat., 72,
pt. 2, p. 201: Tarenna fragrans, Merrill, p. 561. A shrub, dis-
tributed in Sumatra, down the Peninsula from Champawn in
Lower Siam to Singapore upon both sides, and in Borneo. This
is the first record of its occurrence in the higher hills. It was
found at Fraser Hill at 4200 ft. (8686, 8882), and on G. Ulu
Semangkok, in flower.

Webera salicira, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. S. Mus., 4, p. 34.
A shrub, endemic and confined as far as is at present known, to
the Main range from the mountains of Telom to Fraser Hill where
it was got in the direction of Pine- tree hill (8513).

Randia racemosa, Cay.: Merrill, p. 563. Randia densiflora,
Benth:: King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2, p. 208: R. oppositifolia,
Koord.: Koorders, 3, p. 297: A shrub, widely distributed from
north-eastern India and southern China down the hilly regions of

52

Burma, in the Andamans and Nicobars, through Malaysia to north
Australia: in the Peninsula it is a wide-spread lowland plant of
the west side to Malacca: but it has not been collected as yet on
the east side north of P. Tinggi. Upon the Main range it is
certainly on G. Haram and on Bukit Kutu. It was collected at
Fraser Hill (8442) carrying its fragrant white flowers.

Randia anisophylla, Jack: King & Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2,
p. 209. A small tree or large shrub, in Sumatra and distributed
freely down the west coast of the Peninsula from Penang to Sing-
apore, unless rare in Perak, but as yet quite unrecorded for the
east coast. It is not uncommon at Fraser Hill attaining 30 ft.
in forest under tall trees, in flower (8446), and in fruit (8660).
The Malays eall it Kayu laha.

Rardia sp. <A shrub unfortunately flowerless (8664), with
two pairs of curved thorns at the base of each lower side branch for
climbing, the lower pair of which two are brought against the
parent axis by the angle at which the side branch stands,— a very
perfect grapple arrangement.

Gardenia pulchella, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. S. Museums 4,
p- 31. A fat stemmed small shrub with the flowers close to the
ground, occurring in the mountains of Telom and it was found
at Fraser Hill in immature fruit ($593).

Timonius diffusus, Rid]. in Jour. F. M. S. Mus. 4, p. 32.
A small tree, endemic and montane, found on G@. Tahan, and on
the Main range in the mountains of Telom, where very common,
and now at Fraser Hill (7801), in flower and in fruit, attaining
20: dt.

Timonius sp. near 7. montanus, Ridl., a small tree found at
Fraser Hill, with foliage 8 x 2 cm. and fruits 8 mm, long (8561).
T. montanus occurs on G. Tahan.

Timonius n. sp. A small tree 10 feet high found on the
vein-quartz ridges of Fraser Hill (8922 and s.n.) with a more or
less fastigiate habit, carrying orange flowers, its leaves 8x3 em.,
its ribbed fruits 12 mm. long.

Ixora Lobbii, Loudon: King & Gamble, Mat., 73, pt. 2,
p. 78. A shrub, distributed through the Peninsula: it is very
common in the lowlands from Khasum in Lower Siam (Lat. 8° 20/
N.) to Singapore; it is but little recorded from the hills, as Penang,
the Taiping hills, the Main range at G. Batu Puteh and G. Pantai
in Johore. At Fraser Hill it was observed sporadic in the forest
carrying its reddish salmon flowers (8607).

Gynochthodes sublanceolata, Miq.: King & Gamble, Mat.,
73, pt. 2, p. 92: Merrill, p. 580. A woody climber, distributed in
the interior of western Malaysia, from Sumatra through the Malay
Peninsula to north Borneo: in the Peninsula down the west side
from Penang to Singapore, and now obtained from the Main range

ays)

at Fraser Hill, where it is plentiful (8571, 8936 and s.n.), both
in flower and in fruit; it occurred on vein-quartz ridges.

Psychotria viridiflora, Reinw.: King and Gamble, Mat., 73,
pt. 2, p. 15: Koorders 3, p. 266: Merrill, p. 575. A half-woody
plant spread through the whole of western Malaysia, i.e., Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula, the whole of Java and Borneo: in the Penin-
sula from Koh Pennan and Trang in Lower Siam (Lat. 7° 30’ N.)
southwards to Malacca, where it appears to be more common than
elsewhere. It occurs at about 4000 ft. on the Taiping hills, and is
in the mountains of Telom. It was got in fruit at Fraser Hill
(8674), and ascends to 5000 ft. in Java.

Psychotria sarmentosa, Blume: King and Gamble, Mat.,
73, pt. 2, p. 5: Koorders, 3, p. 265: Merrill, p. 573. A rather
small woody climber, widely distributed, being in southern India
and Ceylon, where it ascends to 4000 ft., in Burma, and in the
Andamans, down the Peninsula, through Java and through Borneo.
In Java it ascends to 6700 ft. It occurs at Fraser Hill on vein-
quartz (8935). ‘There is rather too much variability between the
specimens put under this species for it to be considered as satis-
factorily defined.

Chasalia rostrata, Miq.: King and Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2,
p- 134: Koorders, 3, p. 268. A bush, distributed down the Peninsula
not uncommonly from Larut to Singapore, and in west Java. It
has been gathered before this on the lower slopes of the mountains
of the Peninsula, e.g. the Main range in all three states, Perak,
Selangor and the Negri-Sembilan, as well as on the lower slopes of
Mt. Ophir but never before as high as Fraser Hill (7818, 8603).
The Fraser Hill plants have hirsute pedicels.

Chasalia lurida, Miq.: Merrill, p. 576: C. curvtflora, Thwa-
ites; King and Gamble. Mat., 72, pt. 2, p. 133: Koorders, 3, p. 268.
A weak shrub of wide distribution, and apparently breaking up into
subspecies. found in Ceylon and southern India, in north-eastern
India, and down through Burma into Sumatra and Malaysia to the
Philippines: in the Peninsula it occurs everywhere through the
lowlands: it ascends Kedah peak, the Taiping hills and the moun-
tains of Telom, but no altitudes are recorded, except 3,000 ft. for
Kedah reak. It was found here and there in the forest about
Fraser Hill carrying flowers as well as its black fruits (8526, 8534,
8582). and ascended to Pine tree hill at 4,800 ft. It attains almost
5,000 ft. in Java.

Chasalia sp. This plant appears to be new and endemic with-
in the Peninsula. It was collected near the Semangkok pass by
Mr. Curtis in 1902, and by ourselves as a small tree 25 ft. high,
with white flowers (8591).

Cephaelis sp., a one-stemmed woody plant, which is rather
more slender than the next is common also at Fraser Hill (7810,
8627) where is grows in the forest in the same way. It also has
been collected by Mr. Ridley (his No. 12073).

54

Cephaelis sp. A one-stemmed woody plant growing in shade

and carrying its flowers horizontally, perhaps close to C. Griffithu,

Hook f., is common at Fraser Hill (8435) where it was collected
in 1911 by Mr. Ridley (his No. 15667), and occur also on G. Ulu
Semangkok equally commonly.

Lasianthus rhinocerotis, Blume: King and Gamble, Mat.,

72, pt. 2, p. 114: Koorders, 3, p. 271. A shrub, montane, occurring:

in Sumatra in the Malay Peninsula and on the mountains of west
Java: in the Peninsula in the Taiping hills, on the Main range from
the mountains of Telom and G,. Batu puteh to Ginting Peras which
is between the States of Selangor and Negri-Sembilan. It is not
uncommon at Fraser Hill, in flower (8520, 8605).

Lasianthus longifolius, Wight: King and Gamble, Mat., 72,
pt. 2, p. 116. A small tree with a most objectionable smell, ende-
mic and submontane, on “ G. Tunggal” in Perak, and on the Main
range southwards from Fraser Hill, to Kuala Lumpur, and recorded
for “ Malacca” probably meaning Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hill it
attaims 15 ft. in height and is by no means uncommon in flower
and with purplish red fruit (8519) also it is on G. Ulu Semangkok
(8875). It may be called Kahawa utan or jungle coffee by the
Malays. Specimens collected under no (8604) at Fraser Hill may
also represent the same species.

Lasianthus oblongus, King and Gamble, Mat., 72, pt. 2, p.
127. A shrub, endemic occurring on Kedah peak, on the Taiping
hills, and on the Main range from Fraser Hill to the neighbourhood
of Kuala Lumpur where it descends to low levels. It was found in
the mine area of the upper Tras valley under Fraser Hill at about
3,500 ft. (7865).

Paederia verticillata, Blume: King and Gamble, Mat., 72,
pt. 2, p. 97: Koorders, 3, p. 276: Merrill, p. 580. A woody climber,
distributed in Malaysia, from the Peninsula through north Borneo
to the Philippines and also in the mountains of west Java. In the
Peninsula it occurs at low levels down the west side from Kedah
to Singapore and on the east side is in Trengganu, This is its first
record for the mountains of the Peninsula: it was found at about
3.600 ft. under Fraser Hill in the upper part of the valley of the
Tras stream (7863) in fruit.

Spermacoce ocymoides, Burm., Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 3,
p. 200: Borreria ocimoides, D.C.: Koorders, 3, p. 281. A small
herb, a weed very wide through the Tropics, but not yet universal
in the Malay Peninsula. It has reached the Gap, but has not as-
cended to Fraser Hill.

COMPOSITAE,
Adenostemma Lavenia, 0. Kze.: Merrill, p. 587%: A. vis-
cosum, Forst.: King and Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 28: Koorders,
3, p. 316. A pantropic herbaceous weed, following man, not yet

dd

abundant in the Malay Peninsula, but probably increasingly spread-
ing. At Fraser Hill it occurs about the mines, and particularly in
the old workings of the upper Tras valley (s.n.)

Ageratum conyzoides, Linn.: King and Gamble, Mat., 74
pt. 2, p. 29: Koorders, 3, p. 317: Merrill, p. 587. A pantropic
herbaceous weed, very common in the Peninsula but except for
a specimen from Bukit Kutu and another got in a Sakai clearing
in Telom unrecorded for the hills. It occurs at Fraser Hill up
to 4,100 ft.,

Erigeron linifolius, Willd.: King and Gamble, Mat., 74,
pt. 2, p. 872: Koorders, 3, p. 322: Merrill, p. 587. A herbaceous
weed, more or less pantropic, scattered through the Malay Penin-
sula, but hitherto there have been no records of its occurrence in the
mountains. It occurs in the mined area both at Fraser Hill and in
the upper Tras valley below, in flower and fruit (s.n.).

Vernonia arborea, Buch.-Ham.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74
pt. 2, p. 26; Koorders, 3, p. 314: Merrill, p. 586. A tree distrib-
uted in southern India and Ceylon where it ascends to 5000 ft.,
in north-eastern India, not including the Himalaya, thence south-
wards through Burma into Sumatra and down through western
Malaysia, on to Celebes and in north-eastern Malaysia in the Phi-
lippines. It ascends to 6500 ft. in Java. In the Peninsula it
occurs through the lowlands, and the only specimens which have
been seen from its mountains are those from Fraser Hill (7846),
and some collected by Mr. Ridley. It was seen as a tree 25 ft.
high in fruit.

Blumea balsamifera, D. C.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 33: Koorders, 3, p. 324: Merrill, p. 587. A big almost woody
he rb, distributed from the central ae down through the
billy parts of Burma to Malaysia, in Java, where it is more common
in mid and east Java than in west Java; in the Peninsula it occurs
throughout the lowlands except deep in the forests. It occurs at
Fraser Hill up to 4100 ft. in some abundance.

Bidens pilosa, Linn.: King & Gamble in Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
45: Koorders, 3, p. 339: Merrill, p. 589. A herbaceous weed pan-
tronic, not uncommon through the Malay Peninsula in the lowlands
and not absent from the hills though few have taken the trouble
to record any observations on it. Mr. Ridley, however says of it,
that it is found in Sakai clearings in the mountains of Telom.
Tt was found under Fraser Hill in the mine area of the upper Tras
valley at 3300 ft. (7880) in flower.

Frechtites valeriaraefelia, D. C.: Koorders, 3, p. 342:
Merrill, p. 589... A herb of American orizin becoming pantrovic;
in the Peninsula as yet rare; but occurring in Sumatra, Java
(which it reached in 1845 with coffee seed) Dutch Borneo. It is
found at Fraser Hill (s.n.)

56

Gynura bicolor, D. C.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
40. A herbaceous weed occurring in southern China and down
to Malaysia, where it occurs up and down the Peninsula: found
plentifully about the mines at Fraser Hill (s.n.) in fruit.

Gynura sarmentosa, D. C.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p. 39: Koorders, 3, p. 344: Merrill, p. 590. A sprawling herb,
distributed from Siam into Sumatra and western Malaysia generally
aud through to the Philippine islands and New Guinea: in Java
it is more common in the western end than elsewhere. In the
Peninsula it occurs in the plains southward to Singapore, and it
has been recorded for the mountains thus,—the Taiping hills, and
the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the old road from
Kuala Lumpur into Pahang. It was found under Fraser Hill at
0300 ft. towards the Gap in flower and in fruit (7763) on a cleared
hill side.

Emilia sonchifolia, D. C.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2. p. 88; Koorders, 3, p. 345: Merrill p. 590. A herbaceous pan-
tropic weed, common through the Peninsula, and recorded as as-
cending high upon the Taiping hills. It was found but not abun-
dantly at 4000 ft. at Fraser Hill, and under it in the mine area of
the upper Tras valley (7826).

CAMPANULACEAE.

Pratia begoniifolia, Lindl.: Koorders, 3, p. 303. A small
creeping herb distributed from the central Himalaya and southern
China through Burma to Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Java:
in the Peninsula it occurs in the Main range from G. Kerbau to

Menuang gasing. At Fraser Hill it is quite common about
clearings, and possibly owes its abundance there more to man than
to landslides.

Pentaphragma Scortechirii, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 53: An herb of forest, distributed through the Peninsula and
reaching Lingga. In the north of the Peninsula it is generally
apon hills, but it reaches sea-level in Singapore and southern
Johore: it occurs in Penang, in the Taiping hills, at 3000-4000 ft.,
cn G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Kerbau and the mountains
of Telom and G. Bujong Malaka into Negri-Sembilan on Bukit
Sutu: it is also on the hills of the Dindings, on G. Keledang near
Ipoh, and on G. Pulai in Johore. At Fraser Hill it is not un-
common and was in flower (8625).

VACCINIACEAE,

Agapetes Griffithii, C. B. Clarke: King & Gamble, Mat., 74,
pt. 2, p. 59. A woody epiphyte with a swollen tap root, functioning
as a store for water, sated and montane, found on the Taining
hills, on the Main range at G. Batu Puteh and now at Fraser Hill,
and old specimens are labelled “Malacca,” which means Mt. Ophir.

ays

At Fraser Hill it is common (7828). These Fraser Hill plants
have the calyx slightly larger than the Taiping hills plants.

Agapetes micrantha, Ridl. ms in Herb. Singap. <A shrub,
endemic and very local in the Main range, having been collected
first at Fraser Hill and now on Pine-tree hill (8537), but without
fiowers.

Pentapterygium Scortechinii, King & Gamble, Mat., 74,
pt. 2, p. 60. A woody epiphyte endemic, and montane, occurring
upon the the Main range from the mountains of Telom to Pine-
tree hill where it was found at 4800 ft. in flower and in fruit
(8548). King’s collector gave its altitude as about 4500 ft. in
Perak.

ERICACEAE.

Diplycosia latifolia, Blume: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2): (1: Koorders, 3, p. 8: Merrill, p. 464. A small shrub, with
an abnormal distribution as follows,—in Sumatra, in the Penin-
sula on G. Tahan, on the Main range in Perak and down to Bukit
Ktam, on Benom, in Borneo in Dutch Borneo and in Java upon
Tosari near the eastern end of the island. It was found in fruit
at Pine-tree hill (8532).

Diplycosia sp.: Merrill, p. 464: Vaccinium microphyllum,
King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 62. A shrub, apparently en-
demic occurring on Kedah peak on the Taiping hills, on the Main
range from G. Batu puteh to Bukit Etam, and on Mt. Ophir.
At Fraser Hill it is very abundant (7895, 8942).

Rhododendron Wrayi, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
75. A shrub, endemie and montane, found on G. ‘ahan, and on
the Main range on G. Kerbau, in the mountains of Telom and
southwards to G. Ulu Semangkok. It was found to be one of the
most abundant of woody plants upon the top of Pine-tree hill,
and was in fruit (539).

Rhododendron jasminiflorum, Hook. f.: King & Gamble,
Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 88: Koorders, 3, p. 7: Merrill, p. 461. A shrub
_in distribution from Sumatra, in the Malay Peninsula and in
Borneo: it is dowbtful if it has occurred wild in Java. In the
Peninsula it occurs on Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, on G.
Yahan, on the Main range in the mountains of Telom and down
to Fraser Hill; and it occurs on Mt. Ophir. It was found in
flower at Fraser Hill (8427).

Rhododendron malayanum, Jack: King & Gamble, Mat.,
wept 2, Pp. 78: Koorders, 3, p. 6: Merrill, p. 462. A shrub
generally epiphytic, distributed through western Malaysia in Su-
matra, the Peninsula, western Java and Borneo: in the Peninsula
on the Taiping hills on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G.
Kerbau to Bukit Etam and on Mt. Ophir. It is common about
Fraser Hill, and was in flower avui in fruit (7815, 8436); and

58

thence it continues to Pine-tree hill (8545). The statement that
it occurs in Penang is an error as far as it is based upon the Sing-
apore herbarium, where a specimen from Taiping hills has been
mislabelled “Penang.”

Vaccinium bancanum, Miq.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 64: J. J. Smith in Meded. Dept. Landbouw, 18, p. 159:
Merrill, p. 465. A small tree found in the Malay Peninsula, in
Bancka, in Borneo and Billiton and in a variety in Java. It occurs
at Fraser Hill upon the vein-quartz ridges and was in flower
(8928). In the Peninsula it grows on the Taiping hills, on the
Main range about the Semangkok pass, and on Mt. Ophir.

MYRSINACEAE.

Maesa perakensis, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. 8. Mus. 4, p. 45.
A bush, endemic and montane, distributed in the Taiping hills
aud upon the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the
Semangkok pass. At Fraser Hill and in the upper Tras valley
below it, it is not at all uncommon and was in flower and in fruit
(s.n.)

Embelia Ribes, Burm. f.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p 104: Noorders, 3, p. 80: Merrill, p. 476. A woody climber, of
wide distribution, extending from the central Himalaya to Ceylon
and from southern China down into Malaysia in Sumatra, the
Peninsula west Java and northern Borneo. In the Peninsula it
is through the low country ; it ascends into the mountains of Telom,
and was found in fruit at Fraser Hill (8619).

Labisia pumila, Benth. & Hook. f.: King & Gamble, Mat.,
74, pt. 2, p. 115: Noorders, 3, p. 30: Merrill, p. 473. A half-woody
herb, variable, and of rather general distribution in Indo-china
and through Malaysia, from Sumatra, through the Peninsula, and
Java, in Borneo and to the Philippines : it is in all parts of the
Peninsula down to Singapore, and in the Dutch islands south of
Singapore and in the Taiping hills and Main range is developed
into the variety alata. It is very common at Fraser Hill, (8450),
but at the season of our visit generally sterile.

Labisia longistyla, King & Gamble. Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 117.
A half-woody herb, endemic and montane, very restricted apparent-
ly on the Main range where it has been collected only on the section
hetween G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom and the Semang-
kok pass. At Fraser Hill it is much less common than LZ. pumila,
but in ascending to Pine-tree hill it gradually increases in abun-
dance (8538), until it has replaced the other. Its leaves are of
a lighter green than those of Z. pumila, and its fruits a trifle larger.

Ardisia retinervia, Ridl. in Jour. Linn: Soc. Bot. 38, p. 315.
A shrub, endemic and montane, described upon specimens collected
on G. Tahan above 5000 ft., and now its range is extended to

Fraser Hill, where it is one of the species growing upon the vein-.
quartz ridges (7833).

59

Ardisia chrysophyllifolia, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p- 123. A small shrubby plant, endemic and local, found on the
Main range from G. Kerbau and Ridley’s G. Berumban and G.
Batu puteh to G. Ulu Semangkok. It is frequent at Fraser Ifill,
in flower (8528), as well as in fruit (8559), and was found on
ihe south east side of the Gap upon G. Ulu Semangkok.

Ardisia colorata, Roxb.: King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p. 130: Koorders, 3, p. 28): Merrill, p. 470. A small tree of rather
wide distribution,—from north-eastern India through Burma into
Sumatra, the Peninsula and Borneo, and to mid Java: in the
Peninsula it is general in the low country and upon the mountains
normally at any rate to 2000 ft.: it ascends higher also— thus to
the crest of the hills in Penang at 2500 ft., on the Taiping hills,
and on the Main range on G. Kerbau, on Ridley’s G. Berumban
and elsewhere and at Fraser Hill it is abundant about 4000 ft.
and attains 50 ft. in height. It is at the Padang Batu on Mt.
Ophir. Our no. (8514) is the type and our no. (8698) is the
variety complanata. The Malays call it Nielo utan.

Ardisia rosea, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 150. A
small shrub, endemic and montane, distributed on the Taiping
hills, on G. Tahan and on the Main range from the mountains of
Telom to the G. Ulu Semangkok, where we got it in flower (8891).

Ardisia Maingayi, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 151.
An undershrub, of 2-3 ft., endemic and apparently montane, occur-
ring on G. Tahan, on the Main range from the mountains of Telom
to G. Ulu Semangkok, and then on Mt. Ophir (Maingay’s “Malac-
ca” specimens doubtless being thence). We found it at Fraser
Hill (8410), and on G. Ulu Semangkok (8874).

SAPOTACEAE.
Payena? A Sapotacea occurs on the ridge of Fraser Hill,
possibly of this genus, a tree 100 ft. high (7766) of which no more
than the foliage could be obtained.

EBENACEAE.

Diospyros Scortechinii, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
212. A tree, endemic, montane except that it appears to occur
low down in P. Tiuman off the east coast: in Penang, in the Tai-
ping hills, and on G. Bubu, in the Main range from G. Bujong
Malaka to Ginting Bidai east of Kuala Lumpur. It was collected
in fruit on G. Ulu Semanekok (8883).

Maba perakensis, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 205.
A small tree, recorded only from Perak (no exact locality). At
Fraser Hill about 30 ft. high, with blackish bark and small fruits
(7855).

Maba sp. A small tree, resembling the preceding, apparently
hitherto undescribed (7851).

60

STYRACEAE.

Symplocos ophirensis, C. B. Clarke: King & Gamble, Mat.,
74, pt. 2, p. 246. A bush, endemic and montane, occurring on
G. Bubu on the Main range from the Semangkok pass southwards
to G. Mengkuang lebar between 3800 and 5000 ft., and on Mt.
Ophir. We found it at the Trigonometrical station immediately
south-east of the Gap of the Semangkok pass in fruit (8873).
Its flowers have been obtained in December and May-June on Mt.
Ophir; in January-February on G. Mengkuang lebar; and in
August-September in the Semangkok pass.

Symplocos rubiginosa, Wall.: King & Gamble Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 247: Merrill, p. 488. A tree, distributed in the interior of
western Malaysia,—in Sumatra, in the Peninsula and in Borneo.
In the Peninsula it occurs in the hilly districts in the north, but
descends to the sea-level in the south. It was found in fruit at
4000 ft. (8597).

Symplocos sp. A species of this genus near S. perakensis,
King & Gamble, was found about Fraser Hill (7780, 8614). It
differs from S. perakensis in the calyx and in the presence of teeth
along the leaf margin

OLEACEAE.

Jasminum Griffithii, C. B. Clarke: King & Gamble, Mat.,
w4, pt. 2, p. 257. A woody climber, endemic, occurring from
Penang, down to Singapore upon the west side of the Peninsula,
and now found in the Main range at Fraser Hill in fruit (7817).

Jasminum Scortechinii, King & Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
264. A woody climber endemic and montane, occurring on the
crest of the hills in Penang, on the Taiping hills from 1500 to
4000 ft., and now recorded from Fraser Hill where it is plentiful,
but it was not seen in the direction of Pine-tree hill, where the
land rises above 4300 ft. Tt was in flower (8403), its flowers very
fragrant. and also, but rarely, in fruit (8954).

APOCYNACEAE.

Alyxia pumila, Hook. f.: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 420.
A climber. thick Jeaved, endemic, occurring in the Main range
from G. Bujong Malaka to the Semanekok pass and perhaps on
Mt. Ophir, found in flower at Fraser Hill (8566, 8575), and at
the Trigonometrical station immediately above the Gap on its
south-east side (8871).

Alyxia Forbesii, King & Gamble: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,.
p. 420. A climber occurring in Sumatra and in the Malay Penin-
sula and in Java; montane, in Penang (formerly, but perhaps no
longer) on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from the mountains
of Telom to G. Mengkuang lebar, on Benom, and on G@. Pulai in
Johore. It was obtained at Fraser Hill at 4300 ft. (7839).

61

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Dischidia astephana, Scortechini: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
r- 582. A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, and montane, occurring
in the Taiping hills from 3600 ft. upwards. on G. Tahan, on the
main range from G. Bujong Malaka to Bukit Etam. on Benom,
and lastly in Ulu Kuantan at a fairly low level. It occurs at
Fraser Hill and forward to the summit of Pine-tree hill at 4800
ft. (8530) in flower and in fruit.

Dischidia albida, Griff.: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 588.
A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, occurring on the Taiping hills,
cn G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Batu puteh to the Se-
mangkok pass, on Mt. Ophir and on G. Pulai. It was got near
Pine- tree hill at 4600 ft. (8643) carrying its ereenish white
flowers.

Dischidia Scortechinii, Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 592.
A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic and assuredly montane, but the
locality whence the type came is unrecorded. We obtained it at
Fraser Hill ($411) bearing its creamy white flowers.

Dischidia rosea, Ridl., in Jour. St. Br. Roy. As. Soc., 61,
p. 31. A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic and local: the type came
from the neighbourhood of Fraser Hill, where we found it carrying
its pretty rose-pink flowers (8652).

LOGANIACEAE.

Fagraea oblonga, King & Gamble; King, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
612. A woody epiphyte, endemic and montane, distributed in the
Taiping hills, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom
to the Semangkok pass. It was obtained at Fraser Hill in fruit
(7861).

Fagraea sp. A shrub in half-ripe fruit, differing from the
only specimen of F. lanceolata Blume, which we have seen, in
having more mucronate leaves. F. lanceolata occurs in the Malay
Peninsula only in Perak: and it is in Java. The Fraser Hill
specimens bear the no. 7821.

Strychnos Scortechinii, A. W. Hill in Kew Bull. 1917, p.
~ 168. A woody climber, endemic and montane, or submontane; it
occurs under the west slope of the Taiping hills, and under the
west slope of the Main range in Perak and Selangor as far south
as Kuala Lumpur. We obtained it in the Valley at Fraser Hill
(8675) carrying its grey-green fruits.

Gaertnera intermedia, Rid]. in Jour. F. M.S. Mus. VI, p.
163. A shrub, endemic and montane, quite local: the type came
from the Semangkok pass, and we found it in flower and in fruit
at Fraser Hill and forward to Pine-tree hill (7823, 8608, 8521,
8864 and s.n.) in flower and in fruit.

Gaertnera Koenigii, Wight: King, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 623-
Koorders, 3, p. 276. A large shrub, with a broken distribution, in

62

Ceylon, where it is very common from sea-level up to 3000 ft.,
and in the Malay Peninsula on Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills,
on the Main range from G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom
to G. Mengkuang lebar: it was obtained a century age in Singapore.
C. B. Clarke, who of Malayan material had the Singapore specimen
alone before him named it as a variety oryphylla in Sir Joseph
Hooker’s Flora of British India 4. p. 91.. Koorders states that
its record for Java is an error. The flowers are very fragrant
(8552, 8579).

BORAGINACEAE.

Tournefortia Wallichii, D. C.: King, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
280; A half-woody herb, occurring in the Nicobars. and in the
Malay Peninsula from Lower Siam down to Singapore, in Sumatra
and perhaps also in Java: found below Fraser Hill in the mined
area of the upper Tras valley (7862), in flower.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Lettsomia adpressa, Miq.: Prain, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 324.
A woody climber, endemic, occurring in the lowlands of the Penin-
sula from Penang to Malacca; and found at the Gap in the Se-
manegkok pass by the roadside as if a recent intruder, in flower
(8884).

Lettsomia penangiana, Miq.: Prain, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 325.
A woody climbing endemic, montane and submontane in the Penin-
sula, occurring in Penang to the crests of the hills, in the Taiping
hills up to 4000 ft., and now found on the Main range at Fraser
Hill up to 4000 ft. (7770, 8629). It carried its flowers and its
magenta fruit, and occurred in cleared places.

SOLANACEAE.

Solanum nigrum, Linn.: Prain, Mat., 74, pt, 2, p. 329.
Noorders, 3, p. 164. A herb, pantropic and extending into tem-
perate countries all round the World. In the Peninsula scattered
chiefly about the more cultivated regions. It is not yet recorded
as present in Borneo. At Fraser Hill and in the mined area of
the upper Tras vallev it occurs plentifullvy, and was both in flower
and in fruit.

Solanum verbascifolium, Linn.: Prain, Mat.. 74. pt. 2, p.
329: Koorders, 3, p. 165: Merrill, p. 522. A half-woody herba-
ceous shrub, pantropic. In the Peninsula here and there through-
out the more cultivated regions. At Fraser Hill a result of the
interference of man, and plentiful in the old mines.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Scoparia dulcis, Linn.: Prain, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 862: Koor-
ders, 3, p. 180: Merrill, p. 525. An American herb rapidly be-

63

coming pantropic: in the Peninsula not uncommon in the lowlands,
where most settled. At Fraser Hill found by the old dam which

is at 4100 ft.

GESNERACEAE.

Cyrtandra pilosa, Blume: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 791.
Kooders, 3, p. 200. A herb about 3 ft. high, occurring in Tenas-
serim, Sumatra the Malay Peninsula and in west Java. In the
Peninsula found in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on the Main
range from the neighbourhood of the Semangkok pass to Bukit
Sutu in Negri-Sembilan, and on G. Pantai and G. Pulai in Johore.
At Fraser Hill it occurs not as a shrub as described in the Flora
of British India, but as a half-woody herb about 3 ft. high; and
is found in gullies by water: it was in flower and with half ripe
fruit (7890, 8615, 8950).

Agalmyla staminea, Blume: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 738:
Koorders, 3, p. 195. A beautiful epiphytic herb, distributed from
Sumatra, into the Malay Peninsula and in west and mid Java.
In the Peninsula it occurs from 1000 to 3500 ft. on the Taiping
hills, and on the Main range it occurs from G. Kerbau, and Q.
Bujong Malaka to the Semangkok pass. Its elevation in Java is
from 4300 to 5000 ft. At Fraser Hill it is common, but it was
rarely in flower (8587).

Aeschynanthus perakensis, Ridl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2.
p. 734. An epiphyte and also on rocks, herbaceous, endemic, occur-
ring on the Taiping hills and on the Main range from G. Kerbau
and the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok pass. It was found
by us at Fraser Hill (7888) and in the upper Tras valley at 3600
ft. (8859) in flower.

Aeschynanthus longicalyx, Ridl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p. 735. A beautiful herbaceous epiphyte, endemic and confined
to the Main range from G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom
to G. Mengkuang lebar. It occurs at Fraser Hill (Hose 46) and
was found by us at Pine-tree hill (8531) in flower.

Aeschynanthus lobbiana, Hook.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
. p. 735: Koorders, 3, p. 194: Trichosporum lobbianum, O. Kze.
Merrill p. 550. An epiphyte, herbaceous, distributed in the interior
of western Malaysia, Sumatra, the Peninsula, and Borneo, and
recorded as occurring in Java, but the record is not properly au-
thenticated, In the Peninsula on G. Raya in Lankawi, on Kedah
peak, on the Taiping hills: on the Main range from G. Kerbau to
the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur, on Mt. Ophir, and on G.
Pulai in Johore, also on the east coast from Kuantan and down
to Singapore and at a low level at Ayer Panas in Malacca. It
was in flower on Pine-tree hill (8549), its flowers very large.

Aeschynanthus sp. A common epiphyte about Fraser Hill
found in flower (8418 and s.n.) and appearing to be a species
new to the Peninsula.

64

Cyrtandromoea megaphylla, Hemsl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 788. A rather coarse herb, endemic, found on Kedah peak,
on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from the mountains of
Telom to Ginting Peras in Selangor. It was found, 4-5 ft. high
at Fraser Hill on cleared ground at 4100 ft. (8560) carrying its
lurge white flowers well under the leaves.

Didymocarpus flavescens, Ridl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
749. A herb, endemic and local, occurring only about the Semang-
kok pass, and once collected under it near Kuala Kubu. It was
both in bud and in fruit (8637).

Didymocarpus sp., intermediate between D. flavescens and
D. hirta, with the leaves of the former and the large flowers of
the latter was collected (8440).

Didymocarpus crinita, Rid].: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2,p. 748:
A herb relatively tall among the Didymocarps, endemic and local,
known only from the neighbourhood of the Semangkok pass: It
was plentiful and in flower (8404, 8572, 8580, 8670) at Fraser
Hal.

Didymocarpus malayana, Hook.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
752. A herb with beautiful yellow flowers, endemic, and apparent-
ly confined to the Main range, whereon it occurs from G@. Kerbau
and G. Bujong Malaka to Ginting Bidai. It occurs in some abun-
dance about Fraser Hill and was in flower and rarely in fruit
(8640).

Didymocarpus platypus, C. B. Clarke: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 757: A white-flowered herb, distributed in Sumatra and
the Malay Peninsula. Im the Main range it occurs from G. Batu
Puteh southwards to G. Angsi, descending the slopes to quite low
levels, and in the south of the peninsula it reaches sea-level at
Singapore. It was not easily found at Fraser Hill, but carried
flowers (8949).

Didymocarpus quinquevulnera, Ridl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 758. A rather untidy herb with a very pretty flower, endemic,
cceurring on G. Tahan, and upon the Main range from G. Kerbau
to the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur where it descenfls to quite
low levels. About Fraser Hill it was at the time of our visit the
most evident of the Didymocarps upon the slopes of the ridges,
generally with violet flowers, the throat white (8610), but some-
times with white flowers (8611).

_ Didymocarpus crinita, Ridl.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 748:
Merrill, p. 527. A herb, montane and submontane in the Penin-
sula, extending to Borneo. In the Peninsula occurring on Kedah
peak, on the Penang hills, on the Taiping hills, on the Main range
from G. Kerbau and near apah to Bukit Tangea near Seremban
and down the slopes on the west side almost to the base. at Temerloh
’n Pahang and on G. Pulai in Johore. At Fraser Hill it is com-

mon in the variety Curtisti, and carried deep violet flowers (8563,
8652).

65

Didymocarpus venusta, Rid].: Ridley, Mat, 74, pt. 2, p.
760. A pretty white flowered herb, endemic and montane, res-
tricted to the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka and the mount-
ains of Telom to the Semangkok pass. It was just coming into
flower at 4300 ft. (7894) in damp places at Fraser Hill.

Didymocarpus pumila, Rid!.: Ridley, Mat., 74, pt. 2 p. 763.
A small herb, with a pretty deep violet flower, which is endemic
and local. It was described from the Semangkok pass and occurs

ai Fraser Hill on one of the vein-quartz ridges (8657). It was
in flower and in fruit.

ACANTHACEAE.

Thunbergia alata, Sims: C. B. Clarke, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
632: Koorders, 3, p. 213: Merrill, p. 538. An african herbaceous
climber, which is gradually becoming pantropic: in the Peninsula
‘as vet only in a few places. It occurs on the roadside near the Gap.

Staurogyne subglabra, (. B. Clarke, Mat., 74, pt 2, p. 640.
A half woody herb, endemic, found on Kedah peak, on the Taiping
hills and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the
Semangkok pass. We found it in the valley at Fraser Hill in
flower (7781).

Strobilanthes hirtisepalus, C. B. Clarke, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
656. A weak shrub, endemic, occurring on Kedah peak, on the
‘Taiping hills and on the Main range in the mountains of Telom.
We found what is believed to be it, flowerless, at Fraser Hill in
forest (8616).

Filetia hirta, Ridl. in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 61, p. 35.
A creeping herb, endemic and local found ouly upon the Main
range in the neighbourhood of the Semangkok pass. It is quite
common at Fraser Hill with lemon yellow flowers (S408, 8576)
or with salmon yellow fiowers (8577). The Hon’ble Mr. G. Hose
obtained it in flower in Juiy, and Mr. Ridley in August.
Filetia paniculata, C. B. Clarke Mat.. 74. pt. 2, p. 670.
A tall herb, endemic, and of restricted distribution upon the Main
range, having been collected by Scortechini at some unrecorded
part of Perak, and by Ridley near the Semangkok pass. It was
found by us 6 ft. high in forest at Fraser Hill (8601) with pale
yellow flowers.
aan

Justicia subalternans, C. B. Clarke, Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 655.
A herb, endemic and local. described from specimens collected
about the foot of the Main range in Perak. The specimens from
Fraser Hill diverge slightly, and therefore some doubt exists as to
the determination of our specimens: they bear the number 8441.
‘They carrie] pale vellow flowers and a few fruits.

VERBENACEAE.

_ Vitex gamosepala, Griff.: Gamble. Mat.. 74, pt. 2. p. 855.
Merrill, p. 514. A small tree occurring in Sumatra, the Malay

66

Peninsula and Borneo: in the Peninsula it is mostly submontane =
it is found from Lower Siam (Tomoh) to Singapore down both
sides of the Peninsula: how far it ascends the hills is not yet to be
recorded. It was found at Fraser Hill upon the edge of forest;
but would scarcely owe its presence in the station to the clearing
by man (7793), in flower.

Clerodendron deflexum, Wall.: Gamble Mat., 74, pt. 2, p.
828. A small shrub, in distribution endemic, in the north of the
Peninsula montane or submontane, but descending low in the south:
it occurs on Kedah peak at 1500 and 3500 ft., on the Penang hills
from 500 ft. upwards; on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan on the
‘Main range from the mountains of Telom to the neighbourhood of
Kuala Lumpur, on Benom, in Malacca, Johore and Singapore as
well as on the coast of Pahang. At Fraser Hill in flower (7819).

Clerodendron diversifolium, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt.
2, p. 829: Noorders, 3, p. 137: Merrill, p. 516. A shrub, distrib-
uted through western Malaysia, Sumatra, the Peninsula, Java,
and Borneo. In the Peninsula throughout at low levels, and on
the mountains, though little observed. It was found not uncom-
monly ascending to 4300 ft. at Fraser Hill, in flower (7782).

Clerodendron paniculatum, Linn.: Gamble, Mat., 74, pt. 2,
p. 838. A tall herb extending from Siam through the low country
of the Malay Peninsula to Singapore, found under Fraser Hill in
the upper Tras valley at about 3300 ft. (8861).

LABIATAE.

Hyptis brevipes, Poit.: Prain, Mat., 4. pt. 2, p. 704: Koor-
ders, 3, p. 153: Merrill, p. 520. A herb of American origin, now
pantropic, found in the more thickly populated parts of the low-
lands of the Peninsula, and occurring at 3300 ft. under Fraser
Mill in the direction of the Gap by new buildings (7773) in fruit.

_Gomphostemma sp. near G. oblongum Wall., but with a
white corolla, was found at Fraser Hill in deep shade (8650)..

PLANTAGINACEAE.

Plantago major, Linn.: Prain Mat., 74, pt. 2, p. 727: Koor--
ders, 3, p. 231: Merrill, p. 543. A herb, common round the World
in temperate countries, and invading the tropics with the help of
man, persisting with a little encouragement about villages even in
Singapore island. At Fraser Hill observed at 4100 ft. and under
Fraser Hill in the mine area of the upper Tras valley.

AMARANTACEAE.
_ Amaranthus viridis, Linn.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 11: Koor-
ders 2, p. 197: Merrill, p. 246. A pantropic herbaceous weed,
frequent through the Malay Peninsula, and found under Fraser:
Mill at 3300 ft. in flower and fruit. by new buildings.

67
POLY GONACEAE.

Polygonum chinense, Linn., Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 22: Koor-
ders, 2, p. 184: Merrill, p. 245. A herb occurring on the mount-
ins: of southern India and Ceylon; in the Himalaya and through
China to Japan, southwards through Burma and Siam to Malaysia,
where it occurs in Sumatra, the Peninsula. Borneo, Java, Timor,
and the Philippines. It occurs throughout Java both high and
low: in the Peninsula it is montane but descends cool mountain
streams to the edge of the low country along the Main range from
G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok pass.
At Fraser Hill it is common near the old mines, and newer
«learings, (8424), and about the old mines in the upper Tras valley.

NEPENTHACEAE.

Nepenthes sanguinea, Lindl.: Macfarlane, Mat., 75, p. 283:
Merrill, p. 285. <A half woody climber, occurring in the Peninsula
and in Borneo: in the Peninsula found on the Taiping hills and
G. Bubu, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka
and the mountains of Telom to Bukit Etam, on Benom and on
Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hill it is by no means uncommon from
below at 3500 ft. almost to the summit of Pine-tree hill at 4800
fi. It was in flower and in fruit at 4200 ft. (8630), but not balow
(7878).

PIPERACEAE. *

Piper stylosum, Miq.: ©. de Candolle, Mat., 75, p. 302:
Merrill, p. 209. A herb, extending through the interior of western
Malaysia,—Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. In the
Peninsula it is chiefly montane, occurring in the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka, and
the mountains of Telom to G. Tampin; and at low levels elsewhere
particularly in Selangor, and Johore and on P. Tiuman. It is
common at lTraser "Hill (8439), carrying its white flowers.

Piper semangkoanum, (C. de Candolle, Mat., 75, p. 304.
A herb, endemic and restricted to the Taiping hills, and the neigh-
. bourhood of the Semangkok pass: however on G. Tahan there is
a closely allied plant (Md. Haniff & Md. Nur, 8150). At Fraser
Hill it occurs sporadic in the forest (8438, 8544), and carried
white flowers as well as nearly ripe fruit.

MYRISTICACEAE.

Horsfieldia lemanniana, Warb.:’ Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 219.
A tree, endemic, found chiefly in the lowlands of the west side
of the Peninsula but recorded from the Taiping hills. and the
lower slopes of the Main range in Perak. It was found at Fraser
Hill as a small tree branching like a Garcinia, i.e. with long stiff
‘side branches, and was in fruit (8679).

68

LAURACEAE.

Dehaasia? A rather tall tree in fruit with leaves 9 x 3.5 em.
which dry brown (7833), at Fraser Hill.

Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum, Miq.: Gamble, Mat., 75,
p. 78. A small tree, occurring in Sumatra and locally in the
Malay Peninsula, submontane as in Larut and at Tapah in Perak.
This tree, up to 20 ft. high, is plentiful at Fraser Hill: it has been
identified from descriptions. It smells strongly of camphor, and
carried flowers and young fruit (7758, 8447, 8801).

Cinnamomum mollissimum, Hook. f.: Gamble Mat., 75,
p. 82. A tree, endemic, occurring in Penang, on the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan and down the Main range from near Gopeng to Negri
Sembilan. At Fraser Hill it-occurred as a big tree, with remark-
ably fragrant bark and white wood (8700), sterile.

Cinnamomum aureofulvum, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 84. A
small tree, endemic and strictly local. It occurs at Fraser Hill
on one of the vein-quartz ridges (8940), being sterile in September ;
it was collected in 1904 by Mr. Ridley on G. Ulu Semangkok;
and a somewhat similar plant has been obtained on G. Ulu Kali,
a mountain which is again a little further south.

Phoebe cuneata, Blume: Gamble Mat., 75, p. 109: Koorders,
2, p. 265. A tree occurring in the Malay Peninsula and in west
Java; found in the Peninsula in the lowlands from Province Wel-
lesley to Singapore, but montane also, as it has been obtained at
4100 Tt. on the Taiping hills, and on the Main range at G. Batu
puteh. Our Fraser Hill specimens were got with fruit at 4200 ft.
(7807), and not altogether agreeing with the lowland plant may
prove when the flower is collected to differ. The fruit is green
and its pedicel red. 1

Litsea citrata, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 146: Koorders,.
© p. 272: Merrill, p. 276. A small tree widely distributed from
the Himalaya and southern China to Malaysia, where it is in
Sumatra, the Peninsula, Borneo and Java. In the Peninsula it
is montane occurring on the Taiping hills and on the Main range:
from the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok pass. On the
Taiping hills it occurs at 3000 ft. About Fraser Hill it is common
on Cleared ground and was found in flower at 4000 ft. (s.n.) ; and
it occurs about the old mines in the upper Tras valley. Its white
flowers are fragrant. Its smooth green bark is characteristic. It
appears suitable for sowing on elevated abandoned mine-areas.

Litsea penangiana, Hook. f: Gamble. Mat., 75, p. 154. A
small tree, and montane, occurring in Sumatra and on the crest
of the hills in Penang, on G. Bubu, and on the Main range from
G. Batu puteh down to the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur where
it descends to a low level. At Fraser Hill it is common and was.
in flower and with half ripe fruit (7804, 8448, 8699).

69

Litsea castanea, Hook. f.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 155. A
bush or small tree, endemic, occurring in the low country from
Larut through Selangor to Malacca; and now found at 4200 ft.
at Fraser Hill (7884).

Litsea machilifolia, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 171. A small tree,
endemic, montane or submontane, occurring on the Penang hills
at 1000 ft., on the Taiping hills down to the base, on the Main
range from G. Batu Puteh to G. Tampin, and in the low country
of Malacca and on to Singapore. At Fraser Hill it is common
in the forest right to the tops of the hills at 4300 ft., carrying
flowers and more commonly its large marble-like green fruits on
swollen orange pedicels (7784, 8667, 8809).

Litsea sp. A tree of 60 ft. in height, with some affinity to
L. cordata, Hook. f., the leaves measuring up to 18x9 em., at
Fraser Hill in fruit (7762).

Litsea sp. A small tree in flower and in fruit with leaves
measuring up to 11 x4 cm., at Fraser Hill (s.n.).

Litsea sp. <A small tree with harsh leaves measuring up to
14x 6 cm. in flower on a vein-quartz ridge (8931).

Lindera malaccensis, Hook. f.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 194:
Merrill, p. 197. A small tree distributed from the Malay Penin-
sula to Borneo. In the Peninsula from the Larut plains to Sing-
apore at low levels: and this is the first record of its occurrence at
some elevation. It was got at 4200 ft. (8689).

Lindera Wrayii, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 196. A bush, en-
demic, and in the Peninsula confined to the Taiping hills, and
the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok
pass. We found it as a bush up to 10 ft. in height, both in flower
and with fruit (8565, 8569, 8642), and again on G. Ulu Semang-
kok (8879).

Lindera caesia, Boer!.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 200: Merrill,
p. 279. A small tree found in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and
Java. In the Peninsula it occurs on the Taiping hills, on G.
Tahan, in the Main range near the Semangkok pass and south to

“G. Mengkuang lebar, its limits being as far as known 3000 and

5000 ft. It was found at Fraser Hill just inside the edge of a
gully, in flower (7881) and again in fruit (7769).

Lindera? A tree (7837), found at 4200 ft. appears also to
be another species of Lindera.

Lindera?. A tree 80 ft. high, and 60 ft. to the first branch
was found at 4200 ft. with fruit going pink, which is thought to
be a Lindera (7857).

CHLORANTHACEAE.

Chloranthus officinalis, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 33:
Koorders, 2, p. 40: Merrill, p. 209. A half-woody herb, distributed

70

from the eastern Himalaya and south-western China southwards
through Burma the Andamans, and through Malaysia to the
Philippines and New Guinea: in Java it occurs from 900 ft. to
6000 ft. In the Peninsula it is found in the lowlands in Penang
and elsewhere, and is on -the Main range. Below Fraser Hill it
was found at 3500 ft. towards the Gap in fruit (7772).

' Chloranthus brachystachys, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 75, p.
84: Koorders, 2, p. 41: Merrill, p. 209. A half-woody plant,
rather more montane than C. officinalis, distributed from southern
India and Ceylon and from Japan and the mountains of Assam,
southwards through Burma to Malaysia where it occurs in Sumatra
the Peninsula, Lingga, west and mid Java and north Borneo. In
the Peninsula it is found in Penang, and on the Main range from
the mountains of Telom and G. Bujong Malaka to the Semangkok
pass. At Fraser Hill it is common and we found it also at the
Trigonometrical Station immediately over the Gap on the south-
east side (8889) carrying its yellow unripe and red ripe berries.

THY MELAEACEAE

Daphne composita, Gilg: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 257: Koor-
ders, 2, p. 657. A small shrub, found in Burma, Sumatra, the
Malay Peninsula and Java. In the Peninsula it is montane, occur-
ring in the Taiping hills, and the Main range from G.. Bujong
Malaka to Bukit Kutu. It was found at Fraser Hill (s.n.) in
flower.

_ Wikstroemia candolleana, Meissn.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p.
R59: W. indica, Mey. (Koorders, 2, p. 656. A small shrub distrib-
uted in the Malay Peninsula, through Java and in Madura in an
unusual way. In the Peninsula it occurs on Kedah peak, the
Taiping hills, G. Tahan and G. Bubu (as a variety), the Main
range from the mountains of Telom to G. Mengkuang lebar, and
on Benom. At Fraser Hill it was found in flower (8932) on the
poor soil of one of the vein-quartz ridges.

LORANTHACEAE.

Loranthus pentapetalus, Roxb.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 355:
‘Koorders, 2, p. 158: Merrill, p. 259. A woody parasite, distributed
from the eastern Himalaya through Burma and Siam to Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java and the Philippines. In the
Peninsula it occurs at low levels: and the records for the mountains
are few: it has, however, been collected on GQ. Batu puteh at 4000
ft. It was in flower at 4200 ft. at Fraser Hill (7813).

Loranthus coccineus, Jack: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 356: Mer-
nil, p- 236. A woody parasite, distributed from north-eastern
India through Burma, in the Andaman islands. the Malay Penin-
sula, Bancka and Borneo. In the Peninsula it is fairly general
at low levels, and on the lower slopes of the mountains; but its

71

discovery at Fraser Hill adds greatly to the altitude at which it
is known to occur. It was parasitic upon a Maesa and in flower
(8648).

Loranthus Lobbii, Hook. f.: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 358. A
woody parasite, endemic and not. uncommon in the Peninsula at
low levels and up to 4000 ft. It has been collected from Kedah
peak, Penang, the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, the Main chain
from Perak to G. Mengkuang lebar. It has been said to occur
also in Borneo, but apparently in error. It was obtained at Fraser
Hill in flower (8687).

Elytranthe formosa, Jon: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 372: Koor-
ders, 2, p. 164. A woody parasite, distributed from Tenasserim,.
south through the Peninsula, and to west Java. In the Peninsula
it is montane and restricted to the Main range from G. Bujong
Malaka and G. Batu puteh to G. Mengkuang lebar, and also it.
has been obtained at Temerloh in Pahang. At Fraser Hill it was
upon an undetermined tree at 4200 ft. (8925) coming into flower,
and also at Pine-tree hill.

Elytranthe globosa, G. Don: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 377:
Noorders, 2, p. 164. A woody parasite on various trees, distributed
trom the central Himalaya through Burma, to the Malay Peninsula
and to Java. In the Peninsula it is a lowland plant from the
_north down to Singapore, and this is its first record for the mount-
ains. It was found at Fraser Hill (s.n.) at 4200 ft.

Lepeostegeres Kingii, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 382. A woody
parasite occurring in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo: in the
north of the Peninsula montane, in the south descending to sea-
level: the mountains upon which it occurs are Kedah peak, the
Taiping hills, G. Tahan, the Main range from Ulu Batang Padang
to Fraser Hill, Bukit Sedanan in Malacca which just attains 1000
ft.. and then in southern Johore it is down near the coast. At
Fraser Hill we found it exceedingly common, its very large flowers
littering the paths, tattered by birds hunting honey (8692).

SANTALACEAE,

Henslowia buxifolia, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 274:.
Merrill, p. 241. A woody parasite found in the Peninsula, Bancka
and Borneo: in the Peninsula at low elevations from Perlis and
Penang to Singapore and on the mountains of Kedah peak, the.
Main range at Fraser Hill, Benom and Mt. Ophir. We found it
in flower (7812) at 4300 ft.

Henslowia sp. A woody climber with leaves broadly elliptic,
5.5x 3.5 cm., of the affinity of H. Ridleyi, Gamble, but not it,
was got on a vein-quartz ridge at Fraser Hill (8923). |

02
BALANOPHORACEAE.

Balanophora multibracteata, Fawcett: Gamble, Mat., 75,
p. 397. A herbaceous parasite occurring in Sumatra and in the
Malay Peninsula. In the Peninsula occurring in the Taiping hills
and in the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the Se-
mangkok pass. At Fraser Hill it is frequent and was newly in
flower: it was traced to the roots of a big woody climber thought

to be a Rubiacea (7786).

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Glochidion sericeum, Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 326.
Koorders, 2, p. 473: Merrill, p. 329. A shrub, distributed in
Sumatra, down the Malay Peninsula, in Bancka, western Java
and Borneo: in the Peninsula it is a lowland plant from Perak
and Penang to Singapore on both sides of the Peninsula, and
ascending the mountains to some extent. At Fraser Hill it was
found on a clearing at 4200 ft. (8944). This is higher than its

on

record for Java of 3700 ft.

Glochidion coronatum, Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 326.
A shrub occurring in Tenasserim and southwards to Singapore
mostly at low elevations but collected along the Main range. At
Fraser Hill it carried its pink fruits (8854).

Breynia coronata, Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 330. <A
small tree, endemic, found in Perak first at Ulu Bubong and
now got at Fraser Hill in a clearing (7775).

Baccaurea bracteata, Muell.-Arg.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.
V, p- 872: Merrill, p. 330. A tree distributed in western Malaysia
from Sumatra into the Malay Peninsula and to Borneo: in the
Peninsula at low elevations in Perak, Pahang and Negri Sembilan:
found flowerless at Fraser Hill (7883) and the identification
cgnsequently doubtful. The Malays called it Taban burong or
bird’s gutta-percha.

Antidesma velutinosum, Bl.: Hook. FI. Brit. Ind. 5, p. 356.
A large bush with claret fruits found between Fraser Hill and
Pine-tree hill (8515) and again with flowers on G. Ulu Semangkok
(8878).

Antidesma fallax, Muell.-Arg.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V,
p. 30d. A shrub 20 ft. high, endemic, occurring freely at low
elevations, submontanely from Lower Siam (Kantang) to Singa-
pore, and ascending the mountains, at any rate the Main range,
whereon it has been got on G. Mengkuang lebar at 5000 ft. It
occurs at Fraser Hill as a bush up to 4200 ft. (8655).

Macaranga Hullettii, King: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V. Dp:

r¢ . = : . “IE a . % . .
452: A very quick-growing tree, endemic, occurring down the west
side of the Peninsula in swamps and swampy forest, from Perak
to Malacca, and now found to he common on Fraser Hill in forest

EE

73

ait 4000. to 4300 ft. (8518): and what is most interesting, it re-
generates itself in the one hundred feet high forest. These Fraser
Hill specimens have unusually large leaves.

Macaranga puncticulata, Gage. A tree at Fraser Hill up
to 50 ft. in height and on Pine-tree hill up to 15 ft. in height, is
common in the forest where it is able to regenerate and was in
fruit (8522, 8658).

Homalanthus populneus, l’ax: Koorders, 2, 506: Merrill,
p. 347. Homalanthus populifolius, Grah.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.
V, p. 469. A shrub, distributed from Ceylon (possibly wrong)
in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, the Phi-
lippines and to north Australia: in the Peninsula occurring in
the lowlands from Penang to Selangor, and in Pahang including
P. Tiuman. It is in the mountains of Telom: and is common
at Fraser Hill, as well as in cleared mine land below it.

ULMACEAE.

Trema orientalis, Blume: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, p. 484;
Koorders, 2, p. 77: Merrill, p. 217. A small tree, widely dis-
tributed from India both north and south and from China to Su-
matra, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and other islands of
Malaysia and to Australia and the Pacific, quick to take advantage
of the clearings of man, and in the Peninsula wide. At Fraser
Hill it occurred near the houses, both in the type (s.n.), and
(8632) in the variety amboinensis. (T. amboinensis, Blume:
Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, p. 484).

MORACEAE.*

Ficus rostrata, Lamk.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, p. 520:
Koorders, 2, p. 110: Merrill, p. 227. A small shrub, distributed
from the eastern Himalaya through Burma to the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, Java: and found at Fraser Hill in exposed places, carrying
small bright red figs (8599).

Ficus pedunculosa, Mig., reaching ten feet in height with
reddish figs (8802) at Fraser Hill.

Ficus diversifolia, Blume: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, p.
629: Koorders, 2, p. 116: Merrill, p. 529. A small bush dis-
tributed from Sumatra through the Peninsula to Borneo, and
Java: in the Peninsula it occurs from low levels up to 5000 ft.
and it was found at Fraser Hill as a bush up to 10 ft. high in fruit
(8920, 8654).

Ficus Burkillii, Ridl. n. sp. A besh with acute leaves, but
otherwise near to F. diversifolia, at Fraser Hill (8900) and at Pine-
tree hill (8529).

Ficus fistulosa, Reinw.: Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 525:
Koorders, 2, p. 120: Merrill, p. 223. A small tree growing in a
gully at Fraser Hill in fruit, and with hollowed stems (7386).

*In cosequence of the genus Ficus being under revision in Caleutta
and the collection belonging to the Singapore Herbarium being on loan
the Fraser Hill species cannot be determined fully.

T4

Ficus patens, Ridl., a coarse hairy bush occurring at Fraser
Hill in the valley (7776).

Ficus sp. A stiff pubescent bush, with bright red fruits, at
Fraser Hill (s.n.). :

Ficus fulva, Reinw.: Hook. FI. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 531: Koorders,
2, p. 117: Merrill, p. 223. A coarse small tree about 20 ft. high
with orange to livid figs, in the mined lands of the upper Tras
valley about 3500 ft. (7864).

Ficus globosa, Bl.: Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 503: Koorders,
2, p. 103: Merrill, p. 224. A small tree with big figs, found in the
mine area of the upper Tras valley (7872).
Ficus chartacea, Wall.: Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 533. A
bush eight feet high with orange-red figs upon upright branches,
at Fraser Hill (7789).

Ficus sp. <A pyramidal bush six feet high with brown fruits
(8555).

Conocephalus suaveolens, Blume: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind.
5, p. 545: Koorders, 2, p. 122: Merrill. p. 229. A big woody
climber, distributed from the eastern Himalaya and Indo-China
southwards to Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, and
the Philippines: in the Peninsula common widely. At Fraser Hill
plentiful.

URTICACEAE.
Pouzolzia viminea, Wedd. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 581:

Kooders, 2, p. 144: Merrill, p. 233. Shrub about 8 ft. high upon

a clearing at 4200 ft. (8948).

JUGLANDACEAE.

| Engelhardtia spicata, Blume: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. V, p.
595: Koorders, 2, p. 51: Merrill, p. 210. A tree, distributed from
the central Himalaya, south through Indo-China into the Malay
Peninsula, Java, Borneo and to the Philippines. In the Peninsula
it is only on the Main range of Perak. At Fraser Hill it is
frequent and so also on G. Ulu Semangkok. Ripe fruits were
falling.

FAGACEAE,

Quercus sp. near Y. semiserrata, Roxb., collected flowerless,
a tree about 50 ft. high upon a north slope at Fraser Hill (7753).

Quercus turbinata, Blume: Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 410: Koor-
ders, 2, p. 60. A tree, occurring in Sumatra and in the Malay
Peninsula: in the Peninsula found in Penang and on the Main
range in Ulu Batang-padang and now at Fraser Hill (8661). It
should be collected more for a better understanding.

Quercus cyrtorhyncha, Mig.: Merrill, p. 212: Pasania cyr-
torhyncha, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 432. A tree, distributed from
Sumatra through the Malay Peninsula and Borneo to Mindanao
in the Philippines. In the Peninsula occurring submontanely from

—————

(8805).

75

Perak southwards, and to Singapore. At Fraser Hill and below
towards the Gap, an oak without flowers and without fruit was
found which appears as if this (7783, 7836).

Quercus rassa, Miq.: Koorders, 2, p. 59: Merrill, p. 215:
Pasania Rassa, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 436. <A tree distributed in
western Malaysia from Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, to west Java
and to Borneo. In the Peninsula montane, occurring on Penang,
on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from Fraser
Hill into Negri Sembilan, on Benom, and then at low levels in
southern Johore. It reaches 6000 ft. on G. Tahan. At Fraser
hill it is common tree (s.n.).

Quercus lucida, Roxb.: Pasania lucida, Gamble, Mat., 75,
py. 440. A tree, endemic, very common in Penang and extending
thence southwards to Singapore, ascending the mountains and
recorded as upon G. Batu puteh at 3000 ft. It occurred at Fraser
Hill on the ridges, but as the acorns were fallen ones not attached
to the parent, there is a trifle of doubt as to the determination

(s.n.).

Quercus encleisacarpa, Korth.: Pasania encleisacarpa,
Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 449. A tree with a wide top and brittle
wood, occurring in Sumatra and in the Malay Peninsula: in the
Peninsula it occurs at low levels from Penang and Province Wel-
lesley to Singapore. At Fraser Hill it was common in the variety
aperta (8695).

Quercus beccariana, Benth: Merrill, p. 211: Pasania bec-
cariana, Gamble, Mat., 75, p. 453. A tree, with brittle wood,
occurring in the Malay Peninsula and in Borneo: in the Peninsula:
it is said once to have been abundant in Singapore, and it is re-:
corded for Penang. The Fraser Hill specimens have depressed.
globose acorns (7795) and consequently the identification is some-
what doubtful.

Quercus sp. with very large acorns and cupules covered with
processes as in Q@. Wray, found at Fraser Hill (s.n.).

Quercus sp. A tree which was neither in fruit nor in flower

TAXACEAE.

Dacrydium Beccarii, Parl.: Merrill, p. 30. A small tree”
occurring in the Malay Peninsula and in Borneo. In the Penin-
sula it occurs on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Bujong
Malaka to Pine-tree hill near Fraser Hill (8536), and on Mt.
Ophir. On Pine-tree hill it occurs about and on the very top as
a tree of 20 ft. |

Dacrydium elatum, Wall.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p. 648:
Merrill, p. 30. A lofty tree, occurring from Burma and Tonkin
to Sumatra, down the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, the Philippines
and in Fiji: in the Peninsula occurring in Penang, on Kedah peak
at 3000 ft., on G. Tahan on the Main range in the mountains of
Telom, on Mt. Ophir, and on G. Chenik in Pahang. Under Fraser

76

Hill at about 3400 ft. it occurred as a magnificent tree with a
clean straight bole of eighty feet to the first branch, and a total
height of one hundred feet and more: it was found also upon G.
Ulu Semangkok.

Dacrydium falciforme, Pilger: Merrill, p. 30. A tree, dis-
tributed from the Malay Peninsula, in Lingga, through north
Borneo to Mindoro in the Philippine islands: in the Peninsula
occurring on G. Tahan, and on the Main range in the neighbour-
hood of the Semangkok pass. It is a most common tree on the
vein-quartz ridges of Fraser Hill (8556, 8929), and also elsewhere
sometimes sparingly, sometimes in some measure of plenty: as-
cending above the level of Fraser Hill towards Pine-tree hill:
below Fraser Hill it occurs down to 3300 ft. at least and it is on
G. Ulu Semangkok. Regeneration appears to be quite free. The
Malays call it Kahuwa.

Podocarpus neriifolia, Don.: Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind., 5, p.
649: Koorders, 1, p. 65: Merrill, p. 31. A tree, distributed from
the Central Himalaya and southern China, to Sumatra, the Malay
Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Celebes, the Moluccas, Philippines and
to New Guinea. In the Peninsula it occurs as a montane plant
in Penang, on G. Tahan as a variety or subspecies, on the Main
range from Perak south to Bukit Etam, and on Mt. Ophir. In
Java it descends as low as 1200 ft.: but in Penang it exists lower
than this. At Fraser Hill it is by no means uncommon (7841,
7856, 8877).

Agathis alba, Foxw.: Koorders, 1, p. 67: Merrill, p. 32: A.
loranthifolia, Salisb.: Fook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5, p. 650. A lofty
tree, distributed in Cochin-china and through the interior of Ma-
laysia, in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Celebes,
the Moluccas, and the Philippines: in the Peninsula on Kedah peak,
in Penang, where it is becoming very scarce, on the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan, on the Main range from near the Semangkok pass,
and on G. Chenik in Pahang. Under Fraser Hill it was observed
no higher than 8300 ft. upon the west side of the waterparting.

BURMANNIACEAE.

Burmannia longifolia, Becc.: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 2, p. 70:
Merrill, p. 183. A herb of mossy places. occurring in the Malay
Peninsula and through Borneo to the Philippines and New Guinea:
in the Peninsula it occurs on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan. on
the Main range from G. Kerban and the mountains of Telom to
Bukit Etam and on Benom. At Fraser Hill it occurs sporadic.
but quite plentifullv and was going into fruit (8510): it was also
found on G. Ulu Semangkok.

ORCHIDACEAE.

Oberonia pendula, Ridl, in Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soe., 61,
p. 38. An epiphyte, endemic and local. It was collected from
the neighbourhood of Fraser Hill hy Mr. Ridley in 1911 where we
got it (7825) in flower and in fruit. .

nA
ia

Oberonia spathulata, Lindl. J. J. Smith, p. 238. Distribu-
tion in Java, Sumatra, Borneo; occurring as an epiphyte at Fraser
Hill (8634). |

Liparis compressa, Lindl.: Ridl.. Mat., Mono., 1, p. 25:
J. J. Smith, p. 280: Ames. p. 153. A herbaceous plant, dis-
tributed from Sumatra, in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java
Celebes and the Philippines: in the Peninsula occurring in the
Taiping hills, and on the Main range from G. Batu puteh to Fraser
Hill, where it was found in flower (8893).

Liparis purpureoviridis, Ridl. n. sp. A not uncommon ter-
restrial plant in the forest (S422) with green purple-veined flowers.

Platyclinis odorata, Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1, p. 28. An
epiphyte or on rocks, endemic, occurring on G. Bubu, and on the
Main range about Fraser Hill on trees (8423) and below in the
upper Tras valley at 3500 ft. on rocks in the sun (8853), plentiful
and just in flower.

Dendrobium Kelsalii, Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1, p. 36. A her-
baceous epiphyte, endemic, occurring on Kedah peak. apparently
in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range
from Fraser Hill (8690) to Bukit Etam, on Benom and on Mt.
- Ophir also on P. Aor off the east coast.

Dendrobium flabellum, Reichb. f.: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1.
p. 36. J.J. Smith, p. 315: Ames p. 189. A herbaceous epiphyte,
distributed from Siam to Singapore, in Java and in Borneo, but
in need of further study, as being apparently a species In process
of breaking up. It is an orchid with flowers that are open for a
few hours onlv in accurate response to some climatic phenomenon:
and it is evident that an acceleration or retardation of the rapidity
with which the stage-between the stimulus and the flowering is
passed through, stands for the production of new species as inter-
crossing is prevented. This seems to be happening: and there
seem to be in the Peninsula three subspecies of D. flabellum, (1)
the plant of Singapore and southern Johore with cream-coloured
fiowers, the sepals and petals marked with pink spots, the lip
eream-coloured with rosy side-lobes (2) the plant of the north
with pale green flowers, the sepals and petals spotted with purple,
the lip wholly cream and (3) the Fraser Hill plant with the sepals
and petals cream-coloured suffused with purple and the lip with
the mid-lohe orange. Both the second and the third appeared to
have smaller flowers than the first.

Dendrobium atrorubens, Rid]. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 41. A
herbaceous epiphyte with a dull cherry-red flower, endemic, found
in the Peninsula on Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan,
‘on the Main range at Fraser Hill (8672) and on Benom.

Dendrobium hymenopterum, Hook. f.: Rid]. Mat., Mono.
1. p. 52. A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, on G. Rava in Lankawi,
on Kedah peak, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Batu
puteh and G. Bujong Malaka to Fraser Hill (8592) and on Benom
It was abundantly in flower.

78

Dendrobium albicolor, Ridl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 32,.
p- 250. A herbaceous epiphyte, known from Lower Siam (Pungah)
and now in a pinkish variety from Fraser Hill (7790).

Dendrobium rupicolum, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. 8S. Mus. 1, p.
184, A small herbaceous epiphyte, occurring on G. Tahan, on
the Main range at Fraser Hill (8516) and southwards on Bukit
Etam, and on Benom. It was found in flower.

Dendrobium sp. apparently new, a herbaceous wide creeping
hirsute epiphyte of a peculiar appearance (7799).

Dendrobium geminatum, Hook. f.: Ridl. Mat., 1, p. 35: J.
J. Smith, 346. An epiphyte and on rocks occurring in the Malay
Peninsula and in Java: in the Peninsula found on Kedah peak
and on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, and on the Main range:
from Ulu Batu Padang to Fraser Hill (7876). Its flowers are
of a dull yellow, marked with purple.

Bulbophyllum patens, Hook. f.: Rid!. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 62.
A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, which may be represented by our
no. 7792, which was found in fruit upon an oak at Fraser Hill.
Until flowers are forthcoming however its occurrence must be
doubtful. B. patens is in the Peninsula, at low levels from Pe-
nang to Singapore.

Bulbophyllum uniflorum, Hassk.: J. J. Smith, p. 443:
B. galbinum, Ridl.: Mat., Mono. 1, p. 64. A herbaceous epiphyte,.
in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and west Java: in the Peninsula
found in the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan at 3300 ft. and on the
Main range from the neighbourhood of the Semangkok pass to:
Bukit Etam; it was found at Fraser Hill in flower (8504).

Bulbophyllum capitatum, Lindl.: Ridl. Mat.. 1. Di: Pa abs
J. Smith, p. 487. Ames, p. 184. A herbaceous epiphyte occurring
in Sumatra, in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and west Java where
it is common, being found both at high and low elevations. In
the Peninsula it is recorded from Penang, the Taiping hills, G.
Tahan, the Main chain from the mountains of Telom to G. Meng-
kuang lebar, on Benom and on the 1000-feet-high hills near Batu
Pahat in Johore. It was found at Fraser Hill (8810) carrying
its flame-coloured or yellow flowers. ,

Bulbophyllum montigenum, Ridl. Mat.. 1. p- 76: Ames, p.
188. A herbaceous epiphyte of the Peninsula and Borneo: in the
Peninsula hitherto recorded only from Benom, and now recorded
also from the Main chain at Fraser Hill (8417), where it was
obtained carrying its green flowers.

Bulbophyllum pedicellatum, Ridl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot.,
31, p. 278. <A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, occurring in Lower
Siam at Poongah and at Khasum, and now found on the Main
range at Fraser Hill (7891) coming into flower.

Bulbophyllum minutulum, Rid. np. sp., a small running

herbaceous epiphyte, with straw coloured flowers. f F 7
Hill (7797). S, oun at Fraser

79

Bulbophyllum nematocaulon, Ridi. n. sp., a sinall rnnning
herbaceous epiphyte with pale green flowers, found at Fraser Hill

Bulbophyllum sp, apparently a new species, a small running
herbaceous epiphyte near B. tinea, Ridl., but differing in. having
slightly smaller flowers and narrower leaves (8676).

Bulbophyllum sp. Apparently a new species (7822).

Ceratostylis gracilis, Blume: Ridl. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 10
J. J. Smith, p. 300. A small herbaceous epiphyte found in ie
Malay Peninsula and in west Java: in the Peninsula it occurs on
Kedah peak, on Bukit Seraya which adjoins Bukit Mertajam in
Province Wellesley, on the Taiping hills and G. Bubu, on G. Tahan,
on the Main range from G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom
to G. Angsi; and then down upon the coast in southern Johore.
At Fraser Hill it is probably the commonest of all orchids (8449,
8517). The figure in the Jcones Plantarum, 2098, was drawn
from an immature flower, and the spur should be twice as long.

Ceratostylis clathrata, Hook. f.: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1, p.
111. A small peculiarly tough epiphyte, endemic occurring on
the Main range from Ulu Batang Badang to Fraser Hill (7800)
and also on Benom.

Calanthe angustifolia, Lind].: Ridl. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 121:
J. J.. Smith, p. 205. A terrestrial herb of forests found in Su-
matra, the Malay Peninsula and in west Java: found in the Penin-
sula on Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from
the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok pass and on Benom.
At Fraser Hill it occurs sporadic upon the crests of the ridges
(8525), and was newly in flower. It was found higher than
Fraser Hill towards Pine-tree hill, and in the other direction on
G. Ulu Semanekok.

Fria latifolia, J. J. Smith, p. 394: HF. wridifolia, Hook. f
Rid]. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 90. A herbaceous epiphyte, in Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula and Java: in the Peninsula found only upon
the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka and G. Batu puteh to
Fraser Hill (7830), in flower.

Eria major, Ridl. Mat., 1, p. 90: Merrill, p. 172. A her-
_ baceous epiphyte distributed from the Malay Peninsula through
Borneo to the Philippines. There are two varieties of it at Fraser
Hill one with short leaves (8492) and the other with long leaves
(sn.). The short Jeaved variety occurs in the Taiping hills.
‘The long-leaved variety occurs there also, and on the Main range
from G. Kerbau to the Semangkok pass, and also on Benom. They
were obtained in flower, and from Fraser Hill extended towards
Pine tree hill.

Eria longifolia, Hook. f.: Rid]. Mat., 1, p. 91. A herbaceous
eniphte, montane, found in Sumatra, in the Taiping hill:, on G.
Tahan, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom to
the Semangkok pass. and also it is on Benom. It is very common
‘at Fraser Hill (8419), and carried its snow-white flowers.

80
Eria pilifera, Ridl. Mat., Mono. 1, p. 92. A herbaceous
epiphyte, in Sumatra, and in the Peninsula before this known only
from the Taiping hills, found on the Main range at Fraser Hill
(7871), in flower.

Eria pauciflora, Blume: J. J. Smith, p. 387: #. monticola,
Hook. f.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 95. A herbaceous epiphyte,
distributed in west Java and the Malay Peninsula; occurring on
Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range:
from Fraser Hill to Bukit Etam,-and on Mt. Ophir; then again
on P. Aor off the east coast. At Fraser Hill it is very abundant
(8416, 8638) and it was found also on G. Ulu Semangkok (8881)
in flower everywhere.

Eria floribunda, Lind].: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 96: J. J.
Smith, p. 400: Merrill, p. 170. A herbaceous epiphyte, distributed
from Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula in Sumatra. Borneo and
through Java. In the Peninsula it occurs in Lower Siam, and
down the west coast to Singapore; then again it is on the mount-
aims eg. Kedah peak, the Taiping hills. G. Tahan, and the Main
range at Fraser Hill (8406) where it attains twice the size of
mangrove-swam) examples.

Eria teretifolia, Griff.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 100: Mer-
rill, p. 174. A herbaceous epiphyte, found in the Malay Peninsula
and Borneo: in the Peninsula montane, occurring on Kedah peak,.
in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range
from G. Batu puteh and in the mountains of Telom to G. Tampin,
and on Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hiil it is very plentiful (7844,
8595), and was in flower.

Phreatia crassifolia, Ridl. in Jour. F. M. S. Mus.. 4, p. 69.
A very small epiphyte which is endemic and montane. and has
been obtained on the Taiping hills, and on the Main range in
the mountains of Telom, and now at Fraser Hill where it was
upon a Quercus (7798) in flower.

Spathoglottis plicata, Blume: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1, p. 117:
J.J. Smith, p. 219: Merrill, p. 182. A terrestrial herb, distributed
from Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo. Celebes, the
Moluccas to the Philippines, New Guinea, the Solomon islands and
Samoa: in the Peninsula it occurs from Tomoh in Lower Sian
down to Singapore at low levels and ascends the mountains some-
what. But Fraser Hill in the valley at 4,000 ft. (7778), the neigh-
bourhood of Fraser Hill at 3,500 ft. towards the Gap, and 3.600 ft.
In the upper Tras valley are greater altitudes than others have
recorded: however it occurs high in Java. The Fraser Hill plant
has the small lip usual in the Peninsula.

_ Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl.: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 1, vofies O
J.J. Smith, p. 218: Merrill, p. 182. A terrestrial herb, distributed
in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula. Borneo, west and mid Java and
the Philippines: in the Peninsula it is montane and occurs on
Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range:

8]

from G. Kerbau, G. Batu Puteh to Bukit Etam, and on Mt. Ophir.
At Fraser hill it was collected on the face of a landslide (7771),
which occurrences are apparently the means by which it persists.

Phaius callosus, Lindl.: Ridl.. Mat., Mono., 1, p. 119: J. J.
Smith, p. 196. A terrestrial herb of forests by water, found in the
Malay Peninsula and in west Java: occurring in the Peninsula on
the Taiping hills and on the Main range at Fraser Hill (7820), in
flower.

Agrostophyllum callosum, Reichb. f.: Ridl., Mat., Mono.,
1, p. 108. <A herb of rocks or an epiphyte distributed from the
central Himalaya through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, montane ;
vecurring in the Peninsula on Kedah peak, and in the Main range
from near Fraser Hill to Bukit Etam. Under Fraser Hill it was
found in the old mines of the upper Tras valley (7877), in fruit.

Agrostophylilum bicuspidatum, J. J. Sm.: Podochilus cal-
losa, Schlechter: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 197: J. J. Smith, p. 286:
Ames, p. 76. A herbaceous orchid of mossy places, distributed
from Tenasserim, 11 Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
and Celebes; in the Peninsula montane in the north, as on Penang
hills, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from
the mountains of Telom to Bukit Sutu in Negri-Sembilan, and
on Mt. Ophir: then at low levels in Johore and Singapore. It
was collected near Pine-tree hill (8523) in flower.

Ceratostylis cryptantha, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 110. A
small epiphyte, endemic, occurring in Penang, on the Taiping hills,
and the Main range near the Semangkok pass. The plant collected
by us is larger (8511), and constitutes a variety.

Coelogyne carmea, Hook. f.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 184.
A herbaceous epiphyte, endemic, occurring in the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan, and on the Main range from G. Kerbau and the
mountains of Telom to G. Mengkuang lebar and also on Benom.
At Fraser Hil] it is abundant (8501, 8626), and up to Pine tree
hill (8644), and also upon G. Ulu Semangkok.

Coelogyne speciosa, Lindl.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 182:
J. J. Smith, p. 138: Ames, p. 145. An epiphytic herb, distributed
from Sumatra to the Malay Peninsula, to Borneo and through Java:
in the Feninsula occurring on Western hill, Penang, on the
Taiping Hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from the mountains
of Telom to the Semangkok pass, and then almost at sea-level in
the island of Singapore and in southern Johore. It occurs in

Java also at low levels, as well as high. It was found at Fraser
Hill not uncommonly (8512).

Renanthera matutina, Lindl.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p. 106:
J. J. Smith, p. 587. A tough epiphyte, but able to use stoney
ground under the trees, occurring in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula
and in Java: in the Peninsula found on the Main range from
the mountains of Telom to the neighbourhood of the Semangkok

pass. At Fraser Hill it was found on a vein-quartz ridge (8938)
in flower.

82

Saccolabium bigibbum, Ridl. in Mat., 1, p. 164, but not
of Hook. f. A herbaceous epiphyte endemic and montane found
on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the Main range at Fraser
Hill (8503) and on Benom. This orchid wants a new name.
It was in flower. ;

Appendicula, apparently a new species, found as a rigidly
erect plant of a bronze colour upon the ground in the mined area
of the upper Tras valley at about 3600 ft. (8856).

Anoectochilus Reinwardtii, Blume: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1,
p. 312: J. J. Smith, p. 96. A terrestrial herb of the floor of the
forest, distributed in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, in west Java
and Amboyna: iu the Peninsula found on Kedah peak, on the
Taiping hills, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom
to Fraser Hill (8550, 8621).

Anoectochilus sp. An orchid with the habit of the last,
apparently undescribed. It was collected at Fraser Hill (7803)
and has been collected by Napier at the Semangkok pass.

Cryptostylis arachnites, Blume: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 1, p.
225: J. J. Smith, p. 59: Ames, p. 139. A terrestrial herb, of wide
distribution, in Ceylon, in the hills of Assam and down south in
the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java and the Philippines: in the
Peninsula it occurs on Kedah peak. in Penang, on the Taiping
hills, on G. Tahan, and on the Main range from G. Batu puteh
to Bukit Etam; then southwards at low levels from Malacca to
Singapore. At Fraser Hill it was found towards Pine-tree hill
(8506), in fruit.

ZINGIBERACEAE.

Globba aurantiaca, Miq.: Rid]. Mat. Mono.. 2, p. 7: Merrill,
p. 128. A herb, distributed through the interior of western
Malaysia, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo: in the Pe-
ninsula it occurs in Penang from 1000 ft. upwards, on the Taiping
hills, on the Main range from Fraser Hill to G. Tampin and under
it on the west side; then in the south of the Peninsula at low
levels to the Straits of Johore. At Fraser Hill it is not uncommon
(8429).

Globba cernua, Baker: Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 2. p. 8. A herb,
endeinic and montane, occurring in the south of Lower Siam, on
the Taiping hills, on the Main range from the mountains of Telom
and G. Kerbau to G. Angsi. It was found in flower between
Fraser Hill and Pine-tree hill (8431).

Camptandra ovata, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2. p. 12. A small
herb of the floor of the forest, endemic, and confined to the Main
range from G. Kerbau to G. Mengkuang lebar. It is common at
Fraser Hill (8639) .and its pure white flowers open in the late
afternoon, closing again before dawn.

Hedychium malayanum, Ridl. n. sp. A herb, undescribed,
which was collected first a couple of years ago by Mrs. Ferguson-
Davie at Fraser Hill, and was obtained by us in the upper Tras
valley under Fraser Till (7875) in an area which had been mined.

83

Amomum ochreum, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 32. <A herb,
endemic, found upon the Main range in the upper Tras valley
under Fraser Hill (8862) upon a mine area at 3300 ft. at Ginting
Bidai west of Kuala Lumpur, and on Bukit Galing near Kuantan.
It was in flower.

Hornstedtia grandis, Ridl. Mat., 2, p. 36. A giant herb,
20-feet high, endemic, occurring in the Taiping hills, and on the
Main range from the mountains of Telom to Fraser Hill (8584).
There is just so much doubt about this identification as is due to
the want of corollas, as the flowers were all over.

Zingiber spectabile, Griff.: Ridl. Mat., 2, p. 26. A herb,
found in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, occurring in the
Peninsula in the lowlands all down the west side from Perlis and
Penang to Malacca, and lately found in north-eastern Pahang.
It has not been obtained before this as high in the mountains as
Fraser Hill (8666). It is used by the Malavs locally as a flavour-
ing, calling it Tepus tundok or nodding ginger.

Zingiber gracile, Jack: Ridl. Mat. Mono.; 2, p. 29. A herb,.
more or less montane in the north of the Peninsula, where it
occurs in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, and on
the Main range from Fraser Hill to G. Tampin and on Mt. Ophir:
it occurs down to the foot of the hills, and southwards on G. Pulai
and in Singapore island. It is not uncommon about Fraser Hill,
with yellow bracts when in flower (8806) and these redden in
fruit-ripening (8633).

Zingiber Griffithii, Baker: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 29. A
herb, endemic, occurring in the low country from Penang to Sing-
apore, and on the lower slopes of the hills Its occurrence at Fraser
Hill (8808) adds greatly to its recorded spread upwards. It was
found in fruit, with reddish magenta bracts.

Alpinia Murdochii, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2. p: 50. iA. herb,
endemic, occurring on G. Tahan, and on the Main range in the
neighbourhood of the Semangkok pass. At Fraser Hill it was
found in flower (8671), and between the Gap and G. Ulu Se-
mangkok it was found in fruit (8868).

Alpinia petiolata, Baker; Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 53. A
herb, endemic, distributed in the Peninsula in the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan, and on the Main range from G. Horan and Fraser
Hill to G. Tampin. At Fraser Hill it is very common, but was
enly rarely in flower or in fruit (8434, 8596).

Geostachys secunda, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 44. A herb,
endemic, found on the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka to
the Semangkok pass; very common at Fraser Hill (8636) and
in flower. This species is replaced by very closely allied species
upon other ranges on the Peninsula.

MUSACEAE.

Musa violascens, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 64: Merrill, 120.
A giant herb, distributed in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and
in Borneo: in the Peninsula common at low elevations down both

84

sides and ascending the mountains to about 4000 ft. At Fraser
Hill it is very common (8598). It is called Pisang toh.
Musa malaccensis, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 63: A giant
herb, endemic, and rather larger than the last, also a little more
of a woodland plant, endemic, occurring in the Peninsula com-
monly in hill lands down both sides from Pulau Adang, Kedah
and Kuantan southwards. It is very common at Fraser Hill and
carried flowers and fruit (8858). It is called Pisang jahit or

thread plantain.
AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Curculigo latifolia, Dryand.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 66.
Merrill, p. 117. A herb found in Burma, the Andamans, the
Malay Peninsula and Borneo: in the Peninsula it occurs all down
hoth sides to Singapore: it occurs also on G. Kerbau and in the
mountains of Telom and southwards along the Main range to G.
Anrgsi. It is not uncommon at Fraser Hill (s.n.).

TACCACEAE.

Tacca cristata. Jack: Rild. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 7%. A herb
distributed from Tenasserim to Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula,
in the Peninsula occurring in the low country down to Singapore,
but it has not been collected from the low country on the east side:
it occurs in the mountains of Telom and doubtless in the mount-
ains elsewhere. Under Fraser Hill it was found towards the Gap
at 3500 ft. in flower (7765). The hill plants are larger than
he plains plants.

DIOSCOREACEAE.

Dioscorea laurifolia, Wall.: Ridl. in Mat. Mono., 2, p. 83.
A herbaceous climber, endemic occurring in the Peninsula from
Perang to Singapore, preferring the tops of hills, but also des-
cending to sea-level in well-drained places. At Fraser Hill it is
very common following clearing, and not rare in the undisturbed
forest ; its pleasantly scented flower-spikes were to be seen in great
abundance (8401, 8433).

Dioscorea sp. with the appearance of D. pyrifolia, Kunth,
but with large tubers that carry a brown tanning or tinctorial
substance and called therefore Gadone Sanak by the Malays who
make some use of them. This Dioscorea reaches 4000 ft. at Fraser
Hill but is somewhat more easily found in hollows by water at
lower levels both towards the Gap and in the upper Tras valley,
Where it bore flowers (7860, 7889, 8432, 91945).

LILIACEAE.

Smilax calophylla, Wall.: Ridl. Mat. 2, p. 102. <A climber,
endemic, a montane species in the north of the Peninsula, oceurring
cn Kedah peak, on the Taiping hills, from 1000 to 1500 ft., on
G. Tahan, on the Main range about the Semanekok pass, and to
G. Menekuang Jebar, on Benom and on Mt. Ophir, then in the
lowlands of Johore and Singapore. It was observed to he not
uncommon on G. Ulu Semangkok, and down to the Gap (8867).

80

Smilax laevis, Wall.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 103: Merrill,
p- 116. A climber occurring in China and down to the Malay
Peninsula, and Borneo: in the Peninsula montane occurring on
Kedah peak, in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on G. Keledang
near Ipoh, on the Main range from the mountains of Telom to G.
Mengkuang lebar, and on Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hill it was in
fruit (8578).

COMMELINACEAE.

Commelina nudiflora, Linn.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 115:
Ihoorders, 1, p. 27%: Merrill p. 112. A pantropic herb, which
grows freely at the Gap but appears not to have ascended yet
further in the direction of Fraser Hill (s.n.).

Forrestia gracilis, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 123. A herb,
endemic, a lowland plant occurring from Kedah and Pahang to
Singapore. It is not uncommon at Fraser Hill up to 4200 ft.
(8869) and in fruit.

PALMAE.

Nenga macrocarpa, Scortechini: Ridl. Mat., 2, p. 145. A
palm of moderate size, endemic and in the north of the Peninsula
montane occurring on Koh Gah in Lower Siam, on Kedah peak,
in Penang upon the very tops of the hills, on the Taiping hills,
on G. Tahan and under it, on the Main range from G. Bujong
Malaka to G. Tampin, on G. Keledane over Ipoh, on G. Pantai
and also in Johore down to sea level. At Fraser Hill by no means
uncommon (8609).

Pinarga Scortechinii, Becc.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 138.
A palm of about 10 ft. in height, endemic and montane: it occurs
in Penang, on the Taiping hills, on Bukit Kapayang near Sungei
Siput, on G. Tahan, on the Main range from G. Kerbau and the
mountains of Telom to Negri Sembilan; then down at the coast
in southern Johore. It occurs freely at Fraser Hill and carried
its cherry-red fruits (7885).

Pinanga polymorpha, Becc.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 138.
A rather small palm, endemic, and montane, occurring on the
Taiping hills, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom
to Bukit Etam. It is plentiful at Fraser Hill (8592, 8617); and
~with fruit ripening the peduncle becomes a brilliant scarlet.

Pinanga paradeoxa, Scheff.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 141. An
endemic palm, montane and submontane, occurring on Kedah
peak, on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from G. Batu puteh
to G. Anosi, on Mt. Ophir and on G. Pantai. It is common at
Fraser Hill and the peduncle, which goes a brilliant red as the
fruit ripens, makes it conspicuous (£618).

Caryota obtusa, Griff. Ridl. Mat. Mono, 2. p. 157. A
heautiful tall palm, endemic in the Peninsula on the Taiping hills,
the Main range from G. Batu puteh to the neighbourhood of Kuala
Lumprr, and on G. Pantai in Johore. At Fraser Hill it occurs
in hollows certainly up to 4200 ft.; and about 3300 ft. some very
fine examples were seen.

86

Licuala pusilla, Becc.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 164. A
small palm, endemic, occurring on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan
and on the Main range about Ulu Bubong and the Semangkok
pass. At Fraser Hill it is-very common (7842, 8426) it was in
flower and in fruit, and produced stems attaining 2 ft.

Calamus javensis, Blume: Koorders, 1, p. 234: Merrill, p..
75: C. penicillatus, Roxb.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 191. A rattan
distributed in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and west
-and mid Java: in the Peninsula it is montane in the north, on G.
Taya in Lankawi, Penang, the Taiping hills, the Main range from
G. Batu puteh and the mountains of Telom to G. Angsi, and
southwards both on hills and down to sea level in Singapore is-
land. At Fraser Hill it seems uncommon: it occurs (7814) in
the variety peninsularis, which is characteristic of the Peninsula.

Calamus luridus, Becc.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 198: Mer-
rill, p. 75. A rattan of about 25 ft. in length occurring in the
Malay Peninsula and in Borneo: in the Peninsula it is usually
found at low levels from Taiping to’ Singapore. At Fraser Hill
it was collected as no. 8807: but there is just a little doubt in
regard to the determination. The Malays with us called it Rotan
lilin or wax rattan.

Calamus perakensis, Becc.: Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 2. p. 202.
A rattan about 20 ft. long, which is endemic, and (including part
of C. lanata, Ridl. in it) has the following distribution :—Bukit
Kapayang near Sungei Siput, and the Main range from the mount-
ains of Telom to Bukit Etam. It was found at Fraser Hill in
flower (7757) and in fruit (8421).

Calamus distichus, Rid]. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 206. A rattan
of about 15 ft. in length, endemic and local: at Fraser Hill not
uncommon, carrying Its curiously long (5 ft.) inflorescences (8683
and s.n.).

Calamus brevispadix, Rid]. Mat. Mono.. 2. p. 207. A small
very spiny rattan only a few feet high, endemic and local. At
Fraser Hill it is plentiful and was in flower (8420, 8551).

Daemonorrhops sp. <A species of this genus occurs, but
has not been determined (7785).

Plectocomia sp. possibly P. Grifithit, Becc., is not uncommon
about Fraser Hill as it appears to be in the mountains of Telom.

FLAGELLARIACEAE.
Joinvillea borneensis, Becc.: Merril] 109.:

» Becc.: J , p. 109: J. malayana,
Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 151. A big grass-like plant 6-8 ft. high
occurring in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Palawan: in the
Peninsula occurring in the Taiping hills, and on the Main range

from G. Kerbau and the mountains of Telom to the Semangkok
pass.. It occurs at Fraser Hill at 4000 ft. (8649),

PANDANACEAE,
Pandanus collinus, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2, p. 228. A small
tree, endemic and montane in the Peninsula, occurring on Kedah

87

peak, and on the Main range from the mountains of Telom to the
Semangkok pass. At Fraser Hill it was not identified; but it
was got in fruit on G. Ulu Semangkok (8876).

Freycinetia lucens, Ridl. Mat. Mono., 2. p. 233. A woody
climber, endemic, chiefly of the low country along the west side
of the Taiping hills and the Main range from Perak to Singapore,
now found in flower upon the summit of Pine-tree hill at 4800 ft.
(8546), and sterile between that hill and Fraser Hill.

ARACEAE.

Arisaema Scortechinii, Hook. f.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 8.
A herb, endemic, montane, occurring in Penang, and on the Main
range from G. Bujong Malaka to G. Tampin. At Fraser Hill
it is not uncommon (8665), and was newly in flower.

Amorphophallus sp. The leaves of a species of this genus
were seen not uncommonly in the forest at Fraser Hill.

Alocasia Beccarii, Eng].: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p: 16: Merrill,
p. 104. A herb of deep shade found in Sumatra, the Malay Pe-
ninsula and in Borneo: in the Peninsula montane occurring in
the Taiping hills, and on the Main chain from the mountains of
Telom to Bukit Etam. At Fraser Hill not uncommon and gener-
ally in fruit (8425).
7 Alocasia Lowii, Hook. f.: Ridl., Mat., Mono., 3, p. 18:

Merrill, p. 105. A herb, distributed in the Malay Peninsula,

Borneo and Java: in the Peninsula in Perlis, and down
the Main range from Perak to the south end, and in Malacca;
also in P. Tiuman. Below Fraser Hill it occurs at 3300 ft. on
the road to the Gap and at 3800 ft. in the upper Tras valley.

Colocasia esculentum, Schott: Merrill, p. 106: C. anti-
quorum, Schott: Ridl., Mat. Mono., 3, p. 16: Koorders, 1, p. 136.
A herb, widely cultivated and wild in tropical Asia: run wild in
Sumatra, the Peninsula, Borneo and other parts of Malaysia. In
the upper Tras valley to about 3800 ft. it is plentiful.

Homalonema humilis, Hook. f.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 25:
Merrill, p. 94. A small herb. occurring in the Malay Peninsula
and in Borneo: in the Peninsula montane and submontane, in Pe-
nang, on the Taiping hills, on the Main range from the mountains
of Telom to the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur and in the low
- country‘under the hills. At the Semangkok pass in the vicinity
of the Gap it occurs (7879) in a race which approximates to
HI. pumila, Hook. f.

Schismatoglottis sp. What seems to be an unnamed plant
of the Main range and the Taiping hills was obtained (8696).

Anadendrum montanum, Schott.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, D.
36: Koorders, 1, p. 252: Merrill. p. 88. An epiphyte, more or
less herbaceous. found in Tenasserim, and Siam. Sumatra. the
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, Celebes: in the Peninsula it occurs
on G. Rava in Lankawi, on Kedah peak, in Penang, on the Taiping
hills, on the hills over Ipoh and Sungei Siput. on the Main range
_ from the mountains of Telom to G. Tampin, and at low levels
further south to Singapore. At Fraser Hill it was found in flower.

88

Raphidophora Korthalsii, Schott: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3. p.
45: Koorders, 1, p. 255: Merrill, p. 89. An epiphyte of consider-
able size, distributed chiefly in the interior of western Malaysia
i.e. in the Peninsula and in Borneo but reaching west Java in
one place: in the Peninsula it occurs in Penang, but has not been
collected there in recent years, on the Taiping hills, in the Main
range about the Semangkok pas:, on P. Tinggi and in Singapore
island. It was found between Fraser Hill and the Gap at 3500
ft. in the edge of a gully, in flower (7761).

Raphidophora Wrayii, Hook. f.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3. p.
42. An epiphyte of some size, endemic, occurring in Penang, on
the Taiping hills, and on the Main range from G. Batu puteh
and the mountains of Telom to Fraser Hill (7859) where it is
not uncommon and was in flower and fruit. |

Pothos salicifolia, Ridley sp. nov. with almost linear leaves
and dull yellow fruit (7827) at Fraser Hill.

Scindapsus Scortechinii, Hook. f.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p.
38. A big epiphyte, endemic, and montane, occurring in the Bandon
province of Siam at 4000 ft., on Kedah peak, in the Taiping hills,
and on the Main range from G. Bujong Malaka and the mountains
of Telom to Bukit Etam. At Fraser Hill it was in flower and
fruit (8659, 8954) and extended to the summit of Pine-tree hill
(8547).

CYPERACEAE.

Cyperus rotundus, Linn.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 68: Mer-
rill, p. 56: C. rotundatus, Linn.: Koorders, 1, p. 190. A herb,
pantropic, in the Peninsula occurring here and there. At Fraser
Hill not common. (7893).

Kyllingia brevifolia, Rottb.: Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 3. p. 58:
Merrill, p. 58: Cyperus brevifolius, Suringar: Koorders, 1, p. 185.
A small herb, pantropic and into warm regions generally except
south Europe: in the Peninsula general in the low country, but
except that it has been collected before on the top of the hills in
Penang and at 4000 ft. on G. Kerbau with no montane records,
but to be expected at all elevation as the result of the invasion of
man. At Fraser Hill it is found about the mined area (7853).
f Fimbristylis annua, R. and 8.: Merrill, p. 60: 7. diphylia,
Vahl: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 8, p. 91: Koorders, 1, p. 199. +A herh,
pantropic, very common through the Peninsula and reaching Fraser
Hill (8953) as a new intruder, being found chiefly upon bullock-
droppings.

Hypolytrum latifolium, L. C. Rich.: Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 3,
p. 100: Koorders, 1, p. 184: Merrill, p. 54. A herb, distributed
in southern India and Ceylon, in north eastern India and China
and southwards to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, west Java and
. Australia and parts of Polynesia: in the Peninsula it is common
eis pe low country and has been collected at 2000 and 3500

. on G. Kerbau, on Hermitage hill and on the Penang hills. It
was not found at Fraser Hill but at 3000 ft. near the Gap (8885)
In young fruit.

89

Gahnia javanica, Moritzi: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 99: Koor-
ders, 1, p. 202: Merrill, p. 63. A herb, distributed from Sumatra
through the Peninsula, Borneo, west and mid Java to New Cale-
donia and Fiji: in the Peninsula montane found on Kedah peak,
in Penang at 2500 ft., on the Taiping hills, on G. Tahan, on the
Main. range from G. Kerbau and G. Batu puteh to Bukit Ktam,
on Mt. Ophir, and in Johore upon quite low hills, even on Bukit
Panggerang at the extreme south. At Fraser Hill it is exceedingly
common in cleared places (7768), but very rarely in flower.

GRAMINEAE.

Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 124:
Koorders, 1, p. 121. A herb, pantropic, in the Peninsula very

comnron at low elevations; but of its occurrence in the hills there

seems to be but two records which are both Mr. Ridley’s, one of
his finding it at Padang Batu on Mt. Ophir and the second of
finding it on Sakai clearings in the mountains of Telom. At
Fraser [ill it is the commonest of all grasses about the houses

(s.n.).

Paspalum sanguinale, Lam.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 125:
Koorders, 1, p. 127. A pantropic herb, in the Peninsula. common
at low elevations, but scarcely recorded as in the hills. At Fraser
Hill it is rare at present, and the place in which it is found is
bullock-droppings upon the roads (8952).

Paspalum longiflorum, Rotz. Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 3, p. 126:
Kooders, 1, p. 121: Merrill, p. 48. A herbaceous weed of wide
distribution through the warm parts of the Old World: in the
Peninsula said to be common. At Fraser Hill a weed in the ve-
getable garden (7849).

_ Panicum indicum, Linn.: Rid]. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 184: Koor-
ders, 1, p. 132. <A herb distributed from India in general to the
Pacific: in the Peninsula a common weed, which has been recorded
as reaching 3000 ft. on G. Kerbau. At Fraser Hill it is abundant

on cleared ground (7845).

Panicum plicatum, Lam.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 136:

P. palmifolium, Koen.: Koorders, 1, p. 135. A herb, in Ceylon, -

m the moister Himalaya, China and southward to the Malay Penin-
sula, Java: in the Peninsula it occurs not uncommonly at low
levels. Under Fraser Hill it was found at 3500 ft. in the mined

area of the upper Tras valley.

Isachne albens, Trin. The second in abundance of the in-
truding grasses of Fraser Hill. It occurs on G. Tahan and on G.
Hijau, in the Taiping hills, and has probably reached Fraser Hill
in vegetable seeds from the Taiping hill-garden. It is now common

on roadsides at Fraser Hill (7767).

: Imperata cylindrica, Bauv: Merrill, p. 38: J. arundinacea,
Cyrillo: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 152: Koorders, 1, p. 102. A pan-
tropic grass, everywhere in the Peninsula. This—the tall lallang

90

grass probably reached the neighbourhood of Fraser’s bungalow
many years ago; but it does not thrive to the exclusion of everything
else there, and though common in that part of Fraser Hill is not
general: it is more plentiful in the upper Tras valley.

Pogonatherum paniceum, Hack.: Merrill, p. 40: P. sac-
charovdium, Brauv., Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 154: Koorders, p. 107.
A small grass widely distributed from India to Japan and south-.
wards to Malaysia, where it is wide spread. Under Fraser Hill in
the mined lands of the upper Tras valley it is plentiful.

Sporobolus indicus, R. Br.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 171:
Koorders, 1, p. 146. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula sporadic
through the lowlands. At Fraser Hill it is not uncommon about
clearings (s.n.).

Eleusine indica, Gaerttn.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 174:
Koorders, 1, p. 153: Merrill, p. 50. A pantropic weed, common
in the lower country of the Malay Peninsula. At Fraser Hill
invading the roads from the droppings of bullocks.

Phragmites Karka, Trin.: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 175:
Koorders; 1, p. 156: Merrill, p. 50. A large grass widely dis-
iributed through the tropics of the Old World. In the upper Tras
valley over mined lands at 3300-3800 ft.

Lophatherum gracile, Brongn: Ridl. Mat. Mono., 3, p. 181
Noorders, 1, p. 160: Merrill, p. 92. A grass distributed in south-
erm India and Ceylon, in the eastern Himalaya and_ to Japan,
southwards through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the
Philippines and New Guinea: in the Peninsula found widely in
the South; but in the north montane, being on Chong in west
Siam at 2500 ft.. on Kedah peak: and on the Taiping hills. At
Fraser Hill it is not uncommon. |

Dendrocalamus pendulus, Ridl Mat. Mono., 3, p. 192. A
graceful bamboo, half sprawling occurring in the Main range from
the mountains of Telom to the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur.
At Fraser Hill it reaches 4100 ft. (7892), but as it was not in
flower doubt attaches to the identification.

Schizostachyum latifolium, Gamble: Ridl. Mat. Mono.. 3,
p 190: Koorders, 1, p.179. A rather short bamboo distributed
in the Peninsula and thought that it may be possibly in Java: in
the Peninsula it occurs on G. Tahan, and on the Main range from
G. Kerbau to the Semangkok pass and at low level in Malacca.
Under Fraser Hill it ascends to 3500 ft. on the Selangor side of
the range (7774). |

CRYPTOGAMS.

The nomenclature of the ferns is that adopted by van Alder-
werelt. Distributions of mosses are taken from Brotherus’ mono-
graph on the Bryales in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien (I, 3). The
works quoted under each species are :— ae

91

Van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, C. R. W. K., Handbook to
the ferns of the Malay Islands, Batavia 1908; Supplement, 1917;
quoted as van Alderwerelt.

Ridley, H. N., A list of the ferns of the Malay Peninsula,
Jour. Straits Branch, R. Asiatic Society No. 50, 1908; quoted as
Ridley.

Ridley, H. N., The Fern-Allies and Characeae of the Malay
Peninsula, Jour. Straits Branch, R. Asiatic Society No. 80, 1919;
quoted as Ridley Fern-Allies.

Beddome, R. H., Handbook to the ferns of British India,
Calcutta, 1883, with Supplement; quoted as Beddome.

FERNS.

Gleichenia glauca Hk.; van Alderwerelt p. 58, Ridley p.
6, Beddome p. 2. On the Himalayas at 4000-7000 feet, in south-
ern China and Japan, extending through Malaysia to the Philip-
pines, Polynesia and Australia, and in Central America. In Java
and in the Peninsula it is a montane species, abundant on the hills
from about 1000 feet upwards. Common at Fraser Hill, in the
open and in moderate shade (8778). aie

Gleichenia linearis Clarke; van Alderwerelt p. 59; Ridley
p. 7; Beddome p. 4.

Tropical and subtropical, throughout the world. Very com-
mon everywhere in the Peninsula. At Fraser Hill quite as abun-
dant as at lower altitudes. A very large form was found by the
valley path (8777).

Cyathea moluccana R. Br.; van Alderwerelt p. 15; C.
brunonis Wall. Ridley p. 7.

Confined to the Malaysian region and the Philippines. In
the Peninsula it is common in forests at low altitudes, the highest
record being 3300 feet on G. Tahan. It does not occur at Fraser
Hill, but is common by roadsides at the Gap (8826).

Alsophila dubia Beddome Suppl. p. 4, van Alderwerelt p.
31, Ridley p. 9. .

This species is recorded from Java, Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula it has been collected on the Taiping Hills and on
G. Bubu, on G. Tahan, and on the main range from G. Kerbau
to Fraser Hill, where it is fairly common in more open places
in the jungle (8797, 8813). |

Alsophila obscura Scort.; van Alderwerelt p. 34; Ridley p. 9.

Probably endemic. This species was originally found by
Scortechini on the Taiping Hills; specimens collected subsequently
at other localities’ appear to be identical with it, but have been
referred to A. comosa Hk. They are, however, quite distinct from
specimens of the latter species from Perak, named at Calcutta,
which also agree with Hooker’s description and figure (Spec. Fil.
Vol. I, p. 53, Pl. 20). Including these specimens which appear

92

erroneously to have been referred to Hooker’s species, A. obscura
occurs in Penang, on the Taiping Hills, on the main range from
Telom to G. Angsi, on Mt. Austin in Johore and on Singapore
Island. Some of the fronds from Singapore differ more or less
from the typical form of the species, being paler and less coriaceous.
At Fraser Hill, it is one of the smaller tree ferns, fairly abundant.
(8779, 8796).

Alsophila commutata Mett.: van Alderwerelt p. 34; Ridley
p. 8: Beddome p. 14.

Known only from Batjan and Borneo (van Alderwerelt, Sup-
plement p. 59) outside the Peninsula. A montane species, occur-
ring on Kedah peak, Taiping Hills, on the main range from Bujong
Malacca to Bukit Kutu, and on Mt. Ophir. A small tree fern.
growing on Fraser Hill in partly cleared forest (8793), and in
low forest on G. Ulu Semangkok (8912), where it was not found
fertile. A curious feature. not mentioned by the authors quoted,
but shewn also by Ridley’s specimens from Bujong Malacca and
Bukit Hitam, is the presence of several much reduced pinnae at
the bases of the stipes (cf. a similar feature in Cyathea Beyrichiana,

iigured in Christ, Geographie der Farne, Jena 1910, p. 45).

Alsophila Kingii Clarke: van Alderwerelt p. 36; Ridley p.
9: Beddome p. 475.

Endemic. Originally collected on G. Bubu at 5000 feet, and
since found on G. Tahan, and on G. Pantai in Johore, (Ridley),
but we have no specimen from the last-named locality. Found
in a rather open situation on the quartz slope below Reservoir
Crest, and not noticed elsewhere (8492). The fertile pinnules
are very much reduced.

Alsophila latebrosa Wall.: van Alderwerelt p. 38, Suppl.
p- 51; Ridley p. 8; Beddome p. 11.

Occurs on the mountains of southern India. from 3000 to
7000 feet, and in northern India from 3500 to 5000 feet, through-
cut Malaysia to the Philippines and in southern China. On the
Peninsula “the commonest tree fern in the low country” (Ridley).
Tt has been found up to 5000 feet on the Taiping Hills, on Penang
Island, and at numerous localities in Selangor, Malacea, Negri
Sembilan, Johore and Singapore Island. In Java very common
up to the middle. mountain zone. At Fraser Hill. probably the
commonest of the smaller tree ferns (8825, 8794).

Alsophila glauca, J. Sm.: van Alderwerelt p. 41: Ridley
p- 8: Beddome p. 12.

Distributed from the hills of northern India and Burma
throughout the Malaysian region to the Philippines. In the Pe-
ninsula it is a montane species, occurring on G. Raya, Lankawi,
the Taiping Hills. on the top of Penang hill, on the main range:
south to G. Angsi, and on Bukit Soga in Johore. It has also
been collected on Pulau Tiuman. The largest tree fern in the

93

Fraser Hill area, frequent in open places in the jungle and es-
pecially abundant in the valley which had been formerly cleared
for tin mining (8812).

Cibotium barometz J. Sm.; van Alderwerelt p. 48; Ridley
p. 10; Beddome p. 24.

Distributed probably throughout Malaysia, in the Philippines,
Assam and southern China. In the Peninsula “in woods at no
elevation, not rare’ (Ridley). It has been collected on Kedah
peak at 1100 feet, on the Taiping Hills, at various points on the
main range from G. Kerbau to Bukit Kutu, at Klang Gates and
on Penang Island. Abundant in cleared places and also in moder-
ate shade, the fronds sometimes as much as 15 feet in length,
including the stipe.

_Hymenophyllum australe Willd.; van Alderwerelt p. 69
and 797; H. javanicum Spr., Ridley p. 11, Beddome p. 32.

Extends from the Himalayas through Malaysia to Austraha
and New Zealand. In the Peninsula it has been collected on the
Taiping Hills, on the main range at Telom and Ginting Sempah,
on Mt. Ophir and on G. Pulai in Johore. It was found at Fraser
Hill by Mrs. Smith.

Hymenophyllum Blumeanum Spr.: van Alderwerelt p. 71;
H. polyanthos Sw., Ridley p. 10, Beddome p. 30.
Generally distributed through the rain forest regions of tropical
Asia. In the Peninsula found at many localities, on the hills in
the north and at lower altitudes in Johore and Singapore. At
Fraser Hill this species was collected by Mrs. Smith; the fronds
are broad, and do not correspond to Beddome’s H. polyanthos v.
Blumeanum.

-

Hymenophyllum formosum Brack.; van Alderwerelt p. 72;
/T. dilatatum Sw., Ridley p. 11, Beddome Suppl. p. 7.
_ Extends from Malaysia into the Pacific, to Australia and New
Zealand. In the Peninsula it has previously been collected on
the Taiping Hills only. It is represented in Mrs. Smith’s col-
lection. |

Hymenophyllum serrulatum (C. Chr.: van Alderwerelt p-
-79; H. Smith’ Hk., Ridley p. 11, Beddome p. 34.

A Malaysian species, extending to New Guinea. In the Pe-
ninsula it has been found on the Taiping Hills, on the main range
from Bujong Malacca to Bukit Hitam in Selangor, on Penang
- Hill, G. Benom, and in Johore and Singapore. At Fraser Hill,
it is very abundant on trees in the jungle (8451).

Hymenophyllum Neesii Hk.: yan Alderwerelt p. 81, Ridley
p. 11, Beddome p. 35.

Occurs in Ceylon and Malaysia. In the Peninsula “common
on trees, low country up to 4000 feet” (Ridley) ; it has been col-
lected from numerous localities, including Singapore. At Fraser
Hill it is very abundant (8413, 8415). — :

94

Trichomanes sublimatum K. Miill.; van Alderwerelt p. 86;
T. muscoides Sw. var. sublimatum, Ridley p. 12.

On the Khasya Hills and through Malaysia to New Guinea.
In the Peninsula it is probably widely distributed, and has been
found on Bujong Malacca, Mt. Ophir, in the Telok Reserve near
Klang, and in Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill it was seen twice,
on deeply shaded wet rocks by small streams (9180).

Trichomanes digitatum Sw., van Alderwerelt p. 89, Ridley
p. 12; Beddome p. 39.

Found in the Mascarenes, Ceylon, and through Malaysia to
Polynesia and Australia. In the north of Peninsula it is only
recorded from the hills (Taiping Hills, main range from G. Kerbau
to Bukit Kutu, G. Tahan at 4000-5000 feet) but it is found on
Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill it is common on tree trunks
near the ground, in the forest (8770).

Trichomanes proliferum Bl.; van Alderwerelt p. 90, Ridley
p. 13; Beddome p. 39.

On the hills of Cevlon and southern India, in Malaysia and

the Philippines. In the Peninsula it has only been recorded from .

the Taiping Hills, up to 4000 feet. At Fraser Hill found on tree
trunks in the forest (8836).

Trichomanes bipunctatum Poir.; van Alderwerelt p. 95,
Ridley p. 13, Beddome p. 41.

‘ Occurs in tropical Africa, tropical Asia, Polynesia and Aus-
tralia. It has been collected in both low and high country, certainly
up to 4000 feet, in various parts of the Peninsula. and in Singapore
Island. At Fraser Hill it is one of the less abundant species.
It is possible that the specimen should be referred to7’. bilabiatum,
an allied species with a more restricted distribution (8833).

Trichomanes maximum Bl.: van Alderwerelt p. 99, Ridley
p- 14: Beddome Suppl. p. 10.

A species common to Malaysia, Polynesia and northern Aus-
tralia. It has been collected on the hills in the Peninsula from
G. Kerbau to Johore, but not in the low country. At Fraser Hill
collected once only, on shaded rocks above the stream in the valley
(8903).

Trichomanes rigidum Sw.; van Alderwerelt p. 102, Ridley
p- 13: Beddome p. 44.

A pantropical species, in the Peninsula collected especially
from tne hill forests, but also found in Singapore Island. At
Fraser Hill it is one of the few species which are found in full
shade on the ground in the forest, and is abundant (8465).

Trichomanes pluma Hk.; van Alderwerelt p. 106, Ridley
p. 14: Beddome Suppl. p. 11.

In Malavsia and Polynesia, extending to New Caledonia.
Found in hill forests in the Peninsula on the Taiping Hills, on
the main range from G. Berumban to Ginting Bidai, on G. Tahan

95

and Mt. Ophir, the highest record being 6000 feet on G. Kerbau-
At Fraser Hill it is a fairly common species of the forest floor,
occasionally found on the bases of tree trunks (8734).

Oleandra neriiformis Cav.; van Alderwerelt p. 152. Ridley
p. 40; Beddome p. 285.

This species is found in tropical Africa and America, on the
eastern Himalayas at 2000-5000 feet, through Malaysia to New
Guinea and Polynesia. In the Peninsula it is montane, and has
been found at nearly all localities where colleetions have been made.
It has a decidedly xerophytic habit and at Fraser Hill was some-
times found in the fern thickets in open places, though usually
growing in the jungle, climbing some distance up the tree (8497).
The form collected differs somewhat from typical O. neruformas,
in that the stipes, which are always very short, are jointed at the
base of the lamina. In other respects it agrees with O. nerufornuis
rather than with O. colubrina.

Nephrolepis acuminata, Kuhn.; van Alderwerelt, p. 159;
N. davallioides Kze., Ridley p. 39, Beddome Suppl. p. 81.

Confined to Malaysia and New Guinea. In Java it is a
common epiphyte, from the low country to the middle forest zone
of the mountains. In the Peninsula it has been collected on thé
Taiping Hills at 3600-4000 feet, at Telom, and on Bukit Hitam
at 4000 feet. At Fraser Hill it is a common epiphyte. growing
luxuriantly on the trunks of trees in the jungle, the fronds up
to 2 m. in length. It occurs also on the rocks in the open mining
valley (8848, 8494).

Nephrolepis cordifolia, Pr.: yan Alderwerelt, p. 160, Bed-
dome p. 282. :

A pantropical species, occurring throughout the Indian region
up to 5000 feet elevation, and in Java a common ground fern in
not too deeply shaded or quite open places up to 8000 feet. There
are no specimens from the Peninsula in the Singapore herbarium
and Ridley does not record it. At Fraser Hill it was found on
bare ground, quite in the open (8495).

Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott.; van Alderwerelt, p. 161, Rid-

ley p. 39, Beddome p. 282.
_ A pantropical species. Abundant at low altitudes at least in
the south of the Peninsula, but little collected in the north, except at
Penang. It often grows on trees and rocks, with long pendulous
fronds. The present writer cannot certainly say what is its fre-
quency and habit at Fraser Hill. but it is probably abundant. Mrs.
Smith’s specimen in labelled “open space, jungle.”

Nephrolepis biserrata, Schott.; van Alderwerelt, p. 162;
N. acuta, Pr., Ridley p. 39, Beddome p. 284.

A pantropical species. It is very abundant in the south of
the Peninsula where secondary growth is beginning to replace
cleared jungle: it has hardly heen collected in the north except on
Penang Island. At Fraser Hill comparatively small plants were
noted on cleared ground.

96

Dryopteris crassifolia, O. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 182;
Lastraea crassifolia, Ridley p. 35, Beddome p. 238.

Burmah and Malaysia, extending to the Philippines. In the
Peninsula it is probably general in the forests of the low country
and on the hills to at least 4000 feet. It has been collected on
Singapore Tsland and in the lowland forests of Johore and Malacca,
and also on Mt. Ophir and the Taiping Hills. <A ground fern of
the jungle. noticed only on South Ridge (8765).

Dryopteris calcarata, O. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 185;
Lastraea calcarata, Beddome p. 235, Ridley. p.35.

General throughout southern tropical Asia, Malaysia and the
Philippine:, extending into Polynesia. In the Peninsula the typical
form of the species has only been collected on the Taping Hills,
on G. Kerbau and Ulu Semangkok. At Fraser Hill it is a common
ground fern of the jungle, the stem sometimes projecting nearly
a foot above the surface of the ground (8736, 8790).

Dryopteris singalanensis, ©. Chr.: van Alderwerelt, p. 192;
Lastraea singalanensis Beddome Suppl. p. 54, Ridley p. 35.

Previously known from the Taiping Hills at 3500-4000 feet,
and from Mt. Singalan in Sumatra. At Fraser Hill collected
once only, on the open valley-side (8811).

Dryopteris ferox, 0. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 221; Nephro-
dium ferox Moore, Beddome p. 279, Ridley p. 38.

In northern India, Malaysia and the Philippines. In the
Peninsula it has been collected only on the Taiping Hills at 2000
feet, at Fraser Hill and on Penang Hill. Only one mature speci-
men was seen (8795), in partially cleared jungle on the valley
side, but young plants, probably of this species, were abundant
near by.

Dryopteris parasitica, O. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 224;
Nephrodium molle R. Br., Ridley p. 37, Beddome p. 277%.

Pantropical. Common throughout the Peninsula, in the low
country and on the hills (8901).

Dryopteris truncata, 0. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 227;
Nephrodium truncatum Pr., Ridley p. 38, Beddome p. 280.

Extends to Madagascar and to Polynesia and Australia. In
the Penin-ula it has been collected in low country in Perak, -and
also on the Taiping Hills and on G. Kerbau at 5000 feet, and at

low altitudes in Selangor, Johore and Singapore. It was found by
Mrs. Smith at Fraser Hill.

Dryopteris heterocarpa, 0. Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 228;
Nephrodium heterocarpum Moore, Ridley p. 38, Beddome Suppl.
Pp ac.

A western Malaysian species, collected in the Peninsula on
the Taiping Hills at 2500-3000 feet, at Telom in Pahang, in Negri
Sembilan and on the Islands of Penang and Singapore. At Fraser
Hill it was only found below 4000 feet, abundantly by the forest
path down to the Gap and in the mining vallev (8814, 8763).

97

Mesochlaena larutensis, (Bedd.) van Alderwerelt, p. 232;
Nephrodium larutense Beddome, Suppl. p. 73, Ridley p. 38.

Reported only from Borneo (Copeland) outside the Peninsula.
The species was originally collected on the Taiping Hills, and has
since been found at Telom and Ginting Sempah on the main range.
It was not noticed at Fraser Hill, but was found once only in the
forest at the foot of G. Ulu Semangkok, just above the Gap (8913).

Aspidium pachyphyllum, Kze.; van Alderwerelt, p. 252,
Ridley p. 33, Beddome Suppl. p. 46.

A Malaysian and Polynesian species, previously collected in
Perak at altitudes from 100 to 1500 feet. At Fraser Hill it was
only found by the present writers by the valley path in the edge
of the jungle (just below 4000 feet) and always sterile. Mrs.
Smith, however, sent a fertile frond, collected at about 4000 feet.

Odontosoria chinensis, J. Sm.; van Alderwerelt, p. 259;
Stenoloma chinensis Bedd., Ridley p. 19, Beddome p. 70.

In Madagascar, Ceylon and southern India on the mountains,
northern India to southern China and Japan, and through Malaysia
to the Philippines and Polynesia. In the Peninsula ‘on banks at
considerable altitudes, this plant seems to prefer stiff yellow clays”
(Ridley). It has been collected at Jor in Perak, on the main
range at the Semangkok pass and Ginting Bidai, by the Tahan
river and on Penang Hill. At Fraser Hill abundant in open places

on the clay, not usually among the first plants on bare ground
(8496).

Lindsaya pectinata, Bl.: van Alderwerelt, p. 269.

Distributed from Assam through Malaysia to the Philippines.
This species is hardly distinguishable from L. scandens on the one
hand and from L. repens (with which it is included by Beddome)
on the other: the present specimen has exactly the form and habit
of L. scandens except for a slight lobing of the edge of the leaflets,
and consequent interruption of the sori, while specimens from
elsewhere with less decurved lower margins of the leaflets grade
into L. repens. All are creeping or climbing ferns of the jungle
and are widely distributed in the Peninsula. JL. pectinata is com-
mon at Fraser Hill (8452); LZ. scandens proper was not noticed.

: Lindsaya orbiculata, Mett.; van Alderwerelt, p. 270, Ridley,
p- 20, Beddome p. 75.

In Ceylon and southern India, northern India to southern
China, and through Malaysia to Australia. In the Peninsula it
is a ground fern of the forest, chiefly montane. It has been col-
lected on Kedah Peak at 1000 feet, on the Taiping Hills, on the
main range from Bujong Malacca to G. Angsi, on G. Tahan, and
on Penang Island. At Fraser Hill it is one of the most constant
ground ferns, occurring in quite deep shade (8400).

L. orbiculata var. polymorpha, Hk.
No. 8762. ‘This form is equally abundant with the typical
form of the species, and in some cases shows transitions to the

98

latter. The only other specimens of this variety in the Singapore
herbarium are from Penang.

Lindsaya decomposita, Willd.; van Alderwerelt, p. 274;
Schizoloma lobata Beddome, p. 77, Ridley p. 21.

In Ceylon and southern India, through Malaysia to Polynesia
and Australia. In the Peninsula not confined to the mountains,
at least in the south, being found at low altitudes in Johore and
Negri Sembilan. It is difficult to separate this species from JL.
davallioides. At Fraser Hill it occurs along with L. orbiculata
(8707, 8474). Some specimens show little or no anastomosis of
veins. :

Humata repens, Diels; van Alderwerelt, p. 288; H. pedata,
J. Sm., Ridley p. 16, Beddome.p. 48.

In the Mascarenes, Ceylon and southern India at 3000-4000
feet, the eastern Himalayas and southern China, and through Ma-
laysia to Australia. In the Peninsula it is not confined to the
mountains and has been collected at numerous localities. At Fraser
Hill it is a common epiphyte, the fronds frequently rather small
(8463).

Davallia bullata, Wall.; van Alderwerelt, p. 303, Ridley, p.
17%, Beddome p, 61.

Found on the mountains of southern India, on the eastern
Himalayas to 6000 feet, in Burmah, southern China and Japan,
Malaysia and the Philippines. In the Peninsula it is montane,
occurring on Kedah Peak at 3000-4000 feet, on the Taiping Hills,
and on the main range from G. Berumban to Ginting Bidai. At
Fraser Hill, a fairly common epiphyte (8706).

Davallia divaricata, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p, 305, Ridley, p.

17, Beddome p. 60.
Found on the eastern Himalayas and in southern China, Malaysia
and the Philippines. In Java it is a common epiphyte, from sea
level to the lower forest zone; in the Peninsula it has previously
been collected only on the Taiping Hills at 3000 feet. At Fraser
Hill, found only at about 3500 feet, in the old mining valley, on
granite boulders near the stream (8846).

_ Tapeinidium pinnatum, C. Chr.; van Alderwerelt, p. 314;
Microlepia pinnata J. Sm., Ridley p. 18. Beddome p. 64.
In southern India and spread through Malaysia to Polynesia.
In the Peninsula it has been found on the Taiping Hills at 2000-
3000 feet, on the main range from Telom to G. Tampin, on G.
Tahan at 3000 feet, on Penang Hill, Mt. Ophir and G. Pulai, and
in Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill collected by Mrs. Smith at
about 4000 feet.

Dennstaedtia moluccana Moore, var. sinuata Bonaparte;
van Alderwerelt p. 146.
__ A scrambling fern with aculeate rachis found on the cleared
hilltop of South Summits at Fraser Hill in a thicket of Pteridium,
Gleichenia, etc. (8817) has been identified as above by H. H. Prince

i

R. Bonaparte. D. moluccana has a distribution in Malaysia, Fiji
-and Formosa; no other record of it from the Peninsula is known.
Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh.; van Alderwerelt, p. 336.

This species is distributed from Malaysia to Australia, Poly-
nesia and New Zealand, and occurs also in southern China. The
cnly specimens in the Singapore herbarium from the Peninsula
are from Fraser Hill, collected by Mr. Hose, Mrs. Smith and the
present writers (8498). It appears doubtful however whether
Beddome’s H. punctata from the Taiping Hills (Beddome, Suppl.
p. 19) is really distinct from the present species, as the only differ-
ence seems to be in the character of the hairs on the rachis and
leaflets. H. tenwifolia from Fraser Mill is rather densely covered
with viscid glandular hairs.

Histiopteris incisa, J. Sm.; van Alderwerelt, p. 349; Jnto-
brochia wncisa Pr., Ridley p. 25, Beddome p. 120.

