FLOR^

GENERA

AMERICA BOREALI
ILLUSTRATA.

-ORIENTALIS

THE GENERA

OF THE

PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES

ILLUSTRATED
BY FIGURES AND ANALYSES FROM NATURE,

Br ISAAC SPRAGUE,

MEMBER OP THE BOSTON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETV.

SUPERINTENDED, AND WITH DESCRIPTIONS, &c.,

By ASA GRAY, M. D.,

FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL BAVARIAN ACADEMY, MEMBER
OP THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY NATUR.E CURIOSORUM ; OP THE
BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF RATISBON, &C., &C.

VOL. II.

PLATES 101 — 186.

NEW YORK:
GEORGE r. PUTNAM.
LONDON: PUTNAM'S AMERICAN AGENCY.

1849.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849, by
Asa Gray,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.

SCIENCE

no

Gl3
z

CA]\I BRIDGE:
METCALF AND COMPANY,

PRINTERS TO THE UKIVERSITY.

T O

JOHN CAREY, Esq.,

THIS VOLUME IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED

N MEMORIAL

OF A LONG AND INTIMATE COMPANIONSHIP

IN BOTANICAL PURSUITS,

HIS ATTACHED FRIEND,

ASA GRAY.

Cambridge, June 1, 1849.

ERRATA.

Page 114, line 2 from bottom, for " Guaiacidum," read Guaiacidium."
" 1 19, " 8, for " raphi," read " rhaphi."
" 121, " 9, for " raphen," read ''rhaphen."

ERRATA FOR VOL. I.

21,

line 4, for

minora, calycem referentia," read " minus, calycem referens."

23,

" 5, for

" sessili," read " sessile.''

41,

" 5, for

" inter," read " intra."

47,

" 5, for

baccata," read baccate."

59,

" 8, for

** claiidentes," read claudentibus."

75,

" 9, for

" cordiformis," read " cordiformibus."

83,

4, for

" majuscula," read " majusculus."

89,

" 3, for

" Petala," read " Sepala."

91,

" 4, for

" imbricativo," read " imbricativa."

105,

" 4, same correction.

135,

" 4, for

" disilientibus," read " dissilientibus." *

139,

" 4. for

" recta," read " rectus."

167,

" 6, for

equalia," read " aequalia."

191,

" 5, for

" aequalia, nunc dupla v. tripla," read aequalibus, nunc duplis

V. triplis."

193,

" 4, for

" bipartita," read " bipartiti."

Note. In order not to divide the illustrations of the important Natural Family
(the Leguminosae) which succeeds, this volume is closed with Plate 186. The
fourteen plates which complete the second hundred will be given in the third vol-
ume.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Ord. CaryophyllacejE,

Page 9.

Mollugo,

Page 13, Plate 101.

Sagina,

29,

Plate

109.

Scleranthus,

15, 102.

Honkenya,

31,

110.

Siphonychia,

17, 103.

Alsine,

oo.

Ill
111.

Anychia,

19, 104.

Moehringia,

35,

112.

Paronychia,

21, 105.

Stellaria,

37,

113.

Lceflingia,

23, 106.

Cerastium,

39,

114.

Stipulicida,

25, 107.

Silene,

41,

115.

SnPTcrnlarin

27, 108.

Malva,

49, 116.

Sphaeralcea,

69,

127.

Callirrhoe,

• 51, 117, 118.

Modiola,

128.

Napaea,

55, 119.

Malachra,

73,

129.

Sidalcea,

57, 120.

Pavonia,

75,

130.

Malvastrum,

59, 121, 122.

Malvavisciis,

77,

131.

Sida,

61, 123.

K osteletzky a ,

79,

132.

Anoda,

63, 124.

Hibiscus,

81,

133.

Abutilon,

65, 125, 126.

Ord. Byttneriace^, .

. . 83.

Melochia,

85, 134.

Hermannia,

87,

135.

Ord. TiLiACE^, . .

. . 89.

Tilia,

91, 136.

Corchorus,

93,

137.

Ord, Ternstromiace^,

. . 95.

Stuartia,

97, 138, 139.

Gordonia,

101,

140-

•142.

. . 105.

Linum,

107, 143.

Oxalis,

Ill, 144.

Ord. Zygophyllace^,

. . 113.

Tribulus,

115, 145.

Guaiacum,

121,

148.

Kallstromia,

117, 146.

Guaiaoidium (Subgen.),

149.

Larrea,

119, 147.

8

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Ord. Geraniacejs, Page 125.

Geranium, Page 127, Plate 150. Erodium, 129, Plate 151.

Ord. Balsaminace^e, 131.

Impatiens, 133, 152, 153.

Ord. LiMNANTHACEiE, 137.

Floerkea, 139, 154.

Ord. RuTACE^E, 141.

Rutosma, 143, 155. /

Ord. Zanthoxvlace^, 145.

Zanthoxylum, 147, 156. Ptelea, 149, 157.

Ord. Ochnacej:, 151.

Castela, 153, 158.

Ord. Anacardiace^, 155.

Rhus, 157, 159, 160.

Ord. ViTACEiE, 161.

Vitis, 163, 161. Ampelopsis, 165, 162.

Ord. Rhamnace-j:, 167.

Zizyphus, 169, 163. Frangula, •l77, 167.

Condalia, 171, 164. Rhamnus, 179, 168.

Berchemia^ 173, 165. Ceanothus^ 181, 169.

Sageretia, 175, 166.

Ord. Celastrace^, 183.

Celastrus, 185, 170. Euonymus, 187, 171.

Ord. Stapiiyleace^e, 189.

Staphylea, 191, 172. .

Ord. MALPIGHIACEiE, 193.

Galphimia. 195, 173.

Ord. AcERACE^. 197.

Acer, 199, 174. Negundo, 201, 175.

Ord. Sapindace;e, 203.

TEsculus, 205, 176, 177. CaTdiospermura, 215, 181.

Ungnadia, 209, 178, 179. Dodonaea, 218, 182.

Sapiudus, 213, 180. •

Ord. PoLYGALACEiE, 219.

Polygala, 221, 183, 184.

Ord. KHAMERlACEiE? 225-

Krameria, 225, 185, 186.

Ord. CARYOPHYLLACE^.

Herbas blandsB, foliis oppositis integerrimis : dicotyledonese,
plerumque dichlamydeae, symmetricsej pentamerae v. tetra-
merae ; calyce persistente sestivatione imbricato ; staminibus
sepalis numero seqaalibus (vel abortu paucioribus) et ante-
positis, sen duplis ; ovario libero 1 - 5-loculari ; ovulis am-
phitropis vel campylotropis e placenta centrali ; embryone
peripherico albumini farinaceo adplicito idemque ssepius
plus minusve cingente.

CARYOPHYLLEiE, Juss. Gen. p. 299 (excl. gen.). Fenzl in Endl. Gen.
Caryophylle^ & PARONYCHiEiE, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 351, & 3. p. 365.
SiLENE^, Alsine^e, Paron ychiejE, & ScLERANTHEJE, Bartl. Bcitr. 2.

p. 153, & Ord. Nat. p. 305.
Caryophyllace^, Illecebraceje, & ScLERANTHACE^:, Lindl. Veg.

Kingd. p. 496, 526.

The Pink or Chickweed Family is well marked among the Polypetalae
by the opposite and entire dotless leaves, more or less connate or connected
by a transverse line across the usually tumid nodes ; the centrifugal inflores-
cence ; the symmetrical pentamerous or occasionally tetramerous flowers,
with an herbaceous and persistent calyx ; and the capsular fruit. Taken in
the most extended view, it is absolutely distinguished from every other order
with petaliferous flowers, excepting Portulacaceae, by having the slender
embryo applied to the outside of the farinaceous albumen, and more or less
curved or completely coiled around it. There is, however, a series of grad-
ually reduced forms, either with or without scarious stipules, many of them
apetalous and with a one-seeded utricular fruit, which are scarcely sepa-
rable from Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceas by any single absolute char-
acter.

According to Fenzl, who has investigated this order with great care and
ability, the position of the stamens furnishes the essential distinction between
Caryophyllaceae and PortulacacecB ; these organs, when only a single series
is present, being inserted opposite the sepals in the former, and opposite the
petals (alternate with the sepals) in the latter family. He accordingly refers
2

10

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Mollugo and its allies to the Purslane Family, although in all other respects
they agree with the Chickweeds. This character, however, is not applica-
ble when both series of stamens are present ; nor is it borne out by our
triandrous species of Mollugo, in which the stamens alternate regularly (not
with the sepals, but) with the cells of the ovary, one of them being conse-
quently situated directly opposite one of the inner sepals. (Plate 101, Fig.
1.) Some other diagnosis is therefore to be sought.

Throughout the whole family, whenever there is a tricarpellary ovary in
a pentamerous flower, the carpels, or cells of the ovary, are not really placed
opposite the three exterior sepals, as is stated ; but one of them is situated
directly before the sinus between the third and the fifth sepals (and therefore
opposite a petal if there be any), while the two others, equally divergent
from this and from each other, stand opposite the two exterior (the first and
second) sepals; — these organs being numbered, of course, in the order in
which they occur in the quincuncial aestivation, beginning with the outer or
lowest one of the spiral.

The plants of this family exhibit no marked sensible properties, and are
applied to no important use ; except that several, especially of the Pink
tribe, are cultivated for ornament, a few of these (such as the Clove Pink)
being also prized for the fragrance of their flowers. The greater part are
humble weeds. All are herbaceous, or barely sufFruticose. The Alsinese
are entirely bland and insipid, with a watery or mucilaginous juice ; the
Illecebrese have a slight astringency ; while the Sileneae also exhibit traces of
a subacrid and saponaceous principle, which in Saponaria, &c., has received
the name of saponine, and is thought to possess alterative qualities, having
been used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. The root of Silene Virginica is a
reputed anthelmintic ; but its use for this purpose may probably have origi-
nated from the coincidence between its popular name, " Wild Pink," and
that of Spigelia Marilandica, which is called "Pink-root." The seeds of
Lychnis Githago (Corn Cockle) are thought to injure flour. They doubtless
are a little acrid.

Some representatives of the order occur in every flora. Far the greater
part belong to the northern hemisphere ; the Alsineae chiefly abounding in
the cooler or frigid, the others in the warmer temperate regions. Few are
found within the tropics, except on mountains, where the elevation gives a
cool climate.

The perigynous insertion of the stamens, being also common in Alsineae,
will by no means distinguish the Illecebreae as a separate family, nor can the
stipules be deemed to furnish an ordinal character. Scleranthus differs from
the Illecebreae only in the total absence of stipules, and, we may add, in the
extrorse resupination of the ovule. Retaining the Mollugineae in this family,
but arranging it next to the Portulacaceae, which precede (Vol. I. pi. 97 -
100) ; the whole order, as represented in the United States, may be disposed
as follows.

CARYOPHYLLACE/E.

11

SuBORD. I. MOLLUGINE^.

Stamens alternate with the sepals when of the same number ; or when
three, alternate with the cells of the ovary : — otherwise as in Illecebreaj and
Alsineae. — Leaves often pseudo-verticillate, seldom stipulate.

MoLLUGO. (Plate 101.) Capsule 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded.

SuBOHD. II. SCLERANTHEiE.

Leaves exstipulate. Calyx-tube urceolate in fruit. — Otherwise as in Ille-
cebreae, Tr. Paronychieae.

ScLERANTHus. (Plate 102.) Stamens 5 or 10 : anthers 2-celled.

SuBORD. IIL ILLECEBRE^. (Paronychieae, >S'^. i?«7.)

Sepals distinct or united below. Petals often rudimentary or wanting.
Ovary sessile. Leaves scarious-stipulate.

Tribe L PARONYCHIE^. — Fruit a one-seeded utricle.

Siphon YCHi A. (Plate 103.) Sepals united to the middle ; the lobes
petaloid, with plane and pointless tips. Petals subulate, inserted
with the stamens into the throat of the calyx. Style elongated.
Utricle inclosed in the calyx-tube. Seed resupinate.

Anychia. (Plate 104.) Sepals nearly distinct, slightly cucullate and
mucronulate at the apex. Petals none. Styles very short. Utricle
larger than the calyx. Seed erect.

Paronychia, (Plate 105.) Sepals united only at the base, cucullate at
the apex or convolute, mostly cuspidate or awned, all alike connivent
in fruit and inclosing the utricle. Seed suberect or resupinate.
Tribe IL SPERGULE^. —Fruit a 3-5-valved several-seeded capsule.

L(EFLiNGiA. (Plate 106.) Petals minute or none. Sepals cuspidate-
pointed ; the three exterior bearing a subulate appendage (like the
stipules) on each side.

Stipulicida. (Plate 107.) Petals spatulate, larger than the emargi-
nate scarious-margined sepals. Capsule about 20-seeded. Cauline
leaves subulate, minute, connate by the adnate pectinate stipules.
Embryo little curved.

SpERGULARiA. (Plate 108.) Petals oval. Sepals herbaceous. Valves
of the many-seeded capsule alternate with the sepals when of the
same number. Embryo incompletely annular. Leaves not verti-
cillate : stipules free.

SuBORD. IV. ALSINEiE.

Sepals distinct, or united only at the base. Petals usually present and
imbricated in aestivation. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none.*

* The tribes of this suborder proposed by Fenzl are not here adopted, because
we find the ovary more or less completel)^ three-celled in Honkenva, Moehrin-
gia, &c. ; and at an early period the dissepiments may be seen in other Alsineae.

12

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

* Styles alternate with the sepals.
Sagina. (Plate 109.) Valves of the capsule as many as the sepals

(4 or 5) and opposite them. Petals entire or none.

* * Styles fewer than the sepals, or if as many, opposite them.
A^alves of the capsules as many as the styles (usually 3) and entire.
HoNKENYA. (Plate 110.) Stamens inserted on a conspicuous glandular-

10-lobed disk. Seeds few, inserted on the base of the capsule, ros-

tellate. Leaves and stems very succulent.
Alsine. (Plate 111.) Seeds numerous on a central columnar placenta,

not strophiolate. Leaves subulate, filiform or linear.
H-^ Capsule dehiscent by twice as many valves or teeth as there are styles.
McEHRiNGiA. (Plate 112.) Petals entire. Capsule 4 - 6-valved. Seeds

few, strophiolate.

Stellaria. (Plate 113.) Petals 2-cleft, rarely minute and entire, or
none. Capsule 6 - 8-valved. Seeds numerous, not strophiolate.

Cerastium. (Plate 114.) Petals obcordate or 2-cleft. Capsule dehis-
cent at the apex by twice as many teeth (usually 10) as there are
styles.

SuBORD. V. SILENE^.
Sepals united into a tube. Petals unguiculate, usually convolute in aesti-
vation, inserted with the stamens upon the summit of a short or elongated
stipe (carpophore) which supports the ovary. — Stipules none.

SiLENE. (Plate 115.) Calyx ebracteolate, 5-toothed. Styles 3. Cap-
sule dehiscent at the summit by 6 teeth.

CAHYOPHYLLACEAT.

J3

Plate 101.

MOLLUGO, L.

Corolla nulla. Stamina 5, laciniis calycis alterna, seu 3
loculis ovarii alterna^ hypogyna. Stigmata 3. Capsula 3-
locularis, loculicide 3-valvis, polysperma. — Folia plana
pseudo-verticillata, stipulis obsoletissimis. Flores saepius
pseudo-axillares.

MoLLUGo, Linn. Gen. 139. Gaertn. Fr. 2. p. 235. t. 130. f. 8. Wight &
Am. Prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 43. Fenzl in Ann. Wien. Mus. 1. p.
375 (excl. subgen.) & 2. p. 246. Endl. Gen. 5186.

Indian Chickweed. €arpct-weed.

Calyx spreading, of five oval sepals, which are colored
(white) inside and on the margins, quincuncially imbricated
in aestivation, persistent. Corolla none. Hypogynous disk
minute or none. Stamens hypogynous, as many as the se-
pals and alternate with them (or very rarely from 6 to 10,
the exterior series alternate with the sepals), or reduced to
three when they alternate with the cells of the ovary (one sta-
men being opposite the fourth sepal !) : filaments subulate :
ANTHERS globular or oblong, two-celled, innate, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, somewhat three-lobed,
three-celled, two of the cells placed nearly opposite the two
exterior sepals, the third opposite the sinus between the third
and fifth sepals : styles 3, short, the summit and whole in-
ner surface stigmatose. Ovules several or numerous, in two
series in each cell, horizontal, amphitropous.

Fruit a membranaceous capsule, three-celled, three-
valved, loculicidal, the partitions separating from the central
seminiferous axis, and borne on the middle of the valves.
Seeds indefinite, campylotropous ; the testa crustaceous.
Embryo coiled into a nearly complete ring, surrounding the
central farinaceous albumen.

14

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Herbs chiefly annual and depressed, dichotomously much
branched and proHferous; the leaves flat, opposite, but by
fasciculation usually falsely verticillate or rosulate : the stip-
ules early fugacious or obsolete. Flowers small, in cymes
or sessile umbels, rarely solitary, terminal, but commonly
appearing as if axillary on account of the repeated proliferous
evolution of one or more branches from each node.

Etymology. The name is a kind of diminutive of mollis, coined by
Linnaeus, in allusion to the softness of these plants.

Geographical Distribution. These humble weeds belong to the tropi-
cal region of both worlds, one species extending to the Northern United
States, where it abounds in waste or cultivated places, especially near dwell-
ings ; but it has probably been introduced from a more southern latitude. It
is through some mistake, doubtless, that JNI. arenaria, H. B. K., is cited by
Fenzl as having been found in Connecticut by Drummond.

PLATE lOL MoLLUGo verticillata. Linn.; — a small specimen, of the
natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower, with a magnified section of the ovary.

2. A flower, enlarged.

3. A stamen, more magnified.

4. Pistil, enlarged ; the cal)rx removed.

5. Vertical section of an enlarged pistil and of the base of the calyx

(showing also a minute hypogynous disk).

6. An ovule, magnified.

7. Dehiscent capsule and persistent calyx, enlarged. (The valves are

represented too thick.)

8. A magnified seed.

9. Section of the same and of the annular embryo.

101

M 0 L L U G- 0

P7~C-itaA by h^'" £ncur:cii & C°New York,.

CARYOPHYLLACEif:.

13

Plate 102.

SCLERANTHUS, L,

Calyx 5-fidus ; tubo urceolato seu infundibulari, fructifero
indurato fauce constricto utriculum membranaceum inclu-
dente. Corolla nulla. Stamina 10 fauci calycis inserta ; 5
alterna, ejusdem sinubus opposita, saepissime sterilia. Styli
2. Ovulum extrorsum resupinato-pendulum. Radicula su-
pera: cotyledones funiculum spectantes. — Folia lineari-su-
bulata, basi connata, exstipulata.

ScLERANTHUS, Linn. Gen. 562. Gaertn. Fr. t. 126. Schk. Handb. 1. 120.
R. Br. Prodr. p. 412. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 378. Nees, Gen. Fl.
Germ. 3. t. 77 (mal.). Endl. Gen. 5222. Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. p.
108.

Knawel.

Calyx five-cleft (rarely four-cleft), herbaceous, persistent;
the lobes ovate, imbricated in aestivation, spreading during
anthesis, afterwards connivent, and the throat constricted,
becoming indurated in fruit as well as the urceolate tube
which incloses the utricle. Corolla none. Stamens inserted
on the throat of the calyx, twice as many as its lobes ; those
opposite the lobes (or rarely fewer) antheriferous ; the alter-
nate ones reduced to mere sterile filaments, or sometimes
perfect : anthers introrse, two-celled, didymous, the cells
somewhat diverging at the base, opening longitudinally.
Ovary one-celled : styles 2, distinct, stigmatose for the
whole length of the inner side. Ovule solitary, campylo-
tropous, resupinate on the recurved apex of a long and
filiform funiculus which rises from the base of the cell ; the
micropyle superior.

Fruit a hyaline utricle inclosed in the indurated tube of
the calyx. Seed resupinate, lenticular, rostellate, smooth.
Embryo coiled into a complete ring, surrounding the central

16

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

farinaceous albumen : radicle and the linear slender cotyle-
dons superior; the latter occupying the side next to the
funiculus !

Herbs of small size and insignificant appearance, dichoto-
mous and cymose ; with the linear or subulate opposite
leaves connate at the base, entirely destitute of stipules ;
the small flowers subsessile in the forks of the branches,
forming leafy or bracteate paniculate or corymbose cymes.

Etymology. From aKkrjpos, hard, and avdos, flower; in allusion to the
induration of the fructiferous calyx.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the temperate regions of both
hemispheres ; but probably not truly indigenous to the United States.

Note. This genus of insignificant weeds has been assumed as the type
of a separate order ; but it differs from the Illecebreae only in wanting the
stipules. Many IllecebresB have the fructiferous calyx equally indurated ;
and the ensuing genus shows a similar union of the sepals into a tube. Mr.
Sprague, however, notices that the ovule is retrorsehj resupinate in Scleran-
thus, the radicle therefore occupying the side of the seed remote from the
funiculus ; but introrseJy resupinate in those Paronychieas which have the
seed inverted, the radicle accordingly lying next the funiculus.

PLATE 102. ScLERANTHUS ANNUus, Linn.; — of the natural size.

1. A branchlet, with a flower, a bud, and leaves, magnified.

2. A magnified flower, with the calyx cut away and spread open.

3. Vertical section of the pistil, magnified, showing the ovule in place.

4. Magnified stamen, seen from the outside.

5. Same, seen from the inside, showing the dehiscence of the anther.

6. Fructiferous calyx, enlarged.

7. Seed with its funiculus, magnified.

8. Vertical section through the fructiferous calyx and the seed, in place,

(the delicate utricle not represented,) showing the embryo coiled
around the albumen.

102

S C LEK ANTHIJS

CARYOPH YLLACEiE. 1 7

Plate 103.

SIPHONYCHIA, Torr, ^ Gr.

Calyx fere ad medium 5-fidus; tubo obovato, fructifero
iitriculum membranaceum includente ; lobis petaloideis
planisj vel apice incurvis, miiticis. Stamina 5 et petala
subulata (potius filamenta sterilia) fauci calycis inserta.
Stylus gracilis apice bilobus. Semen e funiculo basilari
introrsum resupinato-pendulum ; radicula supera ; cotyledoni-
bus funiculo aversis. — Herba longe humifusa ; foliis planis
bistipulatis, internodiis multo brevioribus.

SiPHONYCHiA, Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Am. 1. p. 173.
PARONYCHiiE Sect., Endl. Gen. 5202.
Herniari^ Sp., Nutt. in Sill. Jour. 5. p. 291.

Calyx five-cleft to near the middle ; the ovoid tube her-
baceous, somewhat indurated in fruit ; the lobes petaloid
(white), oblong, very obtuse, plane and entirely inappen-
diculate, imbricated in aestivation, the apex more or less
inflexed. Petals (or rather sterile stamens) inserted on the
throat of the calyx opposite the sinuses, subulate, exactly
resembling the filaments. Stamens inserted on the throat of
the calyx, as many as its lobes, and opposite them : fila-
ments subulate : anthers didymous, introrse, two-celled ;
the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary ovoid-oblong, one-
celled : STYLE slender, exserted, two-lobed at the apex ; the
lobes introrsely stigmatose. Ovule solitary, campylotropous,
pendulous on the incurved apex of a long filiform funiculus
which rises from the base of the cell ; the micropyle supe-
rior.

Fruit a hyaline utricle, inclosed in the calyx-tube. Seed
lenticular, smooth, resupinate on the incurved apex of the
funiculus. Embryo coiled into a nearly complete ring, sur-

18

CARYOPHYLLACEyE.

rounding the central farinaceous albumen : radicle superior ;
the slender cotyledons occupying the side remote from the
funiculus.

Herb annual, with widely spreading procumbent stems,
and oblanceolate leaves, much shorter than the slender inter-
nodes. Stipules scarious, distinct, subulate. Flowers in
terminal glomerate cymules, white.

Etymology, &c. Composed of o-tc^wi/, a tube, and the name of the re-
lated genus Anychia ; from which it differs by the gamophyllous calyx, no
less than by its resupinate seed, &c.

Geographical Distribution. The single species is a native of the
Southern Atlantic States, in sandy soil.

Note. What are termed the petals are surely the same organs as the
" sterile stamens " of Scleranthus.

PLATE 103. SiPHONYCHiA Americana, Torr. 4" Gray; — a branch, of
the natural size (from xlugusta, Georgia).

1. A magnified flower.

2. Same, with the calyx cut away and spread open.

3. A detached stamen, more magnified ; inside view.

4. Magnified pistil, with a part of the walls of the ovary vertically cut

away, showing the ovule in place.

5. A seed with a part of the funiculus, magnified.

C. Vertical section of the same, showing the annular embryo surrounding
the albumen.

I P H 0 N r C H I A

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

19

Plate 104.

ANYCHIA, Michx,

Calyx 5-partitus, herbaceus, utriculo minor ; sepalis ad api-
cem subcucullatis, dorso minime corniculatis. Corolla nulla.
Stamina 2-5 imo calyci inserta. Stigmata 2 sessilia. Se-
men erectum ; radicula infera. — Herbae diffuses, ramosis-
simse ; foliis planis breviter bistipulatis ; floribus minimis in
dichotomiis subsessilibus.

Anychia, Michx. Fl. 1. p. 112 (excl. spec.)- Juss. Mem. Mus. 2. p. 389.

DC. Prodr. 3. p. 369. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1. p. 172.
QuERi^ Sp., Linn. Sp. 1. p. 90. Gsertn. Fr. t. 128.
QuERiA, Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 158.
PARONYCHI.E Sect., Endl. Gen. 5202.

Forked Cliicltweecl.

Calyx herbaceous, not indurated with age, of five almost
distinct plane sepals, imbricated in aestivation, their tips a
little cucullate and minutely corniculate or mucronulate pos-
teriorly. Corolla entirely wanting. Stamens from 2 to 5,
inserted on the very base of the sepals and opposite them
(when only two opposed to the two exterior sepals) : fila-
ments filiform : anthers two-celled, didymous, introrse ; the
cells opening longitudinally. Ovary globose-ovoid, minutely
pubescent, one-celled : styles 2, short, united below, stigma-
tose on the inner face. Ovule solitary, amphi-campylotro-
pous, borne on the summit of a short and straight basilar
funiculus.

Fruit a membranaceous utricle, larger than the calyx.
Seed obovate-lenticular, smooth, erect. Embryo coiled into
a nearly complete ring, surrounding the albumen : the radi-
cle inferior.

Herbs annual, erect or procumbent, diflfuse, repeatedly
forked ; the internodes almost capillary. Leaves obovate or

20

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

lanceolate, plane, herbaceous. Stipules very small, distinct,
subulate, scarious. Flowers minute, subsessile, solitary in
the forks of the leafy branches, or somewhat cymulose on
the ultimate ramifications.

Etymology. Name abbreviated from that of the related genus Parony-
chia, q. V,

Geographical Distribution. A genus of two, or perhaps three,
species of humble weeds, belonging exclusively to Eastern North America,
extending from Canada to Texas.

PLATE 104. Anychia dichotoma, Michx., /3. capillacea, Torr. ; —
a branch of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower. (The dark ring represents the space between

the walls of the ovary and the solitary ovule.)

2. A calyx, enlarged.

3. A node with an open flower, &c. (the left-hand leaf shows the stip-

ules), magnified.

4. Magnified stamen, seen externally.

5. Same, seen from the inside.

6. Pistil, magnified.

7. Vertical section of the same, showing the erect, somewhat transverse

ovule.

8. Utricle with the persistent calyx, magnified.

9. Seed, in its natural position, magnified.

10. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and albumen.

11. The embryo detached, with the cotyledons separated.

I

A N Y C H I A

CARYOPHVLLACi:^.

21

Plate 105.

PARONYCHIA, Tourn,, Juss,

Calyx 5-partitus, exinvolucratus ; sepalis conformibuSj ad
apicem cucullatis vel convolutis, sequaliter aristatis seu mu-
cronatis, fructiferis clausis utriculum includentibus. Petala
minima, setiformia, vel nulla, cum staminibus ssepius 5 imo
calyci inserta. Stylus apice bifidus. Semen e funiculo
basilari introrsum pi. m. resupinato-pendulum ; radicula su-
pera seu adscendente. — Herbse difFusae vel caespitosae ; sti-
pulis interfoliaceis scariosis argenteis.

Paronychia, Tourn. Inst. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 1. p. 388. DC. Prodr.

3. p. 370 (excl. § 3). Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 169 (excl. § 3).

Endl. Gen. 5202 (excl. § Siphonychia & Anychia).
Illecebri Sp., Linn.

Anychi-e Sp., Michx. Fl. 1. p. 112, ex parte.

Plottzia, Arn. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 441.

Wliitlow-wort.

Calyx of five similar herbaceous or partly scarious sepals,
usually coriaceous when old, united at the base, slightly im-
bricated in aestivation. Petals (or rather sterile stamens)
5, setiform, rarely triangular, inserted on the base of the
calyx alternate with its divisions, sometimes abortive or
wanting. Stamens 5 (rarely fewer) inserted on the base of
the calyx opposite its divisions : filaments subulate, persist-
ent : ANTHERS introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary globular or oblong, one-celled : style
slender or short, two-cleft at the apex or two-parted, the
lobes stigmatose down the inner face. Ovule solitary,
amphi-campylotropous, borne on the summit of a basilar
funiculus which rises from the base of the cell, with the
micropyle at first inferior, or at length usually introrsely
resupinate.

22

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Fruit a membranaceous utricle inclosed in the persistent
connivent calyx. Seed globular, oblong or lenticular, as-
cending, or more commonly more or less resupinate-pendulous.
Embryo coiled into a complete or incomplete ring around the
farinaceous albumen : the radicle ascending, or when the
resupination is complete, superior, occupying the side next
the free funiculus.

Herbs low and diffuse, usually ca3spitose ; the flowering
stems dichotomous or cymose. Leaves opposite, various in
form ; the interfoliaceous stipules separate or united, silvery-
scarious, usually large and conspicuous, the uppermost sur-
rounding the flowers like bracts. Flowers small, crowded
in glomerate or rarely somewhat open cymes.

Etymology. Uapawxio, an ancient name for a whitlow, and for an herb
thought to cure it.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the warmer parts of the tem-
perate zone of the northern hemisphere ; the greater part belonging to the
Mediterranean region. Seven species are known in the Southern United
States and the dry region towards the Rocky Mountains. One of them ex-
tends northward to the Saskatchawan, lat. 53°. Another (here figured),
which belongs to the Southern Alleghany Mountains, has recently been de-
tected on the White Mountains of New Hampshire.

PLATE 105. Paronychia argyrocoma, Nutt.; — a branch in flower,
drawn from a plant brought from the White Mountains of New
Hampshire, by the late Mr. Oakes.

1. An expanded flower, magnified.

2. Calyx laid open, showing the stamens, very short petals, &c.

3. A stamen, more magnified, outside view.

4. The same, seen from within.

5. Pistil from which the calyx (2.) is cut away, more magnified.

6. Vertical section of its ovary, &c., showing the nearly erect ovule.

7. Ovule detached and more magnified.

8. Magnified utricle with the fructiferous calyx ; the latter laid open.

9. Detached seed (in the same position as in the utricle), more enlarged.

10. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and albumen.

11. Embryo of the same, detached, and somewhat straightened.

105

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

23

Plate 106.

LCEFLINGIA, L.

Sepala sensim subulata, exteriora utrinque unisetosa. Pe-
tala minima vel nulla. Stamina 3-5. Capsula unilocularis,
polysperma. Embryo rectiusculus. — Folia subulata ; stipu-
lis adnatis in setas liberas demum productis. Flores sessiles.

LcEFLiNGiA, Linn, in Act. Holm. 1758. p. 15. t. 1. Loefl. Iter. t. 1. f. 1.

Cav. Ic. 1. t. 94 &148. DC. Prodr. 3. p. 380. Endl. Gen. 5210.
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 285.

Calyx of five distinct and rigid herbaceous sepals, imbri-
cated in asstivation, narrowed above into long subulate tips,
the three exterior furnished usually on both sides about the
middle with a setiform lobe ; the two interior rather smaller
and entire, with more scarious margins. Petals 3 to 5,
minute, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals, and
opposite them, inserted on their very base : filaments short :
anthers didymous, two-celled, introrse, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary ovoid-trigonous, one-celled, with a
columnar basilar placenta: styles 3, short, more or less
united, or none. Ovules indefinite, amphitropous, ascending
on the free central placenta.

Capsule conical, membranaceous, three-valved ; the valves
nearly opposite the three interior sepals. Seeds numerous,
lenticular, smooth, amphitropous. Embryo barely arcuate,
dorsal, applied to the outside of the farinaceous albumen :
COTYLEDONS rather short : radicle inferior.

Herbs annual, depressed, of small size and insignificant
appearance, glandular-puberulent and viscid ; the short subu-
late or setaceous leaves commonly fascicled in the axils.
Stipules connate with the base of the leaf, their tips only
free in the form of a setaceous tooth on each side, like the
appendages of the outer sepals, which are of the same na-

CARVOPHYLLACEiE.

25

Plate 107.

STIPULICIDA, Michx.

Sepala late scarioso-marginata, retusa, petalis spathulatis
inferne utrinque bidenticulatis subbreviora. Stamina 5.
Stylus 3-lobus. Capsula unilocularis, circiter 20-sperma.
Embryo hemicyclicus. — Caulis pluries dichotomus, fastigi-
atus, setaceus ; floribus in apice ramulomm capitellato-glome-
ratis ; foliis radicalibus spathulatis, caulinis minimis subulatis ;
stipulis adnatis pectinato-laciniatis.

STIPULICIDA, Michx. Fl. 1. p. 20. t. 6. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 29. DC. Prodr.

3. p. 375. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 173. Endl. Gen.
5215.

Calyx of five almost distinct sepals, which are cuneate-
oblong, with a rigid axis and scarious-petaloid (white) mar-
gins (the inner more broadly scarious), imbricated in aestiva-
tion, persistent. Petals 5, rather longer than the calyx,
imbricated in aestivation, hypogynous, spatulate, the dilated
claw minutely two-toothed on each side above the base,
marcescent. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, hypogy-
nous : filaments filiform, short : anthers introrse, two-
celled ; the cells oblong, opening longitudinally. Ovary
globose-ovoid, one-celled, with a basilar columnar placenta :
STYLE short, three-lobed ; the lobes stigmatose along the whole
inner face. Ovules numerous, amphitropous, ascending.

Capsule somewhat exceeding the calyx, globular, charta-
ceous, three-valved, about twenty-seeded. Seeds borne on
the columnar free placenta, smooth, compressed, inequilate-
ral, almost anatropous. Embryo dorsal, curved into nearly
a semicircle around the convex side of the farinaceous albu-
men : radicle inferior.

Herb low and very slender, from an apparently annual
root, the stems repeatedly dichotomous, the capillary corym-

3

26

CARYOPHYLLACE.E.

bose branchlets terminated by a close cluster of several small
sessile (white) flowers, apparently leafless ; the cauline leaves
being all reduced to minute subulate bracts, which are
transversely connected by means of a scarious incisely mul-
tifid somewhat deciduous stipular membrane.

Etymology. Name composed of stipula, the stipule, and cado, to cut;
in allusion to the incised stipules.

Geographical Distribution. The single species is restricted to the
Atlantic border of the United States, from North Carolina to Florida ; grow-
ing in dry, sandy soil.

PLATE 107. Stipulicida setacea, Michx.; — of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. An expanded flower, magnified.

3. A sepal from the same (one of the inner).

4. A petal from the same, showing the lateral teeth.

5. A stamen, more magnified, inside view.

6. Outside view of the same.

7. Vertical section through the ovary, placenta, receptacle, &c.

8. A detached ovule, more magnified.

9. Magnified dehiscent capsule, with the calyx and marcescent petals.

10. A seed, more highly magnified.

11. Vertical section of the same, showing the embryo curved half round

the albumen.

STIPULICIDA

CARYOPIIYLLACE^.

27

Plate 108.

SPERGULARIA, Pers.

Sepala herbacea. Petala 5, ovalia, raro abortiva. Styli
3-5. CapsiUa unilocularis, 3 - 5-valvis, polysperma ; valvis
diim sepalis numero aequalibus iisdem alternis. Embryo
incomplete annularis. — Folia saspiiis fasciculata, nec rite
verticillata, carnosula ; stipulis scariosis conspicuis.

Spergularia, Pers. Ench. 1. p. 504 (Sect. Arenarise). Cambess. in St.

Hil. Fl. Bras. 2. p. 171. t. 110. Endl. Gen. 5218.
Balardia, Cambess. in op. cit. 2. p. 180. t. 111.
Lepigonum, Fries. Wahlb. Fl. Gothob. p. 45.
Stipularia, Haworth, Synops. p. 104.

Spergula, Sect. Spergularia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 175. ,
ARENARiiE Sp. stipulatae, Linn., etc.

Spiirrcy-Sandwort.

Calyx of five herbaceous sepals, united barely at the
base, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals 5, oval or
obovate, usually conspicuous (rarely wanting), slightly peri-
gynous, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 10, inserted into
a slightly perigynous annular disk, or frequently by abortion
5, alternate with the petals, sometimes reduced to three, two,
or one : filaments subulate : anthers introrse, two-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary one-celled : styles 3
to 5, distinct or nearly so, the inner face stigmatose. Ovules
indefinite, borne on a columnar central basilar placenta, am-
phitropous.

Capsule chartaceous, ovoid, one-celled, three - five-valved ;
the valves, when five, alternate with the sepals. Seeds nu-
merous, lenticular-compressed, often surrounded by a scarious
or winged margin. Embryo uncinate or incompletely annu-
lar, partly surrounding the farinaceous albumen.

Herbs depressed, with the leaves more or less fleshy, fili-
form or setaceous, commonly fascicled in the axils, but not

28

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

verticillate ; the scarious stipules conspicuous, the adjacent
ones often united into one. Flowers pedicellate, termi-
nal, by the evolution of the branches becoming lateral :
pedicels refracted after anthesis, at length again upright.
Corolla purple, rose-color, or white.

Etymology, &c. The name is taken from Spergula ; to which the genus
is more nearly related than to Arenaria. Their stipules at once distinguish
them from the Arenarieae ; their embryo, the position of the valves of the
capsule, and the want of verticillate leaves, from Spergula.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the sea-shore in most parts of
the world, either strictly littoral, or sometimes found in sandy soil at some
distance inland, but scarcely extending beyond the influence of a saline soil.

PLATE 108. Spergularia rubra, Pers. (Waste fields, Cambridge.)

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. Flower, with a leafy branch, magnified.

3. A stamen, magnified, inside view.

4. The same, outside view.

5. The pistil, magnified.

6. The same, the ovary and placenta longitudinally divided.

7. Dehiscent capsule with the persistent calyx, magnified.

8. A seed, more magnified.

9. Vertical section of the same, and of the contained embryo and albumen.

SPERGUL ARI A.

CARYOrUYLLACEyE.

29

Plate 109.

SAGINA, L.

Petala Integra, saepe obsoleta sen nulla. Ovarium uni-
loculare. Styli tot quot sepala, iisdem alterni ! Capsula
polysperma 4 - 5-valvis, valvis integerrimis sepalis oppositis !
— Herbae pusillae, exstipulatse, foliis filiformibus vel subulatis.

Sagina, Linn. Gen. 176. Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 305. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N.

Am. 1. p. 177. Fenzl in Ann. Wien. Mus. 1. p. 43. Endl.

Gen. 5224. Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p. 338.
Alsinella, Dillen. Gen. 6.
Spergul^ Sp. exstipulatae, Linn, et Auct.
Spergella, Reichenb. Fl. Germ. p. 110.

Pearlwort.

Calyx of four or five nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in
aestivation, herbaceous, a little fleshy, persistent. Petals as
many as the sepals and alternate with them, hypogynous,
entire, deciduous, often small and inconspicuous, sometimes
altogether wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals, and
opposite them, or twice as many, inserted on the lobes of a
hypogynous disk : filaments filiform : anthers introrse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, one-
celled : styles 4 or 5, alternate with the sepals, short, the
whole inner face stigmatose. Ovules numerous, ascending
on slender funiculi which rise from a central columnar pla-
centa, amphitropous.

Capsule one-celled, four - five-valved to the base ; the
membranaceous valves opposite the sepals, entire. Seeds
numerous, pyriform-lenticular, or somewhat reniform, smooth,
naked at the hilum. Embryo curved more than half round
the outside of the farinaceous albumen.

Herbs of small size, diffuse or depressed, destitute of
stipules ; the opposite leaves subulate or filiform. Flowers
small, terminal or lateral, often nodding on the apex of the
strict and slender peduncle.

30

CARYOPHYLLACEit:.

Etymology. Sagina, fattening, food ; — these little plants being sup-
posed to be nourishing to cattle.

Geographical Distribution, &c. Natives of the colder and temperate
parts of the northern hemisphere, sparingly, if at all truly, indigenous in the
southern hemisphere. The species here figured (as well as S. apetala)
has probably been introduced from the Old World, although it has the ap-
pearance of being indigenous in Rhode Island, Connecticut, &,c. But S.
nodosa and S. Linnaei (Spergula saginoides, L.) are certainly indigenous
north and west of the limits of the United States proper, as also, probably,
is S. Elliottii, Fenzl (Spergula decumbens, EIL), in the Southern States.
S. fontinalis. Short df Peter, is thought by Fenzl to be an apetalous form of
Stellaria crassifolia. S. erecta, Linn. (Moenchia, Ehrh.), is now referred
to Cerastium. — The Linnaean Sagina was founded on the tetramerous
species alone ; the pentamerous ones having been referred to, and until re-
cently retained in, Spergula, from which they differ in the position of the
valves of the capsule, as well as in the want of stipules.

PLATE 109. Sagina procumbens, Linn. ; — from Rhode Island, Olney.

1. Diagram of the flower. (The central cross represents the stigmas,

which alternate with the valves of the capsule, and with the sepals.)

2. An expanded flower, magnified. (Tetramerous.)

3. Hypogynous disk (vdth the base of the filaments) detached and more

magnified.

4. Stamen (with the lobe of the disk) still more enlarged ; outside view.

5. The same, seen from within, and showing the dehiscence of the anthers.

6. Pistil, magnified.

7. The same, with the ovary and central placenta vertically divided.

8. An ovule detached, more magnified.

9. Dehiscent capsule and calyx of a pentamerous flower, magnified.

10. Magnified seed.

11. Vertical section of the same, and of the arcuate embryo, albumen, &c.

S A G 1 N A

CARYOPliVLLACEiE.

31

Plate 110.

HONKENYA, Ehrh,

Flores subpolygami. Petala integerrima. Stamina 10,
disco corispiciio glanduloso 10-lobo inserta. Ovarium subtri-
(v. 4-5-) loculare. Styli 3-5. Capsula unilocularis, 3-5-
valvis; valvis integerrimis, dum sepalis numero aequalibus
iisdem alternis. Semina pauca, fundo loculi inserta, rostel-
lata. — Herba arenarum littoris, succulenta ; foliis ovalibus ;
floribus solitariis.

HoNKENYA, Ehrh. Beitr. 2. p. 281 (1788). Reichenb. Fl. Germ. p. 568.

Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 176. Endl. Gen. 52-J9. Fenzl

in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p. 357.
Ammodenia, Gmel. Fl. Sibir. 4. p. 160 (nomine tantum indicatum).
Ammadenia, Ruprecht, Fl. Samoj. Cisural. p. 25.
Adenarium, Raf. in Desv. Jour. Phys. 89. p. 259 (1818).
Ammonalia, Desvaux, ex Endl. Gen.
Halianthus, Fries, Fl. Hall. p. 75.
Arenaria peploides, Linn, et Auct.

Sea-Sandwort.

Flowers described as polygamo-dioecious, but with us
perfect. Calyx of five thick and fleshy ovate sepals, imbri-
cated in aestivation, united at the base, persistent. Petals
5, perigynous, spatulate-obovate, unguiculate, as long as the
calyx, imbricated in asstivation. Stamens 10, alternately
opposite the sepals and the petals, inserted into the sinuses
of a conspicuous 10-lobed and glandular slightly perigynous
disk, those opposite the sepals rather longer than the others :
FILAMENTS fiUform-subulatc : anthers two-celled, introrse, tfie
cells opening longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, more or less com-
pletely three -five-celled, the dissepiments soon breaking
away from the walls and adhering to the more persistent
columella : styles as many as the cells, usually 3 or 4, short,
stigmatose on the inner face. Ovules few, arising from the

32

CARYOPHYLLACE^.

very base of each cell around the naked columella, amphi-
campylotropous.

Capsule ovoid, fleshy, one-celled, few-seeded, three-valved,
somethnes five-valved, the entire valves then alternate with
the sepals. Seeds large, erect, lenticular-pyriform, with a
sinus at the naked basilar hilum ; the micropyle rostellate-
produced. Embryo hippocrepiform with the extremities
approximated, almost inclosing the farinaceous albumen :
RADICLE and the slender cotyledons inferior.

Herb perennial, succulent, growing in the sands of the
sea-shore, with numerous quadrangular stems from a common
creeping rootstock ; the leaves decussate, ovate or oblong,
very thick and fleshy, sessile. Stipules none. Flowers
solitary, axillary or terminal, short-peduncled. Petals white.

Etymology. Dedicated to Honcheny, a German botanist.

Geographical Distribution. A well-marked genus of a single species
(the H. oblongifolia, Torr. (Sf Gr., of the Northwest Coast passing by insen-
sible gradations into the ordinary form), which is indigenous to the arctic
and northern temperate shores of the Old and the New World ; on the Atlan-
tic coasts extending southward in the United States to lat. 40°, in Europe
to lat. 30°, N.

Note, The flowers are perfect and similar in all the specimens we have
examined. Nor do we notice any albumen exterior to the embryo. — The
name indicated by Gmelin would have taken precedence if noticed in time :
but it can hardly be said that the genus was established by him.

PLATE 110. HoNKENYA PEPLOiDES, Ehrh. ; — a flowering stem of the
natural size. (Coast of New England, Oakes, Olney.)

1. An expanded flower, magnified, showing the disk, &c.

2. A detached petal, more enlarged.

3. Magnified stamen, inside view.

4. Outside view of the same.

5. Magnified longitudinal section of the whole flower, showing the inser-

tion of parts, the naked columella, &c.

6. An ovule detached and more magnified.

7. Dehiscent capsule, with the persistent calyx, enlarged.

8. Seed, more magnified.

U. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and albumen.

H 0 N K E N Y A

CARYOPHYLLACE^.

33

Plate 111.

ALSINE {Tourn.), Wahh

Petala integerrimaj rariusve retusa. Stamina 10. Ovari-
um uniloculare. Styli 3. Capsula polysperma, usque ad
basim 3-valvis ; valvis integerrimis sepalis interioribus oppo-
sitis. Semina estrophiolata. — Folia plerumque setacea, su-
bulata seu linearia, exstipulata.

Alsine, Gaertn. Fr. t. 129. Walil. Fl. Lapp. p. 129 (excl. spec). Fenzl

in Endl. Gen. 5227 & Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p. 341 ; non Linn.
Arenari^ Sp., Cherleria (Hall.) et Minuartia (Loefl.), Linn, et Auct.
Greniera, Gay in Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 3.) 4. p. 27.

Tliree-valved Sandwort.

Calyx of five (or rarely four) almost distinct sepals, im-
bricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals as many as the
sepals and alternate with them, somewhat perigynous, im-
bricated in aestivation, entire, very rarely retuse or obcordate,
sometimes obsolete. Stamens twice as many as the sepals
(very rarely fewer), inserted into a hypogynous or obscurely
perigynous more or less glandular-lobed disk : filaments fili-
form or subulate : anthers introrse, two-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary one-celled : ' styles 3, one
opposite each of the two outermost sepals, the other alter-
nate with the third and fifth sepals, very rarely as many as
the sepals and opposite them, the inner face stigmatose.
Ovules indefinite, borne on a central columnar placenta, am-
phitropous.

Capsule one-celled, chartaceous, dehiscent quite to the
base into as many quite entire valves as there are styles,
usually three, when they are as nearly as may be opposite the
three inner sepals ; rarely as many as the sepals, when they
are alternate with them. Seeds numerous, globose-reni-
form, campylotropous, not strophiolate, the crustaceous testa
smooth, granulated or muricate. Embryo coiled into a most-

34

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

ly incomplete ring around the outside of the farinaceous
albumen.

Herbs usually cacspitose and with subulate or setaceous
leaves, destitute of stipules. Flowers solitary or cymose,
white, rarely rose-color.

Etymology. The name is derived from aXaos, a grove, in allusion to the
situations many species affect.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of many species, all natives of
the temperate and frigid regions of the northern hemisphere.

Note. Alsine w^as a general name applied by Tournefort and his prede-
cessors to all the Chickw^eeds. Linnaeus restricted the name to A. media
and A. segetalis, one of which is a Stellaria, the other a Linnaean Arenaria
of the stipulate section, that is, a Spergularia. Wahlenberg reestablished
the genus on its substantial character, viz. the capsule dehiscent into three
separate and entire valves ; and the acute Fenzl has adopted and confirmed
it, after excluding, of course, the stipulate species (Spergularia) and A.
peploides (Honkenya). Into this genus fall all the Arenarias of the Flora
of North America that are truly indigenous within the geographical limits to
which this work extends, excepting A. lateriflora, which is a Moehringia ; —
leaving no representative with us of Arenaria proper (the pod of which opens
at the apex by twice as many teeth as there are styles) besides the natural-
ized Arenaria serpyUifolia. To Alsine also belong some of our species
which, on account of their obcordate petals, have been referred to Stellaria,
viz. A. Nuttallii (Stell. Nuttallii, Torr. <Sf Gr., Alsine Drummondii, Fenzl,
ined.), A. macropetala (Stell. macropetala, Torr ^ Gr.), and A. Walteri
(Stellaria uniflora, Walt.).

PLATE 111. Alsine squarrosa, Fenzl (Arenaria, Mkhx.) ; — from the
Pine barrens of New Jersey.

1. Diagram of the flower in a transverse section of the bud.

2. An expanded flower, magnified.

3. External view of a stamen, more magnified.

4. Internal view of the same.

5. Magnified vertical section of the pistil, placenta, receptacle, &c.

6. An ovule detached and more highly magnified.

7. Dehiscent capsule, in the calyx, enlarged.

8. A seed, more magnified.

9. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and albumen.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

35

Plate 112.

MCEHRINGIA, L.

Petala iiitegerrima. Stamina 8 v. 10. Ovarium 2 - 4-lo-
culare : styli totidem. Capsula in valvas recurvatas duplo
stylorum numero dehiscens. Semina plura, strophiolata. —
Folia exstipulata, patula, ovata, oblonga, seu linearia.

M(EHRiNGiA et Arenari^ Sp., Linn. Gen. et Auct. (Gsertn. Fr. t. 129).
M(EHRiNGiA, Fenzl in Endl. Gen. 5235, & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p.
371. Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. p. 96.

Calyx of four or five herbaceous sepals, united at the
base, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals as many
as the sepals and alternate with them, more or less perigy-
nous, obovate or oblong, entire, imbricated (or occasionally
convolute!) in aestivation, deciduous. Stamens twice as
many as the petals (8 or 10) : filaments subulate, pubescent
or smooth, inserted into the edge of a nearly hypogynous
disk : ANTHERS introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary plainly divided in M. lateriflora into as
many cells as there are styles by manifest dissepiments :
STYLES 3 (opposite the two outer sepals and the sinus be-
tween the third and fifth), sometimes 2 or 4, the inner face
stigmatose. Ovules rather numerous, borne on a central
columnar placenta, amphitropous.

Capsule membranaceous, one-celled, dehiscent into twice
as many valves (usually 6) as there are styles. Seeds few
or rather numerous, reniform, campylotropous, smooth and
shining, distinctly strophiolate at the hilum. Embryo coiled
around the outside of the farinaceous albumen into a nearly
complete ring.

