HOW TO REACH THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY : a 1% 2 Me local ee INDEPENDENT SUBWAY SYSTEM fer, tr CHO) e S ewe eG =—B.T. SUBWAY LINES ~ SEN weeeQecessesesesQese |.R.T. SUBWAY LINES BY sneekcasteuna corcusdicna ae ene MonQnmnnniunneQuauw ELEVATED LINES < P gk, oT. js FLUSHING BWILLETS POINT BLVD. Mv LENOX. g & er od “é i] 90 ST. . ne > 30 AVE te “the { GRAND Ave 82 ST ail oe < ¥ 6 : .).4.ci: -/-.. oe 42 Hall of Cretaceous “Reptiles” 23.50... ctor aac et er 42 Hall of Mongolian Vertebrates. 3... =.=. 7.5). 2 55 at 0.6 45 Fossil) Mammals: %...)5 0 Suc. fe tahig ys» 2 eels Mea ee te tor) ae ee 45 Osborn Hall of the Age of Mammals (Tertiary)................ 45 The Horse Under Domestication, .......5....-..--.-1) =n 48 Osborn Hall of the Age of Man (Quaternary)... ...:.7. 7.5 3ame 51 Jesup, Hall-of -Porestry 05s h ode» 5 bioce ora ne e e 54 Living Invertebrates, «5.7. . ~< < MEMBERSHIP OFFICE m AND RECEPTION ROOM Y ba) ROOSEVELT Future Nocl} American = > Marme! Hall (2s MEMORIAL |! * GROUPS = a Hopi Group g 5 Apache Baskets = < Turquoise Exhibit Pueblo Bonito Canyon de} Muerto Totem Poles ChilKat Blankets Kwakiutl Group EDUCATION HALL 4) Temporary Exhibits s lackfoot Tipi- Sennen Pipe Apacane Dances - Art in Beads & Quills MEMORIAL 1 3 HALL Animals of New York Slate Lindbergh Exhibit Seals, Whales, Porpoises, Sea Shells, and Coral Reef Group fi SUBWAY DOWN ONE FLOOR FISHES) Shark and Sailfish Gans Giant Game Fishes Zz _ Deep Seo Fishes CENTRAL PARK WEST BOOK SHOP er y EDUCATION = mA Aquatic Habitat Groups —Tree of Life INDEX PLAN FOR FIRST FLOOR OF MUSEUM Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above diagram Anthropology. Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8. (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8.) Auditorium. Hall 7. (See also smaller lec- ture rooms, Floor II, Hall 11; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor IV, Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a.) Birds (Biology of). Hall 19. (See also Floor II, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Birds, Local. Hall 12a. Book Shop. Halls 2 and gb. (See also Sales Booth, Floor I, Hall 18.) Check Rooms. Halls 2 and 12 (Vestibules). Coral Reef Group. Hall 10. Darwin Hall. Hall 5. Education Bureau. Hall 2 (Vestibule); and 11 (Temporary Exhibits). (See also Floor II, Hall 11; Floor II, Hall 11.) [ Elevators. Halls 12a and 2b. Eskimos. Hall 7a. Fishes. Hall g. (See also 12a.) Forestry and Conservation. Hall Gold Ornaments. Halls 4 and 8. Indians. Halls 1, 4, 6, and 8. (See also Floor II, Halls 4, 6, and 8.) Invertebrates (Living). Halls 5, 10, and 12a. Lindbergh Plane, Hall 10. Mammals (Living). Halls 10, 12, and 12a. (See also Floor II, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13; Floor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor II, Hall 18.) Polar Exploration. Hall gb. Seismograph. Between Halls 1 and gb. Subway. Hall 12a (Basement). Temporary Exhibits. Halls 2 Tree of Life. Hall 5 16 ] and 11. — [a SECOND FLOOR a SEA BIRDS The Hayden Planetarium presents an inspiring, instructive and interesting parade ot the stars by means of the Zeiss Projector which throws upona man-made sky, light images of our sister planets, and the thousands of ea stars that are visible to the unaided eye} PLAN ETARIUM HAYDEN Nazca Pottery Mummy of a Copper Miner Shrunken Human Heads Textiles CLASS AND LECTURE ROOMS @ AMERICAN Stone Implements Early Pictorial Art Mound Builder Pottery INDIANS i x Modeled Clay Bison aoe MEXICAN AND CENTRE TR “to STONE | pat en) iN Bs NS ‘/AGE | ia Ete =i CULTURE -ax~ Mie (Giant Stone Sculptures Sacrificial Stone ~Jade & Gold Ornaments //einps OF THE worto/ L FAUNAL L BIRD eoey ly "RESTAURANT Costa Rican Antiquities PLANETARIUM EXIT ONLY i oe __ fea z ni REORA PN Te a gh @ is} Zz 9 e THEODORE iad s =| _ ROOSEVELT z 5S > y i isco "Habitat Geatns ME is Ales = Flying Birds Great Auk Labrador Ducks CENTRAL PARK WEST NORTH MAMMALS Ne Ae ery ake Qs NORTH ASIATIC. 3 3 Ks HL. | Ws Habitat Groups INDEX PLAN FOR SECOND FLOOR OF MUSEUM Numbers in list below refer to the Hall Numbers shown in circles in the above diagram Akeley African Hall. Hall 13. (See also Floor III, 13.) Anthropology. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also Floor I, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Floor III, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8.) Birds. Halls 1, 2, and 19. (See also Floor I, Halls 12a and 19; Floor III, Hall 1; Floor IV, Halls 12a and 19.) Copper Man. Hall 8. Education. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11 (Temporary Exhibits); Floor III, Hall 11.) Elevators. Halls 12a and gb. Information Desk. Hall 12. (See also Floor I, Hall 2 (Vestibule).) Lecture Room. Hall 11. (See also Floor I, Hall 7; Floor III, Hall 12a; Floor IV, Hall 12a; Floor V, Hall 12a.) Mammals (Living). Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13. (See also Floor I, Halls 10, 12, and 12a; Floor III, Halls 2, 3, and 13.) Panda, Giant. Hall 5. Planetarium. Hall 18. (See also Floor I, Hall 18.) Restaurant. Hall 2. (See also Cafeteria, Basement under Hall 11.) [17] THIRD FLOOR WHITNEY WING (a LECTURE ROOM Rock @ Ores Lava ; in Building Stones : WH E ; arved Ivory as 2 = Large Signal Drums (? Ss Habitat Groups Xx = ! Blacksmith Group PZ), ey P = & i (Benin Bronze Work — PETROLOGY Biology in relation 7 (20) LECTURE Roon AFRICAN fo Public Health : ; NATIVES. NORTH / = AMERICAN REPTILES BIRDS | Z x +— THE EDITH HAG- GIN DE LONG STAR RUBY. This unusual- ly beautiful star ruby is reputed to be the largest and finest gem of its kind in the world. It weighs 100 carats and was discov- ered in one of the mines of Burma. Its color is a peculiar orchid-red. A remark- able six-rayed star elows within the gem, formed from a myriad of minute hollow tubes which are distributed throughout the crystal with great regularity, parallel to its six sides. The stone has been cut in a rounded dome, the shape which best re- flects the light from the interior. It was pre- sented to the Museum by Mrs. George Bowen De Long, in whose honor it is named ruby of cavities, stones of this kind reflect the light from the interior as a six-rayed star and consequently they are termed star rubies and star sapphires. This gem, weighing 100 carats, was discovered in one of the ruby mines of Burma and was presented to the Museum by Mrs. George Bowen de Long, in whose honor it is named. It is unique among star rubies and the largest of such rubies only re- motely approach it in quality. [31 Geology and Minerals of New York State. Iwo cases illustrating these fea- tures are exhibited on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12). One case shows the principal minerals characteristic of the State and the localities where they may be found. The other demonstrates the extent of the sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic areas within the borders of the State. } (Right) NATROLITE FROM WEST PATERSON, NEW JERSEY. Besides the tetragonal crystals, finer hair-like crystals in the form of long slender silky needles radiate from a cen- tral nucleus suggesting a fluffy seed ball of the dan- delion 3 > TWO FINE SPECIMENS OF NATROLITE FROM THE MUSEUM’S COL- LECTION OF MINERALS. The specimen of natrolite, to the left, came from Lip- pa, Bohemia. The slender orthorhombic crystal - like prisms, nearly square in cross section, form a radiat- ing group somewhat resem- bling clusters of organ pipes TWO QUARTZ AGATE GEODES FROM URUGUAY. The rock cavity which finally became the geode shown in the upper figure was encrusted in successive layers of agate deposited from the silica dissolved in the water which circulated through it, and which ultimately added crystallized quartz in a final layer. This quartz, colored with a purplish hue, is known as amethyst [33] ASBESTOS (to the left) is a variety of actino- lite, a lime-magnesia silicate with some fer- rous iron, consisting of white, gray or green fibers which are easily separated and can be spun or filtered to make non-combustible fabrics STIBNITE (to the right) is a sulphide of the semi-metallic substance known as antimony. The slender orthorhombic prisms are made up of many crystals joined parallel to each other. This mineral is the chief source from which antimony is obtained. The specimen illustrated came from Inyo, Japan PALAEONTOLOGY A FOSSIL AMMONITE of 150,000,000 years (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 1) Closely connected with geology, and in- deed almost inseparable from it, is palae- ontology, or the study of ancient forms of life. Ihe sedimentary rocks have been found, on examination, to contain in many places remains of plants or animals, which may closely resemble, but more often appear very different from, those now living on the earth. The order of deposition of the beds, with the oldest at the bottom and the youngest at the top, and the imbedded fossil forms of life, give the geologist the means of construct- ing a chronological chart, or time scale, depicting the eras, periods, epochs and formations of geologic time. There are five eras: Archaeozoic (Primal life), Pro- terozoic (Primitive life), Palaeozoic (An- cient life), Mesozoic (Medieval life), and Cenozoic (Modern life). The rocks of the Archaeozoic era have not afforded recog- nizable fossils, although the indirect evi- dence is sufficient to assume that life ex- isted at that time. In a few localities (as in Montana and southern Australia), fos- sils have been obtained from the rocks of late Proterozoic age. Beginning with the FOSSIL SCORPION (right). A eurypterid (Eu- sarcus scorpionis), one of the first air-breathing, wt na Bq yo oie ake he Ge Ce | eee) ne ee > common nautilus ma ed FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS OF THE SILURIAN AGE. Primitive shelled creatures somewhat re- sembling clams externally but not related to them A FOSSIL INVERTEBRATE OF ANCIENT SEAS. (Below) A well-preserved crinoid, or sea- lily, a flower-like animal related to modern star-fishes basal period of the Palaeozoic era, the Cambrian, well-preserved fossils indicate that all of the various classes of inverte- brate life were in existence, but not so abundant and varied as in later periods. The earliest known forms of vertebrate life are the fossil fishes