Pantropical. In Ceylon and southern India it occurs on the
hills at 3-4000 feet. and on the Khasya Hills to 6500 feet. In
Java it extends from the plains to the highest summits. In the
Peninsula it has been collected on the Taiping Hills, G. Kerbau,
Kedah Peak, and on the Islands of Penang and Singapore. At
Fra-er Hill it is abundant in the open, young plants being very
‘abundant by the paths, and both the typical form and Beddome’s
var. integrifolia (8499) occur. The latter variety has only been
‘collected previously in Perak.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn.; van Alderwerelt, p. 377:
Pteris aquilina L., Ridley p. 24, Beddome p. 115.

Distribution worldwide. Abundant in open places all over
the Peninsula at all altitudes. At Fraser Hill forming dense
thickets, with Gleichenia and other ferns, on the cleared hilltops.

Blechnum orientale, L.: van Alderwerelt, p. 387, Ridley, p.
‘26, Beddome p. 132.

Distributed generally through tropical Asia and through Ma-
laysia to Polynesia and Australia. In southern India it is found
cn the hills up to 6000 feet, and in Java from sea level up to the
summit of G. Gedeh. In the Peninsula it grows only in the open,
and is very common almost everywhere. At Fraser Hill young
-plants are very abundant on newly cleared ground, especially by
paths in the jungle (8493).

; Diplazium subserratum, Moore; van Alderwerelt, p. 400,
Ridley p. 29. Beddome p. 174.

Known only from the Peninsula, Java and Borneo. In Java
it is a ground fern of the lower forest zone (3000-5000 feet) ; in
the Peninsula it has been collected on the Taiping Hills, on the
main range from Telom south to Ginting B’dai, and on Penang

“Island. At Fraser Hill, a ground fern oF the forest, noticed once
only (8902).

Diplazium sylvaticum, Sw.; van Alderwerelt, p. 402, Ridley,
p. 30. Beddome p. 177.

100

A pantropical species. In Java, Raciborski records it fron
the woods of the low country only. It has been found on the Lan-
kawi Islands, on the Taiping Hills, on the main range at G. Berum-
ban and Bukit Kutu, and at lower altitudes in Pahang, Selangor,
Malacca and in Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill it is of local
occurrence, a ground fern of the jungle (8518).

Diplazium bantamense, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 405, Ridley,,.
p. 30, Beddome p. 177.

In southern and northern India and southern China, and
through Malaysia to the Philippines and the New Hebrides. In
Java it is a common ground fern of the lower and middle forest
zones, rare in the low country; in the Peninsula it occurs on the
Taiping Hills at 3000 feet, on the main range from Perak to
Negri Sembilan, in Pahang, and at lower altitudes in Malacca
and Singapore. A ground fern of the forest (10018).

Diplazium tomentosum, Bl.: van Alderwerelt, p. 414, Rid-
ley p. 80, Beddome p. 179.

Confined to Burmah and western Malaysia. In the Peninsula
it 1s widely distributed in the lowlands, and also in the hills from
Perak to Johore, and in Singapore Island; a ground fern of the
forest. Locally abundant at Fraser Hill (8816).

Diplazium speciosum, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 415, Ridley,
p. 30, Beddome p. 178.

A Malaysian species (occurring also in Indo-China?), widely
distributed in the Peninsula from Kedah to Singapore, both at
low altitudes and on the hills, in forests (10019).

Diplazium polypodioides, Bl.; yan Alderwerelt, p. 419, Bed-
dome p. 184; D. asperum var. polypodioides, Ridley p. 31.

Distributed from Ceylon, southern and northern India through:
Malaysia to the Philippines and to Australia. The distinction
between this species and D. asperum as found in the Peninsula is
not very, marked; Ridley has included both as varieties of the same:
species, though Beddome separates them and considers D. polypo-
diovdes to be an extreme form of D. latifolium. The present speci-
men (8844), found in the valley near the stream, appears to be
nearer typical D. polypodioides than others collected in the Penin-
sula, but has a decidedly rough stipe. The two species together
have been found in Penang Island, at Ulu Bubong in Perak, and
on the main range at Ulu Temengo and Ginting Sempah.

Diplazium cordifolium, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 422; Aniso-
gonum cordifohum Bedd.; Ridley p. 31, Beddome p. 191.

Distributed from tropical Africa through India and Malaysia
to Polynesia. In the Peninsula it has been collected chiefly on
the hills, in Perak up to 5000 feet and on the main range at several
points, but also at lower altitudes in Selangor and on Singapore
Island. A ground fern of the jungle, found once only, just below
4000 feet by the valley path (8850).

161

Diplazium fraxinifolium, Pr.; van Alderwerelt, p. 423;
Anisogonium lineolatum Mett., Ridley p. 31, Beddome p. 191.

Distributed through Malaysia and the Philippines, and also
in Japan (van Alderwerelt). In the Peninsula it is a montane
‘species, collected on the Taiping Hills at 3000-4000 feet, on the
main range at Telom and G. Batu Puteh (2000-3000 feet) and on
Penang Hill. At Fraser Hill a ground fern of the jungle (8799).

Diplazium proliferum, Thouars y. accedens (Bl.); van
Alderwerelt p. 424; Anisogoniwm decussatum Beddome, Suppl. p.
40, Ridley p. 31.

Found in tropical Africa and Madagascar, through Mataysia
to Polynesia and northern Australia, but not in India. The only
‘other records from the Peninsula are from the Taiping Hills up to
4500 feet and from Telom. Found once only, in moist ground
by the valley path, rather in the open (8780).

Asplenium nidus, L.; van Alderwerelt, p. 439: Thamnopteris
nidus Pr., Ridley p. 26. Beddome p. 137.

Occurs in Madagascar, in tropical Avia generally, and through
Malaysia to Australia. It is common on trees throughout the
Peninsula, and was of occasional occurrence at Fraser Hill.

Asplenium Scortechini, Beddome, Suppl., p. 27, Ridley, p.
27, van Alderwerelt p. 443.

Endemic and montane, previously collected on the Taiping
Hills at 3000-4000 feet, and on the main range at G. Berumban
in Pahang. An epiphyte, on tree trunks in the forest, not common
(8776).

Asplenium normale, Don; van Alderwerelt, p. 453, Ridley,
p. 2%, Beddome p. 144.

On the mountains of southern India and Ceylon at 3000-6000
feet, the eastern Himalayas and Khasya Hills, in southern China,
‘and through Malaysia to the Philippines and islands of the Pacific.
In the Peninsula found on Kedah Peak, on the Taiping Hills at
‘0000 feet, and on the main range at Telom. At Fraser Hill fairly
common on the ground and on trees near the ground (8464).

Asplenium tenerum, Forst.; van Alderwerelt, p. 458, Ridley,
- p. 28; Beddome p. 147.

In tropical Africa, Ceylon, and through Malaysia to the Phi-
lippines, New Guinea, and Polynesia. In the Peninsula widely
distributed and not confined to the hills, found also on Singapore
Island. At Fraser Hill it grows on the ground and on trees in
the jungle (10020).

Asplenium caudatum, Forst.; van Alderwerelt, p. 460, Rid-
ley, p. 28; Beddome p. 151.

A pantropical species. In the Peninsula it appears to be
‘montane and has only been collected from the Taiping Hills at
2500-4000 feet. At Fraser Hill not common, an epiphyte in the
jungle (10021).

102
Asplenium praemorsum, Sw.; yan Alderwerelt, p. 470; A.

furcatum Thb., Beddome p. 157.

A pantropical species, occurring on the mountains of southern
India and Ceylon at 5-7000 feet, and in Java above 7000 feet.

It has not previously been- recorded from the Peninsula, but a single
specimen growing epiphytically at Fraser Hill (8485) seems to be

hearer to it than to any other species of Asplenium.

Asplenium nitidwm, Sw.; van Alderwerelt, p. 471, Ridley,
p. 29, Beddome p. .157.

Occurs in the forests of Ceylon and south India, on the Khasya
Hills at 1000-4000 feet altitude, through Malaysia to the Philip-
pines and in the Mascarenes. In Java it is found in the lower and
middle forest zones up to 6000 feet. In the Peninsula it has been

collected on the Taiping Hills up to 4000 feet, on the Tahan river,

on Pulau Tiuman, and at various localitiés in Johore and on
Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill it is epiphytic, and not common
(8905).

Phegopteris laserpitiifolia, Beddome, Suppl., p. 84, Ridley,
p. 40, van Alderwerelt p. 494.

Endemic and montane. Collected only in Perak (no locality)

and on the main range at Telom. A ground fern of the forest,

found only once, on Lower North Ridge (8798).

Dipteris conjugata, Reinw.; van Alderwerelt, p. 523; D.
florsfieldu, Beddome p. 336, Ridley p. 44.

Throughout Malaysia, extending to the Philippines, New
Guinea and Polynesia, and also in Formosa. In the Peninsula
“on rocks by the sea, and also on mountain tops” (Ridley). It
is found on all the hills in open places at about 3000 feet and up-
wards, and also on the shores of Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill
it was found abundantly in exposed situations both below 4000
feet and on the summit of Pine-tree Hill (8738) the highest point
reached (4800 feet). Young plants were noticeable in many places
by the forest paths.

Ceropteris calomelanos, Und.; van Alderwerelt, p. 528;
Grymnogramme calomelanos KIf., Ridley p. 48.

This fern is said to have been introduced into Malaysia through
cultivation, its original home being tropical America and Africa.

It has been collected at many widely separated localities in- the

Peninsula, the highest altitude recorded being 4000 feet on G.
Kerbau. At Fraser Hill it grows abundantly in open places, and
is one of the first vascular plants to establish itself on bare ground
(8483).

Monogramme paradoxa, Beddome, p. 375, van Alderwerelt,
p- 552; MW. junghuhnii Hk., Ridley p. 48.

On the mountains of Ceylon and southern India, and through
Malaysia to Polynesia and Australia. The only other specimens
in the Singapore herbarium are from Penang and Singapore. At
Fraser Hill it was collected once only, an epiphyte in the forest
(8835), but may have been overlooked on aecount of its small size..

103

Vittaria elongata, Sw.: van Alderwerelt, p. 556, Ridley, p-
51, Beddome p. 404.

An epiphyte of the rain forests of tropical Africa and Asia, ex-
tending through Malaysia to Polynesia and Australia. In Java
it does not occur above 5500 feet. In the Peninsula it is common
everywhere, in the low country and the hills, probably up to the
upper limit of forest. At Fraser Hill it is one of the most abun-
dant epiphytic ferns, and as usual rather variable (8471).

Vittaria pusilla, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 560; V. falcata,
Kze., Ridley p. 51, Beddome p. 406.

Occurs in Ceylon, Malaysia, the Philippines and Australia.
In Java it is an epiphyte of the middle and upper forest zones,
amongst moss, and in the Peninsula it appears to be montane,
having been found on the main range at G. Berumban in Pahang
and Bujong Malacca, on G. Tahan, G. Benom and Mt. Ophir.
At Fraser Hill it is a not uncommon epiphyte, sometimes found
with fertile fronds less than 5 cm. in length (8461).

Taenitis blechnoides, Sw.; van Alderwerelt, p. 563, Ridley,
p. 52, Beddome p. 410.

Occurs in Ceylon and in northern India, and through Malaysia
to the Philippines, New Guinea and Polynesia. “Common in
woods all over the Penin-ula and very variable” (Ridley). At
Fraser Hill it is very abundant, especially by paths in the forest,
the simple form being mo-t frequent and large pinnate fronds
rare (8735).

Polypodium hirtelium, Bl.; van Aldevwerelt, p. 582, Ridley,
p. 41, Beddome, p. 305.

Found in Ceylon, Malaysia, the Philippines, and New Cale-
donia. In the Peninsula and in Java it is montane, an epiphyte of
mossy tree trunks; it has been collected on Kedah Peak at 2,500
feet, on the main range at G. Berumban and G. Batu Puteh (6,000
feet), on G. Tahan and Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hill it was found
only once (8767).

Polypodium cucullatum, Nees and Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p-
589, Ridley, p. 42, Beddome, p. 307.

Oceurs on the hills of Ceylon and southern India at 3,000-
5,000 feet, in Malaysia and Polynesia. In Java it is found as an
epiphyte from the middle forest zone up to 9,000 feet. In the
Peninsula it has been found on the Taiping Hills at 3,000 feet,
and on the main range at Bujong Malacca and Bukit Kutu; the
specimens so named from G. Tahan appear distinctly different. At
Fraser Hill it was noticed only. twice (8740), but is easily over-
looked on account of its small size.

Polypodium subpinnatifidum, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 590,
Ridley, p. 42, Beddome Suppl., p. 86.

Recorded from the Peninsula, Java, and the Philippines
(Copeland). In the Peninsula it has only been found on G.
Kerbau, Ulu Semangkok and G. ‘Tahan, but the distinction from

104

P. cornigerum does not seem well-marked. At Fraser Hill an
epiphyte in the forest, abundant near Pine-tree Hill and at the
highest point reached on G. Ulu Semangkok (8729).

Polypodium obliquatum, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, p. 600, Rid-
ley, p. 42, Beddome, p. 311._

A common epiphyte in Ceylon, in southern India at 4,000-
5,000 feet, in ‘Malaysia and the Philippines. In the Peninsula ap-
parently montane, having been collected on the Taiping Hills at
3,000 feet, at Temengo and Telom. At Fraser Hill it is an epiphyte
in the forest (8782); observations as to its frequency are inade-
quate.

Polypodium mollicomum, Nees and Bl.; van Alderwerelt,
p. 601; P. fuscatum, BL. Ridley, p. 42, Beddome, p. 311.

This species is recorded from Ceylon and Malaysia. The
specimens from Fraser Hill come nearest to it, but differ markedly
from those from other localities, in the thinner translucent texture
and great development of spreading hairs over the whole plant.
Ferns from G. Tahan referred to P. malaccanum are in close agree-
ment, differing from the type of the latter species from the top of
Mt. Ophir. Other specimens referred to P. mollicomum are from
G. Bubu and Kedah Peak. At Fraser Hill a fairly common epi-
phyte (8731).

Polypodium khasyanum, Hk.; van Alderwerelt, p. 603, Rid-
ley, p. 42, Beddome, p. 308.

This species occurs on the Khasya Hills and in Assam at 3,000-
4,000 feet, and in the Peninsula has been collected on the Taiping
Hills at 4,000 feet, and on G. Pulai in Johore. At Fraser Hill it
is an epiphyte, collected once only but possibly not infrequent
(8486).

Polypodium serraeforme, J. Sm.; van Alderwerelt, p. 615;
Prosaptia Emerson, Pr., Ridley, p. 16, Beddome, p. 56.

Found on the hills of southern India and Ceylon, and through
Malaysia to the Philippines and to Samoa. In the Peninsula it
has been widely collected on the hills from Kedah Peak to G. Pulai
in Johore, and at lower altitudes in Malacca and Selangor. At
Fraser Hill collected by Mrs. Smith.

Polypodium contiguum, J. Sm.; van Alderwerelt, p. 616;
Prosaptia contigua, Sw., Ridley, p. 17, Beddome, p. 56.

On the mountains of Ce eylon and southern India and through
Malaysia to Polynesia. In the Peninsula it has been collected on
the Taiping Hills at 3,500 feet, at Telom, on Penang Hill at 2,000
feet, on G. Tahan, by. the Tahan river and in Sungei Ujong. At
Fraser Hill a fairly common epiphyte (8487).

Polypodium verrucosum, Wall.; van Alderwerelt, p. 619;
Goniophlebium verrucosum, J. Sm., Ridley, p. 43, Beddome, p. 324.

Through Malaysia and the Pulte! to New Guinea and
Australia. In the Peninsula not confined to the hills, but collected
from few localities. At Fraser Hill it is fairly common as an

105

epiphyte (8760), sometimes found growing beneath a larger fern,
Asplenium nidus or Pleopeltis heraclea.

Polypodium argutum, Wall.; van Alderwerelt, p. 621;
Goniophlebium argutum, Wall., Beddome, p. 3238.

This species has a distribution in northern India and Luzon.
Specimens collected at Fraser Hill in 1919 by Mr. C. Hose and at
the Semangkok pass by Mr. Ridley have fewer pinnae than is
normal hut appear to be referable to it rather than to P. amaenuwm
Wall.

Pleopeltis accedens, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p. 376,
Ridley, p. 45, Beddome, p. 345.

From Malaysia to New Guinea and Polynesia. In the Penin-
sula an epiplivte of the hill forests, collected on the ‘Taiping Hills
at 3,000 feet, and on the main range from G. Kerbau to Ginting
Sempah. At Fraser Hill it was found a few times, growing with
P. Wrayi and I. slenophylla (10022).

Pieopeltis Wrayi, Beddome, Suppl., p. 93, van Alderwerelt,
Suppl., p. 376, Ridley, p. 45.

This species has been recorded only from Sumatra and Borneo
outside the Peninsula. It occurs on the Taiping Hills at 4,000-
5000 feet on the main range from G. Kerbau to Fraser Hill, on
G. Tahan and G. Benom. At Fraser Hill it is a common epiphyte
(8462, 8488, 8733).

Pleopeltis peltata, Scort.; van Alderwerelt, Suppl. p. 376.

An endemic and montane species, closely alhed to P. super-
ficiale Bl., and no doubt originated locally from it. P. peltata has
been found on the Taiping Hills at 3,000-4,000 feet, and on the
main range at Telom and on G. Batu Puteh. . At Fraser Hill it
grows epiphytically in the forest, and was noticed two or three times
only (8732).

Pleopeltis stenophyila, Moore.: van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p.
379, Ridley, p. 45, Beddome, p. 348.

In Malaysia, the Philippines and Fiji; in Java ap epiphyte of
the lower forest zone. In the Peninsula “ high up on lofty trees
in the low country, on rocks and low ‘trees in the hills” (Ridley).
It has been collected on Kedah Peak, on the Taiping Hills at 3,000

~ feet, at the Semangkok pass, in Johore and on the Islands of Penang

and Singapore. At Fraser Hill a common epiphyte (8828).
Pleopeltis subcaudiformis, y. A. v. R., Suppl., p. 384.
Polypodium heterocarpum, Mett. var. abbreviatum, v. A. v. R.,
p. 677.
Distribution, Malaya (van Alderwerelt). In the Peninsula
collected only at Fraser Hill where it is one of the less common
epiphytes. The identification is from description only (8834).
Pleopeltis platyphylla, Beddome, Suppl., p. 94, van Alder-
warelt, Suppl., p. 386, Ridley, p. 46.
Confined to western Malaysia. In the Peninsula it is montane,
having been collected on Kedah Peak, on the Taiping Hills, and

106

on the main range at Telom and Ginting Sempah. At Fraser Hill
it was found once as an epiphyte (a small eterile specimen) and
abundantly on the rocks of the mining valley near the stream
(8768).

Pleopeltis rupestris, Moore; van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p. 387,
Ridley, p. 46, Beddome, Suppl., p. 94.

An epiphyte, confined to Malaysia and the Philippines. In
the Peninsula it has been collected only on the Taiping Hills at
3,000 feet and on G. Inas in Perak at 5,000 feet. At Fraser Hill
only one small specimen was collected.

Pleopeltis incurvata, Moore; van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p.
399, Ridley, p. 47, Beddome, p. 364.

An epiphyte, confined to Malaysia and the Philippines. In
Java it occurs in the lower forest zone. In the Peninsula it is
montane, and has been found on Kedah Peak, the Taiping Hills,
on the main range from Bujong Malacca to Bukit Hitam in Selan-
gor, and on G. Tahan. At Fraser Hill it is abundant (8484).

Pleopeltis laciniata, Beddome, Suppl., p. 97, Ridley, p. 47,
van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p. 399. }

Confined to western Malaysia and Celebes. In Java it is an
epiphyte of the lower and middle forest zones. In the Peninsula
it has been found on the Taiping Hills at 3,500-5,000 feet, and on
G. Tahan at 5,000-6,000 feet. At Fraser Hill it was found once
only, on South Summits, on the ground in the forest (8815), but
probably it is usually epiphytic.

Pleopeltis sp. nov. ? No. 8789. An epiphyte, found once
only. It has a pinnatifid frond, hke that of P. laciniata, but with
more distant segments, and scattered superficial sori. Represented
also in Mr. Hose’s collection.

Pleopeltis heraclea, (IKze.) ; van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p. 403;
Drynaria heraclewm, Moore, Ridley, p. 45, Beddome, Suppl., p. 93.

Occurs throughout Malaysia and in New Guinea. In Java it
‘s a common epiphyte of the lower, and less common in the middle
forest zone. li the Peninsula it has been collected on the Taiping
Hills at 3,000-4,000 feet,-and on Penang Hill. At Fraser Hill it
is a common epiphyte (8764), and was found also creeping over the
rocks in the cleared mining valley.

Lecanopteris carnosa, Bl.; van Alderwerelt, Suppl., p. 407,
Ridley, p. 10.

‘Confined to Malaysia and the Philippines. In the Peninsula
this species is montane, and has been found on the Taiping Hills
at 3,000-5,000 feet, on the T’elom ridge, and on G. Tahan at 3,000-
5,000 feet. Specimens from Singapore referred to this species
have sealy rhizomes and medial sori, characteristic of L. lomarioides.
At Fraser Hill branches of trees were frequently seen covered with
the black tuberculous rhizome of this myrmecophilous fern, but
well-developed fertile fronds were not often found (8728).

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107

Cyclophorus flocciger, Pr.; van Alderwerelt, p. 687; Ntpho-
bolus fissus, Beddome, p. 330.

This species occurs on the hills of southern India and Ceylon,
in northern India and Malaysia to the Philippines. It has not been
definitely recorded from the Peninsula, and the present specimens
(8470, 8769), whose fertile fronds are immature, are referred rather
doubtfully to it.

Stenochlaena sorbifolia, J. Sm.; Ridley, p. 53, Beddome,
p. 423.

A pantropical species, remarkable for the small and variable
much-divided sterile leaves which are usually borne by the lower
part of the climbing stem. It is distributed throughout the Penin-
sula and is very abundant at Fraser Hill (8459), but was never
found with fertile leaves. |

Hymenolepis spicata, Pr.; van Alderwerelt, p. 728; Gym-
nopteris spicata, Beddome, p. 432, Ridley, p. 54.

In Madagascar, Ceylon and southern India, northern India at
4,000-7,000 feet, to southern China, and through Malaysia to Poly-
nesia and Australia. In Java it is found up to 10,000 feet. In the
Peninsula it has been found on the Taiping Hills at 3-4,000 feet,
on Kedah Peak, on the main range from Telom to Fraser Hill, and
on Penang Island and Pulau Tiuman. At Fraser Hill it one of
the less frequent epiphytes (8766).

Photinopteris speciosa Bl.; van. Alderwerelt, p. 731; P.
rigida Bedd; Ridley p. 55, Beddome p. 442.

Confined to Malaysia and the Philippines. In Java it is an
epiphyte of the lower forest zone, at 1500 to 4000 feet. In the
Peninsula “on boughs of trees, overhanging rivers and mangrove
swamps” (Ridley) ; it has been collecteed in Singapore and Johore,
on Penang Hill, and on the Taiping Hills at 300-2000 feet. At
Fraser Hill it was found only in the mining valley, on rocks in
the open (8845).

Cheiropleuria bicuspis Pr.; van Alderwerelt p. 732; Chry-
sodium bicuspe Hk., Ridley p. 55.

Occurring throughout Malaysia, extends to the Philippines,

- Formosa and New Guinea. In Java it is a rare ground fern,

found at 5000 feet; in the Peninsula it is found on the Taiping
Hills, on the main range from G. Kerbau to Fraser Hill, on G.
Tahan and Mt. Ophir. At Fraser Hill found once only (8482),
on the ground in the forest on North Ridge.

Leptochilus heteroclitus C. Chr.: van Alderwerelt p. 739;
Gymnopteris flagellifera Beddome, p. 433, Ridley p. 54.

Generally distributed through tropical Asia, and through Ma-
laysia to the Pacific. In the Peninsula found at low altitudes in
Johore and Singapore, at Goping in Perak, and in Penang and
Lankawi Islands; it grows in wet ground in forests. Mrs. Smith
sent a small fertile specimen from Fraser Hill labelled “on log
over stream, 4000 feet,” which is probably referable to this species.

108

- Ophioglossum pendulum L.; van Alderwerelt p. 777, Ridley
p. 59, Beddome p. 465.

Occurs throughout southern Asia, Malaysia, Polynesia and
northern Australia. In the Peninsula it is probably of general
eccurrence, but has only been collected on the Islands of Singapore
and Penang, at Rawang in Selangor, and on G. Batu Puteh. At
Fraser Hill it was noticed only twice, once hanging below Asple-
nium nidus (8761).

Angiopteris evecta Hoffm.; van Alderwerelt p. 762. Ridley
p .58, Beddome p. 460.

Distrbultted from Madagascar, Ceylon and southern India.
through northern India to southern China and Japan, and through
Malaysia to Polynesia and Australia. In Java it is a common
ground fern of the lower forest zone, and in the Peninsula is.
orobably of general occurrence, but has only been collected on the
Taiping Hills (up to 3000 feet), at Temengo and Telom, at Pekan,
and on Singapore Island. At Fraser Hill, found only in the
mining valley below 4000 feet, in shady places, becoming abundant
at about 3500 feet (8847).

FERN ALLIES.

Selaginella atroviridis Spring: Ridley Fern Allies p. 153.

Distributed from British India and China to New Guinea,
and collected from many localities in the Peninsula, from Perak
to Singapore. not confined to the hills. At Fraser Hill it is
abundant on the ground in the forest (8453).

Selaginella brachystachya Spring; Ridley Fern Allies p.
159.

In south India and Ceylon, and in western Malaysia. In the
Peninsula it appears to be montane, being found on the Taiping

Hills, at Telom, and on G. Tahan. At Fraser Hill noticed only
by the path to the Gap. (8822).

Selaginella Wallichii Spring: Ridley Fern Allies p. 153.
Distributed from Assam through Malaysia to New Guinea.
In the Peninsula collected at many localities in lowland forests,

and on the hills up to 35-4000 feet. At Fraser Hill not abundant
(8819).

Lycopodium cernuum L.; Ridley Fern Allies p. 144.
A species of worldwide distribution, abundant everywhere in
the Peninsula. It is one of the first vascular plants to establish

itself on new ground in exposed places, notably on levelled house-
sites.

Lycopodium phlegmaria L.; Ridley Fern Allies p. 148.
Paleotropical, and in Queensland and New Zealand. In the
Peninsula it has been found in many localities, at altitudes up to

5000 feet (G. Kerbau). At Fraser Hill it is frequent, but not
abundant (8788).

109

MOSSES.

Acanthocladium scabrifolium Broth. No. 8730. “Agrees
with the description quite well. It has only been found once
before, in Java; cf. Hedwig. LX, 327 (1819). The fruit has
never been de:cribed.” (Dixon).

Braunfelsia sp. nov. No. 8838. The leaves are closely im-
bricated, and the plant having a tufted habit was saturated with
water like a sponge. Found ona tree by the path to Pine-tree Hill.

Ctenidium sp. nov. No. 8715 d. Closely allied to C. stereo-
dontoides Dixon from S. India.

Dicranoloma sumatrana Broth. This species, otherwise
only known from Sumatra, was collected by Mr. Ridley at Sempang
mines

Distichophyllum Mittenii Bry. jav. Nos. 8708, 8712. Dis-
tribution; Cevlon, Java, New Caledonia. Previously found on the
Taiping Hills and. Ulu Temengo in Perak, and at Kukub in Johore.
On a log in deep shade in Reservoir Valley.

Ectropothecium Moritzii (C.M.) Jaeg. No. 8713. Distrib-
ution; Java, Borneo, Celebes. Collected also on Penang Hill and

G. Tampin.

Endotrichella elegans (Doz. & Molk.) Fl. No. 8821. Dis-
tribution; Sumatra, Java. Celebes, Philippines. Previously found
on the main range at G. Kerbau and Telom.

Isopterygium albescens ( Schwaeg.) Jaeg. No. 9181. Dis-
tribution; Nilghiris, Himalayas from Nepal to Assam, Java, Bor-
reo, Celebes, Japan. Previously found at Batu Caves, Selangor,
and in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

Pogonatum convolutum ( [.) var. cirratum (Brid.) Par.
No. 8469. A new record for the Peninsula.

Pogonatum macrophyllum Bry. jav. No. 8467. Distribu-
tion; Java, Sumatra, Batjan. Apparently a montane species in
the Peninsula being found on the Taiping Hills, on the main range
from G. Berumban and Bujong } Malice to Bukit Hitam, on G.
Benom, Mt. Ophir and the hills of Penang. Abundant at Fraser
Hill

Pogonatum Neesii C. M. Nos. 8458, 8716. Found by Mr.
Ridley at or near Fraser Hill, this species has not been recorded
elsewhere in tthe Peninsula; it is known from the Nilghiris and
‘ava. It is the first plant to coloni-e the bare ground of levelled
house-sites and is verv abundant.

Rhacelopus pilifer D. & M. No. 8772. Distribution; Ton-
kin, Java, Borneo, Batjan, New Guinea. This species is recorded
from the Taiping Hills and from several points on ‘the main range
from Perak to G. Tampin. Not uncommon in the jungle on
rocks and also on bare ground by paths.

Rhizognium spiniforme (L.) Bruch. No. 8468. Occurs
everywhere in mountain forests of the tropics and subtropics, and

110

1s widely distributed in the Peninsula from Kedah to Singapore,
not confined to the hills.

Schistomitrium apiculatum D.& M. No. 8823. A Malay-
sian species, not recorded from other localities in the Peninsula.
Collected on a tree in the forest on South Summits.

Sematophyllum sp. nov. No. 8711. Found on a tree in
Reservoir Valley.

Sematophyllum secundum (Rw. and Hornsch.) var. angu-
stifolium F]. Nos. 8398, 8715 e, 8741, 8910. This variety oecurs
also on G. Raya, Lankawi Islands; at Frazer Hill it was abundantly
fruiting. S. secundum is a Malaysian species, and has been found
on G. Kerbau and Penang Hill.

Sematophyllum sigmatodontium (C. M.) Jaeg. Distri-
bution; Java, Sumatra, New Guinea. This species was found by
Mr. Ridley at or near Fraser Hill, and has also been collected on
Penang Hill and on G. Tunduk, Malacca.

Taxithelium capillipes (Bry. jav.) Broth. No. 8454. Dis-
tribution; Sumatra, Java. It has been found on Penang Hill
and in mangrove, amongst Acrostichum aureum, at Port Swet-
tenham.

Trichosteleum Boschii (1). & M.) Jaeg. Nos. 8715 b, 8783.
Distribution; Siam and western Malaysia. This species has been
collected on the hills of Perak and Penang, in the Telok Reserve,
Kiang. and on G. Pantai in Johore.

Trichosteleum hamatum (I). & M.) Jaeg. Nos. 8709,
S715c, 87s. Distribution; Malavsia and the Philippines. New
to the Singapore collection.

Trichosteleum sp. nov. No. 8715a. Found in Reservoir
Valley, in a tuft consisting of 7. Boschit, 7’. hamatum, ete.

Trismegistia rigida (Rw. & H.) Broth. No. 8399. A
Malaysian species, extending to New Guinea and New Caledonia;
it has also been found on G. Raya, Lankawi.

I. H. Burkiuu.
R. E. Hoitum.

RAINFALL

‘at the Director’s house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the
first half year, 1921.

feadings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours began.

Date jJanuary.| Feb. March. | April. May June
| |
a. | | | |
| | oe
1 | ees (ends) | 87 | 58 | 38
2 23.) nil 7 4 10 60
Bee eiict |-. 001 | 1.24 65 | 39
4 | 02 | .03 det nil trace .02
ae fe: 1.98: 97 48 a 2.13 | AY
Eg eee ae cae Br gy haat hots
7 AOD )-|- es | 09 | 29 | .02
8 $85" | 13 06 24 15 | a8
" 4.93 | 05 | #60)! 2: 43 79 01
10 78 | eve 20 |). il 94 | 03
‘al | roe) ih 8 be O8\{ .. 07 01 | 1.15
[| ant |- 2.92 | 1.55 | .04 01 09
oa m0 Loa, | Da | “trace. | .02 | 05
14 | 23 | 01 1.24 nil trace nil
oe | Ol |. 1.03 | \ltrace 02 | po. Oe
16 | mil 3 01 | Hil-=*|~\trace > 02 | at
17 eat. Ubtface mule? | 45. | ini
ae oe el 1d | AL |
Eades | 02 | | peli” cael
BOE | 1,12: | .02 Be) 568.)
pied eer. eb o~ nil | 10 55 | 29 |
22 | iets wey) anil nil 28. ;| 18
~ 23 01 | trace | 52 i: Sh saat

24 il | 18 | 07 S24) |\onl | 42
25 13 | 084) ead 05 | 02
26 nil ni, | 48 55: 28 |) nil
cH | PMOOLO || 20 1.64."' 6.402: jokes
ess | FW lee Bis 0ge): Peni ah feet 05
29 | /.29 | Pal) 08) seeeial || ° eal
30 | 8.77 | he casa, OP 2 nabs]
a4, | 01 | [Pa Earth P| aes vitor Mat

a eee

| | | | | |

| 24.80 | ven e) | 8.85 | 11.85 | 9.29 | 4.46

| |

112

RAINFALL

at the Director’s house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the
second half year, 1921.

Readings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours began.

| |

Date | July. | August. | Sept. | October. Nov. Dee.
| | | | | |
i hale Aiea aa
tT [gral oo ee 1.86 | trace | OF .02
2. | trace | | 1.08 nil | trace | _ nil
a. mall | trace 58 | trace | a, 3
4 | 01 02 | nil | 28] 65
a oe 07 03 _ | | 2.74 | 37
6 | 91 Ye vont nil | | trace 389
= 03 | a 06 | | nil nil |
ie eee et a Ut ...: oe 05 |
Ss. 5 02 | as, .62 | trace | nil |
10 | trace | 2t'| Bee |
Si cates Gee $I | 03 | nil | |
bey See 83 05 | 15° | Sie |
bie ct A Ae 02 | nil 7 |
eee AO 42 | 03 | 17.) i 03
15 06 | 03 | 22 | nil 29 | 15
16 02-|. tna 01 | 89 40 | .09
17 | trace | 1.04 | 01 | 06 | 90 | 08
18 ml | 06 | 02 | 91+) -tmaee A8
19 | | 1 2.15 }6 207% eae :. aia
20 -. } Clitaee: 4 eirace 15 |. 2034 2895
hee | en 13 '| aaa 28 | 03 | nil
22 f we. & nil | 03 | trace
23 trace | nil 29 19 | 06 | nil
24°) mil OF 07 nl 6| Unk Gees
25 alae, 0s svt. 09 86] 968
an 11 |+-trace | 08: | 64 | .03
27 | one} Cenil 1.20 | 66 | .33 | trace
28 | trace 1.50 | 16 | WKA9 | 12
299 | nil 01 a2.) 87 | * @ o
BOE Leg ys 66 mil” 7 06 | trace | 38
Aad pee ae | | ~4.92 | 23
| | | | |
s | i | |
| | | | |
f sbd4ed G79 | 10.41 | 13.94 | 11.65 5.16
| | }

113

RAINFALL

at the Director's house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the
first half year, 1922.

Readings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours began.

i | | |
Date |January.| Feb. | March. April. | May. June.
| | |
ol} i. £2 | hel went | [01 52
-) Se 24. | 96 | aki mal | 1.57
a) 04: | 09 | 01 | nil | trace nil
eee 44 | al! 16 | ‘Gelic. MOG
a | ey e.. 104 08 fol ~ 4) yabtace =} )..
6 | etl EX fa «| trace —|~--mil** | trace
an | Oa are | LOLS] Nels. nil
8 (| 4race~ | AQ | ah Wa: « Bl’ hhy 01
9 | 23 | 34 | 12 | 2 see 06 nil
Sera | 4g bP ge} at]... 24 21
. a 62 | 2.69 | Gr AA je 01
12 | O01 | Ue mil |-. 1.24 | trace | trace
fe ml | 1.06} at | | .06 06 | 09
oe te’ oy | -* 07 36 ‘af a1
| ~ .32 | nil | nil 1.26 UY | 18
16 | trace a Per ne trace 19
i ae | trace eit py i.ac .06 | trace
eee) wit | 4 |) 04.1 3,06 09
fe) 810 | Pca Yu 229 02 04
20, | 1.39 | Pa 251 nil 1.08 | .32
Me}. 1.02 | | 04. : trace | nil | 1
ee | 10 | nil | 07 03
wo 12 | trace .88 | trace 50 3.89
24 | 93: | Or, 39 | mil trace .02
2 | 10 | OS |e a th. Bt |. x. | 18 | trace
6 | nil. | O07 | 02 | a ol ae as |
ee f 8g | 32 | | 149 | trace
28 | trace | .20' | 01 | | 103? \ > nit
29 | nil | | 20 a ae |
30 | | . |, .,tmace | 17 | trace
Sl | | | nil i mal
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
| 696 | . 8.21 | 7.86 | 6.35 | 10.41 ! 7.29
| |
ER: SE ES ee ee a

114

RAINFALL

at the Director’s house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the
secand half year, 1922.

Readings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours began.

Date July. | August.| Sept. gas Nov. Dec.

=: se
1.) Sat) | nil 1.05 | 1.00 | 01
20 | Set .26 | trace | 05 | 09 .06
3 | °05.| na | 1.96 | 31.1"? oe 62
4 | Soa trace 04 | trace nil
a | 06:1 MOC eragl | eee Al att
é | on eas | 09| .¥81 1.49
one 90 | trace | trace | O24 05 1.12
8 | 02°.) = A Ss A 18 | nil trace
9 | 08 | 41 | .04 | trace | 04 nil
10:"*} 03 | ‘ml »}- “nil | nil | 07 | 65)
1) Ske 09 | 02 04 1-7 2B 07
1 Aa ee + 2 es tee eae) a ee O1 nil
13: [98 1a | ne 23:
14: | Sa ae | | nil | 01
Ls | 82 | A5 | | 08
i¢. | ek | eg | | 91
fy S 1) Re ee ee Se 03
18 | 28 | nil | | nil’ | “2.007 20
19 | Wh pa 4 ee | ous nie
200 | nil | — .08 | | * (pgs tae 01
C5 Rn ieee | 80 | .34 | trace Al
22 | trace | 53 | | 40 {nil 16
33. | Jang). (| oS: [Bee ee | nil
ry ee ee I ed ct ee 59
25 | race ft 1 86 | nil | trace | nil
26 | nil | 2.66 nil 7) 9208) age
27 | | 02 | 1.56 | 08) 7 iBB 01
28 | 19 trace trace 35 nil
29 | ) 04} 1.48 | nil 72 ie
30° | | 1.10 | “Seo aS ee
eo .08 in 40 re 59

| |

ae

Pt

Eisen Bee

115

RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the first
| half year, 1921.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours began; the registration kindly put at the service
of the Gardens by the Municipality of George Town, Penang. ~

| |
Date. >: Feb. March, | April. | May. | June.
| | | | | |
| ant his Gamal
SS ea 05 nil” | 06 nil 15
2 | een, PSL. Se aps 2 | ae 5
Pepe tase 03.) “14 | be tea | 08
aml 04 | nil 18 | 1.60 nil
ial 10 | A8 nil | 92 2.07
6 | oe eral s! 5. || 42 .03
aa 10 | | 10 | ei nil
pea =) 08 | ages am 10 a
a 4 08 | | 04 | tale a | 186
ea nk - | | 1.82 : 3k =, Bul
at 1} 04 | BY |. ~ 46 Selle tas
1 ans Wears | eros) 220 | * mil .03
Me a ed ee | 1.46 | nil
Dees te ee eS We 1.05 |.
ee a tas g3 Yn) | 1.97 | 04
tl ide at ee Oo: || 65 | oO} 82
oe rile ie gg’| 3.14 |. nil
18 | 25: | .08 62 | 58 ||
19 rae Cees. ae! Chie 250 ae. | 1854
Beet nile 59.4] 42 04 | Bd
Te Peoamihage toe: oil: | .16
ae. | | | ae || 06 | 06
23) | | | fee 2] hee Tad nil
24 | | | 1S a | 02 | oe
a5. | | | 76. Pa, 20 34
a0 . :| | | 05 | oe as a | .03
27 | | | pioea pe ert 30 :| 12 nil
ieee | 108 |] teak pee cs
29 | 88 | it ee 2 AP Lee
mete th ss OG 1] fem Mea es Hy OU EOE 4)
Behe nil. >| | eat | 09
a
| | is ot
| | | | a |
| 6.10 |-~ 4.65 | 13.73 | 9.42 | 16.97 | 6.21
|

116
RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the second
half of the year, 1921.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours began; the registration kindly put at the service
of the Gardens by the Municipality of George Town, Penang.

tein!
Date. | July. | August. | Sept. October.| Nov. Dec.
|

| | | | |

| | |
04 (52061. eee es ae 62 | nil
ae ewes ae | LO) Bis .23 2.50
3. | Ns es) a 01} nil f
TaD emp topee 7. pate 1.69
5 | 3404 ree 07 | 28
6.4. ae one 97 | 1.68 03 | 19
an Mee ee > Rogie 2 Bi 18 nil
gs | 22 | | | 10 08 Pale
a6 [sa | | 02 464: os
LOO 4} 14 | | 04 | 2,42 32
et 4) 4 ee i ee ee 72 nil
12 | 1,56 | | 3.60 | 4A 02) aye
13s | 204s pan eae a1 21 aa =
4 | 107] 95 | 67 | ° 38°) ahs tea
15 |, .BOS) RE ee 1. Ae
16 | 6 | Bates SI | 1.87
17 60} ea «98° fe 1.08
18 | nil | 02] 2.55] 179] lea] oy.
Mn ee ee ee en Re | 03 AL
20 | . .08| mil | / 1.33 | ml 20 36
ra (ee eo ae Lier ie .08 nil |
22. | | 25 | 10 | — nil | ‘3
23 | | esos
24 | Rae ee ea ee
a5 | genet: 19.| ge dia
SB <1. s rauek eet | 1.89 23 | nil Riss
ay |. (06 Ye, 061 . 1508 POR aga’ 42
28 | 80 | 08] °-..1.60 |. “nike 7 ae 20
oom i iat 1,550). oils ee nil | .05
ah 301° as” gee | 22] nil
Sty 68 4 Be Lk ae Ft: bare

Pm MI ees

Cae ee BOR:

| | |

| | |

117
RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the first
half year, 1922.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours began; the registration kindly put at the service
of the Gardens by the Municipality of George Town, Penang.

Date. | January.| Feb. |

| | March. | April. May. June.
| t

| | | |

| | | |
Rare nl": | 07 | oy beta | 160° | 19
2 | ita ee) 7) 76 | nil
| ical ieee ae Ce P= <8
eed ot eat (1. 1og-[>.°.35 | 96
0 ee fee | oe 351) epi +} nal | | 05
7 | emai ier 24 | 4 3.94:{ nil
ae a coe 16 | aE | 2.95 |
Meee aac ae iebail | --.69 | 60 |
gt eee a eee 04 02 |
ee ied.t it |. nil *| 80 | 1.62 |
12 | nil | 30 | Hees ay On) Toc
eee ti nih) ler i\|°< -aa\|°°-'.42 | 64
Me ees. ahbedig og) 0g o5 | |. 07
fe ee. ..9t | eee S0s | gee) 8 54) | ©" 29
fe |e al | 60 | 50 ¢ mil | 2.15
Pre. 90° | acide) rey (19)| “418
PE thr.04. | ett easel 43) | 82.28
19 | 27 | Ass Ws | | IO tS E70
a tonmit || 01 | | 03 | JA
Se) ° 07 |. 2.43 | Pep). Mae
92 | .04 he ee ee ee
See iecut (ee eo e125 10 |: 12] ‘nil
Peete tech eo fn || ml |
25 | ar | 22 | Nev e8|
26 21 | nil | tena
27 ab) RO, <4 L- 3409 |
28 peer paey ie | | | oe ae bee:
29 | 03 | t¢.) ¢S 43
30 | | | L > al Paonaberd | nO
31 | | | | 1.92 |

| | | | | |

| ott a ee

| | | Bao Thy ae

| 314] 2.96 | 11.78 | 5.58 | 18.25 | 11.37

ST Eas gna ares Sa Be

118
RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the second
half of the year, 1922.

Readings taken at 8 a.m, and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours began; the registration kindly put at the service
of the Gardens by the Municipality of George Town, Penang.

\
Date. July. | August. | Sept. |October. | Noy. Dec.
|
| | |
| | |
haa 05 | mito. 86 | «1.144 10 nil
Pe ee i 1.65 |. .08¢) 9) ea
ape ied, Lge C2?) and ee 08
imme Witt oo Ramee 55 | 1.22 | 58
5 ipof 020) eee | nil | 03 | 40} 09
6 | nil | "| eee 08 | 1.37
‘ae 10 04 1.30 | 03 | 85.1 Tan
S$. i|- (nil 7 pep 50 | 23 | 23 |
9 | : eae 25 14
10). TY Bea mil 60 23 22
1. orl poate | 231) tipi | 1.25 | 17
12 | .56 39 i119 2.56 62 nil
13 1.62 07 7} on .04 | 5.66. | 25
144 08 1 | ee arena 10 53 | nil
15 | nil | 1.00 | .82 02 32 | 24
16 52 05 | 42 AY 2% | 1.62
Va ec epee ee eke sey 04 Ov
18 bey Mil Uy a..4e-4 id Se eel 15
19: Uiaeenel Oban mil - 4 \. eee 25] GELB
20. oj uc ee | | | 1.00
21 | be at a 66] ‘0... 4 aoe
22 | ae 02 | | 56 | 05 |’ © * 60
Bo nee | 32 | 92] .08 22 | nil
24 | nil 12 | 2.06 38 10 20
25 | oe « Rabe Wy eGn eas | 16)) oi tee
26 | | 43°) 92.53.) 1229-4 72S
a0) Gl | nil | 2.09 | 27 | 42 | nil
28 | 1.44 35 | 87 (| ‘nil 7 Ainge
29 nil | nil 09 i hee 92
30 | O48 Fh pn a .66 nil
31 | 1.70
| | | |
| | | | a,
| | | | |
| 6.68 ! 13.88 | 21.13 | 10.79 | 15.24 ! 14.32

119

SUMMARY OF RAINFALL, 1921.

| SINGAPORE. PENANG.

No. of | Amount |40282"| no. of | Amount | Longest

Spell Spell
gaye? finches.” | EHOW Gaye [inches without
January .. 24 24.80 3 15 6.10 9
February .. | 19 Ee 3 6 4.65 9
March aie i8 8.85 5 25 13.73 2
April a | 21 11.85 2 14 9.42 9
May Baca 21 | 9.29 2 24 16 97 2
June ey lb 19 4.46 5 12 6.21 5
July oe 9 5.14 10 18 13.15 6
August... | 16 6.79 6 16 18.56 8
September .. 22 10.41 3 19 26.47 | 5
Geteber .. -| | i 13.94 8 26 16.24 2
November .. | 18 11.65 3 19 9.44 3
December .. 18 5.16 5 9 4.41 8
Total eae 222 | 120.07 att 203 | 145.35
Greatest amount in 24 hours .. 8.77 5.66
do. do, 48 do. a L006 fe
do. do. 72 do. ey onek 8.82
Excessively rainy periods, more than 5 (March, July, August)
5.00 in, pate ale wee - 2 (twice) and September)
No. of days when the condition existed ant © 15
Periods of comparative drought, less than
0.02 in. having fallen in 120 hours F2'8 12 (every month except
(Feb, June, June-July, July, July-August, May, October and Novi)

September, Gacaber’ December.)

-No. of days when condition persisted Be 36

Longest of the dry spells .. 10 days 10 days.

if

120

SUMMARY OF RAINFALL, 1922.

en ————————————_— .
|

SINGAPORE. PENANG,
No. of | Amount res No. of |Amount “Seat
rainy | of rain in ear rainy jofrainin) | i out
days. inches. ices days. | inches.) ain.
te
Janaaty .. || 19°)) > Seb poe 9 3.14 | 9
| |
Feprusry.. | - 26° )9e) aie 22 12 2.96 ; 10
March .. | 28 7.06 [| "3 i9 | 11.78 | 10
|
April sa 14 6.35 10 16 | 5.58 | 5
May 1) tees 4 25 18.95 | 1
June ay |) 3 6 17 | 2 ee
July 5 13 3.01 | 12 13 | oes | 12
| | (to Aug. 4)
August .. 23 mae ae 16 | 13.88 | 38
? | | |
September.. | 10 9.41 12 21 | 91.18 | 4
October .. | 18 732 | 5 a7 |1079 | 2
November .. | 22 13.25 3 2
December .. | 20 8.30
} |
Total .. | 211 | 108.53 290 | 135. _f
| eS eee
Greatest amount in 24 hours .. 3.89 5.66
do. do. 48 Ge.’ «thas 6.89

do. do.

Excessively rainy periods, more than 5 (May, June, August
5,00 in. having fallen in 72 hours See: | September, November)
No. of days when the condition existed .. 3 10.
Periods of comparative drought, less than
0.02 in. having fallenin 120 hours .. 8 7 (January, February,
March, April. 4 April, Jun®
(Jan., Feb., Aprii, June (2), July, Sept, Oct.) (2), July-August).
No. of days over which the condition existed 35 30.
Longest of the spells . oe = 12 days.

eee

& 2
$ = i bid
oo 7 ¥
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; Wey y me ‘be .¥
FAY tire Wik cm 88
i (Saree aed,
if JA 7 a et
% rs
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w/a, an. ma — ot 28
tS eee “a ee. ‘oth Pee
Nie 4 ‘ S h hs at d wt-y
is ee eS on nalts ie |
‘ Prana eae he aan ie aad
4 ay ais ue BY sy I (hae
SAS yy Crore Wee CAL ae vd
PS ee ee Pie Pe
y eles Feat Wwe ky : fg
2 ate ha : ye -
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7 Aa , <q
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ee
Departmental ‘Notices. Hie .
4) “es i. 2 ae Aj OF

A. list. of plants’ ge can be purchased at
Gardens, in Singapore andin Penang, can be had upon ap mi i
The same list appears at intervals i in the: Government Ga

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published as material err

able. Its price is fifty centsa copy, post free, or in
every volume of twelve en “pp Mh mer et

rie

Mat il- om

Nine and a half rupees in India, ae Ceylon. % oe y fe is be
Thirteen. shillings in Europe. ae Mae o>
Reproduction from it is not prohibited.

a 4 "
ide
A 4i5 ot
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it. » A
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9h. yea
> i hae
anf Nee fy
cori PY 4% 2
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STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

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Pabiol: i: April 15, 1924 Nos..4—6

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€ A List of Oriental Vernacular

Names

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GENUS DIOSCOREA.

To be purchased at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore

Singapore:
Printed at the Methodist Publishing House,
| 1924.

aman f AR BOSE Tos

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Map No. 1

Map 1. The distribution in Asia of Dioseoreas of the section Enan-
tiophyllum, a section of edible species furnishing in D. alata and D.
opposita two important eultivatel plants. There are five areas in Asia
of greatest abundance, (1) Malabaria, (2) Cirears-Chota Nagpur, (3) the
Assam-Burirese hills, (4) South-eastern China and (5) Western Malaysia
with the Philippine islands.

‘(ERLE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN,

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Vol. Ill Peewee 15 1924. eee as

A list of Oriental Vernacular Names

of the genus Dioscorea.

COMPILED BY I. H. BURKILL.

For a considerable period the writer of these pages has been en-
gaged on a botanic and economic study of the oriental species of the
genus Dioscorea, and has collected at first, and at second hand,
much native opinion upon them. In the course of doing this, the
following list of their oriental names has been compiled. It is
printed in the belief that used as a quarry of statements meant for
examination it can be of considerable ethnological value. It is, in
its present form, uncritical; for it contains names as heard from
the lips of untutored men speaking a variety of distinct languages;
and, obviously, it embodies what a purist would consider their mis-
takes. But languages are largely made up of mistakes persisting
and it is not a purpose of the list to hide them, but to lead to an ex-
planation of them.

As a consequence of its second-hand sources, it is unavoidedly
inconsistent in the values of letters; but contains a number of ex-
planatory cross-entries. In the names from Dutch sources “ oe ”
mae peen turned into “u ” “ dj ” into “j,” and “ tj” into‘ ch:” in
northern Indian names, 4 has its Hunterian value: c, k and q have
been gathered together: cross-references give the Portuguese values
of some of the consonants of Fijian; a phonetic spelling (English
values) is given for Chinese ideograms; but it has not been thought
well to make any change in the French spelling of the names from
New Caledonia, ete. Mistakes such as arise from a Burman using
Hindustani, or a Sakai using his clipped Malay are, when recog-
nised, explained. 3

122

It is a matter of regret to the writer, that the list does not
over the names of all starchy tubers used as food in the East; but
of Dioscoreas only. However, Dioscorea in D. alata yields one of
the most important of these foods, and has long done so: it supplies
in D. opposita’ a sub-tropical tuber of importance: it furnishes in
D. esculenta? another tropical food; and in the edible cultivated races
of D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla are two more useful plants.
All bear the marks of selection and improvement by human agency.
It is indubitable that the improvement has been directed in the
East. Besides these cultivated yams, thirty more wild species of
the genus are proved to be turned to account as famine foods, and
as knowledge grows that number is likely to be doubled.

In comparison with the use as food, the other uses which
oriental Dioscoreas have, are relatively unimportant. There is the
medicinal use of some species in China and elsewhere; there is the
tanning use ot D. rhipogonoides and D. cirrhosa on the coasts of
southern China, Tonkin and Annam; and there is the use of D.
deltoidea in the North-western Himalaya for wool-washing. The
species which serve man as food-plants, are serviceable in very
varying degree: D. alata returns on cultivation a considerable
harvest, which is in the highest degree palatable: D. opposita and
D; esculenta yield freely, and what they return is also wholely
palatable: cultivated races of D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla
possibly return not grudgingly, but no European has tried to as-
certain their yield per acre: the wild species of the section Enantio-
phyllum root deep and therefore return little to those seeking and
getting them; but the root tubers when got are palatable: the wild
and nauseous species of the sections Opsophyton and Lasiophyton
have to be eaten with caution, and are only used in want: and,
lastly, the tuber of D. hispida® is virulently poisonous, but the poison
can be eliminated and a food extract made from it when greatly
needed. The wide range in utility evident through this series gives
abundant cause for discriminating names. Primitive man parti-
cularises : he may be expected to apply a different noun to each yam
that he recognises. As his tribe advances, generalisation comes in;
a noun is adopted for “ yam:” and in a further generalisation a
noun for “tuber.” Doubtless this exnlains how related lan-
guages are often remarkably far apart in their words of generic
rank e.g. for “ yam” and for “tuber,” for one tribe would take the
noun of this species of yam and apply it to yams in general; and
another tribe would take the noun of that yam. The nouns for

“vam ” and still more the nouns for “ tuber ” will be seen in these
pages most diverse.

1 2D: opposita, Thunb., is the oldest name for the “Chinese yam, and
must be given preference to the better known name, D. Batatas, Decne.

2 D. esculenta, Burk., is the proper name to give to the Lesser yam,
which is D. fasciculata, Roxb.. and the D. spinosa of various authors, and
also one of the species which have been ealled D. aculeata,

3 D. hispida, Dennst., is the most acceptable name for the yam often
called D. dacmora, Roxb., and wh‘ch is one of the spee’es that have been
ealled D. triphylla.

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Map No. 2

Map 2. The distribution in Asia of the section Combilium, that is to
say of the cultivated and edible Dioscorea esculenta. Also (at 8.) the
distribution of the section Shannicorea.

123

The writer’s interest is in man’s gradual appropriation of the
products of the jungle, and conversion of those that were pliable
into cultivated plants. He hopes that etymologists upon their side
can make use of the names which he has gathered together, and will
find interest in revising them.

It would entrench the conclusions derived from studying the
names. of Dioscoreas to make a list covering all the oriental
starchy food-roots, so that such as may have been transferred to
Dioscoreas from aroids and from other useful plants, should appear
with a suggestion whence they came: but to have made it would
have entailed large digressions from the purpose in hand.

Climate circumscribes the area of the Dioscoreas in the Hast
in a very marked way by means of deserts; for they are plants of
summer-growth under a rainfall ranging from abundance to great
abundance: and in consequence of this the regions about Persia,
Arabia, Turkestan and in general all the parts of western Asia, are
inimical to them, as well as the great plateau of the centre of the
Continent and most of Australia.

Although it has grown abundantly clear of recent years that
western Asia during, let us say the last third of the time since the
Glacial period, has undergone a drying up from a more moist
climate than it has now, and that therefore it may have been more
suited or it were better to say, nearer to being suited to yams,
it is so hopelessly impossible for them now, and so slow have been
the climatic changes, that, brought into the same view as living
languages, the climate towards the genus becomes permanent; and
it is reasonable to assume that the absence of edible yams west of
lines which can be realised in a moment from the accompanying
maps, carries with it the certainty that living yam-names, even as
misapplied names, are absent.

Of the maps Nos. 1 and 2 are the most important: No. 1 is of
the species of the section Hnantiophyllum of Dioscorea, whereof
over 90 per cent furnish innocuous edible tubers: No. 2 gives the
distribution of the section Combilium, which is as useful, (together
with a section of unknown use): No. 3 is of the two sections
Opsophyton and Lasiophyton, which furnish the most important
oriental famine substitutes: and No. 4 is of tie inedible species of
the sections Stenophora and Paramecocarpa.' The reader will ob-
serve that the western limits of the sections on the first three maps
are very similar,—namely a line from the Gulf of Cambay to the
upper Ganges, with in two of them a bay westwards along the
Himalaya. West of these limits it is unnecessary to search in Asia
for any intimate knowledge of the food-Dioscoreas. Yet confident.
as we may well be, that pre-European traffic or human migration
westwards by land from the monsoon area of Asia has not stabilised

1 Paramecocarpa is a new name for a section created to contain the
species, D. flabellifolia, Prain and Burkill, D. piscatorum, Prain and Bur-
kill, and a couple more which are closely allied. D. piscatorum is that
species which is referred to as ‘‘tuba-ubi’’ in the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal N.S. 10, (1914) p. 13. .

124

any knowledge of yams in the direction of Europe, we must recog-
nise, that peoples wandering westwards by sea, between India and
the African coasts have been able to transport them. These peoples
were firstly that Malayo-polynesian stock, which settled in pre-
historic times in Madagascar reaching it assuredly by water, and
secondly the Egyptian, Semitic, Indian, Arab and Chinese traders,
who navigated -the Indian Ocean prior to 1500 A.D.; for they must
be assumed to have provisioned their vessels with yams.

It is reserved for workers in Africa to investigate this. They
must ascertain what Asiatic yams are in cultivation within east
Africa, and by recording their vernacular names seek tracks of the
races which transported them. The whole field lies open, and if
some student of plants and man can be found to take in hand the
enquiry, results with this list should be obtainable rapidly.

It is interesting that the cultivation of the Guinea coast D.
cayenensis (African in spite of its name) and D. rotundata has not
been recorded in east Africa and it appears as if they can never
have been there and available for transport eastwards.

As to Madagascar, the familiarity of the Malayo-Polynesians
who settled in it, with yams, is clearly demonstrated by the abundant
yam-names commencing with ovi which are already recorded
thence, and may be found in the list. That these people used and
carried D. alata seems to have been the case, and it appears not at
all improbable that they used also D. esculenta.

Barbaric conquests are often done by men moving forward,
unaccompanied by women, destroying the men of their enemies and
making captive their women; whereon a mongrel race is raised
which derives its words of the chase from the conquering fathers
but the words of the hearth from the captivated mothers. In this
way words for weapons move whither words for foods do not, and by
a comparison of the two, interesting ethnologic observations can be
brought out. This list of words for food-plants may therefore
serve usefully some ethnologist who will compile a contrasting list
of words for weapons.

It is now necessary to plough across it in a sort of review; but
a summary of results is very difficult to present clearly. One
meaus of approaching clearness, however, seems to lie in considering
first such words as are used adjectively, and after that has been
done, to turn to the nouns.

These nouns sometimes indicate a particular species, sometimes
a whole group of Dioscoreas, and sometimes have the meaning of
“tuber” or “tuberous plant.” When they indicate a group of
species of Dioscorea, that is to say when they are more or less
generic, in these pages they will be translated by “ yam.”

This word “ yam” came into the English language from west
Africa through the portuguese, and the readiness with which it was
adopted by writers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries shows

\

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ete aeaee

Mar No. 3

Map 38. The distribution in Asia of the sections Opsophyton and
Lasiophyton taken together. There are three centres in Asia of greatest
development (1) in the north-western Himalaya, (2) in south-western
China and (3) in Luzon. These two sections vield the most important
famine foods.

125

that there was a need for it. The voyagers of those centuries who
brought it back, had set sail with turnips, carrots, parsnips, etc., in
their stores; and at the further end had replenished their boats with
diverse tubers for which they needed new names: in the main they
adopted two, the one was potato, and the other was yam. Size was
the feature by which they distinguished the two: and the smaller
Sweet potato or batata, lent its name to the Andine potato when
that later became known; while the larger Dioscoreas they gradually
came to keep distinct as yams. This idea of a difference in size
still holds good in our language; but in these pages it 1s necessary
to extend the use of the word “ yam” to all Dioscoreas, large or
small, and even to be yet still looser; for the peoples of the East in
the main have not held the idea that large and small food-tubers
such as potatoes and yams should be distinguished; e.g. alu in
Hindustani, ubi in Malay etc., cover both, with cassava as well.
Therefore where here the word “ yam ” is used as the equivalent of
these oriental nouns, it is to be understood that not the least con-
trast with the word “ potato” is intended thereby.

Adiectives of size.

Very naturally D. alata as being the most liberal of all the
Dioscoreas obtains the name of “ big yam,” sometimes as a species,
but more commonly in a race which is conspicuously large; and so
it happens that we meet with words meaning “big yam” for it
(in Japan) as dai-jo, (in N.-E. India) as bara alu in
Sylhet, sangia alu in Jessore, puri alu in Bogra and
Darrang: (in S. India) peru valli kilangu in Tanjore,
peru (mallai) kilangu in Travancore: (in Burma) myauk
‘gyi: and (in Malaysia) ubi gede and ubi rame in Java.
In all the districts, Japan excepted, whence these names have been
received, D. alata is grown in several races, and, in general it is the
largest race of those locally known which is the “big yam:” but
in southern India where D. esculenta is familiar, and often known
cas the “little yam,” there is perhaps an implied contrast between
it and D. alata, not in one variety, but as a species.

In Celebes big and little D. esculenta may be distinguished as
sayuru sela and sayuru rintek; but the noun
Sayuru is not quite the equivalent of ‘‘ yam.”

Sanskrit literature possesses in a medical work of perhaps
600 B.C. the name hastyaluka, meaning “elephant yam,”
and Dallana writing in the twelfth century interpreted the word
“elephant” as “very large,” saying that hastyaluka was a
very large kastaluka. Now the word hastyaluka does
not seem to have left any modern descendent; but kastaluka
has, in kath alu, katharu, katharua, kathar and
katharkand which like it mean “ woody yam:” in the Lak-
himpur district of Assam kath alu appears to be a race of D.
alata and in the districts of Mirzapur kathar and kathar-
kand are certainly applied to this species: but katharu and

126

katharua in the districts of Behar and in Chota Nagpur are
applied to D. glabra, and to D. esculenta: and every one of these
species is as tender and edible as the others, so that the modern
words do not indicate what the sanskrit hasty aluka was.

“Small yam” is the name applied to a race of 7). alata in
Sikkim in Lepcha as bok kap, or in Nepalese as sana ghar
torul: and again the meaning of the Shan name man awn
which is a race of D. alata, is “small yam.” “ Small yam ” as al-
ready said, is D. esculenta in southern India, where widely it is
siru kilangu or in Malabar cheru kilangu. Duri
alu, with the same meaning, is used in Chota Nagpur and
northwards, to denote such wild yams as D. aculeata, D. glabra,
D. belophylla, D. pentaphylla, as well as D. esculenta. “ Grudging
yam” or phan rain is J). Hamilioni in the Khasia hills.

Adjectives of shape.

Out of the adjectives easily explained and descriptive of the
shape of a tuber eighty-five in this hst are found in names which
are applied to D. alata.

There are races of D. alata with elongated tubers that are
called by such appropriate names as the following :—*‘ peg yam ” or:
gojalu, “guran-pole yam” or guraniya alu, and
“pillar yam” or kham alu in Bengal; “post yam” or
puraia alu in Assam; “ walking-stick yam” or rui chin
among the Mikirs; * going-straight deep yam” or twinzouk
myouk in Tenasserim; “pillar yam” or ubi rembu in
the Malay Peninsula; and “pipe yam” or ubi teropong in
Malay, huwi teropong in Sundanese; and “ post yam” or
huwitihang in Sundanese also.

The following also indicate races which have elongated tubers
of characteristic form:—‘‘ spinning wheel post yam” or cha-
karkhuta. alu in Sylhet, and “club yam” or ehuli-
jhinka alu in Orissa.

There are races of PD. alata with short round tubers described
as “basket yam” or chubri alu in Bengal, as “lime pot
yam” or chungat alu in Sylhet, as “globose yam” or gol
ratalu in the Ganges valley, as “cooking pot yam” or han-
dia alu in Orissa, as “coconut yam” or huwi klapa in
Sundanese, ubi klapa in Malay or gadong ur in Achin-
ese, as “goblet yam” or man nam tow in the Shan Hills,
as “round yam” or mundia alu in Orissa and pem bok
in Sikkim, as “water pot yam” or myouk ye o in Burma,
and as “calabash yam” or ubi kalabasa in Java.

It is not unlikely that the Tanjore name of “ thick yam” or
muttaik kavalli indicates a race of D. alata of somewhat
similar appearance to the above. Whether the ovoid bunch of
male flowers at the end of a banana inflorescence is the object of
comparison in the name “ banana-bunch yam” or rui labong

Map No. 4

Map 4. The distribution of the poisonous sections, Stenophora and
(P) Paramecocarpa. The section Stenophora has in Asia two centres of
greatest development (1) in south-western China and (2) in Japan: it
consists of plants of more temperate climates than those of the sections
whose distribution is given on the preceeding maps; and in past times as
& consequence has been able to gain access t> lands upon either side of
the Pacific (via the Behring Straits bridge) and to reach the Caueasus
and the Balkans, which the other sections do nct.

127

a, the Mikirs or the bananas themselves is not known to the writer.

The wide-spread name “ginger yam,’ in Burmese myouk
gyin, in Javanese ubi jahe and in Amboinese ubi hahiya
and in Hainan kiu-tu would seem to be derived from the
shape of the root rather than from any other attributes of the root

of ginger.

A good name for a profusely branched yam is that of “ antler

yam” or harinpada alu used in Bengal.

Three Javanese names indicate tubers which have a very slight

tendency to curve and are more of less pointed towards the apex,
‘vizi—‘ snout yam” or ubi hidung, “bill of bird yam” or

ubi patok and ubi kepler sampil.

“Cucumber yam” or man yawn hta is a name for a

race of D. alata in the Shan Hills.

The races of D. alata which do not grow down into the soul, put
recurve, are denoted by names such as “elephant tusk yam” or

hathidanta alu used in the Narsingpur district of the

Central Provinces of India, hatidatia used in the Brahma-
putra, valley and khoainga used in Annam, as “lock of hair

yam ” or k al salialu used in the Bakarganj district of Lower

Bengal, as “snake yam” or naga valli kilangu among
the Tamils of Ceylon and ubi ular in Malay, as “sickle yam”
or ubi arit in Java, as “horn yam” or man khow wo in
Shan and ubi tanduk in Java, and as “extruding yam” or
ubi klesik in Java.

Flattened tubers, which likewise often have a tendency to re-

‘curve, possess the following names :—“ flat-oar yam” or bathar

ee 39

potia alu in the Brahmaputra valley, flat yam ” or chapti
ratalu in the Ganges plains, “fan yam” or ubi badak,
uwi badak and huwi badak in various parts of Java,

‘and ubi kipas in Malay, “hand yam” or ubi tangan in

Java, “fingered yam” or ubi sounlaun in Amboyna, ubi
fete Javea, and “Ub? bajari in the Moluccas, “ Arto-

-carpus-leaf yam” or ubi keledang in Malay as well as ubi
daun sukun in eastern Malaysia, “ threshing board yam ” or

pat alu in Lower Bengal, “ flat spreading yam” or phan
tangkara in the Khasia ‘Hills, and “human yam” or ubi

Manusiya in Celebes.

It appears not improbable that the “excentric yam” or
pazien bok of Sikkim is somewhat as the last named.

Races with more than one tuber have names such as:—

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several tubers yam” or binna jhar alu in Bengal, ve
snout yam” or panch mukhi alu in Orissa, “ thousand
snouted yam” or sahasra mukhi alu also in Orissa,
“seven. brothers yam” or sat bhaya alu in the Balasore

‘district of Bengal, “twin yam” which is both ubi kurubut
and ubi tumpuk in Java as well as ait alu in Sylhet.

128

It seems that the names from the Shan Hills of “small plum
yam” or man awn kwah and “small egg yam” or man
leit kai indicate a lobing of the tubers which approaches sub-
division into several. The Lepchas of Sikkim have a “ plum
yam ” or mujib bok.

A wilder fancy gives rise to the following names :—* buffalo’s-
teeth yam” or bhains dethi kanda in the Central Pro-
vinces of India, “ bullock’s tail yam” or eddutoka dumpa
in the Circars, “elephant’s foot-print yam” or hati kujia
alu in Assam, “elephants foot yam” or hati pai alu in the
Murshedabad district of Bengal, and man ting sang among
the Shans, “bear’s foot yam” or man tin mi in the Shan
Hills, “fowl’s yam” or ubi ayam in Malay, “ deer’s yam” or
ubi banteng and ubi manjangan in Java, “ crocodile
yam” or ubi boaya in Java, “dragon’s yam” or ubinaga
in Java, and “turtle’s foot yam” or man ting tow in the
Shan Hills.

Names such as those above are useful as indications of the
distribution of yams of different form in cultivation.

D. esculenta possesses one name which compares it to ginger,
a comparison which was found to be made also in the case of D.
alata. In the case of D. esculenta the name appears as “ ginger
finger vam” or eda thengalia alu and is used in the Sib-
sagar district of Assam. In this case much more clearly than in
the case of D. alata it is made obvious that the quality in which
the yam and ginger are compared is the shape. There is another
Assamese name for this species derived from the same quality,
e.g. that of “bitch’s teats yam” or kukur poati from the
Darrang district. Rumph in the Herbarium Amboimense lib. 9
cap. 13 described a tuber of D. esculenta which suggested a suckling
sow, and the small tubers round it its litter.

The commonest of all Burmese names for D. esculenta is
“letter-d yam” or tah-dwe u, and it is interpreted as derived
from seeing the double curves of that letter, as written by the
Burmese, in the tubers which then must be lobed. It is not an
altogether satisfactory interpretation and search should be made
for one more obscure and less fanciful (see p. 155 forward). The
tubers are in some races lobed, otherwise it would be impossible to.
get the two names of eda thengalia alu and kukur
poati, but most of them are not: and tah-dwe u is as fre-
quently appled by a Burman to a race with tubers that are not
lobed as to one with tubers that are lobed.

D. esculenta is compared to a Shan drum in the Shan name:
man kawng; but it is not quite clear why. Nor is it clear
why a race of it should be called in Amboyna ko mbili chem p-
edaha or “ yam like (? the fruit of) Artocarpus polyphemia.”

PD. opposita receives in Japan the names of :—‘ stumpy yam ”
or daikoroimo, “hammer yam” or kine imo, “long-yam”
or naga imo, “lever yam” or teko imo, and “ crushed.
yam” or tsukne imo in different races.

129

D. oppositijolia from going deep gets the names of podhali
valli kilangu and jambur alla in Ceylon, while D.
belophylla from the same character may be called in South Canara
pada valli gadde.

D. bulbifera as will be seen later obtains a widely used name
genth wherein its bulbils, if the interpretation be true, are
likened to small bells: it seems as if these bulbils are what obtains
for it the names of “nutmeg yam” or satik kavalliin Tan-
jore. It is possible that they, though more probable that the root
tubers, get for it in Formosa the name of “heart tuber” or sim
shu. |

D. hispida is called the “round yam” or phan solak
and “round bitter yam” or phan so . ak kthang in the
Khasia Hills. It is also the “ solitary yam” or phanlyngkhi.

D. pentaphylla is compared in Bengal to the ovoid bunch of
male flowers that terminates the inflorescence of a banana, and so
obtains the name of mocha alu.

The dense covering of bristly roots which coats the tuber of
this species combined with the usual shape suggests a pig’s snout
aud so procures the names muka kacchel, muka kes-
hango, pandi mukha tega, and punda mohra
gudda, which are found over a wide part of the peninsula of
India.

Adjectives of Thorniness.

D. esculenta is peculiar among all the oriental yams on account
of its sharp thorns which are metamorphosed lateral roots on feeder
roots lying near the surface of the soil above the tubers. By reason
‘of them it is the “tiger claw yam” and “ tiger paw yam,” bagh
thapa alu and bagh hata alu, of several of the districts,
which extend north of the Ganges delta from Purneah to Maimen-
singh: and it is the “cock’s (spur) yam” or kukul alla of
Ceylon and in Java the ubi landak or “porcupine yam.”
Under the idea that these thorns prevent the wild pigs from up-
rooting the tubers, the Burmese of central Burma call it the “ pig
cut-off yam” or wet-ka u.

Adjectives of Season.

: The season of use is indicated in such names for D. alata as
“september yam ” or binnaalla in Ceylon, and for D. spicata
as “may yam” or eedava kilangu in Travancore. Mar-
godi gai, used by the Savaras of the Northern Circars for D.
esculenta has been interpreted as “rains yam.”

The Japanese have a quickly growing Tae of D. opposita
which they call “yam that ripens - in one year” or ichonen
imo. The name “ every year yam” or ubi tauntaun which
Rumph gives for a race of D. alata has the same meaning. Needi
kilangu meaning “long-living yam,” a race of D. alata on the
Malabar coast, would seem to mean the reverse.

130

Adiectives of Quality.

D. alata receives only one derogatory adjective in this list; and
that is kath or woody which is found in the names kath alu,
kathar and kathar kand, and they are descendants of the
sanskrit kastalukaz, the application of which is uncertain. That
D. alata should never have worse spoken of it than this, indicates
its great importance in the East.

D. esculenta, which in some races is particularly sweet to the
taste has the name of “sweet yam” in mohu alu, moa alu,
mowa alu, mau alu, mausari, or maoli over a very
wide area in northern India: and it may be taken that these names
came from the sanskrit madhvaluka, which we find in the
Charaka Samita of about 600 B.C.; but there is no reason other
than the modern application of the derivative names for stating that
madhvaluka was D. esculenta. This species is the “ superior
yam” or par aru of the Unao district in the Gangetic plains.

D. Hamilton has the name of “ excellent yam” or bok
y ung in Sikkim.

D. Arachidna is the “savoury yam” or rui dok of the
Mikirs.

A certain range of variation in flavour in D. alata exists.
There is for instance a race kamodia in the neighbourhood of
Bombay with that peculiar mousy flavour appreciated in the East
and found in Kamod rice—the name meaning “ Kamod-like: ”
there are differences in the degree of starchiness or glutinosity, not
seasonal; and there is a greater measure of sweetnéss in some races.
The names found in the “Ganges plains and in Java respectively, of
m L thiratalu or “ sweet ratalu? and huwibadak manis
or “sweet fan yam” point to the sweetness; so also does ubimanis
or “sweet yam” in Java, and sakkara valli kilangu or
“sugar yam” in the Tanjore district of the Madras Presidency.
Burma possesses a race myauk mwezouk credited with fra-
grance: while the following names are ins aa of excellence :—

akash kanda or “heavenly yam” in the Raipur district
of the Central Provinces of India,

mahal kanda or “palace yam” in the same district,

mohan kand or “pleasant yam” in Berar,

raja alla or “king’s yam” in Ceylon.

To them may perhaps be added :—

ubitunku or the prince’s yam in Sarawak,
ubiseneur or “senhor’s yam” in Java, and
raja mohan dumpa or “King Mohan’s yam” in the
Circars.
The “superior yam” or phan kyrsiew of the Khasia
Hills is the cultivated D. pentaphylla.

1 For r'iatalu see p. 143 forward.

131

Palatability and nauseousness are brought into strangely sharp
contrast within two species of Dioscorea, namely D. pentaphylla
and D. bulbifera: with foliage and flowers identical, and roots not
always shaped diversely, races of either species offer to him who
would eat them materially in one good, in another worse than in-
different. The inevitable consequence of such conditions must be
that adjectives indicating the relationship to the palate appear in
the names. of these races. In consequence the edible D. bulbifera
in North Kanara is “ sweet yam” or heg genasu and “ sweet
genth’”? or mithi genthi in the North-western Himalaya,
while wild and nauseous races of that species obtain the following
names which mean “bitter yam” or “bitter genth,” karu
kanda widely through the Central Provinces and Central India,
karwi genthi in the North-western Himalaya, pita alu
commonly in Orissa, pit kanda or pith kan da in the edge
of the Central Provinces towards Oris ssa, and titi gethi lke
karwi genthi in the North-western Himalaya. This species
is also the “insipid yam” or ubi blichik of the sundanese
language; and its effects on the human system are expressed very
strongly in the calling of it the “mad yam” or pagla alu in
Chittagong and the “ poison yam” (one of them) in Java, where
itis huwiupas and uwiupas.

D. pentaphylla in races that are good to eat is the “ sweet hairy
yam ” ° OF mouajhapraalu in Assam, and the “ treacle thread
yam” or jageri nuren kilangu in Travancore: It is
suspected that it is at the same time the “ sugar yam” of shini
valli kilangu among the Tamils in Ceylon. In contrast the
wild and nauseous plant may be called “deadly yam” or mara
keshango in Travancore. It has the name of “inferior
yam” or sili bok among the Lepchas of Sikkim.

D. hispida which is always poisonous,—so poisonous that it
may be used to poison a carcase left as a bait for tigers,—is the
“deadly strangle cake” or marpashpoli of the Bombay
Ghats. This name is sometimes reduced to “strangle cake” or
pashpoli.

“Benumbing yam” or hiritalla is a name which in
Ceylon is ascribed to D. oppositifolia, and perhaps raw its flesh may,
like other species, benumb the fingers—an effect not explained, —but
enquiries as to its incidence should be made. “ Sweet tuber” or
mithi kand is a name for it in the Saugor district of the
Central Provinces; and it is much sought as food both there and
in all the neighbouring parts of the country.

“Bitter yam” or pitharu is ascribed to D. aculeata? in
Chota Nagpur. Kasa alu, with the same meaning, is also as-
cribed to it in the districts of Angul and Balasore. It is a muddled

1 For genth see p. 144 forward.

2 The name D. aculeata is here used for the species called D. Walli-
chii in the Flora of British India. The reasons for the change are to be
found in the Kew Bulletin, 1919, p. 352,

132

name and may be muddled in its application. The name of “ yam:
like a Colocasia (in taste)” or kochadia alu is another name
for the species received from the district of Angul.

Adiectives of Colour and Texture.

Tubers of D. alata may possess a crimson colouring matter or
may be without it. The colour of those without it causes the-
following names to be given :—

“white yam” or safed ratalu in the Ganges plains,
dhaula alu in northern Chota Nagpur,
myouk u pyu in Burma,
ubi puteh in Malaysia,

“milk yam” or dudha alu in Chota Nagpur,
merom tuar sanga among the Kols of
Chota Nagpur,
kiri vel alla in Ceylon, and
ubi susuq in Java,

“lime yam” or ubi kapor in Java,

“rice (like) yam” or ubi nasi in the Malay Peninsula,
samoan nasi in Bali,

“fish yam” or mach alu, machua alu, and mas alu in
various parts of Bengal,
mach ranga alu (fish-colour yam) in
Bengal,
halgujia alu (Hal-fish yam) in Assam,
myouk nga cheik (sticky fish yam) in
Burma,
“bright yam” or ujla ratalu in the Ganges plains,
ujla machalu in the Santal Pergunnahs.
of Bengal,
“salt (coloured) yam” or phan mluwh in the Khasia Hills.

Upon the other hand the races with the crimson colouring
matter in them possess the following names :—

“red yam” or rato torul in Nepal,
rakta alu in Bengal,
raht ala in Chittagong,
sang lal in Chota Nagpur,
myouk ni in Burma,
man leng in the Shan Hills,
ubi merah in the Malay Peninsula,
kombili merah in Java,
ubi abang in Java,
ubi gendola in Bali,
ubi laha in Celebes,
“henna yam” or alta alu in Bengal,
“henna-leaf yam” or altapatti alu in Bengal,
“yam as (seed of) Melastoma malabathricum” or ubi ken-
duduk in the Malay Peninsula.

~

a

133

To these the sanskrit raktaluka should be added, for
without doubt over two thousand years ago it indicated a crimson-
fleshed D. alata; its modern descendents have lost the exact point
of the name. Also a Javanese name ubi bulong or “blue
yam ” may refer to a crimson-fleshed race, but it is more probable
that the author, who has recorded the use of the adjective bulong,
meant butung (see p. 1595.

The cultivated ). pentaphylla has in Bengal a name gan ga-
jali alu which means “ Ganges-water yam,” possibly because “it
boils to the grey colour of the river Ganges.

Among the names for D. alata, above, have been given several
which compare it to fish, and they have been said to be used for
white-fleshed races of D. alata, but it is to be recognised that the
elutinosity of the boiled yam equally suggests the flesh of fish.
This glutinosity gives rise to the following further names :—

4
*~ or myouk kaukhnyinchiek in Burma,

ubi likat in Sundanese,
huwiputun in Sundanese (perhaps),

“ olutinous yam

“wax yam” or mom alu in the Central Provinces of India,
ubi lilin in Sundanese,
huwi lilin and uwi ‘i ilin in Javanese,

“cold yam” or man kat in the Shan Hills,
“frog yam” or myouk hpa eing in Burma.

The flesh of D. alata is never really yellow, but at the most is
of the white of ivory: but one dutch writer has stated huwi
badak kuning or “yellow fan yam” to be a javanese name
for a race of this species. The writer is inclined to consider it as
an error.

Yellow flesh is however characteristic of some of the 3pecies

of the section Lasiophyton, and we get for D. hispida, in Java,

= “ee 33 7 =

gadong kuning or “yellow gadong” and for D. pentaphylla

in Assam ed alu or “ginger yam” in which the colonr of the

root of ginger seems to be the quality referred to; and we get in

Sundanese huwi jahe or “ginger yam” also, whicli becomes
samoan jahe in Bali.

D. assamica possesses a name among the Mikirs ruiring
which is translated as‘ bluish yam.”

Not to the colour of the flesh, but to the hard skin of the tuber
of D. bulbifera are due the names for it which mean “ black yam ”
e.g. kala kand in the Central Provinces of India, and kal
genasu in Malabar.

But this same species in cultivation gets names which call it
“white yam” in ubi puteh in Java, huelya puteh in
the island of Saparua, Moluccas, and elan puteh in the island
of Ceram. |

134

Fibres running through the flesh cause names which mean
“thready yam” to be applied to D. aculeata such as nare
tegalu and nare tega in the Circars, nare genasu
in Malabar and nari gaddiin Travancore. Again such names
are applied to D. tomentosa in nulu tega, nulu dumpa,
nulu goddalu and nulvalli kilanguw in various parts
of the Madras Presidency, and in suta alu which is used
in Orissa.

Thirdly D. pentaphylla gets corresponding names which it
shares with others, sut alu in Orissa, nuran kilangu
in Travancore and bhuwi sawat in Sundanese.

Nuli kilangu or “fibrous tuber” has been received
attached to a specimen of D. oppositifolia, but it is not an ap-
plicable name, and seems to have been attached in error.

Suna genasu or“ lime yam” is an unidentified Dioscorea
of Kanara. Chun alu which name also means “lime yam”
is D. Hamiltonti in the Mayurbhanj State of Orissa. Bhat
alu or “boiled rice yam” is D. glabra in northern Bengal and
in the Brahmaputra valley, and is a not-inapplicable name. But
why D. pentaphylla should possess the names of dhan alu
or “grain yam” in the district of Birbhum, ‘western Bengal, and
samoan nasi or “cooked rice yam” in the island ‘of Bali
is not clear.

D, anguina is called haldia alu or “turmeric yam” in
Assam, doubtless from the presence of orange-colour in the older
parts of the tuber.

Deprecatory names.

It is a common thing in language to assign inferior plants
to familiar animals, as our dog- rose, horse- chestnut, pig-nut.sheeps-
parsley: and Dioscorea in the East offers illustrations. Sometimes
the assignment as in the case of dog-rose is purely figurative; and
sometimes as in the word pig-nut there is appropriateness in it.
We shall find Dioscorea assigned in both degrees. It is in its
inferior species most commonly assigned to the wild pig, and not
without reason for the wild pigs very largely feed upon the wild
yams.

Nauseous D. pentaphylla, D,. bulbifera, and the poisonous
D. hispida are so assigned in the following names:—bara
kanda, barai kand, batahi and, Dade eau
which are used in Western Hindi and from the borders of this
language into the Central Provinces of India here and there for
all three. But baro gai in Savara and burdi gaddi in
Telegu are applied to D. tomentosa. The names dakur kand,
dukur kand and dukel kand also mean “pig’s yam”
and are used in the Central Province of India to the south of
bara kand: they are applied to wild D. pentaphylla. Dukka
pendalam that is “pig’s pendalam ”—(D. alata is the usual

:
.

ins

135

meaning of pendalam) is a name for D. pentaphylla received from
the Vizagapatam district of the Circars. The name pedra
kanda for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Damoh district of
the Central Provinces seems to mean likewise “ pig’s yam.” In
Java the name chanar babi or “ pig’s Smilax” is applied to:
D. polyclades, D. deflexa, and perhaps to other species.

Once or twice D. belophylia has in the writer’s experience been
pointed out in the peninsula of India as “ pig’s yam” under one
or another of the above names; but by misapplication.

Interesting names are such as sur alu, suar alu,
suaria alu, and suareh alu which are applied to D.
bulbifera widely in Bengal, sura alu and suri alu which
are used in Kastern Hindi for D. pentaphylla, surka and
sumri for the same in the Jhansi district, surendi kand
in the Bilaspur district, and supnor kand in the Raipur
district. ‘The men who use the words in most cases connect them
with the hindi word fora “pig” and would translate them as
“pig’s yam” like the several already mentioned; but there is a
sanskrit verb “sur” to hurt, and in it probably the real origin
lies; their name once having been “hurtful yam” and not as now
“ pig’s yam.”

i7, bulbtfera 1s the “dog’s yam” or kukur toru! of
Nepal, and kukur alu of Lower Bengal; nauseous D.
pentuphylla is also the “‘dog’s yam” or kukur alu of Lower
Bengal; and D. sikkimensis is another “ dog’s yam” or kukur
torul of Nepal.

Monkeys have yains assigned to them in the names bandri
alu or bandoreh alu, used for nauseous D. pentaphylla
in the Ganges plains, from the districts of Monghyr and Bhaghalpur
for some distance westward, and also in the name akar mawas,
which means the orang-utan’s creeper, and is applied to D. pyrifolia
in Malacca.

To the jackal, kolo kand may be considered as assigned:
but there is some reason for thinking that an older word may be
in the name. Kolo kand, kulu kand, kulu sanga,
kolki, kulia, kulika, and kolhua are forms of this
applied to D. hispida in Orissa, Chota Nagpur and westward to the
Melghat.

To the tiger is assigned that same species in the names

‘bagh alu or baghra alu which are used in Orissa. In

bagh torul, a name used in Nepal and Sikkim, it is D. glabra
which is the “ tiger’s yam.”

To the elephant is assigned D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla
in the name hathia kand used in the Shahabad district,
Bengal. The name hastyaluka has been mentioned already
with the suggestion that “elephant yam” in that case means
“very big yam”; but again it may not have meant this.

The ant is connected with D. pyrifolia in the name chanar
semut of “ant’s Smilax” used in western Java.

136

Chamar alu or “ flesher’s yam” is a brahminical name |
for nauseous ). pentaphylla received from the neighbourhood of
Calcutta.

Names from the fragrance of the flowers.

The fragrance of the flowers has caught the pleasing malay
fancy so that a series of names exists connected with it, such as
akar bunga keminiyan or “benzoin-flower creeper”
which is curtailed into akar kemini yan, akar kami-
yan,akarkamoyan,akarkamayan,akarkumoyan,
akarkamahangand apparentlyakarmanujanandakar
mumujan,—all meant for “benzoin creeper.” Or a word for
yam may be substituted for the word for creeper, so that we get
huwi kawaiyung and huwi kawoyang, ubi Kawa-
yonganduwikawayong which are likewise to be translated
as “benzoin yam.” 'These names are used in the Malay Penin-
sula, the Menengkabau region of Sumatra and in Jaya, and denote
such wild Dioscoreas as D. pyrifolia, D. laurifolia, D. filiformis,
and probably others, indeed perhaps all wild species of the section
Enantiophyllum.

The scent of the flowers of D. hispida earns for it the name
of gadong kasturi or “musk gadong” in Bali and
ondot kasturi in Ceram, and also of gadong malati

“jasmine gadong” in Bali.

Babra kand or “acacia yam” for D. bulbifera in the
Chanda district of the Central Provinces of India would seem
also to be earned by the scent of the male flowers, unless it is a
corruption of bara kand or hog’s yam.

Confusion with Smilax.

The similarity of Dioscoreas and species of Smilax leads in
the Malay Peninsula and Java to the use of such names as
akar kelona, ubi kelona, aroi chanur and
chanar for various wild Dioscoreas. Kelona or klana in the
Malay Peninsula usually means a Smilax, just as chanar does in
Java. The Japanese also compare it with Smilax (see p. 140 for-
ward).

Names suggesting transportation.

Yam-names only in a very small measure suggest transport.
There is a race of D. alata which in the Malay Peninsula has the
name of “java yam” or ubi jawa as if it had been carried
that small distance. There is another in Java known as the

“indian merchant’s yam” or ubi kuja, kuja or kwaja being
the master of an indian trading ship, suggesting in its name that
it reached the Malay region from India.

The origin of the edible D. pentaphylla is not indicated by
any oriental names, but there are two names which suggest its
introduction into the places where they are used: one of them
is given by Rumpf and is that of “Priaman yam” or ubi
pariaman said by him to be used in Ternate, Priaman being

137

in Sumatra: the other is “ Menado yam” or ubi mangin-
dano used in north Celebes, the ilevadc region being in the
north of that island. This same yam has been called to the writer
“foreign yam” or belat myouk-u in Lower Burma by a
man using the corrupt hindustani word belat for foreign in associa-
tion with the Burmese term for D. alata.

The cultivated D. bulbifera is known in India among europeans
as the Otaheiti potato. It is sometimes called “spanish yam ” or
ubi kastela in the Malay Peninsula and “chinese yam” or
ubi china in the Dutch Indies.

Religious use.

In the Gangetic plains in certain parts, to eat D. esculenta
on fast days is permitted; and throughout the northern part of
the Central Provinces it is likewise lawful on these occasions to
eat a meal called bec handi made from certain wild yams. A
religious meaning has not been demonstrated in the names applied
in India: but in Java, in regard to edible D. pentaphylla and to one
Species of the Section Enantiophyllum vernacular hames suggest a
religious use. These names are huwi dewata, katak de wot,
and huwimantri meaning “ sacred yam’ > and « priest’s yam.’
Now the words, which in these names qualify the word for yam,
are of sanskritic origin, and the first of these yams, also in the
same part of Java, is called huwi paturi or “princess’ vam”,
the word paturi or putri being sanskritic. Like the several san-
skritic court words and words for the trappings of elephants in the
Malay language these yam names must have come into existence,
where they persist, from the old Indian kingdoms which in Java
left the hindu religion and the magnificent temple of Borobodoer;
and it would be in connection with observances of such a court
that they were applied. The obvious suggestion is that these
Dioscoreas were once used in Java as D. hispida is upon the west
side of Bengal and D. esculenta in the Gangetic plains, to supply
a food permitted on fast days. Now hinduism found a refuge,
from persecution in Java by flight to Bali and it would be most
intere sting to have enquiry made there among the descendents of
immigrants from Java as to the use if any, that they make of
Dd. pentaph ylla and other Dioscoreas, and the names that they apply
to them.

The nouns for yams.

Nouns used as names for yams possess a vastly greater in-
terest than the adjectives coupled with them; but they are more
difficult to deal with, as being often the flotsam of a lost language
The reader in consideration of them should keep in mind that these
food yams may be held as of six groups :—

1. the cultivated yams of the section Hnantiophyllum, i.e. D.
lata and D. opposita,

2. the cultivated yam of the section Combilium, i.e. D. escu-
lenta, .

138

3. other cultivated yams, being in Asia derived from D.
bulbifera and D. pentaphylla,
the wild edible yams of the section Hnantiophyllum,
the uncultivated species of the sections Opsophyton and
Lasiophyton together, without D. hispida,
6. D. hispida alone.
The areas that the first three of these six groups occupy are:
indicated on the map on p. 166. The distribution of Hnantiophylla
is on map 1: and of Opsophyton with Lasiophyton on map 3.

Or

Races of D. alata distinguished by nouns.

The natives of the Konkan coast of India go so far in dis-
tinguishing yams as to call even the varieties of D. alata by words.
used as nouns, e.g. bhusara, chaina or chini, denni,
kamodia, kon, pandra, talbada, tamra, etc. They
doin fact what an English gardener does when he speaks of a Gloire
de Dijon or a Marechal Niel, and expects to be understood without
using the word rose after each name. Not so the peoples of other
parts of India proper, nor of any peoples upon the west side of the
Philippines, where again we meet with this manner of speaking.
Then again we get it in New Guinea, New Caledonia and in Fiji.
It indicates a great familiarity with yams as food.

Whereas in the names used upon the Konkan coast a meaning
can be read, Mr. C. Harold Wright says of the names used in Fiji
that he has “ been quite unable to find out from Fijians any mean-
ing in most.” Those islanders, he adds, would find it pedantic if
the word uvi for yam should be placed in speaking before the
words damuni, taniela, korengu, ete., by which they in-
dicate the races. A people that so subdivides D. alata is likely to
distinguish very clearly the widely different species such as D.
pentaphylla, D. bulbifera or D. hispida, as this illustrates. A very
emphatic abusive name for D. hispida occurs, as already mentioned,
among the upper strata of the population towards Bombay, namely
mar pash poli or “deadly strangle cake”; and from Bombay
for quite a considerable way southwards shendwel and its
variants indicate D. pentaphylla, while karanda and its variants
indicate D. bulbifera. In the Philippine islands apart from Malay
words, either in the Tagalog or the Visayan language, such names
as ballolong, bininag, dinogo, tamis, tubayan or
tumitok denote races of D. alata.

The following are all Fijian names for races of D. alata:—
dakulavu, davunikoka, damuni, dikama, ga,
gone, kasokaso, kaumaile, korengu, koto, kuku,
kurukuru, lokaloka, matawai, mbati, mb oro-
niliga, mbotia, mbuti, nalsevu, nise, rausikula,
rausivula, rausi, sabalavu, sosi, tambulatawa,
taniela, tikausivaro, togoniwakaya, veiwa, voli,
and yarisi.

139

They are enumerated here to show how they are scattered
through the alphabet, as would be expected of borrowed and pro-
bably distorted nouns and adjectival words become nouns.

_ In Fiji D. pentaphylla is known as kaile and D. bulbifera as
bulo.

On pp. 173-177 below, three lists are given: one is of instances
wherein D. hisjda is admitted as of the genus of D. alata; the second
is of instances wherein D. pentaphylla is admitted, and the third is
of instances wherein D. bulbifera is admitted. The generic word
found to be most common in these is kand or kanda. Itisa
sanskritic word. It stands nine times for D. hispida, twelve times
for D. pentaphylla and twenty-four times for D. bulbifera. Now
there are 67 names in all in the hst wherein kand or kanda
occur, and 61 per cent of them go to these three species; and of
names not in the list because they are not applied to Dioscoreas
several with kand in them can be quoted, e.g. Pueraria tuberosa
yields a kand and so does Nelumbium speciosum, Zehneria um-
bellata, and the Sweet potato also. It is evident that kand much
more approximates to “ tuber ” than to “ yam” and is so translated
below.

Second to kand, and also sanskritic, comes alu, which
occurs once under PD. hispida, nine times under D. pentaphylla,
and sixteen time under J). bulbifera. Its derivatives, mataru
which occurs twice under D. hispida and once under D. bulbifera,
geddalu which occurs once under D. hispida, and pendalam,
which occurs once under D. pentaphylla and twice under D. bul-
bifera, make up the total thirty-three, which is only 16 per cent
of all the names containing alu.

Third comes ubi, with uvi, uwi, ete. It stands applied
to D. hispida twelve times, to D. pentaphylla eight times and to D.
bulbifera nine times, making a total of twenty-nine, and giving
a percentage of 15.

Alu and ubi are good instances of what it seems reasonable
to translate into English by the word “ yam.”

Nouns in a Geographic Sequence more or less by
sub-regions in the Plant-world.

The nouns will now be taken in an arrangement which is
suggested by the distribution of the plants to which they apply,
commencing from the north-east of Asia.

Japanese Names.

In Japan, D. opposita is cultivated, and before the introduction
of the potato, was second to Colocasia antiquorum in importance
among starchy tubers. Both these esculents the Japanese place
under the noun imo; and they logically extend the use of imo
to the wild Enantiophyllous D. japonica, as well as to the potato,

140

artichoke and sweet potato. On the other hand they designate the
Dioscoreas of the section Stenophera as logically by the noun
tokoro or dokoro but extend the use of the word to plants
which do not come within the genus. WD. hispida and D. penta-
phylla do not occur in Japan: but DY. bulbifera does, and has got
itself classed both as an imo in the names kashiu imo,
benkeiimo and nariimo, and as a dokoro in the name
marudokoro or maruba dokoro, obviously on account of
its intermediate characters. Were there no other names, it would
be possible to argue from this uncertainty a modern introduction ;
but it is called by the curious and probably old nouns zembu
and seppu, which possibly have interesting origins. No in-
fluence from without appears obvious in them nor in any of the
above names; but in literary Japanese the name kai is used,
and is of the interesting group of words of the K-group collected
together on the map No. 8 facing p. 156.

Kashiu in Japanese stands for Smilax, and kashiuimo
may be translated “ Smilax yam.”

Daijo and jinenjo are contrasting words for a cultivated
(big) and for a wild edible yam, namely one said to be D. alata
and the other D. japonica.

Names of Liu-kiu islands.

In these islands the K-group of nouns, which has just been
commented on as present in Japan in kai, occurs in ku- which
is the commencing syllable of kugwa [imo] for D esculenta,
and kuru for D. rhipogonoides.

Indigenous names of Manchuria, Corea and Formosa
unknown.

From Formosa we have only Chinese names, and from Corea
none.

One species of the section Stenophora is common in the Amur
sub-region and Manchuria, but what it is called is unrecorded.
KEnantiophyllous yams do not go so far north upon the mainland of
Asia.

Chinese names.

In China the words uh and yu appear to be the equal of the
Japanese imo: they indicate Colocasia antiquorum in the first
place, and after that D. alata or D. opposita according to climate.
As shan yu and shan wh or “hill yam,” they indicate species
of Enantiophyllous yams occurring wild, which also, because they
are used medicinally, may be called shan yao. The word shu
which is “tuber ” rather than “ yam,” is used for the tinctorial D.
rhipogonoides as well as for edible Dioscoreas; so also the word
tsu means tuber. For Dioscoreas of the section Stenophora the
Chinese, as far as records go, have no collective name. D. bulbifera

SOPE

5.

Map No.

14i

according to one authority is mao yu tse or “ hairy Colocasia,”
and D. kamoonensis,—a species a little better upon the whole for
eating, is mao shu tin or “hairy tuber creeper.” D. hispida
is almost absent from China, and no name for it is to be expected.

K ai is used in Kwangtung as in Japan: and ka-lau re-
corded as for D. bulbifera in the Honam islands of that province
carries that noun.

Possibly a special interest is buried in huai shan yu, a
medicine which has a big use in China and is made from tubers of
one or more Enantiophyllous Dioscoreas. This medicine, when it
reaches Tonkin, is called khoai shan yu; and it looks about
as probable that the word kai (=khoa1) is in the Chinese name,
as that the Chinese so designate the drug from the mart of Huai-
shien, which is only one of very many places where the drug is
dealt with. The name accordingly has been entered on to the map
of the K-group of yam-names.

Caucasus and Balkans.

Dioscoreas in the section Stenophora extend to the Caucasus
and to the Balkans, but there is nothing to record regarding them.

Names in the Western Himalaya beginning with TA, etc.

From as far west in the Himalaya as Enantiophyllous Dios-
coreas go,eastward to Sikkim, a word for yam is one of a series
commencing with T.. eg. tarri, tarar, tarari, tarur and
torul. Onto the plains under the North-west and Central
Himalaya, this T-group in no clear way spreads: but it is otherwise
under the Eastern Himalaya, where tha is the Bodo word of
old Assam for yam; and as such it commences the names of all
readily edible Dioscoreas among the Garos. East of the Garos on
the other side of the Khasias in the Cachari language tha-, and
more commonly ta-, are used, as in thanairang, tamisi,
tarem and tashep. Thai reng (sometimes dai reng)
isa race of D. alata. Thaguna is the sweet Potato. Tamalo
as a name for D. bulbifera has been received from the Katha district
of upper Burma. It is possible further that the Burmese names
thadut, thindouk, thin-on and thin-gyat. may
carry it and that again the thi- of some of the Tonkin
names is the same. ‘To them a place will be given later: here under
“Himalaya” they are mentioned to indicate the extent of the
T-group of names, (see the map No. 5 opposite). D. bulbifera is
not asaruleatarriortorul in the North-west Himalaya, nor
is D. pentaphylla: but the latter has a well known name beginning
with T,—te guna used all along the Himalaya from Almora and
Naini Tal to the Nepal hills over Champaran; and under the hills
in the Eastern Hindi and Behari languages this is turned to tena,
teona, or teoni. It is not clear that it contains the pahari
word for yam, but it is applied like torul to useful plants, for it
designates edible and not nauseous D. pentaphylila.

- ee

142

The nauseous and poisonous yams in the Himalaya.

Westward of where te guna is used, D. pentaphylla has thé
names of debbar, dhaiva or draigarh: whether this is
applied to nauseous D). pentaphylla alone, or to edible as well, has
not been established : and it must suffice to call attention to the name.
In some part of the Himalaya, D. bulbifera appears to have
the name khitta, and the poisonous D. deltoidea has a very well
known series of names,—krits, kris, krish, krithi, kins,
kithi, or kildri. It is exceedingly probable (a) that khitta
has a common origin with krits: (b) that khitta would not
be applied by a discerning person to cultivated D. bulbifera; and
(c) it is evident that they have nothing in common with the T-group
of names.

There is an infiltration into the hills of sanskritic words, so
that alu is known, and for D. bulbifera words of the genth-
series are used locally. It is to be asked if the words used for
D. pentaphylla in the Himalaya of Almora and Naini Tal, e.g.
ghajirandghanjir, are in origin hill-words, and if the name
ghandiali, recorded for D. belophylla as well for D. alata in
the Kangra district, is also. The last particularly suggests
genth.

Quite distinct is the well established name—mangaya,
magiya, muniya for D. kamoonensis: and so is the Paharia
begur for edible D. pentaphylla.

Atkinson recorded the name gun for D. deltoidea: it stands
at present unsupported. Equally unsupported is another name for
it—s hin gli.

Perhaps it is well to summarise these names, and it may be
done thus :—

edible and pleasant yams .. nouns of the T-group
teguna which is perhaps a noun
edible D. pentaphylla , eid hie Ghee ae KAS.
edible D. hamoonensis .. houns like mungaya
nauseous D. pentaphylla and oe draigar, dhaiva, ghajir,

D. bulbtfera ghanjir, khitta
poisonous D. deltoidea .. krits, ete., gun, shingli.

The names in the Eastern Himalaya.

The Lepchas of Sikkim use bok for torul: they call D.
bulbifera kaching: D. melanophyma is tuk jhok and D.
hispida rugluorroflu. An edible variety of D. pentaphylla,
which is not uncommon in their hills they admit as a bok under
the name of suli bok or “ inferior yam,” calling the species also
kussok. There is nothing in common between these and the
words of the North-west Himalaya beyond the degree in which
species of different utility are named apart.

143

Little is recorded from the Himalaya east of the Lepchas,
beyond the name t 0 wo which is said to be bhutanese for D. penta-

phylla, and may ‘be ‘part of the T-group mentioned above; na-
echaykyu said to be bhutanese for D. belophylla; and jing-
jing or je-ngin said to be an Abor word for a Dioscorea.

Names in North-western India and Sanskritic names.

The proper word for yam through north-western India is
alu; and it was written alukain sanskrit. The Aryans brought
its ancestry into India, and in apparently the last two thousand
years it has developed in a rather interesting way. To those who
wrote sanskrit there were several kinds of yams under aluka:
we find them recorded for instance in the Susruta Samhita in a
place where diet is discussed.

The Susruta Samhita is a sanskrit work on medicine of
about 600 B.C.; supposed to have originated in Benares. It makes
mention of hastyaluka, kastaluka, madhvaluka,
pindaluka, raktaluka and sankaluka. Of these
six names, four are represented in current language: e.g. by
Pawnee katharua, matalu, mataruor matharu,
mau alu, moha alu, moa alu, mowa alu, maoli ete,
pendalu, pendia, pindhi, and pendalam, and
ratalu: and from the application of these modern names to
D. alata and to D. esculenta, it might be assumed that when the
Susruta Samhita was written, aluka indicated the cultivated
Dioscoreas: but unfortunately for such an assumption, there exist
the names in Chota Nagpur of pitharu, katharu and
phararu applied to wild though edible yams: and aru being
akin to aluka, it is left possible that aluka had a wider
significance than the cultivated yams.

Before passing on attention may be directed to the word
pangaru used also in Chota Nagpur; for it is evidently sans-
kritic meaning “delicate yam” and is applied to a race of the
cultivated D. alata, a good contrasting word to katharu or
“woody yam.” Of these names from the Susruta Samhita pin-
daluka or something similar, reaching the Circars, gave rise to
pendalam,—a word no longer of the harrow meaning which it
must have had originally, but used for all races of D. alata, and
the same or something similar reaching Berar, seems there to have
given rise to pendia or pindhi which is applied to D.
esculenta. |

It is an interesting and obvious circumstances that raktaluka
as used by those who wrote sanskrit and ratalu as used by the
enormous number of those who eat it to-day, are not synonymous:
in the two and a half millenia which have intervened it has ceased
to indicate a red-fleshed D. alata, and: has come to indicate any
D. alata, so that the tautology becomes necessary and exists of
lal ratalu. Similarly other names may have changed and
the application of pendalam to D. alata, while pendia is

ea

nn eee

——

144

D. esculenta, suggests a similar happening. ‘To which of the two
did pindaluka apply? JDallana, the commentator on the
Susrata Samhita of the twelfth century, wrote that pindaluka
was a downy plant, and it appears therefore that D. esculenta was
meant by him: there is also another reason why this should be the
case. The word pind carries a religious meaning ;—pind-
pushp is the Asoka tree; pind-tailak is olibanum, pind
g es is myrrh and to this day D. esculenta is a permitted food on
fast days in parts of the United Provinces of upper India.
Pindaluka, therefore appears to be the sanskrit for D. escu-
lenta; and if so, then the inhabitants of the Circars who possibly
did not receive the word until the time of Asoka, misapplied it,
and so got pendalam.

Pursuing these names further, if pindaluka stood for
D. esculenta, did madhvaluka do so also? Possibly: for
there are sweet and scarcely sweet races of it. But, mataru
‘an abvious offspring of madhvaluka, equally with moa alu,
is D. alata just as, very widely in Bengal, mithi alu is: and it
is necessary to keep-an open mind.

There is current in northern India for D. bulbifera, a very
considerable series of names connected with the word “ gendi”, of
sanskritic origin and meaning a “little ball.” Without doubt
these names originated in the resemblance of the bulbils, as already
mentioned, to small balls. The series begins with genth which
is used in the foot-hills of the Himalaya where it is quite well-
known and with getain Behari. The absence of D. bulbifera in
the centre of the Gangetic plain causes it not to appear there;
but it spreads upon the south of the plains where D. bulbifera
‘occurs; and from Lolitpur eastwards to the Sontal country it is
well-known though it gradually departs from it proper form into
curious modifications: it also penetrates through the wilds and
wastes which fence the Deccan on the north into the Central
Provinces administration, in doing so rather losing itself. The
forms that it takes are:—geth, genthi, gethi, ange-
thi, agitha, ghita, ghita torul, gathalu,
ghenti, gita, gathour kand, gitora kanda, gir-
chi kand (misapplied to D. anguina), anathi kanda, and
probably ghari alu. ' Although we appear to have no direct
evidence that those who wrote sanskrit used a word of this series;
it is clearly extremely probable or more than probable that they
did; and what is of interest is that D. bulbifera was excluded from
the genus aluka. Before passing on the geographic extremes

of the use of names of this series may be set down :—they are
the districts of :—

gethi, Almora and Naini Tal, Mirzapur, Monghyr, Sontal
pergunnahs, Hazaribagh, Ranchi, Palamau; also apparent-
ly Nepal.

genth, Gorakhpur.

genthi Champaran, Palamau.

ghente, Manbhum.

145

ghenthi, Mirzapur.
ganthi, Hazaribagh.
gonthi, Hazaribagh.
gete, Champaran.

ghita, Nepal.
gita, Darjeeling, and general in the Behari language.
githa, Champaran.
gethi, Gorakhpur, Baghelkand.
gethri, Hazaribagh,
ghari, Saugor.
gitora, Bilaspur.
githora, Mandla.
gircha, Jabalpur and Raipur.
gath, Saugor.
gathalu, Nimar, Amraoti
gatalu, Amraoti.
gathour, Narsingpur state.
angethi, Etah, Monghyr.
angitha, Baghelkand.
agitha, Jhansi, Bandelkhand, Narsingpur, Balaghat, Mandla

and Jabalpur.

agetha,. Balaghat
anathi, Monghyr, Hazaribagh.

For nauseous D. pentaphylla there exist the names which as
suggested on p. 135, may be connected with the sanskrit verb
“sur—to hurt”. These are surka used in the Jhansi district,
sumri used in the Jabalpur district, supnor kanda used
in the Raipur district, sur kanda in the same district,
surendi kand in the Bilaspur district, and without donbt
suri alu or sura alu extending through Western and
Kastern Hindi from the borders of Bombay to the borders of
ue and sur alu; “suar wlu, suaria alu and
suareh aiu in Bengal. Superficially these names appear to
be connected with the words for “ pig”; but the connection in
the mind with the pig is doubtless secondary; and it is probably
responsible for the adding of alu or kand to the first part
of the name if so, then those who wrote sanskrit should not be
thought of as admitting D. pentaphylla to be an aluka.

For edible D. pentaphylla, extending from the district of
Palamau, through those of Gaya, Monghyr, and Shahabad into
Baghelkand, there exists the name kKhaneya, khanewa or
khania kand. Such a name has been received from the
Jhansi district, further west, attached to D. bulbifera, very pro-
bably by misapplication. But kanuwa, khanuwa or kj)i-
nuwa in the northern districts of the Central Provinces
administration is a race of D. alata; and the name is also so used

Map No, 6

Distribution of Ch. names in India.

147

in Baghelkand. It does not appear profitable to say more upon
these, except to call attention to the use of kikare or
kinkari for edible D. pentaphylla as well as the edible D.
oppositifolia in the Ali-Rajpur State of southern Rajputana, es-
pecially to bring to notice that in the Seoni district kira ch kan d,
andinthe Balaghat district kirchi kand and kircha
are applied to D. oppositifolia and lead to the Gondi kiras nati
of the same application, in a way w hich suggests that the names
kikare and kinkari should rather be attached with kras
mati, to D. oppositifolia than to edible D. pentaphylla.

With the sanskritic noun kand or kandaa note on p. 139
has dealt sufficiently.

Names in the northern part of the Deccan—penetraticn
of Sanskritic names.

It is well-known that more or less upon the line
of the tropic-of-Cancer, India presents a barrier of partial
wastes: these were the wastes which made it difficult for the Moghal
empire to conquer the Deccan, and they must have offered in ‘like
manner though perhaps in lesser degree obstacles to penetration
‘by earlier organised states. There is a central way through the
wastes past Khandwa and the fort of Asirgarh. Upon the west
of that way the non-Aryan Bhils have been able to maintain them-

selves;.and eastward many non-Aryan tribes persist. Among these
tribes sanskritic languages have now obtained a certain position,
the result of which as regards yam-names is confusion. The most
useful course in regard to the area is to bring to notice these names,
and to hope that investigation may be induced thereby. One
exceedingly obvious result of this infiltration of sanskritic elements
is the appending of kand or kanda by way of explanation
to a distorted non-Aryan, presumedly Kolarian, noun.

Down the line of easiest invasion, that is to say past Asirgarh,
sanskritic names have penetrated most. It was by this way doubt-
less than pendaluka gave origin to pendhia and pindh,
and madhvaluka to mataru, matharu and ma-
talu: in much more modern times alu, aru and ratalu
have become established on it.

L-names, north and north-east of Bombay.

There is an L-name for nauseous D. pentaphylla used by the
Warlis of the forests north and east of Bombay,—londi_ or
lundi, which appears to be rightly identified ‘with the word
loli used on Mount Abu in Rajputana, not for D. pentaphylla,
but for D. bulbifera, and also with lowa T and lurga used for
D, pentaphylla in the Jabalpur district. Southw ards, but as far
south as Belgaum, lokheri is met with Pe edible D. belophylla
and D. oppositifolia: it is not sound however to connect it with the
above names. The Warlis call edible D. pentaphylla alshi or
ulshi. Kushi has been received as a distortion of it.

1 ‘ON dvVW

148

149

B-names, across India (see the map opposite).

There is a B-group for nauseous D. bulbifeia where, proceecing
to the eastward, the Korkus are met with: it appears variously
as bail, bayal, beliya, and bai-ili: and there is another
B-group for nauseous D). pentaphyila among the Kols and Santals
of the Chota Nagpur area, as boiang, boiom, byam and
byang sanga. The last word sanga means “yam.” In as
much as nauseous J), pentaphylla and nauseous D. bulbifera have,
as regards primitive man, the same utility, a connection between
the two names bail and baiom is possible.

From yarious districts of the Central Provinces administration,
Central India and the northern escarpments, have come to the follow-
ing names :—baigunialu for D. hispida in the Mandla district,
baijan kanda for the same in the Mirzapur district, bajar
for the same in the Kotah state, bhaser kand in the Raipur
district, bhui kand in Berar, bajra kand for nauseous D.
pentaphylla in the Hoshangabad district, bayan alu for the
same in the Balasore district, belnikand for the same in the
Betul district, bhaser kand for it in Baghelkand, bhusa
or bursa in the southern districts where Eastern Hindi is spoken,
and buti gai in Savara: bihi kand is ascribed to D. bulbi-
fera in the Raipur and Damoh districts, bolar kand and
bara kand in the Amraoti district, and botla kanda in the
Raipur district. It is tempting to connect all these with either
bailor baiom.

Through a large part of the area whence these B-names have
been collected, a ceremonial meal is used by men of high caste,
which they call be chandi, eating it on fast days as a sort of
pennance. This meal is made from the nauseous yams; and there
is not a little reason for seeing in the, first syllable of the name an
indication of bail or baiom, the latter the more probable from
geographic considerations.

Through the Birbhum and Midnapur districts of western
Bengal, D. bulbifera possesses a series of B-names, bamla,
bamli and bawla,—names quite well-known, and as baula
alu spreading into the Balasore district. Attention to them
might possibly bring out some result of interest.

_ The Bhars of Gorakhpur use bank for D. hispida, and
this word is slightly similar to the word barlang which has
been received from the foot of the Sikkim Himalaya as denoting
that same poisonous species.

Ch-naimes, across India (see the map on p. 146).

There is a Ch-series over the area under discussion of very
wide distribution, and applied mostly to the poisonous D. hispida,
but sometimes to the nauseous varieties of D. pentaphylla and to
D. bulbifera. This name appears as chai, chain, chayen,
chain kanda, chani, chatai and chatan kand. It is

NS
eae: > 4 Ss - ———

150

met with from the Thana district near Bombay to the district of
Monghyr. Chedari kand reported from the Akola district,
as applied to D. bulbifera, is possibly a derivative.

Ko-names for D. hispida.

There is yet another wide-spread set of names for the poisonous
D. hispida: it is kolo kand, kulu kand, kulu sanga,
kolki, kulia, kulika and kolhua. These names overlap
the Ch group, avd extend through Orissa beyond it, but fail to
reach its western extremes, for they end with the Melghat. Kolo
kand means jackal’s tuber, but that in its origin the group tad
anything to do with the Hindi word “ kola—a jackal” is extremely
doubtful.

With the B-group, the Ch-group, and this Ko-group we find
three groups of names for nauseous or poisonous yams, spread across
India in the belt of wastes and quite unlike any names found in
or near the Himalaya unless bank and barlang can be of the
B-group.

Various disconnected names.

Edible D. pentaphylla among the Korkus is called gobadu;
and this name has been obtained from the Buldana and the
Amraoti districts, in the form gogdu, applied both to D. bul-
bifera and to the edible D. aculeata: again from as far away as the
South Kanara district has been received a name gokaru for
edible D. pentaphylla of similar sound.

Waj, waz, or vaj is an isolated name for D. hispida used
in southern Rajputana, and neighbouring districts of the Bombay
Presidency: it seems to be a Bhil word. Saplai is another
isolated name for the same species, received from the Kotah state.

Padriis a third isolated name, attached to edible D. penta-
phylla in Baghelkand. Pifasi is a fourth, attached to D. bul-
bifera in Singbhum, but quite possibly it is connected with the
Uriva adjective “ pita—bitter.”

These are a few further disconnected names :—
aman for D. anguina in southern Rajputana
ankul for edible D. pentaphylla in Belgaum
budh for D. hispida in Thana
gajariaor gajar for D. pentaphylla in Jhansi
galelua fora tuberous plant perhaps a Dioscorea in J hansi
F ota for D. hispida in southern Rajputana
manmour for D. belophylla in Jhansi
senrh, serh, or siar for D. anguina in Jhansi

Mati—a Gond word.

The Gonds stand out among the tribes of the belt of wastes, as
having been able to achieve some small measure of organisation,
and no doubt their language become more logical from that ability.
Their noun mati stands for “ yam” in a few names:—hirmati
has not been identified: krasmati or kiras mati stands for
D. oppositifola in the districts of Hoshangabad and Balaghat:

151

nunmati is an unidentified Dioscorea of the Narsinghpur dis-
trict; poturu mati stands for D. anguina in the Hoshangabad
district. Krishna mati for D. oppositifolia in the Betul and
Hoshangabad districts must surely stand forkrasmati. Mati
appears not to be applied to nauseous and poisonous species: and
therefore while Hindi-speaking people may convert krasmati
into kras kand, or in other names with mati, substitute kand,
it is not the exact equivalent of kand.

Names of the Malabar coast, and the land behind it.

Mention has been made of the names waz for D. hispida,
and loli for D. bulbifera as possibly Bhil names: oria for D.
oppositifolia in Khandesh is perhaps of the same language.

Manokand has been received as for D. bulbifera in the
Surat district. Mention has been made of the names used by the
Warlis——alshi for edible D. pentaphylla, and 1ondi for nau-
seous D. pentuphylla. Mention has been made also of the way in
which even the races of D. alata are known by nouns about Bom-
bay, and that thereabouts D. bulbifera is known by the name
karanda. This name, departing from karanda, varies to
maratmdaas, karandi, karinda, and karanza.. As
“carandi” it appears in Rheede’s Hortus malabaricus of 1686-
1703; presumedly his staff, the chief of whom was Caseareus, had
met with the name in Malabar.

Rheede’s staff, called D. pentaphylla both dava karandi
and tilo carandi, the latter being edible. It is suspected that
the karanda-grou) of names does not get applied to other than
D. bulbifera until its southern extreme, where its usage is becoming
vague. Rheede’s staff recorded karodi as a Malabar name for
D. hispida. Metz, Hohenacker’s collector, sent out from Malabar
D. oppositifoia as kurudu, and D. tomentosa as kurudu-
pu. It must be assumed that these names belong to a K-group,
especially as kuru kand can be heard in the Nasik district for
karanda kand. Kedoni met within the Travancore state
for edible D. pentaphylla. may be called to notice as perhaps having
‘a connection also. But what the relationship of these can be to
kon, which is a race of D. alata in Bombay, and konaghar
which is D. esculenta, is a matter for investigation.

. Kanjiissaid to be applied to D. oppositifolia in Travancore;
but from the districts near Bombay to Goa kanji, kangia,
Kanangi, kangar, kanang, kankari, always qualified by
the adjectives kanti or katta indicate D. esculenta. This ad-
jective means in these combinations “less sweet,” and is necessary
because kangi unqualified is the introduced Sweet potato. It
is very intercsting that the plant which must have been the longer
established should be that requiring a distinctive adjective.

In the Marathi language shataveli or chatavell'
stands for edible D. pentaphylla: and these words in the south of

1 -veli or -wel and all the similar terminations of this series indicate
¢limber, from near Bombay to Ceylon, and on the Coromandel coast.

ee aera

ee

°

152

the Bombay presidency are changed to shendwel, shen-
dowel and shendorvail. They are names well-2stablished.

The name chenyel recorded by Dymock as indicating D.
tomentosa is of the group. Dymock was excellent as regards.
languages, but he was not oe ays fortunate in his determinations
of Dioscoreas; so that his spelling of the name may be accepted, but
his statement that it belongs to D. tomentosa doubted.

In Travancore chaval or chavalli occurs and belongs to
D. pentaphylia at least in part. It seems to be a name of the saine
series ; and this is interesting because with it we have:—karanda,
possibly appearing in Tranvancore as kedoni, and shendwel
appearing as chaval, both looking as if derived from
pre-marathi or pre-malayalam words. It is permissible to recall
the Ch-group of the belt of westes, and to suggest that the first
part of chataveli, etce., contains it, the second indicating
climber. If it should be so, then the Ch-group is carried right
from Monghyr to Travancore as on map No. 6, its absence from |
the Nizam’s dominions and other adjacent parts being only an
accompaniment of the rarity of yams therein.

Kavalli is a word in sound near to chataveli, but
probably very distinct. It is applied to edible Dioscoreas chiefly
in the Tanjore district, but passes through to Malabar. In Tanjore
it mdicates D. alata almost always: but satik kavalli in-
dicates cultivated D. bulbifera. On the Malabar side it is
less strictly.—one might say less accurately,—applied, so that
Rheede’s staff ascribed it as kavalli kacchel to D. oppo-
sitifolia, and as nath kavalli it is D. belophylla, both these
being edible wild yams.

Kacchel is applied to edible yams in Travancore: and
there are nine instances in the following lst. Kaju or kachu
replaces it in the Nilgiris.s Kondol has the same meaning in
Ceylon.

The Tamil word kilangu is quite distinct in meaning, and
must be translated “tuber”: “but as valli kilangu it means.

“vam.” Utterly inedible bulbs ete., are kilangus. This word
also passes a little to the Malabar side: but gad de and genasu,
respectively in Malayalam and Kanarese stand for * tuber,” - and
hold their own against it.

Further names in Ceylon.

The word kondol has been mentioned: alla replaces it
in the Cinghalese language. Kilangu for “tuber” penetrates
into Ceylon with the Tamil language.

Names of the Coromandel coast.

Kilangu is a very common word; and so is valli ki-
langu—the equivalent of yam plant: D. alata is vetti lai
valli kilangu or “the yam plant with a leaf like Piper

153

Betle.” Such a periphrasis for a plant of undoubted familiarity is
interesting, and its very length forbids its universal use, so that
peru valli kilangu that is “large yam,” pedu chari
valli kilangu or “Pondicherry yam plant,” sakkara
valli kilangu or “sugar yam plant,” etc. seem to suffice to
denote races of D. alata without the use of the descriptive part
about Betle-leaf. D. esculenta is defined as siru valli ki-
langu or “small yam plant” andasmulluvellikilangu
or “thorny yam plant”: D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla receive
the names of kadu valli kilangu which means “ wild yam”
and of mallaivallikilangu or “hill yam”: D. tomentosa
is thenulvallikilangu or“ fibrous yam.”

Tt can easily be seen from the list that in the names from the
Malabar side containing kilan gu less intelligence, with probably
more jungle-lore, is displayed, than in the names from the Coro-
mandel side.

Numerous words through the Circars.

Proceeding northwards Tamil gives way to the Telegu lan-
guage, and Telegu to Uriya, while at the back of them occur
languages such as Savara, the whole interacting in a complicated
way. Inthe Cuddapah district D. tomentosa isnulugoddalu;
edible D. pentaphylla is yella gaddalu; D. oppositifolia is

yella gaddi and D. tomentosa is said to be burdi gaddi.

In the Kurnul district yella gaddi is D. oppositifolia. In
the Warangal district, the same in the case ; also a Dioscorea supposed
to be D. pentaphylla ischunchugudda; D. hispida issunna
guddaandnullasunna gudda. In the Chanda district
D. bulbifera is said to be nulla godda and nauseous D. penta-
phylla is punda mohra gudda. In the Godaveri district
nulu geddalu is used for D. tomentosa. Passing over the
Vizagapatam district, nulla ginni geddalu is D. bulbifera
“in Ganjam, and D. hispida is tella ginni geddalu. At
the back of the Ganjam district the Savaras call Dioscorea gai,
so that we get among them, adabgai for nauseous PD. penta-
phylla, butigai for D. bulbifera, barogai for D. tomentosa,
gadigai for D. oppositifolia, margodigai for D. esculenta,
parogai for D. glabra and tumangai for D. aculeata. It
is possibly best to translate all these G-nouns by tuber.

Beginning with the Godaveri district dumpa is met with.
In that district tega dumpa is D. alata; vypa dumpa is
nauseous D). pentaphylla, nuladumpa is D. tomentoca. In the
Vizagapatam district pedumpa is D. hispida, sisidumpa is
D. bulbifera, rajamohandumpaandeddutokadumpa
are evidently D. alata. Dumpa is also to be translated by tuber.

Tega, meaning a climbing plant, is used as a noun for
Dioscoreas; and as regards the names in this list, with one
exception, is only within the two districts of Vizagapatam and
Ganjam; billa tega is D. glabra; muragada tega is D.