Herbs with flaccid stems, and spreading, usually broad
and flat leaves, destitute of stipules. Peduncles terminal,
often becoming lateral by the evolution of an axillary branch.
Flowers white.

36

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Etymology. Dedicated to Moehring, a German physician and botanist,
of the time of Linnaeus.

Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus founded on a tetramerous
plant (M. muscosa, Linn.), but now extended so as to comprise a number of
usually pentamerous species ; — all natives of the colder portions of the
northern hemisphere.

Note. The ovary of M. lateriflora is three-celled, and plainly shows (what
appears to be a general rule when there are three carpels in a pentamerous
flower) that two of the carpels are placed opposite the two exterior sepals,
while the third necessarily opposes, not the third sepal, but the sinus between
it and the fifth.

PLATE 112. McEHRiNGiA LATERIFLORA, Fenzl ; — of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower, in transverse section of a bud, showing the three-

celled ovary, &c. (The petals in this instance were convolute in
aestivation, as in the Sileneas ; but they are usually imbricated.)

2. An expanded flower, enlarged.

3. Magnified vertical section through the ovary, receptacle, &c.

4. Stamen, more magnified, outside view.

5. Inside view of the same.

6. An ovule, more magnified.

7. Dehiscent capsule in the calyx, enlarged.

8. A seed, with the cellular strophiole, magnified.

9. Vertical section of the same, through the crustaceous testa, the coiled

embryo, and the albumen.

HK INCt lA.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

37

Plate 113.

STELLARIA, L,

Petala bifida, sen abortii minima v. nulla. Stamina 8, vel
10, V. abortu pauciora. Ovarium uniloculare. Styli sacpius
3. Capsula ovoidea, in valvas duplo stylorum numero ultra
medium dehiscens. Semina estrophiolata. — Folia patentia,
exstipulata.

Stellaria, Linn. Gen. 568 (excl. sp.). Gaertn. Fr. t. 130. Fenzl in

Endl. Gen. 5240, & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p. 375.
Spergulastrum, Michx. Fl. 1. p. 275.
Larbrea, St. Hil. in Mem. Mus. Par. 2. p. 261.

€hicl£weecl. Stitcliwort. Starwort.

Calyx of five or sometimes four herbaceous sepals, united
only at the base, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Pe-
tals as many as the sepals and alternate with them, more
or less perigynous, deciduous, two-cleft or two-parted, or
when small rarely entire, sometimes wanting. Stamens
twice as many as the sepals (8 or 10), or by abortion fewer
(3 to 5), inserted into a more or less manifest perigynous
disk : filaments subulate or filiform : anthers introrse, two-
celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary one-celled : styles 3
(respectively opposite the two outer sepals and the sinus
between the third and fifth), sometimes 4 or even 5, rarely
only 2j filiform, the whole inner face stigmatose. Ovules
numerous, borne on a more or less elongated central placenta,
amphitropous.

Capsule membranaceous, globose or ovoid-oblong, one-
celled, splitting to the base or beyond the middle into twice
as many valves as there are styles, or at first into three valves
(placed as in Alsine) which are soon two-cleft. Seeds in-
definite, or sometimes very few, campylotropous, smooth or
granulated ; the hilum not strophiolate. Embryo coiled into
a complete ring, or nearly so, around the outside of the fari-
naceous albumen.

38

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Herbs usually diffuse, destitute of stipules ; the leaves
opposite, spreading or reflexed, usually plane, sometimes
petioled. Flowers peduncled, solitary or cymose. Petals
white.

Etymology. Name from stella, a star, from the appearance of the
spreading petals.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of numerous species, widely
distributed over the world, but (with the exception of Stellaria media, which
has accompanied man everywhere) nearly restricted to the temperate and
colder regions.

PLATE 113. Stellaria longifolia, Muhl. ; — a flowering stem.

1. A flower, enlarged.

2. A detached petal, more magnified. '

3. A stamen, seen from within, equally magnified.

4. Magnified vertical section through the ovary, placenta, receptacle, &c.

5. Capsule in the calyx, enlarged.
6-8. Stellaria borealis, Bigelow.

6. Dehiscent capsule and calyx, enlarged.

7. A seed, more magnified.

8. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and tiie albumen.

3 T E L L A K I A

CAllYOPIIYLLACEiE.

39

Plate 114.

CERASTIUM, L.

Petala obcordata vel bifida. Stamina 10, raro paiiciora.
Ovarium miiloculare. Styli tot quot sepala (saepius 5), iisdem
opposita. Capsula cylindracea seu elongata, apice in dentes
duplo stylorum numero dehiscens. Semina estrophiolata. —
Folia plana, exstipulata.

Cerastium, Linn. Gen. 585. Gaertn. Fr. t. 130. Fenzl in Endl. Gen.
5241, & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. p. 396.
Mouse-ear Cliicltweed.

Calyx of five, or very rarely four, nearly distinct herba-
ceous SEPALS, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals as
many as the sepals and alternate with them, obscurely peri-
gynous, obcordate, two-cleft, or emarginate, very rarely entire,
imbricated in aestivation. Stamens twice as many as the
sepals, or rarely of only the same number, obscurely perigy-
nous : filaments filiform or subulate : anthers two-celled,
introrse, opening longitudinally. Ovary one-celled : styles
as many as the sepals and opposite them, or very rarely
fewer, the whole inner face stigmatose. Ovules numerous
on an elongated central placenta, amphitropous.

Capsule membranaceous, longer than the calyx, usually
cylindrical and prolonged, straight or curved, sometimes cy-
lindraceous-conical, one-celled, dehiscent at the apex only
by twice as many teeth as there are styles or sepals, the
teeth or their margins commonly revolute. Seeds numer-
ous, campylotropous ; the crustaceous testa granulated or
papillose ; the hilum not strophiolate. Embryo coiled into
a complete or incomplete ring around the outside of the
farinaceous albumen.

Herbs usually pubescent or woolly, branching, with flat
exstipulate leaves, and cymose, or rarely solitary, peduncu-
late flowers. Petals white.

40

CARYOPHYLLACEyE.

Etymology. The name is taken from Kepas, a horn; in allusion to the
shape of the exserted and often curved capsules.

Geographical Distribution. Widely diffused over the world, chiefly
in the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. C. vulg-a-
tum and viscosum, originally natives of the Old World, have accompanied
man everywhere. They are all insignificant weeds. The species illustrated
is one of the few that are truly indigenous in the United States proper.

PLATE 114. Cerastium nutans, Raf.; — a small specimen, of the natu-
ral size.

1. Diagram of the flower. (The five little circles of the inner ring indicate

the position of the styles.)

2. An expanded flower, enlarged.

3. A stamen, magnified, inside view.

4. Pistil with the ovary, receptacle, &c., vertically divided ; magnified.

5. Dehiscent capsule, with the calyx, enlarged.

6. A seed, more magnified.

7. Vertical section of the same, through the embryo and the albumen.

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

41

Plate 115.

SILENE, L.

Calyx ebracteolatus 5-dentatus. Petala 5 (acstivatione
contorta) cum staminibus 10 carpophori apici hypogyne in-
serta. Styli 3. Capsula basi saspius 3-lociilaris, apice in
dentes duplo stylorum numero dehiscens.

SiLENE, Linn. Gen. 772. Otth in DC. Prodr. 1. p. 367. Fenzl in Endl.

Gen. 5248 (cum Silenanth. § Saponariae) & in Lcdeb. FI. Ross.
1. p. 303.

CatcBi-fly. CampiOM.

Calyx tubular, cylindrical, clavate, or nearly campanulate,
5-toothed, persistent ; the teeth or short lobes imbricated in
asstivation. Petals 5, with long and linear claws, inserted
on the summit of the short or usually elongated stipe (car-
pophore) on which the ovary is raised; the dilated lamina
entire or cleft, naked, or crowned at the base with a two-
cleft appendage, convolute in aestivation. Stamens 10, in-
serted with the petals, those opposite them with the filaments
more or less evidently adnate to the base of their claws :
ANTHERS introrse, versatile, two-celled, the cells opening lon-
gitudinally. Ovary three-celled (rarely four — five-celled)
at the base, very rarely one-celled throughout : styles 3
(rarely 4 or 5), filiform, stigmatose down the inner face.
Ovules numerous, borne on a central columnar placenta,
horizontal, amphitropous.

Capsule inclosed in the calyx or exserted, rarely strictly
one-celled, usually imperfectly divided at the base into as
many cells as there are styles, dehiscent at the apex by
twice that number of teeth. Seeds numerous, reniform ;
the crustaceous testa smooth, granulated, or muricate. Em-
bryo coiled more than half-way around, or completely sur-
rounding, the farinaceous albumen.
4

42

CARYOPHYLLACEiE.

Herbs of diverse habit, with opposite or rarely verticil-
late leaves, and variously cymose flowers. Stipules none.
Petals white, rose-color, or purple.

Etymology. The name is said to be derived from o-loKov, saliva, in allu-
sion to the viscid exudation of many species ; — from which the English
name of Catch-fy is also derived.

Geographical Distribution, &c. The Mediterranean basin is the great
focus, not only of this large genus, but of the whole pink tribe : a few be-
long to the warmer temperate region of North America, but a greater number
of them are Western. Some are arctic or alpine. Silene is, also, the sole
genus of its tribe indigenous to the United States : but several species of
Lychnis, Saponaria, and Dianthus ornament our gardens ; and one, the
Lychnis Githago [Corn- Cockle), is a well-known weed in grain-fields.

Properties. The root of Silene Virginica, a species allied to that here
figured, has some reputation as an anthelmintic. Some species are homely
weeds ; others bear handsome flowers.

PLATE 115. Silene Pennsylvanica, Mkhx,; — of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower, with a section of the ovary towards the base.

2. Vertical section of the flower enlarged, displaying its organs.

3. A detached pistil entire, enlarged.

4. A magnified stamen, seen from the outside.

5. The same, seen from within.

6. An ovule detached and more magnified.

7. Dehiscent capsule, in the calyx, of the natural size.

8. Vertical section of the same enlarged, showing the stipe, seeds, &c.

9. A magnified seed.

10. Vertical section of the same through the embryo, albumen, &,c.

S I L E N E

Ord. MALVACEiE.

HerbaB, fmtices, rariusve arbores, mucilaginossc, pube
ssepissime stellata, foliis simplicibus alternis stipulatis : di-
cotyledoneas, dichlamydese, hypogynac, polyandri-rn,onadel-
ph(B^ 5-polygynse ; calyce 5-sepalo aestivatione valvato ; co-
rolla 5-petala aestivatione convoliita, petalis basi cum imo
tubo staminum connatis ; aiitheris reniformihus uniloculari-
bus ; granulis poUinis hispidulis ; seminibus amphitropis
parce albuminosis ; embryone curvato, cotyledonibus folia-
ceis chrysaloideo-contortuplicatis.

Malvace^, Juss. Gen. p. 271 (excl. § 5-7). R. Brown in Tuckey,
Cong. p. 428. Kunth, Diss. Malv. p. 1. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 429.
Endl. Gen. p. 978. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 368.

The Mallow Family belongs to a well-marked natural group (the Co-
lumniferae of Linnaeus), the plants of which agree in having the calyx
valvate and the corolla convolute in aestivation ; the stamens monadelphous in
a column, or else more or less pentadelphous ; the embryo large, with folia-
ceous cotyledons ; and the leaves alternate and stipulate. The proper Mal-
low Family is readily distinguished from the other Columniferae by its strictly
monadelphous stamens, one-celled reniform anthers, and simple leaves.

This important, although not very large, family occurs in all parts of the
world except the frigid zone. It is most copiously represented within the
tropics and in the hotter parts of temperate regions, thence gradually dimin-
ishing in number towards the poles. There are more species in the north-
ern than in the southern temperate zone ; and more in the New than in the
Old World.

The Malvaceae of temperate regions are nearly all herbs, one ornamental
shrub, the Hibiscus Syriacus, forming the principal exception ; but within
the tropics shrubby or even arborescent forms are common. Their pubes-
cence is usually stellate, as shown in Plate 122, Fig. 1. The leaves are
almost always petioled, usually palmately veined, and often lobed, but never
truly compound. They are always furnished with a pair of stipules, which,
however, are sometimes deciduous. The peduncles are axillary, and com-

44

MALVACEAE.

raonly articulated above the middle, or just beneath the flower. In many-
cases each flower is subtended by an involucel of three or several, or rarely
only one or two bractlets, forming what is usually denominated an exterior
calyx ; the importance of which has been over-estimated in the systematic
arrangement of the order.

The calyx and the corolla are almost without exception pentamerous.
The former is herbaceous and persistent, and the sepals, which are strictly
valvate in the bud, are more or less united towards the base. The petals
are commonly more or less oblique or inequilateral, as is usually the
case when their aestivation is convolute. Their insertion is hypogynous ;
but their short claws are connate with the base of the stamineal column,
which union also gives to the corolla the appearance of being slightly gamo-
petalous.

The explanation of this union is given by the investigations of M. Du-
cliatre upon the organogeny of the flower in Malvaceae.* He has shov^n
that the petals and stamens (at least those which ordinarily appear in
Malvaceae) arc identical in origin, both being developed from five original
papillae alternate with the calyx-segments and next within them, therefore
morphologically representing the corolla. These, by parallel and collater-
al deduplication, give rise each to a petal and a cluster of stamens ; and the
union of these five clusters constitutes the stamineal column. This view is
beautifully exemplified by the genus Sidalcea (Plate 120), recently proposed
by myself,! in which the column is not resolved into simple filaments, but
bears five petaloid lobes or phalanges of stamens, situated opposite the petals,
into the base of which a vascular communication may be traced. That the
anthers of each lobe are the result of the collateral deduplication of a single
organ is evident on inspection of those cases in which the phalanges are
two-cleft, and their divisions again two-forked, &c., until we reach the sep-
arate anthers; as in Plate 120, Fig. 9. Such stamens, perfectly resolved
down to the column, compose the androecium of Modiola (Plate 128), in
which the five component phalanges are more or less discernihjle, of Napaea
(Plate 119), &c. The same, further multiplied by transverse deduphcation
so as to form several series usually becoming free at more or less unequal
heights, constitute, perhaps, the entire androecium of most other Malveas.
But what has become of the true stamineal verticil, the parts of which
should alternate with the petals? M. Duchatre has detected this in the five
lobes or teeth which terminate the naked apex of the column in such Mal-
vaceae as Pavonia, Hibiscus, Malvaviscus (Plate 131, Fig. 7), «fec., and
which, when the column is short, may be seen to alternate with the petals.
This, again, is confirmed by Sidalcea, in which the column, prolonged above
the sympetalous phalanges, terminates in antheriferous filaments, or in pha-
langes the principal, or five exterior, lobes of which apparently alternate
with the phalanges of the outer column, and therefore with the petals them-
selves.

* In Jlnnalcs des Sciences jXaturclleSj S^^^ scr. 4. p. 123.
i Plantic Fcndlcriancc, p. 18.

MALVACE^.

45

Tlio anthers are rcniform and onc-collcd by the confluence of the two
lobes at their organic apex, as is shown by Plate 128, Fig-. 3. The line of
dehiscence is therefore transverse around the convex side, and the anther
becomes two-valvcd. The cell of course exhibits, at an early stage, the
septum which divides into two compartments the two loculi of the normal
anther, the edge of which terminates in the line of dehiscence (Plate 117,
Fig. 5). The grains of pollen are uniformly globose, and their coat mi-
nutely hispid ; as in Plate 117, Fig. 6.

The flowers are hermaphrodite, except in the solitary case of Napeea
(Plate 119), which is dia^cious.

The pistils, from five (or very rarely fewer) to twenty or more in number,
are more or less united in a ring around a central receptacle. The excep-
tion to this in the tribe Malopese, where the carpels are aggregated without
apparent order into a head, is shown by Duchatre to arise from the ring be-
coming deeply five-lobed in the course of its development, the reentering
angles being carried inwards and upwards so as to produce an apparent
capitulum as the ovaries enlarge and accommodate themselves to the space.

The styles are usually combined at the base, or sometimes nearly to the
summit. They correspond in number with the ovaries ; except in Pavonia
and its allies, where the branches of the style and the stigmas are twice as
many as the ovaries or the cells of the compound ovary, — a character which
defines a well-marked natural group, the tribe Urenem.

In the larger portion of the order, forming the tribe Malvco" as character-
ized in the following conspectus, the mature carpels separate from each other
with more or less facility, and from the persistent central receptacle. A
small portion of the surface of the inner angle or base of the carpel usually
remains adherent to the receptacle, or to the base of the calyx. The stig-
mas are by all authors said to be capitate throughout the family ; but this is
not the case in what I have termed the Eumalvecp, which include all the
European, and a considerable portion of the North American representa-
tives of this tribe. In these, the styles, or their uncombined portions, are
stigmatose throughout their whole length down the inner face, as in Caryo-
phyllaceae.

In the tribe HibiscccB, the carpels, usually of the same number as the pe-
tals, are strictly combined into a several-celled compound ovary, and the
fruit is a proper loculicidal capsule, the valves bearing the dissepiments upon
their middle, and commonly leaving no central axis.

The embryo nearly fills the seed, but is involved in a small quantity of
mucilaginous, or at length fleshy albumen. It is incurved or inflexed, and
the broad and foliaceous cotyledons are more or less plaited together in the
middle, and then infolded in the opposite direction, often enwrapping the
base of the radicle.

The plants of the Mallow Family are uniformly destitute of noxious qual-
ities, and nearly all of them yield a bland mucilage. On this account they
are largely used as emollients and demulcents. The principal officinal plant
for this purpose in Europe is the Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis) : but

46

MALVACEAE.

the Okra or Gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus), a well-known ingredient in
soups, &c., in warm climates, is still more mucilaginous. Nearly all Mal-
vaceae have a tough fibrous bark, which, in several plants of different parts of
the world, is employed as a substitute for hemp. Of these the most impor-
tant is Hibiscus cannabinus, which produces the <Swn-hemp of India. But
far the most important product of the family is cotton, which consists of the
long hairs that cover the seeds in the genus Gossypium ; a tropical genus
of great ambiguity as to the number of species, but which was originally
given both to the New and to the Old World.

Into the subjoined arrangement I have introduced all the admitted gen-
era of the order. Several of them are known to me only by the published
characters.

Conspectus of the Tribes and Genera.

Tribe I. MALOPE^. — Carpels indefinite, crowded together in a 5-
lobed or amorphous head, uniovulate. Radicle inferior. (None are North
American.)

* Styles stigmatose down the inner face.
Malope, Linn., Cav. Mediterranean.

* * Styles terminated by a capitate stigma.
KiTAiBELiA, Willd. Southeastern Europe.
Palava, Cav. Peru.

Tribe II. MALVE^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas (5-20 or
more), uniovulate or few-ovulate, disposed in a ring around a central axis,
from which they at length separate. Column antheriferous at the summit.

Sabtribe I. Eumalve^. — Styles stigmatose down the inner face. Car-
pels uniovulate, numerous. Ovule peritropous-ascending.

* Stamineal column simple.
H- Involucel 6-9- (rarely 3-) cleft.
Althaea, Linn., Cav. Europe and Asia.
Lavatera, Linn. European.
Savinionia, Webb <Sf Berthel. Canaries.*
Nav^a, Webb <Sf Berthel. Canaries.*

H- H— Involucel 3-phyllous or w^anting. Flowers perfect.
Malva. (Plate 116.) Petals obcordate. Carpels cochleate-rcniform,

muticous, conformed to the seed.
Callirrhoe. (Plates 117, 118.) Petals truncate, often erose-toothed.
Carpels more or less beaked; the cell containing a dorsal process
between the seed and the hollow beak.

* Although in the generic characters the stigmas are said to be " capitellate,"
it is evident from the figures that they are just as in Malva.

MALVACEAE.

47

H — I — I- Involucel none. Flowers dioecious.
Nap^a. (PJatc 119.) Dioecious. Calyx 5-tootherl. Stamens 15-20
in a single series.

* * Stamineal column double, the outer pentadelphous.
SiDALCEA. (Plate 120.) Involucel none. Carpels 5 -9.

Subtribe II. Side^. — Stigmas terminal, capitate. Carpels uniovulate.

* Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior.
Malvastrum. (Plates 121, 122.) Involucel often inconspicuous and

caducous or wanting.
* * Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior, Involucel none.
SiDA. (Plate 123.) Carpels 5-15, erect, partly included in the calyx,

indehiscent or 2-cleft at the apex, at length separating from the

axis.

Anoda. (Plate 124.) Carpels numerous, united in a depressed stellari-

form pod, the dissepiments obliterated before dehiscence.
Lawrencia, Hook. South Australia.
Cristaria, Cav. Peru and Chili.
Gay A, Kunth. Tropical America.

Bastardia, Kunth. (Bastardia § 1. Abutiloides, Endl.) Tropical America.
Subtribe III. Abutile^. — Stigmas capitate. Carpels 2 - 9-ovulate.
* Involucel none.

Abutilon. (Plates 125, 126.) Carpels 3 -9-ovulate, not bilocellate,

somewhat 2-valved, scarcely separating from the axis.
WissADULA, Medik. Tropical America and Asia.

* * Involucel usually present.
Meliphlea, Zuccarini. Mexico.

Sph^ralcea. (Plate 127.) Carpels 2- 3-ovulate, not bilocellate, tardily

separating from each other and from the axis.
MoDiOLA. (Plate 128.) Carpels 2-ovulate, separable ; the cells divided

by a transverse partition.

Tribe III. URENEJE. — Carpels or cells of the ovary half as many
as the stigmas (viz. 5, the stigmas 10), uniovulate. Radicle inferior.

* Fruit 5-coccous ; the carpels opposite the petals.

H— Flowers in an involucrate capitulum.
Malachra. (Plate 129.) Proper involucel none. Involucre 3 -several-
leaved.

-I— -1- Flowers not capitate.
Urena, Linn. (Cocci glochidate.) Tropical, chiefly of the Old World.
Pavonia. (Plate 130.) Involucel 5 - 15-leaved. Cocci naked, or some-
times 3-awned.

* * Fruit baccate ; the cells opposite the sepals.
Malvaviscus. (Plate 131.) Petals convolute-connivent. Column exserted.

48

MALVACEAE.

Tribe IV. HIBISCEJE, Endl. (excl. Malvavisciis) . — Carpels as many
as the stigmas, 3-10 (usually 5), combined into a loculicidal few - many-
seeded (or rarely indehiscent) capsule ; the dissepiments borne on the middle
of the valves. Column antheriferous for a great part of its length, naked
and 5-toothed at the apex.

* Cells of the ovary uniovulate. Involucel polyphyllous.
KosTELETZKVA. (Plate 132.) Capsule depressed, 5-celled, 5-seeded.
Decaschistia, Wight Am. India.

* * Cells of the ovary 2-many-ovulate. Involucel 3-polyphyllous.
Thespesia, Currea. Tropical Asia and Oceanica.

SERRiEA, Cay. (Senra, Z)C.) Arabia and Egypt.
FuGosiA, Juss. Tropical America and Africa.*
Abelmoschus, Medik. Tropical Asia and America.
Hibiscus. (Plate 133.) Involucel polyphyllous. Calyx persistent, not
spathaceous. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; the cells few -many-seeded.
GossYPiUM, Linn. Tropical Asia and Africa.

* * * Cells of the ovary 4 - 6-ovulate. Involucel minute, or none.
Lagunaria, Don. Norfolk Island.
Lagunea, Cav. Tropical Asia and Africa.

* Mr. Bentham mentions a Texan species ; but none has fallen under my ob-
servation.

MALVACEiE.

49

Plate 110.

MALVA, Tourn.

Involuccllum 3-phyllum, persisteiis. Pctala obcordata.
Styli iiitus longitiidinaliter stigmatosi. Fructiis polycocciis ;
carpellis cochleato-reniformibuSj muticis, monospermis, in
orbem dispositis, indehiscentibus, ab axi centrali seceden-
tibus. Semen reniforme loculum implens. Embryo suban-
nularis : radicula centripeto-infera. — Floras nunquam flavi.

Malva, Tourn. (excl. spec). Gray, PI. Fendl. in Mem. Amer. Acad,
(n. ser.) 4. p. 16.

Malv^ Sp., Linn. Gen. 841. Lam. 111. t. 582. Ga3rtn. Fr. t. 136. Cav.

Diss. 2 & 5. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 430. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl.
Bras. 1. p. 213. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 225 (no. 1, 2).
Endl. Gen. 5271.

Mallow.

Calyx involucellate with three (rarely two) distinct and
persistent bracts, forming an outer calyx, five-cleft, herba-
ceous, the segments valvate in aestivation, persistent. Petals
5, alternate with the segments of the calyx, obcordate or
somewhat two-lobed, spreading, convolute in aestivation, hy-
pogynous, their thickened and dilated claws adnate to the
base of the stamineal column, twisted together after anthe-
sis, at length deciduous. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous,
monadelphous in a tubular simple column, the dilated base
of which incloses the ovaries, and is connected with the
claws of the petals, and from the summit of which the
short FILAMENTS siugly become free : anthers reniform, one-
celled (at first two-celled by the partition which normally
divides the cavity of the anther-cell), opening by a continu-
ous line around the convex side so as to become two-valved.
Pollen globose, the whole surface hispid. Ovaries 9 to 20,
united in a circle around a central receptacle : styles as
many as the ovaries, filiform, united below, their distinct

50

MALVACE^.

portion stigmatose (minutely hispid) for the whole length on
the inner face. Ovule solitary in each carpel, amphitropous,
peritropous-ascending ; the micropyle inferior.

Fruit circular, depressed, consisting of a ring of round-
reniform or cochleate and compressed-wedge-shaped crusta-
ceous or coriaceous entirely beakless carpels, which cohere
until ripe by plane faces, and at length fall away from each
other and from the conspicuous central axis (receptacle),
indehiscent, or rarely bursting irregularly at the ventral
sinus. Seed reniform, campylotropous, conformed to the
cell, which it completely fills ; the testa crustaceous, smooth.
Embryo incurved into an incomplete ring around the scanty
soft or mucilaginous albumen : cotyledons broad and folia-
ceous, somewhat infolded : radicle centripetal-inferior.

Herbs (of the Old World) with rounded and often pal-
mate petiolate and stipulate leaves. Flowers axillary, usually
fascicled ; the corolla white, rose-color, or purple, never yel-
low. Peduncles articulated near the apex.

Etymology. An ancient Latin name, said to come from ^aXdxr], soft, in
allusion to the emollient properties of the Mallow,

Properties. The herbage is mucilaginous. Some species are popularly
employed as demulcents, particularly M. sylvestris ; but they are inferior to
the Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis).

Geographical Distribution. The genus Malva, as here restricted, is
indigenous to the Old World alone ; M. rotundifolia, although so common,
being doubtless an introduced plant in the United States, as is M. borealis in
California and New Mexico. It is here illustrated for the purpose of con-
trasting its characters with Callirrhoe, &c.

PLATE 116. Malva rotundifolia, Linn. ; — a leaf and axillary flowers.

1. Vertical section through all the parts of a flower, magnified.

2. Vertical section through the fruit and receptacle, dividing one seed and

embryo ; magnified.

3. One of the carpels detached, magnified.

4. A seed detached, equally magnified.

5. Fruit of M. borealis, Wallm., a similar section, equally magnified.
0. A detached carpel of the same, showing the rugose back.

"MALVA

MALVACEAE.

51

Plate 117, 118.

CALLIRRHOE, Nutt.

Involucellum nullum vel 1-3-phyllum. Petala cuneifor-
mia, truncata, apice saepius fimbriato-erosa. Carpella rectius-
cula, rostro brevi crasso demum cavo intus processu dorsali
ligula3formi aucta. Embryo arcuatus. Caetera fere Malvae.
— Radix saepissime napiformis vel tuberosa.

Callirrhoe, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 2. p. 181. Gray, PI. Fendl.

in Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. ser.) 4. p. 16.
NuTTALLiA, Bart. Fl. N. Amer. 2. t. 62. Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 171, 172, &

Jour. Bot. 1. p. 196 (non Torr. & Gr.).
MALViE Sp., Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 225.

Calyx naked, or involucellate with from one to three her-
baceous bracts, five-cleft, persistent ; the segments triangular
or lanceolate, acuminate, three-nerved, valvate in aestivation.
Petals 5, hypogynous, convolute in aestivation, broadly
cuneiform, truncate, the dilated extremity commonly erose-
denticulate or fimbriate, their claws adnate to the base of
the stamineal column. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous
in a simple short column, the dilated base of which is adnate
to the claws of the petals, hypogynous; filaments separate-
ly becoming free in several series from the summit of the
column : anthers reniform or oblong, one-celled, opening
by a longitudinal line along the convex side. Pollen glo-
bose, hispid. Ovaries 10-20, united in a circle around a
central receptacle : styles as many as the ovaries, filiform,
united below, their distinct portion stigmatose (minutely
hispid) for the whole length on the inner face. Ovule soli-
tary in each carpel, amphitropous, peritropous-ascending, the
micropyle pointing to the base of the cell.

Fruit formed of a depressed ring of more or less beaked
crustaceous and indehiscent or somewhat two-valved carpels,

52

MALVACE^.

which cohere by plane faces, but at length fall away sepa-
rately from the conspicuous central receptacle ; the more or
less incurved beak hollow at maturity, its cavity separated
from that of the body of the carpel by an internal tongue-
shaped dorsal process ! Seed reniform, smooth. Embryo
arcuate-incurved in or partly round the soft or mucilaginous
albumen : cotyledons broad and foliaceous, cordate, infolded
together: radicle centripetal-inferior, or rarely (in C. alcae-
oides and O. pedata) more or less ascending by the partial
resupination of the seed.

Herbs (of North America) with mostly simple stems from
a large and thickened fusiform or napiform perennial (rarely
annual) root. Radical leaves rounded or cordate, lobed or
incised, the cauline usually palmately or pedately cleft or
parted. Stipules free. Peduncles axillary or somewhat um-
bellate-clustered, commonly elongated, often articulated near
the apex. Flowers showy, red-purple or flesh-colored.

Etymology. KaXXipporj, the daughter of the river Achelous, &c. Per-
haps Mr. Nuttall drew the name from kclWos, beautiful, and pom or pod,
whence EJueas, the Corn Poppy, which C. Papaver so much resembles in
the appearance of the flowers as to suggest the specific name to Cavanilles,
who informs us that the French colonists of Louisiana called the plant by
the same appellation, viz. Coquelicot.

Properties. Nearly all the species are ornamental on account of their
large and finely colored corolla. C. Papaver is prized as a showy perennial
in the gardens. C. involucrata, C. digitata, and C. pedata are not less
beautiful. The fleshy roots of all the species are farinaceous ; those of C.
macrorhiza are used for food by the Indians.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of seven known species, be-
longing to the warmer temperate portion of the United States, west of the
Alleghanies and east of the Rocky Mountains. Nearly all of them are
found in Texas and the plains of the Arkansas and Platte ; one species
(C. triangulata) extending northeast to Illinois and Wisconsin ; another
(C. Papaver) southeast to Florida.

Note. The history of this genus is briefly given in the PlantcB Fend-
leriancE, above cited. Mr. Nuttall established it on two exinvolucellate
species, viz. C. digitata and C. pedata, and indicated it as differing from
Sida in habit rather than in technical character. Soon afterwards Dr. W.
P. C. Barton substituted the name of Nuttallia, and figured the former spe-
cies as Nuttallia digitata. Drawings and specimens having been sent to Dr.

MALVACEyi:

53

Hooker, at Glasgow, he figured the two species, viz. N. digilata and N.
pedata, in the Exotic Flora. He soon identified the Malva Papaver, Cav.,
as a third species of the genus, notwithstanding its involucre of from one to
three hracts, which, however, are frequently remote from the calyx or want-
ing; and, in the Journal of Botany, 1. p. 19G, shortly afterwards added to
the genus another involucellate species, the Malva triangulata of Leaven-
worth ; — at the same time suggesting that these two should be restored to
Malva, and two exinvolucellate species be referred to Sida. As the radicle
proved to be inferior in all of them, they were all referred to Malva in the
Flora of North America, along with a third involucrate species (the Nuttal-
lia involucrata, Nutt.) ; and a remarkable Rosaceous genus was dedicated
to Mr. Nuttall in a subsequent portion of that work. Recently, in revising
this group, I had occasion to point out the characters which distinguish this
genus from Malva, viz. the more or less beaked fruit, with an internal pro-
cess across the base of the beak, and the truncate petals ; and I accord-
ingly restored the original name of Callirrhoe ; * defining the species anew,
and introducing two more exinvolucellate species, namely, C. macrorhiza
(Sida macrorhiza, James), which had been taken as a variety of C. pedata,
and C. alcaeoides (the little known Sida alcaeoides, Michx.), which, like
C. pedata, has the ripe seed so depressed by the internal process that the
radicle becomes ascending, although the ovule is not at all resupinate. Since
the earlier sheets of the Planter Fcndleriance were printed, C. digitata has
also flowered with us, from Texan seeds, and complete indigenous specimens
with ripe fruit have been exalnined, enabling me now to point out the true
difference between this species and C. pedata, and to correct some errors in
the synonymy, f

* QzW'ixoe, Link, Handh.— ^ section of Amaryllis (Belladonna, Siceet.), and
is, I believe, of later date. The prior use of the name in Zoology will not be
held to forbid its restoration in Botany.

t C. PEDATA : radice gracili annua (an semper?); foliis membranaceis 5-7-
fidis, segmentis cuneatis dilatatis laciniato-lobatis incisisve, floraUbus 3 - 5-partitis
segmentis lanceolatis sa;pe incisis; stipulis ovatis ; pedunculis in racemum folio-
suin elongatum digestis ; involucello nuilo; petalis eroso-crenulatis ; carpellis
la^vibus dorso trilobato-cristatis, rostro maxinio minus incurvo. — Gray, PL. FendL
p. 17. Nuttallia pedata, Nutt. in Hook. Exot. 3. t. 172. Malva pedata, Torr.
Gray, Ft. Jh". Am. 1. 226, excl. syn. " N. digitata, Bart." — Some indigenous
specimens are three feet high ; and in cultivation it attains the height of four or
five feet, leafy to the top, and producing a long succession of handsome flowers
from the axils of the leaves. The petals are deep cherry-red, with a tince of

f)urple, decidedly smaller than those of C. digitata, being loss than an inch in
ength. The root is not thickened in any of my indigenous specimens, nor does
it show a tendency to become so in the living plant. 1 suppose the plant is
truly an annual or a biennial.

C. digitata: subglauca; radice crassa sa^pe napiformi : caule simplici (vix
sesquipedali) ; foliis radicalibus primariis rotundato-cordatis crenato-lobatis vel
5-fidis, sequentibus caulinisque pedato-5-7-partitis, segmentis linearibus plerum-
qiie elongatis integerrimis seu 2-3-fidis, floralibus parvis scepe integerrimis ;
stipulis lanceolatis ; pedunculis subcorymbosis; involucello nullo ; petalis apice
fimbriatis; carpellis reticulato-rugulosis dorso vix cristatis, rostro breviusculo
inflexo. — Kult. in Jour. Acad. Pliilad. 2. p. 181 ; Gray, PL Fendl. I. c. Nut-
tallia digitata, Bart. Fl. ^\ Am. 2. t. 62 ; Hook. Exot. Ft. 3. t. 171. IMalva digi-

54

MALVACE^.

PLATE 117. Callirrhoe involucrata. Gray; — summit of a prostrate
stem, in flower and fruit, from a live plant raised in the Cambridge
Botanic Garden, from Arkansan seeds.

1. Transverse section of a flower-bud, enlarged, showing the aestivation

and arrangement of parts. (In one instance the petals were seen
to be irregularly imbricated in aestivation.)

2. Vertical section of the flower, magnified, showing the insertion, &c.

3. A stamen from the bud, more magnified.

5. The same, with the anther cut across, showing the normal partition.

6. Grain of pollen (hispid, as in all Malvace?E), highly magnified.

7. The gynascium, enlarged, the rest of the flower cut away.

8. An ovule detached and magnified.

9. Receptacle in fruit, with one ripe carpel left in place, magnified.

10. Magnified transverse section of the receptacle and a portion of the ripe

carpels ; one of them showing a section of the seed and embryo.

11. Vertical section of a ripe carpel, seed, and embryo, magnified ; show-

ing the internal dorsal process, the hollow beak, &c.

12. A seed detached entire, equally magnified.

13. An embryo detached entire, showing the way it is curved and the coty-

ledons folded back upon each other above, and infolded below, as
in most Malvaceae.

PLATE 118. CALLiRRHoii pedata; — summit of a flowering branch and
a primordial radical leaf, from a live plant raised from Texan seeds
{Wright), of the natural size (a small specimen).

1. Vertical section of a flower, magnified, showing the ovules, &c.

2. Receptacle with half the ripe carpels in place, magnified.

3. Posterior view of a ripe carpel, showing the 3-lobed crest, magnified.

4. Vertical section of the same and of the contained seed, embryo, &c.,

showing the conspicuous dorsal process at the base of the large
beak, the at length ascending radicle, &c.

5. A^ertical section of a carpel of Callirrhoe Pap aver magnified.

6. Carpel of Callirrhoe triangulata, enlarged.

7. Vertical section of the same, showing a less conspicuous niternal pro-

cess below the beak.

tala, Torr. ^ Gray, Fl. I. c. Nuttallia coidata, Lindl. Bot. Retr. t. li)38, ex
icone. — The figure in the Butanical Register (which 1 had wrongly referred to
M. triangulata) certainly belongs to the present species, as the naked calyx, the
fimhriate edge of the petals and their (pink) color show. But the radical
leaves figur(;d are only the primary ones, and are all undivided. The corolla in
this species is less red and considerably larger than that of C. pedata, but small-
er than in C. Papaver: the petals are liom an inch to an inch and a quarter in
length, and their whole summit is finely and beautifully fringed. In the fruit,
as in other respects, the sjiecies is intermediate between C. pedata and C. Papa-
ver, but is abund.mtly distinct from either. Since these characters have been
verified, there is no room to doubt that the Nuttallia digitata figured by Barton
truly represents this species, and not the C. pedata, as was assumed in the Flora
of JS\ America. Although it sometimes flowers the first season from the seed,
yet the root early becomes napiform, or thickened fusiform, and is perennial.

C AL LIRRHOE

ALLIRRHOE.

MALVACEAE.

55

Plate 119.

NAP.EA, Clayt,

Flores dioici ! Involucellum nullum. Calyx teres, 5-den-
tatus. Tubus stamineus simplicissimus, ad apicem in filamen-
ta 15-20 uniserialia solutus. Styli intus longitudinaliter
stigmatosi. Fmctus 8 - lO-coccus, depressus ; carpellis sub-
reniformibus muticis, monospermis, ab axi secedentibus. Se-
men reniforme. Radicula centripeto-infera. — Herba procera,
foliis palmato-multifidis laciniatis maximis, floribus umbella-
to-fasciculatis parvis.

Nap^a, Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, & ed. 2. p. 102. Linn. Gen. 838, ex

parte. Gray, Man. Bot. N. U. S. p. 69, & PI. Fendl. p. 20.
SiDJE Sp., Cav.,DC., Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am.

Olade Mallow.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx naked (not involucellate),
terete, somewhat turbinate, rather deeply five-toothed, the
triangular teeth valvate in aestivation, persistent. Petals 5,
obovate, entire, convolute in aestivation, hypogynous, their
claws adnate to the base of the stamineal column. Ster. Fl.
Stamens 15 to 20, monadelphous in a simple hypogynous
column, the dilated base of which coheres with the claws
of the petals : filaments a single series at the summit of the
column, short : anthers reniform, (by confluence) one-celled.
Pistils abortive. Fert. Fl. Stamineal column 15-20-
lobed at the apex, not antheriferous. Ovaries 8 or 10, united
in a circle around a central receptacle : styles as many as
the ovaries, united below, the distinct portion filiform, stig-
matose (minutely hispid) for the whole length of the inner
face. Ovule solitary in each carpel, peritropous-ascending,
amphitropous ; the micropyle pointing to the base of the cell.

Fruit depressed, formed of a ring of eight or ten charta-
ceous cuneate-reniform and beakless (barely apiculate) smooth

56

MALVACEZE.

carpels, which at length separate and fall away from the
small central axis, finally bursting on the inner edge or tardi-
ly two-valved. Seed reniform, smooth. Embryo arcuate-
incurved in soft albumen : cotyledons ovate, foliaceous,
somewhat infolded : radicle centripetal-inferior.

Herb tall and coarse, from a perennial root, with large
palmately 7-11-parted alternate leaves; the lobes acumi-
nate, pinnatifid-incised and toothed. Stipules ovate, free.
Flowers small, umbellate-fascicled at the summit of the
flowering branches, together forming an ample corymbose
panicle. Petals white.

Etymology. Named by Clayton from vanr], a icooded valley or mountain
glade, or, poetically, the nymph of the groves, alluding to the situations in
which the plant grows.

Geographical Distribution, &c. Only a single species of the genus
is known, w^hich was discovered in the Valley of Virginia, growing in rich
calcareous soil, and is also found in similar situations in Pennsylvania, Ohio,
and Illinois, Linnagus added, as a second species, the N, hermaphrodita or
N. laevis, well known in the gardens (a plant of uncertain, though said to be
of North American, origin), which, notwithstsnding considerable resemblance
in habit, is a genuine Sida (S. Napaea, Gzy.)? ^nd from which the original
Napaea is abundantly distinguished by its inferior radicle, introrsely stigma-
tose styles, and dicecious flowers.

PLATE 119. Nap^a dioica. Linn.; — branch from a pistillate plant cul-
tivated in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge.

1. Vertical section of a staminate flower, enlarged. (Ohio, Sullivant.)

2, 3. Magnified stamens from the same.

4. Vertical section of a pistillate flower, enlarged, showing the sterile

stamineal column, the styles, ovules, &c.

5. An ovule detached and more magnified. (Micropyle inferior.)

6. Fruit of the natural size. (From Ohio, Sullivant.)

7. The same (with the calyx) enlarged ; one carpel (9.) removed.

8. A side view of a seed, magnified.

9. Detached carpel cut across, as well as the contained seed, showing a

transverse section of the embryo, — magnified as in fig. 7.

10. Vertical section of the seed (8.) and of the embryo, magnified.

11. Embryo detached entire, magnified.

N A A

MALVACE/E.

57

Plate 120.

SIDALCEA, Gray,

Involucellum nullum. Tubus stamineus duplex ! nempe
in phalanges 5 exteriores petalis oppositas, atque circiter 10
angustiores interiores, vel filamenta subindefinita per paria
coalita, solutus. Styli intus longitudinaliter stigmatosi.
Fructus 5-9-coccus, carpellis reniformibus monospermis
ab axi secedentibus. Semen reniforme. Radicula centripeto-
infera. — Herbae (Am. Bor.-Occ), floribus paniculato-racemo-
sis, purpureis, roseis, seu albis.

SiDALCEA, Gray, PI. Fendl. in Mem. Amcr. Acad. n. ser. 4. p. 38.
SiD^ Sp., Lindl., Nutt., Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 234, no. 10, 14-17.

Calyx naked (destitute of an involucel), persistent; the
five sepals united at the base, valvate in aestivation. Petals
5, obovate or obcordate, convolute in aestivation, hypogynous,
their claws adnate to the base of the stamineal column.
Stamens monadelphous in a column which gives otf about
the middle or near the apex a series of five broad and mem-
branaceous phalanges, situated opposite the petals (convolute
in aestivation), each bearing from four to eight anthers on
very short filaments, and at the summit divides into an inner
set of about ten narrow and usually diantheriferous phalan-
ges, or into about twenty filaments, most of which are united
below in pairs : anthers one-celled, as in the order. Ovaries
5 to 9, united in a circle around a central receptacle : styles
as many as the ovaries, united below, filiform, stigmatose the
whole length of the inner face. Ovule solitary in each car-
pel, peritropous-ascending, the micropyle inferior.

Fruit of five to niue membranaceous reniform carpels,
which are muticous, or apiculate with a short soft beak, one-
seeded, separating from the central receptacle when ripe.
5

58

MALVACE^.

opening by laceration at the inner edge, or tardily somewhat
two-valved. Seed reniform. Embryo arcuate-incurved, part-
ly surrounding the soft albumen : cotyledons foliaceous,
cordate, conduplicate-infolded : radicle inferior.

Herbs mostly hairy or hirsute, with rounded and common-
ly palmately-cleft or parted leaves, free stipules, and usually
virgate stems, terminated by a raceme or racemose panicle of
purple, rose-colored, or white flowers.

Etymology. Name compounded of Sida and Akea, the ancient names
of two allied Malvaceous genera.

Geographical Distribution, &c. A genus of eight described species
(vide Planta>. Fendleriantc, 1. c.) indigenous to Southern Oregon, California,
and New Mexico ; therefore not falling within the geographical range of this
work, but introduced here for the purpose of illustrating its remarkable
stamineal column, by which the genus is strikingly distinguished from all
other true Malvaceae. From the want of an involucel the species formerly
known have been referred to Sida, along with other heterogeneous forms.

PLATE 120. SiDALCEA DiPLOSCYPHA, Gray; — flowers, &c., of the nat-
ural size, from a Californian specimen by Fremont.

1. Diagram of the aestivation, &c. of the flower, with a magnified cross

section of the compound ovary. (The exterior phalanges of sta-
mens are seen to be convolute in the bud, as well as the petals, and
the inner to consist of ten smaller phalanges in two series, five
alternating with the exterior set, and five placed opposite them.)

2. The stamineal column entire, magnified ; the large and petaloid exte-

rior phalanges spreading ; the summits of the styles exserted from
the centre of the 2-antheriferous inner phalanges.

3. Vertical section of the same and of the ovary, &c., more magnified.

4. Mature fruit, with the segments of the calyx cut off, magnified.
.5. Side view of a detached carpel, more magnified.

6. Vertical section of the same, and of its seed and embryo.

7. The embryo detached entire, and more magnified.

8. The same, with the cordate cotyledons spread out flat.

9. SiDALCEA CANDIDA, Gray (Santa F6, Fendkr) ; — the stamineal col-

umn magnified. (The twice-forked outer phalanges show that each
arises from the repeated deduplication of one fundamental stamen.)

10. SiDALCEA DELPHiNiFOLiA, Gray (California, Hartweg) \ — stamineal

column and styles, magnified ; the phalanges erect, as in the bud.

11. Fruit magnified (calyx cut away), half the carpels removed, to show

the receptacle, and one divided vertically to show the seed.

12. One of the carpels bursting on the inner side.

SID AL CE A

MALVACEAE.

59

Plate 121, 122.

MALVASTRUM, Gray.

Involiiccllum nullum vel 1-3-phyllum. Stigmata termi-
nalia, capitellata. Ovulum in loculis solitarium, peritropo-
adscendens. Fructus 5-20-coccus, carpellis muticis rostra-
tisve ab axi secedentibus. Semen reniforme. Embryo
arcuatus vel annularis ; radicula centripeto-infera.

Malvastrum, Gray, PI. Fendl. in Mem. Amer. Acad. (n. ser.) 4. p. 21.
MALv.a: et Sid^ Sp., Auct.

Calyx naked or furnished with an involucel of from one
to three subulate and deciduous bractlets, or sometimes with
a conspicuous three-leaved persistent involucelj five-cleft,
persistent ; the segments valvate in aestivation. Petals 5,
hypogynous, usually oblique or obliquely emarginate, convo-
lute in aestivation. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous in a
simple column, the base of which is united with the claws
of the petals, hypogynous: filaments all arising from the
summit of the column : anthers reniform, one-celled, open-
ing around the whole convex side. Ovaries 5 to 20, united
in a circle around a central receptacle : styles as many as
the ovaries, united below ; stigmas terminal, capitate. Ovule
solitary in each carpel, peritropous-ascending, amphitropous,
the micropyle inferior.

Fruit a ring of coriaceous or crustaceous reniform one-
seeded carpels, which at length separate from each other and
from the central axis, and open by rupture on the inner edge,
or are indehiscent, or sometimes two-valved, pointless or ros-
trate, and sometimes bearing two tubercles or short spines on
the back. Seed reniform. Embryo curved into a semicircle
around a little soft albumen, or incompletely annular : coty-
ledons broad and foliaceous, cordate, conduplicate-infolded :
radicle centripetal-inferior.

60

MALVACEAE.

Herbs or low shrubby plants, with alternate stipulate
leaves, and axillary or racemose, spicate or glomerate flowers.
Corolla flame-colored, orange-colored, or yellow.

Etymology. Name prolonged from Malva ; given by De Candolle to his ^
section of that genus which included the true Mallows as well as many which
are referrible to the present genus, as constituted in PlantcB FendleriancB, 1. c.

Geographical Distribution, &c. The genus comprises a considerable
number of species, chiefly American, and indigenous to the warmer parts of
the country, from the plains of Missouri to those of Paraguay and the Andes
of Chili. It probably should also comprise the MalvsB <^ Capenses of De
Candolle ; but it has no European representatives.

Note. The species have been variously referred, those with a small or
caducous involucel, or none at all, to Sida, from which they differ in their as-
cending ovule and inferior radicle ; those with a manifest involucel usually
to Malva, from which their capitate stigmas at once distinguish them.

PLATE 121. Malvastrum coccineum, Gray; — branch of a flowering
plant raised from seeds brought from Missouri by Mr. Sprague.

1. Flower-bud, with the (caducous) 2-bracteolate involucel, enlarged.

2. Vertical section, more magnified, showing the ascending ovules, &c.

3. Summit of a style with its capitate stigma, more magnified.

4. Fruit with the calyx (from Fendler's Santa Fe specimens), enlarged.

5. Same, more magnified, with only one carpel left on the receptacle.

6. Seed, magnified.

7. Vertical section of a carpel, seed, and contained embryo, more magnified.

8. Embryo detached entire, magnified.

PLATE 122. Malvastrum Wrightii, Gray; — branch in flower, from
Texas, Wright; of the natural size.

1. Some of the stellate pubescence of the leaves, magnified.

2. Flower-bud, with the persistent involucel, enlarged.

3. Vertical section through the flower, showing the ovules, &c., magnified.

4. An anther, more magnified.

5. Summit of a style and capitate stigma, more magnified.

6. Fruit and fructiferous calyx, of the natural size. (Carpels dehiscent.)

7. The same, with all but one carpel removed from the axis, magnified.

8. Vertical section of a carpel, seed, and embryo, magnified.

9. Seed entire, magnified.

10. Embryo extracted entire, magnified.

11. The same, with the cotyledons spread out.

MA L VAST RUM

MALVACE^.

61

Plate 123.

SIDA, JL., Kunth,

Involiicellum nullum. Stigmata terminalia, capitellata.
Ovulum in loculis solitarium, resupinato-pendulum ! Fruc-
tus 5- 15-coccns, calyce subinclusus ; carpellis erectis, nudis,
apice saepe bivalvibus, ab axi tarde secedentibus. Semen
subtrigonum. Embryo conduplicatus ; radicula supera !

SiDA, Linn. Gen. 837, excl. spec. Kunth in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp.

5. p. 256, excl. spec. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 173.

Gray, PI. Fendl. 1. c. p. 22.
Malvinda, Medlk. Malv. 23.

SiD^ Sp., DC, Prodr. 1. p, 459. Torr. Sc Gray, FI. N. Am. 1. p. 231.

Calyx naked (destitute of an involucel), or very rarely
subtended by one or three bractlets, usually angled in the
bud, five-cleft, the segments valvate in sestivation. Petals
5, usually oblique, convolute in asstivation, hypogynous,
deciduous. Stamens numerous, monadelphous in a simple
hypogynous column, the dilated base of which is united
with the claws of the petals : filaments all arising from the
summit of the column : anthers reniform, one-celled, open-
ing by a semicircular line, two-valved. Ovaries 5 to 15,
united aroimd a central receptacle : styles as many as the
ovaries, united below : stigmas terminal, capitate. Ovule
solitary in each carpel, borne on the inner angle near the
summit of the cell, nearly anatropous, resupinate-pendulous,
the raphe therefore dorsal or external, and the micropyle
ascending next the axis.