from the upper Ordovician rocks of Colorado. FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES As installed in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palaeontology the exhibits of fossil invertebrates occupy alcoves on either side of the hall. The specimens in the cases on the left are arranged to illus- trate historical geology, beginning at the entrance with the Pre-Cambrian rocks and advancing regularly through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devo- nian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, ‘Tri- assic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eocene, Oligo- cene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene periods of geologic time. Most of the specimens on exhibition are from Ameri- TRILOBITES (below) flourished in Devonian seas and became extinct millions of years ago. Perhaps related to the ancestors of modern Crustacea ra t hy Portion of a a hamere rock 4 crowded with brachiopods (Spirifer vanux- emi). can localities. The specimens shown are those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object being to give an idea of the general character of the A CLAM OF THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN AGE. The sands of these ancient seas have been hardened to rock in the perfectly preserved clam shell shown below partially imbedded in its stony tomb life of different periods of the world’s history. The specimens on the right side are ar- ranged to illustrate the classification and relationship of the plants and animals of past geologic times. The series starts with the invertebrate animals, beginning with the lower, or simpler, forms and continu- ing to the highest. The specimens have been drawn from foreign and domestic localities and different geologic ages. The exhibits illustrate at a glance the wide range of variation which each group has taken during geologic time. In the center of the hall are the stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pennsylvania. Millions of years ago, in the geological period known as the Car- boniferous, this tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. ‘The stump was left in the roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domes- tic uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned, and it was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner. Two stumps of a large fossil tree-fern of Middle Devonian age from Gilboa, New York, appear in the first alcove on the right. These specimens were obtained from a quarry opened in connection with the great engineering work of the New York City Board of Water Supply. They are the oldest trees known. | GIANT BULLDOG FISH (Portheus molossus). This huge fossil fish came from the chalk beds of Kansas. It is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80 million years old FOSSIL VERTEBRATES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Halls 2, 2b, 3, 5, 9, 12a, 13) Fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly rhin- oceros, entire animals have been pre- served for thousands of years in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in locali- ties where the dead animals or plants were gradually buried under layers of sedi- ment to such a depth and for so long a time that they finally became petrified. Later, through upheaval and erosion, they were again brought to or near the sur- face of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable ma- terial by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica, which are carried in solu- tion by the underground waters. The process is very slow and for this reason the soft parts usually decay before they can be petrified. Fossil beds are found in _every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities. As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to be- come hardened to rock, the study of fos- sils and of the strata in which they are found is an important aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from 10,000 to 250,000,000 years ago, while in the Hall of the Age of Man speci- mens of fossil man are exhibited dating from 10,000 to 1,250,000 years from the present. To prepare a specimen for exhibition, the matrix in which the bones are em- bedded is carefully chipped away and the missing parts restored in cement and plas- ter. The bones are then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition, the restored parts differ in color from the original skeleton and can readily be dis- tinguished. ‘The Museum’s collections of fossil ver- tebrates are probably the finest in the world considering not merely numbers, but especially variety, quality and_ per- fected methods of preparation and ex- ~ hibition. The walls of several of the halls are adorned by mural paintings by Charles R. Knight, portraying some of the more striking animals of the various geologic ages, culminating with those contem- porary with early man in Europe and America. The Museum’s exhibits of fossil verte- brates are all displayed on the Fourth Floor. Fossit FIisHEs (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 5) The Bashford Dean Memorial Exhibit of Fossil Fishes occupies