154

esculenta; nulatega is D. tomentosa, pandimukhatega
is nauseous D. pentaphylla, tivva tega (the words meaning
wild climber) is the same, and vainur tega is D. hismda.

Palleru tega, a name recorded by Elliott in his Flora
Andhrica, has not been identified.

Pendalam, as said, from a sanskritic language and des-
cended from a word near pindaluka, is used only in the area
where tegaiscurrent. In the main it designates D. alata, but not
entirely, as kaya pendalam, meaning “ vegetable pendalam,”
is D. bulbifera, and so is malaka kayu pendalam and
mallai kaya pendalam, while cultivated D. pentaphylla
has the name moyyaku pendalam, which is obviously the
same as Malaka pendalam. Further Elliott has a name
radraksha pendalam which he ascribes to D. bulbifera,
the similarity of the bulbils to radraksha fruits (Hlaeocarpus
Ganitrus) giving rise to it.

It seems as if tega and pendalam are used as more or
less contrasting nouns; and if so, then tega dumpa occurs in
the Godaveri district because the application of tega is some-
what altered: it was found to indicate D. alata, which is the species
that pendalam in the districts to the north indicates. If this
view is correct then it is of considerable interest that over those two
districts, Vizagapatam and Ganjam, the people should distinguish
by nouns the cultivated from the wild Dioscoreas, whereas south
of them the one noun covers both; and this is just as another noun
does to the north. This last noun is the sanskritie alu which in
Orissa has a wide application: and there pendalam has no
place. The isolation of pendalam is then like the isolation
of the Burmese m youk.

If malaka pendalam and mallai pendalam
could have, as has been suggested by one writer, any connection
with the Straits of Malacca, these names would possess a great
interest, but it may be assumed that they have none.

Further names in Orissa and Chota Nagpur.

. Cherango and narenja, naringa, ornadanga are

nouns of this part of India. The first extends from the district
of Ganjam into the district of Puri and changing to cheranga
kand appears also in the district of Raipur. It is applied to
D. aculeata. Narenja is applied to D. oppositifolia in the
district of Cuttack, naringa and nadanga to D. tomentosa
in Ganjam, and can be traced in the names nare tagalu or
naritega ior D. aculeata in the Vizagapatam district, nare
genasu in the Malabar district and nari gaddi in the state
of Travancore also for D. aculeata. As D. oppositifolia is not
unlike D. aculeata there is little surprising in the application of
this N-name to both species. But what is the origin of the name?
it has got the range of the Ch-series discussed on p. 149 and to
which ch eran go probably has to be added.

155

It is possible that the Ganjam application to D. tomentosa is
incorrect,—a confusion with the adjective “ nuli—thready.” The
appearance is that an Na-group of names for wild edible Enantio-
phyllous yams, exists with a wide distribution through India, so for-
gotten that what once were nouns are now used as if adjectives.
Nunetya recorded for the Ganjam district as belonging to D.
tomentosa, belongs on the other hand to the “ nuli—thready ” group
of names and not to this (see p. 134). But bargo nari may
contain a word of the series: it is ascribed to D. bulbifera in
Manbhum.

Orissa and Chota Nagpur offer little more of interest than has
already been noticed. Masiha or mosta is an Uriya word for
yam. Sanga isthe Kol word for “yam” and san g is its Santali
equivalent: there are several combinations of san ga in the
following list; but it is to be said of them that they are not very
discriminatingly applied.

Jahrengis edible D. pentaphylla in the Ranchi district.

Karba, karaba or korba is nauseous D. pentaphylla in
the several districts of Orissa. Garaba, said to be D. bulbifera
im the Cuttack district, and haradbhu, said to be used in the
Ranchi district for the same, appear distortions of karaba.

Nakoe, nakua, or nakwa is D. tomentosa or D. penta--
phylla in Chota Nagpur, Mirzapur and Baghelkand. Piska,
and pitasi are names for D. bulbifera among the Santals; and
pitasiis the same in the Singbhum district, either Kol w ords, or
connected with “ pita—bitter.”

Tamaliais D. oppositifola in the Cuttack district.

An isolated name in Tirhuti and Behari.

In Tirhut and Behar one very isolated and possibly interesting
name exists: it is suthni used generally for D. esculenta, and it
is quite unexplained.

Throughout Bengal and the plains of Assam alu is the
general word in Bengali and Assamese for yam, and all the species
occurring are classed by adjectives under it.

Names of the Andaman islands.

We know no more than gona among the Bea and Balawa
tribes, mina, among the Yeras and konu da among the Bojgyahs
for D. verans; tor D. pentaphylla kornmu among the Yeras,

and charodi among the Bojgyahs :—names extremely diverse.

The borderland of the Assam-Burma hilis.

The hills between Assam and Burma contain four distinct
groups of words for yam. In the first place there are the words of
the T-group which, as already mentioned, occur as tha in the
Garo language, as tha or ta in Cachari, and seem to pass down
the western side of Burma in thin. Next there is the phan

156

of the Khasias. Thirdly there is the rui of the Mikirs or re of
the western Nagas. Lastly tsu or dzu occurs in the Naga
language in tsupre pyadzu and manje dzu for races of
D. alata. What there is further eastward is not known: south-
eastwards is a land of the K-words, and it is convenient to
proceed with them next..

The K-group of words of Indo-China, etc.

The map following gives a number of these words; one of them
is met with in Japan; another in the Liu-kiu islands; and China,
it has been remarked, possesses them in a secondary degree. The
Mon-Khmer k h 0 ai is at the present day the most wide-spread word
among them. Of words closely akin we find these limits :—there is
hauai among the Kamees of Arakan; and hukai as well as
khai alu in the Sylhet district of India seem to represent it:
hra in Chin and ho in Shan represent it. As hra it approaches
the re of the Nagas. The Burmese are believed to have burst into
their country from the north: they may, then, be held to have burst
into the area of these K-names, which being foreign to them, they
misused: k le ai or something like it, gave them their word k y we
which now means D. hispida: a compound of khoai or a word
of the group gave them kadu which universally denotes D. bulbi-
fera; hra gave them kalet which denotes D. aculeata and
seeing that kad we-u is sometimes used for tahdwe-u denot-
ing D. esculenta, it is possible that the series gave them this last.
The Siamese who pushed down parallel to the Burmese from the
north, use of this group the words koi and kloi.§€ In Burmese,
where u is tuber, a Burman commonly appends u to the yam-names
given: a Siamese adds mun in the same way, mun being the
Siamese word for tuber.

Van Lijnden in the Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Neder-
landsche Indie, 39 (1874) p. 314 stated that the word k hoai is
used for “yam” in the island of Solor. In the Watubela islands

of the Banda Sea kuwi which is very near, is used; and Rumpf
gave kaee as indicating D. pentaphylla in the island of Sumbawa.

A word of the K-group is to be found, it seems, among the
negrito tribes of the north of the Malay Peninsula. The mixed
negrito-proto-Malays, such as the North Sakais and Besisi, use
bekoi, bakoiand bekoya as well as kuoi, kuoe, and kie,
as do the Sakais of Perak and central Pahang. Now these folk
pick up and chp Malay words so that with them ’be- may stand for
the Malay ub i: it is therefore a matter for someone to investigate,
whether the words be koi, bakoi and bekoya are attempts at
ubikoi that would be yam-yam,—the exact equivalent of the
Siamese mun koi, or are not.

§ Perhaps the insertion of ‘1’ by the Siamese into koi so that
they make it kloi, is to be accounted just as the ‘1’ in the Samang
words klab for D. hispida and klawong for an undetermined wild
yam.

eInmoy %

TBoUy
savy

No. 8

Map

BOPE

157

Hoi for D. bulbifera in the Hawaiian islands, though so
remote seems the same: from Hawaii, it has been taken to Tahiti
and the Friendly islands, apparently in the last century.

There are a number of words through Malaysia appearing to
have connection with the above, so many indeed that they have not
a little interest. The following have near sounds:—katak for
D. pentaphylla and perhaps another Dioscorea in Javanese; ka po,
kapu, kapots and kaput for various species in northern
Celebes; ka yus for D. alata or D. hispida or D. pentaphylla, and
kalut, kolot, kulot, karot, karoti and orkot for D.
hispida widely in the Philippine Islands including the Sulu archi-
pelago: katama for D. warburgiana in Celebes: kayuru ap-
parently for D. hispida in Java: kapak in the Sasak language of
Lombok and kasimun in Timor for the same species: ka-
mangeg for D. luzonensis in Ilocano and kamiging for D.
esculenta in the Bikol language of the Philippines; kasi for D.
pentaphylla in the Igorot language: kaeo in Bima; kawaii for
D. esculenta and kaile for D. pentaphylla in Fiji. Karondu
stands for yam in the Kangean islands, which are between Celebes
and Java.

There are numerous other names commencing with the same
sound:—konuda and kornmu in the Andaman islands:
keladiand kombili, widely in Malaysia; kuduk in Borneo;
kobag, kirini, kiroi, kinampai in the Philippines
chiefly in Tagalog: ko wui in Solor; and kutabi and ketabi
in Sumba: kou in New Caledonia: kowar, karro and kuri-
janga in Queensland: kuri in Lord North’s island; kuku,
korengu and karokaro in Fiji: and lastly it may be re-
marked that k umaa is found by the side of umaa for the Sweet
potato in the Pacific.

The ubi-group of words.

South of the lands where words near k hoai chiefly run for
yams are the words of the U-group on the map overleaf.
Whether connected with the Burmese u or not it is impossible to
discuss ; the similarity however can well be indicated. Uvi is to be
translated ““yam”; but sometimes as in Fiji it almost means D.
alata. As ov1i it appears in Madagascar, and as ufi it occurs in
Tahiti,—very wide limits for what is essentially one word. Search
for a sign of it in Ceylon and Southern India gives no resuits.
Tt is most curious how a proto-Malaysian stock reached Madagascar
without leaving more distinct marks in Ceylon: but Mr. James
Hornell in the Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 7 (1920)
p. 234, states that the designs of boats upon the Indian coasts
carry the marks of their passing, and suggests that there is proto-
Malaysian blood in some of the tribes as instanced by the shape of
the skull. As they carried their word o vi to Madagascar, then if
they established themselves on the coasts of southern India or
Ceylon, they carried o vi thither also. Why has it not persisted ?
Not equally do we look in vain in Java for signs of Sanskritte in-
yasion.

uvi in Fiji
ufi in Tahiti
N. Caledonia,

vi in

_ Madagascar

Ao1°<

80PE

No. 9

Map

159

In Malaysia there are two further series of B-names, which may
have greater interest. The first contains ba gai for D. hispida in
Mangyane; baong and banagan for D. bulbifera in the Vis-
ayan of Luzon and Negros; bayangkan for D. pentaphylla;
banan for D. nummularia; baliakag for D. luzonensis in
Tagalog; ballolong for D. alata; and boga, buga, bodot,
borot, bolot for D. esculenta in Ilocano and Visayan: bo-
hayan for a Dioscorea in Visayan and buloi for D. divaricata
in Tagalog. The second is found in bu, buar, buko which
stand for yam in parts of Sarawak, and in bul u or but u common
in Javanese. Jt must suffice to call attention to these words, adding
in reference to bul u or butu, that commonly some word for yam
is prefaced to it my way of explanation, and suggesting that among
Malays, where it appears as ubi butung, among Sundanese
where it appears as huwi butung, huwi dudung and
huwi tutung, in Makassar where it appears as lame
butung and in the Moluccas where it appears as kombili
bulu the original meaning of bulu, etc., has become quite for-
gotten. Rumpf explained ubi bulu as originating in the habit
of the Butonese of growing certain races down bamboos (a bamboo
being bulu in Malay, and see p. 169); but such an explanation is
not acceptable.

A series of names should next be mentioned of rather wide use
in eastern Malaysia. They areabau,abobo.abubo,abubu,
ahuhu,ohuhu,ahua,andahuo. These are applied usually
to the inferior species of Dioscorea, such as D. pentaphylla and D.
bulbifera, as well as D. hispida. Celebes is their westernmost
island and eastwards they spread through the Moluccas. Ahei
and ahey which Rumpf ascribes as Amboinese names to D.
pentaphylla: 1ae which he gives for Lochon island: elan or
aélan oraylan or melan or maélan which stand for yam
in south Ceram approach each other and abau though ahuwa.
Aywel used in Amboina for D. pentaphylia is of the group.
Further eastward comes a yan for yam in New Guinea, and en,
eér and ayer for yam in the Kei islands.

The peculiar Burmese word Myouk.

Throughout Burma m youk -u is the tuber of D. alata. The
word is changed to mrouk in Arakanese. It is as peculiar as it
is universal among the Burmese and Arakanese, and unlike the
K-nouns it does not occur among the surrounding non-Burmese
tribes. So special a name suggests that the Burmese upon coming
into their country from where such a plant as D. alata was un-
ag alter making an abrupt acquaintance with it, set great store

:

Peculiar words in Malaysia for D. hispida.

Just as the Burmese distinguish D. hispida sharply from the
other Dioscoreas, so do the Malays. The Burmese call it ky we,
a word which looks as if it is the equivalent of “yam” taken

2 et ee ee eet >

ee re ee gee ee eee ae

een

——et_ ste

eee ens ee ee

160

from the language of the conquered, and applied to that one yam
upon which the conquered were driven to subsist. The Malays
eall it ga dong, whether they be the Malays of Sumatra or their
offshoots in the Malay Peninsula. It is said by Warneck in his
Tobabatasch-Deutsche Worterbuch (and someone should confirm
and extend the statement) that all yams are gadong to the
Toba-Bataks, even the very best, so that the verb “ menggadong ”
means “to eat yams” and even at times “to eat”; thus Warneck
indicates for gadong a wider application than the Malays give,
just in the same way as the Laos folk give to k ho ai wider appli-
cation than the Burmese give to ky we, in both cases D. hispida
being the species designated in the narrower application: and, if
gadong can mean among the Tobas any yam as well as the
sweet potato, it quite lacks the suggestion of poison which is usually
in the word and can be considered as still in it when used as
gadungkay u, that is “ stick gadung ” (according to de Clercq),
for the Tapioca in Achin which plant also can be poisonous, and
asgadungtikus, that is “ rat gadung,” for Smilax Helferi and
as gadung china that is “ China gadung” for Smilax China,
the drug, in the Malay Peninsula and in Java and in Madura
(teste Ridley in Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, 38, 1902, and de Clercq, op. cit.). Marsden has gadung
kasturi that is “musk gadung,” as an orchid, certainly inedible.

It would be most interesting to be able to show that the words
kywe and gadong have a parallel history and a measure of
origin in common. Gowi used in Nias is intermediate. Ga-
dong changes to gadung, gadueng, gadhung, gha-
dung, gadu and ganrong. The Sakais of northern Perak,
northern Pahang and Kelantan use a name gakn, gang and
gong for some edible tuber, probably of a higher grade than D.
hispida. It is impossible to be sure that this use is degraded and
not ancestral until more information is gathered. There is a
name gado applied to D. esculenta in the Marianne islands; but
as those islands are so far away, it scarcely helps towards an
understanding. Ganduy is a word picked up by Father Kamel
in Luzon about 1700 A.D. and applied to D. luzonensis. Gayos
is a Visayan word for D. hispida and in it the G has come from
a K,—kayos (see p. 163 ftorward).* The Javanese name for
D. hispida, kay uru, the Lombok name, ka pak, and the Timor

name kasimun, after the initial letter are remote from each
other.

The Bali name diangga or jangga is remote from any
other name recorded. Seapa, recorded for D. hispida in Celebes,
will need mention later. Ulibita or uhulibeta used in the
Moluccas stands remote also from other names, and so do mamo
used in the Bikol language, nami or name, a name in use in
Tagalog in Luzon and in Mindoro, and ondo or ondot used
in Ceram, or orot used in Visayan.

* So Kombili gives gembili in Java.

161

Some isclated nouns of Western Malaysia.

For D. pentaphylla, the Sakais have a peculiar word: they
call it jabbet, jayat, or jaya. No near name is known,
none nearer than rabet which is used in the island of Madura in
an equally isolated way for D. pentaphylla and D. bulbifera, in
conjunction with another noun or an adjective appended by way of
distinguishing which ra bet is indicated. By the side of ra bet,
in Madura, another word is applied to D. bulbifera: it is kabu-
ran; but the exact incidence is doubtful, and it would be well for
“someone residing in that island to sort out the application of
rabet and kaburan. Kaburan is near to kaburo or
kasuvo which means D. bulbifera in Ternate.

The Pangan of the Malay Peninsula use so or sod in a way
which is not satisfactorily known: and among them as well as allied
tribes are words commencing with T., to which attention should be
directed likewise. They occur alongside the clipped Malay words
that these tribes use; and are:—takob a “kind of yam” eaten
by the Pangan of Teliang; taku for a root apparently the same
among the Pangan of Ulu Patani or tako among the Pangan of
south Ligeh; and takob, a word used by the Semang of Kedah.
Other nouns commencing with the same sound are talis perhaps
for the Sweet potato among the Semang in Perak, tela or
katelah among the Semang of Perak which becomes tila
with the Mentera, Belandas and Jakuns, and te gak which is the
tapioca among the Kenaboi. There is also a tuber called tawi
among the Senoi of Pahang, a Caladium called to-lambo among
the Semang of Kedah, and the Sweet potato seems to be toana
among the Jakuns of Malacca. Tela and tila as from ubi
kastela through katela are the only words of these which can
-be explained easily.

It may be mentioned here that “yam” is tira at Krokong
in Sarawak and tis in northern Celebes.

In Java sen ka isa word the application of which is doubtful,
and which may have been the zenka or yenka of Celebes
where it is D. esculenta.

Ghuwak is applied to D. alata in the Kangean islands.

S-names in Eastern Malaysia.

The island of Bali uses the words samoan, samowan,
and samwan for D. pentaphylla.

There is an interesting concentration of S-names in eastern
Malaysia which may have a cause. There are:—(1) sikari for
D. hispida in Bali alongside samoan; (2) sikapa, siyapa,
Seapa or sikapang in Celebes for the same; (3) siahi,
siaffu,siavuorsahu for D. esculenta in Amboina; and (4)
sayawu, sayaiu, savabu, sayahu, sayahul, siyau
and siyapu for the same in Celebes and in Ternate and the

162

Moluccas. Can su (cu), for yam in Tonkin contain the same
root, the words sampit suku and sahe for yam in Sarawak,
and the word sapang for D. pentaphylla in Luzon? If so, then
senkaandsikapa used in Celebes are allied, as well assunda
or suda which indicates a Dioscorea, probably D. nummularva,
in east Java and Bali.

Some perhaps intermediate names of Western Malaysia.

Heri and heli in the Moluccas indicate D. alata, and as
heriputeh or white heri D. bulbifera, perhaps in the cultivated
state. Ima, imah and 1mati indicate D. alata in Ternate,
where ima kastela or “Spanish ima” is the Sweet potato.

Names of D. esculenta in the Philippines.

In the Philippine islands tuqui, tugi, toguing,
tugui,tongo,tungoand dog ue indicate D. esculenta in the
Tagalog and Ilocano languages. xcept that the word appears to
have reached New Caledonia, and unless the Tonkin tu-su is,
as 1t may be, the same, it stands isolated. The Philippine yam-
names usually begin with a B or with a K.: D. esculenta, however,
has no recorded Philippine name commencing with a K, except
kamiging in the language of Bikol; though of names com-
mencing with B it possesses such well-known ones as bodot,
borot, bolot in the Visayan language and boga in the Ilo-
cano language. Of the three languages Tagalog had in the 16th
century less civilisation or outer influence than Visayan, but now
possesses more.

Lut tu is recorded as an Ibanag name for D. esculenta,
and the word is very similar to luk tu which is an Ifugao name
for D. alata and tolutu which belongs to the latter according to
Rumpf in Banda.

But the Ifugaos and Ibanags are hill-folk of the centre of —
northern Luzon; so that the resemblance of those two words of
theirs to that from Banda is probably accidental.

Other Philippine names.

There is a great divergence between the words of the three
predominating western Philippine languages,—Ilocano in the
north, Tagalog in the centre and Visayan in the south. In all
three languages the Malay word ubi is used for D. alata; but
races get nouns applied to them which need no generic word, such
as ubi, to complete them: ballolong, bininag, dinogo,
tamis,tubayan,tinukeandtumuktok are such names;
and it is to be suspected that kinampai and hampas tag-
balang are others: but while it is known that one of two of these
are Visayan, it may be that others are Tagalog. It will be noticed
that several of them commence with the letter T, 7.e. the initial

163
letter of the Tagalog name tu gui for D. esculenta. The diversity

of the languages in the names for other species of Dioscorea may
be put into a Table,

|

| Ilocano | Tagalog Visayan
bulbifera ~ aribukbuk | ubi-ubihan pologan, pulugan
_utong-utongan | or pugang
| | baong, banagan,
| bohayan or
| bayang-kan
| |
|
pentaphylla |
and like |. .
species — lima-lima Sapang
|
hispida karot kalut, kayos kolot, gayos,

naml orkot, orot

iopida
a fon

wild Lnantio- baliacag, buloi | baliacag

|
|
|
|
phyllous | kiroi, kobag, or orot
species | kirini
idulian or durian! — | a
kamangeg | -— | —
| aribubu | _ —
= | pakit —
_ ganduy | ubag and ubing|
| basoh
| mayatbang

On doing this the K-names appear to be more conspicuous in
‘Tagalog, but extended through all three in reference to D. hispida,
and in Visayan now peculiarly departing from their probable
original,

The Igorots of the mountains of northern Luzon call D. alata
ipoiand D. nummularia kasi. The Bikol language contains the
words pulugan for D. bulbifera in which it is like Visayan, and
mamo for D. hispida. The Bagobos of Mindanao have dad a-
kan for D. bulbifera, pari for D. Cumingti, and banan for
D. nummularia. Of other languages, duyan in Pangasinan is
almost the Ilocano word d ulian and is used similarly and mal a-
balukbuk for D. nummularia possesses a certain resemblance to
the Ilocano word aribukbuk. Karoti is used in Sulu as
kolot is in Visayan.

164

Complexity of names in Borneo, New Guinea and Australia.

Borneo, as far as we know anything of the names used for
yams in it, helps very little: it has B- and K- names; anc there is
the word tira which is possibly of a common origin with the
word tis used for yam in Minahasa.

New Guinea is at present too little known, and the enormous.
linguistic complexity there will long render comparisons uncertain..
Farkia is a quite isolated word for yam obtained thence; and
the few words out of the Hanuabada language here recorded,
suggest that the Papuans of the south coasts of British New Guinea
apply very different words to various species of Dioscorea. The
words to be found here are:—bakuta for D. pentaphylla, and
bokuapparently for D. nummularia; diba for D. esculenta; kau
for D. bulbifera; lebeta for D. pentaphylla; makoda and
moiva for wild races of D. alata, and maloa for D. penta-
phylla; and tailukawa for D. esculenta.

The Queensland names are similarly diverse. In these pages
will be found am pu for D. transversa; anyorbil for D. bulbi-
fera; dai peri for the same; guiaba or gyah for D. trans-
versa; Kalkurand karro and kurijanga for D. bulbifera;
kowar for D. transversa; unwu and wokai for D. bulbifera.
The names of the rivers upon which they are used can be ascertained
from the list; and it is to be remarked what diversity is in
them.

Western Australia supplies the following names:—kowar,
mjarrah and warran, all for D. hastifolia.

With the names from New Caledonia it is at present impossible
to deal: specimens for accurate determination of each of the very
many yams enumerated thence should be obtained. When this is
done it will probably be found that almost three-quarters of the
words are used to indicate varieties of D. alata.

Names in the Pacific.

In the western Pacific lie the Marianne islands, at the south of
which is Guam island. In these islands da ga, dago, ordagu
stands for yam. Gado in Guam for D. esculenta looks like the
same word. Nika however seems the general word for this species.

In Fiji seven known names for Dioscoreas commence with MB-

(written as B), eight with K., and if ti and tivou be counted

one, seven with T. Ubi is used for yam, and so is ti; and in the
Nadroga language vitua is “yam”: tikau supersedes u bi in

places. Ti has been explained as a young yam, and as D.
Seemann. Most of the recorded names stand for D. alata, as has

been stated on p. 138: but there is an MB- or B-name for D.
pentaphylla, namely mbulo, and a T-name, tokatolu, which
@e=—miy-appear as kaile tokatolu: and D. bulbifera may be
called kaile without any qualification. There is a K-name for

D. esculenta, k awai, which is the nearest approach to khoai in

165

the Pacific, and probably closely related to it. Sarau and
harauare used in the Nadroga language for D. esculenta: rauva
is ascribed to D. Seemanni.

In the Samoan group, lega is D. pentaphylla, and so is
pilita.

In the eastern Pacific, the Tahitians use ufi for yam and the
interesting word hoi is among them, probably having been
brought not so very long ago from Hawaii, whence as is well-known
the natives made most wonderful voyages This same word is also
in the Friendly islands. D. alata does not go so far north as D.
bulbifera, and in Hawaii it yields place to D. bulbifera, so the word
hoi on reaching the Tahitians and the Friendly islanders who live
in the belt of D. alata, denotes D. bulbifera.

‘The words patara, paraara, panara or paanara
denote D. pentaphylla in Tahiti: they seem to be akin to the word
pilita of Samoa which has been mentioned and to the first part
of pua whi used in the Marquesas islands.

There is recorded a Hawaiian word for yam nala which
either stands apart, or might equal the Fijian word ndala.

It seems well to call attention to the “ ala” which recurs in the
Pacific in several other words. It isinala-ala used for the bul-
bils of D. bulbifera in Hawaii; in the Fijian names for a race of D.
alata alakora and moala, while Colocasia is ndala and the
Sweet potato kumala: but it must be said that ndala is often
ndalo, and kumala becomes ku maa in the Marquesas islands.
In Shortland island, one of the Solomon group, is the word ala pa,
but the similarity of the word is probably without historical value.

Origin and adoption of D. alata and D. opposita.

One hopes out of the collecting of vernacular names to be able
_ to learn something of the past history of cultivated plants, which
as regards Dioscoreas means of the five species D. alata, D. opposita,
D. esculenta, D. pentaphylla and D. bulbifera, whose present asiatic
distribution is indicated upon the map on page 166. But for that
purpose the wanderings of tribes and peoples must be not unknown,
lest the bringing of a name to a cultivated plant be confused with the
bringing of a cultivated plant to a name. Unfortunately only a
few of these wanderings are adequately clear.

Botanical considerations indicate that D. alata came into the
service of man in EKastern Asia about lat. 15-25° N. and D.
opposita to the north of it: but as D. opposita is far less developed
in cultivation than D. alata, it may have come into cultivation
much later. The reasons for so placing the origins are as follows.
In the first place it must be recorded of D. alata that when found
- wild it is never beyond the suspicion of having persisted from
cultivation: and that it cannot persist indefinitely without aid
appears more than probable. It is what Professor L. H. Bailey
calls a cultigen or product of culture: and-therefore it is necessary

- 166

to look for its ancestry not in the finding of wild representatives of it,
but in allied species. Upon doing so we find its closest allies to be
the two species D. Hamiltonv and D. persimilis, found over the hilly
parts of Asia indicated in map No. 11; and it would be more or less
within the area of their distribution that D. alata arose, whether
from the one or the other, or from both or from a common ancestry.
A further consideration makes an origin to the southward look im-
probable. The reader should turn to map No. 1 where the dis-

&> E ty iolee a

Map No. 10. Area in Asia of the cultivation of D. alata (continuous
line makes boundary), of D. esculenta (broken line makes boundary), and
of D. opposita. Places where D, bulbif\ra is known to be cultivated are
marked (b), and where D. pentaphylla is (p.).

tribution of the Enantiophyllous Dioscoreas is given, in order to
understand the argument. In that map it is shown that the
western Malay islands are a large centre for the harbourage, (and
presumedly have been a large centre for the development) of

167

species of the section, and that southern India with Ceylon afford
a second centre, and further that there are three centres in a line to

.
’
A

BOFE é ole ie
Map No. 11. Distribution of Dioscorea Hamiltonii and D. persimilis.

the north. Now because the perennial humidity of the Malaysian
centre, leads to long growth in its species, and to less storage of food
against an abrupt and vigorous push in a new season than the
climates of marked seasons, the Malaysian stock would promise less
to man than the stock of lat. 15-25° N.; and as the same may be
said though in a less measure of the southern India with Ceylon
centre, a theory of the origin of D. alata in the north of the Indo-
China region is seen to be reasonable.

Far back in time the regions now India and China emerge out
of the mist of early history in the process of a conquest from
primitive folk by peoples out of western Asia, from beyond the area
of food-Dioscoreas. One of these conquering peoples, the Chinese,
destroyed with habitual thoroughness the primitive folk of northern

ae 168

and middle China and then pushed south: the other, the Aryans;
destroyed similarly the earlier inhabitants of Persia, and drove a
wedge down the plains of northern India. Ultimately both reached
the sea, and took to the’ use of it lightly, but enough for the
Chinese to sail the China‘sea, and for the Aryans to sail the Bay
of Bengal, and go forward into southern Indo-China and western
Malaysia: then they met but that barely two thousand years ago.
In the long succession of centuries before the meeting: the alphabet
ot the Aryans had penetrated north and east into Thibet, Burma,
Siam, to the Shans and to the Cambodgians, while the writing of
China has. spread north-east into Japan, the Liu-kiu islands, Corea
aud. south only into Annam. It is clear that when history dawns
there was a belt of relative barbarians between the two horns more
influenced by th. southern than the northern culture.

These barbarians, one locates in or about the presumed original
home of . alata. But the other species, D. opposita took origin in
or beyond the northern culture.

Out of the welter between the horns, various tribes emerged
into history; the Annamites seem to have given way southwards a
little, and are probably typical of what happened in general; but
the Burmese seem to have leaped from far back in Asia, and when
they had established themselves in the climate where Dioscoreas
grow, they called the important one,—D. alata—by a name peculiar
to themselves, namely myouk, but took names beginning with
K for the others. If this theory is correct that they burst into an
area of K-names, and if the K-names on map No. 8 are rightly put
together, then the very wideness of the range of these names points
te the former existence,—pre-Burmese,—of inhabitants in Indo-
China who were not so barbarous as to be cut up into small com-
munities, but had a wide-flung language or group of languages.
They are demonstrated by these names conversant with yams and
may be held as considerable consumers of D. alata.

Earlier than these, it is impossible to see: but the origins of
D. alata are endoubtedly earlier.

The peoples who gave to D. alata its widest extension prior to
European influence, were, however, not these inhabitants of its
country of origin, but the Malayo-Polynesians, who migrated along
the tropics, carrying it in the one direction to Madagascar, and
using it in the other in the farthest islands of Polynesia, Hawaii
excepted. That they carried it, is demonstrated by the occurrence
of ovi in the former, and ufi in the latter as forms of what a
Malay calls ubi, denoting ‘‘ yam” thereby, and chiefly D. alata.
Cultivated had they got it, and by cultivation alone they maintained.
it in regions where supposing it sufficiently safe from wild animals,
the vast growth of tropical vegetation would not have left it room
to persist. They must have been the first to take it to Madagascar,
though they may not have been the first to take it to Tahiti, ete.
we whether first or not, they would transport new races to new
places.

169

Unfortunately we do not know when the one or two or perhaps
more, waves of Malaya-Polynes:an migrants went west past Ceylon to
Madagascar : though the closeness to each other of the words makes
it not exceedingly remote ; but as no sanskrit appears in Madaga:car,
the last wave was before Aryan rulers made kingdoms in contact
with these adventurous voyagers, 1.e. before our era.

One must suppose it an important food for voyagers to all
the several nations who sailed the Indian Ocean later. Whether
those of Asia extended its range or did not, is at present uncertain
(see p. 124); but after the sixteenth century had come in, the
Portuguese carried it to the Guinea coast of Africa and thence to
the New World: and in the last century the need of yams for
provisioning ships, chiefly whalers, in the Pacific, stimulated its
growth in the islands of that Ocean, and may have led to a little
extension. Races which keep got preference from the voyagers, and
the reputation for keeping of that which in the West Indies is called
the “ Lisbon yam” and its transportation thither are connected.
We also learn that D. opposita was somewhat grown for the whaling
trade.

Man’s first preoccupation in regard to D. alata would be to
get bulk, and to make the tuber form near to the surface of the
soil. Much later the tenderness of a deeply-earthed tuber would
appeal to him, and if living in conditions sufficiently comfortable,
he would afford the labour of the deep digging that the tenderer
tubers required. His efforts thereafter had divergent directions,—
to get bulky races, and to get delicate races, the latter normally
going deep.

Rumpf tells an appropriate story of the way in which the
cultivators of Buton who he adds glory in their knowledge of how
to grow yams, endeavour to amalgamate the two directions: they
bury a split bamboo horizontally in the soil, he says, having taken
a yam-set of a race which grows two feet long, and they direct the
yam tuber down this bamboo, thus they obtain a long tuber and can
dig it at little cost. The wish that stimulated this device, has
led to the selection of the peculiar group of varieties which recurve
in the soil and even extrude unless earthed up. Most of the ex-
tremely recurving races occur in the Philippine islands and in
Eastern Malaysia, which suggests that they are of comparatively
recent development in that part of the East. Diligent collecting
of their vernacular names is by no means unlikely to throw light
on them; it is a more hopeful quest, indeed, than the seeking for
the origins of races longer in cultivation. Westward these recurv-
ing long-tubered races have recently been traced as far as the
Malay Peninsula: eastward into the Pacific they do not appear to
go, at least not as far as Fiji, whence a fairly complete knowledge
of yams has been obtained. There is\nothing in the Malay name
ubiular common to Amboina and the Malay Peninsula which
indicates the direction of their spreading: and the Philippine
hames are at present unexplained. From Malaysia, into India,
races extend which curve in the soil, but not to the extent of

170

extruding ; such races were figured in the Gardens Bulletin II, plate
3 of number 1. These also seem to be absent from the Pacific.
Probably neither the short recurving races, nor the long recurving
and extruding races are in Madagascar. Let that be proved, and
fix the date of the Malayo-Polynesian invasions of Madagascar,
also ascertain how far towards the East they go, and the dates of
opportunities of going East, then it will be possible to demonstrate
fairly clearly where these races were selected. At a guess one
would say in Eastern Malaysia including therein the Philippine
islands.
Origin of D. opposita.

D. opposita is so nearly related to the Japanese D. japonica,
that a common origin is certain, and it may be that the former is
derived from the latter; but there are curious races or varieties
of these in the interior of China little known which are alternative
parents. If an origin from D. japonica be favoured, its birth-
place would be in or somewhere near Japan, and its extension
southwards merely a parallel to that of several cultivated plants,
which with a northern origin, have been induced to grow to order by
Chinese selection in warmer parts than their homes. This on the
whole seems most probable. It is also induced to grow further
north than D. japonica.

It has relatively few races, and did not get brought out of the
Far East until 1850.

The origin and adoption of D. esculenta.

The history of D. esculenta is rendered more obscure than
that of D. alata by reason of no clear affinities being demonstrable:
it is a species demanding almost the same conditions as D. alata,
and it has been carried equally round the Tropics. But probably
because the small tubers keep doubtfully, it has been little demanded
either for provisioning boats, or replenishing the village stores.
It has therefore travelled less. It has been demonstrated present
on the continent of Asia, to Tahiti, and in the Seychelles and
Mauritius: it is reported to be grown in Madagascar: it has been
found to be the “ Hausa potato” of the Guinea coast, and has
been shown to be in the West Indies in an obscure way but in
more than one race. Its more general distribution in the
fields and gardens of the Monsoon area of Asia suggests that
it originated in it: its presence in central Madagascar, if correctly
reported, suggests that the Malayo-Polynesians transported it
thither: its presence west of the Cape of Good Hope would be the
work of the Portuguese. So that in many ways it has had the
history of D. alata.

There is an interesting race of it in Luzon, reported not un-
commonly as wild; but because it does not produce female flowers,
and because the tubers are grown upon long stalks which carry them
beyond the range of the protecting thorns in what would seem not
to be an original feature of the species, it does not seem by any

171

means truly wild, but to be one of man’s selections which finds itself
able to persist alone for a time: and it does not demonstrate in the
present state of our knowledge that Luzon is the home of the species.

Ancient cultivation is accompanied by a dissimilarity of the
names used in different parts of a plant’s distribution. Among the
names belonging to D. esculenta none from the Hast has any
resemblance to the word mavondro recorded as its in central
Madagascar: in Behar and Tirhut it possesses the wholly un-
explained name suthni: in western Burma it is one of the few
species with a thi-name, in one part of Malaysia it is well known as
kombili, in another as sayuru, sayafu, siaffu, etc,
and in a third as t u gui; and while the Tagalogs call it by this last
name, the Ilocanos call it boga or buga. Fiji while possessing
the name kawaii for it, which name has the look of having come
from the eastern edge of Asia, calls it also in the Nadroga language
by the very dissimilar name of sarau. Such diversity does not
help towards the tracing of the wanderings of the species in cul-
tivation, but attests to the ancientness of it. The Aryans when they
made acquaintance with D. esculenta, apparently called it mad h-
valuka, a name distinctly appreciatory, and persisting to this day
inmoaaluetc., while more or less Aryan descendents have devised
for it the parallel name chini alu or sugar yam.

Chini alu appears in the wrong form china alu or
“ Chinese yam” sometimes; and this latter is not to be taken as
evidence of any wandering into Assam from China, but on the
other hand it is possible that the race known as javalla in
northern Ceylon, may have been (but in late days) brought thither
from Malaysia. It does not prove that Ceylon had not the species
from other sources and earlier.

Now-a-days, D. esculenta is more to the tribes of the Philip-
pines and New Guinea than to most of the dwellers in the East; but
it has a very great importance locally in Tirhut, where there stands
in the fields crop after crop of a race which appears to be as much
modified by man from the original plant, as are any races. It has
however, lost ground greatly in Bengal, and appears likely to go
out of cultivation, because the potato has entered its markets, as a
supplement to sufficient rice.

Origins of D. bulbifera.

The letter b. on the map No. 10 indicates the places where
D. bulbifera is known to be cultivated. The varieties or races in
cultivation, more than one, are not greatly modified from the wild
originals; a multiple origin of them is very probable, and assuredly
a completely distinct origin is to be ascribed to the cultivated var.
latifolia of West Africa and the New World. Rumpf when living
in Amboina in the second half of the seventeenth century, recorded
that cultivated D. bulbifera showed many variations; apparently he
meant gradations towards the inferior wild plant, and he gave it no
name other than that by which wild D. bulbifera was known.

172

It is possible that the early Portuguese took it up as a vegetable
for ships’ use in those days when anything that would arrest scurvy
was like gold, its bulbils keeping particularly well, and the in-
teresting name ubi kastela or Castile yam (that is either
Spanish or Portuguese yam) found in Singapore island would arise
therefrom. But caution is necessary for the sweet potato is ubi
katela, ubi ketela, ketela, katila, katela, kesela,
kahitela, ima kastila, etc. in eastern Malaya, and the
name may have been transferred. If the portuguese used it, its
occurrence in southern India could have come from them: and
then if it can be found on the Guinea coast, as for instance in San
Thome island, this supposition will be established. But the Guinea
coast plant is D. bulbifera, var. latifolia, which we know was trans-
ported by the Portuguese across the Atlantic, and evidently used by
them. That they used var. latifolia is, of course, a circumstance
making recourse to the corresponding edible Asiatic varieties pro-
bable, although not proving it. Some years ago the authorities of
the Penal Settlement at Port Blair in the Andaman islands, ob-
tained from an unrecorded source a cultivated race of D. bulbifera
under the name of Otaheiti potato. very possible enquiry has been
made regarding the origin of the name in the hope of therein dis-
covering the origin of the race: but it can be traced from the An-
daman islands to India and no further.

Origin of cultivated D. pentaphylia.

The letter p. on the map shows the few places where D. penta-
phylla has been found in cultivation. In northern India it is
grown in a variety named hortorum, and is a very rare vegetable of
western Bengal and Assam. What seems to be the same has been
found in the Myaungmya district of the Irrawaddy delta; and there
a hybrid name belat myouk was given indicating that it had
been brought recently from the direction of Bengal. In the south
of India it is grown in a different variety, var. Rheedet, which,
though rare, is found over a wide area. In the Malay Peninsula
it is cultivated in the variety malaica, and in the Philippine islands
in the variety palmata: there is also the variety sacerdotalis culti-
vated in Java, a race or variety in Amboina and also in Fiji. Surely
these varieties have had separate origins.

D. pentaphylla is an extraordinary species in regard to its
tubers, for it varies in them from a harmless and edible condition to
one of considerable nauseousness. There is in it therefore just
what would give to primitive man the incentive to cultivation; and
that would seem to be what has happened and is happening to-day.
We see in it a species actually giving rise to cultivated races; but
one which without doubt has been doing so fatuously through the
centuries.

The varieties being little changed, in appearance, their names
are descriptive only.

172

The place of yams.

Rumpf was probably right in placing yam-cultivation as the
resort of tribes not able to raise sufficient rice for themselves, and
having no sago to put into its place. He was writing of Malaysia:
but his generalisation appears of wider application, and most parti-
cularly as it is seen that the wet rice-land of the wide plains is not
really yam-country. Were the peoples who came to call even the
races of D. alata by nouns, such as could not raise cereals enough
for their requirements?

Of New World crops, potatoes and manioc, usually called
among the oriental eaters of yams by whatever their common noun
for yam may be, are the real rivals of the oriental species of Dios-
corea for they appear exactly to fit the same niche. Did they in
America come into man’s service where the cereal crops (that
would mean maize crops) failed to meet the population’s needs?
This appears probable. Both are species evolved by man,-—cul-
tigens—like D. alata. This then becomes are axiom, that the
plains are for the cereals of the world: and man has been obliged
to increase his reliance on starchy tubers in hilly regions. It may
be considered not unreasonably, therefore, that hill-folk have had
more to do with the creation of D. alata, and also with the modi-
fication of other Dioscoreas, than plains-folk.

List 1 in which D. hispida is recognised as of the same
genus as D. alata.

baesi gudda in the Chanda district.
bagh alu in Orissa.

baiguni kand in the Mandla district.
baijan kand in the Mirzapur district.
bara kand in Baghelkand.

bechandi kand in Chota Nagpur.
bhui kand in Berar.

bhaser kand in the Raipur district.
gadong among the Bataks.

ho koi in the Shan hills.

huwi gadung in Java.

huwisawat in Java.

janglimataru in the Chanda district.
kapu kayu in Celebes (but doubtful).
khoai dian nan in Cochin-China.

kolo kand in Chota Nagpur.

man kat in the Shan Hills.
nullasunna gudda in the Nizam’s Dominions
pe dumpa in the Vizagapatam district.
phan lyngkhi in the Khasia Hills.
phan solak in the Khasia Hills also.
podavi kelengu on the Malabar coast (slightly doubtful).
puti dumpa in the Vizagapatam district.
saeva kand in the Betul district.

£72

sunna gudda in the Nizam’s Dominions.

tak-aru in the Chanda District (but doubtfully connected with
aru which equals alu).

tella ginnigeddalu in the Ganjam district.

tella sunna gudda in the Nizam’s Dominions, and as
thella sunna gadda in the Chanda Dis-
trict.

ubi akas in Perak.

ubi arah among Sakais.

ubi gadis (probably correctly ubi gadong), among Bataks.

ubi gadung (rare) in the Malay Peninsula.

ubi sabut in Java.

undai kavalli in the Tanjore District.

uwialis in Java.

uwi chayu in Celebes.

uwi dudung in Java.

uwisawut jahe in Java.

uwitutung in Java.

vainu tega in the Vizagapatam District.

zamin kand in Kotah and Gwalior.

The localities of these names are not in or north of the Ganges
plains; but are numerous in the northern part of the Peninsula
immediately to the south of the Gangetic plains: the Khasia Hills
alone represents Assam, the Shan Hills have one name; and in the
Malaysian region there are several.

List 2 in which D. pentaphylla is admitted into the genus of
D. alata; when proved nauseous an asterisk is prefixed.

bajra kand in the Hoshangabad District.

ban ratalu in the Betul District.

bandri alu along the south of the Gangetic plain.
bara kanda in the Bilaspur District.

bayan alu in the Balasore District.

bechandi kand in Chota Nagpur.

belnikand in the Betul District

bhaser kand in Bandelkhand.

byang sanga (? rare) in Chota Nagpur

chamar alu near Calcutta.

charka alu in the Midnapur district.

chola sanga among the Hos in Balasore district.
chunchu gudda in the Nizam’s Dominions.
daigun alu in the Cuttack District.

dakur kand widely in the Central Provinces of India,
dava karandi in the south-west of India.

dhan alu (doubtful name) in the Birbhum district.
dukka pendalam in the Vizagapatam District.

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175

guti alu in the Sibsagar District.

haser sanga in the Districts of Hazaribagh and Singbhum.
hathia kand in the Shahabad District.

huwi chekker in Java.

huwi jahe in Java.

huwi sawat in Java and huwi sawat jahe.

kapu sayor in Celebes (probably not nauseous).
katawala in Ceylon.

katu kilangu in South India and katu nuren kilangu.
koranie genassu in the Malabar District.

kukur alu near Calcutta.

*kurudu gaddi in the Madras Presidency

man hing in the Shan Hills (perhaps not nauseous).

: mara keshango in Travancore.

mochaalu in the Mymensingh District.

mohan kand in the Akola District (but assuredly not nau-
seous ). -

mullukilangu in Travancore.

nain’byen among the Kachins.

nuran kilangu and nurai genassu in places where
Malayalam is spoken.

odorahalu in the Balasore District.

pandimukhatega in the Vizagapatam District.

patha alu near Calcutta and south-westwards.

pedra kanda in the Damoh District.

phan sujab in the Khasia language.

piralu under the Sikkim Himalaya.

punda mohra gudda in the Chanda District.

ribe alu in the Balasore District.

Tui nsug in the Mikir language.

sher kand in the Bhandara District.

sirkaalu in the Midnapur District.

suker alu near Calcutta.

supnor kanda in the Raipur District.

sur alu widely in Bengal.

sura alu and suri alu in Eastern and Western Hindi.

surendi kand in the Bilaspur District.

suta alu in the Angul District.

tiva tega in the Vizagapatam District.

ubi jabbet among the Sakais.

ubi pasir in the Malay Peninsula and Java.

* ubisabut in Java.

ubi taun-taun in Eastern Malaysia.
vypa dumpa in the Godaveri District.

If the above list be compared with that given for D. hispida, it

will be noticed immediately that D. pentaphylla is not infrequently
‘admitted to be an alu where D. hispida is not. The localities

for the inclusion of it within the genus alu are in the lower part of
the Ganges plains, in the Gangetic Delta where the languages are

176

Kastern and Western Hindi and Bengali, in Assam where the kin-
dred language Assamese is spoken, and to the south of the Ganges
down into Orissa and in the Central Provinces of India. Many of
the names are connected with the sanskritic root of the verb “to
hurt” and their great abundance and wide spread indicate in a
remarkable manner that sonie name or group of names out of which
they have come, have long been current. D. pentaphylla is also in
one name admitted as a san ga or sang which word the Kols
and Santals otherwise restrict to good edible yams; but there is
some possibility that the usage is not well founded: it is also a
pendalam in one name and a ratalu in another.

List 3 in which D. bulbifera is admitted as of the same genus
as D. alata.

adivi kond dumpalu in the Vizagapatam District.

anathi kand in Chota Nagpur and the Monghyr District.

babra kand in the Amraoti District.

barakanda in the Central Provinces of India.

baula alu in the Balasore District

bihi kand in the Raipur District

bolar kand in the Amraoti District

botla kanda in the Raipur District.

buna alu in the Districts of Dinajpur and Bogra.

chain kand in the Central Provinces of India.

ehedaru kand in the Akola District.

chedu dumpa in the Vizagapatam District

dangkanda in the Raipur District.

dodda kurudu from some parts of the Madras Presidency.

dukur kand in the Betul District.

gaichaalu in eastern Bengal.

gath alu among Marathas.

gathour kand in the Narsinghpur State.

gharialu in the District of Sangor.

gitora kanda in the Bilaspur and Mandla Districts.

hathia kand in the Shahabad District.

hra tow in the Chin language.

heriputih in Amboina (but the use of the adjective “ white”

suggests that it is the cultivated plant).

hiwu wara in Eastern Malaysia.

ho kho in the Shan language.

huwi upas in the Sundanese language.

jangli alu in several districts of Bengal.

jangli gathalu in the Raipur District.

jangli mataru in the Bhandara District.

jhum alu in the Chittagong District

kal genasu in the Malabar District.

kala ik and in Nimar and in adjoining Districts.

karu kanda widely in the Central Provinces and in Central
India.

katu kacchel in south-west India. Sal

“

177

katu kilangu in south India.
kauhaia kand in the Balaghat District.
kaya pendalam in the Circars.
ke-imo in Japan (but probably edible D. bulbifera).
keai kand in the Chindwara District.
kedro kand in the Surat District.
koppa kavalli in the Tanjore District.
kukur alu near Calcutta.
Eukour torul in Nepal.
kunti genasi in Kanara.
kuru kand in the Nasik District.
manokand in the Surat District.
matawar kand in the Balaghat District
muka keshango and muka kacchel in Travancore.
nai kalu among the Kachins.
nulla ginni geddalu in the Ganjam District
nulla godda in the Chanda District.
owi behas among the Dyaks of south Borneo.
pagla alu in the Chittagong District.
paicha alu in the Mymensingh District.
?panukonda in southern Ceylon.
patti kacchal in Travancore.
phan kthang in the Khasia language.
phan lakhar in the Khasia language.
phan lyngkhi in the Khasia language.
phanpylleng in the Khasia language.
pit kanda in the Raipur District.
radraksha pendalam.in the Circars.
raht alu in Chittagong.
ribsoni kand in the Jhansi District
satik kavalli in the Tanjore District
sharbutra kanda in the Raipur District.
Sim shu in Formosa.
sisi dumpa in the Vizagapatam District.
suker alu near Calcutta.
sur alu widely in Bengal.
thuli kaechal in Malabar and Travancore.
ubida-are in Halmaheira, eastern Malaysia.
ety, im Bali:
ubi kule in eastern Malaysia.
ubi kKumili utan in the Malay Peninsula.
ubi ondo in Celebes.
ubi puteh in the Malay Peninsula.
un-kau-tsu, a Chinese name.
UWi1uUpas in Java.
vara kilangu in Travancore.
venni kilangu in the Malabar District.

Just as D. pentaphylla so is D. bulbifera considered an alu,
and in two names it is admitted asa pendalam. It is quite
widely and naturally a kand and a kilangu.

The List of Names.

Abau, Abobo, Abubo, Abubu; Ahuhu, Ohuhu, Ahua, Ahoea,
used in the eastern Malay islands for D. bulbifera and for
D. pentaphylla, and the first also possibly for D. hispida.
Abau is used in Solor; Abobu and Abubu in Ternate
(Kamel): Abubo in Celebes (Rumpf).

Adabgai, a Savara name for nauseous D. pentaphylla, Cirears.

Addar in the Vizagapatam district, Cirears, for nauseous D. penta-
phylla; probably from Adabgai.

Adivi = wild in Telegu.

Adivi chara dumpa = wild DPD. alata in the Godavyeri district.

Adivi genusu gadda = wild sweet yam, edible D. pentaphylla
in the Cuddapah district.

Adivi genesu alla = wild sweet yam, the same in North Arcot.

Adivi konda dumpalu, either 1). bulbifera or D. hispida in
the Vizagapatam district.

Aelan or Elan, for yam in south Ceram.

Agitha or Angitha, common forms of Genth (q.v.) in Western
Hindi and not unknown in Eastern Hindi.

Aharu alu, a tautologic form of Ratalu from the Dinajpur dis-
trict, Bengal, for D. alata.

Ahei or Ahey (Rumpft), for D. pentaphylla in Amboina; and as
Jaz (Rumpf), in Lochon.

Ahua, Ahuo, or Ahuhu, used in Ceram and in Haruku which is
near Amboina. See Abau. Rumpf used the second word.

Ait alu = ? bunched yam, for a race of ). alata in the Sylhet Dis-
trict of Assam.

Akar = climber, in Malay, and also root. It and the next as re-
gards Dioscoreas, are applied to species whose deep-buried
tubers are unfamiliar, not being sought for food.

Akar bunga kamayan = benzoin flower creeper, for D. pyri-
folia at Priaman in Sumatra.

Akar bunga keminiyan = )benzoin flower creeper, is D. pyri-
folia in South Sumatra or D. laurifolia in Malacca and
Negri Sembilan.

Akar guluno (Alvins), probably meant for akar gulung or
twining creeper, from Negri Sembilan, for D. pyrifolia.

Akar jangot kulonak = bearded (?) Smilax creeper, for D.
pyrifolia or D. orbiculata in Negri Sembilan. The legi-
timacy of translating kulonak by Smilax may be ques-
tioned, but no alternative seems better.

Akar kakop (Alvins), from Malacea for D. orbiculata.

Akar kamahang (Alvins) = benzoin creeper for ). pyrifolia or
D. laurifolia in Malacea.

Akar kamiyan, akar kamoyan, akar kamayan, and akar
kumoyan, for ). pyrifolia in Menangkabau Sumatra.

179

mer

Akar kelona or akar klana = Smilax creeper, for Dioscoreas
not used as food, in Malacca and in Negri Sembilan.

Akar keminiyan paya = marsh benzoin creeper, the same.

Akar keminiyan hantu = ghost’s benzoin creeper, the same
both in Malacca and Priaman, Sumatra.

Akar kowat, for D. Havilandui in Sarawak.

Akar kumili = Kombili creeper, for D. bulbifera in Malacca
or Negri Sembilan.

Akar manujan or akar mamujan (Alvins), doubtless a
variant of akar keminiyan.

Akar mawas (Alvins) = the Mias’ or Orang-utan’s creeper,
for D. pyrifolia in Malacca.

Akar prung = ? clearing yam, for D. pyrifolia in Palinanan.

Akar seruting (Alvins) = Seruting (a Javanese dish) creeper,
for D. laurifolia in. Malacca.

Akar ubi pasir = sand yam creeper, for D. Scortechinw in
Perak. The Javanese use of Ubi pasir is very similar.

Akash kanda = heavenly yam, a race of D. alata in Raipur, Central
Provinces of India. |

Ala-ala in the Hawaiian islands for the bulbils of D. bulbifera.

Ala-koro, a Fijian race of D. alata.

Ala-pa in the Shortlands island, Solomon group, for D. bulbifera.

Alea (Rumpf) for fingered D. alata in Malay.

Alshi, see Ulshi.

Altapatti alu or Alta alu = henna yam, a race of D. alata in the
Murshedabad district, Bengal.

Alu (hindustani) from Alucha (sanskrit) = yam. Probably the
Aryan invaders who. introduced the, sanskritic languages
into India brought this name with them, but ¢ hey came
from a region where edible Dioscoreas would Ara been
unknown. Alua and Alora are used for Alu in the Sontal
Pergunnahs, and Alu kanda is a tautologic form found in
the Raipur district of the Central Provinces.

‘Aman for D. énguina in Alirajpur, W. India.

Amdalata, for D. bulbifera in Chittagong.

Ampu for D. transversa in Queensland (Bailey).

Anathi kand, a corruption of Angethi used for D. bulbifera in
Chota Nagpur and the adjoining Monghyr district.

An = prefixed to the names of several Dioscoreas in the Sikalava and
Hova languages, Madagascar.

Angaroka for edible D. ovinala, in Sakalava.
Angetrika for a Dioscorea in Hova.

Angona for D. fimbriata in Madagascar.

Antakara for the same.

Antaly, for D. Antaly and D. sp. in Sakalova and Hova.

Anayod, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Anda, Andi or Andi kand = ? tuber yam, for D. oppositifolia in
the districts of Nimar and Amraoti, Central Provinces of
India, and also reported as D. esculenta in Nimar.

Andut kacchel, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Travancore.

180

Aneg, an Ibanag name for D. esculenta.

Ane genasu, for a race of D. alata in Canara, W. India.

Angethi, equivalent in Western Hindi and Behari to Genth.

Angilir alla, or angilis alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Ankul, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Belgaum district, W. India.

Anyorbil, for D. bulb¢fera in Queensland, on the Palmer river.

Aoui (awl), a perfumed yam (? race of D. alata) in N. Caledonia
in the Voi and Ati languages.

Appa guddi, a wild yam in Berar.

Ar, Aru or Arua, equivalent to alu in some Indian districts where
Eastern Hindi, Western Hindi and Behari are the pre-
vailing languages; and when unqualified indicating D.
alata.

Aribubu, for D. luzonensis in the Ilocano language, but appearing
to be the same word as the next.

Aribukbuk, an Ilocano name for LD. bulbifera.

Aritega, avitega or avitenga tega, names for D). oppositifolia or
for D. tomentosa in the Vizagapatam district, Circars.

Aroi = creeper in Javanese, like akar.

Aroi chanur mentzek = Smilax creeper, probably for D.
pyrtfolia.

Aroi gadong, for D. hispida on the Salak, Java (Blume).

Aroi huwi churuk, snout yam creeper, for D. myriantha and
perhaps other species.

Aroi seselan, for D). gedensis in Java.

Arvi, in Hyderabad, Deccan, apparently the same as the next.

Arwa, for arua, in the Ballia and Gorakhpur districts of the Gan-
getic plains:

Asiahu, indicates yam, in South Ceram; cf. Abau.

Atar, for Ratalu, q.v., in south-west Behar, Gangetic plains.

Athi kilangu or athi kanni = early yam, for D. oppositifolia and
D. spicata in Travancore.

Ato sang (Watt), as a Santali name, doubtless for haser sang, q.v.

Attu kavalai, for D. bullifera or DP. alata in the Tanjore district,
Madras.

Avatenga tega, see Aritega.

Ayan = yam, on the north coast of Kast N. Guinea, the same as En.

Ayer, for yam, on the Kei islands.

Aylan, for yam, in South Ceram.

Aylohun ubi, given by Rumpf as a name for D. nummularia in
Amboina.

Ay-panan, for D. grata in Luzon. Cf. Ayan and Aywel.

Aywel or Ywel, for D. pentaphylla in Amboina,

Babo, general in Madagascar for yam (Heckel).

Babra kand = acacia yam, for D. bulbifera in the Amraoti district,
Berar, doubtless now on account of the fragrance of its
flowers: but there is a possible origin from Bamla and
also from Bara kanda.

Bada kanda = see Bara kanda.

181

Baesi gudda, for D. hispida in the Chanda district, Central Pro-
vinces of India.

Bagai, for D. hispida in Mangyane.

Bagh alu or baghra alu = tiger’s yam, for D. hispida through
Orissa.

Bagh hata alu = tiger paw yam, used in the district of Mymen-
singh, for D. esculenta.

Bagh thapa alu = tiger-claw yam, for D. esculenta in the districts
of Purneah, Dinajpur and Jalraiguri, Bengal.

Bahmuria alu, a race of D. alata in the Brahmaputra Valley.

Bai or Bai kay, Chin or Shandu words indicating some Dioscorea
probably D. hispida. Kay suggests Khoai, and the Bur-
mese Kywe, which is pronounced as Chwey.

Bai alu = ? deep going yam, or more like!y connected with the last,
for D. anguina in the district of Sylhet, Assam.

Baiguni kand, for D. hispida in the district of Mandia, Central
provinces of India, Cf. Bail.

Baijan kanda, for D. hispida in the district of Mirzapur, Ganges
valley. It would seem to be a distortion of Byang sanga;
see Boiang.

Bail, Bayal, Beliya, Bai-ili, common Korku words for D. bulbi-
fera and sometimes for D. oppositifolia or D. aculeata.
Men who are not Korkus, but live in contact with them,
affix “kand” doubtless wrongly. The last two and the
next two names and Baesi gudda may be connected. The
Chin Bai is strikingly similar.

Bajar, for D. lispida in the Kotah state. W. India.

Bajra kand, for nauseous ). pentaphylla in the Hoshangabad dis-
trict, Central Provinces of India.

Bakoi, see Bekoi.

Bakuta, for J. pentaphylla in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

Balebale, recorded by Hazlewood as a Fijian name for (? a race of)
D. alata, but apparentiy an error.

Baliala (N. N. Banerjei), as a tuber eaten in Cuttack, seems to be
derived from Baii.

Balikag, for D. luzonensis or for D. divaricata in the Visayan
language, Luzon.

Ballolong, a race of upgrowing D. alata in Luzon.

Bamla, Bamli or Bawla, for ). bulbifera in the districts of Birb-
hum and Midnapur, Bengal, which may mean “ clustered,”
but is probably of Munda origin, see Bolai kanda.

Ban = wild in Hindi and kindred languages.

Ban alu for VD. bulbifera in Bengal.

Ban aru = wild yam, used for several, if not all, wild yams in
Chota Nagpur and the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Ban babla = wild acacia, for D. bulbifera in the Bankura dis-
trict of Bengal, possibiy on account of the scent of its
flowers, but probably Babla = Bamla.

Ban gethi = wild genth, for wild D. bulbifera in the N.-W.
Himalaya, where this species is also cultivated.

182

Ban ratalu = wild ratalu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the
Betul district, Central Provinces of India.

Ban tarur = wild tarur, for edible D. pentaphylla and fer D.
belophylla in the Almora and Naini Tal districts of the ~
N.-W. Himalaya.

Ban torul = wild forul, in Sikkim and adjoining Nepal for
wild D. alata, D. belophylla and probably other (? edible)
species. -

Banagan (Usteri), for D. bulbifera in the island of Negros, Philip-
pine Islands. See Baong.

Banaghor, for a flat race of D. alata in the district of Jessore,
Bengal.

Banan, for D. nummularia in Bagobe, Mindanao. Cf. Banagan.

Banar, for D. zollingeriana in Palembang, Sumatra. Can it be -
an error for Chanar ?

Bandri alu or Bandoreh alu = monkey’s yam, for nauseous D,
pentaphylla in the Ganges plains from the districts of
Monghyr and Baghalpur for some distance westward, and
for D. bulbifera in Bengal.

Bango, said to be used for D. anguina in the Midnapur district,
. Bengal.

Bank, for D. hispida in the Gorakhpur district, Gangetic plains.

Baong, Bayangkan, Banagan, Bohavan, Visayan names for D.
bulbifera, whence Bayag cabayo has been derived. Ba-
yangkan may also be misapplied to D. pentaphylla.

Bara alu = big yam, for a race of D. alata in Sylhet.

Bara kanda, Barai kand, Barahi kand, Bada kanda = hog’s yam,
for several wild Dioscoreas in the Western Hindi language,
e.g. for D. belophylla in the Damoh and Jabalpur districts
and in Baghelkhand, D. hispida and D. bulbifera in the
Jhansi district and for nauseous D. pentaphylla widely
in the Central Provinces.

Bargo nari, said to be D. bulbifera in the Manbhum district.

Barha kand, see Bara kanda.

Barlang, for DP. hisyida in the Darjeeling district.

Barmuria, for 1). pentaphylla in the Brahmaputra valley, cf.
Bahmuria alu.

Barogai, a Savara name for D. tomentosa, Circars.

Barsa!l kanda, for D. belophulla in the Nimar district, Central
Provinces of Inaia.

Batharpatia alu or Bothapotia alu = flat oar yam, a race of D.

- alata in the Darrang district, Assam.

Bathraj, for ). buibifera in the Bogra district, Bengal.

Bati, a Fijian race of D. alata. probablwv for Botia.

Baula alu, for 1). bulbifera in the Balasore district, Bengal, the
same word as Bamla.

Bayag cabayo = horse’s testicles, for D. bulbifera in Luzon in-
dicating the bulbils, but obviously a distorted recent name
ef. Baong.

Bayan alu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Balasore district,
Bengal.

183

Bayangkan, see Baong.

Bayuni alu, an undetermined Dioscorea in the Murshedabad dis-
trict, Bengai.

Bechandi kand = the tuber which yields bechandi. Bechandi is a
coarse meal prepared from D. hispida, and perhaps also
from D. pentaphylla, which a certain section of Hindus in
Chota Nagpur, and adjacent parts of the Central Pro-
vinces and Bengal, permit themselves to eat on fast days,
that is to say, they allow themselves the food of the poorest.
Thus Bechandi kand means D. hispida. The origin of the
word is not clear, but Bail is suggested in the first syllable.

Begur, for edible D. pentaphylla in Eastern Nepal and in Sikkim
in the Paharia language.

Bekoi, Bakoi, Bekoya = yam, among the N. Sakais of the Pa-
hang-Kelantan border, or tautologically as ubi bekoi in
N. Pahang. Bakhoi chyung and bakhoi logn are words
collected from Besisi in Malacca, the application uncertain.
Bekoi suggests the Mon word Khoai, and almost certainly
“be ” stands for ubi.

Bakuta, for D- pentaphylla or an allied species, in the Hanuabada
language of Papua.

Belat myouk u = ioreign yam, for cultivated D. pentaphylla in
the Myaungmya district of Lower Burma, a hybrid name
from Hindustani and Burmese.

Belni kand, either nauseous D. pentaphylla or D. oppositifolia in
the Betul district, Central Provinces of India. Probably
the same as Beliya kand. see Bail.

Belog, stated to be a yam among the Senoi of ? upper Pahang,
though perhaps indicating the tapioca plant, cf. under
Bekoi, the name Bakhoi logn.

Bemandry, for edible Dioscorea Bemandry, edible D. Sosa and D.
trichopoda among the Sakalava in Madagascar (Heckel).

Benai alu or Benia alu, a race of D. alata in the Murshedabad
district, Bengal, possibly from the yam suggesting a lock
of hair: cf. Kaisali.

Beng-chapa alu = frog’s skin vam, for D. esculenta, used along
with Bagh-thapa alu in the same districts and in the same
way.

Bengo alu, an edible yam of Lohardaga, Chota Nagpur.

Benkei-imo, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Japan.

Berar, a Shandu word for yam, Arakan (Gwynne Hughes), pos-
sibly for Bai-hra.

Betule, for D. hispida in Celebes (Rumpf). In Ternate Bete is
Colocasia.

Betzy or Bitzy, as Chinese names for D. esculenta (Rumpf) ; they
appear distortions ending with tsu which means tuber.

Bhag torul = tiger’s yam, for D. glabra in eastern Nepal and Sik-
kim.

184

Bhains dethi = buffalo’s teeth, a race of D. alata in the Raipur
district of the Central Provinces of India, but also for
D. anguina in the Raipur and Balaghat districts.

Bhas atu, for D. bulbifera in the Chittagong district.

Bhaser kand, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in Bandelkhand, or for
the still more nauseous D. hispida in the Raipur district.
See Bhusa.

Bhat alu or Bhata alu = boiled rice yam, for D. glabra in the dis-
tricts of Malda, Bengal, and Nowgong, Assam. The Malay
name Ubi nasi contains the same idea of colour.

Bhiya gond, for I). alata from the Purneah district. Gond is pro-
bably a distortion of Kand.

Bhui kand, for D. hispida in Berar, India.

Bhuiya alu, for D. alata in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

Bhumia mati, for D. oppositifolia in the district of Betul, Central
Provinces of India.

Bhusa or Bursa, for nauscous D. pentaphylla in the southern
dialects of Eastern Hindi.

Bhusara, a race of D. alata grown in the Surat District, Bombay.

Biau, for D. esculenta in the island of Bah.

Bigap or Bigop, used by Sakais in Perak, and as Gap by Orang
Tanjong at Kuala Langat, Selangor, possibly for yam; the
Malay word Ubi may be in it, the first syllable having been
dropped in the same way, as Sakai cut down Ubi benggala
into ngala. The sound is in Bekoi and Belog, q ¥

Bihang = yam, among the Belanda of Kuala Langat, Selangor
(Blagden).

Bihaun, for D. esculenta in Bali.

Bihi kand, for D. bulbifera in the districts of Raipur and Damoh,
Central Provinces of India, and perhaps the same as Bhui
kand.

Bil, an abbreviation of Kombili for D. esculenta in the Madioen
Residency, Java.

Billa tega, for D. glalra in the Ganjam district, Circars.

Binang, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Bininag, a race of D. alata in Luzon.

Binnar alla or Bindhar alla = September yam, a race of D. alata
in Ceylon.

Binna jhar alu = several tubers yam, a race of D. alata in the
Jessore and Bakargan) districts of Bengal.

Binurag, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Bir sanga or Biru sanga, a Santali and Kol name for several!
edible yams, e.g. D. esculenta, D. glabra and D. Hamil-
toni.

Bis = yam at Singhi, Sarawak (Moulton).

Bitule, for ). hispida in Menado, Celebes.

Blant-kayu, for yam at Bugan, Sarawak (Moulton).

Bodot, Borot or Bolot, a Visayan name for D. esculenta, Luzon.

Boga or Buga, an Ilocano name for LD. esculenta.

Boga alu, for D. Hamiltonv at Tezpur, Assam.

185

Bohayan, a Visayan name for a Dioscorea, Luzon; see Baong.

Boiang, Boiom, Byam or Byang sanga, the common name among
the Kols and Santals for nauseous D. pentaphylla, and
once met with applied to cultivated D. pentaphylla in the
district of Murshedabad, Bengal.

Bok, in the Lepcha language indicates D. alata and the closely
allied D. Hamilton; but is also met with in Sikkim with
an adjective for other Dioscoreas :—see Buka bok, Chimeo-
tendeo bok, Kacheo bok, Kachma bok, Kancheong bok,
Lum bok, Mecha bok, Mujib bok, Padum bok, Palam bok,
Pamir bok, Panu bok, Pari bok, Pasok bok, Pazien bok,
Pem bok, Phaleo bok, Puri bok, Shimo bok, Siddhiu bok,
Singul bok, Sizu bok, Soum bok, and Sung bok.

Bok dung, a race of D. alata.

Bok dung kap = little bok dung, a race of D. alata.
Bok hyrh = red yam, a race of D. alata.

Bok kap = little yam, a race of D. alata.

Bok up, a race of D. alata.

Bok yung = excellent yam, for D. Hamiltonit.

Boka, for D. alata in Fiji by misapplication from Colocasia and
probably quite erroneously used.

Boku, in the Hanuabada language of Papua, a yam near D. num-
mularia.

Bolar, in Korku, and Bolar kand, as a hybrid with Hindi, for D.
bulbifera and LD. oppositifolia, chiefly the latter, in the
Amraoti district of Berar.

Bolwai gadda, for D. hispida in the Madras presidency.

Bonderi alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Bon alu = ban alu or wild yam in parts of Bengal.

Boounden, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Boroniliga, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Boti, for D. hispida in Roti island.

Botia, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Botla kanda, for D. bulbifera in the Raipur district of the Central
Provinces of India. Cf. Bolar kand.

Bouaou, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ati languages.

Boutanhenn, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language, the same
as Kutanham, q.v.

Braron, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ati language, the same as
Founambouat.

Bu, Buar or Buko = yan, respectively at Kajan Rijang, Tabun
and Matu, Sarawak (Moulton).

Buga, a race of D. esculenta in Luzon, see Boga.

Buka bok, a Lepcha name for a Dioscorea, Sikkim.

Budh, for D. hispida in the Thana district, Bombay.

Bukaw, used for yam in Melano (Tamat).

Bulo, for D. pentaphylla in Fiji (Wright).

Buloi, a Tagalog name for D. divaricata.

Bulu or Butu, for yam in Java and ery oo of the Malay
Archipelago. See Butu.

186

Buna alu, for D. bulbifera in the Dinajpur and Bogra districts of
Bengal.

Bunga meraya, for D. hispida in Menado, Gélebés.

Burdi gaddi, a Telegu name similar to the Savara Barogai or hog’s
yam, for D. tomentosa in the district of Cuddapah,
Madras.

Buru aru, for D. beldphylia in the districts of Ranchi and Sing-
bhum. Cf. Bir sanga.

Buti, a race of V). alata in Fiji, probably for Botia.

Buti gai, a Savara name for D. bulbifera in the Ganjam district,
Madras.

Butu, also Bulu, a common Jayanese name for JD. alata more fre-
quently as Huwi buton, and if Malay is the language as Ubi
butung: or huwi butu in Savu and Lame butung in
Makassar: not uncommonly as Dudung, and sometimes as
Huwi dudung or Huwi tutung. It is suspected that Ubi
bulong is but a mistake for the second one of these. Kom-
bili bulu in the Moluccas suggests it too. Though com-
monly associated with the vulgar word butoh, a more ob-
scure origin is suggested by its variability. It seems
quite possible that the word is not Javanese, nor Sunda-
nese nor of the other languages which use it, but has been
incorporated from some undetected source, and thence
the many variations.

It is worth remark that where these names are used,
bulu is not the name used to indicate a bamboo, as it is in
Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Bali and parts of Celebes.

Caboui, see Kabui.

Cabuvo or Casuvo, see Kabuvo.

Caironi, see Kaironi.

Camangiy, see Kamangiy.

Camarire, see Kamarire.

Carando (Rheede), used for Karandas, q.v.

Cambare- Maron, in Mauritius for D. bulbifera.

Carot, see Kalut.

Cathia, see Kathia.

Cayos, see Kayos,

Chai, Chain, Chayen, Chain kand, Chani, Chatai or Chatan
kartd, a series of names used from the district of Monghyr,
Bengal, on the east, to the district of Thana, Bombay, on
the west, usually for D. hispida, but sometimes for other
species, e.g. D. pentaphylla in Thana, D. bulbifera in
Kotah and Hoshangabad, or D. anguina in Bhopal.

Chaina, a not uncommon name for )). alata along the Bombay coast
becoming China and Chini northwards in Baroda. Un-
qualified in the State of Sawantwadi China is a race of D,
alata with a short flat tuber, and magenta skin.

Chako pindi, for D. tomentosa in Tranvancore.

Chakun, a Cachari name for D. glabra. Cf. Khakun and Thakun,

Chakya machalu, a race of D. alata in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

187

Chalia kham alu = kham alu with a thick skin, a race of D. alata
in the Midnapur district, Bengal.
Chalu valli kilangu, for D. tomentosa in Travancore.
Chamar alu = fiesher’s yam, for nauseous D. pentaphylla near
Calcutta.
Chanar (or in dutch spelling tjanar), means in western Java
Smilax and certain rather similar Dioscoreas.
Chanar babi = pig’s Smilax, for D. polyclades or D. deflera.
Chanar bulan or moon Smilax, for D. pubera in west Java.
Chanar potyung, for I). pyrifolia in Sundanese.
Chanar semut = ant’s Smilax, for D. pyrifolia.
Chan yu = hill or jungle colocasia, and Chan yao, hill or jungle
medicine; see Shan yu and Shan yao.
Chanwari aru, for D. belophylia in the district of Ranchi, Chota
Nagpur.
Chapti ratalu = fiat ratalu, a race of D. alata in Rai Bareilly, Gan-
getic Plains.
Charka alu, for D. pentaphylia in the district of Midnapur, Bengal.
Charkarkhuta alu = spinning wheel post yam, a race of D. alata
_ in Sylhet, Assam.
“Charodi, for D pentaphylla in the Baygyat language, Andaman
islands.
Charon chaval, tor D. lomentosa in Travancore. See Chaval.
Chataveli (Marathi), for Shendwel, q.v.
Chaval, Chavaili or Chavala kilangu, for 1). aculeata or D. penta-
phylla in Travancore and the Malabar district.
Chechari, for D. belophylla in the district of Ranchi, Chota
Nagpur.
Chedari kand, for D. bulbifera in the Akola district, Berar.
Chedu dumpa or Chedu haddu dumpa = bitter yam or bitter
climbing yam, for ). bulbifera in the Vizagapatam dis-
trict, Cirears.
Cheilpani kanda, a race of D. alata in the district of Raipur, Cen-
tral Provinces of India.
Chemna alu, for D. glabra in the Birbhum district, Bengal.
Chena gaddi, apparently for D. hulbifera, in southern Berar.
Chenchu gadda, a race oi D. alata in the district of Kurnul,
Madras.
Chengka, for D. esculenta in Buginese.
Cheni aru, for D. glabra in the Sontal Pergunnahs.
Chenyel, for D. tomeniosa (Dymock) intended for Shendvel, q.v.
Cheranga or Cherango, for D. aculeata in the districts of Puri,
Orissa, and Ganjam, Circars, becoming Cheranga kanda
in the district of Raipur, Central Provinces of India.
Cheru kilangu = small yam, for D esculenta in the district of
Malabar, W. India.
Chhilpen kanda, a race of J). alata in the Raipur district, India.
Chien shan yao, see Shan yao.
Chili alu, a race of D. alata in the district of Angul.
Chimeo tendeo bok, for D. glabra or D. lepcharum in Sikkim.

188

Chinga alu, for a race of D. alata in the Chittagong district.

Chini, see Chaina.

China alu and Chini alu = Chinese yam or sugar yam, a race of D.
esculenta in the Brahmaputra valley, and also similarly
used in the Balasore district, Bengal.

Chola sanga, for nauseous D. pentaphylla among the Kols in the
Balasore district and westwards.

C’houn, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Chubri alu or Chupri alu = basket vam, a race of D. alata about
Calcutta and westwards.

Chuli jkinka alu = club shaped yam, a race of D. alata from Cut-
tack, Orissa.

Chulia kham alu = ? Tamil post-yam, for a race of D. alata in
Orissa.

Chun alu = lime yam, a Khediya name for ). Hamiltonu in the
Mayurbhanj state, Orissa.

Chunchu gudda, for a Dioscorea possibly D. pentaphylla, in the
Warangal district of the Nizam’s Dominions, largely eaten
by Gonds.

Chunchuni kand, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Balaghat dis-
trict of the Central Provinces of India.

Chunghat alu = \ime-pot yam, a race of D. alata in the Sylhet
district, Assam.

Chwey (phonetic), for Kywe.

Cobag and Cobag na quiroy (Blanco). see Kobag.

Cocathi, see Kokathi.

Colot, Corot or Calut, sce Kalut.

Combili, see Kombili.

Connette (Rheede), for edible D. pentaphylla in 8. W. India, ap-
parently from Kanda, as are Kon, Konda, ete.

Coubar or Coupar, see Kubar.

Coumandioh, see Kumandioh.

Coutanham, see Kutanham.

Cu = yam, in Tonkin, = Khoai.

Cu-cai, a cultivated race of D. alata in Tonkin.
Cu-cai-mo, for Khoai mo, a race of D. alata in Tonkin.
Cu-coc-gian, for a race of D. alata in Tonkin.

Cu-mai, for i<hoai mai in Tonkin, a race of D. persimilis.
Cu-nao, and Cu-nao-do, for D. cirrhosa in Tonkin.
Cu-o-giong = dragons nest yam, for PD. cirrhosa in Tonkin.
Cu-tu, and Cu-tu trang, for D. esculenta in Tonkin.

Dadakan, a name for D. bulbifera in Bagobo, Mindanao.

Daga, Dago or Dagu = yam, among the Marianne islands, perhaps
particularly D. alata.

Dagu aniti (Gaudichaud), inedible.
Dagu apaka, for D. esculenta.
Dagu apleyang (Gaudichaud).
Dagu cochon (Gaudichaud).

Dagu fanighi (Gaudichaud).

189

Dagu hago, a race of D. aluta in Guam.

Dagu kwezlytail and Dagu quegleytaie, (Gaudichaud).
Dagu maissa houlon, (Gaudichaud).

Dagu manbila, (Gaudichaud).

Dagu manila, (Gaudichaud).

Dahambou, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Daigun alu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla = Baiguni, q.v.

Daikoro imo = stumpy yam, a race of D. opposita, in Japan.

Dai peri, a Queensland name for D. bulbifera on the Batavi ia riv er.

Daijo = big jo, said to be for D. alata in Japan.

Dakulevu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Dakur kand, Dukar kand, or Dukel kand = pig’s yam, for
nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Bhandara and Chanda dis-
tricts of the Central Provinces of India.

Dam = for certain yams in Cambodia.

Dam-long-chevra cham, for a race of D. alata, the same as
Khoai mo.

Dam long phluk, for D. cirrhosa, according to one authority,
but according to another, and probably correctly for a
race of D. alata.

Damuni or Daumini, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Hazlew ood and
Seemann).

Damuni masira, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Dangkanda, for D. bulbifera in the Raipur district of the Central
Provinces of India.

Dannini (Hazlewood and Seemann), by error for Damuni, q.v.

Dardi or Dardi kanda, for D. oppositifolia in the Amraoti district
and for D. belophylia in the Amraoti and Betul districts,
Berar and Centrai Provinces of India.

Daun apostema given by Rumpf as = Daun bisol, in Amboina.

Daun bisol, given by Rumph as a name for a Dioscorea which
cannot be recognised, but of the section Enantiophyllum,
in Amboina.

Daun kepeng-kepeng = coin leaf, for D. nummularia in Amboina.

Daun pitis-pitis = coin leaf, for D. nummularia in Amboina.

Daun ubi = leaf yam, a name given by Rumpt as for D. nummu-
laria.

Dava karandi (Rheede), for D. pentaphylla in S.-W. India.

Davunikoka, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Day-su-van, for D. bulbifera in Tonkin.

Debbar, said to be a hill name for D. pentaphylia in the Dehra
Dun district, N. W. Himalaya.

Debir ashan alu = Durga’s seal yam, a race of D. alata in the
district of Maimensingh, Bengal.

De-emi, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language.

Deh-enh or Deh-eno, a yam of Caledonia in the Voi and Ate
language.

Denni or Dhenni, either D. aculeata or D. alata in the State of
Travancore.

Dere sanga, for D. glabra in the Ranchi district, Chota Nagpur.

190

Desa pendalam, a race of ). alata in the Ganjam district, Circars.

Desavalli pendalam, country pendalam, for a race of D. alata in
the Circars.

Desi alu = country yam, a race of D. alata in the Narsinghpur dis-
trict, of the Central Provinces of India.

Desmonan, for D. bulbifera in N. Caledonia (de Lanessan).

Dhaiva, in the Naini Tal district for Debbar, q.v.

Dhan alu = grain yam, a doubtful name for D. pentaphylla in the
district of Birbhum, Bengal.

Dhan mocha alu = grain bundle yam, from the balls of straw in
which grain is stored, a race of DV. alata in the Mymen-
singh district, Eastern Bengal.

Dhaula alu = white yam, for a race or races of D. alata in northern
Chota Nagpur.

Dhuru kanda = for D). belopliylla in the Mirzapur district, Gangetic
plains, probably a distortion of Dakur kand.

Diangga, for D. hispida in Bali.

Diba, for a race of D. esculenta in the Hanuabada language, Papua.

Die-nambue, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Dikama, a race of DP. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Dila, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Diomali, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language.

Dinogo, a race of D. alata in Luzon.

Dipou, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Do khnoch, for D. lispida among the Khmers in Cochin China
(Pierre).

Dodda kurudu, tor VD. bulbifera, received from the Madras presi-
dency.

Dogue, in Luzon for Tugui, q.v.

Dokoro or Tokoro, for Dioscoreas of the section Stenophora in
Japan.

Dondeli kand, for 1). belophylla in the Balaghat district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Draigarh, a doubtful name for edible D. pentaphylla received from
Suket State in the N.-W. Himalaya and possibly a dis-
tortion of debbar.

Dsojo, given by Kaempfer as a literary or borrowed Japanese name
for D. japonica: cf. Daijo and Tsu ubi.

Dudh alu or Dudhi alu = milk yam a race of D. alata in the dis-
tricts of Ranchi and Hazaribagh, Chota Nagpur. Also
dudhia aru, for the same in the district of Etawah, Gan-
getic plains.

Dudung, for D. myriantha in Javanese; but see Butu.

Dukai, an Itaveg (Luzon) name for D. esculenta.

Dukka pendalam = }ig’s yam, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in
the Vizagapatam district, Circars. See Dakur kand.

Dukur kand = pig’s yam, for D. hulbifera in the Betul district
of the Central Provinces of India.

Dulian or Durian, Jlocano names, Luzon, for D. luzonensis or
D. divaricata: ef. Duyan.

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191

Dunichi kanda, for DP). belophylia in the Damoh district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Duppe genasu, for a race of D. alata in the South Kanara district,
W. India.

Dura alu, Duri sanga or Dur sanga = small yam, applied in the
districts of Monghyr, Dinajpur, the Sontal Pergunnahs
and through Chota Nagpur to more than one yam; it is
D. esculenta in the Gee two, but either D. Meulodin or
D. belophylla or D. glabra or edible D. pentaphylla in the
others, all of the species serving as food and growing
wild.

Durga chalii alu = Durga’s seat yam, a race of D. alata in the
Murshedabad district, Bengal.

Duru aru, for D. belophylia, in Gangpur State, Chota Nagpur.

Duyan, the Pangasinan equivalent of Dulian, q.y.

Ed alu = ginger yam, for cultivated D. pentaphylla in the Darrang
district of Assam.

Eda thengalia alu = cog finger yam, for D. esculenta in the
Sibsagar district of Assam.

Eddu toka dumpa = bullock’s tail vam (Ellott), a yam of the
Circars, probably a race of D. alata.

Eedava kilangu = May yam, for D. spicata in the State of Tra-

vancore.
Eenthi kacchel = date-fruit yam, for D. tomentosa in the State of
Travancore.

Eér = yam, in the Kei islands; cf. Iwi.

En = yam, in the Kei islands, = Ayan. |

Ein-myouk = garden yam, a geveral Burmese name for cultivated
races of D. alata. —

Elan, see Aelan.

Elan putih or Maelan putif = white Elan, is D. bulbifera in
South Ceram.

Elos elos hei (Ueschenault), ascribed to D. myriantha and in-
tended for Huwi elos, q.v.

Erusumeri, for D. alata in Northern Arakan.

Eyamcha vetti lai kilangu, a race of D. alata in the Madras
Presidency.

Fanganga or Fangaga, in the Betsilo language, Madagascar, for

: D. Macahiba (Heckel).

Fanna dakka (Leiden herbarium), as a Japanese name for D.
quinqueloba, not recognised, but the second part evidently
dokoro.

Farkia = yam, in New Guinea at Numforen.

Femafar, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Fena alu, a wild Dioscorea of the Darrang district, Assam, where
it is sold and marketed for eating.

Founambouat, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Fouapendo, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Ga, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

192

Gadi-gai, for D. oppositifolia among the Savaras in the Ganjam
district, Circars.

Gado, applied to D. esculenta in the Island of Guam, Marianne Is.
It is Dago twisted round.

Gadong, Gadung, Gadueng, Gadhung, Ghadung, Gadu, Gan-
rong, a very interesting series of names which unqualified
are applied to D. lismda where Malay is spoken. Gadong
samak in the Malay Peninsula is D. laurifolia locally.
Among the Bataks of Sumatra where there is a verb men-
gadong = to plant yams, Gadong has a wider and more
generic meaning. Eight kinds of yam pass as Gadong
among these Bataks, and three are recorded for Achin.
Elsewhere two are more usually recognised. It is possible,
perhaps, that two names may in most places belong to
D. hispida, and then the balance must belong to other
Dioscoreas, except that sometimes Smilax spp. are
termed Gadong e.g Gadong China—Chinese Gadong, and
Gadong tikus—rat Gadong. The form Ganrong comes
from the Dyaks of 8. E. Borneo: Gadu from Bima:
Gadueng from Menangkabau, Sumatra.

Gadung adong = black gadong, in Achin.

Gadong belaka, among the Bataks.

Gadung bodas = white gadung for D. bulbifera in the Pre-
anger Residency of Java.

Gadong goya, among the Bataks.

Gadong holiholi, among the Bataks.

Gadong jae, in the Sembiran dialect of Bali.

Gadong jalor, among the Bataks.

Gadung kasturi = musk gadung, in Bali.

Gadung ketan, in Java.

Gadung kuning = yellow gadung, in Java.

Gadong lekat = glutinous gadong in Achin.

Gadung malati = jasmine gadung, in Bali.

Gadung pira na manuk, among the Bataks probably D. alata.

Gadong ranek, among the Bataks.

Gadong rambe, among the Bataks.

Gadung ramping, among the Bataks, probably D. alata.

Gadung rimbo = forest gadung, for D. hispida in S. W.
Sumatra.

Gadong samak = (lyeing gadong, for D. laurifolia in the
Malay Peninsula.

Gadung si apur, among the Bataks, probably D. aleta.

Gadong tembong, in Bali.

Gadong ur = Coconut gadong, in Achin.

Gadungan, see Werung.

Gagarubro, a Naga name for D. Hamiltonii.

Gai = yam, in Savara, see Adabgai, Butigai, Barogai, Gadigai, Mar-
godi gai, Parogai, Tumangai.

Gaibol, for D. anguina in North Cachar.

193

Gaicha alu or Gachua alu = yam of thickets, for D. bulbifera in
the districts of Dacca and Mymensingh, Bengal.

Gajaria or Gajar, for D. pentaphylla in the Jhansi district.

Gakn or Gang or Gong, for some edible root either a Dioscorea
or Ipomoea Batatas (which is of course American) among
the Sakais of N. Perak, N. Pahang and Kelantan. As
the Sakais clip Malay words greatly Gadong is possible
in it.

Galelua, apparently used in Jhansi for a Dioscorea.

Ganduy, for D. luzonensis in Luzon (Kamel).

Ganesh alu, for D. anguina in the Midnapur district, Bengal.

Gangajali alu = Ganges water yam, from the colour, for cultivated
D. pentaphylla in the Murshedabad district, Bengal.

Gangarua, a race for D. alata in the Kangra district of the N.-W.
Himalaya.

Ganjir or Gajir, edible D. pentaphylla in the North West Hima-
laya = Gajaria and Ghajir.

Gap, see Bigap.

Garaba, said to be used in the Cuttack district, Orissa, for D. bul-
bifera.

Garania alu = yam like a guran wood pole, a race of D. alata in
Lower Bengal.

Gath alu, for D. bulbifera among Marathas, doubtless from Genth.

Gathour kand, for D. bulbifera in the Narsinghpur State of S.
Rajputana, from Genth.

Gayos, for D. hispida in the Visayan language, Luzon (Blanco), =
Kayos in Tagalog.

Gedi-stara or Gedi-sara, for D. alata in the Vizagapatam district,
Circars.

Gembili, Gembilim, Gembiliem, Javanese forms of Kombili, for
D. esculenta. |

Gembolo, for D. bulbifera in Java, the same word as Kambubu.

Genasu = yam, in Kanarese; and standing alone may refer to D.
esculenta. Genasu muli = thorny genasu the same:
genasu mudi.

Genth, Genthi, Gethi = ? a small ball, for D. bulbifera in allusion
to the bulbils, a wide spread name in western Hindi, the
Pahari, Bihari and to some extent eastern Hindi dialects,
and giving rise to modifications in other languages e.g.
Angetha, Agitha, Ghita torul, Gath alu, Ghenti gath
gathour kand, and probably Geta torul.

Gere arg-alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Geta torul, for ? D. bulbifera in Nepal.

Ghadung, see Gadong, of which it is a form used in Madoera.

Ghajir or Ghanjir, for edible a 6 AE a in the districts of
Almora and Naini Tal, N.-W. Himalaya, and Gajaria in
Western Hindi.

Ghandiali, for D. alata and D. belophylla in the Kangra district of
the N.-W. Himalaya.

Ghar = domestic, in Hindi, etc.

194

Ghar alu = domestic yam, for D. alata in the Murshedabad
district, Bengal.

Ghar genthi or Ghar gethi or Ghar gita = domestic gethi, for
cultivated D. bulbifera in the N.-W. Himalaya, see Genth.

Ghar tarur = domestic tarur, for D. alata in the Dehra Dun
district, N.-W. Himalaya.

Ghar torul = domestic torul, in the paharia dialect for all
cultivated yams.

Ghari alu or Gari, for D. bulbifera in the districts of Saugor, Betul
and Hoshangahbad in the Central Provinces of India. Also
in the last named district D. belophylla is confused under
it.

Ghas aiu = grass yam, for D. aculeata in Chittagong.

Ghelehati or Gheleath, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate
languages.

Ghenti, in Chota Nagpur, for Genth q.v.

Ghita terul, in Sikkim VD. bulbifera or by misapplication D. belo-
phylla.

Ghuwak, for J). u/ata in the Kangean islands, east of Madoera.

Giay nan, tor D. hispida in Cochin China ( Pierre) : possibly Kywe
nan.

Gin bik pya, a very doubtful name from Prome, Lower Burma for
D. birmanica.

Girchi kand, for D. anguina in the district of Jabalpur and Raipur,
Central Provinces of India.

Gita or Githa, for D. bulbifera in the Behari language from the
district of Gorakhpur to the Sikkim Himalaya at least
among Nepali settlers. Cf. Genth.

Gitora kanda, for D. bulbifera in the Bilaspur and Mandla dis-
tricts of the Central Provinces of India.

Gobadu, for edible ). pentaphylla among the Korkus of the
Ellichpur district, Berar.

Gcemi rotto rotto, according to Rumpf the Ternate equivalent
of Tali babounji.

Gogdu, for D. bulbifera in the districts of Buldana and Amraoti,
Berar, and also for D. aculeata and D. belophylla. Is the
word the same as the last but one?

Goin, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Goinchi alu, a yam of the Malda district, Bengal.

Gointia alu, ascribed to D. aculeata by Heinig, in the Chittagong
district.

Goj zlu or Guz alu = peg yam, a race of ). alata commonly used in
Bengal. Also goj lal alu = red peg yam.

Gokaru, for edible D. pentaphylla in South Kanara.

Gol ratalu = round ratalu, a race of D. alata in the Ganges plains.

Gon alla, either for D. pentaphylla or for D. spicata or for D.
intermedia in Ceylon.

Gona, for J). verans in the Andaman islands among the Beas and
Balawas.

Gone, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

195

Gong or Gang (Sakai), see Gakn.

Gonthi, for Genth in the district of Hazaribagh, Chota Nagpur.

Gora = sweet (Marathi), and doubtless the origin of the Anglo-
Indian name * Goa potato” for D. esculenta lies in the
word.

Gor-adu, a well known race of D. alata from Bombay east to
Amraoti and Poona.

Gora karandas, edible DP). bulbifera all along the coast from
Surat to Goa.

Gor-kaz, the same as the last and with it.

Gorabu alu, a race of D. alata in Jessore, Bengal.

Gota, for D. hispida in the Kotah State, W. India.

Gowi = yam, in the island of Nias, west of Sumatra. If the G. can
have come from K., we have here the equivalent of Khoai.

Grabon, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language.

Gu boh shu tin = ox-tail tuber creeper, a central Chinese name
for D. acertfolia (Diels).

Guiaba, Gyaba or Gyah, for J). acerifolia (Diels).

Gulakiri wel-alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Gumma ratalu, a race of D. alata in the Mainpuri and Etawah dis-
tricts of the Ganges plains.

Gun, for D. deltoidea in the Kamaon Himalaya.

Guna pendalam, round D. alata in the Circars (Elliott).

Gunga, for D. aculeata in Sylhet, Assam.

Gur alu = molasses yam, formerly used for D. esculenta in Bombay
like Goa potato: and used now for a race of D. alata
in the Murshedabad district, Bengal.

Guraniya alu = yam like a guran pole, a common name for a race
of D. alata in Lower Bengal.

Gurarya kand, for D. anguina in the State of Barwani, Rajputana.

Guri, for D. belophylla among the Korkus.

Guti alu = little ball yam, for D. pentaphylla in the Sibsagar dis-
trict, Assam, probably in allusion to the bulbils, and hav-
ing the meaning of Genth.

Haldia alu = orange-coloured yam, for D. anguina in the districts
of Nowgong and Darrang, Assam.

Halgujia alu or Haljukia alu = Hal-fish yam, a race of D. alata in
the Brahmaputra valley.

Hampas tagbalang, said to be a yam in the Philippine islands.

Handia alu = cooking pot yam, a race of D. alata in the Cuttack

as district, Orissa.

Hanki genasu, for 1). belophylia in the district of Malabar, West-
ern India.

Hanla alu, a race of D. alata in Sylhet, Assam.

Hlarame baireo, a Naga name for D. anguina.

Harad bhu, for D. bulbifera in the Ranchi district, Chota Nagpur.

Harau, for D. esculenta in the Nadroga language of Fiji (Wright).

Hari imo, used by Japanese botanists for D. esculenta.

Harin khuray alu, a race of D. alata in the Bankura district,

- Bengal.

196

Harin pala alu = antler yam, a race of D. alata in Bengal.

Haser sanga, for D. pentaphylla and sometimes for D. belophylla
in the districts of Hazaribagh and Singhbum.

Hasila = yam, at Oya in Sarawak (Moulton).

Hastyaluka (sanskrit) = elephant yam, probably for a race of D.
alata. Dallana in the 12th century said it was a large
form of Kasthaluka.

Hathigorwa alu, a race of D. alata in the Ranchi district, Chota
Nagpur.

Hathidanta alu = elephant tusk yam, a race of D. alata in the
Narsinghpur district, Central Provinces of India, and
Hathidatia, of the same meaning in the Brahmaputra
valley. .

Hati kujia alu = elephant’s foot print yam, a race of D. alata in
the Darrang district, Assam.

Hathi muria, a race of D. alata in the Darrang district, Assam.
Bahmuria is also D. alata.

Hati pae alu = elephant’s foot yam, a race of D. alata in the Mur-
shedabad district, Bengal.

Hathia kand = elephant’s yam, for D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla
in the Shahabad district, Bengal.

Hau or Ha-u = yam, among the Pangan in Ligeh State, Lower
Siam and the Semang in Kedah (Blagden). Cf. Khoai.

Hauw sina, given by Teijsmann as perhaps a Dioscorea, and in
use in Timor.

Hayuru, Hayuro, Hayule, for D. hispida in the Moluccea Is.

Heg genasu = sweet genasu, for edible D. bulbifera in North
Kanara.

Heli, Heri = yam, or often D. alata, in some of the Molucea islands.
Cf. Huwi.

Heli and Heri assapin = finger yam, for a race of D. alata in
Amboina (Rumpf).

Heli and Heri makalaun or Heli maki laun = artocarpus
leaf yam similarly used.

Heli malonia, for a race of D. alata in Banda Is.

Heri manu, for red fleshed D. alata in S. Ceram and Amboina.

Heli nya or Heri nya = snake yan, for a race of D. alata in
Amboina (Rumpf).

Heri puti = white yam, for D. bulbifera in Amboina and the
Uliassers.

Heri soun laun = artocarpus leaf yam, for a race of D. alata
in Amboina.

Heofika or Hofika, Sakalava and Hova names, Madagascar, for
D. heteropoda and D. Hoffa. Cf. Ofika, and recall Blag-
den’s suggestion that Hubi in Sakai is possibly older than
Ubi in Malay.

Hepe, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Hibag-ye, said to be D. oppositifolia in the Poona district, W.
India.

ee eee

197

Him kukul alla = little cock’s yam, a Cinghalese name for D.
esculenta, on account of the spur like thorns on the roots.
Himboueh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language.
Hime tokoro = small tokoro, a Japanese name for D. tenuipes.
Hingur alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.
Hiritala = benumbing yam, a Cinghalese name for D. oppositi-
folia.
Hirmati, a Gond name for an undetermined Dioscorea, the same as
Pidi kanda.
Hituu, for D. pentaphylla in Pete, Moluccas (Rumpf).
Hiwu = yam, in the island of Savu, near Timor.
Hiwu butu, for D. alata. See Butn.
Huwi wara, for D. bulbifera.
Hiyahu, for D. esculenta in the island of Halmaheira.
Hkad-hkyo, a well known Burmese name for D. birmanica.
Hkadhkyo pyu = white Hkad-hkyo, for D. membranacea in
the Pakokku Hills.
‘Ho, the Shan word for yam.
Ho-kho, for D. bulbifera.
Ho-koi, for D. hispida.
Ho-man-kawk, for a wild edible Dioscorea, apparently D.
alata.
Ho-wuk, for a wild edible Dioscorea.
Hofikara, for a Dioscorea in the Hova language of Madagascar.
Hoi, for D. bulbifera in the Hawaiian Is., Friendly Is. and Tahiti.
Honda, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.
Hone sanga, for D. belophylla in Singbhum.
How-wai, for a yam in the Kamee language, Arakan (Gwynne-
Hughes). It suggests Khoai.
Hputsa or Hputsa-u, a well known Burmese name for nauseous
D. pentaphylla.
Hra or Khah, the Chin word for yam, connected with khoai.
Hra burr, a race of D. alata.
Hra hnim, for edible D. pentaphylia.
Ara let, for D. esculenta.
Hra lien, for a race of D. alata.
Ara parr, a race of D. alata.
Hra pree, a race of D. alata.
fra teow, for D. bulbifera.
Ara trol, a race of D. alata.
-Hua, in Laos for some yams, = Khoai.
Hua kathal, said to be for D. esculenta in Laos, being the same
as Khoai lo.
Hua man phao, for a race of D. alata in Laos.
Hua pao, for D. bulbifera in Laos..
Hua thuck, for a race of D. alata in Laos.
fluai chan yao = Huai hill medicine or ? hill medicine of Huai
shien, unidentified Dioscoreas used medicinally of origin
in Shensi and adjoining provinces of China. ual per-
haps = Khoai.

198

Huang chiang = yellow ginger, a central Chinese name for more
than one Dioscorea, e.g. D. zingiberensis (Henry) and as
huang chiang teng, for D. japonica (Rosthorn), and as
huang chiang tou teng, for what Diels calls D. glabra.
Huang tou teng is ascribed by Diels further to D. bulbifera
with a question mark.

Huang yao = yellow medicine, may belong to a Dioscorea, in Sze-
chuan (Hosie). :

Hubi = yam, in Sakai. Blagden suggests that hubi is older than
the Malay ubi: but the form of the word in Madagascar is
without the h in most cases.

Hubi gak, used by Soman, a mixed negrito tribe of N. Perak
speaking a mixture of Malay and “Sakai, would seem to be
Ipomoea Batatas: see Gakn.

Huelyo or Hueelyo = yam in the islands of the Uliassers, Amboina
group.

Huelyo putih = white yam, for D. bulbifera on the island of

Saparua.

Huelyo puil, for D. bulbifera in Nussa Laut of the Uliassers.
Hukai, for D. anguina in Sylhet, Assam, suggesting Khoai.
Hulahaya kanda, for D. hispida in the district of Raipur, Central

Provinces of India.

Hura, said to be apphed to D. oppositifolia in the Sika language
of Flores; but it is probable that D. alata is meant.

Huwi = yam, in Sundanese.

Huwi badak kuning = yellow fan yam, a race of D. alata.

Huwi badak manis = sweet fan yam, a race of D. alata.

Huwi buah = fruit yam, said to be D. hispida, but D. penta-

phylla is probable.

Huwi butun or Huwi buten, a race of DV. alata. Cf. Butu.

Huwi chekker, for D. pentaphylla.

Huwi churuk, for D. myriantha.

Huwi dewata = divine yam, for edible D. pentaphylla.

Huwi dudung or Huwi tutung, for D. anguina: see Butu.

Huwi elos, for D. alata and D. myriantha.

Huwi gadung, for D. hispida.

Huwi ijiahe = ginger yam, a D. pentaphylla and the very

closely allied D. Blum

Huwi klapa = coconut yam, he a race of D. alata.

Huwi kawaiyung or Huwi kawoyang = benzoin yam, tor D.

pyrifolia apparently.

Huwi landak, for D. esculenta.

fiuwi lilin = wax yam, a race of D. alata.

Huwi mamayung, a variant of Huwi kawaiyung.

Huwi mantri = priest’s yam, for edible D. pentaphylla.

Huwi mengareh = jungle yam, for a race of D. alata.

Huwi ohe ai and Huwi ohe padang, races of D. alata.

Huwi orei, a race of D. alata in Java.

ASSESS

a eT:
= as ~~

199

Huwi panjang, long yam, for a race of D. alata in Java.
Huwi pulun = sticky yam, a race of D. alata.
Huwi sawat or Huwi sawut = fibrous yam for D. pentaphylla
or D. hispida.
Huwi sawut jahe = fibrous ginger yam, for D. pentaphylla.
Huwi saut ketam, for D. Blume.
Huwi teropeng = pipe yam, probably for a race of D. alata.
Huwi tihang = post yam, and huwi tihang merah = red post
yam, for races of D. alata.
Huwi upas = poison yam, for D. bulbifera.
Jaé, for D. pentaphylla in the island of Lochon, Moluccas (Rumpf).
_ Cf. Ahey.
lamme imo, Kaempfer’s spelling of Yama imo.
Ibi = yam, in the Tooensawan dialect of the Alfuri language of
Minahassa.
Ichi nen imo = annual yam, a watery inferior race of D. opposita
in Japan, quick to mature.
Icho imo = wood yam, a race of D. opposita in Japan.
fe-chay-io (for ? Ye shan yu), a wild yam eaten in the Chinese
province of Kwei-chow (Esquirol).
Ihu = yam for Huwi in Ceram.
Ima, Imah or [mati = yam chiefly, but for D. alata in Ternate.
Imah kastela = Castile yam is Ipomoea Batatas.
Ima pariaman, is surely a race of D. alata.
Tmo = yam, in Japanese.
Indapan, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.
In dioh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language, the same as
Femafar.
Iniog, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.
Invod, for a race of D. esculenta in Palawan island.
Ipoi, an Igorot name for J. alata.
Iribani, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).
Isahu and Isiyahu, for J). esculenta in the island of Ceram. Cf.
Siyahu, ete.
Ise-imo = yam of Ise, a race of D. opposita in Japan.
Itulad sanga, for D. pentaphylla among the Kols.
Iwi, yam, in Sumba island. Iwi, Hiwu, Wohiu, Wiwi and Wili
make an interesting group of names.
Jabbet, for D. pentaphylla among the Sakais; and as Ubi jabhet.

_ Jaawaz-al, see Jav-alla.

Jangalia alu = jungle yam, in the Jalpaiguri district, Bengal.

Jahreng, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Ranchi district of Chota
Nagpur.

.Jambur alla = deep-going yam, a Cinghalese name for a Dioscorea
which if not D. oppositifola is very near to it.

Jagalia alu, for D. oppositifolia in the Ali Rajpur state, W. India.

Jangga, for D. hispida in Bali.

Jangli alu = jungle yam, for D. bulbifera in the Dinajpur, Jalpai-
guri and Mymensingh districts, Bengal.

200

Jangli mataru, similarly used in the district of Bhandara, Central

Provinces of India, and for D. hispida in the Chanda

district.

Jangli gethi = jungle genth in the Raipur district, Central Pro-

vinces of India.
Jangli ratalu = jungle ratalu, wild D. alata in the Betul district of
the Central Provinces of India.

Janun sanga, for D. glabra among the Kols in the States near —

Balasore, Orissa.
Japana alla = Jaffna yam, a race of D. alata in N. Ceylon.
Japara alu = hairy yam, a race of D. alata in the Brahmaputra
valley.

Jari kanda, a Dioscorea of the Raipur district, Central Provinces.

of India.
Jav-alla or Jaawa al, for D. esculenta in Ceylon.

Jaya or Jayat, obtained from Sakais and Mentera in the territory

of Malacca: ? = Jabbet.

Jebubug basu and Jebubug endog, for D. bulbifera in Java.

Jechi imo, a race of D. opposita in Japan.

Jehu gale, either yam or tapioca, among Sakais of Ulu Bertang in
Perak (Blagden).

Jhum alu = clearing yam, for D. bulbifera in the Chittagong dis-
trict.

Jiari khoda alu, tor D. glabra in the Sibsagar district, Assam.

Jinenjo, for D. japonica in Japan (jinen = wild) ; ef. Daijo.

Jingijing, an Abor name for a Dioscorea.

Jugur kanda, fer D). aculeata in the district of Bilaspur, Central
Provinces of India.

Ka aing myouk, a Burmese name for a race of D. alata in North-
ern Arakan.

Ka-lau, for D). bulbifera in the Honam islands, Kwangtung Pro-
vince, China.

Ka shru, for D. alata at Jowai in the Jaintea hills, and perhaps
for other plants.

Ka shru lieh, the white yam.

Ka shru mynshong

Ka shru saw, the red yam.

Ka zung she, a Kuki name for D. assamica.

Kabaloi, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Kabui, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ati language.

Kaburan, said to be D. bulbifera in Madoera, with the following
kinds whose names however suggest that Kaburan is more
than one species.

Kaburan bhabang.
Kaburan chena.
Kaburan chechek.
Kaburan ghadjam.
Kaburan tekes.

Kabuvo or Kasuvyo, for D. bulbifera in Ternate and in Celebes

(Rumpf).

vat

201

Kacchel kilangu, for Dioscoreas in Travancore.

Kacheo, a Lepcha name for a variety of D. bulbifera, Sikkim
Himalaya.

Kacheo bok differs, and is another variety.

Kaching or Katching, a Lepcha name for D. bulbifera covering
all its varieties, Sikkim Himalaya.

Kachkachia = ? hard yam, for D. glabra in the district of Birbhum,
Bengal.

Kachma bok, for D. lepcharum in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Kachu, for Kacheo bok at the foot of the Sikkim Himalaya.

Kadat, the general Burmese name for D. aculeata. It may be that
Khoai is in the first syllable.

Kadu = wild in Kanarese.

Kadu kilangu, for several wild yams. The missionary Metz
who collected Hohenacker’s Malabar plants wrote the name
Kadu keringu, and this spelling has received a circulation.

Kadu karandas, for the wild varieties of D. bulbifera from
Bombay southwards in contrast to Gora karandas.

Kadu-u, a general Burmese name for D. bulbifera. Khoai may be
in the first syllable.

Kadwe-u, for tahdwe-u.

Kaede dokoro = several-pointed tokoro, for D. quinqueloba in
Japan. Cf. Kai.

Kaeo, for D. pentaphylla in Bima (Rumpf). But kaio in Tarawan
I. in the Pacific stands for an Aroid, probably Colocasia.

Kaha fa-alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Kaju or Kachu, for a yam in the Nilgiri hills, see Nadu kaju and
Thavai kaju.

Kai or Ke-imo, a literary, that is a borrowed name of Japan.
Kaempfer gives this as for D. quinquefolia but at the same
time states that it is edible, so belving himself; Siebold,
however, for a cultivated edible Dioscorea which he calls
D. sativa, and which seems to be D. bulbifera.

Kai chan tang, for D. Benthamvi in the Kwangtung province.

Kaile, for D. bulbifera in Fiji, whether with nauseous or with edible
bulbils.

Kaile tokatolu, for D. pentaphylla in Fiji (Wright).

Kaio, for yam in the Gilbert islands.

Kaironi, for D. Loheri in Tagalog (Blanco).

Kaisali = yam like a lock of hair, for a race of D. alata in the
Bakarganj district of Lower Bengal.

Kala kand = black yam, for D. bulbifera in the district of Nimar
and in adjoining parts of the Central Provinces of India.

Kalai alu = bulbil yam, for D. anguina in the Birbhum district of
Bengal.

Kalar mura = yam with the plantain-root, for a race of D. alata in
Sylhet, Assam.

Kal genasu = black genasu, for D. bulbifera in the Malabar district

S.-W. India.

202

Kalkur = D. bulbifera var. elongata at Cooktown, Queensland.

Kalla kacchel, a race of D. alata in Travancore.

Kalue, for Kolo, q.v., about Khurda, western Bengal.

Kalut, Karot, Karoti, Kelot, Korot, Kulot or Orot or Orkot,
names for J). hispida, the first in the language of Tagalog,
and Pampangan, the second of Ilocano, the third in Sulu,
the fourth and fifth in Visayan, and the last in Visavan.
Kavos is the same name doubtless.

Kamala kilangu, for ). spicata in the Malabar district, W. India.

Kamangeg, tor) a2 eee eee Se
Luzon.

Kamarire, for D). grata in Luzon.

Kambubu, for LD. bulbifera in the island of Madoera.

Kamiging, a Bikol name for D. esculenta, Luzon.

Kamodia = scented like kamod rice, a race of D. alata in the Surat
district, Bombay.

Kanasi torul, a race of D. alata in Nepal and Sikkim, marked by
its autumn sprouts.

Kancheong or Kanchen bok, for D. sikkimensis among the Lep-
chas of the Sikkim Himalaya, perhaps misapplied to D.
belophylla.

Kand or Kanda = yam in Hindi, but unqualified in Kandesh and
adjoining parts of the Bombay presidency indicating D.
bulbifera, or in Behar D. alata.

Kand kariya, see Karu kanda.

Kandmul, a hybrid Hindi-sanskritic word applied to D. bulbifera
in the Jhansi district of the Central Provinces of India.

Kangar, seems to be D. esculenta in the Poona district.

Kangta alu (Buchanan-Hamilton), as used in the Rangpur dis-
trict for D. esculenta; probably meant for Kanta alu.

Kanii, for ). oppositifolia in the State of Travancore, see Kanti
Kanji.

Kanta alu = thorny yam, may be, now one species, now another,
Central Provinces of Bengal.

Kanti kanji, Kanti kangia, Kanti kangar, Kanti kanang,
Kanti kankari and Kanti konaghar tor ID). esculenta,
from Bombay to Goa, where Kanji now is Ipomoea
Batatas.

Kanuwa, Khanuwa or Khinuwa, for a race of D. alata in several
districts of the Central Provinces of India and in Baghel-
kand; once applied to )). bulbifera in the Jhansi district.
Cf. Khaneya.

Kao, for D). pentaphylla in Bima.

Kapak = Sasak (Lombok) name, for D. hispida, apparently con-
nected with the next.

Kapo, Kapu, Kapots and Kaput = yam, in Minahassa, often ap-
plied to Jpomoea Batatas.

Kapu antadun or Kapu an talun, apparently a race of D.
alata.

203

Kapu gu, for DP. myriantha.

Kapu kayu, for 1). hispida, but the name. would fit tapioca
better.

Kaput laka, a race of D. alata.

Kaput loken or Kaput lokon, a race of PD). alata.

Kaput na wiyo, for a Dioscorea probably D. nummularia.

Kapu rangdang or Kapu rundang, for a race of D. alata.

Kapu sayawu, for D. esculenta: see Sayawu.

Kapu sayor = vegetable Kapu for D). pentaphylla doubtless an
edible race or the name is the same as the last.

Kapu wuol, said to be for D. esculenta in Celebes.

Kappa kavalli, for a race of D. alata in the Tanjore district.

Kappan kachel = ship yam, a race of DP. alata in Travancore and
also the tapioca plant, perhaps misapplied to D. alata.

Kapu or Kaput, see Kapo.

Kapu, for D. bulbifera or D. anguina in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Karamisan, a race of ). alata in the Philippine islands.

Karka, Karaba or Korba, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the
several districts of Orissa.

Karanda, Karandas, Karandi, Karinda and Karanza, Marathi
names for D. bulbifera from the district of Khandesh
southwards to that of Poona. Under the spelling Carandi,
Rheede got it, presumedly in Malabar, and ascribed it to
D, pentaphylla, perhaps mis-applied. See Karu kanda.

Karat, for J. esculenta in Pangasinan, Luzon, perhaps misapplied.

Karnamul alu or Karnamuili alu = ear yam, for D. esculenta in
the Bardwan and Bankura districts of Bengal.

Karodi, ascribed by Rheede to D. hispida in Malabar.

Karondu = yam in the Kangean Is., east of Madoera.

Karroo, for D. bulbifera in Queensland on the Mitchell river.

Karu kanda or Karawa kand = \itter yam, for D. bulbifera com-
monly all through the Central provinces where Eastern
Hindi is spoken and in the Central Provinces and Central
India where Western Hindi is spoken and into Khandesh ;
the origin of the Marathi Karanda, q.v.

Karu pendalam, for D. esculenta or any other little known yam
in the Circars.

Karu pendalam dumpa, Elliott recorded this mixture of Hind!
and Telegu as indicating several wild Dioscoreas in the
Circars.

Karulmati, the Gond form of Karu kanda, for D. bulbifera.

Karunai valli kilangu = twining stick yam, for D. oppositifolia
in the Salem district, Madras.

Karwi genthi or Karwi gethi = astringent genth, for wild D.
bulbifera in the N.-W. Himalaya.

Kasa alu = ? bitter yam, for D. anguina in the districts of Angul
and Balasore.

Kashiu dokoro or Kashiu imo = yam of Kashiu, Japanese names
for cultivated D. bulbifera.

Kasi, for D. pentaphylla in the Igorot language, Luzon.

204

Kasimun, for D. hispida among Malays in Timor.

Kasokaso (erroneously also as Kasoni), a race of D. alata in
Fiji.

Kassok, for D. pentaphylla in the Lepcha language, Sikkim in two
forms.

Kassok ding.
Kassok tuk zhok.

Kasthaluka (sanskrit), doubtless for a Dioscorea, probably D.
alata, the origin of kathalu.

Katak, the Shan name for D. birmanica.

Katak, for D. pentaphylla and D. bulbifera, etc. in Javanese.

Katak bedak or Katak bledek, for D. bulbifera in the
Madioen Residency of Java.

Katak bunga or Katak wunga = flowery katak in Java.

Katak dewat = sacred katak, in Java for an undetermined
Dioscorea of the section Enantiophyllum.

Katak gulug, for D. bulbifera in the Residency of Java at
Ngarengan.

Katak lawe, in Java.

Katama, for D. warburgiana in Celebes.

Katawalla = wild yam, for D. pentaphylla and perhaps for other
wild yams in Ceylon. It was used in 1684 for D. bul-
bifera as Katuwala.

Katching or Kaching, for D. buibifera among the Lepchas, Sik-
kim Himalaya, with the following varieties distinguished.

Katching simbha, for var. Simbha.
Katching katcheo.
Katching simpat.

Kath alu = woody yam, apparenty for a race of D. alata in the
district of Lakhimpur, Assam.

Kath aru, Katha aroo or Katharua, for I). glabra in the Ranchi
district, in Gangpur State, Chota Nagpur, and for D.
esculenta in Behar, Gangetic plains: from Kasthaluka,
q-v., but neither of these species being hard fleshed, they
may not have been the original Kasthaluka.

Kathar or Kathar kand, a race of D. alata in the district of Mir-
zapur, Gangetic plains: and sometimes used as = Ratalu.

Kathia, for a yam in the Voi and Ate languages of N. Caledonia.

Katsjil kelangu, Rheede’s spelling of Kacchel kilangu, 4q.v.

Katilin, for D. esculenta in the island of Ceram.

Katu = wild, in Malayalam of S.-W. India and Cingalese. Cf.
Katawalla.

Katu arg-alla, for a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Katu kacchel, for D. bulbifera in S. W. India, and perhaps
for other species. This is the name which Rheede spells
Katu katsjil.

Katu kavathu kilangu, for D. Hamiltonii in Malabar.

Katu kilangu = wild tuber, for D. aculeata, D. bulbifera, D.
tomentosa, D. pentaphylla and probably other species in
S. India.

%

205

Katu kukul alla = wild cock’s yam, for D. esculenta in Ceylon.

Kata nuren kilengu = wild fibrous yam, for D. pentaphylla in
Malabar.

Katu valli kilangu = wild tuberous plant, for edible D. penta-
phylla and D. opposittfolia in the districts of Trichinopoly
and Salem, Madras.

Katu wella, for D. pentaphylla and D. bulbvfera in Ceylon.

Kau, for edible D. bulbifera in the south-east of New Guinea
(Garia),—possibly var. sativa.

Kauhaia kand or Kauhia kand, for D. bulbifera and for D. belo-
phylla in the Balaghat district, Central Provinces of
India. Keai kanda is doubtless of common origin, and
both are connected with Khaneya.

Kaumaile, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Kavalli, in combination with the Telegu word godda in N. Arcot
for D. alata; with the Malayalam word kacchel in Travan-
core for D. oppositifolia; and with the Tamil word kilangu
generally in 8. India for D. alata.

Kawai, for D. esculenta in Fiji, doubtless from Khoai.

Kawuie, for yam in Solor.

Kaya pendalam, for D. bulbifera in the districts of Vizagapatam
and Ganjam, Circars.

Kayin myouk, a Burmese name for a race of D. alata from
Northern Arakan, possibly distorted, and meaning Kachin
myouk. Kayin ni myouk of the Salween district is a red
fleshed race of the same.

Kayos, for D. alata in Tagalog, Luzon, and for D. hispida and D.
pentaphylla.

Kayuru, said to be D. puvera by van den Burg in Java but he
seems always to designate D. hispida in that way.

Keai, for Kai. |

Keai kanda = literally hand yam, but connected with Kauhaia
kand, for D. bulbifera in the Chindwara district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Ke imo or Kei = said to mean hairy yam, but Ke seems to have come
from the Chinese and to be connected with Khoai, for D.
bulbifera in Japan: the word imo suggests cultivation.

Kedoni, for edible D. pentaphylla in the State of Travancore.

Kedro kand, for D. bulbifera in the Surat district, Bombay.

Kehna, said to be D. hispida in the Raipur district of the Central

7 Provinces of India.

Keladi, the Malay word for Ipomoea Batatas, the sweet potato,
mentioned here only because in print it has been said by
van den Burg that Keladi leuweung and Keladi sayor are
D. hispida. This is certainly wrong: as that writer often
was.

Kelona, see Akar kelona.

Kelibang or Keribang, for D. alata in West Borneo; abbreviations
of Ubi kelibang.

206

Kemhang, among the Semang of Kedah, an abbreviation of Akar —

keminiyan, q.v.

Kemarung, among Sakai of Pahang either for a Dioscorea or for
Ipomoea Batatas, the sweet “potato : cf. Kemhang.

Kembili, used in Java for Kombili, q.v.

Kemili, used by Sakais in Pahang for Ipomoea Batatas, the sweet
potato, and possibly also ‘for yams, as if it is derived from
Kombili.

Kenchung, for 1). sikkimensis among the Lepchas, Sikkim Hima-
laya = Kanchong.

Keoma, said to be J). tomentosa in the district of Arrah, Gangetic
plains.

Kerung, see Werung.

Ketabi or Kutabi = yam in Sumba Is., Timor Sea.

Keu, erroneously for a race of D. alata in Fiji in Hazlewood’s
Dictionary.

Ke-uchiwa dokoro, a Japanese botanists’ name for )). nipponica.

Khah or Hra, a Chin word for yam. See Hra.

Khai alu, a race of D. alata in the Chittagong district. The first
word may be from Khoai.

Khalait, for D. bulbifera in the Andaman islands doubtless from
the Burmese Kalet, and probably a newly introduced
word.

Khalet-u, for D. bulbifera in Burmese in the Pakokku Chin hills,
and the same word as Hra let.

Kham alu or Khambalu = pillar yam, a well known name for a
race ot D. alata in Lower Bengal, and the use of which
extends to the eastern districts of the Central Provinces.
It becomes Kham Karua and Khambarua in Behar and
Khamra alu, in the Purneah district, Gangetic plains.

Khambarua, in eastern Behar for Kham alu.

Khaneya, Khanewa or Khania kand, for edible D. pentaphylla
in the districts of Arrah, Shahabad, Monghyr, Palamau,
Gaya and extending into Baghelkand i in Central India.

Khanti, for edible D. pentaph: ylla in the Gonda district and Bal-
rampur State, Gangetic plains, and also for D. belophylla.

Khas alu, a race of PD. alata in the Chittagong District.

Khat-cho, phonetic spelling ot Hkad-hkyo, q.v.

Khatu-u-kyee and Khatu-u-pyu, races of D. esculenta in the
Toungu district, Lower Burma.

Khirkand, for. * gee in the districts of Amraoti and Akola,
Berar. . Kikare and Kirehi kand.

Khitta, for 1). exit in the Suket State, N » Himalaya.

Khoai, the Mon-Khmer word for yam. There are acl of it in the
Arakan Hills, see How-wai, and possibly in Sylhet see
Hukai and Khai: it is apparently in Northern Sakai in
Kuwi and Bekoi. The invaders of the Mon-Annam
kingdoms took it up, the Burmese in Kywe, and perhaps in
other yam-names, the Siamese as Koi or Kloi.. It seems to
have found a plare in Fiji as Kawai, and in China in
Huai.

207

Khoai bua or Khoai bua ydnon, for a race of D. esculenta
in Annam.

Khoai buu, Loureiro’s name for his Oncus esculentus which
is D. esculenta.

Khoai chach, for a race of D. esculenta in Saigon.

Khoai dian nan, for D. hispida in Cochin-China.

Khoai ieng (Loureiro), for D. cirrhosa in Annam.

Kheai lia, a race of D. alata in Indo-China.

Khoai lo, said by Loureiro to be the same as Combilium and
therefore D. esculenta, but his description belies this state-
ment, and the name as used in Indo-China is doubtful.
de Lanessan quotes it for D. esculenta.

Khoai mai, jor a wild race of J). alata in Annam and Cochin-
China or for D. persimilts.

Khoai mo, for a race of D. alata in Annam.

Khoai mohai, for a race of D. alata in Saigon (Pierre).

Khoai nga = elephant-tusk yam, for a race of D. alata in
Annam.

Khoai noc trang, tor a race of D. alata in Saigon.

Khoai shan = Huai shan (yao), in Tonkin the Annamese of
that Chinese name (Regnault).

Khoai siam, a race of D. alata in Saigon.

Khoai son = mountain yam, for D. persimilis or for a race of
D. alata in Tonkin.

‘Khoai tia, a race of J). alata in Annam.

Khoai tiem, a race of D. alata in Saigon.

Khoai tir, for D. esculenta in Annam and Cochin-China.

Khoai tu bua, a race of D. esculenta in Siagon.

Khurmalu, for a race of D. alata in the Bhagalpur district of
Bengal, apparently a distortion of Kham alu.

Kibaratasy, for D. lexagona in the Betsimisaraka language, Mada-
gascar.

Kidetite, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Ki-e = yam, in the Sakai dialect of Central Pahang. See Kuoi.

Kikare or Kinkari, for D. oppositifolia or for edible D. pentaphylla
in the Ali Rajpur State of W. India.

Kikim, for yam in the Lampongs, Sumatra.

Kikuba dokora = hand-like tokoro, for D. quinqueloba in Japan,
referring to the leaf.

Kilangu, in Tamil, for tuber.

Kinampai, a Bikol name (Luzon) for D. alata.

Kimampu, for D. alata in Cebu, Philippine islands (Blanco).

Kina pendalam, a race of D. alata in the Godaveri district, Madras.

Kine imo = hammer yam, a race of D. opposita in Japan.

Kinkari, see Kikare.

Kirach kand, as the next used in the Seoni district.

Kirchi kand or Kircha, for D. oppositifolia in the Balaghat,
Mandla and Saugor districts of the Central Provinces of
India, probably of common origin with Kras kand.

Kiri imo = cutting yam, a Japanese name for D. opposita.

208

Kiri kondal, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Kirini, for D. luzonensis in the Tagalog language.

