: ; Me hah Amul H lp dde tatoo Ln TO THE HIBITION HALLS THIRTEENTH EDITION 1928 : MERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY EDITED BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS PZ : 7 ENERAL GUIDE , ‘ + : 7 - . 4“ « ~ we cd y rs 7 fi ” oe a 2 airy ‘> i 4 ' ; (ee = - oF a a, ‘ 4 al 4 — 7 ty ~) a, Pos Fs oo wt » wat : oe ty, ae | fs » a ana ca < ~ i 2 ee am a meng Wo EU eX Pete Le (bao ie Nn et *t oe pt Se ~e, ¢ e nd = . - ? «SS . »> ows ~* 7 ’ - » ~ i ae ‘ n 3 : a. aot te a , 3 , : ; . bD . pe - Yew : —_ : a ee or 2 ; <— - : ut “ of is : «4 . ——. . ms % ~ = = : x = we _“~ - r tno = Ae 3 4-~ = - * * = - aa * cy —-~ = pa ~ - “ ~ ° - - uae : - =e " i - ~~ . 4 . eh hn Se ee — = —— - - er - wre» pe ee ~ a - = — ——— —o os ee is am - = . San = mynd _— - - a _ PS s =i - ~~ = na ee TT. "42 - —> - “oo - THE AMERICANRBMUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Scientific Staff for 1928 Henry Farrrietp Ossporn, LL.D., President Grorce H. Saerwoop, A.M., Ep.D., Director and Executive Secretary James L. Cuiark, Assistant Director, Preparation Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Honorary Director Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B., Assistant to the Director and Assistant Secretary I. DIVISLON OF MINERALOGY, GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, AND ASTRONOMY Henry Farrrieip Ossporn, LL.D., D.Sc., Curator-in-Chief Astronomy G. Crype Fisuer, Px.D., LL.D., Curator Minerals and Gems Hersert P. Warrtock, C.E., Curator Grorae F. Kunz, Px#.D., Research Associate in Gems Lea MclIztvarine Luaquer, Pu.D., Research Associate in Optical Mineralogy History of the Earth Henry FarrrieELp Ossporn, LL.D., D.Sc., Honorary Cu- rator-in-Chief Fossil Vertebrates WaALTer GRANGER, Curator of Fossil Mammals Barnum Brown, A.B., Curator of Fossil Reptiles Cuarutes C. Moox, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles } Groras G. Simpson, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology ; ; WiiuraM K. Gregory, Px.D., Research Associate in Palx- ontology ee Cuitps Frick, B.S., Research Associate in Paleontology Geology and Fossil Invertebrates Cxrester A. Reeps, Px.D., Curator Il. DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY, AND Z00- GEOGRAPHY FRANK MIcHLER CHAPMAN, Sc.D., N.A.S., Curator-in- Chief Marine Life Roy Wa.po Miner, Pu.D., Sc.D., Curator WILLARD G. Van Nag, Pu.D., Associate Curator Frank J. Mymrs, B.A., Research Associate in Rotifera Horace W. StrunKaArRD, Pu.D., Research Associate in Parasitology A. L. TREADWELL, Pu.D., Research Associate in Annulata Insect Life Frank E. Lutz, Pa.D., Curator A. J. Murcuter, Associate Curator of Coleoptera C. H. Curran, M.A., Assistant Curator Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant in Lepidoptera Wiiuram M. WHEELER, Pu.D., Research Associate in Social Insects Cuares W. Lena, B.S., Research Associate in Coleoptera HerBert F. Scuwarz, A.M., Research Associate in Hymenoptera Fishes WituraMm K. Grecory, Ph.D., Curator BasHrorD Dean, Ph.D , Honorary Curator Joun T. Nicuons, A.B., Curator of Recent Fishes E. W. Gupeer, Ph. D.. Bibliographer and Associate Francesca R. LaMonrte, A.B., Assistant CxuaRLes H. TowNnsEND, Sc.D., Research Associate C. M. Breper, JR., Research Associate Van CaAMPEN HeEILner, M.Sc., Field Representative Amphibians, Reptiles, and Experimental Biology G. Kinestey Nose, Pu. D., Curator CuirrorD H. Pops, B.A., Assistant Curator BerTRAM G. SmiTH, PH.D., Research Associate A. B. Dawson, Pu.D., Research Associate WILLIAM Douctas BurpDEn, A.M., Research Associate Birds FRANK M. Cuapman, Sc.D., Curator-in-Chief fala CusHMAN MourpuHy, D.Sc., Curator of Oceanic irds W. DreW. MILteEr, Associate Curator James P. Cuaptn, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Birds of the Eastern Hemisphere JONATHAN DwicuHt, M.D., Research Associate in North American Ornithology Extstr M. B. Naumsura, Research Associate Mammals of the World H. E. Anruony, M.A., Curator Rospert T. Harr, A.M., Assistant Curator Grorae G. Goopwiy, Assistant Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Research Associate WILLIAM J. Morven, Ph.B., Field Associate Comparative and Human Anatomy WiiiraM K. Greaory, Pu.D., Curator H. C. Raven, Associate Curator S. H. Cuuss, Associate Curator J. Howarp McGrecor, Pu.D., Human Anatomy Duprey J. Morron, M.D., Research Associate Research Associate in III. DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY CLARK WIssLER, Pu.D., Curator-in-Chief Science of Man Criark Wissier, P#.D., Curator-in-Chief N.C. Neuson, M.L., Curator of Prehistoric Archiwology Harry L. SHapiro, Px.D., Assistant Curator of Physical Anthropology MarGarReT Meap, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Ethnology GEORGE C. VAILLANT, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Mex- ican Archxology Witutiam K. Gregory, Anthropology CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexican and Central American Archeology Mito Heuiman, D.D.S., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology PuH.D., Associate in Physical IV. DIVISION OF ASIATIC EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH Roy C. AnpreEws, D.Sc., Curator-in-Chief WALTER GRANGER, Curator in Paleontology CuHarues P. Berxey, PH.D. [Columbia University}, Re- search Associate in Geology FREDERICK K. Morris, A.M. [Central Asiatic Expeditions}, Associate in Geology and Geography AmavDEvs W. GraBat, S8.D. [Geological Survey of China], Research Associate V. DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND PUBLICATION GrorGE H. SHERWOOD, A.M., Ed.D., Curator-in-Chief Inbrary and Publications Ipa RicHaRDsoNn Hoop, A.B., Acting Curator Haze. Gay, Assistant Librarian JANNETTE May Lucas, B.S., Assistant Librarian—Osborn Library Education and Public Health GrorGE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Ed.D. Curator-in-Chief G. Cuype FisHer, Pa.D., LL.D., Curator of Visual In- struction GRACE FISHER Ramsey, Associate Curator WiuuiaM H. Carr, Assistant Curator Nancy True, A.B., Assistant Paut B. Mann, A.M., Associate in Education FRANK E. Lutz, PH.D., Research Associate in Outdoor Education CHARLES-EDWARD Amory WInsLow, D.P.H., Honorary Curator of Public Health Mary Greta, A.B., Assistant Curator of Public Health Printing and Publishing HAWTHORNE DanrEL, Curator, and Editor of Natural History A. KATHERINE BERGER, History Associate Editor of Natural Public Information GrorGE N. Pinpar, Chairman GrorGE H. SHERWoop, A.M., Ed.D. WI.LuiaM K. Gregory, Pa.D. Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B. CuaRK WISSLER, PH.D. HAWTHORNE DANIEL Advisory Committee on Natural History Magazine HAWTHORNE DaniEL, Chairman Henry FarIrFIELD OsBorn, LL.D., D.Sc. CLARK WIS8LER, PH.D. GEORGE N. PINDAR FRANK M. CHapMAN, Sc.D. FrankK E. Lutz, Pa.D. GerorcE H. SHerwoop, A.M., Ed.D., ex-officio A. KATHERINE BERGER 000'T69$ 1809 payatduro09 AT,UA00I BUIM ODIAIIG [OOYDY oy, ‘“RP'g0¢" 1SO9 [B}O} OY} PUB ‘So10B Ud94JINOJ ULY) O10UE SI ‘OJU'T UBODG JO |[V_T puw Sura, ysev Bole IOOY [B40 oY,T, 98Z‘O1$ Jnoqe Of peyefduros Ayyus.e1 sour oy} Surpnypour ‘oangonsys yuasead oy} jo WAV [RAJ UOC) SuTUOIZ YVY} oq 04 ATPeANQoo} TOIT }uB{LOduIT ysout oy} “Buoy yooy QTY ‘yuasoad oY} AT] ‘Aq 07 SI opBdvy yowe pur ‘pouuvyd se wnosnyy og jo PAryy-ouo Ynoqe st poya[duroy uoysod oyy, ‘“svxay woay yavd PUB BIZOOS BVAON Wor; 4avd ‘o41UvA3 por st Surpying ay} JO [VMOU OUT, “PLST Ul juBINH pBrousy Aq prey sea ‘orenbg ueyyeyuRpy jo Te Adnooo 04 popuozUl ST YoryM “unesnyAY ayy JO oUO4SA0UIOD OUT, JOAIS YIUAS-Aj UAV Surovy ‘opvdse yy yynog AYOLSIH TWYNLYN AO WAASAW NVOIMANY AHL eee, eee } GENERAL GUIDE si @ Bod tp = BS EXHIBITION HALLS or “PEs AMERICAN MUSEUM - NATURAL HISTORY BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Honorary Director Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff y pa, | KC \\ a, “Ma IN sve ZZ RS SCIENCE °F QQ), evucation (OY SD THLRVEENTEH EDITION 1928 ——$—$—$ $ umm New York Published by the Museum HOW TO REACH THE MUSEUM The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park West, and can be reached by the 8th and 9th Avenue surface cars, the 6th or 9th Avenue elvated to 81st Street station, or by the subway to 72nd or 79th Street station. The Museum is open free every day in the year; on weekdays, including holidays, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., on Sundays from 1 to 5 P.M. 2 8-1 2Z69LOa43 From Grand Central Station take Broadway surface car to 77th Street, or subway shuttle to Times Square and local to 79th Street. From the Pennsylvania Station take the 8th Avenue surface cars, or the subway local to 79th Street. CONTENTS Boarpfor TRUSTEES............ SCIENTIFIC STAFF............5.: How ro Reacu THE Museum. INDEX OF EXHIBITION HALLs... First Fioor: Visitors’ Room.. A A ee ae Memorial Hall (South Pavilion).. a as. ele MNNONEIIE 34 nC. us Lewidalwk RAW Dv EI a al sy co EI OT OO ney eer ne ae ae MEMES) ROME ford) Sei ik binleeek a be 6 hn ad ewe ms oon Indians of North Pacifie Coast (South Central Wing). Bie 4s Eskimo Collections (North Corridor)........... ni A ee eRe erat (AOCNILPAL FEVIION) 6... os us ok ete ek eee eee ere es ¥ Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wing)......... LEA es aN A Ae fauans oF the Plams (Southwest Pavilion)..............0....0000+ weee ene Indians of the Southwest aire ep Sh rr Cea a ie ae ean eee eae ST EMITAIR TA Sy De ee i Oe Peta E Lia Wy wi nrg en SE SL Sa a ee hay Re a pe ee ne ae ee ee ee ee ee SPS is Phe OE ie ee ee yr oe ne oe eee Ce Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing)........... Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion)..................... OS SES BLE: 2 000, C2) Re ll de Public Health, Water Supply—(Education Hall).................... Ee Ns COCOA MG) e 2 ee gc ce ob Pare ae Pda Ree eee ee SECOND FLoor Local Birds (West Corridor). Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America ‘(Southwest Wi ing) Prehistoric Man of North America and ee (Southwest Pavilion)... . Collections from Africa (West Wing).. eee cen mare ST eee eee Bes of the World ee Central Wi 11 eR eee Cet Spee See acs es a Tuirp FLoor: Members’ Room (East Corridor). . Monkeys and Apes (South Pavilion. « re. oe Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South ¢ Central Wi ing) ee. HES ee Auduboniana (West Corridor). . ie a Indians of South America (Southw est W ing). ot ee Ce £ Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion % EIS, Oakes 7.8 Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution SS unaee W mine) ‘ Hall of Insect Life (Southeast Pavilion). ie Peren lscpime Tite (Wast WAM) mics oe oleae ne ues Gere ea eos bee FourtH Fioor: ete One OSS Werpeprdahess. © bs. s5 cuwis Ne dsle ss adeeb be ok ee ke Early Man, Mastodons and Mammoths (South Pavilion)............... Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing)....................... Hall of Dinosaurs (East Wing). ee Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology (South Central Wi ing). Ee ater eee Minerals and Gems (Southwest Wing).. hy: ee et Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southw est Pavilion) ee ee srt a Hore under Domestication (West Corridor)... ... 2... .s.0.0..+06...- Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion).. cheers: Collections from the Philippines (West Wing)... 0.0.0... 0... 66 ee ee. Firru Fioor: Library. Offices.. se NE Oe a ne Eee cae es hay Cee, ee History AND WorK OF THE “Museum. Beep Raa ink ye Se hn 8 ee eS SETS) SS elt Mn a een ce ge oe Pe Se Fires seeen renee eR ES al My Ne ec we Bae ee a PAGE 45 46 ae PREFATORY NOTE It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in order to provide space for new material or te put into effect advanced ideas re- garding methods of exhibition, and as these changes are taking place all the time, it unavoidably happens that now and then discrepancies will be found between the actual arrangement of the specimens and that noted in the Guipe. In some cases further information may be obtained from the GuIDE LEAFLETS which describe exhibits of special interest. See list of Popular Publications. 7 west CENTRAL peeeee PAVILION WING | s 8 13 12 = 9 HALL OF WEST SCHOOL SOUTH A EAST WING CENTRAL OCEAN LIFE WING SERVICE WING 3 a :za= 0 II SOUTHWEST e = CENTRAL = SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST WING. © © | SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION = PAVILION 2 PAVILION ° =| | ° —_ —' ° + = ht — Ff = = g > w FLOOR PLAN OF THE MUSEUM Note.—The names and numbers of the halls are to aid the visitor to locate the hall he desires to visit: they are not those officially applied to the various sections. See Key to Exhibition Halls on opposite page. KEY TO EXHIBITION HALLS See Floor Plan on Opposite Page Adminintrative Offices...) ics ccc cece os Africa, Collections from.. Apes and Monkevys.. Asia, Collections from.. Auditorium. . Seat Auduboniana.. Birds, Local. . Birds of North America (Habitat Groups).. Peiruiar GAOwW OTIG.. os. ccs ee Caves. CE IE ee a, a. .. Third Floor, China.. Darwin ‘Hall. RM Se MA ee ne ae ere a “SESSA SE ESTE Se ee oe MITT UC OGIOIN Ge oe ces icin Ac apes ga eae. 0 os ots UDSSEAES: LENE ASTRA se ON Men “Ups TBS ar oo ee S BR tee a a MoOnstaVervebDrates: -.5 m6 | 6 oc ot ee oie eek Fossil Mammals (Mastodon).. Horse, under Domestication. . Indians of South America......... Nadie ate Indians of the North Pacific Coast.......... Indians of the Plains. Indians of the Southwest... eee UPAR ap Indians of the Woodlands. . Emboumation BUreaw. 6. 6 ok oe ec woe ... Third Floor, ... First Floor, ier erry ye, Hitt he eloor, Wire ais of North Wraopicne ks. ec kee. Mammals of the World...:.............+.. Insects.. F Invertebrates. . Library. Man, Early. Members’ Room.... RPM ee or SS ha kta 6 Memorial TE ISU Loa Sel ath ea ee a Minerals. . Pacific Islands ‘Collections... Peru.. Philippine Collections. . Prehistoric Man.. Public Health... Reptiles and Amphibians. . Wiaods.or NorthwAmerica.. 3.2. w 1 Birds of the World—Groups. 2 Ancient Monuments of Mexico. 3 Prehistoric Man. 4 Africa, 8 Birds in Flight. 10 Mammals of North America. SECOND FLOOR SoutH PAVILION This hall, now in process of reconstruction, will later be devoted to a series of “habitat groups” of Birds of the World the first of which showing the bird life of Barro Colorado Island, in the Panama Canal, has recently been placed on exhibition. West CorRIDOR LOCAL BIRDS Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the collections of local birds. In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible each species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall- case next the windows on the visitor’s left is the Seasonal Collection containing the birds which may be expected to occur in this region during a part or the whole of the current month; in its left-hand two panels are the permanent residents, which are never changed, and in the right-hand two are the migrants, which are changed as necessary about the first of each month. In the next case on the left comes the General Collection of all birds found within this area, arranged according to the current American system of classification, beginning with the Grebes and continuing around the hall to end with the Thrushes by the southwest window. Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of species known to nest within fifty miles of the City, there are down the middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their 45 46 LOCAL BIRDS sett i pal ‘ ee * a ps * » be * * 2 he s ay > ‘vert ¢ seg et TD bs tex © “ wee ~~ ae Fn meee Mis a aed ae ie fe, oie) oi) ioe, oe ous Want Sie ey é | yes THE AMERICAN ROBIN—FIRST OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS nests. These, the forerunners of our ‘‘ Habitat Groups,” were the first of their kind made for the Museum. At the head of the stairs, on one side, is a map of the country within fifty miles; on the other, a case of accidental visitors—stragglers from other parts of the country and from other countries which have been taken within our limits. At the other end of the room, between the windows, are exhibits which explain what is meant by a subspecies, and through what changes of plumage a bird passes from the time of hatching; and a bust of John Burroughs, by C. 8. Pietro, the gift of Henry Ford. SOUTHWEST WING ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south- west wing devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. The visitor, in passing through this hall, will notice that the THE AZTEC GODDESS OF THE EARTH PREHISTORY OF SOUTH AMERICA The famous statue of the Aztee Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘“‘The Serpent-skirted One,” is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan, the Aztec capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century. The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting face to face. The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head. The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes. The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and hearts with a death’s head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very old woman and as the mother of the Aztec gods. 47 48 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA civilizations represented here are more or less similar to one another and have perhaps a New World common origin, but they are quite differ- ent, however, from the civilizations of Egypt, Greece, or China. Foremost of the peoples whose objects are exhibited in this hall were the Maya, of Honduras, Guatemala, and Yucatan. Examples of their sculpture will be found in the wall case at the right of the entrance. Casts of their monuments are ranged along the center of the hall. These are carved with inscriptions giving dates which can be read. In this way we learn that the Maya erected monuments as early as 98 B.C.. and that they had two great periods, one in the south from 160 to 600 A.D., and one in the north between 950 and 1250 A.D. Examples of the architec- ture of the Maya are to be seen in the models at the right of the hall and in the cast of the great serpent column from Chichen Itza, Yucatan, at the left. Distinctive features are the absence of the true arch, the profuse use of decoration, the thick walls, and the high foundation plat- forms. Pottery and other objects are shown in the adjoining cases. More ancient than any of the specimens in the hall are the little figurines in clay whigh were made by the “‘Archaic’’ people of Central Mexico and are exhibited in the first table case at the right of the hall. Farther along to the right beyond the temple models one finds objects representative of the highly civilized Toltecs whose remains lie above the “‘Archaic’”’ stratum, when the two are found together. Their civilization reached its peak in the ninth or tenth century of our era and was in contact with the later Empire of the Maya. Suc- ceeding the Toltecs in the control of Central Mexico were the Aztecs, who were the reigning power at the time of the Spanish conquest. Ob- jects relating to their daily life are shown in the next cases. The casts of their statues indicate not only their artistic skill but also the complexity of their religion with its many gods. Attention is called to the great statue of the Goddess Coatlicue and the head of the Goddess Coyolauqui. The interest of the Aztecs in history and science is evident from the reproductions of their manuscripts in the table cases immediately opposite, and by the two huge circular stones, one of which, the sacrificial stone at the end of the hall, records the conquests of the Aztecs before 1487, and on it captives were slain as offerings to the gods. In the last table case in the center of the hall are examples of Mexican jewelry. Other cultures only slightly less civilized are represented in this hall. Attention should be called to the remarkable pottery from Jalisco in the next to the last A case at the right of the hall. It is a plaster cloissone, examples of which were carried by or traded from Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico in the north to Chichen Itza, Yucatan in the south. At the right UOlVI[OD Yoy “O aourpy oy} UT VOIYN VLSOO WOU SLOALAO AIOOD LNAIONY 6F 50 MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA of the exit, into the northwest wing, are pottery figures from Western Mexico, presenting and sometimes even caricaturing the daily life of the people. Across the hall at the left of the exit are objects representatives of the Zapotec of southern Mexico. Noteworthy are the grotesque funeral urns made as offerings in tombs, perhaps like the model at the end of this hall. Moving back up the hall, in the next A case, one sees specimens from Vera Cruz. Especially fine are the Totonac laughing faces from the southern part of the state. In the same row near the window are musical instruments, such as flutes from southern Mexico, and drums, one an original from near Mexico City. The Muir collection of vessels and figurines from near Tampico, in the next A case, shows certain re- semblances to the ‘“‘Archaic”’ specimens at the other end of the hall. The adjoining cases contain a collection of pottery vessels from San Salvador, which includes many painted vessels with designs like those on Maya pottery, and examples of a unique ware, glazed by natural agencies, which were carried in trade the length and: breadth of-Central Mexico, so highly was it esteemed. . The table cases adjacent contain reproductions and originals of the Mexican and Maya manuscripts previously mentioned. The remainder of the hall is devoted to the remarkable Minor C. Keith collection of Costa Rican antiquities. The stone work, comprising statues and implements for daily and ceremonial use, shows the artistic proficiency of this people even more strikingly than the variety and excellence of shape and design in their pottery. The ornaments in gold and jade in the table cases at the center of the hall display even further the technical skill and high artistic sense of these people. While one is accustomed to think of the Aztecs, and by association, all Middle Americans, as war-like savages, the collections here exhibited show their main concerns of life to have been pacific, and devoted to the advancement of their industries, arts, and sciences. (For further details see Handbook No. 3, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico. by H. J. Spinden.) CAVE MAN AND LAKE DWELLER 51 SOUTHWEST PAVILION EVOLUTION OF PREHISTORIC CULTURES NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, given over to a demonstration of the chronological development of the principal human Poon Man arts and industries initiated before the days of written and the history, the era of the Cave Man and the Lake Dweller. Lake Dweller The section of the hall to the left, or south of the center aisle, is devoted to the Old World, while the section to the right is given to the New World. There are four rows of table cases in the hall and each row or tier constitutes a unit, or part of a unit, and should be examined in order, beginning next the entrance and going towards the opposite west wall. The first table case on the left gives a key exhibit for the Old World. Here is shown the order of development of several of the most common The Evolu- tools, weapons, utensils, and ornaments, ranging, as in tion of the case of the ax, from crude ‘“eoliths’’? many thousands Cultures of years old up the metallic forms more or less like those in use at the present time. The various stages of improvements are arranged in levels and new forms of tools, with correspondingly new arts and industries, will be seen to make their appearance in each of the successive levels, as the case is viewed from front to back, beginning at the left end. The suceeeding cases in this row take up all the different levels here indicated, treating each one as fully as the available arche- ological material permits. The adjoining row of cases on the left, next the windows, gives the stratigraphically determined order of cultural development for several separate localities in the Old World, such as France, the Baltic region, Switzerland and Egypt. Here are shown the fragmentary, but strictly scientific, details of the story told in simplified form in the first row of cases. The northern half of the hall, and the wall cases devoted to America, will when completed be arranged on the same general plan. The wall frescoes are copies of early European cave art; those in the northern half are copies of American Indian art, most of late pre- historic date. In the circular, or tower room, in the southwest corner, an exhibit for the racial history of man is in course of preparation. In the left wall case The Evolu- near the entrance to this room is an exhibit showing the tion of important face and head differences in modern man and Races also the instruments and methods for measuring faces and heads. On the opposite wall is a similar demonstration for body measure- 52 AFRICAN COLLECTIONS ments. The adjoining cases on either side of the entrance to the tower con- tain the skulls and bones (casts) of fossil men, the ancestors of modern man. A more extensive exhibit is shown in the Hall of the Age of Man, Fourth Floor. West WING COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals. The Forest Hogs, the rare Okapi and the so-called white Rhinoceros are particularly noteworthy, and three cases are devoted to Antelopes, characteristic of Africa, while on the west wall is a series of fine heads of African game animals presented by the heirs of E. B. Bronson. The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of African mammals, including elephants. The installation is roughly geograph- ical, i.e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north of Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the east wall. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten- tots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly in- fluenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with them. At the south end of the hall the wall is decorated with reproductions of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive of African natives. BIRDS OF THE WORLD D3 Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling, while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth- ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. The manu- facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the northeastern section of the hall, while looms and the completed gar- ments are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo eth- nology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the “‘nile cloths’? of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative pattern by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings, especially a series of ivories from the Congo, bear witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel other primi- tive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section of the hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. It is doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine- men. Return to Central Pavilion. SoutH CENTRAL WING BIRDS OF THE WORLD Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds whose most striking feature is the Birds in Flight, examples of such Birds of powerful fliers as the Condor, Eagle, Ducks, Geese, and the World — others, seen as we would see them in nature flying overhead. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000 known species are represented by typical examples of the principal groups arranged according to what is believed to be their natural relationship. The 54 BIRDS OF THE WORLD THE DODO—BIRDS OF THE WORLD Restored from Old Dutch paintings. This gigantic, monstrous pigeon, was abun- dant in Mauritius when the island was discovered, but was quickly exterminated by the early Dutch navigators. series begins with the Ostriches, the ‘‘lowest”’ birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from their reptilian ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest type of development, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to the great faunal regions, the Antarctic, South American ~t EXTINCT BIRDS or sai in at EE a, amet THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER One of a series of four small groups showing the bird’s seasonal changes of colors brought about by molting and feather growth. Temperate, American Tropical, North American Temperate, Arctic, Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and Australian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying maps give opportunity for a com- parative study of the birds of the different parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present knowledge. In the alcoves near the entrance are several cases containing birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The Great Auk and the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense flocks that vast numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last individual died in captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had a wide range on our Atlantic sea- board, but as a game bird it was so continually persecuted, in and out Extinct Birds oO EXTINCT BIRDS LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT From the Group in the American Museum. of the breeding season, that it is now extinct except for a colony under protection on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo being represented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size reproduction copied from an old Dutch paint- ing. Others of our splendid game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are nearly, if not quite, gone, and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Turkey, will soon follow them if a reasonably close season and limited bag be not rigidly enforced. Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the Grebes, for example— have already gone far on the same road owing to the great demand for the plumage for millinery purposes. Also down the center of the hall, and in certain alcoves as well, are several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds. The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all three) often worn by one species, will be found illustrated in the General Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard Orioles, Topics Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The relationship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet, wings, tail, ete., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. Other cases show instances of albinism, hybridism and other abnor- malities; the excessive individual variation in a bird called the Ruff; birds of prey used by man in hunting; a few domesticated birds (an ex- tensive collection of which will be found in Darwin Hall); the growth of the embryo and the structure of the adult bird; Archzeopteryx, the oldest fossil bird; and a map-exhibit of migration. BIRDS OF PARADISE 57 In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic Collection of Eggs, which shows the variation in the number in a set, size, shell-texture, markings, shape, ete., and tells something E d ; 8° of the laws governing these things. Near the center of the hall is a collection of Birds of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This family of birds confined to Birds of | New Guinea, Australia and some neighboring islands, though Paradise related to the crows is noted for gorgeous plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty. For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be. More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction (23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world. Many of these groups are, or are fast becoming, records of past conditions: as pointed out the lower part of Klamath Lake has been unwisely drained, since the land is useless for farming, and the birds shown in the group have gone; the Newark marshes are being filled in for factory sites. The growth of population and taking up of land for agricultural purposes unavoidably crowds out some birds, lawless shoot- ing lessens their numbers while predatory cats are responsible for the destruction of many during the breeding season. Museums are some- times charged with responsibility for the lessening number of birds since some of them have collections of 100,000 or more skins. But these have been taken over a wide extent of territory during many years and they are carefully preserved for study. But for museums future generations would know nothing about many of our birds and other animals, and save for the groups in this and other museums literally millions of people would have no opportunity to see them in their native haunts. NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 59 SOUTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter Allen} Hall devoted to North American mammals. At the right of the entrance is a bronze tablet in memory of Dr. J. A. Allen who, for thirty-six years, was Curator of the Department of Mammals. Something like 2,000 kinds or BISON COW AND CALF A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL species and subspecies of mammals have been described from North America, and the purpose of the exhibits is to show those that are pe- culiar to that region or characteristic of it, the more important, or more striking, being displayed in groups that tell something of their home life or of the region in which they live. The individual specimens give some idea of the variety of species found in North America; the smaller groups are largely devoted to the mammals that are, or were until recently, found within fifty miles of New York City. 60 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS The first mammal to catch the eye is the Giant Moose of Alaska. Back of this is a group of Moose from New Brunswick, and beyond Moose this the American Bison; these groups, mounted years ago, Bison are still among the finest as well as the largest examples of their kind. See Leaflet “‘The Story of Museum Groups.”’ THE WEASEL IN WINTER One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City. The others of the series show opossum, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some “‘fur- bearing’’ species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine and the muskrat has become one of the most important species. Immediately at the left of the entrance are the Grizzly and Alaska Brown Bears, the latter the largest members of the family. The larger groups in their order are the Virginia Deer, Timber Wolf, Beaver, Rocky Mountain Goat, Roosevelt Elk, Mountain Sheep, Puma and Pronghorn Antelope. The habitat groups proper show the animals in some characteristic occupation and, whenever possible, in a family NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS O] group. The smaller groups, mostly shown in floor cases, include a number of species ‘‘found within fifty miles of New York.’’ Among them are the Skunk and Opossum, Gray Fox and Brown Bat, Weasels, summer and winter pelage; Otter and Mink, Coney and Say’s Chipmunk, Pack Rat and Jack Rabbit, Red Fox, Woodchuck, Chipmunk and Flying Squirrel, Rabbit, Hare and Red Squirrel, Coyote and Wild Cat. PART OF PRONGHORN ANTELOPE GROUP This animal is peculiar to North America and is the only hollow-horned ruminant in which the horn sheaths are shed yearly. The Opossum, noted for its cunning and tenacity of life, is the sole representative in the United States of the Marsupials, or pouched Opossum mammals. The skunk is a useful, though much abused and Skunk = animal, now valuable for fur which is sold under the euphonistic name of Alaska Sable. While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice. Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid to a considerable distance. UOTJOIIP STY JOPUN poyNdex9 pue S[OYDIN' Jaeqoy Aq pouSisop dnowy OdVUOTOD NI SAATOM YUAEWIL “TIVUL AHL NO 29 NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 03 The Virginia, or white-tailed deer, found over a large part of North Virginia America, is shown in its summer coat; other species of our Deer deer are displayed in the adjoining cases and some beautiful albinos may be found in the hall above. Weasel, The weasel, in summer and winter dress, the otter and Otter the mink are three important fur-bearing animals still and Mink found near the towns and cities. Weasel fur is often used in place of ermine. One of the most beautiful and at the same time simplest groups in Timber the Museum is that showing part of a pack of timber wolves Wolf following the tracks of deer. See page 62. Opposite this is a group of Muskrats. Owing to its wide distribution, the rapidity with which it breeds, and the growing scarcity and increasing demand for furs, the muskrat has become one of the most important of fur-bearing animals and its skins are sold literally by the millions. Muskrat The cats, wolves and foxes, and the host of small creatures like bats, moles, squirrels, rats and mice, are represented by numerous character- Cats, Wolves istic examples. Here are the jaguar, the largest of the and Foxes American cats, the puma, the well-known coyote or prairie wolf and the little-known white Arctic wolf from the extreme north of Greenland. Here too is the Arctic fox in its two-color phases, the valu- able blue and the more common white, the one bringing as much as $140 for fur, the other worth only $12 to $60. The beaver, formerly the most important from a commercial stand- point of North American mammals, and one intimately connected with the early history and exploration of the continent, is represented actively at work. At the end of this hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast Roosevelt Range from British Columbia to Northern California. Elk and Once abundant, they have become much reduced in numbers, Mountain though an effort is now being made to preserve them. On Beaver Sheep the opposite side of the hall are the mountain sheep or bighorns. Pronghorn The handsome pronghorn antelope, peculiar to North Antelope America, once found in vast numbers on the western plains, is now verging on extinction. The peccary, one of two species of the pig family peculiar to America, is really an intruder from South America. Though naturally vicious, it is readily tamed. Peccary 9 ‘a10qY UMOYS SB PUB] UO Way} JoNAJsSUOD Ud}JO Aoy} poysejour you ote AoYy} ooYA yng “IoJwVM oY} UL SosnoYy ATeYy} pping A][Bloued SdoAvOg, “UIYJIM SOAR O]}}TT OY MOYS OF ABMB UL} JaBd YIM osnoy BST pUNOIS10J OY} UT “SosMOY PUB SWUBp SUIpPTING 10} pUwB POOJ LOJ Soot, SUTYINO OB SIOABOG P[O VY, “ABE OY} JO oft] OWOY PUB YIOM oY} SMOYS STU, YHaHAVAE NVOIMANYV AHL —w7 Pes , - a “” . Fee a a ; A i Rig pti Nate nn Sy i wg, ee , \ Fan x oN \ Was m= \ N BOREAL MAMMALS 0. Several species of caribou or reindeer are shown: Grant’s caribou from western Alaska, the fine woodland caribou which inhabits New- foundland, and Peary’s caribou, the smallest and northern- most of the group. unan fourteen species of caribou occur in North America, none has been domesticated, though the species brought from Siberia by our Government to furnish food and transporta- tion has increased rapidly. Caribou \ WW | i \ K a =N ASS iis SS Fi MSS ¢ a THE VIRGINIA DEER—A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902. Return to the Elevators and ascend to the Third Floor. 9 SCHOOL SERVICE 10 1 : SOUTHWEST = £ SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST WING. 8 8 | SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION = PAVILION fz PAVILION 8 -_ Sir 8 . + ” 7) = —— -— < 1 Hall of Primates. Man and Apes. 2 Antiquites of Peru. 3 Arts and Industries of China. 8 Groups of North American Birds. 10 Mammals. 11 Insect Life. 12 Reptiles. TuirpD FLOOR EAST CORRIDOR To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the use of honorary or subscribing members of the Museum where they may leave their Members’ wraps, rest, write letters, or meet their friends. It contains Room the portraits of the Presidents of the Museum and of Mr. Choate and Professor Bickmore who played a most important part in the founding of the Museum. Here too may be found books by members of the Museum staff, in many cases based on or describing the expeditions in which they have taken part. SoutH PAVILION. APES, MONKEYS AND LEMURS The Systematic Series of Primates, intended to give some idea of the number of species in this order, and their range in size, form and color, begins on the left with examples of man and is continued in the wall cases around the room, ending with the lemurs. Noteworthy among these is the Gorilla, largest and most powerful of apes, “‘ Mr. Crowley,” a chimpanzee for many years a resident of the Central Park Zoo, the curious ‘‘ Proboscis’’ monkey from Borneo and, most interesting of all, the little gorilla known here as John Daniel, famed for his intelligence and docility. Facing the entrance is being installed a series of typical examples of the principal groups of Primates illustrating also their mode of progres- ve ee sion and emphasizing the point that man is the only Lemur to member that stands upright, whose forelimbs take no Man part in locomotion, and who has perfectly developed hands. 66 ry UIA 10% » ) ec ‘ I wyO Aq punols youg ‘oyYyosB[_ Youopowyy Aq soansi soyVullig JO ][By{ oyy ut dno SHINDAd NVYOIAYV Jl 6S DOMESTICATED DOGS On one side of this case is a group of the beautiful horse-tailed monkeys, which are threatened with extermination owing to the demand for their fur, and on the other a troop of South American Spider Monkeys. The closed corridor contains a few groups of Primates characteristic of various parts of the world, Africa, Asia, South America and Maga- gascar, and a group of African Pigmies, a “low” race to be contrasted with the ‘“‘high”’ apes. The African Red Monkeys are rolling up the moss, hunting for insects, and the Red Howling Monkeys are in their favorite home among the tree tops. Outside the corridor, on the south side of the hall, is a group of Orang Utans from Borneo; this was one of the first groups of large ani- mals to be mounted in this country and it was looked upon as a daring innovation. On the south side of this hall is being installed a notable series of photographs of wild animals taken by members of the museum staff or presented by friends of the museum by whom they were taken in the field. At the west, or farther end of the hall, a series of skeletons en- ables the student to study the comparative structure of the Primates Structure and note the changes that take place in passing from of Primates [,emurs to Man. The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the order, and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are presented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. Temporarily placed in this hall is a small exhibit of domesti- cated dogs which though small includes some noteworthy examples of Domesticated various breeds. These are of interest both as showing Dogs the effects of breeding, selection by man, and as noting the changes brought about by fashion. Some breeds have almost dis- appeared. There is no example of the once popular Pug, which as well as the Black and Tan is now rare, and the Newfoundland is practically extinct in the United States. On the other hand the Police or Shepherd dog is now common and the Toy Pomeranian has been ‘“‘created”’ comparatively recently. Occupying the stairway and adjoining walls is the Audubon Gallery, a noteworthy collection of objects illustrating the life and work of John James Audubon. This includes paintings by J. J. Audu- bon and his son John Woodhouse Audubon, mainly for the Quadrupeds of North America, some of the copper plates from which Groups Fruit Bats Auduboniana JOHN GORILLA OR JOHN DANIEL The well-known little Gorilla for several years a member of Miss Cunningham’s household. 69 "BQUZUIQ JUNOT 0} “4Ysaroy Twordory oY} JOAO “BOURTE, OTY OY} JO Ao[][BA oY} SSOLOB BULYOOT St JaAIOSGO OUT, dNOUD VAVZINO AHL OL BIRD GROUPS 71 the Birds of America were printed, and a portrait of Robert Havell who engraved them. Of special interest are the portraits of Audubon, includ- ing that by John W. and Victor Audubon, so extensively copied. Of more personal interest are the guns carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. These objects were mainly presented by his granddaughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon, and other gifts have been received from Doctor Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anna E. Roelker, and Robert Havell Lockwood. DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the “Habitat Bird Groups,’ and they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment. ] SoutH CENTRAL WING BIRD GROUPS Here are the “‘Habitat Groups”? of North American birds. This unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the immediate direction of Frank M. Chapman, curator of ornithology, who collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field 72 ORIZABA GROUP studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented; thus the series not only depicts characteristic bird-life of North America, but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflet No. 28.] Beginning with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence: The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama Orizaba north to Greenland there are zones of bird-life corresponding Group _ to the zones of temperature. This condition is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far as the distribution of life is concerned, is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so ceaselessly hunted Cobb’s Island and slaughtered for millinery purposes that now in their Group breeding-places there are only hundreds where formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast one of the places where the birds are now protected by law. The duck hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It builds nests on the ledges Duck Hawk of the towering cliffs. This hawk is a near relative of the Group faleon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. If often comes into the city for pigeons. In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the vicinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, formerly teemed with bird-life, but Hackensack this is rapidly disappearing before the march of “improve- Meadow ments.” In the group showing these Hackensack meadows Group are swallows preparing to migrate southward, bobolinks or “rice birds” in autumn plumage, red-winged blackbirds, rails, wood ducks and long-billed marsh wrens. Oe Ee WILD TURKEY 73 The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is Wild Turkey now veryrare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican Group bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia. ) The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its neck curved back on its body and because of this habit can readily Manda be distinguished from the crane, with which it is fre- Great Blue quently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near HeronGroup §t. Lucie, Florida.) In the “‘bonnets” or yellow pond-lily swamps with cypresses and cabbage palmettoes, the shy water-turkey builds its nest. It receives Water Turkey the name “turkey’”’ from its turkey-like tail, and the or title ‘‘snake-bird” from its habit of swimming with ‘““Snake-bird’’ only the long slender neck above water. (Reproduced Group from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) The sandhill crane builds its nest of reed in the water. Unlike the Sand-hill herons in this respect, it differs also in its manner of Crane Group flight, always stretching its neck well when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) Pelican Island, on the Indian River of Florida, has been made a reservation by the United States Government and these grotesque birds Brown Peli- now breed there in comparative safety, though at times can Group _ disturbed by thoughtless tourists and twice suffering loss from storms and other natural causes. The view shows a section 0? the island at the height of the nesting season. Notwithstanding the hundreds of young birds that are clamoring for food, observation has shown that the parent bird can pick out its own offspring with unfailing accuracy. (Reproduced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in this country through the use of its “‘aigrette plumes” for millinery American purposes, and is now confined to a few protected rookeries Egret Group of the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nesting season, at which time the death of the parent means the starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of South Carolina.) The turkey vulture, or “buzzard,” is one of the best-known birds of the South, where it performs a valuable service in acting as the scavenger Turkey of the streets. On this account it is protected by law and Vulture by public sentiment and has become both abundant and Group tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near Washington.) 