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GENERAL GUIDE * CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

ROOSEVELT ROAD AND LAKE SHORE

Chicago Natural History Museum, located at the south Grant Park, near the central business district, is one of the leading museums of natural science.

Stanley Field Hall, the great central hall of the Museum, contains exhibits of specimens selected for their rarity, beauty, or general interest to represent the Museum’s four scientific departments.

Chicago Natural History

Museum

Formerly Field Museum of

Natural History

General Guide

Chicago, U.S.A. 1965

General Museum Information

Location

Chicago Natural History Museum is located in the south end of Grant Park near Lake Michigan. The main (north) entrance faces Roosevelt Road (Twelfth Street) at Lake Shore Drive. An opposite (south) entrance faces Fourteenth Boulevard. The Museum is reached by the Jackson Boulevard bus No. 126 (marked 14th and Lake Shore or Planetarium), State Street shuttle bus No. 149, and Illinois Central and South Shore suburban trains. ‘There is free parking space at the north entrance of the Museum and public-fee parking space to the south of the Museum.

Hours and Rules of Admission

The Museum is open to the public every day of the year (except Christmas and New Year’s Day) during the following hours:

November through Hebriaryersss saree 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. (to 5:00 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday)

March-April; September—October. . . . .9:00 A.M. to 5:00 p.m. May through Labor Day. ...... . .9:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. (to 8:00 p.m. on Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday

from mid-June to Labor Day)

Visitors are charged the established (in 1894) admission fee of 25 cents except on Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday, when admission is free. Members of the Museum, their immediate families, and house guests are admitted free every day. Children under twelve years of age also are admitted free at all times, as are students and teachers from any accredited school upon presentation of proper credentials to show their affiliation.

Checking

Canes and umbrellas must be checked at the entrances (as a protec- tion to the Museum’s glass cases from involuntary pointing); this checking is free of charge. Coats and parcels may be checked for a fee of 10 cents (no charge to Museum Members).

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The Museum cafeteria, located on the ground floor, is equipped to serve guests quickly and at reasonable cost.

Lunchrooms

A cafeteria is located on the ground floor. Sandwiches, coffee, and cold drinks may be purchased in an adjoining room provided for the convenience of school children and adults who bring their lunches. The cafeteria and lunchroom are open at 11:00 a.m. daily.

Rest Rooms

Toilets and a lounge where smoking is permitted are located at the center of the north corridor on the ground floor. Photomurals on the walls of the lounge illustrate stages in the growth of the Museum and the nature of its expeditionary work.

Telephones

Public telephones are located near the north and south entrances. The telephone number of the Museum is WAbash 2-9410.

Wheel Chairs and Strollers

Visitors desiring to use these chairs may rent them at the main (north) entrance.

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Lost and Found

All lost articles found in the Museum are sent to the Information Booth at the main (north) entrance.

Museum Guards

Uniformed guards are present in all halls of the Museum, not only to protect valuable Museum property but also to give friendly assist- ance to visitors. General information regarding the location of particular exhibits or Museum facilities and services may be ob- tained from guards. ‘They also will direct visitors to the proper sources of information on technical questions relating to the exhibits or to Museum policy. Guards are instructed to request visitors not to smoke in exhibition halls, not to put their hands on the glass of exhibition cases, and not to put their feet on benches or on the bases of exhibits, regulations that are established as an aid to main- tenance of the Museum building.

Photographing and Sketching

Hand cameras may be used without special permission, but the ap- proval of the Director of the Museum must be obtained to use tri- pods, flashlights, or other photographic apparatus. Likewise, for sketching, the Director’s permission is required to use an easel or chair. Permits may be obtained through the telephone operator in the office to the west of the main (north) entrance. Permission to reproduce photographs of Museum exhibits must be obtained by written request to the Director of the Museum.

The Museum Library

The Museum Library is a specialized one, covering the fields of anthropology, botany, geology, and zoology, with especial reference to their descriptive aspects. The book collection, consisting of about 145,000 volumes, is particularly strong in the serial publications of learned societies, academies, and universities throughout the world. The Library does not circulate material, except on interlibrary loan, and is primarily intended to serve the Museum staff. Its facilities, however, are available to students, teachers, research workers, and other serious readers. The reading room of the Library is open Mon- day through Friday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.

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The Museum Research Collections

The extensive research collections of the Museum are not available to the general public. They may be examined by qualified students, specialists, and Members of the Museum with the approval of the Chief Curator in charge of the department concerned.

Museum Guide-Service

Free public tours of the Museum are conducted by guide-lecturers at 2 p.M. Monday through Friday in July and August. ‘These tours are general surveys of the principal exhibits.

The services of guide-lecturers for special groups of ten or more people are available Monday through Friday, provided that ar- rangements have been made with the Raymond Foundation of the Museum at least one week in advance. There is no charge.

Acoustiguide Tours

Acoustiguide recorded tours are now available to Museum visitors. The service employs small tape playback machines, fitted with light- weight earphones, and offers two pre-recorded 45 minute tours; one of the world of man, through the anthropology exhibition halls, and the other the natural world, through halls devoted to geology, botany, and zoology. ‘The machines may be turned off at will, and thus allow the user to complete the tours at his own pace, stopping for further examination of an exhibit, or for rest periods. ‘The tours have been prepared and authenticated by the Museum’s scientists and educational staff; the voice is that of a proressional narrator, with authentic background sounds such as native chants, or music, and animal calls. ‘The tours cost 50 cents for one person and 75 cents for two. Acoustiguide adds a new dimension to the Museum’s exhibits and offers the visitor the equivalent of personally conducted tours by members of the Museum’s staff. Special rates are available for schools and other groups. The tours augment considerably the Museum?’s services to clubs, other organizations and conventions. A visit to the Museum using Acoustiguide can be an unusual addition to a group’s program. Luncheon may be obtained in the Museum cafeteria. Arrangements should be made in advance.

Illustrated Lectures for Adults

‘Two series of free illustrated lectures on science and travel are given for Museum Members and the general public on Saturday after- noons at 2:30 o’clock in the James Simpson Theatre on the ground floor of the Museum. One series is held in spring during March and April; the other, in autumn during October and November. These nontechnical lectures on subjects in the several fields of natural history are selected to appeal to a wide range of interests. The lec- turers are often men prominent in exploration and research.

Children’s Programs

Educational motion-pictures, lectures, and demonstrations for the entertainment and instruction of children are provided in a summer series of Thursday-morning programs in the James Simpson Theatre on the ground floor of the Museum. Similar programs for children are given on certain Saturday mornings in the spring and fall.