Kiri vel alla = milky stick yam, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Kiroi, Kiru, for D. divaricata and D. mymantha in the Tagalog
language, Luzon.

Kitaotao, for D. hexagona in the Hova language, Madagascar.

Kiu tu = ginger tuber,-for D. Owenw in Hainan.

Kla-wong, a Semang word for a wild yam.

Klab, a Semang word for D. hispida, in Kedah.

Kloi, see Koi.

Koadi, a Jakun word from Jassin, Malacca, for ? yam: but can
it be Keladi distorted ?

Kobag, a Tagalog name variously apphed, e.g. to D. alata, D.
luzonensis, D. Loheri, D. divaricata and D. myriantha, the
last two about Los Banos and the two before them accord-
ing to Blanco’s Flora.

Kochadia alu = the yam like Colocasia, ? in taste, for D. anguina
the district of Angul, Orissa.

Kodi kavalli = creeper yam, for D. alata in the Tanjore district,
Madras.

Kohata alla, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Koi or Kloi = yam, in Siamese. Sometimes heard as Mun kloi and
among the Laos as Koi-i (Kerr).

Koi velli, for a race of D. alata in the Chingleput district, Madras.
Is it Kavalli?

Kokathi, a yam of New Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Kolhua, for D. hispida in the Narsingpur district of the Central
Provinces of India, connected with the last.

Kolo kand, Kulu kand, Kulu sanga, Kolki, Kulia or Kulika =
jackal’s tuber, for D. hispida through Orissa and Chota
Nagpur, and westwards to the Melghat in Berar.

Kolot, Korot or Kalut, names in Ilocano and Visayan, Luzon, for
D. hispida. Colot was obtained by Eusebius about 1650
and rightly assigned by Rumpf.

Kombili, for D. esculenta in the Moluccas becoming Kembili and
Gembili in Java, and also Gembiliem; and found among
the Sakais of the Pahang-Kelantan border as Kemili.

Kombili bulu, a race of D. esculenta in the Moluccas. See
Bulu.

Kombili champadaka = chempedak-like yam, a race of the
same named by Rumpf. The chempedak is Artocarpus
polyphemaa.

Kombili fanfuri, also a race of the same.

Kombili merah = red Kombili, for D. alata (v. d. Burg).

Kombu valli kilangu = antler stick yam, for D. intermedia in
Tamil as used in Ceylon.

Komori dokoro, for D. nipponica in Japan.

Kon, a race of D. alata in the neighbourhood of Bombay.

Konaghar and Kanti konaghar, for D. esculenta from Bombay
to Ratnagiri.

209

Konda gummadu = hill gummadu, for D. pentaphylla in the
Cirears (Elliott).

Konda pendalam, a race of D. alata in the district of Ganjam,
Circars.

Konta alu = thorny yam, for D. glabra generally in Orissa.

Kondap, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Konuda, for D. vezans in the Bojgyah language, Andaman Is.

Koppa kavalli = rubbish-heap yam, a race of D. alata and also
applied to D. bulbifera in the Tanjore district, Madras.

Korani genasu, for nauseous PD. pentaphylla in the district of
Malabar, W. India.

Koregu pronounced Korengu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Kornapidan, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the State of Travan-
core,

Kornmu, for D. pentaphylla among the Yeras of the Andaman Is.

Kosa kanda, a race of D. alata in the Raipur district.

Koto, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Kou, for yam in N. Caledonia (de Lanessan).

Kowui, for yam in Solor Is. (van Lijnden). Cf. Kuwi, Khoai, as
well as Owl.

Kowar, for D. transversa in Central Queensland.

Kozikan, for D. oppositifolia in the Buldana district, Central Pro-
vinces of India.

Kras kand, Kras mati or Kiras mati, for D. oppositifolia in the
districts of Hoshangabad and Balaghat, Central Provinces
of India.

Krin mrouk, for D. Hamilton in Arakanese, doubtless = Kayin
myouk.

Krishna mati, for D. oppositifolia in the districts of Betul and
Hoshangabad, and doubtless a distortion of the Gond
name Krasmati.

Krits, Kris, Krish, Krithi, Kins, Kithi or Kildri, for D. del-
toidea in Kashmir.

Kuari alu = queen yam, a race of D. alata in the Lakhimpur district
of Assam.

Kubar or Kupar, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi or Ate lan-
guages.

Kudai kand, for D. oppositifolia in the Raipur district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Kuduk = yam, in Sarawak among the Land-Dyaks (Chambers).

Ku gwa imo (Kou-kiu-imo), a Liu-kiu name for D. esculenta.

Kukare sanga, for D. anguina among the Kols in Chota Nagpur.

Kuku, a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Kukui, see Kukare.

Kukul alla = cock’s yam, for D. esculenta in Ceylon.

Kukur alu = dog’s yam, for nauseous PD. pentaphylla and for D.
bulbifera near Calcutta.

Kukur torul, for D. sikkimensis and D. bulbifera in Nepal.

210

Kukur poéati = biich’s teats, for D. esculenta in the Darrang dis-
trict of Assam. Cf, Rumpt’s account of a similarly
shaped vam in Amboina.

Kumaa, may perhaps be used in some of the Pacific islands for
yam, but more properly indicates the Sweet Potato,
Ipomoea Batatas. The word varies to Kumaia and Umaa,.
LC.

Kumandioh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages

Kumiria atu, for D. aculeata in Chittagong.

Kummara baddu gumpa, said by Elliott to indicate in the Circars.
Wights “ D. aculeata” which is D. alata.

Kunchong, for D. bulbifera in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Kundri, Kondre or Kanri, apparently a Dioscorea in Chota
Nagpur which is eaten freely: the name becomes Kundru
kanda in Raipur.

Kunjanga, for D. bulbifera in Queensland at Butcher’s hill.

Kunti genasu, perhaps for D. bulbifera in Kanara, W. India, and
meaning jasmine yam, just as Ubi malati does in Javanese.

Kuoi, Kuoe and Ki-e = yam, the first two among the Sakais of
Perak and the last among the Sakais of Central Pahang.
Cf. Khoai and Bakoi.

Kurda genasu godda, for D. oppositifolia in the Cuddapah district
Madras. Cf. Kurudu.

Kuri = yam, in Tobi or Lord North’s Island.

Kurijanga, tor D. bulbifera in Queensland.

Kuru kand, i.e. Karanda kand, for 2. bulbifera in the Nasik
district, Bombay.

Kurudu, for D). oppositifolia in the neighbourhood of Mangalore,

India (Metz, Hohenacker’s collector).
Kurudu gaddi, for nauseous 1). pentaphylla in the Madras
Presidency.
Kurudu-pu, for 1). tomentosa in the neighbourhood of Man-
galore, W. India (Metz, Hohenacker’s collector).

Kuru-kuru, a race of D. ¢lata in Fiji (Wright).

Kurula alu, a race of D). alaia in the Nowgong district of Assam.

Kushi, for edible D. pentaphylia in the Thana district, Bombay.

Kussok, for D. pentaphylla in the Sikkim Himalaya, see Kassok.

Kutabi, for yam in Sumba island = Ketabi. |

Kutanham, a yam of N. Caledomia in the Ate language, the same
as Boutanhenn.

Kuuroo or Kuro, for D. rhipogonioides on the island of Yaeyama,
Liukiu Is. The word suggests Quiroi.

Kuwi = yam, in the Watubela Is. of the Banda Sea. Cf. Huwi.

Kwai, a Talaing form of Kywe, q.v.

Kwinampai, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Kwinoro, a race of J). aiata in the Philippine islands.

Kwei nang mo, for D. hispida in the Shan Hills, the first word
being derived from Khoai.

211

Kywe, for D. hispida universally through Burma, the pronun-
‘elation being “ chwe.” It is Khoai = yam, applied to one
yam only.

Lae, Lahi or Lua, for J). pentaphylla in the islands of Luhon and
Buron (Rumpft).

Lahan mati, for D. belophylla in the Balaghat district of the
Central provinces of India.

Lakfui, for various yams in Timor (Teijsmann). Cf. Laku.

Laku, for yam in Timor.

Lakuda imo, for a race of D. opposita in Japan.

Lal = red, a word of persian origin, common in N. India, and in
combination with ratalu (from rata the sanskrit word
for red and aluka = yam) intcresting as showing the word
“ratalu” to have lost the restricted application proper
to it. |

Lal lambi. ratalu = \ong red ratalu, for a race of D. alata in
the Rai Bareilly district, Gangetic plains.

Lal phal alu = red bulbil yam, for a race of the same in the
Bankura district, Bengal.

Lal ratalu = red ratalu, in Western Hindi generally for D.
alata with red flesh.

Laliya kand, for D. anguina in the district of Banda, Gangetic
plains.

Lame or Lami = vam in Makassar where lamung means to plant,
and in Buginese.

Lame aju, for D. pentaphylla in Celebes.
Lame butung, a race of D. alata: ct. Butu.
Lame chengka, said to be for D. esculenta.
Lame java, cf. Ubi jawa.

Lame kamummu,

Lame kandora,

Lame tau, a race of D. alata.

Latar or Lataru, not uncommon distortions of Ratar and Ratalu in
the lower districts of the Gangetic plains.

Lava, recorded by Hazlewood as a race of D. alata in Fiji, but
apparently an error.

Lebeta, for D. pentaphylla in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

Lede, for D). hispida in Bima.

Lei, for D. hispida in the Kei islands and in Wetan, of the Serwatti

islands; probably the same word as Lae.

Lega, for D. pentaphylla in the island of Tutuila, Samoa.

Lek ghar torul, a race of D. alata in S:kkim. See Lowki ghar
torul.

Leko lamélame = wild yams near Makassar, Celebes.

Leliem, for )). hispida among the Chins, Burma.

Lima-lima = fives, from the leaflets, a Tagalog name for D. penta-
plylla and also for other closely allied species in Luzon.
Like Ubi in the Philippine islands, it is Malay.

Lin = yam, in Dhirmal, N.-E. India.

Lingurella, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

212

Llop, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language, the yam that is
called Tugui in the Ate language.

Loang-foan-pan, for ). Benthamvi in Kwantung.

Lofika, for D. heteropoda, D. trichantha and perhaps for other
species in the Sakalava language of Madagascar. See
Hofika.

Lokaloka, a race of D. alata in Fiji with magenta flesh.

Lokheri, for D. belophylla and D. oppositifolia in the Belgaum
district, and adjoining parts of the Bombay presidency.

Loli, for D. bulbifera on Mt. Abu, S. Rajputana. ort:

Londi or Lundi, for nauseous ). pentaphylla in the country behind
and to the north of Bombay.

Lowar, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Jabalpur district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Lowki ghar torul, for a race of D. alata in Sikkim, a Nepali name.

Lua, for D. alata in Sumba. Island, Banda Sea, or for D. penta-
phylla. See Lae.

Luktu, an Ifugao name for D. alata, connected with Luttu.

Lum bok, a Dioscorea among the Lepchas.

Lurga, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Jabalpur district of
the Central Provinces of India.

Lutu, for D. alata in Banda (Rumpft).

Luttu, an Ibanag name for D. esculenta, northern 4uuzon.

Macahiba, for bitter D. Macahiba in the Sakalava language, Mada-
gascar.

Mach alu, Mas alu, Machua alu = fish yam, a race ot D. alata or
more than one race, in north and north-eastern Bengal.

Machranga alu = fish coloured or fish-relish yam, a race of D. alata
in the Jessore district, Bengal.

Maciba or Malita, for edible D. Maciba in the Sakalava language,
Madagascar.

Madhvaluka (sanskrit) = sweet yam, possibly for D. esculenta
and the origin of Moa alu, and Mataru.

Maelan, in South Ceram for Aelan, q.v.

Maha kukul alu = big cock’s yam, for a race of D. esculenta in
Ceylon, but is not this ‘“‘ maha” from madh originally.

Maha paru valli codi = greatest (? longest) yam creeper, for D.
oppositifolia in Madras; or “ maha” from madh.

Mahal kanda = palace yam, a race of D. alata in the Raipur dis-
tricts of the Central Provinces of India.

Mahoari, see Mau.

Mak hko hton, tor D. bulbifera among the Shans.

Makoda, for wild D. alata in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

Malabalukbuk-dagis, for D. nwmmularia in Pampangan.

Malaka kaya pendalam = Malacca vegetable yam, for cultivated
D. bulbifera in the Circars. The origin of the name is
probably not in Malacca (for the Malay Peninsula) but
in Moyyaku pendalam.

ree neal

ws

i
a ae

as

213

Malay kaya pendalam (Mukharji), for cultivated D. bulbifera
in the Circars. The meaning is obscure, but perhaps from
mallai = hill.

Malita (Sakalava), see Maciba.

Maliai kilangu = hill yam, for D. bulbifera in the Tanjore district
or for edible D. pentaphylla in the Trichinopoly district,
Madras.

Maloa, for D. pentaphylla in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

Mamba dokoro, a yam of Japan.

Mamo, for D. hispida in Bikol, Luzon.

Man, for tuber, but usually for VD. alata, in Shan, though apparently

i. tor im. Laos.

Man awn = small yam, a race of D. alata, in the Shan hills.

Man awn kwah = small plum yam, a race of D. alata, in the
Shan hills.

Man hkak, a race of D. oalata, in the Shan hills.

Man hkam, for a race of D. alata ? in the Shan hills.

Man khow wo = ox-horn yam, a race of D. alata, in the Shan
hills.

Man leit kai = small egg yam, a race of D. alata, in the Shan
hills.

Man lien, for D. cirrhosa in Laos, or more likely for a race
of D. alata.

Man long or Man lung = red yam, a race of D. alata, in the
Shan hills.

Man nam tow = goblet yam, a race of D. alata, in the Shan
hills.

Man hing = bell yam, for D. pentaphylla or else D. esculenta,
in the Shan hills.

Man kat = cold yam, for D. hispida, in the Shan hills.

Man kawng = drum yam, for D. esculenta, in the Shan hills.

Man nam or Man nim, for D. decipiens, in the Shan hills.

Man on, for D. esculenta in Laos.

Man tin mi = bear’s foot yam, a race of D. alata, in the Shan
hills.

Man ting sang = elephant’s foot yam, a race of D. alata, in
the Shan hills.

Man ting tow = turtle’s foot yam, a race of D. alata, in the
Shan hills.

Man yawn htan = cucumber yam, a race of D. alata, in the
Shan hills.

Man ye in du, for D. bulbifera in the district of Akyab, Arakan.
Mandengen = yam, in Buru Island.

Mandengen boti, for D. bulbifera.

Mandengen meha, for D. alata.

Mangat, a Malayan word for yam or potato, perhaps usually
Ipomoea Batatas.

Mangaya, Mangiya, Muniya, Mungaya or Mengwa, for D.
melanophyma in the N. W. Himalaya.

214

Mangri ghorkan, a race of I). alata in the Ratnagiri district,
Bombay.

Manmour, tor D. belophylla in the district of Jhansi, Central
India.

Manokand, for D. bulbifera in the district of Surat, Bombay.

Maoli, see Mau. ’

Mao shu tin = hairy tuber creeper, for a Dioscorea probably D.
hamoonensis in central China (Diels).

Mao yu tse = hairy arum, for D). kamoonensis in the Chinese
province of Szechuan.

Mar pashpoli or Pashpoli = = deadly strangle cake or strangle cake,
for D. hispida in the Bombay “Ghats, though ‘referred
erroneously to D. oppositifolia (Graham).

Mara keshango = deadly keshango, said to be D. pentaphylla in
Travancore, but ). hispida is more probable.

Margodi gai = rains yam, for D. esculenta among the Savaras of
the Ganjam district, Cirears.

Maroda kanda, for I). alata in the Raipur district of the Central
Provinces of India..

Maru dokor? or Maruba dokoro = round (leaved) tokoro, for
wild D. bulbifera in Japan.

Mas alu, see Mach alu.

Masiha or Mosia, for yam in Orissa.

Mataru, Matharu, Matalu and Mataru kanda, for several edible
and cultivated yams in the Central Provinces of India,
e.g. D. alata, D. esculenta and edible D. bulbtfera.

Matawai, a race of DP. alata in Fiji—a dubious name.

Matawar kand, for D. bulbifera in the Balaghat district of the

Central Provinces of India, from Mataru.

Matia alu = earth yam, for J). alata in the district of Jalpaiguri,

: N. Bengal and southwards, abundantly to the mouth of
the Ganges.

Mati, a Gondi word, see Bhumia mati, Karulmati, Krasmati,
Krishnamati, Lahanmati, Nanmati, and Poturumati.

Matoh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Mattu kilangu = hard yam, a race of PD. alata in the Trichinopoly
district, Madras.

Mau alu, Mchu alu, Mea alu, Mowa alu = sweet yam, names for
D. esculenta in Bengal and Assam from the sanskrit Mad-
hvaluka and changed to Mausari and Maoli towards the
centre of India.

Mavondro, for a Dioscorea thought to be ). esculenta in Betsimi-
siraka, Madagascar.

Mayatbang, for D. luzonensis in the Tagalog language, Province
of Rizal, Luzon.

Mbale-mbale, Fijian pronunciation of Bale-bale, q.y.

Mboka, Fijian pronunciation of Boka, q.v.

Mbotia, Fijian pronunciation of Botia, q.v.

Mecha bok, a Dioscorea among the Lepchas of Sikkim.

Melan or Maelan, for Aelan in South Ceram.

Lf

215

Mengwa = Mangaya.

Menje Pru, for D. alata among the Nagas.

Menijiri, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in Sylhet, Assam.

Merom tuar sanga = goat’s milk vam, for D. anguina and some-
times for D. alata among the Kols of Chota Nagpur.

Mina, for D. verans in the Yera language of the Andaman Is.

Mitha kand = sweet tuber, for D. oppositifolia in the Saugor dis-
trict of the Central Provinces.

Mithi alu = sweet yam, for D. alata in the districts of Bogra and
Mymensingh, Bengal.

Mithi genthi or Mithi gethi = sweet genth, for cultivated D.
bulbifera in the N.-W. Himalaya.

Mithi ratalu = sweet ratalu, for a race of D. alata in the Rai Ba-
reilly district, Gangetic plains.

Mitua, a perfumed yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language; the
same as Aoul.

Miarrah, for D. transversa on the Tweed River, N. S. Wales.

Moa alu, see Mau alu.

Moala, for a race of 7). alata in Fiji. Can it be from Mau alu?
Mocha alu = yam like the flower cone of a banana-plant, for D.
pentaphylla in the Mymensingh district, Bengal.

Mechan kand or Mohona kand = pleasant yam, for a race of DP.
alata and also applied to D. pentaphylla in the Akola dis-
trict, Berar.

Moindah, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and At> languages.

Moiva, for wild D. alata in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

Mom alu or Memna aiu = wax vam, for D. alata in the Central
Provinces of India, a not uncommon name.

Momiji dokoro or Memidi dokoro = seven-point tokoro, for D.
septemloba in Japan, in referrence to the leaf.

Morsu kavalli = twining yam, a race of DP. alata in the Tanjore
district, Madras. :
Mou-enne, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language the same

as Taqui oua.

Moy yaku pendalam, for cultivated D. pentaphylla in the Ganjam
district of the Cirears. It suggests Malaka kayu pen-
dalam, ‘but is differently applied, and suggests Muka
keshango, which is similarly applied.

Mrouk, the Arakanese equivalent of Myouk.

Mua jhapra alu = sweet hairy yam, for cultivated D. pentitph a
in the Darrang district of Assam.

Mudi gezassu, for a race of DY. alata in Kanara, W. India.

Muka keshango or Muka kacchel = snout yam, for D. bulbiferc
in Travancore.

Muragada tega, for D. esculenta in the Vizagapatam district, Cir-
cars, probably from Margodi.

Miullu = thorny, in Kanarese and Tamil.

Mulia genasu = thorny yam, for VD. esculenta.

Mullu kilangu = thorny yam, for several Dioscoreas including
D. esculenta, but esi pecially for D. pentaphylla in 'Travan-
core.

216

Mullu pendalam, said by Elliott to be D. pentaphylla in the
Circars.

Mulla valli kilangu = thorny stick yam, commonly for D.
esculenta in S. India.

Mujib bok = plum yam, for a race of D. alata in the Sikkim
Himalaya among the Lepchas.

Mukago, in Japanese for the edible bulbils of D. opposita.

Mun = tuber, in Siamese, sometimes combined with Koi, q.v. and
see Man.

Mundia alu = round yam, a race of D. alata in the Angul district,
Orissa.

Mungaya or Muniya, see Mangaya.

M uragada tega, for D. esculenta in the Vizagapatam district, Cir-
cars, probably from Margodi.

Murkanda, for D. oppositifolia and for D. belophylla in the Bhan-
dara district of the Central Provinces of India.

Murom kacchel, for edible D. pentaphylla in Travancore.

Musillam valli kilangu, for D). esculenta in the district of Tan-
jore, Madras.

M uttaik kavalli = thick yam, for a race of D. alata in the district
of Tanjore, Madras.

Mutur sang, for D. belophylla among the Santals.

Myouk, in Burmese for D. alata as contrasted with all other species
of Dioscorea, except in Myouk leik-u which also appears
as Myit leik-u, and Myouk pwe-dok.

M youk eingdaing = garden PD). alata, general in Burma.

Myouk gyi nwe lein, for a race in the Shan States.

M youk gyin = ginger VD. alata, for a race in the Minbu dis-
trict.

M youk gyi u = big tuber D. alata, a race in the Shan States.

M youk hgnet, a race in the Tavoy and Salween districts.

M youk hpa eing = garden frog yam D. alata, for a race in
lower Burma.

M youk kauk-hnyin-cheik = glutinous D. alata, for a race in
the districts of Tavoy and Mergui.

M youk khoung, for a race in the district of Hanthawadcy.

M youk kya, for a race in the districts of Salween and Tavoy.

M youk leik-u, for 1). glabra in Pegu district.

M youk Iong, for a race in the district of Katha, N. Burma.

M youk ma, for a race in the district of Katha, N. Burma.

M youk mwe-sout, for a yam in the Kyaukse district.

Myouk mwe zouk, for a fragrant race grown in central
Burma.

M youk nga-cheik = sticky fish D. alata, a common name for a
race in Lower Burma.

M youk ni or M youk-u-ahni = red DP. alata, a common name
in Burma.

M youk ni kun-pa, for a race in the district of Mergui.

M youk ni kwam-ye, for a race in the district of Mergui.

217

Myouk nwa-gye, for a race in Lower Burma with tuber
shaped like an ox-horn.

Myouk nwe, a name recorded by Kurz for Lower Burma, and
found in a Working plan for the Yonbin reserve in Pyin-
mana, ascribed to D. glabra, but its incidence not prooved :
however there is a Myouk-nwe in the Salween district
which may be a small D. alata.

M youk nyo, a yam of the Kyaukse district of great size, a race
of D. alata.

M youk palin, a race in the Akyab district.

M youk pha-aing, a race in the Pegu district.

M youk sa, a race sparingly cultivated in the Bassein district.

Myouk shin, for a race in the district of Tavoy.

M youk shin the, for a race in the district of Myingyan.

M youk sin gyi don, a race in the Henzada district.

M youk taing, for a race in the district of Tavoy.

M youk thamein oh ahni, tor a race in Northern Arakan.

M youk the, for a race in the Shan States.

M youk thin-u, for a race in the district of Myingyan.

Myouk thwe, a name said to be used in the Toungu district
as Myouk nwe is in Pyinmana.

M youk u-gnet, for a race in Tavoy.

M youk u ni or Myouk u ahni = red-tuber D. alata, a common
name in Burma.

M youk u pyu or Myouk u ahpyu = white-tuber D. alata, a
common name in Burma.

M youk u sat, a race in the Bassein district.

M youk ye-oh = water-pot D. alata, a race in Upper Burma.

M youk yin, a race in dry central Burma.

dyin ne myouk, a race of D. alata in the district of Shwebo,
central Burma.

Myit-leik-u, a doubtful name for D. glabra in lower Burma.

Nachai kyu, a Bhutanese name for D. belophylla.

Nadu kaju or Nadu kachu, for D. esculenta or D. alata in the
Nilgini Hills, Madras.

Naga china, a race of D. alata in the State of Sawantwadi, W
India.

Naga dokoro = \ong dokoro, for D. Tokoro in Japan. .

Naga imo = long imo or yam, for an inferior race of D. opposita
in Japan.

Naga valli (kilangu) = snake stick yam, a race of D. alata in N.
Ceylon.

Nagal kanda, a race of D. alata in the Raipur district of the .
Central Provinces of India, and D. opposttifolia in Nimar
and then the same as Nagweli kand.

Nagali dumpa, (Elliott) for a yam in the Circars.

Nagweli kand, for D. oppositifolia in the Akola district, Berar.

Nai = yam, among the Kachins.

Nai chu-nai, for a cultivated D. pertaphylla.

218

Nat hkai, tor D. giabra.

Nai kalu, for D. buibifera.

Nai labong, for a race of D. alata.

Nai n’byen or Nai n’pyen, for D. pentaphylla.
Nai neim krang, for a race of D. alata.

Nai pum, for a race of D. alata.

Nai tong or nai tung, for a race of D. alata.
Nai u-kung, for a race of DP. alata.

Naisevu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Nakaan, a vam of N. Caledonia, in the Voi and Ate languages.

Nakago, in Japanese for the edible bulbils of D. opposita.

Nakoe, Nakua or Nakwa, for D. tomentosa or for D. pentaphylla
in Chota Nagpur, the Mirzapur district and Baghelkhand.

Nala = vam in the Hawaiian Is. (Marblech).

Name or Nami, for D. hispida in the Tagalog language on Luzon
and im Mindoro.

Namula, recorded as if for a race of D. alata in Fiji by Hazlewood,
but probably in error.

Nan kand, a substitute for the next in the Bhandara district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Nanmati, Nandmati or Nanamati, tor 1). oppositifolia and also
for D. belophylla in the following districts of the Central
Provinces of India,—Bhandara, Saugor, Narsinghpur,
Hoshangabad; but in the districts of Balaghat and Ho-
shangabad also applied to D. bulbifera.,

Nana kilangu = bamboo yam, for D. esculenta in the district: of
Malabar and the State of Travancore.

Nangri ghor kan, a race of DP). alata in the district of Ratnagiri,
Bombay.

Narenja, for D. oppositifolia in the Cuttack district, Orissa. Cf.
Naringa.

Nare tagalu or Nari tega = fibre yam, for D. aculeata in the
Vizagapatam district, Circars.

Nare genasu = fibre yam, for D. aculeata in Malabar district,
Bombay.

Nari gaddi = fibre yam, for J). aculeata in the State of Travancore.

Nari imo, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Japan.

Naringa or Nadanga, for ). tomentosa in the district of Ganjam,
Circars. Cf. Narenza.

Nat myouk, a race of D). alata in Northern Arakan.

Natt alu (Macmillan), as a name used in Ceylon.

Nattu kavalli, tor D. belophylla in Malabar.

Nau-do, see Cu-nau.

Nau-non, a Dioscorea of Tonkin.

Nau-rua, a Dioscorea of Tonkin.

Ndamuni, Fijian pronunciation of Damuni, q.v.

Ndhe, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language.

Needi kilangu = long-lived yam, a race of D. alata in the Malabar
district, W. India.

Nemu, a race of D. esculenta in the Hanuabada language of Papua.

219

Neya, for D. esculenta on the Malabar coast (Rheede).

Nga-cheik myouk u = sticky fish yam, a race of D. alata in the
Shan States.

Niga gashiu, for wild PD. bulbifera in Japan.

Nika, for D. esculenta in the island of Guam, Marianne Is. Ii wild
it is Nika commaron.

Niluvi pendalam = upright yam, a race of D. alata in the Circars.

Nin wei shao teng, ascribed with a query to D. doryophora by
Rosthorn who obtained the name in central China.

Nise, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Nomei or Nomol = yam in the Babar Is. of the Banda sea.

Note, a yam of N. Caledonia (de Lanessan).

Nuli = fibrous, for D. tomentosa in Travancore.

Nuli kilangu = fibrous yam, for D. opposittfolia in the Salem
district of Madras.

Nulla ginni geddalu, for D. bulbifera in the Ganjam district,
Cirears.

Nulla godda, a Telegu name for D. bulbifera in the Chanda district
of the Central Provinces of India.

Nulla goddatlu, said to be a race of D. alata in the Cuddapah dis-
trict, Madras, but doubtless a mistake.

Nulla sunna gudda or Sunna gudda, for D. hispida in the
Warangal district of the Nizam’s dominions.

Nulu tega or Nulu dumpa or Nulu goddalu = thread yam, for D.
tomentosa in the districts of Godaveri and Cuddapah.

Nulvalli kilangu = thready stick yam, for D. tomentosa in the
Salem district, Madras

Nunetya, for D). tomentosa in the Ganjam district, Madras.

Nunmati, the name for D. anguina in the Saugor district, Central
Provinces, and for some similar Dioscorea in the Narsing-
pur state.

Nuran kilangu, Nureavan, Nurai genassu or Nurai kaju, all
meaning thready yam, for D. pentaphylla where Mala-
yalam is spoken, or the last in the Nilgiri Hills.

Nuta genasu, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Malabar district, W.
India. But is it correct?

Nuta kilangu, a race of D. alata in the Malabar district, W. India.

Nwe ye myouk u, a race of D. alata in Central Burma.

‘Obi = yam in Western Malaya, here and there and particularly in
the island of Madoera.

Obi kasuaris, for a Dioscorea in Flores (Teijsmann).
Obi kembili, used in Flores and doubtless for D. esculenta.
Obi manusia, for a Dioscorea in Flores (Teijsmann).

‘Odorah alu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the district of Balasore,
Orissa, probably from Addar.

‘Ofika or Ofaka, for D. heleropoda and D. Hoffa in the language otf
the Betsimisaraka and in Hova, Madagascar.

‘Ohu or Ohuhu = yam, in Flores, South Ceram and central Celebes
and particularly for D. bulbifera. Cf. Abau.

220

Olo, for Kolokand as a name for D. hispida in the Sontal Per- -
gunnahs.
Olor tuwo, for D. Scortechinii in the Simalur isiands off Sumatra.
Ondo or Ondot, for D. hispida in Ceram, the Uhassers, and Am-
boina.
Ondo kasturi = musk ondo.
Ondot-i-lawanan, in Menado, Celebes.
Oni dokoro = giant tokoro, for D. Tokoro in Japan.
Onombitio, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate and Voi languages.
Opou-ali, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.
Oppa, for D. esculenta in Buton (Rumpf) and as Opa in Buginese
and Makassarese.
Oria, for D. oppositrfolia in Khandesh, Bombay.
Orot, for D. hispida in the Visayan language of Luzon, and ap-
~ parently the ame word as Ondot. See Ondo.
Otiyal kacchel, a race of D. alata in Travancore.
Ouacoulouta, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.
Ouitoupita, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.
Oundi, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.
Ovi or Owi, for Ubi in the Dyak language.
Owi bawoi, a Dyak name from 8. E. Borneo ascribed to D.
oppositifolia and perhaps designating D. nummularia.
Owi behas, a Dyak name of S. Borneo for D. bulbifera.
Owi kulo, for D. bulbtfera in North Celebes.
Owi suman, for D. alata among the Dyaks of 8.-E. Borneo.
Ovi = yam, in the Hova language of Madagascar, equal to Ubi, and
including the potato.
Ovibe, for D. seriflora.
Ovitantaka, for D. seriflora.
Ovifotsy, for edible D. seriflora in the Sakalava language.
Ovifohy, for D. seriflora.
Oviharina, for D. alata.
Ovihazo, for, it is suggested, D. cayenensis.
Ovi marika, for a Dioscorea.
Ovi tantry, for a Dioscorea.
Ovisangana, for a Dioscorea.
Ovinala, for D. Ovinala in the language of Betsileo or Bet-
simi-saraka.
Oyot weron, for D. pubera in Samarang, Java, and the same as
Werung.
Paa, for D. pen taphylla in N. Caledonia. Cf. Patara.
Pada valli gadde = going deep stick yam, for D. belophylla in the
S. Kanara district, Madras.
Padri, for edible D. pentaphylla in Baghelkhand, Central India.
Padum bek, Papum bok or Parum “bok, for a Dioscorea in the
Lepcha language of the Sikkim Himalaya.
Pahari ratalu = hill ratalu, a race of D. alata in the Rai Bareilly
and Allahabad districts, Gangetic plains.

Paharia phal alu = hil! fruit yam, for D. bulbifera in the Bankura
district, Bengal.

221

Pagla alu = wad yam, for D. bulbifera in the Chittagong district.

Paicha alu, for D. bulbifera in the Mymensingh district, Bengal.

Pai shao = said to be for a cultivated race of D. japonica in China.

Pakit, a Tagalog name for D. nummularia, D. divaricata and D.
luzonensis, perhaps also for D. alata.

Pakwit, see Pakit.

Pakzyok bok, a race of I). alata in the Lepcha language of the

f Sikkim Himalaya, perhaps for Pasok bok.

Palam bok or Pu-um bok, tor D). Hamiltonii and D. Wattii among
the Lepchas of the Sikkim Himalaya.

Palau = yam, in the Marquesas islands (Mosblech).

Palleru.tega, a Vioscorea in the Circars (Elliott).

Pamir bok, for a Dioscorea among the Lepchas in the Sikkim
Himalaya.

Pan alu, the same as Pani alu in the Mayurbhanj state, Orissa.

Panch.mukhi_alu = five snouts yam, a racé of D. alata in the dis-
trict of Angul, Orissa.

Panch mukhi pedatlu = five snouted pedalu, a distortion of Pandi
mukhi pendalam or pig’s snout yam, received from Dar-
jeeling to which district such a name does not actually
belong.

Pandi mukha tega = pig’s snout yam, for nauseous D. pentaphylla
in the Vizagapatam district, Circars.

Pandra, a race of D). alata near Bombay.

Panggi = yam in the Sulu Is.

Panglang or Pangla torul, for D). anguina in the Sikkim Hima-
Jaya.

Pangaru = delicate yam, a race of D. alate in the Ranchi district,
Chota Nagpur.

Pangil, for D. bulbifera among the Chins.

Pani alu, probably = Pan-leaf or Betle pepper leaf yam, for D.
oppositifolia, D. pubera and D. aculeata in the districts
of Angul, Balasore and Cuttack, ete., Orissa.

Pani torul, for D. alata and for D. lepcharum in the Darjeeling
Himalaya, probably by distortion from Panu torul.

Panji kurudu, said to stand for D. bulbifera in the Madras Presi-
dency.

Pannu kilangu, in the Anamallai hills for D. bulbifera.

Panpatica = betle leaf yam, for D. oppositifolia in the district of
Balasore, Bengal.

| Panu bok or Panu torul, for D. belophylla and for D. alata in the
Sikkim Himalaya.

Panukelathun kacchil, for D. alata or D. oppositifolia in Tra-
vancore.

Panu kondal = wormy yam, for D. bulbifera in Southern Ceylon.

Papum bok, for a Dioscorea in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Paquit, see Pakit, Pakwit.

Par aru = superior yam, for D. esculenta in the Unao district,
Gangetic plains.

Pari, a name for D. Cumingii in Bagobo, Mindanao.

222

Pari bok, a race of D. alata in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Pariya kanni, for D. oppositifolia in Travancore.

Parogai, for D. glabra among the Savaras of the Circars.

Pasok bok or Pazok bok = wild yam, for D. belophylla, D.
Hamiltonii and probably other species among the Lepchas
of the Sikkim Himalaya.

Paspoli, see Mar pashpoli.

Pat alu or Pata alu = threshing board yam, a race of D. alata in
Lower Bengal with flat tubers.

Patal konda, appears in the Report of the Bengal Department of
Agriculture for 1886, as a yam.

Patara, Paraara, Panara or Paanara, for J). pentapliylla in Ta-
hiti. The “ Providence’s ” officers obtained the third
form of the name in 1792.

Patha alu, for D. pentaplylla near Calcutta and towards Orissa.

Patti kacchal, for I). bulbifera in Travancore.

Paynut, recorded as a name for LD. flabellifolia in Luzon.

Pazien bok = exceutric yam, a race of D. alata in the Sikkim
Himalaya.

Pe dumpa, for D. hispida in the Vizagapatam district, Circars.

Pedgo, for D. sion in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Pedra kanda = * pigs yam, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the
Damoh district of the Central Provinces of India.

Pein-u, properly Alocasia in Burma, but sometimes misapplied to a
Dioscorea e.g. Pein myouk khoung (Kurz).

Pem bok = round yam, a race of D. alata in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Pen hru, tor nauseous 1). pentaphylla among the Chins. The
name is possibly imecorrect.

Pendalam, a Telegu word for yam and almost always for D. alata,
obviously “derived from the sanskrit Pindhaluka which in
a most interesting way has given the word Pindi apphed
not to D. alata but to D. esculenta.

Pendi and Pendia, a form of Pendalam from Akola in Berar ap-
proaching Pind.

Peru mallai (kilangu) = large mountain yam, for D. anguina
in Travancore and also for D. alata.

Peru valli kilangu = large stick yam, a race of D. alata in the
Tanjore district Madras.

Pete, for D. pentaphylla in Hitua island (Rumpf).

Phal alu = fruit yam, for some Dioscoreas noticeable by their
bulbils, e.g. D. anguina in the Birbhum district, Bengal,
D. pentaphylla and races of D. alata widely where. Hindi,
both eastern and western, are spoken.

Phaleo bok, a Dioscorea among the Lepchas.

Phan = yam, in the Khasia language.

Phan dukalah, a wild yam.

Phan garo = garo yam, a race of D. alata.
Phan far, a cultivated yam.

Phan jugan, a cultivated yam.

223

Phan klau = wild yan, races of D. alata, wild in the Khasia
hills, or perhaps for D. melanophyma.

Phan kthang, bitter yam, for D. bulbifera.

Phan kyrsiu = helper or deliverer yam, for edible D. penta-
phylla or for cultivated D. bulbifera.

Phan kyrsiu somthiah, tor edible D. pentaphylia.

Phan lakhar, for D. bulbifera, meaning yam with leaves like
the lekhar-tree.

Phan lengar, a race of D. alata. Lengar is a place name.

Phan lyngkhi = solitary yam, for D. bulbifera or D. hispida.

Phan lyngshaw = gourd shaped yam, for a race of D. alata.

Phan mluh = salt (coloured) yam, either for D. alata or D.
esculenta.

Phan pylleng = egg yam, for D. bulbifera.

Phan rain = grudging or dwarf yam, for D. Hamiltonai.

Phan saw = red yam, for a race ot D. alata.

Phan shriew = cachew-like yam, for a race of J). alata.

Phan shynreh = buifalo or big yam.

Phan skong = bamboo yam, for D. glabra.

Phan solak = potato yam, for D. hispida.

Phan solak kthang = round potato yam, for edible D. bulbi-
fera.

Phan sujab, for D. pentaphylla.

Phan suri = wolt’s yam, for a race of D. alata.

Phan tangkara = flat spreading yam, a race of D. alata.

Phan tem = yellow vam, for a race of D. alata.

Phan thiang, = = sweet yam, for a cultivated Dioscorea.

.Phan thied = root yam, tor D. glabra.

Phan til, a race of D. alata.

Phan tieng = woody yam, for an unidentified Dioscorea.

Phan um = water-yam, for D. assamica.

Phar, in Tirhut, for Ratalu, q.Y.

Phararu, Phorawa, or Sep = bulbil vam, for bulbil-bearing
D. alata n the districts of Darbhanga, Bhagalpur, Gan-
getic plains, and Ranchi, Chota Nagpur.

Phurui = yam, in the Mikir language, in compounds abbreviated to

Rui, q.yv.
Pidi thumpa, for D. belophylla in the Vizagapatam district. Cir-
Cars.

Pidi kanda, a Vioscorea in the Raipur district.

Pilita, for D. pentaphylla in Samoa. Ct. Pirita.

Pindaluka, for a Dioscorea in sanskrit. either for a race of D. alata
whence the application of the word Pendalam or for D.
esculenta whence the words Pindhalu. Pindhi, Pirhi,
Pendi, etc.

Pindhalu, Pindhi or Perdi alu, for D). esculenta commonly in the
Central Provinces of India, and thought to arise from the
tubers being of the same size as the little cakes called
pendi, but doubtless really from Pindaluka.

Pindi parimi baddu, a name for a yam in the Circars (E!liott).

224

Pinot, for D. nummularia in the Tagalog language.

Pintur, a word of the north of Celebes ascribed to D. hispida,
Mucuna reticulata and an Jpomoea, plants which have
nothing in common but a climbing habit. Therefore it —
is to be asked if it does not mean “ climber.”

Piralu, perhaps for D. pentaphylla under the Sikkim Himalaya.

Pirhi, equivalent to Pindi in the Jabalpur district of the Central

Provinces of India.

Pirieh bok or Piriyeh bok, for wild D. alata in the Sikkim Hima- ©
laya.

Pirsi or Persa, for D. oppositifolia in the Belgaum district, W.
India.

Piska or Pisika, for D). bulbifera generally among the Sontals.

Pistalu, tor D. alata in Dacca, Bengal.

Pita alu = bitter yam, the common Uriya name for D. bulbifera.

Pit kanda or Pith kanda = bitter tuber, for D. bulbifera, and ap-
plied also but not reasonably to D. oppositifolia, in the
Raipur district of the Central Provinces of India.

Pita masia, the same as Pita alu.

Pitasi, for D. bulbifera in Singbhum.

Pitharu = bitter vam, for D. aculeata in the Ranchi district, Chota
Nagpur.

Poconta, a yam of \. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

- Poda alu or Pada alu = flat vam, a race of J). alata in the Chit-
tagong district.

Podavi kelangu, given by Rheede as D. hispida, but very similar
names are used for other wild yams e.g. Pada valli gadde
tor D. belophylla and Poturu mati for D. anguina.

Podhali valli kilangu = (eep-growing stick yam, for D. oppo-
sitifolia or some very similar yam in Ceylon.

Polog, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Pologon, see Pulugan.

Pora alu, sail to mean burnt yam, from the method of cooking, for
D. esculenta in Chittagong. The name is close to Pura
alu.

Poti kelangu, for D. esculenta in Malabar, W. India.

Poturu mati, for D. anguina in the Hoshangabad district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Pouan, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Pua-uhi = yam, in the Marquesas Is. (Christian).Cf. Paa.

Pua-uhi kua = red yam, doubtless D. alata.
Pua-uhi maoi = white yam, doubtless D. alata.
Pua-uhi peai.

Pua-uhi tea.

Puari alu, for a race of D. alata in the Darrang district, Assam,
possibly the same as Puraia alu.

Puati, a Dioscorea of Sylhet, see Kukur-puati.

Puducheri valli kilangu = Pondicherry tuber plant, a race of D.
alate in the districts of Cuddapah and Chinglepet, Madras.

295

Pugang, a race of D. alata in the Philippine islands.

Puli mora dumpa, for a Dioscorea in the Circars (Elliott).

Pulugan, Pologan or Pugang, a name for D). bulbifera in Bikol
and Visayan.

Punda mohra gudda = pig’s snout yam, for nauseous D. penta-
phylla in the Chanda district of the Central Provinces of
India.

Puno-oh bok, for a race of D. alata among the Lepchas with a long
very large purple-fleshed tuber.

Pura alu = ? big yam or else = Puraia alu, a race of D. alata in the
Bogra district, Bengal and the Darrang district, Assam.

Puraia alu = ? post yam, a race of D. alata in the Nowgong district,
Assam.

Puraia fesuka alu, a race of D. alata in the Nowgong district,
Assam.

Purang bok, a race of D. alata among the Lepchas.

Puri bok or Purung bok, a red fleshed race or races of D. alata
in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Puti dumpa or Puti sara, for D. hispida in the Vizagapatam
district, Cirears, and also referred to D. bulbifera.

Quimanpu, for D. alata in Cebu, Philippine Is. (Blanco).

Quiroi, Quireot or Quiroe, for D. divaricata and D. myriantha
in the Tagalog language of Luzon. The first syllable
suggests Khoai.

Quru quru, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Rabet, applied to D. bulbifera and D. pentaphylla in Madoera
island.

Rabet abua, to D. bulbifera, cf. Abau.

Rabet abubu, to D. pentaphylila.

Rabet bangkat, to D. pentaphylla.

Rabet elos, to D. pentaphylla.

Rabet pangkat, for a race of D. pentaphylla.
Rabet sosyan or Rabet soseyan, to D. bulbifera.

Rabi or Ravikand, for D. oppositifolia in the Balaghat and Bilas-
pur districts of the Central Provinces of India.
Radraksha pendalam = Elaeocarpus seed yam or necklace yam,

for D. bulbifera in the Cirears (Elliott).

Raht alu = red yam, said to be D. bulbifera in Chittagong.

Raja alla = princely yam, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Raja alu = princely yam, a race of D. alata in Darrang district,
Assam.

Raja Mohan dumpa = Raja Mohan’s yam, for a Dioscorea in the
Circars. Cf. Mohan kand.

Raja valli kilangu, a race of D. alata in North Ceylon. Cf. Raja
alla.

Rakta alu = red yam, for D. alata in the Bhagalpur district,
Gangetic plains.

Raktaluka = red yam (sanskrit), doubtless for D, alatu with red
sap.

226

Rakto garania alu = red penetrating yam, for a race of D. alata
about Calcutta. See Garania alu.

Ranahak, for D. Hamiltonti among the Kukis of the hills of N.
Cachar, Assam.

Rani begur, for D. pentaphylla in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Rarepin, for ). alata in eastern Malaya.

Rata kondol = foreign yam, a race of D. alata in Ceylon. The
name however Moon quotes as Ratakodol and seems to
assign to D. bulbifera, probably in error.

Rata vel alla = foreign stick yam or red stick yam, for a race of
D. alata in Ceylon.

Ratalu, from Raktaluka q.v., and indicating nowadays, the meaning
of the first syllable having been forgotten, D. vlufa whether
with red sap or without, wherever Hindi is spoken. ‘ut-
side the region of Hindi southwards the name is sometimes
applied to Dioscoreas other than D. alata e.g. D. aculeata
in the Betul district or D. anguina in the Hoshangabad
district. Ratalu in Behar varies to Ratar, Atar, Latar,
Kathar and Phar; but Kathar does not come like the
others from it direct but from Kathaluka.

Ratar or Rataru, are forms of Ratalu used in the districts of
Gorakhpur, Champaran, and Shahabad, Gangetic plains,
always for D. alata.

Ratoa alu, a race of D. alata in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Ratha aru, used (? misused) for ). glabra in the Ranchi district,
Chota Nagpur.

Ratha alla, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Ratna alu, for a race of D. alata in Gangpur State, Chota Nagpur.

Rato torul = red yam, for J). alata with red sap in Nepal.

Rausi, for a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Rausi kula, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Rausi vula, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Rauva, for D. Seemann in Fiji (Wright).

Rayungshoie, for D. assamica in North Cachar.

Re- = yam among the western Nagas. Cf. Rui.

Re-ozen, for D. assamica.
Re-pre piri, for a race of D. alata.

Rerepin, for ). alata in the Tounsea dialect of Menado, Celebes.

Ribe alu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Balasore district,
Orissa.

Ribsoni kand, for D. bulbifera in the Jhansi district of the Central
Provinces of India.

Roflu, Ruglu or Ruklu, for D. hispida among the Lepchas of the
Sikkim Himalaya.

Rui- abbreviated from Phurui = yam in the Mikir language of the
Nowgong district, Assam.

Rui-chin = walking stick yam, a race of D. alata.
Rui-dok = savoury yam, D. arachidna.

Rui hang, for nauseous D. pentaphylla.

Rui labong = banana-bunch yam, a race of D. alata,

227

Rui oyath, for D. glabra.

Rui ping or Rui peng, for D. pentaphylla.

Rui re, for D. anguina.

Rui ring = ? blueish yam, for D. assamica.

Rui-un = capable yam, for either D. lepcharum or D. glabra.
Rui vat, for D. Hamiltonu.

Sabalavu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Saeva kand or Saira kand, for D. hispida in the Betul district of
the Central Provinces of India, and as Suor kand for
nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Saugor district. See
Sur alu.

Safed ratalu = white ratalu. See Ratalu.

Sahasra mukhi alu = thousand snouted yam, a race of D. alata
in the district of Cuttack, Orissa.

Sahdwe-u, for Tahdwe-u, q.v.

Sahe = yam, in Borneo at Ukit (Moulton): cf. Sayawu.

Sakharua, Sakhowa or Sankaru, for LD. alata in the Sontal
Pergunnahs and apparently from Sankaluka.

Sakkara valli (kilangu) = sweet stick yam, a race of D. alata in
the Tanjore district, Madras.

Sambong tulang = mend bones, a name quoted by Rumph as
equalling daun bisol.

Samiya, for D. anguina in the district of Jhansi.

Samoan, Samowan or Samwan, for D. pentaphylla in Bali
Island, with the following recorded as races.

Samoan jae = ginger samoan.
Samoan nasi = rice samoan.
Samoan sambuk.

Sampit = yam at Malohkalis in Borneo (Moulton).

San yao, a form of Shan yao, q.v.

San-yu, a form of Shan yu, q.v.

Sana ghar torul = small garden yam, the Nepali equivalent of the
Lepcha’s Bok kap, a race of D. alata in the eastern Hima-
laya.

Sanga = yam, particularly the yams good to eat, in the Kol
language of Chota Nagpur. Sang in Sontali.

Sanga kuria alu, a race of D. alata in the district of Darrang,
Assam, the same as Haljukia alu.

Sangia alu = heavy or bulky yam, a race of D. alata in the district

; of Jessore, Bengal.

Sanglal = red sanga, a hybrid name for red D. alata in the Sontal
Pergunnahs.

Sanjukera, a race of D. alata in the Darrang district, Assam; also
as Surja kera, q.v.

Sankaru or Sakhowa, a race of D. alata in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Sankhaluka, (sanskrit) a Dioscorea, probably D. alata.

Sapang, for D. pentaphylla in the Visayan language, Philippine
islands. .

Saplai, for D. hispida in the Kotah State, Central India.

Saru, for D. esculenta in the Nadroga language of Fiji (Wright).

228

Sat-bhaya alu = seven brothers yam, a race of D. alata in the
Balasore district, Bengal.

Satik kavalli = nutmeg yam, for D. bulbifera in the Tanjore
district, Madras.

Satni, met with in the Bogra district for Sutni.

Sayawu, Sayafu, Sayabu, Sayahu, Sayahul, Siyau, Siyaou,
for D. esculenta in Celebes and in Ternate, and the
Moluccas.

Sayuwu rintek = small sayuwu.
Sayuwu sela = large sayuwu.

Seapa, for D. hispida in Celebes about Macassar.

Sebu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Sedre, pronounced Sendre, for a race of D. alata in Fiji (Hazle-
wood and Seemann), but in error.

Seem kwati, said to be D. opposilifolia in the Hoshangabad district
of the Central Provinces of India. Mati is probably in
the second word.

Semal kand = Bombax yam or cotton-tree yam, said to be used in
the Nimar district of the Central Provinces of India for
D. belophylla, but probably an error.

Senali kilangu, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Madras Presi-
dency.

Senka, said by van den Burg to be a name for a Dioscorea.

Senrh, Serh or Siar, for ). anguina in the district of Jhansi,
centre of India.

Sepp or Seppy, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Japan.

Sharbutra kanda, for PD). bulbifera in the Raipur district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Shan yao, literally = hill or jungle medicine, the Chinese name
primarily it would seem for those species of Dioscorea
whose tubers are used medicinally, but extended to those
which serve as foods. Huai shan yao is said to be the
shan yao from Huai-cheng (a town in Shensi), and is
prepared in the provinces of Shensi, Honan, Chil, Hupeh
and perhaps elsewhere. But can it not be from Khoai q.v.
Shan yao tou is said to be broken Shan yao from the
second, third and fourth of these provinces. Chien shan
yao is prepared in the provinces of Kwantung, Fukien,
Hupeh and Szechuan. The exact botanical sources are
unknown. Shan-yao tsai of Formosa is D. japonvea var.

: officinalis. ;

Shan yu, = hill or jungle colocasia, often used in the
place of Shan yao especially for the edible species of
Dioscorea such as PD. Batatas. As this Dioscorea is
neither wild nor anything like a Colocasia, the applica-
tion is extraordinary, though well vouched for.

Shan-yu-tsai, see under Shan-yao.
Shataveli, used in parts of the Bombay presidency for Shendwel

q.Y.
Shaval kelangu, in the Anamallai hills for D. bulbifera.

ij

r

229

Sheeni valli kelangu = sugar stick yam, but the first word
is probably connected with shendwel; it is a name from
Ceylon.

Shendwel, Shendowel or Shendorvail, commonly used for
edible D. pentaphylla in the districts of Satara and Bel-
gaum, Bombay presidency.

Sher kand or Sherkandi = tiger’s yam, for nauseous D. penta-
phylla in the Bhandara district, Central Provinces of
India.

Shi genasu, for a Dioscorea in Kanara, W. India.

Shimo bok, the same as Chimeo tendeo bok, q.v.

Shingli, for D. deltoidea in Kulu, N.-W. Himalaya.

Shisen imo, a race of D. opposita in Japan.

Shora alu, a common name for D. glabra near Calcutta.

Shoro valli kilangu = gourd stick yam, for ). esculenta in North
Ceylon. ;

Shu = yam or tuber in Chinese, whether edible or not.

Shu lang or Shu liong, for D. rhipogonoides and D. cirrhosa.

Shu pin = tuber sprouts, for a Dioscorea (Matsumura).

Shu tow = tuber head, for D. opposita (Giles).

Shu yao = tuber medicine, said to be D. japonica (Matsu-
mura).

Shu yu = tuber Colocasia, for D. opposita, D. alata and the
“D. sativa” of Bretschneider, which is probably D.
opposita.

Siaho, Siaffu, Siavu and Sahu, for D. esculenta in Amboina and
Banda and Ternate, cf. Sayawu.

Siar, for D. anguina in the district of Jhansi, centre of India. See
Senrh.

Siddhiu bok, Siddhu bok, Siddihu bok or Siddhu-u bok or
Sindu bok, for D. esculenta among the Lepchas in the
Sikkim Himalaya.

Sikapa, Siyapa or Sikapang, for D. hispida in Celebes among
the allied Buginese and Makassarese = Seapa. It is
changed to Sikari in Bali.

Sikari, for D. hispida in the island of Bali.

Sikri alu = root yam, for a Dioscorea in the district of Dinajpur,
Bengal.

Simbha, the bitterest D. bulbifera known to the Lepchas.

Simpat, see Kaching simpat.

Sim-shu = heart tuber, for D. bulbifera in Formosa (Henry).

Sinanto, a race of D. alata in Luzon, Philippine Is.

Sin che myouk, Burmese for a race of PD. alata in the Shan
States.

Singul bok, for D. bulbifera, D. belophylla and D. lepcharum
among the Lepchas in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Sinthi, a doubtful name for D. pentaphylla in the Darjeeling dis-
trict, Sikkim Himalaya.

Sirka alu = vinegar yam, but probably from the sanskritic root
sur = to hurt, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Mid-
napur district of Bengal.

230

Siru kilangu = small yam, for D. esculenta in the south of India
and in Ceylon: also as Siru valli kilangu. |

Sisi dumpa, for D. bulbifera in the V izagapatam district, Circars.

Siyapu, for JD. esculenta in Halmaheira.

Siyau, for D. esculenta in the island of Leda.

Sizu bok, for Siddhiu bok, q.v.

So, Sod, Suk = yam; among the Pangan and among the north
Sakais of the Siamese-Malay States and into north Pa-
hang: but mostly applied to the sweet potato, Zpomoea
Batatas.

Soda alu, for PD. Kalkapershadii in the State of Mayurbhanj,
Orissa.

Sai, used in Samoa for Hoi, q.v. (Safford).

Soka alu, a wild Dioscorea of the Darrang district, Assam, where
it is eaten to some extent.

Solomoni, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Somemono imo, used by Japanese botanists for D. rhipogonoides.

Son duoc, a name given for D. persimilis or for a race of D. alata
by Loureiro. Son means mountain.

Soni valli kavalli = torrent stick yam, for a race of D. alata in the
district of Tanjore, Madras.

Sosi, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Soso, for edible ). Soso in the Sakalawa language of Madagascar.

So-um bok, a Lepcha name for a Dioscorea.

Sounda or Souda, for a Dioscorea probably D). nummularia in east
Java and in Bah.

Su, yam in Tankin, and apparently the same word as khoai. The
French write it Cu.

Su-kai, a race of D. alata.

Su-kai-mo?, a race of D. alata, and the same as Khoai-mo.

Su-kok-gian, a race of D. alata.

Su-nao and Su nao-do, for DP. cirrhosa.

Su mai, for D). persimilis or for a race of D. alata in Tonkin.

Su-o-giong or Su-o-rong = dragon’s nest yam, for a race of
D. alata in Tonkin.

Su-tu and Su-tu-trang, for D). esculenta.

Suaria alu or Suareh alu. See Sur alu.

Subba dumpa, given by Elliott as for D. tomentosa in the Cirears.

Sukdi babra, for nauseous D). pentaphylla in the Melghat, Berar.

Suker alu = pig’s yam literally but undoubtedly from the sanskritie
root sur = to hurt, for nauseous DP). pentaphylla and D.
hulbifera near Calcutta. See Sur alu.

Suku = yam at Manyan, Borneo (Moulton).

Suli bok = inferior yam, for an edible variety of D. pentaphylla
which grows in the Sikkim Himalaya, in the Lepcha
language.

Sumri, for nauseous D). peniaphylla in the Jabalpur district of the
Central Provinces of India, doubt!ess of common origin
with the name Sur alu.

Suna genasu = lime yam, for a Dioscorea in Kanara, W. India.

Sunna gudda, for D. hispida in the Warangal district of the
Nizam’s Dominions.

231

Sung bok or Su-om bok, tor 1). anguina among the Lepchas in the
Sikkim Himalaya.

Sungul beck or Surger bek, 1). belophylla or an allied plant among
the Lepchas.

Suor kand, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Saugor district.

Supnor Kanda, a form of Sur kanda from the Raipur district of
the Central Provinces of India.

Sur alu, Suar alu, Swaria alu, Svareh alu, for nauseous ). penta-
phylla and for D. bulbifera widely in Bengal, having their
origin in the sanskritic root sur = to hurt.

Sura alu or Suri alu, for nauseous D. pentaphylla widely, the first
where eastern Hindi is spoken, the second where western
Hindi is spoken, 7.e. from the borders of Bengal to the
borders of Bombay.

Surendi kand, for nauseous DP. pentaphylla in the Bilaspur dis-
trict, Central Provinces of India,—a form of the above.

Surja kera, by distortion for the race of D. alata called also Hal-
jukia.

Surka, for nauseous DP. pentaphylla in the Jhansi district in Central
India. Cf. Sur alu.

Suta alu = thread yam, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Angul
district, Orissa, and also for D. tomentosa in Orissa.
Sometimes for D. oppositifolia.

Sutia kand, for D. oppositifolia in the Akola district, Berar.

Suthna (Buchanan-Hamilton), mentioned as a Behari name con-
trasting with the next.

Suthni alu, a very well known Behari name for ). esculenta of
unexplained derivation, the use of which, torul being
substituted for alu, extends into Nepal. It has been
suggested that the name refers to the cultivation being
without supports.

Swa-uh, Hokkien for Shan yu, q.v.

Swa ya, Hokkien for Shan yao, q.v.

Swinzi myouk, a race of VD. alata in the district of Salween,
Burma.

Ta-, for yam in Cachari = Tha in Garo, etc. and sometimes also in
Cachari.

Ta-iyung, for D. alata in North Cachar.

Ta-misi or ta-mshi, for nauseous 1). pentaphylla.
Ta-rem, for D. Hamiltoni.

Ta-shep, for D. anguina.

Tabulatawa (pronounced Tambula tawa), a race of D. alata in
Fiji.

Tach imo kadsura or Tachi dokoro = slender kadsura yam or
slender tokoro, for D. gractllima in Japan.

Tachi dekoro = slender yam for D. gracillima in Japan, alluding
to stems.

Taguhetti, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

Tah-dwe u = letter “d” yam, a widely used name for D. esculenta
in Burma, said particularly to be descriptive of a race with

232

lobed tubers: but it is difficult to rest satisfied with this
explanation of the name.

Tah-dwe letwa = palmate tah dwe, a race of D. esculenta in the
Tavoy district.

Taisei imo, used by Japanese botanists for Formosan Dioscorea
opposita.

Tai shu = big yam, used in China for the yams which serve as food
e.9. Dd. opposita and D. alata and perhaps also D. japontea.

Taitukavya, a race of D). esculenta in the Hanuabada language of
Papua.

Takaru, for D. hispida in the Chanda district, Central Provinces
of India.

Takasago tokero, a name given by Japanese botanists to D.
doryophora.,

Takob or Taku, for some particular Yam, among the Pangan and
Semang of the Siamese-Malay States and Kedah,—
a name which Blagden thinks may have come from an
old Negrito language.

Talbada, a race of D. alata in the Surat district, Bombay.

Tali babounji = crackling string, a name given by Rumph for
D. nummularia, for another species and for some species
of Vitis.

Tali cupang = coin-rope, for PD). nummularia in’ Amboina
(Rumpf). Rumpf writes it Taly cupan. The name
refers to the leaves.

Talis, for some edible root among the Semang, usage uncertain.

Talri, for D. belophylla in the Simla Hill States, N.-W. Himalaya,
a form of Tarri, q.v.

Tamalia, for D. oppositifolia in the Cuttack district, Orissa, erro-
neously as Tambulai alu in Jajpur, Cuttack.

Tamalo, said to be used for D). bulbifera in the Katha district,
Burma.

Tamis, a race of ). alata in Luzon in the Visayan language.

Tamra, a race of D. alata near Bombay.

Taniela, races of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Taniela danu = red taniela.
Taniela vula = white taniela.

Tanneh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages, the
same as Tha-ate.

Tanoa, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Tapouar, a yam of N. Caledonia im the Voi and Ate languages.

Taqui oua, a yam of \. Caledomia in the Ate language the same as
Mouenne.

Tarar, Tarari or Tarri, a Pahari word widely used along the N.-W.
Himalaya as equivalent to Yam. It most commonly
indicates D. belophyila and D. alata, Kastwards it
changes into Tarur and then into Torul, q.y.

Tarur, the Central Pahari form of Tarar, indicating yam in the
Himalaya of Dehra Dun, Almora and Naini Tal. Ghar
tarur = domestic yam, is D. alala; Ban tarur or wild yam

“?

233

is generally D. belophylla and D. pentaphylla; D. bulbifera
having its special appelation Genth, is excluded.

Taung keor myouk, a race of D. alata in the Akyab district,
Arakan.

Taw = wild, in Burma.

Taw kadat = wild kadat, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the
Akyab district, Arakan.

Taw myouk = wild D. alata, generally through Burma for
D. alata persisting from cultivation or for D. Hamuiltoni ;
also received from the Andaman islands attached (? by
a convict) to D. vexans.

Taw myouk kawng, used not by Burmese, but by Burmese-
speaking Karens in the Salween district for D. penta-
phylla,—an. usage that a Burman would not admit.

Taw thinba u, literally wild foreign yam, t.e. wild cassava,
for D. aculeata in the Akyab and Kyaukpyu districts,
doubtless from the length of the tuber.

Tawi, for a yam among the Senoi of upper Pahang.

Tega = climbing plant in Telegu.

Tega dumpa, tor D. alata in the Godaveri district, Madras,
or for ). tomentosa, in the Nagpur district of the Central
Provinces of India.

Tega pendalam, for D. alata in the Nellore and Tanjore
districts of Madras.

Teguna, a well known name for edible D. pentaphylla all along
the Himalaya from Almora and Naini Tal to above Cham-
paran.

Teinha, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Teko imo = lever yam, a race of D. opposita in Japan.

Tella gini geddalu, for D. hispida in the Ganjam district, Circars.

Tella sunna gudda, apparently D. hispida, in the Nizam’s Do-
minions.

Tena, Teona or Teoni, commonly in Eastern Hindi and Behari
indicates edible D. pentaphylla: once met with as Tewna.
Probably connected with Teguna.

Tena genasu = edible yam, for D. alata in South Kanara, 8S. W.
India.

Tepta alu = ? flat yam, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Malda
district of Bengal.

Tete, for yam in the Manggarai language of western Flores.

Tha = yam, in Bodo, Assam.

Thabatchu, for D. esculenta among the Garos.

Thaja, for D. anguina among the Garos.

Thaijong, for D. alata among the Garos.

Thaireng, for a race of D. alata in the Nowgong district.

Tha-kun, for a wild edible yam among the Garos.

Thakin, for a wild edible yam among the Garos.

Thamatchi, for D. esculenta among the Garos.

Thanairang or Thanairoh, for D. assamica in Cachar.

Tha-ate, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language.

254

Thadut-ni, Thadut or Thadot, an unidentified wild tuber of
Lower Burma, well known to the Burmese however, pos-
sibly D. decipiens.

Thana kacha, received from Madras as indicating edible D. penta-
phylla.

Thara aru, for a race of D. alata in Gangpur State, Chota Nagpur.

Thavai kachchu or thavai kaju, for D. oppositifolia in the Nil-
giri hills. :

The myouk, for D. glabra in the district of Tavoy, Tenasserim.

Thella sunna gadda, for D. luispida in the district of Chanda,
Central Provinces of India. Cf. Nulla sunna godda.

Themban, a race of D. alata in Travancore.

Thi-ang-dam, a Dioscorea of Tonkin, equal to Nau-rua.

Thi-ang-day or Thi-ang-dia, a VDioscorea of Tonkin, equal to
Nau-non.

Thikona alu, a wild yam of the Darrang district, Assam.

Thin-douk u, a common Burmese name for ). decipiens.

Thin on u, for D. esculenta in the districts of Myingyan and Pa-
kokku, Burma.

Thin gyat, for D. assamica in the district of Sandoway, Arakan.

Thuja, for D. anguina among the Garos. Cf. Tha.

Thuli kacchal, for D. bulbifera or for D. esculenta in the district
of Malabar and the State of Travancore.

Thuri, Aitchison gave this for D. ? belophylla at Hoshiarpur. Cf.
Tarar.

Ti, a Fijian word for yams not yet well explained: perhaps = sprout.

Ti-vou, vou indicates new growth; and so ti-vou is a very
young yam.

Ti voli, said to stand for D. Seemannit, Voli alone indicating
a race of D. alata.

Tiagandioh, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language, the same
as ‘Taguhetti.

Tie-on-chao, recorded as a name for DP). Collettiit in the Chinese
province of Yunnan.

Tikae, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Tikani, for ). esculenta in the Sontal Pergunnahs.

Tikaosivaro, a race of D). alata in Fiji (Wright).

Tikari or Takaru, for D. hispida in the Chanda district of the
Central Provinces of India.

Tikau = yam, superseding Uvi in some Fijian dialects.

Tilo carandi, for edible D. pentaphylla in S. W. India (Rheede).

Tin hpew u, tor a race of D. alata in the Shan States, a hybrid
name.

Tinukue, a race of ). alata in Luzon, with recurving tubers.

Ti-oman, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi and Ate languages.

Tira, yam at Krokong, Sarawak (Moulton).

Tiragali pendalam or Tiragada pendalam, for a yam in the
Cirears (Hlliott).

Tis = yam, in the Tounsawang dialect of Minahassa.

235

Tis pawatoan or Tis pawatohan, probably for D. nuwmmu-
laria.

Titi gethi = bitter genth, for wild D. bulbifera through the N.-W.
Himalaya. See Genth.

Tiva tega, Teva tega or Tippa tega = wild yam, for nauseous D.
pentaphylla and also to some extent for other species of
Dioscorea in the Vizagapatam district, Circars.

Tivou, (misspelled tivvu by Seemann) and Tivoli, see Ti.

Tiwan, for edible D. pentaphylla in the Gorakhpur district, Gan-
getic plains.

Toganiwakaya, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Tokatolu or Kaile tokatolu, for D. pentaphylla in Fiji.

Tokoro or Dokoro, indicates the Dioscoreas of the section Steno-
phora in Japan.

Tokuro kadsura, for D. quinqueloba in Japan (Leiden her-
barium), the first word is tokoro or dokoro.

Tongo or Tungo, for D. esculenta in Luzon, forms of 'Tuqui used
by the Tagalog.

Topondon, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language, the same
as Toundoo-onn.

Toralia, for D. anguina in the Hoshangabad district of the Central
Provinces of India.

Torul = yam, in Nepal. See Tarar.

Toundoo-onn, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Voi language the
same as Topondon.

Towo, for D. hispida or D. pentaphylla in Bhutan.

Tsai-mey-tse, recorded as a name for D. Colletti in the Chinese
province of Kwei-chow.

Tsie chou hoa, recorded for D. melanophyma in Yunnan, China.

Tsjageri nuren (kilangu) = sweet fibrous yam, (Rheede) applied
to D. pentaphylla, var. Rheedei, a cultivated variety.

Tsu = tuber in Chinese. Tsu-uh and Tsu-guh are quoted by
Matsumura as names for D. japonica, see Shu.

Tsu pre pyadzu, for D. bulbifera among the Nagas.

T’u-uh = ground arum, for D. bulbifera in Chinese (Matsumura).

Tsukne imo = crushed yam, for a superior race of D. opposita in
Japan, the tuber of which is short, like the crushed foot of
a Chinese lady.

Tu-su (Tu Cu), for D. esculenta in Indo-China.

Tual = yam, in Tenimbar Island.

Tubayan, a race of D. alata in Luzon.

Tugi, Tugui, Tuqui, Dogue, Toguing, Tungo or Tongo, well-
known names for D. esculenta in the Tagalog and Ilocano
languages of Luzon. Sometimes, it appears, they may be
misapphed to D. alata; and perhaps that is how there
comes to exist a name Tugupulu = red tugui, although red
D. esculenta is unknown, but it is noteworthy nevertheless
that Rumph describes a red D. esculenta. The word
Tugui has reached N. Caledonia and is in the Ate lan-
guage, but it is uncertain how it is applied.

236

Tukjhok, for D. kamoonensis among the Lepchas in the Sikkim
Himalaya.

Tuma, said to be nauseous ). pentaphylla in the Vizagapatam dis-
trict, Cirears.

Tuma genasu, a race of D. alata in South Kanara, S. W. India.

Tumangai, for D). aculeata among the Savaras in the Cirears, ef.
Tuma.

Tumuktok, a race of D. alata in Luzon, with recurving tubers.

Tunga gudda, for PD. aculeata in the Chanda district of the
Central Provinces of India, used as Tunga alu in Orissa,
and Angul and as T'ungam sanga by the Kols in Singbhum.

Tungam sanga, for LD). aculeata among the Kols, cf. Tuma.

Tungo or Tongao, see Tugui. :

Twinzauk myouk = going straight down yam, for D. Hamiltonui
and deep rooting races of D. alata in Tavoy and Mergui,
Tenasserim.

U is tuber in Burmese.

U-myin-u, stated to be used in the Tharrawaddy district for a
wild Enantiophyllous Dioscorea. |

Ual or Uar, for D. esculenta at Balade and Yate respectively, N.
Caledonia.

Ubag, said to be used for a race of D. alata in Luzon, and more
certainly for D. luzonensis and D. divaricata in Tagalog,
sometimes as Ubag manahan. Cf. Kobag.

Ubai, for Ubi in Sarawak.

Ubai tunku = prince’s yam, for a yam in Sarawak.

Ubi = yam in Malaysia widely. It appears as Hubi as well as Ubi
in the Sakai language; and occurs as Ubi from Sumatra
to Sarawak, west Java, Celebes, the Moluccas, the Philip-
pine islands (in most of the languages of the Christian
tribes) and to N. Caledonia, mixed with other words for
yam east of the Malay Peninsula. In Sarawak it is
changed in places into Ubih, Ube, Ubei and Ubai. The “b”
becomes “v,” and it is Uvi in Fiji and Uve in Sarawak.
The ‘““b” may become “w ” and it is Huwi in Sundanese
generally though also Uwi; it is Uwi also in Celebes, and
in N. Zealand where Uwhi occurs also (Williams). The
“bh” becomes “ f” sometimes in Rotti and N. Caledonia
and gives Ufi: so also in Tahiti. The “b” becomes “h”
and the word is Uhi in various parts of Celebes, and in the
islands east of Celebes, the Moluccas, and in Tahiti. In
Rotuma along with Uhi oceurs Uh. Uke and Uki are
recorded by Moulton as occurring in Sarawak. The first
letter is changed to “0” sporadically through the western
parts of Malaya, and seems to particularly to be so in
Madoera. Ovi and Ove occur in Sarawak; and Owi may
replace Uwi in south-east Borneo; while Owe occurs in
Gajoland, North Sumatra and in Sarawak.

Ubi ajag, for a race of D. alata in Java.
Ubi akas, for D. hispida in Perak,

237

Ubi arah (arah is a fig), for D. hispida among the Sakais.

Ubi arit = sickle yam, a race of JD). alata in Java.

Ubi aung, a race of VD. alata in Java and once seen applied to
D. esculenta.

Ubi ayam = fowl’s yam, from the red flesh perhaps, a race of
D. alata in Java.

Ubi babua, for D. alata in Amboina (Rumpf).

Ubi badak = fan yan, for a race of PD. alata in Java.

Ubi badigul = twin yan, for a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi bajari = finger yam, for a race of D. alata among the
Malays of the Moluccas.

Ubi banteng = Banteng’s vam, for a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi blichik = insipid yam, for an edible variety of D. bulbifera
in Java.

Ubi boaya = crocodile yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi bontal = ball-yam, for D. bulbifera in the Malay of Am-
boina. |

Ubi bulong = blue vam, a race of D. alata in Java, or for Ubi
butong.

Ubi buah = fruit vam, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Java.

Ubi butong = a race of JD. alata in Java, or D. alata in
general. See Bulu.

Ubi butul, for D. esculenta in Java.

Ubi calebassa, described by Rump as if a race of D. esculenta
which it can hardly be.

Ubi chabuk, for a race of D. pentaphylla in the Residency of
Java. The Sakai word Jabbet is suggested by this name.

Ubi china = China yam, for D. bulbifera (de Clerq) in Malay.

Ubi chuchuk = snout yam, a race of D). alata in Java.

Ubi chiabet, see Jabbet.

Ubi da-are, for D. bulbifera in Halmaheira.

Ubi dago, for D. alata in the Philippine islands (Kamel)
being tautological. See Daga.

Ubi dasawala, a race of PD. alata in Halmaheira.

Ubi elos, commonly for D. alata in eastern Java and Madoera.

Ubi gadis = virgin yam, but evidently in error for Gadong, for
D. hispida among the Bataks, Sumatra.

Ubi gadog, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi gadung and Ubi gadueng, for DP. hispida in the Malay

Peninsula and in Menangkabau, Sumatra: but Gadung is
expressive enough by itself.

Ubi gede = big yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi gendola = red yam, a race of D). alata in Bali.

Ubi hahipiang, a race of D. alata in Celebes, Bantik district
in Minahassa.

Ubi haliya = ginger yam, a race of D. alata in Amboina.

Ubi heulang, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi hidung = snout yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi ipit, for D. bulbifera in Bali.

Ubi jabbet, for D. pentaphylla among the Sakais. See Jabbet.

238

Ubi jahe = ginger yam, a race of D. alata in Java and a race of
D. esculenta.

Ubi jantong = male vam, a race ot D. alata in Java. Cf. Ubi
butong.

Ubi jarar, a yam among the Bataks, Sumatra.

Ubi jari = finger yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi jawa = Java-yam, a race of D. alata in the Malay Penin-
sula, and in Java.

Ubi jububug, for D. bulbifera in Java.

Ubi junjong = pole yam, a race of D. alata in the* Malay
Peninsula.

Ubi kalebasa = Calabash yam, a race of D. alata in eastern
Malaya. :

Ubi kapur = chalk yam, a race of D). alata in Java.

Ubi kastela = Castile yam, for D. bulbifera in Singapore.

Ubi kamayong aud Ubi kawayong jahe = benzoin yam and
benzoin ginger yam, for D. filiformis or some deep rooting
yam in Java. The same name as Akar keminiyan. Also
apphed to D. esculenta.

Ubi kayu = stick yam, means tapioca always in western
Malaya, but said in north Celebes to be used for D. hispida
(assuredly a mistake).

Ubi kelibang = the Artocarpus lanceaefolia yam, a race of D.
alata in Malaya, the tuber lobed as an Artocarpus leaf.

Ubi kelona = the smilax yam, for some wild Dioscorea in
Malay. |

Ubi kenduduk = yam, purple in colour like senduduk fruit
(Melastoma malabathricum), a race of D. alata in
Singapore.

Ubi kepler sampi = penis bovis yam, a race of D. alata in
Java.

Ubi Kiara, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi kipas = fan yam, a race of ). alata in Malay.

Ubi klapa = coconut yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi klapa molis, a race of ). alata in Java fruit yan

Ubi klesih = ? extruding yam, a race of 2). alata in Bali,

Ubi klinting, for a race of D. esculenta in Banjoemas, Java.

Ubi kuja = Indian merchant’s yam (from khuwajah, a master
or rich merchant, a name in Malaya for Indian mer-
chants) a race of ). alata in Java.

Ubi kulo, for D. bulbifera in eastern Malaya.

Ubi kumili utan = wild kombili yam, for D. bulbifera in
Malacca (Alvins).

Ubi kurubut = group yam, a race of D). alata in Java.

Ubi lakilaki = male yam, a race of D). alata with long tubers
in Malaya (? where). Cf, Butu.

Ubi landak = porcupine yam for D. esculenta in Java.

Ubi likit = glutinous vam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi lilin = wax yam, a race of 1). alata in Java.

Ubi lubang = hole yam, a race of P. alata in Java.

239

{| mangindano = Menado yam, from Menado in Celebes,

ascribed to D. pentaphylla locally in Celebes.
manis = sweet yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

i menjangan kuning = yellow deer yam (the deer being

Cervulus muntjac), a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi menjangan merah = red deer yam, a race of D. alata in
Java.

Ubi menjangan putih = white deer yam, a race of D. alata
in Java.

Ubi manusiya and Ubi manusiya merah = human yam and

Ubi
Ubi

Ubi

Ubi
Ubi
Ubi
Ubi
Ubi
Ubi
Ubi

Ubi

red human yam (from the shape), races of D. alata in
north Celebes.

{| mengari = curry vam, a race of D. alata in Java.

merah = red yam, races of D. alata in Singapore and in
north Celebes.

{ naga = dragon yam, a race of D. alata in Java.
j nasi = rice vam, a race of PD. alata in Singapore or for D.

alata in a general way.

ondo, for D. bulbifera in Celebes. See Ondo.

opang, ascribed to D. esculenta in Java.

orai, a race of D. alata in Java.

pagar = fence yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

paha kerbau = buffalo-thigh yam, a race of D. alata in
the Malay peninsula.

pandang = Pandanus yam, for a race of D. alata in the
Malay Peninsula.

pariaman = Priaman yam, from Priaman in Sumatra, for
D. pentaphylla in Ternate (Rumpf).

pasir = sand yam, for D. pentaphylla in Java and also
similarly applied by Sakais in the Malay Peninsula (Rid-

ley).

j patok = bill of bird yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

putih = white yam, a common Malay name for D. bulbi-
fera and as Uwi putih in north Celebes with the same
application.

i radhin, for D. alata in Madoera.
i rame = big yam, a race of D. alata in Java.
i rembu = ? post yam, probably for a race of D. alata, in the

Malay Peninsula.

sabut or Ubi sawut, for D. hispida and PD. pentaphylla in
Java, and perhaps also for D. polyclades (Zollinger).
salaki = twin yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

salamprit, a race of D. alata in Java.

sekok, a race of D. alata in the Malay Peninsula.
senggani, a race of PD). alata in Java.

seneur = the Senhor’s vam, a race of D. alata in Java.
Sisisamping, a race of D. alata in Java.

sukun or Ubi daun sukun, the yam shaped like the leat
of the Bread-fruit tree, a race of D. alata in eastern
Malaya.

susug = milk yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

240

Ubi tanduk = horn yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi tangan = hand yam, a race of D. alata in Java, and the

Moluccas. :

Ubi tanjong = headland yam, an unidentified yam eaten by the
Semangs of the Malay Peninsula (Blagden).

Ubi taun-taun or Ubi tahun-tahun = yearly yam, a race of
D. alata in eastern Malaya and possibly also D. penta-
phylla (Rumpf).

Ubi tirai, for a yam in Sarawak (Moulton).

Ubi tiyang, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi torak = ¢ spool yam, a race of D. esculenta in the Malay
Peninsula.

Ubi torana, the same as Ubi taun-taun.

Ubi tropong or Ubi trobong = pipe yam, a race of D. alata
in Singapore, but ascribed wrongly perhaps to D. esculenta
in Java.

Ubi tumpuk = group yam, a race of VD. alata in Java.

Ubi upas = poison yam, for wild D. bulbifera in Java.

Ubi ular = snake yam, a race of D. alata in Malaya.

Ubi utan = jungle yam, for several wild yams through the
Malay region here and there e.g. D. pentaphylla, D.
Blumei, D. hispida, D. glabra, ete.

Ubi utang, for a Dioscorea in Banda.

Ubich, among the Land Dyaks of Sarawak for Ubi, q.v.

Ubing-basol, for D. nummularia in the Tagalog language, Luzon.

Ubi-ubihan, a name for PD. bulbifera in Tagalog. The reduphi-

cation suggests that it is applied to a race,with many or
conspicuous bulbils, and possibly one of the edible races.

Uchiwa dokoro = fan yam, for D. nipponica in Japan, alluding to
leaf.

Udella or Uda alla = top-side yam, for cultivated D. bulbifera in
Ceylon, its aerial bulbils being the food and not the terres-
trial tuber.

Ufi, variant of Ubi, used in Tahiti.

Ufi hoi, for D. esculenia and D. bulbifera,

Ufi mene-mene, for a race ot J). alata.

Ufi opura, tor a race of D. alata.

Ufi paparatea, for a race of LD). alata.

Ufi patara, for 1). pentaphylla. Cf. Patara.

Ufi taho-taho, for a race of )). alata. Cf. Ubi tahun-tahun.

Uff tiauu, for a race of D. alata.

Uh, in Chinese unqualified for Colocasia esculentum, but qualified
denotes various esculent tuberous plants, and as Swa uh or
Shan-yu, indicates various Dioscoreas.

Uh = yam, in Rotuma and Uhi also in Rotuma and in Salayer and
Amboina. See Ubi.

tiga machalu = bright fish yam, a race of D. alata in the Sontal
Per eunnahs.

Ujla ratalu = bright ratalu, a race of D. alata in the Unao district,
Gangetic plains.

241

Ulibita or Uhulibita, for D. /ispida in the Moluccas.

Ulitholi kacchel, a race ot D. alata-in Travancore.

Ulshi, for edible D. pentaphylla in the district of Thana, Bombay.

Umaa = yam, in the Marquesas Islands, a form of Kumaa.

Umi genasu, for a Dioscorea in Kanara, W. India.

Unaniya kham alu, a race ot I). alata in the Bankura district,
' Bengal.

Unar sanga, for LD). belophylla and D. glabra among the Kols of

Singbhum.

Un-kau-tou, a Chinese name for ). bulbifera (Diels).

Un-tok, the same.

Undai kavalli = globose yam, for D). hispida in the Tanjore district
Madras.

Unka alu, a race of D. alata in the Sontal Pergunnahs and the
districts of Hazaribagh and Ranchi, Chota Nagpur.

Un-woo, a Queensland (Red Island) name for D. bulbifera.

Upka aru, a race of PV. alata in the district of Ranchi, Chota
Nagpur.

Urlaha = yam in the Aru islands.

Urulai kilangu = globular yam, a common Tamil name for the
potato which is sometimes misapplied to the Dioscoreas.

Uththate kacchel, a race of D. alata in Travancore.

Utong-utongan, a name for D. bulbifera in Tagalog, Luzon, per-
haps used like Ubi-ubihan.

Uvi, for Ubi in Fiji, but restricted to D. alata.

Uvi kabea, a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Uvi kaluwo, a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Uvi ni vavalagi (pronounced uvi ngi vavalagi) = foreign yam,
a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Uvi ni gau (pronounced uvi ngi gau), for a race of PD. alata in
Fiji, but in error.

Uvi ni vutuna (pronounced uvi ngi vutuna), a race of D.
alata in Fiji (Wright).

Uvi votuna, said to be a race of D. alata in Fiji, but the name
appears more appropriate to Colocasia esculentum
(Wright).

Uwi, chiefly in Javanese, for Ubi, q.v.

Uwi abang = red yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Ubi alas = jungle yam, for D. hispida and for D. nummularw -
in Java.

Uwi aius = slender yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi badak = fan yam, a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi chayu, said to be for D. hispida in north Celebes, but can |
it be for tapioca ?

Uwi cheker = handful yam, a yam of Java.

Uwi churuk, a yam of Java.

Uwi dudung, said to be D. hispida; but cf. Butu.

Uwi gadung, for D. hispida in Java.

Uwi intuwa, Uwi intuwa rintek and Uwi intuwa alus,
ascribed to D. glabra, but belonging om aps to D. nummu-
laria in north Celebes.

242

Uwi kawayong = benzoin yam, doubtless for Dioscorea
pyrifolia, in Java.

Uwi klapa = coconut yam, for D. bulbifera in the Batavia,
Residency of Java. '

Uwi laka = red yam, for a race of 1). alata in north Celebes.

Uwi labang = red yam, for a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi lilin = wax yam, for a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi putun, for D. alata in Java. Cf. Butu.

Uwi paturi = princess’ yam, for ). pentaphylla in Java.

Uwi putih = white yam, for a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi raindang, a race of D). alata in north Celebes.

Uwi sawut jfahe, for D. hispida in Java.

Uwi senggani, a race of D. alata in Java.

Uwi sayavu, for D. esculenta in North Celebes.

Uwi tutung, for D. hispida in Java; but see Butu.

Uwi upas = poison yam, for D. bulbifera in Java.

Uwi wilus, a race of D. alata in Java, the same as Ubi alus.,

Uwhikaho, for yam in N. Zealand when grown to supply the ships
between 1820 and 1845. Cf. Uvi, and ef. Kau and Kau-

maile.

Uyalla = thread yam, for ). tomentosa in Ceylon.

Vainur tega, for D. hispida in the Vizagapatam district, Cirears.

Vaj, see Waj: it occurs also in the Surat district as Vaj-no-kand or
Vaj-kand.

Vale, a name said to belong to D. aculeata in the State of Travan-
core, perhaps Valli torn from Kilangu.

Van aru, for D). anguina in the Bhandara district of the Central
Provinces of India.

Vara kilangu = wild yam, for D. bulbifera and D. aculeata in
Travancore.

Velliala valli kilangu, recorded as a name for D. oppositifolha in
the Kallimalai hills, Madras.

Velwa, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Venni kilangu = twining yam, for D. bulbifera in the Malabar
district and for D. alata and D. Hamiltonii in the State
of Travancore.

Verri pendalam, a race of ? D). alata in the Cirears.

Vetti lai valli kilangu = betel-leaf yam, a very widely used
name for D. alata through southern India, but sometimes
used for other species, e.g. for D. spicata in Travancore
and for D. oppositifolia in the Salem district.

Vitua = yam in the Nadroga language, Fiji (Wright).

Voli, a race of D. alata in Fiji. Ti-voli differs.

Volikula, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Vor khdnoch, for D. hispida among the Khmers in Cochin China
(Pierre). Do khdnoch is given by the same botanist also,

Vurai, a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Vurai tabua (pronounced Vurai tambua), a race of D. alata in
Fiji, the name requiring verification.

243

Vypa dumpa, for nauseous D. pentaphylla in the Godaveri dis-
trict, Madras.

Wadan = yam, in the Watubela islands of the Banda Sea.

Wadu dang, for D. esculenta among the Kachins of Burma.

Wainisucu, a race of DP). alata in Fiji (Wright).

Waj, Waz or Vai, for D. hispida in southern Rajputana and the
neighbouring districts of Bombay and also sometimes for
D. bulbifera.

Waka dua, a race of D. alata in Fiji.

Wakat (waccat), recorded by Rumpf as indicating a race of D.
pentaphylla in Bali.

Wakmato, for D. esculenta in the Northern Shan States.

Waloini = yam, in the Sermata islands of the Banda Sea.

Wardi, for D. oppositifolia in the Melghat, Berar.

Wari Jottu lottu, according to Rumph an amboinese equivalent
for Tah babounji.

Warran, for DP. hastifolia in Western Australia.

Ware, a yam of N. Caledonia in the Ate language, the same as
Oundi.

Wat-wek, for D. Hamiltonu on the Pichoung, Arakan, among the
Chins. Cf. Wet-we.

Wel alla, a race of D. alata in Ceylon.

Werung or Werungan, Kerung or Gadungan, for D. pubera
and D). polyclades in Java, the first in the Residencies of
Paseroean, Samarang and Pekalongan, the last two in the
island of Madoera.

Wet-ka u = pig cut off yam, for D). esculenta in central Burma.

Wet ma u = sow yam, for D. esculenta, perhaps in error for Wet ka

u; but the resemblance of the tuber to a sow is sometimes
evident. Cf. Kukur poati.

Wet yan u, for the same in the Kyaukse district, Burma.

Wet-we, for D. alata or some other Dioscorea among the Chins of
the Gangaw valley in the Pakokku Chin hills. Cf. Wat-
Wek.

Wi, yam, in Java perhaps imported, as an abbreviation of Iwi.

Wi-ka, for D. bulbifera in Queensland on the Morehead river.

Wili, Wiwi and Wiwiwak = yam in New Guinea, N. Celebes and
the Aru islands.

Wilus, sometimes stands alone in the place of Uwi wilus for D.
alata, and if this is a well established usage then another
interpretation of Ubi wilus than slender yam is to be
found. Leschenault a century ago recorded the name as
“ubium willous gonou.”

Wingao, Winto or Wintog, for D. laurifolia in north Celebes.

Wi sudo, for D. esculenta in east Java, and evidently connected
with Sunda or Suda, q.v.

Wiwi or Wiwiwak, see Wiwi.

Wohiu, for yam in Solor.

Wokai, D. bulbifera at Cooktown, Queensland.

244

Xan yo, Loureiro’s spelling of Shan vu, q.v-: recorded by him as
for D. persimilis or for a race of D. alata.

Yama imo or Yama no imo = hill yam, for D. japonica in Japan.

Yarisi, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright). :

Yarisi damu, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Yarisa vula, a race of D. alata in Fiji (Wright).

Yeh-shu = wild tuber, for D. japonica in Chinese (Henry).

Yella gaddalu, for edible D. pentaphylla and for D. tomentosa in
the Cuddapah district.

Yella gadda, tor lL). oppositifolia in the districts of Kurnul andi
Cuddapah, Madras, and in the Nizam’s dominions.

Yu is Colocasia antiquorum, but qualified by Shan stands for Dios—
corea in Chinese.

Yu than, a name for a race of D. alata recorded by Loureiro as.
Chinese. :

Ywel, see Aywel. |

Zaminkand, that is earth tuber, for /). hispida sometimes in the
‘Kotah and Gwalior States, but the name really belongs to —
Amorphophallus.

Zembu, for cultivated D. bulbifera in Japan.

Zenka, for D. esculenta in Celebes (Rumpf): van den Burg spells
it Jenka t.e. Yenka.

Zilya ratalu, a race of D. alata in the districts of Jhansi and Unao, —
United Provinces‘of Agra and Oudh. !

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able. Its price is fifty cents for each number, post freé, or in es a
vance for every volume of twelve numbers, post free:— re a

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Pea som eee ATTN 7,1924 Nos. 7—8

“te CONTENTS.

e ta tion « of Ganong Belumut in Johore .. nie 245
brid trees of Hevea braziliensis x confusa is. 257
sof Dioscorea pentaphylla in Malaysia .. 2 258
Bae =. or Tuba-ubi, a fish-poigon pe OG0

= 35 Oy

“rene i ‘of ‘the: Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the

age of “Species of Eyeopodiion from the Malay
eninsula Roy me ee ae Bia “ap

2) b Br >. » 2

on the Botanic ¢ Ganon, Singapore, 1923

t " Methoaist Publishing House, Singapore.
? wi vee APA: 7 = TY? f5 Ang

PLATE f

jo yung

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN,

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

Vol. III November 7th, 1924. Nos. 7—8.

THE VEGETATION OF GUNONG BELUMUT
IN JOHORE.

The present paper is an attempt to describe the vegetation on
the upper part of Gunong Belumut, a mountain situated in the
south of the Malay Peninsula, about the middle of the State of
Johore. The summit is 3,321 feet above sea level, and the area here
dealt with is that lying between an altitude of about 2,800 feet and
the summit. The writer visited this locality in May 1923, in com-
pany with Mr. G. R. Fulton, Assistant Government Geologist, to
whom he wishes to express his very cordial thanks for the oppor-
tunity of making the expedition.

The route followed was that made by Mr. J. G. Watson, Con-
servator of Forests, Johore, who had ascended the mountain a short
time previously. Except a few plants obtained by Mr. Watson, no
collections had been made on the mountain. The jungle track
starts from about the 14th mile on the Kluang-Mersing road.
From this point to the Sungei Berhidong at the foot of G. Belumut
is about 11 or 12 miles, the track crossing the ridge of G. Che-
mundong at a height of 1,265 feet. From the camp by S. Ber-
hidong, at 450 ft. above sea, to the summit of the mountain is
about three miles.

The lower part of the ascent is through rather dry Dipterocarp
forest, with Bertam (Lugeissonia) as the chief undergrowth. At
about 2,500 ft. a transition begins to occur to a forest of crowded
trees of much lower stature, gradually more and more covered with
liverworts and mosses. Within about 300 ft. the change 1s com-
plete from a fairly high forest to the mossy elfin forest which

246

covers most of the area between 2,800 ft. and the summit. On the >
northern slope however the mossy forest is replaced by an open
scrub in which for the most part Matonia pectinata is dominant,
with stunted shrubs and trees growing above it at intervals (Plate
I). The transition from the forest to the scrub is very sharp near —
the summit, but less so at lower altitudes. The name Belumut
is descriptive of the mossy condition of the summit.

A camp was made on the summit of the mountain, and seven
days spent there. As complete a collection as possible was made
both of flowering plants and cryptogams, and the writer is greatly
indebted to Mr. I. H. Burkill for the determination of the former,
and to Mr. H. N. Dixon for the determination of mosses. The-
writer is responsible for naming the Pteridophytes and has at-
tempted to identify the more important of the Liverworts which:
form such a conspicuous feature of the vegetation.

Climatic conditions.

During the seven days spent on the upper part of the mountain,.
the summit was covered with cloud every night, but either in the
morning or later in the day the cloud lifted, forming again about
sunset or earlier. One evening light clouds were formed on the
summit about sunset (6 p.m.), but soon disappeared; and no
more came till about 9 p.m. Every morning, whether there had
been rain or not, the bryophytes on the trees and ground were:
saturated with water from the clouds. Rain occurred on four days.
out of the seven, but only once at all heavily. On the finest day
the bryophytes were very much dried up, except in the most
sheltered places, and the leaves of Hymenophyllums were distinctly
shrivelled.

Unfortunately no daily record was kept of the direction of
winds, but on those days on which the facts were noted the evening
winds forming the clouds came from the south-west. This is pro-
bably a seasonal matter, dependent on the monsoons. Lying to the:
south and south-west of G. Belumut are two or three other lower
ridges stretching east and west. Lines of cloud formed first on
these ridges, but dtd not pass on as such to Belumut. The wind
blew up the southern slopes of the mountain, forming cloud as it
ascended, and the summit was soon covered with thick mist.
Judging by the appearance of cloud formation as observed on
the other ridges, the cloud was continually added to from the
south and dissipated by the continuing wind towards the north. In
these circumstances the southern slope would receive most of the:
moisture, and no doubt this condition prevails throughout the south-
west monsoon. During the north-east monsoon there may be
heavier rain and more continuous clouding, affecting the south slope:
considerably as well as the north.

Observations of temperature were not made, When sunny it
was quite hot cn the summit, probably not much cooler than the low

*

.

PLATE IL. |

eo ® « ws i ?,- ma = .
“y v
» A ag f.

Sg

ie oneal

’
a

~
tine

At the junction of the Matonia-scrub with the mossy forest,

on the western ridge Gunong Belumut.

247 :

country, but in the cloud and at night it was much cooler, probably
down to about 15° C.

Geology; Soil conditions.

_ The writer is indebted to Mr. G. R. Fulton for particulars of
the geological nature of the country round G. Belumut. This
mountain and the ridges south of it (of which the nearest, G.
Berchuak, was ascended) are formed of hornblende granite, while
the ridge to the north, of which G. Berhidong forms the highest
part, is of rhyolite.

On the eastern ridge of G. Belumut, just below the summit,
in the forest, there were nearly 310 cm. of dark soil above the
‘weathered granite which formed a yellowish clay with much grit.
The upper layers of the soil contained many small roots but very
little of undecomposed plant material. The lower layers contained

less organic matter and were more gritty. Granite of this character

may weather to a stiff clay, but it is possible that in such exposed
positions as these ridges the silicates may be first weathered and

partly washed away before the grains of silica are decomposed, the

result being a more or less sandy soil. On the north face, in more
-open places in the Matonia scrub, the soil is very sandy and has a
much thinner layer containing htmus. On the south face, where
the slope is steep with many large boulders, the soil is largely
present in hollows and crevices between the rocks, which are them-
selves covered with a more or less thick mat of vegetation, at least
of bryophytes and ferns.

The rhyolite of G. Berhidong gives a fine clay soil with hardly
any sand, and it would be interesting to know whether the vege-
tation on its summit shows any difference from that on G. Belumut.
Unfortunately an attempt to make the ascent failed, and time was

~ not available to make a second.

The Mossy Forest.
1. General.

The best development of the mossy forest is on the south slope.
‘This is far steeper than that to the north, with very large boulders
-of granite. The trees here are fully 30 ft. in height. Their trunks
up to almost shoulder height are thickly covered with masses of
liverworts and, less abundantly, mosses. Higher up, the covering
-of bryophytes is thinner, and different species are found. The
uppermost part of the tree often bears lichens, which sometimes

encroach on the mosses, and phanerogamic epiphytes. On the

ground (here very uneyen)is a carpet of mosses; herbaceous vege-
tation is not well developed, but several species occur, as well as
pandans, a few palms, and ferns. Locally a bamboo (Dendro-
calamus flagellifer?) is quite abundant. As one climbs up on to
the ridge there is a sudden dwarfing and much closer growth of
the trees, most of which are here not more than 25 feet, the bases
still covered with enormous spongy masses of liverworts. Continu-
ing over the ridge on to the north slope, one comes out into the
open scrub (See Plate II).

248
2. The Trees.

Walking in the forest down the ridge westwards from the sum-
mit, the following were noted as the largest trees seen. Only those
of 30 cm. or more in girth were measured.

Number : Maximum
measured. Species. girth.
8 Calophyllum canum 46 cm.
6 Tetractonia n. sp. 68.5
5 Podocarpus neriifolius 91
4 Gordonia imbricata 56
3 Tristania merguensis 46
3 Eugenia caudata (?) 76
2 Parinarium parviflorum 45
2 Eugenia oblata (?) 43
1 Garcinia sp. 38
1 Quercus rassa 38

The Tristania was not seen flowering, so that its identification is
not certain, but it is most probably the species named, which is
abundant on Mt. Ophir.

An area of about 20 feet (6.1 m.) square was selected, situated
on the top of the south slope, one edge being almost along the
summit of the western ridge, near the summit of the mountain.
In this all woody plants (rattans excepted) above 2 m. in height.
were measured as regards diameter at breast height, and their
total height estimated.

The following is a summary of the measurements made in the
selected area. Many of the trees were not flowering or fruiting,
and their identification is consequently somewhat doubtful,
especially in the case of Eugenia.

No. of Diameter. Max.
individuals. Species. Max. Mean. height.

14 Eugenia caudata 10.2 em. 4.38 em. 7 m.
14 Eugenia oblata 11.4 3.8 9
10 Eugenia microcalyx 6.4 3.6 9
5 Calophyllum canum 10.2 6.9 10.5
5 Adinandra sp. 4.3 2.8 7.5.
| Garcinia diversifolia 12.7 5.1 9
3 Eugenia subdecussata 7.6 4.3 7.5
3 Wikstroemia Candolleana 3.8 2.8 3.9
3 Symplocos adenophylla 8.1 4.3 9
3 Pandanus sp. 5
3 Elaeocarpus petiolatus 1.3 1.3 2.5
3 Hex Griffithii 4.8 3.6 7.5
3 Pinanga disticha 2.0
3 Xanthophyllum Wrayi HiL4 4.8 7.5
3 Daphniphyllum laurinum 11.4 8.1 9
2 Eugenia venulosa 10.2 7.6 7.0
2 Quercus Rassa 7.6 5.6 9

249

No. of Diameter. Max.
individuals. Species, Max. Mean. height.
2 Myrsine Porteriana 8.7 5.6 7.5
2 Lasianthus sp. 3.3 2.2 5.5
1 Eugenia bracteolata 4.6 6
i Microtropis ophirensis 2 2.5
1 Eugenia claviflora 4.6 3.5
1 Quercus Wenzigiana 2.2 3.5
1 Klaeocarpus parvifolius 2 3
1 Gaertnera |onigil 2 2.5
1 Timonius penangensis 4.6 6
1 Vaccinium Teysmanni 1.3 2.0
1 Tristania merguensis i! 2
1 Ardisia sp. 2 4.5
1 Tetractonia sp. 7.6 10.5
1 Podocarpus neriifolius 28 9
1 Palaquium obovatum 15.2 10.5
1 Parinarium parviflorum Bak 9
1 Lindera_ bibracteata 2 2.5

Mean diameter of all trees measured 4.5 cm.

Only one specimen of Podocarpus nervifolius was present in
this plot, being a very old tree lying over obliquely, its topmost
shoots reaching ahout 9 m. vertically above the ground. This
species was quite abundant in the mossy forest, though probably
less so than in the Matonia scrub and when one looked at the
slopes of the mountain from the summit or from the neighbouring
peak of G. Berchuak, its pale yellow-green foliage showed up
strikingly. The disappearanee of the Podocarp on the lower
slopes was practically coincident with the lower limit of the mossy
forest.

Gordonmia imbricata and Tetractonia sp. have very much the
same habit and form of leaf, and it was not found possible to dis-
tinguish the two with certainty from a distance. Both are taller
than the majority of the other trees and have a very open mode of
branching, with few large rounded leaves. On looking along the
ridge from the summit of the mountain one was at once struck
with the way in which these two trees both projected above the
general level of the forest. They were also both prominent among
the isolated trees in the Matonia scrub, and grew taller there also
than any others. It was not possible to decide which was the
more numerous, but it is thought that the Tetractonia is probably
so, at least in the scrub.

Calophyllum canum was one of the most striking trees as one
walked through the forest, on account of its very straight growing
trunks. The smaller leaved C. venustwm was less abundant.

Tristania merguensis was found particularly in the scrub, but
also in the forest, especially on the ridge. There were often very
old trees in the transition zone between forest and scrub, with
very thick bushy branches, some apparently dead.

250

The above were the most noticeable of the larger trees; of
smaller trees the list shows that Eugenias make up a large pro-
portion.

It is very noticeable that all the trees are of xerophytic
character, with small simple usually entire coriaceous leaves.

The mean diameter of 4.5 cm. indicates that the forest is of
close growing slender trees. On approximately 400 square feet (37
sq. metres) 103 woody plants of more than 2 m. in height were
recorded, giving an average distance apart of about 2 ft. (60 cm.)
The thick growth of liverworts round the bases of all plants in-
creased the apparent closeness of the trees. The oldest trees were
sometimes fallen over obliquely, one being noticed almost fallen to
the ground with several upright branches growing from it. For
the most part the small trees grow fairly straight. There is little or
nothing of the formation of aerial supporting roots, described as
characteristic of the mossy forest on Mt. Maquiling, Luzon. On
the south slope where the mossy forest is best developed the steep-
ness and the presence of large granite boulders prevent the trees
from growing so closely, but here, being more protected, they are
on the whole taller and have larger crowns; the Lamboo is also more
abundant. A slender Pandanus is fairly frequent in the forest, and
is often quite tall, while small plants of a broad leaved species,
possibly P. atrocarpus, were found quite near the summit of the
mountain.

Plate III shows a typical part of the forest close to the area in
which the trees were measured. /

Undershrubs were few. The following were collected: Allo-
morphia exiqua, Memecylon Hullettvi, Gelonium glomerulatum,
Daphniphyllum sp., Ardisia sp., Goniothalamus macrophyllus,
Elaeocarpus petiolatus. These are all quite large leaved in com-
parison with the trees of the forest, and the leaves less coriaceous.

Pinanga disticha was fairly frequent, and also a rattan,
Calamus brevispadix Ridl. A second Calamus and a Daemono-
rhops were not so common. /’reycinetia valida was present.

3. Ground vegetation.

(7) Herbacesus flowering plants. ‘These were never very
abundant. The following were the most abundant speeies, and,
with seedlings of woody plants, formed the chief ground vegetation:
Sonerila. bicolor, Paraboea pyrolaefolia, Didymocarpus platypus,
Pentaphragma sp.. Argostemma spinulosum, Cephaelis cuneata,
Zingiber puberula, Alpinia rafflesiana (occasional). Loxocarpus
sp. and Sonerila erecta were found chiefly on granite boulders where
only a thin covering of mosses was present. Balanophora multi-
bracteata was locally quite common. In the more open parts,
especially in the broader transition zone between forest and scrub
at somewhat lower altitudes (about 3000 ft.) Cypripedium bar-_
batum was very abundant, being the most frequent herbaceous

plant. ; |
i

PLATE IIL!

Typical mossy forest, near the summit of Gunong Belumut,
upon the south face.

251

(b) Pteridophytes. These were not so abundant as might
have been expected. Of small species, Selaginella plumea Spr. and
S. acuiangula Spr. (?) were frequent, 8S. Wattii Bak. being found
chiefly on rocks and among liverworts on tree trunks. The follow-
ing ferns were frequently seen: Taenitis blechnoides (nearly always
with simple leaves), Schizoloma divergens (less abundantly than at
lower altitudes), Lindsaya repens (mostly small sterile plants),
small plants of Trichomanes rigidum, and an Alsophila (a species
found also on Mt. Ophir, possibly undescribed) the stems of which
reached several feet in height. Young plants of the last named
were also common. In one place several plants of Cheirepleuria
bicuspis (Bl.) were found, in the shelter of a large rock. Tupei-
mdium biserratum vy. A. v. R. (Davaillia biserrata and D. gracilis
Bl.), both less and more divided forms, were found in more open
places on the south slope. Gleichema linearis, G. laevigata
(Willd.) G. glauca (Thb.), and G. hirta Bl. were occasional
throughout the forest, usually with long petioles which carried the
leaves up among the branches of the trees. Lycopodium casuari-
noides Spr. had the same habit, often with stems several yards long,
especially on the ridges; its thickly tufted leafy branches, bearing
very numerous strcbili, were very abundant amongst the bushes
close to the summit. JL. cernuwm was also present, but not in such
quantity.

(c) Bryophytes. A large part of the ground surface had
some growth of mosses or liverworts, in addition to those present
on the trees. It was difficult to estimate the relative abundance of
these, as the writer was not familiar with the different kinds. Con-
spicuous were Leucobryum javense (Brid.) Mitt. and L. Bowringu
Mitt., and thick tufts of Rhizogonium latifolium Bry. Jav.; Sema-
tophyllum secundum (ornsch. and Reinw.) was also frequent. No
doubt other smaller mosses were equally abundant. Trichostelewm
Boschu (Doz. and Molk.) Jaeg., Trismegistia rigida (H. and Rw.)
and Isopterygium albescens (Schwaegr.) Jaeg. were also found on
the ground. Liverworts were not so numerous as on the trees, but
species of Metzgeria and Aneura were common both on the ground
and on the bases of the trees.

4. Epiphytes.

(a) Bryophytes. The liverworts present in greatest quantity
were Mastigophora diclados (Brid.) Nees, which was present every-
where and appeared to withstand considerable dessication, and a
large species of Bazzania. The Mastigophora formed almost pure
cushions, sometimes several inches in thickress, round the bases of
many of the trees. Mixed with it were small quantities of more
delicate species of Frullania, and various other plants which appear
referable to the genera Bazzania, Chiloscyphus and Plagvochila.
Lepidozia subintegra Lindenb. (?), a very fine hair-like species
with minute leaves, was often present in masses, sometimes mixed
with Mastigophora diclados. Trichocolea tomentella (Huds.
Nees, was also fairly abundant.

252

Of the less abundant species a handsome large-leaved Schisto-
chila was very noticeable. A Plewrozia was found chiefly on the
upper part of tree trunks, where no other species would grow. Its
habit of growing very closely appressed to the surface of the bark is
no doubt an advantage in such situations. Where it was most ex-
posed it was often deep red in colour. It was often fertile.

Of Mosses Sematophyllum secundum and 8S. rigens Broth.
(previously collected only on Mt. Ophir) were recorded as present on
the lower parts of tree trunks. On the upper branches of the trees,
in very exposed situations, were found large compact cushions of
Syrrhopodon borneensis (Hpe.) Jaeg.

The upper branches of the trees had also lichens on them, but
these were not collected. One of the lichens was often seen growing
over and apparently smothering bryophytes growing in rather ex-
posed positions.

(b) Pteridophytes. The most abundant epiphytic fern was
Hymenophyllum serrulatum (Pr.), an unusually slender form.
IH. denticulatum Sw. was also common. A very small species, ap-
parently closely allied to H. borneense Hk., was found twice only.
These all grew among the liverworts on the tree trunks. Usually
somewhat higher up, also among bryophytes, the following were
quite common: Polypodium decorum Brack., P. malaicum vy. A. V.
R., and a small species near to ?. cornigerum Bak. ; Scleroglossum
sulcatum (Mett.) v. A. v. R. was not so frequently noticed, and
Polypodium cucullatum Nees and Bl. was seen once only. On still
higher branches Humata repens (L. fil.) was occasionally present:
and IT, heterophylla (Sw.) and Oleandra nertiformis Cay. (both
sterile) were each seen once. One plant of Lycopodium phlegmaria
was found in a very exposed position on the upper branch of a tree
in the scrub; it was very stunted.

(c) Pkanerogams. Epiphytic flowering plants were not very
numerous. They were found on trees both in the forest and in the
scrub. The most striking were Pachycentria tubercula‘a, Medi-
nilla Clarkei (also on rocks on summit) and another Medinilla.
Dendrobium uniflorum and Ceratostylis gracilis were the only
orchids at all abundant in exposed positions; in the forest, on lower
branches, Podochilus sciuroides was frequent. Fria poculata was
occasional, also Bulbophyllum and Coclogyne sp., not in flower.
Rhododendron jasminiflorum, R. longiflorum, Elytranthe retusa and
Hydnophytum formiccrum were occasional, also a small Dischidia.
Corysanthes mucronata was found in several places growing in the
masses of liverworts on the tree trunks, apparently just come into
flower. Its tubers and roots were embedded in the spongy sub-
stratum, the small solitary leaves and flowers showing just above
the surface. Some of the plants were exceedingly minute.

Of climbers, Nepenthes ampullaria, N. Rafflesiana (?) and
Smilax laevis were frequent, but more usually present in the more
open scrub.

993
The Matonia scrub.

Near the summit of the mountain, this vegetation consists
typically of a close shoulder-high growth of Matonia pectinata,
associated with various plants of similar stature, and isolated trees
and shrubs of varying size. The most important of the former are
Pandanus ornatus, Gahnia javanica, Lepidospermum chinense and
Dipteris conjugata. Dipteris is not found in the most exposed
places, being obviously less xerophilous than Matonia, and though
almost always present was never seen dominant. The orchids
Spathoglotlis aurea and Bromheadia palustris were quite abundant ;
and Huthemis leucocarpa was occasionally seen. Underneath the
Matonia, and especially round the bases of trees and shrubs, mosses
and liverworts covered the ground as in the forest.

In the most open places, on very sandy soil, Gleichenia circinata
and Actinoschoenus filiformis were the dominant plants, and here
also on the ground were noticed the more xerophytic liverworts and
Leucobryum spp.

The following trailing and climbing plants were frequent:
Nepenthes ampullaria, N. ? Rafflesiana, Dissochaeta annulata, Vitis
gracilis, Smilax laevis, and Lycopodium casuarinoides. Gleichenia
linearis was present, but never abundant.

The most conspicuous trees also present in the mossy forest
were; Tetractonia, Gordoma, Podocarpus, Calophyllum spp., Tris-
tenia. Podocarpus was very abundant, including many small
plants, and its yellowish foliage made it conspicuous. All the trees
were somewhat dwarfed as compared with their growth in the
forest, Calophyllum most markedly, Tetractonia and Gordoma least
so. The larger trees had a very weather-beaten appearance. Epi-
phytes were few, and stunted owing to exposure.

Other woody plants noted as frequent were Quercus [assa
(producing fruit at a height of only 3 feet) Timonius pinangensis,
Symplocos adenophyila, Melastoma sp., Elaeocarpus reticosus, Adi-
nandra dumosa, Hedyotis congesta, Ardisia Barnes. On the very
summit, surrounding the few huge granite boulders, was a very
dense growth of shrubs, with some Matonia. Freycinetia valida was
climbing on these, and Scleria sp. was collected. Under the shade
of the rocks grew a Lophatherum. On the boulders were a few
epiphytes, including Medinilla Clarkei, Sonerila erecta, Bulbo-
phyllum sp., and Humata repens.

Some 300-400 feet below the summit, on the western ridge, the
trees in the scrub were much larger and closer, and the Matoma
much less, and a broad transition zone between scrub and forest
developed, in which Cypripedium barbatum was very abundant.
The transition from scrub to mid-mountain forest was not seen.

The same scrub was found on the northern face of Gunong
Berchuak to the S. E. of Belumut. This hill has twin summits close
together, both about 3,000 ft. above sea, and it was interesting to
find that on the northern side of the southern summit there was
still open Matonia scrub.

254

Comparison with other descriptions of mossy forest.

There are various references in Mr. Ridley’s papers to mossy |
forest on the mountains of the Malay Peninsula, but no detailed
account anywhere. It seems probable that everywhere in the cloud
belt dwarfed mossy forest prevails, while the tops of the highest
peaks in the main range are covered with a xerophilous scrub in
which Matonia is usually present. On isolated hills such as Kedah
Peak* the mossy forest is found at much lower altitudes than on the
mass of the main range, and the same is true of Belumut. The
peculiarity of Belumut in having mossy forest on the south slope
only must be due to local conditions of weather and topography.
The scrub and forest on Belumut appear to correspond with the
open rock vegetation and the valley woods of the Padang of
Gunong Tahan as described by Ridley.t| There is no detailed des-—
cription of the vegetation of the top of Mt. Ophir, (distant 66
miles from Belumut) but most of the species collected on Belumut
have been found also on Mt. Ophir. The writer cannot however
attempt a floristic comparison in the present paper.

The Belumut mossy forest appears to be very similar in general
organisation and appearance to that described by Miss L. 8. Gibbs
on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo,* though most of the
species are different. Miss Gibbs’ Pl. 6 fig. 3 shows a tree of
Leplospermum flavescens which has a very similar habit to the ~
Tristania on Belumut. In another paper Miss Gibbs has short notes
on similar forest on the ridges of the Arfak Mountains in New
Guinea.*

The mossy forest on Mt. Maquiling in Luzon described by
Brown? differs in various respects, but it is said that all such
vegetation on the Philippines is not quite of the same type (p. 102).
The differences from Belumut are principally in the prevalence of
plants with aerial roots, and in the greater abundance of tree ferns
and herbaceous ground vegetation. On Mt. Maquiling the growth
of woody plants was about as dense as on Belumut, 107 individuals
representing 17 species being recorded on 50 sq. metres; on Belumut
106 individuals representing about 30 species were found on 37 sq.
metres. On Mt. Maquiling there was a bigger proportion of plants
with non-entire leaves on the summit than at lower altitudes, where-
as on Belumut the only tree with noticeably toothed leaves was
Parinarium parvifolium. On both mountains trees of the mossy
forest all have simple and rather small leaves. ;

The brothers Sarasin give brief descriptions of mossy forest
on the mountains of Celebes,® and some photographs.

*See Ridley, Journ. S.B.R Asiatic Society No. 34 pp. 23-30 (1900).

1. F.M.S. Musewms Journ. Vol. 6. p. 132. (1915).
2. See Ridley’s paper in Journ. S B.R. Asiatic Society. No. 35 pp. 1-28
1901).

: 3. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. Vol. 42 pp. 1-240 (1914). ;

4. 4 contribution to the phytogeography and flora of the Arfak Mountains
ete. (Read before the British Assn. 1916) Taylor and Francis, London.

5. Brown, W. H.; Vegetation of Philipine Mountains. Manila, Bureau
of Szience publication No. 13 (1919).

6. Sarasin, P. & F. Reisen in Celebes. Wiesbaden, 1905.

255

Giesenhagen (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 3rd. Suppl. pp.
711-789, 1910) gives a description of the conditions under which
a great development of moss growth occurs in various localities
in Java and Sumatra, with a discussion of the growth-forms
which mosses assume. He does not deal with the conditions under
which the different growth-forms appear. There is a reference
to this, however, in 1a short paper recently published by W. Seifriz
(Journ. of Ecology, Vol. 12, pp. 307-313, 1924) in which the
altitudinal distribution of mosses and lichens on G. Gedeh in Java
is discussed. From about 5500 to 7000 feet there is a moss zone,

in which the pendent type is very abundant; this is the zone of

Podocarpus imbricatus. The next zone, from 70CO to 8000 feet
is “very open in character, with a prolific growth of herbs on the
forest floor. Mosses and lichens are very _Poorly represented.”

The highest zone, 8000 to 9200 feet, is “a foggy, windswept
region typified by small gnarled trees, mostly of the genus
Vaccinium.” In the lower part of this zone there is much’ moss
growth, but entirely cf compact tufted forms, clinging close to
the tree trunks: the cause of the difference between this and the
lower moss zone is ascribed to the great force of the winds in the
higher zone, accentuated by the lower stature of the trees. In the
upper pert of this zone the vegetation is more open, and the
consequent greater light and reduced humidity account for the
a SN of mosses by hchens. The conditions on G. Belumut
are anite different, probably owing to the limited range in altitude

of tie cloud zone. There is nothing comparable ‘to the great

development of the pendent type of moss found in the fairly high
Podocarpus forest on G. Gedeh. It needs more protection from
wind than is found in the dwarf forest on Belumut. Closer
growing mosses are found, but again not exclusively, as in the
upper zone on G. Gedeh. The great preponderance of lverworts
is not described at all from G. Gedeh; there must be on G. Belumut
conditions favourable for the growth of liverworts, particularly
of Mastigorhora diclados, which are absent from the upper zone on

G. Gedeh.

Regarding the biology of liverworts, a paper of Goebel’s is of
importance (Ann. Maeda: Bot. Buitenzorg, 7, pp. 21-69, 1888).
He describes the various water-holding lobes present on the leaves
of many species, distinguishing three types; species possessing
these are all epiphytic. The only notable species on Belieagh that
comes under any of his categories is the Pleurozia (Physotium),
which is among the most specialised of all. It occurs in exposed
places on the upper parts of tree trunks, where its large water
sacs are of great service. Frullanias were not found abundantly
on Belumut; two species grew amongst the Mastigophora, no
doubt partly protected by it. Mastigophora itself possesses no
water sacs; its finely divided small leaves are able to hold a certain
amount of water, but it will dry up fairly easily. Probably its
habit of growing in large spongy masses prevents complete
dessication of the whole plant.

256

_ Karsten (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 12, pp. 119-122, 1892)
gives a list of liverworts found in Amboyna, on mountains 1250
and 1950 m. (4100 and 3450 feet). At about 700 m. Agathis
was found, and above the Agathis a dwarf forest of Leptospermum,
Vaccinium, Podocarpus etc., the trees being overed with bryophytes.
He mentions particularly very fine species of Schistochila (N.
sciurea) and Pleurozia species of which were also among the most
conspicuous liverworts on Belumut. He gives a list of species,
including JA/astigophora diclados, but this is not mentioned as
specially abundant.

Causes of the development of mossy forest.

Brown states that mossy forest is confined to the cloud belt
(1. ¢, p. 103), and this appears to be well borne out by all. other
records. The great abundance of mosses, liverworts and Hymeno-
phylaceae, in varying proportions, is a feature which probably could
only oceur in such situations. It does not seem to have been
pointed out, however, by previous writers, that these plants may
have frequently to stand a considerable degree of dessication, as
was undoubtedly the case on Belumut. The second feature which
all these forests have in common is the dwarfing of tree growth.
The heavy growth of epiphytes has been suggested as one cause,
but this alone cannot be responsible, since trees in the open scrub
on Belumut were more dwarfed than the same species in the forest.
Brown, by careful correlation of many measurements of environment
conditions at different altitudes on Mt. Maquiling, concludes that
the dwarfing is due to a combination of lowered temperature and
decrease in light intensity as compared with conditions on the lower
slopes of the mountain.

Miss Gibbs’ suggestion (Kinabalu, p. 47) that mossy forest
may be due to edaphic factors, leading to the conclusion that it is
a secondary formation, does not seem to be well founded, though
doubtless edaphic factors are responsible for variations in its com-
position and physiognomy. Brown remarks that mossy forest pro-
bably does not constitute a single homogeneous type, but that our
present knowledge does not suffice to classify the various forms it
may adopt, and this seems a very reasonable conclusion.

The pioneer vegetation on the summit of Gunong Belumut
must have been of a xerophilous nature, owing to the fact that
clouding is not continuous and that there are intervals of consider-
able insolation. Matonia scrub therefore probably represents an
early stage in the development history of the summit vegetation,
becoming transformed gradually into mossy forest in those parts
where clouding was most frequent. The condition of the north
slope thus represents as arrested early phase in the development,
which is doubtless in equilibrium, having reached as advanced.
a stage as conditions will permit. Edaphic factors may be partly
responsible for this arrest in development, but observations made
up to the present are too limited for any definite opinion to be given.

=
257

Considering the mossy forest as:the climax plant association of
the cloud zone, it is interesting to compare it with climax associa-
tions of temperate regions. The most striking fact which is at once
evident is that we have here no single dominant species. We
appear rather to have present a number of species of about equal
stature no one of which has sufficient advantage over the others to

approach dominance. All have rather small simple leaves decidedly
coriaceous in texture. The most numerous appear to be various
_ species of Eugenia. In their variety these trees agree rather with
the second storey of the Dipterocarp forest than “with the upper
storey, in which there appears to be definite dominance of one or
_.a few species. Gordonia and Tetractonia and possibly others cer-
tainly project above the bulk of their neighbours, but it is doubtful
whether they protect the other trees in any way.

R. E. Hoitrom.

TWO HYBRID TREES OF HEVEA
BRASILIENSIS XH. CONFUSA.

In the Gardens Bulletin, I] (1919) p. 115, an account was
given of a Hevea tree found in the Economic Garden, and de-
termined to be Hevea confusa. ‘That gpecies is known to be a
very inferior producer of rubber, and a danger to rubber-cultiva-
tion where its presence can Jead to hybridisation. For that reason
the tree was destroyed at once: It had newly fruited and seedlings
had been raised of which two were kept for observation in a remote
part of the Botanic Garden.

Those two have just flowered at the age of five years, and been
‘destroyed in their turn, so that nothing of the objectional ile type
persists. They had been under observation through their grow th,

and their flowers have been very carefully examined: the result
has been a complete demonstration that both trees were hybrids
with H. brasiliensis as the male parent.

This demonstration of cross-pollination between the two species
‘is not as interesting as another given by Mr. H. C. Pearson in the
India Rubber World for October 1st, 1919, p. +6, for in that, seed
of a fine H. brasiliensis in Trinidad produced plants which showed
H. confusa in their constitution originating from a tree one-
hundred yards away, the distance between the two parents having
heen very much less in the Singapore. But it is interesting as a
demonstration of the great degree to which cross-fertilisation 1s
carried in the Rubber tree. It is a cross in the opposite direction
to Mr. Pearson’s namely of male H. brasiliensis on female H.
eenfusa. It is also a lesson that from a plantation of even pure H.
_ brasiliensis, if first class seed is wanted, the inferior yielders should
he removed, as cross-pollination occurs to such a great extent.

SANSOM TAB NA AIT

258

The two hybrid trees of the Botanic Gardens differed between —
themselves. The one had darker bark than the other, and leaves.
with more of the arching in them that characterises H. obtusa.
Both had the white latex of H. brasiliensis, but that meagre as in
H. confusa. When the fiowers appeared, the males were found
intermediate in shape, and to face earthwards as in H. confusa, and —
were softly downy outside, but the anthers were as in H. brasi-
licnsis. Female flowers were very few, probably because the trees
were flowering while still too young for full reproductiveness.

I. H. Burxttt.

VARIETIES OF DIOSCOREA PENTAPHYLLA
IN MALAYSIA.

This widely distributcd species occurs in several varieties in
Malaysia ard with our present knowledge five may be defined.
They are :—

Tubers elongated: rusty hair abundant on the above-
ground parts: the leaflets broad ks ‘ malaica

Tubers not elongated: so that their length is not
twice their greatest diameter:

Tubers not flattened, abundantly covered with
roots, much lobed: rusty hair abundant on the
above-ground parts: leaflets broad :

Leeflets large, up to 20 em. by 6 em.: flowers
large: numerous large ee leaves
produced among them .. : .. papuana

Leaflets smaller, up to 10 em. by 3.5 5 em.
flowers small: simple leaves about 2
by 2 cm. “et i. ‘ys .. javanica

Tubers conspicuously flattened and relatively free
from roots, much lobed: grey hairs present in
the place of rusty red hairs ;

Leaflets relatively large, up to 20 em. by 4
cm.; flowers rather large: tubers as far
as seen larger than in the next .. palinata

Leaflets relatively small, up to 14 em. by 3.5
em.: flowers relatively small: tuber as
far as seen smaller than in the last . .sacerdotalis

The variety malaica is that which furnishes the “ ubi jabbet ”
of the Sakais in the rentre of the Malay Peninsula, and they not
only eat it from wild sources but plant tubers in the neighbourhood
of their houses. The Sakais of Northern Perak have another name

£yvjo A DPIDS
ELL Tp)

ah

Lane aie bs

=

Sr ee

CMY Eph tpn |

259

for it, t.e. “kasu,” and they too eat it. The variety papuana

furnishes a food eaten in the neighbourhood of Port Moresby,
where it grows wild, and is considered as of two kinds called
“maloa” and “bakuta.” The variety javanica is the wild plant

of Java. The variety palmata occurs in cultivation in the Philip-

‘pine islands, and the variety sacerdotalis in cultivation in Java.