74 ‘OABOT OF SPAIG oy poesneBo 10 S]sou oY} PoAOIsSop oABY OYM UOULIOYSY Aq Sv [OM Sv “IOYJBOM JOY puUB soply Sry Aq pousyvory} Ue SvYy AUOTOD oY} JO 9DUOYSTXO oy} MBL Aq poyojord YSnoyY “oArjooyo ysout oy} posopisuod Auvu Aq pu spalq UBOLIOUTY YON Jo sdnowy yeyqeyeT oy} Jo oug dNOUD NVOITAd NMOU ~] Cr CALIFORNIA CONDOR The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, but has California 2 Slightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half to Condor eleven feet. In the group the visitor is supposed to be Group standing in the interior of the cave, where the bird has its nest, and is looking down on the river of the cafon, which is more than five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cafion, California.) The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted in the background. The young birds are feeding, and it will Reaude's be noticed that one fledgling is reaching well down the Cormorant mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced Group from studies at Monterey, California. Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and aquatic San Joaquin bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustration of Valley Group the influence of man on the bird-life of a region. There were estimated formerly to be two thousands nests in this colony but of late years its numbers have been greatly reduced by taking Flamingo the young for food. The flamingoes construct their nests by Group scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth molt. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three Booby and thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds Man-of-War were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the BirdGroup seq grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) The abundance of bird-life in one of these rookeries is quite astound- ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, American Figs egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises, cormo- Rookery rants and water-turkeys. Because of the great inaccessibility Group of this island it has been one of the last places to feel the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.) 76 GOLDEN EAGLE The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies Golden Eagle to the Pacific Coast, although it is found as far east as Group Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle never attacks man, even though the nest is approached. Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) THE WHOOPING CRANE A bird almost extinct. Shown in the “Habitat Groups.”’ WHOOPING CRANE 77 The whooping crane is so nearly exterminated that not only was Whooping it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but it was Crane necessary to use old birds taken many years ago. The abundance of bird-life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta, which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is Klamath an example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird Lake Group may be changed by its being driven into a different locality. It is sad to record that the breeding ground shown here, with its wonder- ful bird-life, has been destroyed by ill-advised drainage. In the group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles, Caspian terns, which commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Repro- duced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) The scene represented in this group is above timber-line on the crest of the Canadian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea. Although these Arctic-Alpine mountains are in the temperate region, the altitude Bird-Life gives climatic conditions that would be found in the Far Group North, and the bird-life is arctic in character. Here are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and _ pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered with sage Sage Grouse brush. In this brush is seen the male sage grouse strutting Group and wooing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) The prairie chickens are akin to the common grouse. The group represents a typical scene during the mating season. The male birds go Prairie Chicken through most suprising antics in their efforts to attract Group the females. They inflate the orange-colored sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and uttering a loud, re- sonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.) The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring. It nests among the lakes of Canada even before the ice is Wild Goose melted. To secure the young birds for this group it was Group necessary to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen, so difficult is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) The grebes are aquatic birds which build their nests in the water. During the incubation period the parent bird usually covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes was the redhead, a duck which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) Grebe Group 75 LOON GROUP The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.) This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in considerable Bird Rock numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere Group shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven species are shown nesting in the group—the razor-billed auk, Leach’s petrel gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, common murre and Brunnich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) This was the Museum’s first large group, though not completed as originally planned. Loon Group Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys. A noteworthy collection of objects relating to the life and work of John J. Audubon occupies the stairway hall. It includes original Audubon sketches and paintings by Audubon and his sons, some of Gallery the copper plates of “Birds of North America,” illus- trations in various stages from ‘‘The Quadrupeds of North America,” and a portrait of Robert Havell, the engraver and publisher of the first edition of the “Birds.’’? Of more personal interest is the gun car- ried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. These objects were mainly presented by his granddaughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon, and gifts have been received from Doctor Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anna E. Roelker, Robert Havell Lockwood, and others. SouTHWEST WING INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA Passing through the west corridor, where some cf the East Indian Mammals obtained by the Vernay-Faunthrope Expedition are tempo- rarily placed into the adjoining hall to the west, we find the collections from South America. Just in front of the entrance is a case of striking ornaments of gold, fabled to have formed part of the treasure being assembled for the ransom of Atahualpa, but really made by a more northern race, the Chimus, and buried—we know not why. Other INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA 9 }) REINO ie f FT . 7 AAA DADA AGAMA PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves, including the finest gobelins, and produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs. The Museum’s collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest in the world, and is much used by teachers and students of art. objects of gold or silver illustrate the skill of the ancient Peruvians in working these metals. The greater part of the hall is filled with Indians of archeological material illustrating the various forms of South culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and America Chile, in prehistoric times. The remains found in Peru, in parts of Central America and in Mexico, show a degree of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part of this continent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and Central America the Peruvians had no written language. They were TREPHINED SKULLS FROM PREHISTORIC PERUVIAN GRAVES AMNlita NNN oh Weert te ARAN PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabrics of fine cotton and wool, then covering with a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle ’ thus produced was often given a ‘‘false head’’ of cloth filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. No attempt was made to preserve the bodies but climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these mummies and their wrappings during many centuries. 80 GOLD AND SILVER S1 tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua, beans, coca and cotton. They had domesticated the llama, which was used as beast of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery vessels, in metal work, and in textile fabrics. In the cases directly in Gold and front of the entrance the gold and silver objects such as Silver beads, cups, pins and ear ornaments, show the high degree of skill attained in the beating, soldering and casting of metals. In weaving they were perhaps preéminent among prehistoric peoples, many of their specimens exhibited here being unsurpassed at the present day. The materials used were cotton and the wool of the llama, alpaca and vicufia. In the first cases on the right are examples of these textiles with looms and shuttles. [Gude Leaflet No. 46, Peruvian Art, deals with the meaning of the figures shown in textiles and pottery.| The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of the continent. In the wall cases extending across the entire western end of the hall will be found a remarkable collection from Nazea, Peru. The prehistoric people of Nazca excelled as colorists, particularly in the decoration of their pottery vessels, which are certainly the most beautiful so far discovered in South America. On the south side of the hall is shown a collection from Ica, Peru. In this exhibit are some are and beautiful shawl-like garments of these prehistoric peoples, in a good state of preservation. The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime, and shells that were found in mummy bundles and in the graves. A number of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases. In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls Trephined showing many examples of trephining, artificial deformation, Skulls and pathological conditions, together with a number of normal Peruvian skulls for comparison. The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no Mummy part of America are found so many and so extensive burial Bundles _ places as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred countless thousands of the ancient dead. In the huacas or graves, with the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most useful and highly prized during life, and such as it was considered would be most service- able in a future life. To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge of the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and Textiles 82 CHILEAN MUMMY graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating their civilization, have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva- tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate nad the nitrous character of the soil. The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an Indian Chilean miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks and earth Mummy while engaged in getting out the copper ore (atacamite) used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in prehistoric times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by copper salts with which it is impreganted. The implements he was using at the time of his death are shown beside him in the case. On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from Brazil, British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, basketry, featherwork, musical instruments, etc., are arranged in these cases. The archeological collections from the West India Islands have been temporarily placed in this hall, and will be found on the south side. The largest and most interesting of these collections is from Porto Rico. It contains many of the ‘“‘stone collars” concerning the use of which so many ingenious theories have been published and nothing actually known. West Indies SOUTHWEST PAVILION CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we find collections from eastern and northern Asia. Specimens illustrating Collections the culture, industries, religion and manufactures of China from Asia are on the left: others showing the mode of living, the costumes, and the war implements of Siberia, are on the right, while in the tower will be found exhibits from Japan. The furwork, costumes and rugs of the people of eastern Siberia reveal remarkable skill in workmanship. Two models show respectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear are collections from the Ainu and the Amoor River tribes noted for decorated fabries and pictur- esque costumes. Swinging frames contain a large series of fabric designs. CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS S53 The collections on the left side of the hall deal mainly with the everyday life of the modern Chinese and have a special value, as they were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. These abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used; for example, the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of modern weapons and tactics. Bamboo, ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZES porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural imple- ments, carvings in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery, are shown to advantage. A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes shown in the wall cases near the entrance, and in one of the aleoves on the west side is a series of objects from Tibet, illustrative of the cos- tumes and religious rites of that little-known region. An exhibit of Japanese objects is being installed in the adjoining tower room. Return to the elevators. 84 MAMMALS OF THE WORLD SOUTHEAST WING MAMMALS OF THE WORLD Proceeding east from the hall where the apes and monkeys are, we pass the elevators to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, their principal groups, or orders, the main subdivisions of these, known as families, and various interesting peculiarities of habits and structure. Each family is, so far as possible, represented by a mounted specimen and a skeleton. Walking around the room from left to right one passes from the egg-laying Platypus to man, represented by the figure of an Australian native, armed with the characteristic boomerang. Inciden- tally one sees among other things the modifications of form and structure for various modes of locomotion, notices the superiority in brain of mammals over other vertebrates, learns that animals that outwardly look alike may be very distantly related, sees illustrations of albinism and melanism, is shown how the coat of the hare changes from brown to white, and adaptations of plants and animals to a desert habitat. Of special note are the skeleton of Jumbo, the largest elephant ever brought to this country, and the skull of the largest elephant shot by a woman. The latter was killed near Mt. Kenia by Mrs. Akeley and has tusks weighing respectively 112 and 115 pounds. Above the cases is a frieze representing marine scenes, which serves as a background for groups of porpoises and dolphins. The most striking Model of Object in the hall is the life-size model of a sulphur-bottom Sulphur- whale, seventy-nine feet in length. The original of this bottom — specimen was captured in Newfoundland, and the model is Whale accurately reproduced from careful measurements. This huge creature is not only the largest of living animals, but, so far as we know, the largest animal that has ever lived; a specimen of this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, twice as much as Brontosaurus. Although whales and propoises live in the water, they are not fishes, but are warm- blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. The whale must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called “‘spouting”’ is merely the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when he breathes. A whale does not spout water, as is commonly supposed. Recent additions to the Museum building include a large hall to contain whales and other marine animals in which are shown repreduc- tions of porpoises and skeletons of whales. [See Hall of Ocean Life.