The Book Shop

The Book Shop, located at the north entrance of the Museum, pro- vides a source of supply for authoritative books on the many branches of science within the field of natural history. A large selec- tion of books on anthropology, botany, geology, zoology, and allied

Children’s program in James Simpson Theatre.

subjects is on sale here. There are also books for children. All of the books have been approved by qualified members of the Museum’s scientific staff. The Book Shop, on special order, will obtain for pur- chasers almost any book available from any publisher or dealer in the world. Books may be purchased by mail, but it is necessary to ac- company the order with payment, because the Museum is not or- ganized to handle charge accounts. Globe maps, rock and mineral specimens, miniature representations of various animals, and other objects of interest to Museum visitors of all ages are also for sale.

The James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for Public School and Children’s Lectures

Various educational activities for school children of Chicago are provided by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Founda- tion for Public School and Children’s Lectures. An endowment of $500,000 was established for this purpose in 1925 by Mrs. James Nelson Raymond. Since that time, additional contributions totaling more than $158,000 have been received from the late Mrs. Raymond and her estate.

Staff members of Raymond Foundation work especially with groups of students that visit the Museum from elementary and high schools of Chicago and neighboring towns. Tours, lectures, and programs are prepared for these groups according to their needs. Programs are planned also for the particular needs of other organ- ized groups, such as Scouts, YMCA’s, Camp Fire Girls, day camps, and clubs. Museum Journeys, a special activity for children to carry on alone at any time in the Museum, are planned by Raymond Foundation. Occasional television programs are presented.

The N. W. Harris Public School Extension

The N. W. Harris Public School Extension Department prepares small portable cases containing natural-history and economic ex- hibits and lends them to the schools of Chicago. This service was made possible by the late Norman Wait Harris, who in 1911 pro- vided an endowment of $250,000. ‘This endowment has been sup- plemented in later years by contributions of more than $268,000 by Mr. Albert W. Harris, son of the founder, and by other members of the family.

Approximately 1,100 cases are at present available for this educa-

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tional work. During the school year, two cases are sent to each school at frequent, regular intervals. Deliveries and collections are made free of charge by two Museum motor trucks. Examples of these cases are exhibited in Stanley Field Hall. Besides the cases, collections of study-skins of birds and small mammals, pressed plants of the Chicago area, specimens of rocks and minerals, and sundry other materials may be borrowed by schools upon request.

Membership

Membership in Chicago Natural History Museum assists one of the world’s great scientific museums to continue research work of funda- mental importance and helps to support cultural and educational activities that benefit approximately two million people annually, including hundreds of thousands of school children. ‘The several classes of membership in the Museum, and fees, are as follows:

Annual Membership ........ oliee ta: ferns bth Cues OLOG Sustaining Membership (Annual). ........ : 25.00 Associate Membership ..........+4+e8e-6 100.00 Non-Resident Associate Membership . ....... 50.00 Life’-Membership™. .o2. %. sues oS Se 2 OOO On Non-Resident Life Membership. ........ a. 100.00

When a Sustaining Member has paid the annual fee of $25.00 for six consecutive years, such Member becomes an Associate Member and is exempt from further payment of dues for life. Non-Resident Memberships are available only to persons residing fifty miles or more from Chicago. Those donors who give or devise to the Mu- seum $1,000 to $100,000 are designated as Contributors. ‘Those who give or devise $100,000 or more become Benefactors; a bronze stand- ard in Stanley Field Hall carries the names of Museum Benefactors. Other Museum memberships are: Honorary, Patron, Correspond- ing, and Corporate; additions under these classifications are made by special action of the Board of Trustees. Further information will be supplied upon request.

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Bronze casting from Benin, West Africa (Hall E).

The Museum

Founding

Chicago Natural History Museum was established in 1893 as the Columbian Museum of Chicago by a group of public-spirited citi- zens. It was first housed in Jackson Park in the Palace of Fine Arts Building, which was held over from the World’s Columbian Exposi- tion of 1893. ‘The success and permanence of the institution was assured by the late Marshall Field, who, in addition to an original gift of $1,000,000 in 1893, made other gifts of approximately $43,000 during his lifetime and bequeathed on his death in January, 1906, a further sum of $8,000,000, of which $4,000,000 was allotted toward the erection of the present building and $4,000,000 toward endow- ment to sustain the activities of the Museum.

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Name

The Museum has had several changes in name. Less than a year after the founding of the Museum, its name was changed to Field Columbian Museum. Again, in 1905, the name was changed to Field Museum of Natural History, and finally, in November, 1943, to Chicago Natural History Museum. The significance of the new name is best expressed in the words of Mr. Stanley Field, then Presi- dent of the Museum, who, on the occasion of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Museum’s founding, said: ‘‘. . . since the Museum was created and maintained for the public and has become identified in the minds of the public as a Chicago institution .. . it would be appropriate if the name were changed to Chicago Natural History Museum, thereby identifying its ownership more closely with the public of Chicago.”

Support

The Museum is an endowed institution, incorporated not for profit under Illinois state law. Income is derived from several sources: income from endowment (the largest source), membership fees, gifts, admission fees, and tax support through the Chicago Park District. Active control of the institution rests in the Board of ‘Trustees. The executive of the Museum is the Director, who is in immediate charge of operation.

Building

The present Museum building was completed in 1920 and opened to the public on May 2, 1921. It is 706 feet long, 438 feet wide, and 105 feet high and, with the terrace and grounds surrounding it, oc- cupies an area of thirteen acres. The exterior of the building is designed in the style of Greek architecture of the Ionic order. 'The interior is divided into four floors, with a great central hall that ex- tends from the first floor to the roof. The first and second floors and part of the ground floor are devoted to exhibition purposes, the total exhibition area comprising approximately twelve and one-sixth acres. T’he remaining space provides working quarters for the ad- ministrative and scientific staffs and for the maintenance force, and storage for the Museum’s vast research collections. The research col- iections contain many more specimens than are on exhibition.

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Purpose

It is the purpose of the Museum to gather, preserve, organize, and spread knowledge of the natural world in which we live. The Mu- seum has acquired comprehensive reference collections of things im- portant to such an understanding: the materials of the earth, evi- dence of the forces moulding and changing the earth, the plants and animals that are living or have lived upon it, and a record of the physical and social development of man from earliest times to primi- tive peoples of the present day.

In continuation of this undertaking, Museum expeditions are fre- quently sent to imperfectly known regions to make studies and to collect the factual evidence upon which scientific studies must be based. ‘These studies are published by the Museum and distributed to scientific institutions throughout the world as a contribution of the Museum to the advancement of knowledge. Another product of these activities is the Museum’s exhibition program in which authentic materials, organized to express significant relationships, are displayed to tell the story of the earth and life upon it.