Fruit of 5 to 15 erect and straight or incurved one-
seeded (beaked or beakless) carpels, which are more or less
included in the persistent calyx, indehiscent or usually two-
valved at the apex, and tardily separate at maturity from the
central axis. Seed suspended, often somewhat trigonous, or
with a sinus at the hilum which is directed to the summit

62

MALVACE^.

of the cell. Albumen little, mucilaginous or fleshy. Em-
bryo abruptly bent (the curvature inferior) so that the flexu-
ose-biplicate foliaceous cotyledons are incumbent on the
RADICLE, which lies next the inner angle of the carpel and
points to its apex !

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants, with usually undi-
vided alternate leaves, narrow stipules, and axillary solitary
or clustered flowers. Peduncles articulated. Petals yellow,
white, or rarely purple.

Etymology. An unexplained name, used by Theophrastus and tlie
early botanists.

Geographical Distribution. Chiefly tropical or subtropical plants, the
greater number American. Several species are indigenous in the Southern
United States, especially in Texas ; one or two of them occur as weeds in
the Northern States, but were probably introduced from the South.

Note. In the PlantcB Fendlerianoc I have indicated three sections of the
genus, but I have not at present the means of ascertaining whether they will
embrace all the genuine species known.

PLATE 123. SiDA spiNosA, Linn. ; — branch in flower, of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the aestivation of the sepals and petals, and section of the

ovary (the cells of which are opposite the petals.)

2. A petal enlarged.

3. Vertical section of the flower, magnified, displaying the union of the

base of the petals with the column of stamens, the resupinate-
pendulous ovules, capitate stigmas, &-c.

4. An anther, more magnified.

5. An ovule detached, more magnified^

6. Fruit with the persistent calyx, enlarged.

7. Back view of one of the carpels (dehiscent at the apex).

8. Vertical section of the same, and of the suspended seed.

9. Seed entire, magnified.

10. Embryo detached entire, magnified.

SIDA.

MALVACTyE.

63

Plate 124.

ANODA, Cav.

Calyx in fructu paten tissimus. Capsula polycocca, superne
depresso-plana, stellariformis ; carpellis radiantibus parietibus
• demum obliteratis apertis. Caetera fere Sidae.

Anoda, Cav. Diss. 1. p. 38. t. 10, 11, & Ic. 5. t. 431. Kunth, 1. c. p. 265.

DC. Prodr. 1. p. 458. Schlecht. in Linnaea, 11. p. 205. Endl.
Gen. 5287.

Calyx naked (destitute of an involucel), deeply five-cleft ;
the segments valvate in aestivation. Petals 5, obovate,
convolute in aestivation, hypogynous. Stamens numerous,
monadelphous in a simple hypogynous column, the dilated
base of which is united with the claws of the petals : fila-
ments all arising from the summit of the column : anthers
reniform, one-celled, two-valved. Ovaries numerous (10 to
20), closely united in a depressed ring around a central re-
ceptacle : styles as many, united below : stigmas terminal,
capitate. Ovule solitary in each carpel, resupinate-pendulous
from the summit of the inner angle of the cell, almost ana-
tropous ; the raphe therefore dorsal and superior ; the micro-
pyle centripetal-superior.

Fruit of 10 to 20 closely combined radiate-spreading
carpels, subtended by the spreading persistent calyx, orbicu-
lar, strongly depressed (the upper surface flat, the lower
convex) ; the carpels usually beaked on the back, indehis-
cent, the whole interior parietes or dissepiments obliterated,
the remainder at maturity falling away from the dilated
receptacle in the form of a kind of re plum. Seed nearly
horizontal, the raphe or hilum superior ; the testa crusta-
ceous. Embryo inflexed or incurved in sparing albumen :
COTYLEDONS foliaccous, coi'datc, replicate-infolded : radicle
centripetal-superior.

64

MALVACE^.

Herbs usually hirsute, with alternate angulate or hastate-
lobed leaves on slender petioles, subulate stipules, and solitary
axillary peduncles bearing single flowers. Corolla violet,
white, or yellow.

Etymology. The origin and application of the name are not explained by
Cavanilles. It has been thought to come from avo8os, impassable, impervi-
ous; the application of which is not apparent. But Schlechtendal (in
Linnaa, 11. p. 205) has directed attention to the true source of the name,
which is mentioned by Burmann {Thesaur. Zeyl. p. 1) as the Ceylonese
generic appellation of Abutilon and some other allied plants.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of six or seven known species,
all natives of Mexico. One of them was also found growing spontaneously
around Lima, by Dombey ; and it has recently been gathered by Dr. Riddell
in Texas, where it is doubtless indigenous. A. cristata, Schlecht. (A. triloba
and A. Dilleniana, Cav.) has long been in cultivation.

Note. Anoda is a tolerably well-marked genus, differing from Sida in
the depressed stellate fruit, from Abutilon in the solitary ovules, and from
both in the obliteration of the dissepiments of the originally many-celled
capsular fruit, the firmer exterior part of each carpel at length falling away
from the axis like a kind of replum, usually carrying the seed with it. — The
column is slightly five-lobed at the summit, (the lobes opposite the petals, in
the normal mode of Malvaceae,) and the styles also show a tendency to form
five parcels, which are deflexed between the divisions of the stamens. — The
species are not yet well distinguished.

PLATE 124. Anoda hastata, Cav., Schlecht.; — from an incomplete
specimen gathered in Texas by Riddell, combined with a cultivated
specimen in flower and fruit.

1. Vertical section of the column, pistil, &c., magnified.

2. Transverse section of the compound ovary, magnified,

3. Enlarged transverse section through the receptacle in fruit, with the

remaining part of one carpel, or valve, and its seed, in place ; the
dissepiments or sides of the carpels being entirely obliterated.

4. A similar valve and seed from the opposite side, equally enlarged.

5. A similar valve, detached.

6. Vertical section of a seed and embryo, magnified.

7. Embryo entire (brought into a vertical position), magnified.

ANOD A

MALVACE^.

65

Plate 125, 126.

ABUTILON, Tourn., Gczrtn.

Involucellum nullum. Stigmata capitellata. Ovula in
loculis 3, raro 4-9, omnia seu inferiora patula vel resupina-
to-pendula. Fructus 5 -polycoccus ; carpellis unilocellatis
subbivalvibus, ab axi vix secedentibus. Radicula adscendens
vel centripeta. — Folia cordata.

Abutilon, Tourn. Dill. Elth. (excl. spec). Gaertn. Fr. 2. p. 251. t. 135.

Kunth in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5. p. 270. t. 474. Adr.

Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 196. t. 40-42. Torr. & Gray,

Fl. 1. p. 230. Endl. Gen. 5292.
SidjE Sp., Linn., Cav., L'Her., DC.
Bastardise Sp., Adr. Juss. Endl. 1. c.

Indian Mallow. Velvet-leaf.

Calyx naked (destitute of an involucel), five-cleft, persist-
ent ; the segments valvate in aestivation. Petals 5, obovate,
often retuse, convolute in aestivation, hypogynous, their claws
coherent with the base of the stamineal column, at length
deciduous. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous in a simple
column, the dilated hypogynous base of which is united with
the claws of the petals : filaments usually all arising from
the summit of the column : anthers reniform, one-celled,
opening by a semicircular line around the convex side, two-
valve d : pollen (as in the whole order) globose, hispid.
Ovaries 5 to 20 or more, closely united in a circle around a
central receptacle, not divided by any false partition or in-
ternal process : styles of the same number as the ovaries,
united below : stigmas terminal, capitate. Ovules from 3
(or rarely fewer?) to 9 in each carpel, affixed to its inner
angle above or about the middle, amphitropous or almost
anatropous ; the uppermost ascending or patulous, the lower
more or less resupinate-pendulous (as in Sida).

66

MALVACEAE.

Fruit a whorl of 5 to 20 or more united follicular carpels,
which scarcely separate from each other or from the central
axis at maturity, usually invested below by the persistent
calyx, their summits often radiate-spreading, rostrate or
pointless, coriaceous or membranaceous, dehiscent by the
ventral suture at the apex, and frequently also by the dorsal
suture, each three - six-seeded, or by abortion one -two-
seeded, the cell destitute of any internal process or partition.
Seeds round-reniform or subclavate-reniform, the lower resu-
pinate-pendulous, the upper often horizontal, or, when there
are several, ascending, the umbilical sinus superior or dorsal :
testa crustaceous, smooth, or minutely hairy. Embryo in-
curved, in sparing fleshy albumen : cotyledons very broad,
foliaceous, cordate, biplicate and infolded, partly inclosing
the radicle, which is centripetal or in the lower seeds cen-
tripetal-superior.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, or even trees in the tropics,
often tomentose or velvety with a fine stellate pubescence.
Leaves alternate, palmately veined, almost always cordate,
serrate or entire, rarely lobed. Stipules free, deciduous.
Peduncles axillary, solitary or several, one -several-flowered,
articulated below the apex, sometimes paniculate by the
reduction of the upper leaves of the branches to bracts.
Corolla yellow or orange.

Etymology. The name is of unknown origin or meaning, probably
Oriental : it appears to have been introduced by Dodoneus and Bauhin. The
genus has commonly been united to Sida.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of numerous species, which be-
long chiefly to the tropical regions of the Old and the New World. Three
or four species are indigenous to the southern borders of the United States,
namely, in Florida and Texas ; and one (the common Indian Mallow or
Velvet-leaf), a native of India, has escaped from gardens and become spar-
ingly naturalized around dwellings and by the road-side in the Northern
States.

Properties. These plants possess the demulcent qualities of the whole
family ; and in India and Brazil some species are employed in popular
medicine the same way as is the officinal Marsh Mallow in Europe.

MALVACEyr..

67

Note. The carpels, when only five in numher, are opposite the sepals,
at least in the species here figured (Plate 125) ; while in Sida spinosa, and [
believe in other species, they are situated opposite the petals. — When the
ovules are only three in number they are either placed one above the other,
as in A. Avicennae, or, more commonly, the two upper are collateral, as
shown in Plate 125, Fig. 1 and Fig. 5. From this species and its allies,
Wissadula, Mcdik., appears to differ only in having a partition across the
cell above the lower seed.* — I do not possess sufficient materials for properly
characterizing the sections into which the genus Abutilon is to be divided.
The type of one of them ( Gaijoides), with vesicular muticous fruit, is Sida
crispa. Linn., which, having three ovules (and usually two seeds) in each
carpel (Plate 12C), cannot be a species of Bastardia, to which genus
Adrien de Jussieu referred it.f To the same group, on account of its
entirely similar aspect and structure, excepting the one-seeded carpels, I
should refer the Bastardia nemoralis, Adr. Juss.,X and thus restrict the
latter genus to the original species with a suspended seed (the section
Abutiloides, Endl.). Abutilon trichopodum, Ach. Rich.,§ which is also a
native of Key West, is very closely allied to A. crispum, but appears to be
distinct.

PLATE 125. Abutilon velutinum, n. sp. ; — a branch of the natural
size, in flower and ripe fruit ; from Texan specimens, wild and
cultivated.

1. Transverse section of a flower-bud (to show the aestivation), and of the

ovary, magnified. The section passes through the upper part of
the ovary, so as to exhibit the pair of collateral ovules which
occupy the upper portion of each cell.

2. Magnified vertical section of a flower, showing the ovules in their nat-

ural position. (One of each upper pair is concealed by its fellow.)

3. A detached ovule more highly magnified,

4. Enlarged vertical section through the dehiscent fruit and the investing

calyx, dividing one of the five carpels so as to exhibit two of the
seeds in place.

5. Vertical section through the back of one of the carpels and the three

seeds it contains, to show their position, viz. two of them collateral
in the upper and broader part of the cell.

* I have seen no representative of this genus. I have, indeed, a flowering
specimen of Sida peripiocifolia, (i. Caribsa, DC, from Key West, which Ach.
Richard (who does not describe the internal structure of the fruit), in the Bot-
any of La Sagra's work on Cuba, holds, I suppose incorrectly, to be identical
with the Oriental S. peripiocifolia, Linn.; but the ovary exhibits no trace of
transverse partitions ; so that the Caribbean species is a true Abutilon

t In St. Hilaire, Ft. Bras. Merid. 1. 194.

t Op. cit. p. 195, t. 39.

§ In La Sagra, Hist. Cub., part. Bot. PI. Vase. p. 155. t. 17.

68

MALVACEAE.

G. Vertical section through a seed and embryo, magnified.

7. Transverse section of the same, showing how the cotyledons are folded.

8. Embryo detached entire and magnified.

PLATE 126. Abutilon (Gayoides) crispum, Dojl; — branch from a
Texan specimen, in flower and fruit ; of the natural size.

1. Vertical section of a flower, magnified ; sliowing the three ovules in

each cell.

2. An ovule detached, more highly magnified.

3. Vertical section of the fruit, enlarged; one carpel showing two seeds.

4. A seed more magnified.

5. Vertical section of the same, displaying the embryo.
G. Embryo detached and more magnified.

7. The same, with the cotyledons spread out.

ABUTILON

126

JMALVACE^.

69

Plate 127.

SPHiERALCEA, St, Hit

Involucellum 2-3-phyllum, setaceum, saepe deciduum.
Stigmata capitellata. Ovula in loculis 2 - 3. Fructus sub-
globosus polycoccus ; carpellis unilocellatis, 3 - 1-spermis,
superne 2-valvibus, tardius inter se solubilibus et ab axi
secedentibus. Embryo arcuatus. Radicula infera, vel sem.
superioris centripeto-supera.

SpHiERALCEA, St. Hil. & Adr. Juss. in PI. Us. Bras. t. 52, & Fl. Bras.

1. p. 209. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 228. Endl. Gen. 5272.
Phymosia, Desv. in Hamilt. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. p. 43, ex Endl.
Malvje Sect. SpHiEROMA, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 435.
SphjEroma, Schlecht. in Linnaea, 11. p. 352.

Calyx involucellate with two or three usually deciduous
subulate or setaceous bracts, five-cleft, persistent ; the seg-
ments valvate in eestivation. Petals 5, obovate or obcor-
datc, often oblique, convolute in aestivation, hypogynous,
their claws united with the base of the stamineal column.
Stamens indefinite, monadelphous in a simple hypogynous
column : filaments all arising from its summit : anthers
reniform. Ovaries 15 to 20, closely united in a ring around
a central receptacle, destitute of any internal process or
partition : styles 15 to 20, united below : stigmas capitate.
Ovules 2 or 3 in each carpel, peritropous ; the upper one as-
cending, the lower descending.

Fruit of 15 to 20 compressed carpels, united in a globu-
lar ring, truncate at the summit ; the carpels compressed,
straight, excised at the insertion, often pointed, membrana-
ceous or coriaceous, two-valved at the summit and frequent-
ly splitting down the whole length of the dorsal suture,
tardily separating from each other and from the central
receptacle. Seeds 2, 3, or by abortion solitary in each car-

70

MALVACEAE.

pel, reniform, peritropous. E»ibryo semicircular-incurved in
fleshy albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, plaited in
the middle and infolded : radicle centripetal-inferior, or in
the upper seed centripetal-superior.

Herbs or shrubs, mostly hoary with a stellate pubescence,
with alternate and usually lobed or toothed leaves, and axil-
lary flowers. Stipules subulate, deciduous. Corolla ver-
milion, flesh-colored, or violet.

Etymology. Name compounded of cr^aTpa, a sphere, and Alcea, an
ancient name of Mallow, in allusion to the spherical fruit.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the warmer temperate and
subtropical regions of America, in both hemispheres ; the greater part Mex-
ican. One species extends north to the Arkansas River ; another is found
farther north in Oregon. None of them are yet known to occur within the
geographical limits of this work ; but they may be expected in Western Texas.

PLATE 127. Sph^eralcea miniata ; — summit of a branch from Fendlei's
Santa Fe collection ; of the natural size,

1. Diagram of the aestivation of the calyx and corolla.

2. Vertical section of a flower, magnified.

3. Fruit, with the persistent calyx.

4. The same, with the calyx spread open and all but one carpel removed.

5. Vertical section of a carpel and its two seeds, more magnified.

6. Seed detached, more magnified.

7. Vertical section of the same and of the embryo.

8. Embryo detached entire, and still more magnified.

MALVACEAE.

71

Plate 128.

MODIOLA, Mcench,

Involucellum 3-phyllum persistens. Stamina 10-20.
Stigmata terminalia introrsum subcapitata. Fructus poly-
coccus ; carpellis reniformibus, dorso cuspidatis, apice 2-
valvibus, ab axi secedentibus, intus processu septiformi
transverse divisis, locellis monospermis. Radicula centri-
peto-infera. — Herbas humifnsae.

MoDioLA, Moench. Meth. p. 620. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p.

210. t. 43. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 228.
Malv^ Sect. MoDioLA, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 435.

Calyx involucellate with three foliaceous and persistent
bracts, five-parted, persistent ; the segments valvate in aesti-
vation. Petals 5, obovate, convolute in aestivation, their
claws united with the base of the stamineal column. Sta-
mens 10 to 20, monadelphous nearly to the summit in an
urceolate column ; the short filaments in a single series,
when only ten in number united in pairs so as to form five
forked phalanges, when more numerous with separate fila-
ments interposed : anthers reniform, or somewhat didymous
and at first two-celled. Ovaries 14 to 20, united in a ring
around a central receptacle, each divided in the middle by a
kind of transverse partition, the chambers each one-ovuled :
styles united below, subclavate : stigmas terminal but in-
trorse, oblong-capitate. Ovules 2 in each carpel, amphitro-
pous, peritropous, the micropyle of both inferior.

Fruit a depressed ring of rather coriaceous carpels, which
at maturity separate from each other and from the dilated
central receptacle ; each strongly reniform, cuspidate on the
back, two-valved at the top, two-seeded, the seeds separated
by the valve-like process which forms a transverse partition,
or the upper seed sometimes abortive. Seeds reniform.

72

MALVACEAE.

Embryo in fleshy albumen, arcuate : cotyledons foliaceous,
cordate, plaited together and infolded : radicle centripetal-
inferior, or in the lower seed, from the strong incurvature of
the base of the carpel, more or less ascending.

Herbs, usually procumbent and spreading or creeping,
hirsute with simple hairs, with alternate palmately-lobed
and incisely-toothed leaves, somewhat adnate stipules, and
small purplish flowers on solitary and simple axillary pedun-
cles, which are articulated near the apex.

Etymology. From modiolus, a little measure, alluding to the shape of
the fruit.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of a few humble weeds, be-
longing to the warmer parts of Eastern America, from Virginia to Buenos
Ayres.

Note. The union of the short filaments in phalanges, as described and
figured in A. St. Hilaire's Flora Brasiliensis, is barely observable in M. Ca-
roliniana (M. multifida, M(£7ich). The radicle is inferior in both seeds.

PLATE 128. MoDioLA Caroliniana ; — branch, of the natural size, from
a plant raised in the Botanical Garden, Cambridge, from seeds sent
from Florida.

1. Diagram of the aestivation.

2. Vertical section of a flower, magnified, laying open one ovary.

3. An anther, more magnified (plainly formed of two confluent cells).

4. A detached pistil more magnified, the ovary vertically divided.

5. Fruit and receptacle vertically divided, magnified ; one of the carpels

and its seeds divided, showing the embryos in place, the transverse
partition, &c.

6. A seed more magnified.

7. Section of the same across the cotyledons and the radicle.

8. Embryo detached entire, magnified ; the cotyledons somewhat infolded.

MALVACE^.

73

Plate 129.

MALACHRA, L,

Flores in capitulum pedunculatum pluriflorum, involucro
3-pleiophyllo ciiictum, dispositi. Involucellum proprium
nullum. Caetera fere Pavoniae. — Herbae pilis pungentibus
hispidae.

Malachra, Linn. Gen. 1266. Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 548, 549. Cav. Diss.

2. t. 33. f. 2 (excl reliq.). DC. Prodr. 1. p. 441. excl. spec. 3, 5,
10, & 14. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 216. Endl. Gen.
5291. Ach. Rich. Fl. Cub. 1. p. 117.

Calyx not involucellate, five-cleft, persistent ; the seg-
ments three-nerved, valvate in aestivation. Petals obovate,
oblique, convolute in asstivation, hypogynous, their claws
united with the base of the stamineal column. Stamens
definite (about 20), monadelphous in a simple hypogynous
column, which is shorter than the corolla and naked, often
five-toothed, at the apex : filaments short, all emitted singly
from just below the apex of the column : anthers reniform,
one-celled. Ovaries 5, situated opposite the petals, more or
less united in a ring around a central axis : styles united
into one, which is ten-cleft at the summit : stigmas 10,
capitate. Ovule solitary in each carpel, peritropous-ascend-
ing from the inner angle near the base of the cell ; the
micropyle inferior.

Fruit pentacoccous ; the achenia-like one-seeded carpels
obovate-wedge-shaped, very obtuse and pointless, falling
away separately from a slender axis, dehiscent at the base
or along the ventral suture from below upwards. Seed
conformed to the cell, obovate-triangular, erect, slightly ex-
cised at the hilum ; the testa crustaceous. Embryo large,
somewhat incurved in the scanty albumen : cotyledons broad
and foliaceous, cordate, plicate in the middle and chrysaloid-

infolded : radicle inferior.

6

74

MALVACE^.

Herbs, or rarely somewhat shrubby plants, growmg in
wet places, hispid with sharp bristly hairs, and the stems
usually marked with tomentose-pubescent lines. Leaves
long-petioled, rounded, usually palmately lobed. Stipules
free. Peduncles axillary, terminated by a head of five or
more sessile flowers, which are inclosed by an involucre of
three or more cordate floral leaves. The head frequently
exhibits several setaceous bracts, some of which consist of
the stipules of the involucral leaves ; but there is no involu-
cel at the base of the calyx. Corolla yellow, or white with
a tinge of red.

Etymology. From ixaXdxr], an ancient name of some Malvaceous plant,
probably the Hollyhock, so called on account of its emollient properties.

Geographical Distribution, A genus of a few chiefly tropical plants,
both of the Old and the New World. The sole representative in the United
States has recently been detected in Texas by Mr. Charles Wright.

PLATE 129. Malachra Mexicana, Schrader? — a portion of a stem with
a leaf, peduncle, &c., of the natural size; from a specimen culti-
vated in the Cambridge Botanic Garden from seeds of the Texan
plant.

1. One of the three leaves of the involucre, of the natural size.

2. Diagram of the six-flowered capitulum. The smallest figures are sec-

tions of the stipular bractlets.

3. Vertical section of the column, ovary, &c., magnified.

4. The pistil magnified, with the 5-celled ovary cut across.

5. The 5-coccous fruit, in the calyx, magnified.

6. The same, vertically divided ; two carpels taken away.

7. One of the separated carpels, equally magnified.

8. Vertical section of the same, and of its seed and embryo.

9. A seed detached entire, magnified.

10. The embryo detached entire, magnified.

129

MALVACEAE.

75

Plate 130.

PAVONIA, Cav.

Involucellum 5- 15-phyllum, persistens. Stamina saspius
indefinita. Stigmata 10, capitata. Fructus 5-coccus ; car-
pellis acheniiformibus monospermis, fere discretis (nudis vel
apice 3-aristatis). Radicula infera. — Pedunculi uniflori.

Tavonia, Cav. Diss. 3. p. 132. t. 45-49. Lam. III. t. 585. Adr. Jus.s.

in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. ^ZQ. t. 44-47. Endl. Gen. 5275.
Pavonia, Lopimia, Lebretonia, Goethea, etc., Nees & Mart., DC.
Malache, Trew, Ehret. t. 50.
Thornthonia, Reichenb. Consp. p. 202.

Calyx persistent, involucellate with from five to fifteen
persistent bracts, five-cleft ; the segments valvate in aestiva-
tion. Petals obovate, convolute in aestivation, spreading, or
sometimes convolute-connivent, the claws united with the
base of the stamineal column. Stamens numerous, rarely
few or definite, monadelphous in a simple column, which is
shorter or a little longer than the corolla, and naked and five-
toothed at the apex ; the filaments arising from towards its
summit or from nearly the whole length of the column :
anthers reniform. Ovaries 5, situated opposite the petals,
more or less united in a five-lobed ring around a small cen-
tral axis : styles united into one, which is ten-cleft at the
summit : stigmas terminal, capitate, minutely hispid. Ovule
solitary in each carpel, peritropous-ascending from the inner
angle towards the base of the cell ; the micropyle inferior.

Fruit pentacoccous ; the acheniiform carpels united barely
at the base and obovate or rounded, or rarely by contiguous
plane faces, dry, crustaceous or coriaceous, naked or some-
times armed at the apex with three retrorscly hispid awns,
separating at maturity, indehiscent, or somewhat two-valved.
Seed solitary, ascending, conformed to the cell, obovate-

76

MALVACEAE.

reniform, acute at the base. Albumen little or none. Em-
bryo incurved: cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, plicate in
the middle and chrysaloid-infolded : radicle inferior.

Shrubs, or rarely herbaceous plants, with alternate and
petioled stipulate leaves, and usually solitary flowers on ax-
illary peduncles. Corolla yellow, white, rose-color, or red.

Etymology. Dedicated to Joseph Pavon, a Spanish botanist who ac-
companied Dombey and Ruiz to South America, and became one of the
authors of the Flora Peruviana.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of a considerable number of
species, mostly with handsome flowers, nearly restricted to tropical Ameri-
ca and India. Two Mexican species extend into Texas ; and another, the
Malva Le Contei of Buckley (in Sill. Jour. 45, p. 176), resembling the
Brazilian P. hastata, Cav., was found by Major Le Conte in Georgia.

Note. Pavonia, as left by Adr. Jussieu, who has best characterized it,
exhibits a series of forms which too closely connect it with Urena on the one
hand, and with Malvaviscus on the other. The typical state of the genus is
well represented by our figure. The PavonicB Urenoidem of Jussieu (§ Ty-
phalea, DC.) have the cocci tipped with three retrorsely barbed awns ;
while Urena has them hispid or echinate all over the back with glochidate
bristles, has fewer anthers usually on very short filaments, and a five-cleft
involucel. But P. Le Contei, Torr. df Gray, ined., with naked carpels
has also (judging from flowers which are not in good condition) very
few and subsessile anthers, and the five leaflets of the involucel are a little
united. P. Drummondii, Torr. djf Gray, FL, on the other hand, having
convolutely connivent (scarlet) petals, and a filiform exserted and soon spi-
rally twisted column, to which may be added a fruit which is at first fleshy,
although separable into five cocci, belongs to the P. Malvaviscoidea of Jussieu
(Malvaviscus? § Anotea, DC., but the petals are auriculate). This group
should probably be restored to Malvaviscus, or form a distinct genus.

PLATE 130. Pavonia Wrightii, n. sp. ; — a branch in flower and fruit,
of the natural size, from a plant raised in the Botanic Garden from
seeds sent from Texas by Mr. Charles Wright.

1. Diagram of the aestivation, position, &c. of the parts of the flower.

2. Vertical section of the flower, magnified.

3. The five ovaries, with the base of the compound style, magnified.

4. Fruit, with the calyx and involucel, enlarged.

5. A separate carpel, seen laterally, more magnified.

6. Vertical section of tlie same, and of the contained seed and embryo.

7. Magnified embryo; and 8. the same with the cotyledons spread out.

P AVO N lA

MALVACEiE.

77

Plate 131.

MALVAVISCUS, Dill

Involucellum 7 - 12-phyllum. Petala inaequilatera basi
hinc lobulo aucta, erecta, in tubuin convoluta. Tubus sta-
mineus filiformis longe exsertus. Stigmata 10, capitata.
Fructus baccatus 5-locularis, loculis monospermis. Radicu-
la infera.

Malvaviscus, Dill. Elth. p. 210. t. 170. Cav. Diss. 3. p. 131. t. 48.

Kunth in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 5. p. 283. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 445
(excl. sect. 2 ?). Endl. Gen. 5278. A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 1. p. 131 .
t. 14.

AcHANiA, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. 2. p. 1222.

Calyx subtended by an involucel of seven to twelve linear
persistent bracts, five-cleft, persistent ; the segments valvate
in aestivation. Petals 5, inequilateral, auriculate by a small
lobe towards the base on one side, hypogynous, strongly
convolute in aestivation, not expanding, but remaining erect
and spirally convolute into a sort of tube, the claws united
with the base of the stamineal column. Stamens indefinite,
monadelphous ; the column long and filiform, much exserted,
becoming spirally twisted, its naked apex five-toothed : fil-
aments short, emitted in several series from the upper part of
the tube : anthers oblong or reniform, opening round the
convex side. Ovaries combined into a five-celled globular
compound ovary ; the cells opposite the sepals : styles united
into one, which is ten-cleft at the apex : stigmas 10, termi-
nal, capitate or truncate, minutely hispid. Ovule solitary
from the inner angle of each cell, amphitropous, peritropous,
the micropyle inferior.

Fruit baccate, depressed-globose, usually five-grooved,
five-celled ; the cells one-seeded. Seed ascending, obovate.
" Embryo arcuate in very sparing mucilaginous albumen :

•

78

MALVACEAE.

COTYLEDONS foHaceous, plaited and infolded : radicle in-
ferior."

Shrubs, with alternate stipulate usually rounded and ob-
scurely lobed leaves, and axillary peduncles bearing single
showy flowers. Corolla usually blood-red or scarlet.

Etymology. Name compounded of Malva, mallow, and viscus, bird-
lime, or something glutinous, from the mucilaginous or pulpy character of
the fruit.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of Tropical America, one spe-
cies growing in the warmer part of Texas. M. Floridanus, Nutt., is, I
believe, an Hibiscus.

Note. None of the indigenous specimens of M. Drummondii I have
examined show the fruit, nor has it yet been produced upon the specimens
in cultivation in the Botanic Garden, where the plant flowers freely through
the summer.

PLATE 131. Malvaviscus Drummondii, Torr. 4" Gray; — branch in
flower, of the natural size, from a plant raised from Texan seeds.

1. Diagram of the ajstivation and position of the parts of the flower, with

a magnified cross-section of the ovary.

2. Section of the convolute corolla in flower.

3. A petal detached, of the natural size.

4. An anther, magnified.

5. Flower vertically divided through the column, the ovary, &c., enlarged.

6. Ovule detached and more magnified.

7. Summit of the stamineal column, showing the naked five-toothed apex.

8. Fructified ovary, with the calyx and involucre, of the natural size.

9. An immature seed, enlarged.

MALVACEAE.

79

Plate 132.

KOSTELETZKYA, Presl,

Ovarii loculi uniovulati. Capsula depressa 5-sperma. Cae-
tera fere Hibisci.

KosTELETZKYA, Prcsl, Rel. Hcenk. 2. p. 130. t. 70. Endl. Gen. 5276.
Hibisci Sect. Pentaspermum, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 447 (excl. spec). Torr.
& Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 236.

Calyx involucellate with from seven to ten subulate or
setaceous persistent bracts, five-cleft ; the segments valvate in
aestivation. Petals 5, convolute in aestivation, obovate,
spreading, hypogynous, their claws united with the base of
the stamineal column. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous ;
the column slender, its naked apex five-toothed : filaments
short, emitted from nearly the whole length of the upper
half or more : anthers reniform, one-celled, two-valved.
Ovaries 5, combined into a five-celled compound ovary ;
the cells opposite the sepals : styles united into one nearly
to the summit, there five-cleft : stigmas depressed-capitate.
Ovule solitary and ascending from near the base of the
inner angle of each cell, nearly anatropous, the micropyle
inferior.

Fruit a depressed-orbicular capsule, more or less five-
angled, coriaceous, five-celled, five-seeded, loculicidally five-
valved ; the valves alternate with the persistent sepals, bear-
ing the dissepiment on their middle, leaving only a short
central axis. Seed ascending, somewhat reniform ; the
crustaceous testa smooth. E^ibryo arcuate in sparing albu-
men : cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, plaited and chrysaloid-
infolded : radicle inferior.

Herbs, sometimes suffruticose, with the alternate petioled
leaves hastate, sagittate, or the lower cordate, sometimes
lobed. Stipules setaceous, deciduous. Peduncles axillary.

80

MALVACE^.

solitary, one-flowered, often racemose or paniculate at the
summit of the branches from the reduction of the leaves to
bracts, articulated below the apex. Flowers rose-color, pur-
ple, or yellowish, not very large.

Etymology. Dedicated, I suppose, to a Bohemian botanist, Kosteletzky.

Geographical Distribution. The genus consists of several chiefly
American, tropical or subtropical species, the greater number Mexican.
One species only, K. Virginica (Hibiscus Virginicus, Linn.), is known in
the United States, which is common on the coast from Virginia southward,
and is sparingly found as far north as Long Island.

PLATE 132. KosTELETZKYA Virginica, Presl; — a branch in flower and
fruit, of the natural size.

1 . Diagram of the position and aestivation of the envelopes of the flower,

(with a magnified transverse section of the ovary).

2. Vertical section through the column, ovary, receptacle, &c., magnified,

3. An anther, more magnified.

4. Capsule, dehiscent, with the calyx, &c., enlarged.

5. One of the valves of the same, seen from within.

6. A seed, more magnified.

7. Embryo detached entire, still more magnified.

*

KOSTELETZ KY A

MALVACEAE.

81

Plate 133.

HIBISCUS, L.

Involucellum polyphyllum. Ovarium 5-loculare, loculis
pluriovulatis : stigmata 5, capitata. Capsula 5-loculare, calyce
(non longitudinaliter fisso) stipata, loculicide 5-valvis ; loculis
oligo-polyspermis.

Hibiscus, Linn. Gen. 846 (excl. spec). Ga3rtn. Fr. 2. p. 250. 1. 134. DC.

Prodr. 1. p. 446 (excl. sect. plur.). Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl.

Bras. 1. p. 242. Endl. Gen. 5277.
Ketmia, Tourn., Adans.

Rose-Mallow.

Calyx involucellate with numerous (usually ten or more)
subulate or filiform persistent bracts, five-cleft, not spatha-
ceous and deciduous after flowering ; the segments valvate in
aestivation. Petals 5, obovate, usually spreading, convolute
in aestivation, the claws united with the dilated base of the
stamineal column. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous ; the
column usually elongated or filiform, five-toothed at the
naked apex, hypogynous ; the filaments emitted from the
greater part of its length : anthers reniform, two-valved.
Ovaries 5, combined into a five-celled compound ovary, the
cells opposite the sepals : styles united into one nearly
to the apex, there five-cleft : stigmas 5, depressed-capitate
(rarely connate), commonly hispid. Ovules several or nu-
merous from the inner angle of each cell, horizontal or
ascending, anatropous or nearly so.

Fruit a five-celled capsule, stipate by or included in the
persistent calyx, loculicidally five-valved ; the valves alternate
with the sepals, bearing the dissepiments on their middle,
leaving no, or scarcely any, central axis. Seeds numerous,
or by abortion few in each cell, horizontal, or when few as-
cending, obovate or globular ; the testa crustaceous, smooth.

82

MALVACEAE.

squamulose, or hairy. Embryo arcuate in mucilaginous or
fleshy albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, plaited and
chrysaloid-infolded : radicle centripetal or inferior.

Herbs, or often shrubs or trees, with alternate lobed or
undivided leaves, and axillary peduncles which are usually
articulated towards the apex and bear single large and showy
flowers. Stipules often deciduous.

Etymology. 'I/SiVkos, an ancient name of the Marsh Mallow, applied
by Linnaeus to an allied genus.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of a considerable number of
species, the greater part tropical or subtropical. Eight or ten species are
indigenous to the warmer regions of the United States ; one of which ex-
tends north along the coast to New England, and another to Ohio and
Pennsylvania.

Properties, &c. Several are highly ornamental in cultivation. All
have the tough bark and the mucilaginous qualities of the order.

Note. The Okra (H. esculentus. Linn.), so well known as a demulcent
and for its culinary uses, and H. Manihot, Linn., belong to the genus Abel-
MOSCHus, Medik., characterized by its tubular spathaceous calyx, which
splits down one side and is, with the involucel, deciduous. Of this no in-
digenous representatives are known in the United States, except Hibiscus
Collinsianus, Nutt. (if that be distinct from A. esculentus), of which I
have no specimen for illustration.

PLATE 133. Hibiscus Moscheutos, Linn. ; — a flower and floral leaf, of
the natural size (the bases of the peduncle and petiole united).

1. Diagram of the aestivation of the floral envelopes.

2. Flower, with the column, ovary, &c., vertically divided, enlarged.

3. An anther, magnified.

4. An ovule, more magnified.

5. Transverse section of an ovary, magnified.

6. Dehiscent capsule and calyx, of the natural size.

7. A seed, enlarged.

8. Transverse section of the same. (The cotyledons should have been

shown plaited on the back.)

9. Embryo detached entire, more magnified.

H I B I S J [J S

Ord. BYTTNERIACE^.

Arbores, frutices, rariusve herbae ; aestivatione corollse in-
derdum valvar! ; staminibus definitis, iisdem sepalis antepo-
sitis ssepissime sterilibus vel abortivis ; antheris hilocidarihus^
loculis parallelis ; granulis pollinis Isevibus ; ovario e carpellis
3-5 conjunctis composito 3 - 5-loculari, rariusve simplici.
— Csetera fere Malvacearum.

Byttneriace^, R. Brown in Flinders, Voy. 2. p. 540. DC. Prodr. 1. p.

481, excl. § 1. Endl. Gen. p. 995. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 363.
Malvaceae Tr. BijTTNERiE^, St. Hil. Fl. Bras.
BuTTNERiACE-as, Hermanniace^, & DoMBEYACE^, Bartl.

The BYTTNERiACEi; constitute one of the tropical families which have
been separated from the Malvaceae of Jussieu, hut v^^hich manifestly belong
to the same natural group with the proper Mallow Family. From the latter
this order is at once distinguishable by its two-celled anthers, the cells of
which are distinct and parallel, its smooth pollen, and usually few fertile
stamens. The carpels are also uniformly few in number and perfectly con-
solidated into a compound pistil, or in some cases reduced to one simple
pistil. From the Sterculiaceas, taken collectively, no absolute character has
been indicated to distinguish them. Dr. Lindley, indeed, in his recent work
cited above, through some mistake, states that the anthers of Byttneriaceae
are turned inwards, and rests his diagnosis upon this character ; but the
anthers are plainly extrorse in the greater part, if not in all, of the plants of
the family.

The exterior stamens, which constitute the fertile series when there is
only one, are situated opposite the petals and are usually coherent with their
base, just as in Malvaceae. Each single stamen of Melochia (Plate 134),
therefore, is plainly equivalent to one of the five fascicles of which the Mal-
vaceous column, when examined in an early stage, is seen to be composed,
and doubtless originates from a simple deduplication of the petal to which its
base coheres ; while the interposed series of sterile filaments, in Melochia
reduced to five teeth alternate with the petals (Plate 134, Fig. 4), represent
the true stamineal verticil, and correspond with the five naked lobes at the
summit of the column of Malvaviscus (Plate 131) and of the Hibisceae.

84

BYTTNERIACEiE.

The Byttneriaceae belong to the intertropical regions of both worlds, to
Australia, and to the Cape of Good Hope. Two plants of the family, how-
ever, both of the tribe Hermannieae, extend northward to lat. 30° in Texas,
and therefore claim a place in this work.

In their sensible properties these plants accord with Malvaceae, both as to
the mucilaginous juice and the toughness of the fibrous bark. The greater
part are also pervaded, more or less, by a bitter and somewhat astringent
extractive substance ; and the seeds yield a fatty oil. By far the most im-
portant product of the order is chocolate, one of the most nutritious of vege-
table substances, which is made from the roasted seeds of Theobroma Cacao
(a tree which forms whole forests in Equatorial America). The shells, or
crustaceous integuments of the seed, partake of the same qualities, and are
used as a substitute for chocolate itself or for coffee.

BYTTiSERlACEiE.

85

Plate 134.

MELOCHIA, L,

Calyx 5-fidus. Petala obovato-spathulata. Stamina 5,
petalis opposita, monadelpha. Ovarium brevissime stipita-
tum ant sessile, 5-loculare ; loculis superposite 2-ovulatis :
styli 5, basi connati. Capsula membranacea, pyramidato-
pentagona, secus angulos acutatos loculicide 5-valvis. Em-
bryo rectus.

Melochia, Linn. Gen. 829 (excl. spec). Jacq. Hort. Vindob. t. 30.

Gsrtn. Fr. t. 113. Cav. Diss. 6. t. 172. f. 1. DC. Prodr. 1. p.

490. Endl. Gen. 5337.
Melochi^e Sp., St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 156.

Calyx five-cleft, persistent ; the segments valvate in assti-
vation. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate with the segments
of the calyx, oblong-obovate or spatulate, very obtuse, erect-
spreading, convolute in aestivation, deciduous. Stamens 5,
opposite the petals and shorter than they, hypogynous : fil-
aments filiform or subulate, monadelphous at the base into a
short tube which is connate with the claws of the petals
opposite the filaments, and often bears five alternate inter-
posed teeth or small lobes which represent a series of abortive
filaments : anthers oblong, extrorse, two-celled ; the cells
parallel, obtuse at both ends, opening longitudinally for their
whole length. Pollen globular, smooth. Ovary sessile or
nearly so, of five united pistils, five-celled ; the cells placed
opposite the petals, two-ovuled : styles 5, united below,
introrsely stigmatose at the summit. Ovules two in each
cell, inserted one above the other on the inner angle, amphi-
tropous, ascending, the micropyle inferior.

Capsule membranaceous, often pyramidal, five-angled
with the salient angles compressed or produced, five-celled,
loculicidally dehiscent through the projecting angles ; the

t

86

BYTTNERIACEiE.

dissepiments borne on the middle of the valves, and tardily-
separating from the filiform axis. Seeds 2, or by abortion
solitary, in each cell, obovate, ascending, amphitropous or
partly anatropous, not incurved ; the testa smooth and crus-
taceous. Embryo straight in the axis of the fleshy albumen
and nearly of its length : cotyledons broad and foliaceous,
round-reniform, plane : the radicle terete, inferior.

Shrubs, or sometimes herbs, thq pubescence, if any, stel-
lular ; with alternate and ovate or oblong serrate leaves, on
distinct petioles, and small stipules. Peduncles terminal or
opposite the leaves, bearing an umbellate fascicle of small
flowers. Corolla violet, purple, or white.

Etymology. A name of uncertain origin, thought by Linnasus to have
come, by the accidental change of a letter, from fxoXoxr}, an ancient name of
some Mallow-plant.

Geogra-phical Distribution. A genus of tropical American plants, as
now restricted ; one widely diffused species, however, extends northward
into Texas, beyond lat. 30°.

PLATE 134. Melochia pyramidata, Linn.; — a branch of the natural
size, in flower and fruit ; raised in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge,
from Texan seeds.

1. Diagram of the aestivation, and of the position of the stamens.

2. Magnified section through the base of the flower-bud, showing the

cohesion of the base of the petals with the short tube of filaments,
also the position of the cells of the ovary.

3. Vertical section of a flower (dividing one cell of the ovary and show-

ing its ovules), enlarged.

4. Two stamens, with a portion of the ring at the base and the interposed

teeth, or rudimentary sterile filaments, magnified.

5. Transverse section of an anther, more magnified.

6. Grains of pollen, highly magnified.

7. A capsule enlarged.

8. Transverse section of the same in dehiscence, more magnified.

9. A seed magnified.

10. Transverse section of the same, cutting across the cotyledons.

11. Embryo detached entire, and more magnified.

^1 E L 0 C H I A

BYTTNERIACEiE.

87

Plate 135.

HERMANNIA, Tourn.

Calyx 5-fidus. Petala obovato-spathulata, unguibus sae-
pius involutis. Stamina 5, petalis opposita ; filamentis dila-
tatis planiSj basi monadelphis ; antherae loculis acuminatis.
Ovarium stipitatum, 5-loculare ; loculis multiovulatis. Cap-
sula loculicide 5-valvis. Semina plurima, reniformia. Em-
bryo arcuatus.

Hermannia, Tourn. Inst. t. 432. Dill. Elth. t. 147. Linn. Gen. 628.

Juss. Gen. p. 289. Cav. Diss. 6. t. 177-182. DC. Prodr. 1. p.
493. Endl. Gen. 5340.

Calyx five-cleft, persistent, often vesiculose-inflated in
fruit ; the segments valvate in aestivation. Petals 5, con-
volute in aestivation, alternate with the segments of the
calyx, spathulate or obovate, erect-spreading, hypogynous,
deciduous, the usually dilated claw with involute or convo-
lute margins. Stamens 5, opposite the petals and shorter
than they, hypogynous : filaments flat and dilated, mona-
delphous at the base around the stipe of the ovary into a
ring which is adnate to the very base of the claws of the
petals : anthers extrorse, connivent, sagittate, two-celled ;
the cells acuminate and often tipped with a minute gland,
opening longitudinally for the whole length. Ovary stipi-
tate, five-celled, the cells (at least in the American species)
opposite the sepals : styles more or less distinct, or united
into one, introrsely stigmatose at the apex. Ovules numer-
ous in two series from the inner angle of each cell, anatro-
pous or amphitropous, ascending or horizontal.

Capsule coriaceous or nearly membranaceous, usually five-
lobed, five-celled, loculicidal, the dissepiments adhering to
the middle of the valves. Seeds several or numerous in
each cell, reniform ; the testa coriaceous or crustaceous, often

88

BYTTNERIACE^.

pitted. Embryo arcuate, or almost hippocrepiform, in fleshy
albumen : cotyledons foliaceous, flat : radicle slender, cen-
tripetal.

Shrubs, or nearly herbaceous plants, usually hoary or hir-
sute with stellular pubescence ; the leaves alternate, stipulate.
Peduncles axfllary, one - many-flowered ; the pedicels com-
monly articulated. Flowers yellow, or sometimes purple.

Etymology. Dedicated by Tournefort to Paul Hermann, Professor of
Botany at Leyden in the latter part of the seventeenth century.

Geographical Distribution. This genus belongs to the Cape of Good
Hope (where it is numerous in species) ; with the exception of two plants
recently detected in Mexico and Texas, which appear to be truly congeneric
with South African Hermanniae. Of one of them (No. 802 of Coulter's
Mexican collection) Mr. Bentham informs me he has long possessed a spe-
cimen from the Montpellier Garden, under the (apparently unpublished) name
of Hermannia Brasiliensis, Delile. It is most likely the " H. inflata. Link
df Otto,^'' mentioned in Steudel as a Mexican species, as its fructiferous
calyx is remarkably inflated. The other species (in which the calyx is not
thus inflated) was gathered by Dr^^ Gregg near Buena Vista, in Northern
Mexico, and previously on the Rio Colorado in Texas, north of lat. 31°, by
Mr. Lindheimer ; from whose indigenous specimens it is here figured. It
has been raised from his seed in the Botanic Garden of Harvard University ;
but the plants have not yet flowered. The corolla is purple or violet-colored
in both species.

PLATE 135. Hermannia Texana, n. sp. ; — a branch of the natural size,
in flower and fruit.

1. Diagram of the flower in a transverse section.

2. A petal enlarged ; inside view.

3. A stamen magnified, seen from the outside.

4. Inside view of the same.

5. Vertical section through the ovary, tube of united filaments, receptacle,

&c., magnified. (The tube of filaments is more or less connate
with the stipe of the ovary.)

6. Transverse section of a dehiscent capsule, enlarged.

7. A seed, more magnified.' (Testa strongly pitted.)

8. Vertical section of the same through the albumen and embryo.

9. Embryo detached entire, with the cotyledons separated, more magnified.

H E p. M A N N I A

Ord. TILIACE^.

ArboreSj rarissime herbae ; calyce valvari deciduo ; osstiva-
tione corollas qiiandoque imbricativa ; staminibus sa3pius
indefinitis, discretis seu 5-adelphis, toro plerumque stipiti-
formi vel glanduloso insertis ; antheris bilocularibus, granulis
pollinis lasvibus ; fructu nunc abortu unilocular! : — caetera
fere Malvacearum.

TiLiACEJE, Juss. Gen. p. 290 (excl. gen.). Kuntli, Diss. Malv. p. 14.

Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 338. Endl. Gen. p. 1004. Lindl. Veg.
Kingd. p. 371.

TiLiACEiE & El^eocarpejE, Juss. in Ann. Mus. 11. p. 31. DC. Prodr.
1. p. 503, 519. Wight, lil. Ind. Bot. p. 79. t. 33-35.

The Linden Family, represented in the northern temperate zone by the
well-known genus of handsome trees the name of which it bears, is how-
ever principally tropical. Of its thirty recognized genera, all but Tilia itself, »
and a single species of Corchorus, which barely reaches our southern fron-
tier, belong to the torrid zone and to the sultriest regions beyond the tropic
of Capricorn. They are principally trees, often of great size and with hand-
some foliage and flowers ; a few are shrubs, and still fewer are humble herbs.

In sensible properties, as well as in floral structure, Tiliaceas nearly resem-
ble the Mallow Family. They have a similar mucilaginous juice, a very
tough inner bark, and are entirely destitute of unwholesome qualities.
Some yield a succulent and edible fruit. The berries of Grewia sapida, &c.,
are pleasantly acid, and are ingredients of sherbet. The bark and foli-
age are more or less astringent. The wood is light and usually soft, but
very fine-grained : that of Linden is much esteemed for wainscoting and
carving. " The excellent light timber called Trincomalee-wood, employed
in the construction of the Massoola boats of Madras, is furnished by Berrya
Ammonilla." Grewia elastica of India affords a timber which is highly
valued for its strength and elasticity, and is used for bows, shafts, &c. The
tough fibrous inner bark, or bass, of the European Linden furnishes the well-
known Russian mats. Gunny-bags are made from the rudely prepared bark
of Corchorus capsularis, which also yields the long and glossy Indian fibre
caWedjute, a substitute for hemp and flax. " Ten years ago," according to
7

90

TILIACEiE.

a statement in Hooker's Journal of Eotany and Kew Garden Miscellany for
January, 1849, " the use of this fibre was unknown in Europe, but now it
is imported into Great Britain to the pecuniary amount of 300,000 pounds
sterling annually."

The Lindens form an ample and compact head of handsome foliage, and
are therefore much prized as shade-trees. The charcoal of the wood is used
in making gunpowder. It is said that a little sugar may be obtained from
the vernal sap ; and the fragrant flowers yield the finest honey.

This order is at once distinguished from the Mallow Family by its decidu-
ous calyx, its distinct or at least scarcely monadelphous stamens, which
are inserted on a manifest hypogynous torus, and by the two-celled an-
thers ; from Byttneriaceag by their indefinite and not monadelphous sta-
mens. The petals in Tilia are sometimes quincuncially imbricated in aestiva-
tion, as represented in Plate 136, Fig. 1 ; but in the same species they are
as frequently convolute, except that the first petal is entirely exterior, and oc-
casionally the fifth is wholly interior. It may be remarked, as a general
rule, that the aestivation of the corolla does not furnish such constant charac-
ters as that of the calyx.

The embryo of Tilia differs from that of Malvaceae in having the cotyle-
dons revolute, or rolled together in the direction averse from the hilum.

Recurring to what has been stated as to the position and origin of the
stamens in the two preceding orders, it will appear evident from the diagram
in Plate 136, Fig. 1, that, in the American Lindens, the petaloid scales or
staminodia, with the adherent cluster of stamens, originate from the dedu-
plication of the petals before which they respectively stand.

TILIACEiE.

91

Plate 136.

TILIA, Tourn.