the Southeast Tower of the Museum on the Fourth Floor. One enters the exhibit below a model [38] a —— _=— lcm hE of the jaws of an enormous fossil shark about 9 feet across, with the actual fossil teeth set in place. This monster, closely related to the modern White Shark or “Man-eater,” is estimated to have been 46 feet long. At the lett of the entrance is a bronze portrait plaque of Professor Bashford Dean (1867-1928), former Curator of Fishes at this Museum, where he studied especially the armored fishes of past ages, a fine series of which are included in this exhibit. The huge fish shown as if swooping down from the ceiling is a model of Di- nichthys, one of the great armored fishes from the Devonian of Ohio. The original skull, shown near by, is one of the prizes of the collection. These curious forms, of numerous species, all had a pair of joints connecting their bony head-pieces with their shoul- der plates. This gave rise to their group name, “Arthrodira,’ or “joint-necks.” They were the tyrants of their day and were doubtless unpleasant neighbors to the nearly naked fin-fold sharks, their contemporaries. These latter show a very interesting stage in the evolution of the fins, in which the skeletal rods supporting the primordial fin-fold, had begun to push outward well beyond the line of the body. Even our own arms and legs are only greatly enlarged and modified fin- paddles. At the far end of the exhibit is a “fossil aquarium” — restorations in miniature of various well-known forms from the Old Red Sandstone of Cromarty, Scot- land, as they would have appeared in life, more than three hundred million years ago. They include Pterichthys and its allies of the distant past, when they were near- ing the time of their extinction. Others represent “‘spiny sharks” and “‘joint- necks” which were then dominant groups. A third lot includes advancing types, the “fishes of the future,” the ancestors of the swarming teleost or bony fishes familiar to us today. But the most interesting group are the “lobe-fins,” which were the direct ancestors (or close relatives) of the later land-living vertebrates. At the far-off period of the earth’s his- tory, some of the lobe-fins, or primitive ganoids, through their ability to suck at- mospheric air into a moist internal sac or lung, finally emerged from the water in the edge of the swamps, using their stout paired paddles to push themselves up into the muddy margins. These evolved the first limbs, and thus the ad- venturous air-breathing fishes began the conquest of the land and became the an- cestors of all land vertebrates, including man. The great fish on the rear wall, oppo- site the entrance, is Portheus molossus, popularly called the Giant Bulldog Fish. It comes from the chalk beds of Kansas. This huge creature is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80,000,000 years old. At that time, Kansas, now in the midst of the continent, was submerged under a shallow sea, somewhat like the Mediter- ranean, swarming with giant sea-lizards, huge marine turtles, and great and small fishes of many kinds. In the first alcove to the right, a wall- chart illustrates the stream of fish life in geologic sequence, 500,000,000 years of fishes. It gives at a glance the basic ar- rangement of the specimens shown, not- able among which are Ostracoderms from the Silurian and Devonian, the giant Portheus, and the saw-finned Protosphy- rena from the Cretaceous of Kansas. Fossit REPTILES The dinosaurs, the largest of the fossil reptiles, form the most spectacular part of the Museum’s palaeontologic exhibits. The more primitive reptiles and also those of such other groups as the fossil alligators and turtles are also well repre- sented in the Museum’s collections. They are displayed in a series of halls on the fourth floor of the Museum as described on the following pages. ce cm, 5 “ry! e ao at AE al A CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR AND ITS PREY (Allosaurus and Brontosaurus). Though not as large as Brontosaurus, the Allosaurus was a formidable carnivorous reptile which, it is believed, was able to devour its larger but more sluggish dinosaur contemporary HALL OF JURASSIC REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 13) The skeleton which dominates the cen- ter of the hall is that of the great Bronto- saurus or Thunder Reptile, big-bodied, small-headed, with massive limbs, whose joints, capped in life with cartilage, indi- cate that he lived in swamps and in the edge of streams where the great weight of his body, 25 to 30 tons, would be sup- ported in the water. Near Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, “ap- parently turned into a fossil while munching on the tail of a defunct rela- tive of that big beast.” Looking closely, one sees that the tops of the vertebrae are scored with grooves where some mil- lions of years ago they were marked by the claws of the flesh- eating dinosaur which destroyed it. In a case to the left of the Brontosaurus skeleton are displayed the remains of a splendid example of Stegosaurus. This curious creature had a small head with a brain weighing only a few ounces. The arching