Calcite, a common mineral, has many varieties, some of which rival precious stones in color and beauty of form (Chalmers Collection of crystals, Hall 34).

Organization of Exhibits

Any living thing or any inanimate object can exist in a multiplicity of relationships to other organisms, materials, and forces and, there- fore, may be considered from many different aspects. Animals, for instance, may be regarded from the viewpoint of geography, of systematic series (taxonomy), and of association with other animals and plants in a particular environment (ecology), or in many other ways. The practical limitations of material and space prevent even the largest of museums from displaying all these facets of nature. Only fundamental facts and relationships can be shown for most types of material.

In this Museum, systematic series and geographic distribution form the principal plan of organization. Thus, mammals may be seen in systematic series in Hall 15, and many of the same animals may be seen again in other halls in association with different ani- mals from the same continental areas. Realistic habitat groups serve to portray the typical environment of the species. Also, in appropriate places in these halls are topical exhibits designed to illustrate important biological principles or significant adaptations or behavior of a single group of animals. It should be emphasized that this aspect of the work of the Museum is far from finished; an active program of addition to and improvements of exhibition in all fields and at various levels of interest occupies both preparation and scientific staffs of the institution.

The Indian sloth-bear mother often carries her baby on her back while searching for insects and worms under stones and logs (Hall 17).

Carved and lacquered seat supported by jaguars was made by the Incas of Peru (Stanley Field Hall).

A Briet Survey Tour

ot the Museum

In order to help you enjoy your time in the Museum, the following

suggestions are given:

1. Do not attempt to see everything in one visit, whether you have half an hour or a day.

2. Pick out a few things in which you are most interested; look for an hour or so; then rest awhile or come back another day.

It has taken many years to collect the exhibits. They are ar- ranged in 47 halls that cover 530,172 square feet of floor space (12.17 acres). So don’t expect or hope to see and enjoy them all at one time.

If you can’t decide what interests you most and if you would like some suggestions for the highlights of the Museum, a tour has been outlined for you on a floor plan of the Museum. This tour can be taken at your own leisure and according to your own speed. You can stop at any time to rest. It should take about one hour; it could easily take two hours or more; and if you skim through it in thirty minutes, you will have at least a general idea of the Museum. Turn the page for diagrams of the suggested tour.

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Suggested Survey Tour of the Museum

(TIME: ABOUT 1 HOUR)

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" Seems [t= °%<= that you go into are a part of the eats | oe story of the animal kingdom (zoology). —— ose Your tour shows you a few of the dif- a zed ferent kinds of animals and birds. Be

sure to look at the African waterhole group at the south end of Hall 22. From this point, go up the stairway to the second floor.

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FIRST FLOOR

When you arrive on the second floor, you find yourself in the earth-science sec- tion (geology). Hall 38, to your left, is a story of the earth and of the life of pre- historic times. Particularly note the group of a swamp forest of about 250 mil- lion years ago in southern Illinois. Following the route, you will see in sequence fossil animals, useful minerals, fossil invertebrates and plants, precious gems, and jades. Go through Hall 24, which contains records of ancient Chinese civiliza- tion, and, as you enter Hall 26, into the section of plant life (botany). Notice the three habitat groups of plants at the north end of Hall 29 (a meadow, wood- land, and coast). Now go down the stairway to the first floor.

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hall) is ‘Unity of Mankind,” a sculpture that indicates the three main races of peoples. WESTERN INDIANS Follow the route through Hall 4, where you Te "SOUTHWESTERN ee will see exhibits on Indian America. Then pro- | INDIANS (oe ceed down the stairway to the ground floor ee Eee eNO CEN AMERICA and go into Hall C, which tells the story of sie prehistoric man in life-size dioramas.

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After you have had a glimpse in Hall C of prehistoric man, you may be interested in some of the primitive peoples of today; so follow the route through the halls of Madagascar, Africa, Polynesia, and Micronesia. The route then takes you into Halls K, L, and J, where records of ancient Babylonia, Rome, and Egypt are exhibited. From this point you can easily return to the main hall on the first floor or continue through the halls that display marine mammals and fishes.

This brief tour has given you a general idea of the material in the Museum. Come again and spend more time in the section you most enjoyed.

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Stanley Field Hall

Occupying the Center of the Museum Building

STANLEY FIELD HALL, into which the main entrance of the Museum opens, is dedicated to Mr. Stanley Field, presiding officer of the Board of Trustees of the Museum from 1909 until 1964. The hall is 299 feet long, 68 feet wide, and 75 feet high. It contains four statues designed by Henry Hering to symbolize the aims and purposes of the Museum. The figures flanking the north archway represent ‘“‘Nat- ural Science’? and ‘‘Dissemination of Knowledge”; those at the south archway, “‘Record” and ‘“‘Research.”

Throughout the hall are exhibited specimens that are conspicuous for their beauty, rarity, or general interest. The two African ele- phants in the center of the hall were collected and mounted by the late Carl E. Akeley, noted explorer, naturalist, and sculptor, who was once a member of the Museum staff. The three bronze sculp- tures in the south end of the hall, which illustrate the remarkable ritualized lion-hunting with spears by certain African tribes, are also his work. The upright skeleton of a huge flesh-eating dinosaur, a present from Trustees of the Museum in 1954, and the associated skeleton of a large plant-eating dinosaur, collected by a Museum expedition in 1922, were placed on exhibition in 1956. Descriptive booklets, Lion Spearing and Dinosaurs, Predator and Prey, are on sale at the north entrance of the Museum.

Pottery figurines made for burial purposes were found in tomb in Honan Province, China, dated about 350 B.c. (Stanley Field Hall).

Story of Mankind

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

First Floor—Halls 2-10, East Wing

Second Floor—Halls 24, 30, 31, and 32 (Balcony around Central Hall)

Ground Floor—Halls A, C-G, J, K, and L, East Wing

ANTHROPOLOGY is the science of man and his culture throughout all time and in all parts of the world. The word “culture” as used by anthropologists does not mean the improvement and refinement of the mind but is a term for the sum total of learned human behavior: customs, activities, and manufactures.

Because anthropology is a vast science, it is divided into the following main branches: physical anthropology, the study of human evolution, variation and differentiation into races, growth, and body types; archaeology, the study of artifacts and other remains to determine the cultures and histories of past peoples who left few or no written records; ethnology and social anthropology, the study of contemporary and recent societies and cultures; and linguistics, the study of the structural patterns and historical relationships among languages.

Among the principal aims of anthropology is the study of man’s place in nature and the manner in which his biological and cul- tural aspects interact to make him a human being. Another aim is the reconstruction of a world-history of culture during the ap-

Peoples of the World, Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall (Hall 3).