Petala 5, subspathulata, calyce 5-sepalo longiora, a3stiva-
tione imbricata seu convolutivo-imbricata. Stamina plurima
5-adelpha, nempe in phalanges 5 cum staminodiis petaloideis
totidem petalis oppositas connata, vel discretis staminodiis
nuUis. Ovarium 5-loculare ; loculis 2-ovulatis. Nux septis
obliteratis unilocularis, 1-2-sperma. — Arbores, foliis corda-
tis ; pedunculo plurifloro bractea ligulata inferne adnato.

TiLiA, Tourn. Linn. Gen. 606. Gsertn. Fr. 2. t. 113. Venten. Mon. in
Mem. Inst. 1802. t. 1-5. Michx. f. Sylv. t. 131-133. Spach
in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. ser. 2. p. 331. 1. 15. Endl. Gen. 5373.
Linden. L<ime-tree. Basswood.

Calyx of five lanceolate or oblong sepals, valvate in assti-
vation, rather coriaceous, deciduous. Petals 5, alternate
with the sepals, hypogynous, oblong-spatulate, quincuncially
imbricated, or convolute with one petal exterior, or some-
times with one wholly interior, in aestivation, deciduous.
Stamens indefinite, inserted on a short hypogynous torus:
FILAMENTS filiform, distinct or nearly so, or (in the American
species) collected into five phalanges and more or less united
at the base with each other and with a hypogynous petaloid
scale (staminodium), which stands before each petal and re-
sembles it, except in its smaller size : anthers fixed by the
middle, extrorse, two-celled ; the oblong cells separate, or
often disjoined by the forking of the filament, opening longi-
tudinally on the outside. Pollen smooth, simple. Ovary
ovoid, five-celled, the cells opposite the sepals : style colum-
nar, five-toothed at the dilated apex, the lobes introrsely stig-
matose. Ovules 2 in each cell, peritropous-ascending from
the middle of its inner angle, almost collateral, between am-
phitropous and anatropous, the micropyle centripetal-inferior.

92

TILIACE.E.

Fruit nut-like, woody-coriaceoiis, globular or ovoid, some-
times five-ribbed, indehiscent, one-celled by the obliteration
of the dissepiments, one - two-seeded. Seed obovate, semi-
anatropous, ascending ; the testa cartilaginous. Embryo in
the axis of dense fleshy albumen, large : cotyledons folia-
ceous, reniform or cordate, palmately five-veined and five-
lobed, somewhat plaited in the middle, revolute in the direc-
tion contrary to the hilum : radicle nearly straight, inferior.

Trees, with the alternate and two-ranked ample leaves
usually obliquely cordate or truncate at the base, petioled,
acuminate, serrate, and with membranaceous caducous stip-
ules. Peduncles axillary, connate to the middle with the
axis of a large membranaceous and somewhat colored veiny
ligulate bract, ebracteolate, terminated by a cyme of few or
many yellowish or whitish flowers.

Etymology. The classical Latin name of the genus.

Geographical Distribution, &c. The known Lindens, about a dozen
in number, and not very distinctly characterized, are about equally divided
between the temperate region of the Old World (Europe and Northwestern
Asia) and Eastern North America. Being timber-trees, they are restricted
to our forest-region, and it seems do not again appear on the Western side
of our continent. One is known from the elevated parts of Mexico. The
American species all have the stamens in five clusters around as many petal-
like organs ; while the European, except one Hungarian species, are desti-
tute of this organ, and their stamens are distinct or obscurely pentadelphous.

PLATE 136. TiLiA Ameriana, Lirin. ; — a branch in flower.

L Diagram, from a cross section of a flower-bud. (Petals imbricated.)

2. A stamen-cluster, with the petaloid staminodium, enlarged ; inside view.

3. Inside, and 4. outside view of a stamen, more magnified.

5. Pistil enlarged, on its hypogynous torus or receptacle.

6. Vertical section of the ovary of the same, showing the ovules of two cells.

7. An ovule, detached and more magnified.

8. Fruit, with a part of the bract, of the natural size.

9. Transverse section of a fruit and its contained seed, enlarged.

10. A magnified seed.

11. Vertical section of the same through the embryo.

12. Embryo detached entire, the cotyledons partly spread, more magnified.

T I L T A

TILIACEiE. ' 93

Plate 137.

CORCHORUS, Tourn.

Petala 5, obovata vcl spathulata, calyci sequalia sen brevio-
ra, aestivatione convoluta. Stamina indefinita, rariusve peta-
lis numero dupla, discreta. Ovarium 2 - 5-loculare ; loculis
biseriatim pluriovulatis. Capsula soepius elongato-siliqusefor-
mis, loculicide 2 - 5-valvis, polysperma. — Herbse vel sufFru-
tices, pedunculis brevissimis oppositifoliis uni - paucifloris.

CoRCHORus, Tourn. Inst. t. 135. Linn. Gen. 675. Lam. 111. t. 478.

G^rtn. Fr. 1. t. 64, &l 2. t. 179. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 504. St. Hil.
Fl. Bras. 1. p. 279. t. 55. Endl. Gen. 5371.

Calyx of five lanceolate sepals, valvate in aestivation,
deciduous. Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, hypogynous,
oblong-obovate or spatulate, shorter than the sepals or of
about the same length, convolute in sestivation, deciduous.
Stamens indefinite, or sometimes definite, rarely only twice
as many as the petals, deciduous : filaments filiform, dis-
tinct, equally inserted around the edge of an urceolate hy-
pogynous torus : ANTHERS introrse, two-celled ; the cells par-
allel and apposite, oblong, opening longitudinally. Ovary
two -five-celled (at first sometimes imperfectly so): style
subulate or filiform : stigma terminal, infundibular-dilated,
the edge crenulate. Ovules numerous in two series, cover-
ing the internal angle of each cell, collateral, (their raphes
side by side,) anatropous, pendulous.

Capsule commonly siliquaeform and elongated, two -five-
celled, sometimes extended at the apex into as many short
horns, loculicidally two - five-valved ; the dissepiments ad-
hering to the middle of the valves, leaving no central axis.
Seeds numerous in two series in each cell, angled, often
quadrangular, pendulous ; the testa crustaceous. Embryo
large, in the axis of fleshy albumen, variously folded togeth-
er : COTYLEDONS foliaccous, entire : radicle superior.

94

TILIACEiE.

Herbs, or sometimes shrubby plants ; with alternate and
serrate petioled leaves, usually deciduous stipules, and very
short one - few-flowered peduncles opposite the leaves. Flow-
ers small, yellow.

Etymology. Kopxopos, or KopKopos, is an ancient name of the Wild
Asparagus, or some other wild herb, of unexplained meaning.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the tropics, both of the Old
and of the New World, one or two species extending into the southern bor-
der of the northern temperate zone. Thus C. siliquosus is found in Louis-
iana and Alabama.

Properties. Corchorus olitorius is used in the East as a pot-herb. The
bark of several species yields a useful fibre ; that of C. capsularis, as re-
marked under the order, furnishes the material of gunny-bags, and the jute
fibre of India.

Note. The common Corchorvs Japonicus of the gardens should not be
confounded with this genus, as it belongs even to an entirely different family.
As originally brought to Europe and this country, it was known only in the
double-Jlowered state, and was doubtfully referred to Corchorus on account of
some general resemblance in foliage. But long before specimens with per-
fect flowers were known in Europe, it was shown to belong to the Rosaceae
by De Candolle, who gave to it the name of Kerria Japonica.

PLATE 137. Corchorus siliquosus. Linn.; — a branch in flower and
fruit, of the natural size.
L A flower-bud, enlarged.

2. Transverse section of the same diagram (showing the SBstivation, &c.).

3. An expanded flower, magnified.

4. A petal, more magnified.

5. A magnified stamen, seen from the outside.

6. The same, seen from within.

7. Pistil, with its torus or receptacle, magnified.

8. Vertical and transverse section of the same, more magnified, showing

the arrangement of the ovules.

9. A detached ovule, more enlarged ; its raphe towards the eye.

10. Upper part of a dehiscent pod, enlarged, showing the seeds, &c.

11. Vertical and transverse section of the pod before dehiscence, enlarged,

showing the embryo in the seeds, &c.

12. A separate seed, inverted, more magnified.

13. Embryo detached and magnified, brought into the same position as the

seed in fig. 12.

CORCHORUS

Ord. TERNSTROMIACE^

Arbores vel fmtices speciosi, foliis alternis simplicibus
penninerviis exstipulatis : dicotyledonese, dichlamydese, hy-
pogynae, polyandri-sub-l-5-adelphae; calycis corollasque sesti-
vatione imbricativa ; filamentis basi coalitis in annulum seu
in phalanges petalis antepositis, basi eorum adnatis ; antheris
introrsis bilocularibus ; capsula 2-5-loculari seepissime locu-
licida; embryone majusculo recto seu curvato in albumine
carnoso parco, aut in exalbuminosis maximo.

TERNSTROMiACEiE, DC. ill Mem. Soc. Genev. 1. p. 293, & Prodr. 1. p.

523 (excl. gen.). Cambess. in Mem. Mus. 16. p. 401. Wight,
111. p. 89. Endl. Gen. p. 1017 (excl. Trib. 1 & 3, &c.). Lindl.
Veg. Kingd. p. 396.

Ternstromie^ & Theace^, Mirb. Bull. Philom. 1813.

Camellieje, DC. Theor. Elem. ed. 1, & Prodr. 1. p. 529.

The Tea Family, as this may be appropriately named, from its most im-
portant plant, while evidently related to the foregoing Columniferous orders,
is readily distinguished from all of them by the imbricative aestivation both
of the calyx and the corolla, and generally by the want of stipules. On the
other hand, it is most nearly allied to the Guttiferag or Clusiaceae ; from which
its alternate leaves, colorless and not resinous juice, herbaceous calyx, pre-
vailingly pentamerous , flowers, and a different embryo, are obvious distin-
guishing characters. From Aurantiaceae, to a dubious section of which
Jussieu referred several of the genera, these plants differ by their simple and
usually not pellucid-punctate leaves, strongly imbricated floral envelopes,
capsular fruit, &c.

The Ternstromiaceae are all elegant shrubs or trees, with simple and en-
tire, or barely serrate, exstipulate leaves, which are distinctly articulated
with the stem, and usually large and showy, white or sometimes red or rose-
colored flowers. The capsules are almost always thick and woody.

Two genera, each of two species so distinct as to constitute subgenera,
represent this family in North America. They are confined to the eastern
border of the United States, from Virginia to Texas. In the corresponding
part of the Old World, namely, in Japan, China, and the Himalayan region.

96

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

are four or five genera of few species, among which are the familiarly known
and most important plants of the order, the Tea and the Camellia. The re-
maining and much larger portion of the order belongs almost without excep-
tion to Tropical America and Southeastern Asia. Of the sensible qualities of
the tropical species little is known, except that their bark is astringent and
sometimes used by the tanner, and their buds and young leaves are muci-
laginous. The properties of tea, which is prepared from the young leaves
of two species, or perhaps varieties, of Thea, are well known. The infu-
sion contains mucilage, a bitter extractive, resin, gallic acid, tannin, and a
peculiar highly azotized substance called theine, on which, and on an ethe-
real subnarcotic principle, its grateful and slightly stimulating properties
depend. The Tea-plant belongs to a temperate region ; when cultivated in
a hot climate, as at Penang, its mildly stimulating properties are said to be-
come narcotic. The Camellia is scarcely if at all distinguishable as a genus
from Thea, and doubtless is endowed with very similar qualities. From the
fleshy embryo of the seeds, especially of Camellia oleifera, an excellent
table oil is expressed.

TERNSTROMlACEiE.

97

Plate 138, 139.

STUARTIA, Catesby.

Sepala 5, raro 6, ovata seu lanceolata. Petala 5-6, obo-
vata, crenulata, iina basi annulo staminum adnata. Stamina
ima basi monadelpha. Ovarium 5-loculare ; loculis 2-ovula-
tis. Ovula adscendentia, anatropa. Capsuia ovoidea, lignoso-
crustacea, loculicide 5-valvis. Semina in loculis 1-2, len-
ticularia ; testa Crustacea nucleo conformis, nunc margine
membranaceo cincta. Embryo in albumine parum copioso
rectus ; cotyledonibus ovalibus planis radicula gracili infera
brevioribus. — Frutices grandiflori, foliis membranaceis de-
ciduis.

Stuartia, Catesb. Car. 3. t. 13. Linn. Gen. 847. Lam. 111. t. 593.

L'Her. Stirp. Nov. t. 73, 74. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 223.

Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3918. Endl. Gen. 5423, & Suppl. 2. p. 81.

Zucc. Fl. Japon. 1. p. 181. t. 96.
Malachodendron, Mitch. Gen. in Ephem. Nat. Cur. 1748.
Stewartia & Malachodendron, Cav. Diss. 5. p. 302. 1. 158, 159. Juss.

Gen. p. 275 & 292. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 528.

Calyx one- two-bracteolate, of five, or occasionally six,
foliaceous ovate or lanceolate sepals, regularly imbricated in
aestivation, silky-pubescent, persistent. Petals 5, or occa-
sionally 6, alternate with the sepals, imbricated in aestivation,
obovate, with more or less crenulate margins, silky-pubes-
cent externally, hypogynoiis, connected at the very base only
by means of the stamens, deciduous. Stamens indefinite,
in three or four series, shorter than the petals : filaments
subulate-filiform, monadelphous at the very base in an entire
ring which is connate with the base of the petals : anthers
fixed by the middle, introrse, two-celled, the oblong cells
opening longitudinally. PoLLEN-grains simple, globular,
smooth. Ovary compound, ovoid or globular, five-celled,

98

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

the cells opposite the petals when these are five in number :
STYLES 5, distinct or united into one : stigmas short and in-
trorsely terminal, or in S. Virginica united into a five-crenate
and five-radiate compound stigma. Ovules two in each
cell, ascending from its inner angle next the base, at first
collateral or nearly so, obovoid, anatropous, the micropyle
inferior.

Capsule globular, sometimes five-angled and pointed, five-
celled, loculicidally five-valved ; the valves with the adhe-
rent dissepiments more or less thickened and woody-crusta-
ceous, leaving a small columella after dehiscence, or none at
all. Seeds in pairs, or by abortion solitary in each cell, as-
cending, one a little above the other, obovate-lenticular ; the
testa thick and crustaceous, smooth and conformed to the
nucleus, or else, in S. pentagyna, surrounded by a narrow
wing-like margin. Albumen fleshy, rather copious. Embryo
straight in the axis of the albumen and of nearly its length :
COTYLEDONS broadly oval, somewhat cordate, foliaceous,
plane : radicle slender, rather longer than the cotyledons,
inferior.

Shrubs, with membranaceous and alternate, usually serru-
late leaves, more or less pubescent with soft and simple
downy hairs, articulated with the stem and deciduous, desti-
tute of stipules. Flowers large and showy, axillary, solitary,
on short peduncles. Corolla white or cream-color.

Etymology. Dedicated by Catesby to John Stuart, Marquis of Bute,
who was distinguished in his day as a botanist. His name not unfrequenlly
occurs in the pubUshed Correspondence of Linnaeus.

Geographical Distribution, «&c. This beautiful genus consists of two
species, indigenous to the Atlantic States, which, although similar in other
respects, differ so much in the pistil and fruit, that they have been viewed as
separate genera; and a third species has recently been detected in Japan.
Our species are well deserving of cultivation as ornamental flowering shrubs.
S. pentagyna, which is indigenous to the eastern slope of the Alleghany
Mountains, is perfectly hardy in England, and at Philadelphia, where it
freely ripened the fruit for which I am indebted to my obliging correspond-
ent, Miss Morris, for the opportunity of figuring, in these illustrations.

S T U ARTIA.

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

99

Division. Endlicher, in the second supplement to the Genera Plantarum,
has added a third section, Adelphonema, for the Japanese Stuartia monadel-
pha of Zuccarini ; but his distinguishing character (the union of tlie base of
the filaments into a ring) belongs equally to the American species ; and, ex-
cept that the stigmas are distinct, it seems to be a strict congener of our S.
Virginica. But the fruit, which may afford some distinctive character, is
unknown. The three species may for the present be disposed under the two
subgenera, viz. : —

§ 1. Stuartia, Cav. — Styles entirely united into one. Sepals and slight-
ly crenulate petals only 5. Capsule subglobose, pointless, the valves
extremely thickened. Seeds with a smooth and shining testa, not at all
margined. — S. Virginica, Cav. (S. Malachodendron, Linn.) * and S.
(Adelphonema, Endl.) monadelpha, Zucc.
§ 2. Malachodendron, Cav. — Styles 5, distinct. Sepals and especially
the crenulate petals oftener 6. Capsule ovate, acuminate, rather sharply
five-angled ; the valves and the adherent dissepiments less thickened, on
dehiscence leaving little or no central axis or columella. Seed with
a somewhat wrinkled epidermis, which extends into a slight wing
around the whole margin. — S. pentagyna, UHer. (Malachodendron
ovatum, Cav.)

PLATE 138. Stuartia Virginica, Cav. ; — a branch in flower, of the
natural size.

1. Posterior view of a flower, showing the calyx and the two bractlets.

2. Diagram of aestivation, &c., from a cross section of a flower-bud.

3. Enlarged vertical section through the ovary (leaving the style and stig-

mas entire), receptacle, calyx, the base of the corolla and stamens
(two of which are left), showing the union of the filaments with
the base of the petals, the insertion of the ovules, &c.

4. The stamens cut away at their insertion to show the monadelphous ring

at the base, enlarged.

5. Capsule, with the persistent calyx, of the natural size.

6. Vertical section of the same, showing the seeds of two cells, in place.

7. Transverse section of the same in dehiscence (showing the very thick

valves), and of the contained seeds.

8. Transverse section of a seed, magnified, showing the thickness of the

crustaceous testa, the plane cotyledons, &c.

9. Vertical section of the same, displaying the embryo entire in the axis

of the albumen.

* The original Malachodendron ofM'itchell, with whom the name commences,
was probably this species, the original Stuartia of Catesby ; but having been
taken up by Cavanilles as the generic name of the penlagynous species, which
must always be distinguished as a subgenus at least, it is liable to produce confu-
sion if retained both as a specific name in one section and as the subgeneric
name of the other. It should therefore give place to the later specific name of
S. Virginica, Cav.

100

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

PLATE 139. Stuartia (Malachodendron, Cav.) pentagyna, VHer. ; —
a branch of the natural size, in flower ; from an imperfect specimen
gathered in the Southern Alleghanies by Mr. Buckley, aided by
Hooker's figure in Bot. Mag. t. 3918.

1. Pistil, &c., vertically divided through the ovary and base of the flower,

&c., showing the connection of the stamens with the base of the
petals, the ovules, &.c. ; magnified.

2. Capsule slightly dehiscent, with the persistent calyx, of the natural size.

3. Transverse section of the capsule and seeds.

4. Lateral view of one of the valves, with the seeds in place.

5. Vertical section of a seed, magnified, showing its narrow, wing-like

margin, and the embryo, with its very slender radicle, in the axis of
the albumen.

6. The same, divided transversely, through the cotyledons, &c.

TERNSTROMlACEiE.

iUl

Plate 140 - 142.

GORDONIA, Ellis,

Sepala 5, rotundata, concava, coriacea. Petala 5, obovata,
ima basi coalita et phalangibus staminum adnata. Stamina
pentadelpha. Ovarium 5-loculare ; loculis 4 - 8-ovulatis.
Ovula anatropa resupinato-pendula. Capsula sublignosa lo-
culicide 5-valvis, columella centrali persistente. Semina in
loculis 2-4, angulata, vel dorso alata. Embryo exalbumino-
sus, rectiusculus ; cotyledonibus longitudinaliter flexuoso-
plicatis ; radicula brevi supera. — Arbusculae grandiflorae, foliis
perennantibus aut deciduis.

GoRDONiA, Ellis in Phil. Trans. 60. p. 518. t. 11. Catesb. Car. t. 44.

Linn. Mant. p. 570. Walt. Fl. Car. p. 177. Cav. Diss. 5. p. 307.

1. 161, 162. Juss. Gen. 1. p. 275. Venten. Hort. Malmais. t. 1.

DC. Prodr. 1. p. 528 (excl. sect. 2). Michx. f. Sylv. 1. t. 59.

Cambess. in Mem. Mus. 16. p. 408. t. 16. Torr. & Gray, Fl.

N. Am. 1. p. 223. Endl. Gen. 5424.
Frankhnia, Marsh. Arbust. Amer. p. 48.
Lacathea, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 56.

liOblolly Bay.

Calyx (usually subtended by three or four caducous
bractlets below the flower) of five rounded and concave coria-
ceous sepals, minutely silky-tomentose, ciliate, quincuncially
imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals 5, alternate
with the sepals, obovate, concave, silky-puberulent on the
back, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, hypogynous,
united with each other at the base and with the phalanges
of the stamens, deciduous. Stamens very numerous, shorter
than the petals, pentadelphous, the five clusters or the thick-
ened lobes from which the filiform filaments arise placed
before the petals and connate with their base : anthers fixed
near the base, introrse, two-celled, the oblong cells opening
longitudinally. Pistil of five entirely combined carpels :

102

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

OVARY five-celled, the cells opposite the petals : style colum-
nar, five-crenate at the apex : stigma five-rayed. Ovules
anatropous, 4 to 8 in each cell, resupinate-pendulous from
the inner angle in two series, collateral, imbricated, the dor-
sal raphe flattened or produced superiorly ; the micropyle
centripetal-superior.

Capsule ovoid, minutely silky, ligneous, five-celled, locu-
licidally five-valved from above downwards ; the upper part
of the dissepiments borne on the middle of the valves, while
the lower remains coherent with the persistent columella
(which is angled or narrowly winged by the five projecting
placentas), and at length breaks away from the base of the
valves. Seeds 2 to 8 in each cell, pendulous ; the woody
testa produced above (on the side of the raphe) into more
or less of a wing. Albumen none. Embryo (in G. Lasian-
thus) filling the cavity of the seed, almost straight : cotyle-
dons oval, subcordate, thin or nearly foliaceous, flexuose-
biplicate ; the radicle short, centripetal-superior.

Shrubs, or small trees; with the oblong-lanceolate or lan-
ceolate-obovate leaves ample, pinnately veined, more or less
serrulate, exstipulate, coriaceous and persistent, or in G.
pubescens thinner and deciduous, separating from the stem
by a distinct articulation. Buds not perulate. Peduncles
axillary, one-flowered. Flowers large and showy, white.

Etymology. This fine genus, founded on G. Lasianthus, the LohloUy
Bay of the Southern States, was so named by Dr. Garden, as stated in a
letter to Ellis, '* in honor of my old master. Dr. James Gordon, at Aberdeen,
a very ingenious and skilful physician and botanist, who first initiated me
into these studies, and tinctured my mind very early with a relish for them.'' *
But from the Philosophical Transactions, and from Ellis's correspondence
with Linnaeus, it appears that the honor was transferred to James Gordon,
the celebrated nurseryman of that day, at Mile End near London. The name
of Franklinia, given by Marshall to the G. pubescens, (which is not unlike-
ly to be restored as a genus,) was a compliment to Benjamin Franklin.

Geographical Distribution. The Loblolly Bay is indigenous to the
low country from Virginia to Florida, growing in swamps or moist, turfy
soils. The G. pubescens is very local in the southern part of Georgia and

* Correspondence of Linnceus, by Sir J. E. Smith, Vol. L p. 378,

GORDONIA.

TERNSTROMIACEyE.

103

the adjacent portion of Florida. Whether the Indian species distinguished
as genera by Korthals, &e., referred as sections to this genus by Endlicher
(Suppl. 3. p. 94), are correctly associated with it, I have not the means of
knowing, and have therefore left them out of view.

Properties. Our two species are very ornamental shrubs or small trees
in cultivation (and G. pubescens is hardy as far north as Philadelphia, and
flowers through the summer) ; but they are applied to no other use ; ex-
cept that the bark of the Loblolly Bay has been used for tanning. Accord-
ing to Elliott, " the bark is said to be nearly if not quite equal to that of the
oak for the uses of the tanner ; and its wood resembles mahogany in color,
but its grain is rather too coarse to be used for fine articles of furniture."

Note. The five phalanges of stamens evidently arise, like those of
Tilia, &c., from the deduplication of the petals. In G. pubescens the sta-
mens are truly pentadelphous, but the filaments of each cluster appear to
arise immediately from the face of the petal, while in G, Lasianthus they are
borne on a fleshy and deeply five-lobed cup, the lobes of which are partly-
free from the petals. The fine capsules of G. pubescens which ripened last
autumn at Laurel Hill, Philadelphia (and for which I am indebted to Miss
Morris), contained well-formed seeds, widely different in form from those of
the typical species, but in none was an embryo found.

Division. Unless the internal structure of the seed of G. pubescens
should prove materially diflferent from that of the Loblolly Bay, it should be
retained merely as a subgenus of Gordonia, characterized as follows : —
^ 1. Gordonia proper. — Filaments short, arising from the partly free
summit and inner surface of the five thickened lobes, which are confluent
at the base into a fleshy cup. Capsule pointed with the base of the short
style ; the valves entire. Seeds 4 or by abortion 2 in each cell, pendu-
lous from its inner angle towards the base, the testa extended upwards
into a conspicuous membranaceous wing. — G. Lasianthus, L.
§ 2. Franklinia, Marsh. (Lacathea, Salish.) — Filaments elongated, di-
rectly connate with the bases of the petals. Style elongated, deciduous.
Ovules 6 to 8 in each cell, downwardly imbricated, the raphe somewhat
widened but not winged. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved from the obtuse
apex to below the middle, and also septicidally 5-valved from the base to
near the middle. Seeds 6-8 or by abortion fewer in each cell, closely
packed together on the whole length of the sahent axile placenta, angled
by mutual pressure, the loose testa scarcely if at all produced into a
wing. Embryo unknown. — G. pubescens, VHer.

PLATE 140. Gordonia Lasianthus, Linn. ; — a branch with an expand-
ed flower and a flower-bud, of the natural size ; from a plant in the
Botanic Garden, brought from Wilmington, North Carolina.
1. Diagram, in a transverse section of a flower-bud. (The three outer
lines represent the bractlets on the apex of the peduncle.)

104

TERNSTROMIACEiE.

2. Vertical section of the pistil, receptacle, andrcecium, &c., showing the

much thickened phalanges connate with the base of the petals.

3. A petal of the natural size, with one of the adherent phalanges, cut

away from its connections and seen from within.

4. The andrcecium of the natural size ; the calyx, corolla, &c., cut away.

5. A stamen enlarged, seen from within.

6. The same, seen from the outside.

7. The pistil and receptacle, enlarged.

PLATE 141. GoRDONiA Lasianthus, Linn.; — Fig. 1-10.

1. Unexpanded corolla seen from below, to show the union of petals.

2. Vertical section through the ovary and receptacle, enlarged.

3. Side view of an ovule magnified, showing its dorsal, ascending wing.

4. The four ovules of one cell, as seen from the outside, magnified.

5. Capsule nearly full-grown, with the persistent calyx.

6. Capsule mature and dehiscent, of the natural size ; the calyx removed.

7. Vertical section of the same, showing how the base of the dissepiment

separates from the upper part and remains adherent to the columella.

8. A ripe seed, enlarged.

9. The same, more enlarged, with most of the wing cut away, and the

integuments divided, showing the embryo in place.

10. Embryo magnified, transversely divided, showing the plaited cotyledons.
11-14. GoRDONiA (Franklinia) pubescens, UHer.; — the mature fruit.

11. A seed, apparently ripe and sound, magnified.

12. Capsule (and calyx) of the natural size, showing the lines of dehiscence.

13. Capsule dehiscent both from the summit and the base.

14. Columella or central axis of the same, winged above by the five pla-

centae, and below by the persistent portion of the dissepiments, the
remainder of which adheres to the valve, as seen on one of them
placed to the right.

PLATE 142. GoRDONiA pubescens, UHer. ; — a branch in flower, of the
natural size. (Sent from Laurel Hill, near Philadelphia, by Miss
Morris.)

1. Enlarged transverse section of the ovary and of the calyx.

2. Inside view of a petal, with its adherent cluster of stamens.

3. Pistil, with the receptacle, magnified.

4. The same, with the base of the calyx, corolla, &c. divided vertically,

as well as the ovary, showing the union of the stamens with the
base of the petals, the ovules, &c.

5. Lateral view of a detached ovule, magnified, showing the broad but

wingless raphe.

6. The ovules of one cell seen from the outside,. magnified.

*^* The fruit is delineated at the foot of plate 141.

Ord. LINACEtE.

Herbae (v. frutices) integrifolia? : dicotyledonea), hypo-
gynaB, symmetrica2, regulares, 5 - 4-mera3 ; sestivatione calycis
persisteritis imbricativa, corollas 4 - 5-petala3 convolutiva ;
staminibus basi monadelphis petalis numero aequalibus iisque
alternis, saepius cum 5 alternantibus abortivis seu breviori-
bus ; stylis pi. m. discretis ; ovario 3 - 5-loculari, loculis
septo dorsali subbilocellatis 2-ovulatis ; seminibus anatropis
suspensis parce albuminosis ; embryone recto, cotyledonibus
planis.

Linete, DC. Theor. Elem. ed. 1. p. 89, & Prodr. 1. p. 423. Endl. Gen.

p. 1170. Planchon in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6. p. 588.
LiNACEiE, Lindl. Introd. ed. 2. & Veg. Kingd. p. 485.
LinEjE & HugoniacejE, Wight & Am. Prodr. F. Ind. Or. p. 72, 174.

Wight, 111. t. 32 & 60.

The Flax Family, established upon the genus Linum, with Radiola (a
European herb which differs little from the Flax except in its quaternary
flower) , Dr. Planchon has recently enlarged by the addition of Hugonia, a
genus of Indian shrubs, and of one or two more tropical arborescent genera.
The light which these throw upon the affinities of the family, however, does
not appear to invalidate the remark of De Candolle, that the order is about
equally allied to Caryophyllaceae (Elatinacese), Malvaceas, and Geraniaceas
(or Oxalidaceae) . The ordinal characters are sufficiently illustrated by the
typical genus.

The common Flax, a native of Southeastern Europe and Western Asia,
and from time immemorial cultivated for the use of man, is far the most im-
portant plant of the order, and illustrates the sensible properties which are
common to the whole. The delicate and tenacious fibre of the inner bark
furnishes flax, the most important of all vegetable textile substances, except
cotton. The herbage is somewhat bitter and purgative. The seeds yield
by infusion a most abundant mucilage, employed as a demulcent and emol-
lient, and by expression a fixed oil (linseed oil), which is largely used in the
arts, especially as the vehicle of paints. The flowers in most species are
handsome.

8

106

LINACEiE.

Eighty-one species of the typical genus are enumerated in tlie recent
monograph of Dr. Planchon, which are so distributed that there are some
in every district of the temperate zone ; while within the tropics they are
found only where elevation gives an equivalent climate. There are none in
the frigid zones. Five or six species are indigenous to the United States,
of which L. Virginianum is the most widely diffused. The others belong
principally to the region west of the Mississippi, especially southward. Dr.
Planchon divides the genus into four subgenera and eight subordinate sec-
tions. Reinwardtia, Dumort., comprises the trigynous shrubby Linums of
the earlier authors, all natives of India.

LINAGES.

107

Plate 143.

LINUM, Tourn.

Flores 5-meri, 5-andri (filamentis interjectis sterilibus seu
obsoletis), 5-gyni. Capsula 5-cocca ; coccis semisepto dorsali
subbilocellatis, aut complete 2-locellatis, locellis monosper-
mis. Albumen tenue. — StipulsB nullae vel glandulaeformes.

LiNUM, Tourn. Linn. Gen. 389 (excl. spec). Dill. Gen. 7. Lam. 111. t.

219. Gsertn. Fr. 2. p. 146. t. 112. Schk. Handb. t. 87. DC.

Prodr. 1. p. 423. Endl. Gen, 6056 (excl. spec). Planchon in

Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 7. p. 165.
CuococcA, Babingt. in Ann. &. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7. p. 217.
Flax.

Calyx of five herbaceous entire sepals, quincuncially im-
bricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous,
their claws sometimes slightly united, obovate, convolute in
sestivation, caducous. Hypogynous glands 5, opposite the
sepals and next the base of the fertile filaments, or 10, the
additional ones opposite the sterile filaments. Stamens hy-
pogynous, monadelphous at the base : fertile filaments 5,
alternate with the petals, subulate or setaceous ; the sterile
alternate with these, reduced to subulate interposed teeth, or
often obsolete : anthers two-celled, introrse, the cells open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary globular, five-celled, the cells
opposite the petals, more or less vertically divided by an in-
troflexion of the dorsal suture which forms an imperfect
partition, sometimes becoming completely ten-celled in this
way : styles 5, distinct, or united at the base, occasionally
combined almost to the summit : stigmas terminal and capi-
tate, or more or less linear and introrse. Ovules a single
collateral pair, pendulous from the inner angle near the apex
of each cell, anatropous, the raphe ventral.

Capsule septicidal, separating into five incompletely two-
celled and two-seeded coriaceous cocci which become two-

108

LINACEiE.

valved at the apex, or, when completely ten-celled, separating
into ten one-seeded indehiscent cocci, leaving no central axis.
Seed suspended, oval or obovate, compressed, with a smooth
coriaceous testa. Embryo straight or nearly so, more or less
surrounded by thin mucilaginous or fleshy albumen : coty-
ledons plane, fleshy, foliaceous in germination, their edges
directed to the axis of the fruit : radicle superior.

Herbs, or sufl'ruticose plants, with slender and rigid stems,
entire and sessile usually veinless oblong or linear leaves,
which are alternate or irregular, opposite or verticillate, with-
out stipules, but often with a pair of glands in their place.
Flowers paniculate-cymose, usually secund ; the peduncles
opposite the leaves or bracts, or extra-axillary, articulated
under the calyx. Corolla blue, yellow, or white, ephemeral.

Etymology. The classical Greek and Latin name of the Flax, and of
tlie thread made from it.

Properties, &c. These have been mentioned in the account of the order.

PLATE 143. LiNUM Virginianum, Linn.; — summit of a stem in flower
and fruit, of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the aestivation, with a section of the ten-celled ovary.

2. Two of the stamens seen from within, with a part of the monadelphous

ring, showing the scarcely apparent rudiments of the interposed -
sterile filaments ; magnified.

3. Pistil, the ovary vertically divided, showing the ovules, magnified.

4. An ovule detached and more magnified.

5. Capsule with the persistent calyx, magnified.

6. A transverse section of the same, more magnified (10-coccous).

7. A magnified seed (inverted, the hilum turned downward).

8. Vertical section of the same, displaying the embryo and the sparing

albumen.

9. LiNUM perenne. Linn.; — magnified transverse section of the calyx

and (five-celled) ovary.

10. Flower of the same, with the calyx and corolla removed ; showing the

teeth which represent the sterile filaments, the introrse stigmas, &,c.

11. LiNUM Berlandieri, Hook. ; — a flower, of the natural size.

12. A glandular-fringed sepal, and 13. a petal, of the same, seen from

within.

14. The stamens and pistil (styles united), with the hypogynous glands,
&c., enlarged ; the calyx and corolla removed.

L I N U M

Ord. oxalidacej]:.

Herbse, rarissime arbores, succo acidulo, foliis alternis di-
gitatis pinnatisve, foliolis sacpiiis obcordatis : dicotyledonesD,
hypogynae, symmetricae, 5-mer8e, lO-andrse, regulares; sesti-
vatione calycis persistentis imbricativa, coroUae convolutiva ;
staminibus pi. m. monadelphis ; ovario 5-loculari ; stylis dis-
cretis ; fructu capsular! seu baccato ; seminibus anatropis
penduliSj testa arilliformi ; embryone in axi albuminis parci
rectus, cotyledonibus planis.

OxALiDEiE, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 689. Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 351. Mcisn. PI.

Vase. p. 57. Endl. Gen. p. 1171.
OxALiDACEiE, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 140, & Veg. Kingd. p.

488, exel. gen. /

The Wood-Sorrel Family consists of the large genus Oxalis, which is
widely diffused through the temperate and warmer parts of the world, with
Averrhoa, 1/., an Indian genus of trees with baccate fruit. These plants
are distinguished from the related families (namely, from the preceding and
the two succeeding) by their sour juice ; their alternate and compound leaves ;
their regular perfectly symmetrical and decandrous flowers with more or less
monadclphous stamens ; their capsular or baccate fruit with no central axis
produced into a beak, and no dorsal partitions ; and the aril-like external
integument of their seeds, with a large and straight embryo in the axis of
sparing albumen.

The leaves close at nightfall, like those of the Mimoseae, and are not
unfrequently sensitive to the touch, especially in the pinnated species of
Oxalis, to which De Candolle, on this account, applied the name of Bio-
phytum.

The acidity, which is the only marked property of these plants, is owing
to oxalic acid (in the form of binoxalate of potash), which is formed in the
herbage ; so largely in Oxalis Acetosella, that five hundred pounds of the
fresh plant are said to yield four pounds of the pure salt. The baccate
fruit of Averrhoa, also, is extremely sour ; it is used for pickles in the East
Indies, and a less acid cultivated form is an article of food. Several Amer-
ican species of Oxalis bear edible tubers. " O. crenata, found in Colombia,

110

OXALIDACEiE.

bears tubers like a potato, and is one of the plants called Arracacba : the
tubers are insipid, and not worth cultivation : the stalks of the leaves are
intensely acid, and make an agreeable preserve. Another species, the Oxa-
lis Deppei, has, however, fleshy roots, quite free from acidity, and abound-
ing in a matter analogous to that of salep. These roots are as large as
small parsnips, and are becoming esteemed for culinary purposes." Lindl.
The tubers of O. crassicaulis, which resemble Jerusalem artichokes, of O.
esculenta, &c., possess similar qualities.

OXALIDACEiE.

Ill

Plate 144.

OXALIS, L.

Capsula 5-loba, loculicida ; lociilis mono-oligospermis. Tes-
ta seminum carnosa, e tegmine interiore costato elastice dis-
siliente. — Folia soepissime 3-foliolata, raro abmpte pinnata.

OxALis, Liqn. Gen. 582. Goertn. Fr. 2. t. 113. Jacq. Monogr. Ox. p. 4.

Zuccarini, Monogr. Ox. Amer. in Milnch. Denkschr. 1825 &.

1831. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 104. Endl. Gen. 6058.
OxALis & BioPHYTUM, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 689, 690.
OxYS, Tourn. Inst. p. 88. t. 19.

Woo<l-Sorrel.

Calyx of five erect sepals, quincuncially imbricated in
SBstivation, persistent. Petals 5, larger than the sepals,
obovate, somewhat unguiculate, hypogynous, convolute in
aestivation, deciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous, the five
opposite the petals shorter than the others : filaments subu-
late, flattened, dilated below, and more or less monadelphous :
ANTHERS short, fixcd by the middle, introrse, at length resu-
pinate, two-celled, the oval or oblong cells opening longitu-
dinally. Pistil of five united carpels: ovary often raised
on a short gynophore, five-lobed, five-celled, the cells oppo-
site the petals : styles 5, distinct, sometimes united at the
base, usually hairy : stigmas capitate, clavate, or dilated, often
two-lobed or laciniate. Ovules few or solitary from the
inner angle of each cell, pendulous, anatropous, the raphe
ventral.

Fruit a columnar or ovoid herbaceo-membranaceous cap-
sule, five-lobed, five-celled; the cells not separating from
the axis, dehiscent on the back (loculicidal). Seeds few or
solitary in each cell, pendulous, obovate, margined with a
distinct raphe ; the exterior integument (testa) fleshy, loose
and aril-like, splitting down on the side opposite the raphe,
separating from the crustacoous usually costate and trans-

1 12

OXALIDACE^.

versely rugose inner integument, and elastically recurved.
Embryo straight or nearly so, about the length of the thin
and fleshy albumen : cotyledons oval, flat, foliaceous : rad-
icle superior.

Herbs low and often acaulescent, with a sour watery juice,
and alternate commonly digitately trifoliolate leaves on slen-
der petioles, circinate in vernation ; the leaflets almost always
obcordate or two-lobed. Stipules rarely present. Pedun-
cles umbellately or cymosely few - many-flowered. Foliage
sometimes sensitive, usually drooping or closing at nightfall.

Etymology. The name is derived from o£vs, sour, from their acid taste.

Geographical Distribution. This large genus is widely distributed
over the world, but far the greater part are natives of Tropical America and
of the Cape of Good Hope. A few species belong to the northern temper-
ate zone : there are none in the frigid zone.

Properties. These are detailed in the account of the order.

PLATE 144. OxALis violacea, Linn.; — of the natural size, with the
bulb as in summer, producing numerous subterranean branches,
and a thickened root below : on the left an earlier state of the bulb
is represented.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. Pistil, with the ring of stamens laid open ; magnified.

3. A magnified sepal, with its glandular tip ; outside view.

4. A magnified stamen ; inside view.

5. Vertical section of a pistil, magnified.

6. An ovule, more magnified.

7-11. OxALis STRICT A, Linn. ; — the fruit and seed.

7. Dehiscent capsule, enlarged.

8. A seed (inverted), more magnified.

9. The same, with the arilliform testa spontaneously separated.

10. Transverse section of the same, with the testa just separating.

11. Embryo detached and more magnified.

OXALT R

Ord. ZYGOPIIYLLACEiE.

Hcrba3, fruticeSj v. arbores, ligno durissimo, foliis oppositis
pinnatis epunctatis stipulatis : dicotyledonea?, polypetaloe,
hypogynsB, regulares, plerumque pentamerae, decandras ; a3S-
tivatione calycis et corollas saepissime imbricativa ; ovario
2 - 10-loculari ; stylis in unicum coalitis ; embryone in albu-
mine corneo (rarius exalbuminoso) magno recto sen recti-
usculo.

ZygophyllejE, R. Br. in Flind. Voy. 2. p. 545, & in Denham, Appx.

p. 27. DC.Prodr.l.p.703. Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 12. p. 450.
Zygophyllace^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 133, & Veg. Kingd.

p. 478.

RuTACEARUM Scct. 1, Juss. Gen. p. 296.

The Bean-Caper Family is well distinguished from the allied orders, es-
pecially from Rutaceae, of which it formerly made a part, by its opposite and
pinnate dotless leaves, with intermediate stipules, and the corneous albumen
of the seed ; but this is destitute of albumen in two genera. It bears the
closest resemblance to Geraniacese and Oxalidaceae. From Geraniacea^
(with which Kallstromia agrees in having a prolonged and persistent beak-
like axis to the fruit, and even in the convolute sestivation of the petals), the
Zygophyllaceae differ in their straight or straightish embryo, with plane coty-
ledons and a superior radicle. From Oxalidaceae they are distinguished by
their combined styles, distinct stamens, and opposite leaves.

One leaf of each pair is commonly smaller than the other, or rarely abor-
tive, as in Chitonia.

In this, as in the allied families, the stamens of the series which is op-
posed to the petals (and which in Kallstromia adhere to their bases) are exte-
rior : accordingly they are taken by Brongniart and others as a deduplication
of the petals ; and the late appearance of the petals, mentioned by Jussieu,
favors this explanation. But, on the opposing view, the five hypogynous
glands, which alternate with the petals and form the first verticil within
them, are more naturally held to represent the normal, primary series of
stamens ; those opposite the petals consequently make the second series, and
the five inner, alternating with these, the third series. The membranaceous

114

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.

scales attached to the base of the filaments on the inner side, in several gen-
era, are undoubtedly a deduplication of the stamens.

This family consists of about fifteen known genera, no one of which is nu-
merous in species. The greater part belong to the warmer portion of the
northern temperate zone, where they are more abundant in the Old World
than in the New. The remainder are tropical, with a few at the Cape of
Good Hope, one genus in New Holland, and two or three in Chili and Pa-
raguay. Guaiacum, which comprises all the trees of the order, belongs to
America, near the tropic of Cancer.

The wood, bark, &c., of all Zygophyllaceous plants contain an acrid and
bitter, more or less resinous principle, and the herbage usually exhales an
ungrateful odor. That of Zygophyllum Fabago is sometimes employed as a
vermifuge, and its flow^er-buds as a substitute for capers. The ligneous
plants of the order are remarkable for the extreme hardness of their wood.
That of one or more species of Guaiacum furnishes the Lignum Vitce of
commerce, the hardest and heaviest wood known, and which never splits,
owing to the diagonal crossing of the successive layers, in the same way as
in our Nyssa. From this wood is obtained the guaiacum of the shops, a res-
inous, acrid-bitter substance, partly soluble in water, so well known in med-
icine as an alterative, &c.

Conspectus of the United States Genera.

Tribe I. TRIBULE^. — Seeds destitute of albumen.

Tribulus. (Plate 145.) Calyx deciduous. Fruit of five transversely plu-
rilocellate few-seeded cocci, leaving no central axis when they sep-
arate.

Kallstromia. (Plate 146.) Calyx persistent. Fruit of ten one-seeded
cocci which separate at maturity from a prolonged central axis.

Tribe H. ZYGOPHYLLE^. — Seeds with a hard albumen.

Larrea. (Plate 147.) Filaments appendaged by a two-cleft scale. Fruit
separating into five indehiscent cocci. Seed with a membranaceous
testa. Cotyledons narrow, parallel with the axis.

Guaiacum. (Plate 148.) Filaments naked. Fruit rather fleshy, 2- 5-
lobed, the angles acute or wing-like. Testa fleshy, separable. Coty-
ledons broad, contrary to the axis.

GuAiAciDUM. (Subgen., Plate 149.) Filaments appendiculate with a
small scale : otherwise as in Guaiacum.

ZYGOPIIYLLACE/i:

115

Plate 145.

TRIBULUS, Tourn.

Calyx 5-scpaliis deciduus. Filamenta nuda. Ovarium 5-
loculare ; loculis 3 - 5-oviilatis. Fructus 5-cocciis ; coccis
axi centrali niillo demum sejunctis, indehiscentibus, dorso
tuberculatis vel spinosis, intus inter semina superposita obli-
que transversim 2 - 5-locellatis, locellis monospermis. Em-
bryo exalbuminosus : cotyledones axi parallelse. — Herba?
diffusae ; foliis abrupte pinnatis, altero saepius minore.

Tribulus, Tourn. Inst. p. 265. t. 141. Linn. Gen. 532. Schk. Handb.

t. 115. Gsertn. Fr. 1. p. 335. t. 169. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 703 (excl.
spec). Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 12. p. 451. t. 14. f. 1. Endl.
Gen. 6030.

Caltrops.

Calyx of five lanceolate herbaceous sepals, scarcely unit-
ed at the base, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, decid-
uous. Petals 5, obovate, spreading, hypogynous, larger
than the sepals, quincuncially imbricated in aBstivation, de-
ciduous. Stamens 10, hypogynous ; the five opposite the
petals exterior and usually a little longer than the others ;
the five alternate with these subtended by a gland at their
base on the outside : filaments filiform, naked (destitute of
a scale): anthers cordate or oblong, introrse, fixed by the
middle, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pistil
of five united carpels : ovary sessile, its base surrounded by
an urceolate ten-lobed disk, clothed with appressed hairs, five-
celled ; the cells opposite the petals, three - five-locellate by
obliquely transverse septa : style short and thick : stigmas 5,
large, more or less connate, parallel or somewhat radiate, op-
posite the sepals (alternate with the cells). Ovules 3 to 5
in each cell, superposed in a single series (one in each com-
partment), obliquely pendulous from the inner angle, anatro-
pous, the raphe ventral.

116

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.

Fruit depressed, five-angular, tuberculate or spinose, sep-
arating at maturity into five thick and bony indehiscent
cocci, leaving no central axis ; the cocci divided internally
by oblique transverse septa into from three to five one-seeded
compartments. Seeds obliquely pendulous, oblong-obovate ;
the membranaceous testa marked with a filiform raphe and
a circular chalaza. Albumen none. Embryo conformed to
the testa : cotyledons oval, fleshy, parallel with the raphe
and axis : radicle short, conical, centripetal-superior.

Herbs diffuse or procumbent ; with abruptly pinnate op-
posite leaves, one of which alternately is smaller than the
other. Stipules subulate or lanceolate, membranaceous.
Flowers solitary, on terminal peduncles, which become lat-
eral and as if axillary from the smaller leaf of each pair,
owing to the repeated evolution of the branch from the axil
of the larger leaves. Petals yellow, or rarely white.

Etymology. Tpi^oXos, an ancient name of Trapa natans, so called from
its triangular prickly nut (from rpls, three, and /SaXXtu, to strike or wound)^
also applied to T. terrestris, on account of its prickly fruit.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of a few species indigenous to
the Mediterranean region, and within the tropics of the Old World, and of
one indigenous to tropical America, which extends northward to the coast
of Florida and Texas ; namely, T. cistoides, L., which has been incorrectly
referred to Kallstromia.

PLATE 145. Tribulus cistoides, Linn.;- — a flowering branch (from
Florida), of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. The pistil, with the hypogynous disk and glands, magnified.

3. Vertical section of the same, with the stamens, petals, &c. in place.

4. An ovule detached and more magnified.

5. The 5-coccous fruit, of the natural size.

6. A^ertical section of one of the cocci and of its seeds, enlarged.

7. A detached seed magnified ; the raphe toward the eye.

8. Vertical section of the same, cutting through the raphe.

9. Embryo detached and magnified.

145

T i B TJ L U S

ZYGOPllYLLACE/E.

117

Plate 146.

KALLSTROMIA, Scop,

Calyx 5 - G-sepalus persistens. Filamenta 10-12, nuda.
Ovarium 10 - 12-loculare ; loculis uniovulatis. Pructiis 10 -
12-coccus ; coccis ab axi stylifero persistente secedentibus,
monospermis, indehiscentibus. Embryo exalbuminosus : co-
tyledones axi contrarise. — Herbas Tribuli facie.

Kallstromia, Scop. Introd. p. 937. "Wight & Arn. Prodr. Ind. Or. 1.

p. 145. Ton-. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 213. Endl. Gen. 6031.
Tribuli Sp., Linn., Jacq., etc.

Ehrenbergia, Mart. Nov. Gen. & Sp. Bras. 2. p. 72. t. 163.
Heterozygis, Bunge, Vers. Altai. Pflan. p. 82, fide Endl.

Calyx of five or six lanceolate or subulate sepals, scarcely
united at the base, imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Pe-
tals 5 or 6, obovate or obcordate, spreading, hypogynous,
larger than the sepals, imbricated or convolute in aestivation,
deciduous. Stamens 10 or 12, hypogynous ; those opposite
the petals exterior, more or less adnate to their base, and
separating with them ; the alternate ones (opposite the se-
pals) smaller, subtended by a gland at their base externally :
FILAMENTS subulatc-filiform, naked (destitute of a scale) :
ANTHERS introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally.
Ovary sessile, ten - twelve-celled, the cells twice as many
as the sepals, destitute of transverse septa : style columnar
or subulate from a conical base : stigma subcapitate, thick,
vertically ten - twelve-grooved. Ovules solitary in each
cell and pendulous from its inner angle, anatropous or semi-
anatropous, the micropyle superior.

Fruit pyramidal and angled, muricate or roughened ex-
ternally, separating at maturity into ten or twelve bony and
indehiscent one-seeded cocci, leaving a thick and persistent
styliferous central axis. Seed filling the cells, obovate ; the
testa membranaceous. Albumen none. Embryo conformed

118

ZYGOPHYLLACE^.

to the testa : cotyledons obovate, rather fleshy, thek edges
directed to the raphe and to the axis of the fruit : radicle
conical, superior.

Herbs branching and diffuse, hairy, with the habit, in-
florescence, and foliage of Tribulus ; the leaves sometimes
alternate by the abortion of one of each pair. Stipules sub-
ulate. Flowers yellow or red.

Etymology. Named in honor of some obscure botanist.