backbone is composed of verte- brae which rapidly increase in size to- ward the middle of the back where they are enormous, showing cavities for spinal ganglia many times the size of the brain. A double series of huge bony plates are supported upright along the back and were probably defensive in character. At the end of the tapering tail are six long spines of bone with which the Stego- saurus is supposed to have struck at its enemies, the formidable weapons being brought into play as the creature rotated upon its hind legs. The more ancient reptiles, such as Diadectes and Naosaurus, are found in cases toward the end of the hall. Near by them are the most ancient types of land vertebrates known, the stegocephalian amphibians which lived during the Car- boniferous and Permian times. Some of these are quite small in size, but one species, Eryops, is represented by a skele- ton 6 feet in length. [41] CORRIDOR OF MARINE REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 12a) This corridor, situated in the Roose- velt Memorial, occupies the angle to the right as one comes out of the Jurassic Hall. Here, on the wall, are displayed slabs of stone containing well-preserved fossils of the marine ichthyosaurs, includ- ing one specimen with embryos visible through the ribs as they lay in the body cavity of the mother. A fine specimen of Plesiosaurus is exhibited in a case at the foot of the staircase leading to the fifth floor. As one turns the angle of the corridor, on the wall to the left, are slabs containing fossil foot-prints somewhat re- sembling huge bird tracks. ‘These are in reality impressions left by great Creta- ceous dinosaurs which ran on hind legs with a stride of 15 feet. HALL oF CRETACEOUS REPTILES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 9) The Cretaceous Age was the period of the greatest development of dinosaurs and at the close of that period they be- came extinct. At one end of the hall the visitor sees towering over his head the ereat Tyrannosaurus, the Tyrant Lizard, his head 18 feet above the ground. The terrible jaws and tremendous claws of this monster douptless placed all con- temporaries at his mercy, unless pro- tected by defensive armor or menacing horns. A huge skeleton of Triceratops is seen at the left. This monstrous-headed crea- ture doubtless fed on coarse vegetation. His jaws terminated in a great horny beak for clipping off branches and rushes and his back teeth were adapted for shearing them. These teeth were ar- ranged in several rows and as they wore out they were replaced by new teeth which pushed from below. The squatty fore-legs enabled the animal to lower his head to the ground with ease, and the big bony “frill” with which the skull termi- nated above the neck served as a protec- tion and as a counterweight to the head and jaws. To the right of Tyrannosaurus are the dinosaurs, Trachodon and his relatives, Corythosaurus and Saurolophus. A pair of towering Trachodon skeletons are STEGOSAURUS, a strange armored dinosaur of the past THE DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR (Trachodon). These remarkable herbivorous dinosaurs had a curious duck-like bill used in gathering aquatic vegetation. They walked on their hind legs or swam about using the tail as a propeller \ GIANT FLYING REPTILE (Pteranodon longiceps), the largest known American flying reptile with toothless skull and long, pointed beak equipped with flat, expanded jaws which enabled them to strain out and crush the water plants and mollusks growing abun- dantly in the Cretaceous swamps where they fed. Nearby is a remarkable Tracho- don specimen in which the impression of a large part of the skin has been pre- served, giving us definite information as to the covering of the animal. Iwo extraordinary armored dinosaurs are represented by parts of their skele- tons. dnkylosaurus, which has been called “the most ponderous animated citadel the world has ever seen,’ was protected about its head and body by thick plates of bone, while the tail, instead of tapering to a point, ended in a great bony ball. Nearby is the fore-part of Paleoscincus whose sides bristled with huge bony spines and whose back was protected by bony plates. On the right and left of the entrance are two lightly but powerfully built flesh-eating dinosaurs known as Gorgo- saurus. ‘They were doubtless swift and fierce and preyed upon smaller and feebler animals. Near these are examples of a small dinosaur whose general appearance sug- gests an ostrich, but with a long tail. On account of this resemblance it is known as Struthiomimus. This bird-like appear- ance, however, is purely superficial as it is not at all related to the ostrich. Never- DINOSAURS AND THEIR EGGS (Protoceratops andrewsi). From the western Gobi = BALUCHITHERIUM. A gigantic fossil m be ate be ammal 34 feet in length, probably related to rhinoceros theless, primitive birds originated from light-boned pre-dinosaurs of a far earlier epoch (Triassic). Some examples of fossil birds are shown in the further right hand corner of the hall, including the giant long-legged Diatryma with its powerful beak, and the ancient swim- ming water