A portion of an exhibit on Indian farmers of northeastern North

America shows a harvest ceremony of the Oneota Indians (Hall 4).

proximately one million years of human existence without confin- ing this history to the well-documented recent civilizations. A third major aim is to classify human societies and cultures, to seek the general principles underlying their functioning, and to study the processes of culture-change.

The exhibits in the Department of Anthropology occupy the first floor of the east wing adjoining Stanley Field Hall, the second floor galleries overlooking Stanley Field Hall, and more than half of the ground floor. The exhibits show achievements, in both historic and prehistoric times, in arts and industries as well as in the social and religious life of the world outside of modern Europe and America.

FIRST FLOOR

Hall 2. Primitive Art (Edward E. and Emma B. Ayer Hall)

Objects from primitive societies, primarily from certain peoples of Africa, the Americas, and Oceania are presented in exhibits that cive a comparative view of world primitive art. The relationship of primitive art to art of civilized societies, a definition of primitive art, and thematic exhibits are featured.

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Hall 3. Peoples of the World (Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall)

The major racial types found among the various races of mankind are represented in this hall by a series of life-size figures, busts, and heads in bronze and stone by Malvina Hoffman. Exhibits to show some of the diagnostic characters considered by physical anthro- pologists in differentiating racial types—skulls, color charts, casts of hands and feet—are located at one end of the hall.

Hall 4. Indians before Columbus (James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Hall)

The story of American Indians from the time of their arrival in the New World from Asia (before 20,000 B.c.) to the time of their dis- covery by European explorers is told by the exhibits in this hall. Section 1 gives a brief survey of American Indian civilizations and cultures as they were found by European explorers, missionaries, and conquerors. Section 2 shows the development of American Indian cultures and civilizations before the discovery of the New World. Section 3 shows Indian techniques for the manufacture of tools of stone and how archaeologists obtain knowledge of extinct cultures through excavation, classification, analysis, and interpretation.

Hall 5. Indian Tribes of Eastern North America (Mary D. Sturges Hall)

This hall exhibits the Indian mode of life in the prairies and wood- lands of the eastern half of North America. The hall is divided into the following sections: Indians of the western prairies (Pawnee, Mandan, Arikara), Indians of the southern prairies (Osage, Wichi- ta), Indians of the eastern prairies (eastern Dakota), Indians of the Chicago region (Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Sauk and Fox, southern Ottawa, southern Chippewa, Winnebago, Menomini), Indians of the northern woodlands (Cree, northern Chippewa, Algonkin, Montagnais-Naskapi, Micmac, Abnaki), Indians of the eastern wood- lands (Iroquois tribes), and Indians of the southern woodlands (Seminole, Creek, Cherokee, Catawba, Caddo, Chitimacha).

Hall 6. Indian Tribes of Western North America

This hall is divided into three sections: Indians of the high Plains, Intermountain tribes that were influenced by Plains Indian culture, and Indians of the California culture area.

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Hall 7. Ancient and Modern Indians of the Southwestern United States

Archaeological materials show the development of cultures in the Southwest from early times (Cochise culture, c. 5000 B.c.) through all periods of Southwestern prehistory down to historic times. Modern tribes represented by the exhibits are: Hopi Indians of Arizona, Rio Grande tribes of New Mexico, Navaho, Apache, Pima, Papago, Mohave, and Yuma.

Hall 8. Ancient and Modern Indians of Mexico and Central America

Middle American cultures from 1500 B.c. to the present are covered: the Aztecs, Toltecs, Mixtecs, Zapotecs, and Mayas and the modern Indians of Mexico and Guatemala. Other exhibits in this hall illus- trate the prehistoric cultures of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama and the modern San Blas Indians.

Head of Hopewell Indian man (en- larged reproduction of a figurine), wearing ornaments of copper and : pearls (Hall 4). i

Stone tobacco pipe carved in the form of a fish and a bird, Hopewell Indians of Ohio (Hall 4).

Hall 9. Ancient and Modern Indians of South America

Ancient cultures of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Argentina and modern Indians of Peru, Colombia, and Brazil are shown.

Hall 10. Indian Tribes of the Northwest Coast and Eskimos of the Arctic Coasts (Joseph Nash Field Hall)

Tribes of the Northwest Coast, related groups of the interior, and Eskimos of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland are shown.

SECOND FLOOR

Hall 24. Ancient Chinese Civilization (George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall)

East Gallery: ‘The purpose of this hall is to illustrate the development of Chinese civilization in all its varied phases, from its beginnings in the Old Stone Age (about 500,000 years ago), through the Neolithic period (about 1500 B.c.), and down to the early part of the nine- teenth century. There are two main divisions: the ancient original culture of China, before the advent of Buddhism, and the culture of Buddhist China, as influenced and modified by religious and artistic currents coming from India from the second century onward. In both divisions, the principle of arrangement of exhibits is chrono- logical. ‘The collection is particularly strong in Han pottery, cast iron, mortuary clay figures, Sung pottery and porcelain, and Buddhist and Taoist sculpture, much of it provincial. South Gallery: Models of pagodas from all parts of China and selected Chinese paintings and tapestries are exhibited in this gallery. North Gallery; A carved lacquer screen from China occupies this gallery.

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Hall 30. Chinese Jades

This hall contains more than a thousand examples of carved jade, arranged in chronological order, from the early archaic period (about 1500 B.c.) down to the end of the nineteenth century. On the walls are an embroidered screen of the K’ang-hsi period and an imperial tapestry.

Hall 31. Gems and Jewels (H. N. Higinbotham Hall)

Exhibits of anthropological interest show primitive jewelry, both ancient and modern, from many parts of the world. (See page 36.)

Hall 32. West Gallery. Civilization of China and Tibet

The exhibits in this hall are being completely renovated. Upon com- pletion of the current exhibition program the exhibits will be divided into two parts, with the civilization of China being represented at the south end of the gallery and the culture of Tibet being repre- sented at the north end of the gallery. The emphasis of the exhibits will be upon the traditional cultures of China and Tibet during the past several centuries. In the extensive Chinese collections are im- perial and theatrical costumes, musical instruments, fans, basketry, beadwork and peasant embroidery, bird and cricket cages, writing and printing equipment, weapons, and suits of armor. The Tibetan collections include textiles and clothing, looms and weaving equip- ment, jewelry, ceremonial scarves, household utensils, metal ware, weapons, and saddlery. The Lamaist religion, a form of Buddhism that was introduced from India, is illustrated by images, paintings, sculptures, musical instruments, and other objects used in Lama temples. These materials, Chinese and Tibetan, comprehensively represent the traditional way of life in these two cultures, a way of life that is now largely gone.

