AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY GENERAL GUIDE | EXHIBITION HALLS Guide Leaflet Series, No. 40 New York, November, 1914 Published by the Museum 2 = So 5 be Se Fin ew i . sarge ten, ets arden es ote daeae re. = oe aon hee : On Oe 8 ee ge a ee oe fe PEt a. : Serpe be sales ae a o8 ii a os 7 ee ae ‘ > penne Bnd = Sa Vin lve cos ove oneal san eee 10 Study Colleotaity ac. oicdied wasn tier ob Pee edie 6 aahos tales Chee eee 12 Publiontamg iis 155 vith sc au xk colds Geet eee ae oe eee 15 Wr RROWIS 608 os «5d e io es or pws go nk Oe wate ee yt a eee 16 First Fioor: Visitors’ - Room. sr Sei ea ee ey ko soe 19 Memorial Hall (South Pavia) 3322335 Fe wee ie es os See pee 19 Moteorites. iii .6o iS sce ae ee hs 2 i an tial oe See 20 Indians of North Pacific Coast (South Central Wing)................. 20 Eskimo Collections (South Central Wing)..................20-.0000: 23 Mural Decorations (South Central Wing)..............-......00000: 23 Auditormm : (Central: Pavilion) .o< 3 2.3. ii a ss mere eee ee 24 Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing)......................50- 26 Indians of the Plains (Southwest Pavilion)................0202eeee08 29 Indians of the Southwest (West ‘Wing) .. 2.02. 65244 .2e ecu ee eee 32 Polar ‘Maps (ast :Corridot) 3.222 6. 55. vee enna ae toned ae eee eee 35 Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing).......... 35 Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion).................... 37 SEcoND FLoor: Amphibians, Reptiles. (South: Pavilion) «3:22.45 04 oak «ag 2 se eee 44 Local Birds (Weal Corrisory 65 Ss Sie ee ee Lee 49 Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America (Southwest Wing). . 51 Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion)... . 54 Collections from-Africa CWest Wing): . 0.62). ee cic os eet 55 Birds of the World: (South Central: Wing). ....0: 02. 22 cae nn eb eae eee 56 Recent Fishes (Corridor of Central Pavilion)...........5............. 59 Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing)....................... 65 Preparation of Elephant Greup (Southeast Pavilion).................. 70 TuHIRD FLOoR: Members’ Room (Mast Corridor) <5...) 5. ohana bs ee eee 71 Monkeys, Apes, Rodents and Bats (South Pavilion)................... 71 Right Whale Skeleton (South Pavilion). 3%... ooo. 5 ) tl gar a elanee ier oe = hart ee EEE A. wee J ow * ~~. wk te Qs My w a 4 b> mh 7 > a i‘, - yi "a. PF : i. 7 2") ) fate . JF as WILD PLUM IN THE FORESTRY HALL Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life 36 INVERTEBRATES. SPONGES 37 covered, The specimens show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the specimens give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its economic uses. The trees are grouped by families and the location of each family will be found on the floor plan at the entrance of the hall. The reproduc- tions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in natural size are instructive. This work is done in the Museum laboratories. Note the character of forests as shown by the transparencies. [For fuller information in regard to this hall see Guide Leaflet No. 32.| SOUTHEAST PAVILION INVERTEBRATES At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the inverte- brate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to groups il- lustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by Wm. Couper presented by the New York Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. Passing around the hall from left to right, the progression is from the lowest forms of animal life, the one-celled Protozoa, to the highest and most complex forms of animal life, Synoptic Series the Primates, in- cluding man. The distinctive charac- teristics of each group are fully de- scribed on the al- cove and case labels. Many of the minute forms are repre- sented by skilfully prepared models in glass and wax show- ing the animal many times enlarged. European commercial sponge comparable with the Florida ye low sponge or “‘Hardhead.’’ The sponge industry in both the obtain an idea of the Mediterranean and the Bahama region is almost destroyed by careless methods, and conservation must be practiced here as in other of the world’s resources Thus the visitor may form and _ structure of these animals which in spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital influence on the life of man. A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP INVERTEBRATES, SPONGES. 39 ase ip ire te pi ite Lega ’ Marine Habitat Group. A community of starfishes, sea anemones, sea urchins, corals and sponges as seen below the edge of a coral reef in the Bahamas This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single- celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea while the ocean bottom in many localities is covered with them. The specimens exhibited in this alcove are mainly models, some of which are enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Sponges are principally of two kinds — those with skeletons or sup- porting structures of silica (i. e. flint) and those with skeletons of horn. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the specimens exhibited the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many of the “glass” sponges are very beautiful in Alcove2 design. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New Sponges England coast to the gigantic “Neptune’s goblets” found in the eastern seas. This alcove contains certain specimens whose tis- sue is represented in wax tinted to show the natural coloring of sponges, which varies from the bleached yellowish color commonly seen to deep brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying shades. Alcove 1 Protozoa 40 INVERTEBRATES. POLYPS, WORMS In Alcove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: plant-like hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which really are a series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes with their umbrella-shaped bodies and long streaming tentacles; brilliant colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals, and the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps mistakenly called “coral insects” are the animals that build up the coral reefs. In front of the window is a life-sized model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese Man-of-War. ‘This organism is really a colony of many polyp individuals attached to one another, and specialized for various functions. The best known species in this group is the tapeworm, whose develop- ment and structure are accurately shown by the models in Alcove 3 Polyps inetiny 4 the central case. As will be seen, its structure is more com- atworms : : plex than that of preceding forms. These are for the most part parasitic, living in the diges- Alcove 5 ; BT ag tive canals of mammals. The most familiar is the common Roundworms roundworm or intestine worm, Ascaris, an enlarged model of which is exhibited. The minute wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of gelatinous substance, sand-grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, but most of them live a free, active life. They are aquatic and mainly found in fresh water. The sea-mats in Alcove 7 are plant-like animals which lead the colonial form of life. The majority of the species are marine, al- though a few occur in fresh water. The lamp shells shown in this aleove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the worms and starfishes. Alcove 8 is occupied by the starfishes, the sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sea lilies. The starfish is the pest of the oyster beds where it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large numbers. The brittle stars when handled or attacked are able to drop off an arm and later regenerate another. Sea urchins are an important article of food in Europe and the West Indies. The annelids, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worms whose Alcove 6 Rotifers Alcove 7 Sea-mats Alcove 8 Starfish bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhab- itants of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. The “houses”? that these annelids build are often very beautiful and interesting. In the window is a group showing a section of a mud flat on the New England coast with the variety of worm life found in what to Alcove 9 Annelids the casual observer seems to be an uninhabited area. INVERTEBRATES. MOSQUITO 4] Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and their rela- tives. The number of existing species in this group is Alcove 10 iiasdsalle greater than that of all the rest of the animal and vegetable kingdoms together. No other group comprises so many species useful or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove is a model showing the anatomy of the common lobster, Crustaceans BE Binncin also enlarged models showing heads of various species of insects. On the wall are two of the largest specimens of lobsters that have ever been taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, some of which, like that placed on the wall, have a spread of about ten feet. The mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the vast number and diversity of forms which it embraces, including marine, fresh water and land animals. All mollusks have soft bodies but nearly all of ae them secrete a shell which in many species is of pearly mate- Mollusks rial (mother-of-pearl). Well-known examples of this group are the common clam and oyster and enlarged models in the telat center case show the anatomy of these species. The largest Clam and oe es i ¢ Oyster species is the huge © bear’s paw”’ or furbelowed clam of the eastern seas. Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelligent of animals. This group culminates in man who still bears witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention of a chorda (cartilaginous spine), and gill clefts during embryonic life. Among these ancestral forms are the Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model of which is shown in the central case, while others are shown among the animals on the wharf-piles in the window group. The models in the central case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates. An exceptionally large specimen of beautiful madrepore coral is in the case near the entrance, and the associations of marine life that may be found among the coral reefs of the Bahamas are represented by several small groups in the center of the hall. Certain of the groups in this section of the hall illustrate various biological principles associated with the name of Darwin. The variation in form, size and color of the snail and the variation of the shell of the common scallop are graphically shown. Four large models in the center of the hall show the mosquito which is the agent in the spread of malaria. These models represent Alcove 12 Vertebrates Coral meee gf the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters or in volume the Malarial 5 Mosquito four hundred thousand times the natural size. The mos- quito in its development undergoes a metamorphosis. ‘The model at the left shows the aquatic larval stage; the larve are the “wrig- glers”’ of our rain water barrels. The next model is the pupal stage, also A PORTION OF THE BULLFROG GROUP Two frogs are engrossed in a chickadee on the birch branch above. The smaller frog seems likely to fall a prey to a black snake ready to strike from the white azalea near. The scene is typical of Southern New England in July. The frogs and the reptiles are wax casts from life. The various activities of bullfrog life are set forth, with their relation to birds and small mammals, fish, snakes, turtles, insects and snails. The metamorphosis from the tadpole is also shown 42 INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 45 aquatic. The third model is of the adult male mosquito which is harmless since it never bites man. ‘The fourth model shows the adult female mos- quito in the attitude of biting. In another case is a series of models showing the life eyele of the malarial germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito. In several of the alcove windows are habitat groups of invertebrates illustrating the natural history of the commoner and more Window typical animals. Groups ven i In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural surroundings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor and the distant view of Woods Hole village with the U. S. Fish Commission buildings are shown in the background, represented by an enlarged colored photographie transparency. In the foreground the shallow water of the harbor near the shore is represented in section to expose the animal life found on muddy bottoms among the eel-grass, as well as the chimneys of various worm-burrows. In the lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom exposes the worms within the burrows. Several species of these are represented. [See Reprint.| In the Mollusk Aleove window is shown the natural history of a sand- spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore mollusks and their associates. The entrance of the harbor Marine Worm Group Ee is seen in the distance. In the foreground at the edge of Mollusk " : , . : Group the sand-spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the receding tide over which fiddler-crabs are swarming into their burrows. Beneath the water surface an oyster is being attacked by a star-fish, while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing their usual activities. The window group in the Vertebrate Alcove shows the piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass. Below the low-tide mark the submerged piles are covered with flower-like colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these are sea- anemones, tube building worms, hydroids, mussels, sea mats and several kind of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive members of the Chordate group which includes the vertebrates. Like the embryo of man, they possess during their larval period a chorda or cartilaginous spine. At first they are free swimming but later in life many of their organs degenerate and they become fitted to a stationary mode of life. [See Reprint.| Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin. On the right and left of the entrance variation under domestication is Wharf Pile Group aise illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and domesticated fowls, the wild Domestication SPecies from which they have been derived being shown in com- pany with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- Struggle for rounded by its many enemies and yet continuing to main- Existence tain an existence by virtue of its great birth rate, [Return to the elevators.| WES NORT A a LABORATORIES) GALLERY PREPARATION oF -pAUDITORIUM A vu wi 5 a 0 a oa T unw ons O=— a wy a — (e) Su 2562 Oo < U tame a PREHISTORIC FE =i= ANCIENT MONUMENTS MAMMALS MAN OF NORTH PENTEL AWEREER NORTH AMERICA AMERICA —=__ "= 8 2 4 =—-——=— es 2s SOUTH 1. Elevators SECOND FLOOR SOUTH PAVILION This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis- order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the hall contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other halls in process of re-arrangement; later it is hoped that it will contain a series of groups of birds from various parts of the world. The Asiatic elephant is the famous “Tip” brought to this country in 1881, and for seven years one of the attractions of Fore- paugh’s circus. He was given to the City of New York by Mr. Forepaugh and lived in the Central Park Menagerie until 1894, when because of his treacherous disposition it was found neces- sary to kill him. He is said to have caused the death of several of his keepers, and was twenty-three years old when killed. Here, awaiting the construction of a new wing is exhibited the collection of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty of preserving the natural covering of many of these animals they are usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. In the speci- mens on exhibition here, the perishable parts have been cast in wax from 44 Elephant “Tip? Reptiles and Amphibians East | REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 45 life; for example in the star tortoise the original “shells’’ of the specimens are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax. ‘The mounting not only brings out the principal features of the species exhibited, but in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals; for instance the common newt, one of the salamanders, is represented by a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin; Picker- ‘ ing’s hyla or the “spring peeper” is shown with vocal sacs inflated; the poisonous bushmaster is represented with its eggs, and so on. The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases; the groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana, the water moc- easin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattlesnake, the copper- head, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise and the common painted turtle. One of the most interesting of the groups is a jungle scene in India showing a water monitor, which is the largest of living lizards, the poisonous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra, the last with hood distended and body poised ready to strike. The cobra is