bird, Hesperornis. In a neigh- boring case are casts of the famous Archeopteryx. This creature was actually transitional between reptiles and birds, having the skeletal characteristics, clawed fore-limb, and tapering tail of the former and the beak-shaped jaws and feathered covering of the latter. On the wall oppo- site are fossils and drawings of the great flying reptile, Pteranodon. A huge thin fold of skin extending from the elongated fifth finger to the outer edge of the feet enabled it to flit through the air like a bat. HALL oF MONGOLIAN VERTEBRATES (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 5) Here are exhibits of specimens ob- tained by the Central Asiatic Expeditions. Among them are the famous dinosaur eggs and skulls and skeletons of the dino- saur, Protoceratops, that laid them. Here also is the skull of Andrewsarchus, the largest of carnivorous land-mammals; the shovel-tusk mastodon; and the skull and feet of Baluchitherium, an ancient rela- tive of the rhinoceros, of titanic propor- tions. On the wall is a life-size model in low relief of this largest of all land- mammals. OsBorRN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 3) This hall includes fossil remains of mammals of the Tertiary Period. To the [45 ] the left as one enters from the Hall of Mon- eolian Vertebrates, is a magnificent series of titanotheres, hoofed mammals related to the horses and rhinoceroses. ‘This group has long been extinct but it em braces a remarkable series of evolutionary stages from creatures not much large than a dog, up to great towering bulky animals with huge heads terminating in flat shovel-like horns of tremendous weight. Opposite the titanotheres are the re- mains of condylarths and amblypods, very ancient hoofed mammals with no close relatives in the modern world. The most striking of these is the skeleton of Uintatherium, a six-horned amblypod with a tiny brain. [This race became ex- tinct early in the Age of Mammals. Beyond the amblypods are cases de- voted principally to the smaller fossil mammals. Although fragmentary, these are among the rarest and most interest- ing of fossils. ‘The fossil primates (lemurs, monkeys, etc.) include unique specimens known throughout the world because of the light they cast on the earliest stages in the origin of man. Ro- dents (squirrels, rabbits, and their kin), insectivores (moles, hedgehogs, etc.), and marsupials (opossums, kangaroos, and their allies) are also typically represented here. The ancestry of dogs, cats, and othe living flesh-eating mammals and _ the various sorts of extinct carnivores includ- ing rare creodonts is shown near the mid- dle of the hall on the right. Fossil rhinoceroses are shown near the center of the hall on the left. A fine series of skeletons illustrates the diverse types of American rhinoceroses, and a synoptic series shows the evolution of this group of mammals. The large block in the cen- tral aisle is from Agate, Nebraska, and contains heaped-up bones, chiefly of the double-horned rhinoceros, Diceratherium, still in the original rock, as found. There are twenty-one skulls and innumerable other bones in this single block, giving a graphic conception of the enormous num- bers of prehistoric animals that once roamed over our West. Near this, in the center of the hall, is the skeleton of Moropus, a most extraordinary mammal of bizarre proportions and equipped with ereat claws. Nevertheless, it belongs among the hoofed mammals and is re- lated to the horses and rhinoceroses. In the last four alcoves on the right rITANOTHERES. These strange creatures began as primitive forms about the size of a small fox. Their descendants evolved heavier bodies and nostrils equipped with large horns. The final types were unwieldy monsters of enormous size and finally became extinct , A GROUP OF MIOCENE CAMEL SKELETONS (Stenomylus hitchcocki) mounted in characteris- tic attitudes as if they were clothed in flesh and blood. Others are lying on the rock as their re- mains were actually found by a Museum expedition. These camels inhabited America at the beginning of the Miocene Period side of the hall are specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer, and other cloven-hoofed animals. Like the cow of to-day, these animals walked on the third and fourth toes, and the gradual reduction or disappearance of the other toes can be traced. The exhibit of camel skulls and skele- tons also forms an interesting evolution- ary series. A striking display is the group of small camels in the central aisle. The graceful little animals, Stenomylus, lived in Nebraska during the middle of the Age of Mammals. Four skeletons are shown exactly as they were found in the rock, and five others have been mounted in various living poses. Among the other cloven-hoofed mam- mals, the so-called giant pigs or entelo- donts and the oreodonts are noteworthy. The latter, a totally extinct group some- what pig-like in appearance but with teeth more like those of sheep, are strik- ingly represented by three complete skeletons huddled together, still intact in the rock just as death overtook them millions of years ago. One of the most