GROUND FLOOR Hall A. Peoples of Melanesia and the Philippines

The Melanesian collection in this hall is the finest and most com- plete in the world. Most of it was obtained by a Museum expedition during the years 1909 to 1913, and much of it is now irreplaceable. The exhibits show tools, weapons, utensils, ornaments, art, clothing, and means of livelihood. Material from the Philippines is shown at one end of this hall and in the adjoining end of Hall G.

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Hall A-1. Aboriginal Peoples of Australia

These exhibits illustrate the life and customs of the native tribes of Australia, peoples who possess a Stone Age type of culture.

Hall C. Stone Age of the Old World

The exhibits in this hall are arranged in chronological sequence to show the main stages of man’s cultural and physical development in western and central Europe from approximately a million years ago to the dawn of history. ‘Tools, utensils, weapons, and ornaments characteristic of each cultural stage are shown. Life-size restorations of early types of man in representations of actual prehistoric sites illustrate life in the Stone Age from the beginning of the Old Stone Age, the Paleolithic, to the end of the New Stone Age, the Neolithic, when bronze and iron were replacing stone.

Hall D. Peoples of East Africa and Madagascar

Exhibits in this hall show the cultures of the peoples of East Africa and Madagascar. ‘The natives of Madagascar are of mixed Asiatic and African origin. ‘Therefore the collection from Madagascar is a link between the African exhibits and the Polynesian and Malaysian exhibits. This is the only Madagascan collection of importance in the United States, and it is believed to be one of the most complete in existence.

Hall E. Peoples of West, Central, and South Africa

These exhibits, arranged in geographical order, beginning with West Africa and the Cameroons and extending through the Congo area, Angola, and South Africa, show the life and customs, tools, weapons, utensils, pottery, clothing, ornaments, housing, and art of the peoples of Africa. A fully furnished reconstruction of a Cam- eroons king’s house is a central feature of this hall.

Hall F. Peoples of Polynesia and Micronesia

(South and Central Pacific)

In this hall the life and customs of island peoples of the Pacific are illustrated. Exhibits include archaeological and ethnological ma- terials from Hawaii and the Marquesas, Society, Cook, Austral, and Fiji islands as well as from New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa, and the

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Gilbert, Marshall, and Caroline islands. The cultural areas of the Pacific are shown on a large mural map.

Hall G. Peoples of the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia

The tools, weapons, utensils, houses, clothing, modes of transporta- tion, ornaments, musical instruments, wood carvings, and textiles of many groups of people of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Ar- chipelago are shown. A model of a Sumatran-village scene serves to relate these objects to their use. Several exhibits of Moro and Bagobo material from the Philippines are at one end of the hall. Additional exhibits arranged to emphasize the outstanding charac- teristics of the culture of the principal pagan groups throughout the Philippine Archipelago are located in the adjoining end of Hall A.

Hall J. Peoples of Ancient Egypt (Mummies)

The development of Egyptian civilization from the predynastic period (before 3000 B.c.) to the rise of Islam (seventh century) is shown. Mummies of human beings and of birds and other animals, coffins, painted linen shrouds, textiles, garments, manuscripts, sculp- ture, boats, pottery, furniture, glass, jewelry, toilet articles, and

Mica ornament in the form of a hand, made by the Hopewell Indians of Ohio (Hall 4).

tools are exhibited. Re-erected at one end of the hall are the beauti- fully sculptured chapels and offering chambers from two mastaba tombs. These tombs originally stood near the royal pyramids of the Old Kingdom at Sakkara. An illustrated leaflet, Mummies, is on sale at the north entrance of the Museum.

Hall K. Peoples of Ancient Babylonia

millennium B.c. to A.D. 400 are shown in this hall. The material, almost entirely from excavations by the Field Museum—Oxford University Joint Expedition to Kish and Jemdet Nasr, is representa- tive of four thousand years of development in Babylonia. Around the walls of the hall is a frieze of cylinder-seal impressions (enlarged approximately twenty-five times) that shows the development of glyptic art.

Civilizations of the ancient Near East from the middle of the fourth

Hall L. Archaeology of Etruria and Rome

The exhibits of Etruscan material cover the eighth to second cen- turies B.c. The Roman Empire is represented chiefly by antiquities recovered from ancient Pompeii and Boscoreale that were buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Bronzes, pottery vessels, sculp- tures, and glassware are among the objects exhibited.

Food bowl from the Admiralty Islands, Melanesia (Hall A).

Plants DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Second Floor—Halls 25-29, East Wing

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM is the first general museum of natural history to give to the science of botany attention and space comparable to the other major divisions of natural science. The scientific study of plants offers its own series of approaches to the fundamental problems of biology. The economic importance of plants as the ultimate source of our food, much of our shelter and clothing, and many of the comforts of life can not fail to be appre- ciated by everyone. The botanical exhibits, therefore, are planned to give a general idea of the plant world, its range of forms, and its rela- tion to human life.

The exhibits in the Department of Botany occupy five halls on the second floor. The largest hall, known as the Hall of Plant Life, in- cludes representatives of the whole vegetable kingdom from bacteria to orchids and daisies, grouped into plant families and arranged in systematic series. The other four halls contain exhibits of plants and plant products organized largely on the basis of use. Foodstuffs, bev- erages, and spices, plant fibers, woods, and distillation products, gums, resins, and essential oils, all are to be found in these halls along with many other topical exhibits.

Hall 25. Food Plants and Palms

Half of this hall contains an extensive collection of palms. The other half is devoted to exhibits of small grains, corn, starches, edible oils and fats, leguminous seeds, nuts, spices, and beverages. Primitive cultivated grains, samples of ancient barley and wheat from Mesopo- tamia, of wheat from the pyramids of Egypt, and of corn from pre-Columbian Indian sites in North and South America are shown. The story of food plants is told in a series of murals by Julius Moessel. This hall is to be reorganized. Exhibits of food products will be gradually withdrawn, revised, and reinstalled in the Hall of Useful Plants (Hall 28). A new series of exhibits on the structure and life processes of plants will replace them.

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Left—Flowers of the banana plant are shown in realistic models (Hall 29).

Right—Enlarged models of the flowers of the birch exemplify the manner in which the significant structures of many plants are illustrated (Hall 29).

Hall 26. North American Trees (Charles F. Millspaugh Hall)

The principal trees and woods of North America are arranged in the order of their botanical relationship, beginning with conifers. Each exhibit includes a part of the trunk of the tree, a cross section of the trunk, boards that show the typical grain of the wood, and a map of the area of distribution. ‘There are photographs of the living tree under summer and winter conditions and colored transparencies of North American forests. Leafy branches, some of which are realistic models, are also shown in many instances.