As a help towards the definition of these varieties the plate
opposite gives figures of three of them. Four tubers of the variety
malaica were figured in this Bulletin in the plate in no. 3 of
volume II, ePpasiee p- 92.

The writer has eaten D. pentaphylla, var. palmata and found
it good. As yet the variety sacerdotalis has not been eaten. The
tubers of the other three varieties are certainly nauseous.

There is a kind in -Papua near Port Moresby known as
“lebeta ” which seems to differ from the above, and needs more
study.

With the knowledge to hand at present it is impossibie to
identify the three forms of D. pentaphylla which Rumpf described
in his Herbarium Amboinense, lib. ix., cap. xiv. He called them
“the white,” “the red” and “the fusc.”

The white, he stated produces the largest tubers; they have
the outline of a hood or cape, that is to say expanding downwards ;
and the lower margin ends in lobes. The upper part carries too
much ‘fibrous tissue to be eaten; the lower part is softer and can
be eaten, but possesses a vile flavour. The red, he described as
smaller, and a better food. The fuse colours the water in which
it is boiled blackish and boils black itself. All three were to be
found in the island of Bima i.e. Sumbawa: the red was also in Buru
and Bali: one or another was also in Celebes, Amboina and the
Moluccas, but he does not specify which. His figure more nearly
suggests var. javaciica than the others. It appears then that to
fully understand Rumpf attention must be turned to Sumbawa.

Tn the last issue of this Bulletin, on p. 137, attention was
called to certain interesting sanskritic names applied in Java to
Dioscorea pentaphylla, and it was suggested that they indicate a

_ religious use of the tuber as a food for fast days, similar to the use

by the Hindus of Upper and Central India of Dioscorea esculenta,
and of a meal made from Dioscorea hispida. These sanskritic
names belong to the variety sacerdotalis; but there is no indication
that the Hindus brought the variety into their kingdoms in Java
with their religion; they found it probably in “Malay sia and

adopted it.

y I. H. BURKILL.

260
DIOSCOREA PISCATORUM OR TUBA-UBI,
A FISH-POISON.

Dioscorea piscatorum, Prain and Burkill, is a newly published
name for a plant which appeared in Mr. Ridley’s Materials for a
Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons, 2, (1907) p. 84, as
Dioscorea sp. He had made acquaintance with it from a sterile
herbarium specimen collected by Mr. A. D. Machado of the Ke-
muning Estate in Perak; and then about the same time a reward
was offered at an Agri-Horticultural exhibition in Kuala Lumpur
for a collection of such fish-poisons as act like Derris; and in one of
the competing exhibits was a tuber labelled “ tuba-ubi” which Mr.
Ridley, acquiring it for the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, identified
as the Dioscorea collected by Machado (Agric. Bull. Straits and
F. M.N., 7, 1908, p. 443). He grew it until 1912; but it did not
flower and no specimens were preserved. In 1915 a plant was:
found on Pulau Tiuman with the characters of Machado’s; but it
was impossible to get it into cultivation as it was in full growth..
In 1921 herbarium specimens and tubers, corresponding closely,.
were got from Sibolangit in Sumatra. These are in cultivation in
the Singap ore Botanic Garden, and the piscicidal properties have
been proved, as the following note shows. A tuber from Sibolangit:
was figured in this Bulletin in the plate opposite p. 4 of the current
volume, under the title of “a spiny yam from Sumatra.”

Half of a tuber about 15 em. long was pounded up with water..
The tuber was very fibrous and light reddish in colour; the juice
was slightly milky, with a soapy froth, and of the sam> colour as the-
flesh. It was poured into a vessel 60 by 38 cm., into which water
had been run to a depth of 10 em. Eight fish of the species ihe 2
binotatus (Cuy. and Val.) of length varying from 6.5 to 10.5
freshly caught from the Gardens. lake, had previously been placed
in the vessel, and were swimming about vigorously. When the juice
of the tuber was poured in, the fish at once appeared uneasy. They
swam round and round the vessel rapidly, and frequently came to:
the surface with open mouths; then their movements gradually be-
came less and in under ten minutes they turned over, floating
motionless for a few seconds at a time, showing their white lower
surface. The quiescent periods grew longer, and after a few more
minutes active motion was occasional, and only by slight vibrations
of fins and tail. When in this condition they were transferred to-
fresh water, but the poison had gone too far to admit of recovery
and in a few minutes more they were quite dead.

We are indebted to Mr. F. N. Chasen of the Raffles Museum
for the identification of the fish.

I. H. BurkILu.

R. E. Hottrum.

261

A STUDY OF THE COCONUT FLOWER AND
ITS RELATION TO FRUIT PRODUCTION.

Introduction.

The literature on the biology of pollination and fruit pro-
duction of coconuts is extremely sparse and what little is available
is distributed in numerous books and periodicals so that investi-
gators have experienced great difficulties in consulting them. An
attempt is made here to bring together all the available studies on
the subject, including my own observations, a part of which have
already been published in the Podna Agricultural College Magazine
and the Agricultural Journal of India (7°).

I am indebted to Mr. I. H. Burkill for the information quoted
in this paper from the German and Dutch books and to Mr. F. N.

_ Chasen for the identification of some of the insect visitors to coconut

flowers.
The Inflorescence.

Coconut inflorescences are formed in the axils of every leaf of a
bearing tree and not of every third leaf as some writers have
supposed (*) & (**). It is true that some axils fail to throw out
any inflorescences, but this is because these inflorescences have be-
come abortive; and even then these aborted inflorescences do not
bear any definite relation to the others which grow so as to justify
the statement that the inflorescences are produced in the axil of
every third leaf. A very prolific tree will produce twelve or more
inflorescences per annum or approximately one per month. There
are records of trees having produced sixteen inflorescences per year

(*) & (*).

As the flowers appear in the axils of leaves, it will be worth
while to know that the leaves are arranged on the stem in the form
of a spiral so that every sixth leaf opens, nearly above the first one,
that is, each leaf opens according to the calculation of Sampson
in India (*), at an angle of approximately 142° round the circum-
ference of the tree from the previous leaf. In Goa the coconut
harvester divides the coconut trees under two classes, the right- and
left-handed cnes, according as the spirals formed by the leaves and,
therefore, by the inflorescences, are right or left. Both Costa (*)
and Loyola (17) who maintain that the coconut inflorescences arise
in the axils of every third leaf give correct diagrams of the phyllo-
taxis of the coconut inflorescences. They were probably misled in
their observations on the orientation of the coconut inflorescence
by their mistaken view that the coconut leaves are arranged in
concentric circles and not in a spiral.

The inflorescences first appears enclosed in a thick, fibrous
sheath called the spathe which is again protected during its early
life by one more yellow sheath of somewhat flat nature and of softer
fibres. This outer sheath stops growing very early in the life of
the inner spathe co that the latter punctures it with its hard point on

—~_

262

its ventral side (1.e. the side towards the subtending leaf) and
comes out erect as a yellow somewhat flattened cone, which later on
as it grows, turns green, curves a little outwards and becomes more
round than flat. In course of time when the spathe is of full
grown, the development and distension of the inflorescence within
causes a great pressure-on the walls of the spathe with the result
that it ruptures longitudinally along a groove usually on its ventral
side and the flowering branch eventually emerges: sometimes, how-
ever, the rupturing of the spathe takes place on its dorsal side but
then the spadix turns round till the inflorescence within falls out.
The process of splitting is very slow, the slit which appears at first
at a point about an inch and half from the apex, takes about
twenty-four or more hours to reach down and give egress to the
inflorescence. It is at first yellowish white in colour, but later on
it turns greenish and also inclines downwards from its vertical
position.

The cocount is essentially a monoecious plant, that is, stamens
and pistils are produced in separate flowers on the same tree and
in the case of coconuts in the same inflorescence, and, though some
coconut palms will at times show a very marked tendency to produce
spadices with all florets male, spadices are not usually produced in
coconuts where all flowers are female and none male. The tendency
to produce completely male inflorescences is particularly apparent
when the palm produces the spathe for the first time in its life.
There is a great variation in such trees: some will produce their
second or third inflorescence with female flowers, while others will
bear no female flowers even in the sixth inflorescence. If this
variation is due to hereditary qualities, then this factor has also to be
taken into consideration in selecting seed-nuts. The tendency to
produce completely male intlorescences is at times manifested by
trees which are given rest after a prolonged period of tapping for
toddy.

The inflorescence itself consists of many flower-bearing rami-
fications or spikelets situated on a fleshy peduncle: hence the in-
florescence is termed a spadix. Its size varies from two and half
to six feet in length from the tip to the base, dcpending upon the
vigour and individuality of the palm. Each branch is fringed with
numerous male florets from tip downwards and lower down bears
one or more female flowers, all the flowers being sessile or subsessile
as Aldaba calls it. At times, however, some of these ramifications
become spathulate and then partially or wholly sterile. Some of
the branches in an inflorescence may produce secondary branches.
As far as my observations stands, such inflorescences rarely produce
female flowers which may be produced even on the secondary
branches. Most of these inflorescences were noticed on trees heavily
manured with nitrogenous manures, but I was not able to ascertain
whether the manure was responsible for the branching and reduced
fertility of these spadices.

263
The Male Flower.

The male flowers always exceed the number of female flowers in
the same spadix and may vary from a few hundreds to thousands,
depending upon the number of ramifications in the spadix and the
length of the flower-bearing regions in them. Each male floret has
six yellow perianth leaves arranged in two whorls, the inner three
alternating with others which are about one-third of the former in
size. Enclosed in this floral envelope there are six hammer-shaped
stamens which yield large quantities of powdery yellow pollen.
Aldaba (*) has estimated that each male flower carries about
272, 358, 504 pollen grains. In the centre of each male floret there
ds a rudimentary pistil which divides at its apex into three teeth,
each bearing a gland, the nectar of which attracts ants. he:s and
‘other creatures. Rarely this rudimentary pistil is absent ("°). A
case has been noted where these abortive ovaries were stimulated to
grow so that the coconut palm bore, “ instead of the few orditiary
fruits at the base of the spadix, great numbers of small, crowded,
narrow, quite banana-like fruits.” (°°) The male florets start
opening from the tip downwards and liberate pollen, though some-
times a few flowers may open out of order. This opening of
male flowers and shedding of the pollen lasts about a month, the
inflorescences with secondary branches taking a httle more than
the usual period.

The Female Flower.

The female flower are comparatively extremely few, their
number in each spadix varying from zero to over 300 and being
«<lependent upon the strain, treatment, etc. They are always pro-
duced towards the basal portions of the spikelets. Many of the
yellow-nut-producing varieties from the Konkan (West Coast of
India), for instance, are usually very shy in bearing, while the
dwarfish varieties of Goa (the Benauly seed) or dwarf varieties of
Malaya enjoy the reputation of being heavy producers.

Prior to its opening, the female flower is a small spherical body
of about half an inch in diameter with a great resemblance to a
small nut. These female flowers consist of six floral leaves which
are arranged as in the male flowers and which completely envelope
the pistil; but these are much larger and stiffer than those in the
male florets, and the outer three are almost equal in size to the
inner ones. Apart from these six perianth members, there are two
more just at the point of attachment of the flowers to the stalk,
resembling the others in colour and texture, but differing from them
in that they are broader and shorter. These two may be termed
prophylls or bracteoles. Usually there is a male flower on each
side of the female resting on the same cushion on which the female
is seated. The pistil is a small whitish body consisting principally
of embryonic tissue of husk. From its tip there extend downwards
three ridges which make the whole ovary look globosely three-sided,
each side being provided at its tip with a groove. These three
grooves meet in the centre and are the parts of the stigma. It will

264

be seen by cross-sectioning the pistil that just above the thalamus
there is the ovary (embryonic nut) with its three carpels, two of
which normally become abortive even at this early stage. Some-
times, however, all three ovules get developed and when fertilised
produce a trilocular-nut which on germination gives a tree com-
monly mistaken for a branched coconut palm.

Pollination and Fertilization.

Before proceeding any further a distinction between Polli-
nation and Fertilization may be made with advantage so as to avoid
confusion on this matter. Among the fruit culturists, the term
pollination is often applied to designate all the influences concerned
in the setting of fruits; and the term fertilization is often given the
same significance. In botanical usage, however, pollination means
simply transference of pollen grains to the stigma, while fertiliza-
tion is the fusion of the male element from the pollen with the
female element in the ovule, and therefore, conveys the idea that,
prior to this fusion, the stigma has to be pollinated and the male
element must reach the ovum through the pores in the stigma.
Cases, however, may occur where these two stages previous to the
fertilization may take place and stimulate the pistil to grow and
yet the actual fusion may not eventuate producing seeds destitute
of any of embryo. The coconut fruits known as “ barren” “ im-
perfect,” “male,” “man” or “seedless” coconuts are probably a
result of such a phenomenon. Such nuts have been observed by
me in India and Burma, have been recorded from Jamaica (7°) and
British Guinea (*), and probably occur in most places where coco-
nuts are grown. They can usually be distinguished from others by
being narrower, and inside have shell-substance and a cavity and
sometimes even a diminutive nut with or without some kernel,
but no embryo. Apparently the st’mulus of pollen is not even
necessary for such a development in -coconuts, for Bailey (*) has
written that “ Coconuts, like many other fruits, often grow to a
considerable size without pollination, and then perish.” It must
not be ignored, however, that a fruit without an embryo may be the
consequence of actual fertilization, but that it does not contain any
embryo, because the embryo ceased to grow soon after the fusion
of male and female element in the ovule without thereby arresting
the development of the fruit. A comparative study of these ab-
normal coconuts and normal ones from Jamaica made by Kupfer
(7), indicated that the substance which usually goes to the for-
mation of seed was, in the case of seedless nuts, devoted to increas-
ing the bulk of husk. “ Since no trace of fungus, insect, or bacterial
activity could be found, no direct evidence as to the cause of the
condition of the defective fruits could be produced. The probability
is, however, that the responsibility for this state of the fruiting
organs is to be laid against none of these agents, but is the result
of the failure on the part of flower to effect pollination.”

Some coconut trees produce “male” nuts habitually in all
seasons of the year and others in certain seasons only of every year

260

or after a number of years; and still others do not produce male
nuts at all or preduce only this kind of fruit all their life. Might
not this quality be associated with hereditary factors? In many
plants, for instance, the production of sterile pollen grains and
ovules is due to an inherent factor, though influences such as
climate may modify these qualities to a slight extent. On the other
hand, there is the possibility that the inability of ova being fer-
tilized hes in the fact that the nutrition is defective; for it has been
shown by experiments that weak and poorly nourished orchard
trees often produce ineffective pollen, or unfaveurable weather con-
ditions cause great losses by preventing the proper maturity of the
pollen or pistil. Aldaba (*) has shown that desiccating influences

reduce the vitality of pollen, while it is a matter of common belief

among planters that heavy downpours of rains excessive cold, heat
and winds, or prolonged droughts interfere with setting of nuts.

When it Legan to Fe realised by coconut planters that ordinarily
fertilization was necessary to produce coconut fruits, it was custom-
ary to cons‘der all the female flowers, even when they were not ripe
to receive pollen, as fertilized or at least pollinated flowers. Thus
in 1898 the late J. M. de Sa (°°), then a District Administrator of
the Village Associations of Goa, wrote in his book “ O Coqueiro ”
that he had seen pollinated or fertilized flowers even in unopened
spathes: and the same idea was repealed about 14 years later by
L. C. Brown (*), late Inspector of Coconut Estates in the
F. M. 8. in a communication made to Mr. H. H. Smith, the
senior author of the Consols of the Fast. On this view Fredholm
(°), who, as far as I am able to make out, was the first man to
correct the view, remarked thus:—“ But when you state that

pollination takes place to a certain extent before the actual

full opening of the sheath, so that young fruit, which may or may
not properly set, is observ ed half-formed as soon as the flower-spike
comes into view, then you are wrong. You have evidently mistaken
the female flower bud for the young fruit (the fertilized ovum).
In this plant in-breeding is so exceptionally well guarded against
that it is well-nigh impossible, the pollen grains and the ovules of
one and the same inflorescence never arriving at maturity simul-
taneously. On this point I write, in my articles, as follows :—In-
breeding or close-breeding is guarded against as much as possible
in nature. Jt is prevented, in the case of the coconut palm, by a
difference in the time of expansion of the male and female flowers
on the same spadix, and asa palm rarely has more than one inflores-
cence at a time with open flowers, the pollination of the female
flowers is generally brought about by pollen from the staminate
flowers of another palm. Thus cross-pollination is the rule. The
pistillate flowers do not expand before the staminates of the same
spadix have shed their pollen and fallen out. Until that time
the gynaecium remains completely covered by the perianth leaves.”

Observations nade by various other investigators such as
Petch (78) in Ceylon, Sampson (71) in India, and “Jepson (F8) can
Fiji, confirmed those of Fredholm’s. But though the conclusions

266

of Fredholm appear to hold good in most of the countries where:
coconuts are grown, they are not universally true. Not only is:
there the possibility of exceptions occurring in places where nor-
mally the female flowers open when all of male flowers have been
shed (7°), but in certain places as in the warm, humid lowlands of
Malaya “the female phase not only begins, but most frequently
ends before, or at the same time as, the male phase, thus rendering
self-pollination the rule instead of being an occasional chance oc-
currence (‘*).” Messrs. Jack and Sands from whom the above
quotation is taken have succeeded in obtaining fruits by bagging
an unopened coconut inflorescence, and my observations on the
dwarf varieties in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, lend support to:
their conclusions. This behaviour of the palms in the F. M. 8. may
be due to some hereditary qualities; but is also possible to attribute:
this variation in the anthesis of coconut flowers to climatic con-
ditions and the fact that Van der Wolk (74) has shown that the
ripening of female flowers is hastened by covering them with black
paper so as to reduce light and warmth, may be invoked in support
of this

The mode in which the coconut flower presents its stigma for
the reception of the pollen is quite different from that of most of
our garden flowers. In the latter the petals become loose as the
stigma matures, open out exposing the stigma and then after a
time wither and drop off. Such however, is not the case with the
members of the perianth of the coconut flower. They never drop off
unless the ovary or the fruit itself is detached and when young they
form a very tight case in which the pistil is protected. The perianth
leaves grow extremely slowly attaining the final length of about
two to three centimetres, whereas the pistil inside grows com-
paratively at an enormous rate so that it forces them apart and
extrudes the stigma-bearing region, on the ripening of which the:
stigmatic grooves become exposed to receive pollen. There is &
secretion of nectar both from these grooves as well as from the
region surrounding them. The period during which the female
flower remains receptive varies in different places. At Akyab (7°)
and at Peradeniya (1°), for instance, it is about 24 hours, while in
Los Banos (') and Singapore it is about 2 to 3 days.

Biology of Pollen.

Pollen grains of the coconut are spherical and smooth, without
any asperities, but on exposure of a few seconds they turn ellipsoidal
with a single meridian groove or suture which, according to Kerner
(*4), is characteristic of palms. On wetting the grains resume their
original shape, the longitudinal fold disappearing. This groove:
seems to point out that coconut pollen belongs to the type adapted
to be transported by insects rather than to the type easily watted
by winds. There are two kinds of pollen grains, fertile and in--
fertile, the latter are about half the size of the former. Aldaba’s:
(1) countings show that infertile pollen grains vary in the:

267

Philippines from 3 to 33 per cent, but in Singapore the abortive
grains appear to be very few.

It is the general belief that pollen grains of palms, when kept
in dry condition, retain their fertilizing properties unimpaired for
a very long time so that they can be exported to distant countries
for the purpose of pollinating certain varieties which are desired
to be crossed, and Kerner (**) quotes a tradition which says that
the pollen of Date-palms together with that of Hemp and Maize,
ean be used effectively for artificial pollination even after a lapse of
eighteen years. Hence I made pollen culture in cane sugar solu-
tions to ascertain whether there was any possibility of female flowers
being fertilized in nature with the pollen from the same inflores-
eence. At the time I started my studies I had come across only a
few exceptions at Akyab where female flowers ripened before the
male flowers in the same inflorescence had finished shedding their
pollen, but had not seen the paper by Aldaba on the subject, nor did
I know of the studies made by Jack and Sands which show that in
Malaya self-pollination is the rule rather than the exception. Hence
I duplicated many of the results obtained by others. In these
studies I obtained the best results with 20% cane-sugar solution,
and it was found that every day more and more pollen grains lost
their vitality when kept under ordinary conditions till on the
seventh day only 3% showed any germination and after that period
no grains were seen germinating. Aldaba’s (*) findings show that
in Los Banos, 25 to 30% are the best cane-sugar solutions for
effecting germination of pollen grains of the coconut, that pollen
remains viable for two to nine days, and that pollen grains from
different trees do not maintain their viability for the same length
of time.

Now we have seen above that in many places the staminate
flowers fall off before the stigmas of the female flowers in the same
inflorescence become receptive and it is usual among the planters to
argue that where this occurs in-breeding or fertilization by the
pollen from the same infiorescence is impossible and that emas-
culation of the inflorescence of which female flowers only are to be
used is unnecessary. That this way of arguing is fallacious is
shown by the above results which show that pollen may, under
ordinary conditions, retain its vitality even for nine days. Added
to this there is the danger of female flowers ripening earlier than
usual and, thereby, of their getting self-pollinated, thanks to the
reduction of light and warmth caused by the bags used to protect
the flowers from foreign pollen; for in the above referred ex-
periments with black paper Van der Wolk (**) was able to secure
self-pollinated nuts from trees where under ordinary conditions selt-
pollination was impossible.

When, instead of being kept exposed to ordinary atmospheric
conditions, the pollen grains were preserved in celluloid capsules
such as are used in administering quinine powder to patients, and
the capsules were coated with melted tallow, a greater percentage
of pollen grains were found to remain viable. Sampson (°**)

268°

writes in his Coconut Palm that coconut pollen can be preserved
for several days in hermetically sealed tubes without losing its
vitality. But further investigations in this matter are needed so
that a system of artificial pollination may be evolved which will
insure the rapid improvement of so important a crop as the coconut.
It should also be such as to render it easy for planters to know
not only the maternity but also the paternity of the seeds chosén. —
“Tf pollen grains are wetted,” writes Sampson (71), “they at once
assume a rounded shape and commence to disintegrate within the
space of two or three hours. It is thus evident that, in the moist
tropical climate which favours the growth of the coconut palm,
there is no chance of the shed pollen grains remaining dormant
till the female flowers are open and receptive.” We have seen
that when exposed to ordinary conditions in a laboratory in
Singapore pollen remained viable for even seven days. But to test
how long the vitality of pollen may remain when it is exposed
to an atmosphere saturated with moisture, some was dusted on
to a slide kept on a cell and put into a closed petri dish partly
filled with water. It was found that had after 6} hours exposure
to such saturated atmosphere the pollen had not lost its vitality,
but after 12 hours exposure to such conditions more than 75%
of the grains had lost their vitality.

Pollinating Agents.

In most countries, as has been explained above, there is very
little chance of the female flowers being fertilized hy the pollen
from the same inflorescence. This means, therefore, that they have
to depend for pollen upon other inflorescences, either from the same
tree or from others. The chances of obtaining pollen from an in-
florescence on the same tree are very much reduced by the fact that
it is only occasionally that a fresh inflorescence opens before the
previous one has finished flowering, and this in spite of the vigour
and prolificness of some trees. This means that a large number of
female flowers have to depend for their pollen on other trees. This
explains why in most countries there is so much variation in the
seedlings raised from the nuts of the same tree or even from the
same inflorescence, when seedlings raised from dwarf coconuts of
Malaya where cross-pollination is an occasional chance occurrence
behave so like their parent palms (’”).

Since the stamens and pistils are borne in separate flowers, the
pollination in nature can only take place with the pollen brought by
winds, or by insects and other creatures that are attracted to them
because of their peculiar scent, colour, nectar etc. Knuth (7) re-
marks that the coconut is pollinated through the agency of wind,
but quotes Fr. Dahl who noticed the birds Charmosyna subplacens
Scl.,Cinnyris frenata S. Mull. and C. corinna Salvad. as the frequent
visitors of coconut flowers in the Bismarck Archipelago. According
to Petch ('%), pollination is effected chiefly by bees and hornets in
Ceylon, though from the structure of the flower, he admits that the
wind may be also responsible for the transference to a great

269

extent. Hunger states that the coconut is pollinated by wind as
_ well as by imsects, and among these figure wasp (wespen), bee
(begin), fly (vliegen), beetle (kevers), and ant (mieren). Aldaba
_ (*) working in the Philippines found so little pollen carried by wind
from one tree to another that he attaches very little importance to
eross-pollination by this agent. The principal insects observed by
him as probable pollinating agents are the house fly (Musca
domestica Linn.) several species of Luetlia (Diptera), Vespa
luctuosa Sauss., Sarcophaga sp. Rhynchium atrum Sauss., A pis
indica, Trigona birot (Hymenoptera) and Prionecerus caerulei-
pennis Perty (Coleoptera). Sampson from the peculiar struc-
ture of the flower and the honey glands infers that nature has
intended that the coconut flowers should be fertilised by the aid
if insects. Burkill (°) has noted Apis dorsata and A. indica on
coconuts in Singapore, but remarks that this genus is often found
in the Malay Peninsula on palms overwhelmingly “on male
- flowers, or on flowers in their male stage, obtaining food without
giving what would seem to be an adequate return” and that only
Apis indica has been seen behaving in that manner in Singapore.
_ The observations of Jack and Sands (77), on the pollination of
coconuts in the Malay Peninsula are of unique interest. “ In three
unopened inflorescences which were bagged in muslin bags, self-
pollination was effected naturally and fruits were formed, while in
_ three other inflorescences which were emasculated immediately on
opening, no pollination took place and no fruits were formed,
_ though the female flowers behaved normally and although male
flowers on adjacent trees were in full bloom. In a similar connec-
tion, it has been observed that odd isolated coconut trees growing
even under bad conditions produce fruit so that self-pollination
Must take place. When coconut flowers are in ful! bloom, at about
_ 10 a.m., when the dew has dried up and when the gentle breezes
frequently begin, clouds of pollen can be seen floating away in
sunlight. In a very slight breeze these pollen clouds do not travel
far owing to the weight of the pollen but it is highly probable that
with the strengthening of the breeze as the day advances the pollen
clouds are carried to considerable distance and thus cross-pollina-
tion is effected.” From this it would appear that insects play an
‘unimportant part in the pollination or rather cross-pollination of
coconut flowers in the Malay Peninsula. However, as said above,
in most countries where coconuts are grown the coconut flowers
behave differently. Aldaba’s (*) results support the view held
by many planters outside the Peninsula that an isolated tree does
not bear fruit if male flowers in the succeeding cluster do not shed
pollen during the period when the stigmas of the female flowers
below are yet in a receptive condition, and that a tree in a grove
under the same conditions bears fruit. Jepson (**) who paid a
special attention to the insects beneficial or otherwise to coconuts,
aiter saying that pollination of coconuts in Fiji is dependent on
_ wind and insects, among which he noticed bees and some black
hymenoptera, attributes the dropping in many districts of Fiji of
female flowers in large numbers, resulting in poor yield, to the

\

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rego CERES Huet sie

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by

ht ene te tne ype greener naan fiemtretionteone

270

great scarcity of insect life in the vicinity of an open inflorescence. —
He corroborates his view by the observation that, on estates where
bees are present in large numbers owing to artificial rearing or
otherwise, the yield of nuts is very remarkable high. On these
grounds he advises the planters in Fiji to introduce bees on their
coconut estates with the view of increasing their crops.

My own studies on this subject have not been very extensive,
but they throw some further light on the various points raised by
the previous investigators. Regarding the ant as pollintor Petch
(18) writes: “In considering the potential insect vistors to
flowers in the Tropics one has always to take into consideration the
ubiquitous ant. At first sight it seems possible that this insect
may take part in the conveyance of pollen from male to the female
flower, especially when the periods of the inflorescences overlap.
In that case they might convey pollen from one inflorescence to
another on the same tree. But it is improbable that they should
convey pollen from one tree to another, because the journeys of
this species, as a rule, do not extend to two trees.

“There is, however, a special provision on the female flower
of the coconut which more or less effectually excludes ants from
the work of pollination. The region below the stigma, almost the
whole of the area which is exposed when the female flower opens,
bears a large number of pores. When the flower is ripe these exude
a quantity of moisture which, at least in fine weather, forms a ring
of liquid round the stigma and prevents the ants reaching the latter.
It is not uncommon to see a crowd of black ants congregated round
the edge of this ring. It is probable that, as is usual in cases of
this kind, the liquid contains some sugar, so that the ants obtain
what they want without robbing the stigma. In any case, it keeps
the ants away from the stigma. The position of these water pores
can be clearly seen on the young fruit where they are indicated by
small whitish spots. These spots owe their colour to masses of
minute crystal which are deposited by the liquid.”

In the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, J have not found the
secretion is in sufficient quantities as to exclude the ant from
the stigmas. Hunger has included ants among the pollinators of
coconut flowers, and Aldaba admits the possibility of pollination
by ants when he presumes the conveyance of pollen by ants as the
probable reason for the development of a nut in an emasculated
bagged inflorescence. However it may be that the climate of
Peradeniya is favourable for the accumulation of the liquid in
such large quantities. In places, therefore, like Singapore, where
secretion is not in sufficient quantities as to exclude the ant from
the work of pollination, it will play an important part particularly
with coconuts where male and female flowers ripen together so as
to insure self-pollination. |

The insects that seem to do yeoman service in pollination or
cross-pollination of coconuts in Singapore are some species of
Melipona (the dammar bees), Apis dorsata, and some Muscidae

271

principally Musca very near nebulo (the common, Oriental house-
fly), Lucila sp., and Pycnosoma sp. These were seen visiting freely
both the male and female flowers, though the flies seem to engage
themselves more in sipping the honey from the female flowers
- than in feeding on the pollen or honey in the male flowers. Apis
indica was a rare visitor to the male flowers, but this bee, according
to Burkill, does not give an adequate return for the food it obtains
from the flowers of palms. Wasps do not appear so useful as the
bees in pollination as they visit the flowers mostly for the purpose
of preying on the bees and other insects which are usually beneficial
to the pollination of palms. Vespa cincta was frequently observed
hunting insects and only on one occasion it was observed
alighting on male flowers. Cyrtostomus pectoralis Hors., was seen
but once sipping the honey from the female flowers of a coconut
and according to Mr. Chasen of the Raffles Museum, Singapore,
Anthreptes malaccensis is the sunbird which is almost invariably
associated with coconuts in the Malay Peninsula. Various other
birds were also seen in the vicinity of coconut inflorescences, but
it must be borne in mind that even those birds which possess especial
adaptations in their beak for extracting nectar from various kinds
of flowers, often visit the flowers for the purpose of capturing
insects for their prey and hence the utility of birds in places where
there are insects such as bees to pollinate the flowers, is, like that
of wasps, doubtful.

My emasculation experiments on dwarf varieties gave results
which differ from those obtained by Jack and Sands in the F. M. 8.
in that | have been able to obtain nuts even though the nearest
tree from which pollen could be brought was about 50 yards away
from the tree, and though the inflorescences looked sickly and the
nectar secretion was reduced because of the injury resulting from
the emasculation. Further I have seen nuts developing on those
few inflorescences where female flowers became receptive only after
the falling of the male flowers. It makes me wonder therefore,
whether the failure in F. M. S. to obtain fruit from emasculated in-
florescences was not due to the injury resulting from the emascula-
tion or to the absence or scarcity of insect life useful in the pollina-
tion of coconut flowers. By keeping unpollinated emasculated in-
florescences side by side with the emasculated but artificially
pollinated ones it would be possible to throw considerable light on
this point.

Influence of Manures.

It is a known fact in horticulture that application of too much
nitrogenous manures causes the plants to vegetate at the expense
of flowers and fruits, while hme and phosphates tend to divert
this energy in the opposite direction, namely to the production of
flowers and fruits. Does the same thing occur in coconuts? What
manures exert beneficial influence on the flower production in
coconuts and what others act detrimentally? Unfortunatelly coco-
nuts have received very little attention in this line from the in-

272

vestigators and hence our knowledge is at present very limited.
We only know that tillage and manures increase the yield and that
coconuts require more potash, and probably salt also, than many
other fruit crops. However, it must be understood that to study
the influence of manures on flower production is not an easy matter
in the case of coconuts especially because the immediate effect of
manures on estate is often to increase the vegetative growth and
to reduce the yield of crops. In making such experiments due
consideration has to be given to the fact that the yield in coconuts
can be increased in a number of ways, the following being the
principal ones :—

1. By the increase in the number of female flowers in each
spadix ;

2. By causing to grow the spadices that otherwise would have
been dormant or abortive;

3. By the rapid production of leaves and inflorescences, due
to increase in the number of leaves produced during a given time.

4. By increasing the ability of the ovary to be fertilized even
under adverse conditions or increasing the vigour of pollen so that
it may be effective in fertilizing the ovum.

5. By reducing the fall of immature nuts due to malt-
nutrition of the plant.

All such points have to be considered in a study of the effect
of manures before anything can be definitely said about their
influence on the production of flowers. Copeland (*) has shown
that in the Philippines the leaves take one and a half years from
their first appearance until their full development, and that another
one and half years are required for fruits to mature in their axils.
This period, no doubt, will vary according to the local conditions ;
but, at any rate it gives us an idea how long the effects of a treat-
ment will last considering that the present treatment will, to a great
extent, determine the nature of the embryonic leaves and in-
florescences and, therefore, the future crop. Let us assume by way
‘of illustration, that we have started cultivating a very neglected
coconut tree. The first effect of this treatment may be that the
suppression of many inflorescences and a considerable improvement
in the general aspect of the tree. The next symptom of this treat-
ment may be the reduction in dropping of immature nuts, later on
the annual number of leaves produced may increase and with them
the number of inflorescences, then the number of abortive spadices
may gradually be lessened and lastly it may occur that the inflores-
cences produced may be longer, bearing a greater number of female
flowers. Many of these flowers may at first drop because the palms
are too weak to produce a sufficient quantity of good pollen. The
various changes may not take place in the order mentioned above ;
but the illustration will, I think, show the necessity of making
very careful records for a number of years and herein lies the
chief difficulty of experiments. Judging, however, from indirect
evidence it can be said that good treatment does increase the

273

number of inflorescences on a tree and of female flowers in each
inflorescences. Many of the villagers’ holdings in Goa are situated
at the foot of laterite hills, far away from any human habitations and
they do not usually receive any attention from their owners. ‘The
coconuts trees in such holdings have, as a rule» many spadices
aborted, those that are produced have a stunted growth, each bearing
ordinarily not more than four or six female flowers : while on
holdings which are under a more careful cultivator or near a well
or cattle byre the trees produce more spathes and more female
flowers in each spadix. Sampson (71) is also of opinion that
manuring does induce to an appreciable extent, the rapid develop-
ment of new bunches of flowers, drawing a basis for his assertion
from the better behaviour of coconut trees near a dwelling than
that of those growing at a distance from where plant food is
plentiful in the soil.

C. X. FuRTADO.

Literature Quoted.

1. Aldaba, V. a The ae of Coconut—Philip. Agricul-

turist, , 1921, pp. 195-2
es: Arte bag “This hooklet on coconut culti-
vation was circulated in the manuscript by the old Jesuits
from Goa. In 1814 long after the expulsion of the Jesuits
from the Portuguese territories, the Goa Government
Press printed it for the public. Since there has een
many editions or impressions. I quote from B. F. da

- Costa’s edition of 1872

eo

ww)

Anonymous. Male or Needless Coconuts—A qrl. News, Bar-

bados, VI, 1907, p. 87.

4. Bailey. L. H. Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Il, 1917,
p. 813.

5. Brown, lL. C.. Quoted by Smith and Pape, pp. 590-591.

6. Burkill, 1. H. Some Notes on the Pollination of Flowers in
the Malay Peninsula, Gardens’ Bulletin, 11, 1919, pp. 165-
176.

Copeland, E. B. Physiology of the Coconut—Philip. Agri-
culturist ond Forester, vol. 1, 1911, pp. 44-50.

8. Costa, B. F. da. Manual Pratico do Agricultor Indiano,

Vol. I, Lisboa, 1872
9. Fredholm, A. Quoted by Smith and Pape, pp. 591-593.

~?

10. Furtado, C. XN. The Coconut Inflorescences-—Poona Agr.
Coll. Mag., XTV, 1923 pp. 213-221, and Ripening of
Coconut Flowers Aaqrl. Journ. India, XVIII. 1923, p. 561.

11. Hunger, T. W. F. Cocos nucifera, Amsterdam, 1920.

Jack, H. W. & W. N. Sands—The Dwarf Coconut in Malaya—
Malayan Agrl. Tourn, X, 1923, pp. 4-12.

co)

274

13. Jepson, F. P. Depart. Agric, Fiji, Pamphlet No. 16.
p. 3, Suva 1915.

14. Werner von Maurilaun, A—The Natural History of Plunts,
English Ed. Vol. I], London 1895, pp. 96 & 99.

15. Knuth, B. Handbuch, der Blutenbiologie. Bd. L11, Leipzig,
1904, pp. 59 and 78.

16. Kupfer, Elsie M., Imperfect Coconuts—/ourn. New York Bot.
Gard., 11, 1901, pp. 69-71.

17. Lovola, J. 1. de, Culturas Indianas, Orlim, Goa, 1896.

18. Petch, T. The Flower of the Coconut—Trop. Agricul/urist.
ALI, 1913. pp. 449-455.

19. Rangachari. K.—A Manual of Klementary Botany for Indie,
2nd Edit., Madras, p. 415.

0 Sa, J. M. de, O Coquetro, Nova-Goa, 1898.
Sampson. H. ©., The Coconul Palm, London, 1923.

i
2, Smith, HW. H. & F. A. G. Pape, Coconuls: the Conusols of the
Rast, 2nd Ed. London, 1913.

24. Van der Wold. Quoted by Hunger, pp. 33.
25

Worsdell, W. C., Principles of Plant-Teratology, Vol. 11,
London 1916, pp. 191-192.

BRANGHED COCONUT PALMS AND THEIR
FERTILITY.

Apropos of the note on the Fertility of Branched Coconut
Palms by Mr. Burkill, published on page 1-2 of Vol. IIT of this
sulletin, the following may not he without interest to readers.

Normally one coconut fruit gives rise to one shoot and this
in its turn to one stem. It is not infrequently, however, that one
meets with wide deviations from this normal phenomenon. <A nut,
for instance, may on germination, give rise to more than one shoot,
each arising from a separate carpel in the nut. The writer has not
come across an instance where a nut had more than two fertile
carpels: but it must be remembered that the coconut has a trilo-
cular ovary wherein normally two of the locules become abortive.
Cases, therefore, may occur where all three carpels may be stimu-
lated to become fertile as in some species related to Cocos nucifera.
Forbes reports of “a nut with three cells separated by leathery
walls.” Sampson ('*) appears to have seen cases where the septa
separating the ovules were hard and not leathery. Forhes, in his
article above referred to writes: “I have seen also nuts with cells
ranging from four to eight and ten. I send you a rough outline
sketch of a tree which has come up from a nut of fourteen cells,
all of which germinating, producing a tree with fourteen stems

bo

79

united at the base.” If Forbes’ conclusions as to the occurrence of
more than three cells in a nut are correct, then the phenomenon
concerned might be a case of vegetative multiplication of carpels.
If, on the other hand, his conclusions were based merely on the
number of shoots that appeared on germination of a nut, then
these alternatives are possible (1) that the numerous shoots are
due either to the occurrence of polyembryony as in mango, citrus,
onion, etc., or (2) to the fasciation of the plumule, or (3) to the
monon odial branching with very much abbreviated axis. All these
phenomena are loosely described as “ branching ” although only
in the last two cases the true phenomenon of branching occurs.
In all other cases, the shoots are distinct individuals, though due to
a close adhesion among themselves they may appear to start from
single point. The references about the occurrence of polyembryony
or more than three carpels in coconuts are not clear, and, therefore,
the subject demands further investigations.

The ramification of the main shoot in coconuts is not re-
stricted to the young age only. ‘There are numerous instances where
adult coconut palms have branched. The phenomenon concerned
in tranching palms has been discussed by. Mr. Ridley, (7°) the
late Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. He appears to
hold the view that true dichotomy never occurs in palms. - If this
view is correct then the phenomenon of fasciation also never occurs
in palms, since fasciation and dichotomy are essentially one and
the same phenomenon with the difference that, while in the latter
there appears only two shoots, in the former they are always more
than two. But the view that true dichotomy never occurs in palms
is not absolutely true. Schoute (**) has observed the phenomenon
of fasciation in stems of some abnormal palms, and that of “ true
dichotomy of the stem, as a normal feature, in Hyphaene, an
African palm. It (dichotomy) arose as follows: ‘ The apical
meristem ceased to grow, and in place of it, at equal lateral
distances therefrom, two new ones appeared.’ From this it is
obvious that there was no division of the apical meristem into two,
and yet true dichotomy is present: because the two lateral branches
did not arise owing to injury to the stem-apex: because they
are not axillary to any leaves; and because an ‘angle-leaf’ is
present opposite the fork as is the case in dichotomyzing stems of
Cryptogams. Moreover, the two branches bore lateral buds in the
axils of every leaf. Velenovsky ('*) has also established by per-
sonal observation that true dichotomy occurs in Chamaedorea
Martiana.” Worsdell (71) cites a case where the plumule of the
palm Pinanga maculata in the Kew Gardens, was branched down
to the extreme base, the branches being subtended by a common
basal sheath. The case was one where it was not easy to decide
whether the phenomenon concerned was a true dichotomy or not.

There is another phenomenon which might be confused
with the true branching. On the Noakhally Plantation, Akyab.
Burma, I was shown plants which were considered as cases of bud-
rot and these plants had their central leaves decaying and in some

a

Ge ee FB

mre eee ap pete eaegpera

276

‘ases giving disagreable smell. Though a special watch was not |
kept on the plantation for the disease, yet 1t was customary to
kill and burn all such plants that came to the notice of the manager
and spray the neighbouring ones with copper sulphate. It was
sald that the disease was never seen in the Estate on plants older
than ten or twelve years and.that the cases were always sporadic,
the attacked trees never cccurring in groups or bearing any definite
relation to the old cases. All this information coupled with my
observation of the fact that numerous plants showimg similar
symptoms, escaped the notice of the man in charge of the planta-
tion and that the disease neither killed these untreated plants
nor did it seem to spread from these to the neighbouring trees
led me to the conclusion that the trouble in question was other
than the suspected bud-rot, genuine cases of which disease I never
met on the plantation during my six months stay there. Further
observations showed that the ;athological condition in most cases
could be traced as the consequences of the injury to the palm by the
much-prevalent rhinoceros beetles. When the injury to the cabbage
reached the apex, the latter was stimulated to change its direction
of growth with the result that the young leaves produced previous
to this change were siaiyed vo death and started to decay. Now the
idea that this change of direction of growing apex could be mistaken
for true branching would never have occurred to me were it not
for the fact, that, through the criticisms by Petch and Gadd, my
attention was drawn to such views entertained by Sharples and
Lambourne. The former writers have discussed the matter at
sufficient length in the Annals of Botany, Vol. 37, July 1923, pp.
445-450, and shown that the cases which are considered as genuine
cases of lateral branching by the latter (vide Annals, Vol. 36, Jan.
1922) are most probably the ones where a change in the direction
of growth of the apical bud from vertical to horizontal is involved.

There is vet another phenomenon commonly called “ branch-
ing”, though strictly speaking it is a case which ought to go under
the title of chloranthy or proliferation. It consists in the meta-
morphosis of an inflorescence shoot and usually the trees start
producing these abnormal structures when it is of the age to
produce normal inflorescences and it continues to produce them
till its death. Ridley, (7°) Petech (7%) Ivengar ('°) and Burkill
(*) have discussed this abnormality in some detail. From the
perusal of the literature consulted and from my own observations:
T am led to conclude that these “ bulbils ”, for so they are termed
by Ridley, are never persistent, though Forbes, from his observations
made in the Cocos Keeling Islands, was inclined to believe them so.
No doubt these outgrowths have usually a much longer life than
normal inflorescences, or the leaves of the trees. In one case |
observed these abnormal inflorescences grew for more than five
years. But even if their life was prolonged for more years I do
not think they would give rise to the permanently branched palm,
at least the phenomenon concerned would be very different from
that of the ordinary ramification in palms. (ef. Burkill’s paper).

277

The peduncle that bears these abnormal structures is essentially
of the type of the normal inflorescences: clean, and fibrous for a
foot or less from the base, while the structure of the branches
from the point of fork is of the type of the stem. The peduncle
does not increase in size much more than the peduncle of normal
inflorescences, and, like the peduncle of normal inflorescences, has
a tendency to form absciss layer and separate form the main axis.
Some of these bulbils bear minute inflorescences consisting of tiny
male florets and no female. In the cases observed by me these
flowers were borne by secondary shoots produced on the bulbils.
The bulbils do not show any tendency to form roots in artificial
media (°) & (7°).

Dr. Pulney Andy (*) has described a monstrosity which
consisted in the phyllody of the greater portion of the female
flowers in the spadix, and not of the whole inflorescence itself.
Here too “the flower-bud cannot, by such metamorphosis, give
rise to ramification in a palm without a true axillary leaf-hud.”

Fertility.

In the above discussion it becomes clear that the term
“branching ” is loosely applied to various phenomena, including
some that cannot be classed as branching. And it is possible that
the conception that the true branched palms are permanently
infertile has orginated from the confusion which exists as to the
meaning of the term “ branched” coconut palms, that is, by trans-
ference to others of the conception derived from some special case
or phenomena. Otherwise the prevalence of the idea that the
branched palms are permanently unproductive is really unfounded.

I have seen a coconut “branching” at the base bearing
fruits ; and there are numerous references which show that branched
coconuts are not infertile. Morris, (11) for instance, reports a
fruit in the Kew Museum from a branched coconut tree of the
Fiji Islands. According to Scott, (78) there was a tree in the
vicinity of Calcutta with five fruit-bearing branches. Henry (°*)
makes mention of a coconut tree in the Marquezas Islands, which
at the age of eighteen branched into two, both heads starting to bear
fruits after two years from the occurrence of the forking. Among
these cases there are at least two references which are of interest
to Malaya. The frontispiece of the treatise on coconut by Munro
and Brown (7°) is of a coconut tree branching out near the top
into five distinct stems, each of which is carrying fruit. The
second is of a coconut tree in Penang which had six branches, each
of which were “loaded with nuts.” (*) Apart from these, the
Consols of the East by Smith and Pape (°°) and Hunger’s Cocos
nucifera (°) have photographs of branched coconut palms bearing
fruits. In fact considering the presence of the photographs in the
above quoted standard treatises on coconut, one cannot understand
the reputed prevalence in Malaya of the view that branched coconut
palms are sterile,

278

By this I do not wish to be understood to say that all truly
branched coconut palms are productive. Cases may occur where
branched coconuts may not start yielding for a very long period;
but in such cases, before one can draw conclusions, it has to be ascer-
tained whether the unproductiveness is due to want of proper
care, to the fact that the tree has not yet finished branching, or to
some other cause.

A very interesting point in connection with these abnormal
palms is to know how their progeny behave and it is very astonishing
that nobody has yet tried to solve this question. It is not yet
known, for instance, whether seeds of these palms will keep true
to the abnormal character or return to the character of the parents
to these abnormal ones; whether all of the seeds will do so or only
a part of them, and how large a part. In carrying investigations
in these lines care has to be taken to prevent cross-fertilisation
with the pollen from other plants. This will probably be an easy
matter with the dwarf coconuts in Malaya where normally the
male and female flowers ripen in a manner as to ensure self-
pollination if protected by a bag from foreign pollen. If, however,
the inflorescences of these abnormal palms are protandrous, then
the female flowers will have to be artificially fertilised with the
pollen from the male flowers in the same tree. The branches of
palms subject to heavy winds and, therefore, liable to be broken,
may be induced to form aerial roots on stems by marcottage and
then detached and planted in a place convenient to carry on with
the observations. The crown of a palm thus detached has been
observed by me to grow when planted out and this practice, it
appears, is sometimes resorted to by the gardeners in Malabar,
India. (°)

In cases where the inflorescences foliate I have not come
across a single reference stating that such trees or their bulbils have
borne fruits. In the case described by Dr. Pulney Andy the tree
does not produce a perfect fruit. And probably these are the only
two phenomena of the ones described above which are infertile.
These cases however should not be confused with the ones where
coconut fruits, instead of falling when mature and dry, remain on
the stalk and under certain conditions germinate on the tree.
Guppy (*) saw a case where a seedling thus germinated was about
eighteen inches high.

C. X. Furtapo.
Bibliography.

1. Annoy, P. S.—On Branched Palms in Southern India—
Trans. Linn Soc. XXVI, (1870) pp. 661-662.
See also J. Shortt’s article on the same subject in the
Jour. Linn, Soc. Botany, Vol XI, (1871) pp. 14-17.

2. Burxrii, I. H.—An Abnormality in the Coconut Palm.—
Jour. R. Asiatic Soc., Straits Br. No. 69, (1915) p. 15.

8, Ceylon Observer, Nov. 7%, 1991—Quoted in Agric, News,
Barbados, Vol I, p, 62, .

279

_Forspes, H. O.—Notes on the Cocos Nucifera—Jour. Botany,
XVII, (1879) pp. 193-194.

Furrapo, C. X. and Barreto, P. C.—An Abnormality of
Coconut Inflorescence—The Poona Agric. College Maga-
zine, XII, (19 /) No. 2, p. 81-82.

Furtapo, C. X _—Vegetative Reproduction in Coconuts—
The Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. XV, 1922, pp. 144-146.

Guppy, H. B.—Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific,
_ London, 1906, Vol Il, p. 472.

Henry, C.—Internat. Rev. of Sci. and Pract. of Agriculiure,
Rome, (1920), No. 1088.

Huncer, F. W. T.—Cocos nucifera, Amsterdam, 1920, p. 218,
pl. LIX.

Tyencar, M. O. P.—Note on a Bulbiferous Coconut Tree
from Malabar—Jour. Indian Botany, Vol. IIT, (1923)
pp- 289-291.

E Morris, D.—On the Phenomenon C onecerned in the Pro-
duction of Forked and Branched Palms—Jour. Linn. Soe.
Bot. XXIX, (1892) pp. 281-298.

. Munro, R. W. and Brown. L. C—A Practical Guide to
Coconut Planting, London, 1916.

Percu, T.—Abnormalities of the Coconut Palm—Ann. Roy.
Bot. Gard. Peradeniya, Vol VI, (1915-17) pp. 25-29.

Petco T. and Gapp, C. H.—The. Replacement of the
Terminal Bud in the Coconut Palm. Annals of Botany,
XXXVIT, 1923, pp. 445-450.

Riptey, H. N.—Branching in Palms—Annals of Botany,
Vol XXI, (1907), pp. 415—See also Worsdell’s Ter-
atology, Vol I. pp. 109-111.

Sampson, H. ©(—The Coconut Palm: The Science and
Practice of Coconut Cultivation, London, 1923. pp.

ScHOUTE et VELENovsKY—Quoted by WorsDELL, Op. Cit.
pp- 85 et 90.

Scott J.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, Vol. L, pt. I (1874) p. 118

SHaRpLes, A., and LAMBOURNE, J.—Observations in Malaya
on Bud-rot of Coconuts. Annals of Botany, XXXVI,
1922, pp. 53-70.

SmitHo, H. H. and Parse, F. A. G—Coconuts: ~ Consols
of the East, London, 1915, p. 424.

Worspett, W. C.—The Principles of Plant-Teratology, Vol.
I, London, 1915, pp. 109-111.

280

A CHINESE BELIEF REGARDING PHYLLOCACTUS
HOOKERI, WALP.

It is not possible that Phyllocactus Hookeri, a Brazilian’
member of the Cactus family, can be a plant which was treasured
in China in the time of the Sung Dynasty (960 to 1278 A. D.);
but from information very kindly supplied to the Gardens by Mr.
Tan Tang Niah, J. P., President of the Chong Cheng School in
Singapore, it seems that in his native Amoy it is now identified
with the “ Kheng-fa ” plant of the Chinese classics.

“The IKheng-fa was held a very precious plant in the time
of the Sung dynasty, and there was known but a single individual
of it which grew in the Hau-tho-chhi temple in Yang-chow, where,
they said, it had been planted during the ‘ang dynasty (618 to
954 A. D.). Its leaves were by report tender and smooth, with a
shining brightness, and its petals thick and pale yellow. Its
fragrance was exceptionally sweet. This treasure the emperor
Yan-chung, of the Sung dynasty, removed to his forbidden garden,
where after a year it showed symptoms of death: but when it was
taken back to Yang-chow it revived. Finally during the Chi-yuan
years of the Yuan dynasty which followed the Sung dynasty it
withered and died. A priest Kam-yu-sui planted in its place a
Chu-pat-sin plant; and so during this dynasty what was known
as the Kheng-fa was in truth the Chu-pat-sin.”

Now, let it be remarked that at the end of the Sung dynasty
the chief occupation of the Taoist priesthood in China was a
search for medicinal herbs which would bestow immortality:
and it is reasonable to consider the above story as connected there-
with.

Mr. Tan Tang Niah flowered the plant of Phyllocactus
TTookeri that he had received from Amoy, in May 1922. Since
then others have obtained Phyllocactus plants in Singapore, who
offer the flowers as a drug of immense value. In their belief of
its value is probably another echo of the long-ago search for a
drug bestowing immortality.

A medicinal value of any kind however is extremely question-
able; and the repute of it rests in all probability on no more than
the plant’s slow growth.

I, H. Burxkit,

CLEOME CHELIDONII. LINN. F., IN THE
MALAY PENINSULA.

In the larger towns of the Malay Peninsula Chinese are to be
found who prescribe various fresh herbs to such sick as may
consult them; and recently in the shop of one of these in Penang
two species of Cleome were detected by Mr. Mohamed Haniff, the
owner distinguishing them as “lek tau chhau ” and “ it tau chhau.”
The first proved to be Cleome viscosa, a plant whose virtues
are known in the East. The other proved to be Cleome chelidonw;

281

and a critical examination of the herbarium material preserved
in Singapore showed that it is not a new-comer to Penang, for it
was collected by Mr. C. Curtis in that island at Pulau Tikus in
1893, and had been obtained previously in 1890 at Prai in Province
Wellesley.

Cleome chelidonii occurs in India from the Santal hills,
Orissa and Gujarat, southwards, as a weed by no means uncommon.
Jt is found also in Java.

It is possible that it has reached Malaysia by the agency of-
man: but whether that be so or not, it must now be added to the
lists of Malayan plants.

I. H. BurxKILt.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXPANSION OF
DICTYOPHORA INDUSIATA, DESV.

Though there are excellent accounts of Phalloids from Ceylon
and Java, so that probably nearly all the species are known, very
few observations have been made in Malaya, and in the literature
at the writer’s disposal there is no detailed account of the expansion
of Dictyophora indusiata, one of the commonest tropical species.
Fischer, in his account of the group in Engler’s Pflanzenfamilien
(Teil I, Abt. 1** p. 278), records that the maximum rate of
expansion observed was 5mm. in a minute (in Brazil) ; C. G. Lloyd
(Synopsis of the known Phalloids, Cincinnati 1909) records an
observation of 4 cm. in a minute. The present writer recently
had the opportunity of observing the expansion of this species,
and the notes made appear to be worth placing on record.

Petch (Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya Vol. IV pp. 145-151)
states that at Peradeniya he could always find specimens fully
expanded with the veil still rigid between 8 and 9 a.m., and
suggests that expansion probably takes place about 6 a.m., the time
of maximum humidity there. Moller in Brazil found expansion
to occur between 2 and 7 a.m. In Singapore the time would
appear to be as in Ceylon, or occasionally even later. On one
occasion fully expanded specimens were found at 8 a.m. but those
on which the observations here recorded were made expanded
between 8 and 9 a.m.

On May 30th at about 8.15 a.m. my attention was called to
three specimens growing on bare ground in a shady place near the
Gardens Office. Their condition at this time was as follows:

A. Stalk elongated but veil not yet expanded, the edge just
beginning to free itself below the cap.

B. A smaller specimen, in a slightly earlier stage of development,
the veil completely hidden by the cap.

©. An unbroken egg.

282

These were brought into the laboratory and supported in
earth under a bell glass. During this operation the edge of the
veil of A continued to expand, even though for a few minutes it
was lying on the bench. The early stages of expansion were
observed in the specimen C, and the later stages in A. and B. C
did not properly complete its development. The complete history
given in the following paragraph was therefore not observed in a
single individual. |

After the egg had broken at the apex, the splitting of the
volva continued slowly. After about 20: minutes the cap was
protruding slightly and the egg was split nearly to the base.
Then suddenly the stalk began to expand, growing to a length
of about 10 cm. in about 15 seconds. Unfortunately the observer
had no time to make an accurate measurement of the time taken
in this process, which was exceedingly rapid. Extension continued
gradually till about 30 minutes later the total length was about.
15 em. During this period the edge of the veil began to expand
shightly from underneath the cap, extending downwards at most
5 cm. Specimen C did not expand beyond this point, the inner
surface of the cap not freeing itself properly from the folded veil.
In specimens A and B, when the edge of the veil had slightly
unfolded, the cap began to move, owing to the further extension
of the portion of the stalk above the point of attachment of the
veil (hidden by the cap). This extension was from 2 to 3 cm.
and in specimen B was complete in two minutes. The extension
was accompanied by slight movements of rotation, as if the cap
were consciously wriggling to set itself free from the veil. When
the extension was complete the folded mass of the veil was
completely exposed, and began at once to expand. The unfolding
process occupied about 20 minutes in both A and B, the veil
reaching down quite to the surface of the soil in which the bases
of the eggs were embedded. The total time of expansion was
therefore about 70 minutes, possibly as much as 90 minutes, from
the breaking of the egg to the complete unfolding of the veil.

The gleba was quite dry when the cap first appeared, and.
gradually became viscid during the course of expansion. At the
same time the veil beneath the cap gradually became separated
from it. In specimen C it was observed that in those parts where
the under surface of the cap remained adhering to the veil the
gleba on the upper surface failed to liquefy; possibly the same
source which provides water for the liquefaction of the gleba
also causes a wetting and consequent lubrication of the surfaces
of contact of the veil and cap, allowing of their separation.

The exceedingly rapid, expansion of the: fructification is
made possible by the mesh structure of the wall of the hollow
stalk; the process must be regarded as in the nature of the
expansion of a spring which has been placed under pressure and
then released. The pressure is presumably due to the turgidity
of the cells of the stalk and veil. It is obvious that no
further water can be supplied to these cells during the process:

283

of expansion, and it is therefore essential that expansion should
take place rapidly and in a humid atmosphere. Under the bell
jar the veils remained fairly rigid for three or four hours, and the
stalks for 24 hours.

Rk. E. Hourrum.

MOSQUITO LARVAE IN THE PITCHERS OF
NEPENTHES.

In the Journal of the Straits Branch, R. Asiatic Society, No.
22 p. 430 (1890) Mr. H. N. Ridley published a note stating that
he had observed mosquito larvae in the pitchers of Nepenthes
ampullaria growing in the Gardens Jungle, and that he had reared
some of these to maturity in the pitcher. This was probably the
first record of such an occurrence. The fact was toate
confirmed by Mr. Percy Groom (Annals of Botany Vol. 7. p. 231).
The presence of digestive enzymes in the water atiined in the
pitchers makes it remarkable that the larvae are able to dev elop
to maturity in such a medium. It is perhaps noteworthy that the
pitchers of V. ampullaria have a small hd which is bent back,
so that more rain water is able to enter than into the pitchers of
some other species; this additional water would cause a dilution
of the enzymes present. However, Mr. Burkill has observed on
Penang Hill that mosquito larvae are easily found in the large
lidded pitchers of Nepenthes albomarginata. In the paper quoted
in the next paragraph there is no reference to the species of
Nepenthes concerned.

Since Mr. Ridley’s observation there have been numerous
similar records, end in a recent number of the Pulletin of
intomological Research (Vol. 14 pt. 1 pp. 1-2) Mr. F. W. Edwards
gives a list of species of mosquitos which have been found breeding
in Nepenthes pitchers in the Oriental Region. Most of the records
are from the Malay Peninsula and the total number of species 1s
sixteen. A new record in this paper is the collection of Megarhinus
metallicus in Nepenthes pitchers on Cameron’s Highlands by
Dr. H. P. Hacker.

R. E. Houtrum.

THE FLORAS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA,
BORNEO AND THE Serena = ISLANDS.

Volumes 1, 2 and 3 of Mr. H. N. Ridley’s Flora of the Malay
Peninsula (London, 1922—1924) so appeared, and volumes 2
and 3 of Mr. E. D. Merrill’s Enumeration of Philippine Flowering
Plants (Manila, 1923). Further the latter’s Bibliographic Index
of Bornean plants (Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, special number, 1921) is available. With these

284

three a comparison of the natural orders of the Dicotyledons as
they occur in the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo, and in the Philippine
islands becomes possible; and the following count of the species
within them has been made. The sequence of the enumeration is
Mr. Ridley’s: differences in hmits as regards the orders are
sufficiently brought out in.the column of ordinal names. As the
northern end of the Philippines is in the latitude of Calcutta,
and the southern in that of Taiping i.e. 5° N., differences are to
be expected due to their northward extension, the Peninsula
for the purpose of the Flora not going further north than the
7th. degree: also because cultivation has in the Philippines a longer
continuous history, they are fuller of weeds than the Peninsula
and than Borneo. ‘The total number of Dicotyledons enumerated,
for the Malay Peninsula by Mr. Ridley is 4832: by Mr. Merrill for
Borneo 3345, and for the Philippine islands 6074. ‘These pro-
portions are nearly 4: 3: 5. Exclude from the Philippine figure
the balance over and above the Peninsular figure and the remainder
may be regarded as the true Malaysian Flora, which spreads through
the three with genera in general in common, but species diverse.
Its focus jis in Borneo, where the MDipterocarpaceae and
Nepenthaceae are in the largest numbers. But the low total of 3345
for Borneo is an indication of a very large amount of collecting
yet to be done in that island. In the list clarendon type and
italics are used to call attention to totals which are widely in
excess or deficit of the proportion 4: 3: 5. The result is that :—

1. In the Malay Peninsula 22 orders have more than their
proportion of species:—Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Guttiferae,
Olacaceae, Celastraceae, Staphyleaceae, Anacardiaceae, Connara-
ceae, Hamamelidaceae, Anisophyllaceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae,
Ebenaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Loganiaceae, Secrophu-
lariaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Lauraceae, Proteaceae,
and Santalaceae:

2. In Borneo the following 18 have more than their propor-
tion of species:—Dilleniaceae, Menispermaceae, Hypericaceae,
Dipterocarpaceae, Gonostylaceae, Linaceae, Ochnaceae, Ilicaceae,
Ampelidaceae, Melastomataceae, Cucurbitaceae,Ericaceae, Epacrida-
ceae, Sapotaceae, Rafflesiaceae, Nepenthaceae, Casuarinaceae and
Cupuliferae:

3. The Philippine islands have more than their proportion
of the following 30:—Ranunculaceae, Anonaceae, Berberidaceae,
Pittosporaceae, Malpighiaceae, Balsaminaceae, Rutaceae, Simaru-
baceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Rosaceae, Saxifra-
gaceae, Samydaceae, Begoniaceae, Araliaceae, Compositae, Lobeli-
aceae, Vacciniaceae, Primulaceae, Boraginaceae, Solanaceae,
Labiatae, Polygonaceae, Piperaceae, Monimiaceae, Hernandiaceae,
Thymelaeaceae, Loranthaceae and the Urticeae of the Urticaceae.

In the following five orders, which are proportionally most
numerous in Borneo, the Philippine islands are relatively poorer
than the Malay Peninsula :—Dilleniaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ochn-

285

aceae, Nepenthaceae, and Cupuliferae: whereas in only the
numerically small Gonostylaceae is the Malay Peninsula relatively
These are indications of the
closer affinity, well known, of the flora of Borneo to that of the
Malay Peninsula than to that of the Philippines.

poorer than the Philippine islands.

Ranunculaceae

Dilleniaceae
without Saurauia
Magnoliaceae
Winteraceae

Schizandraceae
- Anonaceae

Menispermaceae
Berberidaceae
Nymphaeaceae

Papaveraceae
Cruciferae
Capparidaceae
Violaceae

Pittosporaceae
Polygalaceae

Caryophyllaceae
Portulacaceae
Hypericaceae
Flacourtiaceae
without Samydaceae
Guttiferae

without Hypericum
Ternstroemiaceae
with Saurauia
Dipterocarpaceae
Ancistrocladaceae
Elatinaceae
Bixaceae

Malvaceae

with Bombacaceae
Sterculiaceae
Tiliaceae

with Elaeocarpaceae

Malay
Peninsula.

3

Philippine
Islands

forthern types
Wie.

northern influence

Barclaya absent from
1 ol

weed

weeds

several weeds

Alsodeia week, but
Viola strong in P.
E.

Pittosporum strong
Tek

M. -f. <strong: 1m
Xanthophyllum

several weeds

Saurauia strong in:

PT.

~ Pentace not in B.

or Ot Ot Or or
DS OTH Ww

Gonostylaceae
Linaceae

with Erythroxylaceae
Malpighiaceae
Zygophyllaceae
Geraniaceae
Oxalidaceae
Balsaminaceae
Rutaceae

Simarubaceae
Ochnaceae
Burseraceae

Meliaceae

Chailletiaceae
Olacaceae

with Icacinaceae
llicaceae
Celastraceae
Stackhousiaceae
Rhamnaceae

Ampelidaceae
Sapindaceae
with Aceraceae
Staphyleaceae
Sabiaceae
Anacardiaceae

Coriariaceae
Moringaceae
Connaraceae
Leguminosae
Rosaceae

Saxifragaceae

Droseraceae
Crassulaceae
Hamamelidaceae
Halorrhagidaceae
Rhizophoraceae

bo
Qo
(or)

Malay
Peninsula.

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Islands.

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weed

northern influence
a ag

Canarium strong in
bs

Dysoxylum and
Aglaia strong in
ae

B. has but one sp.
of 5 genera

Mangifera strong in
introduced

a northern element
in: fools

a northern and mon-
tane element in.
deh

Legnotidaceae

Anisophyllaeaceae

Combretaceae
Myrtaceae
Melastomataceae

. _Lythraceae, with
Sonneratiaceae and

Crypteroniaceae
Punicaceae
Onagraceae
Samydaceae
Turneraceae
Passifloraceae
Cucurbitaceae
Caricaceae
Begoniaceae

Datiscaceae
Cactaceae

Aizoaceae
Umbelliferae
Araliaceae

Cornaceae, with
Alangiaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Rubiaceae
Compositae

Stylidiaceae
Goodeniaceae
Lobeliaceae
Campanulaceae

without Lobeliaceae
. Vaeciniaceae

Ericaceae, with
Clethraceae
Monotropaceae
Epacridaceae
Primulaceae

Plumbaginaceae
Plantaginaceae

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Malay
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288

a oO
PB ¢ es
ea3g £8
Sey a. 2S
a OQ A
97. Myrsinaceae . 95 S81 JAI
98. Sapotaceae Gk 57.-. 69
99. Ebenaceae 50, 29... 37
100, Styracaceae
with Symplocaceae 30 25 42
101. Oleaceae 28 20: 33
102. Apocynaceae 120-71 | 95
103. Asclepiadaceae 112 48 113
104. Loganiaceae 54 30 45 Gaertnera is absent
from P. I.
105. Gentianaceae 10 6. 4S
106. Hydrophyllaceae 1 0 1
107. Boraginaceae 11 3 23
108. Convolvulaceae 24 26 59
109. Cardioptericaceae 2 1 1
110. Solanaceae 18 11 38 several introduced
plants in P. I.
111. Serophulariaceae 44 26 45
112. Orobanchaceae 2 1 2
113. Lentibulariaceae 15 7 9
114. Gesneraceae 161 112 135 Didymocarpus
strong in M. P.
115. Bignoniaceae 10 8,49
116. Pedalaceae 1 1 1
117. Acanthaceae 168 51 129
118. Verbenaceae 75 1. 206
119. Labiatae 30 19 60 Coleus strong in P.
ds
120. Nyctaginaceae t 0 8 some introdecued
plants in P. I
list
121. Amarantaceae 15 10 22 weeds or of rather
N. type
122. Chenopodiaceae 0) 0) 3 northern type
123. Basellaceae (1) 0 2 introduced plants
124. Phytolaccaceae 0 0 1 introduced plants
125. Polygonaceae 3 7 23 northern element in
PL.
126. Aristolochiaceae 10 G 45
127. Rafflesiaceae 2 6 2 Rafflesia only
128. Nepenthaceae 10 § 26 9 Nepenthes only
129. Piperaceae 83 36 137 Piper strong in P. I.
130. ‘Saururaceae 0) 0) 1 a rather northern
and pacifie type
131. Chloranthaceae 2 2 6
132. Myristicaceae 45 ot 20

“TUBERS OF A STENOMERIS ©

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133. Monimiaceae 4 ices
134. Lauraceae oe ee EO
135. Hernandiaceae + 1 9
136. Proteaceae 10 3 8
137. Thymelaeaceae 9 9 24 Wikstroemia strong
ek: Te
138. Elaeagnaceae iE 0 1
139. Loranthaceae 46 4% 101 Loranthus strong in
Bok:
140. Santalaceae 14 6 5
141. Opilaceae 4 1 5
142. Balanophoraceae 6 4 5
143. Euphorbiaceae 351 195 385
144. Urticaceae
Celtideae or Ulmaceae 8 7 3
Moreae 197-2116 203
Urticeae 26 46 151 Elatostema strong in
Pek.
145. Juglandaceae 3 1 5 Engelhardtia only
146. Myricaceae 2 2 3
147. Casuarinaceae if 3 3
148. Cupuliferae obs, ABS HI
149. Salicaceae 1 — 1 not native in M. P.
150. Ceratophyllaceae —- — 1

t~ED. -BURKIDL:

STENOMERIS IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

In 1896, at Gua Batu or Batu Caves, not far from Kuala
Lumpur, Mr. H. N. Ridley obtained a scrap of a Stenomeris in
flower. This scrap he referred to Stenomeris borneensis, Oliy., in
his Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Monocotyledons,
2, 1907, p. 85, adding a remark to indicate that he had not material
enough to be quite positive of its identity with the Bornean plant
so named.

In March, 1922, the writer found sterile in the Bukit Raja
forest a Dioscoreaceous plant which is considered to be the species
found by Mr. Ridley; and in foliage it agrees with S. borneensis
as figured in Hooker’s [cones Plantarum, plate 2328. Its locality
was visited again in Oct. 1922, Jan. 1923\\Dec. 1928, and ‘Sept. 1924,

290

without success in finding flowers, and it has been seen sterile at
the 11th mile on the Kuala Lumpur—Klang road. It was found
again in great abundance in the Pondok Tanjong forest reserve,
Perak, sterile, in, March 1924. It is disappointing that so far
these attempts to make sure of the species have failed.

Its underground tubers are small, and horizontal—they are
figured upon the adjoining plate from specimens dug up near
Klang. Each consists of two or three internodes of stem tissue,
swollen, and covered with weak processes of parenchymatous cells.
In the plate the scars of the bracts at the nodes are clearly visible;
and their presence is important in that we have by their means
proof of the compound stem-nature of the tuber, an observation
bearing on the disputed morphology of the underground parts in
the allied genus Dioscorea.

The tubers of the Stenomeris are seen to be formed laterally
as branches upon the white half-translucent underground part of
the stem. They grow to a length of 2 to 3 inches and themselves
give rise, as is seen in the lowest of the five tubers in the left
hand half of the plate, to a new half-translucent stem—not from
their tip but laterally. It is clear from the plate that this lateral
production is a normal eyent: and it indicates the tubers as resting
branches, suggesting that bulbil formation in Dioscorea may like-
wise be called the production of resting branches: or the tubers of
this Stenomeris might equally be called underground bulbils with-
out much misuse of the word “ bulbil.” It is interesting, apart
from this, that renewed growth is lateral.

The interior of the tuber contains starch, of which only a
little was seen; but as it was examined when the stems were in
hew and vigorous growth, the smallness of the amount is not
surprising.

I. H.-BuRKsia,

A NOTE ON SEMECARPUS CURTISII, KING.

It was pointed out to me by Mr. Burkill that in the specimens
placed under Semecarpus Curlisti, King, in. the Singapore Iler-
barium, there was a difference between those from the North and
those from the South of the Peninsula. On examination, it was
found that there was a distinct difference, almost enough to admit
of a new species being erected, had there not been one plant
(Ridley 10566, from Ulu Selangor) which was intermediate between
the two forms both in locality and in character.

Semecarpus Curtisii, King,
Curtis 2930, type! Puket, Tongkah, Siam.
Burkill & Md. Haniff, 13318! Alor Star, Kedah
Ridley, 15186! Setul.
Annandale ! Kaw Suan Toon, Siam.
Ridley 10566! Ulu Selangor.

ra

Semecarpus Curtisii, King, var. brevipetiolata, n.y.

Holttum 9521! Gunong Tampin, Negri Sembilan.

Alvins 885! Gaong Jalan, Negri Sembilan (or Malacca).

Burkill, 3230! Gunong Tampin, N. 8.

Md. Nur, 1623! Bukit Kayu Arang, Tampin, N. S.
differs from typical Curtisu in the shorter petioles, which are
1.3 to 2 em. long, in the glabrous disc of the male flower, and
in the absence of white scales on the under side of the leaf, and
in the slightly more pubescent panicle, though this is variable.

Ridley 10566 from Ulu Selangor, which I have put into
typical Curtis, seems to approach the var. brevipetiolata in the
pubescence on the panicle, and in the absence of white scales on
the under surface of the leaf, but it has a long and not a short
petiole. The specimen, however, is a poor one.

Semecarpus Prainii, Ning

Md. Haniff & Md. Nur 3938! Pungah, Lower Siam.
Kunstler 7442! Larut, Perak.

This species has been omitted from Ridley’s Flora of the
Malay Peninsula.
M. R. HENDERSON.

NEW RECORDS OF SPECIES OF LYCOPODIUM
FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA.

Since the publication of Mr. Ridley’s “ List of the Fern Allies
and Characeae of the Malay Peninsula” (Journ. S. B., R. Asiatic
Society No. 80, 1919, p. 139) the following species of Lycopodium
not there recorded have been collected.

L. clavatum WL. var. divaricatum (Wall.) This species is
cosmopolitan, and the variety divaricatum has been found on
mountains at various localities from the Himalayas through Malay-
sia to the Philippines. It was collected apparently for the first
time in the Malay Peninsula below Fraser Hill, at an altitude of
about 3800 feet, in an open place in a valley which had formerly
been cleared for tin mining. (Gardens No. 11303).

L. verticillatum WL. fil. Collected by M. R. Henderson at
Robinson Falls, Cameron’s Highlands, Pahang, 4800 feet.(F. M.
S. Museums No. 11730). Distribution: Java and Borneo to
Polynesia, Trop. America. South and East Africa, Mascarenes.

L. hippuris Desv. A living plant collected on Gunong Pulai,
Johore, in June 1922, by G. A. Best, has since been in cultivation
in the Gardens, and is freely fertile; it appears to belong to this
species. Unnamed specimens in the Herbarium from Singapore
(Sungei Sembawang, Ridley no. 6520) and the Taiping Hills
(Long) agree with it. Distribution: Java and the Philippines to
Samoa.

R. E. Houtrrum.

292
ORCHID NOTES

OBERONIA FUNGUM-OLENS,—A NEW SPECIES.

In June 1924 an Oberonia was found in some plenty at the
foot of the Main range of the Peninsula near Tanjong Malim,
which in cultivation i Singapore produced flowers freely in
September: it proves to be a species new to the Peninsula and
appears to be undescribed. It is here named O. fungum-olens
from the smell of its flowers being just such as is given out by
species of Fomes and other similar fungi. The colour of these
small but numerous flowers is likewise suggestive of these fungi.

Its affinity is with O. anceps, Lindl. and O. spathulata, Lindl.
which are found rather widely in Eastern Malaysia. Ridley re-
marks of O. anceps that it is “the largest native species ” (Mat.
Fl. Mal. Penins. Monocots., I, 1908, p. 18); but this new one is
larger: so also is O. spathulata, which was unrecorded for the
Peninsula in 1908.

ae,
a

Flower of Oberonia fungum-olens, x 5.

Oberonia fungum-olens.

Caules dependentes, numerosissimi, 10—20 em. longi, com-
pressi, c. 15-foliati, cum foliis ad 2 ecm. lati, internodiis 1
em. longis vel paullulo longioribus. Folia alternatim bifaria, basi
dimidio imbricantia, lateraliter admodum compressa, carina
dorsale paullulo incurvata ad 4 em. longa, marginibus subrectis
vix 3 cm. longis, viridissima. Inflorescentia subsessilis, densiuscula,
cylindrica, multiflora, ad 12 cm. longa, floribus forsan ad 300,
basalibus spiraliter apicalibus verticillatim dispositis, istis serotinie
Rhachis scarioso-puberula, viridi-fuscescens aliquo modo profunde
striata, striis tot quot floribus in verticillis. Flores melleo-fusci,
fungum-olentes, aperti sepalo dorsale excepto plani, versus folia
id est versus coelum respicientes. Sepalum dorsale suborbiculare,
ec. .75 mm. diametro, extus minutissime puberulum. Sepala
lateralia late ovata, vix 1 mm. longa, apice obtusa, .56 mm. lata.
Petala elliptica, obtusa .75 mm. longa. Labellum supra curvatum,
basi excavatum ; eee basales erectae, apice rotundatae, facie
minutissime eareerge vix 1 mm. longae : lobi duo, irregulare
subquadrato-rotundati, 1.5 mm. longi et lati. Gynostemium viride,
ambitu triangulari-rotundatum.

Planta epiphytica, ex vivo in Horto Botanico Singapurensi
descripta. Origo ejusdem in pede montium prope vicum Tanjong
Malm principalii Perak.

293

A COMPARISON oF COELOGYNE CELEBICA AND C. SPECIOSA.

Coelogyne celebica, J. J. Sm., has recently flowered in the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore, at the same time as CU. speciosa
Lindl.; and the opportunity was taken of figuring the flowers of
the two side by side. he origin of C. celebica was Paloppo in
the Island of Celebes; and the origin of C. speciosa the Taiping
Hills, in the Malay Peninsula.

The first figures below (1 and la) are of the flowers of the
two seen from above, drawn to show how the petals of C. celebica
during the course of the life of the flower recurve so that their
tips meet, whereas the petals of C. speciosa do not do so. The
dorsal sepal in C. celebica is seen to be narrower than that of
CO. speciosa.

itor Us Bio. ta.
Flowers of Coelogyne celebica (left) and “. speciosa (right) from

above, X 3.

In the next pair of drawings (2 and 2a) it is shown that the
dorsal sepal rises up in C. celebica a little more than in C. specvosa.
The tip of the lip in both is equally curved backwards and
cannot be seen in face view in either.

Mg. 2. Har. aus
Flowers of Coelogyne celebica (left) and C. speciosa (right) from
ime erort.: X i.

294

There is a slight difference in the gynostemia of the two, as
the following pair of drawings show (3 and 3a).

Fig. 3. Fig. 3a.
Gynostemium of C. celebica (left) and C. speciosa (right), x 4

There is a very great difference in the crests of the lip. The
crest in C. speciosa (4a) is continuous with much sinuation: the
crest in (. celebica (4) is toothed.

VAS
Fig. 4. tn ;
sx ce Crests of the lips of C. celebica (above),

and C. speciosa Chelow), x 3.

Fig. 4a. Pe

The lip of C. celebica is marbled with a rich brown: that of
C. speciosa with purplish black. The rest of the flower of C.
celebica is yellower than that of C. speciosa, wherein there is just
the faintest suggestion of the salmon tint found in other species
of its genus.

Lip of C. cekdica flattened, 4 nat. size.

Fig. 5 shows the lip of C. celebica flattened out.

All figures are half natural size.

DENDROBIUM ALBICOLOR RiIDL., IN PENANG.

In the Waterfall valley, Penang, upon a mango tree at a small
distance from the gates of the Waterfall Gardens, the above named
species of Dendrobium has been found. It was described in the
Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 32, (1896) p. 250, upon
specimens obtained by Mr. C. Curtis at Pungah in Lower Siam:
and it is possible that he placed it upon the mango tree near to
the Gardens, or it is possible that it has been carried by some
nesting bird from the Gardens. The annexed drawings illustrate

295

the flower, which lacks the red spots described in Mr. Ridley’s
definition.

It is now in great abundance upon the tree.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

(1) Branch of Dendrobium albicolor X 4

2) Flower in face view, nat. size.

(8) The upper half of the flower and the lip flattened,
nat. size.

DENDROBIUM HANIFFII, RIDLEY.

Dendrobium Haniffii was obtained by Mr. Mohamed Haniff
in Kelantan upon the Lebir river, always on branches overhanging
the water. It is an epiphyte, with green stem up to 40 cm. long,
shghtly swollen upwards. The leaves are about 10 cm. long by
1.5 em. wide. The flowers are many in well-grown plants: their

A flower of Dendrobium Haniffii, 4 nat. size.

predominant colour is a very pale pinkish lilac, the sepals and
lateral petals being uniformly thin. These are 4.5 to 5cm. long or
a trifle longer; the sepals 7 mm. wide; the lateral petals at the
middle 12 mm. wide. The dorsal sepal is twisted on itself as
drawn: the lateral sepals, also—all in the same direction: but one
of the latter seems to have less tendency in its lower half to
twist than its partner. The spur is only 5 mm. long and dull
yellow. The lip is folded on itself making a tube 1 cm. long,
and in the 1.5 cm. above open upwards and forwards. If laid
open entirely, it is as drawn, and is seen to have magenta marks
at the base on either side in the positions indicated. There is
also a very faint shade of magenta in lines on it.

The lip of Dendrobium Haniffii, nt. size-

The cap of the anther is magenta: the column below green
passing into the dull yellow of the interior of the spur. Pollen
masses are sessile.

I. H. Burkitt.

297

RAINFALL at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first

1!

half of the year, 1923. Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed

in inches.
Date Jan: Feb. March April May | June
| | | | |
| | |
1 ea Bee ees) Lat
2 Beet ee = | ts | SSR GEA:
3 25 | ae tit 19 ES eee
4 | trace | _ trace | 05 | 1.09 | 12 | 02
at 14{/ — | 07 = — | =
6 ae ee op ts aed ee
? 1.88 | — |. — — — | —
8 aa — — — | trace | 03
9 ee | 6 a 01 AMEE =
10 42} 04 ze 06 ie > Oe
af ee | 63 se Ey =
12 peaen =| 66 => (a 01
13 Pig = ey) a) 71 e Be
14 — 06 1.49 1.21 — | 08
15 43) — 1.52 trace — | Al
16 — | — | trace| — | 34
1? 51 02 06 AY pi aeoee=
18 59 | 1.28 18 = a ee
19 03 | trace — 14 eS ee
= Be ees aes
es 138 | = ee) 1 ete. i=
ees 22) ors. OT fi 03 | aha
23 | 62 — 20 hoe 03 | 89
24 oes i eee ee | ne | Eeaee
25 | = 02 | LG, A6 | 29 | =
26 7 ee is 202. 5. | OS. 5B
30 | trace — | — | 03 | trace | .03
28 a= | — Se |S braces 10
= ! = Bie Sat. fA
ep | — : —— 01; —
31 01 | | 1.40 46 |
| | | |
| | |

Total | 10.61 asa | GALT | SET 7.02 epi

298

RAINFALL at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second

half of the year 1923. Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed.

in inches.
|
Date July | Aug. Sept. | Oct. Nov Dee
|
oe
ae a= | — — — 1.23 46
2 | — — — me 2.17 73
3 50 — — 04 02 56.
+ 4 O1 OL _— -= 26.
5 — | — — trace 03 | O1
6 14 — 16 — 84 —
7 46 63 — — .03 1.21
8 trace —- 1 — —- 02
9 03 -- 19 wt 11 -——
10 2.08 88 -— — 24 63:
11 | 95 23 01 16 Ad ats
12 4 03 08 O01 OF 8 AG
13.4 03 | - 02 O1 O1 1.00
(4°— {See al 19 02 | ee | 03
15 | 2.82 oie 02 — *f Shige 21
16 | 59.86 F> >+.0B tue aii De ao ete | 14
17 | Pee eas ie 23 | x 07
18 1.06 | 63 --- — OL
19 02 | 08 — | —- | — 66
20 ee te i ee oe 24
21 1. as ee | oa as | 45 | Use 01
22 | ~ trace .02 19 21 — -—
23 | fis 10 eee 5 Lait) SO 12
24 | trace | 07 61 09 | 89 | 1.64
25 | 01), — 50 B5 | L09 trace:
26 | 93.34 | o'— | trace | -it 1.96 --
oy | testo) CGS ae o9 | 19 aa
38 | ee | O1 aca a Al OF
29...| 9. ==‘; trace | == 04 .02 —
30 =. ae aa 09 | 29
31 31 | 36 | trace 0%
| | | |
| | | | | )
| | | | | |
Total | does | (15.93 | oss | feiss | (oes | 8.90

299
RAINFALL at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during
the first half of the year 1923, in inches.

Reading taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours begin. ‘Data kindly supplied by the
Municipal Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

el | May | june

| | March
Ae
1 | | Se Ogee et 2.071 F=.49
“Gy Eup Shep eee Sa ee ee 30h Les 39 aa
aS Os | Ga == Ue 1.35
4 a = eto 90
5 = = 72 1.25 i 02
6 05 =e one 23 36 =
vi =i, sats as ae Sa aw
Sas. .38 See 19 | 31
es Pe. 34. Ean aye 1.G0. foe dePy | = —.’.89
10 28 eat S298) lat. 08 1.15 a
11 = = | 02 | 05 oF =
12 = a a 26 18 =
| 24 eee ee ons 20, | 7.22.20
eee ia 208 |), 06 = 10 63
) 15 a 02 | .20 | 30: es 1.79
Bi <2 16 _ me ok 3.24. 87
17 as BG) | ah. M8) | ts. 78 at
18 | SG yeast SP ee ait =
19 1.73 | | 07 09 AY a=
Poe tem. 0815.3 04 | == eae 32 _
toy ahs 208, (A 1.87 aes 04 02 —
22 ~ | 49 ene ee || Py 116 = 30
23 | — =e ice aoe .09 oe 3.84
oS a ae 20 1.82 12 30
2 aos bao Se 1.16 1.25 03
a = | 1.53 _ i =
as eee 1.10 es 65 19
g8°. |---| 02 | = 30 05
Berta tI | 05 a 1.78 94
30 | =| es = ag 10 2.85
SS | — 05: |
| | | |
1 | | | | |
| | | | |
Total | 4.25 ) 3.44 , 6:86 |): 8.03 | 13.65 | 17.06
| |

300

RAINFALL at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang,during _
the second half of the year 1925, in inches.
Reading taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the
twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the
Municipal Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

| |

| | |
Total | 827 | 10.16 |. 28.39 | ea ec 5.34
|

Date July Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov. Dec.
l

wee a
1. Sa | 29 53 me tee es
pis Wel aes | wee 72 4.62 | 01 ES
3 Rb ae ~~ 2.86 | 1.85 aan
AS) Soke 24 = = =a 19
ie 07 96 | 50 01

6. 58, BO ae tae at 24 | 04 |
7 22 | 10 68 34) 06a p eee
8 1 ee 2.70 1.26. |<. “78 Sree oO
9 aa ah A 27 37 6.810 |) ie
10: ) ae aaron 2.24 2:95 1 XU
1i letras 1.47 7.90 1.19 484° 5f 5
12 te es) 1.15 11°| 08) 2 ee
13 | 4 04 95 | 4) BES
14 ao! i 07 “a9 08: | =a
15 ze et eee bY 24. | 2-7 The ake
16 ieee 1.38 05.| 20a 50
17 ooh oes 48 26.) -2316 13a
18 90 10 es 26 i] 1 eee | 03
19 92 | 28 | 1.55 03 |.) .08 BY
20 = ase 13 1.43 48 68
21 25 | 39 55} OY 61 03
22 =" Hap tee as Ov =a —
3 — A Gaya e Ean 34) | ae —
a4 |<! —=. [OU NSB 08. 235) 205 i) See
25 The iweeas O74 E)) 38 | eye 9S
26 a 2.30 | 1.09 — |.=—
27 ae os eon ee 19 | 83
28 40 | 56 i| + —= | &) 8.42. ee
29 | + 223 Tees oie 1:33") ae
30 eer Cele ey =e
31 =; hon ae Bayer —

| | | | |

| | |

|
|

;

301

Relative Humidity of the air at the Botanic Gardens Singapore,
calculated from wet and dry bulb hygrometer readings made

daily at 9 a.m. during the year 1923.

ne | D ees

eae Maas | ve fe

eI = Bd | ates Ua

a alalelel zl zleh2)si2i lz
Pee ee het El ela a) 6 l24la

ale a

1 ae a 72 | 81] %8 |100| 85| 79] 83 | 83) 93| 98

2 | 95/100} 85] 79] 78| 87] 80] 83] 79] 81] 78} 91
8 | 98| 78] 81| 79| 78| 83|/ 98: 85] 83] 83] 89 |100

4 | 90| 80] 98] 81} 78] 81] 79| 83] a 78| 78 | 93

5 | 84| 78| 83] 80| 80/ 84| 89/ 79| 79} 76] 93] 79

6 | a 84/ 82! 78] 80] 81] 84] 83] 81] 76/100} 78

” | .98| %6| 81/ 77| 80| 81| 95| 93| 78{ 76| 87 | 82

8 | oY way | 69 aa a Sesion) SY | 87s 76:
9 | 86| 71| 85] 871100] 83] 91) 87] 79| 83] 91] 93
imeea 76 | 8376) 811 81|-98! 86) 79 | -¥6| 81 |-:75
11 | 98) 78| 88] 85) 81| 87| 98]100] st | 91] 95] 7

12>) 89) 77 | 85| 81| 79| 78| 771 83] 83/ 89] 91] 89

13 | 87} 79-| 83] 83] 89/160] 89 a 79| 76] 78| 89

14° | 86/85 | 81| 85| 83] 85.| 83/100} 95] 78 | 85| 87

15 ‘| 80|-85| 79 | 87| 77 |100| 67 | 83} 79 | 89 | 85 |100

Hee) 86) 85 | 81) 79 | 81| $4| 91) 85 | 97/79 | 78| 87

: Meaeeei4 61) 76 | 781-88) 83) 79:| 83 | 81) 76 [78 | 8¥
: 18" | 91| 88.) 77). 75 | 78| 83) 91 |100.|-83 |} 66 |=80] 95
19 | Grslecia) tr ye | 80) Si) 78 | 83° 81 | .76 | 74.| 95
Bee 10.) 7 |. 7% | 93) 91-).80| 831 81) 811-74 |: 79} 91
21 | 91| 85/ 79| 85] 78] 80| 84] 85] 82] 7O| 75] 77
22 | 83| 80| 79 | 80| 93! 82/.8t!| 83) 8Y| 78| 81. 79

Bee | 381 “4 79 | 98|.85| 93| 83|100| 81] 73] 81| 83

oie) 521° 83| %9| 81|.76| 89/89 | 79 | 89 95} 72) 89

poe 79) 72 | 83.189 (100 | 81 |}-85 | 83) 82) 74) 76] 81

26 | 72| 83] 79 | 85| 81 [100/100] 85] 81] 89| 76] 83

24 he 79 | 76| 93| 85} 83| 83) 8%| 76] 76| 72

oe | 88.|%9 a 85 | 76 |100| 81] 83/ 85] 73| 95| 78

29 | 78 | 83 | —|100| 83/ 83| 83| 81| 78] 74] 79

30 | 78 | 78] 79 | 87%] 80} 84 [100] v6] 76] 93] 80

31 | 76 83 | 95 83| 81 72 | 81

| siege iiss =|
| | |

86 | 86

ged

Average for the year 83.8.

|
|
|
|
|

se) a) a1 84

302

SUMMARY OF RAINFALL 1923.

SINGAPORE. PENANG,
No. of | Amount _ _ Be “I No. of Amount vereltl
rainy of rain in without prea of rain in withoull

days | inches | Te ale | inches | mm. eae
January Bs: 22 10 61 270 | 3 days 12 4.25 108 | 9 od
February a 9}. ae 2 | 6 3.44 | 87 om
March ial! hong 717 | 185 a 4 14 6.86 | 174| 4
April [1 511 | 136 | 4 16 8.03 | 204] 6
May iz 17 7.02 | 478 | 3 23 13.65 | 34613
June | a7 | 7297 | %84}6 17 | 17.06 | 433 5
July wl ae | 20.85 260 3 12 827 | 210) 6
August oe | 593 | 150] 3 19 10.16 | 258] 3
September Lasig | 5.58 | 142 | 3 22 28.39 | 721] 2
October ant. Pte t 2am 66 | 3 30 31.02 | 788 | 1
November | 20 | 9.28 | 235} 7 23 | 20.40 | 518 | 2
December Ny 23 | 8.90 | 226 | 3 15 | «5.84 136 | 5
: ’ & | oi i

Total |’ 210 | 81.41 | 2068 | 209 | 156.87 | 3983
Greatest amount in 24 hours 3.34 ins. or 85 mm. ah 7.90 ins. or 200 mm.

Do. do. 48 do. 353 do. 90mm. ... 10.02 254 mm.

Do. do. 72 do. 3.59 do. 91mm. aa 11.17 283 mm.
Excessively rainy periods, more than 5 ins. having

fallen in 72 hours SS. oe .. Nil 5 (Sept., Oct., Nov.)

No. of days when condition persisted ini oe 10

Periods of comparative drought, less than .02 ins.
having fallen in 120 bours rad se 7 (Jan.-Feb., Feb., Apr., June,
July, July-Aug , Dec.).
(Jan.-Feb., Feb., Feb.-Mar., Apr., Apr.-May,
June, Aug., Sept., Sept.-Oct., Oct., Nov.)

No. of days when the condition occurred ia See 7

* From Jan. 24 to Feb. 13 inclusive (21 days) there was only .02 ins. of rain.

ta

oe
oy Ty
fa,

A list of plants which can be: purchased at the Botan
Gardens, in Singapore and in Penang, can be had upon '
The same list appears at intervals in the Government Gazette :

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published as material beenne ave
able. Its price is fifty cents for each number, post free, or ins
vance for every volume of twelve ene fo net Soke

Nine and a half rupees in Tie and Ceylon.
Thirteen shillings in Europe.
Reproduction from it is not prohibited. ee

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+

| mee 1925 Nos. 9—12

he F lowering Plants of Taiping,
e in | the Malay Peninsula

, ‘ \ ;
aq i
>
. % : B
A ee = ‘ % “1
4 , ‘ 2 .
i

-

oo Divers ore
> "rade Botanic Gardens, Singapore,

a

x

M No- 1

DIAGRA

|

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN,

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

‘Vol. III March, 1925. Nos. 7—12.

The Flowering Plants of

Taiping, in the Malay Peninsula.

By
I. H. BURKILL and M. R. HENDERSON.

This is the first local Flora for any area within the Federated
Malay States, and more also: for it gives in a very concentrated
form a considerable amount of information about the distribution
of the Higher plants in the Malay Peninsula. But it is not the
first local Flora for any part of the Peninsula, as two exist. In the
year 1894, Mr. C. Curtis published in the Journal of the Straits
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 25, a “ Catalogue of the
Flowering Plants and Ferns found growing wild in the Island of
Penang”; and in the year 1900, Mr. H. N Ridley, in the same
Journal, No. 33, published his “ Flora of Singapore.”

A catalogue of the Flowering plants of the territory of Malacca
could be written up from the materials in the Herbarium of the
Botanic Gardens:sSingapore, and no doubt the time is not distant
when it will be.

A few months ago, in order to answer an enquiry, a map of
the Malay Peninsula was taken and divided between the lines of
latitude and longitude, as opposite, so that squares of approximately
1500 square miles were formed; and for each of the squares an
estimate of the number of species likely to occur was made: then
the number of species proved to occur was calculated as a percent-
age of it. The percentages brought up to date have been inserted
on the map: they suggest that the flora of the square 2d, containing
the island of Penang and the coast opposite, is that most thoroughly
worked up, in as much as the number of the higher plants known to

-

304

occur in it appears to be 99 per cent of the probable quantity: the
flora of square 9m, containing the island of Singapore and some of
the adjacent coasts, comes next at 96: Malacca follows at 85. The
best known square of the rest of the Peninsula is 3e, wherein is
Taiping, Larut, much of Krian, with the hills, and back to the
Perak river at Kuala Kangsar: its figure being 65. The enumera-
tion which follows is for a part only of that square,—the part
best known, i.e. the immediate neighbourhood of Taiping: it is of
all the higher plants known to occur east of the Taiping-Kuala
Kangsar and the Taiping-Batu Kurau roads, which make the
western limit, and by curving round, indicate also the southern and
northern limits: the eastern limit is along the summits of the
Taiping Hills. The enumeration, perforce, stops at these summits,
for nothing is known of the plants on the face towards the Perak
river.

2. The materials for this Flora.

It is natural that the first local Flora for any area in the
Federated Malay States should be for Taiping, as, after the opening
of the States took place in 1874, no other place for a long time
received similar attention from botanists.

To Taiping in 1877, Sir Hugh Low, after more than thirty-
five years in Borneo, was called to be Resident; and in Taiping
the enthusiasm for the study of plants which had caused him to
send many beautiful Bornean species into cultivation, found ex-
pression in the organising of investigations. To him in 1877 Henry
James Murton, Superintendent of the Botanie Gardens in Singa-
pore, was sent that he might explore and report upon the available
supplies of gutta-percha. Murton between October 18th aud 22nd,
in very bad weather, ascended the Taiping Hills and returned with
collections of living plants which he despatched from the Larut
river to Singapore. In a report on his tour (Straits Settlements
Government Gazette for Feb. 22nd 1878) he mentions as found
Pinanga maculata (a name for P. disticha, which species however,
no subsequent collectors have found on the Taiping Hills), Licuala
acutifida (which likewise has not been found there by anyone else),
Cissus porphyrophylla (meaning Piper porphyrophylla), Rhododen-
dron javanicum, Rhododendron jasminiflorum, Nepenthes san-
guinea, Calanthe curculigoides, Calanthe angustifolia, Anoecto-
chilus setaceus, Anoectochilus Dawsonianus (Haemaria discotor),
and several ferns. Murton then proceeded to Kuala Kangsar and
to Gunong Bubu; and did not return to do any more plant-hunting
over Taiping. He probably misnamed the species that others have
not collected.

Low in 1881 obtained the services of Leonard Wray for the
purpose of opening up experimental gardens on the Hills; and
Wray in 1883 was transferred to the post of Curator of the Perak
State Museum, in Taiping, where he remained until 1908, collecting
plants and building up a not inconsiderable herbarium.

305

In 1881 Dr. (afterwards Sir) George King, then Superinten-
dent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, sent a collector,
Hermann Kunstler, to Taiping, where we may well believe that
Low directed his search for plants. And in 1882 the missionary,
Father Benedetto Scortechini, came to Taiping on a long visit—
a visit which lasted until his death in 1886, and during which he
made considerable collections. Mr. Ridley ‘states that “he resided
in Taiping at the Residency, and therefore it would be with Sir
Hugh Low.

In 1889 Sir Hugh Low retired and Sir George King withdrew
his collector.

Scortechini apparently failed in the art of ticketing material,
and many of his localities are with difficulty recognisable: but
Kunstler ticketed his with the greatest precision.

In the year after Scortechini’s death, and when the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta had acquired Scortechini’s collections,
it was proposed that Sir George King and Sir Joseph Hooker should
collaborate in producing a book on “the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of Perak, Penang, Singapore, and Malacca ”; but Sir Joseph
Hooker withdrew, pointing out that the time was not ripe, and Sir
George King determined to produce “ Materials for a Flora ” in-
stead. Thus it came about that from the Herbarium of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, emanated in a long series of valuable
papers the results of the work of the men who may be called Low’s
botanists.

Opportunities came at intervals for the Straits botanists to
visit Taiping. Mr. Charles Curtis, of the Forest Service and
Superintendent of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, was there in
December 1887, September 1889, May 1899, October 1892, June
1897, October 1900, and December 1901. These visits were short,
and appear to have given 214 specimens. Mr. Walter Fox in 1899,
during a period of “acting for him, visited Taiping and collected
55 specimens. Mr. H. N. Ridley, as Director of Gardens, Straits
Settlements, found his way to Taiping in March 1891, February
and March 1892, June 1893, December 1902, February 1904, and
August 1909—at least there exist herbarium specimens to the
number of 663, so dated. Mr. Robert Derry, while serving in the
Perak State at Kuala Kangsar, collected a little about Taiping in
1299, 1900 and 1902. Mr. James Webster Anderson, Assistant
Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, in 1911 took a holiday
in the Taiping Hills and collected. Mr. C. Boden Kloss in May
1909 collected also. In the year 1904 Bishop G. F. Hose collected
about Taiping, and the Hon’ble Mr. E. 8S. Hose, now Colonial
Secretary, Straits Settlements, collected on Gunong Hijau in 1917.
A few specimens exist collected by Mr. D. F. A. Hervey, formerly
Resident Councillor, Malacca, by Mrs. Bland, wife of a Resident
Councillor of Penang, by Messrs. A. B. Stevens, B. H. F. Barnard,
and other Forest officers, by Mr. A. R. Venning of the Adminis-
trative Service, Sir Graeme Elphinstone, the planter, Sir Walter
Napier, the lawy er and at one time the Attorney-General, the late

306

Mr. C. Robertson-Glasgow, and Mr. W: R. Long. In February
1917, two members of the Straits Settlements Gardens Department,
Mr. Mohamed Haniff, a Field-Assistant, and Mr. Mohamed Nur,
Herbarium Assistant, were sent to the Taiping Hills for living and
dried plants. In February 1924 one of the authors (I. H. B.)
spent a fortnight on the hills, accompanied by Mr. Haniff, and
collected 520 specimens; the other author (M. R. H.) was at the
time stationed in Taiping and had been there for some months,
using considerable opportunities chiefly for collecting at lower
levels.

All the work of the collectors named is brought into one view
in the following pages: and the writings of Sir George King, Mr.
J. S. Gamble, and Mr. H. N. Ridley have been fully utilised. The
result is a list of 1980 species.

3. The country.

A wide belt of mangrove forest, intersected by the muddy
Larut river and by many creeks, extends from the Straits of Malacca
half-way to Taiping town; and for the other half of the way the
land rises almost imperceptibly: so that Taiping is but 70 feet
above sea level. The lowland upon the west of Taiping is outside
the area of the enumeration. On tie eastern edge of Taiping the
hills rise almost abruptly.

Apparently at one time by the dweller in the plains the hills
were collectively designated Gunong Hijau, that is to say, the Green
Mountain.§ But when paths began to be made into them, more
accurate naming was necessary ; and a clearing at 2000 feet (or 610
metres) was called the Tea Gardens from its purpose, and another
between 3200 and 3700 feet, (or 975 and 1128 metres) was called
Maxwell’s Hill; two summits a little further off were named
Birch’s Hill and Caulfeild’s Hill, and “ Gunong Hijau ” was applied
to the highest and most remote summit. Birch’s Hill reaches 4400
feet or 1340 metres, Caulfeild’s Hill 4500 feet or 1372 metres, and
Gunong Hijau 4750 feet or 1445 metres. From these three the
Batu Kurau stream gets its waters, sinking into a deep hollow east
of the spur whereon, facing west, is Maxwell’s Hill clearing, the
summit of the spur carrying a house called the Box at 4078 feet or
1240 metres. There are no greater heights over Taiping.

Murton tried by means of an anaéroid barometer to ascertain
the heights which he reached, and got them too high. Too high
also are the heights given on some of the labels of Curtis and Ridley.
These, the authors have, as far as possible, corrected in their
enumeration.

The Taiping Hills are of granite. They are the central part
of a short range extending from 4° 30’ to 5° 45’, with conspicuous
summits north and south of Taiping higher than Gunong Hijau,
known as Gunong Bintang and Gunong Bubu. Both are botanical-
ly unknown. The map opposite indicates the geographic relation-

§ Gunony Ijok or Arenga Mountain offers an alternative origin.

2.—MOUNTAINS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA OVFR 2,000 FEET

DIAGRAM No.

AND OVER 4,000 FEET.

a

307

ship of the Taiping Hills to all land exceeding 2000 feet or 610
metres and all land exceeding 4000 feet or 1220 metres. The
nearest hills are (i) those of Penang, reaching 2724 feet or 837
metres, to the north-west and 50 miles away, (ii) Kedah Peak
reaching 4000 feet or 1218 metres, 70 miles to the north-north-west.
(iii) a lesser, much interrupted parallel range immediately east of
the Perak river at no great distance, and (iv) at the distance of
about 40 miles the Main range with numerous much higher sum-

‘mits. This part of the Main range happens to be the least known

part; and most of the hills lyimg between the Main range and the
Taiping Hills are botanically ‘quite unknown. All are alike densely
forested.

On the northern face of the summit of Gunong Hijau is a little
patch of “ Mossy forest,” limited abruptly in a very interesting way.
Elsewhere the forest changes type gradually from the tall lowland
forest to the montane forest. The clearings in it are quite
artificial. There are extensive continuous agricultural and mining
clearings of the plain; the clearing known as the “ Tea Gardens ”

the considerable clearing of Maxwell’s Hill, where much gardening.

oO
is done and cattle are kept; clearings about a few higher houses;

and the Trigonometrical Survey’s clearing, for observation pur-
poses, of the summit of Gunong ‘Hijau. A demand for firewood is
causing some enlargement of “these clearings and the search for
fodder for the cattle tends to the preservation of any patch of grass
that can be cut.

Murton in 1877 found three clearings on the hills. There was
one for cinchona, one of two acres made at Birch’s orders which
then was in the process of returning to secondary forest, and a small
clearing made by squatters but newly abandoned. Abandoned
clearings in these wet hills scon close up.

4. The Climate.

There are two periods of heavy rain in the year, occurring
when the sun is overhead. At the autumnal equinox the rain is
heavier than at the vernal equinox; and there is this great
difference between the two periods, that during the inset of the rains
of the vernal equinox, the wind being from the western side of the
hills, the precipitation is similar at all elevations; but during the
rains of the autumnal equinox, when the wind is blowing on thé
Taiping face of the hills, the higher levels receive a great deal more

than the lower levels. At this time they are very wet, so wet that

the sowing of peas, beet and some other temperate vegetables is
useless, as they cannot be grown. fe i | ,

In diagram No. 4 the seasonal rainfall of Taiping town is con-
trasted with the seasonal rainfall of Penang (to which, from
among the curves there given, it is most similar), of Kuala Lumpur,
Malacca and Singapore. The rainfall of Calcutta is also given.
It is clear from these curves that Taiping is a wet place. Botanists

desire to know if the area constitutes a climatic island: but they

iaBee7 ann:

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| 1 ae
mt bo he

mae
|
be

aes 5

309

get very little help from meteorologists, as astonishingly meagre
attention has been directed to the study of such phenomena in
the Peninsula. We have examined as far as possible the phyto-
logic evidence for such a view; and in default of meteorological
facts a very non-committal attitude is necessary.

The altitude at which clouds form has not been recorded.

The dates of flowering given below suggest that February is
the season of most flowers; and this indeed may well be the case.
The records also suggest that towards the end of each rainy period
there is a lull in flowering and that there is also a lull in July when
rain is relatively light. We are not convinced that this is exactly
the case: but there is certainly a lull in flowering in parts of the
Malay Peninsula in June and July, such as might conceivably
extend to the Taiping Hills. We make these remarks to encourage
observation.

The rain about Maxwell’s Hill makes it necessary in cultivation
to keep a roof over plants of Pelargoniwm zonale (the Garden
Geranium), Dianthus caryophyllus (the SMO) 5 and Helio-
tropium peruvianum x (Garden Heliotrope): and it may be par-
tially responsible for a dwarfing of certain introduced weeds, such as
Poa annua, Stellaria uliginosa, Calamintha gracilis, and Andro-
pogon acicularis which commence flowering at a very early stage
in their growth.

5. The Vegetation.

Pages 3-6 of Sir George Maxwell’s “ In Malay Forests,” if not
written of the Taiping Hills, give the most excellent idea of their
beautiful forests. The plate in Sir Frank Swettenham’s “ British
Malaya” which is opposite p. 118, is of the forests as they lie under
the Cottage.

The lower forests contain a wealth of Dipterocarpaceae, and as
many of the species are among the tallest of the trees, their con-
Spicuousness is great. They disappear upwards; but an undeter-
mined Shorea reaches 3700 feet. Species of Palaquiwm, Swintonia
aud Sloetia are obvious with them and disappear upwards too
The lesser trees, the shrubs under them and the small woody plants
exhibit the features typical of Malaysian forests. A few species of
herbaceous genera, that are better developed at some altitude,
appear auite low down, and are disappointing as being tess showy
than related species found higher; such for instance is Camp-
tandra parvula, which keeps its flowers open all day, whereas the
iarger Camptandra ovata is a showy night-flowering plant: Sonerila
erecta is the poorest of its genus. and descends low, but is not the
only Sonerila low down; and Didymocarpus albo-marginata as
found below 2000 feet is small-flowered.

In the upper forest, by reason of the somewhat lesser stature
of the trees, which consequently admit more light to the ground—
and this is especially so if the slopes are very steep—terrestrial herbs.
are more conspicuous. Several Sonerilas are found, several Didy-

“ 1
* 5
. .
é . .
: * -
y S «
. 3.
.
:
‘ :
.
.

Ly

u

=

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bia

a

Diagram No. 4

dL

mocarps, more than one Argostemma, Alocasias and Arisaemas.
Some of them occur as a rule as isolated individuals: others make
little groups: and on the south face of Gunong Hijau where the
steep hillside almost becomes a cl ff, so much light gets in that there
is a bank of herbs.

Another feature of the upper forests is the “ tree-gardens.”
Species of Vaccinium, Rhododendron, Diplycosia, ferns, orchids,
and aroids, make them. They grow and grow until they destroy
themselves by their own excessive weight in falling to the soil.

Ternstroemiaceae become more evident in the upper forests
and then the Saxifragaceae come to notice.

Mosses both in the lower forests and the upper forests, where
they are more numerous, are not on the soil, but on projections
from the soil, such as tree-roots and stones, everywhere except in
the one small patch of “ Mossy forest” on Gunong Hijau. There
they coat the soil, the change from opportunism in taking advantage
of roots and stones to dominance in coating the soil being extra-
ordinarily abrupt.

The aspect of the “ Mossy forest” is towards the north; its
altitude from 4650 to 4750 feet (1417 to 1445 metres). The most
abundant tree is Hugena caudata, which attains there 15 feet in
height. Scattered individuals of Wetnmannia Blumei growing
with it attain 25 feet, and they are the tallest of the associated trees.
Illicium cambodianum, Gomphandra lanceolata, Melastoma sp.,
Izora concinna, Pavetta indica, Lasianthus rhinocerotis, Wikstroe-
mia Candolleana, Phyllanthus frondosus, Daphniphyllum laurinum,
Ficus varvolosa, and Pleomele elliptica occur.

At the edge towards the clearing of the summit of Gunong
Hijau Rhododendron malayanum, Diplycosia microphylla and Era
vestita are present as epiphytes; and Gleichenia spp. climb. In the
moss upon the ground are the ferns Dryopteris gracilescens, Dip-
lazium sylvaticum, Lindsaya scandens, an Oleandra, and Tricho-
manes proliferum; and the following lowly pl: (
involucratum, Labisia pothoina, Loxocarpus coerulea, Piper penang-
wana, the parasite Balanophora ?multibrachiata, a Coelogyne, a
Justicia, and in great plenty Phyllagathis hispida, and a few palms
of two species, one being a Pinanga and the other a Licuala, either
L. malayana or L. modesta, Of climbers Nepenthes sanguinea,
Flagellaria indica, Dioscorea laurifolia, Smilax laevis, Rhaphidop-
hora Korthalsii, a Vitis, and a Calamus are present.

The low stature of the trees is undoubtedly one of the factors
leading to the mossiness: but again the mossiness by creating an
acid humus may determine the ‘low stature of the trees. A more
important cause for the mossiness appears to lie in the smallness of
the leaves, which the overhead trees shed on the ground. It 1s
found that Hugenia caudata is by no means confined to this “ Mossy
forest,” but is quite common as a tree of the second rank under
other trees, such as Gordonia taipingensis, Schima Noronhae, Mag-
nolia Maingayt, Barringtonia Scortechinii, and Quercus, and that

312

when these trees are present no moss occurs upon the surface of the
soil, but only upon projections from the soil such as roots and
stones. From this it appears that the denser shade does not bring
about the little-mossy condition: but that the nature of the leaf-fall
produces it; for it occurs where the trees shower down upon the
ground large leaves which do not decay very rapidly, but are beaten
onto the surface of the soil by the heavy tropical rain and do not
permit under them the growth of any thing depending for its life
upon light, such as a moss protonema, but are only disturbed from
their smothering effect by the stouter epicotyls of the vigorous
seedlings of trees, etc., so frequently met with in these forests and
backed by a considerable supply of reserve food.

The absence of large-leaved species of shading trees from the
north aspect of the cone of Gunong Hijau probably in someway
arises from the climatie conditions there, and should be studied.
The abruptness of the change from “‘ Mossy forest ” to other forest
suggests that the balance of nature has at this point got to an un-
stable position where a small cause can produce a big effect.

The condition of the contiguous clearing is worth study. The
bracken fern, Pleridium aquilinum, is the commonest plant on the
top, and second to it another fern, a .Vephrolepis. With these are
further ferns, e.g., Dipteris conjugata, Blechnum ortentale, Poly-
podium incurvatum, Alsophila glauca, Histiopleris incisa, tied to-
gether with Lygodium, and run through with Lycopodium cernuum.,
Running through also are Vitis trifolha, Nepenthes sanguineum,
Isachne albens, a Rubus and a Smilax. Standing in the tangle
here and there are plants of Curculigo latifolia, Dianella ensifolia,
Gahnia javanica, and Imperata arundinacea. Pushing themselves
into prominence are young individuals of the woody plants Wein-
mannia Blumet and Glochidion laevigatum. Here and there are
the herbs,—Lrechthiles valerianifolia, Torenia atropurpurea, Spa-
thoglottis aurea, Sporolobus indicus: and of smaller weedy plants,
Sonerila erecta, Emilia sonchifolia, Kyllinga melanosperma, Scleria
elata, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Paspalum conjugatum, Pogona-
therum crinitum, and there is a Selaginella, apparently S. suberecta.

The growth is less dense upon the side of the summit adjoin-
ing the “ Mossy forest” than upon the other side of the Survey
Beacon: and this is probably a consequence of the “ Mossy forest ”
having occupied that side before the Survey cleared the hill-top.

This vegetation, which is a stage in a sere, or in less technical
words, a transitional stage of returning forest, is not repeated upon
the lower clearings. In them man’s interference has been more
continuous, and has led to the importation of a number of alien
weeds. Sagina apetala, Cardamine hirsuta, Galinsoga parviflora,
and Poa annua have probably arrived with European seeds: Stel-
laria uliginosa may have come from the same direction or from
Japan: Nasturlium indicum, Mimosa pudica, Blumea chinensis,
Crepis japonica, LErigeron sumatrense, Spermacoce ocymordes,
Solanum verbascifolium, Scoparia dulcis, Pilea muscosa, ete. have
only journeyed from the base of the hill. Calamintha gracilis

oie

313

perhaps has come from Japan. These are all well established.
Ozalis corniculata occurs. Commoner than any other weed at
Maxwell’s Hill is Ageratum conyzoides; and it exists in two forms.
Exceedingly minute plants may be found in flower, but it reaches
a quite normal size. Impatiens Holsttt, a native of East Africa, is
running wild. Datura suaveolens and Tithonia diversifolia are
established. Tritonia crocosmaeflora appears to be spreading.

Towards the lowest parts of Maxwell’s Hill where the clearing
is of the longest duration bracken occurs in small quantities; and
Colocasia esculenta has established itself. Higher up, the banks of
the terraced cultivation are either covered with a rather coarse weedy
growth: or if kept cut are largely coated with Marchantia mixed
with minute weeds, and often with a quantity of Hydrocotyle asva-
tica.

Of the species enumerated, 34% are trees, 22% are climbers,
19% are shrubs, 18% are herbs, 10% are epiphytes, and 1% are
parasites.

6. An analysis of the Flora geographically.

Malaysia from Moulmein, and with the Andaman islands, to
New Guinea constitutes one of the “ botanic regions ” of the World.
The Malay Peninsula, either from the Isthmus of Kra southwards
or from some point south of the isthmus, Sumatra, Java, Borneo,
and all the attendant isles about them up to Wallace's line con-
stitute a “subregion,” the Western Malaysian. This subregion
can be divided again into sub-sub-regions, one of which is the Malay
Peninsula: and when knowledge has grown enough, the Malay
Peninsula will be found divisible into botanical sub-sub-sub-regions.
We surmise that perhaps two of these meet in the Taiping area,
one characterised by the features of what we may call the “ Larut
flora,” and the other by features which mark the flora of the Central
Montane area of the Peninsula; and we put forward the suggestion
that these two exist, as one on which to work.

The number of species in the list is 1980: of them 41 have been
introduced by man. Deducting these, the species known as natural
to the Flora are 1939.

7. The endemic element, 860 species.

The geographic limit which Mr. Ridley accepted for his Flora
of the Malay Peninsula is the 7th degree north: 819 of the species
in this list, as we know them at present, do not occur outside Mr.
Ridley’s Malay Peninsula. But if the Isthmus of Kra, as 1s
better, be taken for the limit northwards of the Malay Peninsula,
860 of the species in the list are endemic.§

§ Three of the species counted “endemic” to the Peninsula exist upon
the Dutch Islands immediately south of Singapore. This extension
beyond the political Peninsula is ignored here.

314

8. The local species, 196.

By local species we mean the species in the list which are not
known to occur in the Peninsula anywhere except in squares 3e
and 3f.

SIAM ~.
ee a a coe
laj2a 8a/4a 5a
lb| 2b 3b|4b 5b! 6b
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9e. Z3e\4e Be be Tc |
94 3d) 4d 5d 6d a
SS : ae
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3f |4f af |6f 7f | Sf
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Diagram No. 5; the area for “ local species,” 196 in number.
4 5) ;

Out of the 196 local species, four only are recorded at present
as adding square 3f to square 3e, being Synaptea perakensis, Synap-
tea Lowii, Aristolochia minutiflora and Mallotus Wrayt—being
Taiping plants which have been found in the Dindings. It seems
reasonable to consider them as local; but their number is so small
that it scarcely influences our discussion.

Out of the 196 species :—
7? of them occur above 4500 feet

26 between 4000 and 4500 feet
22 between 3500 and 4000 fect
39 between 3000 and 3500 feet
17 between 2500 and 3000 feet
15 between 2000 and 2500 feet
9 between 1500 and 2000 feet
16 between 1000 and 1500 feet
39 between 500 and 1000 feet
53 below 500 feet.

These figures show very clearly that the local and endemic
element is by no means exclusively a montane development: but that

ae

on the other hand it is strongest in the lowest belt.

3195

the presence of endemic species belonging to two evolutionary areas,

one, the local species which have originated at low levels; the other
species requiring higher elevations and for which the lowlands are

unsuitable.

The following is a list of the species known only to exist below
the 2000 feet contour line :—

Griffithia cupularis
Polyalthia dumosa
Polyalthia macrantha
Polyalthia pachyphylla
Melodorum litsaefolium
‘Cyclea elegans
Alsodeia cinerea
‘Garcinia dumosa
Calophyllum subsessile
Shorea Kunstleri
Synaptea reticulata
Sterculia Kunstleri
Scaphium longiflorum
Brownlowia macrophylla
Pentace macrophylla
Pentace perakensis
Pentace strychno‘dea
Eleocarpus Barnardii
Santiria macrocarpa
‘Chisocheton rubiginosa
Aglaia macrostigma

Lophopetalum Scortechinii

Salacia Wrayi
Colubrina anomala
Nephelium setosum
Semecarpus lucens
Melanochyla Kunstler
Melanochyla densiflora

Agelaea pinnata

Crudia gracilis
Ormosia scandens
Kunstleria Kingii

Caesalpinia parviflora

Parinarium Kunstleri
Parinarium elatum
Eugenia Dyeriana
Eugenia Gageana

Eugenia Hoseana

Eugenia Koordersiana
Eugenia mollis

Eugenia nigricans

Eugenia Prainiana

Eugenia Pearsoniana

Eugenia quadrata

ugenia setosa

Eugenia tecta

Barringtonia pauciflora
Memecylon -epiphyticum
Memecylon fioridum
Memecylon Curtis
Momordica Clarkeana

Unearia Kunstleri

Ardisia Wrayi

Bassia Kunstleri

Bassia longistyla

Melodinus citriformis
Phyllanthera perakensis
Genianthus rufo-velutinus
Erycibe magnifica

Erycibe strigosa
Didymocarpus serratifolia
Chirita Glasgovii

Staurogyne pauper
Gymnostachyum magis-nervatum
Phlogacanthus brevis
Promra sterculifolia
Tiper Kotanum
Beilschmiedia insignis
Alseodaphne insignis
Alseodaphyne paludosa
Alseodaphne Wrayi
Litsea claviflora
Litsea oblanceolata
Litsea patellaris

They suggest

CC

Litsea pustulata

Litsea Wrayi
Cinnamomum cinereum
Cinnamomum Kunstleri
Henslowia Wrayi
Helcia rufescens
Elytranthe diantha
Cleistanthus podocarpus
Coelodepas longifohum

316

Ptychopyxis Kingii
Bulbophyllum perakense
Alpinia macrostephana
Costus Kunstleri
Korthalsia tenuissima
Pothos Kingii

Pandanus Scortechinii
Mapania longispica
Homalonena nutans

The following is a list of the species known to occur above the

3000 feet contour line.

(The species which occur both below the

2000 and above the 3000 feet contour lines, or occur only between

them, are not listed).

Gordonia taipingensis
Megaphyllaea perakensis
Dysoxylum interruptum
Roureopsis Scortechinii
Polyosma grandis
Osbeckia perakensis
Melastoma sp.

Oxyspora floribunda
Campimia Wrayi
Impatiens Curtisil
Gardenia virescens
Amaracarpus caudatus
Psychotria Seortechinii
Lasianthus montanus
Antistrophe Curtisii
Symplocos Brandiana
Cleghornia gracilis
Micrechites tubulosa
Toxocarpus Scortechinii
Genianthus Ridleyi
Dischidia sp.

Gaertnera oblanceolata
Lettsomia Scortechinii
Didissandra quercifolia
Chirita elata

Staurogyne macrantha
Justicia Clarkeana
Premna Derryana
Beilschmiedia Foxiana
Machilus Scortechinii
Actinodaphne montana
Litsea monticola
Daphniphyllum lancifolium
Ficus sp.

Pasania Scortechinii
Liparis atro-sanguinea
Liparis furcata

Liparis parvula
Dendrobium Foxii
Bulbophyllum ochranthum
Ceratostylis puncticulata
Anoectochilus ?calcaratus
Anoectochilus pectinatus
Goodyera gracilis
Geostachys decurvata
Curculigo megacarpa
Licuala modesta

Calamus viridispinus
Daemonorops aciculatus

It appears possible that the hot wet country between the
montane flora of the Taiping range and the sea has served as the
place for the genesis of the lowland local endemic species as a
peculiar element giving recognisable characteristics to the Larut

Flora.

a |

31%

9. Penang in relation to the Taiping Flora, with 34
restricted species.
Penang and Province Wellesley more or less constitute the
land in square 2d. Common to 2d and the squares 3e and 3f are
34 endemic species, unknown from elsewhere.

SIAM
| | Ch 7

lai 2a 3a 4a da |
1b 2b 3b 4b 5b | 6b

i . 6°

2e_ 3:/|4e dc |6e 7

[2 Is. 14d 5a |6d 7a | 8d

| 2e 3e |4e de 68 Ze | 8e

| BE] 4f Sf) 6f 7f | 8f

|
PL Pe —.9) Ol
8m 9m Om

Diagram No. 6, of the area of the species of Penang with
Taiping, 34 species.

These are their names, with a dagger against them if they are
lowland species in the Taiping area, and a star if they are montane:
but no mark if they are intermediate, or if they occur both below
2000 feet and atove 3000 feet or if they are of unrecorded elevation.

Xanthophyllum Kunstlerit
Xanthophyllum pulchrum+
Adinandra maculosa*
Pachychlamys Hemsleyanust
Byttneria Curtisii+
Glycosmis macrophyllat
Santiria longifoliat

Melanorrhoea inappendiculata

Melanochyla nitidat
Bauhinia lucidat+
Anisophyllaea Curtisii

Anisophyllaea Gaudichaudianat

Eugenia Kunstlerit+

Memecylon Wallichiit+

Uncaria trinervis+

Randia Curtisiit
Psychotria morindaefclia
Bassia Curtisiit+

Diospyros apiculatat
Melodinus coriaceust
Anodendren pauciflorumt
Trachelospermum Curtisii
Erycibe praecipua
Justicia Maingayit

Litsea nidularist
Rhopalocnemis ruficeps
Cleistanthus ellipticust
Cleistanthus menbranaceust

318

Cleistanthus pedicellatus Bulbophyllum leptosepalum*
Antidesma pachystachyst Globba Wallichu*
Claoxylon Wallichianum Amorphophallus minor

There are five herbs among them, one being a parasite and
another an epiphyte. All the species are forest plants.
Measured by their occurrence on the Taiping hills are montane—
not having been found below 3000 feet, and 22 are lowland, not
having been found above 2000 feet.

10. Taiping and the mountains to the North-North-West.

The mountains north of Penang will next be discussed. The
three, Kedah Peak (or Gunong Jerai), Penang and the Taiping
Hills, in the present state of our knowledge, cannot be found to.
carry any single species which is not elsewhere; though common
to two of them are a few species: for instance common to Kedah
Peak and the Taiping Hills, but absent (as far as we know) else-
where is Talawma Kunstleri, which descends at Taiping to 2500.
feet: common to Gunong Raya in Langkawi and the Taiping Hills.
but absent elsewhere is Gastrochilus albo-marginata: common to.
Penang, Gunong Raya and the Taiping Hills but absent elsewhere
are Zizyphus affinis, Baccaurea Kingu,* and Arisaema Kunstlert.*
The last two are found high in the Taiping Hills.