| In the rail cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general idea of the enormous class of insects; when finished it will include representa- a a INSECT LIFE So tives of the principal families, exotic as well as native. Special exhibits of the common butterflies found near New York City, another of the Moths of the Limberlost, and another of spider webs have been installed and several sections are devoted to silk, looking at it from both the entomological and human view points. Species from the eastern United States are arranged with extracts from Dr. Lutz’s “Field Book of Insects” as labels, and a collection of insects from a suburban yard shows how many species may be literally taken at our doors. Exotic insects will be added later. There are nearly half a million species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this series can contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore, many of the species would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general study collection of insects is on the fifth floor, and while it is not on exhibition, the curators will be glad to show it to visitors who can make use of it. See the Southeast Pavilion for the study collection of local insects. SOUTHEAST PAVILION HALL OF INSECT LIFE Proceeding east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects to each other and to the other members of the Animal King- dom, especially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a con- tinuous series, and are numbered so that we can easily follow the plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left and making two complete circuits of the hall. Insect Life First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor- tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species compared Importance With other animals [there are more species of insects of Insects than of all other animals put together] and (b) by their great influence on human interests. In the United States the economic loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire, and there are more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases as from railroad accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and all beautiful flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects. Following this are a number of sections illustrating the anatomy of Classification insects, explaining the terms used in the classification of Insects of insects, and exhibiting typical examples of the principal families. THE BUTTERFLY GROUP rfly — migrating; the group contains over 1200 Specimens. » irch Butte Mons The OCCUPATIONS OF INSECTS S7 After a number of sections devoted to general phases of entomology, such as the relationships of insects to each other and to other inverte- General brates, the color of insects, the four stages of an insect’s Information life history, and the seasonal activity of insects, a series of exhibits is given which shows the principal insects of special situations and plants. The exhibits concerned with insects associated with special plants lay emphasis upon those of economic importance and are followed by a study of household insects, insects and disease, and insecticides. It is shown that man’s efforts to combat noxious insects are supplemented by the activities of lower mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and of insects themselves. Although certain insects destroy plants, some plants destroy insects. These and other ecological interrelations of insects and plants, including pollination, are shown on the east side of the hall. Among insects are found carpenters, masons, weavers, paper- Occupations makers, and other sorts of laborers. The making of silk of Insects is one of the principal insect activities, is shown in the adjoining hall. Following this, such subjects as art, the Bible and other literature, medicine and superstition in their relation to entomology are treated. Photographs and short biographies of prominent entomologists of the past are given. Evolution is a large subject, but the principal points involved in the present-day theories are illustrated in a series of sections treating such problems as mimicry, protective coloration, adaptation, variation, Evolution of mutation, geographic distribution, selection, and inherit- Insects ance (Mendelism.) The north side of the hall is devoted to social insects and their rela- tives. Here are found several groups showing the activities of these interesting creatures. The final series includes a variety of things, being answers to the questions most frequently asked the curator by the general public. Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are cordially invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete collection to Local be found in this hall under the custody of the New York Collection Entomological Society. It is primarily intended to be an aid in identification of specimens and is not a part of the general exhibi- tion series. uoping sepsnoq Aq peureyqa spunod (0Z JoAO JO FYSIOM B PUB Yoo} OUTU JO YASUO] B SUTPOVOL ‘SpABZzT] SUIYSIXO JO 4so51¥] OY], OdGOWON AO SdUYVZIT NOOVUd 88 el DRAGON LIZARDS SY Kast WING HALL OF REPTILE LIFE Dragon At the right of the entrance is a group of the great Dragon Lizards Lizards, or Giant Monitors from Komodo Island. On the east side is the Systematic Series which includes char- Systematic acteristic examples of the various groups of Amphibians Series and Reptiles, such as Frogs, Salamanders, Lizards, Snakes, and Turtles. Alligatorsand Down the center are noteworthy specimens of Turtles, Crocodiles Alligators, and Crocodiles. Other exhibits illustrate the anatomy of reptiles, show how they are believed to be acted upon, or changed by their surroundings, the “in- fluence of environment,” how reptiles feed, and various points in their life history. More attractive to most visitors are the Habitat Groups, comprising reptiles of special interest shown as they would appear in nature, Habitat usually in some favorite or noteworthy locality. Here are Groups Marine Iguanas from the Galapagos that feed upon seaweed, and Rhinoceros Iguanas from the dry uplands of Haiti. The Gila Monster, Giant Tree Frog of Haiti, the Great Salamander, or Mud Puppy are the subjects of other groups. There are a few “‘synthetic”’ groups which include several species that inhabit similar localities or have similar habits, but it should be understood that they are shown together for comparison and economy of room and not because they are found together in nature. This is particularly true of the great ‘Florida’? group which shows many in- habitants of the streams, swamps, and uplands of the Gulf Coast. The New England Spring includes a number of species that might be found in a given locality at some time, but never all at one time. Finally, a special exhibit is devoted to the Amphibians and Reptiles found within fifty miles of New York City. Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor. 9 SCHOOL SERVICE U WING | I SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST 10 4 tf oa LE SOUTHWEST WING 3 8 PAVILION & i. PAVILION = SMEAR ET Mae PAVILION 8 ~ Re. re 2 ae = | - “” wo Fs —— — < 1 Age of Man. West Corridor—Modern Horses. 2 Gems and‘ Minerals. 3 Pacific Islands, New Zealand. 4 Philippine Collections. 8 Geology. 10 Fossil Mammals. 11 Under rearrangement. 12 Dinosaurs. FourtH FLoor FOREWORD ON FOSSIL VERTEBRATES In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead animals or plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment to such a depth and for so long a time that they finally became petrified. Later, through upheaval and erosion, they are again brought to or near the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable material by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica, which are carried in solution by the underground waters. The process is very slow and for this reason flesh is never petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyo- ming and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the study of fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 30,000 to 20,000,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for exhibition the matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. The bones are 90 HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN 9] then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and ean readily be distinguished. As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely numbers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation and exhibition. SouTH PAVILION HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN The South Pavilion is devoted to early man and his contemporaries, the mammoths and mastodons and the giant ground sloths of South America. Down the center of the hall is the collection illus- trating what is known of the early history of our own race as shown by the remains of early man and the implements used by him. As fossil remains of man are rare and usually very fragmentary, these are represented mainly by casts, but they include examples of all the more perfect and more noteworthy specimens that have been found, from the Neanderthal and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and Talgai. [See Leaflet No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.| On the left is a group illustrating the famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea and fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the group of giant ground sloths. There are also good examples Early Man Fossil Mammals of of the Glyptodon, a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of South the camel-like Macrauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toxodon, America and other strange extinct animals which evolved in South America during the Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent as Australia is to-day. Here, too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern world, and swept before them to extinction most of its ancient inhabitants. The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the Warren elephant. The first skeleton is the Long Jawed Mastodon Mastodon of the Pliocene, a predecessor of the true Mastodon in North America. The ‘‘ Warren Mastodon”’ is a classic specimen. It was found near Newburgh, N. Y., in 1846, and is the finest specimen of its kind that has ever been discovered. Next to it is a fine skeleton of the mammoth; portions of skin, hair and other fragments of a mammoth ‘UB JO ODY OY} JO [][V]T OY} Ur speanpY oY} JO UG ‘OWNBY-Np-JUoT JO WIOABD oY} UI sYJouIUTBPY JO UOISsod0Id oY} Burjured AONVYUA NYAHLNOS AO SLSILYVY NONDVIN-OUD)D — ybrufidog HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS O48 carcass discovered in Alaska are also shown. While modern elephants are confined to portions of Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and mastodons show that, at one time or another in the past, they were found over the greater part of the northern hemisphere. [See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past, and Guide Leaflet No. 62, Mammoths and Mastodons.| Around the walls is a series of paintings by Charles R. Knight, portraying some of the more striking animals that were contemporary with early man in Europe and America, and whose skeletons are shown below. Here are the Great Ground Sloths, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the Mammoth and Mastodon and the strange moose-like Cervalces. SOUTHEAST WING HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS Fossin MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the first alcove on the right showing the evolution of the horse in nature. The Evolution Museum is justly proud of this collection. Not only is it the of the largest and finest series of fossil horse skeletons in the world, Horse but it is larger than the combined collections of all other insti- tutions, and it contains the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Eohippus, which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary rocks. As may be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse and man in another hall the modern horse walks on the tip of his middle finger and toe. The front hoof bone corre- sponds to the last joint of the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg correspond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man. Inthe Hall of Mammals is a series showing the corresponding bones in a variety of mammals. In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot have entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called ‘“‘splint bones.”’ The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed from a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been traced back to the four- toed stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36, The Evolution of the Horse.| In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find skeletons of Eohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that ia ali | ith = £8 iE it bis lt t i fhe as jet i Hill} iyi | i Hl | elit! MM ie ae oS SSeS See See = = EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE f feet and skull. 10n O ing the evoluti One of the panels show 94 - CAMELS 95 has been discovered. ‘These are specimens from the Wasatch and Wind River beds of Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. — It is interesting to note that while there were no horses found in this country by the white settlers, America is the original home of the horse. Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit is made more lifelike by plaster reconstructions of the animals and by water-color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three- toed horse in the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples ever unearthed. Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall are series of specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven- hoofed animals. These animals, like the cow of to-day, walked on the tips of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or reduction to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced, as in the horse series. The large blocks, showing groups of skeletons of early camels, skulls and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural position cai in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes found Giant Pigs and raise questions as to how they got there, more and Pigmy easily asked than answered. The giant pigs, or Hippopotamus elotheres, and the pigmy hippopotamus will repay examination. The primitive rhinoceroses are shown near the center of the hall on the right. As here indicated great herds roamed over the fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil remains are found imbedded in the sandstones and clays of the badland formations. A block from Agate, Nebraska, containing remains of rhinoceroses, besides those of a few other animals, shows their wonderful abundance in bygone days. Opposite these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats and other carnivores and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the early Tertiary. Next to these are the small mammals—the insectivores rodents and marsupials; and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary but interesting because of their bearing on the ancestry of man. On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left of uintatheres, huge, extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America. Rhinoceros SdOLVUROINL YNVSONIG GANYOH 96 STRUTHIOMIMUS 97 SOUTHEAST PAVILION This hall, later to be assigned to Cretaceous reptiles at present contains some of fossils obtained by the Third Asiatic Expedition; here are the famous dinosaur eggs and the skulls of some cf the creatures that laid them; here also is the skull of Andrewsarchus the largest of carnivorous mammals and the skull and feet of Baluchitherium a distant and ancient relative of the rhinoceros, larger than an elephant. East WING HALL OF DINOSAURS On the right and left of the entrance are two good-sized, lightly but powerfully built, flesh-eating dinosaurs known as Gorgosaurus. As shown by their build and hollow bones, they were doubtless swift and fierce and preyed upon their smaller, feebler fellows as Lions and Tigers to-day prey upon, Zebra, Antelope, and Deer. Near these are examples of a rather small dinosaur whose legs Pe and general build suggest an Ostrich with a long tail, and called on account of this resemblance Struthiomi- mus. Triceratops, big lumbering, huge-headed, stupid creature was a plant eater, probably of coarse vegetation. His jaws ended, or began, in a great horny beak for clipping off branches and rushes, and his back teeth were adapted for champing them. These back teeth were arranged in many rows and were all the time pushed upward by new teeth forming below, so that as fast as teeth wore out they were replaced, a point in which Triceratops might well be envied. The fore legs, bowed outward at the elbows, enabled the animal to reach the ground with ease and the big ‘‘frill,’’ suggesting a foreman’s helmet, was not alone for protection, but served as a counterweight to the head and jaws, so the skull almost balanced on the condyle, or ball joint by which it joined the neck. Triceratops Across the way from Triceratops is a group of Dinosaurs which seems to have been very abundant in their day, Trachodon and his Trachodon, relatives, Corythosaurus, Saurolophus, and _ others. Corythosaurus Among these is one of the rare prizes that sometimes fall Saurolophus to the lot of the collector, a specimen in which a large part of the skin has been preserved, so that we are certain as to the cover- ing of the animal. 