said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000 deaths which annu- ally occur in India from snake bite. Examine carefully the group of the copperhead snake or “red-eye,” one of the two species of poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity of New York and also the group contrasting the harmless water snake with the poisonous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. ‘Two groups are devoted to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of rat- tles at the end of the tail, by means of which they give warning before they strike. There are comparatively few species of poisonous snakes in the United States, about sixteen in all, comprising rattlesnakes, the moccasin, copperhead and two kinds of coral snake. All other species are harmless and in spite of the almost universal prejudice against them, are a very useful ally of man since they live chiefly on rats, mice and insects injurious to crops. Entering the darkened gallery nearby, we find a series of four large groups which show what can be done in reproducing reptiles and amphibians in wax, making them seem alive and in action. The groups reproduce accurately also the natural haunts of the animals and with a beauty of com- position, color and lighting which gives them decided art value. As to educational value, the reptile groups give to the children of New York City (nearly a million in number) opportunities which they might not otherwise have to see “the country,” to get acquainted with animals in which they are always peculiarly interested, and to learn more about them in a half hour’s observation than they could discover in years of study in the field — thus forming the basis for both interest and trained observation when op- portunity for rural life may come to them later. Cobra Group Copperhead Snake Group | ea — “ Ss r An ak r~ a a LOWER CALIFORNIA LIZARD GROUP Showing the characteristic animal and plant life of one of the small desert islands off the coast of Lower California. by the ‘‘ Albatross”” Expedition of 1912 under Dr. CG. H. Townsend The material for this group was collected 46 —— REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 47 The giant salamander or hellbender best known in the streams of western Pennsylvania has its breeding season in autumn. [The Giant Sala- scene shows blue asters and ripening grapes along the river. mander Group ‘ ¢ I 8 eral 8 Note that the hellbenders are wholly aquatic, no one of them being shown even partially out of water. The river is represented as flowing directly toward the observer to expose the nests and eggs which are under the rocks on the down stream side out of the current. At each nest a salamander (the male) is on guard over the eggs, and there are young sala- manders one year old and two years old. Also various habits of the sala- manders are shown, for instance, one is molting its skin, and others are eating crayfish caught from the rocks, or small fish. The animals of the giant salamander group are cast from the salamanders themselves, soft, jelly-like animals when taken out of water and which therefore had to be posed under oil so that their natural form would be kept while the plaster molds were being made. The scene is a typical lily pond and this giant of North American amphi- bians is shown living both under the water and above on the land. The group illustrates the changes from the tadpole to the adult frog and shows many of the activities of the frog — its molting, swimming, breathing under water and in air, croaking and “lying low”’ before an enemy; also food habits in relation to small mammals, to birds, snakes, insects, small fish and turtles. The plant life of the group affords study of ecological arrangement from the delicate under-water forms, through the floating duckweed and near-shore water lilies and_pickerel weeds to water-loving shrubs such as willow, swamp alder and white azalea. The group has a transparent background, the lights in front balanced by other lights behind the painted canvas. The lizard group pictures a Lower California island. The brilliant hot sunshine, the sand, cacti and voleanic rock with the various kinds of lizards fitted to endure desert life make a striking contrast with adjoining groups. The larger specimens of the group, the iguanas and chuckwallas as well as the horned toads are mounted skins. The smaller specimens, such as the zebra-tails (at the center of the group) and collared lizards (running at rear left), are wax casts. The group had an interesting method of construction. All the ground work, the rocky slopes enclosing sandy gulleys leading down to the sea, was modeled life size in clay and then cast as a whole in plaster, so that the completion of the group meant merely the addition of plants and animals as planned and the final perfecting of all with color, papier-maché and wax. The toad group might well be given some more descriptive name. It presents a New England scene in early May and seems the personification of spring, filled with the exuberance of new life and suggest- ing everywhere motion and sound. Birds are just at the Bullfrog Group California Lizard Group Toad Group 48 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS moment of flitting; toads and “tree toads” are calling, their resonating throat pouches looking like great bubbles. The colors of May are soft yet brilliant in the new leaves of oak and maple, hornbeam, shadbush and tall blueberry, and everywhere can be seen the gleam of water drops from a recent rainfall. Stand far back at the extreme right and observe the croup; also at the left, and note how the foreground leads into and is carried on by the background. It is as though we could walk far into the woods that stretch before us shining in the sun. The group shows the fol- lowing species together with eggs and larve as they are in early May: two species of toads, the American at the left and Fowler’s at the right; three kinds of frogs, the spotted pickerel frogs, the green frogs and the little brown wood frogs; two kinds of tree frogs, the spring peeper at the left, the common “tree toad” at the right; two of salamanders, spotted amblystomas and American newts, besides some snakes and turtles common at this season. Two of the most frequent questions asked by those who visit the country and are interested in its small animal life are “ What is the difference between a toad and a frog?”’ and “ How ean I tell frog’s eggs from toad’s eggs and from salamander’s eggs?”’ ‘These questions are answered definitely by the group, which is the first attempt to reproduce in permanent form the gelatinous egg masses and developing tadpoles at different stages. The plant life is typical of early May in New England. A wild apple tree is in blossom over a tumble-down stone wall. Wild flowers are so per- fectly made that although set close before the eyes of the observer and in the most brilliant light, yet it is difficult to see that they are not real — yellow marsh marigolds, blue violets, Jack-in-the-pulpits, white anemones, star flowers and trilliums and red columbines. The group emphasizes in its fine detailed technique the expert character of the Museum’s artists working in wax and glass. THE AMERICAN ROBIN — ONE OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS WEST CORRIDOR LocaL Brrps Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor which contains the collections of local birds. In this room are specimens of all the varieties of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall cases nearest the entrance on both sides is the General Collection of all birds likely to be seen within this area, arranged according to the current American system of classification. Near the windows are cases containing the Seasonal Collection, one section containing the permanent residents while others have their contents changed each month so that they may show always the birds present at the time. In another section are the stragglers from other parts of the country and from other countries which have been taken within our limits. Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of species known to nest within fifty miles of the City and the collection of 49 0S saddoo pues ‘plo3 ‘opel ut syoolqo Auvur pue ‘Av[o Ur poyioM somsy pue AJojjoOd ‘souoys [eIOgORS Jo s]sBdO ‘splOOeI SB @OIS OY} PooR]dol JOjB] Jey SHOOG OYI]JIBYO JO SEOTPOD Ose ‘souITy ueiquinjor)-a1d ut s}UeAe SuesowMeurMI0D Ayqeqoid pue ‘oUO}s OFUBO[OA WOIZ PeAIvO s}USUTNUOUT JO ‘w]o}s JUOIOUB Jo s}seo AUeUT FZuUIsIIdUI0D UONda[][09 V ADOTOAVHOUV NVOIMAWNV TVYLNAD GNV NVOIXGW AO TIVH ie | EPO giz af we oe Thi ; w, . q nk MA ute Key at _ . . ‘hike Be, pt ie > wy, MAYA ART 51 photographs showing many of them in nature, there are down the middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their nests. These the forerunners of our “ Habitat Groups,” were the first of their kind made for the Museum. [See Guide Leaflet No. 22. SOUTHWEST WING ANCIENT MONUMENTS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Continuing west, past the collection of local birds we enter the Southwest Wing, devoted to ancient monuments of Mexico and Central America. The reproductions illustrate chiefly the sculptures of the Maya and Nahua Indians made before the time of Columbus and are the gift of the Duke of Loubat. At the left of the entrance are cases of pottery, jade and heavy stone work from Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. For skill in free hand modeling and painting the pottery ranks high. Opposite this exhibit are examples of original stone sculptures of the Maya, mostly excavated at Copan in western Honduras. Beautiful pottery and finely wrought jades are also shown from other sites. The Maya were perhaps the most highly civilized people in the New World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine pillar-like sculptures which are called stele. The subject-matter on these monuments deals with priest-like beings who carry serpents and other ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also long hieroglyphic in- scriptions containing dates in the wonderful Maya calendar. Maya history contains two brilliant periods. That of the south, extending from 160 A.D. to 600 A.D., was chiefly remarkable for its sculptures. The principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal, Yaxchilan and Palenque. The second period fell between 950 A.D., and 1250 A.D., and centered in northern Yucatan. The chief cities were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna, and the finest works of art were architectural. Passing to the end of the hall and then returning toward the east en- trance, we see, on either side of the aisle, reproductions of the stele and altars of Copan arranged in order from the oldest and crudest forms to the latest and finest examples of carving, cover- ing a stretch of nearly 300 years. The early stele have hieroglyphs carved in very low relief and with sharp corners, while the hieroglyphs on the later monuments are cut deeper and in more rounded relief. In the early stele human figures are carved in an awkward block-like manner, with protruding eyes and angular limbs. The two lofty stele in the center are from Quirigua and date from about 550 A.D. From this city also comes Maya Art Copan THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH , The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘‘the Serpent-skirted One,’ is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods Ko vs AZTECS 03 the elaborately sculptured boulder that may have served as an altar. It represents a two-headed monster overlaid with several layers of ornament. Sculpture from Palenque and other cities is also shown. The second or architectural period of Maya art is exemplified in the piikien tice copy of the painted sculptures of the Temple of the Jaguars at Chichen Itza. Here are shown warriors in procession who seem to be coming to worship a serpent god. Prayers are represented as coming from their lips. This sculpture shows strong evidence of Mexican influence in certain of its details. Next in order is the Nahua culture represented in the alcove cases by ancient pottery, musical instruments, copper objects and ornaments of obsidian and jade. One case contains facsimile reproductions of native books, or codices, which were painted free hand on strips of deerskin, paper or cloth. Several original documents are also exhibited. The Spaniards, in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned hundreds of these books which recorded ceremonial rites and historical events by means of pictures and hieroglyphs. The Nahua culture extended through many centuries leaving remains, such as pottery, which are found deposited in distinct layers, one above the other. In the valley of Mexico there are three so- called culture horizons, the last being that of the Aztecs. There is no good reason to believe that any connection in art or religion existed between Mexico and any part of the Old World. The Aztecs founded their capital city, called Tenochtitan (Mexico City), in the year 1325, and had a short but brilliant history. Before the arrival of Cortez, in 1519, they had reduced most of the provinces of central Mexico. ‘The sacrificial stone, or Stone of Tizoc, is a record of some of their principal conquests made before 1487. The Calendar Stone is a graphic representation of the four prehistoric creations and destructions of the world as well as symbol of the sun and a record of the divisions of the year. The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two principal Aztec gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents. All three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple enclosure and are now in the Mexican National Museum. The funeral urns of this region are highly conventionalized figures. A cruciform tomb at Guiaroo, near the ruins of Mitla, is shown by a model at this end of the room. Aztecs Calendar Stone % SY aed aan*tate oy ere) ZK KL y SS an HAHA ee SSS SS THE HEAD OF THE AZTEC EARTH GODDESS Head of a rattlesnake, rattlesnake as shown in Aztec carvings, outline of head of Earth Goddess. In the real snake the fangs do not show unless the mouth is open. In the Aztec figure two fangs are shown, one of these being a reserve fang that comes forward to take the place of the fang in use should that be lost 54 PREHISTORIC MAN SOUTHWEST PAVILION PREHISTORIC MAN OF NortrH AMERICA Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion likewise given over to archeology, in this instance that of North America. Here are examples of ancient pottery, arrow-heads, stone axes and other imple- ments of stone and bone, mostly from burial mounds. The most important of these are the rude implements and fragments of human bones from the Trenton gravels, as these are the oldest indubitable evidences of man on this continent. Notice that the arrangement of the hall is geographical and by states. In addition there is a special exhibit of Mississippi Valley pottery in the wall cases and the Douglass type specimen series in the cases to the left near the center. In the tower room adjoining are the stone implements and rude carv- ings of the primitive men who inhabited the caves of South- riche ern Europe at a time when England was a peninsula, the Rurope north of Europe buried deep under the ice of a glacial epoch and the reindeer and the hairy mammoth roamed through Southern France. Around the room are copies of paintings — for primitive man was an artist as well as a hunter — on the walls of the caves of Altamira, Font de Gaume, and others, showing the bison, wrongly called aurochs, the mam- moth and the horse of that day, the contemporaries of the Neanderthal man. In the table cases are selected series of stone and bone implements ar- ranged according to the accepted chronological periods of paleolithic times. In an adjoining case may be seen casts of the Heidelberg jaw and other ancient skeletal remains. - _ Le ~ at . SSS Re Wilinas ss: NNO ee oe = i ae a - \\ a » So Lo \ ‘ ha ¢ x ie) SA EPpy AO ROE lg AGE 7 Fit \ aS 3% \ ~1' A 7 y HA9 y *& Hed () A 5 a 4 5 Stes Me 2 4 x 5 (J 7 & iis taal a BS bal i a is . ‘ 3 ts “$e Fé ? e Z eS. ann 4 i; 4 = ; > WEST WING CoLLECTIONS From AFRICA Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African mammals, including elephants. The installation is geographical, i. e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north in Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. _ There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hottentot, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them. At the south end of the Hall the wall is decorated with reproductions of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive of African natives. ‘These works of art are remarkable for their realism, and should be compared with the reproductions of old European cave paintings in the tower of the adjoining hall. Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the Hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, such as knives, axes, and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American Indian, the Oceanian, and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling, while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Clothing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manufacture 55 56 EXTINCT BIRDS of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern section of the Hall; while looms and the completed garments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo ethnology. The most beauti- ful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths” of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative patterns by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings bear witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primitive races in their love of music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northwestern section of the Hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Cere- monial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicinemen. [Return to Central Pavilion.| SOUTH CENTRAL WING BrrDs OF THE WoRLD Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known species are represented by typical examples of the principal groups arranged according to what is believed to be their natural relationships. The series begins with the Ostriches, the “lowest” birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian ancestors) and goes up to those which show the highest type of develop- ment, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to their great faunal regions, the South American Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic Eura- sian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These cases in connec- Birds of the World tion with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a comparative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases con- taining birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the Extinct Birds hy ——— Ct _ —————————— eel ernrl eer ‘ THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER One of a series of four small groups showing this bird’s seasonal changes of color as brought about by molting and feather growth Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast num- bers were slaughtered with ease, so that now (1914) the only individual left alive is an aged female in the Cincinnati Zodlogical Gardens.* The Heath Hen formerly had a good range on our Atlantic seaboard, but as a game bird, it was so continually persecuted, in and out of the breeding season, that it is now extinct except for a few which survive under protec- tion on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Others of our splendid game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite gone, and more like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow them if a reasonable close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. Still others — the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example — have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for their plumage for millinery purposes. The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all ___ three) often worn by one species will be found illustrated General Topics . ‘ ; : ae in the Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The relation- * Died September 1, 1914. 58 BIRDS OF PARADISE LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT From the Group in the American Museum ship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, wings, tail, etc., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic Collection of Eggs which shows the variation in the number in a set, size, shell texture, markings, shape, etc., and tells something of the laws governing these things. The succeeding cases con- tain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, principally those of North American and of European birds. At the north end of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This family of birds is confined to New Guinea, Australia and some neighboring islands. Their feet and bills show their close relationship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting habits as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is believed to be already. More Birds of Para- dise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. Also in this hall are a number of groups of local and other birds which are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit. Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback Whale, sixty-two feet in length. Eggs Birds of Paradise Finback Whale LAMPREYS 59 CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION Recent FIsHEs The doorway at the north end of the hall of the birds of the world leading to the rear of the bird of paradise case opens into the gallery of the Auditorium and to the corridor devoted to the general collection of recent fishes. The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back- boned animals popularly comprised in the term “fishes” and is arranged in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag- A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP fishes and lampreys facing the large window. These rank among the most primitive “fishes.” They are without scales, without true teeth, without paired limbs, and their backbone consists of but a rod of cartilage. One of the models shows the way in which a newly caught Hag-fishes hieechaks lj f . ane f aes ag-fish secretes slime, forming around it a great mass o Lampreys jelly. In the same case are lampreys, and one of them is represented attached to a fish, which it fatally wounds. The nest-building habit of lampreys is illustrated in a neighboring floor case: here the spawners are preparing a pit-like nest and carrying away stones, which they seize with their sucker-like mouths. 09 ‘90 MOWIOUOD() ‘OY¥B'T JO[MO,T 7B pozeE]]Oo 019M ANOIF VY} JO} Spetsiopeur OY T, “8339 OY} JOAO ZIGI ‘ABIAL Ul ‘UISUOOST A ‘(pajpo Duy) Ysypnur Jo ‘uyMog oyy JO SHqey Surjsou oy} oy esysNyt OL, FurpuLys St peur v IYAII oY} JB {YSOM B JOAO OAS OU SOS CTPUIOS puw oyeur 94} 4°] CY FV prend anouos NIAMOG AHL ————" DEEP SEA FISHES 61 The visitor should next inspect the cases of sharks which are situated near the entrance hall on the south side. These include Sharks 3 ; , . various forms of sharks and rays, selected as typical members of this ancient group — for the sharks have numerous characters which put them in the ancestral line of all other groups of fishes. Next to be visited are the silver sharks or Chimaroids, which are ex- hibited by the side of the lamprey case. They are now known to be highly modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their heavy “ teeth ”’ appear to represent many teeth fused together. These fishes are now very rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea. The present models show the characteristic forms. The adjacent case (at the left) pictures the three types of surviving lungfishes, and the models are arranged to indicate the life habits of these interesting forms. Thus, they are shown going to the surface of the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that they use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In fact there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are descended from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case also a “co- coon,” in which the African lungfish passes the months when the streams are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its lungs. One now passes into the north aisle of the fish gallery and stops at the first case on the left. Here appear all types of existing Ganoids. These are fishes that represent, as it were, a half-way station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and the great tribe of bony fishes on the other — such as perches, basses, cod, ete. In this case one sees gar pikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Ama), together with the African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and re- taining structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks. A further glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by returning near the entrance of the fish hall and viewing the spoonbill sturgeon (paddlefish) group, in which a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar pikes and other characteristic forms from the Lower Mississippi. This group was secured through the Dodge Fund. Returning then to the north wing of the gallery the remaining cases give characteristic examples of the various groups of modern “bony fishes,’ or Teleosts. There are twenty-six cases of them in all, but they offer little space in which to illustrate the 10,500 species. For these are the fishes which are dominant in the present age, contributing over nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly all food and game fishes, such as bass, cod, eel and herring. One of the cases of the Teleosts exhibits the grotesque fishes from deep water, in which they occur to the surprising depth of over 3,000 fathoms, or more than 35 miles. They are usually soft in sub- Lungfish Ganoids Bony Fishes Deep Sea Fishes soysy OUT, 69 ozs [RANJVU OY] SOUT] [B4OAOS O1L WAOY) JO JsOur ple ‘projnyj9o pue sse[s ‘xem Jo Ipeul sjopour ose ‘9OBJANS OY) WOIJ OJOUT JO O]IUT eB JyeY ‘vos OY} JO SYIdop puNojoid oY} UL Fura soysy Jo sodA} oy. Jo ouros syudsosdos dnoss sty], SHHSIM VaS-daad SNONINNT DEEP SEA FISHES 63 stance, with huge heads and dwarfish bodies, and are often provided with “ce illuminating organs like little electric bulbs, which can be “shunted off or on” by the fish, and enable the fishes either to see their neighbors or to attract their prey. A group representing a number of these fishes as they are supposed to appear in the gloom of the profound depths, lit up only by their luminous organs, is shown in an enclosure next to the Paddlefish Group mentioned above. The cases should be examined in the order numbered (beginning with 14); and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon, pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfish, sculpins, cods, flatfishes and anglers. Before the visitor has completed his review of the gallery, he should examine the three wall-cases which explain the characteristic structures of fishes of different groups, and the way in which the groups are related to one another. In one of these wall-cases various kinds of fishes have been arranged in a genealogical tree, and the lines and labels give an idea of their evolution. Among the conspicuous exhibits of the gallery one notices a sun-fish (Mola), which is the largest example of which we have any exact record (it is 10 ft. 2 in. from tip to tip); also a 12 ft. 9 in. thresher shark, and a gar pike, 7 ft. 4 in. long. In the window are groups showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and Window the spawning habits of the bowfin and of the slender-nosed Groups garpike. An exhibit of fossil fishes is to be found on the fourth floor. Ocean Sunfish [Return to the elevators.| b9 Kj2B0h peys ose syPBOYS UsOY OY? YOIYA Ul JUBUIWUNI peusOY-MOT[OY ATUO OY) SI PUB ‘BOLIOUTY YON] OF JeI;NOed s1 [BUATUB sIy], SNIVId AHL SSOUOV YAGCNVM AGTHL HOIHM NI YANNVW AHL ONIMOHS AdOTALNV NYOHONOUd AO dNoOuod V Beh WATS sy ALANNA i si ai)! iit ml * ’ . Rath) x FE. 4 ; ~~ = - Hy PIT TH 5b) re APO Ny < if Ye, “Hy a } 1° i - pea y, f Sn} ¢ 4; 4 BEG Yi) 4) UK) “ een [Wij /l CY {[! im ; be ++ J » «+, Wd OAR | weer } az Bhp, 7% i} Were CH HULL oS os < « . ee — a he — = wan " i | | a h y . \ ~ ch yj [Sa WN __ ~ W& Za = nr THE VIRGINIA DEER — A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902 SOUTHEAST WING MamMatis oF NortH AMERICA Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall con- taining specimens of North American mammals, the first to catch the eye being the giant moose of Alaska. In the cases on the west wall are groups illustrating the mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The first of these groups shows the opossum, the sole representative in the United States of the marsupial or pouched mammals. With what appear to be the head and ears of a pig and the prehensile tail of a monkey, with a strange pouch for the transportation of the young, and with proverbial cunning and remarkable tenacity of life, the opossum is one of the quaintest and most interesting of North American mammals. This is the animal so famous in the negro songs of the South. Next in order is the raccoon, more commonly known as the “coon.” It is nocturnal in habit and makes its nest in hollow trees. Two species of fox are shown, the red fox and the gray fox, both of which are justly famous for their sly cunning. 65 Alaskan Moose Opossum Raccoon Foxes 99 STVaS Unda NVASVIV NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 67 The common skunk is a very useful although greatly abused animal. While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid Skunk THE WEASEL GROUP One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘‘fur-bearing”’’ species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine to a considerable distance. Its skin makes a valuable fur known as “ Alaskan sable.”’ Two other fur-bearing animals shown are the mink and the weasel, the latter in both its summer dress of dull brown and its winter coat of white. Weasel fur is oftenused in place of ermine. Another fur-bearing animal shown is the muskrat. In the group are seen its summer home, usually a burrow in the bank of a stream or pond, and its winter mound, constructed of swamp grass and roots mixed with mud. Muskrats are extensively trapped for their fur and in 1913 no less than 4,500,000 were sold in London. Mink and Weasel Muskrat ey? MOYs 07 ABME TIO} Jed YIIM OSNOY B PUNoIF0IOJ OY} UT “sosnoy pub suep Furpying Joy puke pooy JOJ S901] FuIyYNO Orv SIOABEK PIO OTT, UAAVAG NVOIMANV AHL 89 UIQ? SIOABOK 91971] *JOABO OY} JO OjT] OMIOY PUB YIOM OY} SMOYS SITY], MOOSE AND BISON 69 The woodchuck or ground hog is a vegetable feeder but does very little harm to crops. It hibernates for a large part of the year usually from September to April. The old legend says that the ground hog comes out of his hole on the second of February and if it is bright and he sees his shadow, he goes back into his hole for six weeks longer and we may expect more cold weather. Other groups represent the varying hare and the common species of squirrels. In the central section of the hall is a group of moose. It represents an early autumn scene in a second growth forest in New Bruns- wick, and illustrates one of the favorite feeding grounds of Woodchuck Hares and Squirrels Moose Group the moose. BISON COW AND CALF The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, North American Ruminants The buffalo group gives a typical bit of the prairie traversed by buffalo trails, while the members of the herd represent different stages of growth of the buffalo. This is the animal which formerly roamed in countless numbers over the western plains but which is now reduced to a few insignificant herds. Alaskan On the north side of the hall is a pair of the huge brown Brown Bear bears of Alaska, a family of fur seals from the Pribilof Fur Seals Islands and a family of Rocky Mountain Goats. Bison Group 70 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS At the end of the hall is a group of Roosevelt Elk found in the Coast Roosevelt Elk Range from British Columbia to northern California. Once abundant, they have become much reduced in numbers, though an effort is now being made to preserve them. Near by is a group of that interesting animal, the Beaver, perhaps the phe most important of North American mammals and one intimately connected with the early history and explora- tion of this country On the south side of the hall are displayed the cloven-hoofed animals of North America. ‘These include sheep, musk ox, caribou, collared peccary and various species of deer. In one of the cases is a group of antelope showing the manner in which they wander across the plains. Here too are, for the time being, shown the mammals of the polar regions, placed in the North American hall in order that the Southeast Pavilion, which once harbored them, may be used as a workroom for the preparation of a group of African Elephants and other mammals from the dark continent. Though the room is closed to the public yet much of the interesting work of preparing these groups may be seen from the gallery above, and later on visitors will be admitted on certain days. Grant’s caribou inhabit the barren ground of the ex- treme western end of the Alaskan peninsula. The type specimen of this species is in the Museum. Near by is a group of the Atlantic walrus. These huge mammals are relatives of the seals, inhabit the waters of the far north and are still fairly abundant along the shores of Greenland. The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an important part in the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the principal food supply, skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat covers, and harnesses for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives, bows, harpoons, and Antelope Group Grant’s Caribou Group Walrus Group other hunting and cooking utensils. The specimens in the musk ox group were collected for the Museum by Admiral Peary in 1896. Musk oxen inhabit the snow- Peary Musk : De ‘ : covered wastes of the Arctic barrens, living mainly upon Ox Group f willow leaves, dug up from under the snow. Note the various devices in the way of labels introduced to make the exhibits interesting and instructive. At the entrance attention is called to the principal causes influencing the distribution of mammals; on many of the labels are maps showing the range of the species shown, and near the group of Mountain Sheep is a label including a map and miniature models illus- trating the species of North American mountain sheep and their range. SOUTHEAST PAVILION Being used as a workroom; see paragraph above. WEST NORTH PUBLIC EDUCATION - «a |V o| 2 |S a jo ia Z u| 2 ws Ae & -- a| & |e " a| 2 fe a < os = me LOCAL IVING INDIANS OF oa eee Le aE Ome aaa ahah ios eran i MAN IIN SEC WHALES CTEE SOUTH - 1. Elevators 2. Members’ Room THIRD FLOOR EAST CORRIDOR To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the Members’ ae ee use of honorary or subscribing members of the Museum, where they may leave their wraps, rest, write letters or meet their friends. Near by is a bronze tablet in memory of Jonathan Thorne, whose bequest provides for lectures and objects for Thorne Tablet ; ; . : the instruction of the blind. SOUTH PAVILION Monkeys, APES, RopENTs, Bats This is one of the halls in course of rearrangement and, in the final plan, is intended to include primitive man as well as the other members of the order Primates. The family of orang-utans, on the south side, was one of the first groups of large animals to be mounted in this country, and was considered a daring innovation. Near by are examples of the gorilla, the largest and most powerful of the great apes and the chimpanzee, which is the most like man in proportions and structure. ‘‘Mr. Crowley,” one of the few full grown apes that have endured captivity, lived for some time in the Central Park Zoo. Skeletons of man and the large apes illustrate the similarities and difference in structures between them. The bats, the only mammals that really fly, and rodents, the most numerous and widely distributed of mammals are provisionally placed in this hall pending other arrangements. 