There is no evidence in this meagre list suggesting that the
area of the following diagram is a natural one as regards its high

land. SIAM

ey i
lal 2a 3a | 4a 5a |
1b]|2b 3b]4b 5b/6b
| aks
oc |6c Te
5d |}6d Td.) 8d
| a
de be Te | 8e
5f 6f Tf | BE
4°

5g |6g 7g | 8g
dh | 6h 7b | 8h

sil6i vilai 9i| 0;
5k |6k 7k 8k 9k) Ok

71 | 8l QO Ol
8m 9m Om

Diagram No. ?—the area north and north-north-west of
Taiping, for which no more than 5 species are recorded.

31

11. The relationship of the vegetation of Upper
Perak to that of Taiping.

SIAM
— de
la| 2a 3a da da
1b} 2b 3b | 4b 5b | 6b
| A
Ze de }4e 5e -6c-- Te
2d 3d | 43 si 61 Tl | 8d
Eas 5°
9e | 3e14e .5816e Te! Se
ae at — of 68 ~~ 7 Sf
ie | j
8g |4g 5g |6j 7j | 8¢
th 5h |6k 7k 8h
3° | a
ety Shy by. S77 18) OF Oj
| 5k | 6k 7k |8k 9k | Ok
OF | c hie

8m 9m Om

Diagram No. 8.—Taiping with Upper ‘Perak, to which 11
species are confined. Upper Perak is chiefly contained in the
square 4d.

There are 11 species common the squares 3e and 4d—that is
to say restricted to the Taiping area and the area immediately to
the north-east of it. Of these Antidesma gracillimum* and
Antidesma Kunstleri* are alike recorded for Maxwell’s Hill and
Gunong Inas, which is a high mountain of the Taiping range: two
others, Leea Curtisiit and Aerua Curtisiit alike occur on the
Waterloo Estate and at Lenggong: Gomphandra nysstfolia,*
Didymocarpus urticaefolia* and Piper longibractatum*—all found
about the tops of the Taiping hills—were obtained by Mr. Ridley
in Upper Perak on his visit to Temengoh the altitude of which is
small, and Zingiber chrysostachys* was got by Wray at 300 feet.
The aroids Homalomena trapezifolia and Schismatoglottis longi-
folwa occur on the Taiping hills both at high and at low elevations,
and occur also at Temengoh. Whence in Upper Perak Cinna-
momum graciliflorum* came is uncertain. It is interesting that
these few plants found high on the Taiping hills should be low
down in upper Perak; but too little is the flora of square 4d known
for more to be said.

T'wo species are recorded as common to the three squares 2d,.
se and 4d, but not wider; one is the small tree Pajanelia mullijugat

320

which is conspicuous at the very foot of the Taiping hills. The
other is Costus Kingii,t which likewise occurs on the lower slopes.

12. The relation of the Taiping Flora to that of the Main
range of the Perak-Pahang border.

The Main range of the Perak-Pahang border is contained in
the four squares 4e, 4f, 5e, and 5f; but botanically 5e and 5f are
unknown; they are included in the area of the following diagram,
but they carry no effect whatsoever.

STAM
7°
9a 3a\4a 5a.
2b 3b |4b 5b | 6b |
coke | 6°
\2e 3ce\4e 5e|6e Te
2d ga | 4d 5d | 6d 7d | 8d
5°
9e |2e | 4e 5e6e Tei 8e
3f|4f 5f£16f 7f/ 8
| 4°
3g 4g 5g |6g 7% | 8g
= 4b 5h 6h 7h | Sh
4 5j | 6] 7; | 8 93 Oj
| 6k 7k 8k 9k} Ok
7 tt hae oe =
coun :) ame) Oe ©)
Sm 9m | Om

Diagram No. 9. The area of the Taiping hills and the
montane area immediately to the eastward, with 49 species.

Common to ve and either 4e or 4f or both, but not at present
known more widely are 49 species: 21 of them are found low down
in the Taiping area, 18 of them high up, and 10 either ocr
both below and above or of unknown elevation.

Those found low are :—

Hopea nervosa Ardisia Kunstleri
Vatica Kunstleri Diospyros ellipsoidea
Garcinia opaca Paraboea capitata
Capparis larutensis Justicia ptychostoma
Millettia unifoliata Beilschmeidia perakensis
Eugenia perakensis Litsea hirsutissima
Melanochyla bracteata ; Breynia angustifolia
Sonerila glabriflora Cleistanthus Kingii

Medinilla scandens Ficus araneosa

321

Pasania Wrayl Pothos macrocephalus
Rhaphidophora Nunstleri

and those found high :—

Sonerila repens Knema oblongifolia
Medinilla venusta Bulbophyllum gigas
Schefflera lurida Iguanura bicornis
Argostemma unifolioide Iguanura ferruginea
Mycetia flava Pandanus bidens
Didymocarpus alternans Pandanus perakensis
Strobilanthes rufo-pauper Arisaema anomalum
Aeschynanthus perakensis Arisaema Wrayl
Piper Scortechinii Gnetum Ridleyi

Beyond this area, to Penang, the following 8 species extend :—
Begonia Maxwelhana, Bassia Braceana,t Symplocos Curtisii,
Cyrtandra dispar, Cinnamomum mollissimum,t Galearia subulata,.
Pasama grandifrons, and Oberonia rosea.* Unless it be Oberonia
rosea no one of them occurs only above 3000 feet. The Bassia and
the Cinnamomum belong to the hills below 2000 feet.

13. The relationship of the Taiping flora to that of the
whole of the Main range, 118 species common to
the two, or with 4d added, 126.

The area for comparison may be enlarged to comprise all the
land within the heavy lines of the following diagram :—

SIAM

See
9a 3a/14a 5a |
9b 3b} 4b 5b | 6b

7 6°

%e. sc | 4e°- 5e | 6c Te |
Base +a , on | Gd. -Ta 8d
i ‘—o h eee

Bieali tie tee 5e tbe Ye | Be
Pires core Of. ~ ¢ Sf

3g | 4g 5g | 6g 7g | 8g

‘4h 5h 6h|7h Sh
= | 4; 5 [6 7) |8} 93) Oj
| :
3 | 5k [6k 7k 8k 9k| Ok
71/81 91| Ol
8m 9m Om

Diagram No. 10. Taiping with the whole Main range—a
further 69 species, in addition to those of the northern part.

322

If the whole of the southern half of the Main range be added
so that the area contains all the squares of diagram 10, and the
species be assembled together which occur in it and the Taiping

area, then we find the following 25 of them to occur at low

elevations.

Cyathostemma Wrayl
Goniothalamus Curtisil
Roydsia Scortechinu
Xanthophylum bullatum
Alsodeia Hookeriana
Alsodeia pachycarpa
Ternstroemia Scortechinil
Grewia erythrocarpa
Pentace Kunstleri
Dysoxylum rugulosum
Aglaia Kunstleri

Rhus perakensis

Sonerila nidularia

Memecylon fruticosum
Memecylon Kunstleri
Begonia taipingensis
Diospyros subrhomboidea
Diospyros toposiodes
Jasminum Wrayi
Heterostemma piperifohum
Hoya citrina

Boea paniculata
Monophyllaea patens
Helicia Kingiana
Calamus longispatha
Rhaphidophora crassifolia

while the following 33 of them are found high only :—

Aglaia cinerea
Chisocheton macrothyrsus
Glyptopetalum quadrangulare
Sonerila integrifolia
Medinilla heterantha
Medinilla Scortechinii
Eugenia corrugata
Schefflera affinis

Agapetes perakensis
Fagraea oblonga

Fagraea lanceolata
Dischidia Scortechinii
Lettsomia Curtisii
Torenia atropurpurea
Didymocarpus suiphurea
Didymocarpus parviflora
Nothaphoebe reticulata

Lindera pipericarpé
Piper semangkoanum
Piper magnibaccum
Loranthus productus
Loranthus crassipetalus
Balanophora truncata
Dendrobium roseatum
Eria bidens
Bulbophyllum oblanceolatum
Thelasis macrobulbon
Hornstedtia grandis
Pinanga polymorpha
Calamus Curtisii
Freycinetia montana
Habenaria gigas

Carex perakensis

Intermediate between the two are Dischidia cordifolia,
Antistrophe caudata, Nothaphoebe fruticosa, and Musa truncata.
Extending into the two are Cephaelis Ridleyi, Osmanthus
Scortechinii, Didymocarpus albomarginatus, Didymoca rpus malaya-
nus, and Crytocarya Scortechinii. And of unrecorded elevation
are Debregeasia squamata and Ficus obpyramidata.

If the area be widened by the inclusion of the square 4d,
embracing Upper Perak, of high level plants are added Diplospora
Wrayt,* Didymocarpus hispida* and Staurogyne arcuata,* to low

323

level plants Chirita caliginosa,t Ficus Lowu and Gastrochilus
minor, and to intermediate Liparis comosa, while Diosprros rigida
jas been found both high and low.

SIAM

: : 7°
la|2a 3a |4a da
1b| 2b 3b 14b 5b! 6b

| 4 -

\9e 3e|4c de Fe Tc

\Qd 3 | 20 | Sd) 6d 7d 8d

i piesa : 5°

r2e 3e | 4e 29e¢ [66 Te! 8e
Jiabao Of 4-6f --7f 18

3 | 4g be. | 6g Cea Gye 9]
4h | 5h | 6h Ce 9k

3° nn BE eee | eee a ee
(4) 53 | GSP) 5. Bind 2 4! 0}
5k (6k 7k Sk 9k | Ok

7L | 3l eH Ol
Sm 9m | Om

Diagram No. 11. Taiping, and the whole Main range with
Upper Perak added, whereby 8 further species are included.

14. The relation of the Taiping Flora to the central
mountains as a whole.

Proceeding, we next enlarge the area so as to contain Gunong
Tahan and the north and south approaches to it: we include the
square 4d and so make the area to be as in the diagram on the next
page.

Of them, the following 8 occur below 2000 feet in the Taiping
hills :—

Artabotrys oxycarpus Dissochaeta anomala
Shorea Ridleyana Ophiorrhiza pallidula
Combretum nigrescens Baccaurea malayana
Vitis Scortechinii Hornstedtia triorgyale

and the following 13 occur high
Adinandra parvifolia Gomphandra sp.

324

Sonerila brachyantha Bulbophyllum galbinum
Argostemma involucratum Eria ferox

Ardisia rosea Conamomum utriculosum
Dischidia astephana Dracaena robusta
Dendrobium longipes_ _ Iguanura polymorpha

Oberonia insectifera

SIAM
ant eaeeEE a
la|2a 3a | 4a 5a
Ib 2b 3b | 4b 5b 6b

i 6°
Qe 3c | 4e Se | be Tc
2d sa [i 5d 6d 7a | 8d
S| 5°
26 ee 5e | 6e | Te | 8e
3f | 4f Bt | 6 Tf | 8f
ee oe SS Ne ee 4°

3g | 4g | 5g | 6g | 7g | 8g
4h |5h 6h | 7h | Sh

3° —_ EE
aj lel zle | o
- 8k | 6k | Tk ak’ Ok 1 Ok

71 be 2) ee 3)
8m Ym Om

Diagram No. 12. The area of diagram 11 with Gunong
Tahan added, producing the central montane area, whereby another
24 species are added.

15. Species of the central mountain area which appear to
the north, but south of 7° N.

If the squares containing Penang (2d), Kedah Peak (2c) and
Gunong Raya in Langkawi (1b) and all the land contiguous be
added to the central montane area of diagram No. 12, species are

325

‘added to the number of 69, being 19 which do not pass to the south
of the Main range and 49 which do so.

SIAM
| ee
al2a 8a \4a da
1b | 2b 3b 4b 5b | 6b |
Bast : Ge
Fe ser 4e.- De-| 6e-4 7e
94 3a|4d 5d| 6d] 7d | 8d
ae | ae
9e 38e|4e S5e | Ge | Te | 8e
| af |4f df | 6f | 7f | Bf

3g ge 5g | 6g | 7g | 8g
4h%5h | 6h 47b | 8h

3 ri G i aera
14] 5) | 6 iis oy | O}
: 5k |g, 7k |8k 9k | Ok
a

Pinter 99 Ol
8m 9m | Om

Diagram 13. The central montane area and northwards to
“ N. 3

Of the 1%, Streptocaulon Wallichi,t Phyllanthodendron
dubvum,+ Glochidion perakense,t Ostodes muricatat Trichoglottis
scaphigera,t Globba albiflorat and Curcuma Kunstleri+ are low-
land ;

Strobilanthes collinus,* Strobilanthes rufo-pauper,* Piper
penangense,* Bulbophyllum linearifolium,* Coelogyne pallens,*
Podochilus lancifolia,* and Globba cernua* are montane. There
is one not placeable.

of the 49 the following are lowland :—

Goniothalamus Scortechinii Salacia Maingayi

Kadsura lanceolata Melanorrhoea aptera
Shorea Maxwelliana Melanorrhoea Curtisii
Pyrenaria Kunstleri Bauhinia ferruginea
Kayea Kunstleri Mussaenda Wrayl
Hydnocarpus nana Bassia laurifolia
Cratoxylon Maingayi Strychnos pencillata
Sterculia parvifolia Strobilanthes hirtisepalus
Tarretia perakensis Cyrtandromoea megaphylla

Evodia macrocarpa Callicarpa angustifolia

326

Vitex siamica Pasania Curtisii
Antidesma leucladon Eria aporina

and the following montane :—

Brachytome Scortechinii Coelogyne carnea
Diospyros Scortechinii Calanthe albolutea
Jasminum Scortechinu ~ Phreatia listrophora
Loxocarpus coerulea _ Podochilus muricata
Strobilanthes Maingayi Protolirion paradoxum
Engelhardtia Wallichiana Scindapsus Scortechinii

Bulbophyllum selangorense Rhaphidophora Wrayi
Ceratostylis cryptantha
There are nine not placed.

-

16. Plants confined to the mountainous centre and north-
west of the Peninsula (diagram 13) and Lower Siam.

Out of the 43 species which extend into Lower Siam without
passing beyond the Isthmus of Kra, 12, being Popowia nervifolia,
Alsodeia Scortechinii, Schoutenia Kusstlers, Otophora sessilis,
Rourea anomala, Brassaiopsis palmata,* Argostemma_ diversi-
folium,* Psychotria Birchiana, Didymocarpus flava,* Pseuderan-
themum caudifolium, Conamomum citrinum, and Didymosperma
Hookeriana are restricted, upon the south of the 7th. degree
North, to the area of the last diagram, the rest extending to
Malacca or Singapore or the East coast. The Brassaiopsis, the
Argostemma and the Didymocarpus are the only species found
high on the Taiping hills: the others occurring low down.

17. Plants reaching Tenasserim and the Andaman islands
but not extending further north.

Out of 25 species which extend into Tenasserim and the

Andaman islands 11 do not pass south of the central montane region
of the Peninsula and 14 do.

Adinandra villosa,* Gomphostemma Scortechinii* and
Pendrochilum album* are montane in the Taiping hills, and do
not reach the south of the Peninsula.

Adenia ntcobarica,* Ardisia andamanica,* Chilocarpus

atroviridis™ and Staurogyne lasiobotrys* are montane and do extend
into Malacca or Johore, but no one of them to Singapore.

18. Species of the Asiatic continent, chiefly Burma, which
penetrate into Malaysia down the Peninsula without
reaching the Malay islands.

As we have in the foregoing paragraphs 15—17 followed the
range of species northwards to the limits of the Malaysian region,
the species which northwards, and northwards only, transcede it

may conveniently be considered next. There are 66 in the Taiping
list :-—

327

28 of them in the Peninsula pass into the central
montane region, but not beyond it,

1 reaches Mount Ophir,

37 reach the lower country of Malacca, Johore and
Singapore.

Out of these 66 the following are in the Taiping hills montane,
Illicium cambodianum, Salacia flavescens, Vitis Lawsoni, Micro-
tropis filiformis, Eugenia Thumra, Hedyotis coronata, Psychotria
calocarpa, Ardisia solanacea, Aeschynanthus Hildebrandtii, Loran-
thus obtectus, Loranthus pulcher, Ficus variolosa, Ficus chartacea,
Elatostemma molle, Calanthe Fostermanni, Saccolabium bigibbum
and Sphaerecaryum elegans.

Are there southern migrants among them ?—Probably, as for
‘instance /llicitum cambodianum and Psychotria calocarpa and some
others. But until the plants of Tenasserim and particularly of
Lower Siam are better known, a southward migration actually
in progress must be obscure.

19. The relationship of Mount Ophir.

Recorded for Mount Ophir and the Taiping hilis are 39
species: 17 of them occur also in Singapore island, and a further 8
in the lowlands of Johore: 7 occur in Malacca; while another is
found upon the Pahang coast. None of these then, are exclusively
montane in the south of the Peninsula. Among the remaining 6
are Diplospora Kunstlert which is recorded for the two places, and
for no others, and 5, i.e. Hvodia pilulifera, Argostemma involu-
cratum, Paraboea cordata, Liparis Maingayi, and IJguanura
Wallichiana which occur upon the Main range and seem to leap
the lowlands to that isolated mountain. The Liparis and the
Paraboea reach Kedah Peak: the Liparis, the Paraboea, the
Argostemma and the Eugenia reach Penang. It is to be observed
‘that three of these four are herbs.

26. The relationship of Malacca—which it will be
remembered, is a well-worked area.

As limited to the Taiping area and square 6k, which is that
-Of Malacca, are 12 species. Except Hoya Maingayi (and the
** Malacca ” of its label probably means Mt. Ophir), all of them
-are lowland plants in the Taiping area. It may be convenient to
future workers if we enumerate them: they are Sterculia bicolor,
Pentace eximia, Swintonia lurida, Mangifera Griffithii, Diospyros
rufa, Cordyloblaste Maingayt, Beilschmiedia longipes, Baccaurea
_polyneura, Macaranga Maingayi (Taiping elevation not recorded),
Castanopsis Ridleyi and Smilax Kingii.

The total number of endemic species common to Malacca and
‘Taiping is 230 and of them 38 are highland in the Taiping area
-and 130 are lowland. There are 62, either both high and low, or
-of unrecorded elevation.

ee

328

Micrechites furcata,t which occurs low down on the Taiping
hills and in the square 4g, and Coelogyne Kingu which occurs at
unrecorded elevations in the Taiping hills and square 5; are akin
to these; and Licuala pusilla,t which adds the Main range and
Gunong Tahan is, like those, with difficulty classifiable.

21. The relationship of Singapore—another well-worked
area.

As common to Taiping and Singapore Island, but not recorded
from any places between or any area elsewhere are 7 species, namely,
Artabotrys Wrayi, Genianthus Maingayi, Piper flavimarginatum,
Beilschschmeidia Kunstlert, Baccaurea Hookeri, Baccaurea latifolia
and Freycinetia confusa: all these as far as recorded occur at low
levels in the Taiping area.

The total number of endemic species common to Singapore and
Taiping is 172; and of them 14 are highland in the Taiping area
and 106 are lowland. There are 52 either both high and low, or
of unrecorded elevation. ;

22. Further endemic Taiping plants in the south of the
Peninsula.

In the south of the Peninsula there are further species to the
number of 51 which occur at low elevation, is Johore, for instance
without occurring either in the Malacca or Singapore squares:
and of them 19 are highland, and 18 lowland, and 14 either both
high and low or of unrecorded elevation.

The following two lists are, (i) of the endemic species montane
in Taiping which appear in the low country of the south of the
Peninsula, and (ii) of the endemic species in Taiping which
equally appear in this low country.

(1)

Phaeanthus lucidus Morinda elliptica
Aglaia Griffithii Lasianthus ? glaberrimus
Kurycoma apiculata Vaccinium perakense
Canarium parviflorum Diospyros argentea
Celastrus malayensis Ervatamia cvlindrocarpa
Gomphandra lanceolata Urceola brachysepala
Bauhinia cornifolia Hoya Maingayi
Pyrenaria acuminata Didymocarpus corchorifolia
Eugenia caudata Justicia pubiflora
Barringtonia Scortechinii Loranthus malaccensis
Phylagathis hispida Lepeostegeres Iingil
Sonerila bracteata Breynia coronata

. erecta U astanopsis Wallichit
Schefflera Ridleyi Microstylis acutangula
Argastemma elatostemma, var. Dendrobium aegle

spinulosum Bulbophyllum modestum

Ophiorrhiza discolor Coelogyne longibractata
Hedyotis mollis Coelogyne perakensis

Urophyllum ferrugineum Eria monticola

Eria poculata

Hornstedtia albomarginata
Zingiber gracile

Alpinia petiolata
Phrynium hirtum

Musa malaccensis

Polyalthia Scortechinii
Tetracera lucida, var
Artabotrys crassifolius

Wrayl
Oxy mitra latifolia
= calycina

Orophea enterocarpa
Xylopia magna
Melodorum lanuginosum
= King
elegans
U variella leptopoda
Drepananthus pruniferus
Limacia oblonga
Dipterocarpus Kunstleri
Balanocarpus penangianus
oe Heinii
Hopea globosa
Gareimia penangiaar
Kayea grandis
Calophyllum canum
Tlibiscus floccosus
Pentace eximia
Sterculia bicolor
‘Tarrietia simplicifolia
Byttneria Maingayi
Grewia Migqueliana
Eleocarpus Hullettii
Xanthophyllum stipitatum
2 Wrayi
Alsodeia Wrayi
Gonostylus Maingayi
Evodia malayana
‘Turpinia latifolia
‘Canarium pilosum
Canarium rufum
5 kadondon
Santiria laxa
a apiculata

Be fasciculata
* Wrayi

Amoora rubiginosa
» Ridleyi

Aglaia Hiemii

329

Nenga macrocarpa
Caryota obtusa

Pinanga paradoxa
Daemonorops hygrophilus
Plectocomia ? Griffithii
Dendrocalamus giganteus

(ii)

Lophopetalum pachyphyllum
Icicaster Planchoni
Lophophyxis Maingayi
Gomphandra corymbosa

at penangiana
Todes velutina
Strombosia rotundifolia
Phytocrene palmata

oblonga

Zizy phus Kunstler
Nephelium rubescens
Pometia alnifolia
Lepisanthes longifolia
Paranephelium macrophyllum
Smythaea macrocarpa
Swintonia lurida

= spicifera
Melanorrhoea torquata
Melanochyla angustifolia
Mangifera Griffithil
Vitis cinnamomea

,» elegans

Leea gigantea
Ellipanthus gibbosus
Rourea rugosa
Connaropsis macrophylla
Millettia albiflora
Crudia Curtis
Saraca bijuga
Spatholobus Maingay1
Bauhinia Wrayi
Pithecolobium contortum
Eugenia papillosa

ee Clarkeana

65 chloroleuca

5 penangiana

os pustulata

Re expansa

. filiformis

* subdecussata

‘3 variolosa
Duthieana

Phyllagathis Griffithi
Allomorphia exigua, var.

Memecylon acuminatum
amplexicaule
Crypteronia Griffithii
Casearia Kunstleri, var.
Homalium ‘propinquum
Scheffiera Hullettii
Greenia Jacki
Ixora Kingstoni
Mussaenda mutabilis
Timonius Wallichianus
5S Wravi
Urophyllum villosum
Aulacodiscus premnoides
Sideroxylon malaccense
Diospyros bilocularis

= flavicans
* rufa
fe oblonga
Pal: b
alaquium bancanum
ie Clarkeanum
45 Maingayi

Willughbeia coriacea
Leuconotis Griffithii
Cordyloblaste Maingayi
Chonemorpha penangensis
Ervatamia peduncularis
Erycibe malaccensis
» testiva

Cyrtandra cupulata
Vitex longisepala

5 peralata

. coriacea
Clerodendron myrmecophilum

- deflexum

Thottea dependens
Piper Curtisii

» Tamipilum
Myristica cinnamomea
Horsfieldia Lehmannana

s sucosa
Knema Wrayi
Kunstleri

?9
» Cantleyi
Actinodaphne pruinosa

330

Beilschmiedia longipes
. Kunstleri

Nothaphoebe panduriformis -

Stemmatodaphne perakensis
Cryptocarya rugulosa
Tatsea machilifclia, var.
+ perakensis
5 megacarpa
-» castanea
Aporosa pseudo-ficilifolia

- stellifera
Baccaurea Maingayi
ns latifolia
= polyneura

= Griffithii
Antidesma pendulum
Drypetes pendula
Glochidion desmocarpum
Endospermum malaccense
Agrostistachys sessilifolia
Croton Griffithi
Macaranga Lowii
Artocarp us Maingayi
Pasania Cantleyana

sy Wallichiana
Castanopsis megacarpa

5 nephelioides
_ Ridleyi

Saccolabium perpusillum
Dendrobium clavator
Hornstedtia macrochilus
Elettiaropsis latiflora
Amomum xanthophlebium
Smilax Kingi
Dracaena. umbratica
Dioscorea stenomeriflora
Forrestia gracilis
Alocasia ovalifolia
Homalomena paludosa
Pandanus Ridlevi

3 ornatus
Freycinetia lucens
3. confusa

Calamus densiflorus
Gnetum Kingianum

23. East coast plants that also are endemic.
Of the Taiping plants 3 combine the East coast of Pahang
with the area of diagram 10:—Miquelia caudata,* Symplocos
perakensis, and Licuala malayana ;* one combines the East coast of
Pahang with the area of diagram 10 and the West coast :—
Polyalthia Hookeriana;* four combine the East coast of Pahang

i he

331]
with the area of diagram 7:—Goniothalamus tenuifolius, Hugenia
urophyllat, Ophiorrhiza tenella* and Randia oocarpa; and one com-
bines the East coast of Pahang with the area of diagram 13 :—
Ryparosa Scortechinut.

24. A summary in regard to endemic species.

In the following table the total number of endemic species
of each area that has been considered are collected together. The
first fact to notice is that in species common to the best-worked
areas the endemism is high, reaching,

South of the Main range... 46%
North of the Main range .. 40%
Penang a : be 33%
Malacca me. iat Fi 30%
Singapore .. 20%

but the order in which these five etand is wet the order in which

they might be arranged by the figures on the map opposite the first

page of this bulletin, in which the Main range is regarded as but
20% known. It w ould follow then that as the Main range becomes
better known, the number of the local endemics in the Taiping area
will be reduced greatly by the discovery of them in it. Thus will
the noteworthy peculiarity of the area be reduced.

Number of endemic species.

part of
Pahang

Area a a @ a af 3 5 n° = g S
ee eee ee ee A ge Se
squares
de and 3f IGS - :
diagram 6 34 34 ..
diagram 7 a oi. :
diagram 8 5 i ae Lf
under same po yy Tee
diagram 9 35 aes 49
under same so ae
diagram 10 69 re SE Oo :
diagram 11 8 ae ee ee
diagram 12 2d AS ae reas Se AC a: J
diagram 13 fete ne «0 ol (oe 60 68 :
to
Lower Siam fe oa tama, tO, 8 45 .. 22-15 20 17
to
Tenasserim Pose tet ioks to te 2. 3 ‘25> 8. 4. 8 6
N. to S. of
Peninsula ozo. 165 43° 36162 209 65 12 .. .. 2838 42156172
Total 871286 94 82 350400184 90 46 25263 59 184195
Percentage oo be Set eG DEMO ot B38 OY 2122

332

Number of Montane endemic species.

S6f ees gc ep os hee
Area = 3 2 aE EAS Bs 3 z = 3 2
» of do A we S we “A058 So eee
a. 3 tee Lee go ae ee ee . ce
aS. y Sa o@ o = = ee 5 = <3) 5 MR
eo @ 8 2 2 2.5 22) 5 oo
squares
3e and 3f | ae <4
diagram 6 oe Br
diagram 7 i ee ‘
diagram 8 Big ch 7
under same 0 O x
diagram 9 1 18 ‘
under same ; 3 i eet °
diagram 10 a3 17 35 é
diagram 11 3 S. pos eee :
diagram 12 1k ee PUES mets Foy Ren
diagram. ‘13 22 41° al 2 36 418-9 7e ‘
to
Lower Siam 6°32. 8. So ere ae a: o. e ee
to
Tenasserim 7% 3 2 1 8. 6 4: 3b ae eee
N. to S. of
Peninsula 53 29-12 4 30 43 19. 4.4. (CSS eee
Total 218 51 30 20101114 61 31 8 7 42 11 41 16
Percentage .. 23 14 9 46 32 28 14 4°56 19> 5 164%
Above average by .. 3 ..° 6 SG 90 a#59)) 3) Gt eee
Below average by. 10 ... ... a. se ORR) ka ees

Conversely it is clear that there has been a development of
endemism on no small seale within what is here called the central
montane area of the Peninsula (diagram 12), Taiping sharing in
it.

We have endeavoured to recognise this montane flora by the
endemism it possesses and we have found endemic species in all the
following genera, the list of which is given to call attention to the
circumstance that they are genera typical of Malaysia and that it is
quite unnecessary to suppose any marked wandering in of made
species of these genera from more northern regions: but that to
account for the development of these endemics we have but to
assume evolutionary processes in the Peninsula. In which con-
nection it may be asserted that whatever the ages of the mountains
of the central montane area of the Peninsula be, they are old
enough to be several times over the foster-parents of these endemics.

That the species evolved within the central montane area is
to be assumed: but the question of the part the Taiping hills may
have played in their origin is not yet worth discussing.

333 —

This montane flora scarcely reaches Penang, to which the
lesser elevations and the greater periods of heat scarcely invite it.
Tt is remarkable in these figures that the species of narrow
distribution common to Taiping and Penang are members rather
of the Larut flora.

Genera supplying the montane Taiping endemics, with
the number of species in brackets of more than one

Adinandra (2)
Gordonia |
Impatiens
Megaphyllaea
Chisocheton
Dysoxylon
Aglaia
Gomphandra (2)
Glyptopetalum
Roureopsis
Polyosma
Eugenia
Osbeckia
Melastoma
Oxyspora
Campimia
Sonerila (3)
Medinilla (3)

Schefflera (2)

Brassaiopsis
Argostemma (3)
Mycetia
Gardenia

-Diplospora

Psychotria
Lasianthus
Amaracarpus
Agapetes
Ardisia
Antistrophe

Symplocos

Cleghornia
Micrechites
Toxocarpus
Genianthus
Dischidia (3)
Fagraea (2)
Gaertnera
Lettsomia (2)
Torenia
Aeschynanthus
Didissandra
Didmocarpus (6)
Chirita
Staurogyne (2)
Strobilanthes (3)
Justicia

Premna
Gomphostemma
Piper (5)

Knema
Beilschmiedia (2)
Cinnamomum (2)
Nothaphoebe
Machilus
Actinodaphne
Litsea

Lindera
Loranthus
Balanophora
Antidesma
Daphniphyllum

Ficus
Pasania
Oberonia (2)
Liparis (3)
Dendrobium (3)
Bulbophyllum (5)
Kria
Trichotosia
Ceratostylis
Coelogyne
Podochilus
Thelasis
Anoectochilus (2)
Goodyera
Habenaria
Globba (2)
Zingiber
Hornstedtia
Geostachys
Curculigo
Dracaena
Pinanga
Iguanura
Daemonorops
Calamus (2)
Pandanus (2)
Freycinetia
Arisaema (3)
Carex
Gnetum

334

Number of Lowland endemic species.

4 = z
° See = bo ee es = 3
8 oye So = eZ 3 E 5
ease oa ae ee (2S ei iis
fo 8 eee 8 8.2. BB Be ee
squares
3e and 3f 2 ae ge ee oS oy sae: ote ee
diagram 6 ee Seapets we -» wl Rea eee ee
diagram 7 | 2 En Sa a
diagram 8 fas, veer 2 0S oe ea ee)
under same “= Ragu ee eae ae : 6) elie ee eee
diagram 9 i tS 63) 2A J. “ou ee) ees
under same ote. ket. 5: a by, nh SE
diagram 10 25 14 26 : <>
diagram 11 0... es : wh ho
diagram 12 8 «i G. - OO eee ee oe
diagram 13 33 23 9 -8 15 22 32 33 eee my og
to
Lower Siam 20 11 9 Goth 148 S228 ee eee
to
‘Tenasserim 11 % 3 2 6, -6.°4) 93° 1 At eee

N. to S. of
Peninsula 178° 88 25 20 83102 22-4 ..-.. low 2

Total 421156 47 37156176 73 40 24 11145 30 83119
Percentage .. 37,11 9-87 42 10 40 96, 6°68 2a ee
Above average 4 oo. na Vem le ae oe ean
Below average oe ee ne 8 AN RIS ae oe eee

It looks as if between the Taiping hills and Moulmein changes
proceed evenly, as might be expected in the lowlands. For, adding
to the 68 endemic species which pass as in diagram 13 northwards
to 7° N. to the 34 for the Taiping with Penang endemics, 5 for the

Taiping with Kedah endemics, and so on, we get : —

Ss) ee
Endemics ending northwards in Tenasserim | 25 | 11 | 7
» ” ‘5 » Lower Siam | rs 23 | 6
a sis before 7° N. 07 56 | 27
|

but more work is required yet everywhere, but chiefly in Lower
Siam, where hills are small and also botanically scarcely known.

335

25. The plants of Malaysia which are not endemic.

The next sections deal with Malaysian plants which are not
confined to the Peninsula, but have overmastered sea-barriers: and
first with these of narrow distribution with the Peninsula.

26. Malaysian plants, but in the Peninsula local.

In the Taiping area 32 species have been collected, which
while they have been found nowhere else in the Peninsula, are
known to occur in the western Malaysian islands :—

Sumatra only :-——Uvaria Larep,t Sabia sumatrana,+ Eugenia
Benjamina, Eugenia Hullettiana,t Eugema_ subhorizontalis,t
Piper velutinervium,+ and Cinnamomum lampongum.t

Java only:—Padebruggea dasyphylla,t Piper acre, Litsea
brachystachya,t Chrysoglossum villosum, Diglyphosa latifolia,
Chelonistele pusilla,* and Physurus latifolius.*

Sumatra and Java together :—sStephama corymbosa,* Payena
dasyphylla,* and Strobilanthes bibracteatus.*

Borneo only :—NMelanorrhoea macrocarpa,* Platyclinis sara-
wakensis, Dendrobium Derryi, Bulbophyllum cleistogamum, Arun-

dina revoluta,t Coelogyne quadrangularts,* Bromheadia brevifolia,
and Bagnisia crocea.

Sumatra and Borneo together:—Saraca macroptera, Maesa
macrothyrsa,t and Litsea fenestrata.t

Java and Borneo together :—Wightia borneensis.*

Sumatra, Java and Borneo together :—Henslowia Reinward-
tiana,t Pasania Blumeana,* and Castanopsts costata.

. The species marked+ are recorded only from low elevations ;
those marked* for high.

27. Malaysian plants which in the Peninsula are found in
Taiping and Penang.

Another 11 which are found in the island of Western
Malaysia, in the Peninsula appear confined to Taiping and Penang.

They are :—

Sumatra only:—Saraca palembanicat and Trichospermum
cymbiforme.t

Java only :—Melodorum latifolium,+ and Platea latifolia.t

Borneo only :—Magnolia Maingayi,* Dipterocarpus fagineus,t
Balanocarpus Curtisti,t Astronia smilacifolia.t and Korthalsva
ferox.

Sumatra and Borneo together :—Anplectrum pallens.t

Java and Borneo together:—Dalbergia phyllanthoidest and
Litsea cylindrocar pa.

336 ;

28. Malaysian plants which in the Peninsula occur in the
central mountain area.

There are 3 species which occur in the squares 3e and 4d,
namely Leea simplicifolia,A porosa arborea, and Rajfesia Hasselt;
the first and second both in Sumatra and in Java; the third in .
Sumatra only; and no one of them clearly montane in the Taiping
hills.

There are 46 occupying the area of diagram 12 :—

Sumatra only :—Ryparosa Kunstlert, Aglaia membranifolia,+
Eugenia garciniaefolia,t Oxyspora stellulata, Jasminum insigne,t
Cinnamomum rhyncophyllumt, Pasania FEichleri,t Limatodis
pallidus,* and Eria pilifera.*

Java only :—Saurawa nudiflora,* Saurauia cauliflora,t Cana-
rium denticulatum, Passiflora Horsfieldii,t Lasianthus gracilis,
Litsea angulata,* Lindera bibracteata,* Platyclinis gracilis,*
Microstylis perakensis, Sarcopodium macropodum,* Dendrobium
tetrodon, Collabium nebulosum.*

Sumatra and Java together :—Didymocarpus reptans, Scheff-
lera scandens, Litsea Noronhae,t Phaius callosus,* Dicerostylis
lanceolata.*

In Borneo only :—Lucinaea Ridleyi, Randia impressinervia,t
Clerodendron Ridleyi, Gomphostemma microcalyx,+ Lepeoslegeres
Beccarii,* Dendrochilum Kingii, Bulbophyllum catenarium,*
Thecostele secunda,t Musa violascens,+ Joinvillea malayana,*
Pandanus stelliger,* and Alocasia Beccarti.*

In Sumatra and Borneo together:—Dapania scandens ,*
Cryptocarya crassinervia,t Eria longifolia and Pothos Barberia-
nus.*

In Java and Borneo together :—Aralia ferox, Lindera caesia,*
and Liparis latifolia.*

In Sumatra, Java and Borneo together —A galmyla staminea.

29, Western Malaysian plants wide in the Peninsula.

Wider than these in the Peninsula and common to islands in
Western Malaysia are :—
63 species in Sumatra only.
33, ~~ in Java only.
29 ~~, in Sumatra and Java together.
95 ,. in Borneo only.
65 ,. in Sumatra and Borneo together.
26. ,, in Java and Borneo together.
60 ,, in all three. 7

337

No useful purpose will be served by naming them. Their
total is 371. 3

A further 12 species reach in addition Lower Siam. Two of
them occur in it, the Peninsula and Sumatra, and two in Java:
four of them occur in it, the Peninsula and Borneo: one is in both
Sumatra and Java: two in Sumatra and Borneo together, and one
in Java and Borneo together.

A count at this point shows that Borneo is known to possess
296 of these Western Malaysian plants that are in the Taiping
hills, that Sumatra has 262 and Java, in spite of the much greater
extent to which it has been botanised, has only 193.

30. The seas as barriers.

What means, we must ask, have the plants with which the
last section deals had of crossing the seas which separate the
Peninsula from the islands. There exists always the success of
the random shot, e.g. the chance dispersal by a migrating bird or
other means. Again it is generally believed that the bottom of the
seas was bared about the south of the Peninsula at one or several
times, and possibly in diverse manner in different times, so that
for instance the forests of the Peninsula could stretch into Sumatra,
and vice versa. From this we argue that when such a making
_ bare of the sea-bottom has occurred, then the plants living in the
south of the Peninsula at such a time or times, had greater
facilities for transmigration than those in the north, and therefore
the south has been likely to receive more species from other parts
of the Malaysia than the north and also to give more: and evidence
of this taking and giving ought to be obtainable. We find evidence
in bringing the results of sections 22, 24 and 28 together in this
section 30.

In sections 26-29 we have dealt with 475 plants of Malaysia
which pass the seas. Of them 272 are in the Taiping area—lowland
plants which reach the lowlands of the south of the Peninsula;
71 are also lowland plants in the Taiping area but do not reach (as
far as we know them) the lowlands of the south of the Peninsula:
71 are montane plants in the Taiping area which descend to the low-
lands in the south of the Peninsula: and 51 are montane plants
in the Taiping area which do not descend. In section 24 we have
summed up the total lowland plants of the Taiping area which are
confined to the Peninsula as 421, and the montane plants as 218.
In section 22 we have listed 178 lowland plants which reach the
_lowlands of the south of the Peninsula and 50 montane plants
_ which do.

338

From these figures it is calculable that the chances of getting
astride the seas for the lowland Taiping plants have been :—

60 per cent if they exist in the south of the Peninsula, 22 per
cent if they do not;

and of the montane plants :—

55 per cent if they exist in the south of the Peninsula, 21 per
cent if they do not.

The similarity of these figures is remarkable, and the support
that they give to the supposition of land connections is distinct,
or at any rate as distinct as is possible with such lmited numbers.

In this Bulletin (Burkill and Holttum, A botanic recon-
naissance on the Main Range at Fraser Hill, vol. 3 1923, p. 31)
attention was directed to the way in which montane species upor
the Perak-Pahang mountains descend to low levels in the south of
the Peninsula and that among such as descend most of those
among them as reappear in the Malay islands are found.

31. Plants of Tenasserim or the Andamans or the Nicobars
extending into the Malay islands.

There are 39 species in the list which occur mostly in
Tenasserim, some also in the Andamans, and a few in the Nicobars:
and are found also in the islands of western Malaysia.

The most interesting of them is /ler glomerata,* a species of
Tenasserim and Java, with Taiping as its only station in the
Malay Peninsula.

Rhynchoglossum obliquum* and Thecostele Zollingeri are in
but Penang and Taiping: and Liparis lucerata®* is but in Langkawi
and ‘Taiping and the Dindings.

Procris latifolia, which oceurs from the Nicobars to Samoa is
in the Peninsula one of the Central Montane type.

The remaining 34 reach the lowlands of the south of the
Peninsula.

32. Plants of the continent of Asia, which extend into
the Malay islands.

Lastly there are in the list 363 species, which are found in
Burma or Siam, and also in the islands of western Malaysia, some
few of them found as far northwards as the Himalaya and southern
China, and some few of them found quite to the easternmost parts
of Malaysia: some even wider.

In § 18 we have called attention to 66 species of the Asiatic
continent north of Moulmein, found in Taiping and mostly else-

339

where in the Peninsula, but not in the Malay islands. It is seen
that 85 per cent of the plants wide enough to live in Burma etc.,
and Taiping at the same time have enjoyed facilities, including
pioneering constitutions, that have enabled them to get and keep,
or kecp at any rate, a place in the Malay islands.

The Taiping flora is at present a very interesting one to the
Phytogeographer.

Abbreviations, chiefly of collectors names, used in this list..

Scort. - B. Scortechini Kunstl. - HH. Kunstler

Cor. -, ©. Curtis Ridlqs = tN. Ridley

H.& N.- Mohamed Haniff Be@e.—*- ioott. “Burkill and
and Mohamed Nur Mohamed Haniff.

ited. -—<-- Mz kh. Henderson Anders« - . J. W. Anderson
flr. - flower

The names of the months are abbreviated also, and the symbol
‘is used to indicate feet.

RANUNCULACEAE.

Naravelia laurifclia, Wall. At 200°, Wray 2687; flr. July. A
wide climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula 5e,
2d, 4d, 6f, 5g, 6g, 8g.

DILLENIACEAE.

Delima sarmentosa, Linn. Up to 4100’, Wray 1893, Ridl.
5353; flr. May, June. -A climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in
Peninsula common.

Tetracera assa, DC. At 100’, Wray 2306; flr. and fruit July. A
slender climber of Siam, Indo-China and Java; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Tetracera lucida, Wall., var. lanuginosa, Ridl. Up to 200,
Kunstl. 5579; flr. Feb. A woody climber, endemic, 3f, 6k, Johore,
9m, the var. at 3e only.

- Tetracera macrophylla, Wall. 100-300’, Kunstl. 3388, 7564; flr.
May, Sept. A climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula common.
Acrotrema costatum, Jack. At 300, Wray 1380; flr. April. A
herb of Borneo; in Peninsula Langkawi to Johore except in
Malacca.

Wormia oblonga, Wall. Taiping, Derry 6257; flr. Sept. A tree
up te 40°, of Sumatra; in Peninsula Kedah to Malacca.

~Wormia pulchella, Jack. Taiping (in the Public Gardens), Curt.
1379; fir. Oct.. A tree up to 40, of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula 3f, 6g, 8g, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Wormia subsessilis, Mig. At Taiping, Hend. 10358; flr. Jan.
A large shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

340

Dillenia indica, Linn. At 200’, Hend. 10309; fruit Aug. A
small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6k, 9m.

MAGNOLIACEAE.
Magnolia Maingayi, King. 4000-4500’, Ridl., B. & H. 12962;
fir. March. <A shrub or tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f.
Manglietia glauca, Bl. Forest Dept. 498; flr. May. A lofty tree
of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2c, 2d.
Michelia montana, Bl. At about 4000°, Wray 4038; fir. April.
A small tree of Himalaya and Java; in Peninsula 2c, 4f.
Talauma Kunstleri, King. 2500-4000’, Wray 2826, Kunstl.
6333; flr. July. A tree up to 30’, endemie, 2c.

Talauma lanigera, //ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
o* about 20’, endemic, 2d, 7j, 6k.

WINTERACEAE.

IHlicium cambodianum, Hance. From 2000° upwards, all col-
lectors; flr. Feb., March, May, fruit March. A shrub or small tree
of Cambodia; in Peninsula Kedah Peak, G. Tahan, the Main
Range, and Mt. Ophir.

SCHIZANDRACEAE.

Kadsura lanceolata, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
small climber, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5g.

Kadsura scandens, BI. Wray 2313. A liane of W. Malaysia to
the Philippines; in Peninsula common at low altitudes.

ANONACEAE.

Griffithia cupularis, King. 800-1500’, Kunst]. 6643; fruit Sept.
A shrub or tree, endemic and local.

Cyathostemma Hookeri, King. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6482; fruit
Aug. A liane of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 9m.
Cyathostemma Wrayi, King. At 300’, Kunst]. 4207; flr. May.
A lane, endemic, 4f, 5h. :
Uvaria hirsuta, Jack. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3890, 5920; fruit Feb.,
April. A slender climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 24d, 3f, 4h,
dh, 6), 6k, Ok, 9m.

Uvaria Larep, Wig. 300-500’, Kunstl. 4011, Ridl. 11916; fir.
Feb., March. A liane of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Uvaria micrantha, Hook. fil. and Th. At 2000’, Ridl. 2984. A
liane of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 6f, 6k.

a

stg

ae

eR ee aL

341

Uvariella leptopoda, Ridi. Up to 300, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
liane, endemic, 0m.

Cyathocalyx Maingayi, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree un to 60’, endemic, 2d, 6k.

Cyathocalyx virgatus, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 60’, of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 6k, 9m.

Drepananthus pruniferus, Maing. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 50°, endemic, 2d, 4f, 8g, 6k.

Artabotrys crassifolius, Hook. fil. At 500’, Haniff 13202; fir.
March. A liane of Burma; in Peninsula 6k, 9m.

Artabotrys gracilis, King. 300-1000, Kunstl. 3746, 4987; fir.
Oct., fruit Jan. A slender climber of Borneo ; in Peninsula 3d, 5g,
5h, 91.

Artabotrys oxycarpus, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
liane, endemic, 6d.

Artabotrys suaveolens, B/. At 2000’, Ridl. A lane of Indo-
Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Artabotrys venustus, King. 100-4000’, all collectors: fir. Feb.,
March, Aug., Sept., fruit Jan., Sept. A liane of Siam; in Penin-
sula 4f, 5g.

Artabotrys Wrayi, King. At 300°, Wray 2663, 4006; fir. July,
fruit March. A liane, endemic, 9m.

Desmos chinensis, Lour. At Waterloo, 1800’, Curt. 2705, 2717;
fir. and fruit May. A tree or climber of Indo-Malaya and China;
in Peninsula common.

Desmos cochinchinensis, Lour. 100-300, Kunst]. 4182; fir.
April. <A slender climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula
2b, 4b, 6c, 2d, 5h, 6h, 6k.

Desmos dasymaschala, Saff. At 300°, Wray, Kunstl. 4877; fr.
Sept. A shrub of Burma to Java; in Peninsula common.
Desmos dumosa, Saff. 500-800, Kunst]. 5520; fruit Feb. A
liane of Assam and Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 6k, 9m.

Desmos filipes, Rid]. 2500-3500°, Wray 609, Kunstl. 2712, 5291
H. & N. 2500; fruit Dec.-Feb. A small tree, endemic, 6b, 6h.
Polyalthia asteriella, Ridil. Taiping Hill, Ridl. (mot seen). A
tree, endemic and local.

>

Polyalthia canangioides, Boer]. Wray 2075? A small tree of
W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6k.

Polyalthia dumosa, King. At 1200’, Wray 2628, 2978. A shrub,
endemic and local.

Polyalthia glomerata, King. 2800-3000, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 50, of Lower Siam and Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.
Polyalthia Hookeriana, King. At about 2500’, Ridl. 2985; fir.
Feb. A tree up to 70°, endemic, 4f, 4h, 5h, th.

342

Polyalthia hypogaea, King. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A small tree, endemic, 4f.

Polyalthia hypoleuca, Hook. fil. Up to 300’, Kunst]. 5310; fruit
Dec. A tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4h, 6j, 6k, 9m.

Polyalthia laterifolia, King. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 70°, of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 9m.

Polyalthia macrantha, King. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 70’, endemic and local.

Polyalthia macropoda, King. Wray 2075? A tree up to 60,
endemic, 2d, 4e, 4f, 81, 9m.

Polyalthia oblonga, King. 2500-3000°, Wray 2805, Curt. 1281,
2703; flr. May, Dec. A small tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 9k,
91.

Polyalthia pachyphylla, King. 300-500, Kunstl. 7516; fruit
April. <A tree up to 100°, endemic and local.

Polyalthia Scortechinii, King. Jarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
small tree, endemic, 1b, 4f, 6g, 5h, 5k, 91, 9m.

Polyalthia sumatrana, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
up to 60°, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 6g, 5h, 9m.
Anaxagorea Scortechinii, King. At Waterloo, Curt.; fruit May.
A bush or small tree of Lower Siam; in Peninsula common.
Goniothalamus Curtisii, King. At Waterloo, Curt. 2706; fir.
May. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 5g, 5h.

Goniothalamus macrophyllus, Hook. fil. Up to 3000’, Wray
2987, Curt. 2706, Ridl. 53877, H. & N. 2351; flr. Feb., May, June.
A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.
Goniothalamus Ridleyi, King. At Batu Kurau, Curt. 2893;
fir. Oct. A tree up to about 20’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 44d, 3f, 4f,
8g, 6k, 9m.

Goniothalamus Scortechinii, King. Taiping, Kunstl., fide Rid].
A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4e, 5f, 5h.

Goniothalamus tapis, Mig. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrub
or small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6k, 7k, 9m.

Goniothalamus tenuifolius, King. 2000-3000’, Ridl. (not seen).
A bush or small tree, endemic, 2c, 4d, 3f, 4f, 8g, 5h.

Orophea dodecandra, Mig. 300-500’, Kunstl. 7386; flr. March.
A tree up to 50’, of Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Orophea enterocarpa, Maing. 300-800’, Kunstl. 7642, 7695; fir.
April, fruit June. A tree up to 30’, endemic, 6g, 7j, 6k.

Orophea hastata, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A small tree,
endemic, 4d, 3f, 5g, 9m.

345

Mitrephora macrophylla, Oliv. 500-2500’, Wray 2942, Curt.
1279, Ridl. 2985, 5377; flr. Fcb., June, Dec. A small tree, endemic,
2d, 4d, 6e, 3f, 4f, 4g, 5h.

Mitrephora Maingayi, Hook. fil. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 5242, 7547,
7743; flr. June, Dec., fruit April. A tree up to 50’, of Siam, Indo-
China, and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 5h, 6k.

Mitrephora reticulata, Hook. fil. At about 4000’, Wray, Anders.
128, B. & H. 13023; flr. and fruit March. A tree up to 30’, of
Indo-Male ya; in Peninsula common.

Popowia nervifolia, Maing. Taiping Hills, fide Ridl. A small
tree of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f, 6f, 5h.

Popowia perakensis, King. 2000-4000’, Wray 2055, 2825, 3233,
Curt. 1990; fir. Sept., fruit June. A small tree, endemic and local.

Popowia ramosissima, Hook. fil. Th. 800-2000’, Kunstl. 7743,
Curt. 1994, Anders. 98, H. & N. 2399; fir. June, Sept., fruit Feb.
A small tree of W. Malaysia to Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Oxymitra affinis, Hook. fil. @ Th. 500-800’, Kunstl. 5126; fruit
Noy. A climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 6k, 71, 9m.

Oxymitra biglandulosa, Scheff. Wray 2082; fruit June. A
climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Oxymitra calycina, King. 500-800’, Kunstl. 6780; flr. Oct. A
climber, endemic, 1b, 2b, 2d, 4e, 9m.

Oxymitra latifolia, Hook. fil. @ Th. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6879;
fruit Nov. A climber, endemic and common.

Melodorum elegans, Hook. fil. & Th. 300-500’, Wray 1823,
Kunst]. 3324; flr. April, Sept., fruit April: A slender climber,
endemic, 2d, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Melodorum fulgens, Hook. fil. 100-4000’, Wray 2441, H. & N.
2317; flr. Feb., fruit July. A climber of Borneo; in Peninsula
4f, 6g, Sh, 6k, 9m.

Melodorum Kingii, Boerl. 300-500°, Wray 1965, Kunstl. 5344;
fir. Dec., fruit May. A liane, endemic, 5h, 6k.

Melodorum lanuginosum, Hook. fil. @ Th. 300-500’, Wray 2568,
Kunstl. 5312; fir. Dec., fruit July. A liane, endemic, 1b, 2d, 3f, 6),
6k, 9m.

Melodorum latifolium, Hook. fil. d& Th. 500-2500’, Wray 3224,
Kunstl. 6293. <A liane of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, Af.

Melodorum litsaefolium, King. 300-800', Kunstl. 4986; fir.
Oct. A liane, endemic and local.

Melodorum manubriatum, //ook. fil. @ Th. Wray 2085, 2640;
fir. June, fruit June, Aug. A liane of Tenasserim, Bangka and
Borneo; in Peninsula common.

344

Melodorum pisocarpum, Hook. fil. @ Th. At 200°, Wray 2149;
fruit June. . A climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 5j, 6k, 9m.
-Melodorum prismaticum, Hook. fil. & Th. 100-500’, Wray 2068,
2447, Kunstl. 3922; flr. July, fruit Feb., June. <A liane of Bangka
and Porneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6k, 9m.

Melodorum rubiginosum, Fook. fil. @ Th. Near Batu Kurau,
Curt.; flr. Oct. A Hane of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 4f.

Xylopia fusca, Maing. At 300’, Kunst]. 2816; fruit Feb. <A tree
up to 80°, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6k.

Xylopia magna, Maing. 500-800’, Kunst]. 3712; fruit Jan. A
tree up to 60’, endemic, 4f, 6k.

Xylopia elivacea, King. 2500-4000’, Wray 2054, 2818, Curt.
1992, Ridl. 11925; flr. Feb., June, Sept., fruit Aug. <A tree up to
70’, endemic, 4g, 6).

Phaeanthus lucidus, Oliv. At 4076’, Forest Dept. 1451; fir. and
_ fruit Feb. A bush or small tree, endemic, 2d, 7g, 5h, 7j, 6k, 71, 9m.
Phaeanthus nutans, Hook. fil. &@ Th. 300-500’, Wray 4182,
Kunstl. 8435; fruit Jan., June. <A shrub or small tree of Sumatra;
in Peninsula common.

MENISPERMACEAE.

Tinomiscium petiolare, Miers. 1000-1500°, Kunstl. 8494; fir.
Feb. A climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.
Fibraurea chloroleuca, Miers. 300-800°, Wray 2166, Kunstl.
6451; flr. Aug., fruit June. <A liane ef W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

Arcangelisia Loureiri, Dicls. 200-800’, Wray 2147, 3153,
Kunstl. 5608; fruit Feb., June. A liane of Indo-China and
Lower Siam; in Peninsula 6k.

Limacia oblonga, Miers. At 300°, B. & .H. 13037. <A climber,
endemic and common.

Pericampylus incanus, Miers. 300-4000’, Wray 2539, Ridl.; fir.
July. A climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula common.
Stephania capitata, Spreng. Up to about 3000’, Curt. 1995,
tidl.; flr. Aug., Sept. A climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d,
8g, 5h, 7k, 91, 9m.

Stephania corymbosa, Walp. 3000-3800’, B. & H. 12832; fruit
March. A climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 3e only.
Stephania hernandifolia, Walp. At 100’, Wray 2438; fruit July.
A climber of Africa and Indo-Australia, in Peninsula doubtfully
from Penang.

Cyclea elegans, King. 1500-2000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A
climber, endemic and local.

Cyclea laxiflora, Miers. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
slender climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula Taiping to Singapore,

ome is wa

Oe Se rela A | Cape qn ret

345
CRUCIFERAE.

Nasturtium indicum, DC. At 3400, B. & H. 12813; flr. March.
A weed of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 2d, 8g, 9m.
Cardamine hirsuta, Zinn. At 34007, B. & H. 12816. An in-
troduced weed of temperate and subtemperate regions; in Peninsula
2d, 9m.

CAPPARIDACEAE.

Roydsia Scortechinii, King. 300-800, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
climber, endemic, 5h.

Capparis larutensis, King. At 500, Kunstl. 5103; 4r. Noy. A
thorny climber, endemic, 4f.

VIOLACEAE.

Alsodeia cinerea, King. Up to 300, Kunstl. 3416; fruit Sept.
A shrub, endemic and local.

Alsodeia comosa, King. At Taiping, Ridl. 14676; fruit Aug. A
shrub or small tree of Indo-China and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 8g,
5h.

Alsodeia floribunda, King. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
shrub or tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4e, 4f, 6k, 9m.

Alsodeia Hookeriana, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3362; fruit Sept.
A tree up to 30’, endemic, 5g.

Alsedeia pachycarpa, King. At Waterloo, 500°, Curt. 2718; fruit
May. A small tree, endemic, 5g.

Alsodeia Scortechinii, King. At 100°, Wray 2339; fruit June.
A shrub or tree of Lower Siam; in Peninsula dh.

Alsodeia Wrayi, King. 500-800’, Kunstl. 3199; fir. Aug. <A
small tree, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4f, 9k..

POLY GALACEAE.

Polygala venenosa, Juss. From 500° upwards, all collectors; fir.
Feb., March, Aug., Sept., fruit Oct. A small shrub of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Salomonia cantoniensis, Lour. At Taiping, Hend; fir. all the
year. A small herb of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula common.
Epirizanthes elongata, Bi. At 2500, Ridl. A small parasitic
herb of Tenasserim to Borneo, and China; in Peninsula common.
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum, Miz. 500-1000, Kunstl. 3784;
fruit Jan. A tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5h, 6j, 9m, 0m.
Xanthophyllum affine, Korth. 2500-3500°, Wray 2803, 2815,
2947, H. & N. 2358, 2478; fir. and fruit Feb. A bush or tree of
Tenasserim to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

346

Xanthophyllum bullatum, King. At 100, Kunsil. 2161; fr.
and fruit Aug. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 5h.
Xanthophyllum Griffithii, Benn. At 1500", H. & N. 2392: fir.
Feb. A tree up to 60’, of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 4f, 5h,
6), 6k.

Xanthophyllum Kunstleri, King. 300-800, Kunstl. 3512; fir.
Oct. A tree up to 80’, endemic, 2d.

Xanthophyllum Palembanicum, Wig. 500-3400°, Kunstl. 7615,
H. & N. 2392, B. & H. 12822; fruit March, May. A small tree of
Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Xanthophyllum pulchrum, King. At 300°, Wray 2659. <A
shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d.

Xanthophyllum stipitatum, Benn. 500-1000", Kunstl. 3285,
fruit Jan. <A tree up to 70°, endemic, 4g, 6g, 6k.
Xanthophyllum Wrayi, King. At about 300°, Kunstl. 2770,
Ridl., Burn-Murdoch 166; flr. Feb. A shrub, endemic and common.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Stellaria uliginosa, Murr. 3400-4000', B. & H. 12652, 12815;
flr. Feb. and March. A small herb of North temperate regions.
Doubtless introduced. A plant collected by Ridley at 4000’
in 1892 may be this. Not recorded from elsewhere in the Peninsula.
Sagina apetala, Linn. At 3700, B. & H. 12612; flr. March. A
small herb of Kurope; not previously recorded from the Peninsula.
Doubtless introduced.

HY PERICACEAE.,

Cratoxylon Maingayi, Dyer. Public Gardens, Taiping, Burkill;
fir. March. <A tree up to 40’ endemic, 2d, 6g.

FLACOURTIACEAE.

Flacourtia Rukam, Zoll. and Mor. 100-4300’, Wray 2299,
Kunst]. 2858, B. & H. 12578; fir. March, July, fruit March, A
small thorny tree of Indo- Malay sia; in Peninsula common.

Hydnocarpus castanea, Hook. fil. 1000-1500’, Kunstl. 687%. A
tree up to 60°, of Burma and Tenasserim; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 6e,
3f, 4f, 5g, 5h.

-Hydnocarpus nana, King. Up to 2000’, Wray 2060, Ridl. 3002,
A small tree, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4f, 5h.

Hydnocarpus Wrayi, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 25°, endemic and local.

Ro paeien Kunstleri, King. At 2500’, H. & N. 2379; fruit Feb.
A tree up to 100°, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3f, 4f, 5h.

347

Ryparosa Scortechinii, King. 300-500°, Kunst]. 3757; fruit Jan.
A small tree, endemic, 6c, 2d, 4f, 7g, 5h.

GUTTIFERAE.

Garcinia atroviridis, Griff. At 2000, Ridl. A tree up to 60,
endemic, common; occasionally cultivated.

‘Garcinia costata, Hemsl. At 300°, Wray 525. A tree up to 70,
endemic and local.

Garcinia dumosa, King. 100-200, Wray, fide Ridl. A shrub,
endemic and loeal.

Garcinia eugeniaefolia, Wall. At 2500, H. & N. 2375; fruit
Feb. A tree up to 69°, of Tenasserim; in Peninsula common.
‘Garcinia Gaudichaudii, Flanch. and Triana. Taiping Hills, fide
Rid]. A small tree of Indo-China; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5j.
Garcinia Mangostara, Linn. The Mangosteen. Cultivated all
over the Peninsula. Not known in a wild state.

‘Garcinia nervosa, Mig. 300-600’, Kunst]. 3197. A tree up to
80’, of Sumatra and the Philippines; in Peninsula 5h, 6k, 0k. 9m.
Garcinia nigrolineata, Plcench. At 300’, Wray 2150; fir. June.
A tree up to 40°, of Burma to the Carimon Is.; in Peninsula
common.

Garciria opaca, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 5460; fruit Jan. <A tree
up to 40°, endemic, 4f. A doubtful species.

‘Garcinia penangiana, Pierre. At 100°, Kunst]. 7565; flr, May.
A tree up te 40’, endemic, 2d, 3f, 6f, 9j, 9m.

‘Calophyllum canum, /Jook. fil. At 100’, Kunstl. 5420; flr. Jan.
A tree up to 80°, endemic and common.

‘Calophyllum Kunstleri, King. At 100°, Kunstl. 5734; fruit Dec.
A tree of Borneo and the Philippines; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 6e, 8g,
Sh, 6).

Calophyllum molle, King. 1000-1500’, Kunstl. 6274, Forest
Dept. 20; fir. Feb., fruit Oct. A tree up to 80, of Sumatra; in
Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6g.

‘Calophyllum pulcherrimum, Wall. At Taiping, Anders. 114,
Burn-Murdoch 330; fruit March, May. A tree up to 80°, of Indo-
China and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Calophyllum subsessile, King. Taiping, Kunsil., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

Kayea grandis, King. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 7294, 7500; flr. April.
A tree up to 80°, endemic, 2d, 3f, 6], 6k.

Kayea Kunstleri, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 6850; fir. Nov. A
“tree up to 50°, endemic, 2d, 3f, 5h.

348

Kayea nervosa, 7. Anders. At 100’, Kunstl. 5569; fir. Feb. A
tree up to 40’, of Burma; in Peninsula 3e only.

Mesua ferrea, Jinn. At Taiping, Venning;-flr. Oct. A tree of
Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

TERNSTROEMIACEAE.

Adinandra acuminata, Korth. 2500-4000', Wray 618, 2804,
Kunstl. 6289, 6359, Anders. 103, H. & N. 2339, B. & H. 12830,
13280; flr. Feb., March, fruit July. A tree up to 60’, of Sumatra;
in Peninsula common.

Adinandra dumosa, Jack. 100-300, Wray 1972, Hend. 101373.
fir. Feb. A bush or small tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula very
common.

Adinandra integerrima, 7’. Anders. At Waterloo, Curt. 2723:
flr. May. A small tree of Siam and Indo-China; in Peninsula 1a,
1b, 2d, 5g, 6g.

Adinandra macrantha, Jeys. and Binn. Taiping Hills, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A tree up to 80, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula
8g, 5h, Th, 91.

Adinandra maculosa, 7. Anders. At 2500', Wray 2817. A tree
up to 60’, endemic, 2d.

Adinandra parvifolia, Rid]. At 4000’, Ridl. 5236; fir. June. A
tree up to 40°, endemic, 4e, Ge.

Adinandra villosa, Choisy. At 4000, Forest Dept. 5753; fruit
Jan. <A tree up to 50’, of Tavoy; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 4f, 5g.
Ternstroemia Scortechinii, King. 300-500°, Kunstl. 3756; fruit
Jan. <A small tree, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6g.

Eurya acuminata, DC. 2000-4200, Curt. 1999, B. & H. 12619;
flr. Sept., fruit March. A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaysia and
China; in Peninsula common.

Pyrenaria acuminata, Planch. At 43800", B. & H. 12870; fir.
Feb. A small tree, endemic and common.

Pyrenaria Kunstleri, King. 300-2000, Kunstl. 3948, Curt.
2713, Ridl.; flr. March, fruit Feb., May. <A tree up to 40’, endemic,
2d, 4f, dh.

Schima Noronhae, Reinw. 2000-2500’, Hend. 10126, B. & H.;
flr. Jan., March. A tree up to 50’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
1b, 2d, 6e, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Gordonia taipingensis, Burkill. 3500-4800’", H. & N. 2359,
B. & H. 12734; flr. Feb., March. A tree up to 50°, endemic and
local.

Actinidia Championii, Benth. 3000-4000, Kunstl. 5437, Ridl.
5232, B. & H. 12729; flr. June, fruit Jan., March. A climber of
China and Sumatra: in Peninsula 5h, 7k.

349

Saurauia caulifiora, BJ. At Batu Kurau, Scort., fide Ridl. At
Waterloo, Curt. 2720; flr. May. A tree of Java; in Peninsula 5h.
Saurauia nudiflora, DC. 2000-4400’, Fox 166, Ridl.. B. & H.
12967; fir. March, Oct., Dec. A bush or small tree of Java; in
Peninsula td, 6e, 5g, Sh, 6).

Saurauia tristyla, DC. 100-4000’, Scort. 1535, Curt. 1285, Ridl.,
Hend. 10048. 10144, 10424: -fir. Jan., Feb.. Oct. A small tree of
Indo-China and Siam; in Peninsula common.

Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy. At Taiping, Wray 2564, Haniff 13115;
fir. March, July. A small tree of W. Malaysia ; in Peninsula 2d, 4e,
Sg, 5h, 95, 6k, 8], 9m.

DIPTEROCARPACEAE.

Dipterocarpus fagineus, Vesgue. 500-2000’, Kunstl. 3527, Ridl.
A tree up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, af,

Dipterecarpus grandiflorus, Blanco. 400--2000°, Wray 4057,

Ridl.; fruit May. A tree up to 150°, of Sumatra, Borneo and the
Plnlippines; in Peninsula common.

Dipterocarpus Kunstleri, King. 500-800, Kunstl. 7606; fruit
May. A tree up to 120’, endemic, 6g, 5h, 6j, 6k.

Anisoptera Curtisii, yer. 300-2000’, Kunstl. 3618, 3706, B. &
H.; fruit Noy., Dec. A tree up to 100’, of Lower Siam, Borneo and
the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 6].

Shorea Kunstleri, Aing. 500-800’, Kunstl. 3705; fruit Dec. A
tree up to 100°, endemic and local.

Shorea macroptera, Dyer. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 3742; fruit Jan.
A tree up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula common, unless absent in
the N. E.

Shorea Maxwelliana, King. 300-800°, Kunstl. 3744; fruit Jan.
A tree up to 80°, endemic, 2d, 5h, 6).

Shorea Ridleyana, King. 500-800", Kunstl. 3571, 3617; fir.
Noy. A tree up to 80’, endemic, 6f, 5g.

Pachychlamys Hemsleyanus, Rid]. At Taiping, Curt. 3213;
fruit Oct. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2d.

Pachychlamys Thiseltoni, idl. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide
Ridi. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula ‘24, af, 4£, 5h,
$j, 9k.

Hopea globosa, Brand. At 700°, B. & H. 13035; a seedling in
March. A lofty tree, endemic, 6f, tg, 5h, 5j, 8j, 7k.

Hopea micrantha, Hook. fil. 500-800’, Kunst]. 3525; fir. Oct.
A tree up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 6k, Om.

Hopea nervosa, King. 500-800’, Kunstl. 3690; fruit Dec. A
tree up to 70’, endemic, 4e.

390

Hopea Pierrei, Hance. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 80° or more, of Indo-China, Borneo and the Philippines; in
Peninsula 2d, 6k, 9m.

Synaptea faginea, Pierre. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 70°, of Indo-China and Tenasserim; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 5h.

Synaptea Lowii, Ridl. 800-1200", Kunstl. 7496; flr. April. A
tree up to 80’, endemic, 3f.

Synaptea perakensis, Rid. 300-1500’, Wray 2264, IKunstl.
7549; flr. April, fruit June. A tree up to 80, endemic, 3f.

Synaptea reticulata, Rid]. 1500-2000’, Kunstl. 6969; flr. Dee.
A tree up to 80, endemic and local.

Vatica Kunstleri, idl. At 300°, Kunstl. 5338; fruit Dee. A
slirub or tree up to 30°, endemic, 4¢.

Vatica Wallichii, Dyer. At 100’, Kunstl. 5432, 76594; flr. Sept.,
fruit Jan. A tree up to 100’, of Lower Siam and Bangka; in
Peninsula 2d, 4f, 4g, 8g, 4h, 81, 6k, 9k, 91, 9m.

Balanocarpus Curtisii, King. 100-500, Kunst]. 3294, 6543; fir.
Aug., Sept. <A tree up to 30°, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d.
Balanocarpus Hiemii, King. Forest Dept. 28: flr. Sept., fruit
Feb. <A tree up to 60’ or more, endemic, 2d, 5g, 6g, 8g, th, 5h, 6),
6k.

Balanocarpus penangianus, King. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. <A tree up to 70°, endemic, 2d, 6k.

Pachynocarpus Stapfianus, Ning. 300-850', Kunstl. 7466. A
tree up to 100’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4f. 4g, 62, Sg,
5h.

ANCISTROCLADACEAE.

Ancistrocladus pinangianus, Wall. 100-800, Wray 1862,
Kunstl. 6452; flr. May, Aug. <A bush or climber of Indo-China to-
Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

BIXACEAE.

Bixa orellana, Linn. At 4000’, Anders. 87. The Arnotto. A
bush, pantropic, of S. American origin; in Peninsula cultivated.

MALVACEAE.

Sida rhombifolia, Linn. At Taiping, Hend.; flr. and fruit all
the year. An undershrub, pantropic, common through the Penin-
sula.

Urena lobata, Linn. 100-300’, Hend. 10051, 10148; flr. and fruit
all the year. An undershrub, pantropic; in Peninsula common,

Hibiscus floccusus, Mast. 300-500°, Kunstl. 7024; fruit Jan.
A tree up to 80’, endemic, 4d, 6d, 4f, 5f, 6g, 6j, 6k, 7k.

sat

351

Hibiscus surattensis, Linn. At 200°, Hend. 10049; fruit Jan.
A sprawler of the Old World tropics; in Peninsula common.

Durio macrophyllus, Rid/. At about 3000’, Ridl. 5352; flr. June.
A tree up to 60’, endemic, 4d, 3f, 6k.

Durio malaccersis, Planch. Larut, Forest Dept. 39; flr. Sept.
A lofty tree, endemic, 6), 6k.

Durio zibethinus, Linn. The Durian. A tree up to 100’, of
Indo-China and W. Malaysia, known only in cultivation.

Boschia Griffithii, Mast. 100-500’, Wray 2444, Kunstl 3303,
3196; fir. July, Sept. A tree up to 69°, of Sumatra; in Peninsula
common.

Neesia synandra, Mast. At Batu Kurau, Haniff 13265; flr. May.
A tree up to 70’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 4f, 8g, 5h, 9m.

Eriodendren anfractuosum, DC’. Kapok. Commonly cultivat-
ed. <A tree up to 70’, pantropic.

STERCULIACEAE.

Sterculia bicolor, Mast. At Taiping, Wray 2378; flr. July. A
tree up to 60’, endemic, 6k.

Sterculia hyposticta, Mig. At 500°, Hend. 10129; fruit Jan. A
small shrub of Indo-China to Sumatra; in Peninsula common in
the North.

Sterculia Kunstleri, King. - 500-800°, Kunstl. 4782; fruit Aug.
A tree up to 70°, endemic and local.

Sterculia laevis, Wall. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3941, 4068; fruit
March. A shrub about 6. of Tenasserim, Java, Borneo; in Penin-
sula common.

Sterculia parviflera, Roxb. At 300’, Wray 2541; fruit July. A
tree up to 60’, of Sylhet, Burma and Cochin-China; in Peninsula
common.

Sterculia parvifolia, Wall. 300-2300’, Wray 2256, 4233,
Kunstl. 3849, Ridl.; flr. June. A small tree, endemic, 2d, 5h.
Sterculia rubiginosa, Vent. 500-3500’, Wray 2994 (var. ensi-
felia) Kunstl. 6489, H. & N. 2365; fir. Feb., fruit Sept. A small
tree, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula, common from Penang to Singa-
pore.

Scaphium longiflorum, Rid]. Waterfall Hill, Wray, fide Ridl.
A tree, endemic and local.

Tarretia perakensis, King. 500-800’, Kunst]. 3184. A tree up
to 80’, endemic, 5h.

Tarrietia simplicifolia, Mast. At 300’, Ridl., (fallen fruits
only). A lofty tree, endemic, 5h, 6j, 6k, 9m.

JOR

Helicteres Isora, Linn. At 100°, Kunstl. 2268; flr. Aug. A
shrub or small tree, of Indo-Australia and S. Africa; in Peninsula
2d, 8).

Pterospermum Blumeanum, Korth. At 300’, Kunstl. 3390; flr.
Sept. A tree up to 50°, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula Langkawi to
Singapore.

Byttneria Curtisii, Oliv. 100-500’, Ridl. 14664, Hend. 10420,
10474; fir. Aug., fruit Feb., Oct. A slender climber, endemic, 2d.
Byttneria Maingayi, ast. At Waterloo, Curt. 2890; fir. Oct.
A woody climber, endemic and common in the South.
Leptonychia glabra, Turcz. 100-1000’, Wray 1820, Kunstl. 2185
(var. Mastersiana), Curt., Hend. 10464; flr. Feb., May, Aug., fruit

Feb., May. A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
common.

TILIACEAE.

Brownlowia macrophylla, King. 200-500°, Wray 2148. Kunstl.
6861; flr. June, Nov. A tree up to 40’, endemic and local.

Pentace eximia, King. 500-800, Kunst]. 3482, 3649; flr. Oct.,
fruit Dec. A tree up to 70°, endemic, 6k.

Pentace Kunstleri, King. At 100’, Kunst]. 6811; flr. Nov. A
tree up to 40’, endemic, 6g.

Pentace macrophylla, King. At 100’, Wray 1737. <A tree up to
30°, endemic and local.

Pentace perakensis, King. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 3428; fir. Oct.
A tree up to 40°, endemic and local.

Pentace strychnoidea, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 3478: flr. Oct.
A tree up to 80’, endemic and loeal.

Schoutenia Kunstleri, King. At Ulu Tupai, Wray 2692; fir.
Aug. <A tree up to 70°, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6f.
Schoutenia Mastersii, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 3381; flr. Sept.
A tree up to 50°, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6g, 6], 6k.

Grewia antidesmaefolia, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3051. A tree
up to 40’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 4d, 4f, 9k.

Grewia erythrocarpa, Ridl. At 300’, Wray, fide Ridl. A small
tree up to 14’, endemie, 5g.

Grewia fibrocarpa, Mast. 200-2500°, Wray 599, 2176, 2827; flr.
June. <A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5g, 5h, 6j, 0j, 6k, Ok.
Grewia globulifera, Mast. At Taiping, Forest Dept. 1153. A
large or small tree, of Borneo; in Peninsula, Penang to Singapore.
Grewia Miqueliana, Kurz. 2000-3200’, Wray 4039, B. & H.

12791; flr. April, fruit March. A tree up to 40’, endemic, Taiping
to Johore.

393

Grewia umbellata, Roxb. 300-3900°, Wray 4005, B. & H. 12936;
flr. March. A climbing shrub of Siam, Java and Borneo; in
Peninsula common.

Trichospermum cymbiforme, Sprague. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridley. A tree up to 100°, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d.
Trichospermum Kurzii, King. At 300°, Wray 1970; fir. May.
A tree up io 100°, of Tenasserim ; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 5j, 6k.
Eleocarpus Barnardii, Burkill. At 100°, Barnard: fir. Feb. A
tree, endemic and local.

Eleocarpus Hullettii, King. 390-500°, Kunst]. 3412; fir. Sept.
A tree up to 40’, endemic; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 8j, 9m.
Eleocarpus Jackianus, Wall. 100-1000°, Kunst]. 2530, 5575; fir.
Feb. A tree up to 100’, of Borneo; in Peninsula, common on the

~ West.

Eleocarpus cbtusus, B/. At 2000°, Forest Dept. C. F. 945; fir.
Oct. A tree up to 40’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Eleocarpus paniculatus, Wal]. At 100’, Kunstl. 6215; fir. June.
A tree up to 40’, of Lower Siam, Bangka, Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Eleocarpus parvifolius, Mast. At 2500°", H. & N. 2374; fruit
Feb. A tree up to 100’, of Lower Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula
Penang to Singapore.

Eleocarpus pedunculatus, Wall. Taiping Hill, Rid!. 11917;
fruit Feb. A tree up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6k, 9m.

Eleocarpus rugosus, Roxb. At 100°, Kunstl. 7293; fir. March.
A tree up to 100°, of India; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 9m.

Eleocarpus stipularis, BJ. 3500-4100", Kunstl. 6266, Derry,
H. & N. 2348; fir. Feb. A tree up to 60, of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula commen.
GONOSTYLACEAE.
Gonostylus Maingayi, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunstl. 6925; fruit
Dec. A large tree, endemic, 2d, 4, 6), 6k, 9m.
LINACEAE.

Ixonanthes reticulata, Jack. 200-300°, Hend. 10438: fir. Jan.
A shrub up to 8’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 3f, 5h, 7k, 71,
9m.

OXALIDACEAE.

Oxalis corniculata, Linn. At 3600’, B. & H. 12649; fruit March.
A creeping herb, cosmopolitan ; in Peninsula common near houses.

do4

‘Oxalis corymbosa, DC. At 3400’, B. & H. 12820; flr. March. A
«creeping herb, said to be of Mascarene origin; in Peninsula running
wild here and on Penang Hill.

Connaropsis laxa, Rid]. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., Curt.. fide Ridl.
A tree up to 50’, endemic and local.

Connaropsis macrophylla, King. 200-2500’, Ridl. 2987, Anders.,
Hend. 10071, 10321, 10475, B. & H. 12824; flr. Jan.-March, Aug.
Shrub or small tree, endemic, 2c, 2d, 3d, 3f, 4f, 8g, 9m.

Dapania scandens, Stapf. At about 1000, Wray 2078, 3146,
‘Curt. 2724; flr. May, fruit June. A woody climber of Sumatra and
Borneo; in Peninsula 4f. .

BALSAMINACEAE.,

impatiens Curtisii, Hook. fil. 2300-4000’, Curt. 1348, Ridl. 1955,
B. & H. 12806: flr. Feb., Dec. A herb, endemic and local.
Impatiens Holstii, /ngl. and Warb. At Maxwell’s Hill, B. & H.
A Trop. African species, cult. and running wild here.

RUTACEAE.
Evodia latifolia, DC. 300-2000°, Wray 1819, 2567, Ridl. 3008,
14683; flr. July, Aug. A tre of 20°, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
2d, 4e, 3f, Gf, 5h, 6j, Gk, 71.
Evodia macrocarpa, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 7489; fruit April.
A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d, 5g.
Evodia malayana, [id]. Wray 3126, Scort. 154, Forest Dept.
C. F. 5653; flr. March, Oct. A bush or small tree, endemic, 1b, 6b,
2d, 3f, 8h, 6k, 9m.
Evodia pilulifera, King. At about 2000’, Wray 2995, Ridl. A
shrub up to 15’, endemic, 4f, 5g, 5h, 7k.
Tetractomia Roxburghii, Hook. fil. 100-4700, Wray 2106,
Kunst]. 6194, Derry, B. & H. 12583; fir. June, fruit March, June.
A tree up to 80, endemic, 2d, 5g.
Acronychia Porteri, Hook. fil. 300-500’, Kunstl. 7469; fruit
April. <A tree up to 70’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 82; 5h,
6}, 6k, 9m.
Glycosmis macrophylla, Lindl. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 2549; fir.
Nov. A shrub up to 10’, endemic, 2d.
Glycosmis malayana, Pid]. 100-4000, Kunstl. 2827, 2839,
Anders. 129, Hend. 10125, B. & H. 12903, 13026; fir. Jan., Mareh,
Noy., fruit Feb., March. A shrub, endemic, Lang*awi to 8 ngapore,
Glycosmis puberula, Lindl. 2000-4500’, Ridl. 3006, 3011. A
shrub of Lower Siam and the Philippines; in Pen-nsula lb, 2c, 2d,
8h, 6k, 9m.

Sates ot ep em nc EN

Ss re

309

Micromelum pubescens, 5]. At Ulu Tupai, Wray 2682; fir.
Aug. A large shrub or small tree of Indo-Australia and China; in
Peninsula common.

Clausena excavata, Burm. Up to 2000’, Wray 3320, Ridl.; fir.
Feb. A foetid shrub or small tree of Indo- Malaya to the Philip-
pines; in Peninsula common.

Luvunga eleutheranthera, Dalz. At 2500, Wray 2977, 3215.
A liane of Indo-Malava; ia Peninsula 2d, Pahang, 91, 9m.

Luvunga scandens, Ham. At 3800, B. & H. 12999; flr. March.
A liane of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 8h, 8k.

SIMARUBACEAE.

Brucea sumatrana, Rorb. At Waterloo, Curt. 134; fir. Dec. <A
shrub up to 6, of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.
Eurycoma apiculata, Benn. 2500-3400’, Ridl., B. & H. 12707;
fir. March, fruit June. A shrub up to 8’, endemic, 2d, 4e, 3f, 5g,
Sh, 9k.

Eurycoma longifolia, Jack. 300-3000’, Kunstl. 4075, 7244,
7548, Hend. 10131; fir. Jan. Feb., fruit March, April. A shrub
or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

OCHNACEAE,

Gomphia corymbosa, Ffid/. 1500-2000°, Kunstl. 7310; flr. Jan.
A shrub or -malil tree, endemic, 2d, 4f, 9m.

Gomphia sumatrana, Jack. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
about 40’, of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Tetramerista glabra, Wig. At 300°, Wray 2129. A tree up to
60°, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

BURSERACEAE.

Canarium denticulatum, B/. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 70, of Java; in Peninsula 4f.

Canarium kadondon, Benn. At 100’, Kunstl. 6707, 7577; flr.
Oct., fruit May. A tree up to 50’, endemic and common.
?Canarium littorale, B/. 2000-2500, Kunstl. 6998, fide Ridl. A
doubtful species. “ It closely resembles C. littorale, BI. of Java, but
the single specimen is insufficient to be certain of” (Ridley).
Canarium parvifolium, Benn. 3000-3500, Kunstl. 2618; fruit
Dec. A lofty tree, endemic, 4f, 6k, Ym.

Canarium pilosum, Bevin. var. hirtellum, Ridl. Up to 509°, Wray
2645, Haniff 13129; flr. March, Aug., fruit March. A tre up to
60’, endemic, the var. at 2d, 4f, the species at 5h, 6k, 9m.

356
Canarium rufum, Benn. At Kota, Wray 3325: fruit Feb. A —
tree up to 60°, endemic, 3d, 3f, 4f, 5g, 5h, 8h, 6k, 9m.
Santiria apiculata, Benn. 300-500, Kunstl. 3556, 3760; fruit
Jan. A tree up to 60°, endemic, 4f, 6f, 6g, 5h, 6j, 6k, 91, 9m.
Santiria fasciculata, Benn. 100-800’, Kunstl. 3319, 3500, 6610,
6832 (var. puberula); fir. Sept., fruit Sept.-Nov. A tree up to
50’, endemic, 2d, 6e, 6g, 5h, 6k.
Santiria laevigata, B/. At 100, Kunst]. 5441; fruit June. A
tree up to 150°, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, Th, 8h, 5j, 6j, 6k,
9m.
Santiria laxa, King. 300-800, Kunstl. 3192, 3516; fir. Aug.
fruit Oct. A tree up to 90°, endemic, 2d, 6e, 5h, 6j, 6k, 9k, 9m.
Santiria longifolia, Aing. 100-800°, Kunst]. 3594, 6838; fruit
Nov. A tree up to 20°, endemic, 24.
Santiria macrocarpa, Aing. At 100°, Kunstl. 5304; fruit Dee.
A tree up to 80’, endemic and local.
Santiria multiflora, Benn. 300-800’, Kunstl. 4988; fruit Oct.
A tree up to 60°, of Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, Th, 8h, 6k, 9m.
Santiria oblongifolia, B/. 100-1000, Kunstl. 6602, 8472; flr.
Sept., fruit Feb. A tree up te 80, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
2d, 4f, 6k.
Santiria Wrayi, King. 800-1000, Kunstl. 3689; fruit Dec. A
tree up to 30, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6), 71.
Icicaster Planchoni, idl. At 100°, Kunstl. 5545; fruit Feb. A
tree up to 60°, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

MELIACEAE.

Sandoricum indicum, Cav. 300-500°, Kunstl. 8297; fruit Noy.
A tree up to 80’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common in villages.

Sandoricum nervosum, BI. At Kota, Wray 3345; fir. Feb. A
tree up to 80°, of Sumatra, Java and Philippines; in Peninsula
common in cultivation.

Megaphyllaea annulata, Ridi. At 3000, Curt. 2693, Ridl.
11963; flr. May. A tree, endemic and local.

Megaphyllaea perakensis, Hemsl. 2500-3800’, Wray, Kunstl.
5305, 6317, Ridl. 5358, B. & H. 12985; flr. March, fruit June, July,
Dec. <A tree up to 40’, endemic and local.

Chisocheton macrothyrsus, King. 2500-4000’, Wray, Scort. 82,
Curt. 2002; flr. Nov., fruit Sept. A tree up to 40°, endemic, 5h.

Chisocheton penduliflorus, Planch. At aboat 2000, Wray 3244,
Scort. 48, Ridl., Derry. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6],

6k, 71.

"a

807

Chisocheton rubiginosus, King. 300-500°, Kunstl. 3848, 5095;

fir. March, fruit Nov. A tree up to 60’, endemic and local.

Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Hiern. 660-1000’, Kunstl. 3267; flr.
Aug. A tree about 60°, of Borneo and Philippines; in Peninsula
2d, 4e, 5h, 0), 6k, 9m.

Dysoxylum costulatum, jfig. 100-2900’, Kunsti. 6791, B. & H.
12690; fruit March, Nov. tree up to 50, of Sumatra; in Penin-
sula common.

Dysoxylum densiflorum, Mig. 3006-3200, Wray 4323, Derry.
A tree up to 40’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 9m.

Dysoxylum interruptum, King. 3000-4000°, Kunstl. 6349. A
tree up to 40°, endemic and local.

Dysoxylum macrothyrsum, Mig. var. microbotrys, Ridl. 500
800’, Kunstl. 6788; flr. Nov. A tree up to 60°, of Borneo and Java;
in Peninsula the var. at 4f, the species at 4f, 5g, 5h, 6], 6k, Ym.

Dysoxylum rugulosum, King. 300-500', Kuastl. 2863, 3158;
fruit Aug. A tree up to 25’, endemic, 5g.

Amoora Maingayi, Hiern. Larut, Kunsil., fide Ridl. <A tree up
to 35’, endemic, 5h, 6k.

Amoora Ridleyi, King. At 100, Kunstl. 5383; frrit Dec. A
tree up to 100’, endemic, 4f, 6g, 8j, 6k.

Amoora rubescens, /liern. Larut, Forest Dept. C. F. 257; flr.
May. A tree up to 60°, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6j, 6k, 81, 9m.

Amoora rubiginosa, Hiern. 100-200, Kunstl. 6221; flr. June.
A tree up to 100’, endemic, 6k, 9m.

Aphanamixis Rohituka, Pierre. At about 2500’, Ridl. (not
seen). A tree up to 70°, of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula
common.

Aphanamixis sumatrana, Ridi. At about 2000, Wray 2216,
2990, Ridl. A tree up to 20’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 3f,
4f, 5h, 6k.

Aglaia cinerea, King. 3000-3500°, Kunstl., fide Ridl A shrub
or small tree, endemic, 5g.

Aglaia cordata, Hiern. 2000-3000', Wray 2982, 2962A, Kunstl.
6360, Curt., Ridl. 11915; fir. May, fruit Feb., July. A tree up to
30’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 4d, 6g, 4h, 6k, 9m.

Aglaia Griffithii, Kurz. 1000-4000’, Wray 2224, Kunstl. 4321,
6341, 6889, Ridl. 3021; flr. Feb., July, fruit Nov. A tree up to 50’,
endemic and common.

Aglaia Hiernii, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 6706; fir. Oct. A tree
up to 100’, endemic, 4f, 6k.

398

Aglaia Kunstleri, King. At 300’, Kunstl. 5287; fruit Dee. A
tree up to 60°, endemic, 4f, 5g.

Aglaia leucophylla, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 60’, endemic and local.

Aglaia macrostigma, King. 500-800°, Kunstl. 5474; fruit Jan.
A tree up to 60’, endemic-and local.

Aglaia membranifolia, King. 500-800’, Kunstl. 5159; fir. Nov.
A tree up io 30’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f.

Aglaia odoratissima, Bl]. 300-3800’, Wray 2664, 3202A, 2959,
Kunstl. 3507, Ridl. 14679, B. & H. 12968; flr. March, June. A tree
up to 40’, of Siam to Java; in Peninsula common,

Aglaia oligophylla, Wig. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up to
20°, of Burma and Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 6k, 71, 9m.

Aglaia palembanica, Wig. 300-4200’, Kunstl. 3882, Curt. 2003,
B. & H. 13024; flr. Sept., fruit Feb. A shrub or tree up to 207, of
Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 1} 2d, 4e.

Aglaia tenuicaulis, Hiern. Up to al out 2500’, Kunstl. 3091, Rial
A shrub or small tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 5g, 5h, 6).
Aglaia trichostemon, C. DC. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. (not
seen). <A tree about 20’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 5g, Th, 6),
6k, 9m.

Walsura multijuga, King. 100-1500°, Wray 1859, 2568, 4183,
Kunstl. 3446, 6915, 8400; flr. Dec., fruit June, July, Dee. <A tree
up to 30’, of Sumatra, Borneo and Philippines; in Peninsula 2d,
4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Heynea trijuga, Rox». At 500°, Wray 1860, Kuistl. 3971; fruit
March. A tree up to 20’, of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula
2d, 0j, 9m.

CHAILLETIACEAE.
Chailletia deflexifolia, Jurcz. 300-800°, Kunst]. 5501; fruit
Feb. A climber up to 70’, of Java; in Peninsula 3f, 4f, 6k, 81.

Chailletia tenuifolia, King. 300-2000° (fide Ridl.), Wray 1850.
A shrub or smal! cree up to 15’, endemic, 3d.

OLACACEAE.

Ctenolophon parvifolius, Oliv. Nid]. 11433; fruit Dee. A tree
up to 40°, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Scorodocarpus borneensis, Becc. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. A tree up to 70°, of Borneo; in Peninsula 3f, 8g, 5h, 8], 8h,
91, 9m.
Strombosia javanica, B/. At Waterioo, Cart., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 30°, of Tenasserim to Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6g, 5h, 6k,
Ok, 9m.

359

Strombosia rotundifolia, King. At Taiping, Burn-Murdoch
332; fruit May. A large shrub, endemic, 6g, 8j, 9m.

Platea latifolia, Bl. 300-500, Kunst]. 5885; fruit April. A
tree up to 100, of Java; in Peninsula 2d.

Gomphandra affinis, Mast. 100-1000’, Curt. 2721, Rid]. 14680;
fir. May, fruit Aug. A shrub about 8’, of Burma; in Peninsula
1ommon.

Gomphandra gracilis, King. 200-2500, Wray 2138, 3002; fruit
June. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 4f.

Gomphandra lanceolata, King. 1700-4700", Wray 2829, Kunstl.
4211 (var. angustifolia), 4240, Ridl. (var. a, Burkill), B. & H.
12656, 12801; flr. March, May, June. A shrub up to 10, endemic
and common. Var. a, Burkill does not fit in with any of Ridley’s
varieties. It occurs also in Negri Sembilan, and on Bukit Kutu,
and G. Berumban.

Gomphandra nyssifolia, King. 4000--4500’, Kunstl. 3822; fruit
Jan. <A tree up to 20’, endemic, 4d.

Gomphandra penangiana, Wall... At 300’, Wray 2667. A shrub
up to 8’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 6], 6k.

Gomphandra sp. 3000-4200’, Fox 161, Ridl.; tir. Oer. A shrub.
Does not agree with any species in Ridley. Near G. gracilis.
Stemonurus umbellatus, Becc. 3000-3500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 120°, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6k.

Phytocrene bracteata, Wall. 3000-3500’, Kunst]. 6911; flr. Dec.
A long prickly climber of Burma and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6k,
Ok, 9m.

Phytocrene oblonga, Wall. At 100’, Kunsti. 5606; flr. Feb.
A lane, endemic, 2d, 6k.

Phytocrene palmata, Wall. At 100, Kunstl. 5560: fruit Feb.
A liane, endemic, 2d, 5h, 6k.

Miquelia caudata, King. At about 2500’, Rid]. 5229. A slender
climber, endemic, 8f, 5g.

~ fodes ovalis, B/. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A climner up to

60°, of Malaysia; in Peninsula 4g, Gk, 91.

lodes velutina, King. At 200’, Scort. A woody climber, en-
demic, 6j, 6k, 9m.

Lophophyxis Maingayi, Hook. fil. 200-500’, Kunst]. 6552. A
tiane, endemic, 5g, 6k.

Erythropalum scandens, Bl. To about 2500’, Wray, Curt. 2777,
Ridl.; fir. June, Oct. Aw ody climber of Indo- Malaya ; in Penin-
sula 2d, 3f, 4f, 8, 6k, 9m.

360

ILICACEAE.

Ilex cymosa, BJ. 800-1000’, Kunst]. 8506; flr. Feb. A tree up
to 50’, of Indo-Malaya ; in Peninsula common.

lex epiphytica, King. At about 2500’, Ridl. 3008. A shrub of
Berneo; in Peninsula 4e, 6e, 5g, 5h, 7k.

Ilex glomerata, King. 3500-4000’, Kunstl. 6926; flr. Dec. A
tree up to 30’, of Tenasserim and Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Ilex malaccensis, Loesen. At 300°, Kunstl. 2463; flr. Oct. A
shrub up to 18’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 6k.

Mex triflora, Bl. 3000-4600’, Kunstl. 6991, Ridl. 5376, Anders.
67; flr. March, June, fruit Dec. A bush up to 15’, of Indo-Malaya
and China; in Peninsula 2c, 4d, 4e, 6e, 4f, 5g, Tk, 9k.

CELASTRACEAE.

Microtropis elliptica, King. 300-4500’, Kunstl. 4193, Ridl.;.
fruit May. <A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4f, 9k.

Microtropis filiformis, King. At about 2500°, Ridl.; flr. June..
A shrub or small tree of Burma and Lower Siam}; in Peninsula
1b, 2b, 3f, 4f, 5h,

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare, Prain. At 2500, Wray 3229.
A shrub up to 15, endemic, 4f, 6g, 5h.

Lophopetalum pachyphyllum, King. 800-1500, Kunstl. 7525;
flr. April. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 6j, 6k.

Lophopetalum Scortechinii, King. 500-1000, Kunstl. 6676;
flr. Oct. <A tree up to 80, endemic and local.

Celastrus malayensis, Rid]. 3000-4100’, Curt. 2005, Ridl. 5237,
H. & N. 2466; fruit Feb., June. A climber up to 50’, endemic,
common.

Kurrimia paniculata, Wall. 100-1000°, Wray 2376, 2386, Kunstl.
4111, 5772, 6501; fir. July, Aug., fruit Apr., Nov. A tree up to
60°, of W. Malaysia except Java; in Peninsula, Kedah to Singapore.
Perrottetia alpestris, Loesen. 3900-4400’, Curt. 2090, Fox 171,
Ridl. 3013, 5512, 11451, B. & H. 12556; fruit March. A shrub up
to 13’, of W. Malaysia and Philippines; in Peninsula 4f, 5g.
Hippocratea nigricaulis, Ridl. 300-5007, Kunstl. 6556; flr.
Sept. A slender climber of Burma; in Peninsula 2d, 5h, 6k, 81

Salacia flavescens, Kurz. At about 40007, Curt. 2004. A
sprawler of Tenasserim and Lower Siam; in Peninsula Setu! to.
Singapore.

Salacia Maingayi, Laws. 500-800’, Kunstl. 7471; flr. April. A
climber up to 15’, endemic, 2d, 6d, 5g.

361

‘Salacia prinoides, DC., var. macrophylla, King. 300-500’,
Kunstl. 7552; fruit May. <A climber or bush, the species of Indo-
Malaya and the Philippines; in Peninsula the species at 2b, 2c, 3f,
6k, 9m, the var. at 3e only.
Salacia Wrayi, King. At Kota, Wray, fide Ridl. A liane, en-
demic and local.

RHAMNACEAE,

Zizyphus affinis, Hemsl. 300-1500°, Kunsil. 3568, 6720, Ridl.
11434; fir. Oct., Dec., fruit Nov. A thorny climber, endemic, 1b,
2d, 3f.

Zizyphus calophylla, Wall. At 300’, Kunst]. 5255: fir. & fruit
Dec. A thorny climber, of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Zizyphus Kunstleri, King. 200-500°, Kunst]. 3772, Ridl. 3005;
fruit Jan. A thorny climber, endemic, 2d, 3f, 91.

Zizyphus oenoplia, Mill. At 500°. Kunsil. 5276; fruit Dec. A
thorny bush of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2d, 6d, 6f, 5h,
5}, 6k, 9m.

Colubrina anomala, King. 500-800°, Kunst]. 6561; fir. Sept.
A tree up to 40°, endemic and local.

Ventilago malaccensis, Rid! At 100°, Kunst]. 6573; fruit Sept.
A woody climber of Lower Siam and Borneo: in Peninsula 1b, 2d,
6g, 7g, 6k, 9m.

Ventilago oblongifolia, Bi. At Waterfall Hill, Wray, Scort.,
‘fide Ridl. A liane of Java and Philippines: in Peninsula 5g, 5h,
$j, 91, 9m.
Smythea macrocarpa, Hems.. 200-2000". Wray 36, 2211,
Kunstl. 3642, 6597, 7726; fir. June, Sept., fruit June, Dec. A
liane, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6k, 71, 91.

AMPELIDACEAE.

‘Vitis cantoniensis, Seem. 1500-2000°, Kunst]. 2285; fir. Sept.
A slender vine of Indo-China and China: in Peninsula dh, 6), 71.
Vitis cinnamomea, Wall. 300-500', Wray 2925, Kunstl. 2912:
fir. April. A slender vine, endemic, Kedah to Singapore.

Vitis elegans, Kurz. 500-3700’, Hend. 10471, B. & H. 12789;
3 fir. Feb. A vine, endemic and common. Hend. 10471 is a large
_ form, connecting this species with V. cinnamomea.

Vitis furcata, Laws. 200-about 2500’, Kunst]. 8402 (var. pubes-
eens), Ridl., H. & N. 2398; fir. June, fruit Jan., Feb. A woody
wine of Sumatra; in Peninsula, Penang to Singapore.

Vitis glaberrima, Wall. 100-4400, Kunst]. 6212, Fox 151; fr.
Oct., fruit June. A long vine of Tenasserim to Sumatra; in
_ Peninsula 2d, th, 5h, 8h, 6k, 71, 91, 9m.

362

Vitis Kunstleri, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A climber of
Lewer Siam; in Peninsula 4f, 7g.

Vitis Lawsoni, Wing. 2500-30007, Kunstl. 6827, Ridl. 5238;
flr. July, fruit June. A climber of Burnia; in Peninsula 2d, 4f,
og, 5h, 9m.

Vitis macrostachya, Mig. At 100’, Kunstl. 6238; fir. June. A
climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula Penang to Singapore.

Vitis mollissima, Wall. 3700-3800’, B. & H. 12983; fruit March.
A wide climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula Langkawi to Singa-
pore.

Vitis novemfolia, Wall. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. 5235; fir.
June. <A slender vine of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 6f,
Tg, 6), 0j, 6k, 9m.

Vitis peduncularis, Wall. 100-800’, Kunstl, 3970, 5364; fruit

March, Dec. <A climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d,
6d, 5h, 6j, 6k.

Vitis polystachya, Wall. 3000-3500°, Scort. 244, Ridl. 2999,

H. & N. 2367; flr. March, fruit Feb. A climber of Siam to Su-
matra; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5h, 6], 6k, 81, 91.

Vitis pyrrhodasys, Mig. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A slender
vine of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2e, 6c, 2d, 5g, 5h, 6k, 81, 91.

Vitis repens, Wight and Arnott. At 4400 Fox 135; flr. Oct.
A climber of S. KE. Asia; in Peninsula Kedah and Kelantan to
Singapore. ;
Vitis Scortechinii, King. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 2897; flr. March.
A slender climber, endemic, 6d, 4f, 5h.

Vitis trifolia, Linn. 300-4750’, Ridl., B. & H. 12945; fruit

March. <A vine of India, Lower Siam and Java; in Peninsula
common.

Vitis Wrayi, King. Taiping Hills, Scort., fide Ridl. A slender
climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 5h, 6], 6k, 9i.
Pterisanthes coriacea, Korth. Up to 4000, Curt. 2006, Ridl.
3001; flr. May, Sept., Dec. A slender climber of Lower Siam; in
Peninsula Taiping to Singapore.

Pterisanthes ericpoda, Planch. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen).
A slender climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 3d, 4f.
Pterisanthes pedata, Laws. At 2500’, Han‘ff 13208; fruit
March. A short climber, endemic, 5h, 6), 6k, 91.

Leea Curtisii, King. At Waterloo, 1800’, Curt. 2872. A shrub-
up to 5’, endemic, 4d.

Leea gigantea, (riff. 100-1000’, Ridl. 14649; flr. Aug. A bush
or small tree, endemic, Langkawi to Singapore.

eer

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vy

Pe fa Soda les alats

363

Leea sambucina, Willd. At 300°, Wray 5282. A big shrub of
India to Sumatra: in Peninsula common.

Leea simplicifolia, Zol/. 2000-2500, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
dwarf shrub, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4d.

SAPINDACEAE.

Allophyllus glaber, Roxb. At Maxwell’s Hill, Scort., fide Ridl.
A small tree, endemic, commu.

Allophyllus ternatus, Lour. Ai 3000, Scort. 290. A shrub up
to 10°, of Indo-China and Malaysia; in Peninsula commen.

Erioglossum edule, B/. At Kota, Wray 3344. A tree of Indo-
Australia; in Peninsula in villages and open country.

Lepisanthes cuneata, Hiern. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4e, 3f, 4f, Th, 6).

Lepisarthes longifolia, Radlk. 1500-2000’, Kunstl. 8465; fruit
Feb. A shrub up to 20’, endemic, 2d, 6g, 8j, 6k, 71, 91.

Otophora sessilis, King. 300-800, Kunstl. 2460; fir. Oct. A
shrub or small tree of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 2d.

Nephelium lappaceum, Linn. The Rambutan. A tree up to
50°, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula cultivated and occurring as an
escape.

Nephelium mutabile, 8/7. 200-500°, Kunstl. 6478; flr. Aug. A
small tree of W. Malaysia and Philippines; in Peninsula 6f, 5g,
5h, 9m.

Nephelium ophioides, Rad/k. Kunstl., Larut, fide Ridl. A tree
up to 80, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k.

Nephelium rubescens, Hiern. At 100’, Kunstl. 6523, 6750: flr.
Aug., fruit Oct. A tree up to 60°, endemic, 3f, 4h, 6k, 71, 9m.
Nephelium setosum, fidl. Euphoria setosa, Radlk. 1000-
2000°, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A doubtful species.

Nephelium sp. At 3800’, B. & H. 13008; fruit March. A lofty
tree. Near N. glabrum.

Pometia alnifolia, Radlk. 500-800°, Kunstl. 3781; fir. Jan. A

- tree up to 60°, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5h, 9m.

Guioa fuscidula, Radlk. 200-500, Kunst]. 2452; fir. Oct. A
tree up to 40°, of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 3e only.

Mischocarpus sumatranus, B/. 100-4000°, Kunstl. 4689, 5391,
8329, Ridl.; flr. Jan., fruit Feb., April. A tree up to 70’, of Indo-
Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 5h, 9m.

Paranephelium macrophyllum, King. 300-500", Kunst]. 3204,

6436; flr. and fruit Aug. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 4d, 4e, 4f,
0j, 6k, 9m.

364

STAPHYLEACEAE.

Turpinia latifolia, Wall. 200-500°, Wray 2172, Kunstl. 8487;
fir. Feb., fruit June. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 8g, 5h, 6k,
7k. 9m.

Turpinia pomifera, DC. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 4243; fruit May.
A tree up to 40’, of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 3e only.

SABIACEAE.

Sabia sumatrana, Bl. At 1800’, Kunstl. 2117; flr. and fruit
July. A chmber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Meliosma elliptica, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunstl. 5468; fir. Jan.
A tree up to 30’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k,
9m.

Meliosma nitida, Bl. 500-2500', Wray 3243, Kunstl. 2707, 2842,
4895, Curt.; flr. Jan., May, fruit March, Sept. A shrub or small
tree of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 3g, 5g, +h, 5h, 5j,
6k, 91.

ANACARDIACEAE.

Buchanania sessiliflora, Bl]. 300-800°, Wray 2402, 2558, 2642,
Kunstl. 6593; flr. Sept., fruit Aug. <A tree up to 60’, of Burma
and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Bouea microphylla, Griff. At 300’, Kunstl. 5531; flr. Feb. A
tree up to 80’, of Malaysia; in Peninsula only doubtfully wild at
2d, 8g, 6k, 9m. |
Mangifera Griffithii, Hook. fil. 300-500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 100’, endemic, 6k.

Mangifera quadrifida, Jack. 200-300’, Kunstl. 8444; fir. Jan.
A tree up to 60’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 8g.

Mangifera longipetiolata, King. 2500-3000’, Kunstl. 7266; fir.
Feb. <A tree up to 60°, endemie and local.

Melanorrhoea aptera, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3485, 3727; flr.
Oct. A tree up to 70°, endemic, 2d, 6g.

Melanorrhoea Curtisii, Oliv. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6887; flr. Nov.
A tree up to 80’, endemic, 2c, 2d, 5g.

Melanorrhoea inappendiculata, King. lLarut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2d.

Melanorrhoea macrocarpa, Engl. 3000-4000’, Curt. 3722; fruit
Dec. <A tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

Melanorrhoea torquata, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 5552; flr. Feb.
A tree up to 100’, endemic, 3f, 8g, 8).

Swintonia lurida, King. At Kota, Wray, fide Ridl. A small
tree, endemic, 6k.

# aM ses tey

365

Swintonia spicifera, Hook. fil. 300-1500°, Kunstl., fide Ridl..
B.& H. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 2c, 2d, 6], 6k, 7k.
Campnosperma Griffithii, March. At 100°, Kunstl. 6541; fir.
Sept. A tree about 80’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 6k,
9m.

Rhus perakensis, Scort. At 300’, Wray 2316. A slender climber,
endemic, 6g.

Melanochyla angustifolia, Hook. fil. 300-500°, Kuustl. 3359;
fir. Sept. A tree up to 70’, endemic, 2d, 6}, 6k.

Melanochyla bracteata, King. At 100°, Kunstl. 5549, 7303 ; fir.
and fruit Feb. A tree up to 80’, endemic, +f.

Melanochyla densiflora, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 5615; fir. Feb.
A tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

_ Melanochyla Kunstleri, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 6810; fir.
__ Nov. A tree up to 100’, endemic and local.

_ Melanochyla nitida, King. 1000-1500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 100’, endemic, 2d.

Semecarpus lucens, King. At 100’, Kunstl 5470, 6895; fir.
Jan., Nov. A tree up to 70’, endemic and local.

CONNARACEAE,

Connarus ellipticus, King. At 300’, Wray 1831. (Up to 4200’,
Kumnstl., fide Ridl.) A climber, endemic, Penang to Singapore.

_Connarus oligophyllus, Wall. 200-500’, Kunst]. 5613, 8432,
fir. Jan., fruit Feb. A climber of Lower Siam; in Peninula 2d, 4f,
%g, 5h, Sh, 6k, 9m.

Connarus viilosus, Jack. 800-1500’, Wray 1858, Kunstl. 5556:
_ fruit Feb. A liane of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Elfipanthus gibbosus, Aing. At Waterloo, Curt.; fruit May.
_ A tree up to 16’, endemic, 4f, 5g, 9k, 91.

. Ellipanthus Griffithii, Hook. fl. At 300°, Wray 2404. A tree
up to 60’, of Borneo; in Peninsula +f, 6k, 9m.

-Rourea anomala, K ing. At Taiping, Haniff 1262; fir. May. A
big liane of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 4e, 4f.

Rourea rugosa, Planch. 300-500’, Kunst]. 8406: fir. Jan. A
liane, endemic and common.

Rourea similis, BJ. 100-500’, Kunst]. 5516, 8405, fir. Jan., Feb.
_ A lane of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, +f, 5h, 6k, 9k,
9m.

P Roureopsis Scortechinii, King. 4000-4500’, Curt. 1998, H. &
4. 2465; fruit Feb., Sept. A slender climber, endemic and local.

_
a

»

366

Agelaea pinnata, King. At 500’, Kunst]. 5425; flr. Jan. A
liane, endemic and local.

Agelaea vestita, Hook. fil. 100-300’, Wray 2538, 2549; fir. July,
A liane of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Cnestis ramiflora, Griff. At 300’, Kunstl. 3759; fruit Jan. A
climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Crotolaria incana, Linn. At Taiping, Hend. 10162; fir. and
fruit Feb. A shrubby herb, cosmopolitan; in Peninsula 2d.

Crotolaria semperflorens, Vent. At 4100’, B. & H. 12867; flr.
and fruit Feb. A herb of 8S. India, Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula
6j, 6k.

Flemingia congesta, Rov). At Taiping, Hend. 10161; flr. and
fruit April. A small shrub of Indo-Malaya and China; in Penin-
sula common.

Phaseolus calcaratus, Rorb. At Batu Kurau, Curt. 2984; fir.
Oct. A twining herb of 8S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 2b, 6b, 6f, 5g.

Spatholobus ferrugineus, Benth. At 300’, Kunstl. 3366; flr.
Nov. <A big liane of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6k, 8k, 9m.

Spatholobus Maingayi, Prain. 500-800’, Kunstl. 6906; flr. Dee,
A climber, endemic, 4f, 6k, 91, 9m.
Mucuna biplicata, Teys. and Binn. At Taiping, Tend. 10136,
10373; flr. Jan., fruit Feb. A lane of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4d, 6f, 5g, 7k, YI.

Mucuna pruriens, )C. At Kota, Wray 3326; an annual climber,
pantropic; in Peninsula 3e only.

Erythrina lithosperma, Mig. 1800-3800', Curt. 2982, B. & H.;
fir. Feb., Oct. A tree of Indo-Malaya to Philippines; in Peninsula
only doubtfully wild.

Milletia albiflora, Prain. 100-300’, Wray 1864, Kunstl. 6842:
flr. May, fruit Nov. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d, 6e, 3f, 4f, 5h,
6k.

Milletia sericea, Benth. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A liane of
W. Malaysia: in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, Sh, 6k, 9k.

Milletia unifoliata, Prain. At Tupai, Wray 2836; fruit Aug.
A tree up to 30’, endemic, 5f, 4f.

Padebruggea dasyphylla, Mig. At 200’, Wray, fide Ridl. <A
hane of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Dalbergia phyllanthoides, B/. 500-1000’, Wray 2086, Kunstl.
4978, 5182; flr. Oct., fruit Nov. <A climber of Java and Borneo;
in Peninsula 2d.

367

Dalbergia tamarindifolia, Rorb. At 100’, Kunst]. 6481; fir.
Aug. A climber or tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, and
China; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2c, 2d, 6e, 4f.

Pterocarpus indicus, Willd. A tree up to about 80’, of Tenas-
serim to the Philippines; in Peninsula commonly planted as a
roadside tree, and probably wild in 2d, 5h, 6k.

Pongamia glabra, Vent. At Taiping, Hend. 10231; fir. Nov. A

tree up to 60’, of Indo-Australia and Mascarene Is.: in Peninsula
common near the sea.

Derris elegans, Benth. 100-500’, Kunst]. 3911, 5583; fir. Feb.
A climber, widely Malaysian; in Peninsula 5h, 6k.
Derris elliptica, Benth. The Tuba plant, cultivated. Wray

1678. A sprawler of Siam to Borneo, only doubtfully wild in 2b,
2d.

Derris malaccensis, Prain, var. aptera. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6428;
fruit Aug. A climer of Siam to Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6f,
dg, 9k, the var. only in 3e.

Kunstleria Kingii, Prain. 500-1500’, Kunsti. 3830, 6870,
6935; flr. Nov., Dec., fruit Jan. A liane, endemie and local.

Desmodium capitatum, DC. At Taiping, Scort., fide Ridl. A
creeping shrublet of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 2b, 3f, 6f, 7g, dh.

Desmodium heterophylilum, DC. At 100’, Kunst]. 2579; fir.
Noy. A small herb, of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 5b, 2d, 8e, 5g, 8h,
6k, 9m.

Desmodium polycarpum, DC. Up to 300’, Kunstl. 4984, Ridl..
Hend. 10164; fir. April; Oct., fruit Oct. A shrublet of Africa
and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

Desmodium virgatum, Zo//]. At Batu Kurau, Scort., fide Ridl.
A small shrub of Burma, Java, Philippines; in Peninsula 3e only.
Ormosia gracilis, Prain. At about 3000’, Wray 2979. A tree
up to 40’, endemic, 5g.

Ormosia scandens, Prain. 300-500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
liane, endemic and local.

Cassia alata, Linn. At 300’, Hend. 10068; fir. and fruit Jan. A
large shrub, pantropic, of S. American origin; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Cassia javanica, Linn. At Taiping, Wray 2020; fir. March. A
tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula cultivated only.

Koompassia malaccensis, Benth. At Taiping, Wray, Kunsil.,

fide Ridl. A tree up to 150’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, af, 7g,
6k, 9m.

Dialium patens, Baker. At 100’, Kunstl. 5577; fir. Feb. A tree
up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 8g, 6k.

368 ©

Bauhinia bidentata, Jack. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3183; flr. Aug. A
liane or shrub of Singapore; in Peninsula, Penang to Johore.

Bauhinia cornifolia, Baker. 3000-4300’, Kunstl. 6261, B. & H.;
flr. July. A hane, endemic, 2d, 6d, 5g; 6g, dh, 53.

Bauhinia ferruginea, Rov). 300-500’, Kunstl. 2508; fruit Nov.
A shrub (Kunstl.) or liane (Ridl.), endemic, 2d, 4f, dh.

Bauhinia Findlaysoniana, Grah. Warut, Seort. 1463. A lane
of Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d.

Bauhinia flammifera, fid/. At Taiping, Scort. We are of
opinion that at least one sheet placed by Mr. Ridley under B.
integrifolia, Roxb. is his B. flammifera. The only other sheet seen
by us that Mr. Ridley quotes in his Flora is his own from Temengoh
(the type of B. holosericea, Ridl.): this differs. Assuming that
the type of B. integrifolia, Roxb. agrees with the latter, then the
Taiping plant is B. “flammifera, which is very common through the
Peninsula, extending to Lower Siam.

Bauhinia glauca, Wall. At Kota, Wray, Scort., fide Ridl. A
small climber of China and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 5f, 6f.

Bauhinia lucida, Wall. 300-500’, Kunst]. 3434; fir, Och A
liane, endemic, 2d.

Bauhinia mollissima, Wall]. 300-800’, Kunstl. 5165; flr. Noy.
An erect or climbing shrub of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 2b, 2d,
Bauhinia Wrayi, Prain. At Taiping, Wray 1934; flr. May. A
small climber, endemic, 5g, 81.

Saraca bijuga, Prain. At 500’, Kunstl. 4059; fruit Mareh. A
small tree, endemic, 4d, 4f, 6k.

Saraca declinata, Mig. 300-3000’, Kunstl. 2729, 3691; flr. Jun.
A tree up to 20’, of Java; in Peninsula 4d, 6f, 5b, 6k.

Saraca macroptera, Miy. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree up
to 40’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

Saraca palembanica, Mig. At 100’, Kunstl. 6372; flr. July.
A tree up to 40’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 3f.

Saraca taipingensis, Cantley. Taiping Hills, Cantley, Anders,
99; flr. March. A small tree, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6g, 5h, 63, 6k.

Saraca triandra, Baker. 300-2000’, Kunstl. 3797, 4507, 8516,
Ridl. 14678; flr. Aug., fruit Jan. A shrub or tree of Sumatra and
Borneo; in Peninsula common from Kedah to Malacea.

Crudia Curtisii, /rain. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 150’, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5h, 8j, 6k.

Crudia gracilis, Prain. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrub,
endemic and local.

369

Mezoneuron sumatranum, Wight and Arn. At Taiping, Scort.,
fide Ridl. <A prickly climber of Sumatra, Borneo and Philippines;
in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Caesalpinia parviflora, Prain. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
small tree or climber, endemic and local.

Parkia speciosa, Hassk. 100-2000’, Wray, Kunst]. 5300; fir.
Dec. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 2d, dh,
6k, 9m.

' Adenanthera bicolor, Moon. At Ulu Sapetang, Forest Dept.
283. <A tree up to 80’, of Ceylon; in Peninsula 2d, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Entada Schefferi, Aid]. At 100’, Kunstl. 6228; fruit June. A
liane of Lower Siam and Java; in Peninsula common.

Mimosa pudica, Linn. The sensitive plant. Common every-
where in waste ground. Distrib: pantropic, of S. American origin.

Acacia pennata, Willd. 300-800’, Kunstl. 5504. A climber of
Trop. Africa and Asia; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, 8g, 5h, 6), 6k.

Pithecolobium affine, Baker. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3406; fir.
March. A small tree of Burma and ?Borneo; in Peninsula 3f,
dh, 6k, 9m.

Pithecolobium contortum, Benth. 500-800’, Wray 2636, 4249,
Kunstl. 6869; fir. Nov. A small tree, endemic, 2c, 2d, 3f, 4f, 5h,
me, Om.

Pithecolobium Clypearia, Benth. At Taiping, Scort. 481. A
small tree of Malaysia and S. China; in Peninsula 2d, 8d, 4f, 5h,
8h, 6k, 9m. :

Pithecolobium ellipticum, Hassk. 200-300’, Wray 2666, Hend.
10043, 10305; flr. Aug., fruit Jan. A small tree of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in Peninsula 2c, 3d, 3f, 4f, 6k, 9k, 9m.
Pithecolobium lobatum, Benth. At 200’, Hend.; fruit Jan.,
Feb. <A tree up to 80’, of Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

ROSACEAE.

Parinarium asperulum, Jig. 500-1500’, Kunstl. 3537, 7568;
fir. April, fruit Oct. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula
2d, 6e, 8g, 9m. |

Parinarium elatum, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 3436, 3711; fir.
Oct., fruit Jan. A tree up to 130’, endemic and local.

Parinarium Kunstleri, King. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3715, 6917;
fruit Dec., Jan. <A tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

Pygeum parviflorum, Jeys. and Binn. 300-3000’, Kunstl. 3791,
6896 (var. densa), 7236; fir. Dec., Jan., fruit Feb. A tree up to
60’, of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f, 5h, 6k.

370

Rubus elongatus, Smith. 300-800’, Wray 1849, Ridl. A bram-
ble of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 5h.

Rubus glomeratus, B/. 3500-4500’, Fox 167, Hervey, Anders.
54, B. & H. 12609, 12778; flr. March, Oct. A bramble of W.
Malaysia; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 5g, 5h, 6j, 9m.

Rubus rosaefolius, Smith. 4000-4500’, Wray 4187, Ridl. 5233;
flr. and fruit June. A bramble of Africa, Indo-Australia, Japan;
in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Pyrus granulosa, Bertol. At 4400’, Fox 153; fruit Oct. A tree
up to 100’, of India to Sumatra; in Peninsula 6e, 4f, 5g.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

Dichroa febrifuga, Lour. 2000-3900’, all collectors; flr, Feb.,
March, Dec., fruit March. <A shrub of Indo-Malaya and 8. China;
in Peninsula 4f, 5h.

Weinmannia Blumei, Planch. 3800-4750", Ridl. 3027, B. & H.
12892; flr. March, fruit Feb. A small tree of Java and ?Borneo;
in Peninsula 6e, 5g, 6g, 8g, 7k.

Polyosma conocarpa, idl. 2500-3800’, Wray, B. & H. 12947;
fruit March. A small tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 8g, 8),
6k, 9m. :

Polyosma grandis, Rid]. 3500-4000’, Kunstl. &802; flr. Jan. A
tree up to 50’, endemic and local.

LEGNOTIDACEAE.

Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. 300-800’, Wray 2501, Kunstl. 5245;
fir. Dec. A small tree of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in
Peninsula common.

Pellacalyx axillaris, Korth. 200-300’, Kunst]. 3627, Hend.
10173; flr. Dec., fruit June. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and
the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d, 8g, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Pellacalyx Saccardianus, Scort. At Taiping, Wray 701, Ridl.
3020; flr. Dec. A tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 8g, 5h, 5j,
9m.

ANISOPHYLLAEACEAE,

Anisophyllaea apetala, Scort. 2000-2500’, H. & N. 2391, B. &
H. 12829; flr. March, fruit Feb. A small tree, endemic, 3f, 5h,
6k.

Anisophyllaea Curtisii, King. At 2500’, H. & N. 2378; flr. Feb.
A small tree, endemic, 2d,

Anisophyllaea disticha, Baill. 300-2500’, Wray 17, Curt. 3721;
fruit Oct., Dec. A shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 8g,
Oj, Ol; uly mils

371

Anisophyllaea Gaudichaudiana, Bail]. 1500-2000’, Wray 2214,
Kunst]. 2731, Ridl. 3028; flr. Jan., fruit June. A tree up to 50’,
endemic; 2d.

| ee COMBRETACEAE.
Terminalia citrina, Roxb. 300-500’, Wray 3173: fir. Aug. A
tree or climber of S. India; in Peninsula 2d, 6f, 5h, 6).
Combretum nigrescens, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl., Forest
Dept. 164 (var. Kunstleri). A climber, endemic, tke spevies at 6e,
5h, 6], the var. at 6g.
Combretum sundaicum, Mig. At Taiping, Wray 4272, Haniff

1258; flr. May. A woody climber of W. Malaysia and the Se
pines: in Peninsula common.

MYRTACEAE.
Rhodamnia cinerea, Jack. 300-1000’, Wray 2325, Kunsti. 6813,

H. & N. 2397; fir. Feb., Nov. A small tree of Siam to Australia;
in Peninsula common.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wigh?. 200-500’, Kunstl. 8410; fir.
Jan. A shrub of Indo-Malaya to Japan; in Peninsula common.
Eugenia Benjamina, King. Up to 2500’, Wray 2623, 2797, 3204;
A shrub of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Eugenia caudata, Kiny. 1800-4700’, Kunstl. 4241, 6262, Curt.
2007, B. & H. 12768; fir. March, May, fruit July. Sept. A tree up
to 40’, endemic, 2d, 5h, 6j, 6k, 7k.

Eugenia chlorantha, Duthie. 300-1000’, Kunst]. 4082, 4220: fir.
April, fruit May. A tree up to 50’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula 2d, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia chloroleuca, King. 1500-2000’, Wray 2917. Kunstl.
4951, 7307, Ridl. 11920; fir. Sept., fruit Feb. A tree up to 40’,
endemic, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia Clarkeana, King. 300-500’, Kunst]. 6822: fruit Noy.
A small tree, endemic, 6f, 5h, 33.

Eugenia corrugata, King. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 528: fruit Dec.
A tree up to 40’, endemic, 5g.

Eugenia cymosa, Lam. At 300’, Kunstl. 3422; fir. Oct. A small
tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 3f, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia Duthieana, King. 500-4300’, Kunst]. 3966, 4218, B. &
H. 12759; fir. March, fruit May. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2c, 2d,
5h, 8h, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia Dyeriana, King. 100-500’, Kunst]. 6196, 6767; fir.
June, fruit Oct. A tree up to 70’, endemic and local.

Eugenia expansa, Duthie, 100-2500’, Wray 3199, Kunstl. 5483;
fir. Jan. A shrub or tree, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

372

Eugenia filiformis, Wall. 100-2500’, Kunstl. 6708, Ridl. 2991;
fir. Feb., Oct. A spreading tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore.
Eugenia Gageana, King. At. 100’, Kunstl. 7563; fir. May. A
tree up to 50’, endemic and local. :
Eugenia garcinifolia, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 6974; flr. Dee.
A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f.

Eugenia grata, Wight. At 100’, Kunst]. 5414, 5433; fir. Jan.
A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 3f, 71.
2d, 3f, 7).

Eugenia Hoseana, King. 300-500’, Wray 2952, Kunstl. 3407;
fir. Sept. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 9].

Eugenia Hullettiana, King. 500-800’, Kunstl. 7470; flr. April.
A small tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Eugenia inophylla, Rorb. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 50’, endemic, la, 1b, 2d, 4f, 8h.