98 TRYANNOSAURUS Towering above the others, his head eighteen feet from the ground, is Tyrannosaurus the well-named King of Reptiles, whose terrible jaws and tremendous claws placed all contemporaries at his mercy, though a too careless attack on Tri- ceratops might result diastrously. Tyrannosaurus SKULL OF TYRANNOSAURUS This skull is four feet long, the largest of the double-edged teeth are six inches long. As in other reptiles the teeth when broken, or worn out were replaced by others; new teeth are seen coming into place in the back of the upper jaw. Looming up in the distance is Brontosaurus, the Thunder Reptile, big-bodied, small-headed, with massive limbs whose joints, in life covered with gristle, indicated that he was largely a water dweller, where the great weight of his body, 25 to 30 tons, would be supported. Brontosaurus 66 uorpITpedxg oNBISY Pay, oy} Aq poze]]0) VITODNOW WOUA SODA UNVSONIG SNOWYVA AHL AO AWOS 100 ALLOSAURUS Near-by Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, apparently turned into a fossil while munching on the tail of a defunct relative of that big beast; looking closely ones sees that the tops of the vertebre are scored with grooves where some millions of years ago it was feasted upon by some flesh-eating contemporary. Allosaurus Two very extraordinary armoured dinosaurs are represented by only parts of their skeletons, Ankylosaurus which Dr. Lull has called “the most ponderous animated citadel the world has ever seen” had its head and body protected by thick plates of bone, while the tail instead of tapering to a point ends in a great ball of bone. Ankylosaurus Beside Ankylosaurus is the fore part of Palaeoscincus whose sides bristled with huge, bony spines and back was protected by bony plates so that he too was well able to defend himself. Return to Central Pavilion. SoutH CENTRAL WING GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALAZZONTOLOGY Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palzon- tology. Paleontology is the science of the ancient life of the earth; its field is the study of the fossilized shells and other hard parts and the various kinds of imprints left by the animals formerly inhabiting the seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now form our stratified rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata are more recent than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms in the earth’s crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the student of historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small propor- tion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period, the geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas- much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than the vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the geological age of a bed or rock, even when remains of both kinds are found together. Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier than vertebrate, and remains of certain species are abundant in the lowest, ‘‘oldest,’’ of our stratified rocks. ee GRAND CANYON MODEL 101 At the left near the entrance to the hall there has been installed a topographical or relief map model of the Bright Angel section of the feand Grand Canyon of the Colorado. The scale is large enough Canyon to give the visitor a vivid idea of the extensive erosion that Model has taken place in a famous region where the geology lies spread out so plainly that he who runs may read. Opposite the Grand Canyon model is one of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands with the neighboring vast ocean ‘‘deeps.” Farther on in the hall are the relief map models of Mt. Washington and vicinity, New Hampshire, showing typical glacial cirques and other glacial phenomena in an area of crystalline rocks; the Watkins Glen—Seneca Lake district of central New York State, showing moraine deposits and other features due to the advance and retreat of the continental ice sheet over a region of horizontal beds of limestone, sandstone and shale; and the Mt. Tom- Mt. Holyoke district in western Massachusetts, showing a great trough traversing the ancient crystalline rocks and later filled with the sands and muds deposited in Triassic time and their associated old lava flows. At the north end of the hall on the west side is the relief map model of the Standing Stone ditsrict near Monterey, Tennessee, showing normal subaérial erosion and the production of sink holes in a region of nearly horizontal congolmerate, sandstone, limestone and shale. These are part of a series of models which occupy the ends of the upright cases throughout the hall, illustrating the most evident and striking results of the action of geological forces. In the desk cases down the center of the hall are about 8350 type and figured specimens used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield and others in the original description and naming of species, or in their further elucidation. The specimens in the cases on the left or west side of the hall are arranged to illustrate stratigraphic geology, beginning at the south Stratigraphic (entrance) with the Archean rocks, which are the lowest or Historical and oldest of all and contain no fossils, and advancing Geology regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary. Most of the specimens on exhibition are from American localities and the species are arranged according to their position in the scale of life, the lower, or simpler forms being placed first. The specimens shown are those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object being to give an idea of the general character of the life of different periods of the world’s history. At the entrance of the second alcove is placed the first of a series of eight models illustrating critical stages in paleogeographical develop- Types 102 FOSSILIZED TREE STUMPS ment of North America. This represents the supposed distribution of land and water in Ordovician time. . The specimens on the east, or right, side are being arranged to illus- trate biologic geology, the classification and relationship of the plants Biologic and animals of past geologic times. The series starts with Geology the plants and is followed by the various subdivisions of the animal kingdom, again beginning with the lower, or simpler forms and continuing to the highest. In the first aleove on the right is the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions Fossilized of years ago, in the geological period known as the Carbon- Tree Stumps iferous, this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner. In the end of the fourth upright case on the left side of the hall is the stump of a large fossil tree-fern of Hamilton or Middle Devonian age from a new quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work of the New York City Board of Water Supply. These are the oldest trees known. The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from the famous Copper Queen Bisbee-Warren copper district in southern Arizona. Two Mine Model models have been prepared as a result of several years of and Exhibit extremely painstaking and skillful work. A large model, some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions, shows on a scale of twenty-four feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other buildings over four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardiner and Lowell) be- longing to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Company, while a painted background represents the surrounding mountains and the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections to the depth of about 1,200 feet illustrating the geology of the area and showing the general manner of getting out the ore and hunting for new deposits. There were produced in about 30 years (1880-1912) from the mines at Bisbee belonging to this company 7, 729,922 tons of copper ore of an average copper content of 7.16%. The metal production in this period was Copper—1,106,605,775 pounds (553,303 tons) Gold —104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds) Silver —6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds) ry\ A BIT OF WEYER’S CAVE Part of the section reproduced in the Hall of Geology. 103 104 CAVES Near the large general model there has been installed a small model ona scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting the ore by ‘‘stoping.’’ Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities, transporting, raising ore to the surface, and other operations are illus- trated as well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is equipped with its cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down by means of automatic machinery. Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens are velvet malachites that were taken from the original “Queen” mine, the Open Cut, in the early eighties and a great block of malachite and azurite weighing about four tons taken from the mine in 1892 and included in the Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave material including a reproduction of part of a beautiful cave that was discovered early in 1910 in mining operations at the Copper Queen mine. The cave was formed by the dissolving action of water traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations, stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white while others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese compounds. Alongside the Copper Queen cave is a reproduction of a chamber in Weyer’s Cave, Virginia. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much heavier rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in producing a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than adorns the Copper Queen cave, and this exhibit illustrates not only the great variety in form but the reasons for this extraordinary diversity. Caves West CorRIDOR THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION This hall, which formerly held the Gem Collection, is now devoted to exhibits illustrating the great modifications that man has brought about by selection in adapting the horse to his various needs. Under his management speed has been increased in the race horse, weight and strength in the draft horse, while for purposes of pleasure the Shetland Pony has been reduced to a diminutive size. The great modifications in the skeleton that have accompanied these changes are well shown in the series of beautiful skeletons, while other exhibits MINERALS AND GEMS LOO DRAFT HORSE, PULLING A HEAVY LOAD illustrate the structure of the skull and teeth and the changes that take place with age. The similarity in structure (homology) of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, controlled by man. A comparison will show that although very different in proportions the bones of the one correspond with those of the other. The collection includes some noteworthy horses such as Sysonby, Lee Axworthy and the Arab stallion Nimr. SOUTHWEST WING MINERALS AND GEMS The southwest wing comprises the Morgan Memorial Hall of Minerals and Gems. This hall, through the gift of Mr. George F. Baker, has been remodeled to contain the General Collection of Minerals and the Morgan Gem Collection, thus constituting a memorial to the great services of Mr. Morgan as a founder and benefactor of the Museum. Of these, the General Collection of Minerals is without question one of the finest mineral collections to be found in the world, ranking with — x ng Cs YA 8 te. | cmmoags id ca tae GENERAL VIEW OF THE MORGAN HALL OF MINERALS AND GEMS 106 MINERALS AND GEMS LO7 that of the British Museum and the Jardin des Plantes. It is chiefly composed of the well-known Bement Collection, presented to the Mu- seum in 1900 by the late Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan. Although remarkably complete in its representation of most of the mineral species known to science, this collection is especially noteworthy for its assemblage of splendid examples of the commoner and more widely distributed minerals. The visitor should begin with the first of the table cases, to the left of the entrance, and proceed from left to right along each side of every ease advancing through the south row of cases and returning through the north row. The different species are divided within the case by narrow strips between the mounts and each case is furnished with a descriptive label referring to its contents and indicating the wall case which contains large and handsome specimens of the same species. To the right of the entrance will be found cases in which the subject of Crystallization is presented by a series of models. This series as well as other explanatory exhibits in adjoining cases, constitutes an impor- tant key to the understanding and appreciation of the general mineral collection. The cases occupying the middle of the hall contain the Morgan Gem Collection comprising the valuable series of gems and precious stones also presented by J. Pierpont Morgan, to which have been added from time to time noteworthy specimens given by other friends of the Museum. The Morgan collection includes the series of American gems assembled by Tiffany & Company for the Paris Exposition of 1889 and the series of foreign gems and gem stones exhibited at the Paris Exposi- tion of 1900. The installation comprises examples of those minerals which are used for gems and for ornamental objects and consists of rough, uncut material and of fashioned gem stones and carved objects. All of the specimens exhibited have been chosen with great care and are not only thoroughly representative but include many examples which are unique in size, beauty of coloring and perfection of execution, reflecting the very highest standards of the art of the lapidary. Here again explanatory labels are used to give meaning and weight to the exhibit not merely as a display of jewelry material but as a complete visual exposition of the knowledge of gem stones. The visitor should proceed from the entrance along the north row of cases returning along the south row. The case containing the Sapphires and Rubies, near the beginning of the series, presents a particularly fine display of these gems. Close by will be found a large and varied assem- blage of Aquamarines embracing many gems of exceptional size and eolor. The cases devoted to Rock Crystal contain a number of carved QUARTZ CRYSTAL FROM AUBURN, MAINE nd weighing 253 pounds A « < uring 26X19X13 inches MINERALS AND GEMS (MORGAN HALL) Ss = A single crystal of quartz mea 1O8 MINERALS AND GEMS LOY and engraved objects of rare beauty and value. The handsome semi- precious stone Iunzite is represented by especially large and fine examples to be found toward the middle of the series. An interesting exhibit illustrating the primitive and antique use of gems is displayed in cases in the south row near the entrance. This includes many engraved cylinders of great age and the famous Babylonian ax-head of banded agate. An exquisitely carved statuette of blue Chalcedony, the gift of Mr. Charles Lanier, will be found in the center of the installation. HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK SOUTHWEST PAVILION COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS On entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals the visitor faces groups representing the natives of the Pacific Islands. Directly in the center is a Tahitian priest taking part in the fire-walking ceremony, in which the participants walk over heated boulders of lava. On each side is a group showing natives engaged in typical activities,— grating coconut, preparing kava, or weaving mats. Attached to a pillar near the entrance there is a fine Hawaiian feather cape, such as was formerly worn by the highest ranks of Hawai- lan society. Red