Geographical Distribution, &c. This small genus, which is nearly
restricted to tropical America, was founded on the Tribulus maximus.
Linn., of the West Indies, also widely indigenous in Mexico, Texas, &c.,
and sparingly naturalized in the Southern Atlantic States. With this, a
hexamerous Brazilian species has recently been associated ; and a third, as
yet undescribed, occurs in Coulter's Mexican collection, and probably the
same is in the collection made by Major Emory. The specific name of K.
maxima is far from appropriate, as it is the humblest and smallest-flowered
species known ; but it seems that this is the Linnaean plant. It is not clear
whether the pistil is ten-carpellary, or whether there are five carpels, with
the cells divided by a spurious dorsal partition, as in the Flax.

PLATE 146. Kallstromia maxima, Torr. 6f Gr.; — a branch, of the
natural size, in flower and fruit.

1. Diagram of the flower (with the petals convolute in aestivation), includ-

ing a transverse section of the ten-celled ovary.

2. Enlarged flower, with the petals and the five larger stamens that ad-

here to them, removed.

3. A petal, with its stamen, enlarged.

4. One of the smaller stamens, enlarged.

5. Pistil and receptacle, vertically divided, magnified.

6. One of the ovules more magnified.

7. Fruit, with the calyx, enlarged ; tvvo of the cocci detached.

8. One of the detached cocci of the same.

9. The same, vertically divided through the seed and embryo.

10. Embryo of the same, detached entire (inverted) ; the cotyledons a little
opened.

ZVCjIorilYLLACE.E.

119

Plate 147.

LARREA, Cav.

Calyx 5-sepalus dcciduus. Stamina 10 ; filamentis squa-
ma 2-fida aiictis. Ovarium breviter stipitatum, 5-loculare ;
loculis 5 - 6-ovulatis. Fructus tomentosus, profunde 5-lobus,
in nuces 5 evalves secedens. Seminis testa tenuissima. Em-
bryo in albumine corneo rectiusculus : cotyledones angusto-
oblongae, raphi axique parallelae. — Frutices humiles ; foliis
resinosis pinnatisectis vel 2-lobis ; floribus solitariis luteis.

Larrea, Cav. in Ann. Cienc. Nat. 2. p. 119. t. 18, 19, & Ic. 6. p. 36. t.

559, 560. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 705. Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 12,
p. 456. 1. 15. f. 5. Endl. Gen. 6038. Moricand, PI. Nouv. Amer.
t. 48. Torr. in Emory, Rep. p. 138. t. 3.

Oobernadora. Creosote-plant.

Calyx of five ovate or obovate and somewhat unequal
SEPALS, scarcely united at the base, quincuncially imbricated
in aestivation, deciduous. Petals 5, obovate or lanceolate-
spatulate, hypogynous, more or less unguiculate, quincun-
cially imbricated in aestivation, longer than the calyx, decid-
uous. Stamens 10, hypogynous, inserted at the base of a
small somewhat ten-lobed disk, nearly equal, five of them
opposite and five alternate with the petals : filaments fili-
form, connate below with the outside of a two-cleft and
sometimes laciniate-toothed membranaceous scale : anthers
cordate-oblong, fixed above the base, introrse, two-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally. Pistil of five united carpels :
OVARY somewhat stipitate, globular, hairy, five-celled; the
cells alternate with the petals : styles united, sometimes
separable at maturity : stigmas 5, minute. Ovules usually
6 in each cell, pendulous in pairs from its inner angle, anatro-
pous, but the slender micropylar extremity produced upwards
beyond the attachment of the funiculus ; the raphe ventral.

120

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.

Fruit villous or tomentose, globular, deeply five-lobed,
separating (from a filiform axis in L. Mexicana) into five
indehiscent cocci. Seed solitary by abortion, oblong, some-
what incurved, marked with a narrow acute raphe ; the
micropyle produced beyond the hilum, superior ; the testa
very thin and smooth. Embryo slightly incurved in nearly
corneous albumen and almost of its length : cotyledons
narrowly oblong, flattish, parallel with the raphe and with
the axis of the fruit : radicle rather slender, superior.

Shrubs evergreen, strong-scented, exuding a balsam, usu-
ally with low, much-branched stems, and nodose-articulated
distichous and mostly alternate branchlets. Leaves oppo-
site, equal, consisting of a single pair, rarely of several pairs,
of inequilateral leaflets which are more or less united at the
base ; the common petiole short or none. Stipules persistent.
Peduncles short, terminal, one-flowered. Flowers yellow.

Etymology. Dedicated to J. A. H. de Larrea, a Spanish ecclesiastic.

Geographical Distribution. The three species described by Cavanilles
are found on the Cordilleras of Chili and Paraguay ; the fourth (which
Moricand has identified with the Zygophyllum tridentatum, DC) is com-
mon through the interior of Northern Mexico and New Mexico, extending
to the Upper Arkansas [Major Emory) and to Southern Texas, Mr. Wright.

Properties. They exude a heavy-scented, balsamic resin, esteemed in
the Cordilleras for bruises, &c. The northern species, called Gobernadora
or Guamis by the Mexicans, and Creosote-plant by the Anglo-Americans,
from its scent, is used for dysuria and for rheumatism.

PLATE 147. Larrea Mexicana, Moric. (L. glutinosa, Engelm.) ; — a
branchlet, of the natural size. (Chiefly from Gregg's specimens.)

1 . Diagram of the flower.

2. A magnified stamen and scale, seen from within ; and 3. from without.

4. Pistil and receptacle, magnified.

5. Magnified vertical section through the ovary and base of the flower.

6. An ovule more magnified, showing its tubular apex.

7. A fruit of the natural size.

8. The same, magnified, with two of the cocci removed.

9. One of the cocci of the same detached.

10. Vertical section of the same, and of the seed and contained embryo.

11. The seed entire, more magnified.

12. The embryo entire, with the cotyledons opened, magnified.

j47

L AREEA.

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.

121

Plate 148, 149.

GUAIACUM, Plumier,

Calyx 5-sepalus, deciduus. Stamina 10 ; filamentis nudis.
Ovarium plus minusve stipitatum, 2 - 5-loculare, loculis
8 - 10-ovulatis. Fructus subcarnosus, 2 - 5-loculariSj pro-
funde 2 - 5-angulatus, angulis compressis acutatis. Semi-
nis testa incrassata, carnosa. Embryo in albumine corneo-
cartilagineo tenuissime rimoso rectus : cotyledones ovales,
marginibus raphen (aximque fructus) spectantes. — Arbores
ligno durissimo ; foliis abrupte pinnatis 1 - 7-jugis ; folio-
lis coriaceis reticulato-venosis ; floribus caeruleis vel purpu-
rascentibus.

GuAiACUM, Plum. Gen. p. 79. t. 17. Linn. Gen. 518. Lam. III. t. 342.

Gaertn. Fr. 2. t. 113. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 706. Adr. Juss. in Mem.
Mus. 12. p. 456. 1. 16. f. 7. Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839. t. 9. Endl.
Gen. 6041.

Subgen. ? Guaiacidium. — Filamenta basi squamulse brevi
accreta. — Folia 5-14-juga. Flores nonnunquam 4-meri
8-andri.

L.ig:num-TitaB Tree.

Calyx of five (rarely four) ovate sepals, slightly united at
the base, imbricated in aestivation, deciduous. Petals as
many as the sepals, and longer than they, obovate, more or
less unguiculate, imbricated in aestivation, deciduous. Sta-
mens 10, hypogynous, five opposite and five alternate with
the petals, shorter than they : filaments subulate or fili-
form, naked, or in the subgenus bearing a short membranous
scale on the inside : anthers cordate-oblong or sagittate,
fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Pistil of two or five united carpels : ovary
raised more or less on a thick stipe or gynophore, two -
9

122

ZYGOPHYLLACE^.

five-lobed, two - five-celled : style subulate, acute : stigma
minutely two - five-toothed, or entire. Ovules 8 or 10
in each cell, pendulous in pairs from its inner angle, anat-
ropous, with the micropylar extremity produced into a slen-
der tubular projection, so as to appear as if suspended by
its middle on the slender or filiform funiculus; the raphe
ventral.

Fruit between coriaceous and fleshy, smooth, strongly
two - five-angled ; the angles acute or wing-like, at length
more or less septicidal. Seeds by abortion solitary in each
cell, suspended, ovoid, anatropous ; the testa thick and fleshy,
separating from the nucleus, which is invested with a very
thin and indistinct closely adherent tegmen. Albumen
corneous-cartilaginous, very hard, the surface marked by
minute grooves which penetrate deeply in lines (rimose).
Embryo straight or nearly so in the axis of the albumen,
and almost equalling it in length: cotyledons oval, folia-
ceous, or a little fleshy, plane, their edges directed to the
raphe and to the axis of the fruit : radicle short, conical,
superior.

Trees or shrubs, with very hard wood, which is mostly
imbued with a peculiar resinous principle ; the branches
alternate, commonly nodose-articulated. Leaves opposite,
and often also a pair on an abortive axillary branch, thus
appearing fascicled, abruptly pinnate, petioled, more or
less persistent ; the leaflets from one to several pairs, coria-
ceous, entire, reticulate-veined, smooth and shining. Pe-
duncles terminal, solitary or geminate, one-flowered, rarely
several-flowered. Flowers rather large, blue or purplish.

Etymology. Guaiaco, or Guaiacan, is the aboriginal name of the Lignum
Vitae. It is said to be a corruption of Hoaxacan, the original Mexican ap-
pellation.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of several species, all of them
natives of the West Indies and of the adjacent parts of the American
continent. Guaiacum sanctum, Linn., has been found on Key West,
by Mr. Blodgett, and probably likewise grows on the peninsula of East

CtU AIACUK

ZYGOPHYLLACE^.

123

Florida. G. angustifolium, Engelm.^ belongs to Western Texas and
Northern Mexico.

Properties. All the species are remarkable for their very dense and
heavy, close-grained wood. Lignum Vitcr^ so well known in the arts as
well as in medicine, is the wood of G, officinale or of G. sanctum, one or
both. It is the hardest and heaviest wood known (its specific gravity being
1.333, so that it sinks at once in water), and, owing to the diagonal cross-
ing of the fibres, it never splits. The officinal Gum Guaiacum is obtain-
ed either by natural exudation from the living tree, or by heating the
wood and distilling ofl^' the resin. It is what has been termed a gum-
resin, of bitter and acrid stimulant properties, and has long been famous in
medicine as an alterative and sudorific, &c. The foliage is employed in
the West Indies instead of soap, to scour and whiten floors.

Division. The true species of Guaiacum have the filaments entirely na-
ked : but in the Zygophyllum arboreum of Jacquin, referred to this genus by
De Candolle, and the recently characterized G. angustifolium, Engelm.* they
are appendiculate with a small scale ! These species, being somewhat pe-
culiar in habit and foliage, may be separated as a genus ; but the other floral
characters accord so completely with Guaiacum that it seems more proper to
distinguish them only as a subgenus, although the presence or absence of
these appendages is taken to be of generic importance in this family. Their
cotyledons are placed contrary to the axis, while those of Porliera, Ruiz <^
Pav., as figured by A dr. de Jussieu, are parallel with it, like those of Lar-
rea. — G. sanctum (often confounded with G. officinale), here figured for
comparison, is not found within the strict geographical limits of this work.
G, angustifolium, Engelm., is here figured partly from Lindheimer's Texan
specimens, but principally from a Northern Mexican specimen of Dr. Gregg's
collection, which furnished mature fruit, f

PLATE 148. Guaiacum sanctum, Lmn. — a flowering branch, of the
natural size, from Key West.

1 . Diagram of the flower.

2. External view of a stamen, magnified.

3. The same, seen from the inner side.

4. Magnified vertical section of the pistil, &c., with two stamens.

5. An ovule detached and more magnified.

6. Immature fruit, enlarged. (Ripe fruit not seen.)

* In Wislizenus's Memoir of a Tour to JVort/iern Mexico, (Senate Document,
1848,) Botanical Appendix, p. 113.

t Specimens in fine fruit, gatliered in Southern Texas, liave just reached me,
from Air. Wright.

124

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.

PLATE 149. GuAiAcuM (Guaiacidium) angustifolium, Engelm. ; — a
branch of the natural size, in flower and young fruit.

1 . Diagram of the flower.

2. External view of a stamen and its scale, magnified.

3. Internal view of the same.

4. The pistil, magnified.

5. Vertical section of the same, and of the base of the stamens, petals, &c.

6. An ovule detached and more magnified.

7. The fruit, of the natural size.

8. Vertical section of the same, dividing the seed and embryo in one cell ;

showing the seed entire in the other.

9. Transverse section of the fruit, and of its two seeds.
10. The embryo detached entire, enlarged.

Ord. GERANIACE^.

Herbae vel suffrutices, nodis tumidis, foliis oppositis alter-
nisve plemmque palmatilobis stipulatis : dicotyledonese, hy-
pogyriae, symmetricae, pentameras ; sestivatione calycis per-
sistentis imbricativa, coroll8e ssepius convolutiva ; staminibus
10 submonadelphis, exterioribus brevioribus saepe ananthe-
ris petalis oppositis ; ovariis biovulatis stylisque gynophoro
columnasformi praelongo adnatis, fructu elastice solutis ; se-
minibus solitariis exalbuminosis ; embryone conduplicato,
cotyledonibus magnis flexuoso-convolutis.

Gerania, Juss. Gen. p. 268.
Geranioide^, Vent. Tab. 3. p. 170.

Geraniace^, DC. Fl. Fr. & Prodr. 1. p. 637. Endl. Gen. p. 1166.
Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 493.

The Geranium Family is well known through the wild species of Cranes-
bill, or the true Geraniums, of Europe and North America, and by the Pelargo-
niums of the Cape of Good Hope, the most common of house-plants. From
the related families with which it accords in the general plan and structure
of the flowers it is readily distinguished by the prolonged axis (gynophore),
to which the surrounding carpels cohere both by their ovaries and their long
styles, and from which they separate at maturity, usually from below up-
wards ; the elastically recurved or spirally twisting styles carrying the carpels
away with them. The seeds are destitute of albumen ; and the embryo has
the large cotyledons convolutely folded together and bent down upon the
short radicle. The lower leaves are constantly opposite ; the upper some-
times alternate.

The aestivation of the corolla is convolutive only as the general rule. It
is occasionally quincuncially imbricative in the common species of all three
genera, and every gradation between the two modes may often be found in
diflferent flowers on the same plant.

In this, as in the foregoing family, the stamens which stand before the
petals (here shorter than the others) are an exterior series, and hence are
reckoned by some botanists as a deduplication of the corolla. But it is more

126

GERANIACEiE.

likely that the five hypogynous glands, alternate with the petals, represent
the primary stamineal verticil, the shorter and often sterile stamens the sec-
ond, and the larger stamens the third verticil.

This order consists of about five hundred known species, comprised in four
genera, namely : — 1. Geranium, which belongs principally to the northern
temperate zone, especially to Europe and Northern Asia, has ten perfect
stamens, and the styles in fruit are simply revolute from the base upwards,
and not bearded within. 2. Erodium, which is widely diffused over the
warmer temperate and subtropical regions of the whole Old World, and spar-
ingly also in the New, and is distinguished by having only five antheriferous
stamens, and styles which are bearded inside and spirally twisted in fruit.
3. Monsonia, of Southern Africa, which has fifteen perfect stamens and the
fruit of Erodium or Pelargonium. 4. Pelargonium, a /large genus which
belongs to the southern hemisphere, and entirely to the Cape of Good Hope,
with the exception of one or two Australian and Oceanic species ; and is
characterized by the more or less irregular corolla, and the spurred calyx
(the spur wholly adnate to the pedicel) ; the perfect stamens less than ten.

An astringent principle pervades the order, as is manifest especially in the
root of our Geranium maculatum. This is also accompanied, in many cases,
by an aromatic ethereal oil, upon which their odor depends ; that of Pelargo-
nium roseum, obtained by distillation, is used for adulterating attar of roses.
The juice contains considerable mucilage, and in many Pelargoniums is acid-
ulated with a free acid. The flowers of most species are handsome ; but
only the Pelargoniums are much cultivated.

The roots of Geranium are purely astringent. Those of our G. macu-
latum, which is the species most used in medicine, contain much gallic acid
and tannin, the latter, according to Dr. Bigelow, in larger proportion than in
kino. They are so astringent that the plant is called Alum-root in some
parts of the country, and has a high reputation as a remedy for chronic dys-
entery, bowel-complaints, aphthous ulcerations, &c.

GERANIACEJi.

127

Plate 150.

GERANIUM, Tourn,, L Her.

Flores regulares. Filamenta 10 omnia antherifera. Aris-
tae carpellorum a basi ad apicem ab axi rostriformi elastice
solutae, revolutse, intus nudas. — Folia sa^pius palmatifida.

Geranium, Tourn. (excl. spec). Linn. Gen. 832 (excl. spec). Cav.

Diss. 4. t. 76-99. L'Her. Geran. t. 36-40. DC. Prodr. 1. p.
639. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 100. Endl. Gen. 6046.

Crancsbill.

Calyx of five nearly equal and distinct herbaceous sepals,
quincuncially imbricated in Eestivation, not produced or tu-
bular at the base, persistent. Petals 5, alternate with the
sepals, equal, usually obovate or obcordate, somewhat un-
guiculate, hypogynous, convolute, or frequently one petal
wholly exterior, or in the same plant occasionally quincun-
cially imbricated in aestivation, caducous. Hypogynous
GLANDS 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens 10, hypogy-
nous, inserted in two series on the short receptacle ; the five
exterior opposite the petals, and shorter than the five interior,
which are opposite the sepals and the glands : filaments all
antheriferous, subulate, flattened-dilated below, distinct to
the base, or usually somewhat monadelphous, persistent : an-
thers oblong, fixed by the middle, introrse, versatile ; two-
celled, destitute of any manifest connective, the cells opening
longitudinally. Pistil of five carpels (opposite the petals)
united to a prolonged and columnar central axis (gynophore)
which extends almost to the apex of the styles : ovaries
two-ovuled : styles distinct at the summit, their inner face
stigmatose. Ovules collateral and pendulous (always ?) from
about the middle of the inner angle of the cell, anatropous or
semianatropous ; the raphe ventral ; the micropyle superior.

Fruit of five membranaceous follicular carpels, with their

128

GERANIACEiE.

inner face partly imbedded in excavations of the dilated base
of the long and beak-like central axis, from which they sep-
arate at maturity, and are ruptured on the inner face, remain-
ing attached to the base of the persistent and indurated flat-
tened styles ; which separate from the prolonged 5-angular
axis or beak from below upwards, and are circinately recurv-
ed, their inner face smooth or rarely a little hairy. Seed
by abortion solitary in each carpel, pendulous, anatropous
or half anatropous, the crustaceous testa usually reticulated
or pitted, destitute of albumen. Embryo conformed to the
seed : cotyledons large and foliaceous, convolutely folded
together so that the transverse section is like a letter S ; the
RADICLE short, conical, inflexed upon the cotyledons and ap-
plied to them near one of their margins, descending.

Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants, usually caulescent,
with tumid nodes, and opposite (or the uppermost some-
times alternate) stipulate leaves, which are usually rounded
and palmately lobed or parted, rarely ternately or pinnately
dissected. Peduncles terminal, or becoming alar or lateral,
one - two-flowered, four-bracteate at the origin of the pedi-
cels. Flowers purple, reddish, or white.

Etymology. The name is derived from yepavos, a crane, from a fan-
cied resemblance of the prolonged axis of the fruit to the beak of that bird.

PLATE 150. Geranium maculatum, Linn.; — a flowering branch.

1. Diagram of a flower, with the corolla convolute in aestivation.

2. Diagram of the calyx and corolla, with one petal exterior in aestivation.

3. Flower enlarged, the calyx and corolla removed, showing the glands, &c.

4. A long and a short stamen, more magnified.

5. The pistil and receptacle, magnified.

6. Vertical section of the base of the same, more magnified.

7. One of the ovules detached and more magnified than those in fig. 6.

8. The fruit with the calyx, of the natural size, the dehiscent carpels

borne on the upwardly recurved styles.

9. A seed, magnified.

10. A transverse section of the same.

11. Embryo detached and divided across the cotyledons, magnified.

GEF.ANIUM

GERANIACEiE.

129

Plate 151.

ERODIUiAI, L'Her.

Filamenta 5 breviora ananthera. AristaD carpellorum sas-
pius ab apice ad basin elastice soluta3, intus barbatae, inferne
spiraliter tortas. Csetera Geranii. — Folia plerumque pinna-
tisecta.

Erodium, L'Her. Geran. t. 2-6. Willd. Sp. 3. p. 625. DC. Fl. Fr. 4.

p.838,&Proclr. I.e. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 96. Endl. Gen. 6045.
Geranii Sp., Tourn., Linn., etc.

Storksbill.

Calyx of five nearly distinct and equal herbaceous sepals,
quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, not produced or tubu-
lar at the base, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, alternate
with the sepals, equal, somewhat unguiculate, convolute or
sometimes quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, caducous.
Hypogynous glands 5, alternate with the petals. Stamens
10, hypogynous, inserted in two series on the short recepta-
cle ; the five exterior opposite the petals, sterile (destitute of
anthers) and shorter than the five fertile, which are opposite
the sepals and the glands : filaments dilated below, mem-
branaceous, persistent, distinct or slightly monadelphous : an-
thers oblong or cordate, introrse, two-celled, the cells open-
ing longitudinally. Pistil, (fee, as in Geranium. Ovules
two in each ovary, inserted one above the other on the mid-
dle of its inner angle, anatropous, pendulous, or the upper
resupinate-ascending.

Fruit of five small coriaceous (and internally dehiscent
or often indehiscent) achenia-like carpels, awned by the long
and indurated persistent styles ; which at maturity separate
elastically from the long and slender beak-like axis, com-
monly from the apex downwards, and are villous with strong
hairs along the inner face, the lower part twisting spirally.

130

GERANIACE^.

Seed solitary in each carpel, becoming half-anatropous by
the greater development of its upper portion, the raphe ven-
tral and occupying the lower half of the seed, which is
therefore peritropous-pendulous (not ascending), destitute of
albumen ; the testa smooth. Embryo filling the seed, con-
duplicate : COTYLEDONS Harrowly oblong, sometimes (in E.
moschatum) pinnatifid, usually flexuose-convolute, incum-
bent on the descending radicle, which reaches the hilum.

Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants ; with opposite stipulate
leaves (one usually smaller than the other), which are more
commonly pinnate and bipinnately parted or lobed, rarely
palmately lobed. Peduncles terminal, or becoming lateral
as if arising from the axil of the smaller leaf, umbellately
two- several-flowered, with an involucel of four bracts at
the origin of the pedicels. Flowers usually purple or white.

Etymology. The name is taken from ipobios, a heron or stork, from a
fancied resemblance of the beak of the fruit to the long bill of those birds.

Note. E. cicutarium, which sparingly occurs in the United States, was,
I doubt not, introduced from Europe ; and I suspect that it was likewise in-
troduced with cattle into the plains of California and Oregon, where it is
widely diffused, so as to be a characteristic plant. E. macrophyllum, Hook.
^ Am., appears to be truly indigenous in California, as is the related spe-
cies here figured in Texas. Its later flowxrs are apetalous !

PLATE 151. Erodium Texanum, n. sp. : — summit of a flowering plant, of
the natural size, from Texan specimens of Lindheimer and Wright.

1. Diagram of the flower (the petals in the specimen quincuncially imbri-

cated in aestivation !), with a transverse section of the ovary.

2. The stamens and pistil, glands, &c., magnified.

3. A sterile filament, separated.

4. An inside, and 5. an outside view of a perfect stamen, magnified.

6. Pistil with the hypogynous glands, magnified.

7. Vertical section of the same, showing the ovules.

8. An ovule detached and more magnified.

9. Fruit and calyx, the bearded styles separating from the beak, enlarged.

10. One of the achenia-like carpels, with the base of the style, magnified.

11. The same (with less of the style), more magnified, vertically divided

through the seed and embryo.

12. Seed extracted entire and magnified.

13. Magnified embryo, cut across to show the convolute cotyledons, &c.

ERCDIUM

Ord. BALSAMINACEiE.

Herbae simplicifoliag exstipulatas, caule succo aqueo tiirgi-
do : dicotyledonese, hypogynae, pentandrae, irregulares ; peri-
anthio colorato asymmetrico postice saccato ; staminibus
superne connato-cohserentibiis ; ovario 5-loculari, loculis 2-
pluriovulatis ; fmctu ssepius capsulari elastice dissilientibus ;
seminibus exalbuminosis anatropis ; embryone recto, cotyle-
donibus magnis crassis.

Balsamine^, a. Rich, in Diet. Hist. Nat. 2. p. 173. DC. Prodr. 1. p.

685. Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 422. Kunth in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Par. 3. p. 384, & Fl. Berol. 1. p. 82, Roper, Flor. Bals. (1830),

& in LinnsBa, 9. p. 119. Wight & Arn. Prodr. Ind. Or«l. p.

134. Arn. in Linnsa, 9. p. 112. Wight, 111. Ind. Bot. p. 156.

t. 61. Bernh. in Linnsea, 12. p. 669. Endl. Gen. p. 1173.
Balsaminace^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 138, & Veg. Kingd,

p. 490.

The Balsam or Jewel-Weed Family comprises only the large genus
Impatiens, Linn., with Hydrocera, a small East Indian genus, which has
more symmetrical flowers and a drupaceous fruit.

Its nearest affinities are with the Oxalidace?E and Linaceae, especially the
former, from which it differs most strikingly by its remarkably irregular and
strictly pentandrous flowers. A character in which Impatiens accords with
most Zygophyllaceae has apparently been overlooked or misunderstood,
namely, the internal membranaceous appendages of the filaments. These
five subulate appendages are connivent and more or less coherent over the
summit of the pistil. In our native species, they cover the stigma so close-
ly as entirely to prevent the access of the pollen in the greater part of the
fully developed flowers, which consequently fall away unfertilized ; but some-
times the growing ovary pushes the stigma through the apex of this cap so
as to secure its fertilization. Meanwhile the fruit is chiefly produced from
a succession of small flower-buds, in which apparently no such appendages
are interposed between the anthers and the stigma, and in which the
ovary is fertilized at a very early period, while the floral envelopes are yet
minute and almost regular. The gravid ovary as it enlarges detaches the

132

BALSAMINACEiE.

rest of the bud from the receptacle and carries it upwards on its apex, like
the calyptra of a Moss. These minute fertile flower-buds, which begin to
be produced earlier than the ordinary blossoms, were several years since
pointed out to me by Dr. Torrey in our native species, and are mentioned
in his Flora of the State of New York. They had already been noticed
in the European Touch-me-not by Mr. Weddel ; * but I am not aware
that the frequent sterility of the ordinary, conspicuous flowers, and its
cause, had been observed.

Several more or less conflicting opinions prevail respecting the morphology
of the irregular floral envelopes in this family, and how they are to be di-
vided between the calyx and the corolla. Those of Roper and of Kunth
are best sustained; and differ chiefly (when the flower, which Kunth takes
as it hangs resupinate on the stalk, is brought into its proper position) as re-
spects the anterior, emarginate leaf of the flower. This Roper counts as
a petal, referring to the calyx only the two lateral sepals and the spur ; the
two anterior sepals which are needed to complete its symmetry being abor-
tive or wanting in Impatiens. The view of Kunth, and also of Arnott, who
consider this organ as a pair of sepals united by their contiguous margins,
is that which is adopted in this work. It accords better than any other
with the more regular, though minute, fertile flower-buds (Plate 153, Fig.
5), in which I observe no organs corresponding to the rudimentary ante-
rior sepals of Roper ; but I have no opportunity of comparing it with Hy-
drocera. »

The plants of this family are not endowed with any important useful prop-
erties. Their succulent stems abound with a watery juice, which is slightly
acrid, and is said to be diuretic. The blossoms are usually ornamental.

* Vide Adr. de Jussieu, Monographie des MalpighiacieSj p. 85.

BALSAMINACEiE.

133

Plate 152, 153.

IMPATIENS, L.

Sepalum posticum maximum saccato-calcaratum. Petala
4 per paria connata, seu 2 ina^qualiter bipartita. Capsula
carnoso-cartilaginea ; valvis a placenta centrali persistente
elastice dissilientibus.

Impatiens, Linn. Gen. 1008. Lam. 111. t. 725. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 270.

Wight & Am. Prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 135. Endl. Gen. COGO.
Balsamina, Tourn. Inst. p. 418. t. 235. Juss. Gen. p. 270. Gajrtn. Fr.

2. p. 151. t. 113.

Balsamina & Impatiens, Rivin. Tetrap. Irreg. 4. p. 146. DC. Prodr. 1.
p. 685.

Balsam. Toucli-me-not. Jewel-weed.

Calyx petaloid, deciduous, apparently of four, but really
of five SEPALS, the two anterior being united into one, very
irregular ; the two lateral sepals exterior and at first valvate
in aestivation, or soon incumbent, the others smaller than
they, often minute ; the posterior one (nectary of Linnseus)
very large, saccate and usually spurred at the base, often re-
sembling the cornucopias in shape, its margins incumbent
upon the anterior in aestivation ; the two anterior (and inner-
most in aestivation) united into one, which is notched at the
apex, orbicular and concave or gibbous. Petals hypogynous,
lateral, deciduous, two in number and alternating with the
two lateral and the posterior sepals, deeply and unequally
two-cleft or two-parted, usually considered to represent four
petals (the two superior and the two lateral) united in pairs,
the anterior petal wanting ; the two lateral lobes or petals
smaller than the others and exterior, so as to cover their
edges in aestivation. Stamens 5, hypogynous, alternate with
the cells of the ovary, short : filaments broad and thickishj
connivent, somewhat coherent, furnished with a membrana-

134

BALSAMINACEiE.

ceous subulate appendage which arises from the inner face
towards the summit ; these five appendages are connivent or
coherent over the apex of the pistil, where they retain the
stamens after they separate from their insertion : anthers
oval or cordate, fixed by the base, introrse, two-celled (the
cells distinct, or sometimes connate-confluent at their apex,
opening longitudinally or obliquely down the inner face.
PoLLEN-grains oval, simple. Ovary five-celled, the cells
alternate with the sepals and with the stamens : style
none : stigma small, sessile, entire or minutely five-tooth-
ed. Ovules few or several in a single series and pendu-
lous from the inner angle of each cell, anatropous ; the
raphe thickened, sometimes produced beyond the chalaza,
ventral.

Capsule oblong, prismatic or nearly terete, becoming one-
celled by the obliteration of the dissepiments, with a thick
and fleshy axis or placenta, bursting elastically when ripe by
loculicidal dehiscence (usually from the base upwards) into
five valves ; the valves thick, with a fleshy exocarp and an
almost cartilaginous epicarp, often splitting in two longitudi-
nally, strongly revolute (in the Balsams), or twisting spirally
(in the Touch-me-not), as the pod falls in pieces. Seeds
few or several in each cell, pendulous from the central axis,
oval, with a fleshy and often four-ribbed testa, destitute of
albumen. Embryo straight, filling the cavity of the seed :
COTYLEDONS oval, thick and fleshy, or plano-convex : radi-
cle very short, superior.

Herbs, commonly annual, with succulent stems, and alter-
nate, or sometimes opposite or verticillate, simple pinnately-
veined leaves, destitute of stipules. Peduncles axillary,
one-flowered, or racemosely several-flowered. Flowers vari-
ously colored, articulated with the apex of the pedicel, com-
monly resupinate-pendulous, so that the great saccate-spurred
sepal appears to be inferior. Many of the large and fully
developed flowers fall away without forming fruit ; while
others, especially the earlier ones, become fertilized in the
bud while yet minute ; when the growth of the fertilized
ovary detaches and carries up on its apex, like a calyptra, the

IMPATIENS.

BALSAMINACEyE.

135

iinexpanded flower-bud. The development of the floral en-
velopes being arrested at an early period, these flowers are
spurless and less irregular (and their filaments are nearly, if
not entirely, destitute of the internal appendages), so that
their morphological structure is more readily made out than
in the conspicuous flowers.

Etymology. From the Latin word impatiens ; so called in allusion to
the sudden bursting of the pods, especially when touched. The popular
name of Touch-me-not alludes to the same peculiarity.

Geographical Distribution. One species of this genus is indigenous
in Europe and Northern Asia; two are natives of North America ; while
the remainder, fully a hundred in number, belong to the tropical or sub-
tropical regions of the Old World, especially on the slopes of mountains,
the greater part to Eastern Asia. They flourish only in moist and shady
places.

Properties. These are of no importance, although the European spe-
cies was formerly employed as a diuretic. The Garden Balsam (Impatiens
Balsamina, L.), an Indian species, is a well-known ornamental annual, the
flowers of which double with great facility, and sport into numerous varie-
gated forms.

PLATE 152. Impatiens fulva, Nutt.; — summit of a branch both in
flower and fruit, of the natural size. (From Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts.)

1. Diagram of the flower, brought into its true position as respects the

axis, the transverse line underneath denoting the position of the
bract.

2. The sepals and petals displayed in their relative position; the flower

here exhibited in the inverted or resupinate-pendulous position in
which it naturally hangs on the stem, so as to bring the spur or
sac anterior.

3. Vertical section of a flower through the spur, the stamens, and the

ovary, enlarged.

4. A flower with the sepals and petals removed, showing the connivent

stamens, magnified.

5. One of the stamens seen from within, showing the dehiscence of the

anther, and the internal membranaceous appendage of the filament ;
magnified.

136

BALSAMINACEiE.

PLATE 153. Impatiens fulva : — further analyses of the flower and
fruit.

1. Stamens in their natural position, discharging their pollen, magnified.

2. Vertical section through the stamens and pistil, more magnified, show-

ing the ovules, and how the internal appendages of the stamens
together embrace the summit of the pistil.

3. An ovule detached, and more magnified ; its thickened raphe project-

ing beyond the chalaza.

4. Stamens and pistil, magnified; the upper portion of the two filaments

next the eye cut away, and the connivent appendages turned back
from the pistil so as to show its summit.

5. Highly magnified transverse section, or diagram, of one of the minute,

prematurely fertilized flower-buds ; the line underneath denoting
the position of the bract. (The two lateral sepals valvate and
inclosing all the rest of the flower.)

6. The sepals and petals of the same, displayed in their normal position ;

namely, with the sepal that represents the spur in the ordinary
flowers (here barely concave) next the axis ; highly magnified.

7. A fertilized flower-bud of the same kind, with its bract, magnified.

8. The same, with the enlarging ovary carrying away the undeveloped

floral envelopes on its summit, magnified.

9. The same at a later period, the fertilized ovary much more enlarged.

10. A ripe capsule, of the natural size.

11. The same after dehiscence, with one seed detached, and others still

attached to the persistent axis ; the spirally twisted valves cohering
to the apex of the axis.

12. A seed, magnified.

13. The same transversely divided, showing the thick cotyledons.

14. The same vertically divided contrary to the cotyledons.

15. Embryo of the same, divided through the short radicle, showing the

plumule, &c.

Ord. LIMNANTHACE^.

HerbsB parvulae Tropasoloideae ; foliis pinnatisectis ; flori-
bus omnino symmetricis et regularibus 6- v. 10-andris ; ovulis
erectis ; radicula infera.

LiMNANTHEjE, R. Br. it! Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1833. Lindl. Bot.

Reg. t. 1673. Meisn. PI. Vase. p. 135. Endl. Gen. p. 1175.
LiMNANTHACE^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 142. Torr. & Gray,

Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 209.
TROPiEOLACE^, Tr. LiMNANTHE^, Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 366.

The Limnanthes Family was founded by Mr. Brown, (who first de-
tected its real affinities,) upon two plants only, each the type of a genus ;
namely, Floerkea, an inconspicuous annual of the Northern United States,
and Limnanthes Douglasii of California, which, brought into cultivation from
seeds sent to England by the lamented Douglas, who discovered it, is now
a well-known annual in our gardens. The latter bears abundance of pretty
white flowers with a pale-yellow centre. Recently two additional species of
Limnanthes have been discovered in California, by Mr. Hartweg and by the
enterprising Fremont, one of which has pure white, the other rose-colored
blossoms.

This small family is closely allied to the Indian-Cress Family, or Tropaso-
laceae (of which the Tropaeolum majus, the Nasturtium of the gardens, is
a familiar representative), and perhaps should be combined with it, as has
been done by Lindley, notwithstanding the dissimilarity of external appear-
ance. For this dissimilarity is chiefly owing to the irregularity of the flowers
of Tropasolum ; while those of Limnanthes and Floerkea are perfectly reg-
ular, as w^ell as symmetrical. In this respect, therefore, they differ only as
the Hellebore or the Columbine differs from the Larkspur and the Aconite,
which nevertheless evidently belong, not only to the same order, but to the
same tribe. A more important distinction, however, is to be found in the
insertion and direction of the ovule and seed, which are erect from the base
of the cell in the present family, but suspended in Tropaeolaceas.

The embryo has the same structure in both : the cotyledons are very large,
so as to fill the whole seed, thick and fleshy, plano-convex, or even hemi-
spherical, extended below their insertion so as to be deeply auriculate at the
base, and forming a narrow cavity in which the very short radicle is entirely
concealed.

10

138

LIMNANTHACEiE.

The sensible qualities of the Limnanthacese likewise accord with those of
the Tropaeolaceae, both having the peculiar volatile acridity and well-known
pungent taste of the Cress or Mustard Family. The fleshy fruits of the
Garden Nasturtium are accordingly used as a substitute for capers. But
the few and insignificant plants of the present family are of no economical
account ; except that all the species of Limnanthes would be ornamental in
cultivation.

LIMNANTIIACEiE.

139

Plate 154.

FLOERKEA, Willd,

Sepala 3. Petala 3, oblonga, calyce breviora. Stamina G.
Ovaria 3, vel abortu pauciora. — Herba tenella, parviflora ;
foliis saepius 5-foliolatis.

Floerkea, Willd. in N. Berl. Schrift. 3. p. 148. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 228.

Lindl. in Hook. Jour. Bot. 1. p. 1. t. 1. R. Br. in Lond. &
Edinb. Jour. Sci. 1833. Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Amer. 1. p. 210.
Endl. Gen. 6065.

False Mermaid.

Calyx of three herbaceous sepals, united at the base, a
little imbricated in aestivation, persistent. Petals 3, oblong,
shorter than the calyx, inserted on the margin of a fleshy
perigynous disk which fills the base of the calyx, its thin
edge produced into three minute lobes, alternate with the
petals. Stamens 6, three alternate with the petals and in-
serted just within the lobes of the disk, and three opposite
them, marcescent : filaments subulate, distinct ; those op-
posite the sepals at first longer than the others : anthers
globular, didymous, fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally. Pistil of three carpels
(placed opposite the sepals), or sometimes only two, united
by their styles : ovaries globose, cohering only at their base
to an axis: style central, two -three-cleft at the summit:
stigmas terminal, capitate. Ovule solitary in each ovary,
erect from its base, anatropous.

Fruit of three, or by abortion one or two, fleshy and
tuberculate-roughened globular achenia. Seed filling the
cell, the membranaceous testa cohering with the pericarp,
destitute of albumen. Embryo large ; the cotyledons thick
and fleshy, plano-convex : radicle very short, inferior, en-
tirely included within the notched base of the cotyledons :
plumule conspicuous.

140

LIMNANTHACEiE.

Herb small and inconspicuous, decumbent, a little succu-
lent, annual ; the alternate leaves petioled, destitute of stip-
ules, pinnately five-foliolate, or the upper trifoliolate or three-
parted ; the leaflets lanceolate or oblong, entire or sometimes
two - three-cleft. Flowers small, solitary, on slender axil-
lary peduncles ; the minute petals white.

Etymology. Dedicated by Willdenow to Floerke, an obscure German
botanist.

Geographical Distribution. The single species of this genus grows
in marshes, and along the moist banks of streams, in the Northern and
Western United States.

PLATE 154. Floerkea proserpinacoides, Wiild.; — an entire plant, in
fruit and flower, of the natural size.

1 . Diagram of the flower.

2. An open flower, magnified.

3. Vertical section of a flower, more magnified.

4. A stamen magnified, seen from within.

5. The same, seen from the outside.

6. Fruit (only two carpels ripened) and the persistent calyx, magnified.

7. A carpel transversely divided, showing the cotyledons.

8. The same vertically divided, so as to cut away one cotyledon.

154

FLOHKBA

Ord. RUTACE^.

HerboD alternifolia}, exstipulatae, glanduloso-punctata3 : di-
cotyledoneae, hypogyna3, dichlamydeae, regulares, 4-5-mer8B,
diplostemonea?, hermaphroditaB ; aBstivatione imbricativa ; ova-
rio gynophoro brevi vel disco glanduloso insidente 2-5-lobo
2 - 5-loculari ; stylis in unicum connatis ; capsulae lobis
introrsum dehiscentibus ; seminibus reiiiformi-arcuatis 2-
pleiospermis ; embryone in axi albuminis carnosi pi. m.
arcuato, idem longitudine aequante.

RuTACE^, Juss. Gen. p. 296, ex parte. Endl. Gen. p. 1159.
RuTE^, Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 12. p. 461.

RuTACEARUM pars, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 709. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 469.

The Rue Family, taken in the restricted sense, belongs to the Old World
(and to the Mediterranean region, with one genus in Nepaul and Japan), with
the solitary exception of the recently discovered and still unpublished Texan
plant which forms the subject of the next illustration. It is distinguished
from the ZygophyllacesB by the exstipulate alternate leaves dotted with pel-
lucid glands ; and from Zanthoxylaceas by their perfect flowers. The Dios-
meae are not sufficiently distinguished by the spontaneous separation of the
epicarp from the endocarp of the fruit, and the generally exalbuminous seeds.

The sensible qualities of Rutaceous plants are exemplified by the common
Rue. Their strong odor, nauseous bitterness, and acridity are due to the
volatile oil with which the herbage is charged. The Spanish Ruta montana
is so acrid, that it is said to blister the hands that gather it through three
pairs of gloves, and produces ulcerous pustules when applied to the naked
skin. The oil of Rue is a powerful stimulant and antispasmodic, and a
dangerous emmenagogue and vermifuge ; in over-doses it is an acrid-narcotic
poison. Notwithstanding their almost fetid odor, the leaves of the fresh
plant were used by the Romans as a condiment ; and they are still employed
in some parts of Southern Europe to flavor salads.

The Diosmea;, in which similar sensible qualities prevail, although less
acrid and often tonic and febrifugal, are much more numerous in genera and
species than the proper Rutaceae. With the exception of the Fraxinella,

142

RUTACE^.

indigenous to Southern Europe, they belong to the southern hemisphere,
and especially to the Cape of Good Hope and Australia. The few of the
New World, however, are tropical, principally Brazilian. The odorous
leaves of the Bucku plants, or true Diosmeae of South Africa, are antispas-
modics, diuretics, &c. But the American species furnish the most impor-
tant medicines; such, especially, as the Angostura bark, which is thought
to be the produce of Galipea cusparia, and which in South America is
esteemed as the most valuable of all febrifuges, " being adapted to the most
malignant bilious fevers ; while the fevers in which Cinchona is chiefly ad-
ministered are simple intermittents, for the most part unattended with dan-
ger. The Indians also use the bruised bark as a means of intoxicating
fishes ; which is a very singular coincidence with what is mentioned by Dr.
Saunders, of the same use being made of the Cinchona bark by the Peruvi-
ans." Lindley.

RUTACE^.

143

Plate 155.

RUTOSMA, Nov. Gen.

Calyx 4-lobus, persistens. Petala 4, concaviuscula, inte-
gerrima. Stamina 8, petalis breviora. Ovarium 2-lobum,
2-loculare, disco 8-lobo eporoso insidens, fructifemm breviter
stipitatum ; loculis 8-ovulatis. Stylus gracilis : stigma ca-
pitatum, integrum. — Herba graveolens, humilis ; caulibus e
radice crassa simpliciusculis ; foliis linearibus integerrimis ;
inflorescentia racemiformi.

Calyx four-cleft, much shorter than the corolla, herba-
ceous, persistent. Petals 4, alternate with the lobes of the
calyx, oval, dotted like the rest of the plant with large pellu-
cid glands, not unguiculate, entire, inserted on the base of
the thickened hypogynous disk, convolute-imbricated in
aestivation, barely spreading in anthesis, deciduous. Stamens
8, inserted on the disk just within the petals and shorter than
they, or the longer ones (the four opposite the sepals) nearly
equalling them in length : filaments subulate-filiform, naked :
ANTHERS oval, iutrorso, fixed by the base, glandular-apiculate ;
the cells apposite, opening longitudinally. Hypogynous disk
produced above the insertion of the stamens and around the
base of the ovary into eight equal glandular lobes, which are
not nectariferous-punctate as in Ruta. Ovary at first sessile
on the disk, obcordate-two-lobed, two-celled, the cells op-
posite two of the sepals : style central, long and slender,
undivided, deciduous : stigma ovoid-capitate, entire. Ovules
8 in each cell, pendulous (or the uppermost resupinate ascend-
ing) from a thickened axile placenta which projects into the
cells, anatropous.

Capsule coriaceous, raised on a short stipe above the disk,
deeply obcordate-two-lobed, somewhat flattened contrary to

144

RUTACEiE.

the partition, the lobes dehiscent down their inner side to
their junction. Seeds 8, or by abortion fewer, in each cell,
amphitropous, reniform ; the testa crustaceous, muricate-
scabrous. Embryo arcuate in the axis of thin fleshy albu-
men, nearly of its length : cotyledons narrowly oblong,
rather fleshy, parallel with the hilum : radicle about the
length of the cotyledons, superior.

Herb low, dotted all over with glands, exhaling the strong
odor of Rue, with numerous nearly simple stems arising from
a stout and perpendicular perennial root, beset with simple
and entire filiform-linear alternate exstipulate leaves, race-
mosely floriferous above ; the short-pedicelled flowers all
extra-axillary, therefore terminal, becoming lateral by the
successive evolution of axillary buds. Petals yellow.

Etymology, Properties, &c. Name composed of pvTrj, the Rue, and
oaixr), scent. It has just the odor, and doubtless the other sensible proper-
ties, of the Garden Rue. The genus is very nearly allied to Ruta and
Aplophyllum ; but differs from the former in its plane petals, shorter sta-
mens, eight-lobed disk without nectariferous pores, and muricate seeds ; and
from both by the two-celled ovary.

Geographical Distribution. This single representative of the proper
Rue Family in the New World was recently discovered in Western Texas
by Mr. Lindheimer and by Mr. Wright. Dr. Gregg also gathered it at
Monterey, in Northern Mexico, where it is called Ruda del Campo.

PLATE 155. Rutosma Texana, n. 5j9.;— a small plant, in flower and
fruit, of the natural size ; from Lindheimer'' s collection.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. The summit of a flowering stem, enlarged, showing the glands of the

stalks, leaves, and parts of the flower.

3. Anther, with the summit of the filament, magnified ; outside view.

4. The same, seen from within.

5. Pistil with the eight-lobed disk, &;c., magnified.

6. Vertical section of the same, showing the insertion of the organs, &c.

7. An ovule, more magnified.

8. Dehiscent capsule, with the persistent calyx and disk, magnified.

9. The same, with the capsule and some of the seeds vertically divided.

10. A seed, more magnified.

11. Vertical section of the same, and of the embryo, more magnified.

12. Embryo detached and magnified.

RUT C SMA

Ord. ZANTIIOXYLACE^.

Frutices vel arbores RutoideaBj interdum aculeatae ; foliis
pellucido-punctatis saspissime pinnatis ; floribus abortu uni-
sexualibus ; carpcllis discretis, vel pi. m. in ovarium com-
positum coalitis, 2 - 4-ovulatis ; fructu carnoso 1-5-cocco,
rarius samaroideo ; embryone recto.

Zanthoxyle^, Nees & Mart, in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. 1823. Adr.

Juss. in Mem. Mus. 12. p. 422, 497 (Subord. Rutacearurn). Endl.
Gen. p. 1145.

ZanthoxylacejE, Torr. & Gray, Fl, N. Am. 1. p. 213.
XANTHoxYLACEiE, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 135, & Veg. Kingd.

p. 472. Wight, 111. Ind. Bot. p. 165. t. 66.
Pteleace^, Kunth in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. p. 345.

The Prickly-Ash Family consists of trees and shrubs, principally of
tropical regions and in great part American. It is represented in the United
States by three species of the typical genus, two of which belong to our
Southern Atlantic border, and one (the common Prickly Ash) to the North-
ern States, and by two species of Ptelea, one of which extends northward to
the Great Lakes. They are not found north of the tropic of Cancer on the
western side of our continent, nor in the Old World, except in China and
Japan, of which the Ailanthus, or Tree of Heaven, which flourishes so fa-
mously in the United States as a shade-tree, is a native. The Ailanthus,
however, although appended to this family, having no dots in the leaves
nor albumen in the seeds, and solitary ovules, is not thought properly to
belong to it.

This family is distinguished from Rutaceae and the Diosmeaj by the monoe-
cious or dioecious flowers ; and from Anacardiaceas by the pellucid dots of the
leaves, geminate ovules, albuminous seeds, straight embryo, &c.

Pungent aromatic qualities with bitterness prevail in the order. They are
due to an ethereal oil and its resin, which is contained in the pellucid oil-
receptacles which dot the leaves and the fruit, and to a bitter-acrid crystal-
lizable substance, called Xanthopicrite, with a yellow coloring matter, which
are principally contained in the bark. The properties of all the species of
Zanthoxylum accord with those of our Prickly Ash. The leaves are fra-

146

ZANTHOXYLACEiE.

grant and pungent to the taste ; the fruits are as pungent as pepper ; the
bark, which is the officinal portion, is acrid-aromatic and very bitter. It is
a powerful stimulant and somewhat tonic, much used in chronic rheumatism,
and as an irritant it is popularly employed to relieve the toothache. The
Southern Z. Carolinianum possesses identical properties, but is more power-
fully acrid. Some exotic species are valued as febrifuges, others as anti-
dotes to poisons.

The typical genus, Zanthoxylum, comprises between fifty and one hun-
dred known species, of which the greater part belong to tropical America,
several to the equinoctial regions of the Old World, and three to the Atlan-
tic United States, one of which (the original species) extends northward to
Canada.

ZANTHOXYLACEiE.

147

Plate 156.

ZANTHOXYLUM, Colden, L.

Florcs abortu dioici aut monoici. Stamina petalis numero
aiqualia et alterna. Pistilla totidem vel pauciora, gynophoro
subgloboso seu cylindrico insidentia. Folliciili carnosi 1-2-
spermi. Semina nitida. — Rami aculeati. Folia pinnata.

Zanthoxylum, Colden, PI. Coldenh. p. 68. Linn. Gen. 150. H. B. K.

Nov. Gen. & Sp. 6. p. 1. DC. Piodr. 1. p. 725. Adr. Juss. 1. c.

Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 214, 680. Endl. Gen. 5972.
Fagara, Linn. Adans. Fam. 2. p. 364. Lam. 111. t. 84.
Pterota, p. Browne, Jam. p. 189.
OcHROxvLUM, Schreb. Gen. 508.

Kampmannia, Raf. in N. Y. Med. Repos. (hex. 2.) 5. p. 350.
Prickly Ash. Toolliache-tree.

Flowers by abortion dioecious or monoecious. Calyx of
four or five, rarely three, herbaceous or petaloid sepals, much
smaller than the corolla, distinct or united at the base, imbri-
cated in aestivation, deciduous, in one species obsolete. Pe-
tals as many as the sepals, usually five or four, hypogynous,
imbricated in aestivation, deciduous. Ster. Fl. Stamens
as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted just
within them at the base of an ovoid gynophore, which bears
the rudiments of from one to five abortive pistils on its sum-
mit : filaments filiform or subulate : anthers introrse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Fert. Fl. Stamens
none or rudimentary. Pistils as many as the petals and
opposite them, or fewer, sometimes reduced to one, borne on
the summit of the fleshy globular or cylindrical gynophore,
connivent, sometimes a little united below : ovaries two-
ovuled : styles short or slender, connivent or somewhat
connate towards the summit : stigmas introrsely capitate or
clavate. Ovules 2, collateral, pendulous from the middle of
the inner angle of the cell, anatropous, the raphe ventral.