Eugenia Koordersiana, King. 500-1000’, Kunst]. 6233; fir.
June. <A tree up to 80’, endemic ?, local.

Eugenia Kunstleri, King. Up to 800’, Kunstl. 3310; flr. Sept.
A tall tree, endemic, 2d.

Eugenia lineata, Duthie. 300-500’, Wray 1973, Kunstl. 4086,
Haniff 13121; flr. March, April. A tree up to 60’, of W. Malaysia;
in Peninsula common.

Eugenia mollis, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 8387; flr. Jan. A
shrub, endemic and local.

Eugenia myrtifolia, Rorb. At 100’, Wray 2703, Kunstl. 8379;
fir. Jan., Aug. A bushy tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 8g,
Sh, 7L,Sk 19m.

Eugenia nigricans, King. At 100’, Wray, fide Ridl. A tall
tree, endemic and local.

Eugenia pachyphylla, Kurz. At 2000’, Curt., fide Ridl. <A tree
of Burma; in Peninsula 6k.

Eugenia papillosa, Duthie. 100-400’, Kunstl. 2813; flr. Feb. A
lofty tree, endemic, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia penangiana, Duthie. 1000-1500’, Kunstl. 6965; fruit
Dec. <A tree up to 80’, endemic, 2d, 5h, 6k.

Eugenia perakensis, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 5595; fir. Feb. A
tree up to 70’, endemic, 3f, 4f.

Eugenia polita, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrub or
small tree, endemic, 3f, 6k, 9k.

A eT ek ki A a in alll i ea
7s

caer

373

Eugenia polyantha, Wight. 200-3000’, Wray 2587, 2958, Kunstl.
6614; fir. Sept. A tree up to 70’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
2b, 2d, 4f, 6f, 6g, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia Prainiana, King. 100-1000’, Kunstl. 3526 (var. Pear-
soniana), 5309, 6584; fir. Oct., fruit Sept., Dec. <A tree up to 80’,
endemic and local.

Eugenia pseudo-formosa, King. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 6254; fir.
July. A small tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 5h, 9m.

Eugenia punctulata, King. 300-2900’, Kunstl. 6611, 6937; fir
7

Sept., fruit Dec. A tree up to 50’, of Borneo: in Peninsula 5g,
8¢, 5h, 6k, 9m.

‘Eugenia pustulata, Duthie. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6758, 7536; fir.

April. A small tree, endemic, 6c, 2d, 6k, 9m.

Eugenia quadrata, King. At 100’, Kunst]. 5547; fir. Feb. A
small tree, endemic and local.

Eugenia setosa, King. 100-300’, Kunst]. 5266, 6202; fir. June,

Dec. A shrub or climber, <ademic and local. ~~

Eugenia subdecussaia, Duthie. 800-500’, Kunstl. 3752; fruit
Jan. A shrub or small tree, euclemic, Kedah to Singapore.

Eugenia subhorizontalis, King. At Taiping, Wray 2118; fir.
June. A small tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Eugenia tecta, King. Up to 500’, Kunst], 1863; fir. June. A
small tree. endemic and local.

Eugenia Thumra, Rozb., var. penangiana, King. At 4000’, B. &
H. 12860; fir. Feb. A tree of Burma (the species) ; in Peninsula
the var. at 2d, 73f.

Eugenia valdevenosa, Duthie. 300-4100’, Scort. 315, Kunstl.
2737, 5122, Ridl. 5347, H. & N. 2467; fir. Feb., June, fruit Jan.,
March. A tree up to 20’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 5h, 6k, 91.

Eugenia variolosa, King. 300-800’, Kunstl. 2796, 3995; fir.
March, Oct. A small tree, endemic, 4f, 4g, 5h, 7j, 81, 91, 9m.
Eugenia zeylanica, Wight. 300-500’, Kunstl. 5904: fir. April.
A bushy tree of Indo- Malaya; in Peninsula common.
Barringtonia_macrostachya, Awrz. 500-800’, Kunstl. 3779;
fruit Jan. A shrub or tree of Burma and Borneo; in Peninsula 1b,
2b, 2c, 6k, Ok, 9m.

Barringtonia pauciflora, King. 1500-2000’, Kunst], 6355; fir.
July. A tree up to 40’, endemic and local.

Barringtonia Scortechinii, King. 4000-4300’, Hervey 300, B.
& H. 12762; fruit March. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 5h, 6k.
Barringtonia sumatrana, Mig. ? H. & N. 2468 (determination
doubtful). A tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 7g, 9k, 91, 9m.

374
MELASTOMATACEAE.

Osbeckia perakensis, Ridl. G. Hijau, Mrs. Bland. A _ shrub,
endemic and local.

Melastoma imbricatum, Wall. 2000-4000’, Curt., Ridl. 2934;
fir. May, Sept. A large shrub of Indo-China and Sumatra; in
Peninsula 2d, 3f, 6g, 5h.

Melastoma malabathricum, Linn. 100-4300’, Ridl., Hend.
10013, Haniff 13104, B. & H. 12622; flr. Jan., March. A shrub of
Indo-Australia and tlie Mascarene Is.; in Peninsula common in the
North.

Melastoma perakense, FRidl. 1000-4700’, all collectors; flr. Jan.,
Feb., June, July. A shrub of Lingga and Java; in Peninsula 4f,
dg, 8g, 5h, 71.

Melastoma sp. 2000-4300’, Ridl. 2935, Anders. 1, B. & H.
12580; flr. March. A shrub up to 12’... Near M. molle.

Oxyspora floribunda, Ridl. 3000-4500’, Ridl. 2940, 5342, B. &
H. 12946; flr. March, June. A large shrub, end»mic and local.

Oxyspora stellulata, King. Anders. 70; flr. March. A _ large
shrub or tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 6d, 4e, 4f, 5g.

Allomorphia alata, Scort. - 200-3000’, Kunstl. 2047, Curt. 3719,
Ridl. 11435, Hend. 10057; fir. all the year. A small shrub, en-
demic, 6c, 6d, 6e, 4f, Sh.

Allomorphia exigua, 6/. At Waterloo, Ridl. 2946 (var. capil-
lJaris) ; fruit March. A small shrub, endemic, 4d, 3f, 9k, the var.
at 4d, 3f.

Blastus Cogniauxii, Slapf. 4000-4500’, Wray 2984, Curt., Ridl.
2947, Anders. 10, B. & H. 12618, 12859; fir. Feb., March. <A shrub
of Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 6d, 6e, 4f, 6f, 5g, Sh, 9k, 91.

Phaulanthus Curtisii, Rid]. 100-4000’, Curt. 2014, 2986, 3715,
Ridl. 14688, Hend. 10452; flr. Feb., Aug.--Dec. A small shrub,
endemic, 2d, 4d, 4e.

Campimia Wrayi, Rid/l. 2000-4000’, Curt. 2008, Ridl. 2948,
5197; flr. Feb., June, Sept., fruit June, Sept. A small shrub,
endemic and local.

Sonerila begoniaefolia, B/. 4000-4500’, Ridl., Hervey. A herb
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula, Penang to Singapore.

Sonerila brachyantha, Stapf. At 4000’, Ridl. 2945; flr. and
fruit March. A small herb, endemic, 4e, 6e, 3f, 4f, 5h.

Sonerila bracteata, Stapf. 3200-4700’, Scort. 12a, Kunstl. 2133,
Anders. 35, B. & H. 12853; flr. Feb., March, July, fruit March,
July, Oct. An erect herb, endemic, 5g, 5h, 8k. °

*

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2
-
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2

375

Sonerila erecta, Jack. 300-4750’, all collectors; flr. Feb., March,
Sept., fruit Feb., March. A herb, endemic, 2d, 4f, 5g, 9k.

Sonerila glabriflora, Stapf. At 100’, Kunstl. 1955, 2128; fir.
and fruit June, July. A small herb, endemic, 4f.

Sonerila heterostemon, Naud. 200-2500’, Ridl. 11436, Hend.

10027, 10180: fir. and fruit June, Dec. A small herb of Sumatra
and Borneo; in Peninsula Taiping to Singapore.

Sonerila integrifolia, Stapf and King. 1800-4500’, Kunstl.
2004, 2161, Fox, Ridl. 2943, B. & H. 12747, 13011; flr. March,
fruit Aug., Oct. An erect herb, endemic, 5g, 5h.

Sonerila nidularia, Stapf. 300-1000’, Curt., Hend. 10193, 10427,

10448; fir. Feb., May, June, Oct., fruit June. A small herb,
endemic, 3f, 6g.

Sonerila picta, Korth, var. concolor, Ridl. ~ 2000-3000’, Curt.
3720; fruit Dee. A succulent herb of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
the var. at 6e, 4f, 5g, 6g, Sh, Tk.

Sonerila repens, Stapf. 2000-4000’, all collectors; fir. Feb.,
March, Dec., fruit Feb., July, Dec. A fleshy herb, endemic, 4f.

Sonerila succulenta, Stapf. At 3000’, Ridl. 2942; fir. and fruit
Feb. A succulent herb, endemic and local.

Phyilagathis Griffithii, King. 500-3000’, Curt. 2012, Haniff
13130, B. & H.; fir. March, Sept. A creeping herb, endemic, 4f,
dh, 53, 6k.

Phyllagathis hispida, King. 4500-4700’, Fox, Anders. 23, B. &
H. 12880; fir. Feb., March, Oct. A woody herb, endemic, 5c, 3d, 6e.
4f, 5g, 9k.

Phyllagathis roturdifolia, B]. 200-4500', Kunstl. 2728, Curt.
2013, Ridl. 2936, Hend. 10437; fir. Jan.-March, Sept., fruit Jan.,
Feb. A creeping herb of Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Marumia nemorosa, Bi. 4000-4300’, Ridl., B. & H. 12599; fir.
March. A climber of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo: in Penin-
sula common.

Dissochaeta annulata, Hook. fil. At 2500’, Ridl.; fir. June. A
climber of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 7k, 9k, 91, 9m.

- Dissochaeta anomala, King. ?Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A

climber, endemic, 6d. Possibly Kunstler’s Ulu Bubong specimens
are what Ridley means here, as he does not quote them in his Flora.

Dissochaeta celebica, BJ. 100-500’, Kunst]. 2468, Curt. 2725;
fir. May, fruit May, Oct. A slender climber of Bangka to the
Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Dissochaeta gracilis, BJ. Up to 3200’, Curt., Anders. 5, Haniff
13267, B. & H. 12784; fir. March, May, Dec., fruit March, Dec. A
slender climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4d, 6d, 4e, 4f, 5g, 6g,
5h, 71, 9m.

376

-Dissochaeta intermedia, Bl. At 4500’, Fox 178; flr. Oct. A
slender climber of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 6g, 5h, 71, 9m.

Dissochaeta pallida, Bi. 1000-4500’, Kunstl. 8499, Fox 178,
Ridl. 5241, B. & H. 12941; fir. Feb., June, Oct., fruit March, June.
A climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 5c, 2d, 3f, 4f, €g, 4h, 5h,
9m.

Anplectrum divaricatum, Triana. 100-2000’, Curt. 2009, Ridl.;
flr. Sept. A climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 5g, 5h, 5j,
6}, 6k.

Anplectrum glaucum, Jriana. 300-400’, Curt.; fir. Oct. A>
climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6], 6k, 7k.

Anplectrum pallens, Bl. var. petiolare, Ridl. 100-2000’, Derry,
Curt., Ridl. 11444, H. & N. 2302; flr. Sept., fruit Jan., Feb., Nov.,
Dec. A slender chmber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula,
the species at 2d, the var. common.

Medinilla Clarkei, King. At Maxwell’s Hill, Burkill, (abnormal
leaf only). An epiphyte of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4d, 4e, 4f, 5g,
oh, 7k, 9k.

Medinilla crassinervia, B]. At 300’, Wray 1821. An epiphyte
of Borneo to N. Guinea; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 4f, 5g, 6k, 9m.

Medinilla Hasseltii, BJ. 500-3000’, Kunstl. 1961, 8507, Curt.
2715, 3448, Ridl.; flr. Feb., June, Dec., fruit May. A small
epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4d to 9m.

Medinilla heteranthera, King. 3000-4500’, Kunstl. 3644, Ridl.
5346, Derry, B. & H. 12952: Hr. June, fruit March. An epiphyte,
endemic, 4f, 5g.

Medinilla scandens, King. 200-2000’, Ridl. 2933, Hend. 10393 ;
flr. Jan, Nov., fruit Nov. <A creeper on trees, endemic, 4f.

Medinilla Scortechinii, King. 4000-4500’, Wray 1739, Curt.,
Anders. 16, Derry; flr. March, Oct., fruit March. An epiphyte,

“. : . , | =< =
endemic, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Medinilla speciosa, Bl. Up to 3000’, Wray 3218, Curt. 2011,
Derry; flr. Sept., fruit Oct. A large shrub of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g.

Medinilla venusta, King. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl.

(the species). At 3500’, Ridl., B. & H. 12928 (var. chionantha) ;
flr. Feb., March. An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, 5g.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta, 6]. Larut Hill, Derry. A shrub
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6b, 2d, 3f, 8h, 9j, 6k, 9m.

Astronia smilacifolia, Triana. 1800-2000’, Kunstl. 2027, Ridl.
11921; flr. Feb., fruit July. A small bushy tree of Borneo; in
Peninsula 2d, 4e.

377

Pternandra capitellata, Jack. At 600’, Hend. 10087; fir. Jan.
_A bushy tree of Tenasserim ; in Peninsula 2d, 3f.

Pternandra coerulescens, Jack. At Taiping, Ridl. 14686; fruit
Aug. A small tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula commen in low
country in the West.

Pternandra echinata, Jack. var. pubescens, King. 300-500’,

Wray 2354, Kunstl. 3518; fruit Oct. A bushy tree of W. Malaysia ;
in Peninsula the species common, the var. at 6c, 2d, 5h, 6k.

Memecylon acuminatum, Sm. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3458: fruit
Oct. A tree, endemic, 2d, 5g, 9j, 6k, 7k, 8k, 81, 9m.

Memecylon amplexicaule, Rorb. 200-1800’, Wray 1964, 2326,
3278, Kunstl. 3058, Curt. 1294, Ridl. 14687; fir. Aug., Dec., fruit
June. A small tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore.

‘Memecylon caloneuron, Mig. 800-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
Wray 3235. A tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 1b, 3f, 91.
Memecylon Curtisii, Burii!] and Henderson, nom. nov. WV. graci-
-lipes, Ridl. At Waterloo, 1000’, Curt., fide Ridl. A small tree,
endemic and local. Ridley’s name is preoccupied by M. gracilipes,
C. B. Rob. (1911), a Philippine plant.

Memecylon dichotomum, Clarke. 1000-4000°, Wray 2959,
Kunst!. 5036, 5297, Curt. 1295, Ridl. 2938; fruit Oct.. Dec. A
slender shrub, endemic, 2c, 6e, 6f, 5g, 6g, 5h, 5j, 7j, 6k.

Memecylon epiphyticum, Aing. 800-2500’, Kunstl. 5184, Ridl.:
fir. June, fruit Nov. An epiphytic shrub, endemic and local.

“Memecylon floridum, Ridi. 500-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 50’, endemic and local.

Memecylon fruticosum, King. 200-500’, Kunsil. 2971, 3625;
fir. April, Aug. A shrub, endemic, 5g, 5h.

Memecylon garcinioides, Bi. At 3000’, Wray 2961, 3203; fir.
Aug. A small tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Memecylon heteropleurum, B/. 500-800’. Kunstl. 6621. A
-shrub or smail tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 6f, 6g,
5h, 6k, 9m.

Memecylon Kunstleri, King. At Changkat Serdang, Wray, fide
-Ridl. A tree, endemic, 4f, 5h.

~Memecylon laevigatum, Bl. 500-2500’, Kunstl. 3768, Ridl. ;
fir. Jan., June. A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya ; in Penin-
sula 5g, ‘5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

-Memecylon minutiflorum, Mig. 2590-3000°, Wray. 3240,
Konstl. 6265; fruit July. A tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula com-
mon. ;

378

Memecylon myrsinioides, Bl. 300-800’, Wray 2258, Kunstl.
3517; fruit Oct. A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia: .n Penin-
sula common. 33"
Memecylon oligoneuron, Bl. Larut Hills, Kuustl., fide Ridi.
A small tree of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d.
4f, Sf, 0], 6k.
Memecylon Wallichii, Ridl. Kunstl. (Larut), Curt. (Water-
loo), fide Rid]. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d.

LYTHRACEAE.

Crypteronia Griffithii, Clarke. 800-1500’, Wray 2638, 2589,
Kunstl. 4152; flr. April. A tree, endemic, 2d, 6f, 5h, 6k.
Duabanga sonneratoides, Ham. At Waterloo, Curt. ; fir. May.

A lofty tree of Himalaya to China; in Peninsula 1a, 2d, 4f, 6f, 5g,
5h, 6k.

SAMY DACEAE.

Casearia Clarkei, King, var. Kunstleri, Ridl. 800-1000’, Kunstl.
6936; fruit Dec. <A tree up to 80’, endemic, the species Penang to
Singapore, the var. at 4e, 4f, 9k. |

Casearia coriacea, Vent. At 4300’, B. & H. 12871; fruit Feb.
A small tree of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 9m.

Casearia Lobbiana, King. 800-1800’, Wray 2594, Kuzstl. 2631,
Curt.; flr. Jan., fruit July, Sept. A shrub or small tree of Lower
Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 5h, 6k, 81, 9m.

Homalium propinquum, Clarke. 800-1500’, Kunstl. 4883; fir.
Sept. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 2d, 4g.

PASSIFLORACEAE.

Passiflora foetida, Linn. At 200’, Hend. 10067; fir. and fruit
Jan. <A climber, pantropic, of S. American origin; in Peninsula
common in waste ground.

Passiflora Horsfieldii, B/. At 500’, Haniff 13135; fir. March.
A slender climber of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 6f.

Adenia acuminata, King. 600-3000’, Wray 1745, Hend. 10422;
fruit Oct. A slender climber of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula,
Taiping to Malacca.

Adenia nicobarica, King. At 3000’, Ridl., H. & N. 2352, Hend.
10120; fruit Jan., Feb., Dec. A slender climber of Tenasserim
and Lower Siam; in Peninsula la, 1b, 2d, 3f, 6f, 5h, 8k.

CUCURBITACEAE.

Hodgsonia capniocarpa, Ridl. 100-500’, Kunstl. 4021; fir.
March. A wide climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 6g, 7g,
6k.

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379

Trichosanthes celebica, Cogn. At 500’, Kunst]. 4033; fruit
March. A slender climber of Celebes; in Peninsula 3f, 6f, 6k, 771,
9m.
Trichosanthes tricuspidata, Lour. 200-500’, Kunst]. 5111;
fruit Nov. <A slender climber of Indo-China, Siam, Java, Borneo;
in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 7g.
Trichosanthes Wawraei, Cogn. 1000-2500’, Kunst]. 2203, 5280;
fruit Dec. A slender climber, endemic, 2d, 4f, 8g, 6k, 81, 9m.
Gymnopetalum integrifolium, Kurz. At 300’, Wray. fide Ridl.
A creeping herb of Indo-China and Java; in Peninsula 6d, 3f.
Momordica Clarkeana, King. At 300’, Wray 3273. A climber,
endemie and local.
Melothria affinis, King. 100-1500’, Kunstl. 2539, Curt.; fruit
May, Nov. A climbing herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 6d, 4e, 3f,
5¢, 5h, 8h, 6k, 71.

BEGONIACEAE.
Begonia hirtella, Link. 3400-3800’, B. & H. 12811, 12997; fir.
March. A herb, native of S. America, occurring here as an escape.
Begonia Maxwelliana, Kiiig. 2300-4300’, B. & H. 12569, 12755,
12803; fir. March. A herb, endemic, 2d, 4f.
Begonia taipingensis, King. Taiping, Wray, Scort., Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A long creeping herb, endemic, 5g, 5h.

UMBELLIFERAE.
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. At 4750’, B. & H. A herb of the
tropics abd sub-tropics of the Old World; in Peninsula common.

Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. 3700-4000’, Curt. 2086, B. & H.,
12912; fruit Sept. A creeping herb of Indo-Australia, China,

Japan; in Peninsula 4d, 4f, 5g.

Hydrocotyle rotundifolia, Roxb. At 3700’, B. & H. 12915; flr.
Feb. A creeping herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 9m.

Eryngium feetidum, Linn. At 3500’ on banks, Hend., B. & H.;
fir. March. A foetid herb of S. American origin; in Peninsula

-COmmMOon.

ARALIACEAE.
Aralia ferox, Mig. 2000-4000’, Kunstl. 5089, Ridl. 5230, B. &
H.; fir. June, fruit Oct. A climber of Java and Borneo; in Penin-

sula 6e, 4f, dg.

Schefflera affinis, Viguier. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A

shrub, endemic, 5h.

Schefflera elliptica, Harms. 200-4400, Wray 2136, Kunsitl.
2541, Ridl., B. & H. 12673; fir. March, fruit June, Nov. A scan-
dent shrub of Tenasserim and Java; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2d, 5h,

Sh, 9m.

380

Schefflera Hullettii, Viguier. At 300°, Wray 2323. An epi-
phytic or terrestrial shrub, endemic, 4g, Johore, 9m.

Schefflera lurida, Rid]. 3500-4000’, Ridi.; fruit Dec. An epi-
phytic shrub, endemic, 4f.

Schefflera Ridleyi, Viguier. At 3600’, B. & H. 12976; fir. and
fruit March. An epiphytic shrub, endemic, common.

Schefflera scandens, Viguier. At 300’, Curt. 2687; fruit May.
A slender climber of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4f.

Schefflera subulata, Viguier. 300-2900’, Ridl., Hend. 10081,
B. & H. 12689; fir. Jan.-March. An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; im
Peninsula common.

Schefilera tomentosa, Viguier. Wray 3152; flr. Sept. A shrub.
of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 3f, 4g, 4h, 5h, 91.

Trevesia cheirantha, Rid]. 200-300’, Wray 2332, Hend. 10064;
flr. June, fruit Jan. Small prickly tree of Burma and Sumatra;
- In Peninsula common.

Arthrophyllum ovalifolium, Jig. At 200’, Hend. 10123; fruit
Jan. A small tree of Tenasserim and Sumatra; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Brassiopsis palmata, Kurz. At 2900', Ridl. 3018, B. & H. 13030;
fruit Feb., March. A small prickly tree of India and Lower Siam;
in Peninsula 4e, 4f.

CORNACEAE.

Mastixia bracteata, Clarke. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 60’, endemic, 6k.
Mastixia rostrata, B/. At 4000’, Fox: flr. Oct. <A tall tree of
Java; in Peninsula 2d, 6k.
Alangium rotundatum, fFidl., n, sp. 1000-3800’, Curt. 2689,
3. & H. 12851; flr. Feb., May. A tree, endemic and local.
Aralidium pinnatifidum, Mig. 100-300’, Wray 3155. A small
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2b, 6f, 5g, 5h, 6k, 71, 9m.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.
Viburnum sambucinum, Bil. At about 3800’, Ridl, B. & H.

12992; flr. March, June. A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia ;.
in Peninsula common.

RUBIACEAE.

Sarcocephalus Junghuhnii, Mig. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Ridl,
A small tree of Indo-China to the Philippines; in Peninsula com--
mon.

Nauclea peduncularis, G. Don. 300-3000’, Wray 3197, Kunstl.
3578; flr. Nov. A tree of Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula, 2d.

ty wayte !

381

Uncaria attenuata, Korth. Wray 3150. A slender climber of
Indo-Malaya ; in Peninsula 5e, 6c, 2d, 6k, 9m.

Uncaria dasyoneura, Korth. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
climber of Ceylon and Java; in Peninsula 2d, 5g, 6k.

-Uncaria ferrea, DC. 300-800’, Scort. 130, Kunstl. 5390; fir. Jan.
A slender climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 6e, 2d, 6d, 67, 8g.
Uncaria Kunstleri, King. At 100’, Kunstl. 5376; fir. and fruit
Dec. <A climbing shrub, endemic and local.

Uncaria pedicellata, Rorb. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A climber
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common in open country.

Uncaria Roxburghiana, Korth. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
slender climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 5g, 5h, 9m
0m.

Uncaria sclerophylla, Roxb. 100--4400', Derry, Hend. 10222,
B. & H. 12944; fir. March, fruit Nov. A lane of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula common.

Uncaria trinervis, Hav. At 300’, Kunst]. 2981; fruit Oct. A
slender climber, endemic, 2d.

Wendlandia paniculata, DC. 3800-4100’, H. & N. 2349. B. & H.
12854, 12984; fir. Feb., March. A small tree of Indo-Malaya ani
China; in Peninsula 3e only.

‘Greenia Jackii, Wight and Arn. At about 1000’, Ridl., fir. June.
A shrub or small tree, endemic, from Langkawi to Malacca.

Argostemma diversifolium, Rid]. Up to 4000’, Anders. 92,
102; fir. March. A succulent herb, endemic, 4d.

Argostemma elatostemma, Hook. fil. var. obovata, King. 2000-
4500’, Curt., Fox, Ridl., Hervey, Anders. 100; fir. March, May,
June, Oct. A creeping herb, endemic, 2d, 5g, 6), 9k.

Argostemma involucratum, Hemsl. 2000-4700, Wray 696,
Ridl. 11445 (var. glabrum), 2927, 11953 (var. hirsutum) ; fir. Feb.
A creeping herb, endemic, common in the hills.

Argostemma nutans, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid]. A suc-
culent herb, endemic, 4f.

Argostemma pictum, Wall. 2000-3800’, Ridl., B. & H. 12687,
12949, 13200; fir. March. A succulent herb of Tenasserim and
Lingga; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 6e, 4f, 5h, 91.

Argostemma spinulosum, Clarke. 2000-4000’, Wray 2953,
Curt.. Ridl. 2926, Anders. 123, B. & H. 13010; fir. March, May. A
herb, ‘endemic, 4f, 5g, Sh, 6), 9k, 91.

Argostemma unifolioide, King. 2300-4500’, Wray 2814, Ridl.
11448, Hose 40; fir. Aug., fruit Dec. A tuberous herb, endemic,
4f.

382

Ophiorrhiza communis, fidl. At 3000’, Wray 2059, Curt.; fir.
May. A herb of Borneo; in Peninsula, Kedah to Malacca.
Ophiorrhiza discolor, Rf. Br. 100-4500’, Ridl.; flr. Feb., Aug.
A herb, endemic, 2d, 6e, 5h, 6k, 71, 9m.

Ophiorrhiza major, Ridl. Taiping Hills, Rid]. (not seen). A
woody herb, endemic, common,

Ophiorrhiza pallidula, Rid]. At 300’, Wray 1984. A herb, en-
demic, 4e, 6e, 5g, 5h.

Ophiorrhiza tenella, King. At about 4500’, Ridl.; flr. March.
A herb, endemic, 2c, te, 6g, 8g, Sh.

Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. 200-4000’, Ridl., Anders. 84, Hend.
10065, 10373, 10434; fir. Jan., March. A chmbing shrub of
Malaysia ; in Peninsula common.

Hedyotis congesta, Wall. At 1000’, Hend. 10017, 10194; fir.
June, fruit Feb. A shrubby herb of Tenasserim, Sumatra and
Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Hedyotis coronata, Wall. At about 4500’, Ridl. A wiry herb:
of Burma and Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 4d, 6d, 4e.

Hedyotis hispida, Retz. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; flr. Feb. A herb.
of Indo-Malaya, China and Japan; in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 4f, 6f, 6k.

Hedyotis mollis, Wall. At 3800’, B. & H. 12940; fir. March. A
slender climber, endemic, 2d, 6d, 5j.

Oldenlandia Heynei, Don. 100-300’, Ridl., Hend. 10285, 10236;
fir. Nov., fruit Aug. <A wiry herb of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 7,
9m.

Lucinaea membranacea, King. 2000-4000’, Curt. 1337, 2016,
Ridl. 5543; flr. Feb., May, June, Sept. An epiphytic climber of
Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 71, 9m.

Lucinaea morinda, DC. 100-4500’, Kunstl. 5498, 8482, Curt.;
fir. Jan., Feb., Sept. A sprawler of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4f,
5h, 8h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Lucinaea Ridleyi, King. 1500-3600’, Kunstl. 2162, Ridl. 2928,
11441, B. & H. 12942, 13203; fir. March, Aug. fruit Dee. An
epiphytic climber of Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5g.

Mussaenda glabra, Vahl. 4000-4400’, Anders. 59. B. & H.

12623; flr. March. A bush or climber of Indo-Malaya; in Penin-
sula, Taiping to Singapore.

Mussaenda mutabilis, Hemsil. 200-2000’, Wray 91, 1846, Curt.
2023, Ridl. 14332; flr. July, Sept. A sprawler, endemic, Taiping
to 8. Johore.

Mussaenda oblonga, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrub.

of Tavoy; in Peninsula 4d, 4e, 4f, 6f, 5g, 6k.

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383

Mussaenda villosa, Wall. At 2000’, Curt. 2024; fruit Sept. A
shrub of Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 6c, 2d, 6d, 4e, 5g,
Tk. ,

Mussaenda Wrayi, King. 100-1000’, Wray 2583, Kunstl. 1960,

Hend. 10025, 10182; fir. Jan., June, fruit June. A scandent
shrub, endemic, 2d, 5g, 5h.

Mycetia flava, Rid]. At 2000’, Curt. 2021; fir. Sept. A small
shrub, endemic, 4¢.

Aulacodiscus premnoides, Hook. fil. 500-800’, Wray 2562,
2665, Kunst]. 2392; flr. July, Sept. <A tree up to 40’, endemic, 2d,
4i, 5g, 5h, 5j, 8}, 91, 9m.

Urophyllum ferrugineum, King and Gamble. 2000-4000", Curt.
2017, 3716, Ridl. 2930, 11443, B. & H. 12711, 13209; fir. March,
May, Dec., fruit Feb.-May, Sept. A shrub, endemic, 2c, +e, 4f, 9k.

Urophyllum glabrum, Wall. 300-2500’, Wray 1825, 2079, 2592,
2940, Ridl., Anders. 151; fir. March, fruit Feb., March. A shrub
of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Urophyllum Griffithianum, ook. fil. Taiping Hills, Wray, fide
Ridl. A large shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in Penin-
sula common.

Urophyllum hirsutum, Hook. fil. 300-3000’, Kunstl. 3236, H. &
N. 2496; flr. Feb., Aug. A shrub or small tree, endemic and com-
mon.

Urophyllum macrophyllum, Korii. At 700’, Hend. 10425; fir.
Oct. A shrub or small tree of Tenasserim, Java and Borneo; in
Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6e, 3f, 5g, 5h, 9m.

Urophyllum streptopodium, Wail. At 600’, Hend. 10481; fir.
Feb. A shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Urophyllum villosum, Wall. 300-1000, Wray 2634, Kunstl.
2063, Ridl., Hend. 10032, 10091, 10181, 10476; fir. June, Nov.,
fruit Jan., Feb., Dec. A shrub, endemic, 2d, 4e, 3f, 4f, 6g, 8j, 9m.

Brachytome Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 3500-4500’, Wray
2999, Curt., H. & N. 2328, B. & H. 13014; fir. Feb., fruit March,
Sept. A shrub, endemic, 2c, 4f, 5g.

Randia auriculata, Schum. 300-3200’, Kunstl. 2514, 6467, Curt.
2020, B. & H. 12782; fir. Sept., Nov., fruit March, Aug. A woody
climber of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d, 4e,
47, 6], 81, 9m.

Randia Curtisii, King and Gamble. 100-300’, Kunst]. 3305, 6814;
flr. Sept., fruit Nov. A spiny climber, endemic, 2d.

Randia densiflora, Benth. 300-1500’, Wray 1851, Kunstl. 2752,
3893, 4222; flr. Jan., Feb. A shrub or tree of Indo-Australia,.
China and Japan; in Peninsula common.

‘384

Randia impressinervia, King and Gamble. At 200’, Wray 2158;
fir. June. A climber of Borneo: in Peninsula 4f.

Randia longiflora, Lam. 300-800’, Kunstl. 5231; flr. Dec. A
thorny climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula common,
usually in tidal rivers. .

Randia macrophylla, //ook. fil. At 3000’, Wray 3232. A shrub
of Sumatra: in Peninsula common.

Randia oocarpa, Ridl. At Taiping, Scort., fide Ridl. A thorny
Dush, endemic, 1b, 2b, 8h.

Randia Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 500-1000’, Wray 3212,
Kunst]. 3453; flr. Oct. A bushy tree of Porneo; in Peninsula 2d,
4f, 5h, 6).

Randia stenopetala, Ridi. 1000-3000’, Curt. 1306, 3144; flr.
Dec. <A shrub, endemic, 4e, 4f.

Gardenia virescens, FRidi. 3800-4000’, Ridl., B. & H. 13182;
flr. March. <A creeping shrublet, endemic and local.

Petunga Roxburghii, DC. At 4000’, Anders. 83; flr. March. A
‘bush or tree of Indo-Malaysia; in Peninsula, Kedah to Johore.

Petunga venulosa, Hook. fil. Taiping Hills, Wray, fide Ridl. A
tree up to 60’ of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 6k.

Diplospora Kunstleri, King and Gamble. 2000-3700, Kunstl.
3211, B. & H. 12717, 12774; flr. March, Aug., fruit March. A
small tree, endemic, 7k.

Diplospora malaccensis, Hook. fil. At 3700', Anders., B. & H.
12977; fruit March. A small bushy tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in Peninsula common.

Diplospora Wrayi, King and Gamble. 2000-4000’, Wray, Kunstl.
5277, 6253, Curt. 1304, Ridl. 5544; fir. June, fruit Feb., Dec. A
shrub, endemic, 4d, 5h.

Jackia ornata, Wall. At 100’, Kunstl. 5294, 8466; flr. Dec., fruit
Feb. A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 3f, 4h,
6k, 9m.

Ixora arguta, R. Br. 200-2000’, Wray 2135, Curt. 1303, Ridl.;
fir. Dec., fruit June. A bush of Burma to Lower Siam; in Penin-
sula common.

Ixora concinna, Br. At 4700’, B. & H. 12629; flr. March. A
tree of St. Barbe Isle; in Peninsula Taiping to Singapore.

Ixora congesta, Roxb. 700-1000’, Hend. 10116, 10202, 10203;
fir. Jan., June. A small shrub of Tenasserim; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Ixora grandifolia, Zoll. and Mor. 100-4500’, Kunstl. 5609, H. &

N. 2455; flr. and fruit Feb. A shrub or tree of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula common.

385

Ixora Kingstoni, Hook. fil. At Changkat Serdang, Wray. A
large bush, endemic, Taiping to Johore.

Ixora Lobbii, Loud. 1000-4400’, Wray 519 (var. angustifolia),
Fox 158, Derry, Anders. 152, Ridl., B. & H. 12713; fir. March,
June, Oct. A shrub or small tree of Siam; in Peninsula the
species common, the var. at 6d, 5h.

Ixora pendula, Jack, var. opaca, Ridl. 100-3000’, Kunstl. 4061,
4118, Curt. 2022, Ridl., Anders. 155, Hend. 10119, B. & H. 12698;
flr. Jan.-April, Sept., fruit March. A shrub, the species in
Sumatra; in Peninsula the species and var. common.

Ixora stricta, orb. 2100-4500’, Kunstl. 2247, Anders. 31; fir.
March, Aug., fruit Aug. A shrub of Indo-Malaya and China; in
Peninsula common.

Pavetta graciliflora, Wall. Taiping Hill, Anders. 154; flr.
March. A shrub of Lower Siam; in Peninsula common from
Malacca northwards.

Pavetta indica, Linn., var. canescens, Rid]. 4000-4700’, Ridl.,
Anders. 153, B. & H. 12591, 12666, 12857; fir. Feb., March, fruit
March. A large bush, the species in Indo-Australia and S. China;
in Peninsula the var. common, the species at 2b.

Tarenna grandifolia, Rid]. At Maxwell’s Hill, Derry. A small
shrub, endemic and common.

Tarenna longifolia, Rid]. 100-2500’, Ridl. 2920, 14315; fir.
Aug. A small shrub, endemic, la, 1b, 2d, 6j, 6k, 8k.

Tarenna Ridleyi, Pearson. ‘Taiping Hill, Anders. 105; flr.
March. A small shrub, endemic, 4f, 8g, 6k, 7], 9m.

Tarenna Wallichii, Rid]. 100-500’, Kunstl. 2516, 2794; flr. Feb.,
Noy. <A shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, 8g, 6k.
Stylocoryna costata, Mig. At 3200’, B. & H. 12786; fruit
March. A tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 5h, 6j, 6k.
Gardeniopsis longifolia, Mig. 2500-3500’, Wray 2832, Kunstl.
2361, 2850, Ridl. 5343; fir. June, Sept., fruit March. A shrub of
Sumatra; in Peninsula commen.

Timonius Wallichianus, Vaieton. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 5464,
6300; fruit Jan. A small tree, endemic and common on the West.
Timonius Wrayi, King and Gamble. 500-1500’, Wray 3200,
Kunstl. 5168, 5781, 6781; flr. Oct., fruit Nov. A tree up to 50’,
endemic, 2d, 3f, 9k, 9m.

Prismatomeris malayana, Rid]. 2500-3000’, Wray 2948,
Kunstl. 6344; flr. July, fruit Aug. A shrub or small tree of Indo-
China and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Morinda elliptica, Ridi. At 4000’, Curt. 2016; fir. Sept. A
small tree, endemic, very common. Hitherto confused with M.
citrifolia, (Ridley). .

386

Rennellia paniculata, King and Gamble. 3000-3500’, Kunst}.
5432, Anders. 118, H. & N. 2354; fir. Jan., fruit Jan. -March.
A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 6d, 4f, 5h.

Rennellia speciosa, //ook. fil., var. elongata, King and Gamble.
1000-1500’, Kunstl. 3926, Curt.; flr. & fruit Feb. & Dee. A shrub,
the species in Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Coelospermum scandens, Bl. 800-1000'", Kunstl. 7248; fruit
Feb. A slender climber of Malaysia; in Peninsula 6k, 9m.

‘Coelospermum truncatum, King and Gamble. At 100’, Kunstl.
5508; fruit Feb. A shrubby climber of Tenasserim, Sumatra and
Java; in Peninsula 2d, 6k, 9m.

Canthium horridum, B/. 300-500’, Kunst]. 6234; flr. June. A

spiny shrub of Indo-Malaya and the Philippincs; in Peninsula
common.

Psychotria angulata, Korth. Taiping Hill, Anders. 106; flr.
March. <A shrub of Burma, Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Psychotria Birchiana, King and Gamble. 300-4700’, all col-
lectors; flr. Feb., March, May, Aug., fruit Feb., March, Oct. A
small shrub of Juower Siam; in Peninsula 4e, 6f, 5g, 5h.

Psychotria calocarpa, Kurz. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; fruit
Feb. A small shrub of India and Burma; in Peninsula 6d, 3f, 5h,
4j, 6k, %k, 71.

Psychotria montana, A]. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. 2922; fruit
March. A shrub of Burma, Sumatra and Jaya; in Peninsula 4d,
6d, 6e, 5g, 5h, 0j, 7k.

Psychotria morindaeflora, Wall. At Maxwell’s Hill, Curt.
2019; fir. Sept. A woody climber, endemic, 2d.

Psychotria ovoidea, Wall. 2000-3000’, Ridl. 5545, B. & H.
13220; fruit March, June. A slender climber, endemic, 8g, 7j, 6k,
aK. 91, 9m.

Psychotria penangensis, //ook. fil. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; fir.
Dec., fruit March. <A climber, endemic, common.

Psychotria rhinocerotis, Peinw. At Waterloo, 1500’, Curt.
2695; fruit May. <A small shrub of Java; in Peninsula 1b, 2.
Psychotria rostrata, Bl. 300-500’, Scort. 1482, Kunstl. 2190;
fir. Aug. <A shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Psychotria sarmentosa, B/. Taiping Hills, Ridl. 11442; flr.
Dec. <A climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Psychotria Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 3000-4200’, Fox
161, Ridl., H. & N. 2745; flr. Feb., Oct., fruit Feb. A climber,
endemie and local.

387 “

Psychotria stipulacea, Wall. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. 2918,
Anders. 101; fir. March. A shrub of Sumatra; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Psychotria viridiflora, Reinw. At 3900’, Ridl. 2919. B. & H.
12950; fir. and fruit March. A large bush or small tree of Indo-
Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Chasalia curviflora, Thw. 500-3800", Ridl. (var. longiflora),
Hend. 10011, 10026, B. & H.; fir. Jan., Feb., March. A shrub of
Indo--Malaya and the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Cephaelis cuneata, Hook. fil. At 2000’, Ridl.; fruit Dec. A
small shrub, endemic, common.

Cephaelis Ridleyi, King. 300-2500’, Curt., Ridl. 11440; fir.
June, fruit May, Oct., Dec. A shrub, endemic, 5g.

Lasianthus appressus, //ook. fil. 600-3000’, Ridl., Hend. 10103,
B. & H. 12699; fruit Jan.-March. A shrub of Borneo; in Penin-
sula common.

Lasianthus attenuatus, Jack. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; fruit Dec.
A shrub of Lingga; in Peninsula, Taiping to Singapore.

Lasianthus constrictus, Wight. 300-500’, Kunst]. 2780; fruit
Feb. A shrub of Burma, Java, and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Lasianthus cyanocarpus, Jack. At 2500’, Wray 2819. A shrub
‘of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Lasianthus ?glaberrimus, Rid/. At 3800", B. & H. 12645;
fruit March. (Determination doubtful). A foetid shrub, en-
demic, 2d, 5g, 6k.

Lasianthus gracilis, King and Gamble. At 2000’, Ridl. 2904;
fruit March. A bushy shrub of Java; in Peninsula 4f.

Lasianthus Griffithii, Wight. At 2000’, Ridl.; fruit Feb. A
shrub of Lingga and Borneo; in Peninsula from Taiping to Singa-
pore.

Lasianthus inaequalis, BI. At 800’, Wray 2588; fir. July. A
shrub of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d.

Lasianthus Lowianus, King and Gamble. 2000-3000’, Kunstl.
2797, Ridl.; fir. Feb., fruit Dec. A foetid shrub, endemic, 2b, 4f,
5g, oh.

Lasianthus Maingayi, Hook. fil. At Taiping, Ridl. 14338: fruit
Aug. A shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Lasianthus montanus, King and Gamble. 3000-3500’, KunstL,
fide Ridl. A bushy shrub, endemic, 6e.

338

any

Lasianthus oblongus, King and Gamble. 500-4000’, Wray 2590,
Kunstl. 4128, Curt. 2018, Ridl. 11438, Hend. 10200; fir. April,
June, July, Sept., fruit June, Dec. A foetid shrub, endemic.
common, —

Lasianthus pilosus, Wight. At Waterloo, Curt.; flr. May. A
shrub of ?Burma; in Peninsula 6d, 6f, Tf, 6k, 8k.

Lasianthus rhinocerotis, Bi. 4000-4700’, Anders. 64, B. & H.
12660, 12878; flr. Feb., March. A shrub or small tree of Java
and Borneo; in Peninsula 4e, 4f, 5g, 6g, 5h, 81.

Lasianthus stipularis, b/. At Taiping, Scort. 213; fruit March.
A slender shrub of Malaysia; in Peninsula 4d, 6d, 6g, 5h, 91, 9m.
Saprosma Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 2500-3000’, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A shrub, endemic, 6d, 4f.

Saprosma ternatum, Hook. fil. 300-500’, Wray 2262, Kunstl.
4006, Curt. 2088; flr. March, Sept. A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in
Peninsula 6d, 6e, 7f, 6g, Sh, 6k, 7k.

Amaracarpus caudatus, [idl]. At about 4000’, Wray, fide Ridl.
A small foetid tree, endemic and local.

Paederia foetida, Linn. At 100’, Kunstl. 7650; flr, May. A
climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2d, 6e, 4f,
8h, 6k, 8k, 9m.

Paederia verticillata, BJ. 100-500’, Kunstl. 5316, Hend. 10145;
flr. Feb., Dec. A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines; in Peninsula common.

Borreria hispida, Schum. At Taiping, Hend. 10234; flr. Nov.
A rough wiry herb of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula com-
mon. .
Spermacoce ocymoides, Burm. At Maxwell’s Hill, B. & H. A
pantropic weed, common in the Peninsula.

Cinchona succi-rubra, Pav. At 3600’, B. & H. 12644; fir. and
fruit March. Cultivated. A native of S. America.

COMPOSITAE.

Elephantopus scaber, Linn. At Taiping, Hend. 10247; fruit
Jan. A rough herb, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Mikania scandens, Willd. Roadsides, Taiping, Hend. 10018; flr.
Jan. <A shrub or climber, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Ageratum conyzoides, Linn. 2000-3800’, Hend. 10132, B. & H.
12553; flr. Jan., March. A herb, pantropic; in Peninsula very
common.

Bidens pilosa, Linn. Maxwell’s Hill clearing, B. & H. A pan-
tropic herb; in Peninsula common.

Synedrella nodiflora, Gaertn. At 300’, Hend. 10308; flr. Aug.
A herb, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

‘

p ew

389

Vernonia cinerea, Lvss. 200-4000’, Hend. 10000, B. & H.; fir.
and fruit all the year. A pantrcpic herb; in Peninsula very com-
mon.

Emilia sonchifolia, King and Gamble. 200-4750’, Hend. 10213,
B. & H.; fir. Sept. A herb, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Erechthites valerianifolia, DC. At 4750’, B. & H. 12889; fir.
and fruit Feb. A herb, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Blumea balsamifera, DC. At 200’, Hend. 10146; fir. Feb.
Ngai camphor. A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Blumea chinensis, DC. At about 3700’, Ridl., B. & H. 12775;
fruit Feb., March. A climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
eommon.

Blumea densiflora, DC. 3700-4000’, Hervey, Ridl., B. & H.
12777; flr. Feb., March. A shrub of Himalaya, Burma and Java;
in Peninsula 3e only? Apparently rare.

Blumea lacera, DC. At Taiping, Hend. 10163; fruit April.
A herb of Trop. Africa and Asia; in Peninsula common.

Blumea membranacea, //(. Larut Hills, Ridl. A _ herb of
Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common, especially im the North.

Dicrocephala latifolia, VC. At Taiping, Ridl. (not seen). A
herb of Trop. Africa and Asia; in Peninsula 3e only.

Crepis japonica, Benth. At 3700’, B. & H. 12648; fruit March.
A herb of the Tropics of the Old World; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, 4e,
6k, 71, 81.

Galinsoga parviflora, Cav. 100-3700’, Ridl. 11938, B. & H.
12911; fir. Feb. <A herb, introduced from Trop. America. Also in
Java.

Tithonia diversifolia, Gray. Running wild on edge of Maxwell’s
Hill clearing, B. & H. An American herb.

LOBELIACEAE.

Lobelia affinis, Wall. 300-4000’, Kunstl. 2376, Curt. 2025,
Anders. 85; fir. Sept., fruit March, Sept. A creeping herb of Indo-
Malaya and China; in Peninsula common.

Isotoma longiflora, Pres]. 200-2000’, Hend. 10121, 10378; fir.
and fruit Jan. A herb of the W. Indies; in Peninsula an escape
from cultivation.

CAMPANULACEAE.

‘Campanumaea celebica, Bi. At 4000’, Curt. 2089; fruit Sept.

A herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 5g.

Pentaphragma Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 2000-4000’,
Kunstl. 2653, Ridl. 2896, Hend. 10128; fir. Jan. An erect herb,
endemic, common.

399

VACCINIACEAE.

Agapetes perakensis, Rid/. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 6363, Fox 165,
Ridl. 5532, H. & N. 2479, B. & H. 12682; fir. Feb., June, fruit
March, July. An epiphytic climber, endemic, 4f, 5g.
Vaccinium acuminatissimum, Mig. 300-1500’, Kunstl., fide
Rid]. A small epiphytic shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4f,
9m.

Vaccinium bancanum, King. 3500-4750, Kunstl. 7018, 8415,
Anders. 49, B. & H. 12573, 12620; fir. Jan., March, fruit March,
Dec. A shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6e, 5g, 5h, 7k.

Vaccinium Hasseltii, Mig. At 3500’, H. & N. 2360: fir. Feb. A
large epiphytic shrub of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 2c, 6g, 5h,
8h, 9m.

Vaccinium perakense, fid/. 3000-4000’, Curt. 3703, Ridl.; fir.
March. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 6e, 6g, 9k.

ERICACEAE.

Diplycosia microphylla, Becc. 4500-4750’, Curt., B. & H.; flr.
Sept. An epiphytic shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula, Kedah Peak
to Mt. Ophir.

Rhododendron jasminiflorum, //ook., var. maculata. 4000-
4200’, Curt., Fox 124, Derry, B. & H. 12621; fir. Oct., fruit March,
Oct. An epiphytic shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula the species
at 2c, Tk, 9k, the var. at 6e, 4f, 5g, 9k.

Rhododendron javanicum, Benn. 2500-4570", all collectors ;
flr. March, Sept., Oct., Dec., fruit March, Dec. An epiphytic shrub
of W. Malaysia except Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 5g, 5h.
Rhododendron longiflorum, Lind]. 500-2500’, Kunstl. 5181,

B. & H. 13205; flr. March, Nov. An epiphytic or terrestrial shrub
of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 6e, 4f, 5h, 6), 9m.
Rhododendron malayanum, Jack. 4000-4750’, Wray 614, Curt.
2029, Ridl., H. & N. 2319, Anders. 39, Derry, B. & H.; fir. Feb.,
March, Sept., Oct. A small epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
4e, 6e, 4f, 5g, Sh, Tk.

MYRSINACEAE.

Maesa indica, Wall. 2000-3000’, Scort. 365, Ridl. 3007; fir.
April. *A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 5g.

Maesa macrothyrsa, Mig. At Taiping, Hend, 10243; flr. Noy.
A climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

Maesa ramentacea, Wall. 200-300’, Kunstl. 2788, 4144; fir.
Feb., fruit April. A climber or tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
common.

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391

Myrsine Porteriana, Wall. At about 4000’, Ridl. 2992, B. & H.
12760; flr. March, fruit Feb. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra;
in Peninsula 2d, 8g, 5h, 7k, 9k, 91.

Embelia amentacea, Clarke. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6280; fir. and
fruit July. A slender climber of Borneo; in Peninsula 3f, 5g, 5h,
6k, 9m.

Embelia coriacea, Wall. 100-4700’, all collectors; fir. Oct., Nov.,
fruit Feb., Aug., Sept., Nov. A liane of W. Malaysia and the
Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Embelia dasythyrsa, Mig. At 300’, Kunstl. 4103: fruit April.
A slender climber of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k.

Embelia Lampani, Scheff. 500--1000’, Kunstl. 4210; fir. May.
A slender climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Embelia parviflora, Wall. 3800-4000’, B. & H. 12939; fruit
Mareh. A slender climber of Burma and Sumatra; in Peninsula
3e only.

Labisia pothoina, Lindl. 2500-4700’, Wray 753, B. & H.; fir. and
fruit March. A herbaceous undershrub of W. Malaysia; in Penin-
sula common. 3

Ardisia andamanica, Kurz. At Maxwell’s Hill, Wray 108. A
tall shrub of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 5h, 7k, 81.

Ardisia colorata, Roxb. 100-3800’, Scort. 1505, Kunstl. 3284,
3067, Curt., Anders. 149, H. & N. 2332, B. & H. 12683, 13191:
fir .Feb., March, Nov., fruit March, May, Aug. A shrub or small
tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

var. polyneura, Clarke. 2000-2500’, Wray 2810, Ridl. 3000, 5508;
fruit Feb., June, Aug. Distrib: Lower Siam; in Peninsula 4f, 5h,
6k, 9m.

var. salicifolia, King and Gamble. 1800-3000’, Wray 2960, Kunstl,
3216, 6816, Ridl.; fir. Aug., Nov., fruit Aug., Dec. Distrib: Lower
Siam: in Peninsula 2d, 5g, 6k.

Ardisia crenata, Roxb. At 2000’, Ridl. 2899. <A bush of Indo-
Malaya, China and Japan; in Peninsula common.

Ardisia Kunstleri, King and Gamble. 300-800’, Kunstl. 4071,
_ 4100; fir. March, fruit April. A shrub up to 20’, endemic, 4f,

Ardisia lanceolata, Roxb. 300-2000’, Kunstl. 2954, Curt.; fir.
April, May. A tree about 40’, of W. Malaysia and the Philippines;
in Peninsula common. |
Ardisia oxyphylla, Wail. At 2000’, Curt.; fir. May. A shrub

-of Tenasserim, Lower Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula la, 2d, 44,
-3f, 6j, 6k.

Ardisia porosa, Clarke. 200-4500’, Wray 2160, 2835, Scort. 116a,
Ridl. 14262, Hend. 10454; fir. Feb., June, Aug., Dec. A shrub,
endemic, 2d, 6j, 6k.

392

Ardisia Ridleyi, King and Gamble. 2500-4000’, Ridl. (not. ss .

A shrub of Sumatra; in Peninsula 1b, 6e, 5g, Tk, ‘91, 9m.

_ Ardisia rosea, King and Gamble. 2500-4300’, Kunstl. 6247,

Ridl) $511,.-Anders, 71, “Bi, @ Ge izace: 13027; flr. and fruit
March and June. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 6e, 4f, 5g.

Ardisia solanacea, Rorb. At about 2500’, Wray 3000; flr. Sept.
A shrub or tree of India and Burma; in Peninsula 4f, dh.

Ardisia villosa, Roxb. 500-2000’, Wray 2801 (var. glabrata).
3149, Kunstl. 6448, Ridl.; fir. Aug., fruit Aug., ee A small
shrub of Indo- Malaya; i in Peninsula common.

Ardisia virens, Kurz. 3800-4000’, Ridl., B. & H. 12969; fir.
and fruit March. <A big shrub of: Indo-China and Borneo; in
Peninsula 4f.

Ardisia Wrayi, Ning and Gamble. At 300', Wray 3280; fruit
Oct. A small shrub, endemic and local.

Antistrophe caudata, King and ri At 2000’, Ridl.; fruit
Feb. A shrub or small tree, endemic, dh, 6].

Antistrophe Curtisii, King and Gamble. At 4000’, Curt. 3390+

flr. June. A shrub, endemic, 4e.

SAPOTACEAE.

Sideroxylon malaccense, Clarke. 300-1000’, Wray 136, Kunstl.
6550; flr. Sept. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2d, 5h; 6k, 9m.
Payena dasyphylla, Pierre. At 3500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 100’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 3e only, except a
var. in Perak and Singapore.

Payena Leerii, Kurz. At Taiping, Barnard, C.F.946. <A tree
up to 100’, of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in Peninsula 4f.

Bassia Braceana, King and Gamble. 100-500’, Kunstl. 3195,
3740, 6447; flr. Aug., fruit Jan. A tree up to 70’, endemic, 2d, 4f.
Bassia Curtisii, King and Gamble. Waterfall Hill, Wray 512.
A tree up to 80’, endemic 2d.

Bassia Kunstleri, King and Gamble. 500-2000", Wray 2463,
Kunstl. 6410, Ridl. 5536, Derry; fir. Aug., fruit June, Oct. A
tree up to 60’, endemic and local. . .
Bassia laurifolia, King and Gamble. At 300’, Kunstl. 3720; fruit
Jan. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2¢, 2d, 3d, 5h.

Bassia longisty la, King and Gamble. At 300’, Kunstl. 2680;
flr. Jan. A tree up to 100’, endemic and local.

Bassia Motleyana, Clarke. 100-1000’, Wray, Kunstl. 5454 (var.
Scortechinii) ; flr. Jan. <A tree about 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula.
5j, 6k, Ol, Sm.

,
E
4

393

Bassia perakensis, King and Gamble. At 2000', Derry (Curt.
3695) ; fruit Sept. A tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

Palaquium bancanum, Burck. 300-500', Kunstl. 6506; fir. Aug,
A tree up te 150’, endemic, 2d, 9m.

Palaquium Clarkeanum, King and Gamble. At 600°, Wray
530. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 1b, 5h, 6k.

Palaquium Gutta, Burck. 100-2800’, Curt. 3637, 3725, Stephens,
B. & H.; frait Aug. The Gutta Percha tree. A tree up to 100’,
of W. Malaysia: in Peninsula common.

Palaquium Maingayi, King and Gamble. At Changkat Serdang,
Wray. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 5h, 6j, 6k.

Palaquium Oxleyanum, Pierre. 300-3000', Wray 518 (var.
glabrata), 590, Curt. 3638, 3724, Derry. A lofty tree, the var.
only in Lower Siam; in Peninsula 6f, 5h, 9m.

Palaquium xanthochymum, /ficrre. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 120’, of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula 6k, 9m.

EBENACEAE.
Diospyros apiculata, Hiern. 500-800’, Kunst]. 5127, 6770; fir.
Oct., Nov. A shrub, endemic, 2d.

Diospyros argentea, Grif. 3000-4000’, Kunst]. 6896, Ridl.; fir.
Noy. A shrub, endemic, 6e, 3f, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Diospyros bilocularis, Oliv. 1500-2000’, Kunst]. 7383: fruit
March. A tree about 80’, endemic, 6k, $m.

Diospyros ellipsoidea, King and Gamble. 500-1000’, Kunstl.
7269; fir. and fruit Feb. A shrub or tree, endemic, 4.

Diospyros flavicans, Hiern. 300-1500’, Kunstl. 3072, 3380,
3774, 6633 ; fir. Sept., fruit Jan., June. A shrub or tree, endemic,
la, 2d, 4f, 5g, 6k.

Diospyros graciliflora, Hiern. 300-2500’, Wray 3214. Kunstl.
9173, 6742; fir. Oct., fruit Sept. A tree up to 50’, of Java and
Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4f.

Diospyros nutans, King and Gamble. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. <A shrub up to 15’, endemic, 4f, 91.

Diospyros oblonga, Wall. 1000-2000’, Kunst]. +924; fruit Oct.
A tree up to 70’, endemic, 2d, 3f, 6k, 9m.
_Diospyros rigida, Hiern. 100-2500’, Wray, Kunst]. £204; fruit
March. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 4d, 4.

Diospyros rufa, King and Gamble. 300-3500', Kunstl. 3330,
3409, 6712; fruit Jan., Sept., Oct. A tree up to 80’, endemic, 6k.

Diospyros Scortechinii, King and Gamdle. 2000-4000’,
Wray 638, Kunst]. 4126, 5296, 6356, Curt. 2092, Ridl.; fir.
April, July, fruit Sept., Dec. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d,

4f, 5g, Sh.

394
Diospyros subrhomboidea, King and Gamble. 1000-1500’,
Kuustl., fide Ridl. A shrub, endemie, 5g, dh. ?

Diospyros toposioides, King and Gamble. 1000-1500’,. Kunstl.
4106; fruit April. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 3f, 4f, 5h.

Diospyros tristis, King and Gamble. Larut, Kuastl., fide Ridl-
A tree up to 50’, endemic and local. | fa %,

Diospyros Wallichii, King and Gamble. 200-500’, Wray 2535,

Kunstl. 2966, 6779; flr. April, Oct., fruit July. A tree up to 60’,

of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4f, 5h, 6k.

STYRACACEAE.

Styrax benzoin, Dryand. At 2500’, B. & H. 12828; fruit March.
A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula af, 5h, 6], 6k,
9m.

Symplocos adenophylla, Wall. 3500-4000’, Kunstl. 6873; fir.
Nov. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra, Borneo ahd Philippines 3.
in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 6e, 5g, 6k, 9k, 9m.

Symplocos Brandiana, King and Gamble. ,3000-4000', Scort.
346, Curt. 2030; flr. March, Sept. A small tree, endemic and
local.

Symplocos calycodactylos, Brand. At Waterloo, 3000’, Curt.
1330; flr. Dec. A shrub ?, endemic and local.

Symplocos cerasifolia, Wall. 2500-3500’, Wray 380038, H. & N.
2326; fruit Feb., Sept. A tree up to 80’, endemic, 2d, 6x.

Symplocos Curtisii, Oliv. 1800-4500’, Wray 692, 2830, Kunstl.
2099, 2804, Curt., Ridl. 5524, H. & N. 2453; flr. Feb. . May, July,
fruit June-Aug. <A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, Af. ;

Symplocos fasciculata, Zoll. 100-800’, Wray 1865; Seort. 1527,

Kunstl. 2021, 5337; flr. May, July, Nov., Dec... A tree up to 50’,
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4e, 5h, 6j, 6k, 9m.

Symplocos ferruginea, Rov). Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 60’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, 8h, 6k.

Symplocos perakensis, King and Gamble. At about 2500’, Wray
2944, 2953; flr. July, Aug. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 4f, 7g; 5h.

Symplocos rigida, Clarke. 500-3000’, Wray 3207, Kunstl. 5045,
Curt. 3726, H. & N. 2386; flr. Oct., fruit Web., Sept, Oct, Deel =
tree up to 80’, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6k, 9m.

Symplocos spicata, Roxb. 2500-4400’, Wray 2798 Kunstl. 6299,
B. & H. 12951; flr. July, fruit March, Aug. A tree up to 20’, of
Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 5h, 8h, 6k.

Cordyloblaste Maingayi, Rid/. 300-800’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 60’, endemie, 6k. Che

2,
z,

395
OLEACEAE. —

Jasminum bifarium, Wall. At Taiping, Hend. 10216, 10281; fir.
Jan., Nov. A sprawler of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in
Peninsula common. .

Jasminum insigne, Bl. At Tupai, Wray 2840; fir. Aug. A liane
of Sumatra; in Peninsula 6e, 4f.

Jasminum Maingayi, Clarke. 500-3000’, all collectors; flr, Feb.,
March, fruit Dec. A climber, endemic, 2b, 2d, 4f, 5h, 71.

Jasminum Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 2000-4500’, all
collectors; fir. Feb.-April, Sept.-Dec., fruit Feb.

A climber, en-
demic, 2d, 5g.

Jasminum Wrayi, King and Gamble. 300-1000’, Wray 3147,
Ridl.; flr. Sept. A slender climber, endemic, 5h.

Osmanthus Scortechinii, King and Gamble. 100-4500’, Wray,
Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 5h.

Linociera paludosa, King and Gamble. At 100’, Kunstl. 6476;

flr. Aug. A tree up to 80’, of Borneo and the Philippines; in
Peninsula 3e only.

Myxopyrum nervosum, B/. 100-300’, Wray 2534, 4179, Scort.
532; fir. June, fruit April, July. A liane of Sumatra and Java;
in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, 6g, 6k. .

APOCYNACEAE.

Willughbeia coriacea, Wall. At 1000’, Wray, H. & N. 2396;
fruit Feb. A large liane, endemic, 1b, 2d, 6k, 9k, 9m.

Willughbeia edulis, Rovb. At 2000’, H. & N. 2381; fruit Feb.
A liane of Assam, Burma and Borneo; in Peninsula 3f.

Willughbeia firma, 6/. At Waterfall Hill, Wray.

A large liane
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Chilocarpus atroviridis, BJ. 2500-3000’, Scort., Kunstl., fide
Ridl. A slender climber of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 5h, 6k.

Chilocarpus costatus, Mig. At Changkat Serdang, Wray. A
liane of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 7g, 5h, 6k, 81.
Chilocarpus enervis, Hook. fil. 300-500’, Kvonstl. 3786, 75325
fruit Jan. April. A liane of, Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 63, 6k, 91.

Chilocarpus minutiflorus, King & Gamble. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. <A climber, sometimes epiphytic, endemic and local.

Leuconotis eugenifolius, DC. At Waterfall Hill, Wray, fide
Ridl. A climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 5g.

Leuconotis Griffithii, Hook. fil. At Taiping, Wray. A climber,
endemic, 5h, 6j, 6k, 9m.

396

Melodinus citriformis, King and Gamble. 500-800’, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A slender climber, endemic and local.

Melodinus coriaceus, Oliv. At 300’, Wray, fide Ridl. A liane,
endemic, 2d.

Melodinus orientalis, B/. At 3000’, Scort. 355; fir. April. A
hane of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 2d, 4f.

Alyxia Forbesii, King and Gamble. 3200-3800’, Kunstl. 2124,
B. & H. 12978; flr. July, fruit March. A climber of Sumatra and
Java; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 5g, 6g.

Hunteria corymbosa, Roxb. At 300°, Kunstl, 7465; flr. April.
A tree up to 40’, of India and Sumatra; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 5h, 6).

Rauwolfia perakensis, King and Gamble. 3600-4300’, Ridl.
2898, 5523, H. & N. 2338, B. & H. 12582, 12625; fir. Feb., March,
fruit June. A shrub of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 2c, 4d, 6d, 8d,
4f, 6f, 5g, 5h, 8h.

Ervatamia corymbosa, King and Gamble. At 2900’, B. & H
12691; fruit March. A shrub or tree, endemic and common.

Ervatamia cylindrocarpa, King and Gamble. At 3200’, B. & H.
12684; fruit March. A shrub, endemic, from Penang to Malacca.

Ervatamia peduncularis, King and Gamble. 200-300’, Wray
1936, Kunstl. 1858, Hend. 10076; flr. June, fruit Jan., May. <A
shrub, endemic and common as far south as Mt. Ophir.

Dyera costulata, Hook. fil. Jelutong. Common on the lower
slopes of the hill, B. & H. A tree up to 250’, of Sumatra; in Penin-
sula Common.

Alstonia angustiloba, Mig. At 300’, Wray, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 100’, of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in Penin-
sula 2d, 5g, 9m.

Pottsia cantoniensis, Hook. and Arn. 500-800’, Kunstl. 2318;
flr. Sept. A hane of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 3d, 4f, 6k.

Strophanthus dichotomus, PC. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3896; flr.
Feb. A sprawler of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 6f, 6k, 8k, 9m.

Urceola brachysepala Hook. fil. At 3800’, B. & H. 12560; fir.
March. A lane, endemic, 2d, 6k, 9m.

Urceola elastica, Roxb. 800-3500’, Wray 4273, Kunstl. 2241,
4239, 5061, 7567; flr. May, fruit Aug., Oct. A large liane of
Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 6k.

Parameria polyneura, Hcok. fil. 200-500’, Kunstl. 3337, 7491;
flr. April, Sept. A liane of Burma, Sumatra and Borneo; in Penin-
sula 2d, 6k, 9m.

Ecdysanthera multiflora, King and Gamble. 2000-3000’,
Kunstl., fide Ridl. A liane, endemic and local.

ee

Mo oe 1g eal enia herr

397—
Chonemorpha penangensis, Rid]. At 500’, Kunstl. 3636: fir.
Dee. A lane, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4f, 6g, 6k.

Anodendron Candolleanum, Wight. 100-500’, Kunstl. 5558.
6516; flr. Feb., Aug. A liane of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 6k.

Anodendron pauciflorum, Hook. fil. 100-800’, Kunst]. 5587.
5599; fir. Feb. A climber up to 15’, endemic, 2d.

Cleghornia gracilis, King and Gamble. At 4000’, Kunstl.,
Scort., fide Ridil. A slender climber, endemic and local.

Trachelospermum Curtisii, King and Gamble. Larut, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A climber, endemic, 2d.

Micrechites furcata, Ridl. 300-500’, Kunstl. 6564: fir. Sept.
A liane, endemic, 4g. ,

Micrechites tubulosa, Fid/., n.sp. At 3200’, B. & H. 12785; fir.
March. A lane, endemic and local:

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

_Phyllanthera perakensis, King and Gamble. About 200’,

Kunstl., fide Ridl. A climber, endemic and local.

Streptocaulon Wallichii, Wight. At 2000’, Ridl.; flr. and fruit
March. A woody climber, endemic, 1b, 2b, 2d, 6d, BE.

Toxocarpus Scortechinii, King and Gamble. At 3600°, Derry
(Curt. 3706). A twining shrub, endemic and local.

Goniostemma acuminatum, JWigit. Taiping Hills, Wray.
Kunstl., fide Ridl. A slender climber of Assam; in Peninsula 2d.

Genianthus Maingayi, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
slender climber, endemic, 9m.

Genianthus Ridleyi, King and Gamble. At 3500’, Ridl. 2988,
11988; H. & N. 2366; fir. Feb. A climber, endemic and local.

Genianthus rufo-velutinus, King and Gamble. At 300’, Kunstl.
5611; fir. Feb. A liane, endemic and local.

Cyanchum corymbosum, Wigit. 300-500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A slender twiner of Himalaya and Assam; in Peninsula 2d.

Cyanchum ovyalifolium, Wight. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Rid.

A slender climber of Java; in Peninsula common.

Pentasacme caudatum, Wall. 300-3000’, Curt., Ridl. 2885; ir.
Dec. A herb of India and Burma; in Peninsula 4d, 4e, a “te og,
5h.

Tylophora exilis, Colebr. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A slender
twiner of Assam; in Peninsula 3f, 5h, 6k.

Tylophora longifolia, Wight. 3700-4000’, all collectors; fir.
March, June, Oct., Sept., Dec. A twiner of India and Borneo; in

Peninsula 3e only.

398

Tylophora Wallichii, Hook. fil. At 3000’, H. & N. 2306; fir.
Feb. A slender twiner of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6j, 6k, 9m.

Heterostemma Piperifolium, King and Gamble At Taiping,
Ridl. 14268; flr. Aug. A slender twiner, endemic, 4e, 4f, 5h.

Hoya citrina, idl. At Batu Kurau, Scort., fide Ridl. A long
climber, on limestone, endemic, 4f, 5h.

Hoya coronaria, Bl. At 300’, Hend. 10315, 10319; flr. and fruit

Aug. A long climber of Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 8d, 3f, 4f, 8g,
“4, 9m.

Hoya Curtisii, King and Gamble. Waterloo, at 2000’, Curt.
2894; flr. Oct. A creeping epiphyte, endemic and local.

Hoya lacunosa, Bl. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A creeping
epiphyte of W, Malaysia; in Peninsula 6k, 9m.

Hoya Maingayi, Hook, fil. 3700-4500’, Ridl., Anders. 55, H. &
N. 2452, B. & H. 12750, 12964; flr. Feb., March, fruit Feb. A
climber, endemic, 6k.

Hoya multiflora, B/. 2000-2600’, Ridl. 5520, Hend. 10124; fir.

Jan., June. A small epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Penin-
sula 2d, 4f, 6f, 5g, Sh, 07, 7k, 81.

Hoya plicata, King and Gamble. At 3000’, Scort., fide Ridl. A
climber, endemic and local.

Hoya revoluta, Wight. Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; flr. June. A
slender climber, endemic, common.

Hoya Ridleyi, King and Gamble. At 2400’, Rid]. (not seen). A
long climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula common.

Dischidia albida, (Griff. Taiping Hills, Scort., fide Ridl. <A
slender creeper, endemic, 6e, 4f, 5g, 6k, Tk, 81, 9m.

Dischidia astephana, Scor!. 3600-4750’, H. & N. 2341, B. & H.;
fruit Feb. A slender creeper, endemic, 4e, 6e, 4f, 6g, 5h.
Dischidia benghalensis, Colelr. 3200-4750’, B. & H. 12655,
12796; flr. March. A sprawler of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Dischidia coccinea, (Griff. 4000-4500’, Ridl. 2903, Fox; flr. Oct.
A siender creeper.of Borneo; in Peninsula 8g, 6k, 9m.
Dischidia cordifolia, King and Gamble. At 2000’, Ridl.; flr.
Feb. A twining shrub, endemic, 6g.

Dischidia hirsuta, Dene. At 300’, Wray, fide Ridl. A slender
creeper of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, on the Southern coasts
in th, 8h, 6k, 9k, 9m, inland in 5h, and in varieties in 4f, 7k, 81.

Dischidia Rafilesiana, Wall. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid’. AS

creeper of Malaysia to Australia; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2c, 8g, 7k,
gm.

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399

Dischidia Scertechinii, King and Gamble. At 4200’, B. & H.
12517; flr. March. A slender creeper, endemic, 5g.

Dischidia tubuliflora, King and Gamble. Taiping Hiils, Ridl.;
fruit Dec. A wiry creeper, endemic, 4e, 41.

Dischidia sp. At 4700’, B. & H. 12640; fir. March. A creeper
with small pink drs.

Physostelma Wallichii, Wight. Taiping Hill, Ridl.; fir. Feb.
A wiry twiner of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6e, 3f, 47, 9m.

LOGANIACEAE.

Buddleia asiatica, Lour. 300-500’, Kunst], 4060; fir. March.
A small shrub of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 2d, 4d.

Fagraea auriculata, Jack. 4000-4200’, Curt., Fox, H. & N.
2344, B. & H. 12648, 12861: fir. Oct., fruit Feb., March, Oct. An
epiphyte then a tree up to 30’, of Indo-China and W. Malaysia to
the Philippines; in Peninsula 3f, 5h, 8h, 6k, 71, 91, 9m.

Fagraea carnosa, Jack. At 300’, Wray 2317; fir. June. An
epiphytic shrub of Burma and Sumatra; in Peninsula 3f.

Fagraea lanceolata, King and Gamble, non Blume. At about
2500’, Wray 3202; fruit Sept. An epiphytic climber, endemic, 5g.
A doubtful species of which flowers have not been collected.

Fagraea oblonga, King and Gamble. 2000-4000’, Wray 2992,
Ridl. 5558, B. & H. 12685, 12952; fir. March, fruit March, June,
Sept. An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, 5g.

Fagraea obovata, Wall. 300-4400’, Wray 4181, Kunst]. 7578.
B. & H. 12585; fir. April, fruit March, June. An epiphytic shrub
of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Fagraea pauciflora, Ridl. 200-500’, Wray 1960, Kunstl, 1926,
3242, H. & N. 2400, Hend. 10218; fir. Feb. May, June, fruit Aug.,
Noy. A shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 6e, 8j, 9m.

Fagraea racemosa, Jack. 200-500’, Kunstl. 3188, Hend. 10046;
fruit Jan., Aug. A bush or small tree of Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Fagraea vaginata, King and Gamble. 300-4000’, Kunstl. 5868,
4044, 4258, Hervey; fir. Feb., May, fruit March. A large shrub
or small tree of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k.

Strychnos flavescens, King and Gamble. Larut, Kunsitl., fide
Ridl. A liane, endemic, 2d, 6k.

Strychnos penicillata, A. W. Hill. At about 300’, Scort. 1485,
Rid!. 3006, Forest Dept. C. F. 1154; fruit Nov. A lane, endemic,
2d, 3d, te, 6].

400

——y ~ se eey

Strychnos pubescens, Clarke. At 300’, H. & N. 2401 (a large-
leaved variety). A liane of Indo-China, Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula 4f, 6j, 6k, 9m. |

Strychnos Scortechinii, A. W. Hill. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A liane, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k.

Gaertnera oblanceolata, King and Gamble. 3000-4700’, Ridl.,
Anders. 19, B. & H. 12898, 12902; flr. Feb., March, fruit March.
A shrub, endemic and local.

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Erycibe aenea, Prain. 300-2500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A liane,
endemic and local.

Erycibe festiva, Prain. 500-800’, Kunstl. 6445; fir. Aug. A
hane, endemic, 6k, 9m.

Erycibe glomerata, Bl. 800-3000’, Wray 2580 (var. longifolia),
Curt. 1283, Ridl. 2989 (var. typica); fir. Feb., Dec. A shrub or
small tree of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 4f.

Erycibe Griffithii, Clarke. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A lane
of Tenasserim, Sumatra, Moluccas, and Philippines; in Peninsula
2d, 6k, 9m.

Erycibe magnifica, Prain. 500-1000’, Nunstl. 3454; flr. Oct. A
lane, endemic and local.

Erycibe malaccensis, Clarke. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3180, 3575; flr.
Aug., Nov. A climber, endemic, 2d, 6k.

Erycibe praecipua, Pram. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A liane,
endemic, 2d.

Erycibe Stapfiana, Prain. 300-4000’, Kunstl. 4015, 4115; flr
March, April. A liane of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 4d, 4f, 5g.
Erycibe strigosa, Prain. 500-860’, Kunst]. 8461; flr. Feb. <A
lane, endemic and local.

Lettsomia Curtisii, Prain. At about 4500’, Anders. 63; fruit
March. <A climber, endemic, 5h.

Lettsomia Kunstleri, Prain. At Waterloo Estate, Ridl.; fruit
March. <A climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3d, 4f, 6f, 5g, 5h, 6),
Ok.

Lettsomia penangiana, Mig. 100-4000’, Wray 2334, Kunstl.
2048, 2574, Curt. 2034, Anders. 90, Derry; flr. March, June, July,
Sept., fruit Nov. <A slender climber, endemic, 2d, 5g.
Lettsomia Scortechinii, Prain. 3800-4400’, Fox 180, Ridl.
5559, Hervey, B. & H. 12943; fir. Feb., fruit March Oct. A
slender climber, endemic and local.

Hewittia bicolor, Wight. Larut, Scort., fide Ridl. A twiner of
Trop. Africa and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula 6k.

Botte.

aid +S Pa LP eee’ Goren 1 eels

401

Merremia caespitosa, Hallier. Larut, Kurnsil., fide Ridl. A
slender twiner oi Jndo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

Merremia convolulacea, Dennst. At Larut, Ridl. (not seen).
A slender twiner of Trop. Africa and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula
a common weed.

Merremia hastata, Hallier. 100-500’, Hend. 10050, 10083,
10233; fir. Jan., Nov. A sprawler of Trop. Africa and Indo-
Australia; in Peninsula common.

Merremia umbellata, Hailier. At Taiping, R-dl.; fir. Feb. A
long twiner, paniropic; in Peninsula common.

Merremia vitifolia, Hallier. Larut, Scori., fide Ridl. A spraw-
ler of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 2b, 6c, 6d, 8g.

Ipomoea rubro-coerulea, Hook. At 3500',B. & H. A twin'ng
herb of Mexico; running wild here.

Ipomoea staphylina, f. & S. var. malayana, Prain. 109-500’,
Kunstl. 2538, 5091; fir. Oct., Nov. A shrubby climber of Sumatra;
im Peninsula 2b, 2d, 6e.

SOLANACEAE.

Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacg. At 3300°, B. & H. 13002; fruit
March. ? Cultivated. A prickly shrublet of Lower Siam io Java;
in Peninsula usually on seashores and sandy places.

Solanum Blumei, Vees. 1800-4400’, Kunst]. 2234, Curt. 2035,
Fox 126, Rid]. ; fir. Aug.-Oct., fruit Sept. A shrub of W. Malays.a;
in Peninsula 4e, 41, 5g, Sh, 91.

Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. 500-3500’, Kunst]. 2069, B. &
_H.;fir. July. A shrub up to 8’, pantropic; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 6d,
ag, 7g, Sh, 9m.

Datura suaveolens, Humb. and Bonpl. At 3800’, B. & H. A
Mexican herb; running wild here.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

Wightia borneensis, Hook. fil. 2000-3000’, Derry; fir. Oct. A
liane, eventually a tree, of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

_Limnophila villosa, BI. At Taiping, Wray, fide Rid]. A small
aromatic herb of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula common in damp

places.

Vandellia crustacea, Benth. 100-500’, Hend. 10322, B. & H.;
fir. and fruit Feb., Aug. A cosmopolitan weed; in Peninsula
common.

Torenia atropurpurea, Rid/. 4000-4750", Ridl. 5507, B. & H.
12735; fir. March, June. A creeping herb, endemic, 4i, 5g.

402

Bonnaya veronicaefolia, Spreng, var. grandifolia, Hook. fil. At
Taiping, Wray, fide Ridl. An erect herb, the species of S. E. Asia;
in Peninsula the var. at 2b, 6b, 5g, 6k.

Striga hirsuta, Benth. At Taiping, Ridley’s collector. A smal!
herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common in grass.

Scoparia dulcis, Linn. 3500-4000’, B. & H. A woody herb of
American origin; in Peninsula a common weed.

LENTIBULARIACEAE.

Utricularia minutissima, Vali. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
minute herb, endemic, 8g, 8], 6k, 7k.

GESNERACEAE.

Aeschynanthus Hildebrandtii, //emsl. 4000-4100’, Ridl.. H. &
N. 2347; flr. Feb., June, fruit Feb. A creeping epiphyte of
Burma; in Peninsula 6g.

Aeschynanthus cbconica, Clarke. 2000-3200’, Kunstl. 2849,
Curt. 2990 (Batu Kurau),; B. & H. 12798; fir. March, Oct., Dec.
An epiphytic creeper of Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 3f, 4f, 4h, 5h.

Aeschynanthus parvifolia, ?. Br. 2000-4500’, all collectors:
flr. Feb., March, Sept., Oct., Dec. An epiphytic creeper of W.
Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Aeschynanthus perakensis, fid/. 2000-4500’, Kunsti. 3641,
7022, Curt., Ridl. 11447, Anders. 95; flr. March, Sept., Dec., fruit
Dee. A small shrub, endemic, 4e, 4.

Aeschynanthus purpurascens, //assk. At 2000’, Ridl., fruit
June. An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6d, 4f, 5h, 71,
9m.

Aeschynanthus rhododendron, Ffidl. 300-4750’, all collectors ;
flr. Feb.-April, Sept., Oct., Dec., fruit July, Oct. A small erect
shrub, endemic, 4e.

Agalmyla staminea, B/. 1000-4000’, all collectors; flr. Feb.,
Sept., Oct., fruit Sept., Dec. A creeper on trees, of W. Malaysia;
in Peninsula 4e, 5¢.

Didissandra frutescens, Clarke. | 300-3000’, Wray 1723, Curt.,
RNidl. 2912, Hend. 10449; flr. and fruit Feb., Dec. A small shrub
of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 3f, 4f, 6k.

Didissandra quercifolia, /idl. 2000-4200’, all collectors; flr,

Feb., March, May, Aug., Sept. A woody stemmed herb, endemic
and local.

Didymocarpus albomarginata, //emsl. 200-4400’, all collec-
tors; flr. Jan., Feb., June, Sept., fruit Jan., June, Oct. A herb,
endemic, 5h.

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403

Didymocarpus alternans, Rid]. 500-3000’, Kunstl. 2311, Curt.:
flr. Dec., fruit Sept., Dec. A herb, endemic, 4f.

Didymocarpus corchorifolia, R. Br. G. Hijau, Scort. 1266, fide
Ridl. A small shrub, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6j, 81. Ridley in his Flora
says “ Taiping Hills, all collectors,” but there is no specimen from
Taiping Hills in Herb. Singap.

Didymocarpus crinita, Jack. 3000-4000’, all collectors; flr. Feb.,
March, Aug., Sept. A herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Didymocarpus flava, Rid]. 2000-4200’, all collectors; flr. Jan.-
March, Aug., Sept., Dec. A woody herb of Lower Siam; in
Peninsula 4f.

Didymocarpus hirsuta, fid/i. Larut Hills, Kunsil., fide Ridl.
A woody herb, endemic, 4f.

Didymocarpus hispida, Ridl. 3700-4600’, Kunstl. 2417, 8429,
Curt. 2037, Ridl., Anders. 32, Hervey, B. & H. 12594, 12667, 12749,
12751, 12876, 12879; fir. Jan., Feb., March, Sept., fruit Sept. A
herb, cndemic, 4d, 4e, 4f, 5g.

Didymocarpus malayana, Hook. fil. 500-3000’, Curt. 2039,
Haniff 13136; flr. Sept., fruit March. <A shrublet, endemic, 4e, 4f,
dg, oh.

Didymocarpus parviflora, Rid/. At 4000’, Curt., fide Ridl. A
woody herb, endemic, 6].

Didymocarpus reptans, Jack, var. monticola, Ridl. 200-4000,
all collectors; fir. Jan., March, June, July, Sept., fruit March, Oct.
A creeping herb of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula the var. at 3f,
4f, 5g, 5h, 6], the species at 2d, 5g, 5h.

Didymocarpus serratifolia, Rid/. At 1000’, Ridl. 11922 (not
seen). A woody herb, endemic and apparently also from 7

Oo’
=:

Didymeocarpus sulphurea, /?id/. G. Hijau, Scort. 6a; fruit Aug.
A woody herb, endemic, 4e, 4f, 5g.

Didymocarpus urticaefolia, Rid]. Up to 4000’, Curt., fide Ridl,
A herb, endemic, 4d.

_ Chirita caliginosa, Clarke. At Batu Kurau, Scort. 1582; fruit

Dec. <A soft herb on limestone, endemic, 4d, 4e, 4f, 5h.

Chirita elata, Ridi. 3000-4000’, Curt. 2038, Ridl. 2911, H. & N.
2353, Hend. 10109, B. & H. 12566, 12990; fir. Feb., March, Sept.,
Oct., fruit Jan. A rough herb, endemic and local.

Chirita Glasgovii, Ridl. At Waterloo, Robertson-Glasgow; fir.
and fruit Dec. A weak herb, endemic and local.

Loxocarpus caerulea, Ridl. 4000-4700’, Scort. 1427, Kunstl.
6990, Ridl., Anders. 3, B. & H. 12881; fir. Feb., March, Oct., Dec.
A stemless herb, endemic, 3d, 6e, 4f, dh.

404

Paraboea capitata, /idl., var. oblongifolia, Ridl. At Batu
Kurau, Scort. 1581; fruit Dec. A stemless herb on limestone,
endemic, the species at 4f, 5h, the var. at 4e, 4f.

Paraboea cordata, Ridl. 2300-4500’, all collectors; fir. Feb.,
March, July, Aug., Oct. A tall herb, endemic, 2c, 2d, 4d, 7k.

Boea paniculata, Ridl. At Batu Kurau, Scort. 1611; fruit Dee.
A shrublet up to 1’, on limestone, endemic, 4e, 5h.

Rhynchoglossum obliquum, Bb]. At about 4000’, Fox; flr. and
fruit Oct. A succulent herb of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 4f.

Epithema saxatile, B/. At Batu Kurau, Scort. 1580; flr. Dee.
A herb of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4e, 4f, 6g, 5h.

Monecphylilaea Horsfieldii, R. Br. At Batu Kurau, Scort. 1579;
flr. Dec. A succulent herb, usually on limestone, of Sumatra and
Java; in Peninsula 4b, 4e, 4f, 5h.

Monophyllaea patens, fidi. At Batu Kurau, Scort., fide Ridl.
A succulent herb on limestone, endemic, 4e 4f, 5h.

Stauranthera grandiflora, Benth. 1000-1500’, Kunstl. 2248;
flr. Aug. <A succulent herb of Burma; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 4f.

Rhynchotecum parviflorum, B/. 1500-2000’, Kunstl. 2237,
Ridl.; flr. Aug., fruit Dec. A small-shrub of Sumatra and Java;
in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 6e, 4f.

Cyrtandromoea acuminata, Benth. and Hook. 100-2000’, all
collectors; flr. Jan., April, June, Aug., Dec. A small weak shrub
of Sumatra; in Peninsula common in the North.

Cyrtandromoea megaphylla, /Zemsi. Waterfall Hill, Wray 43.
A bush, endemic, 2c, 4f, 5g, dh.

Cyrtandra cupulata, Ridl. 300-3000’, Scort. 366, Kunstl. 1940,
2057; flr. April, June, fruit July. A shrub, endemic and common.

Cyrtandra dispar, DC. 100-4000’, Scort. 367, Kunst]. 2052,
3891, 5131, Ridl., Anders. 124, B. & H. 13013; flr. March, April,
fruit Feb., July, Nov. A small shrub, endemic, 2d, 4f.
Cyrtandra pendula, Bl. At 2000’, Curt. 2036; flr. Sept. A
woody herb of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula, Taiping to Singa-
pore.

Cyrtandra pilosa, B/. 100-4000’, all collectors; flr. Jan.-March,

June, Oct., fruit March. A small shrub of Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

BIGNONIACEAE.

Pajanelia multijuga, DC. At base of Taiping Hill, Hend. 10388,
Cubitt’s coll. C.F.947; flr. Jan., Dec., fruit Dec. A tree up to
80’, endemic, 2d, 4d. Ridley’s specimen from Kranji, Singapore
is not this.

eee) 0) Ce ee eee

405

Radermachera amoena, Seem. At Taiping, Wray, Scort. 1496;
fruit Nov. A tree up to 80’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2b, 5h,
6k, 9m.

Radermachera stricta, Zoll. and Mor. At 200’, Wray 2143; fruit
June. <A tree up to 30’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, Ge,
4f, 5h, 6j, 6k.

PEDALINACEAE.

Sesamum indicum, DC. At Taiping, Hend. 10092; th and fruit
Jan. An erect herb, cultivated in all tropics.

ACANTHACEAE.

Thunbergia fragrans, Roxb. At about 3800’, B. & H. A
sprawler of India; probably an escape from cultivation here.

Staurogyne arcuata, Clarke. 2000-4500’, Wray 694, Curt., Ridl.
2892; fir. June, fruit Feb., Sept. A creeping ascending herb, en-
demic, 4d, 4f.

Staurogyne lasiobotrys, Kuntze. Up to 4500’, Curt. 1350
(Waterloo), Ridl.; fir. Dec., fruit March. A small shrub of
Burma; in Peninsula 1b, 6c, 4d, 5h, 53, 03.

Staurogyne macrantha, Clarke. 4500’ and upwards, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A herbaceous shrublet, endemic and local.

Staurogyne pauper, Clarke. At 200’, Kunstl.,-fide Ridl. An
erect herb, endemic and local.

Staurcegyne setigera, Kuntze. At 300’, Ridl. 14431; fir. Aug.
A creeping herb of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Staurogyne subglabra, Clarke. 3600-4500’, Curt., Ridl., Hervey,
H. & N. 2340, B. & H. 12872; flr. Feb., Dec., fruit Dec. An erect
herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 4f, dh.

Strobilanthes bibracteatus, B]. 4000-4700’, Ridl. 5516, Anders.
2, Kloss, B. & H. 12899; fir. Feb., May, June, fruit March. An
undershrub of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 3¢e only.

Strobilanthes collinus, Nees. At about 4500’, Ridl.; flr. and
fruit March. A big herb or shrub, endemic, 1b, 2d, 6d.

Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees. At Batu Kurau, Haniff
13255. A herb, cultivated for blue dye in Upper Perak and
Kelantan; native of Indo-China and S. China.

Strobilanthes hirtisepalus, Clarke. Taiping Hills, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. An undershrub, endemic, 2c, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Strobilanthes Maingayi, Clarke. At Maxwell’s Hill, Kloss.
An undershrub up'to 3’, endemic, 1b, 2d, 5g, 5h.

406

Strobilanthes rufo-pauper, Clarke. 3000-4500’, Ridl. 5515,
Hervey, Curt., Anders. 26, B. & H. 12974; fir. March, Sept. A
creeping herb, endemic, 4f.

Strobilanthes rufo-sepalus, Clarke. Ta:ping Hills, Ridl.; flr.
Dec. A herb, endemic, 2d, 4d, ?4e, 5g.

Phlogacanthus brevis,-Clarke. At 500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. An
undershrub, endemic and local.

Gymnostachyum magis-nervatum, Clarke. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. A herb, endemic and local.

Pseuderanthemum caudifolium, idl. At Taiping, Scort. 1531,

Curt. ; flr. Sept., Nov. A shrub up to 5’, of Lower Siam; in Peninr-
sula 3f, 4f.

Gendarussa vulgaris, Vees. At 300’, Hend. 10317; flr. Aug. A
bush of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula common in-or near cultivation.

Justicia Clarkeana, Fidl. 3000-3200’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tall herb, endemic and local.

Justicia Maingayi, Clarke. At Taiping, Ridl. 14432, Anders. 93;
flr. March, Aug., fruit Aug. <A slender shrub, endemic, 2d.

Justicia ptychostoma, ees, var. auriculata, Clarke. At Taiping,

Kunstl., fide Ridl. A herb, endemic, the species common, the var.
at 4e, 3f.

Justicia pubiflora, Clarke. 4000-4700’, Ridl., Anders. 11, B. &
H. 12863; flr. Feb., March, Dec. A herb, endemic, 81, 8m.

Justicia Scortechinii, Clarke. At 3000’, Scort., fide Ridl A
herb, endemic and local.

Peristrophe acuminata, Linn. At Batu Kurau, Haniff 10553;
flr. May. A herb up to 3’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

VERBENACEAE.

Lantana aculeata, Linn. At Taiping and at 3800’, Hend., B. &
H. A prickly bush, pantropic, of S. American origin; in Peninsula
common in waste ground.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vali/. At Taiping, Hend. 10034 ;
fir. all the year. A small shrub, pantropic, of S. American origin ;
in Peninsula common.

Callicarpa angustifolia, King and Gamble. At Batu Kurau,
Scort., fide Rid!. A shrub on limestone, endemic, 1b, 4e, 5h.

Callicarpa arborea, Roxb. At 200’, Hend. 10037; flr. Jan. A
tree up to 60’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 6b, 2c, 2d, 3f, 6g, 6).

Callicarpa cana, Linn. At Taiping, Ridl. (not seen). A shrub
of Malaysia to Australia; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, Tg, 5j, 6k.

————

407

Premna Derryana, King and Gamble. At 3700’, Derry, B. & H.
12972; flr. March. A climbing shrub, endemic and local.

Premna sterculifolia, King and Gamble. At 300°, Wray, Kunstl..
fide Rid]. A shrubby climber, endemic and loeal.

Gmelina villosa, Rorb. At Changkat Serdang, Wray, fide Ridl.
A shrub or small tree, of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Penin-
sula common.

Cleredendron deflexum, Wall. At 700’, Hend. 10004, 10426:
fir. and fruit Jan., Oct. A small shrub of Pulau Battam; in Penin-
sula common.

Clerodendron disparifolium, A]. 100-3000’, Curt. 2043, Hend.
10303, B. & H.; flr. Aug., fruit Aug., Sept. A tree up to 20’, of W.
Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Clerodendron myrmecophilum, fid/. 100-1080’, Ridl., H-nd.
10035; fir. Jan., Aug. <A shrublet, endemic, 8d, 91, 8m, 9m.

Clerodendron paniculatum, Linn. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6437, fide
King and Gamble. A tall shrub of Java; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4f,
5g, 5h, 6], and scmetimes cultivated.

Clerodendron penduliflorum, Wal]. At Batu Kurau, Scort.,

fide Rid]. A small shrub of Burma and Tenasserim: in Peninsula
4b, 2c, 2d, 6d, 5h.

Clerodendron Ridleyi, King and Gamble. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. -A-shrub or small tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 5h.

Cleroderndron serratum, Spreng, var. Wallichii, Clarke.
Taiping, Scort. 107, fide King and Gamble. A bushy shrub of
Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 6c, 4e, 6e, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Clerodendron umbratile, King and Gamble. At 3000’, Derry
(Curt. 3704); fir. Sept. A shrub of Sumatra; in Peninsula 41.
dh, 6k.

Vitex coriacea, Clarke. At 1000’, Wray 2225, fide King and
Gamble. A tree, endemic, 2c, 4f, 6k, 9m.

Vitex gamosepala, Griff. 500-1000’, Scort. 445, 1489, Kunstl.

- 1841, fide King and Gamble. A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo:

in Peninsula dg, &g, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Vitex heterophylla, Roxb. Up to 1000’, Kunstl., fide King and
Gamble. A tree up to 80’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4f.

Vitex longisepala, King and Gamble. 500-2000", Curt., R:dl.
2984, Anders. 104, Cubitt C. F. 1152, Hend. 10019, 10479: fir. Feb.,
March, Oct., fruit Jan., May. A tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca.

Vitex peralata, King. Larut, on low ground, Kunstl. 2064, 6187,
6874, 8299, fide King and Gamble. A spreading tree, endemic,
Taiping to Singapore.

408

Vitex pteropoda, Mig. Larut, on low ground, Kunstl. 5249,
6668, fide King and Gamble. A spreading tree of Sumatra; -in
Peninsula 8h, 9m.

Vitex pubescens, Vahl. At about 200’, Hend. 10209, Haniff
13271 (Batu Kurau); fruit May, Sept. A bushy tree of Indo-
Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Vitex siamica, Williams. At Batu Kurau, Scort. 1618, fide King
and Gamble. A tree, on limestone, endemic, 1b, 5h.

Sphenodesme triflora, Wight. At Taiping, Wray, Kunstl., fide
tidl. A climbe ‘t shrub of S t d °B 34
tid]. A climber or erect shrub of Sumatra and /?Borneo; in
Peninsula common.

LABIATAE.

Hyptis brevipes, Poit. At Taiping, Wray 3051; flr. Sept. A
herb up to 3’, pantropic, of 8S. American origin; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Hyptis suaveolens, Poit. At Taiping, Hend. 10324; flr. Aug.
A herb of Trop. America and 8. E. Asia; in Peninsula common.

Coleus atropurpureus, Benth. At Taiping, Hend. 10107; fir.
Jan. A small herb of Malaysia; in Peninsula common,

Dysophylla auricularia, bl. At Taiping, Wray, fide Ridl. A
herb up to 3’, of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula common.

Calamintha gracilis, Benth. Up to 3400’, Ridl. 11912, Anders.
89, B. & H. 12812; flr. Feb., March. A slender creeper of Assam

and Java; in Peninsula 38e only.

Leucas zeylanica, ?. Br. At Taiping, Hend. 10160; flr. April.
A herb of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula very common.

Paraphlomis rugosa, Prain. 500-3000’, Scort. 339, Kunstl. 2372,
Curt. 2726, Ridl. 2892, Anders. 112; flr. Sept., fruit March. A
shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4f.

Gomphostemma crinitum, Wall. At about 200’, Wray 3340,
Hend. 10058; fir. Jan., Feb., fruit Jan. A woody herb of Tenas-.
serim; in Peninsula common in hill forests.

Gomphostemma Curtisii, Prain. 2000-4300’, Curt. 1310, Fox
173, Ridl.; flr. Feb.-March, Oct., fruit Dee. A woody herb, en-
demic, 2d, 4f, dg.

Gomphostemma microcalyx, Prain. 1800-2000’, Kunstl. 2155,

fide King and Gamble, Ridl. A large herb of Borneo; in Peninsula
4f.

Gomphostemma Scortechinii, Prain. Up to 4500’, S >ort.,
Kunstl., fide Ridl. A woody herb of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 6d.

409
AMARANTACEAE.

Deeringia celosioides, Brown. At Batu Kurau, Scort., fide Rid1.
A sprawler on limestone, of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula dh.

Deeringia indica, Zoll. At Waterloo, Curt. 2691; flr. and fruit
May. A small shrub of W. Malaysia and Philippines; in Peninsula
2b, 4e, 4f, 6g, Sh.

Cyathula prostrata, b/. At Taiping, Hend. A straggling herb,
pantropic; in Peninsula common in open ground.

Psilotrichum trichotomum, 56/. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.
Cultivated. <A flaccid herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in

‘ Peninsula la, Ulu Kal, Perak.

Aerua Curtisii, Oliv. 500-1000’, W aterloo, Curt.; fruit May. A

straggling herb, endemic, 4d.

POLYGONACEAE.

Polygonum capitatum, Ham. At 4000’, B. & H. 12961; fir.
March. A herb of Himalaya, not previously recorded from the
Peninsula. Doubtless introduced.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

Apama corymbosa, Soler. 100-3000’, Kunstl. 2875, Curt. 2045,
H. & N. 2301, Hend.10010; fir. Jan.-March, Sept., fruit Jan.,
March. A shrub of Sumatra; in Peninsula, Penang to Malacca.

Thottea dependens, Klotzsch. 300-1000’, Ridl., B. & H.; flr.
March. A shrub, endemic, 2d, 3f, 4f, 7k, 9m.

Aristolochia minutiflora, Fid/. 100-3300’, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
(the species), Wray 2997, Kunst!., fide Gamble (var. dolobrata) .
A slender climber, endemic, 3f, the var. at 3e only.

CYTINACEAE.

Rafflesia Hasseltii, Suringar. Taiping Hill, Cantley, Wray, fide
Ridl. A parasite of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4d.

NEPENTHACEAE.

Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. At 100’, Kunstl. 1943; flr. June.
A climber of Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 8g, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Nepenthes gracilis, Korth. 100-300’, Kunstl., 1941, 4019, 4025,
Hend. 10050; flr. March. A slender climber of W. Malaysia ; in
Peninsula common in low country.

410

Nepenthes Rafflesiana, Jack. At 4400’, Fox 182, Derry; fir.
and fruit Oct. A climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
dg, Sh, 6k, 7k, 81, 91, 9m.
Nepenthes sanguinea, Lindl. 4400-4750’, Wray, Kunst]. 3316.
Curt. 2044, Fox 183, Ridl., Derry, Anders. 62, B. & H. <A climber
of Borneo; in Peninsula 6e, 4f, 5g, 6g, 5h, 7k.

PIPERACEAE.

Peperomia Maxwellana, C. DC. At about 2500’, Rid!. 5481:
flr. June. A small herb, endemic and local.

Piper acre, Bl. 1000-4000’, Curt., fide Ridl. A slender climber
of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Piper Betle, Linn. At 1500’, Waterloo, Curt. 2701; fruit May.
Sirth. A climber extensively cultivated in 8. E. Asia.

Piper boehmeriaefolium, Wall. 500-1500’, Kunstl. 2231, 2257,
fide C. de Candolle. An erect shrub of KE. Himalaya to Siam; in
Peninsula 4d, 6g, 5).

Piper Curtisii, (. DC. At about 2000’, Curt. 2699, Ridl.; fruit
May. A slender creeper, endemic, 4d, 5h, 6k, 91.

Piper eucolyptolimbum, (. DC. 2800-3000’, Kunstl. 3228, fide
('. de Candolle. A climber, endemic and local.

Piper filipes, (. DC. 3200-3500’, Kunstl. 3122, fide C. de Can-
dolle. A creeper, endemic and local.

Piper flavimarginatum, (. DC. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; fruit Feb.
A climber, endemic, 6f, 9m.

Piper gymnocladum, (. DC. At about 2500’, Ridl. 5479; fir.
June, fruit June, Dec. <A climber, endemic and local.

Piper kotanum, (. DC. At Kota, Wray 1947, fide C. de Can-
dolle. A climber ?, endemic and local.

Y

Piper larutanum, (. DC. Larut, Kunstl. 3327; flr. and fruit
Sept., fide C. de Candolle. A climber on trees, endemic and local.

Piper longamentum, (. VC. 1800-3000’, Kunstl. 32071 (?) ; flr.
Aug., fide C. de Candolle. A climber ?, endemic and local. Kun-
stler’s number as quoted by de Candolle is almost certainly a
mistake.

Piper longibracteum, (. DC. At 3000’, Wray 101. A long
climber, cndemie, 4d.

Piper magnibaccum, C. DC. 3900--4000’, Curt. 2046, Ridl.
5480, Anders. 158, B. & H. 13012; flr. and fruit March, Sept. A
climber, endemic, 4e, 4f, 5g.

Piper Maxwellanum, C. DC. At 2500’, Wray 1734. A climber,
endemic and local.

411

Piper miniatum, £/. 100-4000’, Curt., Ridl. 2962, Anders. 82;
fir. March, Oct. A climber of Java; in Peninsula common.

Piper minutistigmum, C. DC. Larut, Kunstl. 2388: fir. and
fruit Sept., fide C. de Candolle. <A large climber, endemic’ and
local.

Piper muricatum, Bil. 200-1000’, Wray 2076, Ridl., Hend.
10001, 10060; fruit Jan., March. A herb of W. Malaysia; in Penin-
sula common.

Piper nigrum, Linn. At Waterloo, Curt. 2700; fruit May.
Black pepper, cultivated, a native of S. India.

Piper penangense, (. DC. 3000-4700’, Ridl., Anders. 72, B. &
H. 12668, 12897; fir. Feb., March, fruit Feb. A small shrub,
endemic, 2d, 3d, 4d.

Piper porphyrophyllum, \. F&. Br. 200-4500’, Curt. 2048,
Haniif 10552, Hend. 10003, 10069; fir. Sept., fruit Jan. <A climber
of Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Piper ramipilum, C. DC. Larut, Kunstl., fide C. de Candolle.
A creeper up to 20’, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4f, 6k, 71, 9m.

Piper ribesioides, Wail. 200-1000’, Wray 2184, 4244, Kunstl.,
fide C. de Candolle. A creeper on trees, of Tenasserim and Su-
matra; in Peninsula common.

Piper Ridleyi, (. DC. 300-4500’, Curt. 2047, Ridl. 14503,
Anders. 147, B. & H. 12693; fir. March, Aug., Sept., fruit March,
May, Aug. An erect shrub, endemic, 4d, 4f, 5g, +h, 9m.

Piper Scortechinii, (. DC. 2800-3000’, Scort. 285, Kunst]. 3230,
fide C. de Candolle. A slender climber, endemic, 4f.

Piper semangkoanum, (’. DC. At 4000’, Ridl. An erect shrub-
let, endemic, 5g.

Piper stylosum, Mig. 200-4700’, Wray 8, Curt. 2049, Ridl.,
Anders. 37, B. & H. 12874, Haniff 13281; fir. Feb., May, fruit
March, Sept. A small erect shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula common.

Piper umbellatum, Linn. At Waterloo, 1500’, Curt. 2698; fruit
May. An erect shrub, pantropic; in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 6f, 5g, 5h,
€}.

Piper velutinervium, C. DC. 1800-2000’, Kunstl. 2193, 2196;
fir. and fruit Aug., fide C. de Candolle. An erect? pepper of Su-
matra; in Peninsula 3e only.

CHLORANTHACEAE.

Chloranthus officinalis, B/. 3000-3700’, B. & H.; fruit Feb, A
shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

412
MYRISTICACEAE.

Horsfieldia brachiata, Warb. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
up to 60’, endemic, 6k, 9m.

Horsfieldia fulva, Warb., var. paludicola, Warb. Larut, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A tree up to 60’, endemic, the var. at 4f, 9m, the species
at 4f, 6k.

Horsfieldia Irya, Warb. At 300’, Kunst], 7447; flr. April. A
tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Horsfieldia Lehmanniana, Warb. At Taiping, Wray 2088; fir.
June. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6k, 9m.

Horsfieldia majuscula, Warb. At 2000’, Wray 2218, Rid]. 11919 ;
flr. Feb. A tree about 50’, endemic, 2d, 4f, 9m.

Horsfieldia subglobosa, Warb. At 100’, (up to 2000’, fide Ridl.)
Kunst]. 6672; fruit October. A tree up to 70’, of Sumatra; in
Peninsula 6k, 81.

Horsfieldia sucosa, Warb. At 300’, Kunstler 4078; fruit April.
A tree up to 100’, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6k, 9m.

Gymnacranthera Farquhariana, Warb. 100-3000’, Wray, 2084,
2399, Kunstl. 5408, 6622, 6652, 7481; flr. April, Sept., fruit Jan.,
June, July, Sept. <A tree up to 60’, endemic and common.

Gymnacranthera Forbesii, Warb. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 3783,
6591; flr. Sept., fruit Jan. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra; in
Peninsula 2d, 3d, 4f, 6f, 6k, 9m. . :
Myristica cinnamomea, Warb. 500-1500’, Wray 2056, Kunstl.
5170, 6440; fruit Nov. <A tree up to 90’, endemic and common.

Myristica crassa, King. At 2000’, Wray 646. A tree up to
80’, endemic, 4f, 6j, 6k, 9m.

Myristica elliptica, Wall. 200-400’, Wray 1736, 2345; flr. and
fruit April. <A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Penin-
sula common.

Myristica maxima, Warb. 300-800’, Kunstl. 5513; fruit Feb-
A tree up to 70’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 9m.

Knema Cantleyi, Warb. At 100’, Kunstl, 5614; flr. Feb. -A
tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d, 5h, 9m.

Knema conferta, Warb. At Taiping, Wray 2377; flr. July. A
tree up to 40’, of Tenasserim, Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Knema Curtisii, Warb. Taiping Hill, Ridl. 14681; fruit Aug.
A small tree, endemic, 2d, 6k, 9m.

Knema furfuracea, Warb. 800-1200’, Kunst]. 5600; flr. Feb.
A tree about 30’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common.

1 eh —

413

Knema intermedia, Warb. At 100’, Kunst]. 6371, 7576; fruit
May, July. A tree up to 50’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Knema Kunstleri, Warb. 500-3000’, Wray 2056, Kunstl, 4150,
6440, Curt. 2051, Hamiff 13127; flr. March, April, fruit June, Sept.
A tree up to 20’, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k.

Knema lIaurina, Warb. At Waterloo, Curt. 2728; fruit May. A
tree up to 60’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Knema oblongifolia, Warb. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen).
At 3000’, Curt. 2050 (var. monticola); fruit Sept. A shrub,
endemic, the species common, the var. at 4f,
Knema Wrayi, Warb. At 100’, Kunstl. 6521; fruit Aug. A
tree up to 30’, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k, 71, 9m.

MONIMIACEAE.

Matthea sancta, Bl. 2500-3000’, Wray 2811, B. & H. 12826;
fir. and fruit March. A shrub or tree of Borneo; in Peninsula,
8h, 6k, 71, 9m.

LAURACEAE.

Cryptocarya crassinervia, Wig. 100-500’ (to 3000’, fide Gam+
ble), Kunst]. 5729, 6579; flr. Sept., Nov. A tree up to 60’, of
Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 3f, 4f, 5h.

Cryptocarya densiflora, BJ. 500-800’, Kunstl. 360 A tree up
5

te 60’, of Java, Borneo, Philippines; in Peninsula

Cryptocarya Kurzii, Hook. fil. 100-300’, Kunstl. 5320, 5395;
fir. Jan., fruit Dec. A tree up to 40’, of Tenasserim to Borneo; in
Peninsula 4f, 8], 6k, 91, 9m.

Cryptocarya rugulosa, Hook. fil. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 3749, 6279;
fir. Jan., fruit July. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 2d, 3f, 6k.
Crytocarya Scortechinii, Gamble. 100-4000’, Kunstl. 6297,
6298, Ridl. 2966; fir. March, July. A tree up to 70’, endemic, 4f,
og.

Beilschmiedia Foxiana, Gamlle. At about 4000’, Fox (Ridl.
10705). <A tree, endemic and local.

oO.
o
s-

Beilschmiedia insignis, Gamble. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 70’, endemic and local.

Beilschmiedia Kunstleri, Gamble. On low ground, Kunstl,
6854, fide Gamble. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 9m.

Beilschmiedia longipes, Hook. fil. 800-2000’, Kunstl. 5465.
Ridl.; fir. Jan. A spreading tree up to 50’, endemic, 6k.

414

Beilschmiedia perakensis, Gamble. 500-800’, Kunstl. 8489 ; flr.
Feb. A shrub or tree, endemic, 4f.

Beilschmiedia Scortechinii, Gamble. At 3700’, Scort. 483,
493, fide Gamble. A tree, endemic and local.

Dehaasia cuneata, b/. At Taiping, Wray 2099, 2654, 3101,
Kunstl. 6745, fide Gamble. <A tree up to 50’, of Burma, Sumatra,
Java; in Peninsula 1a, 3f, dh.

Endiandra praeclara, Gamble. 100-4000’, Kunstl. 6714, H. & N.
2320; fir. Feb., Oct., fruit Feb. A tree up to 70’, endemic, 2d, 4f,
5h.

Cinnamomum cinereum, Gamble. 500-2000’, Wray 2629.
Kunst] 8515, fide Gamble, Wray 4056; flr. April. A tree up to
70’, endemic and local.

Cinnamomum egraciliflorum, Gamble. At about 4500’, Scort.
1228, fide Gamble. A tree, endemic, 4d.

Cinnamomum iners, Reinw. 100-800’, Kunstl. 3861, 6456,
6510; flr. Aug., fruit Feb. A tree about 40’, of Indo-Malaya
to the Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Cinnamomum Kunstleri, id/. Within 100’, Kunstl. 5568, fide
Ridl. <A tree up to 40’, endemic and local.

Cinnamomum lampongum, Viv. Up to 800’, Kunstl. 4802,
6595, fide Gamble. A tree of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3e only.

Cinnamomum mollissimum, //ook. fil. 100-800’, Wray 2669,
Kunstl. 6013, fide Gamble. <A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4f.

Cinnamomum rhyncophyllum, Wiy. Up to 500’, Kunstl. 3287,
fide Gamble. <A tree up to 50’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f, 5g.

Alseodaphne insignis, Gamble. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6958, 7273;
fruit Feb., Dee. A tree up to 100’, endemic and local.

Alseodaphne paludosa, Gamble. lLarut, Kunstl. 5378, fide
Gamble. <A tree up to 100’, endemic and local.

Alseodaphne Wrayi, Gamble. At Kota, Wray 2543, at Larut,
Kunstl, 5498, 5917, fide Gamble. <A tree up to 50’, endemic and
local.

Nothaphcebe fruticosa, Gamble. At 2000’, H. & N. 2389; fir.
Feb. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 4f, dh,

Nothaphoebe Kingiana, Gamble. 500-3500’, Kunstl. 4938, H.
& N. 2331; flr. Feb., Sept. <A tree up to 40’, endemie and local; a
var. at 3f.

Nothaphoebe panduriformis, Gamble. At Changkat Serdang,
Wray, fide Ridl. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 4f, 6f, 5g, 8g, 8h, 6k.

Nothaphoebe reticulata, Gamble. At 4000’, Ridl. 2967, B. & I.
12865; flr. Feb. A tree up to 50’, endemic, 5g, 5h.

7 —————————eEeG7=_ee_

= = ee a.
——————— En —

415

Nothaphoebe umbelliflera, 5]. 400-600’, Kunstl. 8484; flr. Feb.
A tree uv to 50’, of Siam to Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Machilus Scortechinii, Gamble. 3500-4000’, Scort. 492, Kunstl.
8413, fide Gamble. A tree up to 50’, endemic and local.

Phoebe cuneata, B/. 100-4600’, Kunst]. 2646, 6249, 6577, 6995,
Ridl., H. & N. 2342; fir. Jan., Feb., Dec., fruit June, Sept. <A tree
up to 80’, of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, 5h, 71, 9m.
Phoebe macrophylla, 6]. At Waterloo, Curt. 2727; fruit May.
A bushy tree akout 40’, of Java; in Peninsula 3f, 9m.

Stemmatodaphne perakensis, Gamble. Up to 1000’, Wray
2658, Kunstl., fide Gamble. A tree up to 70’, endemic, 4f, 6k.

Actinodaphne glomerata, Nees. At Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl-
A tree up to 40’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 9m.

Actinodaphne montana, Gamble. 3000-3500’, Kunst]. 2129,
2913, fide Gamble. A tree up to 70’, endemic and local.

Actinodaphne pruinosa, Nees. Waterfall Hill, Wray, fide Ridl.
A tree up to 40’, endemic, 2d, 6k, 9m.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis, Hook. fil. 500-4200’, Kunstl.
4399, 5147, Curt. 2053, Hend. 11811; fir. March, June, Sept., Nov.
A tree up to 50’, of Lower Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d 4f, 5h.

Litsea amara, Bl. At 2000’, Ridl. 2981; flr. Feb. A bush or
small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common and variable.

Litsea angulata, BJ. At 4100’, B. & H. 12866; fir. Feb. A tree
up to 80’, of Java; in Peninsula 5h.

Litsea brachystachya, Boerl. 800-1000’, Kunst]. 6855; flr. Nov.
A tree up to 50’, of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Litsea castanea, Hook. fil. 500-1500’, Kunst]. 4937, 6497; flr.
Aug., Sept. A tree up to 100’, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k.

Litsea citrata, BJ. 3000-4000’, Ridl. 11390, H. & N. 2323, B. &
H. 12935, fir. Feb., Dec., fruit March. A small tree of Indo-
Malaya and China; in Peninsula 4f, dg.

Litsea claviflora, Gamble. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 8492, fide Gamble.
A tree up to 40’, endemic and local.

Litsea cordata, Hook. fil. 100-200’, Kunstl. 3962, 6529; fir.
Sept., fruit March. A tree up to 30’, of Sumatra and Borneo;
in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Litsea cylindrocarpa, Gamble. At 100’, Kunstl. 5500, 6673; flr.

Jan., fruit Oct. A tree up to 130’, of Java and Borneo; in Penin-
sula 2d, 3f.

Litsea fenestrata, Gamble. Up to 800’, Kunst]. 5938, 6859, fide
Gamble. A tree up to 100’, of Sumatra and Bornco; in Peninsula
3e only.

416

Litsea ferruginea, B/. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6039, 6826; flr. May,
fruit Nov. A tree up to 80’, of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 9m.

Litsea firma, //ook. fil. 400-500’, Kunstl. 6772, 7391, sgde
Gamble. A tree up to 100’, of W. Malay sia except Java; in Penin-
sula 6k, 9m.

Litsea gracilipes, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunst]. 5421; fruit Jan.
A small tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 8h, 6k, 9m.

Litsea Griffithii, Gamble. Larut, Kunstl., fide Gamble. <A tree
up to 60’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Litsea hirsutissima, Gamble. 100-2500’, Kunstl., Curt. 1344,
fide Gamble. A shrub, endemic, 4f.

Litsea lancifolia, Hook. fil. 200-500’, Kunstl. 3233, 6609; fir.
Aug., Sept. A bush or small tree of Indo-Malaya and China: in
Peninsula 4f, 5h, 91, 9m.

Litsea machilifolia, Gamble, var. angustifolia, Gamble. At
100’, Kunstl. 6815; fruit Nov. <A tree up to 80’, endemic, the var.
at 4f, 5g, the species at 2d, 6k, 9m.

Litsea megacarpa, Gamble. 100-500’, Wray 2337, Kunstl. 6124,
6237, 6409, 6567, 6866; flr. May, June, fruit July, rt Noy.
A tree up to 60’, endemic 2d, 4f, 4h, dh. }

Litsea monticola, Gamble. 3500-4500’, Kunstl. 7000, 8454, fide
Gamble. <A tree up to 50’, endemic and loeal.

Litsea nidularis, (/amble. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6883; fruit Noy.
A tree, endemic, 2d, Ulu Kenat, Perak.

Litsea Noronhae, Bl. At Ulu Tupai, Wray, fide Gamble. A
shrub or tree up to 50’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 3f, 4f,
Dh.

Litsea oblanceolata, Gamble. Up to 300’, Kunstl. 1952, 2020,
fide Gamble. A tree un to 40’, endemic and local.

Litsea panamonja, //ook. fil. At Waterloo, 1500’, Curt. 2694;
flr. May. <A tree up to 40’, of Assam to Lower Siam; in Peninsula
5g, 6k.

Litsea patellaris, Gamble. 400-800’, Kunstl. 7312, fide Gamble.
A tree up to 60’, endemic and local.

Litsea perakensis. Gamble. Up to 800’, Kunstl., fide Gamble.

A tree up to i0’, endemic, 4f, 91, 9m.

Litsea pustulata, Gemble. Up to 800’, Kunstl. 254-4, 3418, 5110
fide Gamble. <A tree up to 30’, endemic and local.

Litsea spathacea, Gamble. Up to 3000, (fide Gamble), Ril.
A small tree, endemic, 2d, 5h, 67.

Litsea Teysmanni, Gamble. At low altitudes, Wray, Kunstl.,
fide Ridl. A tree up to 70’, of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula
Ck. .

tie etn Beenkiies ¢

—T

WE eet ews SPL A A hnde OO ebs 3

417

Litse2 Wrayi, Gamble. 800-1400", Wray 4036; fir. April. A
tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

Neolitsez villosa, Gamble. 4000-4500’, Kunstl. 7011; fruit Dec.
A tree up to 30’, of Amboina and the Philippines; in Peninsula 3e
only.

Lindera bibracteata, Boerl. At 4500’, H. & N. 2461; fir. Feb.
A shrub up to 15’, of Java; in Peninsula 44d, 4f.

Lindera caesia, Boerl. 3500-4000’, Kunst]. 6951, Curt. 2052;
fir. Sept., Dec. A small tree of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula
Ge, 5g, Sh.

Lindera malaccensis, Hook. fil. 500-800’, Kunst]. 5139; fir.
_ Noy. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f,
dg, 6k, 71, 9m.

‘Lindera pipericarpa, Boerl. 3000-3500’, Scort., Kunsitl., fide
_ Ridl. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 4f, dg.

HERNANDIACEAE.

_ Iiligera appendiculata, B]. At 3800’. B. & H. 12561; fir. March.
_ A climber up to 80’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

= : PROTEACEAE.

Helicia attenuata, Bi. At 200’, Hend. 10210: fir. Sept. A
shrub or tree of Java; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 4f, 5h, 91.

_ Helicia excelsa, Bl., var: Forbesii, Ridl. At low altitudes, Kunst!-
3392, fide Gamble. A tree up to 80’, the species from Burma to
‘Tenasserim, the var. in Sumatra and Cambodia: in Peninsula the
Var. in 3e only.

_ Helicia Kingiana, Prain. 500-1000’, Kunst]. 3714, 3881, 6217,

_ fide Gamble. A trce up to 70’, endemic, 4f, 5g.

_ Helicia rufescens, Prain. 200- 1500’, Wray 2083, 3084, Kunstl.

_ 4213, 4939, 5096, 8504, fide Gamble. A tree up to 80’, endemic

and local. |

THY MELAEACEAE.

Daphne composita, Gilg. At about 4000’, Wray 510. A shrub
or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4g. 5g, doh.

x _ Wikstroemia Candolleana, Meissn. 4000-4700’, Curt. 2055
Ridi. 2900, Anders. 24, B. & H. 12658, 12965; fir. March, Sept.
_ A shrub or ‘cmall tree ae Java; in Peninsula 3d, 4d, 62, 4f, 5g, 6g.

Be sins malaccensis, Lamk. Larut, Kunsitl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 80’, of W. Malaysia to Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Ss

418
LORANTHACEAE.

Loranthus coccineus, Jack. 300-800’, Wray 2582, Kunstl. 2323:
fir. Sept. fruit July, Sept. A parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in
Peninsula common.
Loranthus crassipetalus, Aing. Larut Hills, Ridl. A parasitic
shrub, endemic, 4f, 5h.

Loranthus ferrugineus, orb. At Taiping, Wray, Hend. 10002;
flr. Jan. A parasitic shrub of W. Malaysia to Philippines; in
Peninsula common.

Loranthus grandifrons, King. At 100’, Wray 1958, Kunstl.
2067; flr. May, July. A parasitic shrub of Lower Siam to Su-
matra; in Peninsula 4f, 6f, 6g, Tg, 5), 6k.

Loranthus heteranthus, Wall. 2500-3500’, Wray 3234, Kunstl.
6362. A parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2e, 4d, 4f,
8g, 8].

Loranthus Lobbii, Hook. fil. 2000-4500’, Curt., Ridl. 2969, H.
& N. 2384; flr. Feb., Sept. A parasitic shrub, endemic and
common. |

Loranthus malaccensis, J/ook. fil. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 6286.
A parasitic shrub, endemic and common. . ae

Loranthus obtectus, Wall. 4300-4750’, Fox 120, B. & H. 12670;
flr. March, Oct. A parasitic shrub of Burma and Lower Siam;
in Peninsula +h, 6k, 91.

Loranthus pentandrus, Jinn. At about 1000’, Wray 2062; fir.

and fruit June. A parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya and S. China;
in Peninsula common.

Loranthus pentapetalus, Rox). 4000-4750’, Ridl. 2968, B. & H.
12891; flr. Feb. A parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya and 8. China;
in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 8h, 6k.
Loranthus productus. Wing. 2500-3500’, Wray 2949, H. & N.
2327; flr. Feb. A parasitic shrub, endemic, 4f, 5g.

Loranthus pulcher, DC. 3000-4000’, Wray 3225, Kunstl. 6257,
Fox 160, Ridl. 5231; flr. June, fruit Oct. A parasitic shrub of
Tenasserim and Siam; in Peninsula la, 2d, 6e, 4f, 5g.

Elytranthe avenis, G. Don. At 4500’, Wray 645, fide Gamble.
A parasitic shrub of Sumatra and Jaya; in Peninsula 2c, 6e, 4f, 6g.

Elytranthe diantha, Gamble. Up to 800’, Scort. 76, 604, Kunstl.
1870, 6446, fide Gamble. A parasitic shrub, endemic and local.

Elytranthe formosa, @. Don. 3000-4000’, Kunst]. 6264, Hervey.
A parasitic shrub of Burma and Java; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 7g, 5h.

Elytranthe Kunstleri, Gamlle. At Taiping, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A bushy parasitic shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula 6e, 3f, 4f, 7g.

419
Lepeostegeres Beccarii, Gamble. At 3200’, B, & H. 13029; fir.
March. A creeping parasitic shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula 4f.

Lepeostegeres Kingii, Gamble. At about 4500’, Scort. 1251,
fide Gamble. A parasitic shrub, endemic, 6e, 4f, 5g, 6k, 91.

Viscum dichotomum, G. Don. At 300’, Kunstl. 4191. <A
parasite on other Loranthaceae, of India and Burma; in Peninsula
common.

Viscum orientale, Willd. At 2000’, Ridl. A bushy parasitic
shrub of Indo-Australia and S. China; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4f, 8h,
6k, 9m.

SANTALACEAE.

Henslowia Reinwardtiana, Bi. At 100’, Kunstl fide Ridl. A
parasitic climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 3e only.

Henslowia umbellata, B/. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 5213, fide Gamble.
A climbing parasite of Siam and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

Henslowia Wrayi, Gamble. 500-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
climbing parasite, endemic and local.

OPILIACEAE.
Lepionurus sylvestris, Bl. 300-2500', Wray 2820, Wunstl.
2502, 8521, B. & H. 13032 (var.); fir. March. <A small shrub cf
Sem, Java end Borneo; in Peninsula common.
BALANOPHORACEAE.

Balanophora ?multibrachiata, Fawce’t. 4200-4700’, B. & H.

A parasite of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 6], 9k.

Batanorphora truncata, FRidl. At 3900’, B. & H. 12727; flr.
March. A parasite, endemic, 4f, 5g, 5h. This specimen differs
from typical B. truncata in the fir.-spikes being purplish-grey and
not dirty yellow.

Rhopalocnemis ruficeps, Pidl. 2500-4000°, Rid!. (not seen).
A fleshy parasitic herb, endemic, 2d.

2 EUPHORBIACEAE.

‘Euphorbia thymifolia, Burm. At Taiping, Wray, fide Ridl.

A prostrate herb, pantropic; in Peninsula 2d, 8g, 6k, 9m.
Bridelia tomentosa, B/. 100-500’, Kunst]. 2492, 2676, Rid.
2977, Hend. 10021, 10111, 10138, 10224; fir. Oct., Nov., fruit Jan.,
Feb. A small tree of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

420

Cleistanthus ellipticus, Hook. fil. 100-500", Wray 2547, Kunstl.
3196, 5162; flr. July, Aug., fruit Nov. <A tree up to 40’, endemic,
2d.