Hall 27. Foreign Woods

Selected woods of India, Africa, Australia, Europe, Philippine Is- lands, Japan, Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South America are exhibited in this hall. The collection contains most of the foreign woods that are now imported into the United States, including those often seen in fine furniture.

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Hall 28. Useful Plants

In this hall, which is undergoing revision, exhibits will illustrate man’s use of various parts of plants and his dependence on plants for food, clothing, raw materials, and some of the niceties of life. Models of plants, dioramas, and graphic devices will be used to show plant fibers, oils, waxes, gums, resins, fruits, vegetables, food adjuncts, perfumes, drugs, and medicines. Featured will be the evolution of maize in the Americas. Emphasis will be given also to other important foodstuffs, such as potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples, peanuts, and chocolate, that were added to our diet by the discovery and exploration of the New World.

Hall 29. Hall of Plant Life (Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall)

The exhibits in this hall give a general view of the entire range of plant life, including several extinct groups, and show at the same time many of the most important useful plants of the world. Bac- teria, the lowest order of plants, are first, followed by algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, and fern allies; next are gymnosperms; and last are flowering plants, which occupy the greater part of the hall. In their correct places among the plant families are some of the common

Habitat group of welwitschia, a unique woody African plant that produces only two leaves during its long life (Hall 29).

wild flowers of the United States. At one end of the hall, alpine vege- tation of the northern Rocky Mountains, spring flora of an Illinois woodland, and seashore plants of the intertidal zone in the Bay of Fundy are represented in three large groups. Freshwater aquatics from the South American tropics and a south African desert scene, displaying one of the most unusual of woody plants, the two-leaved Tumbéa (Welwitschia mirabilis), are at the other end of the hall. A series of murals portrays famous plant forms and plant associations that are not represented in the three-dimensional exhibits. Because plants cannot be preserved to keep their natural appearance, most of the exhibits in this hall are made of plastic materials. These realistic models, produced in the laboratories of the Museum from plants collected in the field, comprise the extensive and unique Stanley Field Collection of Plant Models.

Reconstruction of a fossil cycadeoid ‘‘flower” that grew about 100 million years ago (Hall 29).

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Plants as they grew in swamps during the Coal or Pennsylvanian period have been reconstructed in a life-size group (Hall 38).

Earth Science DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Second Floor—Halls 31 and 34-38, West Wing

THE EARTH IS OUR HOME, and it is only natural that we should have a special interest in knowing about it. We derive raw materials for our industries—minerals, coal, and oil—from its rocks and our food from its soil. We are directly affected by its storms and floods, its seas, rivers, and glaciers, its volcanoes and earthquakes, and its hills and valleys. How do all these things come about? Of what materials is the earth composed and what forces operate upon them? Geology strives for a full answer to questions like these. It strives also to re- construct past physical changes and the story of life on earth—the origin, relationships, and evolution of the host of living animals and plants that once inhabited the earth and whose remains are now found embedded in the rocks as fossils.

Geology is thus the science of the earth and its history. As a matter of fact, geology is not any one science. It is a composite science, in that it enlists in its aid nearly all other sciences, physical and bio- logical. Geology is so broad a subject that no one investigator could

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The collection of gems and jewels in H. N. Higinbotham Hall is one of the finest in the world (Hall 31).

do it full justice. It is, therefore, necessarily divided into a number of branches. The most important of them are: mineralogy, the study of minerals; petrology, which deals with the origin and description of rocks; economic geology, the study of mineral deposits of economic value; structural geology, which is concerned with the deformation of the earth’s crust by folding and fracturing; geomorphology, the study of landforms carved by surface agencies; stratigraphy, which treats of the order and distribution of rock formation laid down by water and wind; and paleontology, the study of fossil plants and animals en- tombed in rocks. All these branches of geology are represented in Chicago Natural History Museum by appropriate exhibits in five large halls on the second floor.

Hall 31. Gems and Jewels (H. N. Higinbotham Hall)

Gems are minerals, minerals that excel others in color, hardness, transparency, and luster. ‘The gem collection of Chicago Natural

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History Museum is one of the best in the world. Cut and uncut specimens of nearly every known precious and semiprecious stone are displayed in Higinbotham Hall, many of them of historic inter- est and high intrinsic value. Culture pearls in comparison with nat- ural Oriental pearls, synthetic sapphires, and models of famous diamonds are also exhibited. The use of gold and silver in jewelry in early and later times is illustrated by examples of Colombian gold ornaments, Egyptian and Etruscan jewelry, jewelry of the Greek and Roman periods in Egypt, and jewelry from India and Algeria.

Hall 34. Physical or General Geology

This hall deals with the materials and structure of the earth and the interplay of forces that are shaping it. The main classes of rocks, their origin, mineral composition, and classification, the work of wind, water, and ice in leveling and building up land features, and the effects of volcanism and earth movements are illustrated. Typical examples of the interplay of earth forces and processes are shown by four dioramas—a valley glacier, a limestone cave, an active volcanic region, and the Grand Canyon of the Colorado.

Hall 35. Moon, Meteorites, and Minerals (Clarence Buckingham Hall)

Minerals are displayed in this hall according to systematic classifica- tion based upon chemical composition and crystal structure. Native elements that are found as minerals, such as iron and gold,

Reconstruction of cephalopods, corals, and other backboneless animals in a shallow inland Ordovician sea about 400 million years ago (Hall 37).

Skeleton of an ichthyosaur or fish-lizard with skin impression showing body outline (Hall 38).

are placed first, followed by groups of more complex composition. Variations in natural external form are illustrated by selected min- eral crystals of the William J. Chalmers Collection. Radioactive and fluorescent minerals are shown. Of nearly 1,700 meteorites on record, more than half are represented by specimens in the Museum’s collection, making it one of the largest in the world. However, only selected specimens of the principal kinds of meteorites are exhibited and features of general interest relating to these cosmic bodies are shown. A nineteen-foot model of the visible half of the moon occupies one end of the hall.

Hall 36. Ores and Minerals of Economic Importance

One half of the hall contains nonmetallic minerals of economic im- portance, such as abrasives, useful stones, refractory minerals, coal, and petroleum. The other half of the hall contains precious and base metals, such as gold, silver, iron, nickel, copper, lead, and zinc. Companion exhibits show the location of major and minor ore deposits in the western hemisphere, the uses of some of the more important metals, and production data.