Fruit of as many fleshy cartilaginous or drupaceous folli-

148

ZANTHOXYLACEiE.

cles as there are pistils, or by abortion fewer, sessile or stipi-
tate, punctate, one - two-seeded, splitting down the ventral
suture, or at length two-valved. Seed pendulous from the
apex of the placental edge of the carpel, which inclines to
separate from the valves, between amphitropous and anatro-
pous, ovoid or globular, black and shining ; the testa thin
and a little fleshy, at length brittle and transparent, covering
a thick crustaceous integument. Embryo straight, in the
axis of fleshy albumen and nearly of its length : cotyledons
broadly oval or orbicular, foliaceous : radicle short, superior.

Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles ;
the alternate or rarely opposite leaves mostly pinnate, often
fascicled ; the petiole sometimes prickly, rarely alate ; the leaf-
lets entire or serrulate, punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers
small, greenish or whitish, fasciculate, spicate, or cymose,
the clusters or cymes axillary or terminal.

Etymology. Name from ^avdos, yelloiv, and ^vXov, wood. Xanthoccylum
is the proper orthography, but the other form was adopted by Linnaeus.

Note. The genus was founded on our Northern Prickly Ash, here figured ,
which has a single perianth, usually described as a calyx. But as the stamens
alternate with its parts, just as with the petals of Z. Carolinianum, I take it
for the corolla, and suppose that the calyx is abortive. Our subgenera are ;

§ 1. EuzANTHOXYLUM. (Zauthoxylum, Golden.) — Calyx abortive. Petals
(bearded at the tip), stamens, and pistils 5. Flowers in lateral fascicles.

^ 2. OcHROXVLUM. — Sepals, petals, and stamens 5. Pistils 3.

^3. Pterota. — Sepals, petals, and stamens 4. Pistils 1-2. Petiole
winged.

PLATE 156. Zanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.; — branch of a stami-
nate plant in flower, and of a pistillate plant taken a little later.
1. A pistillate flower ; 2. a staminate flower, enlarged.

3. Vertical section of the latter, showing the abortive pistils, &c.

4. Enlarged pistillate flower, with the perianth laid open.

5. Vertical section of one of the pistils, magnified, showing one ovule.

6. Transverse section of an ovary, through both ovules, magnified.

7. An oviile, more magnified.

8. Fruit, of the natural size. (Two pistils abortive, the others stipitate.)

9. The same enlarged, two carpels dehiscent. 10. A seed, magnified.
11. Vertical, and 12. transverse section of the seed and embryo, magnified.

13. Diagram of a staminate flower of Zanthoxylum Carolinianum.

14. Expanded staminate flower of the same, magnified.

Z ANTHOXYLUM

ZANTHOXYLACEiE.

149

Plate 157.

PTELEA, L.

Flores polygami, 4-5-andri. Ovarium 2-loculare, stylo
brevi superatum : stigma 2-lobum. Fmctus samaroideus,
2-locularis ; loculis abortu monospermis. — Fmtices inermes ;
foliis plerumque 3-foliolatis ; floribus cymosis.

Ptelea, Linn. Gen. 152. Mill. Ic. t. 211. Lam. 111. t. 84. Gaertn. Fr.

t. 49. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 84. Adr. Juss. in Mem. Mus. 1. c. p.

510. t. 26. Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Am. 1. p. 2] 4. Endl. Gen. 5977.
Bellucia, Adans, Fam. 2. p. 344.

Shrub Trefoil.

Flowers by abortion polygamous. Calyx of four or five
small and nearly distinct sepals, at first imbricated in aesti-
vation, deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, much longer
than the calyx, imbricated in aestivation, widely spreading,
deciduous. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate
with them, hypogynous, in the sterile flowers as long as the
corolla, in the fertile shorter and with smaller or imperfect
anthers : filaments subulate, thickened below, hairy on the
inside : anthers ovate or cordate, introrse, two-celled ; the
cells opening longitudinally. Pistil abortive in the sterile
flowers, in the fertile raised on a short and thick gynophore :
OVARY compressed, two-celled : style short : stigma two-
lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell, inserted one above the other,
but close together, on the middle of their inner angle, amphit-
ropous ; the upper one of each cell only becoming fertilized,
with the micropyle superior ; the lower pushed downwards
by the other, so that its micropyle becomes centrifugal.

Fruit a two-celled samara, surrounded by a broad and
reticulated wing, orbicular, indehiscent : the cells one-seeded.
Seed oblong, amphitropoas, the short raphe ventral and basi-
lar, with a smooth or somewhat wrinkled coriaceous testa.
Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen (nearly of its

150

ZANTHOXYLACEiE.

length) : cotyledons oval-oblong, plane : radicle short, su-
perior.

Shrubs, or small trees, unarmed ; with alternate or some-
times opposite trifoliolate, or rarely pinnately quinquefoliolate
leaves, without stipules ; the leaflets ovate or oblong, entire
or serrulate, punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers small,
greenish-white, in terminal cymes or compound corymbs.
(Pistil sometimes tricarpellary and three-winged.)

Etymology, nreXea, an ancient name of the Elm-tree, transferred to this
genus on account of the winged key-fruit, which resembles that of the Elm.

Geographical Distribution. This genus consists of one species in-
digenous to the Middle, Southern, and Western United States, and one in
Florida, and two or three others in New Mexico and Mexico.

Properties. The bark and foliage is bitter and strong-scented, and is
reputed to be anthelmintic. The fruit is said to be used as a substitute for
hops.

PLATE 1.57. Ptelea trifoliata, Linn.; — a flowering branch of the
natural size.

1 . Diagram of a tetramerous flower.

2. A tetramerous sterile flower, enlarged.

3. Vertical section of the same.

4. A stamen more magnified, seen from the outside.

5. The same, seen from the inner side.

C. A pentamerous fertile flower, enlarged.

7. A fertilized pistil, magnified, the ovary transversely divided.

8. Vertical section of the same.

9. An ovule, more magnified. *

10. A fruit, of the natural size.

11. A magnified seed, from the right-hand cell, in its natural position.

12. Vertical section of the same, showing a small, probably not fully

grown embryo at the apex of the albumen.

13. This embryo detached and more magnified (inverted).*

* The seeds examined appeared to be mature ; but the embryo was probably
arrested in its development. Adr. de Jussieu has represented it, as described
above, with large and flat cotyledons, occupying nearly the whole length of the
albumen.

P T ELE A

Ord. OCHNACE^.

Frutices vel arbores, alternifoliae, gynobasicae, ligno ama-
rissimo ; a Zanthoxylaceis foliis simplicibus epunctatis ova-
riisque uniovulatis, a Simarubaceis simplicifoliis embryonis
radicula intra cotyledones baud retracta et filamentis esqiia-
matis, diversa.

OcHNACE^, DC. in Ann. Mus. 17. p. 398, & Prodr. 1. p. 735. Bartl.

Ord. Nat. 383. Meisn. PI. Vase. p. 66. Endl. Gen. p. 1141.
Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 474.

The Ochnace^ constitute a small family of trees or shrubs, natives of
tropical India, Africa, and America ; the greater portion belonging to the
New World. The most northern genus is Castela, which is principally-
West Indian, but one species is found in Northern Mexico and along the
coast of Texas. This has neither the large and fleshy gynophore nor the
united styles of the rest of the family, and is the type of the tribe Castelese,
which has extrorse anthers, a pendulous and albuminous seed, and usually
polygamous flowers ; in all these points (except in the direction of the an-
thers) and in other particulars agreeing with the Zanthoxylaceae ; but dif-
fering from them in the simple and entire coriaceous leaves being entirely
destitute of pellucid dots and of aromatic qualities, and also in the uni-
ovulate carpels. The tribe Ochneas, on the other hand, has perfect flowers,
introrse anthers, and erect seeds, which are destitute of albumen. It is
hardly to be distinguished from the entire-leaved plants of the Simarubaceae,
or Quassia Family ; except that in the latter the seed is pendulous, the short
radicle is retracted within the base of the large cotyledons, as in Floerkea
(Plate 154) and the Nasturtium ; and the filaments are furnished with an
internal appendage or petaloid scale, in the manner of most Zygophyllaceae
(Plates 147, 149).

The sensible qualities of this family entirely coincide with its relation-
ship. The species are all endowed with the pure and intense bitterness,
without aromatic properties, of the Simarubaceae, as exemplified by the offi-
cinal Quassia-wood.

The wood of Castela Nicholsoni, the subject of our illustration, which
represents this order in Texas and Northern Mexico, is very bitter. In
♦Antigua it is said to be as bitter as that of Quassia itself The oil expressed
from the seeds of a species of Gomphia is used in salads in Brazil.

152

OCHNACE^.

Simaruba glauca, DC, (with perhaps one or two other West Indian
Simarubaceae,) grows on Key West; but I am not aware that it has been
met with on the mainland, or elsewhere within the limits of the United
States proper.

OCHNACEiE.

153

Plate 158.

CASTELA, Turpin.

Flores polygamo-dioicij axillares, 4-meri, 8-andri. An-
therse extrorsse, longitudinaliter dehiscentes. Ovarium gyno-
phoro brevissimo insidens, profunde 4-lobum. Styli 4. Drii-
pa3 4, patentes. Radicula supera. — Frutices spinescentes,
foliis subsessilibus coriaceis integerrimis.

Castela, Turpin in Ann. Mus. 7. p. 78. t. 5. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 738.
Hook. Bot. Misc. 1. p. 271. t. 56. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1.
p. 680. Endl. Gen. 5956.

Ooatbush.

Flowers by abortion polygamo-dioecious. Calyx small,
of four ovate or triangular sepals, united at the base, decid-
uous. Petals 4, oval, concave, much larger than the se-
pals, hypogynous, imbricated in aestivation, deciduous. Sta-
mens 8, inserted alternate with and opposite the petals into
the base of a very short gynophore or hypogynous disk :
filaments subulate : anthers cordate-ovate, fixed near the
base, extrorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally
for their whole length : they are similar but smaller in the
fertile flowers. Pistil wanting or abortive in the sterile
flowers ; in the fertile seated on the very short gynophore,
of four carpels united only at the axis : ovary deeply four-
lobed, four-celled, the cells opposite the petals : styles dis-
tinct or united at the base, acute, revolute, stigmatose down
the inner face. Ovule solitary and pendulous in each cell,
anatropous.

Fruit consisting of four distinct and widely spreading
substipitate drupes, or by abortion fewer ; the rugose or
pitted compressed endocarp at length two-valved after the
fleshy exocarp dries up. Seed solitary, conformed to the
11

154

OCIINACEJE.

cell, obovate, pendulous, anatropous, with the micropyle a
little produced, the testa membranaceous. Embryo large, in
thin fleshy albumen : cotyledons broad and flat, foliaceous :
RADICLE short, superior.

Shrubs low, with spinescent branches, also bearing spines
in the axils, and subsessile alternate leaves, of a thick and
rigid texture, shining above, silvery-canescent underneath,
mucronate, entire, with revolute margins. Stipules none.
Flowers small, solitary or somewhat fascicled in the axils of
the leaves, subsessile, saflron-colored," the fruit red.

Etymology. Dedicated to M. Castel, author of a poem upon plants.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of three or four known species,
mostly natives of the Antilles ; one of which is also found on the coast of
Texas (by Drummond and Mr. "Wright), in Northern Mexico (by Dr. Gregg),
and in the Galapagos Islands, according to Dr. J. D. Hooker. They grow
in arid places.

Properties. These plants are intensely bitter ; but are not applied to
any known use.

PLATE 158. Castel A Nicholsoni, Hook., probably also C. erecta, Tur-
pin ; — branch of a plant with staminate flowers, of the natural
size (from Texas, Wright).

1. An unexpanded staminate flower, magnified.

2. Diagram of the same.

3. Vertical section of the same, more magnified.

4. A separated sepal of the same.

5. A separated petal.

6. A stamen more magnified, seen from within.

7. The same, seen from the outside.

8. A fertile flower, magnified, copied from Hooker, I. c.

9. Fruit, of the natural size, from a North-Mexican specimen of Dr. Gregg.

10. Enlarged vertical section of a drupe and its seed.

11. A seed detached and magnified.

12. Embryo (inverted), more magnified.

CASTEL ^

Ord. ANACARDIACEiE.

Frutices vel arbores alternifoliae, epunctatae, exstipulatae,
succo resinoso seu viscoso-lacteo foetse : dicotyledonese, di-
chlamydeas, hypogyno-perigynse, saepius abortu polygamae, 4-
5-merae, iso-diplostemoneaBj regulares ; aestivatione imbrica-
tiva ; ovario unico unilocularij stylo simplici vel 3-fido ; ovu-
lo unico funiculo filiformi e basi loculi adscendenti libero,
nunc parieti adnato, inserto ; fructu dmpaceo ; semine exal-
buminoso ; cotyledonibus plano-convexis planisve saepius
radiculae curvatae seu uncinatae accumbentibus vel incum-
bentibus.

Anacardie^, R. Br. in Tuckey, Congo, p. 431. Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 395.
Anacardiace^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 166. Endl. Gen. p. 1127.
Terebinthacearum Genera, Juss. p. 368. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 62.
TEREBiNTHACE.a:, Kunth in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2. p. 333.

The Cashew or Sumach Family consists of trees or shrubs ; which are
distinguished from the allied orders by their clammy or resinous juice (which
is usually milky or colored, and blackens on exposure to the air) ; their alter-
nate leaves destitute of pellucid dots and of stipules ; their usually polyga-
mous regular flowers; their one-celled ovary (commonly surmounted by
three short styles or stigmas), with a single ovule borne on a funiculus which
rises from the base of the cell ; their indehiscent and commonly drupaceous
fruit; and the exalbuminous embryo with broad and flat or plano-convex
cotyledons. There are some exceptions, and some doubt as to the limits of
the family, of which it is not needful here to speak. In several points, es-
pecially through Pistacia, the Anacardiaceae are manifestly allied to the
Walnut Family ; which Endlicher has accordingly placed by its side in his
class Terebinthineee, notwithstanding the monochlamydeous or achlamyde-
ous and amentaceous sterile flowers, in virtue of which it is usually retained
near the Cupuliferas.

The present family is chiefly tropical, in America, Africa, and India, al-
though the largest genus, Rhus, belongs in great part to the warmer temper-

156

ANACARDIACEiE.

ate regions. It is the only genus in the United States ; but two allied genera
occur in California. In the Old World, Pistacia and two species of Rhus are
natives of the Mediterranean region.

The resinous juice is the most characteristic product of this family. That
of Pistacia Lentiscus and P. Atlantica hardens into the well-known resin
called Mastich ; while the fragrant and balsamic Scio turpentine is yielded
by P. Terebinthus. In most cases the resinous juice is caustic or highly
poisonous, as in our two venomous species of Rhus, and in allied Japanese
species, as well as in many tropical trees of the order. This juice, turning
dark-colored on exposure to the light and air, forms a natural black varnish,
which is sometimes also used to lacquer various kinds of ware. The black
varnish called Japan Lacquer, is obtained from Stagmaria verniciflua in the
Indian archipelago ; a tree which the inhabitants of Sumatra consider it
dangerous to sit or sleep beneath the shade of. Species of Semecarpus,
Melanorrhcea, &c., yield similar, more or less poisonous varnishes in various
parts of India. The fleshy receptacle of Anacardium occidentale and the
kernel of the seed (the Cashew-nut) are edible, the latter being a substitute
for almonds, yet its shell or rind, which has to be carefully separated or de-
stroyed by roasting, like the juice of the bark, is so acrid that it blisters the
skin. Of more importance as articles of food are pistachio-nuts, of the
Levant and Northern Africa, the seeds of Pistacia vera and P. Atlantica,
which are free from noxious qualities, and from which a bland oil also is
expressed. Another tree of this family, the Mangifera Indica, notwithstand-
ing the active properties of its juices, yields one of the most famous and
luscious fruits of the tropics, namely, the mango, a stone-fruit which is as
highly prized in tropical as the peach is in temperate countries.

The properties of the genus Rhus are more particularly mentioned under
that genus.

ANACARDIACEiE.

157

Plate 159, 160.

RHUS, Tourn,

Flores polygami, mono-dioici. Calyx 5-partitus. Petala
5, inter calycem et discum pi. m. perigynum inserta. Stami-
na 5. Ovarium subglobosum, stylis brevibus stigmatibiisve
obtusis 3 superatum. Ovulum ex apice funiculi filiformis
liberi appensum. Drupa exsucca. Cotyledones radiculas
superae accumbentes.

Rhus, Linn. Gen. 369. Lam. 111. t. 207. Gaertn. Fr. 1. t. 44. DC.

Prodr. 2. p. 66. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 216. Endl. Gen. 5905.
Rhus, Cotinus, & Toxicodendron, Tourn. Insl. p. 610.
PocoPHORUM, Necker, Elem. 934.

Sumach. Poison Oak. Poison-Tree.

Flowers by abortion polygamo-dioecious or polygamo-
monoecious, or rarely perfect. Calyx of five sepals, united
at the base, equal, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation,
usually persistent. Disk fleshy, surrounding the base of the
ovary but free from it, coherent with the very base of the
calyx, annular or five-lobed, the lobes opposite the petals.
Petals 5, alternate with the sepals, equal, sessile, inserted
under the margin of the disk where it becomes free from the
calyx (perigynous), quincuncially imbricated in aestivation,
deciduous. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on
or just under the margin of the disk : filaments subulate,
distinct : anthers oblong or didynious, introrse, two-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally ; in the fertile flowers usually
smaller and more or less imperfect. Ovary in the sterile
flowers abortive ; in the fertile ovoid or globular, sessile, one-
celled : styles 3, short, sometimes almost none : stigmas
terminal, obtuse, or depressed-capitate. Ovule solitary, anat-
ropous, resupinate-suspended from the incurved apex of a
long filiform funiculus which rises from the base of the cell ;
the micropyle superior.

158

ANACARDIACEiE.

Fruit a small and dry or niit-like drupe, smooth, granu-
lated, or hairy ; the sarcocarp thin and juiceless ; the endo-
carp bony or crustaceous, smooth or striate. Seed conformed
to the cell, which it fills, amphitropous, commonly transverse,
somewhat reniform, the hilum superior ; testa membrana-
ceous or thickish. Albumen none. Embryo filling the seed :
COTYLEDONS oval or oblong, flat, nearly foliaceous, usually
transverse : radicle short, lying on the side next the fu-
niculus, superior, incurved or uncinate and lying against
the edge of the cotyledons (cotyledons accumbent); in R.
Cotinus, where the apex of the fruit becomes lateral from
unequal development, the radicle is descending.

Trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rootlets, yielding
a resinous, or sometimes viscous-milky, often caustic juice.
Leaves alternate, pinnate with a terminal leaflet, or pinnate-
ly trifoliolate, rarely simple, destitute of stipules, commonly
deciduous. Flowers small, white or greenish, in axillary or
terminal panicles, often thyrsoid, rarely in catkin-like spikes,
more commonly dioecious than monoecious.

Etymology. The ancient Greek and Latin name of the genus.

Geographical Distribution. This rather large and polymorphous
genus is widely distributed over the temperate and subtropical regions of the
world, but is most abundant in North America, Japan, and at the Cape of
Good Hope. A few species are tropical. Ten species are known within
the United States proper ; and one other abounds in Oregon and California,
where it takes the place of our R. Toxicodendron. The Californian Rhus
(Malosma) laurina, Nuit., belongs to the originally Chilian genus Lithro'a,
of Miers.

Division. The following subgenera are represented in the United States,
viz. : —

§ 1. Cotinus, Tourn. — Flowers perfect. Drupes semi-obcordate, gla-
brous, veiny, the apex brought down on one side ; the radicle therefore
descending (as in Geranium). — Leaves simple. Panicles ample and
loose, most of the pedicels abortive and becoming much elongated, plu-
mose-villous. (To this section belongs R. Cotinus, the Venetian Su-
mach or Smoke-tree of our gardens, and the closely allied R. cotinoides,
Nutt., which Mr. Buckley found in Alabama.)

§ 2. Sumac, DC. (excl. spec.) — Flowers more or less polygamous, in a
terminal thyrsoid panicle. Drupes ovoid or globular, red or crimson.

ANACARDIACE^.

159

clothed, at least when young, with acid glandular hairs; the putamen
smooth. — Leaves pinnate.
^ 3. Toxicodendron, Tourn. — Flowers polygamo-dioecious, in loose and
slender axillary panicles. Drupes globular, glabrous, white, or dun-
colored ; the putamen striate or ridged. — Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate.
§ 4. LoBADiUM, Raf. (Turpinia, Raf. Schmalzia, JJtsv.) — Flowers po-
lygamo-dioecious, in short ament-like spikes, rather preceding the leaves,
each subtended by a scale-like bract. Disk deeply five-lobed, conspicu-
ous. Drupes ovoid-lenticular, hairy, acid, reddish. — Leaves trifoliolate.
Note. If R. Cotinus has incumbent cotyledons, as figured in Maout's
excellent Atlas Elementaire de Bolanigue, p. 139, this with the other char-
acters should suffice for the restoration of the Tournefortian genus Cotinus.
I doubt if this is really the case, but possess no fruit quite perfect enough
to settle the point.

Properties. These are very similar in all our subgenera, except Toxi-
codendron. The bark and the bruised foliage are aromatic or strong-scented
and astringent. Those of the Sumachs abound in tannic acid, and are used
in tanning morocco leather. The bark of R. Cotinus and of R. Coriaria
has been used as a febrifugal tonic. The wood is orange-colored and yields
a dye, while the bark is employed as a mordant. The fruit of all the Su-
machs, especially of R. typhina and R. glabra, is pleasantly but sharply
acid ; the acidity, which principally resides in the hairs or glands of the sur-
face, is said to be owing to bimalate of lime. The bark and young wood
yield when wounded a viscous or resinous and usually milky juice, which
immediately turns yellowish, and finally brown, on exposure to the air. R.
Copallina was thought to yield one of the resins known under the name of
Gum Copal, but this is not the case. None of the Sumachs appear to be
poisonous. It is probably through some mistake that this quality has been
attributed to R. pumila, Michx., which belongs to the section Sumac as
characterized above. But in the section Toxicodendron, not only the
juice, but even the effluvium spontaneously exhaled under the influence of
a hot sun, is well known to be extremely venomous to many people,
although others may handle the plants with impunity. Our two poison-
ous species, which abound throughout the United States, are R. Toxicoden-
dron (the Poison Vine, Poison Oak, or Poison Ivy), and R. venenata (the
Poison Sumach, or Poison-Tree, inappropriately termed Poison Dogwood
or Poison Elder). The effects of the poison, which commence several
hours after exposure, are violent itching, with tumefaction of the affected
parts, especially of the face, followed by burning pain, fever, and a vesicular
eruption. These symptoms reach their height on the fourth or fifth day,
and the cuticle desquamates as the pain and swelling subside. The juice
of these plants blackens on exposure to the air, and forms an indelible ink,
and a natural dark varnish. The brilliant black varnish of Japan is the juice
of R. vernicifera, a species nearly allied to our R. venenata, with which it
was confounded by Linnaeus, and endowed with similar venomous properties.

160

ANACARDIACE^.

PLATE 159. Rhus (Sumac) glabra, Linn.; — a small panicle and leaf,
somewhat reduced in size.

1. A sterile flower, enlarged.

2. One of the stamens, more magnified, inside view.

3. The same, seen from the outside.

4. Vertical section of a sterile flower, enlarged, showing the disk, the

abortive pistil, &c.

5. A fertile flower, enlarged (the sepals proportionally longer).

6. Vertical section of the same, showing the disk, the somewhat imper-

fect stamens, and the ovule, &c.

7. The ovule detached, with the long ascending funiculus from the apex

of which it hangs, more magnified.

8. The fertilized pistil, more enlarged, surrounded by the disk, the calyx

and corolla removed.

9. A drupe, with the calyx, enlarged.

10. Transverse section of the same and of the embryo, more enlarged.

11. A''ertical section of the same, and of the seed and embryo.
PLATE 160. Rhus (Lobadium) aromatica, Ait.; — a flowering branch

of the sterile plant, cultivated in the Botanic Garden, Cambridge ;
of the natural size.

1. Diagram of a flower : the line underneath indicating the position of

the bract ; the circle above, that of the axis of the inflorescence.

2. A magnified sterile flower, with its bract and a pair of bractlets, seen

from the inner side.

3. Vertical section of the sterile flower, magnified.

4. An outside view of a stamen, more magnified.

5. An inside view of the same.

6. Pistil of a fertile flower, with the abortive stamens and deeply -lobed

disk, magnified.

7. Vertical section of a fertile flower, magnified, showing the disk,

the ovule, &c.

8. The ovule, with its funiculus, more magnified.

9. Drupes, of the natural size.

10. A drupe, with the persistent calyx and corolla, enlarged.

11. Vertical section of the same, and of the seed and embryo, more mag-

nified.

12. A seed detached entire, with a part of its funiculus, magnified.

13. The embryo detached, with the cotyledons separated, more magnified.

KHUS (SUMAC.)

160

, EHUS (LOBADIUM.)

Ord. VITACE^.

Frutices sarmentosi, cirrhis oppositifoliis scandentes, succo
aqueo, stipulis deciduis : dicotyledoneae, subhypogynas, regu-
lares ; calyce brevissimo ; petalis 4-5 aestivatione valvatis
caducis; staminihus A- 5 oppositipetalis ; ovario 2-loculari ;
ovulis in quoque loculo geminis collateralihus erectis ; stig-
mate unico; bacca 1-4-sperma; seminibus osseis ; emhryone
minimo in basi albuminis dense carnosi, radicula infera.

ViTES, Juss. Gen. p. 267.

ViNiFERJE, Juss. in Mem. Mus. 3. p. 444.

ViTACE^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 30, & Veg. Kingd. p. 439.
Sarmentaceje, Venten. Tabl. p. 167.

AMPELiDEiE, Kunth in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5. p. 223. DC. Prodr.

1. p. 627. Wight, III. Ind. Bot. p. 159. t. 57, 58. Endl. Gen.
p. 796.

The Vine Family, although its particular affinities and place in the series
are not well made out, is readily distinguished by the very short and often
truncate calyx, the valvate sestivation of the corolla, the stamens as many as
the petals and inserted opposite them on the outside or under the edge of a
fleshy or glandular disk (this is absent in Ampelopsis), which girts the base
of, and sometimes adheres to, the two-celled ovary, with two erect collateral
ovules in each cell ; the berry with from one to four bony seeds ; and the
minute embryo at the base of hard fleshy albumen. It consists of w-oody
plants, climbing by tendrils, which, like the peduncles, are opposite the
leaves ; the leaves therefore alternate, or some of the lower opposite ; and
with small greenish flowers in thyrsoid cymes or panicles. The branchlets
are tumid at the nodes, where they often separate readily. The Indian and
South African genus Leea, which connects this family with Meliaceae,
bears no tendrils, and has monadelphous stamens and a 3-6-celled ovary
with a single ovule in each cell, introduces certain exceptions into the ordi-
nal character, which I have not here taken notice of.

Although the true Grapes are plants of the northern temperate region,
belonging to Middle Asia and to North America, yet the greater part of this
small order is found within the tropics and in the East Indies.

162

VITACEiE.

The Grape-vine exemplifies the general properties which pervade the
order ; although the true Grapes alone, and indeed only a portion of these,
bear the edible berries, which, with their fermented juice, constitute the sole
important products of the family. The leaves and young shoots are also
acid, and more or less astringent. The fruits and the foliage of some Indian
species of Cissus are acrid. The stem of the Grape is strongly charged
with aqueous sap in the spring, which flows very copiously" when wounded.

Grapes contain several acids (the tartaric, malic, citric, and racemic), the
peculiar sugar called grape-sugar, mucilage, and more or less of some as-
tringent principle, in proportions varying greatly, not only in different species,
but also in the same species under different circumstances of climate or cul-
ture. In the warmer portions of the region of grape-culture, they contain
so large a proportion of sugar that they are dried in the sun as raisins ; and
those of a small, seedless variety are currants (Corinths) of the shops.
The Grape of the Old World is the only species of much importance to
man. The frost-grapes of the United States are extremely acerb ; and the
fox-grapes have a strong musky flavor and a tough pulp. But some varieties
worthy of cultivation, and with the advantage of being indigenous to our
climate, have been produced in cultivation from our Vitis Labrusca ; such are
the Isabella Grape, Catawba Grape, &c.

VITACEiE.

163

Plate 161.

VITIS, Tourn.

Pctala disco 4-5-lobo s. glanduloso extus inserta, apice
cucullato-induplicato calyptratim cohscrentia et basi soliita,
vel sub anthesi patentia.

ViTis, Tourn. Inst. p. 613. t. 384. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 49. Gccrtn. Fr.

t. 106. R. Br. ex Wight & Arn. Prodr. Ind. Or. 1. p. 124.

Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 243.
ViTis & Cissus, Linn. DC. 1. c. Endl. Gen. 4566, 4567.
Orape-Vine.

Calyx very short, truncate, or obsoletely 5 - 4-toothed, the
inside filled with a fleshy torus which expands around the
base of the ovary into a 5-4-lobed hypogynous disk. Pe-
tals 5 or sometimes 4, inserted under the edge of the disk,
equal, concave, valvate in aestivation, their summits frequent-
ly induplicate and lightly cohering, when the whole corolla
separates from the base before expansion and falls away to-
gether, sometimes expanding in the ordinary way, early de-
ciduous. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them,
inserted just within them: filaments subulate or filiform,
distinct, deciduous : anthers cordate-ovate, fixed near the
middle, introrse, two-celled ; the cells opening longitudinally.
Ovary two-celled, or accidentally three-celled, sessile, its base
surrounded by and sometimes coherent with the fleshy disk,
the lobes or glands of which are alternate with the stamens :
style short or none : stigma terminal, depressed, somewhat
peltate, or slightly two-lobed. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect
from its base, collateral, anatropous, the raphe next the axis.

Fruit a two-celled (or by abortion one-celled) globular
berry ; the cells two-seeded or by abortion one-seeded. Seeds
erect, obovate or somewhat obcordate ; the membranaceous
testa covering a thick and bony inner integument, which is
strongly induplicate on each side of the raphe and more or

164

VITACEiE.

less so on the middle of the opposite side ; the cartilaginous-
fleshy albumen thus appearing three-lobed on the transverse
section. Embryo very small, next the hilum : cotyledons
short and flat : radicle conical, inferior.

Shrubs climbing by tendrils, the branchlets tumid at the
nodes. Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite, petioled,
usually orbicular-cordate and palmately-lobed or angled,
sometimes palmately or pedately parted, rarely quinately or
bipinnately compound. Stipules membranaceous, deciduous.
Tendrils and peduncles opposite the leaves. Flowers small,
greenish, very numerous, often umbellate-fascicled in com-
pound and thyrsoid panicles or cymes. The North Ameri-
can species are mostly dioecio-polygamous.

Etymology. -The classical Latin name of the Grape.

Geographical Distribution, Division, &c. The true Grapes, which
bear edible fruit, consist chiefly or entirely of the Vitis vinifera of the
Old World, a native of the Caucasian region, but early carried westward by
man ; and of a few North American species, of little economical importance,
indigenous to the Atlantic region of the United States. These are pentan-
drous, or only accidentally tetrandrous species, with the induplicate tips of
the petals cohering in the bud, so that the corolla is thrown off from the base
without expanding ; and the disk appears in the form of five nearly or quite
distinct lobes or fleshy glands alternate with the stamens. Besides these,
there are numerous tropical and subtropical species, the greater number
Asiatic, with three in the Southern United States, which bear small and in-
edible berries and tetramerous or pentamerous flowers, the corolla usually
expanding before it falls off, and with a conspicuous annular or cup-shaped
disk either lobed or toothed, sometimes (as in V. bipinnata) coherent with
the ovary. These, when tetrandrous, form the Linnaean genus Cissus; to
which pentandrous species have also been referred when they have divided
leaves, or an expanding corolla. But these characters are not presented in any
constant combination which serves to characterize a genus distinct from Vitis.

PLATE 16L Vitis Labrusca, Linn.; — cultivated (Isabella Grape).
L A flower-bud, magnified ; one of the petals detached at the base.

2. Diagram of the same, showing the aestivation and position of parts.

3. Vertical section of the unopened flower, more magnified.

4. A magnified flower with the corolla, 5, thrown off.

6. Fruit, of the natural size. 7. Vertical section of a berry.

8. A seed detached and enlarged.

9. A transverse, and 10, a longitudinal, section of the same.
11. The embryo (from fig. 10) more magnified.

V I T I S

VlTACEiE.

165

Plate 162.

AMPELOPSIS, Michx,

Petala 5, sub anthesi patentia. Discus plane nuUus ! —
Folia digitata 5-foliolata.

Ampelopsis, Michx. FI 1. p. 159, excl. spec. DC. Prodr. 1. p. G33, excl.

spec. 1-2, 4-7. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 245.
Heder^ Sp., Linn. Spec. 1. p. 202.

Yirg^inian Creeper. American Ivy.

Calyx very short, turbinate, truncate, obscurely five-cre-
nate, fleshy. Petals 5, cucuUate, thick and fleshy, hypogy-
nous, valvate in asstivation, induplicate at the apex, separating
from the apex to the base in anthesis, spreading, deciduous.
Stamens 5, opposite the petals and shorter than they, hy-
pogynous, deciduous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong,
fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Disk entirely wanting ! Ovary ovate, ses-
sile on a very short hypogynous torus into which the petals
and stamens are inserted, two-celled : style none : stigma
depressed-capitate. Ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, erect
from the base, anatropous, the raphe next the axis.

Fruit a spherical two-celled berry ; the cells two-seeded
or by abortion one-seeded. Seeds obovate, with a membra-
naceous testa covering a thicker bony integument, which is
strongly induplicate longitudinally on each side of the raphe,
and a little incurved on the opposite side ; the cartilaginous-
fleshy albumen thus appearing deeply three-lobed on the
transverse section. Embryo very small, next the hilum in
the base of the albumen : cotyledons ovate, flat, shorter
than the inferior radicle.

Shrubby vine extensively climbing by tendrils; the
branches tumid and readily separable at the nodes. Leaves
alternate, with membranaceous caducous stipules, digitately

166

VITACEiE.

quinquefoliolate ; the leaflets oblong, acuminate, coarsely
serrate. Peduncles and tendrils opposite the leaves. Flow-
ers perfect, small, greenish, in paniculate cymes. Berries
dark -colored.

Etymology. The name is compounded of afXTreXos, the Greek name of
the Vine, and o\jrt?, likeness.

Geographical Distribution, &c. This genus, as here restricted, em-
braces only a single species, the well-known Virginian Creeper, which is
common throughout the originally forest region of Eastern North America,
from Canada to Florida and Texas. It is distinguished equally from Vitis
and from Cissus (if the latter be admitted as a genus) by the total absence
of any hypogynous disk or glands.

Properties. This common vine is used in this country as a substitute
for Ivy, to mantle walls, &c., over which it spreads rapidly and luxuriantly.
The bright green foliage, as well as the pedicels of the fruit, turn to a deep
crimson in autumn. The berries are eaten by birds.

PLATE 162. Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx.; — a flowering branch,
of the natural size.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. A flower-bud, enlarged.

3. An expanded flower, enlarged.

4. A stamen, more magnified, inside view.

5. The same, seen from the outside.

6. Vertical section of a flower, magnified.

7. Two berries, with their stalks, of the natural size.

8. Vertical section of a berry, magnified, dividing one seed.

9. A detached seed, more magnified.

10. A transverse section of the same.

11. An embryo, highly magnified, the cotyledons a little opened.

AM P E L 'iP

Ord. RIIAMNACEJi:.

Frutices seu arbusculae simplicifoliae, stipulis parvis vel
obsoletis: dicotyledoneae, perigynas, regulares, 4-5-andrae;
calyce libero seu adhaerente cestivatione valvato ; staminibus
petalis (Bstivatione involuto-complicatis numero cequalibus et
iisdem oppositis, margini disco perigyno insertis ; ovulis
solitariis erectis in quoque loculo ovarii 1-4-locularis ; fructu
drupaceo v. 2 - 4-cocco ; emhryone magno recto in axi al-
buminis parci carnosi ; cotyledonibus carnosis seu foliaceis
planis vel marginibus recurvis, radicula brevi infera.

Rhamnorum Genera, Juss. Gen. p. 376.

Rhamne^, R. Br. in Flind. Voy. 2. p. 554. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 29. Brongn.

in Ann. Sci. Nat. 10. p. 320. Endl. Gen. p. 1094.
Rhamnace^, Lindi. Introd. Nat. Syst. 2. p. 107, & Veg. Kingd. p. 581.

The Buckthorn Family consists of small trees or shrubs, with alternate,
or rarely opposite, simple leaves, and small and regular tetrandrous or pen-
tandrous flowers. The family is readily distinguished from all others by the
valvate aestivation of the calyx ; the separately involute a3stivation of the
petals (which, however, are occasionally wanting) ; the position of the sta-
mens before the petals, or alternate with the lobes of the calyx ; the inser-
tion of the petals and stamens upon the margin of a conspicuous perigynous
disk, which lines the calyx-tube, usually surrounds the ovary or its base, and
sometimes coheres with it ; the erect and (with a single and doubtful excep-
tion) solitary ovule in each cell ; and the large and straight embryo in scanty
albumen, with broad cotyledons and an inferior radicle. The flowers are
either perfect, or by abortion polygamo-moncecious or dioecious. The fruit
is drupaceous, or sometimes capsular or nut-like. The seeds are very rarely,
if ever, arillate.

The points of resemblance to Byttneriaceae, noticed by Mr. Brown when
he established the present family on its proper basis, go to show that the
position of the stamens before the petals is to be explained in Rhamnaceae
in the same manner as in the former order {vide supra, p. 83).

Mr. Bennett* has explained the mode in which the originally internal

* In Horsefield's Plants Javanicce Rariores, p. 131.

170

RHAMNACEiE.

circumscissile ; the putamen thick and bony, ovoid or len-
ticular, two - three-celled with a single erect seed in each
cell, or by abortion one-celled and one-seeded, indehiscent.
Seed not grooved, with a thin membranaceous testa. Al-
bumen wanting, or an extremely thin layer. Cotyledons
very large, thick and fleshy, plane (not involute) : radicle
small, inferior.

Shrubs, with rigid and more or less spinescent branches,
alternate and nearly distichous triplinerved leaves, and small
axillary greenish flowers, in little cymes or umbellate fascicles
which seldom exceed the petiole. Stipules one or both spi-
nescent, or minute, and often caducous.

Etymology. Said to come from Zizouf, the Arabic name.

Geographical Distribution. A pretty large, chiefly subtropical genus,
belonging principally to the Old World, especially to the Mediterranean,
Arabian, and East Indian regions. A few have been detected in tropical
America, and one in Texas and on the northeastern borders of Mexico ;
namely, the Rhamnus obtusifolius, Hook., the flowers and fruit of which
have recently been obtained by Messrs. Lindheimer and Wright.

Properties. The fruit in this genus is destitute of the purgative or
active qualities which generally prevail in the family ; that of several spe-
cies is esteemed as an article of food. The drupes of the Lote-bush (Z.
Lotus), which gave its name to the ancient Lotophagi, are still gathered
for food by the Arabs in Barbary. From Z. vulgaris and Z. Jujuba is ob-
tained the well-known gummy extract called jujube paste. Two Brazilian
species with edible fruit are known. That of the species here figured is
said by Dr. Gregg to be edible, but rather astringent. Its fruit is formed
in Texas the year after flowering, as noticed by Mr. Wright.

PLATE 163. ZizYPHus obtusifolia (Rhamnus obtusifolius. Hook, in
Torr. 4" Gray, Fl. 1. p. 685*) ; from Texas, Lindheimer.

1. A magnified flower, seen from above, showing the disk, &c.

2. A petal and stamen, more magnified.

3. Vertical section of the flower, magnified.

4. Magnified section of a drupe (by abortion one-celled) and of the embryo.

5. Transverse section of the same, showing the vestiges of the second cell.

6. The embryo, magnified.

* Also Paliurus Texanus, A. Scheele in LinTKEUf 21, p. 580 (1848).

"ZIZYV HITS

RIIAMNACEiE.

171

Plate 164.

CONDALIA, Cav.

Calyx patens, 5-fidus. Petala nulla. Ovarium liberum,
disco crasso arete cinctum, 1 - 2-loculare : styli in unum con-
nati. Drupa carnosa ; putamine osseo uniloeulari monosper-
mo. — Suffrutices ramosissimi, glaberrimi, ramis spinescenti-
buSj floribus axillaribus.

CoNDALiA, Cav. Anal. Cienc. Nat. 1. p. 29. t. 4, & Ic. 6. p. 16. t. 525.

DC. Prodr. 2. p. 28. Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 10. p. 355. t.
12. f. 3. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 287. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p.
685. Endl. Gen. 5718.

Calyx flat and open, with a very short turbinate tube,
five-cleft, rarely four-cleft, the lobes ovate, valvate in sestiva-
tion, carinate-one-nerved on the inside. Disk thick and
fleshy, flat, adnate to and filling the tube of the calyx, sur-
rounding the ovary, but free from it or nearly so. Petals
none. Stamens 5, rarely 4, inserted into the edge of the
disk alternate with the lobes of the calyx, shorter than they,
deciduous : filaments subulate-filiform : anthers introrse,
fixed by the middle, two-celled, the oblong cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary free, nearly immersed in the disk,
two-celled with a solitary erect ovule in each cell, or in C.
obovata usually one-celled and one-ovuled : styles united
into one: stigma small and entire, or in C. obovata thickish
and three-lobed. Ovule erect from the base of the cell,
anatropous.

Drupe ovoid or globose, girt at the base by the entirely
persistent calyx or its persistent tube, fleshy ; the putamen
thick and bony, one-celled, sometimes imperfectly two-celled,
indehiscent, one-seeded. Seed subglobose, with a smooth
and very thin testa, not sulcate. Embryo surrounded by a
rather thin layer of fleshy albumen : cotyledons oval, flat,
rather fleshy : radicle short, inferior.

172

RHAMNACE^.

Shrubs much branched, glabrous, with spinescent branch-
lets. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, obovate or oblong,
subsessile, rather coriaceous, deciduous. Stipules minute
and caducous. Flowers small, greenish-white, solitary or
two or three in a fascicle in the axils of the leaves, on very
short peduncles.

Etymology. The genus was dedicated to Ant. Condal, a Spanish phy-
sician, who accompanied Lcefling in his journey up the Orinoco.

Geographical Distribution, &c. Condaha was founded by CavaniUes
upon a single Chilian undershrub, the C. microphylla ; to which Sprengel
added the dubious C. paradoxa, from Monte Video, which probably be-
longs to some very different genus. The Texan plant, recently figured by
Hooker, appears to be a genuine species of the genus, although it has much
larger leaves, sometimes tetramerous flowers, the ovary as well as the drupe
commonly only one-celled, and the whole calyx persistent. It forms a shrub
of considerable size, and in Northern Mexico, according to Dr. Gregg, it
becomes a tree of twenty feet in height. The genus is scarcely sufficiently
distinct from Zizyphus ; from which it differs principally in the absence of
petals, the entirely free ovary, and the pinnate venation of the leaves.

Properties. The black fruit of C. obovata, called capul by the Mexi-
cans, like that of Zizyphus, is edible, sweet and pleasant, according to the
memoranda of Dr. Gregg, who found it from Matamoros to Monterey.

PLATE 164. CoNDALiA obovata. Hook. ; — a branch of the natural size,
in flower and unripe fruit ; from Texas, Wright.

1. Diagram in a cross-section of a flower-bud and ovary.

2. A flower, a flower-bud, part of a leaf, &c., magnified.

3. Vertical section of a flower, magnified, showing the solitary ovule.

4. A stamen more magnified, outside view.

5. The same, seen from within.

6. A drupe, with the persistent calyx, of the natural size.

7. The same, enlarged.

8. Vertical section of the same through the seed and embryo, magnified.

9. Transverse section of the same.

10. INIagnified transverse section of a drupe, which exhibited the vestige

of a second cell.

11. Embryo detached, more magnified.

12. Diagram of a flower of Condalia microphylla, with its two-celled

ovary.

C Ol\l D ALIA.

RHAMNACEiE.

173

Plate 165.

BERCHEMIA, Neck.

Calyx 5-fidus, tubo brevi hemisphaerico. Petala sessilia,
integerrirna, calycem asquantia. Ovarium disco crasso semi-
imersum, liberum, 2-loculare. Drupa oblonga ; putamine
crustaceo 2-loculari, 2-spermo. — Frutices ssepius scanden-
tes, foliis simpliciter lineato-penninerviis, floribus axillaribus
et in paniculis terminalibus.

Berchemia, Necker, Elem. Bot. 800. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 22. Brongn. in
Ann. Sci. Nat. 10. p. 356. 1. 13. f. 1. Wight & Am. Prodr. Ind.
Or. 1. p. 163. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 37. Torr. & Gray,
Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 260. Endl. Gen. 5719.

Rhamni Sp., Linn. Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 336.

ZizypHi Sp., Willd., Pursh, Ell.

Q^NOPLEA, Hedw. f. Gen. 1. p. 151.

CEnopha, Schultes, Syst. Veg. 5. p. 332.

Supple-Jack.

Calyx deeply five-cleft, with a very short hemispherical
tube ; the lobes somewhat petaloid, erect or spreading, val-
vate in asstivation ; the base persistent. Disk thick and
fleshy, lining the tube of the calyx, and surrounding the
ovary but free from it. Petals 5, obovate or lanceolate,
sessile, entire, usually acute, about the length of the lobes
of the calyx and inserted alternate with them into the edge
of the disk, involute around the stamens in aestivation, con-
cave or cucullate-infolded, deciduous. Stamens 5, opposite
the petals and inserted with them, usually shorter than they :
FILAMENTS subulatc ANTHERS ovato or cordatc, two-celled,
introrse, fixed below the middle, the cells opening longitu-
dinally. Ovary half immersed in the disk, free, ovoid, two-
celled: STYLES united into one: stigmas 2. Ovule solitary
in each cell, erect from its base, anatropous, the raphe next
the axis.

174

RHAMNACEiE.

Fruit an oblong or ovoid drupe, with a thin sarcocarp,
or sometimes nearly juiceless ; the crustaceous putamen two-
celled. Seed solitary in each cell, oblong, erect, with a
membranaceous testa, not grooved ; the raphe lateral, or at
length dorsal. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen and of
about the same length : cotyledons narrowly oblong, flat
and thin, parallel with the dissepiment : radicle short, infe-
rior, slightly curved toward the axis.

Shrubs erect, or often twining or climbing, with the alter-
nate leaves oval or oblong, entire or nearly so, strongly pin-
nately veined ; the veins numerous and nerve-like, approxi-
mate, oblique, straight and simple, connected by minute
transverse veinlets. Stipules subulate, minute. Flowers
small, greenish-white, perfect or somewhat polygamous, sol-
itary or cymulose in the axils of the upper leaves, and in
slender terminal panicles ; the drupes blackish or purple.

Etymology. The name, which is not explained by Necker, is supposed
to commemorate some obscure botanist.

Geographical Distribution. The genus, which is well marked in habit,
consists of one species indigenous to the Southern United States, a few in
subtropical North America, and several in tropical Asia.

Properties. The fresh stems of our species are very lithe and tough ;
whence the popular name.

Note. In B. volubilis we do not find the seed to be stipitate ; the em-
bryo is surrounded by a very distinct albumen ; and this is closely invested
by a thin and delicate testa, which is not adnate to the pericarp.

PLATE 165. Berchemia volubilis, DC; — a branch in flower, of the
natural size.

1 . Diagram of the {Estivation and position of the parts of the flower.

2. An expanded flower, magnified.

3. A vertical section of a flower, magnified.

4. Vertical section of a fertilized pistil, disk, &c., magnified.

5. A stamen more magnified, seen from the outside.

6. The same, seen from the inside.

7. Fruit of the natural size.

8. A magnified vertical section of a mature drupe, dividing both seeds.

9. A transverse section of the same.

10. The embryo detached, more magnified.

BE"E.CHEMIA.

RHAMNACEiE.

175

Plate 166.

SAGERETIA, Brongn.

Calyx 5-fidus, tiibo iirceolato. Petala obovata calyce bre-
viora. Ovarium disco crasso cupulseformi subinclusum, li-
bemm, 3-loculare. Drupa baccata, 3-pyrena. Semina ex-
siilca. Cotyledones plalnas. — Frutices ramis virgatis, foliis
suboppositis laxe penninerviis, floribus spicatis.

Sageretia, Brongn. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 10. p. 359. t. 13. f. 2. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 263. Endl. Gen. 5720.

Calyx five-cleft, with an urceolate or hemispherical tube ;
the lobes ovate, acute, carinate in the middle of the upper
side, valvate in aestivation. Disk thick and fleshy, cup-
shaped, filling the tube of the calyx to which it adheres,
closely surrounding the ovary but free from it. Petals 5,
inserted on the margin of the disk, alternate with the lobes
of the calyx and shorter than they, obovate, often emargi-
nate, more or less unguiculate, involute around the stamens in
aestivation, cucullate or concave, deciduous. Stamens 5, in-
serted with the petals and opposite them, about their length :
FILAMENTS subulatc I ANTHERS ovato, two-ccllcd, fixcd ucar
the base, introrse, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary
ovate, nearly immersed in the disk, free, three-celled : style
very short and thick, three-grooved : stigmas 3, depressed-
capitate. Ovule solitary in each cell, erect from its base,
anatropous, the raphe next the axis.

Fruit a globose baccate drupe, tripyrenous ; the pyrenae
coriaceous, smooth and even, not grooved, obcordate, inde-
hiscent, filled with the seed. Embryo in the axis of thin
fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat and plane : radicle in-
ferior.

Shrubs with slender and virgate branches, spinescent
branchlets, and mostly opposite oblong or lanceolate and ser-

176

RHAMNACEiE.

rulate leaves, on short petioles, their venation loosely pin-
nately veined and reticulated. Stipules minute, deciduous.
Flowers very small, greenish, crowded and often glomerate
in slender axillary and terminal rigid spikes.

Etymology. Dedicated by Brongniart to CI. Sageret, a French horticul-
turist and vegetable physiologist.

Geographical Distribution. Chiefly tropical or subtropical plants,
the greater part natives of Equinoctial America and Eastern Asia. One
species extends up the coast from Florida to North Carolina.

Note. The fruit w^as not described by Brongniart. It is here figured
from some sketches, made by Dr. Torrey at the time the Rhamnaceae were
prepared for the Flora of North America, which show that it is much nearer
that of Rhamnus, or rather Frangula, than that of Berchemia. Better
materials and further details are still needed.

PLATE 166. Sageretia Michauxii, Brongn.; — a flowering branch, of
the natural size ; from Florida.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. An open flower, magnified.

3. An exterior view of a stamen, more magnified.

4. The same, seen from the inner side.

5. A petal spread out, magnified.

6. Vertical section of a flower, magnified.

7. A drupe, of the natural size.

8. The same, enlarged.

9. One of the pyrenae, seen from the outside, magnified.
10. Transverse section of the same, and of the embryo.

The figures 7-9 are copied from sketches made by Dr. Torrey.

166

RHAMNACEiE.

177

Plate 167.

FRANGULA, Tourn.

Calyx 5- (rarissime 4-) fidus, tubo urceolato intus disco
tenui vestito. Petala brevia seu brevissima. Ovarium libe-
rum, 2 - 4-loculare. Drupa baccata, 2 - 4-pyrena. Semina
exsulca, rhaphe laterali. Cotyledones carnosae planae. —
Frutices vel arbusculas ; foliis alternis penninerviis, venis
rectis oblique parallelis ; floribus semper hermaphroditis.