71 EAST DUCK{HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the “Habitat Bird Groups,’ and they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the order and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. Suspended from the ceiling in the center of the hall is the skeleton of a medium sized North Atlantic right whale, a species once common on our coast, but now all but exterminated in the North Atlantic. Fruit Bats SOUTH CENTRAL WING Brrp Groups Here are the “Habitat Groups” of North American Birds. This unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the immedi- ate direction of Frank M. Chapman, Curator of Ornithology, who collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all 72 ORIZABA GROUP 73 sections of the country are represented, thus the series not only depicts char- acteristic bird life of North America but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, J. Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflets No. 28 and No. 22.| Beginning with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence: i AR poe White pelican from Klamath Lake Group, Oregon. One young bird is illustrating its amusing method of procuring food from its parent’s throat The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama north to Greenland there are zones of bird life correspond- ing to the zones of temperature. This condition is illus- trated in the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in travel- ing north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group so far as the distri- bution of life is concerned is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so cease- lessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes that now in their breeding places there are only hundreds where formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast where the birds are now protected by law. Orizaba Group Cobb’s Island Group eqezug, yaNOYY OF ‘Jseso} [eoIdor, ayy JOAO ‘HOUR OL EYT JO Ad]TBA oY} SSO1OB Furyoo, si s9AIesqO at], dnouwo VaVvZINo AHL _ Duck Hawk ™ Wl DUCK HAWK The duck hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It builds nests on the ledges of the towering cliffs. This hawk is a near relative of the faleon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the vi- cinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, are teeming with bird life. In the group showing these Hackensack Group Peas meadows are swallows prepar- eadow Group ing to migrate southward, bo- bolinks or rice birds in fall plumage, red-winged blackbirds, rails and the wood duck. The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is now very rare. It differs in color from the Mexican bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colonists to America. Wild Turkey Group Terns (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) Cobb's Island Group The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its neck curved back on its body and because of this habit can readily be distinguished from the crane with which it is frequently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) In the “bonnets” or yellow pond lily swamps with cypresses and cab- ate bage palmettoes, the shy water turkey builds its nest. It Turkey or receives the name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail and the “Snake-bird” title “snake-bird” from its habit of swimming with only the Groep long slender neck above water. (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) Florida Great Blue Heron Group 76 SNOWY EGRET The sandhill crane builds its nest of reeds in the water. Unlike the eee herons in this respect, it differs also in its manner of flight, Gist always stretching its neck well out when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) Pelican Island on the Indian River of Florida has been made a reservation by the United States Govern- Brown Pelican t 1 4 Group ment and these grotesque birds may now breed there undis- turbed. The view shows a sec- tion of the island at the height of the nesting season. Not- withstanding the hundreds of young birds that are clamoring for food, observation has shown that the parent bird can pick out its own offspring with un- failing accuracy. (Reproduced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinc- tion in this coun- try through the use of its “aigrette plumes” for millinery purposes, and is now confined to a few pro- tected rookeries of the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nesting season, at which time the death of the parent means the starvation A PORTION OF THE EGRET GROUP ofthe: young. (Heproduced ra mmc poo tae eee from studies in a rookery of | slow starvation of the young South Carolina.) The turkey vulture or buzzard is one of the best known birds of the South where it performs a valuable service in acting as the scavenger of the streets. On this account it is protected by law and by public sentiment and has become both abun- Snowy Heron or Egret Group Turkey Vulture Group CALIFORNIA CONDOR 77 dant and tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near Washington. The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North Lay American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the California Santor’ Gran Andes but has a slightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half to eleven feet. In the group the visitor is sup- posed to be standing in the interior of the cave where the bird has its nest and is looking down on the river of the cafon which is more than five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cajon, California.) The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted in the background. The young birds are feeding and it Brandt's will be noticed that one fledgeling is reaching well down the Cormorant ; : Beinn mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced from studies at Monterey, California.) Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and aquatic bird life abounds. This group is a good illustration of the influence of man on the bird life of a region. In the breeding season the flamingos congregate in great numbers in their rookeries. There were estimated to be two thousand nests in this colony. ‘The flamingos construct their nests by scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth moult. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) San Joaquin Valley Group Flamingo Group In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which cel aah three thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds Man-of-War . : Bird Group were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) The abundance of bird life in one of these rookeries is quite astound- é ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, Retnces American egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises, Group cormorants and water turkeys. Because of the great in- accessibility of this island it has been one of the last places to escape the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.) The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In 82 19}@M JO OSId Zunp poeioe}oud sny} pue ‘seyour uee}INOJ OF TYFI@ WOIZ posted ore S}sou PNU oY], “Spslq JO PPIOM OY} UI YSIS o[qeyseuIEI Ysour oY) S! Sprig Osoy. JO ,,AID,, V SVANVHVd AHL NI ANOTOO OONINVTA V GOLDEN EAGLE 79 North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies to the Pacific coast, although it is found as far east as Maine. Golden Eagle Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle never Group attacks man even though the nest is approached. Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) The abundance of bird life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta, which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is an example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird may be Klamath Lake Groen changed by its being driven into a different locality. In the group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles, Caspian terns which commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Reproduced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) The scene represented in this group is above timber line on the crest of the Canadian Rockies — 8,000 feet above the sea. Al- though these mountains are in the temperate region the altitude gives climatic conditions that would be found in the far north, and the bird life is arctic in character. Here are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and pipits. (Re- produced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered with sage bush. In this bush is seen the male sage grouse strutting and wooing mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) The prairie chickens are akin to the common grouse. The group represents a typical scene during the mating season. The Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group Sage Grouse Group aes male birds go through most surprising antics in their efforts Group to attract the females. They inflate the orange-colored sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and uttering a loud, resonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.) The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring. It nests in the lakes of Canada even before the ice is melted. To secure the young birds for this group it was necessary to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The grebe is another of our aquatic birds which builds its nest near the water. During the incubation period the parent bird Grebe Group usually covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebe was the Wild Goose Group SO PUBLIC HEALTH redhead duck, which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Repro- duced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.) This rocky island thirty miles from shore Bird Rock . a in the Gulf of St. ; a Group Love making of the prairie chicken. In this position Lawrence affords and with orange-like air sacks inflated, he produces a Ps 4 booming sound which may carry a distance of two some protection to the sea birds miles which still nest in great numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven species are shown nesting in the group. Namely the razor-billed auk, petrel, gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, com- mon murre and Brunnich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) This was the first habitat group. Loon Group [Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.| WEST CORRIDOR Pusiic HEALTH Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are, and passing to the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the exhibits of the Department of Public Health. The Hall of Public Health is dominated by a bronze bust of Louis Pasteur, the founder of scientific bacteriology and preventive medicine, which was presented to the Museum through the courtesy of the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Near the head of the stairway is a reading table where pamphlets bearing on insect borne disease and other public health problems may be consulted. WATER SUPPLY Sl The first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water supply as it affects the life and health of man. Large photo- Water Supply graphs at the entrance to the corridor on the left illustrate the primary source of water supply, the clouds, and the secondary sources, the rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models and a relief map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the United States. Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water-supply of Boston, show the way in which surface water supplies are collected by impounding streams, and a model of a well sunk through impervious to water-bearing strata shows how ground-water supplies are obtained. A series of samples and models illustrate the variations in composition which occur in natural waters, from the swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of Iowa and the turbid rivers of the Ohio valley. Some of the principal micro-organisms, Alge and Protozoa, which grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water are represented by a series of glass models. The effect produced by the pollution of water by disease germs is illustrated by relief maps and diagrams showing the course of famous typhoid and cholera epidemics. Models are displayed which illustrate the purification of water by storage, filtration and disin- fection, the filter model being an elaborate representation of the plant at Little Falls, N. J. Diagrams and models indicate the results of water purification as measured both in dollars and cents and in the saving of human life. Finally a series of five large relief maps shows the growth and development of the water supply of New York City. Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city and how they may be avoided. Actual points of danger in the neighborhood of New York are shown where polluted harbor waters, bathing places and shell-fish beds are a menace to health. The modern methods for the treatment of sewage on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedimenta- tion tanks and filter beds of various types. The cases near the window are devoted to the group of Bacteria, espe- cially in their relation to human life. Glass models show the various shapes and relative sizes of these minute forms and in particular of the principal types which cause disease. In a nearby case are displayed actual colonies of a number of species of bacteria including some which produce disease and others which are beneficial to man by their effect upon soil fertility or the fact that they may be utilized in the pro- duction of substances useful as foods or in the arts. A group of trans- parencies at the window shows some of the more important disease bacteria as they appear under the microscope. Disposal of City Wastes Bacteria siete 9 £* <2 ateNs es th ‘ee i\ THE HOUSE FLY OR TYPHOID FLY Model 64000 times the bulk of a fly. By Ignaz Matausch from his original studies INSECTS AND DISEASE &3 Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease by in- sects, notably by the fly and flea. ‘The most striking feature ame of these is a model of the fly, alittle over a foot in length, and Witkin having the bulk of 64,000 flies. This, the finest model of the kind ever made, was prepared by Ignaz Matausch from his original studies, and required nearly a year of constant, exacting labor. The egg, larva and pupa of the insect are also shown modeled on the same scale. Models in the wall case deal with the life history of the fly showing its various stages in their natural size and actual habitat and illustrate the large numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of manure and the enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair and their descendants during the breeding season. The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by a representation of two companies of soldiers, showing the eth 4 comparative mortality from flies and bullets during the Fly Spanish-American war. One company confronted by a cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded; another facing a tube of typhoid germs — distributed by flies — has one dead and thirteen in the hospital. Wall drawings near by show how the fly may carry typhoid bacilli on its. foot, with the number of bacteria found on flies in sanitary and unsanitary surroundings; and illustrate the allied species, the stable fly, which it is thought may carry infant paralysis and other diseases. Nearby are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions on a small farm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and flies, while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the windows screened, the shallow dug well replaced by a driven well; the conditions are sanitary and health and prosperity replace sickness and poverty. Various types of traps for larvae and adult flies are shown with models illustrating how fly breeding may be prevented and how human wastes may be protected from their access. The relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic plague is illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts illustrate ees a. the spread of the great historic epidemics of this disease and Plasus reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth century drawings show with what terror the Black Death was regarded in pre-scientific days. The chief carrier of the disease, the flea, is shown in a remarkable model 120 times the length of the actual insect and having the bulk of 1,728,000 fleas, prepared by Ignaz Matausch. Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man (the black, 84 INSECTS AND DISEASE brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground squirrel) are shown and the manner in which the disease is disseminated is illustrated by a copy of a corner of a rat infested house in California. The original from which this was copied as well as many of the rats and squirrels were obtained through the courtesy of the U. 5. Public Health service of Washington. Preventive measures against the plague are illustrated by models of a farm with buildings rat-proofed and of a ship at a dock equipped with guards to prevent the access of rats to the shore. In a window case are shown various stages of the common mosquito, Culex, as well as of Anopheles, the carrier of malaria and, Mosquitoes = Aedes, which is responsible for the spread of yellow fever. Se ae In the same case are specimens of other insect carriers such of Diccauie as the flea, the bedbug and the louse. Small cases flanking the windows contain specimens of the Glossinas which trans- mit sleeping sickness and the Nagana disease in Africa and of the ticks which spread Texas fever of cattle and relapsing fever, African fever and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever of man. Nearby are shown maps indicating the area affected by the principal tick fever in the United States and a model of a dipping vat used in freeing animals from tick infestation. A series of models and diagrams is devoted to the life history of the Anopheles mosquito and its relation to malaria. A relief map of the State of Arkansas illustrates the coincidence between low swampy lands and the prevalence of malaria and another shows the heavy incidence of malaria in the vicinity of marsh-lands near Boston. A full size model and a small relief map indicate the type and arrangement of drains used for lowering the water level and eliminating mosquito breeding pools and diagrams illustrate the progress made in mos- quito control in New Jersey and the financial return which has resulted. Two tree trunks, one normal and the other infested with fungi as a result of mechanical injury illustrate the important fact that the normal plant or animal is able to resist disease while anything which tends to lower vital resistance may open the way for the invasion of pathogenic germs. [See Guide Leaflet No. 33.) Mosquitoes and Malaria Vital Resistance and Disease The collection of Auduboniana, or objects relating to the life and works of John J. Audubon, presented to the Museum by his grand- daughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, occupies the stairway hall. It includes original sketches and paintings by Audubon and his sons, illustrations in various stages from the Quadrupeds of North Amer- ica, and some of the copper plates of the Birds of North America. The most important piece is a large painting of a covey of “English” pheasants, flushed by a dog recently presented by Miss M. Eliza Audubon. Of more personal interest is the gun carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions Auduboniana and a favorite buckskin hunting coat. INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA SO SOUTHWEST WING INDIANS OF SoutH AMERICA Passing through the west corridor, where the exhibit of the Depart- ment of Public Health is installed, and on into the adjoining hall to the west, we find the collections from South America. The greater part of the hall is filled with archeological material illustrating the eneivns ot various forms of culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador, South z ayo ay ; : A ae 2 Pact Peru, Bolivia and Chile in prehistoric times. The remains found in Peru, in parts of Central America, and in Mexico show a degree of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part Pe eee) —— ; | a wy i ha | "4 ‘iyi : Be , 1 PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves including the finest gobelins and produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs. The Museum’s collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest in the world, and is much used by teachers and students of art SO THE INCAS of this continent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and Central America the Peruvians had no written language. They were tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca and cotton. The Incas domesticated the llama, which was used as a beast of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery vessels, in metalwork, and in textile fabrics. In the case directly in front of the entrance are displayed gold and silver objects such as beads, Gold and Silver cups, pins and ear ornaments which show the high degree 1 of skill attained in the beating, soldering and casting of metals. In weaving they were perhaps preeminent among prehistoric Textiles peoples, many of their specimens exhibited here being un- surpassed at the present day. The materials used were cotton and the wool of the llama, alpaca and vicuna. In the first cases on the right are examples of these textiles with looms and_ shuttles. [The musical instruments of ancient Peru are discussed in Guide Leaflet No. ti] rly . . . . The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from smiths VA ARS — ; PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabrics of fine cotton and wool, then covering with a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle” thus produced was often given a “false head”’ of cloth filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. Climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these mummies and their wrappings during many centuries TREPHINED SKULLS 87 the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of the continent. In the wall cases extending across the entire western end of the hall will be found a remarkable collection from Nazca, Peru, The prehistoric people of Nazca excelled as colorists, particularly in the decora- tion of their pottery vessels which are certainly the most beautiful so far discovered in South America. The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to AN EXAMPLE OF NAZCA POTTERY keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime, and shells that were found in mummy-bundles and in the graves. A num- ber of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases. In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls showing Trcphined many examples of trephining, artificial deformation and Skulls pathological conditions, together with a number of normal Peruvian skulls for comparison. The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no part of America are found so many and so extensive burial places as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred countless thousands of the ancient dead. In the hwacos or graves, with the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most useful and highly prized during life, and such as it was. considered would be most serviceable in a future life. To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge, of the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and Mummy Bundles rrr Pre ya SAAVUN NVIANYAd OIMOLSINAAd WOU STTOAS GANTHdAAL 88 CHINA AND SIBERIA 89 graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating their civilization have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva- tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the nitrous character of the soil. [See Guide Leaflet No. 24.] The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an Indian miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and earth while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite) Chilean Mummy used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in prehistoric times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts with which it is impregnated. The implements he was using at the time of his death are shown beside him in the case. On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from Brazil, British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, basketry, featherwork and musical instruments etc. are arranged in these cases. SOUTHWEST PAVILION CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we find collections from east- ern and northern Asia. The arrangement is geo- graphical. Read carefully the label at the entrance to the hall. Specimens illustrating the culture, industries, re- ligion and manufactures of China are on the left; others showing the mode of liv- ing, the costumes and the war imple- ments of Siberia are on the right. The furwork, costumes and rugs of the people of East Siberia reveal remarkable skill in workmanship. Two models show re- spectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. A small model in one of the cases to the left shows the manner of making pottery. A series of frames in the rear contain pieces of various kinds of fabrics and patterns illustrating weaving and woodwork ornaments. ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZE The collections deal mainly with Collections From Asia + {Aas SE eee ana, “ ~< co 9002?” .5 6 : ID 29455566 06089099992* BLACK HELMET OR CAMEO SHELL From the Morgan Collection. This species, found in the West Indies is the one mest commonly used for cutting cameos 90 SHELLS 91 the everyday life of the Modern Chinese and have a special value as they were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used; for example, the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of modern weapons and tactics. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonne enamel, agricultural implements, carvings in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery are exhibited. A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes shown in the adjoining tower room. WEST WING SHELLS The collection of shells installed in the West Wing contains altogether about 100,000 specimens representative of nearly 15,000 species. These show extraordinary range of color and ornamentation. The arrangement of the collection is as follows: first, in the south wall cases a series showing briefly the classification of mollusks; second, in the eight table cases at the north and south ends of the hall the collections of land shells; third, in the upright railing cases the bivalves or mollusks which like the common clam have two shells; fourth, in the sloping cases the univalves, mollusks which have only one valve or shell like the snails; fifth, special exhibits of shells in the north wall cases. Other cases contain exhibits illustrating the ana- tomy and habits of mollusks; colored transparencies show them in their habitats. Short descriptive group labels will be found in the cases, and on the walls, picture labels of important families of shells, together with small maps of distribution defining the occurrence of the same throughout the world and a large map showing the regional distribution of marine shells. An interesting collection of deformed shells is seen in the north case, and a series illustrating the ornamental uses of shells. Cases of especial beauty in their shell contents are those holding Murex, Fusus, Voluta, Conus, Oliva, Strombus, Cypraea, Nistra. [Return to the South Pavilion, containing the apes and monkeys.] 92 SULPHUR-BOTTOM WHALE SOUTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF THE WORLD Proceeding east from the hall where are the apes and monkeys, we pass the elevators, to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly to the Principal Families of Mammals and their Evolution in Past Ages. The exhibits read like the pages of a book from left to right, being arranged to bring out the phylogeny or past history and development of the chief divisions of mammals. The specimens are arranged not on shelves but close against the background of the case on small projecting supports and from each a cord has been stretched down along the background to a diagrammatic representation of the geological periods. In this way are indicated the relationships of the various animals to one another as well as the geological age in which each animal probably originated. Circling the hall above the cases is a mural frieze representing marine scenes, which serves as a background for groups of porpoises, dolphins and other small members of the whale family. The most striking object in the hall is the life-size model of a sulphur- bottom whale, seventy-nine feet in length. ‘The original of this specimen was captured in Newfoundland and the model is accurately Mammals of the World Model of reproduced from careful measurements. ‘This huge creature Sulphur- ; ae : RES, is not only the largest of living animals, but, so far as we Whale know, the largest animal that has ever lived: A specimen of this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, about twice as much as Brontosaurus. As can be seen by examining the models of a whale’s head attached to the pillar, the whalebone which takes the place of teeth hangs in great plates from the inside of the upper jaw. This whalebone acts as a strainer in the mouth of the whale and extracts the small animals from the sea water which the whale takes into his mouth when feeding. The food consists mostly of tiny crustaceans less than an inch in length. Although whales and porpoises live in the water they are not fishes, but are warm-blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. The whale must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called “spouting” is merely the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when he breathes. A whale does not spout water as is commonly supposed. Models to scale of the other whalebone whales, and the toothed sperm whale, and skeletons of the smaller whales are hung near for comparison. The plans for the next addition to the Museum building include a large hall to contain whales and other marine animals. In the railing cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general view of the enormous Class of Insects. This series is, at present, being rearranged and improved. When finished, it will include representatives INSECTS 95 of all the principal families, exotic as well as native. A special exhibit of the common Butterflies near New York City and another of the “ Moths of the Limberlost”’ has been installed. ‘There is also one showing butter- flies found in North Temperate America. There are nearly half a million species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this series can contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore many of the species would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general study collection of insects is on the fifth floor and while it is not on exhibition, the curators are glad to show it to visitors who can make use of it. See the Southeast Pavilion for the study collection of local insects. SOUTHEAST PAVILION Hau or Insect LIFE Still going east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects to each other and to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, espe- cially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a continuous series and are numbered so that we can easily follow the plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left. First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor- tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species compared with other animals [there are more species of insects than of all other animals put together] and (b) by their great influence on human interests. In the United States, the eco- nomic loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire and there are more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases as from railroad-accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and all beautiful flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects. Following this are a number of sections showing the relationships of insects to other animals, explaining the terms used in the classification of insects and exhibiting typical examples of the principal families. There is then given a summary of the principles underlying evolution as illustrated by insects. This series concludes with a dis- cussion of the Mendelian Law of Inheritance which has been so greatly elaborated by experiments on the common Insect Life Importance of Insects Classification of Insects Evolution as Illustrated by Insects ; : fruit fly, Drosophila ampelophila. Insect life in its various phases follows, leading up to the economic relations between insects and man. The latter topic is Insects and : : : : 3 : F : Man introduced by a consideration of insects’ enemies, including man, and then certain insects are shown as enemies of man. 4 Fels : ¢ es, . ey a eet” . . os: GROUP OF MIGRATORY BUTTERFLIES 94 INSECTS, LOCAL COLLECTION 95 It concludes with exhibits of silk worms and honey bees — insects whose products are commercial commodities. In connection with the honey bee, other social insects are exhibited. There is then a series of sections devoted to insects in art and literature, concluding with photographs of prominent entomologists and instructions concerning the collection and preservation of insects. [See Guide , Leaflet No. 39.