Hall 37. Fossil Plants; Fossil Animals without Backbones; Geologic History (Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall)

After introductory exhibits at the east end of the hall, the cases follow two complementary sequences. Those on the north side show the biological classification of invertebrate (backboneless) ani-

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mals and plants. Those on the south side show fossil animals and plants in historical order. Beginning with the Cambrian period (600 million years ago), these exhibits display the typical plants and animals as well as the physical environment and economic de- posits of each of the geologic periods. Ancient environments and living things are reconstructed in ten dioramas. The events of geologic history are presented clearly by paintings and diagrams, including a large map of the ice age of 25,000 years ago and a spiral calendar that covers three billion years.

Hall 38. Fossil Animals with Backbones (Ernest R. Graham Hall)

The fossil fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals exhibited in this hall are arranged, in general, according to biological relation- ship and show the development of vertebrate forms. The entire geological sequence of life is indicated in a series of mural paintings of the processes of earth formation and of animals and plants in their natural surroundings. At one end of the hall is a life-size reproduc- tion of a forest of the Coal (Carboniferous) period. At the other end of the hall are three restoration groups: extinct three-toed horses, extinct mammals known as ‘Jitanotheres, and a Neanderthal cave- man family of Europe. Introductory exhibits illustrate how bones are buried, preserved, and found.

Skeleton of Barylambda, a primitive hoofed mammal of Paleocene time in Colorado (Hall 38).

The rare little tarsier is thought to be close to the line of the evolution of man. It is a nocturnal ar- boreal mammal (Hall 15).

Animals DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY First Floor—Halls 12, 13, and 15-22, West Wing

Ground Floor—Halls M, N, N-1, and O, West Wing

THE EXHIBITS in the Department of Zoology consist of three main types: (1) a classified series (by no means complete) in which the most important animal groups can be found in their proper arrange- ment; (2) habitat groups of the animals of different countries or of natural associations of animals, showing their habits and natural surroundings of vegetation, soil, and topography (in many cases accompanied by painted backgrounds); and (3) preparations of ani- mals or parts of animals to illustrate facts, ideas, and theories about them in their relation to each other and to man. The last type of exhibit, essential to the teaching function of the museum, is relatively at the beginning of its development.

If it is considered that there are approximately 50,000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, and, further, that the insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrate types run into hundreds of thousands of species, it is evident that no museum can show more than a small part of them. With due reference to space and future development, therefore, the zoological exhibits of Chicago Natural History Museum are carefully selected and planned, and it may be pointed out that this forms a major function of the scientific staff. ‘These exhibits occupy the first floor of the west

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wing and several halls on the ground floor. They embrace the entire field of animal life, from lower invertebrates to man-like apes. Eight halls are devoted to mammals, two to birds, one to fishes, one to reptiles and amphibians together with insects, one to invertebrates, and one to vertebrate anatomy.

FIRST FLOOR

Hall 13. Horned and Hoofed Mammals (George M. Pullman Hall)

The exhibit of horned and hoofed mammals—game animals from all parts of the world—includes gazelles, wild sheep, goats, oxen, deer, and antelopes. The collection extends into Hall 15, of which it is properly an integral part. A synopsis of the animal kingdom with the animals classified into eight major groups, or phyla, is exhibited at the north end of Hall 13. This synopsis is also an index to all the animal exhibits in the Museum.

The habitat group of Marco Polo sheep of the Pamir Mountains in south-central Asia is a result of collecting for the Museum in 1925 by the late Theodore and Kermit Roosevelt (Hall 17).

Hall 15. Mammals in Systematic Arrangement

Mammals of Illinois, a ‘“‘tree’’ tracing the origin of mammals, and a case showing the characteristics of a mammal are exhibited near the entrance of Hall 15. This hall contains members of the principal groups of mammals except hoofed mammals. The sequence begins with egg-laying and pouched mammals (monotremes and marsupials) and ends with the highest mammals, monkeys and apes. Exhibits of fur-bearing mammals include specimens showing color phases of foxes. The anatomy and some amazing structures of bats are rep- resented by models.

Hall 16. Habitat Groups of American Mammals (Richard T. Crane, Jr., Hall)

This hall contains habitat groups of many of the mammals of North America and of some of the more important mammals of South America. Groups of Rocky Mountain goats and Stone’s mountain sheep flank the east entrance to the hall. The four groups of Virginia deer, which show the difference in appearance and habits of deer in the four seasons, were prepared by Carl E. Akeley and initiated radi- cally new methods of taxidermy and of habitat-group exhibition that since have been adopted by modern museums everywhere.

The model of a female orang- utan has the hair transferred to a celluloid skin by the Museum's unique method, the Walters Process (Hall 15).

Hall 17. Habitat Groups of Asiatic Mammals (William V. Kelley Hall)

The habitat groups in this hall exhibit the principal large mammals of Asia and the adjoining islands. Some of the specimens were col- lected by the two expeditions conducted by ‘Theodore and Kermit Roosevelt—the James Simpson—Roosevelts Expedition of 1925 and the William V. Kelley—Roosevelts Expedition of 1929. The groups show a wide range of habitats, from the bare rocky slopes of moun- tains inhabited by Marco Polo’s sheep to the reedy marshes that are the home of the swamp deer of India. Two specimens of the giant panda are shown in a bamboo thicket in the high mountains of west- ern China, and orangs and gibbons are exhibited in tree-top groups.

Hall 18. Reptiles, Amphibians, and Insects (Albert W. Harris Hall)

Part of this hall is devoted to reptiles and amphibians. The exhibits include habitat groups of the American crocodile and of a sea turtle laying its eggs on a Florida beach. Special cases show the adapta- tion of tadpoles and the geographical distribution of poisonous snakes in the United States. Most of the specimens on display in this section are lifelike representations in celluloid made by a tech- nique developed first in Chicago Natural History Museum. The exhibits of insects in another part of the hall consist of butterflies and moths, insect life of the Indiana dunes, and the life history of the tomato-worm moth. Another shows how mosquitoes carry malaria. Yet another shows a synopsis of the Insect World, classi- fied in 18 major groups or Orders.

Hall 19. Skeletons of Animals with Backbones

Skeletons of the principal vertebrate animals—fishes, frogs and their relatives, birds, and mammals—are exhibited in order of their rela- tionship, from lower forms to higher apes and man. Among the skeletons of birds is an assembled skeleton of the extinct great auk. The history of the human skull and, in a separate section, processes of reproduction and birth in animals are presented. This hall will be converted to a hall of comparative anatomy in which skeletons have a proper share. The east end of the hall is devoted to a special exhibit of British champion domestic animals sculptured in bronze and marble by Herbert Haseltine. The collection was presented to the Museum by Mr. Marshall Field, grandson of the founder.