outstanding exhibits is the series of skeletons in the last alcove on the left showing the evolution of the horse. This is one of the most complete in the world, and contains two skeletons of Eohippus, the little four-toed dawn horse, as well as numerous other unique ] ~ / MAMMALS OF THE LOWER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN NEBRASKA. During this period short-limbed rhinoceroses lived with ancient camels with no humps and single-toed horses of small size. Murals by Charles R. Knight specimens. As shown by skeletons of horse and man in another hall, the single toe of the horse corresponds to the mid- dle finger or toe of man, and the same correspondence is seen in each of the other leg and arm bones. In the modern horse, all but the middle finger and toe have disappeared, or have been reduced to “splint bones,” but the remote ancestor of the horse had five toes. (See Guide Leaflet No. 36, The Evolution of the Horse.) ‘THE Horst UNDER DOMESTICATION (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2a) This hall is devoted to exhibits illus- trating the great modifications that man has brought about by selection in adapt- ing the horse to his various needs. Under his management speed has been increased in the race horse, weight and strength in the draft horse, while the Shetland Pony has been reduced to a diminutive size. The modifications in the skeleton that have accompanied these changes are well shown in the notable series of beautiful skeletons mounted by S. H. Chubb. The similarity in structure (homology) of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, controlled by man. It is interesting to note that both skeletons have the same principal parts, in spite of many con- spicuous differences. In the horse the long upper and lower jaws, together with the high-crowned grinding teeth, form a very efficient mechanism for crop- ping and grinding the tough stems and hard kernels of grasses and similar vege- tation, whereas the short upper and lower MAMMALS OF THE UPPER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN TEXAS. The single-toed horses (Plesippus) were of larger size than those above, while the camels were more nearly like those of modern types. The Glyptotherium, a gigantic armadillo-like animal is shown in the lower left EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE The Ancestry of the Horse hes traced through a long series of acest stages, repre sented by fossil skeletons found in the successive formations of the Age of Mammals, to small progeni- tors with four toes on the fore foot, three on the hind foot, with low- crowned simple teeth, small brains, and various other features common to all primitive mammals. HIND FOOT” PLEISTOCENE HORSE EQUUS “SKULL FORE - FOOT , } PLEIST GEOLOGIC SUCCESSION SKELETONS OF HORSE ANID MAN COMPARED jaws and low-crowned cheek teeth of man are adapted for a mixed diet. Moreover, the horse’s long jaws enable him to reach his food, which is normally on or near the ground, while the short jaws of man have the food brought up to them by the hands. The bony cranium or braincase of the horse is much smaller in proportion to the weight of the body than is the brain- case of man, which is greatly enlarged by the enormous growth of the human brain. It has been shown above (pp. 46-49) that the bony hands of the remote ances- tors of the horse have become greatly modified during long ages of specializa- tion for swift running. Thus each “hand” of the modern horse has but one finger, is very long and slender, and terminates in a thick horny hoof corresponding to the nail on the middle finger of the hand of man. Likewise the bone beneath the hoof corresponds to the last bone of the mid- dle finger of the human hand. The visitor may enjoy making similar comparisons for himself: for example, where is the so-called “knee” of the foreleg of the horse and to what does it correspond in man? (Answer: the wrist.) Where is the true knee in the hind leg of the horse and where is its heel bone? What has be- come of the fibula or outer bone of the lower leg in the horse? Where is the “‘can- non bone” in the foot of the horse and to what does it correspond in man? But why do the skeletons of horse and man have so many parts that correspond to each other? There can be no reason- able doubt that the remote common an- cestors of horse and man were small mammals with five toes on all four feet. The structural differences have arisen as the result of gradually increasing differ- ences in habits, the horse finally becom- ing highly specialized for running and leaping on all fours, while man uses his fore limbs as arms and hands and bal- ances his body on his hind legs. OsBORN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2) This hall is devoted to early man and his contemporaries, the mammoths and mastodons, and the giant ground sloths of South America. The collection, illus- trating what is known of the early history of our own race as shown by the remains of early man and the implements used by him, is displayed through the center of the hall. As fossil remains of man are rare and usually very fragramentary, these are