| PART OF THE CICADA GROUP Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are cordially invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete collection to be found in this hall under the custody of the New York Entomological Society which holds its meetings in an adjoining room. It is primarily intended to bean aid in the identification of specimens and is not a part of the general exhibition series. Local Collection (Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor.) NORTH w > ” - wv < o = Cc w z = od « ° a J _ w aw” as U - = w - We'sT eo = EAST shee Uv zua - oat -oo a o> - oll =a - °o | _ “ = z “ae Ee FOSSIL EPTILES DINOSAUR 5) MINERALS ISLANDS 1. Elevators 2. Fossil Fishes FOURTH FLOOR FOREWORD ON FossiL VERTEBRATES In the East Corridor, and the South Pavilion at the left, as well as in the East Wing and Southeast Pavilion at the right are displayed fossil mammals, reptiles and fishes. In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. In many instances we have not the objects themselves but only their casts or impressions in the rocks. This is particularly the case with shells. Sometimes, as with the bones of the great Irish elk the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few rare instances as with the mammoth and woolly rhinoce- ros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead animals or plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment to such a depth that they come in contact with the mineral waters of the earth and finally become petrified. Later through subsequent upheaval and erosion they are again brought to or near the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable material by such minerals as car- bonate of lime or silica. The process is very slow and for this reason flesh is never petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumu- late over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the study of fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important aid in de- termining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. Many of the skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 30,000 to 20,090,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition the 96 MASTODONS AND MAMMOTHS 97 matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. ‘The bones are then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and can readily be distinguished. As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely num- bers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation and exhibition. The collections illustrating the evolution of the horse are probably equal to those of all other institutions combined. The collections of Permian reptiles, of Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs, of turtles, of North American Tertiary mammals, and of extinct mammals of South America, are likewise of the first rank. There are more than seventy com- plete skeletons on exhibition, several hundred skulls and nearly two thou- sand jaws or other parts of various species. About ten times this number are in storage, reserved for study and research, or not yet prepared for exhibition. EAST CORRIDOR Fosstt FISHLIKE LIzARDS Directly in front of the elevator is a wall case in which the most recently acquired specimens are placed. ‘The cases attached to the wall near the stairway contain specimens of huge marine fishlike lizards, which show the tremendous pressure to which fossils are often subjected and the frag- mentary condition in which they are found. SOUTH PAVILION Mastropons AND MAMMOTHS The visitor should first enter the South Pavilion in which are shown the skeletons of mammoths and mastodons, the prehistoric relatives of the modern elephants, and of the curious and extraordinary extinct animals which inhabited South America in prehistoric times, 30,000 to 100,000 years ago. On the left is a series of modern skeletons illustrating the evolution of the horse under the hand of man. Here are such extremes as the Shet- land pony, only two feet ten inches high, and the rough-boned draught Skeletons horse, which stands six feet one inch in height. Contrast of Modern these with the slender-limbed “Sysonby”’ the famous race Horses horse, and the Arabian stallion “Nimr.”’ Man by his intel- ligence has modified the form of the horse to meet his needs and has accomplished in a small degree but rapidly, what nature has done in an exten- sive way during long ages —as will be seen from the fossil horses in the next hall. The similarity in structure of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse being controlled by man. A comparison of these two skeletons will show that with some modification the bones of the ae if al THE GROUP OF GIANT GROUND SLOTHS Fossil mammals from South America adapted for digging about the roots of trees for the purpose of pulling them down to feed on the leaves and twigs (See Reprint, Tae Grounp Storrs Group, for a full description and Reprint the Ancestry of the Edentates for classification) WARREN MASTODON 99 one correspond with the bones of the other. ‘The horse lover will also be interested in the osteological collections in the wall cases which show how to tell the age of horses through the growth and development of the teeth. Beyond the Horse exhibit on the left are fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the group of giant ground et pas sloths. There are also good examples of the Glyptodon, ammals 0 South a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of the camel-like Ma- anata crauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toxodon, and other strange extinct animals which evolved in South America during the Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent, as Australia is to-day. Here too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern world, and swept before them to extinction most of its ancient inhabitants. The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the ele- phants. The “Warren Mastodon” is a classic specimen. al It was found near Newburg, N. Y. in 1846, and is the finest specimen of its kind that has ever been discovered. There is some confusion in the mind of the layman between the mammoth and mastodon; in a general way they are both elephants, the main distinction Tooth of Mastodon and Mammoth between them being in the character of the teeth. While modern elephants are confined to portions of Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and mastodons show that at one time or another in the past, they were found over the greater part of the northern hemisphere. Skeletons of the Asiatic and African elephants are shown for compari- son with their extinct relatives and among these, is the once famous Jumbo, whose name has been embodied in the English language as a term for anything unusually large. [See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past.| Jumbo SOUTHEAST WING Fosstt MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD Return to the East Corridor and continue into the Southeast Wing or Tertiary Hall which contains the Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary Period. 100 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE The geological age to which all the fossils shown in this hall belong, covers a period of from 100,000 to 3,000,000 years. At each side of the entrance are charts indicating the successive periods of time from the Triassic to the Tertiary, and the animal life which pertained to each. Careful guides and exhaustive cards of explanation, photographs, and window transparencies combine to make the entire exhibit illuminative and interesting. Restoration of Eohippus, the four-toed horse. This ancestor of the modern horse, scarcely larger than the red fox, lived some three millions of years ago. It comes from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the cases by the entrance and in the first aleoves on the right showing the evolution of the horse in nature. The Museum is justly proud of this Paation collection. Not only is it the largest and finest series of of the ’ ; rele! thease fossil horse skeletons in the world, but it is larger than the combined collections of all other institutioris, and it con- tains the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Eohippus, which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary rocks. As will be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse and man in the Quaternary Hall, the modern horse walks on the tip of his middle finger and toe. The front hoof bone corresponds to the last joint of the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg corre- spond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man. In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot CAMELS. RHINOCEROS 101 Eohippus Orohippus Mesohippus have entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called “splint bones.” The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed from a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been traced back to the four-toed stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36. The Evolution of the Horse.| In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find the skeleton of Eohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that has been discovered. ‘This specimen is from the Wind River beds of Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is interesting to note that while there were no horses found in this country by the white settlers, America is the original home of the horse. Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit is made more lifelike by plaster restorations of the animals and by water- color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three-toed horse in the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples that has ever been unearthed. Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall, are series of speci- mens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven-hoofed animals. These animals like the cow of to-day walked on the tips of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or reduction to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced as in the horse series. The large blocks showing groups of skeletons of early camels, skulls and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural position in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes found Giant Pigs and raise questions as to how they got there, more easily Sere aii asked than answered. The giant pigs, or elotheres, and the pygmy hippopotamus will repay examination. The primitive rhinoceros-like animals are shown near the center of the hall on the right. 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Oppo- site these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats and other carnivores and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the early Tertiary. Next to these are the small mammals — the insectivores, rodents and marsupials; and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary but interesting because of their bearing on the ancestry of man. On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left of uintatheres, huge extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America . Restoration of Brontosaurus. One of the largest of the amphibious dinosaurs, cold-blooded, slow- moving, unintelligent creatures that grew to large size (65 ft. in length) in the rich vegetation of the Reptilian era SOUTHEAST PAVILION Fosstt REPTILES AND FISHES The visitor now enters the Southeast Pavilion containing the dinosaurs and other fossil reptiles and also fishes. These animals belong to a more ancient period than the specimens just examined. They lived from 3,000,000 to 10,000,000 years ago. They include the well- The Dinosaur known dinosaurs of which the Museum has a large collection. Diplodocus In the wall case on the left is a portion of the skeleton of the dinosaur Diplodocus; this was the first of these speci- TRACHODONS OR DUCK-BILLED DINOSAURS Fossil reptiles, fifteen to sixteen feet high and thirty feet long, with spreading webbed feet, compressed tail and duck-like bill, all of which indicate a more or less aquatic existence 104 GREAT DINOSAURS 105 mens to be unearthed by the Museum, while on the right is a nearly com- plete skeleton of a related species mounted as it lay when ten million years ago it settled to the bottom of a western lake where it was gradually covered with sand and mud and slowly turned into stone. The gigantic skeleton in the center of the hall is the huge extinct rep- tile, the dinosaur Brontosaurus, found in the Jurassic beds of Wyoming. It is the only mounted specimen of its kind in the world and more than two-thirds of the skeleton is the original pet- rified bone. It is sixty-six feet eight inches in length, sixteen feet in height and is estimated to have weighed when alive thirty-five tons. Bronto- Brontosaurus TYRANNOSAURUS AND MAN A man would have been but a mouthful for this the latest and largest of flesh-eating dinosaur Skeletons of two of these monsters are now being mounted for exhibition saurus is one of the largest giant reptiles and as is indicated by its teeth was herbivorous, probably living on the rank water weeds of the nearly sea-level marshes of Wyoming. Contrasted with the herbivorous Bronto- saurus, is the carnivorous dinosaur Allosaurus, mounted to represent the animal feeding on the fallen carcass of a Bronto- saurus, upon which it preyed. This is not a fanciful mounting for these very skeletons were found in close proximity to each other in the Jurassic beds of Wyoming, and the skeleton of the fallen Brontosaurus shows gouges made by the teeth of Allosaurus as it tore the flesh from its victim. Near the Allosaurus group is a portion of a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus the last and most powerful of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Like Allosaurus it has enormous three-toed hind legs, armed with sharp claws, and smaller forelegs. Tyrannosaurus is from Mon- tana and the matrix in which it was found is as hard as flint. Allosaurus Tyranno- saurus RESTORATION OF THE JAWS OF A FOSSIL SHARK This largest and most formidable fish, living or extinct, of which we have any record fre- quented the Coast of South Carolina in Tertiary time. The jaws measure nine feet across; estimated length of fish, eighty feet, as large as a sulphur-bottom whale 106 MUMMIED DINOSAUR 107 To the left of Brontosaurus are two complete specimens of the duck- billed dinosaur T'rachodon. One shows the animal erect Trachodon : ; d ae and standing on guard, while the other is shown feeding on shellfish and plants of the Cretaceous swamps of Montana. Mummied Most wonderful, perhaps of all the specimens shown Dinosaur here is a “mummy” of TZrachodon in which the texture of the skin is preserved. The animal is lying on its back and, in spite of its crushed condition, its ferm is easily distinguishable. It probably died on a sand bank or near a shoal where the hot winds dried up the flesh until the skin adhered to the bones like a close-fitting glove, and was subsequently buried by a flood. 