Frangula, Tourn. Inst. p. 612. t. 383. Moench, Meth. Suppl. p. 271.

Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 1. p. 488. Bennett in PI. Jav. Rar. p. 131.
Rhamni Sect. Frangula, Linn. Gen. 265. (Gaertn. Fr. 1. 110. Schkuhr,

Handb. t. 46.) DC. Prodr. 2. p. 26. Brongn. in. Ann. Sci.

Nat. 10. p. 362. t. 13. f. 5. Endl. Gen. 5722.
Alder-Buckthorn.

Calyx five-cleft, rarely four-cleft, with an urceolate or
campanulate tube ; the lobes ovate or triangular, more or less
petaloid, and carinate-one-nerved within, valvate in aestiva-
tion, deciduous by a circumscissile line after flowering, leav-
ing the persistent cupulate tube at the base of the fruit.
Disk a thin lining to the tube of the calyx, not surrounding
the ovary. Petals inserted into the edge of the disk alter-
nate with the lobes of the calyx, much smaller than they,
erect, obovate, unguiculate, often emarginate, cucullate, invo-
lute around the stamens in aestivation, deciduous. Stamens
as many as the petals and opposite them, short : filaments
subulate : anthers didymous, two-celled, introrse, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary free, two - four-celled : styles
commonly united into one : stigmas two to four, distinct
or somewhat united. Ovule solitary in each cell, erect from
the base, anatropous ; the raphe at first next the axis.

Fruit a globular baccate drupe, two -four-celled, con-
taining from two to four (commonly three) cartilaginous
one-seeded pyrenae, which are convex on the back, perforated

178

RHAMNACE^.

at the base. Seed erect, filling the nucules (pyrenae), con-
vex (not at all grooved or excavated) on the back ; the char-
taceous or membranaceous testa somewhat adnate to the
putamen ; the raphe lateral, next to one margin of the coty-
ledons. Embryo large, surrounded by a thin layer of fleshy
albumen : the broad cotyledons flat or plano-convex, usually
fleshy, not at all revolute, parallel with the axis: radicle
very short, inferior, turned a little from the hilum.

Shrubs, or small trees, unarmed; with the deciduous or
sometimes coriaceous and persistent leaves alternate, petioled,
strongly pinnately veined ; the primary veins equal, parallel,
straight or a little curved, running obliquely and without
branching from the midrib to the margin. Stipules minute,
deciduous. Flowers all perfect, white, sometimes reddish,
clustered in axillary cymules or umbels.

Etymology. Probably from frango, to break, in allusion to the brittle-
ness of the stems.

Properties. The bark of F. vulgaris yields a yellow coloring matter,
and is purgative, acrid, and bitter. The drupes are more or less purgative.

Geographical Distribution, &c. This Tournefortian genus, which is
surely distinct from Rhamnus, as Mr. Bennett has remarked, belongs to the
northern temperate region ; three species are natives of Europe and North-
ern Asia ; one, of the Azores ; and one, F. Californica, with coriaceous
leaves and large dipyrenous fruit, of California, namely, Rhamnus Californi-
cus, Esch., and R. oleifolius. Hook., to which must be added, apparently as
varieties only, the R. laurifolius and R. leucodermis, NutL, and even R. to-
mentellus, Benth.

PLATE 167. Frangula Caroliniana : — a branchlet in flower.

1. A flower magnified.

2. A petal : 3. inside view of a stamen, more magnified.

4. Vertical section of a flow^er, magnified.

5. Pistil magnified, with the three-celled ovary transversely divided.

6. A drupe, of the natural size.

7. Transverse section of the same, magnified, showing the flat cotyledons.

8. One of the cocci, seen from the inner side, more magnified.

9. Vertical section of the same, and of the seed and embryo.

10. A seed detached and magnified, showing the lateral raphe.

11. Embryo detached entire, magnified.

FRANGUL A

RHAMNACE^.

179

Plate 168.

RHAMNUS, Tourn.

Calyx 4-fidus, rarius 5-fidus, tubo urceolato intus disco
teniii s. margine incrassato vestito. Petala exigua vel nulla.
Ovarium liberum, 2 - 4-loculare. Drupa baccata, 2 - 4-pyrena.
Semina dorso sulcata, rhaphe dorsali. Cotyledones foliaceae,
revolutae. — Fmtices vel arbusculse, foliis vage penninerviis,
floribus viridulis dioicis vel polygamo-subdioicis.

Rhamnus & Alaternus, Tourn. Inst. p. 593. t. 366.

Rhamni Sp., Linn. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 23. Brongn. 1. c. Endl. Gen. 5722.

Cervispina, Dillen. Nov. Gen. t. 8. Mcench, Meth. p. 686.

Macorella, Neck. Elem. 2. p. 122.

Cardiolepis, Raf. Neog. 1825, p. 2.

Buckthorn.

Calyx four-cleft, rarely five-cleft, with an urceolate tube ;
the lobes valvate in aestivation, deciduous. Disk lining
the tube of the calyx, thin below, more or less thickened
upwards, entirely free from the ovary. Petals as many as
the lobes of the calyx and shorter than they (usually very
small), inserted alternate with them into the thickened mar-
gin of the perigynous disk, unguiculate, frequently emargi-
nate or two-lobed, concave or cucuUate, involute around the
stamens in aestivation, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens,
&c., as in Frangula. Ovary free, ovoid, two - four-celled :
STYLES united below : stigmas 2 to 4, terminal, obtuse. Ovule
solitary and erect from the base of each cell, anatropous ; the
raphe at first next the axis, but soon by torsion of the short
funiculus becoming lateral, and in the seed dorsal.

Fruit a globular and baccate two - four-celled drupe, con-
taining as many separable and cartilaginous pyrense, which
when ripe incline to open along the ventral and sometimes
on the dorsal suture, conformed to the seed. Seed obovate.

180

RHAMNACE^.

with a cartilaginous testa, grooved longitudinally on the outer
side, the raphe in the groove. Embryo in the axis of fleshy
albumen, of about its length : cotyledons oval or orbicular,
foliaceous, parallel to the axis and the raphe, their margins
recurved on each side of the groove so as to become navicu-
lar : RADICLE very short, inferior, turned a little from the hilum.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes with spinescent branches ;
the leaves mostly alternate, loosely pinnately veined. Stip-
ules linear or subulate, caducous. Flowers small, greenish,
axillary, usually fascicled or cymose-clustered, rarely race-
mose, either strictly polygamo-dioecious, or (as in R. lanceo-
latus) subdioecious, both kinds of flowers with well-formed
stamens and often fruit-bearing, but the styles in the sub-
sterile flowers much shorter than in the others.

Etymology. 'Fafivos, the ancient Greek name of the Buckthorn.

Properties. Tlie fruit and bark are purgative. Those of the common
Buckthorn (R. catharticus, a European species, much used for hedges in the
Northern United States) are drastic. From their unripe fruit the water-color
called sap-green is prepared. " French berries," the fruit of R. infectorius,
&c., are employed in calico-printing, and in dying morocco leather yellow.

Geographical Distribution. Principally natives of the Northern tem-
perate zone, the greater part belonging to the Old World. The only well-
determined species of the United States are R. lanceolatus (including R.
Shortii, Nutt., and R. parvifolius, Torr. <Sf Gr.) and R. alnifolius, UHer.;
the latter pentandrous, apetalous, the seeds with a shallow but manifest dorsal
groove and the cotyledons recurved in the manner characteristic of the genus.

PLATE 168. Rhamnus LANCEOLATUS, Pwr5^. ; — Pennsylv., Pro/. Green.

1. A flowering branchlet of the truly fertile plant, of the natural size.

2. A similar flowering branchlet of the substerile plant.

3. Diagram of the flower. (In the ovary the raphes are becoming lateral.)

4. A flower (from Fig. 2), magnified ; and 5. with the calyx divided.

6. A petal, spread out and more magnified.

7. A magnified stamen seen from the outside, and 8. from the inside.
9. A truly fertile flower (from Fig. 1), magnified.

10. Vertical section of the same, more magnified.

11. A branch in fruit, of the natural size ; from the mountains of Virginia.

12. Vertical section of a drupe through the seeds and embryo, magnified.

13. Transverse section of the same, showing the recurved cotyledons, &c.

14. A seed, the dorsal groove towards the eye, cut across, and magnified.

15. Embryo spread out, magnified. (Cotyledons truly foliaceous.)

168

RHAMNACE^.

181

Plate 169.

CEANOTHUS, L.

Calyx coloratus, 5-fidus, tubo ovario pi. m. adnato, lobis
coiiDiventibus. Petala calycem superantia, longe unguicula-
ta, cucullata, patenti-deflexa. Stamina exserta. Fructus 3-
coccus ; coccis cmstaceis bivalvibus. Cotyledones planse.

Ceanothus, Linn. Gen. 267 (excl. spec). Mill. Ic. t. 57. Brongn. in
Ann. Sci. Nat. 10. p. 369. t. 15. f. 4. Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1. p.
124. t. 45. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 264. Endl. Gen. 5726.

Ceanothi Sect. Euceanothus, DC. Prodr. 2. p. 31.

FoRRESTiA, Raf. in N. Y. Med. Rep. (hex. 5.) 2. p. 350.
New Jersey Tea. Red-root.

Calyx colored, five-cleft, with a hemispherical or turbinate
tube ; the lobes triangular, membranaceous and petaloid, val-
vate in aestivation (the bud five-lobed), usually remaining
inflexed or connivent, deciduous by a circumscissile line,
leaving the persistent tube at the base of the fruit. Disk
fleshy or spongy, thickened upwards, adnate to the calyx-
tube and closely surrounding the ovary, with which it is
usually more or less coherent. Petals 5, inserted on the
thickened margin of the disk alternate with the lobes of the
calyx, much longer than they, exserted, deflexed or widely
spreading in flower, conspicuously unguiculate, the limb
cucullate, infolded around the stamens in aestivation, decidu-
ous. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals and opposite them,
as long as the petals or longer, often persistent : filaments
filiform : anthers didymous or four-lobed, introrse, two-
celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary three-celled,
immersed in the disk, and often adnate to it, sometimes three-
angled, the angles often surmounted by a fleshy protuber-
ance or a gland : styles 3, commonly united below into
one : stigmas introrse or terminal. Ovule solitary in each
cell, erect from its base, anatropous, the raphe next the axis.

182

RHAMNACEiE.

Fruit three-lobed, three-celled, tricoccouSj girt at the base
by the persistent and commonly adnate base of the calyx, at
first drupaceous, but the usually thin sarcocarp soon dries up ;
the endocarp dehiscent into three crustaceous or cartilagi-
nous at length two-valved cocci. Seed solitary in each
cell, erect, with a broad basilar caruncle at the hilum, obo-
vate-lenticular, with a smooth crustaceous testa, not sulcate ;
the raphe ventral. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen, of
nearly its length and width : cotyledons oval or obovate,
thin and flat : radicle very short, inferior.

Shrubs, or suff*ruticose plants, sometimes spinescent ; with
alternate (rarely opposite) usually serrulate leaves. Stipules
minute and caducous. Flowers perfect, small, but usually
handsome, being collected in umbel-like fascicles, which are
aggregated into dense thyrsoid cymes or panicles at the ex-
tremity of the branches ; the pedicels as well as the calyx and
corolla usually colored, white, blue, or sometimes yellowish.

Etymology. Kedvcodos, a name applied by Theophrastus to some prickly
plant, and transferred by Linnaeus to this genus, for no assigned reason.

Properties. The root of C. Americanus is dark red, and yields a cinna-
mon-colored dye. It possesses considerable astringency, as do the leaves,
which were used during the American Revolution as a substitute for tea.

Geographical Distribution. This pretty large genus, as now limited,
is entirely North American. Five species are natives of the United States,
the rest belong to Oregon, Northern Mexico, and especially to California.

PLATE 169. Ceanothus Americanus, Zmn.,- — a flowering branch.
1. Diagram of the flower. 2. A flower, magnified.

3. Vertical section of a flower, more magnified.

4. Side view of a petal and a stamen, still more magnified.

5. A magnified stamen, seen from the inner side.

6. An ovule, magnified.

7. A fruit, magnified, showing the thin and dry sarcocarp.

8. The same more magnified, dehiscent into tKree cocci and separating

from the persistent base of the calyx.

9. Vertical section of a seed, at right angles to the cotyledons, magnified.

10. A magnified seed transversely divided, the inner side towards the eye.

11. Vertical section of the seed parallel with the cotyledons, displaying

the embryo.

E A N 0 T H U 3

Ord. CELASTRACEiE.

Frutices vel arbusculae simplicifoliae, stipulis minimis ca-
ducis: dicotyledoneae, perigynaB, regulares, 4-5-meraB, 4-5-
andrae, aestivatione calycis corollasque imbricativa ; stamini-
bus petalis alternis disco insertis ; ovario libero 2 - 5-loculari,
stylis in uniim coalitis, loculis uni-pluriovulatis ; seminibus
anatropis in capsularibus arillatis ; embryone in axi albumi-
nis recto magno, cotyledonibus foliaceis planis.

Celastrine^, R. Br. in Flind. Voy. 2. p. 554. Brongn. in Ann. Sci.

Nat. 10. p. 328. Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 378. Endl. Gen. p. 1085.
Celastrace^, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. & Veg. Kingd. p. 586.
Celastrinearum Trib. Euonyme^, DC. Prodr. 2. p. 3.
Rhamnorum Sect. 2, Juss. Gen. p. 377, excl. gen.

The Staff-tree or Spindle-tree Family is at once distinguished from
the Buckthorn Family (from which Mr. Brown long since separated it), by
the imbricative ssstivation of the calyx and corolla, and by the stamens being
alternate with the petals. The fleshy disk, moreover, is less perigynous,
and the petals, large in proportion, are inserted by a broad base under its
more or less free edge. The ovary, although often immersed in the disk, is
free, or becomes so in fruit : its cells usually contain a pair of ovules, rarely
a single, sometimes several. These are normally erect or ascending ; but
they occasionally become resupinate-suspended (as in one section of Euony-
mus, plate 171), the raphe thus becoming dorsal in the manner long ago
shown by Mr. Brown,* and recently more fully explained by Mr. Bennettf
The Celastraceae are likewise distinguished, at least the capsular genera,
by their arillate seeds ; the arillus usually forming a fleshy or pulpy sac
which incloses the seed, or sometimes a cup or ring around its base. In
Euonymus Dr. Planchon has shown that this fleshy covering is developed
from the exostome of the ovule, and not from the funiculus, and he therefore
names it a false arillus or arillodium.X But in Celastrus, if our analyses

* In the Appendix to King's Narrative^ 2. p. 549. — The same resnpination is

t In Horsefield's Plantce Javanic(B Rariores, p. 131.

X In ^nnales des Sciences Katurelles^ ser. 3. p. 281. t. 11.

184

CELASTRACEiE.

(Plate 170, Fig. 9 and 12) are truthful, this covering must be a growth from
the funiculus itself, or a true arillus.

The Aquifoliaceae, which were formerly confounded with this family, are
distinguished by the more or less monopetalous corolla, on the base of w^hich,
and not on a fleshy disk, the stamens are inserted, and especially by the sol-
itary suspended ovules, and the minute embryo at the extremity of copious
albumen.

Celastraceae belong to the warmer portions of the temperate, and to the
intertropical regions of both hemispheres. The greater part are subtropical
and in the southern hemisphere, especially of the Old World. Euonymus
is the only European and North Asiatic genus except a Catba 1 (Celastrus
Europaeus) in Granada ; while this genus and Celastrus occur in the United
States, and Pachystima, Raf. (Oreophila, Nutt., not of Don) in the Rocky
Mountains and in Oregon. Myginda, a West Indian genus, with drupaceous
fruit, is found on Key West.

The sensible properties which prevail in this family are very similar to
those of the Rhamnaceae. They are astringent and bitter, but at the same
time often pervaded with some stimulant, or more or less acrid or nauseous
products, which are frequently emetic or cathartic. The fruit or seeds of
Euonymus are said to poison sheep ; but the drupes of an Elaeodendron are
edible. A fixed oil may be expressed from the seeds of several genera.
The green leaves of Catha edulis (Khat of the Arabs) , which is cultivated
along with the Coffee-tree at Yemen, «&c., are greedily eaten by the Arabs,
who attribute to them the power of producing extreme watchfulness, so that
a man may stand sentry all night long without drowsiness. They also re-
gard them as an antidote to the plague.

CELASTRACEiE.

185

Plate 170.

CELASTRUS, L.

Flores subdioici. Petala et stamina 5, in marginem disci
cnpulaBformis inserta. Ovarium liberum 2- 4-loculare, locu-
]is 2-ovulatis. Semina erecta, arillo carnoso colorato inclusa.
— Frutices scandentes, foliis alternis.

Celastrus, Linn. Gen. 270 (excl. spec). Gaertn. Fr. t. 95. Schkuhr,
Handb. t. 47 (fig. dextr.). Kunlh in H. B. K. Nov. Gen. &
Sp. 7. p. 64. Wight, 111. Ind. Bot. t. 72. Torr. & Gray, FI. N.
Am. 1. p. 257. Endl. Gen. 5679.
Staff-tree. Waxwork. Shrubby Bittersweet.

Flowers dicecioiis, or dioecio-polygamous from the abor-
tion of the stamens in one set of individuals and of the pistil
in another. Calyx herbaceous, with a short urceolate or
cup-shaped tube, five-cleft ; the lobes quincuncially imbri-
cated in aestivation, persistent. Disk perigynous, fleshy,
cup-shaped, filling the tube of the calyx to which it adheres,
and with a more or less free crenulate-lobed border. Petals
5, inserted by a broad base just under the edge of the disk,
alternate with the lobes of the calyx, much larger than they,
oblong-obovate, spreading, deciduous, imbricated in aestiva-
tion, either quincuncially or with only one exterior and one
interior. Stamens 5, inserted into the edge of the disk al-
ternate with the petals, shorter than they (in the fertile plant
usually mere abortive rudiments) : filaments subulate : an-
thers oblong-sagittate or cordate, often mucronate-apiculate,
fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary in the sterile flowers rudimentary in
the bottom of the open disk ; in the fertile flowers with the
base closely surrounded by the disk, two -four- (usually
three-) celled : style thick : stigma two - four-lobed. Ovules
two in each cell, erect from its base, collateral, anatropous,
on short and fleshy cupulate funiculi ; the raphes face to face.

13

186

CELASTRACEiE.

Fruit a globular and orange-colored two -four- (usually
three-) celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent by as many
valves ; the valves coriaceous, bearing the thin dissepiments
on their middle. Seeds two or solitary in each cell, erect,
inclosed in a fleshy scarlet arillus, which is pervious only at
the apex ; the chartaceous testa marked by a slender raphe.
Embryo straight in the axis of copious fleshy albumen,
nearly of its length and breadth : cotyledons foliaceous,
oval, plane, parallel with the raphe : radicle short, inferior.

Shrubs climbing, sometimes twining, unarmed; with
alternate leaves, and rather small greenish-white flowers in
axillary or terminal racemes or panicles, which are drooping
in fruit. Stipules minute, setaceous, caducous. Pedicels
articulated above the middle, minutely bracteate.

Etymology. An ancient Greek name, of uncertain meaning.

Geographical Distribution. Tliis genus, as now restricted, consists
of our C. scandens, which is common throughout the United States proper,
apparently of one or more Mexican species, of one East Indian, and perhaps
of an African species. C. Europseus, Boiss., is doubtless to be excluded.

Properties. Our Waxwork is sometimes planted as an ornamental
climber, on account of the fruit, which is showy in autumn, when the
orange-colored pods burst, so as to display the pulpy scarlet arillus that
incloses the seeds. These are said to possess narcotic and stimulating prop-
erties. The seeds of the East Indian C. paniculata {Malkungnee of the na-
tives) yield by destructive distillation a peculiar empyreumatic oil, of a
bitter and acrid taste, which is highly valued by the native practitioners.

PLATE 170. Celastrus scandens, Linn. ; — branch of the staminate plant.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. A staminate flower, with the articulated pedicel, magnified.

3. A vertical section of the same.

4. A magnified stamen, outside view ; 5. an inside view.

6. A pistillate flower, magnified.

7. Magnified pistil, with the disk and the base of the calyx.

8. Vertical section of the same, showing the ovules, &,c.

9. An ovule, and the forming arillus, more magnified.

10. Dehiscent fruits, of the natural size.

11. A seed in its pulpy arillus, magnified.

12. Vertical section of the same, through the raphe and cotyledons.

13. A seed extracted from the arillus, magnified. 14. Embryo magnified.

CELASTRUS

d-LASTRACETE.

187

Plate 171.

EUONYMUS, Tourn.

Flores hermaphroditi, 4 - 5-meri. Petala sub disco magno
piano ovarium cingenti inserta. Stamina disco imposita ;
filamentis brevissimis. Ovula in loculis 2, adscendentia vel
resupinata. Semina arillo colorato inclusa. — Frutices oppo-
sitifolii, floribus axillaribus cymosis.

EuoNYMus, Tourn. Inst. p. 617. t. 388. Linn. Gen. 271. Lam. 111. 1. 131.

Ggertn. Fr. t. 113. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 3. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p.
257. Endl. Gen. 5676. Bennett, PI. Jav. Rar. p. 130. t. 28.

Spindle-trce. Strawberry-tree. Biirning^-busli.

Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, four - five-cleft, persistent;
the lobes rounded, imbricated in aestivation. Disk large,
thick and fleshy, perigynous, flat, quadrangular or somewhat
five-angled, closely surrounding the ovary and more or less
adherent to it. Petals as many as the lobes of the calyx
and inserted in their sinuses under the free border of the
disk, much larger than the calyx, widely spreading, sessile
by a broad base, imbricated in asstivation, deciduous. Sta-
mens as many as the petals and alternate with them, inserted
on the upper surface of the flat disk : filaments very short,
subulate, erect : anthers introrse, didymous, two-celled ; the
cells nearly parallel, or oftener with their bases diverging
so as to become transverse, opening lengthwise. Ovary im-
mersed in the disk, three - five-celled : style very short:
STIGMA terminal, depressed, or three - five-lobed. Ovules
anatropous, two in the inner angle of each cell, either next
the base, when they are ascending, or nearer the summit,
when they become pendulous by resupination, and the
raphe therefore dorsal or external, at first collateral, and with
the raphes contiguous (at least in E. Americanus, &c.), but
at length more or less superposed.

188

CELASTRACEiE.

Fruit a three - five-lobed and three - five-celled fleshy
and colored capsule, either smooth or verrucose, loculici-
dally three - five-valved ; the valves at length coriaceous,
bearing the dissepiments on their middle. Seeds two, or
commonly solitary in each cell by the abortion of one ovule,
ascending or resupinate-suspended, inclosed in a pulpy red
arillus which is pervious at the apex, the testa smooth and
chartaceous. Ejibryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen,
of nearly its length : cotyledons broad and flat, foliaceous,
parallel Avith the raphe : radicle short, next the hilum.

Shrubs or small trees, sometimes trailing ; with mostly
square branchlets, opposite and usually serrulate pinnately-
veined leaves, minute and caducous stipules, and cymose (or
rarely solitary) flowers on axillary peduncles. Petals green-
ish or dark purple. Capsules and arillus usually red.

Etymology and Properties. From ev, good, and ovofxa, food; a name
ironically given, according to Tournefort, because the herbage or fruit of
these plants was thought to be noxious to cattle.

Geographical Distribution, &c. This genus belongs alniost entirely
to the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Of our three or four
species, one only extends westward to Oregon. E. atropurpureus, a highly
ornamental shrub in autumn, when the bright red pods are ripe, is one of
that section of the genus in which the ovules and seeds maintain their origi-
nal position, and are ascending, with the raphe internal.

PLATE 171. EuGNYMUs Americanus, var. obovatus, Torr. <Sf Gr. (E.
obovatus, Nutt.) ; — a branch in flower, of the natural size.

1. Section of the flower-bud, enlarged, showing the aestivation, &c.

2. A magnified flower, seen from above.

3. The same, seen from beneath.

4. Vertical section of a flower, more magnified, showing the ovules, &c.

5. A detached stamen, more magnified, seen from within.

6. An ovule much magnified, from a left-hand cell (resupinate).

7. Section of a half-grown fruit, showing the fertilized and abortive seeds.

8. A young seed more magnified, showing the growing arillus.

9. Dehiscent capsule, of the natural size.

10. A seed inclosed in its pulpy arillus, magnified.

11. The same, with the arillus longitudinally divided.

12. Vertical section of the seed and embryo across the cotyle'dons, magnified.

13. The embryo detached entire, magnified.

E UO N YMU S.

Ord. STAPHYLEACE^.

Fmtices erecti, foliis oppositis pinnato-3 - 9-foliolatis stipu-
latis, foliolis serrulatis saepe stipellatis ; — a Celastraceis di-
versi foliis compositis, carpellis subdiscretis, et seminibas
osseis saepissime exarillatis ; a Sapindaceis staminibus cum
petalis sepalisque isomeris, embryone recto in albumine car-
noso.

Staphyleace^, Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 381. Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed.

2. p. 121, & Veg. Kingd. p. 381. Endl. Gen. p. 1084.
Celastrinearum Trib., DC. Prodr. 2. p. 2. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer.

1. p. 256.

The Bladder-nut Family, first admitted as a distinct order by Bartling,
was arranged as a tribe of Celastraceae by De Candolle, It is thought to be
about equally related to the latter family and to the Sapindaceag, in which
Reichenbach places Staphylea. From the Celastraceae these plants are
distinguished by the pinnate or pinnately trifoliolate leaves, with the leaflets
usually stipellate, the colored calyx, the completely or partially distinct
carpels, and the bony seeds which (except in Euscaphis) are destitute of
an arillus. From Sapindaceas, with which they accord in habit, they are
distinguished by their opposite leaves (which are of very rare occurrence
in Sapindaceae), their regular and symmetrical pentandrous flowers, and their
straight embryo in fleshy albumen.

The family comprises only three admitted genera, of a small number of
species, namely, Turpinia, Vent., of the West and East Indies, with baccate
fruit ; Euscaphis, Sieb. <^ Zucc, of Japan, with triple fleshy-coriaceous pods ;
and Staphylea, L., with its inflated bladdery fruit. One species of the lat-
ter genus is given to Japan, one to Europe, and one to the Eastern United
States. A species is also mentioned from Java. A Peruvian and two
West Indian species, assigned to Staphylea, require confirmation.

In the little that is known of their sensible properties, they agree with the
nearly related families. The oily seeds of the Bladder-nut are slightly pur-
gative ; and the fresh bark has a strong and rather unpleasant odor. The
bark of the root of Euscaphis staphyleoides is bitter and astringent ; and its
infusion is used by the Japanese as a remedy for dysentery, chronic diarrhoea,
&c. The fruit of Turpinia is edible.

190 STAPHYLEACEiE.

The plants of the family are all upright shrubs or small trees, with neat
foliage and rather handsome white or whitish blossoms. In the Bladder-
nuts these are succeeded by the large and membranaceous strikingly inflated
pods.

ISTAPllYLEACE/E.

191

Plate 172.

STAPHYLEA, L.

Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx coloratus, 5-partitus. Peta-
la et stamina 5, erecta, margini disci perigyni 5-lobi inserta.
Capsula 3-loba, membranacea, inflata, oligosperma. Semina
ossea, exarillata. — Frutices ; foliis trifoliolatis v. impari-
pinnatis, stipulatis et stipellatis ; floribus cymuloso-racemosis.

Staphylea, Linn. Gen. 374. Lam. III. t. 210. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 84.

Gcertn. Fr. t. 69. DC. Prodr. 2. p. 2. Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p.

256. Deless. Ic. 3. t. 51. Skb. & Zucc. Fl. Jap. p. 180. t. 95.

Endl. Gen. 5673.
Staphvlodendron, Tourn. Inst. p. 616. t. 386.
BuMALDA, Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 8.

Bladder-nut.

Calyx five-parted, colored ; the segments flat, quincun-
cially imbricated in eestivation, erect, marcescent or persistent.
Disk perigynous, fleshy, filling the short tube of the calyx,
iirceolate or depressed, five-lobed ; the lobes before the petals.
Petals 5, spatulate or obovate, inserted on the margin of the
disk alternate with the sepals, iinguiculate, quincimcially
imbricated in aestivation, erect, deciduous. Stamens 5, in-
serted on the edge of the disk alternate with the petals :
FILAMENTS filiform-subulatc, pubescent towards the base :
anthers introrse, fixed near the middle, two-celled, the ob-
long cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Pistils 3, or
rarely 2, united by their inner angles at the base only, or for
nearly their whole length : styles filiform, distinct and con-
nivent, or more or less coherent : stigmas somewhat capitate
or clavate. Ovules 6 or 8 in each ovary or cell, borne on
its inner angle in two series, horizontal, collateral, anatro-
pous ; the raphes contiguous.

Fruit a membranaceous and usually vesicular-inflated
capsule, three- (or two-) celled, three-lobed, or sometimes two-

192

STAPHYLEACEiE.

lobed, the carpels united at the axis or sometimes only at the
base, the lobes tardily dehiscent at the summit along the
ventral suture. Seeds by abortion few or solitary in each
cell or carpel, horizontal or ascending, subglobose or lenticu-
lar-obovoid, truncate at the base, sessile ; the testa thick and
bony, polished; the raphe forming a ridge on one side.
Ejvibryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen, of nearly its
length and width: cotyledons oval or orbicular, flat and
thin : radicle very short, next the hilum.

Shrubs, with opposite and stipulate trifoliolate or pinnate
leaves, with five to seven ovate or oblong serrulate leaflets,
which are involute in vernation and setaceously stipellate.
Stipules and stipels deciduous. Flowers white or cream-
colored, rather showy, in terminal racemose or cymose droop-
ing panicles. Pedicels bracteate, articulated above the middle.

Etymology. The original name, Staphylodendron, of Tournefort, from
aracjivXr), a raceme or cluster, and bevhpov, a tree, was abbreviated by Lin-
naeus into Staphylea.

Properties. The Bladder-nuts are neat shrubs, with drooping and pret-
ty, though not showy, white, vernal blossoms, which are replaced in summer
by the large and bladdery pods.

PLATE 172. Staphylea trifolia, Linn. ; — a flowering branchlet of
the natural size. (Cambridge Botanic Garden.)

1. Diagram of the flower (placed to the left of the axis, toward which

the second sepal looks).

2. A flower, with its pedicel and bractlets, enlarged.

3. A petal, more enlarged.

4. Pistils, with the disk, &c., enlarged; the calyx-lobes cut away.

5. A stamen, enlarged, seen from the inside.

6. The same, seen from the outer side.

7. Magnified transverse section of the compound ovary, one of the cells

also vertically divided, as is the disk and receptacle.

8. An ovule, more magnified.

9. The bladdery fruit, of the natural size.

10. The same, the upper part cut away, showing the cells and seeds.

11. A seed, enlarged.

12. A transverse section of the same.

13. A magnified vertical section of a seed, enlarged, showing the embryo.

STAPHYLE A.

Ord. MALPIGHIACE^.

Arbores vel frutices, saepe scandentes, foliis oppositis inte-
gris penninerviis stipulatis, pilis dum adsunt medio affixis :
dicotyledonesBj hypogynae, 5-merae, plerumque lO-andrse tri-
gyncB ; petalis unguiculatis penninerviis sepalisque persisteii-
tibus sestivatione imbricatis ; disco nullo ; carpellis discretis
aut plerumque in ovario 3-loculari connatis ; ovulis in loculis
solitariis e funiculo pendente adscendentihus ssepius unci-
formibus, micropyle supera ; embryone exalbuminoso, cotyle-
donibus saepissime conduplicatis vel homotrope convolutis.

MALPiGHiiE, Juss. Gen. p. 252.

Malpighiace^, Juss. in Ann. Mus. 18. p. 479. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 577.

Bartl. Ord. Nat. p. 385. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 3. p. 3,
& Monogr. (in Archiv. Mus. 3.) 1843. Endl. Gen. p. 1057.
Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 388.

The Malpighia Family, which has recently been the subject of a most
elaborate and able monograph by Professor Adrien de Jussieu, barely makes
its appearance on the southern border of the United States. When the first
volume of the Flora of North America, by Dr. Torrey and myself, was
completed, no plant of the order was known to be indigenous within its lim-
its. Recently, however, an undescribed species of Galphimia, which is
remarkable for being nearly herbaceous, has been detected in the central
parts of Texas, and the genus is accordingly here illustrated. Some other
Mexican genera doubtless extend into the newly acquired territory between
the Nueces and the Rio Grande. Indeed, I possess an imperfect specimen,
gathered at Corpus Cliristi, of what appears to be Malpighia glabra. Linn. ;
and a West Indian species of Byrsonima also grows on Key West.

The order now comprises about forty-two genera, and over five hundred
and fifty species ; nearly all of them intertropical. A few are African, a
somewhat larger number Asiatic and Polynesian ; but far the greater portion
are natives of the West Indies, Mexico, and South America, especially
Brazil, where more than half of the known species are found.

The only extratropical family with which this need be compared is Acera-
ceae, with which the earlier botanists confounded the species known to them

194

MALPIGHIACE^.

which have a winged, samaroid fruit. It is readily distinguished by the
entire or barely serrulate leaves ; by the pubescence, when present, consisting
of what have been termed Malpighiaceous hairs, namely, fixed by the middle
and appressed (Plate 173, fig. 12) ; by the thick glands (wanting in Galphi-
mia) which are ordinarily borne on the back of the sepals ; by the conspicu-
ously unguiculate and pinnately-veined petals ; by the absence of any glandular
disk ; by the usually monadelphous stamens, and the trimerous gynascium ;
and especially by the solitary and peculiar ovules, which hang on a manifest,
often elongated funiculus, against which they are reclined (and to which they
often partly adhere, so as to exhibit various gradations between the orthotro-
pous, campylotropous, and anatropous forms) ; the micropyle, and con-
sequently the radicle, always superior. M. de Jussieu also remarks that
when the embryo is coiled it is simply spiral ; the cotyledons not folded to-
gether in the middle, as in Maples, so as to make a double turn. The pedi-
cels are articulated, which is not the case in the Maple Family.

In flowers of our Galphimia which were examined for delineation, the
regular quincuncial arrangement extends from the calyx to the corolla in a
simple spiral order ; the first petal being placed where it should be (making
allowance for the change which occurs to bring the petals alternate with the
sepals), namely between the first and fourth sepals; but this, as Jussieu has
remarked, is not the common case in the order.

M. de Jussieu has shown that the stamens which are opposed to the petals
belong to an exterior series, and probably arise from a deduplication of the
petals.

Of the sensible qualities of Malpighiaceae little is recorded. The bark
and the wood sometimes contain a red coloring matter. The bark abounds
in tannin ; that of several species is used in Brazil by the tanners ; that of
one species is employed in Cayenne as a febrifuge, and that of another as an
astringent and as an antidote to the bite of snakes. The acidulated and
somewhat astringent fruit of two or three species is eaten in the West Indies.

MALriGIIIACEyi:.

195

Plate 173.

GALPHIMIA, Cav.

Calyx 5-partitus ssepissime eglanclulosus. Petala 5, cari-
nato-costata, denticulata. Stamina 10, omnia fertilia. Styli
3, filiformes, in stigma acutum desinentes. Capsula 3-loba,
3-cocca ; coccis 2-valvibus. — Fmtices v. fruticuli integrifo-
lii ; floribus racemosis flavis, deinde rubellis.

Galphimia, Cav. Ic. 5. p. 61. t. 489, 563. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 5.

p. 172. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 582. Griseb. in Linncea, 13. p. 269.

Bartl. in Linnaea, 13. p. 550. Adr. Juss. in St. Hil. FI. Bras. 3.

p. 70. 1. 178, & Monogr. Malpigh. p. 67. t. 7. Endl. Gen. 5590.
Thryallis, Linn. Gen. 533, fide Ad. Juss., non Mart.

Calyx five-parted, herbaceous, persistent ; the segments
equal, erect, usually destitute of glands, quincuncially im-
bricated in aestivation. Petals 5, longer than the sepals,
alternate with them, hypogynous, quincuncially imbricated
in aestivation, at length widely spreading or reflexed, unguic-
ulate, oblong-ovate or obovate, concave, commonly carinate
with a thickish midrib, which is canaliculate above, pinnate-
ly veined, the margins denticulate, deciduous. Stamens 10,
hypogynous, five opposite the petals and five alternate with
them, all fertile : filaments filiform-subulate from a dilated
base, distinct or a little monadelphous, persistent : anthers
oval or cordate, pointless, introrse, fixed below the middle,
glabrous, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pistil
of three combined carpels : ovary globular, three-lobed, three-
celled : styles 3, filiform, distinct, their tips incurved in the
bud : STIGMAS terminal, minute. Ovule solitary in each cell,
pendulous from the inner angle near its summit on a slender
funiculus, against which it reclines and to a portion of which
it commonly adheres, forming a short (internal) raphe, and
so becoming semi-anatropous ; the micropyle superior.

Fruit capsular, three-lobcd, tricoccous ; the coriaceous

196

3IALPIGHIACEiE.

cocci separating from each other, dehiscent down the cari-
nate dorsal suture, at length two-valved. Seed solitary in
each carpel, suspended, uncinate-rostellate at the micropyle ;
the smooth testa crustaceous, lined with a rather fleshy inner
integument. Albumen none. Embryo conduplicate ; the
RADICLE straight, superior, the curvature at the lower part of
the nearly terete cotyledons, which are incumbent on the
radicle.

Shrubs, or barely sufFruticose plants, usually glaucescent.
Leaves opposite, entire, or obscurely glandular-denticulate,
biglandular near the base or at the apex of the short petioles,
bistipulate. Stipules subulate, sometimes united at the base.
Flowers smooth, disposed in a terminal raceme. Pedicels
subtended by a small bract, articulated, bibracteolate. Co-
rolla yellow or orange, turning reddish with age.

Etymology. The name is an anagram of Malpighia.

Geographical Distribution. The genus comprises about a dozen
known species, of which one is a native of Brazil, but all the others are Mexi-
can. One nearly herbaceous species, collected in the neighbourhood of Mon-
terey, New Leon, by Major Eaton and Dr. Edwards (communicated by Dr.
Torrey), had already been detected in Texas by Mr. Lindheimer and Mr.
Wright.

PLATE 173. Galphimia linifolia, n. sp. ; — summit of a flowering
stem of the natural size, from Texas, Wright.

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. A magnified flower, with the pedicel, bractlets (at the base), and bract.

3. A stamen (from a bud), more magnified, inside view.

4. Magnified pistil, with one stamen on the receptacle, the calyx cut away.

5. Vertical section through the ovary, receptacle, and calyx ; the petals

and two stamens in place, magnified.

6. An ovule detached, more magnified.

7. The tricoccous fruit and persistent calyx and stamens, magnified.

8. A seed, magnified.

9. One of the cocci seen from the ventral side, more magnified.

10. Dorsal view of the same in dehiscence.

11. A magnified seed vertically divided, showing the two thick integu-

ments and the embryo.

12. One of the centrally affixed hairs (like the pubescence of the whole

order) from the summit of the stem, much magnified.

& AL PHIM.IA.

Ord. ACERACEiE.

ArboreSj foliis oppositis palmatincrviis et palmatilobis seu
3 - 5-foliolatiSj vernatione plicatis, stipulis nullis : dicotyledo-
nese, regulares, digynce ; asstivatione imbricativa ; petalis
calycis 4-9-lobi decidui lobis numero asqiialibus, vel abortu
nullis, cum staminibus 4-12 disco glanduloso hypogyno seu
perigyno insertis ; ovario bilobo e carpellis 2 columellse cen-
trali adnatis composito ; ovulis geminis facie ventrali amphi-
trope adnatis, micropyle infer a ; fmctu e coccis samaroideis 2
monospermis ; embryone exalbuminoso conduplicato, nunc
spiraliter convoluto, cotyledonibus germinatione foliaceis.

AcERA, Juss. Gen. p. 50, & Ann. Mus. 18. p. 477.

AcERiNETE, DC. Theor. Elem. ed. 2. p. 244, & Prodr. 1. p. 593. Endl.
Gen. p. 1055.

AcERACEiE, Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2. p. 81, & Veg. Kingd. p. 387.

The Maple Family comprises only the typical genus Acer, with Ne-
gundo, which is scarcely distinct from it. Dobinea, a shrub of Nepaul,
is also appended to the order, but probably it does not truly belong to it.
While the two orders to which it is related, namely, the Malpighiaceae and
the Sapindaceae, are principally tropical, the Maple Family, on the other
hand, is found in temperate regions alone. It is also restricted to the north-
ern hemisphere. The Maples, of which there are sixty or seventy known
species, are characteristic forest-trees of the northern temperate zone, both
in the Old World and the New. They affect the eastern and interior parts
of continents, with extreme climate, rather than the western ; being most
numerous in the United States and in Japan and Northern China ; more nu-
merous in the Atlantic United States and in the Rocky Mountains than in
Oregon and California ; and far more numerous in Japan and the Himalayan
region than in Europe.

The second genus, Negundo, is not represented in Europe, and has been
deemed to be peculiar to North America, where it occurs across the whole
breadth of the continent, in three by no means well distinguished species,
one of them belonging to the Middle and Southern United States (extending

198

acera(::e^.

eastward and northward to Pennsylvania and Michigan, and westward to the
southern part of the Rocky Mountains) , a second to California, and the third
to the interior of Mexico. Recently the lamented Zuccarini has brought to
light a fourth species indigenous to Japan, furnishing an additional illustra-
tion of the close analogy which exists between the vegetation of that country
and that of the United States.

The larger Maples are fine timber-trees in their native forests, especially
A. saccharinum, and are planted as favorite shade-trees. The limpid ascend-
ing vernal sap, perhaps of all the species, contains sugar, which is largely
obtained by boiling from our well-known Sugar Maple, and to some extent
from our White Maple. The Negundo also yields sugar. The proper
elaborated juices of these trees become somewhat bitter and acrid as the veg-
etation advances, and in a few European species they are lactescent. The
bark possesses some astringency ; that of some European species is said to
furnish the dyer reddish-brown and yellow colors.

The development of the ovules, and the mode in which they are attached
to the placenta by nearly their whole inner face, is admirably illustrated by
Adrien de Jussieu, in his Monographie des Malpighiacees, p. 137, plate 1,
fig. 12- 14. By the growth of the upper part of the ovule after fertilization,
the seed becomes anatropous.

The mode in which the embryo of the Maples is folded or enrolled
varies in different species, and will probably coincide with the marked dif-
ferences in the inflorescence and flowers, so as to give characters to the
sections of the genus. The cotyledons are more commonly incumbent than
accumbent.

ACERACEiE.

199

Plate 174.

ACER, Tourn.

Flores polygami. Petala 5-8 (rarissime 4 s. 9-12), seu
nulla. Stamina 8, rariiis 4-7, v. 9-12. Samara dicocca ;
coccis dorso in alam margine inferiore incrassatam productis.
— Folia simplicia, palmatiloba, rarissime palmatisecta.

Acer, Tourn. Inst. p. G15. t. 386. Linn. Gen. 1155 (excl. spec). Gaertn.

Fr. 2. t. IIG. Schk. Handb. t. 351-353. Miclix. f. Sylv. 1. t.
40-45. Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 2.) 2. p. 160. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 246. Endl. Gen. 5558.

ITIaple.

Flowers by abortion dia3ciously, or rarely monoeciously,
polygamous, occasionally truly perfect. Calyx colored, five-
(rarely 4- 12-) parted, sometimes only five-lobed, rarely
cup-shaped and obscurely toothed, deciduous, the lobes im-
bricated in £Estivation. Disk thick, glandular, annular and
hypogynous, or cup-shaped and more or less perigynous, with
the margins free, and usually lobed ; the lobes (or glands)
alternate with the stamens. Petals wanting, or as many as
the lobes of the calyx, and of the same color, alternate with
them, inserted into the margin or base of the disk, equal,
erect, slightly unguiculate, imbricated in aestivation, decidu-
ous. Stamens 8, or from 4 to 9 or 12, seldom agreeing in
number with the petals or sepals, inserted on the summit or
inside of the disk : filaments distinct, filiform, commonly
shorter than the calyx in the fertile flowers and longer in the
sterile : anthers introrse, two-celled, the cells opening lon-
gitudinally ; they are abortive or imperfect in the pistillate
flowers. Pistil of two carpels : their ovaries united in the
axis, compressed contrary to the dissepiment, wing-margined
on the back : styles 2, linear-filiform, the whole inner face
stigmatose. Ovules two in each cell, collateral, rarely su-

200

ACERACE^E.

perposed, sessile, attached to the inner angle of the cell by
nearly the whole length of one side, at length amphitropous
by a very broad insertion, the micropyle inferior.

Fruit a double samara; the two carpels nut-like, coria-
ceous, flattish, at length separating from the small persistent
axis, indehiscent, the back produced into a large membrana-
ceous and reticulated wing, the lower margin of which is
thickened. Seed solitary, or rarely two, in each cell, as-
cending or nearly horizontal, destitute of a funiculus, com-
monly anatropous. Albumen none (the inner integument of
the seed often fleshy). Embryo conduplicate, sometimes
spirally convolute ; the cotyledons variously plicate or fold-
ed, sometimes rugose-complicate, foliaceous, or often fleshy
but foliaceous in germination, incumbent, oblique, or ac-
cumbent on the descending radicle.

Trees, sometimes shrubs, with limpid or seldom rather
milky sap, terete branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves oppo-
site, exstipulate, simple, or in one species palmately trisected,
palmately veined and usually lobed, deciduous. Flowers
small, greenish, yellowish, or red ; either in a terminal raceme
or panicle, appearing with or later than the leaves, or in fas-
cicles from separate lateral buds and preceding the leaves.
Pedicels not articulated. Bracts usually minute and caducous.

Etymology. The classical Latin name of the Maple.

PLATE 174. Acer saccharinum, Wangh.; — branch of a staminate
plant in flower, of the natural size ; with
1-3. Some details from Acer Pennsylvanicum, Linn., viz. : —
1. Diagram of a perfect flower. 2. A sterile flower, enlarged.

3. A vertical section of the same, magnified, showing the perigynous disk.

4. Sterile flower of A. saccharinum, enlarged.

5. A stamen, more magnified.

6. A fertile flower of the same species, magnified.

7. Same, with the calyx laid open, showing the short stamens, disk, &c.

8. The pistil of the same, the other organs removed.

9. Vertical section of its ovary, more magnified. (Ovules advanced.)

10. Fruit, of the natural size ; one carpel cut open to show the seed.

11. A magnified seed vertically divided through the coiled cotyledons.

12. Embryo detached entire, a little unrolled, magnified.

ACER

ACERACEyE.

201

Plate 175.

NEGUNDO, Mcench,

Flores dioici. Calyx minimus, 4- 5-fidus. Petala nulla.
Stamina 4-5, rarius 6. Discus obsoletus. — Folia impari-
pinnata, 3 - 5-foliolata. Flores laterales ; masculi fasciculati
e gemmis aggregatis aphyllis, pedicellis capillaribus ; foeminei
racemosi. — Caetera Aceris.

Negundo, MoDnch. Meth. p. 334. Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 253. DC. Prodr. 1.

p. 596. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 249. Hook. & Am.

Bot. Beech, t. 77. Endl. Gen. 5559.
Negundium, Raf. in N. Y. Med. Repos. (hex. 2.) 5. p. 350.
Acer Negundo, Linn. Michx. f. Sylv. 1. t. 46.

Asli-leaved Maple. Sox-Eldcr.

Flowers strictly dioecious ; the fertile without sterile sta-
mens ; the sterile destitute of a vestige of a pistil. Calyx
very small, somewhat colored, deciduous, four - five-cleft, or
in the fertile flowers four - five-parted ; the lobes lightly im-
bricated in aestivation. Petals none. Disk obsolete or
none. Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6, hypogynous, exserted long
before anthesis : filaments at length capillary : anthers
linear, fixed by the base, apiculate, innate or scarcely in-
trorse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Pistil
of two carpels united at the axis : ovary compressed contra-
ry to the partition, two-lobed by the early growth of the
wing on the back of each carpel : styles 2, filiform, united
only at the base, stigmatose along the whole length of the
inner face. Ovules two in each cell, collateral, attached by
nearly the whole length of the inner face to the middle of
the inner angle of the cell, becoming amphitropous or at
length anatropous, the micropyle inferior.

Fruit a double samara, as in Acer ; the carpels oblong,
with a very large semi-obcordate wing. Seed by abortion
of one of the ovules solitary, oblong, anatropous, ascending,
11

202

ACERACEiE.

destitute of albumen. Embryo conduplicate ; the oblong
and flat foliaceous cotyledons applied face to face, bent
down near the middle, and obliquely incumbent upon the
descending slender radicle.

Trees, with a light green bark on the young shoots, and
scaly buds. Leaves opposite, exstipulate, petioled, pinnate-
ly tri - quinquefoliolate ; the leaflets induplicate in verna-
tion, ovate or oblong, petiolulate, pinnately veined, incisely
toothed or lobed, membranaceous. Flowers small, greenish,
pendulous, appearing with or a little before the leaves, from
separate (and in the sterile plant usually aggregated) lateral
buds ; the staminate cymose-fascicled, on long and capillary
pedicels ; the pistillate racemose (the rachis more prolonged),
on shorter (opposite) pedicels: the lowest bracts membrana-
ceous, the upper minute, deciduous.

Etymology. The name, so far as I know, first appears in the phrase,
" Arbor exot., foliis fraxini instar pinnatis et serratis, Negundo perperam
credita," of Ray's Hist. Plant. I do not find that it is used as a popular
name of the tree in any part of the United States.

Geographical Distribution, Properties, &c. These are mentioned
under the order.

PLATE 175. Negundo aceroides, iVfoncA. ; — a staminate branchlet, in
flower.

1. Raceme of a pistillate plant, in flower; of the natural size.

2. A staminate flower, magnified.

3. A stamen, more magnified.

4. A pistillate flower, magnified.

5. A transverse section of its ovary, showing the collateral ovules.

6. Magnified ovary, with the cells cut open, showing the ovules.

7. An ovule, more magnified.

8. The fruit, with one carpel cut open to show the seed ; natural size.

9. A magnified seed, divided vertically, showing the embryo.
10. The embryo of the same, partly spread out.

GUKD 0.

Ord. sapindacej]:.

Arbores, frutices, rarius herbas scandentes, alternifolia},
rarissime oppositifolias, exstipulatse : dicotyledonea3, sscpius
unsymmetricas, 4-5-merse plerumque 7-9-andrae; oestiva-
tione imbricativa ; petalis et staminibus disco hypogyno v.
subperigyno carnoso insertis, antheris longitudinaliter dehis-
centibus; ovario 3-loculari, loculis 1 - 2-ovulatis ; seminibus
nunc arillatis exalbuminosis ; embryone saepissime curvatis
convolutisve, cotyledonibus incumbentibus carnosis.

Sapindi, Juss. Gen. p. 246.

Sapindace^, Juss. in Ann. Mus. 18. p. 476. Cambess. in Mem. Mus.

18. p. 1. Endl. Gen. p. 1066. Lindl. Veg. Kingd. p. 382.
Sapindace^e & HippocASTANEiE, DC. Theof. ed. 2. p. 244, &, Prodr. 1.

p. 597, 601.

The Soapberry Family is principally tropical and altogether extra-Euro-
pean. In the southern portion of the United States, however, we have sin-
gle representatives of three genera of true Sapindaceae, which order, as
usually restricted, has the leaves (with one exception) alternate, and the
petals commonly appendaged by an internal deduplication. The Horse-
chestnuts and Buckeyes, which belong to the northern temperate zone in
Asia and North America, have long been received as a distinct family, char-
acterized by their opposite and digitate leaves, inappendiculate petals, and
the geminate ovules, of which the upper one in each cell is ascending, the
lower pendulous. But the distinction is completely destroyed by the recent-
ly discovered Texan genus, Ungnadia, Endl., which, with the fruit, the
conferruminate cotyledons, and the general aspect and floral structure of
Hippocastaneae, has alternate and pinnate leaves, cristate-appendaged petals,
and both ovules ascending. Besides, the geminate ovules of Dodonaea
(Plate 182) are turned in the same way as those of the Horsechestnut.
I cannot doubt, therefore, that the Hippocastaneae should form a tribe
merely of Sapindaceae, as suggested by Endlicher, and recently adopted
by Lindley.