and yellow honeysucker feathers completely hide the 110 COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS netted twine foundation. The value of these garments was proportionate to the enormous labor expended on their manufacture. The hall is roughly divided into two main sections. In the eastern half are exhibited the collections from Polynesia and Micronesia, while the western half is devoted to New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However, it proved impossible to separate Melanesian Fiji from Samoa and Tonga, and for practical reasons the New Zealand specimens are displayed on either side of the tower. In the Polynesian section the examples of decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are especially noteworthy, and a number of canoe models remind us that these people are daring seafarers. A series of ceremonial adzes from the Cook Islands in the northeastern quarter of the hall shows aboriginal carving at its highest level. In the western section the elaborately carved sacred masks about 14 feet back of the Tahitian priest illustrate the wsthetic tendencies of Melanesia, which are alsc apparent in a totem pole set on top of a vertical ease. Very different from these artistic manifestations are the carvings of the New Zealanders (Maori) characterized by the dominant spiral motive. A series of dried and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the most remarkable exhibits in the Museum. (See Leaflet 71, The Maoris and their Arts.) Near the boundary between the two main sections are the Australia cases with numerous boomerangs and very crude stone tools, which should be compared with those in the archeological hall (p. 47). In the northwest corner of the hall are shields, clubs, carvings and household utensils from New Guinea. Se LV INPZE (O) eG COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 11] West WING COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS The hall due north of the Pacifie Islands hall is devoted mainly to the Philippine Islands, but some of the cases in the northwest corner house collections from other parts of Malaysia, such as the interesting series of marionettes from Java. At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall. Also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. (See Handbook No. 8, The Peoples of the Philippines.) Near the entrance and in the center aisle may be seen the model of a woman weaving a garment on a native loom; at the far end of the hall a native tree house dominates the scene; and east of it there is the model of a bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. The visitor should note that like the African Negroes, but unlike all other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes represented in this hall used iron tools. The numerous iron weapons—spears, battle-axes, and krises (daggers with serpentine blades)—are especially remarkable. On the west side of the hall will be found a number of synoptic ex- hibits of native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics. Pottery is not highly developed in this area, but the textile arts flourish to a remarkable degree. The industrial life of the Bagobo of Mindanao is particularly well illustrated in the collections. Much more primitive in their culture than the other Malaysians are the Negritos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pigmy stock forming with similar groups in other parts of the world a distinct division of the Negro race. They are everywhere hunters using the bow and arrow and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple implements are shown in a table case in the northeastern section of the hall. ‘L | RS 10 TT SOUTHWEST S CENTRAL § SOUTHEAST SOUTHWEST WING. © ° SOUTHEAST WING PAVILION < PAVILION & PAVILION Fb + ” uo : —— = < Osborn Library, Hall 10, Southeast Wing. Reading Room and Office of Librarian, West Corridor. FirtaH FLoor OFFICES AND LABORATORIES The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con- tains over 120,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel. The library now contains over 15,000 volumes on zodlogy, com- prising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs in ornithology; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in entomology, including many of the rare classics, and a 2,000 volume collection in conchology containing the standard works of Kuster, Reeve and Binney. There is also a well selected collection of 2,500 volumes in anthropology, including many of the older works relating to the North American Indian: an excellent collection of 2,500 volumes in geology enriched by the library of the late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5,000 volumes in paleontology, to a large extent included in the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Paleontology located in the southeast wing; also an unusually complete collection of more than 25,000 volumes of natural science periodicals. The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and, with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them. On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Verte- brate Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of invertebrates. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the publie. 112 HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM 113 THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM The American Museum of Natural History was founded and in- corporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowl- edge of kindred subjects, and to that end of furnishing popular instrue- tion. For eight years its temporary home was in the Arsenal in Central Park during which time many important collections were secured. The cornerstone of the present bulding in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874 by President U. 8. Grant; in 1877 the first section (South Central Wing) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, the Museum was formally opened by President R. B. Hayes. The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the City, and has cost to date approximately $10,786,306. The South Facade is 710 feet in length; the total floor area including the School Service Wing and Hall of Ocean Life is more than fourteen acres. The building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square. The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for by issues Administration of Corporate Stock, which have been made at intervals and Support since 1871. The annual appropriation, known as the Maintenance Fund, is devoted to the heating, lighting, repair and supervision of the building and care of the collections. The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of Trustees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the guardianship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their services without remuneration. The funds which enable the Trustees to purchase specimens, to carry on explorations and various forms of scientific work, to prepare and publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library, are raised by contri- butions from the Trustees and other friends. These contributions come from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment Fund, (2) Member- ship Fund, (3) voluntary subscriptions. The interest of the Endowment Fund, which includes the magnificent bequest of Mrs. Jesup, may be used for additions to the collections, research, and for publication. It cannot be used for the care or repair of the building, construction of cases or other maintenance work that is properly the province of the City to provide for. The Membership Fund, derived from the subscriptions of Members, may be devoted to any purpose and is of particular importance in the educational work of the Museum. History 114 MEMBERSHIP Voluntary contributions may be used for general purposes or for such special object as the donor may designate; some of the most valuable and important collections have been obtained by such gifts, as for example the Morgan collection of gems and the Juilliard collection of ancient Peruvian pottery and textiles. There are at present about 10,021 members. Annual Members con- tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life Members make a single contribution of $100. Member ship fees are of great service in promoting the growth of the institution. In the last edition of the Century Dictionary a museum is defined as: “A collection of natural objects, or of those made or used by man, Definition of placed where they may be seen, preserved, and studied. a Museum Neither the objects themselves, nor the place where they are shown, constitute a museum; this results from the com- bination of objects, place, and purpose, display being an essential feature. The objects, or specimens, may be shown for general purposes only, or for the illustration of some subject or idea, the tendency of modern museums being, by the display of objects and the manner in which they are arranged and labeled, to illustrate some fact in nature or in the history of mankind.” And E. Ray Lankester as Director of the British Museum of Natural History stated that: “The purposes of a great national museum of natural history are: (1) To procure by its own explorers or by the voluntary assistance Purposes of of independent naturalists the actual specimens upon Museums which accurate knowledge of the animals, plants, and minerals of the earth’s surface, and more especially of the national territory, is based; to preserve and arrange these collections for study by expert naturalists, and to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the publication (in the form of catalogues or monographs) of the knowledge so obtained—with a view to its utilization, not only in the progress of science, but in the service of the State. (2) To exhibit in the best possible way for the edification of the public, at whose charges these collections are made and maintained, such specimens as are fitted for exposure in public galleries, with a view to the intelligent and willing participation of the people in the maintenance of the Museum.” As the Museum is emphatically “‘for the people,’ special attention is given to making the exhibits attractive and interesting as well as instructive. While the American Museum of Natural History cannot claim to have originated the idea of displaying animals amid their natural sur- roundings, it was the first large museum in this country to adopt this Membership WOOU .SdYaadWNawWw 116 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH method, which it has since carried out on a large scale in (see Leaflet “The Story of Museum Group’’) the well-known habitat groups. How it has been developed the visitor may judge by comparing the group of Robins with the Orizaba, Wolf or Hopi Groups. In the Museum were also developed the methods of preparing and mounting the skeletons of extinct animals that have resulted in such mounts as Brontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, and the series showing the development of the horse, so that they might be something more than an assemblage of uninteresting bones. The Museum not only maintains exhibits “for the edification of the public,” but supplements the educational work performed by these How These and their accompanying labels by lectures and publications Purposes are Of a popular nature. A course of evening lectures is given Carried out every Spring and Fall for the Members, to which admission is to be had by ticket; also courses of Science Stories are given on Satur- day mornings for the children of members. Another series of lectures, free to the public, is given in conjunction with the Board of Education on Tuesday and Saturday evenings. Still another series, under the direction of the Museum’s Department of Public Educa- tion, is given for the children of the Public Schools, and there are special lectures for the blind provided for by the Jonathan Thorne Memorial Fund. Lectures EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH The department of Education and Public Health is concerned directly with work with the public schools of New York City through its loan collections of lantern slides and objects of Natural History and through lectures given at the Museum and certain of the public schools. The department occupies the School Service Section a five story structure completed in 1926. The first floor or Education Hall containing the exhibits of the Department of Public Health, is for important temporary exhibits and special gatherings. The second floor contains a main lecture hall seating Five-hundred, which can be divided into smaller halls, and there are class rooms and a special room for the blind. On the third floor are offices for the staff, the slide-circulating department, a display of the collections available for loans, the teachers reference library and a model school nature room. The extent of the work of the department is shown by the sum- mary of that for 1827. LANTERN SLIDE ROOM in the School Service Wing SHIPPING ROOM School Service Wing, where lantern slides and loan collections are packed to be sent to Public Schools 118 STUDY COLLECTIONS STATISTICS OF NUMBERS REACHED BY THE MUSEUM AND ITS EXTENSIVE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 Board of Education Lectures... . . . 18,917 26,484 26,968 10,460 10,914 Lectures to School Children and classes visiting the Museum for SUGY os sic spe Sees Mee 134,669 139,433 132,386 138,514 145,304 Meetings of Scientific Societies and Other Meetings and Lectures... . 31,734 22,637 37,389 34,976 47,680 TORR Sok Gan eee 185,320 188,554 197,743 183,950 203,898 Attendance in Exhibition Halls... 1,246,402 1,445,289 1,578,147 1,886,315 2,088,978 Total attendance for all DULDOBGN Ns - eek > aus 1,431,722 1,633,843 1,775,890 2,070,265 2,292,876 Lectures to Pupils in Local Centers. 22,598 24,792 27,055 33,255 20,421 Number reached by Motion Picture Servide x 0.25 keke he eee $5,302 115,849 333,097 530,955 1,123,704 Number reached by Lantern Slide DOVVIOR: s.cee eo Se eee vine hes 3,839,283 5,407,525 3,941,494 4,358,423 6,866,112 Numbers reached by Circulating Collestions:. 