4 4 ‘ » eee - Section of the skin of Trachodon showing the small scutes with which the animal was covered. About natural size Other specimens shown in the hall include the smaller carnivorous dinosaurs, the horned dinosaurs with, in one instance at least, a skull seven feet in length, and giant birds possessed of teeth. There is also the finback lizard, one of the most ancient of fossil reptiles; Diadectes, a reptile with a solid-boned skull and Eryops, a primitive amphibian. ‘The finest collection of fossil turtles in the world will be found on the south side of the hall. In the Tower of the Southeast Pavilion are displayed the fossil fishes which belong to a much earlier period than the mammals and reptiles, some of them having lived twenty to fifty millions of years ago. Many of these forerunners of back- boned animals are quite unlike any living fishes and are probably only very indirectly related to them; some were small, curiously encased in shells; Fossil Fishes 108 GIANT FOSSIL SHARK others, shown in the three cases in front of the visitor, attained large size and were evidently formidable creatures. One of them in fact, Dinichthys, shown in the middle of the gallery, was probably among the most destruc- tive creatures that ever lived in the sea. Its jaws were so strong that it could crush a plate of bone as thick as one’s hand. Such an actual speci- men, fractured in life and showing the marks of “teeth” is shown in a neighboring case. RESTORATION OF NAOSAURUS One of Nature’s jokes. Professor Cope, who was also a joker, suggested that the high fin served as a sail, by means of which Naosaurus sailed over the lakes near which it lived The collection is so arranged that he who makes the tour can see the principal kinds of fossil fishes and is able, in a measure, to outline the history and pedigree of the entire group. He can trace the rise and fall of the early plate-covered fishes; the era of the sharks which on the one hand supplanted the earliest fishes and were in time replaced by the more efficient lungfishes and ganoids; the age of ganoids when the waters were filled with these enamel-scaled fishes; finally the age of the bony-fishes, or teleosts, the multitudinous forms of to-day, the herrings, cods, perches, whose methods of swimming, feeding and breeding are far more efficient than those of any of their predecessors. Above the entrance are the jaws (models), spreading nine feet, of a huge fossil shark in which the actual teeth are arranged as aa . in the sharks of to-day, in the usual banks or rows — the Giant Fossil : d ‘ : Clare teeth in the hinder rows serving to replace those in front, . nature having dealt more kindly in the matter of teeth with sharks than with man. Sucha shark probably measured from seventy to ninety feet and its race may well have become extinct, when for various FOSSIL AQUARIUM 109 reasons the enormous volume of food necessary to support it could not be maintained within its range of sea. : In the first alcove to the left, by the window, is a “ fossil Fossil ; aquarium” in which a number of models of these earliest Aquarium fishes are arranged in a group, as though alive in the sea, In the next alcove are the early fossil sharks which superseded the tribe of plated fishes just mentioned. These sharks had soft skeletons, simple fins and a number of other primitive features which lead to the belief that all of the higher fishes, and the higher back-boned animals therefore as well, were descended from them, their simpler structures becoming more complicated in many directions. In one of the early sharks here exhibited, impressions of soft parts such as muscles and gill filaments have been preserved. In the third alcove appear rare fossils of silver sharks or Chimeeroids, which appear to have been developed from a primitive race of sharks. Curiously enough fossil egg capsules of these forms are sometimes preserved, and examples are here present. In neigh- boring cases are shown ancient lungfishes and ganoids — groups from which all land-living quadrupeds are believed to be descended. In the fourth alcove are shown the ganoid fishes which dominated the waters during the Age of Reptiles. They were of many kinds and sizes, most of them with lozenge-shaped scales of bone, with enamelled surface. One of the few survivors (Ama) of this ancient group is here shown living (in a window aquarium), to give the visitor a clearer idea of the fishes of the “ Middle Ages”’ of the world. In the fifth alcove are the petrified fishes of the Age of Mammals. By this time nearly all of the primitive fishes, like sharks, lung- fishes and ganoids, had become extinct; and the common forms were bony-fishes, or teleosts, closely related to our herrings, perches, mackerels and daces. [Return to the South Pavilion or Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths.| Sharks Chimzroids — Ganoids Teleosts SOUTH CENTRAL WING GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palzeon- tology. Owing to important changes in progress in the arrangement of this hall, but a portion of the collections are at present on exhibition, though all are available for study. OLT olqnd jesoued oy) pue POM OYMUIIOS OY) OF OYI]E UMOUY SOUS out yp PUB SELIBAOOSTP OSOYM JOT ysnzyT Jo oovpdyqarq ey) Fureq soy YN “SoYstyy [Isso] JO syisodop syt soy Aposour you ‘AyIIOMEYOU SI Aqreuiodr) *puevyj}oog jo ouoyspueg poy PIO Py) Ul Joke] yoos opsurs w pue (AyreuIOIT)) AVPeOOT o|suis 8 “‘#uULAT] se svodde sursoy JUOIOUL osoy) OYPUT OZ 9UOP Og UBS TEYM SMOYS SIGL eyeul OF YOU OS pIp SUOLAWosée ode oures oy} Jo SUOISSoIdUT WOIZ PofOpOUr ‘UOTPVIOJSOT B OSTR SL POOMBOS O4.L, WOIJ OWLS SUTIOJ OYT YOIYM UL “UBTUOART ,“SOYSKT JO ofy,, Jeo1dd} oY? sopeaysnyyt dnoss oy], AUATIVO HSI AHL NI « WATAVNOV TISSOA>, AHL METEORITES 111 At the entrance of the hall is the general collection of meteorites, which : is one of the largest and most representative in this country, Meteorites Sr ; : ; ; s containing as it does specimens from about five hundred of the seven hundred falls and finds that are known throughout the world. Some of the principal features of our collection are: Two thousand or more individual masses from the “stone shower”’ that fell near Holbrook, Arizona, in 1912. These have been arranged in a case by themselves in the middle of the collection. The whole mass of Ysleta, a newly discovered (1914) iron meteorite, weighing 310 pounds from near the ancient village of Ysleta, New Mexico. A series of polished and etched large slices of iron meteorites, including an entire section of the new Mt. Edith, Australia, mass, showing the Wid- manstitten lines in great perfection, and polished slabs from several large stone meteorites. ‘These are in a case by themselves which likewise con- tains several comparatively large entire single masses of some famous falls. An exhibit of meteoritic masses, decomposition products, and country rock showing unaltered material and that which was melted and otherwise altered by the impact of the Canyon Diablo meteorite at the spot now known as Meteor Crater, Arizona. This exhibit has been loaned to the Museum by Princeton University. The desk case in the first aleove to the left as one enters the hall con- 3 tains a series of rock specimens showing the geology of ‘sane Manhattan Island. This is arranged geographically and Teland illustrates all the most prominent features of immediately local geology from south to north. Going northward in the hall the next large exhibit to attract the atten- tion of the visitor is the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions of years ago, in the geological period known as the Carboniferous, this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner. Fossilized Tree Stump Next the visitor will see an exhibit illustrating some of the results of an expedition which the Museum sent to Martinique and St. Vincent during the great volcanic eruptions of 1902-1903 that devastated those islands of the Lesser Antilles chain. A set of four relief maps shows the island of Martinique and its famous volcano, Mont Pelée, at three important stages of the eruptions, while the nearby cases and pedes- tals contain relics of the ruined city of St. Pierre and the dust, stones and bread-crust bombs that were thrown out in a white hot or molten condition Mont Pelée 112 COPPER QUEEN MINE by this volcano and by the Soufriére of St. Vincent. Nearly 30,000 people were killed by these outbreaks. Important geological facts were learned from the observation and subsequent study of the series of events. An attractive case is that containing some marvelously beautiful speci- mens of calcite, aragonite and gypsum from the famous silver-and-lead mines near Santa Eulalia in the vicinity of Chihuahua, Mexico. These specimens are remarkable for the perfection of their crystalline form or the delicacy of their fibrous devel- opments and for their colors. The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from Copper Queen the famous Bisbee-Warren copper district in southern Ari- Mine Model PP and Exhibit 20na. ‘Two models have been prepared as a result of several years of extremely painstaking and skillful work. A large model, some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions shows on a scale of twenty-four feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other buildings over four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardner and Lowell) belong- ing to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, while a painted background represents the surrounding mountains and the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections to a depth of about 1200 feet illustrating the geology of the area and showing the general manner of get- ing out the ore and hunting for new deposits. There have been produced in about 30 years (1880-1912) from the mines at Bisbee belonging to this company 7,729,922 tons of copper ore of an average copper content of 7.16%. The metal production in this period was Copper — 1,106,605,774 pounds (553,303 tons) Gold — 104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds) Silver — 6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds). Chihuahua Cave Material Near the large general model there has been installed a small model on a scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting the ore by “stoping.” Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities, trans- porting, raising ore to the surface and other operations are illustrated as well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is equipped with its cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down by means of auto- matic machinery. Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens are velvet malachites that were taken from the original “Queen” mine, the Open Cut, in the early eighty’s and a great block of malachite and azurite weighing about four tons taken from the Mine in 1892 and exhibited in the Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. Enlarged photographic transparencies give details of scenery and mining, supple- CAVES 113 menting what is shown by the models. The work of treating the ores at the smelter in Douglas near Bisbee is demonstrated in a neighboring case. The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave Mee material the most important feature of which is the repro- duction of part of a beautiful cave that was discovered early in 1910 in mining operations at the Copper Queen mine. ‘The cave was formed by the dissolving action of water traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations, stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white while others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese compounds. Alongside the Copper Queen cave a reproduction of a chamber in Weyer’s Cave, Virginia, is being installed. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much heavier rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in pro- ducing a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than adorns the Copper Queen cave. The cases along both sides and down the middle of the hall contain geological and paleontological specimens. Paleontology is the science of the ancient life of the earth; its field is the study of the fossilized shells and other hard parts and the various kinds of imprints left by the animals formerly inhabiting the seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now form our stratified rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata are more recent than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms in the earth’s crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the student of historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small proportion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period, the geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas- much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than the vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the geologi- cal age of a bed of rock, even when remains of both kinds are found together. Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier than vertebrate, and remains of certain species are abundant in the lowest (oldest) of our stratified rocks. The specimens in the cases on the west side of the hall are being arranged to illustrate historical geology, beginning at the south (en- trance) with the Archean rocks, which are the lowest and oldest of all and contain no fossils, advancing regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary. Most of the specimens on ex- hibition are from American localities, but a synoptic series of European fossils is exhibited in the northwest quarter of the hall. The desk cases in the middle of the hall contain overflow material from the sides. Under Historical Geology 114 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY the historical sub-division the species are arranged according to their posi- tion in the scale of life — that is, following a biological classification, the lower or simpler forms being placed first. The diamond-shaped bits of emerald green paper attached to some of the specimens indicate those, more than 8,000 in number, known as “types” or “ figured specimens,”’ used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield and others in the original description and naming of species or in their elucidation. The upper shelves and the ends of the upright cases contain particularly large or striking specimens of fossils, or blocks of rock illustrating the geolo- gical features of the horizons in which the fossils occur. Attention may be called also to the collection of Michigan copper ores, orbicular granites and diorites from several parts of the world, fossil crinoids from Waldron and Crawfordsville, Indiana, fossil corals from the Devonian reefs near Louisville, Kentucky, fossil crinoids and an immense clamlike shell from the Cretaceous of Nebraska, fossil plants from Tertiary beds at Florissant, Colorado. The windows contain some colored transparencies from photographs of interesting scenery in the West. [Return to the Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths and turning to the right enter the West Corridor or Gem Hall.] CRYSTAL BALL IN THE MORGAN COLLECTION WEST CORRIDOR GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES The West Corridor contains the Morgan gem collection. This valuable series of gems and precious stones was presented tothe eee Museum by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, one of the founders Sioags and a trustee of the institution. It comprises a representa- tive assemblage of cut and uncut gems, many of the former of remarkable size and some of great purity of color. The installation aims to bring into juxtaposition, the cut and uncut material, the former is ar- ranged around the latter, in the center of the cases, and the visitor may thus observe the brilliancy of effect produced in the natural mineral by skillful artificial treatment (cutting). 115 A PORTION OF THE GEM HALL In the wall cases are many fine examples of quartz, calcite, malachite, azurite and amethyst. In the desk cases are cut and uncut diamonds, sapphires, topaz and other gems. The collection, pre- sented to the Museum by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, includes many large and rare forms which could not be duplicated 116 tEMS. MINERALS 117 A partial gradation in importance and value is obtained by the arrange- ment of the gems, beginning with Diamond at the extreme south and pass- ing north, case by case (through Corundum (Sapphire), Beryl, (Emerald), Topaz, Tourmaline, Chrysolite, Spinel, Zircon (//yacinth), Chrysolite (Peridot), Adularia (Moonstone), Opal, Amethyst, Kunzite, Amber, Pearls.) In one case a varied collection of semi precious or ornamental stones is shown, many of which are experimental efforts to use mineral material which can never have any very extended use, viz., prehnite, titanite, sphal- erite, hematite, cyanite, etc., ete. Handsome wall case specimens of large size line the sides of the Gem room, among which the Azurite, Malachite, Quartz, Amethyst, Gypsum and Tourmaline are pre-eminent for size or beauty. SOUTHWEST WING MINERALS Next beyond the Gem Hall is the Southwest Wing or Hall of Minerals. At the entrance to the hall is a case in which recent acquisitions are placed. The general collection of minerals consists chiefly of the a. well-known Bement Collection which contains specimens of Minerals TePresenting species of the known minerals of the world. Not only is the collection noted for its numbers, but in many instances the beauty and size of the individual specimens are quite unsur- passed in other collections. The more attractive specimens are displayed in cases arranged down the center of the room. ‘The remainder of the collection is arranged ac- cording to the classification of minerals. In the first cases on the right or left are models of the six systems of crystals and other introductory illustra- tions of the physical and optical properties of minerals. Each mineral has a characteristic form of crystallization which is one of the means of identify- ing it. The distribution of the more important minerals is indicated on maps. SOUTHWEST PAVILION COLLECTIONS FROM THE Pacrric ISLANDS Entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals the visitor will find specimens pertaining to the natives of the Pacific Islands. The wall cases contain examples of war implements, tapa or bark cloth, sacred masks, boomerangs and armor. TAHITIAN FIRE-WALKER In the fire-walking ceremony the priest and his followers walk barefoot over a row of heated boulders of basalt 118 HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK The central figure in this hall is a Tahitian priest represented as taking part in the fire-walking ceremony, in which the participants walk over heated boulders of lava. On either side are groups engaged in grating cocoanut, making kava, weaving mats for houses. In the box case behind the Tahitian fire-walker there is exhibited a striking series of Melanesian masks, a few fashioned from the facial portion of human skulls, the majority carved of wood. These masks are worn by dancers during festivals in honor of the dead. Near the window there is a case of sacred Melanesian carvings topped by a totem pole that bears a superficial resemblance to the totem poles of the North Pacific coast of America. The cases in the center contain kava bowls, head rests, shell and ebony armlets and other ornaments, betel spatulas, ceremonial paddles, hats, mats and baskets. These people follow the custom of tattooing themselves. Their occupations as here detailed are peaceful rather than warlike. The swinging picture-frames on the left of the entrance midway down the room give some idea of the dress, customs, and pastimes of the South Sea Tahitian Fire-walker Islanders. A noteworthy object is the cloak from the Hawaiian Islands, made of red and yellow feathers. Such cloaks were worn by chiefs — and as each bird furnished but few feathers and, considering the value put upon them and the time required for making a cloak, the one shown represents a very high value. The entrance to the Maori Tower is flanked by two wall-cases with Feather Cape 119 O 2 . 