Active or poisonous qualities prevail, especially in the root, bark, Ibhage,
and the bitter seeds of this family; while the fruit, although in many cases

204

SAPINDACE^.

noxious, in others furnishes valued articles of the dessert. Among the lat-
ter are the delicious Litchi, Longan, and Ramhutan of the Indian Archipel-
ago, the baccate fruits of as many species of Nephelium ; and the succulent
arillus of the Akee-tree (Cupania or Blighia sapida) is a well-known article
of food on the western coast of Africa. Even the seeds of Dodonaea and
of a few other plants of the order are eatable. On the other hand, some
yield a narcotic poison of such virulence that the South American Indians
use them to envenom their arrows. Several are employed for stupefying
fish. The Soapberries, and to some extent the seeds arid roots of the North
American Buckeyes, abound in a detergent, saponaceous matter, which
lathers freely in water ; whence they are used as a substitute for soap.

The plants of the order are nearly all trees or shrubs, or are shrubby, rare-
ly herbaceous vines, climbing by tendrils, which belong to the inflorescence.

The fourth sepal (in the order of succession in the quincuncial aestivation)
is directed to the axis of inflorescence in this family.

Three tribes are represented in the United States ; which, commencing
with the Hippocastaneae, that they may stand next to the Maples, are defined
in the following

Synopsis of the United States Genera.

Tribe I. HIPPOCASTANEiE. — Ovules 2 in each cell. Cotyledons
very thick and fleshy, partly soldered together. — Leaves (except in Ungna-
dia) opposite and digitate.

-(5]scuLus. (Plates 176, 177.) Calyx 5-lobed. Petals not appendaged.
Ovary sessile : the upper ovules ascending, the lower pendulous. —
Leaves opposite, digitate.
Ungnadia. (Plates 178, 179.) Calyx 5-parted. Petals fimbriate-crested.
Ovary stipitate : both ovules ascending. — Leaves alternate, pinnate.
Tribe II. SAPINDE^. — Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved
or biplicate, rarely straight. — Leaves (with one exception) alternate.
Sapindus. (Plate 180.) Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, regular. Pistil
central. Fruit baccate. Seed not arillate. — Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Cardiospermum. (Plate 181.) Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, irregular;
the appendage of two forms. Pistil eccentric in the flower. Cap-
sule vesicular-inflated. Seeds marked with a heart-shaped arillus.
— Leaves 1 - 3-ternate.
Tribe III. DODONEiE. — Ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. Embryo spi-
rally convolute. — Leaves alternate.

DoDONiEA. (Plate 182.) Calyx 4 -5-parted. Petals none. Capsule
2-4-winged, scpticidal.

SAPINDACEiE.

205

Plate 176, 177.

iESCULUS, L.

Calyx 5-lobus, pi. m. insequalis. Petala 4-5, inaequalia,
inappendiciilata. Stamina 5-8, saepissime 7, disco annulari
subuiiilaterali inserta. Ovarium sessile, 3-loculare ; loculis
2-ovulatis ; ovulis heterotropis. Capsula coriacea, 2 - 3-val-
vis, saepius abortu 1 - 2-locularis, 1 - 2-sperma. Cotyledones
crassissimse, conferruminatas. — Arbores, foliis oppositis pal-
matim 5 - 9-foliolatis, floribus monoico-polygamis in thyrsos
terminales dispositis.

iEscuLus, Linn. Gen. 462. Juss. Gen. p. 251. Torr. *&- Gray, Fl. N.

Am. 1. p. 250. Endl. Gen. 5641.
HippocASTANUM, Toum. Inst. t. 612. Gaerln. Fr. 2. p. 135. t. 111.
Favia, Boerh. Hort. Lugd.-Bat. t. 260.

iEscuLus & Pavia, DC. Prodr. 1. p. 597. Michx. f. Sylv. Amer.
iEscuLus, Pavia, Macrothyrsus, & Calothyrsus, Spach in Ann. Sci.
Nat. (ser. 2.) 2. p. 52.

Horsecliestnut. Buckeye.

Flowers monoecio-polygamous from the abortion of the
pistil. Calyx campanulate or tubular, mostly oblique and gib-
bous at the base posteriorly, five-lobed, deciduous ; the lobes
more or less unequal, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation,
the fourth posterior. Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of
the calyx, or often only 4 from the abortion of the anterior
one, hypogynous, unequal, often dissimilar, declined or erect,
inappendiculate, unguiculate, the margins of the claw or base
of the lamina commonly involute, imbricated in aestivation, v
deciduous. Disk hypogynous, depressed, annular, usually
lobed, more or less gibbous, or produced posteriorly. Stamens
from 6 to 8, very rarely 5, commonly 7, inserted on the disk,
unequal : filaments subulate or filiform, more or less arcu-
ate or declined, usually exserted : anthers cordate-oblong or

206

SAPINDACE^.

elliptical, glandular-apiculate, fixed near the base, introrse,
two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary in the
sterile flowers an abortive rudiment ; in the fertile sessile,
ovoid, three-celled : style slender, more or less curved :
STIGMA terminal, undivided, commonly acute. Ovules two
in each cell, borne on the middle of its inner angle, amphit-
ropous, superposed ; the upper ascending with the micropyle
inferior, the lower pendulous with the micropyle superior.
(Their direction is at first vague or various in different cells,
but they assume these positions by the time the flower-bud
is full-grown.)

Fruit a large leathery capsule, either echinate, or rough-
ened, or smooth and unarmed, three-celled, with the cells (by
the abortion of one ovule in each) one-seeded, or by suppres-
sion oftener one -two-celled and one -two-seeded (the ves-
tiges of the abortive seeds and cells usually discernible at
maturity), loculicidally two - three-valved. Seeds very
large, globular when solitary, or when more than one flat-
tened by mutual pressure, with a very smooth and shining
coriaceous testa and a broad opaque hilum, not arillate. Al-
bumen none. Embryo filling the seed : cotyledons very
thick and fleshy, a little corrugate-complicate and more or
less coherent by their contiguous faces (conferruminate),
unequal, hypogseous in germination, incumbent on the
short conical radicle, which points to the hilum ; plumule
conspicuous, two-leaved.

Trees, or sometimes shrubs, with large scaly buds, and
opposite palmately compound deciduous leaves, destitute of
stipules ; the leaflets five to nine, lanceolate or ovate, serrate,
pinnately veined, the primary veins straight and simple.
Flowers showy, in an ample terminal thyrsus or panicle,
appearing rather later than the leaves, racemose and near-
ly unilateral on the branches of the panicle, polygamous ;
those near the base of the branches of the inflorescence
only perfect and fertile ; the others sterile by the abortion
of the ovary, but otherwise similar ; the pedicels articulated.
Bracts and bractlets minute, caducous. Corolla white, red,
or yellow.

SAPINDACEiE.

207

Etymology. JEsculus is the ancient Latin name of some kind of Oak
or other mast-bearing tree. It was transferred to this genus by Linnaeus
(to the exclusion of the earlier and more appropriate name Ilippocastanum,
i. e. Horsechestnui) , on account of the resemblance of the large seeds to
chestnuts.

Properties. They are handsome ornamental trees or shrubs, but their
timber is of no value. The bark is bitter, astringent, and it is thought feb-
rifugal : it has also been used for tanning. The roots contain a mucilagi-
nous saponifying matter ; those of JE,. Pavia have been employed in Carolina
as a substitute for soap. These, and the bruised branches and the seeds of
this and the other Buckeyes exhale an unpleasant odor, and are imbued v^^ith
a narcotic principle : when thrown into the water they intoxicate fish. The
large farinaceous seeds contain a great deal of nourishment, which is ren-
dered unavailable by the noxious, intensely bitter principle with which they
are charged. Common horsechestnuts, nevertheless, with some precau-
tions, are largely and advantageously used for fattening sheep in Switzer-
land. The Turks give them to horses affected with cough or asthma.
Dr. Griffith {Medical Botany, p. 214) remarks that paste made from these
seeds is preferable to any other, not only as possessing great tenacity, but
likewise because no moths or vermin will attack any thing cemented with
it. It is also stated that the starch, which may be so readily and copi-
ously prepared from them, and from those of the Buckeyes, is superior to
that of wheat.

Geographical Distribution and Division. The genus comprises about
a dozen known species, all indigenous to the temperate parts of Asia and
North America. It was founded on the common Horsechestnut, a native
of the Caucasian region, long cultivated in the East, whence it was intro-
duced into Western Europe nearly three centuries ago. The time and
manner of its introduction are mentioned under the following genus.* A
nearly allied species, with prickly fruit, is found in Northern China. The
smooth-fruited species, which have usually been distinguished as a separate
genus (Pavia, of Boerhaave, &c.), belong, one to the Himalayan region, one
to California, the others to the United States, principally along and near the
Alleghany Mountains. M. glabra, the Ohio or Fetid Buckeye, here figured,
has the ovary and young fruit echinate, like the Horsechestnut ; but the ma-
ture pods are nearly or quite unarmed, and the flowers are those of Pavia.

PLATE 176. ^scuLus glabra, Willd. (also tE. pallida, Willd.) ;— a
small panicle, &c., of the natural size; from the Cambridge Bo-
tanic Garden.

1 . Diagram of a perfect flower.

2, A'ertical section of a sterile flow^er, enlarged, showing the abortive

pistil.

* Vide page 211.

208

SAPINDACEiE.

PLATE 177. ^scuLus glabra ; — details of the flower and fruit.

1. One of the upper petals, enlarged.

2. One of the lower petals, enlarged, seen from the inside.

3. Outside view of the upper part of a stamen, magnified.

4. A magnified stamen, seen from the inner side.

5. Pistil and receptacle (showing the unilateral disk), magnified.

6. Transverse section of the ovary, more magnified.

7. Vertical section of the same, displaying the position of the ovules.

8. An ovule (one of the upper), magnified.

9. Transverse section of a fertilized ovary, less magnified than fig. 6 ; the

single fertilized ovule filling its cell and pressing upon the others,
which remain sterile.

10. The pod of the natural size, dehiscent.

11. Seed of the natural size, showing the large hilum.

12. Section of the same in the same position, dividing the radicle as well

as the large cotyledons.

13. The embryo detached entire.

^ S GULUiS.

SAPINDACEiE.

209

Plate 178, 179.

UNGNADIA, Endl,

Calyx 5-partitus. Petala 4-5, subsequalia, unguibus apice
comato-cristatis. Stamina 8-10, declinata, disco obliquo
unilaterali cum stipite ovarii connato inserta. Ovula in lo-
culis gemina, homotropa. Capsula 3-loba, 3-locularis ; locu-
lis monospermis. Cotyledones crassissimse, confermminatae.
— Arbuscula ^sculoidea, foliis alternis imparipinnatis, flo-
ribus axillaribus polygamo-dioicis.

Ungnadia, Endl. Atakt. t. 36, Nov. Stirp. Decad. 86, & Gen. 5640
(ex pi. ster.). Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 253, & p. 684.
Scheele in Linnsea, 21. p. 589.

Flowers dioecio-polygamous. Calyx of five nearly equal
and herbaceous oblong-lanceolate sepals, somewhat irregu-
larly united at the base only, quincuncially imbricated in
aestivation (rarely of only four sepals?), deciduous. Petals
4, the anterior one absent, or often 5, alternate with the se-
pals and quincuncially imbricated in aestivation (rarely six),
hypogynous on the edge of a thickened and truncate torus,
or obscurely perigynous from its union with the very base
of the calyx, deciduous, unequal when there are five, when
four nearly equal, unguiculate ; the claws at length as long
as the sepals, nearly erect, thickened, woolly, especially on
the inner side, conspicuously appendaged at the summit with
a fimbriate crest composed of short and fleshy tufted threads ;
the lamina obovate, spreading, often irregularly erose-crenu-
late. Disk an oblique fleshy lamina projecting on the poste-
rior side of the flower and connate with the base of the stipe
of the ovary, which it embraces. Stamens 7 to 10, usually 8
or 9, inserted on the oblique edge of the disk, more or less
declined ; in the sterile flowers much exserted and unequal,
the anterior shorter ; in the fertile flowers all usually shorter

I

210 SAPINDACEiE.

than the petals and nearly equal : filaments filiform : an-
thers oblong, fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally. Ovary raised on a slender
stipe longer than itself, ovoid, three-celled ; in the sterile
flowers abortive and destitute of a style ; in the fertile with
the STYLE subulate-filiform, elongated, a little curved : stig-
ma minute, terminal. Ovules two in each cell, borne on its
inner angle near the middle, at first apparently collateral,
soon superposed, between amphitropous and anatropous, both
ascending and with the micropyle inferior.

Fruit a large coriaceous capsule, conspicuously stipitate,
strongly three-lobed, smooth and unarmed, three-celled, lo-
culicidally three-valved, the somewhat obcordate valves bear-
ing the dissepiment on the middle. Seeds, by the abortion
of one (commonly the upper) ovule, solitary in each cell,
large, nearly spherical, inserted by a broad and somewhat
carunculate hilum, with a dark chestnut-brown very smooth
and shining crustaceous testa, and a thin tegmen, peritro-
pous, destitute of albumen. Embryo filling the seed : coty-
ledons very thick and fleshy, almost hemispherical, slightly
complicate and their contiguous faces more or less coherent
with each other (conferruminate), hypogaeous in germina-
tion, incumbent upon the very short and conical descending
radicle, which points to the hilum.

A shrub or small tree, with brittle wood, alternate impari-
pinnate leaves, destitute of stipules, deciduous, or sometimes
persistent ; the leaflets five or seven, or on the earlier leaves
sometimes only three, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pinnately
veined, reticulated, serrate, the terminal one conspicuously
petiolulate. Flowers lateral, in small fascicles or simple
corymbs, appearing with the leaves in early spring from the
axils of the leaves of the preceding season, chiefly from sepa-
rate buds, sometimes from the base of a leafy branch, rather
large and showy. Corolla rose-colored. Pedicels articulated
in the middle.

Etymology. This remarkably interesting genus, which, with fohage not

UNGNADIA

SAPINDACE^.

211

unlike that of a Hickory, is in its flowers and fruit plainly allied to the
Ilorsechestnut (from which it strikingly differs in its inflorescence, and its
alternate, pinnate leaves), commemorates the Baron Ungnod, amhassador
of the Emperor Rudolph II. to the Ottoman Porte, who, in the year 1576,
sent the seeds of the common Ilorsechestnut to Clusius at Vienna, and
thus first introduced that showy and now familiar tree into the West of
Europe.

Geographical Distribution. The single known species belongs to
Texas, where it is common, and where specimens of the staminate plant
only were first gathered by the late Mr. Drummond. The fertile flowers
and fruit have only recently been made known by Messrs. Lindheimer, Wright,
&c. ; from whose seeds I have raised young plants in the Cambridge Botanic
Garden.

Note. The lamented Endlicher (intelligence of whose untimely decease
has reached me while writing this article) characterized this genus from a
staminate specimen alone (from Drummond's collection), which is figured in
a work that few botanists have ever seen, on account of the purposely small
number of copies that were printed. The fertile flowers and the fruit,
although for several years known to us, have not until now been illus-
trated or described, except by Adolf Scheele, who has published a descrip-
tion, from Lindheimer 's specimens, in the Linnaa during the past year. The
flowers which Endlicher happened to examine were pentapetalous, which is
not the more usual case, and he erroneously states the plant to form a large
tree, whereas it is commonly a slender shrub, of five or ten feet in height, or
at most a small tree. Misled by these discrepancies and by the differences
of the tw^o kinds of flowers, and, it would seem from his description, hap-
pening to possess tetrasepalous as well as tetrapetalous flowers (although
there are five sepals in all my Lindheimerian and other specimens), Mr.
Scheele has wrongly introduced a second species, under the name of U.
heterophylla. The leaflets vary from five, or even three on" the earlier
leaves, to seven.

Properties. The seeds are sweet-tasted, not unlike those of Walnuts,
but have emetic properties, according to Mr. Lindheimer.

PLATE 178. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl.; — the staminate plant ; a branch
in flower, of the natural size, from Texas, Lindheimer.

1. Diagram of the flower. (The fourth sepal next the axis, the anterior

petal wanting.)

2. An enlarged petal, inside view, to show the conspicuous fimbriate

crest.

3. A magnified flower, with part of the calyx and petals cut away ; show-

, ing the unilateral disk, &c.

4. A portion of the same, with the disk and the receptacle vertically

divided.

212

SAPINDACEiE.

PLATE 179. Ungnadia speciosa ; — the fertile flower and the fruit.

1. A fertile flower, enlarged.

2. The same, more enlarged, with the calyx and corolla detached.

3. The ovary transversely divided, magnified.

4. Vertical section of a fertile flower, through the pistil, &c., magnified.

5. The two ovules of one cell, more magnified.

6. Magnified vertical section of a fertilized ovary ; the upper ovules sterile.

7. A capsule, of the natural size, dehiscent.

8. One of its valves and a seed, seen from within.

9. A seed of the natural size, the hilum towards the eye.

10. The detached embryo in the same position, the radicle next the eye.

11. A^ertical section of a seed and its embryo.

12. The embryo in the same position.

179

UNGNADIA

SAPlNDACEiE.

213

Plate 180.

SAPINDUS, Tourn,

Calyx 5-partitiis. Petala 5, regularia, intus sa3piiis sqna-
mulaaucta. Stamina 8-10, disco regular! inserta. Ovarium
centrale, 3-loculare ; loculis uniovulatis ; stylo unico. Fruc-
tus carnosus, 1-2- (rarissime 3-) lobus. Semen sphaericum,
exarillatum ; testa ossea. — Arbores, foliis abrupte pinnatis.

Sapindus, Tourn. Inst. p. 569. t. 440. Linn. Gen. 449. Juss. Gen. p.

247. Lam. 111. t. 370. Gaertn. Fr. 1. t. 70. DC. Prodr. 1. p.
607. Cambess. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 1. p. 389. t. 8L Deless. Ic.
3. t. 37. Wight, 111. Ind. Dot. t. 51. Endl. Gen. 5610.

Soapberry.

Calyx of five nearly equal sepals, a little united at the
base, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, deciduous. Disk
fleshy, annular, regular, entire or crenate-lobed, hypogynous,
or somewhat perigynous. Petals 5, equal, alternate with
the sepals, inserted under the thickened edge of the disk,
more or less unguiculate, naked, or often appendiculate with
an entire or two-cleft scale at the summit of the claw on the
inside, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation, deciduous.
Stamens 8, sometimes 10, inserted on the disk immediately
under the ovary, equal : filaments subulate or filiform :
ANTHERS fixed near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary central, sessile, three-lobed,
three-celled : styles united into one : stigmas 3, connivent.
Ovule solitary in each cell, anatropous or partly amphitro-
pous, erect from the base, or ascending from the inner angle
below the middle of each cell ; the raphe ventral.

Fruit fleshy or baccate, formed of a single globose carpel,
the others being abortive ; sometimes two such carpels ripen
and are more or less connate at the base, or rarely all three,
when the fruit is three-lobed. Seed solitary in each carpel,

214 SAPINDACE^.

which it fills, globose ; the hilum inferior, naked (not arillate) ;
the testa bony-crustaceous, smooth, black ; the tegmen mem-
branaceous or fleshy. Albumen none. Embryo incurved
(rarely straight) ; the cotyledons thick and fleshy, incumbent :
RADICLE very short, inferior or descending, near the hilum.

Trees, with alternate abruptly pinnate leaves, destitute of
stipules (the leaflets alternate or opposite), and small polyga-
mous flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, or, by the abor-
tion of the uppermost leaves, in ample compound panicles
terminating the branches. Corolla white or whitish.

Etymology and Properties. The name is compounded of sapo (soap)
and Indus ; in allusion to the detersive properties and use of the soapberry,
the fruit of S. saponaria, which lathers freely in water and is used in the
West Indies as a substitute for soap. It is said that " a few of them will
cleanse more linen than sixty times their weight of soap." Pounded and
thrown into water they intoxicate fish. The bark is bitter and tonic, but the
berries of some African and Indian species are edible.

Geographical Distribution. Natives of the tropics in the Old and
New World. There are two or three species along our Southern confines.
One, which is common in Florida and Texas, and in Northern Mexico, ex-
tends northward to Arkansas and Georgia.

Note. The fruit of Sapindus is usually described as a drupe ; but what
is taken for the endocarp is certainly a bony testa in the species here figured,
and in a Brazilian Soapberry I have examined.

PLATE 180. Sapindus marginatus, Willd.; — branch with a leaf and
one small panicle, of the natural size ; from a Texan specimen.*

1. Diagram of a perfect flower, with the bractlet (anterior).

2. A perfect flower, magnified.

3. Inside view of a magnified petal, showing its two-cleft scale.

4. A magnified stamen, seen from the outside.

5. The same, seen from the inside.

6. Pistil (fructified), with the disk, magnified.

7. Vertical section through the pistil, disk, calyx, &c., showing the

ovules, the insertion of the stamens, petals, &c.

8. An ovule more magnified.

9. Fruit of the natural size, the two abortive carpels at the base.

10. Vertical section of the fruit, seed, and embryo.

11. An entire seed, of the natural size.

* The narrowly winged rachis of the leaf, sometimes only obscurely mar-
gined, is not shown in the figure.

SAPlNDACEiE.

215

Plate 181.

CARDIOSPERMUM, L,

Calyx 4-scpalus, sepalis exterioribus multo brevioribus.
Petala 4, irregularia, intus squamula aucta ; squamulis bifor-
mibus. Stamina 8. Discus in glandulas 2 petalis inferio-
ribus oppositas tumens. Ovarium excentricum ; loculis uni-
ovulatis ; stylo 3-fido. Capsula 3-gona, vesiculosa, 3-locularis,
loculicida. Semina arillo cordiformi notata"; testa Crustacea.
— HerbaB scandentes, pedunculis 2-cirrhosis, foliis biternatis.

Cardiospermum, Linn. Gen. 498. Gsertn. Fr. 1. t. 79. Lam. III. t. 317.

DC. Prodr. 1. p. 106. Cambess. 1. c. p. 348. Endl. Gen. 5598.
CoRiNDUM, Tourn. Inst. p. 431. t. 246.

Heart-seed. Balloon-vine.

Calyx of four herbaceous concave sepals, imbricated in
aestivation, deciduous ; the two exterior lateral, rounded,
much shorter than the anterior and posterior. Petals 4, un-
equal, alternate with the sepals and often somewhat coherent
with them at the base, slightly perigynous, each furnished
with a petaloid appendage which is connate with their base,
imbricated in aestivation, the two upper exterior, these bear-
ing a petaloid inequilateral scale which is destitute of a
crest ; the two anterior interior in the bud, more remote from
the stamens, and bearing each an unguiculate scale which
has an inflexed crested appendage on the inner side below
the apex. Disk produced on the lower side exterior to the
stamens into two rounded or elongated glands, one before
each of the anterior petals. Stamens 8, thrown by the an-
terior projection of the disk, with the pistil which they sur-
round, towards the upper side of the flower : filaments dis-
tinct, or often monadelphous at the base, the anterior usually
shorter: anthers two-ccllcd, introrse, the cells opening lon-
gitudinally. Ovary eccentric, often slightly stipitate, trian-

216

SAPINDACE^.

gular, three -celled : styles short, united at the base, stigma-
tose down the whole inner face. Ovule solitary in each cell,
ascending on a thick funiculus from its inner angle near the
middle, between anatropous and amphitropous.

Capsule membranaceous, vesicular-inflated, triangular or
three-lobed, three-celled, tardily loculicidal. Seed one in
each cell, globose ; the short and thick funiculus expanded
at the hilum into a small (usually heart-shaped) and thin
arillus, which adheres to the blackish crustaceous testa.
Albumen none. Embryo convolute-incurved, and the large
COTYLEDONS also transvcrscly conduplicate above the middle,
incumbent on the short and conical descending radicle.

Herbs, rarely suffrutescent plants, commonly climbing by
tendrils, which arise from the peduncle below the inflores-
cence. Leaves alternate, biternately compound, destitute of
stipules ; the leaflets incised. Flowers perfect or dioBcio-po-
lygamous, small, racemose-paniculate on an axillary peduncle,
which is usually bicirrhose at the summit : partial peduncles
opposite : pedicels articulated in the middle. Corolla white.

Etymology. Name composed of Kapbla, the heart, and a-nepfia, seed,
from the heart-shaped arillus borne at the hilum of the seed.

Geographical Distribution. The species are chiefly tropical Ameri-
can ; one, which is widely diffused over the warmer parts of the world, is to
all appearance indigenous in Louisiana and Texas. It is often cultivated in
our gardens, under the name of Balloon-vine.

Properties. The mucilaginous roots are aperient and diaphoretic.

PLATE 181. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn.; — portion of a flow-
ering stem, cultivated in the Botanic Garden from Texan seeds.
1. Diagram of the flower. 2. A magnified flower seen from underneath.

3. A magnified flower seen from above.

4. Inside view of one of the upper petals with its appendage, magnified.

5. Inside view of one of the lower petals and its appendage, magnified.

6. Inside view, and 7. outside view, of a stamen, magnified.

8. Vertical section of a flower, magnified.

9. The pistil, more magnified. 10. An ovule, still more magnified.

11. The inflated capsule, of the natural size.

12. A transverse section of the same, showing the seeds.

13. A seed and its arillus (seen laterally), enlarged.
11. Vertical section of the same, dividing the cml)ryo.

181.

CARDIOSFERMUM

SAPINDACE^.

217

Plate 182.

DODONJ^A, L,

Calyx 3 - 5-partitus. Petala nulla. Discus obsoletus.
Stamina 5-8, v. plura. Ovarium 3 - 4-loculare ; loculis
2-ovulatis; ovulo superiori adscendente, inferiori pendulo.
Capsula membranacea, 2 - 4-alata, septicida. — Arbusculaj
viscosae.

DoDON^A, Linn. Gen. 855. Lam. 111. t. 304. Cav. Ic. t. 327. Rudge
in Linn. Trans. 11. t. 19, 20. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 616. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 255. Wight, 111. Ind. Bot. t. 52. Endl.
Gen. 5626.

Calyx of from three to five herbaceous or somewhat col-
ored SEPALS, united at the base, imbricated in aestivation,
nearly equal, deciduous. Corolla wanting. Disk obsolete.
Stamens 5 to 8, or rarely more numerous, hypogynous : fil-
aments very short, distinct : anthers fixed by their base,
thick, quadrangular, two-celled, introrse, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary central, sessile or slightly stipitate,
acutely three -four-angled, three - four-celled : styles united
into one to the summit or nearly, the short lobes stigmatose
on the inner face. Ovules two in each cell, borne on a
thick placenta which projects from the middle of its inner
angle, half anatropous, the upper ascending, the lower pen-
dulous ; the short raphe in both ventral.

Capsule membranaceous, reticulated, two-four-lobed, the
lobes winged on the back, two - four-celled, septicidal, the
carinate-winged valves at length falling away from the per-
sistent two - four-winged attenuated axis. Seeds one or
sometimes two in each cell, tumid-lenticular, not arillate ;
the testa crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo spirally con-
volute, homotropous : cotyledons fleshy, linear, incumbent :
radicle linear or oblong, next the hilum.

Shrubs or small trees, often viscous with a resinous exu-
15

218

SAPINDACEiE.

dation ; the leaves simple and entire, or sometimes impari-
pinnate, destitute of stipules. Flowers polygamous, or some-
times all perfect", racemose, paniculate or glomerate, axillary
or terminal, greenish or whitish.

Etymology. The genus is dedicated to Dodoens, a Dutch botanist of the
sixteenth century.

Geographical Distribution. The species are all tropical or subtrop-
ical, the greater number Australian. One very widely distributed species is
found along our Southern confines.

Properties. The resinous exudation of D. viscosa is somewhat balsam-
ic, and the seeds are said to be edible.

PLATE 182. DoDON^A viscosa. Linn. ; — a branch in flower, of the
natural size ; from Florida.

1 . Diagram of the flower.

2. Vertical section of a flower, magnified, showing the ovules.

3. A magnified stamen, seen from the outside.

4. The same, seen from the inside.

5. Fruit, of the natural size.

6. Vertical section of the same, showing the seeds.

7. A seed enlarged.

8. Vertical section of the seed and spirally convolute embryo, magnified.

Ord. POLYGALACEiE.

Herbae vel frutices, foliis integerrimis exstipulatis : dicoty-
ledonese, hypogynae, hermaphroditas, asymmetricae, irregula-
res, quasi papilionacecE, mono — diadelphce corolla mediante,
tubo stamineo subgamopetala postice fissa; antheris imi-
locularihus poro apicis apertis ; ovario 2-locularij loculis
uniovulatis ; seminibus saepe carunculatis ; embryone recto
in albumine parco, cotyledonibus plano-convexis, radicula
supera.

PoLYGALEiE, Juss. in Anti. Mus. 14. p. 386. R. Br. in Flind. Voy. 2. p.

543. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 321. St. Hil. & Moq.-Tand. in Mem.

Mus. 17. p. 313. Endl. Gen. p. 1077.
PoLYGALACE^, Lindl. Introd. Syst. Nat., ed. 2. p. 84, & Veg. Kingd. p.

375.

The Milkwort Family consists of the large genus Polygala, with five or
six small genera which exhibit the same peculiar structure and quasi pa-
pilionaceous appearance of the flower. The structure, however, is essen-
tially different from that of the true papilionaceous corolla. The latter con-
sists of five petals; one posterior, the vexillum, two lateral, the wings, and
two anterior, more or less coherent, forming the keel. Of the sepals, ac-
cordingly, one is directly anterior and two are posterior. The Polygalaceous
flower is differently situated as to the position of the sepals and petals in re-
spect to the axis of inflorescence, having the second sepal next the axis,
after the more usual manner, and the first and third approximated on the
anterior side of the flower ; while the two lateral sepals, enlarged and peta-
loid, seem at first sight to belong to the corolla, and, appearing like the wings
of the papilionaceous corolla, have received the same name. The corolla it-
self consists normally of five petals, two of which are necessarily posterior,
one anterior, and two lateral ; but the lateral are commonly minute or alto-
gether abortive, and the two posterior are more or less combined anteriorly
with the lower petal (which is saccate above and often crested), by means of
their adhesion to the united filaments. The stamens are commonly mona-
delphous, with the tube open posteriorly, and often more or less cleft in the
middle anteriorly, so as to divide the stamens equally into two phalanges, of

220

POLYGALACE^.

four, or rarely three, stamens in each. Sometimes they are plainly diadel-
phous, as in Polygala paueifolia (Plate 184), which is doubtless the normal
plan in this family ; the andrcecium of P. Senega (Plate 183, Fig. 4), con-
sisting of two such phalanges united anteriorly. I suppose, moreover, that
each phalanx answers to a single stamen, which is quadrupled, or occasionally
only doubled or tripled, by collateral deduplication, in the same way as in
Fumariaceas.* Do they represent the two anterior, or the two lateral sta-
mens'? The simple anthers opening by a terminal orifice, which are charac-
teristic of this family and the Tremandreae, are not essentially unlike those
of a few Leguminosas. But the dicarpellary pistil with a two-celled ovary,
arid the albuminous usually carunculate seeds, not to mention the hypogy-
nous insertion of the corolla and stamens, draw a striking line of separation
between these two families, which nevertheless closely approach each other
through Krameria. On the other hand, the Polygalaceae are thought to ex-
hibit more points of resemblance with Sapindaceae than with any other fam-
ily, except the Tremandreas. In so far as this approximation is based upon
the apparent agreement in the prevalent number of the stamens (eight), it
would have no real foundation if the type of Polygalacese is diandrous, with
the number of anthers increased by deduplication, as is suggested above.

This family is widely diffused throughout the temperate and tropical parts
of the world ; and the typical, which is by far the largest genus, is equally
widely distributed over the Old and New Worlds in both hemispheres.
There are about thirty known species of Polygala in extratropical North
America, nearly all of which belong to the United States proper. It is the
only genus which occurs in this country.

Several plants of the family are employed in medicine, of which the most
celebrated is our Seneka Snakeroot (Polygala Senega, L.], so called from
its use by the aborigines of this country as an antidote to the poison of the
rattlesnake. This " has been successfully employed as an emetic, a stim-
ulant, an expectorant, a sudorific, a diuretic, and in fact to fulfil almost
every indication." Others are very bitter and tonic, such as our P. polyga-
ma and P. paueifolia ; while some are merely emetic, like a Brazilian spe-
cies which forms one of the false Ipecacuanhas, Several species, of widely
distant parts of the world, have the reputation of being antidotes to snake-
bites. Saponaceous and detergent qualities prevail in Monnina, the bark of
which is used by the Peruvians as a substitute for soap. The drupes of
Mundia, of the Cape of Good Hope, are edible.

* Vide Vol. I. p. 118.

rOLYGALACE/E.

221

Plate 183, 184.

POLYGALA, Tourn,, L.

Sepala ina3qualia, 2 lateralibus (alis) petaloideis maximis.
Petala 3, in corollam postice fissam inferne coalita ; anticum
(carina) galeatum, cristatum. Stamina 8, rariusve 6, in pha-
langes 2 gcquales antice pi. m. connatas corollas adnatas
coalita : antherae uniloculares, poro apicis dehiscentes. Cap-
sula compressa, membranacea, 2-locularis, 2-spermaj carun-
culata.

PoLYGALA, Tourn. Inst. t. 79. Linn. Gen. 851. Juss. Gen. p. 99. DC.

Prodr. 1. p. 321. St. Hil. & Moq.-Tand. in Mem. Mus. 17.

p. 313. t. 27, 28. Deless. Ic. 3. t. 15-18. Endl. Gen. 5647.
Cham^buxus, Dillen. Gen. t. 9.

PsYCHANTHus &L Triclisperm A, Raf. Speech. 1. p. 116, 117.
Milkwort, ^nakeroot.

Calyx of five distinct and very unequal sepals, persistent,
or often (in P. paucifolia, &c.) deciduous, quincuncially im-
bricated in aestivation ; the three exterior small and more or
less herbaceous, two of these (the first and third) approxi-
mate and anterior, and one (the second) posterior (next the
axis of inflorescence), larger, concave ; the two interior
(wings) lateral, much larger than the others and of a differ-
ent shape and texture, colored like the petals. Petals 5,
the two lateral minute, or usually (always ?) by their sup-
pression only 3, hypogynous, irregular, imbricated in aestiva-
tion, the two posterior exterior in the bud, connivent, below
coalescent by their anterior margins with the anterior petal,
thus forming a kind of gamopetalous corolla, which is open
on the upper side to the base ; the anterior petal (called the
keel) galeate above and inclosing the anthers and style in
its cavity, sometimes thrce-lobed, more or less crested on
the back. Stamens 8, or sometimes 6, monadelphous or

222

POLYGALACEJE.

diadelphouSj usually in two equal phalanges, which are ad-
nate to the corolla, one each side of the anterior petal, either
unconnected except by means of the corolla (as in P. pau-
cifolia, therefore diadelphous), or united anteriorly into one
membrane (monadelphous) : filaments distinct above, fili-
form : ANTHERS ovoid or cup-shaped, fixed by their base,
opening at the apex by a large pore or a transverse cleft,
one-celled, or when young sometimes two-celled. Pollen
of simple globular grains. Disk a posterior hypogynous
gland, or rarely annular, often obsolete. Ovary laterally
compressed, two-celled, the cells anterior and posterior :
STYLE terminal, curved, ascending, thickened upwards, of
very various forms, often lobed, usually compressed, either
in the same plane as the ovary or in the contrary direction :
STIGMA either terminal or lateral. Ovule solitary in each
cell, pendulous from its inner angle near the summit, anatro-
pous ; the raphe ventral.

Capsule membranaceous, two-celled, compressed contrary
to the dissepiment, obcordate, oval, or orbicular and emar-
ginate, opening at the margins by loculicidal dehiscence.
Seed solitary in each cell, suspended, with a crustaceous
testa, appendaged at the hilum by a fleshy or spongy carun-
cle, which is frequently extended into two or three con-
spicuous lobes sometimes as long as the seed itself. Em-
bryo large, nearly the length of the seed, straight, in the
axis of rather thin or scanty and fleshy albumen : cotyle-
dons flat or plano-convex, fleshy : radicle short and coni-
cal, (or sometimes little shorter than the cotyledons them-
selves,) superior.

Herbs of small size, or in warmer regions shrubby plants ;
with a bitter aqueous, or in the roots sometimes milky, juice,
and alternate, rarely opposite or verticillate, entire leaves,
destitute of stipules. Flowers of various colors, subsolitary,
or most commonly in terminal or rarely axillary spikes or
racemes, which are often cymose or panicled. All the flow-
ers are perfect ; but in several species (such as P. polygama
and P. paucifolia) the conspicuous flowers seldom mature
fruit, while this is abundantly produced by others, which

P C L Y G A L A

POLYGALACEiE.

223

are subterranean or next the ground, often of simpler and
less irregular structure and with short styles, which are
fertilized in the bud, in the manner of Viola, and of Im-
patiens (Plate 153, page 133), &c. Pedicels commonly
articulated, bracteate, and mostly bibracteolate at or near
the base.

Etymology. A name applied to this genus by the earliest botanists,
compounded of ttoKvs, much, and yaXa, milk; from the prevalent idea
that these plants possessed the property of increasing the lacteal secre-
tion.

Geographical Distribution, Properties, &c., are considered under
the order.

Note. This large genus, comprising two or three hundred species, was
arranged by De Candolle in eight sections, which now greatly need entire
revision. Two of the more distinct forms which occur in the United States
are here chosen for illustration. The hypogaeous fertile flowers of P. pau-
cifolia which we examined exhibited the corolla reduced to the keel-petal
alone, to the margins of which the two phalanges of three stamens each
directly adhere.

PLATE 183. PoLYGALA Senega, Linn. ; — a plant, of the natural size
(Northern New York).

1. Diagram of the flower.

2. Vertical section of a flower, magnified, dividing the ovary and display-'

ing the ovules.

3. The calyx spread out and magnified, seen from underneath.

4. Inside view of the corolla and stamens, spread out and magnified, the

two phalanges united nearly to the summit.

5. An anther, with the distinct portion of the filament, magnified.

6. The pistil, seen laterally, with the receptacle, magnified.

7. Capsule, with the persistent calyx, magnified.

8. A magnified seed, showing its raphe and the two-horned caruncle.

9. A vertical section of the same, displaying the embryo.

10. Transverse section of the same and of the cotyledons.

11. The embryo detached (inverted), the large cotyledons separated, mag-

nified.

12. Seed of Polygala crticiata, Xmn. ; — magnified.

13. Transverse section of the same. (The albumen in this species is of

equal thickness all round the embryo ; but the engraver has wrong-
ly represented it as thinner at the edges of the cotyledons, as is in-
deed the case in P. Senega.)

224

POLYGALACEiE.

PLATE 184. PoLYGALA PAUciFOLiA, WUU. ; — of the natural size, in
flower, and with the clandestine fructification at the base.

1. The sepals displayed, of the natural size.

2. Inside view of the corolla, spread open, and the stamens included in

the keel, magnified.

3. One of the side-petals torn away, with one of the phalanges of stamens

adherent to its edge.

4. Lateral view of the anterior petal (keel), from which the side-petals

and the stamens have been separated.

5. The pistil, with the posterior gland of the disk, equally magnified.

6. The strongly concave posterior sepal, equally magnified.

7. A dehiscent anther, more magnified, showing its thin partition.

8. Lateral view of an anther, equally magnified.

9. The thickened apex of the style and stigma, seen laterally ; magnified.

10. Magnified vertical section of the ovary and receptacle, showing the

ovules in place, with the forming lobes of the caruncle.

11. One of these ovules detached and more magnified.

12. Diagram of one of the clandestine fertile flowers ; the corolla reduced

to the keel-petal.

13. A fructified pistil of the same, partly inclosed by its bract and the per-

sistent calyx, magnified.

14. Calyx of the same displayed ; magnified.

15. Inside magnified view of its corolla, consisting of the anterior petal

only, with the two triandrous phalanges adnate to its margins.

16. Its fertilized pistil, detached, magnified.

17. Dehiscent capsule, of the natural size.

18. Magnified transverse section of the same, and of the contained seeds.

19. A magnified seed, with its long three-horned caruncle.

20. Transverse section of the seed, magnified, with its thick, plano-con-

vex cotyledons in the thin albumen. (The latter, which is not
well represented by the engraver in this respect, is very thin or
almost interrupted next the edges of the albumen.)

21. Vertical section of the seed, with its caruncle, magnified, showing the

embryo in place.

Ord. KRAMERIACEtE?

SuffriUices vel herbac, a Polygalaceis diverssB, petalis 3
coalitis staminibusque posticis, pistillo simplici uniloculari
2-ovulato, semine ecamnculato exalbaminoso, radicula intra
cotyledones crassas recondita ; a Leguminosis Ca^salpinieis,
nuUo modo distinctse nisi foliis exstipulatis, staminihus hy-
pogynis, anticis deficientihus.

KRAMERiACEiE, Mart. Consp. p. 44.

Plate 185, 186.

KRAMERIA, Loejl., L.

Char, ut ordinis monotypici.

Krameria, Loefl. Iter. p. 195. Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. Fl. Peruv. t. 3.

Juss. Gen. p. 425, & in Mem. Mus. 1. p. 390. DC. Prodr. 1.
p. 341. St. Hil. & Moq.-Tand. in Mem. Mus. 17. t. 31 & 19.
p. 336. St. Hil. Fl. Bras. 2. p. 73. t. 97. Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech, p. 8. t. 5. Torr. Gray, Fl. N. Am. 1. p. 134, & p.
671. Endl. Gen. r)656. Benth. PI. Hartw. p. 13. A. Braun in
Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. not. p. 4.

Rliataiiy.

Calyx of five more or less petaloid and unequal at length
deciduous sepals, quincuncially imbricated in aestivation,
often oblique or falcate ; one of them (the first) nearly an-
terior and often gibbous at the base, and two (the second
and fifth) posterior; one of the interior (the fifth) usually
smaller than the others, or in some species wanting. Petals
5, hypogynous, much smaller than the petals and alternate
with them, dissimilar, of two forms, the fifth posterior and
interior in asstivation ; this and the two lateral approximate
on the upper side of the flower, con similar, unguiculate,

226

KRAMERIACE^.

with a small and rounded sometimes nearly abortive lamina,
distinct, or commonly with their long claws united at the
base or for nearly their whole length ; the two anterior
petals lateral, remote, short and sessile, oblique, rounded or
flabelliform, fleshy. Stamens 4 (or by abortion fewer), oc-
cupying the posterior side of the flower, hypogynous ; the
FILAMENTS floshy, curvcd, sometimes free and distinct, or
nearly so, then obviously alternate with the petals, but the
place of the anterior one vacant (or rarely, according to
Engelmann. occupied by a sterile filament), sometimes the
two middle or superior ones united, and the two lateral
(which are often rather longer) distinct, sometimes all equal-
ly or unequally monadelphous, often adnate to the claws of
the three posterior petals : anthers fixed by their base, erect,
two-celled, somewhat opening at the (occasionally tubular-
produced) apex by a double or single pore. Pollen of sim-
ple globose grains. Disk none. Pistil single and simple,
sessile : ovary ovoid or globular, gibbous, silky-hirsute, one-
celled, with a single placental line occupying the side next
the axis of inflorescence and often projecting a little into the
cell : style obliquely terminal, subulate or filiform : stigma
terminal, simple. Ovules 2, collateral, pendulous from near
the summit of the cell, anatropous.

Fruit woody-coriaceous or crustaceous, indehiscent, glo-
bose, echinate with strong prickles (which are either glochi-
date at the apex, as in K. cytisoides, or retrorsely scabrous),
one-celled by the abortion of one ovule, one-seeded. Seed
pendulous, globular, conformed to the cell, not at all carun-
culate or appendaged ; the testa smooth and membrana-
ceous ; the small and naked hilum connected by a narrow
raphe with a very broad chalaza. Albumen none. Embryo
conformed to the seed, which it fills, straight : cotyledons
thick and fleshy, plano-convex, strongly auriculate-produced
at the base : radicle superior, near the hilum, conical, en-
tirely concealed by the extended base of the cotyledons :
plumule manifest.

Suffruticose plants, silky-villous, with numerous diff'tise
or decumbent stems arising from thickened fleshy roots ; the

KRAMERIACEiE.

227

leaves alternate, destitute of stipules, simple and sessile, or
in one species palmately trifoliolate. Flowers purplish, ax-
illary, sometimes collected in a leafy raceme. Peduncles
bibracteate above the middle or next the flower, articulated
just above the bracts.

Affinity, &c. Jussieu, who in the Genera Plantarum left Krameria
among the PlantcE inccrtcB sedis, afterwards arranged it with the genera
allied to Polygala, observing, however, that the structure of the flower
differed in some respects, and that the seed was destitute of albumen. Mr.
Brown, in the Appendix to Flinders'' s Voyage, directly referred it to the
Polygaleaj ; but it is evident from his remarks upon the essential distinctions
between this family and the Leguminosas, that he regarded the odd sepal to
be posterior, and the three unguiculate petals to be anterior. This is the
view of their position which is taken by St. Hilaire and Moquin-Tandon,
and which is corrected by Hooker and Arnott, in the Botany of Beechey's
Voyage, who state, on the contrary, that " the relative position of the se-
pals and petals to the axis of the spike or bractea is scarcely different from
what exists in the Leguminosae, where Sir J. E. Smith seems disposed to
fix this genus." Endlicher, who adopts St. Hilaire's view of the position
of the floral organs, appends the genus to Polygaleae. So does Lindley, in
the Vegetable Kingdom, although he has copied Hooker and Arnott's figure,
with the diagram, in which the organs are laid down in their real position.
Next, the relationship to Polygala has been maintained by Bentham (in
PlantcB HartwegiancB, p. 13) upon new grounds ; he taking the four larger
sepals, the lower of which he conceives to be double, to constitute the entire
calyx, and the fifth or smaller one, which is sometimes wanting, as the sole
vestige of the corolla ; the three unguiculate petals and the two lateral sta-
mens he takes for the normal series of the androjcium ; and the two upper
stamens, with the two fleshy organs, for an inner stamineal series. To this
it is justly replied by Professor Braun (in some remarks that are known to
me only by Dr. Engelmann's note, in Plantce LindheimeriancB, p. 4), that
the fleshy petals cover the lateral stamens in aestivation, and therefore can-
not belong to an interior circle. Braun and Engelmann also state that in K.
lanceolata there is occasionally an anterior sterile filament alternate with the
lower petals, completing the symmetry of the flower, which they consider
as that of a pentandrous Leguminosa. When they remark- that this lower
stamen answers to the free tenth stamen of papilionaceous flowers, however,
they only mean that it is the odd one, and analogous to it, not that it occu-
pies the same position ; for that stamen is posterior. This leads me to re-
mark, that the only important character I can mention to distinguish Krame-
ria from Leguminosae Caesalpinieae (with which it appears exactly to accord
in the aestivation of the corolla), except that the stamens and petals are truly
hypogynous, lies in the order of the suppression of the stamens. When

228

KRAMERIACEiE.

those of Leguminosae are irregularly reduced, it is the posterior which be-
come sterile or disappear, while in this genus the anterior stamen is sup-
pressed. But even this character is invalidated ; in the first place, by the
manifest tendency of the posterior stamens next to sulfer reduction, as is
shown by their usually smaller size and by the disappearance of one of them
(as I suppose) in K. triandra ; and secondly, by the rare occurrence of the
same order of suppression in the Leguminosag, as in Dialium (so admirably
illustrated by Mr. Bennett*) and Casparea. The trifoliolate leaves of K.
cytisoides, noticed by Lindley as indicating an affinity with Sapindaceae, may
with at least equal propriety be adduced in favor of the relationship with
Leguminosae. Whether Krameria is actually to be incorporated into the
latter family or not is still an open question ; but it is certain that it does
not belong to Polygalaceae. From that family it is plainly excluded by the
monocarpellary pistil, the relation of the sepals and petals to the axis,
the posterior situation of the stamens, the collateral ovules, and the exalbu-
minous seed.

Etymology. The genus was dedicated by Loefling, a pupil of Linnasus,
to two German botanists, of the name of Kramer^ one of them author of a
Flora of Lower Austria.

Geographical Distribution. A genus of several species, natives of
Chili, Peru, Brazil, and Mexico, with one species in the West Indies, and
one in Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. The latter is nearly herbaceous, but
has a large and strong somewhat ligneous root. During the last summer
Mr. Wright found a second truly sufFruticose species on the southern fron-
tier of Texas, which is probably the K. pauciflora of De Candolle.

Properties. The roots contain a red coloring matter, are very astringent
and somewhat mucilaginous, wdth only slight bitterness. The Rhatany-root
of commerce is furnished by the Peruvian Krameria triandra. Chemically
analyzed, it is found to contain a very large percentage of tannin, and a pe-
culiar acid called by Peschier the Krameric, upon which its styptic proper-
ties are supposed to depend. The roots, or an extract prepared from them,
are largely exported from Peru to Portugal, where they are used to adulter-
ate port-wine. The powder is commonly used in Peru as a tooth-powder,
and it is an ingredient of many preparations of the kind. In medicine it is
employed as an astringent. The roots of the West Indian K. Ixina have
been likewise employed for the same purposes. Those of our K. lanceolata,
which are often more than three feet long, are endowed with similar proper-
ties, and might be substituted for the officinal article, which is a profitable
export from Peru.

PLATE 185. Krameria lanceolata, Torr. ; — short flowering stems,
with a portion of the root, of the natural size.
1. An expanded flower, enlarged.

* In Horsefield's PlantcB Javaniccc Rariorcs, p. 136.

KR AMERIA.

KRAMERIA

KRAMERIACEiE.

229

PLATE 186. Details of the flower and fruit.

1. Diagram of the flower of K. secundiflora, DC. (K. Ixina, Denth.)^

with the bract and bractlets.

2. Calyx of the same, outspread and enlarged, seen from underneath.

3. Diagram of the flower of K. lanceolata, with the bract or floral leaf an-

terior, the two bractlets lateral ; the shaded circle above indicates
the position of the axis of inflorescence. The section of the ovary
shows the collateral ovules.

4. Calyx outspread and enlarged, seen from underneath.

5. The three upper petals, their claws combined, magnified.

6. One of the lower fleshy or glandular petals, magnified.

7. The four monadelphous stamens, magnified.

8. An anther more magnified, cut across to show the partition.

9. The pistil, with the receptacle, magnified.

10. Magnified vertical section of the flower through the pistil, showing the

union of the filaments with the combined claws of the petals, one
of the ovules, &c.

11. An ovule more magnified.

12. A fruit, of the natural size.

13. Vertical section of the same, and of the seed and embryo, contrary to

the width of the cotyledons, enlarged.

14. The seed, detached and magnified, showing the raphe and chalaza.

15. Vertical section of the same parallel with the cotyledons, so as to cut

away one of the latter.

Abutilon velutinum, Plate 125, p. 67, is doubtless A. holoseri-
ceum, Scheele in Linncea, 21. p. 471 (1848), described, in some points incor-
rectly, from Lindheimer's specimens.

Pavonia Wrightii, Plate 130, p. 76, would appear to be P. lasiopetala,
Scheele in Linncca, I. c.

Malvastrum Wrightii, Gray, PL FendL, Plate 121, p. 60, is described
by Scheele under the name of Malva aurantiaca.

DATE DUE

FFB19

1999

1

1 GAYUORO

FMINTIOIMW.t.A. j

SCIENCE

110

G73

2

22721