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Hall 20. Habitat Groups of Birds

In half of this hall are groups of well-known birds of North America and the American tropics. Among them are California condors, golden eagles, wild turkeys, and flamingos. Three scenes show birds of the Chicago region. In the other half of the hall, groups of birds from many parts of the world illustrate a wide range of environments, from the antarctic home of the emperor penguin to the dense rain forests of Africa. In special exhibit-cases changing lights show the brilliant iridescence of hummingbirds and transparent mirrors re- veal the striking change in color of the plumage of ptarmigan from summer brown to winter white.

Hall 21. Birds in Systematic Arrangement (Boardman Conover Hall)

The larger orders and families are represented in two systematic series, one of birds of North America and the other of birds of foreign coun- tries. Species in the North American series that are known to occur in the state of Illinois are marked with a red star. Recently extinct birds, birds introduced and naturalized in America, and restorations of fossil birds, among them a life-size model of the Mauritius dodo, and nests and eggs are exhibited. In smaller cases the biology of birds is illustrated by such ideas as: what is a bird; birds as solar machines; variation, selection, and speciation; and migration. A colorful stabile of beautiful birds ornaments the center of the hall.

The American crocodile is shown on the shores of a Central American lake, basking in the sun at mid-day (Hall 18).

The familiar European stork is shown in a village scene for which an original nest and thatched roof were sent from Poland (Hall 20).

Hall 22. Habitat Groups of African Mammals (Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall)

Among the African mammals exhibited in this hall, the largest of the halls devoted to zoology, are groups of most of the well-known species of the continent of Africa. At one end of the hall is the largest habitat group in the Museum. It is a scene in southern Abyssinia that shows twenty-three animals of six different species gathered at a waterhole. In the other end of the hall are unique reproductions of a hippo- potamus and of a white rhinoceros made in cellulose acetate by a process originated and developed in Chicago Natural History Museum whereby more lifelike results are obtained than by mount- ing the skins of these animals. The face and feet of Bushman, famous gorilla of Lincoln Park Zoo now exhibited in this hall, were made by this process and combined with the mounted skin.

GROUND FLOOR Hall M. Animals without Backbones

Sponges, sea urchins, sea stars, corals, and other marine inverte- brates are displayed in this hall. Most of the specimens are of necessity only the limy or horny skeletons of the animals and there- fore can give no indication of their bright colors in life. But the form and color of many soft-bodied creatures, such as jellyfish, sea cu- cumbers, and sea anemones, have been reproduced in glass models. Examples of more than one hundred families of mollusks are ar- ranged in their systematic order. A specimen of the largest known bivalve, the giant clam of the Pacific and Indian oceans, is exhibited. Suspended from the ceiling are models of a giant squid and of the closely related giant octopus.

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Hall N. Marine Mammals

In central position among the habitat groups of marine mammals is a group of northern sea lions with a painted background that shows the coast of Washington where the animals were collected. Around the hall, to right and left, are Pacific walruses on an arctic ice floe lighted by the midnight sun; elephant seals, largest of all seals, on the beach of Guadalupe Island; Pacific seals, smallest of earless seals, lying about on kelp-covered rocks; and northern fur seals on their breeding grounds in the Pribilof Islands off Alaska. ‘Two undersea groups show the narwhal (modeled in cellulose acetate) and a pair of Florida sea cows. Specimens of Weddell’s seal, collected by the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition, are placed in a setting of ant- arctic ice and snow.

Hall N-1. Whales

The hall of whales, adjoining the habitat groups of marine mam- mals, exhibits models of the principal types of whales and por- poises. ‘The larger whales are shown in models one-tenth natural size, dolphins and porpoises in life-size models. A large mural shows a sperm-whaling scene of sailing-ship days. Other murals give information about the natural history of whales. The anatomy of whales is illustrated in a small case.

Hall O. Fishes

The collection of fishes is arranged in systematic order and exhibits primitive fishes, sharks, rays, and a series of bony fishes that range from herrings and salmon-like fishes to spiny-rayed fishes and such odd forms as trigger fishes and angler fishes. A large habitat group at the end of the hall shows fishes of the Bahama coral reefs. Smaller groups reproduce the rocky coast of Maine, the sandy ocean floor of the Texas coast, and a lava-walled cove in the Galapagos Islands. Specimens of the whale shark and devilfish, the largest of the rays, occupy two large alcoves. The strange coelacanth fish Latimeria, a living fossil that was discovered only in 1938, is shown in a separate case. An underwater view of a Michigan lake-bottom that illustrates the biological principle of food relationships in a fresh-water pond and cases that show strange types of deep-sea fishes, the process of making exhibition models of fishes, and the principles of fish colora- tion are in the corridor.

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Officers

James L. PALMER, President

CLIFFORD C. GREGG, First Vice-President

JosepH N. Fiextp, Second Vice-President BowEN Buarr, Third Vice-President EDWARD Byron Smitu, Treasurer and Assistant Secretary

E. LELAND WEBBER, Secretary

Board ot Trustees

LESTER ARMOUR

BOWEN BLAIR

Wan. McCormick BLAIR WALTER J. CUMMINGS JosepH N. FIELD MARSHALL FIELD, JR. CLIFFORD C. GREGG SAMUEL INSULL, JR. Henry P. IsHAM WILLIAM V. KAHLER

Hucuston M. McBain J. Roscoe MILLER WiILuiAM H. MITCHELL JAMEs L. PALMER Joun T. Pirie, JR. JoHN SHEDD REED Joun G. SEARLE

Joun M. Simpson EDWARD ByrRON SMITH Louis WARE

J. Howarp Woop

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bequests me

Bequests to Chicago Natural History Museum may be made in securities, money, books, or collections. ‘They may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of making bequests to the Museum, the following form is suggested:

FORM OF BEQUEST

I do hereby give and bequeath to Chicago Natural History Museum of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois:

Cash contributions to Chicago Natural History Museum are allowable as deductions in computing net income for federal income tax purposes.

Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Chicago, Illinois, and Crawfordsville, Indiana

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Publications of Chicago Natural History Museum

Besides handbooks on certain sections of the exhibits, some of which are referred to in the GENERAL GUIDE, the Museum issues a Popular Series of publications on scientific subjects, a Design Series that is of particular value to those interested in arts and handicrafts, and other series of special character. The several Scientific Series, more technical in nature and intended primarily for distribution among libraries, institutions of learning, and other museums, are also obtainable by individuals. All publications of the Museum are on sale at the main (north) entrance of the Museum. Price lists may be had upon application. Various sets of post-card views of Museum exhibits, packed

in envelopes for mailing, are for sale.

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