2 OFFICES & LA BOJRATORIES < ADMINISTRATIVE OF THE ae Bata ee DEPARTMENTS vet air Elevators Office of the Director Ne oe FIFTH FLOOR The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con- tains some 70,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel. The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and, with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them. On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of in- vertebrates. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the public. INDEX Page numbers of illustrations in heavy face type. Administrative Offices 122 African collections 55 ““Ahnighito”’ meteorite 21 Allosaurus 105 Altar stone 53 Amia Group 60, 61 Amphibians 42, 44, 47, 48 Amundsen Sledge 35 Annelids 40 Antelope Group 64, 70 Archeology, Mexico and Central America 50, 51, 53; of North America 54 Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 79 Arthropods 41 Asia, Collections from 89 Assembly Halls 19 Auditorium 24 Auduboniana 84 Auk 56 Aztecs 53 Bacteria 81 Baskets, 32, 34 Bats 72 Beaver Group 68, 70 Bement Collection 117 Bench Mark 17 “Big Tree” of California 35 Birch Bark kettle 26 Bird Feeding Group 58 Bird Groups 49, 57, 72, 74-80 Bird Rock Group 80 Birds, Local 49 Birds of paradise 58 Birds of the world 56 Birds, Seasonal collection 49 Bison Group 69 Blankets, Chilkat 23, 24; Navajo 33, 34 Booby and Man-of-War Group 77 Brandt’s Cormorant Group 77 Brontosaurus 103, 105 Bronzes from Benin 56; from China 89 Brown Pelican Group 76 Bubonic Plague 83 Buffalo 6 Building Stones 25 Bullfrog Group 42, 47 ushmen 55 Bust of Bickmore 25; of Darwin 37; American Men of Science 19; Pasteur 80 Butterflies 93, 94 Calendar Stone 53 California Condor Group 77 California Lizard Group 46, 47 Camels 101 Caribou 70 Catlin Paintings 29 Cave Man 54; Paintings 54 Cave, Copper Queen 113, Weyers 113 Chichen Itza 53 Chilkat blankets 23, 24 Chimezorids 61, 109 Chinese Bronzes 89 Chinese collections 89 Cicada 95 Clam and Oyster, Models 41 Cobb’s Island Group 73 Cobra Group 45 Codices 53 Congo collections 55 Copan 51 Copperhead Snake Group 45 Copper Queen Cave 113; Mine 112 Coral 40, 41 Creodonts 103 Crustaceans 41 Darwin, Bust 37 Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 37 Demuth Collection of Pipes 26 Diagrams of Halls 9, 19, 44, 71, 122 Dinosaurs 97, Allosaurus 105; Brontosaurus 103, 105; Diplodocus 103; Duck-billed 104, 107; Mummied 107; Trachodon 104, 107; Tyran- nosaurus 105 Dodo 57 Dogs 41 Duck Hawk 72, 75 Eagle Group 79 Egret Group 76 Eggs 58 Elephant Group 70 Elephant Head 55 Elephant *‘ Tip” 44 Elk 70 Eohippus 100, 101 Eskimo collection 24; Woman Cooking 25; Fish- ing 25 False Faces 27, 28 False Face Societies 28 Feather Cape 119 Fire Walker 118 Fishes, Bony 61; Deep Sea 61, 62, 63; Evolution of 63; Fossil 107; Groups 59, 60, 63; Recent 59-63 Flamingo Group 77, 78 Flatworms 40 Flea Model 83 Florida Rookery Group 77 Fly, Model of 82, 83 Forestry, Hall of North American 33 Fossil Aquarium 109, 110 Fossils: Age of 96; Fishes 107; Fishlike Lizards 97; Formation of 96; Invertebrate 109, 113; Sharks 106, 109; South American 98; Tertiary 99; Tree Stump 111 Fowls 43 Fur Seal Group 66, 69 Ganoids; Fossil 109; Recent 61 Gar Pike 61 Gem Hall 116 Gems and Precious stones 115 Goioes 109; historical 113; of Manhattan Island 1 Glacial grooves 17 Glacial Pothole 17 Goddess of the Earth 52 Gold and silver work 86 Golden Eagle Group 79 Goose (Wild) Group 79 Grant’s Caribou 70 - Grebe Group 79 Ground Sloth Group 98 Groups: Birds 49, 57, 58, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80: Fishes 59, 60, 63; Insects 94,95; Ma- rine Invertebrates 38, 39, 43; Mammals 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72; Man 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 119, 121; Reptiles 42, 45, 46, 47, 48 Habitat Groups 72 Hackensack Meadow Group 75 Hag-fishes 59 Haida Canoe 22, 23 Heron Group (Florida Great Blue) 75 History of Museum 10 Horse, Evolution of the 100, 102 Horse and Man 97 Horses, Skeletons of modern 97 Incas 86 Indians of Manhattan 28; of the North Pacific Coast 21-24; of the Plains 29-31; of South America 85-89; of the Southwest 32-34; of the Woodlands 26-29 Tribes illustrated by exhibits Alaskan 31; Apache 32, 39; Arapaho 31; Blackfoot 30, 31; Cayuga 26; Cherokee 28; Cheyenne 29; Chilkat 23; Cree 28, 29; Crow 29; Dakota 29; Delaware 28; Haida 22, 23; Hopi 32; Iroquois 26; Kiowa 29; Mandan 29; 123 124 Manhattan 28; Maya 51; Menomini 28; Navajo 32, 34; New Tack ’28; Ojibway 28; Oneida 26: Onondaga 26; Osage 29; Papago 32; Pawnee 29; Penobscot 28; Pima 32, 33; Potawatomi 28; Sauk and Fox: 28; Saulteaux 28; Seminole 28: Seneca 26; Tuscarora 20; Winnebago 28; Yuchi 28; Zuni 32 Information Bureau 19 Insects, Groups 94, 95; importance 93; local collection 95 Insects and disease 83; and Man 93 Invertebrate Paleontology 109 Invertebrates, Fossil 114; Recent 37-43; 93-95 Jade Boulder 121 Jesup Collection of North American Woods 35 Jesup Memorial Statue 18, 19 Jesup Tablet 35 Jumbo’s Skeleton 99 Klamath Lake Group 73, 79 Labrador Duck 58 Lampreys Lectures 11, 24, 25 Library 15, 122 Lobsters, record 41 Loon Group 77 life 93; Mammals, Groups 65-70; of North America 65; of the Polar region 70; of the World 92 Mammoth 99 Maori Heads 121; Warrior 121 Marine Invertebrates 38-41; Groups 38, 39 Masks, Iroquois 27; story of 27; Tlingit 23 Mastodons and Mammoths 97, 99 Mayas 51 Medicine Man 31 Medicine pipe 31 Membership 11 Members’ Room 71 Memorial Hall 19 Meteorites 21, 111 Mexican Archeology 50, 51, 53; Earth Goddess 52 Minerals 117 Mink 67 Mitla 53 Moccasin (Gros Ventre) 31 Moccasin Snake 45 Mollusks 91 Monkeys 71 Moose Group 69 Mosquito models 41 Mosquitoes and malaria 84 Mummy bundles 86, 87; cloths 85; Chilean Copper 89; dinosaur 107 Mural paintings by Stokes 24; by Taylor 24 Museum building 4; administration 10; admission to 10; definition of 11; history 10; location 10; membership 11; purposes of 11; support 10 Musk Ox 70 Muskrat 67 Naosaurus 108 Navajo blankets 33, 34 Nazca Pottery 87 North Pacific Hall 20, 22 Opossum 65 Orang Utan Group 71 Orizaba Group 74 Pacific Islands Collections 117 Paddlefish Group 59 Peary, Bust of 21 Peary Sledges 35 Pelée, Mount, paintings of 26; eruption 111 Pelican Groups 73, 76, 79 Peruvian Collections 85-89 Philippine Collections 120, 121 Pigs, Giant Fossil 101 Pioneers of American Science 20, 21 Pipes, Demuth Collection 25 Plum, Wild 36 Polar Expeditions 35 Polar Maps 33 Polyodon Group 59 Polyps 39 Portuguese Man-of- War 40 INDEX Potlatch Ceremony 23 Pothole, Glacial 17 Pottery, Indian, a 32, 33, 34; Chinese 89; Nasca, Nazca, 8 7; Peruvian 87 Power Room 26 Prairie Chicken Group 79, 80 Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 54 Pronghorn Antelope 64 Protozoa 39 Ptarmigan 57, 79 Publications 15, 125 Public Health, Hall 80-84 Pueblo Indians 32, 33 Quipus 87 Raccoon 65 Religious ceremonies 23, 31, 32, 53, 56 Reptiles 44-48 Rhinoceros 101 Robin Group 49 Rodents 71 Roosevelt Elk 70 Rotifers 40 Roundworms 40 Sage Grouse Group 79 Sandhill Crane Group 76 San Joaquin Valley Group 77 School Collections 12 Sea-mats 40 Seismograph 35 Sewage S81 Sharks 61; fossil 108; great fossil 106 Shells 91 Siberian eas 89, 90 Skunk Soexctsen: Indian 28, 31, 37 Sledge, Amundsen’s 35 Sledge, Peary’s 35 Sponges 37, 39 Squirrels, 69 Staff, Scientific 2 Starfish, 40 Stele 50, 51 Study Collections 12-15 Sun dance 31 Sunfish, Ocean 63 Synoptic Series of Animals 37-41; of Mammals 92 Tahitians 118, 119 Teleosts, Fossil 109; Recent 61 Tertiary Vertebrates 99 Textiles, Haida 23; Inca 85; Navajo 33, 34 Thorne Tablet 71 Tipi 30 Toad Group 48 Totem poles 23 Trachodon 104, 107 Trenton Man 54 Trephined skulls 87, 88 Trustees, Board of 1 Turkey Vulture Group 76 Tyrannosaurus 105 Uintatheres 103 Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 41 Virginia deer 65 Visitors’ Room 19, 20 Volcanic bombs 111 Walrus 70 Wampum 26, 27 Warren Mastodon 99 Water Pollution 81 Water Supply 81 Water Turkey Group 75 Weasel Group 67 Whale, finback 75; North Atlantic right 72; sul. hur-bottom 92 Wharf Pile Group 38 Work of Museum 12 Workshops 16 Worm Group 43 Wild Turkey Group 75 ‘*Willamette”’’ meteorite 20 Woodchuck 69 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY HANDBOOKS These deal with subjects illustrated by the collections rather than with the objects themselves. No. 1— NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE PLAINS. By Cuarx Wisster, Ph.D., Curator of Anthropology. October, 1912, 145 pages, maps and illustrations. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents. This gives an account of the Material Culture, Social Organization, Religion, Ceremonies, Arts and Languages of the Plains Indians of North America. No. 2.— INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. By Puiny Ear.e Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator of Ethnology. March, 1913, 190 pages, maps and many illus- trations. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents. A résumé of our present knowledge of these interesting Indians. Among the subjects treated are the Spanish Conquest, Cliff Dwellings, Native Weaving, the Potter’s Art and the Hopi Snake-Dance. No. 3— THE ANCIENT PEOPLES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By Herpert J. SprnpEN, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology. In preparation. No. 4.— ANIMALS OF THE PAST. A popular account of some of the Creatures of the Ancient World. By FrepErRic A. Lucas, Se.D., Director of the Museum. 250 pages with 41 illustrations by Charles R. Knight and Joseph Gleeson. Paper, 35 cents. This, now revised as one of the series of Museum Handbooks, tells of mammoth and mastodon, of the giants among birds, the sea lizards and the huge dinosaurs. ILLUSTRATED GUIDE LEAFLETS These describe some exhibit, or series of exhibits, of special interest or importance, or may deal with the contents of an entire hall. Many of the earlier leaflets are out of print, but new editions of those most in demand are in course of preparation. THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS. By Louis P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator of Mineralogy. February, 1902. Price, 5 cents. The minerals have been moved since this leaflet was issued, but it contains much information about the collection and a number of figures of interesting specimens. NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS. By J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Cura- tor of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Revised edition, February, 1904. Price, 10 cents. Describes the rapidly disappearing large game of North America, such as the Bison, Elk and Mountain Sheep. THE ANCIENT BASKET MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH. By Grorce H. Pepper, Assistant in Anthropology. April, 1902. Second edition, May, 1909. Price, 10 cents. 125 126 AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS PRIMITIVE ART. July, 1904. Price, 15 cents. THE BATRACHIANS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Raymonp L. Dirmars, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zodlogical Park. October, 1905. Price, 15 cents. THE BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. By Frank M. Cuapman, Curator of Ornithology. April-July, 1906. Price, 15 cents. PERUVIAN MUMMIES. By CuHarites W. Mean, Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology. March, 1907. Price, 10 cents. THE METEORITES IN THE FOYER OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. By Epmunp Otts Hovey, Ph.D., Curator, Department of Geology and Invertebrate Palzon- tology. December, 1907. Price, 10 cents. The collection, which represents about 500 falls, numbering some 2,000 specimens, includes the great ‘‘Ahnighito’’ meteorite, weighing 363 tons, brought from Greenland by Peary, the strange ‘““Willamette’’ meteorite and the ‘‘Canyon Diablo” which contains minute diamonds. THE HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By FRANK M. CHapMANn, Curator of Ornithology. February, 1909. Price, 15 cents. These celebrated groups are designed to illustrate not only the habits but also the haunts, or habitats, of the species shown. The backgrounds are careful studies from nature and each represents tea ree locality. Twenty-two of these groups are shown in this leafiet. THE INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. By ALANSON SKINNER, Assistant Curator, Department of Anthropology. New Edition in Preparation. BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. March, 1910. Pricd, 10 cents. A summary of the Exploration of Antarctic Regions, from the voyage of Captain Cook in 1768-1777 down to Shackleton’s expedi- tion in 1908. TREES AND FORESTRY. By Mary Cyntara Dickerson, B.S., Curator of Woods and Forestry. September, 1910. Out of print. A new edition in course of preparation. This leaflet, based on the Jesup Collection of North American Woods, describes tree structure and growth, includes a key for the identification of trees in winter and considers forest industries and their management for profit. No. 33.— THE PROTECTION OF RIVER AND HARBOR WATERS FROM MUNICIPAL WASTES. By CxHarLes-Epwarp AMoRY WINSLOW, M.S8., Curator, Department of Public Health. April, 1911, 25 pages, 13 illustrations. Price, 10 cents. A discussion of the nature of city sewage, the reasons for its purifi- cation, and the various devices for rendering it harmless. No. 34.— PLANT FORMS IN WAX. By E. C. B. Fasserr. November, 1911. Price, 10 cents. Tells how reproductions of foliage and flowers, such as are used in the bird groups, are made. No. 36.— THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE. By W. D. Martruew, Ph.D., Curator, Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology. Jn press. 63 pages, 39 illustrations. Price, 20 cents. The past geologic history of the Horse affords the most complete and convincing illustration of evolution among mammals. This leaf- let, based upon material in this Museum, describes the successive stages in its evolution from the four-toed ‘‘Hohippus no bigger than a fox’’ to the single-toed horse of to-day. AMERICAN MUSEUM GUIDE LEAFLETS 127 OUR COMMON BUTTERFLIES. By Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D. Assis- tant Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy. June, 1914. Price, 15 cents. Describes and figures natural size the common species (31 in all) of the eastern United States. HOW TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE INSECTS. By Frank E. Lurz, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Department of Invertebrate Zodlogy. Illustrated, 21 pages. Price, 10 cents. REPRINTS of Important Articles in the American Museum Journal. THE GROUND SLOTH GROUP. By W..D. Martruew. April, 1911. Describes the structure and habits of these giant relatives of our sloths and anteaters. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents. METHODS AND RESULTS IN HERPETOLOGY. By Mary C. Dickerson. October, 1911. Describes the methods used in mount- ing or reproducing Reptiles and Amphibians, 12 pages, 19 illustrations. Price, 5 cents. THE WHARF PILE GROUP. By Roy W. Miner. March, 1913. Illustrating specialization to an inactive life as shown by sponges, hy- droids, and sea anemones. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents. THE SEA WORM GROUP. By Roy W. Miner. November, 1912. Deals with the marine worms of the Atlantic Coast and the battle of life that must be waged by all living creatures. 16 pages, 18 illustra- tions. Price, 10 cents. THE ANCESTRY OF THE EDENTATES. By W. D. Martruew, December, 1912. 8 pages, 4 illustrations. Price, 5 cents. GUIDE TO THE COLLECTIONS ILLUSTRATED New Edition issued 1914, 127 pages, 65 illus- trations, many full page. Price 25 cents. KEY TO THE COLLECTIONS Contains plans of the different floors, notes the chief objects of interest in the various halls, and describes briefly the study collections. Price 5 cents. POST CARDS Colored Post Cards showing some of the interesting objects in the Museum may be had at the rate of two for five cents, or a series of fifteen for 25 cents. Plain post cards three for five cents. These publications may be purchased in the Visitors’ Room, near the entrance, from the Attendants or from the Librarian. “Age Beppe revise tS pec eis aie. Bw ge eT ee, dee 3) BE, ote oy = eee 49, a r me = hal ri . ‘ ; S ¥ ree a Riek . - ee eee ay eee re ey Be ponere’ =e 5 ~? PX om - a 2 tT? 4 : ’ . > , wer ce ; =o ~~ ° - ~ : 7 " s : of. 5 =. sas 3 ; - x t ' tx ? - eed “¢ ‘ Lz 7 « i . x my ‘ > ar es, z - - . > « 1 ay ot . ‘ : * . « es > on? hes . ? 2 he Ms ’ 4