Cleistanthus Kingii, Jab]. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3064, 6744; fruit
June, Oct. A shrub or tree up to 60’, endemic, 4e.

Cleistanthus membranaceus, Hook. fil. 200-500’, Kunstl. 1974,
3355, 3424, 6619; fir. June, Sept., Oct. A tree up to 30’, endemic,
2d.

Cleistanthus pedicellatus, J/ook. fil. At Taiping, Wray, fide
Ridl. A small tree, endemic, 2d. |

Cleistanthus podocarpus, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunstl. 6701;
fruit Oct. A tree up to 70’, endemic and local.

Acetephila excelsa, Miill. Arg. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
shrub up to 8’, of India and Ceylon; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 5h, 9m.

Andrachne australis, Zoll. 300-500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
small shrub of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula 3e only.

Phyllanthus frondosus, Wall. 2500-4700’, Wray 1856, RidL.,
Anders. 66, B. & H. 12579; flr. March, June, Dec. A shrub up to
6’, of Siam, Lingga and Carimon Islands; in Peninsula common.

Phyllanthus gomphocarpus, //ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide
tidl. A shrub up to 8’, of Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 3f, 4f, 5h, 6),
Gk, 7k:

Phyllanthus urinaria, Linn. 300-3800’, Hend. 10311, B. & H.
13005; flr. March, Aug. A small herb, pantropic; in Peninsula
common.

Phyllanthodendron dubium, Gage. 300-2000’, Kunstl. 4941,
Ridl. 2972, 14547; flr. Feb. fruit Aug., Sept. A shrub, endemic,
1b, 2c, 4e, 3f.

Giochidion coronatum, Jook. fil. 200-500’, Wray 1956, Kunstl.
6678; flr. May, Oct. A shrub up to 12’, of Tenasserim and Lower
Siam; in Peninsula common on the West.

Glochidion desmocarpum, J/ook. fil. At Changkat Serdang,
Wray, fide Ridl. A tree up to 30’, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.

Glochidion laevigatum, J/ook. fil. 2500-4750’, H. & N. 2376,
B. & H. 12576, 12884; flr. Feb., March. A tree up to 50’, of
Tenasserim; in Peninsula 2d, 4h, 5h, 6k, Ok, 71, 9m.

421

Glochidion leiostylum, Kurz. At 100’, Kunstl. 5435; flr. Jan.
A iree up to 25’, of Burma to Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 4h,
dh, 6k, 9m.

Glochidion microbotrys, /[Took. fil. 5900-800’, Kunstl. 7479;
fruit April. A tree up to 50’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 5h, 9m.

Glochidion perakense, Hook. fil. At Taiping, Wray 1683, Ridl.;
fir. Feb. A tree up to 20’, endemic, 2b, 2d, 4f.

Glochidion sericeum, Hook. fil. At 300’, Wray 2327; fruit June.
A small tree of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common from Taiping
to Singapore.

Flueggia microcarpa, 6]. At Ulu Tupai, Wray 2686; flr. and
fruit Aug. A bush or small tree of Trop. Africa and Indo-
Australia; in Peninsula common in the North.

Breynia angustifolia, Hook. fil. 200-1000’, Kunst]. 3949, Hend.
10230; fruit Nov. A shrub up to 10’, endemic, 4f.

Breynia coronata, Hook. fil. 3000-3500’, Kunstl. 2229; fruit
Aug. A tree up to 20’, endemic and common.

Drypetes pendula, Rid/. 600-1500’, Kunstl. 3540, 6733; fruit
Oct. <A tree up to 60’, endemic, 2d, 5h, 9m.

Drypetes perakensis, Gage. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrubd
or small tree, endemic and local.

Antidesma alatum, Took. fil. 1500-3000’, Wray 1675, 2794,
Kunstl. 2211, 5010, Curt. 1322, Ridl. 2978, 5503; flr. Dec., fruit
June, Aug., Oct. A tree up to 30’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula
common from Taiping southwards.

Antidesma coriaceum, Tulasne, 100-1500’, Wray 1854, Kunstl.
4212, 5372, 5422, 5598, 8394, 8470; fir. Jan., Dec., fruit Feb.,
May. A tree up to 39’, of Lower Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Antidesma cuspidatum, /iil/. Arg. At 300’, Wray 1839; fruit
April. <A tree of Borneo: in Peninsula common.

Antidesma gracillimum, Gage. At about 2500’, Wray, fide Ridl.
A small tree, endemic, 4d.

‘Antidesma Kunstleri, Gage. At about 2500’, Ridl. 2975. A
shrub up to 9’, endemic, 4d.

Antidesma leucocladon, //ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 4e, 5g.

422

Antidesma montanum, BI. 200-800’, Wray 2146, Kunstl. 2031;
fruit June, July. A tree up to 40’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
common at low altitudes.

Antidesma pachystachys, Hook. fil. 500-800’, Kunstl. 5778;
fruit Nov. <A shrub up to 15’, endemic, 2d.

Antidesma pendulum, //ook. fil. 300-800’, Wray 2559, 3284,
Kunstl. 3460; flr. July. A shrub up to 8’, endemic, 4d, 4f, 91.

Antidesma stipulare, B/. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A shrub
or small tree of W. Malaysia except Sumatra; in Peninsula 5h, 81.

Antidesma tomentosum, 6]. 1500-2500’, Wray 2983, Kunst!
3928; fruit Feb. A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in Penin-
sula 4d, Ge, 4f, Tg, 9k, 71, 91.

Daphniphylium lancifoiium, Hook. fil. 4000-4600’, Kunstl.
7007. A tree up to 60’, endemic and local.

Daphniphyllum laurinum, Baill. At 4700’, B. & H, 12632;
fruit March. A large shrub of Siam and W. Malaysia; in Penin-
sula common.

Aporosa arborea, Mill. Arg. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 40’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4d, 6f.

Aporosa Benthamiana, //ook. fil. Larut, Ridl. (not seen). A
tree up to 80’, endemic, 2d, 5h 6k, 9m.

Aporosa falcifera, //ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
up to 60’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5h, 9m.

Aporosa frutescens, b6/. Larut, Barnard C.F.40; fruit Sept.
A shrub or tree of Sumatra and Java, in Peninsula common.

Aporosa Miqueliana, Wiill, Arg. 100-500’, Kunstl. 3322, 3501,
6658; flr. Oct., fruit Sept., Oct. A shrub or tree up to 40’, of
Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 5h, 91.

Aporosa nigricans, //ook. fil. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3347, 3539; flr.
Sept., Oct., fruit Sept. A tree up to 20’, of Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Aporosa pseudo-ficifolia, Par. 100-3000’, Wray 2053, 2627,
3206, Kunstl. 2802, 3231, 5108, Ridl. 2973; flr. Feb., fruit June.
A shrub up to 10’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 6k.

Aporosa stellifera, //ook. fil, At 300’, Ktfmstl. 3323; flr. Sept.
A tree up to 30’, endemic, 2d, 4d, 4f, 5h, 8k.

Baccaurea bracteata, Jiill. Arg. 100-300’, Kunstl. 5177, 5293,

6648; fruit Sept., Nov., Dec. <A tree up to 40’, of Sumatra and
Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 6f, 6g, Sh, 6j, 91, 9m.

Baccaurea brevipes, [/ook. fil. At 100’, Scort. 1442, Kunstl.

6232; flr. June, Oct. A tree up to 20’, of Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Baccaurea Griffithii, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunstl. 6617, Anders.
110; fruit March, Sept. <A tree up to 60’, endemic and common,

423
Baccaurea Hookeri, Gage. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 70’, endemic, 9m.

Baccaurea Kingii, Gage. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 50’, endemic, 2d, 4f, 6k, 9m.

_Baccaurea latifolia, King. 800-1000’, Kunstl. 6702; fir. Oct.

A tree up to 60’, endemic, 9m.

Baccaurea macrophylla, Mull. Arg. At Kota, Wray 2406; fruit
Aug. A tree up to 80’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, 9m.

Baccaurea Maingayi, Hook. fil. 1500-2000’, Kunstl. 6837; fruit
Noy. A tree up to 60’, endemic, 6k, 9m.

Baccaurea malayana, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree
up to 80’, endemic, 6e, 4f, 5h, and cultivated.

Baccaurea minor, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
up to 30’, endemic; 4d, 4f, 9m.

Baccaurea Motleyana, Mill. Arg. At 200’, Hend. 10227; fruit
Nov. The Rambai. A tree of about 60’. of Sumatra and Borneo:
in Peninsula cultivated.

Baccaurea parviflora, Mull. Arg.- 800-1500', Kunstl. 3963; fruit
March. A tree up to 15’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Baccaurea polyneura, Hook. fil. At 100’, Kunst!. 6511; fir. Aug.
A tree up to 80’, endemic, 6k.

Baccaurea sapida, Mill. Arg. 100-2500’, Wray, Kunstl. 3278,
6700, Ridl.; flr. Aug., Oct. A tree up to 50’, of Indo-Malaya; in
Peninsula 1b, Ok.

Baccaurea Wallichii, Hook. fil. At 500’, Kunst]. 3717; fruit
Jan. A tree up to 40’, of Borneo; in Peninsula, 2d, 6f, 5h, 6k, 91,
9m.

Baccaurea Wrayi, King. 2500-3500’, Wray 513, Kunstl. 6353;
fruit July. A tree up to 80’, endemic, la, 2d, 8h.

Scortechinia Kingii, Hook. fil. 800-1000’, Kunst]. 3776; fruit
Jan. A tree up to 60’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 6k, 9k.
Elateriospermum Tapos, B/. At Waterloo, Robertson-Glasgow :
fruit Dec. A tree up to 100’ or more, of W. Malaysia; in Penin-
sula 2d, 4f, Sh, 6), 6k.

Galearia subulata, Will. Arg. Larut, Kunstl., fide Bidl. A
shrub up to 18’, endemic, 2d, 4f.

Croton argyratum, Bi. 300-500’, Kunst]. 7420; fir. March. A
tree up to 40’, of Indo-Malaya to the Philipp:nes; in Peninsula
common.

Croton confusum, Gage. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid]. A shrub or
tree up to 30’, of Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6), 7k, 91, 9m.

Croton Griffithii, Hook. fil. 1000-2000’, Curt. 2057; fir. Sept.
A shrub or tree, endemic and common.

424

Trigonostemon indicus, Miill. Arg. At about 1000’, Wray
2633; flr. and fruit Aug. <A tree up to 30’, of Siam to Sumatra;
in Peninsula common.

Trigonostemon lfongifclius, Baill. 500-800’, Kunstl. 5224; fruit
Noy. A shrub up to 12’, of Tenasserim and Sumatra; in Peninsula
common. ;

Agrostistachys borneensis, Becc. 500-2500’, Wray 2976,
Kunstl. 3523, Curt. 2688, Ridl. 5493; flr. May, June, fruit Oct.
A spreading shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula 2e, 2d, 3f, 5h, Om.
Agrostistachys Gaudichaudii, Will. Arg. Taiping Hills,
Kunst!., fide Ridl. A tree up to 60’, endemic and common.
Agrostistachys sessilifolia, Pav. & Hoffm. 500-1000°, Wray
2644, Kunstl. 3459; flr. Aug. A small shrub, endemic and com-
mon.

Ostodes macrophylla, Benth. 1000-1800’, Kunstl. 3916, Curt.
2685; flr. May, fruit Feb. <A tree up to 40’, of Java to the Philip-
pines; in Peninsula 5g, 6g, 5h, 6), 6k, 9m.

Ostedes muricata, Hook. fil. Up to 500’, Kunstl. 3415; fru't
Sept. A shrub or small tree, endemic, 2d, 3f, 4f.

Claoxylon indicum, Hassk. 200-4000’, Wray 2175, Ridl. 2980;
flr. Feb., fruit Feb., June. A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
common.

Claoxylon Kingii, J/ook. fil. 2000-2500’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
shrub up to 6’, endemic and lecal.

Claoxylon Wallichianum, Wiill. Arg. At 2000’, Curt. 2056; flr.
Sept. A tree up to 20’, endemic, 2d.

Coelodepas longifolium, Hook. fil. 500-1000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A tree up to 30’, endemic and local.

Alchornea villosa, Will. Arg. At about 1000’, Ridl. 2796. A
bush of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula common.

Epiprinus malayanus, (riff. 300-2200’, Wray 2213, Kunstl!.
3228, 3543, 3908, 6875, Curt. 1338; flr. Feb., June, Aug., Dec.,
fruit Nov. A shrub up to 9’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4e,
d¢, 5h, 63, 6k.

Melanolepis multiglandulosa, Pcib. fil. & Zoll. At Kota, Wray,
fide Ridl. A tree up to 30’, of Indo-Malaysia and 8. China; in
Peninsula 6d, 6g, 5h.

Mailotus barbatus, Miill. Arg. At 100’, Scort. 277, IKunstl.
1823, Ridl.; flr. April, fruit April, June. A large bush of Indo-
Malaya and 8. China; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, 4d, 4e, 4f.

Mallotus cochinchinensis, Lou’. At 3100’, B. & H. 12571; flr.
and fruit March. <A tree up to 30’, of Indo-Malaya and China; in
Peninsula common.

Mallotus floribundus, Jiill. Arg. At Changkat Serdang, Wray,
fide Ridl. A tree up to 40’, of Malaysia; in Peninsula la, 2c, 4d,
4i, 6t, 7h, 8h, 6k, 91.

425

Mallotus macrostachys, Vill. Arg. +400-4000', Kunstl. 2303,

2496, Curt. 2055, Fox 108; fir. Sept., Oct. A large shrub or small

tree oi Siam io Borneo; in Peninsula common.

Mallotus repandus, Mill. Arg. 100-2000°, Wray 3330, Ridl.:

fruit Feb. A climber up to 80’, of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula

2b, 2d, 3f, Sh, 6).

Mallotus Wrayi, King. 300-1000’, Kunst]. 3165, 3456; fir. Aug.,

fruit Oct. A iree up to 80’, endemic, 3f.

Ptychopyxis costata, Mig. Taiping Hills, Ridl. 5499; fruit

June. <A irce up to 40’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 5h, 6k, 9m.

Ptychopyxis Kingii, Ridl. 500-3000’, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A

tree up to 50’, endemic and local.

Macaranga denticulata, Mull. Arg. At Taiping, Hend. 10147,

5 10217, 10372, 10443; fir. Jan., Feb., fruit Nov. A tree up to 40,
_ of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2b, 6e, 4f, 5g, 5h, 7h.

-Macaranga Hosei, King. At Taiping, Wray, fide Ridl. A tree

_ up to 40’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 8d, 4f, 6k.

, _ Macaranga Hullettii, King. At about 2500’, Ridl., 5497; fruit
_ June. A tree up to 30’, endemic, 3f, 4f, 5g, 4h, 5h, 5j, 6k.

_ Macaranga Lowii, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
= to 15’, endemic, 2d, 6e, 5h, 6k, 9m.

a ercanya Maingayi, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree un to 40’, endemic, 6k.

_ Macaranga puncticulata, Gage. At Taiping, Hend. 10044; fruit
Jan. A bush or tree of Borneo; in Peninsula 5g, +h, 9m.

Macaranga Tanarius, Mill. Arg. At Kota, Wray, fide Ridl. A
small tree of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

ee permum malaccense, Mill. Arg. 100-300’, Wray 2320,
| 2379, Kunstl. 6392; fir. June, July. A tree up to 80’, endemic
and common.

Endospermum perakense, King. Larut, Kunsil., fide Ridl. A

_ tree up to 80’, endemic and local.

_ Pimeleodendron Griffithianum, Benth. At 20007, B. & H.

_ 22827; fruit Feb. A tree up to 40’, endemic, 2d, 4e, 5g, 4h, 5h,
6k, 9m.

_ Homalanthus populifolius, Grah. At Waterloo, 1500’, Curt.

2684: fir. May. A tree up to 20’, of Malaysia to. Australia; in
- Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f, 6g, 5h, 03.

_ Excoecaria sp. 2000-3000’, Kunstl. 2344, fide Hooker. An im-
_ periectly known species.

- Sapium indicum, Willd. At about 3000’, Ridl.; fruit June. A
tree of Indo-Malaya : in Peninsula eaten on fre sea-coasts.-

426

URTICACEAE.

Trema amboinensis, b/. At Taiping, Hend. 10038; fir. Jan. A
shrub or small tree of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula
common.

Gironniera nervosa, Planch. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid]. A tree
up to 80’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula, Penang to Singa-
pore.

Gironniera parviflora, Planch. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (nct seen).
A tree up to 60’, of the Carimon Is.; in Peninsula common.

Girenniera subaequalis, Planch. At 2500’, Ridl. (not seen).
A tree up to 80’, of Indo-Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, 5h, 6k,
9m.

Sloetia sideroxylon, 7'cys. d& Binn. 500-800', Wray 2226, 2561,
Hanitl 13207; fruit March. A tree up to 100’, of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula common. }

Ficus acamptophylla, Mig. At 3000’, Scort. 310.. A climbing
epiphyte or tree of Bangka and Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 3f, 4f, 91.

Ficus alba, Reinw. 200-1500’, Kunstl. 1855, Hend. 10063. <A
shrub up to 8’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Ficus annulata, 6]. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid], An ep‘phyte or
tree up to 50’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Ficus apiocarpa, Miy. 100-300’, Wray 1957, Kunstl. 5149. A
woody climber of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula
common.

Ficus araneosa, King. 300-500’, Keunstl. 3565(?). <A slender
epiphytic climber, endemic, 4f.

Ficus bracteata, Wall. At 600’, Barnard 6001. A large shrub
or small tree of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 5h, 6k, 9m.

Ficus callicarpa, Mig. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A woody
climber of Tenasserim and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.
Ficus celebica, B/., var. Kunstleri, Ridl. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. <A climber, the species in Celebes, the Philippines, and N.
Guinea; in Peninsula the var, endemic and local.

Ficus chartacea, Wall. 3800-4400’, Kunstl. 8217 (var. toruloza),
Fox 176, B. & H. 12572. A shrub up to 6’, of Burma; in Peninsula
common.

Ficus chrysocarpa, PReinw. At about 2500’, Wray 2799. A
shrub about 4’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 3f, 4f, 5g, 6k, 9m.
Ficus consociata, 4]. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. An epiphyte
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula, Penang to Singapore.

Ficus copiosa, Steud. At about 3000’, Wray 1723, Curt, A
shrub or small «ree of W. Malaysia except Borneo; in Peninsula
3e only.

427

Ficus cunia, J/am. Taiping Hills, Ridl., (not seen). A bush or
small tree of India to Tenasserim; in Peninsula 6d, 6e, 5g, Tg, 5h,
il.

Ficus cuspidata, Reinw., var. sinuata, King. 2500-3000’, Rid.
(not seen). An erect shrub or tree, the species of Malaysia; the

yar., endemic and local.

Ficus diversifolia, Bl. 100-4600’, Wray 649 (var. lutescens),
scort. 308 (var. Kunstler:), H. & N. 2368, Hend.. 10239 (var.

ovoidea). A bush, epiphytic or not, of Malaysia; in Peninsula

common and variable.

Ficus fistulosa, Reinw. 2900-3000’, Wray 29387, Scort 274,

Kunstl. 6339, H. & N. 2355. A bushy tree of Indo-Malaya and

China; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4f, 6f, 5g.

Ficus fulva, Peinw. 100-500’, Hend. 10040, 10166. A small

tree ef Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 5g, dh.

Ficus glabella, 6]. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl, A tree up to 60’,

of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common,

Ficus glandulifera, Wali. 100-3000’, Wray 2331, Kunstl. 6326,

8509. <A shrub or tree up to 60’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d,

9], 9m.

Ficus globosa, Bl. 100-4500’, Rid]. 2970, 14550. A bushy

climber of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Ficus heterophylla, Linn. At Kota, Wray 3335. A creeping

shrub, eventually a small tree, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4f,

6g, 8g, dh,

Ficus hispida, Jinn. At 300’, Ridl. (not seen). A shrub or

small tree of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula common.
Ficus indica, Linn. 100-800’, Kunstl. 8495 (var. Gelderi), Hend.

10245. A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsuta

common.

Ficus laevis, B/. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. An cpiphyte or

small tree of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula Penang to Singapore.
Ficus lepicarpa, BI. At 300’, Wray 1983. A small tree of W.

' Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, d5h, 5j, 6).

Ficus Lowii, King. 1500-2000’, Kunst]. 5412. A liane, endemic,

Ad, 4f.

Ficus microstoma, Wall. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree up
to 60’, of Java; in Peninsula 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

Ficus obpyramidata, Hook. fil. WLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 30’, endemic, 5h.

Ficus obscura, Bl. At 3500’, H. & N. 2333. <A shrub or tree of
Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4d, 5h, 0k, 9m.

Ficus obtusa, [/assk. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A large epi-
phytic shrub of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d,
4f, 5h, 6k.

428

Ficus parietalis, Bl. At Kota, Wray 3318. An epiphytic shrub
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula la, 2d, 3g, 8g, 6k. gts:
Ficus pisifera, Wall. At Taiping, Wray 2401. A climbing
epiphyte, becoming a tree, of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in
Peninsula common. :

Ficus pisocarpa, Bl. Larut, Kunstl., fide R:dl. A small tree
of Java; in Peninsula 9m.

Ficus polysyce, Ridl. At 300’, Wray 2668. A tree about 50’,
of Lower Siam; in Peninsula common.
Ficus pomifera, Wall. lLarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A tree of
Tndo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4d, 4f, 6f, Johore.

Ficus procera, Reinw. At 300°, and Waterloo, Wray 2536,
Robertson-Glasgow. <A tree of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula
Ad, ?6g, 6k, 9m.

Ficus pruniformis, 3]. At 200’, Wray 2137. An epiphyte of
W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 4e, 3f, 4f.

Ficus punctata, Thunb. 3200-3700’, B. & H. 12720, 12795. <A
woody climber of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Ficus pyriformis, Hook. @ Arn. Taiping Hills, Ridl. A shrub
up to 15’, of India to Tenasserim and 8. China; in Peninsula 5e,
Ad, 6d, te, Ge, 4f.

Ficus ramentacea, Roxb. 100-1000’, Wray 2333, 4040. A liane
of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Ficus recurva, BI. 300-600’, Wray 2269, Kunstl. 5490. An
epiphytic climber of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula
common.

Ficus religiosa, Linn. Planted as a roadside tree. <A native of
India.

Ficus rostrata, Lamk. 300-4000’, all collectors. A climbing
or erect shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Ficus subulata, Bl. At Tupai, Wray 2436. A liane of Indo-
. Malaya and 8. China; in Peninsula 6b, 2d, 4e, 3f 4f, 5h, 6k, 7k.
Ficus urophylla, Wall. 2000-3500’, Curt. 2060, Ridl., H. & N.
2369. An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.
Ficus variolosa, Lindl. At 4700’, B. & H. 12661. A shrub or
small tree of Hongkong; in Peninsula 4f,

Ficus villosa, Bl. 600-1000’, Kunstl. 4215. <A liane of W.
Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g, dh, 6k, 9m.
Ficus xylophylla, Wall. At 3200’, B & H. 12781. An epiphyte
or tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5h, 6k, 9m.
Ficus sp. 3000-4000’, H. & N. 2494, B. & H. 12954. A bush up

to 8’. Near F. urophylla, but distinguished by the more numerous
and horizontal nerves, and the very long tip to the leaf.

—

a

of Indo-Australia and Africa; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f,

429

Artocarpus Gomeziana, Wall. At 300’, Wray 2073. A tree up
to 60’, of 'Tenasserim and Borneo; in Peninsula, Penang to Singa-
pore.

Artocarpus Kunstleri, Hook. fil. WUarut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
tree up to 100’, endemic, 6f, 6j, 6k, 71, 9m.

Artocarpus Lowii, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A tree
up to 70’, endemic, 5g.

Artecarpus Maingayi, King. 300-500’, Kunstl. 6963. A tree
up to 40’, endemic, 6g, Sh, 6k, 9m.

Artocarpus rigida, b/. Larut, Kunstl., fide Rid]. A tree up to
100’, of Burma, Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 5h, 6k, 9m.
Conocephalus amoenus, /[Jook. fil. - Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not
seen). <A stout climbing epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Conocephalus ?suaveolens, B/. At 3800’, B. & H. A climber
ot Indo-Malaya and the Philippines; in Peninsula common.
Conocephalus subtrinervis, Mig. Taiping, Wray, fide R:dl.
At 2000’, Curt. A slender erect epiphyte of Borneo and Sumatra;
in Peninsula common.

Prainea scandens, King. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A liane,
endemic and local.

Pilea muscosa, Lindl. 300-3700’, Ridl. 14546, B. & H. 12916:
fir. Feb. A small fleshy herb of S. America, occurring in the
Peninsula in shady spots in Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca.
Singapore, ete.

Pellionia Duvauana, NV. EF. Br., var. viridis, Ridl. Larut Hills,
Kunstl., fide Ridl. A creeping herb cf Tenasserim; in Peninsula
common.

Pellionia javanica, Wedd. Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. (not seen). A
creeping herb of Java; in Peninsula Ja, 2d, 4d, 4f.

Elatostemma acuminatum, Brngn. Taiping Hills, Curt., fide
Ridl. A slender herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 41, 5g, 5h, 6%.
Elatostemma meolle, Wedd. At 4000’, B. & H. 12858. A herb
of Himalaya and Assam; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, Ge.

Elatostemma sessile, Forst. At 4200’, B. & H. 12022. A herh

2
g, 6g, dh.
Procris latifolia, B/. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen). A small
shrub of 'Tenasserim to the Pacific; in Peninsula 4d, 41, 5g, 6g, 5h.
Debregeasia squamata, Hook. fil. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not
seen). A shrub up to 15’, endemic, 4e, 4f, 5h.

JUGLANDACEAE.

Engelhardtia Wallichiana, Lindl. At about 2500’, Ridl. 5478;
fruit June. <A tree up to 100’, endemic, 2d, 5g.

430
CUPULIFERAE.

Quercus oidocarpa, Korth. 500-800’, Kunstl. 3723; fruit Jan.
A tree up to 100’ of Burma, Sumatra and Porneo; in Peninsula 2d,
6k.

Pasania Blumeana, (amble. 3500-4000’, Kunstl. 3232, Derry;
fruit Aug. <A tree up to 50’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 3e only.
Pasania Cantleyana, Gamble. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 5112, 5396,
5475, 5554; flr. Nov., fruit Jan., Feb. <A tree up to 80’, endemic
and common.

Pasania conocarpa, Schhy. 300-700’, B. & H. 18178, 13224;
flr. March. <A tree about 80’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4f, 5g,
th, 9m.

Pasania costata, Gamble. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 7277; fruit Feb.
A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula 4f, 6j, 9k.
Pasania Curtisii, (famble. Up to 1000’, Kunstl., fide Gamble. A
tree about 40’, endemic, 2d, 5g, 5h.

Pasania cyclophora, (Gamble. 2000-3000’, Kunstl. 6888; flr.
Noy. <A tree up to 100’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4f, 5g.

Pasania cyrtorhyncha, Gamble. 500-800’, Kunstl. 4898; flr.
Sept. A tree up to 50°, of Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines;
in Peninsula Taiping to Singapore.

Pasania discocarpa, Gamble. 800--1500', Kunstl. 5482; flr. Jan.
A tree up to 130’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 5h,
6}.

Pasania Eichleri, Gamble. 300-1500’, Kunstl. 3875, 4043, 4092,
5570; fir. Sevt., fruit Feb., March. <A tree up to 100’, of Su-
matra; in Peninsula 6g, 5h.

Pasania encleisocarpa, Gamble. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 5143, 5594,
5689; fruit Nov. A tree up to 60’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d,
3t, dg, Sh, 6k, 9m.

Pasania Ewyckii, Gamble, var. latifolia, King. Up to 800’,
Kunst]. 8532, fide Gamble. <A tree up to 40’, the species of
Sumatra-and Borneo; in Peninsula the species at 2d, 4f, 7g, 9m, the
val. at 9m.

Pasania grandifrons, Gamble. 300-4000’, Kunstl. 3766, 4870,
5365, 6544, 7259; flr. Sept., fruit Feb. A tree up to 100’, endemic,
2d, 4e.

Pasania Kunstleri, (Gamble. 100-1000’, Iunstl. 2482, 5128,
5436; flr. Oct., Nov., fruit Jan. A tree up to 30’, of Borneo; in
Peninsula 1b, 3f, 4f, 5h.

Pasania lappacea, Qerst. 300-500’, Kunstl. 3919; flr. Oct. A
tree up to 80’, of India and Burma; in Peninsula 8e only.

Pasania lamponga, (Gamble. 100-500’, Kunstl. 6490, 6578, 6910,
7278; flr. Sept., fruit Feb., Dec. A tree up to 80’, of Sumatra
and Borneo to Papua; in Peninsula common.

pry

nT ee a

431

Pasania lucida, Gamble. 300-4700’, Wray 2217, Kunstl. 3999,
5086, 5279, 5351, 6500, 6914, B. & H. 12587; fruit March, Aug.,
Dee. A tree of about 80’, endemic and common.

Pasania omalokos, Schky. 2500-3000’, Kunst]. 6901; fruit
Noy. A tree up to 100’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4f, 6), 6k, 9m.

Pasania Rassa, Gamble. 4500-4600’, Kunsil. 6957; fruit Dec.
A bush or tree up to 60’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 5g,
6c, Tk, 9m.

Pasania Scortechinii, Schzy. At about 3500’, Kunstl. 2188, fide
Gamble. <A tree up to 100’, endemic and local.

Pasania spicata, Oerst, var. gracilipes, DC. Larut, Kunstl., fide
Ridl. A tree up to 80’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common and
variable.

Pasania sundaica, Oerst. 100-2500’, Wray 2563, 2699, 3103,
Kunstl. 2232, 3866, 3944, 4870, 6583, 7013, 7371, Fox 185; fir.
July-Sept., fruit Aug., Oct., Dec. A tree up to 80’, of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in Penmsula common.

Pasania Wallichiana, Gamble. 1000-4000’, Kunst]. 5795, Curt.,
Ridl.; fruit Sept. A tree up to 60’, endemic and common.

Pasania Wrayi, Gamble. At Kota, Wray 2854. A tree, endemic,
Af,

Castanopsis costata, A. DC. Up to 4600’, Wray, Kunstl. 2909,
3651, 6975, fide Gamble. A tree up to 50’, of W. Malaysia; in
Peninsula 3e only.

Castanopsis megacarpa, Gamble. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6469, 6522,
Haniff 13134; fir. Aug., fruit March. A tree up to 80’, endemic
and common.

Castanopsis nephelioides, King. 100-800’, Kunstl. 5542, 6518;
fir. Feb. A tree up to 60’, endemic, +f, 6k, 9m.

Castanopsis Ridleyi, Gamble. At 100’, Kunstl. 6831; fruit Nov.
A tree up to 80’, endemic, 6k.

Castanopsis sumatrana, A. DC. 100--1000’, Wray 2168, Kunstl.
3788, 5382, 5510; fir. Feb., Dec., fruit Jan. June. A tree up to 80,
of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula Penang to Malacca.

Castanopsis Wallichii, King. At 4000’, Fox 108; fruit Oct. A
tree of about 80’, endemic and common.

SALICINACEAE.

Salix tetrasperma, Rorb. In open low ground near water,
Kunstl. 1987, fide Gamble. A small tree up to 30’, of S. E. Asia;
in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6d, 4e, 5g, 5h, 8h, 6k, perhaps in most places
planted.

432

HYDROCHARIDACEAE.

Ottelia alismoides, Pers. At 100’, Kunst]. 4073, 5530; flr. and
fruit Feb., March. A submerged freshwater herb of Indo-Aus-
tialia and Africa; in Peninsula 1b, 6b, 2d, 4f, 5h, 6k.

ORCHIDACEAE.

Microstylis acutangula, Hook. fil. 3000-4000’, Ridl.; flr. March.
A terrestrial herb, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6), 91.

Microstylis congesta, Rciib. fil. Malaris latifolia, Sm. At about
3000’, Ridl. <A terrestrial herb of Indo-Australia and China; in
Peninsula common.

Microstylis micrantha, Hook. fil. Malaris micrantha, Ktze.
3000-4000’, Ridl., Hervey; flr. June. A creeping herb of Borneo;
in Peninsula 6k, 71, 81, 9m,

Microstylis perakensis, Ridl, 200-3000’, Curt., Ridl.; ‘flr.
Sept., fruit June. A small terrestrial herb of ?Java; in Peninsule
6d, 4e, 4f.

Oberonia brunnescens, Ridl. Larut Hills, Ridl. An epiphyte,
endemic, and local. The only sheet of this in Herb. Singap. is
labelled ‘* Perak, loc. incert.”.

Oberonia insectifera, Hook. fil. At 3500’, Kunstl. 2793, fide
Ridl. A small epiphyte, endemic, 6e.

Oberonia Prainiana, King. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; flr. Dee. A
small epiphyte of Himalaya and Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6}.
Oberonia rosea, //ook. fil. Larut Hills, Kunstl. 2664, fide Rid.
An epiphyte, endemic, 2d, 4f.

Liparis atrosanguinea, Rid]. At 3500’, Curt., flr. Dee. A
terrestrial herb, endemic and local. |
Liparis comosa, idl. At 2000’, Curt., Anders. 94; flr. Sept.,
fruit March, Sept. A small epiphyte, endemic, 4d, 4f, éh.
Liparis compressa, Lindl. At 4000’, Curt. 2069, Ridl.; flr.
March, Sept. An epiphyte of W. Malaysia and the Philippines;
in Peninsula 4f, 5g. |

Liparis disticha, Lindl. Larut, Kunstl. 4986, fide Ridl. An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaysia and the Mascarene Is.; in Peninsula
common.

Liparis elegans, Lindi. 300-3800’, Kunstl. 7283, Ridl, B. & H.;
flr. and fruit Feb. An epiphyte or rock plant of Borneo; in Penin-
sula common. E32

Liparis ferruginea, Lindl. At 100’, Kunstl. 7282; flr. Feb. A
terrestrial herb of Indo-China and Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 6k, 9m.
Liparis furcata, Aid]. At 4000’, Ridl.; fruit March, Dec. A
small terrestrial herb, endemic and local.

433

Liparis lacerata, [?idl. At 3600’, Ridl.; flr. and fruit June. An
epiphyte of Tenasserim and Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 3f.

Liparis latifolia, Lindl. 3060-4500", Ridl. An epiphyte of Java
and Borneo; in Peninsula dh.

Liparis longipes, Lindl. ‘Taiping Hills, Derry; flr. Sept. An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 2d, 4f.

Liparis Maingayi, Pidl. 3000-3300’, Ridl., Derry, Anders. 42,
B. & H. 12704; fir. March, June, Oct., Dec. A herb on wet rocks,
endemic, 2c, 2d, 4f, 5g, 7k.

Liparis parvula, Rid/. 3000-3900’, Fox, Ridl., B. & H. 12721;
flr. March. A small terrestrial herb, endemic and local.

Liparis transtillata, Rid]. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl. A terres-
trial herb, endemic and local.

Platyclinis gracilis, Hook. fil. 3000-4500’, Curt., Ridl., Derry;
flr. Sept., fruit March. An epiphyte of Java; in Peninsula 6e, 4f,
Sh.

Platyclinis Kingii, Hook. fil. Dendrochilum Kingu, Pftz. Larut
Hills, Curt. 2756; flr. March. An epiphyte of Borneo; in Penin-
sula 4e, Ge.

Platyclinis sarawakensis, idl. Taiping Hills, Curt., fide Ridl.
An epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

Dendrobium aegle, Ridi. 3000-4000’, Ridl, Derry, H. & N. 2304,
B. & HH. 12963; fir. Feb. March, June, Sept. An epiphyte,
endemic, 7].

Dendrobium atro-rubens, /iid]l. At 4100’, H. & N. 2346; fir.
Feb. An epiphyte of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2c, Ge, 5g, 6g.
Dendrobium aureum, Lindl. var. Philippinensis. Larut Hillis,
Stephens, fide Ridl. An epiphyte of Indo--Malay to the Philip-
pines; in Peninsula 3e only.

Dendrobium clavator, ftidi. At Taiping, Ridl. An epiphyte,
endemic, 91.

Dendrobium crocatum, J/ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl.
An epiphyte, endemic, 6e, 5h, 5j, 9m.
Dendrobium crumenatum, Sw. The Pigeon Orehid.. An epi-

phyte of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula very common on
roadside trees ete.

Dendrobium Derryi, Ridl. Taiping Hills, Derry; flr. Jan. An
epiphyte, endemic and local.
Dendrobium flabellum, cid. fil. 300-1800’, Wray 3154, Kunstl.

6897; flr. Nov. <A large epiphyte of Indo--Malaya; in Peninsula
4b, 6j, 71, 9m.

Dendrobium Foxii, Pid]. At about 4000’, Derry, B. & H. 12726;

fir. March, Oct. An epiphyte, endemic and local.

434

Dendrobium gemellum, indi. At Taiping (Resident’s Gar-
den), Ridl. An epiphyte of Siam to Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 4b,
6e, 6k, 9m.

Dendrobium geminatum, //ook. fil. 3000-4500’, Curt. 2067,
I'ux, Derry, Stephens; flr. Sept., Dec. An epiphyte of Java; in
Peninsula 2c, 6e, 4f, dg. -

Dendrobium Kelsalli, Rid]. At about 3000’, Ridl. An epiphyte,
endemic, 2c, 6e, 6g, Tk, Ok.

Dendrobium leonis, Rcib. fil. Anders. 132; flr. March. An
epiphyte of Indo-China and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6f, 7g, 8g,
Shy 53, 6k, 7 Om.

Dendrobium longipes, Hook. fil. At about 4500’,-Ridl., Derry;
fruit June. An epiphyte, endemic, 4e, 6e, 4f, 5g, 5h.
Dendrobium macropodum, Look. fil. At 5000’, Ridl. (not
seen). An epiphyte of Sumatra and ?Java; in Peninsula 6e, 6g.
Dendrobium pachyglossum, Par. & Rehb. fil. 2500-3000’, Ridl.,
Derry; fir. Oct. An epiphyte of Tenasserim; in Peninsula 1b, 2e,
Ge.

Dendrobium pumilum, for). At Taiping Curt.; flr. Oct. An
epiphyte of Burma and Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Dendrobium roseatum, fid/. At 4000’, Curt. 2061; flr. Sept.
An epiphyte; endemic, 5h.

Dendrobium rosellum, Rid/. At Taiping, Ridl. An epiphyte
or Borneo; in Peninsula 91.

Dendrobium sinuatum, Lindl. 100-4000’, Curt., Ridl. An
epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 6g, 6k, 71, 91, 9m.
Dendrobium superbum, /c/id. fil. Larut Hills, Scort., Stephens,
fide Ridl. An epiphyte of Borneo and the Philippines; in Penin-
sula 1b.

Dendrobium teres, Lindl. At about 3000’, Curt.; flr. June. An
epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6), Ok, 91, 9m.

Dendrobium tetrodon, Acid. fil. At Taiping, Hobson, fide Ridl.
An epiphyte of Java; in Peninsula 4d, 4e.

Dendrobium tubiferum, //ook. fil. G. Hijau, Murton fide Ridl.
An epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 8g, 6j, 71, 9m.
Dendrobium uniflorum, Griff. 3000-4000’ (fide Ridl.), Curt.,
Ridl.; flr. Feb. An epiphyte of Borneo and the Philippines; in
Peninsula 6e, 7k.

Dendrobium virescens, idl. At Taiping, Curt., fide Ridl. An
epiphyte, endemic, 5c.

Bulbophyllum apodum, [ook fil. Top of Batu Kurau, Scort.,
fide Ridl. An epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 5j, 6), 6k, 81, 9m.
Bulbophyllum capitatum, Lindl. At about 4500’, Curt.; flr.
Sept, A tufted epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6e,
‘ 4f, 5g, 6g, 5h, 71.

435

Bulbophyllum catenarium, fidl. At about 3000’, Curt., Ridl. ;
flr. June, Oct. An epiphyte cf Porneo; in Peninsula 6g, 5h, ‘Om,

Bulbophyllum citrinum, fid/. At Taiping, Ridl. An epiphyte
of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 5k, 7k, Johore, 9m.

Bulbophyllum cleistogamum, fidl. At Waterloo, 2000’, Curt. ;
fir. Oct. An epiphyte of Rhio and Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.
Bulbophyllum galbinum, Aidl. 3000-4000’, Curt., Ridl. 2888,
B. & H. 13199; fir. Feb.-April, June, Dec. A creeping epiphyte,
endemic, 6e, 5g, dh.

Bulbophyllum gigas, Aid]. At about 3000’, Ridl. 5193; flr. June.
An epiphyte, endemic, 4f.

Bulbophyllum leptosepalum, Hook. fil. At about 3000’, Ridl.;
flr. June. An epiphyte, endemic, 2d.

Bulbophyllum linearifolium, King. At 3800’, B. & H. 12562;
flr. March. An epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 4f.

Bulbophyllum Lobbii, Lindl. At Maxwell’s Hill, Stephens; flr.
Sept. An epiphyte of Tenasserim to Borneo; in Peninsula 3e, 4e,

81.

Bulbophyllum Makoyanum, /?idl., var. Brienanum, Rid/i. At
Taiping, Curt., Ridl. An epiphyte of Borneo and the Philippines;
in Peninsula the species at 9m, the var. at 4f, 91.

Bulbophyllum Medusae, Fchb. fil. Waterfall Hill, Wray, fide
Ridl. An epiphyte of Siam and Bornco; in Peninsula common.

Bulbophyllum modestum, Hook. fil. At 3000’, Curt., Ridl.; flr.
June, Dec. A small epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 4f, 9m.
Bulbophyllum obianceolatum, iing. At 4000’, Ridl.; fir.
March. An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6g.

Bulbophyllum ochranthum, Rid!. 3000-4000’, Curt., fide Ridl.
An epiphyte, endemic and local.

Bulbophyllum perakense, Fidl. At Waterloo, Elphinstone, fide
Ridl. An epiphyte, endemic and local.

Bulbophyllum pileatum, Lindl. Waterfall Hill, Wray, fide Ridl.
An epiphyte of Sumatra; in Peninsula 2d, 91, 9m.

_ Bulbophyllum psittacoides, Rid]. At 300’, Curt.; flr. Dec. An
epiphyte of Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 3f, 8g, 5j, 6j, 6k, 71, 9m.
Bulbophyllum pulchellum, idl. At Taiping Ridl An epi-
phyte of Lower Siam and Rhio; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 6d, 5h, 91, 9m.

Bulbophyllum selangorense, Ridl. Taiping Hills, Long, fide
Ridl. An epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 5h.

Bulbophyllum vaginatum, Rchb. fil. At Taiping, Hend. 10205;
fir. Aug. An epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula Aint

Bulbophyllum variabile, Rid]. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; flr. April.
An epiphyte, endemic, 4f.

435

Bulkophylum Wrayi, Hook. fil. At 2500’, Derry; flr. Sept.
An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, 76d.

Dendrochilum album, Rid/. 3000-4600’, Kunstl. 3279, Ridl.;
flr. June, Aug. A creeping epiphyte of Tenasserim and Lower
Siam; in Peninsula 4e,.5g.

Eria aeridostachya, ?chb. fil. 3000-4000’, Ridl. (not seen.) An
epiphyte of Malaysia; in Peninsula 3d, 6k, 91, 9m.

Eria aporina, /Took. fil. At 2000’, Ridl.; flr. Dee. A small
epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 4f, dg.

Eria bidens, Rid]. 2000-4500’, Ridl. 2883, Anders. 46; flr. March.
An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, Eg.

Eria brurea, Ridl. At about 2500’, Ridl., Long; flr. June. An
epiphyte, endemic, 6g, 5h, 9m.

Eria densa, Ridl. 4500-4700’, Derry, H. & N. 2472, B. & H.; fir.
Feb., Sept. An epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 2¢e, 5g.

Eria ferox, Bl. 300-4200’, Kunstl. 3360, Curt. 1325, Ridl. 5192,
H. & N. 2364, Anders. 30; flr. Feb., March, June, Sept., Dec. An
epiphyte or rock plant of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2c, 6e, 4f, 5g.
Eria floribunda, Lind]. 3000-4700’, Curt., Ridl., H. & N. 2464,
Anders. 43, B. & H. 12597 (var.), 12654; fir. Feb., March, Dec.,
fruit March. A small epiphyte of Malaysia; in Peninsula 1b, 2c,
Ge, 5g, Sh, 5j, 91, 9m.

Eria larutensis, Rid]. Taiping Hills, Curt. and Derry 3712, fide
Ridl. An epiphyte, endemic and local.

Eria longifolia, Hook. fil. 2000-4500’, Ridl.; flr. June, fruit
Feb. An epiphyte of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 6e, 4f, 5g,
Og.

Eria major, [idl. 2500-4500’, Kunstl. 3311, Ridl., Derry, Her-
vey; flr. June, Sept. An epiphyte of Borneo and the Philippines;
in Peninsula 4b, 4f, 5g, 6g.

Eria monticola, //ook. fil. Larut Hills, Curt.; flr. Aug. An
epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 6e, 5g, 5h, 6), Tk, Ok.

Eria pilifera, Ridl. 2500-3700’, Rid]. 2887, B. & H. 13003; fir.
March. An epiphyte of Sumatra; in Peninsula 5g.

Eria poculata, Ridl. At about 4500’, Ridl. 2884; flr. Feb. An
epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 6e, 5g, 7k, 9k.

Eria ramulosa, fidl. Taiping Hills, Long; flr. March. A creep-
ing epiphyte, endemic and local.

Eria teretifolia, Griff. At about 4000’, Curt., Ridl.; flr. March,
Sept. A small epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, Ge, 4f,
5g, 6k, 7k.

Eria vestita, Lindi. At 4700’, B. & H. 12630; flr March. An
epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula common. |
Phreatia listrophora, Ridl. 2500-4000’, Ridl.; flr. June. A
small epiphyte, endemic, 1b, 6e, 5g.

437

minutifiora, Lindl. At about 3500’. Rid. A small
yhyie, widely Malaysian; in Peninsula 5h, Johore, $m.

P eerste myosurus, Lindl. Phreaiia densiflora, Lindl. 3020-
> Kunstl. 6923, Ridl., Anders. 4; fir. Feb.. March, Dec. A
ll epiphyte of W. Malaysia and the Philippires; in Peninsula

. ne .
~a tl

vA >To ophyllum iiiathadstion: J. J. Sm., Podochilus callosa,
chi. 3000-4500’, Ridl., Anders. 44, B. & H. 12555; fir. March,
5 me. An epiphyte of Tenasserim and W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
scien mmon.

.grost »phy lium majus, Hook. fil. At 2000’, Ridl.; fir. Feb.
| eA. ufted epiphyte of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 47, 8h,

ste ratostylis cryptantha, Ridi. Ai about 2500’, Ridl.; fir. and
2: it June. A small epiphyte, endemic, 2d, 5g.

E atostylis pendula, Hoot. fl. 300-500’, Kunst]. 3847; fir.
o* eb. 2. small epiphyte of Borneo to the Philippines; in Peninsula
24, , 5h, Sh, 71.

C pratostylis puncticulata, Rid]. At akcut 4500, Ridl.; fir.
_ A small epiphyte, endemic and local.

¥ irate: lis subulata, Bi. 4000-45007, Curt., Fox 138, Ridl., B.
& H. 12752; fir. March, Sept., Oct. As small epiphyte of Java; in
: -eninst 2 common.

ysoglossum villosum, 2. Taiping Hills, Scort., fide Rid!.
A — estrial herb of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Collabium nebulosum, B/. 4200-4500’, Haniff 9089, Derry, B.
= &H H. | 12757; fir. March, Oct. An epiphyte of Java; in Peninsula
._: =

- zlyphosa latifolia, BI. Taiping Hills, Anders. 178; Ar. March.
A terrestrial herb of Java: in Peninsula 3e only.

Plocoglottis javanica, Bi. 3000-4000’, Curt., Ridl.; fir. June,
4. A terrestrial herb of Java and Borneo: in Peninsula com-

tia ja atropurpurea, Ridl. At 2000’, Curt. 2308: fir. May. A
al herb of Himalaya: in Peninsula 2d, 4f.

Ria pemangiana, Fid!. At about 4000, Curt.; fir. Dec.
estrial herb of Java and Amboina; in Peninsula 2d.

— elaphyllum pulchrum, Bil. ? Larut Hills, Curt. A ter-
herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 4e, Ge, 3f, 4f, 6j, 6k, 7k,

3 Curtis spec:men is without locality, but Ridley in the
Materials ” quotes a specimen from the Larut Hills without men-
g the collector.

Spathoglottis aurea, Lindl. 2000-4700". Rid. B. & H. A
ems: herb of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula

if
—
101 iT

=

or um m in the hills.

438

Spathoglottis plicata, Bl. 100-3000°, Kunstl. 3268, Ridl., Hend.
10023, 10142, B. & H.; fir. Jan., Feb., Aug. A tall herb, widely
Malaysian; in Peninsula common.

Phaius callosus, Lindl. 2500-4000’, Wray 2986, Kunstl 6412,
Curt., Ridl. 5191; flr. June, Aug., Sept. A large terrestrial herb
of Sumatra (a var.) and Java; in Peninsula 4e, 5g.
Phaius pallidus, Ridi. 3000-4000’, Ridl., Curt. 2064; flr. June,
Sept. <A terrestrial herb of Sumatra; in Peninsula 6e, 6f, 5g, 5h.
Calanthe albolutea, Ridl. At about 4000’, Ridl, Derry; flr. Oct.
A large terrestrial herb, endemic, 2c, 6e, 4f, 6g.

Calanthe angustifolia, Lindl. At 4700’, Kunst]. 5054, Curt.
2066; flr. Sept. Oct. <A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Java; in
Peninsula 2c, 4f, 5g, 6g.

Calanthe Ceciliae, Rchb. fil. Larut Hills, Anders 130; fir.
March. A terrestrial herb of Java; in Peninsula 4e, 6e, 4f, 62,
5h, 5j, 6k.

Calanthe curculigoides, Lindl. -2500-4000', Wray 2809, Curt.
2065; flr. Sept. A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Java; in
Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4f, 7k, 81, 91, 9m.

Calanthe Foerstermanni, [cib. fil. 3800-4000’, Curt, Ridl., B.
& H. 13006; flr. March, June, Sept. <A terrestrial herb of Assam ;
in Peninsula 3e only.

Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br. 4000-4500’, Ridl., Hervey; fir.
June. A terrestrial herb of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula 4f, 6g,
4h, 5h, 6j, 91, Sm, 9m.

Arundina revoluta, //ook. fil. At 300’, Wray 1979, Ridl. 2882;
flr. Feb., fruit Feb., June. <A tall woody herb, a var. only in
3orneo; in Peninsula 3e only. ;
Dilochia Wallichii, Lindl. At 4000’, Curt., Derry; flr. Jan., Oct.
An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6), 9m.

Coelogyne asperata, Lindl. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 7287; flr. Feb. A
large epiphyte of Sumatra, Borneo and N. Guinea; in Peninsula 4d.
Coelogyne carnea, //ook. fil. 4000-4500’, Hose 41, Anders. 57;
ir. March, Aug. An epiphyte, endemic, 3d, 4e, Ge, 4f, 5g, 6g, dh.
Coelogyne Cumingii, Lindl. Larut Hills, Derry. Waterloo,
Elphinstone; flr. Aug. <A rock plant or epiphyte, endemic, 6e, 6f,
7k, ?0k, 9m.

Coelogyne Dayana, FRchb. fil. 4000-4700’, Kunstl. 6492, Curt.,
Ridl., Derry, Anders. 58, B. & H. 12596; flr. March, June, Aug.
An epiphyte or rock plant of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
2d, 3d, 6e, 4f, 6g, 5h, 7k.

Coelogyne Kingii, Hook. fil. Larut Hills, Kunstl., Derry, fide
Ridl. An epiphyte, endemic, 5j.

Coelogyne longibractata, Hook. fil. At 4700’, Derry, B. & H.
12628; flr. Feb., March. An epiphyte, endemic, 3d, 6e, 5g, 5h,
5j, 91.

A

439

Coelcgyne pallens, Ridl. 2000-4000’, Curt., Ridl., H. & N.
2324, B. & H. 12708; fir. Feb., March, Dec. An epiphyte, en-
demic, 2c, 4f.

Coelogyne perakensis, folfe. 3000-4500’, Curt. 2068, Ridl.,
Derry, Anders. 53; flr. March, Aug., Sept. An epiphyte, endemic,
47, 5¢, 6g, 9m.

Coelogyne pusilla, Ridl. At about 4500’, Curt. 2063, Ridl.; flr.
Sept. An epiphyte of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Coelogyne quadrangularis, Ridi. At about 4500’, Ridl.; fir.
July. An epiphyte? of Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.
Coelogyne Rochusseni, De Vr. At 100’, Kunstl. 6794; fir. Nov.
An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Coelogyne speciosa, Lindl. 3000-4500’, Ridl. 5198; flr. March, —
June. An epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 6e,
4f, 5g, 5h, 6], 91, 9m.

Pholidota parviflora, Hook. fil. 2500-4700’, Ridl., Derry, H.
& N. 3245, B. & H. 12957; flr. Feb., March, Dec. An epiphyte,
endemic, 3d, 4e, 6e, 4f.

Claderia viridiflora, Hook. fil. At 2000’, Ridl, B. & H. 12831;
flr. Feb. A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
2d, 6e, 3f, 4f, 5), 6k, 8k, 71, 91, 9m.

Cymbidium acutum, Fidl. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen). At.

Waterloo, Elphinstone; fir. Aug. An epiphyte of Himalaya and
Assam; in Peninsula 3e only.
Dipodium pictum, Fchb. fil. At about 2000’, Curt.; fir. June.
A climber on trees, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6e, 4f, 5g, 6k, 7k,
9m.

Grammatophyllum stapeliiflorum, J. J. Sm., Cymbidium Hut-
toni, Hook. fil. At Taiping, Derry, Stephens. An epiphyte of

Sumatra, Java and Celebes; in Peninsula 3e only.

Bromheadia brevifolia, Rid]. Larut Hills, Ridl. (not seen).
A herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 3e only.

Bromheadia palustris, Lind]. 100-300’, Ridl., Hend. 10141; dr.
Feb. A tall herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2c, 5c, 2d, 6k, 7k,
ol, 9m.

Adencncos virens, Bl. At about 3000’, Ridl.; fruit June. A

small epiphyte cf W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 4e, 5h, 5j, 9m.
Doritis Wightii, Benth. Taiping Hills, Stephens. An epiphyte

of India to Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1b, 4d, 5j, 0j, 6k.

Renanthera elongata, Lindl. At 300°, Wray, fide Ridl. A large
herb of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 6k, 71, 9m.
Trichoglottis scaphigera, Rid]. At Waterloo, Curt., fide Ridl.
A tall herb, endemic, 4a, 2d. -

Saccolabium bigibbum, Hool:. fil. At about 4500’, Ridl. An

epiphyte of Burma; in Peninsula 4e, 6e, 6g, 5h.

440

Saccolabium icnesmum, Ridl. At about 3000’, Ridl.; flr. June.
An epiphyte, endemic and local.

Saccolabium perpusillum, //ook. fil. At Taiping, in orchards,

Curt.; flr. and fruit Oct. A small epiphyte, endemic, 5h, 6k, 9m.
Saccolabium secundum, fidl. At 4000’, Hervey. A_ large
epiphyte of Indo-Malayad; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 5j, 6k, 71.
Microsaccus javensis, Bl. At 3800’, B. & H. 12563; fruit
March. A small epiphyte of Burma, Siam and Java; in Peninsula
+h, 5h, 9m.

Taeniophyllum serrula, //ook. fil. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridi.
An epiphyte endemic, la, 2d, 6d, 4e, 8f, 8g, 5h, 8h, 91, 9m.
Ascochilus hirtulus, Rid]. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A small
epiphyte, endemic, 1b, 2d, 6d, 6g, 5h, 53, 6k.

Aerides odoratum, Lour. At 200’, Hend. 10150; flr. Feb. An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula 1b, 2c, 2d, 5h,
6k, Ok.

Thrixspermum arachnites, Rclib. fil. At Taiping, Bishop Hose;
flr. Feb. An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 5h,
fe igh emit 18

Thrixspermum lilacinum, ch). fil. At Taiping, Ridl. At
4000’, Rid]. (var, montanum), (not seen). <A terrestrial herb of
Java and Borneo; in Peninsula common in grassy swamps, the var.
at 4f.

Thrixspermum pardale, Scilir. Dendrocolla pardalis, Ridl.
Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. An epiphyte of Borneo; in Peninsula
4d, 6d, 4f, 6f, 7g, 8¢. |
Thrixspermum pauciflorum, Rid]. At 3000’, Scort., fide Ridl.
An epiphyte’, endemic and local.

Acriopsis javanica, Reinwdt. 2000-4500’, Ridl., Anders. 56; flr.
Mareh. An epiphyte, widely Malaysian; in Peninsula common.
Thecostele maculosa, Rid]. At Taiping, Ridl. An epiphyte of
Borneo; in Peninsula 2c¢, 6e, 6k.

Thecostele secunda, idl. At Taiping, Ridl. An epiphyte of
Borneo; in Peninsula 4f.

Thecostele Zollingeri, Rcib. fil. At Waterloo, Curt. 2308, 2399;
flr. May. An epiphyte of Tenasscrim and Bornco; in Peninsu’a 2d.
Appendicula anceps, 21. Podochilus anceps, Schl. 100-500,
Kunstl. 2609; flr. and fruit Dec. An epiphyte of Java to the
Philippines; in Peninsula common.

Appendicula cornuta, Bl. Podochilus cornuta, Schl. Taiping
Hills, Ridl. An epiphyte of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula
common.

Appendicula lancifolia, I/ook. fil. Podochilus lancifolia, Schl.
3800-4460’, Fox 154, Ridl. 2886, B. & H.:12564; flr. Oct., fru-t
March. An epiphyte, endemic, 4b, 4f, 5h.

g
<
*
\

pe

— ee Cr rm mr re

44]

Appendicula muricata, Teys. and Binn. Podochilus muricata,
Schi. At 3200’, B. & H. 12701. An epiphyte, endemic, 2c, 4f,
5g, oh.

Appendicula torta, Bl. Podochilus torta, Schl. At abcut 2500’,
Ridl.; fir. June. An epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula
6e, 5h, 91.

Appendicula urdulata, Bl. Podochilus unciferus, Hook. fil. 2400-
4000°, Curt. 2062, Fox 121, Ridl., Derry, Anders. 145, H. & N.
2470, B. & H. 12979; fir. Feb., March, June, Sept., Oct. An
epiphyte of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 4e, 6e,
4f, 6g, Sh.

Podochilus tenuis, Lind]. 100-300’, Curt., Ridl.: fir. Oct. A
moss-like epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4d, 4e, 6e,
4f, dg.

Thelasis macrobulbon, Riai. At about 2500’, Ridl.; fir, June.
An epiphyte, endemic, 4f, 5h.

Oxyanthera elata, Hook. fil. At Taiping, R:dl. A stemless
epiphyte of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4f
dg, 6g, 8g, 5h, 8h, 9m.

Vanilla Griffithii, Rchb. fil. Taiping Hill, Stephens. At 3500,
B. & H.; fir. Sept. A climbing shrub of Siam to the Carimon Is.:
in Peninsula common.

?

Galeola pterosperma, Sciilir. Galeola Hydra, Rchb. fil. 200-
4000’, Curt. 2070, Ridl. 2889; fir. March, Sept., Oct. A leafless
saprophyte of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Aplostellis flabelliformis, idl. At Taiping, Wray, fide R:d!.
A tuberous herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 1a, 2b, 6f.
Aphyliorchis pallida, B/. At 4300’, Fox 142, Ridl.; fir. Fe>.,
Oct. A leafless saprophyte of Java and Porneo; in Peninsula 2d,
3d, 4d, 4e, Ge, 4f, 9m.
Corymbis longiflora, Hcok. fil. 300-4500’, Kunst]. 6988, Curt.,
Ridl.; fir. June, Dec., fruit March. A terrestrial herb of Indo-
Australia and Africa; in Peninsula common.

Tropidia curculigoides, Lindi. At about 3000, Ridl. 5195,
11416; fir. Dec. A terrestrial herb of India and Bornco; in Pen:n-
sula common.

Physurus lIatifolius, B/. At about 3000’, Curi.; flr. June. A

’ terrestrial herb of Java; in Peninsula 3e only.

Cystorchis variegata, Bl. At Batu Kurau, Curt.; flr. Oct. A
smali terrestrial herb of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Anoectochilus albolineatus, Jar. and Rchb. fil. At Taiping,
Derry, fide Ridl. A small terrestrial herb of India and Burma; in
Peninsula 5h.

Anoectochilus ?calcaratus, Rid]. At 4000’, Anders. 69; fir.

March. (Determination doubtful). A terrestrial herb, endemic
and local.

442

Anoetochilus geniculatus, Rid]. Maxwell’s Hill, Wray, fide
Ridl. A small herb, endemic, 6k, 7k, 91, 9m.

Anoectochilus macranthus, Rid]. 2000-3000°, Curt., Ridl.; flr.
Dec. A small terrestrial herb, endemic, 9k.

Anoectochilus pectinatus, Fidl. 2500-4700’, Curt., Rid]. 5195,
B. & H. 12758, 12895; fir. Feb., March, June. A terrestrial herb,
endemic and local.

Anoectochilus Reinwardtii, Bl. 2500-3000’, Ridl.:; fir. June.
A small terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Java; in Peinsula 2¢, ?2d,
4f, 5g.

Goodyera gracilis, Hook. fil. 4000-4700’, Ridl., Derry, B. & H.
12641; flr. March, June, Oct., fruit March. A small terrestrial
herb, endemic and local, a var. only in 5h.

Hylophila lanceolata, Hook. fil. At 3600’, H. & N. 2336; fir.
and fruit March. A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Java; in
Peninsula 4f.

Hylophila mollis, Lindl. Taiping Hills, Ridl.; flr. Aug. A
terrestrial herb of Sumatra; in Peninsula 6k, 9m.

Lepidogyne longifolia, Bl. At 2500’, B. & H. 13210; fir. March.
A large terrestrial herb of Sumatra, Java and the Philippines; in
Peninsula 2d, 8m.

Cryptostylis arachnites, [/assk. At about 3000’, Ridl.; flr.
June. A terrestrial herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in
Peninsula common.

Habenaria gigas, /Jook. fil. At about 3000’, Curt.; flr. June.
A tall herb, endemic, 4f, 5h.

SCITAMINEAE.

Globba albiflora, fidi. At Taiping, Ridl.; flr. Aug. <A herb up
to 3’, endemic, 2d, 8d, 4e.

Globba aurantiaca, Mig. 500-4000’, Ridl., Hervey, B. & H.; flr.
March. A herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula common,

Globba brachycarpa, Baker. 2000-4000’, Kunstl. 2414, Curt.
2703, Ridl. 2956; flr. March, Sept., Oct. A slender herb, endemic
and local.

Globba cernua, Baker. 500-4000’, Ridl. 14429, Hervey, Anders.
86, 136, Hend. 10097, 10118, B. & H. 12852; fir. Jan., March,
fruit Aug. <A herb, endemic and common.

Globba leucantha, Mig. 300-1500’, Kunstl. 2291, Hend. 10456;
flr. Sept. A herb of Sumatra; in Peninsula 3f, 4f, 81, 91, 9m.

Globba panicoides, Mig. 100-800’, Hend. 10006, 10176, 10190,
10445; flr. Jan., June. A herb up to 2’, of Sumatra and Borneo;
in Peninsula common on the west.

oy whl

445

Globba pendula, Roxb. 2000-4000’, Ridl. 2957, 14428, B. & H.
12773; fir. March, Aug., June. A herb of Tenasserim and Lower
Siam; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 4d, 4e, Ge, 6f, 5g.

Globba uliginosa, Mig. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; fir. March. A
herb up to 2’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Globba variabilis, Aidi. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 2051; fir. July.
A herb up to 2’, of Lingga and Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Globba Wallichii, Baker. At 4000’, Fox. 136, Anders. 144; fir.
March, Oct. <A herb up to 2’, endemic, 2d.

Hedychium longicornutum, Baker. Larut Hills, Ridl.; fir.
June. An epiphyte of Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Camptandra parvula, Ridl. 400-4500’, all collectors; fir. Jan.-
March, Sept. A small herb, endemic and common.

Gastrochilus albo-sanguinea, /?idi. Larut Hills, Woolridge,
fide Ridl. A small herb, endemic, 1b.

Gastrochilus minor, Baker. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
small herb, endemic, 4d, 4f.

Curcuma Kunstleri, Baker. 100-1500’, Kunstl. 2542, Curt.
2719; flr. May, Nov. A herb, endemic, 2d, 3d, 4d, 4e, 3f, 4f.
Conamomum citrinum, fidl. 300-4500°, Ridl. 2959, 14447,
Anders. 40; fir. March, fruit Aug. A large herb of Lower Siam;
in Peninsula 4e, 4¢f.

Conamomum utriculosum, Aid]. 2000-4000’, Curt. 2714, Ridl.
9190, Anders. 139, B. & H. 12955; flr. March, May, June. A
large herb, endemic, Ge, 4f.

Costus globosus, B!.- Up to about 2500’, Ridl., Curt.; flr. May,
June. <A herbaceous plant up to 8’, of W..Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

Costus Kingii, Baker. 300-1500’, Kunst]. 2104, Curt.; fir. May,
July. A herbaceous plant up to 6’, endemic, 2d, 4d.

Costus Kunstleri, King. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 2307; fir. July. A
tall herb, endemic and local.

Costus speciosus, Sm., var. argyrophyllus, Wall. At Taiping,
Seort. 436; fruit April. A herbaceous plant up to 10’, widely
Malaysian, the var. in Pegu; in Peninsula common.

Zingiber aromaticum, Valefon. At 300’, Kunst]. 2163; fir.
Aug. A therb of Java; in Peninsula common, cultivated and in
waste ground.

Zingiber chrysostachys, Hid]. 100-4000’, Curt. 2716, nid.
5199, Hervey; fir. May, June. <A herb up 2’, endemic, 4d.
Zingiber gracile, Jack. 3000-3600’, Ridl. (var. elatior), B. & H.
12712; fir. June. A herb, endemic and common, the var. in 2d.
Zingiber Kunstleri, King. 2000-4300’, Ridl. 11449, 11962, B. &
H. 12765; flr. Feb., March, Dec. A large herb, endemic and local.

444

Zingiber spectabile, Griff. At 300’, Kunstl. 3205; fir, Ang. A
herb up to 7’, of Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Amomum lappaceum, Aidl. 2000-3000’, Ridl.; fruit Feb., June.
A herb up to 6’, endemic, 4f, 5h, Ok.

Amomum perakense, Ridl. At 2500’, Ridl.; flr. June, fruit
Dee. <A herb, endemic and local.

Amomum uliginosum, Koen. 100-4000’, Kunstl. 1839, Ridl.;
flr. March, June. A herb up to 5’, of Siam and Borneo; in Penin-
sula common.

Amomum xanthophiebium, Baker. 500-1000’, Kunstl. 1957;
flr. June. A herb up to 6’, endemic, common.

Hornstedtia albomarginata, Pid/. 2000-3800’, Ridl., B. & H.
12981; flr. March, June, Dec. <A herbaceous plant up to 10’, en-
demic, 2d, 6d, 3f, 4f, 4h 5h, 6).

Hornstedtia fulgens, /iid]. Larut Hills, Ridl. (not seen). A
herbaceous plant up to 15’, endemic and local. .

Hornstedtia grandis, Ridl. 3000-4000’, Ridl. 11450, B. & H.
12651; flr. March, June, Dec. A herbaceous plant up to 15’, en-
demic, 4f, 5g.

Hornstedtia imperialis, Rid/. 100-300’, Kunstl. 3075, Ridl.,
Hend. 10139, 10159, 10312; fir. Feb., April, June, Aug. A her-
baceous plant up to 15’, of Sumatra and Java; in Peninsula cul-
tivated.

Hornstedtia macrochilus, Rid/. 500-3000’, Kunstl. 1897, Curt. ;
flr. June, Sept. A herbaceous plant up to 12’, endemic, 6d, 4f, 6k,
tly St

Hornstedtia megalochilus, Ridl. 100-2000’, Kunstl. 2933,
Ridl.; flr. April. A herbaceous plant up to 15’, of Lower Siam; in
Peninsula common.

Hornstedtia metriochilus, Rid]. 2000-3000', Curt., Ridl.,
Anders. 137; flr. March, May, June. A herbaceous plant up to 12’,
endemic, 2d, 6d, 4e, 5h, 6k, 71, 81, 91.

Hornstedtia scyphus, Retz. At 4000’, Curt. 2072; fir. Sept. A
herbaceous plant up to 10’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
48 °oh; 71, 9m.

Hornstedtia triorgyale, Rid]. 200-300’, Kunst]. 2105; flr. July.
A herbaceous plant up to 20’, endemic, 6d, 6g, 5h.

Elettariopsis tatiflora, Rid/. 800-1500’, Kunstl. 2886; flr.
March. <A creeping herb, endemic, 2c, 4f, 5h, 6k, 8k, 9m.
Geostachys decurvata, Fidl. 3000-4000’, Kunstl. 6310, Ridl.
5189, Anders. 60; fir. June, July, fruit March, July. A large
tufted plant, endemic and local.

Alpinia javanica, b/, At 100’, Kunstl. 2296, at Waterloo, Ridl.

2954; flr. Sept., fruit March. A herb up to 6’, of Sumatra and
Java; in Peninsula common. ,

445

Alpinia macrostephanus, fid/. 500-1000’, Kunst]. 1905; fir.
June. <A herb up to 8’, endemic and local.

Alpinia mutica, Rorb. At 100’, Kunst]. 2581; flr. Nov. A herb
up to 6’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, Ok.

Alpinia petiolata, Baker. 2000-4000’, Kunstl. 6357, Curt., Ridl.;
fir. June, July, Sept., Dec. -A herb up to 3’, endemic, 6e, 4f, 5g, 6k.
Alpinia Rafflesiana, \WVall. 100-4000’, Curt. 2074, 2985, Ridl.,
Anders. 143, Hend. 10007, 10078, 10096, 10455; fir. Jan., March,
Sept., Oct. A herb up to 4’, endemic and common.

Alpinia scabra, Benth. 2000-3000’, Kunstl. 2818, Curt. 2722,
Anders. 141, Hend. 10117, B. & H. 12692; flr. Jan., March, May,
Dec. A herb up to 6’, of Java; in Peninsula common.

Donax grandis, Ridl. 500-4000’, Curt. 2071, Hend. 10417; fir.
May, fruit Oct. A shrub up to 20’, of Tenasser:m to Borneo; in
Peninsula common.

Phrynium hirtum, Aidi. At 4200’, Ridl. 11452, B. & H. 12900;
flr. Dec., fruit March. A stemless herb, endemic, common.
Phrynium malaccense, Ridil. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; fir.
March. -A large stemlcss herb of Lower Siam; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Musa malaccensis, idl. Up to about 4700’, Ridl. 2949 B. & H.;
fir. March, Dec. A banana up to 10’, endemic and common.

Musa truncata, Pid]. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (mot seen). A big

banana, endemic, 4f, 5h.

Musa violascens, Ridi. At 500’, Haniff 10561; fir. May. A
banana up to 10, of Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 4e, Ge, 4%, 6f, dg,
5h, 6).

AMARYLLIDACEAE.

Curculigo latifolia, Dryand. 500-4600’, Kunstl. 2521, 6405,
B. & H. 12642; fir. March, July, Nov. A stemless herb of Indo-
Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Curculigo megacarpa, Rid]. 2000-3800’, Ridl. 11407, B. & H.
12991; fir. Feb., Dec. A large tufted plant, endemic and local.

Curculigo recurvata, Dryand. At 3000’, Ridl. 11421; fir. and
fruit Dec. A tuberous herb of Indo-Australia and China; in Penin-

sula 4f, 9m.

BURMANNIACEAE.
Burmannia coelestis, Don. At Taiping, Hend. 10325; fir. Aug.
A small herb of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula common.

Burmannia Disticha, Linn. At Taiping, Hose 44; fir. Dec. A
small herb of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula 2c, 6e, 7k.

446

Burmannia longifolia, Becc. At 4750’, Kunstl. 5039, Ridl.; flr.
June, fruit Oct. An erect herb of Malaysia; in Peninsula 3d, 4e,
6e, 4f, 5g, 6g, 5h.

Thismia arachnites, Ridl. At 2000’, Ridl. (not scen). A small
saprophyte, endemic and local.

Bagnisia crocea, becc., var. brunnea, Ridl. About 4700’, Ridl.;

+ ~ . 4 . s .
flr. Feb. A very small saprophyte, the species of Borneo; in Penin-
sula 3e only.

TACCACEAE.

Tacca cristata, Jack. 200-3000’, Wray 2657, Kunstl. 2174, Hend.
10460, 10480; flr. Feb., Aug. A tuberous herb of Burma; in
Peninsula common.

DIOSCOREACEAE.

Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn. 100-200°, Wray 2669, Kunstl. 3526;
flr. Aug. A climbing shrub of Africa, Indo-Australia and China 3
in Peninsula common. |

Dioscorea deflexa, Hook. fil. 300-1000’, Kunstl. 3858, 3972,
6568; flr. March, Sept. A wide climber of Tenasserim to Java;
in Peninsula 2d, 8d, 4e, 7j.

Dioscorea glabra, Roxb. At 100°, Wray 569 (var. grisea),
Kunstl. 2370 (var. grisea), 2186. <A climber of India to Siam; in
Peninsula 1b, 2¢, 2d.

Dioscorea hispida, Denst., var. reticulata, Hook. At 300’, and
Bukit Gantang, Wray 1894, Kunstl 4190; flr. May. A spiny
climber of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

Dioscorea laurifolia, Wall. 100-4700’, Kunstl. 5549, H. & N.
2308, 2309, 2316, 2318, 2329, 2343, 2388, 2393, 2394, B. & H.
12862; flr. and fruit Feb. A slender unarmed climber, endemic
and common. ;
Dioscorea orbiculata, /ook. fil. At 300°, Wray 3251, Kunstl.
3421, 5068, B. & H. 12804. <A slender climber of Sumatra and
Bornco; in Peninsula common.

Dicscorea piscatorum, Prain and Burkill. At 200’, Hend. 10059.
A thorny climber of Sumatra; in Peninsula 4e, 4f, 6f, 6g, 0).
Dioscorea polyclades, /ook. fil. 300-800’, Kunstl. 2980. A
climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 5e, 4f, 5g, 5h, 5j, 6],
8k, 9m.

Dioscorea pyrifolia, Kunth. 300-3600, Kunstl. 5125, H. & N.
2337, 2399. <A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Dioscorea Scortechinii, Prain and Burkill. 3000-3900‘, Scort.,
H. & N. 2307, B. & H. 12724, 12973; fir. Feb., March. A climbing
shrub of Tonkin and Sumatra; in Peninsula 6k, 81, 91.

447
Dioscorea stenomerifiora, ruin and Burkill. 100-2000’.

Kunstl. 4160, 5152, 6693, 6746; fir. April, Nov. A climber up to
30°, endemic, 5h, 9m.

LILIACEAE.

Protolirion paradoxum, fidl. and Groom. Up to 4000’, Wray.
Rid]. A small saprophyte, endemic, 2c, 4e, be, 4f, 5g.
Peliosanthes albida, Baker. 2000-4500’, Curt., Ridl. 14448.
Hend. 10470, B. & H. 12703; fir. Feb., March, Sept. A herb of
Sumatra and Borneo: in Peninsula 2d, 5h. 6k.

Peliosanthes grandiflora, fidl. Taiping Hills, Ridi. A herb,
endemic and local.

|
:

Peliosanthes violacea, Wull. Taiping Hills, Ridl., Anders, 121:

fruit March. A herb of Himalaya to Siam; in Peninsu!a common.

Peliosanthes viridis, fid/. At 2000’, Ridl.; fruit Feb. A bushy
herb of Sumatra: in Peninsula 6k, 71, 91, 9m.

Ophiopogon malayanum, fid/]. 2000-3000, Curt.. H. & N.

2497; fir. Feb.. fruit Dec. A herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 1b, 24.

Dianella ensifolia, Red. 200-4750’, Wray 1978, 4282. Hend.

10228, B. & H.; fruit Nov. A herb up to 6°, of Indo-Australia and
the Mascarene Is.: in Peninsula common.

_ Dracaena conferta, Rid]. At 2500’, Rid]. 11408, B. & H. 13034:

fir. Dec., fruit March. A shrub up to 10’, of Lower Siam; in

~ Peninsula 2d, 3d, 76k.

Dracaena elliptica, Thunb. 3000-4700’, Ridl.. B. & H. 12592.
12665; -flr. March, June, fruit March. A shrub up to 6’, of Indo-
Malaya: in Peninsula common.

_ Dracaena granulata, Hook. fil. At 200’, Kunstl. 6808, fide Ridl.

_ A tree up to 60’, of ?Borneo; in Peninsula 91, 9m.

_ Dracaena Maingayi, Hook. fil. Larut, Kunst]. 3564, fide Ridl.
__ A tree up to 40’, of Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d. 8g, 5h, 6k, 71, 9m.

_ Dracaena Porteri, Bak. Larut, Ridl. (not seen). A small shrub

of Siam; in Peninsula 2d, 6d, 6e, Sh, 6j, 6k, Tk, 8], 9m.

_ Dracaena robusta, fidi. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen). A
_ shrub up to 9’, endemic, 6d, 4e, 5g.

_ Dracaena umbratica, FRidi. At 500°, Hend. 10113: fir. Jan. A

shrub up to 3’, endemic, common.

- Smilax aspericaulis, Wall. 1800-2000’, Kunst]. 2924, Rid.

11408; fir. April, Dee. A climbing shrub of India to Java, except
_ Sumatra: in Peninsula 5h.

Smilax barbata, |\u//. Up to 2000’, Ridl. (not seen). A thorny

_ chmber of Bangka: in Peninsula 5h, 6k, 9m.

Smilax Blumei, 4. DC. At 2000’, Ridl. (not seen). A thorny

_ ¢limber of Java; in Peninsula 4f, 6k.

PP a re es

445

Smilax calophylla, Wall. 100-3700’, Kunstl. 1961, 4108, B. & H.
12714; fruit March, April, June. <A slender erect shrub of
Sumatra; in Peninsula common.

Smilax Helferi, A. DC. 100-500’, Kunstl. 3365; fir. Sept. <A
woody climber of Tenasserim; in Peninsula common.

Smilax Kingii, //ook. fil. 300-800’, Wray 2063, Kunstl. 4171,
Hend. 10008; fruit Apml. <A thorny climber, endemic, 6].
Smilax laevis, Wall. 300-4700, Kunst]. 4140, Fox 139, Ridl.
2957, 11389, B. & H. 12864; fir. Dec., fruit Feb., April, Oct.. A
slender cimber of China and Borneo; in Peninsula 2¢, 2d, 4f, 52,
Biis 4 KS Ome

Smilax leucophylla, //. Larut Hills, Kunstl. 3669, fide Ridl.
A woody climber of Indo-China and Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 3f,
Se, oh, Ok, 9m.

Smilax megacarpa, 4. DC’. 300-1000", Kunstl. 4177, 5084; flr.
Oct., fruit April. A thorny climber of India, Tonkin and Java:
in Peninsula 2d, 3f, 6k, 9m.

Smilax myosotiflora, A. VC. Larut, Kunstl. 2748, fide Ridl.
A slender climber of Lower Siam and Java: in Peninsula common.

COMMELINACEAE.

Pollia sorzogonensis, Hndl. At 2000’, Curt.; fruit May. A tall
herb of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula common.

Pollia thyrsiflora, Vnd/. At 300’, and Waterloo, Curt., Ridl.,
Hend. 10047; flr. May, fruit Jan., March. <A herb of Malaysia; in
Peninsula 1b, 4e, 6e, 6f, 5g, 5h, 07.

Commelina nudiflora, Linn. 100-4000’, Wray, Hervey, B. & H.
12780; flr. March. <A creeping herb, pantropic; in Peninsula
common.

Aneilema conspicuum, Aunth. Taiping Hill, Anders. 115; flr.
and fruit March. <A herb of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6d,
6f, Ok.

Aneilema nudiflorum, br. Taiping, Wray, fide Rid! A creep-
ing herb of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula common.

Floscopa scandens, Lowr. At Taiping, Ridl., Hend. 10371; flr.
Jan. <A creeping herb of Indo--Australia and China; in Peninsula
common near streams.

Forrestia gracilis, Rid/l. 300-400’, Hend. 10451; flr. Feb. A
creeping herb, endemic and common.

Forrestia marginata, Hassk. ‘Taiping Hills, Ridl.; flr. Feb.,
fruit Feb., Dec. A creeping herb of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

Forrestia mollis, Hassk. At about 3000’, Ridl. 2950; flr. March.
A creeping herb of Sumatra and Java;in Peninsula 4d, 6e, Tk, 9k,
81, 91.

449

Forrestia monosperma, Clarke. 1500-2500’, Curt., Ridl. A
creeping herb, endemic, 4d. 6e, 4f, 5h.

ALISMACEAE.

Limnocharis emarginata, Humb. and Bonpl. At 200, Wray
1764. An aquatic herb of S. America. An escape from cul-
tivation.

FLAGELLARIACEAE.

Flagellaria indica, Linn. At 4750", B.& H. A climbing shrub
of the Old World tropics; in Peninsula common, usually near the
sea.

Joinvillea malayana, Ffidi. At 4000°, Ridl. 11914, Hose 60:
fruit Feb. A tall reed-lke plant of Borneo; in Peninsula 4e. 4f.
Og.

Susum malayanum, Hook. fil. 200-3800’, Wray 2128, Curt..
Rid}. 11430, Hend. 10459; fir. June, Oct., fruit Feb., June. Dec.
A large herb of Java and Borneo: in Peninsula common.

PALMAE.

Areca pumila, #/. Larut Hills. Ridl. 11429 (not seen). A palm
up to 15’, of Siam and Java; in Peninsula 1b, 2d, 4e, 5g, 6), 9m.
Pinanga malaiana, Scheff. At about 2000’, Rid]. A palm up to
12’. of Sumatra and Borneo: in Peninsula common.
Pinanga paradoxa, Scheff. Up to 3700’, Curt., Ridl., B. & H.
12715; fruit March, Oct. A palm up to 12’, endemic and common,
Piranga polymorpha, Becc. 4400-4700", Ridl.. B. & H. 12875:
fruit Feb., June. Dec. A palm up to 3’, endemic, 4f, 5g, 5It.
Pinanga Scortechinii, Becc. 2000-4700’, Curt. 2080, Fox, Ridl..
Anders. 163, B. & H. 12627; fir. Sept., Dec., fruit Feb.. March,
Sept.. Oct. A palm up to 15’, of Lower Siam; in Peninsula com-
mon.
_ Nenga macrocarpa, Scort. 3000-4500’, Ridl.. B. & H. 12790:
fir. Feb., June, Dec. A palm up to 18’, endemic and common.
_Nenga Wendlandiana, Scheff. Taiping Hills, Ridl.: fir. Dec.
A palm up to 15", of Sumatra; in Peninsula Taiping to Singapore.
_ Oncosperma horrida, Sciefj. At 3200’, B.& H. A palm up to
_ 63. of Borneo: in Peninsula 74d, Ge, 41, 6g, 6k, 9m.
_ Iguanura bicornis, Becc. 3500-4000’, Kunst]. 6375: fir. and
fruit July. A palm up to 8’, endemic, doubtfully from 4f.

x Iguanura ferruginea, Hid]. 2000-4000’, Fox 162, Ridl. 11405:
fir. Oct., Dec.. A short-stemmed palm, endemic, 4f.

450

[guanura geonomaeformis, Muart., var. malaccensis, Rid?. Up to
2500’, Rid]. 11404, Robertson-Glasgow; flr. Dec. A palm up to
3’, endemic and common.

Iguanura polymorpha, Becc. 3000-4000’, Curt. 2078, Rid.
3157, Anders. 173, Forest Dept. C.F. 29, B. & H. 12715; flr. and

~

fruit Feb., March, Sept. .A palm up to 7’, endemic, 6d, 4e, 4f, 6e.
Iguanura Wallichiana, //ook. fil. Up to 4000’, Fox, Anders.
170; flr. March. <A palm up to 12’, endemic, 2d, 3d, 6e, 44, 6f, 7k.
Arenga saccharifera Labill. At 3900’, B. & H. A palm up to
30°, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Arenga Westerhouti, (Griff. Taiping Hills, Ridl. (not seen). A
palm up to 30’, endemic, 2d, 4e, 6e, 4f, 6k.

Didymosperma Hookeriana, Bbecc. At Waterloo, 1500°, Curt.:
fruit May. A dwarf palm of Lower Siam; in Peninsula 1a, 2b, 4d,
Ge, 41, 6g. ;

Caryota obtusa, (riff. Common at 3400’, Ridl. 11401, B. & ITT.
A palm up to 60°, endemic, 4f, 5g, 6k, 91.

Licuala longipes, (riff. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.: fruit June.
A stemless palm, endemic, Taiping to Singapore.

Licuala malayana, Bece. 4000-4500’, Fox 163, Ridl., B. & H.
12589; flr. Oct., Dec., fruit March. A palm up to 7’, endemic,
6e, 4f, 6g, Th.

Licuala modesta, Becc. 2000-4500’, Fox, Ridl., Hervey, B. & H.
12551, 12878, 12948; flr. Feb. March, June, Oct. A palm up to
10’, endemic and local.

Licuala pusilla, Becc. At about 1500’, Ridl. 11406, 14727; flr.

Feb., Aug., Dec. A dwarf palm, endemic, 6e, 4f, 4g, 5g.
Zalacca affinis, Griff. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. <A short-

stemmed palm, endemic, 2d, 3f, 6k, 8l, 9m.

Zalacca edulis, Bi. At 3200’, B. & H. A Javanese palm, culti-
vated here.

Eugeissonia tristis, Griff. Up to about 2500', common. <A
tufted palm of Borneo; in Peninsula common on the West.
Daemonorops aciculatus, id]. 3000-4700", Ridl., Anders. 176;
fr. June, fruit March. A large rattan, endemic and local.
Daemonorops calicarpus, Marl. Larut, Nunstl., fide Ridl <A
tufted palm, endemic and common.

Daemonorops didymophyllus, Bece. At 3200', Ridl., B. & H.
12681; flr. March, fruit Feb. A rattan up to 40’ long, of Borneo;
in Peninsula 2d, 4, 71, 91, 9m.

Daemonorops elengatus, B/. 3500-3800’, Fox, Ridl., B. & HH.
12646, 12716; fruit Feb., March. <A rattan of Borneo; in Penin-
sula common.

Daemonorops geniculatus, Mar/. 2000-3500’, Kunstl. 2734,
Ridl.; flr. Feb. A rattan about 20’, endemie and common.

|
-

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|
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:

451
Daemororops hygrophilus, Mart. At 4300’, B. & H. 12766:
flr. March. A tall stout rattan, endemic, 5h, 6k.

Daemonorops hystrix, Mart. Larut, Kunst]. 5142, fide Ridl.
A rattan up to 30’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula common.

Daemonorops leptopus, Mart. Larut Hills, Ridl.; flr. Dec. A
stout stemmed rattan, endemic, 4f, 5h, 6k, 91, 9m.

-Daemoncrops monticolus, Mari. 3800-4700", B. & H. 12763.

12994; fruit March. A tufted rattan of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d,
Ok, 8.

Daemonorops periacanthus, Mig. At about 2000’, Ridl. 11409;
flr. Dec. _ A rattan up to 40’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula
common.

Ceratolobus laevigatus, Becc. 2000-2900’, Wray 2919. Ridl.
3488, 11436, H. & N. 2377, B. & H. 12696; fruit Feb., March, Dec.
A climbing palm, endemic, 3f, 4f, 5g, 5h, 0j.

Calamus ciliaris, Bl. 2500-3700’, Ridl., B. & H. 12771; fruit
March, Dec. A rattan up to 20’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6e,
81, 91.

Calamus Curtisii, Rid]. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; fir. June. A
stout stemmed rattan, endemic, 4f, 5g, 5h.

Calamus densiflorus, Becc. At Taiping, Kunstl. 5527, 8434, fide
Ridl. A rattan up to 15’, endemic, 8f, 5h, 9m.

Calamus Diepenhorstii, Mig. Taiping Hills, Ridl. 11411,
11412; fruit Dec. A rattan up to 30’, of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6e, 3f, 4f, 6).

Calamus intumescens, Becc. At 2500’, Ridl. (mot seen). A
long stemmed rattan, endemic, 5g, 71, 9m.

Calamus longispatha, Ridi. At Taiping, Wray 2392, 3017, fide
Ridl. A stout rattan, endemic, 4f, 5g.

Calamus lvridus, Bece. 3500-4000’, Ridl. 11987; fruit Feb. A
rattan up to 20’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 4f, 5g, 5h, 6], 7k, 91, 9m.

Calamus ornatus, Bl. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A rattan up
to 80’, of W. Malaysia and the Philippines; in Peninsula 6), 6k, 71,
oF Din.

Calamus pencillatus, Roxb. 200-4700’, Curt., Anders. 168, B.

_ & H. 12590, 13219, Haniff 13257; flr. May, Sept., fruit March. A

rattan up to 60°, of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Calamus ramosissimus, Grij. 1000-3000’, Curt., Ridl. 11986,
H. & N. 2499, B. & H. 12688; fir. Feb., March, Sept., Dec. A
rattan up to 30’, endemic, 2c, 6e, 4f, 61, 6).

Calamus rhomboideus, Bl. At about 4000’, Ridl. 11410; fir.
Dec. A rattan up to 40’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula 6k.
Calamus rugosus, Becc. 3000-4000’, Curt., Rid]. 11314, 11315;

flr. Feb., May, fruit Feb., Dec. A rattan up to 20’, endemic and
local.

452

Calamus viridispinus, Becc. 4000-4700’, Ridl. 3494, 5203,
11413, 11985, Anders. 21, 167, H. & N. 2321, B. & H. 12767, 12901:
fir. Feb., March, June, Dec. A rattan up to 25’, endemic and local.
Keorthalsia echirometra, Becc. At 3200’, Ridl.; B. & H. 12787;
fir. March. A rattan up to 100’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 5j, 6),
6k, $m.

Korthalsia ferox, becc. Up to 4500’, Scort., Kunstl., fide Ridl.
A rattan up to 30’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d.

Korthalsia scaphigera, Mart. 200-500’, Kunstl. 3722; flr. Jan.
A rattan up to 60’, of Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines; in
Peninsula 6k, 9k, 9m.

Korthalsia tenuissima, Becc. At 300’, Kunstl. 4057, fide Ridl.
A slender rattan up to 100’, endemie and loeal.

Plectocomia ?Griffithii, Becc. At 3900’, B. & H. A large
rattan, endemic and common.

PANDANACEAE.

Pandanus bicernis, Rid]. 2500-3000’, Ridl.; fruit Dee. A shrub
up to 2’, endemic and local.

Pandanus bidens, idl. At 2000’, H. & N. 2383; fruit Feb. A
shrub up to 5’, endemic, 4f.

Pandanus glaucophyllus, Rid]. At about 2500’, Ridl.; fruit
Dec. A shrub up to 12’, endemic and local.

Pandanus ornatus, Kurz. 1000-1800’, Kunst]. 2015, H. & N.
2395; flr. July, fruit Feb. A bush up to 12’, endemi¢ and common.
Pandanus ovatus, Auwrz. 300-800’, Kunstl. 3758, 6559; fruit
Jan., Sept. <A creeping shrub of Lower Siam; in Peninsula la, 2b,
2c, 2d, 6k, 9k.

Pandanus perakensis, Hid]. At Maxwell’s Hill, Ridl.; fruit
June. <A shrub, endemie, 4e.

Pandanus Ridleyi, Mari. At 200’, Kunstl. 6839; flr. Nov. A
shrub up to 10’, endemic, 5g, 5h, 6k, 7k, 9m.

Pandanus Scortechinii, Mart. Up to 300’, Kunstl. 3557. A
shrub up to +’, endemic and local.

Pandanus stelliger, Rid]. 2000-3000’, Kunstl. 4166, Ridl. 11625,
3. & H. 12700; fruit March, April, Dec. A shrub up to -10’, of
Borneo; in Peninsula 5g.

Freycinetia confusa, Ridl. At 200’, Wray 2151; fir. June. A
climber, endemic, 9m.

Freycinetia lucens, Rid]. 100-1000’, Kunstl. 4003, 4091, 7578,
8523; flr. Feb.-April. A climber up to 40’, endemic, 6g, 5j, 9m.
Freycinetia montana, idl. 3000-4700’, Kunst]. 2619, Ridl.
9194, B. & H. 12557; flr. March, Dec., fruit June, Dec. - A climber,
endemic, 5g, 5h.

ae

i i
——

453

Freycinetia valida, Fidi. 4300-47007", Rid]. 11891, B. & H.
12764; fir. Feb. A climber up to 30’, of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
2d, 5h, 7k, 9m.

ARACEAE.

Cryptocoryne elliptica, VN. £. Br. Larut Kunstl. 3166, fide
Ridl. An aquatic herb, endemic and local.

Arisaema anomalum, Hemsl. 2000-4500’, Wray, Curt. 3714.
Ridl., Derry, Hose 29, B. & H. 12581; fir. March, June, Aug., Dec.
A tub erous herb, endemic, 4f.

Arisaema Kunstleri, Hook. fil. At Taiping, Derry. A tuberous
herb, endemic, la, 2d.

Arisaema Wrayi, Hemsl. 3009-4700’, Wray 30, Ridl., Derry,
Hervey, Hose 30, H. & N. 2305, B. & H.; fir. Feb., March, Aug.,
Sept. A tuberous herb, endemic, 4f.

Amorphophallus minor, Ridl. Larut Hills, Ridl. (nct seen).
A large tuberous herb, endemic, 2d.

Amorphophallus sparsiflorus, Hook. fil. At Maxwell's Hil,
Wray-111. A large tuberous herb, endemic and local.

Amorphophallus variabilis, B/. Larut Hills, Kunstl., fide Ridl.

A tuberous herb of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in Peninsula
1b.

Colocasia esculenta, Schott. 3100-3800", B. & H.; fir. March.
A native of Trop. Asia, now cultivated in all tropics.

Alocasia Beccarii, Hngl- 4000-4300’, Ridl., Hervey, H. & N.
2350, B. & H. 12769, 13021; flr. March, fruit Feb., March, Dec. A
creeping herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 4, 5g, 5h.

Alocasia Lowii, Hook. fil. At 3800’",B.& H. A herb of Java and
Borneo; in Peninsula 2b, 2d, 6d, 4e, 5g, 5h, 0j, 91.

Alocasia ovalifolia, Ridl. From 300’ upwards, Ridl.. Hend.
10320; fir. Aug., fruit Dec. A herb, endemic, 2d, 5g, 5h, 9!

tin teat

Aglaonema Schottianum, Mig. At 3000’, Wray 2828; fir. Au

A stout herb of Burma, Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 1a, 1b, 2
2d, 6k, 0k, 9m.

S-
b,

_Homalomena argustifolia, Hook. fl. At 2000’, Ridl. A creep-

ing herb, of Java; in Peninsula common on rocks in mountain
streams.

Homalomena coerulescens, Jungh. At 3200’, Ridl., B. & H.;
fir. Feb., March, Dec. A stout herb of W. Malaysia; in Peninsula
common.

Homalomena Griffithii, Hook. fil. Taiping Hills, Ridl. 11421;

fir. Dec. A herb of Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 6e, 5g, 6], 6k, vl,
91, 9m.

454

Homalomena humilis, Hook. fil. 300-3000’, Wray 2069 (var.
velutina), Curt., Ridl. 2952; flr. Sept., Oct. A short-stemmed
herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4e, 3f, 4f, 5g, Sh.

Homalomena nutans, Hook. fil. 100-1000’, Kunstl. 2571, fide
Ridl. A creeping herb, endemic and local.

Homalomena paludosa, Hook. fil. At 300’, Kunstl. 3082; fir.
June. A stout herb, endemic, 2d, 91, 9m.

Homalomena sagittaefolia, Jungh. 2000-3200’, Wray, Ridl.,
B. & H. 12805; fir. Feb. A stout herb of Java and Borneo; in
Peninsula common.

Homalomena trapezifolia, Hook. fil. 300-4500’, Wray 1976,
tidl., Hend. 10185, 10318; flr. June, fruit Aug. <A creeping herb,
endemic, 4d.

Schismatoglottis calyptrata, Zoll. and Mor., var. picta, Hallier.
Larut Hills, Rid]. (not seen). A herb of Indo-Malaya; in Penin-
sula common.

Schismatoglottis longifolia, Rid]. 1000-4500’, Curt. 2082,
Ridl., Hend. 10089; flr. Jan., Sept., fruit March. A herb, en-
demic, 4d.

Piptospatha elongata, V. 2. Br. 3000-4000’, Wray 3222,.Curt.,
Ridl., Anders. 117; fruit March, Sept. A herb of Borneo; in
Peninsula common on rocks in streams.

Anadendrum montanum, Schott. 3000-4500’, Wray 704, Ridl.
A climbing epiphyte of Malaysia; in Peninsula common, usually at
low altitudes.

Scindapsus Beccarii, //ook. fil. 100-300’, Wray 2261, Kunstl.
7477; flr. April. A creeping shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in
Peninsula &e, 3f, 8f.

Scindapsus picta, //assk. 300-800’, Kunstl. 6471; fruit Aug.
A long slender climber of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Scindapsus Scortechinii, Hook. fil. 4000-4300’, Ridl., B. & H.
12574; fir. March, June. A climbing shrub, endemic, 2c, 4f, 5g,
dh.

Rhaphidophora Beccarii, Mngl. At 300’, Wray 1981. A creep-
ing shrub of Siam and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6e, 4f, 5h, on
rocks in streams.

Rhaphidophora crassifolia, J/ook. fil. At 300’, Wray 2260. A
chimbing shrub, endemic, 4f, 5h.

Rhaphidophora giganteum, idl. Larut, Kunstl. 6681, fide
Ridl. <A large climbing shrub, endemic and common.
Rhaphidophora gracilipes, //ook. Larut, Kunstl. 2102, fide
Ridl. A climbing shrub, endemic, 4f.

Rhaphidophora Huegeliana, Scholt. Taiping Hills, Ridl. 11417;
flr. Dec. A climbing shrub of Java to the Philippines; in Peninsula
common.

455
Rhaphidophora Korthalsii, Scioft. 3500-4400’, Wray 4521,
Rid]. 11419, B. & H. 12586; fir. and fruit March. A climbing
shrub of Java and Borneo; in Peninsula 2d, 5g, 0k, 9m.
Rhaphidophora Kunstleri, Hook. fil. 500-800’, Kunstl. 6796;
fir. and fruit Nov. A climbing shrub up to 60’, endemic, 4e, 4f, 6f.
Rhaphidophora laetivirens, Fid/. Larut Hills, Derry. A
creeping shrub, endemic, 2d, 5h.
Rhaphidophora Lobbii, Schott. Larut, Kunstl., fide Ridl. A
slender climbing shrub of Borneo; in Peninsula Taiping to
Singapore.
Rhaphidophora Wrayi, Hook. fil. 3000-3600°, Ridl. 2960,
11418, B. & H. 12975; fir. Dec. Fruit March. A climbing shrub,
endemic, 2d, 4f, 5g. |
Podolasia stipitata, V. FE. Br. 2000-2500’, Curt., Ridl.; fir.
Sept., fruit Feb., June. A creeping herb of Sumatra and Borneo;
in Peninsula 3f, 81, 91.
Cyrtosperma lasioides, Griff. At Batu Kurau, Curt., 2988; fir.
Oct. A thorny aquatic herb of Borneo; in Peninsula common.
Pothos Barberianus, Schott. At 2500’, Wray 4235 (var.
Wallichii) Curt., Ridl.; fir. Sept. A chmbing herb of Sumatra and
Borneo; in Peninsula 3f, 5g.
Pothos Kingii, Hook. fil. 300-3000’, (fide Ridl.), Wray 3277. A
climbing herb up to 30’, endemic and local.
Pothos latifolius. Hook. fil. 500-2000’, Wray 4236, Kunstl. 3887,
3983, Curt. 2987, Ridl. 11420; fir. Feb., Oct., Dec., fruit Feb. A
climbing herb of Malaysia; in Peninsula common.
Pothos macrocephalus, Scort. At Waterloo, 1000’, Curt. 2895:
fir. Oct. A climbing herb, endemic, 4f.

CYPERACEAE.

Kyllinga melanosperma, Nees. At 4750’. B. & H. 12888. A
sedge of Africa, and Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in Peninsula
9m.

Cyperus diffusus, Vail., var. pubisquama, Rid]. At Maxwell’s
Hill, Bishop Hose 51. A sedge up to 3’, the species pantrepic; in
Peninsula both the species and var. common.

Cyperus Haspan, Linn. At 3800’, B. & H. 13028. A sedge,
*pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Cyperus Iria, Linn. At Taiping, Ridl. (not seen). A sedge of
the tropics and sub-tropics of the Old World; in Peninsula common.
Cyperus pilosus, Vahl. At Taiping, Ridl. A sedge of Africa
and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common in marshes.

Cyperus Zollingeri, Steud. At Taiping, Ridl. A sedge of Trop.
Africa and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

456

Mariscus Sieberiarus, Necs. At 300’, Hend. 10310. A sedge,
pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Fimbristylis acuminata, Vahl. At Taiping, Ridl. (not seen).
A tufted sedge of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.
Scirpus erectus, Voir. At Taiping, Ridl. A sedge of Asia,
Australia, and N. America; in Peninsula common.

Scirpus mucronatus, Linn. At Taiping, Ridl. A sedge of
Kurope, African Islands, and Indo-Australia; in Peninsula coim-
mon. .
Rhynchospora aurea, Vahl. At Batu Kurau, Haniff 13254. A
sedge up to 3’, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Actinoschoenus filiformis, Benth. At 300’, Ridl. A sedge of
TIndo-Malaya; in Peninsula 2c, 2d, 6e, 7k.

Gahnia javanica, Mor. 1000-4750’, Curt. 2079, Ridl, B. & H.
A large tufted sedge of Malaysia; in Peninsula common.
Mapania humilis, Vaves and Villar. 2000-4000’, Curt. 2081,
Ridl. A small tufted plant of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in
Peninsula common.

Mapania Kurzii, Clarke. %00-4000', Wray 1852, Curt., Ridl.
11425, B. & H. 130386. A large tufted plant, endemic, 2d, 4d, 6k.
Mapania longispica, Fid/. 1200-2000, Ridl. 11424, Hend.
10105, 10429. <A tufted plant, endemic and local.

Mapania palustris, Benth. 300-400’, Ridl., Hend. 10463. A
large tufted plant of ?Java; in Peninsula common.

Scleria elata, Thwaites. Up to 4700’, Ridl. <A sedge up to 3’, of
Indo-Malaysia; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f, 5g.

Scleria multifoliata, Boeck. At 300’, Ridl. A sedge up to 3,
of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Carex cryptostachys, Brngn. 2000-4000’, Kunstl. 8517, Ridl.
11399, Anders. 116. A sedge of W. Malaysia and China; in
Peninsula 2d, 3f, 4f, 6k, 71, 81, 9m.

Carex perakensis, Clarke. 2900-3000’, Ridl. 11423, B. & H.
12694. <A sedge, endemic, 4f, 5g.

GRAMINEAE.

Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. 3800-4750’, B. & H. A pan-
tropic grass, common in the Peninsula, but probably introduced.
Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linn. 100-4750’, Hend. 10153, B. &
H. A grass, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Isachne albens, 7'rin. 3000-4750’, Wray, Ridl. 3115, 11913,
Bishop Hose 58, B. & H. 12887. A grass up to 4’, of Indo-Malaya
and China; in Peninsula Ge, 4f, 5g.

Isachne australis, 2. Br. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 74. A grass
up to 2’, of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

e
a
q
3

——E—

457

Panicum auritum, Presi. 100-300’, Ridl., Bishop Hose 55. A
grass up to 6’,of Indo-Malaya and China; in Peninsula common.
Panicum maximum, Jacg. At 4000’, Ridl. Guinea-grass. A
native of Africa, cultivated in all tropics.

Panicum muticum, Forsk. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 53. A
grass up to 8’, pantropic; in Peninsula cultivated and as an escape.

Panicum myosuroides, Br. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 68. A tall
grass of Indo-Australia and Africa; in Peninsula common.

Panicum ovalifolium, Poir. At 2000’, Ridl. A small grass of
Trop. Africa and Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.

Panicum perakense, Verrill. At Taiping, in water, Bishop Hose
56. A grass up to 4’, of Borneo; in Peninsula 4d, 8k, 71, 91.

Panicum pilipes, Vees and Arn. 300-800’, Kunstl. 2787, Bishop
Hose 73. A creeping grass of Indo-Australia and the Mascarene
Is.; in Peninsula common.

Panicum sarmentosum, Roxb. 100-4500’, Wray, Kunstl. 2515,
Ridl., Bishop Hose 54. A tall grass of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula
common.

Ichnanthus pallens, Munro. At 4000’, Bishop Hose 61. A
grass, pantropic; in Peninsula 1b, 4f, 5g, 5h, 6k, 81, 91.
Thysanolaena agrostis, Nees. 100-4000’, Bishop Hose, Hend.
10155, B. & H. 12928, 13221. <A grass up to 12’, of Indo-Malaysia ;
in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 4f, 5g.

Setaria glauca, Beauv. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 66, Ridl. 11402.
A tufted grass, cosmopolitan; in Peninsula common.

Leersia hexandra, Sw. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 72. A grass
up to 3’, pantropic; in Peninsula common.

Leptaspis urceolata, br. On G. Hijau to 4500°7,B.& H. A grass
of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common in dense forest.

Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo. At4750’",B.& H. Lallang. A
pantropic grass; in Peninsula very common.

Saccharum arundinaceum, Retz. At Taiping, Hend. 10156. A
grass up to 15’, of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.
Pogonatherum saccharoideum, Beauv. At 4750’, B. & H. A
grass of S. E. Asia; in Peninsula 2d, 4d, 6e, 4f, 5h, 8h, 6k, 9k.
Rottboellia glandulosa, Trin. At Taiping, Ridl. <A grass up to
6, of Indo-Australia; in Peninsula common.

Andropogon aciculatus, Retz. Maxwells Hill clearing, B. & H.
A grass of Trop. Asia and Australia; in Peninsula common.
Anthistiria gigantea, Cav. At Taiping, Hend, 10152. A grass
up to 16’, of Indo-Australia and China; in Peninsula common.
Sphaerocaryum elegans, Vees. At 4000’, B. & H. 12744. A
creeping grass of India and China; in Peninsula 3f, 6k, 91, 9m.

458

Sporolobus indicus, Br. At 4750", B. & H. A pantropic grass;
in Peninsula common. *

Cynodon dactylon, Pers. At 3700’, B. & H. A pantropic grass;
in Peninsula common.

Phragmites Karka, Trim. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 67. A reed
up to 12’, of Indo-Australia and Africa; in Peninsula common.
Neyraudia madagascariensis, Hook. fil. At 300’, Ridl. A reed
up to 12’, of Trop. Asia and Africa; in Peninsula 1b, 2b, 2d, 5j, 6k.
Eragrostis elegantula, Steud. At Taiping, Bishop Hose 64. A
grass up to 4’, of Indo-Malaya and 8. China; in Peninsula com-
mon.

Eragrostis elongata, Jucg. At Taiping, Ridl. A grass of Indo-
Australia; in Peninsula common.

Lophatherum gracile, Brngn. 4000-4500’, Wray, Fox, Ridl.,
Hervey. A tall grass of S. E. Asia except S. India, and Japan; in

e

Peninsula common.

Poa annua, Linn. 3700-4000’, Ridl., B. & H. A small grass,
cosmopolitan; in Peninsula not common.

Gigantochloa Kurzii, Gamble. At Taiping, Wray 134, fide Ridl.
A bamboo of Tenasserim and Siam; in Peninsula 3f, 4f.

Dendrocalamus giganteus, Munro. Below G. Hijau, Ridl. (not
seen.) A bamboo up to 100’, endemic, Penang to Malacca.

GNETACEAE.

Gnetum Brunonianum, (riff. 2000-3600’, Ridl. 2783, B. & H.
12710; flr. March. An erect shrub of Tenasserim and Porneo; in
Peninsula common.

Gnetum funiculare, Bl. 100-200’, Hend. 10241, 10323; fruit
Aug., Noy. <A liane of Indo-Malaya; in Peninsula common.
Gnetum Kingianum, Gamble. At Kota, Wray 2851, fide Gamble.
A liane, endemic, 4f, 6j, 0j, 6k, 9m.

Gnetum Ridleyi, Gamble. At 4000’, Ridl. A climbing shrub,
endemic, 4f.

Gnetum tenuifolium, Rid]. At Taiping, Ridl. 14565, A slender
climber of Lower Siam; in Peninsula common as far south as
Malacca.

Gnetum Wrayi, Gamble. Larut, Kunstl. 5283, 6599, fide Gamble.
A climbing shrub, endemic, 6e, 8g, 9m.

CONIFERAE.

Agathis alba, Foxworthy. Common from about 2500’ upwards,
Wray. A lofty tree of Indo-China to the Philippines; in Peninsula.
2c, 2d, Ge, 5g, Th.

hit
7
,
“

459
RELATIVE HUMIDITY of the air at the Botanic Gardens

Singapore, from wet and dry bulb hygrometer readings

made daily at 9. a.m. during the year 1924.

Date. \Jan. |Feb, Mar. |Apr.|May|Jun.| July |Aug.| Sep. b Ook: ee. Dee.

| | | | | | | |

| |
1 100! 80) 91|--82|-~ 76} ~~ 83} 83| 95] 3 | Fore Con fos
2 | Safe Se > Si) ~Si\- 79} 84\--76|-79| s9\-.77| 74|. 79
Sa | 85) -80| 87} 784) “84| 95} 80] 77|- 81| 68| 67] 69
aoe) 81) 93), Sa). 52) 74) 85) St 68] 87|----70| 88] 66
5 f- OL). * 87 78| 85; 76] 81 ia; 83). 78| 7s}. 91 Se
6 100| 7 79| SOl 77| 81 88} 81] 75] 62] 85| 8&9
7 | 100| 87} G8) 84-2. - 95 87| 75| 83] 64/ 91| 73
8 76| 80 79| 82] 93] 93] 89; 76) 72) 62} 95| 90
9 | SI\.- 37. 91) - Sif .75] - 81) 1h) 16) <5] 62| 85; 78
10. | &3| 77 83} 76) 95} 79) 90| 75| 77| 62|° 84| 95
11 P=cisp. GL 76| 76| 87| > 83) 93| 76| 91) (a) -99}- 91
12 78| 95] 81| 78| 91] 85} 83} 78] 81| 82| 77; 74
13 | 85| 87} Ti; #8) 85) 79) 100} 79} 93 77| 66; 75
14 77| 100; 83] 84] 87| 83 m6) S6)- 53 | 84| 86| 74
15 | 81] 90] 78| 81) 89] 82 77| 78] 75] eal ol we
16 | 78} 85 89 83) 83] 80] (65 aw i eee | (22) lee) eae 2
17 81; 83} far 7S, 279 TSI 171.. $3. 93 93; 84| 84
18 | Fo) 718) 100| 2a See eT tire .oL- 78 76| 91! 84
19 ey 24 Ber hy 76; 76} 89| 74| 79| 77) 83] 93| 78| 78
20 | 91} 81 91| 83] 87] 93] 81| 76} 77| Cit Sal. to
ra | 76| 80] 81] 76] 80] 77| ro} 49) 93] ta| 72| 82
22 | 76| 83} 87} 95| 98) 72] 72| 95| 79| 84; 79| 86
23 ptt <- 80] 93} 80| 87) 86 77; 85| 89 81| 91| 69
24 83} 87| 76} 77| 100) 79 ye) ie 3) lew BA T4|..79| 72
25 | 78| 83 83} §9| 81] 85 T4)-41| © 76 95| 86| 75
26 79 85| 80] 80! 91) 74) 71| 84 81 95; +69
27 91; 80] 91|, 80] 81; 81) 93| - 83] 89] 95| 81| 67
28 | 78! 83 91; 69} 95) 83| cope io) O91 72| 89] 68
2 | 81] 82] S3}- -76| -<f8\.° 90 15] ae] ee ae 86| 89| 69
30 | 77| 95| 78| 87| 95} 75| 68] 77| 77| = 83] 69
31 80| . 4 Olas Ob] oe 79| 86| BoLcS. i, whe

| | | | |

| | | _| i

Average | 83 4 83.9| 85.35| 80.5] 84.7] 83.7| 80.35) 79.1| 82 : (e4 = eo 16.9

|
Average for the year 81.7

460

RAINFALL

at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the

year, 1924.

Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.

| |
Date | Jan. | Feb. | March. | April. May. | June.
| | | | | | ig
| | | | | |
1 | 2.01 | trace | .30 | 62 | |
oie pee tase hl ag 0B 4 tk da He Ses
3 | ES’ AGS | Oo. |). brate | “trace 4" ae oe
Any 00 |. 509 os Tech ee es
Bethe. 07 |: a0. | UR ee ere
6 | A® Ps (207 45k pas | i Sh
ja Age: Thee, | eae ee Eos ee ee
poe 101 Laks are it LO | 21
am | sy | trace} .. | 09 | trace
10 | 32 | 81 | Seas pane Ss 70 |
fee Le | : LB. yo
12 | 61 | 09 |: - trace stm po 1
13 | fe. ps 3.44 [Spree oe trees 02 | 13
14 | 10 | 98. |. aes O01 | 52 | 9
15> -| 64 | 2.90 | .trace 11 | .-trace |
16° 01 | 08 | 225 | ies OL | ALD
i? 4 Pe is, 1 (ey 70 | 10
13 <M S02 4) aaa | res AO ae
19 |. 0BRba 208 }.>. SD 12a)" ostreer teres
20. i> 5 hee eens | moe eae 05 | 24
21 02 64 2 40 06
22 .08 | ei 80 | 25 (2 ae
23 1.87 | oF 01 09 | trace
Bo} eae : RR Tee 10°} = 87 ae
2...) 2: A ee 124 03 |
26 01 | a 1.25 03. | 2 ae
27 Ay ae 14 OR a ae | eT
28 | 06 | OT | 81 trace
29 | | 1.58 | trace RS, 10 | 18
30 | | anes 03 | 53 | O1
at- | | ES ans : 15 ;
| | |
| | | | | | |
Total | 7.99 | 17.16 : 10. “ 4.35 | 7.67 | 6.10
|

461

RAINFALL

at the Botanic Garders, Singapore, during the first half of the

year, 1924.

Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.

Date

DF SH Ct HH W Wwe

Cc

a0 eA eee ee eS SS eee eee eee eee ee ee ee SS eee ee eee eee ates ibis

03 |

OF

ne

|
hue =|> pep. | Oct.

76 20
BOs ere dec kh 4
fae | 19s | 2 29 |
trace | O9 es
| 27 | |
| | |
| |
ie |
l= 203 |
eae iC or a ee
ag 1 Oi. 3 43
oe 29 | 12 -|
4 | | _ trace |
01 | 13 | 02 |
trace | 2. 5 10 |
ie ws Toes ee
39 | 09 , trace |
vot ace 12
. 01 16
AO | CS an
£51.) .02 trace
BB | edt | 06
| ke .93-|
ot. 25 Geen ae ee
hes) se08 |<" 03
fecha gt | 132 |
S| See ye pee
O1 | trace |
aie 4.24 |< trace |
4 | | 67 |
|

ail

{G45

05. |
65 |
82

20

19 |

06 |
trace |

Dee.

462
RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the first
half of the year 1924, in inches.

Readings taken at 8 atm. and credited to the date in which
the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Muni-
cipal Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

——

| | |
Date | Jan. | Feb. | March.| April. ; May. | June.
| | | | |
| | | | | |
ao Be fe Seer sd ya
cl ee | 05 | .80 | .03 sha 67
3 ed | B51 oLbs SO] 49
4 | O04 | ig | - 07 | O1
5 | Ree) the ee levee fb 10 | 0
6 06 | 45 | 02 | 01 | 09
fe, Meee Rie AER ro ae resi
8 | 06 | .03 | By oe And: See 02
ae 02" |. WSs] = ee ee 04 |
10 | pei | 154 | 09 | 59
SI 38 | 24 os 03 |
12 || 04 | pe RG? | Oe! .33. |
ts ae he a 59 | PE
14 | 01 | of ot] 63 |
eee epee: 01 | .. E55 aoc eet
16 | = 04 | iy 5.93 | He
ee 20 = 22 23
Te Dera | 60 02 | me ee 2
19 | AD | 38 “fan | G8
20 | | eR aa Ue 03
O10) | 4 Re] Of
22 | O04 | eee tS oe 04 | 62
Dos. | Wes a 03 | 1334 63
24 || lb 63 1.81 | 04 | 7
25.) | ss 4.65 16 | 02 | 65
26 | | Ass See ed | 8
oT | SOS | CORT) Sate ean 06
28 | | 70 | : 04 | 2.98
29 | | | 86 | ye 83
30 | | Pex : |
31 | | |
|
— - | Pry c: | ath | ; — | weve a ar
_ Total | 6.64 | 6.60 | 12.41 | 15.54 9.58 | 10.54
i} : | |

_

a erm awe 8 —- ey) Een SE Re te mE ne

463
RAINFALL
at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the second
half of the year 1924, in inches.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which
the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Muni-
cipal Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

| | | | :
Date | Palyee, Age | Sep. p>) Oct. -| Nov Dec

: | | | | |
| | | | | |
‘cae certs aa | Bin testes c: |

2 =| 04 | --. 202 | 26 | 32.672 02 | 03
3 ee ai” | 56 | bd

4 | ar] pesos + 02 | C6 | A
ae | Set 10 | 63 | 90 |

6 | ey 8 | 32) testa: | 03

| eee | | ierces A | 03

| 03 | T5 | | 02 | 07

- ae 1.81 | a ioe 02 | 3.97 | 26

10 | | Seta eee So 02 | 06 |

oe ea ee os ee eee

| | 02 | 14 2.40 | 03 |

13 | eee a ey eee is | 08

14 | | .2.05 | .26 ae

i> =} | | AO | 62> OF

i | | alr ed Shesodinces. LA... | 03

| 202° + 4.08 | 00. | 11 03

18 | : | 25 | 38 | 65 02

| ee eeet@ia Peo uss [os .89 1.47

Ma | 10 | =~ 08

a 30 | 03 | 60 | a 06 |

22~ | eranas ee | a5 01

23 | ee eed) G9; 23967) Bt. |

= emesis (be peel ~ R06 |< 25

= | eran pecs 35 | 20 |

26 | SS oe os 67 |

a7 | ee ae ee a O4 |

28 | 06 | 20, F-° =<02 | 05 |

ee |> 445,| —3.93 | 120. | |

ee) 1.27] . 1.20 | 13 OF | 02

31 | Dees 45 | bene |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |
eee) G6 |. 10-47; | 24.32 | 24.72 | 15.87 |. 2.40

| | | | | |

A
a

64

Summary of Rainfall 1924.

| SINGAEORE. | PENANG.
Amouut of fRonpest | Amounts ot Longest
| pee of rain | Spell | pate rain Spell
| a ny : | | without b+ a 'y ; w'thout
ays | inches |mm. _’ | days | inches | mm. :
| Aah Ps rain
| | |
January | 21 | 7.99| 203| 4days.| 14 | 6.64| 168] 9 days.
| | |
February | 21 17.16} 436) 3 , | 13 | 6.60} 167/ 6 ,,
|
Rea
March | 27 “| 10.62} 270) 2 ,, | 38co% een) Sees
|
|
April ro 49 | -435|.110| 4, | a7" ieee Seamer
|
May 94 | 7.67) 194) 2 5. 4 ge) ee
|
Tune E365 | 6.10] 155952. pees 10.54] 268] 8 ,,
July 16 -|-S.75)| 197.) 6 o 2 toe 6.76 | 171]10 ,, :
| |
August |. 19 | . 7.12) 18R4°4) 2 ch ae ee ee | _
| | |
September 22 | 13.60) 345)]-4 ,, | °.25 | 2432) GISt2 |
| | |
October 21 | 8.08] 20518 , | 22 | 24.72) 628]3 ,
| | |
November 24 | -6.77|°146)°3. , 9} 223. |* Iker aoe eee
| | |
December |" 20 | 459] 122) 4°... 3.) ia | 2.401> Glia
| | p ieee: | | a
aren. | if
Total | 254 | 101.00 | 2564 | | 217 | 145.85 | 3698 ;
| | | | sicel
j
Greatest amount in 24 hrs. 4.24 ins. or 108mm. ! 10.25 ins. or 260mm.
” 9 48 hrs. 4.42 ins. or 112mm.) 12.92 ins. or 328mm.
od . 72 hrs. 7.52 ins. or 186mm. 14.31 ins. or 364mm,

|
t

Exeessively rainy periods, more

than 5 ins. having fallen in 72
hours 1 (Feb.)|6 (Ma

% |

No. of days when condition per-

sisted iy Sa |

|

Periods of comparative drought, |

less than .02 ins. having fallen |

in 120 hours % Oe |

|

(Jan.-Feb., March, Apr., July, |

Oct., Nov.-Dee.)
No. of days when the condition
occurred 15

6 (Jan.-Feb., Feb., June, July

r., Apr., Aug., Sept. (2)
Oct.)

til Ridin atts tal ~"

14

(2) Dee.)

27

Index to Vol. III.

Abnormal flowers, 11
Arachnis breviscapa, flower of, 14
Arenga pinnata, branched, 2
Ascochilus hirsutus, flower of, 15
Bornean flora compared, 283
Bornean yams, 5
Bulbophyllum pustulatum, flowering
of, 13

Burkill, I. H., on branched palms, 1, 2
on Cleome chelidonii, 280
on Haplochorema, 18
and M. R. Henderson, on Taiping
flora, 303
and R. E. Holttum, on Dioscorea
piscatorum, 260

and R. E. Holttum, on Flora of |

Fraser Hill, 19
on Orchids, 12, 292
on Phyllocactus, 280
on ‘Stenomeris, 289
on Yams, 3, 4, 5, 121, 258, 260

Cleome chelidonii, 280
Cloud and mossy forest, 246

Coelogyne celebica, flower of, 293
eymbidiodes, affinity of, 14.
speciosa, flower of, 293

Coconut, branched palms 1, 274
fertilisation, 261

Cocos nucifera, pollination of, 261
Cymbidium lancifolium in Penang, 14

Dendrobium albicolor in Penang, 294
eallibotrys, flowers of, 12
citrino-castaneum, described, 12
Haniffii, flowers, 295

Dictyophora indusiata, expansion of,
281
Dioscorea, 3, 4, 5, 8, 121, 258, 260
dispersal of, 121
distribution of in Malay Penin-
sula, 8
pentaphylla, varieties of, 258
piscatorum, 123, 260
vernacular names of, 121
Dipteroearpus, distribution of in
Malay Peninsula, 8

Elaeocarpus petiolatus, with abnormal
flowers, 11

Exploration, botanic, of Malay Penin-
sula, 8

TFish-poison, 260
Floras compared in Malaysia, 283
Flora of Taiping, 303
Fraser Hill, botany of, 19
Furtado, C. X., on branched Coconuts,
274

on Coconut fertilisation, 261

Gunong Belumut, flora of, 245

Haplochorema sumatranum, described,
18

Henderson, M. R., on Semecarpus, 290:
and I. H. Burkill, on Taiping
flora, 303
Hevea, hybrid trees, 257
Holttum, R. E., on Dietyophora indu-
siata, 281
and [. H. Burkill, on Diosecrea
piseatorum, 260
on Klaeocarpus flowers, 11
on flora of Gunong Belumut, 245
aod J. Hy Burkill; on Fio*a cf
Fraser Hill, 19
on Lycopodium, 291
on Mosquito larvae in Nepentlies
pitchers, 283
Insects on coconut flowers, 268
Javanese varieties of Dioscorea penta-
phyla, 258
Kheng-fa plant, 280
Klang, yams from, 5
Lennon, J., on lettuces, 2
Lettuces, races tested, 2
Liverworts, water-holding, 255
Lycopodium in the Malay Peninsula,
291
Malacea, yams from, 5
Malaysia, past climate of, 20
Matonia serub, 253
Mosquito larvae in Nepenthes pitchers,
283
Mossy forest, 27, 247
Nepenthes pitchers, mosquito larvae
in, 283
Oberonia fungum-olens described, 292
Orchid notes, 12, 292

Pahang, yams from, 36

Palms, branching of; 1, 2, 27
Papuan variety of Dioscorea penta-
phylla, 258
Paramecocarpa, a section
corea, 123

of Dios-

Philippine flora compared 283
variety of Dioscorea pentaphyla,
258
Phyllocactus Hookeri, medicinal, 280
260
Puntius killed by Dioscorea juice, 250
Rainfall in Penang, 115-118, 119, 129,
299-300, 302
in Singapore, 111-114, 119, 120,
297-298, 302

Seale insect, 5

Poison in Dioscorea piscatorum,

r

16)

Saccolabium crucicallus, described, 17
Semecarpus Curtisii var. brevipetio-
lata, described, +91

Prainii, 291
Seremban, yams from, 8
Spinous roots, 3
Stenomeris tubers, 289
Tahitian yams, 4 |
Taiping, flora of, 303
Trees, heights of, 25, 248

Yams from Borneo, 5
from Tahiti, 4
in Malay Peninsula, 5
spiny from Sumatra, 3
vernacular names of, 121

Vernacular names of Dioscorea, 121

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Departmental _e | - iS

A list of plants which can be purdineell: es i&B a :
Gardens, in Singapore and in Penang, can be had upon oa ‘ion, |
The same list appears at intervals in the Government Gazette.

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published as material becomes at 5
able. Its price is fifty cents for each number, post Sh or in a
vance for every volume of twelve numbers, post free :—

Five dollars in the Straits and Federated Malay States,” a #
Nine and e half rupees in India and Caplon. ie
Thirteen shillings in Europe.

Reproduction from it is not prohibited. |

7

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