257 4.8%. =v eee A 1,491,021 1,247,914 977,384 798,382 1,722,433 Grong Total. .2% 72... ; 6,869,926 8,429,923 7,054,920 7,791,280 12,025,546 STUDY COLLECTIONS The scientific side of the work of the Museum is based upon its explorations and study collections. The Study Collections, as the name implies, are not only for the Study benefit of students but preserve a record of our vanishing animal life and of the life and customs of our own and other primitive peoples. In the case of Natural History the vast majority of the specimens are in the study series, not only because they would ultimately be ruined by exposure to light but because the display of all material would only con- fuse the visitor. Moreover, no museum has room to show everything, and a careful selection is made of objects of the greatest educational value and these are so displayed as to enhace their interest and attractive- ness. The Study Collections are, briefly, as follows: Most of the mineral specimens are on exhibition, but the overflow from the public cases forms a study series of no mean proportions. The study collections comprise, among other things, the Hitchcock series of rocks illustrating thirteen geological sections across the States of Vermont and New Hampshire; a complete set of duplicate specimens from the United States geological survey of the Fortieth Parallel; a series illustrating the early geological survey of Pennsylvania; a complete typical series of rocks and microscopic thin sections illustrating Rosenbusch’s manual of petrography; large series of American rocks; a complete series typifying the rocks encountered in driving the Simplon tunnel, Switzerland; many ores and economic specimens. Collections Mineralogy Geology HOW SPECIMENS ARE CARED FOR How skins of Mammals are stored 120 VERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY The study collections comprise over 20,000 catalogued specimens of fossil mammals, 6,000 fossil reptiles and amphibians and a few hundred Vertebrate fossil birds. Most of these are from the western United Paleontology States. The collections of fossil horses, Eocene mammals and Cretaceous dinosaurs are unrivaled. The fossil rhinoceroses, camels, oreodonts, carnivora, Fayum, Pampean, Asiatic and Patagonian mam- mals, Jurassic dinosaurs, Permian reptiles, turtles, ete., are likewise of the first rank. They include more than one thousand type specimens of fossil mammals and several hundred type specimens of fossil reptiles and amphibians. The fossil fishes are at present in the Department of Ichthyology. Great numbers of fossil invertebrates representing many important Invertebrate groups and including a large number of types: foremost Palzontology among these is the James Hall collection of New York State fossils which alone contains about 7000 types. About 65,000 specimens of protozoans, sponges, polyps, star-fishes, Lower sea urchins, worms, crustaceans, myriapods and chor- Invertebrates (dates. The collection of recent mollusks, comprises about 20,000 species, including especially the Jay and Haines collections and large series from Africa. The insects and spiders are divided into the local collection compris- ing those found within fifty miles of New York City and the general collection of about 1,000,000 specimens; among them the types of many species. The fishes comprise about 10,000 specimens, mainly preserved in alcohol; among them many fresh water fishes from Africa, including about 100 types, and good series from China. The fossil fish collection is one of the largest, if not the largest, in America, comprising about 10,000 catalogued specimens; it includes the collection of Palaezoic fishes, especially Arthrodires, made by Profes- sor J. S. Newberry and a series of fossil fishes from Europe and North America. Entomology Ichthyology The collection of frogs, salamanders and reptiles num- bers about 15,000 specimens. About nine-tenths of the study collections which include skins, nests and eggs are from the Western Hemisphere. From North America are important series from the Middle Atlantic States, California, Texas and Arizona, and from Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama. South America is represented by Collections from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and Matto Grosso, Brazil. There are fine collections from the Congo region, and Polynesia and unusually large collections of sea birds. Herpetology Ornithology MAM MALOGY 12] The Lawrence and Maximilian collections are particularly impor- tant from the large number of types they contain. Aside from the mammals of North America, great and small the collection includes extensive series from South America, Mammalogy ‘ te ; : : Mongolia, Africa, especially the Congo region, and Australia. The study collection comprises a large number of preserved speci- Comparative mens of many kinds of animals suitable for comparative Anatomy anatomical investigations and a general osteological col- lection for research workers and postgraduate students. The human skeleton material includes the large Felix von Luschan collection representing the racial types of existing man and, in addition a number of special collections from the American Indians. The ethnological study collections comprise extensive series from the Philippine Islands, Siberia, China, Central and South Africa and the various culture areas in North America. In archeology there are large series of characteristic stone objects from the various states of the union. There are full collections from excavated sites in California, New York, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arizona, and New Mexico, and a special series from the Trenton Valley. There is also much material from Mexico, Bolivia, Peru, Europe and China. The Museum Library, located on the fifth floor, contains about 120,000 volumes on various branches of natural history (save botany), anthropology and travel. It is particularly strong in verte- brate paleontology and scientific periodicals. Like other museum libraries, it is of necessity a reference library, but, except on Sundays and holidays, may be freely used by the public during the hours when the Museum is open from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. The Osborn Library, founded by President Osborn, is also on the fifth floor and contains works on vertebrate paleontology and related subjects. . The publications of the Museum, aside from the Annual Report, fall naturally into two groups: scientific and popular. The former, compris- ing the Memoirs, Anthropological Papers and Bulletin, contain information gathered by the various expeditions, or derived from the study of material collected; they are from the nature of their subjects mainly of a technical character. The Memoirs consist of the larger, more important papers, or those that call for unusually large illustrations. These are issued from time to time as occasion may demand. The Bulletin comprises the shorter papers, those that contain Anthropology Library Publications ra (VBTIN: JO uoytpedxm edioyyuney-AvusleaA oy} AQ poureyqo dnoas v punoasoesoy oyy uy ‘uoKvavdoid Jo yuoWyIedep oy4 1OJ posn ATLUVAOdUIDY [[V]]T YIVVISY MoU OUT, NOILVUVdadd AO LNANLYVdAG 7 a >) j VER, ; vi re a Lal _ f ro * WORKSHOPS 12% information that it is desirable to issue promptly, and for some years past at least two volumes of from 500 to 700 pages have been published annually. The scientific papers are distributed, largely in exchange, to museums and libraries throughout the world. The popular publications include the Journal, Leaflets, Guides and Handbooks, and are intended for the information of the general public. The Journal, now Natural History, begun in 1900, is the means of promptly informing the Museum members of the work of the institution, giving the results of the many expeditions, telling of the collections made, or more important information gathered. It also describes at length interesting or noteworthy installations, and notes the accessions to the various departments, changes in the personnel of the Museum, and elections to Membership. The illustrated Guide Leaflets seventy of which have been published deal with exhibits of particular interest or importance, such as the Habitat Groups of Birds, the Evolution of the Horse, Meteorites, the Indians of Manhattan, calling attention to im- portant objects on exhibition and giving information in regard to them. The Handbooks, twelve of which have been issued, deal with subjects or topics rather than objects. Thus the Plains Indians Hand- book, by Dr. Wissler, is not merely a guide to the exhibition hall, but tells of the life and customs of these Indians, their language, political organizations, religious beliefs and ceremonies. The distribution of these popular publications is a part of the educa- tional work of the Museum, as are exhibits and lectures, and so far they have been necessarily sometimes sold below the cost of publica- tion, as is done by other museums. An important part of the Museum, not seen by the public, is the workshops, located in the basement and provided with machinery of the most improved pattern. Here, among other things, are constructed the various types of cases used in the Museum, including the light, metal-frame case, devised in the institution. Another most important part is the fully equipped printing estab- lishment where all the printing of the Museum is now done. Still other rooms, which, of necessity, are not open to the public, are the laboratories, wherein is carried on the varied work of preparing exhibits, work which calls for the services of a very considerable number of artists and artisans. Here are cast, modelled or mounted, the figures for the many groups from Man to Myxine; here leaves are made to grow and flowers to bloom as accessories for beasts,! birds and fishes, to say nothing of reptiles and Workshops 1See Guide Leaflet No. 54. 124 MEMBERSHIP amphibians, and here, with painstaking care, are slowly created in glass and wax the magnified copies of invertebrates. From all this may be gathered that a museum is a very busy place, much more so than the casual visitor is apt to imagine. In fact, a very good museum man has said that a museum is much like an iceberg, seven- eighths of it under water and invisible. MEMBERSHIP For the purchase or collection of specimens and their preparation, for research, publication, and additions to the library, the Museum is dependent on its endowment fund and its friends. The latter contribute either by direct subscriptions or through the fund derived from the dues of Members, and this Membership Fund is of particular importance from the fact that it may be devoted to such purpose as the Trustees may deem most important. There are now more than ten thousand Members of the Museum who are contributing to this work. Jf you be- lieve that the Museum is doing a useful service to science and to education, the Trustees invite you to lend your support by becoming a Member. The various Classes of Resident Membership are as follows: Annual Members . . < © 4.3.7. 22 9@@pnusi) $10 Sustaining Members . . . . . ... (annually) 25 Lite: Members «.~ 2° 2 oa Bee eee 200 Heblows: >. ser 2c See, ee eee 500 Patrons (Set i ee eee, oe eee 1,000 Associate Benefactors .~ -:: ~. 7a bee eee 10,000 Assovinte Founders: - 2s eh ae ! 62 25,000 Benetactors’... 2) i A ee ee ee 50,000 Endowment Class 0° .- «<>. eee ee eee 100,000 They have the following privileges: An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. Complimentary tickets to the Members’ Room for their friends. Services of an Instructor for guidance through the Museum. Two course tickets to Spring and Autumn Lectures. Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets on request. Current numbers of the American Museum Journal, NATURAL History. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. ~t ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP 12: ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP In order that those residing more than 50 miles from New York City, who can not conveniently attend the lectures for members may be associated with the Museum and its work, the class of Associ- ate Members, whose annual dues are $3, was established. These Mem- bers have the following privileges: Current issues of NaATurRAL History. The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members. An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. This large room on the third floor is given over exclusively to Members, and is equipped with every comfort for rest, reading and correspondence. Two complimentary tickets admitting to the Members’ Room for distribution by Members to their friends. The services of an Instructor for guidance when visiting the Museum. INDEX Administrative Offices 112 African collections 52, 53 “ Ahnighito’’ meteorite 9 Albinos 84 Allosaurus 100 Amphibians 89 Amundsen Sledge 9 Annulates 36 Antelope Group 61 Apache Group 31 Arapaho Dancer 25 Archxology, Mexico and Central America 46-50 Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 77 Arthropods 37 Assembly Halls 115 Astronomy 9 Auditorium 21 Auduboniana 68, 71, 78 Auk 55 Aztecs 47 Bacteria 13 Baskets: Chinese 83: Indian 21, 26, 29 Bat, Fruit 68 Bears 60 Beaver Group 64 Bench Mark 9 “Big Tree”’ of California 34 Bird Feeding Group 56 Bird Groups 45, 71-76 Bird Rock Group 78 Birds, Extinct 55 Birds in flight 53 Birds, Local 45 Birds of paradise 57 Birds of the world 53 Birds, Seasonal collection 45 Bison Group &9 Blankets, Chilkat 19. Navajo 30 Blind, work with 116 Booby and Man-of-War Group 75 Brandt’s Cormorant Group 75 Brontosaurus 98 Bronzes from China 83 Brown Pelican Group 73, 74 Bryoza Group 40 Bullfrog Group 89 Busts of Darwin 35; American Men of Science 9; Sargent 34, Burroughs 46 Butterfly Group 86 Canoe, Haida 18 Caribou 65 Catlin Paintings 27 Cave Man 51 Cave, Copper Queen 102; Weyer’s 103 Chichen Itza 48 Chilkat blankets 20 Chinese collections 80, 82 Clam and Oyster, Models 37 Cobb’s Island Group 72 Codices 50 Condor Group 75 Congo Collections 53 Copper Queen Cave 102; Corals 37 Crane Group 73, 76, 77 Darwin, Bust 35 Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 35 Deer 63 Dinosaurs: Hall of 97 Allosaurus 110; Brontosaurus 98; Eggs 99; Horned 96; Mummied 97; Trachodon, 97; Tyrannosaurus 98 Dodo 54 Dog Feast 27 Mine 102 126 Dogs 68 Dragon Lizards 88 Duck Hawk 71, 72 Earth Goddess 47 Education 115 Eggs, 45, 57 Egret Group 73 Elk 63 Eobippus 93 Eskimo collection 21; Woman Cooking 20; Fish- ing 20 Feather Cape 109 Fire Walker 121 Fishes 41; Deep Sea 42; Game 42 Flamingo Group 75 Flatworms 36 Flea, Model 13 Flea and Bubonic Plague 13 Florida Group 75 Fly, Model of 16; and disease 17 Food 11, 12 Fossils: Age of 90; Formation of 90; Invertebrate 100; Man 91; South American 91; Tertiary 93; Tree Stump 102 Fox 61 Fur Seal Group 44 Gems and Precious stones 105-107 Geology 100-102; Models 102; of Manhattan Island 15 Glacial grooves 9 Glacial Pothole 9 Gold and silver work 49 Golden Eagle Group 76 Goose (Wild) Group 77 Gorilla 69 Grand Canyon 101 Grebe Group 77 Ground Sloth Group 91 Groups: Birds 45-56, 71-78; Fishes, 42; Indians 27, 31; Insects 87; Mammals 61, 68; Marine Invertebrates 38, 39; Monkeys 66; Reptiles 89 Habitat Groups 71-78 Hackensack Meadow Group 72 Haida Canoe 18 Heron Group (Florida Blue) 73; (Snowy) 73 History of Museum 113 Hopi Group 29 Horse, Evolution of the 93, 94 Horses, Skeletons of modern 104, 105 Incas 87-90 Indians: Apache 31, 32; Blackfoot 26; Dakota 26, Hopi 29; Iroquois 24: Menomini_ 24; Navajo 30; New York 23; Northwest Coast 18-21; Pima 29; Plains 26, 27; Pueblo 28, 29; Tlingit 20; Woodlands 23; Zuni 28 Information Bureau 9 Insects 85-88; local collection 87 Insects and disease 13, 14 Invertebrates 35, 40 Iroquois Warrior 24 Jade Boulder 9 Japanese Exhibit 83 Jesup Collection of North American Woods 34 Jesup Memorial Statue 8, 9 Jesup Tablet 34 Keith Collection 49 Killer Whale 43 Klamath Lake Group 77 INDEX 127 Labrador Duck 56 Lectures 21, 116 Library 112, 121 Lizard Group 88 Loon Group 78 Magnolia 33 Malaria 14, 15 Mammals, Groups 14, 15; of Africa 52; of North America 58, 59-65; of the World 84 Mammoth 91 Man, Early 51, 91, 92; Natural History of 51 Maori Heads 110 Marine Invertebrates 30-36 Masks, Melanesian 110; Tlingit 20 Mastodons and Mammoths 91 Mayas, 48-50 Medicine pipe 28 Melanos 84 Membership 114, 124 Members’ Room 66, 115 Memorial Hall 9 Meteorites 10, 9, 21, 22 Mexican Archeology 46—50 Military Hygiene 17 Minerals and Gems 105-108 Mink 63 Monkeys, 66 Moose Group 60 Mosquito models 14 Mosquitoes and malaria 83 Mummy bundles 80, 81; dinosaur 97 Mural paintings by Taylor 19, 15 Museum building 2; administration 113; admis- sion to 4; definition of 126; history 113; loca- tion 4; membership 126, 134; purposes of 114; support 113 Muskrat 63 Narwhal 44 Navajo blankets 30 North Pacific Hall 18 Offices 112 Opossum 61 Orang Utan Group 68 Otter 63 Orizaba Group 70 Chilean Copper 82; Pacific Islands Collections 109, 110 Peary Sledges 9 Peccary 63 Pelican Groups 73, 74, 77 Peruvian Collections 79 PhilippineCollections 111 Pigmy Group 67 Pioneers of American Science 11 Polyps 35 Pothole, Glacial Pottery: Chinese 91; Inca 89; Indian 23, 26, 28; Maya 48; Nazca 81; Philippine 111 Prairie Chicken Group 77 Preparation 122 Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 51 Protozoa 35 Ptarmigan 55 Publications 121 Public Health 20 Pueblo Indians, 28 Quipus 81 Reptiles 89 Rhinoceros, Fossil, 95 Robin Group 45 Roosevelt Elk 63 Rotifers 40 Roundworms 31 Sage Grouse Group 77 Sandhill Crane Group 73 San Joaquin Vulley Group 75 School Collections 118 Sea Elephants 44 Sea Lion 44 Sea-Mats 36 Sea Stars 36 Seismograph 34 Serpent Column 48 Sewage 12 Sharks 41 Shells 43 Siberian collections 82 Skunk 61 Sledge, Amundsen’s 9; Peary’s 9 Sponges 35 Staff, Scientific 1 Starfish 36 Stele 48 Struggle for Existence 41 Study Collections, 118-121 Sun dance 27 Synoptic Series of Mammals 84 Tahitians 110 Textiles, African 53; Chinese 83; Navajo 30; Pacific Islands 110, 123; Peruvian 79, 81 Tipi 27 Totem poles 18 Trachodon 97 Trephined skulls 80, 81 Trees 34 Trustees, Board of 1 Turkey Vulture Group 73 Tyrannosaurus 98 Typhus and Sleeping Sickness 15 Variation 41 Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 33 Virginia deer 63, 65 Visitors’ Room 9 Wampum 17 Warren Mastodon 91 Water Supply 12 Water Turkey Group 73 Weasel Group 60 Whale, sulphur-bottom 84; killer 43 Whales 43, 44, 84 Wharf Pile Group 38 Whooping Crane Group 76 Wild Turkey Group 73 ‘“Willamette’’ meteorite 10 Wolf Group 62, 63 Woodchuck 61 Woods, North American 34 Workshops 123 = are — Pn eee He Rn “a. wi i. ww 5 , Ie ego ee | Seek ae el ee 5 Pe ae — pee sapere ge sy ow ro ape bo Nimes a eta ot TA Vs emi er +> eae rues Lor pl Manet 4-9 ao om oh 4 Poe Poe “f? 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