represented mainly by casts, but they include examples of all the more perfect and noteworthy specimens that have been found, from the Neanderthal and Gibraltar, to the Piltdown and ‘Tal- gai. (See Guide Leaflet No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.) These are illustrated and further described on pages 118-119. In the surrounding cases are some of the principal skeletons and skulls of animals mostly of Pleistocene Age, known to have been associated with man espe- cially in North and South America. Skele- tons and skulls on the right side of the hall show the evolution of the Probos- cidea. They fall naturally into two groups; first, the mastodons; and_sec- ondly, the mammoths and elephants. In the former division, beginning near the entrance of the hall, are the most primi- tive mastodons, with two upper and two lower tusks, and a very short proboscis. The succeeding cases show the gradual reduction of the number of teeth and the shortening of the front part of the skull for the accommodation of the longer proboscis found in all of the later stages of mastodons and mammoths. On the left is a group illustrating the famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea at Los Angeles, California, and _ fossils from South America, the most striking of which is the group of giant ground sloths. There are also good examples of glyptodonts, gigantic relatives of the armadillo. Among other strange extinct animals are the camel-like Macrauchenia, and the rhinoceros-like Toxodon. These evolved in South America during the Age of Mammals when it was an island con- tinent as Australia is today. Here, too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its union with the northern world after the Isthmus of Panama was formed. On the walls are mural decorations painted by Charles R. Knight showing the typical groups of Pleistocene animals of North and South America and Europe that were associated with early man. [51] PREHISTORIC ANIMALS (sabre-tooth tiger and giant sloth). Caught in the tar pools of La Brea, California. (Above) as mounted skeletons; (below) as conceived by the artist, Charles R. Knight (Above) WOOLLY MAMMOTH on the River So) Mm me>; France, dur- ing the Fourth Gla- cial Period. (Left) SKELETON OURS i HSE [PER ESR RS SONIAN MAMMOTH from Indiana. THE WOOL- LY Rat NOCEROS DURING A GLACIAL WINTER IN NORTHERN FRANCE. The Murals by Charles R. Knight. MODEL OF RHODODENDRON IN FORESTRY HALL. Many of the trees in the Forestry Hall are accompanied by models of leaves, flowers or fruit FORESTRY (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall g) Jesup Forestry Hall. The Forestry Hall of the Museum contains a nearly com- plete collection of the native trees north of Mexico presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right is a bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J. Clancy, depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite wood at Lenox, Massachusetts, and in front a bust of Charles Sprague Sargent under whose direction the collection was brought together. At the farther end is a bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoffman, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter and 1341 years old. (See Guide Leaflet No. 42.) It began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thou- sand years old before America was dis- covered. The label, illustrating the con- clusions reached by Ellsworth Hunting- ton as the result of long study, shows how the climate of the past is recorded by the trees, and how great historical events are related to great changes in climate. In the center of the hall near the en- trance from the 77th Street Foyer is a splendid life-size model in wax and other materials of a magnolia blossom sur- rounded by its long, tapering leaves be- longing to the species Magnolia macro- phylla. Beyond, in a glass case extending through the greater part of the aisle, is the trunk of a fossil tree 45 feet long and several million years old. In the last alcove to the right is the Menken Collection of Glass Flowers rep- [54] resenting many of the common spec ies of American flowers. They are modeled skillfully in glass and their colors faith- fully copied from nature. The other specimens in the hall show cross, longitudinal and oblique sections of the wood of North American forest and unfinished, and trees, finished the labels give the distribution of the species, the characteristics of the wood and its economic The trees are grouped by families and the location of each family will be found on the floor ylans in the first case on either side of the hall. The reproductions of the flow- ers, leaves and fruits are made in the Museum laboratories. uses. MODEL OF A MAGNOLIA IN THE FORESTRY HALL [55] LIVING INVERTEBRATES THE DARWIN HALL OF THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 5) This hall is devoted chiefly to inverte- brates and exhibits illustrating biologi- cal principles, especially those concerned with the evolution of life. It is, therefore, dedicated to Charles Darwin: Facing the entrance is a bronze bust of Darwin by William Couper, presented by the New York Academy of Sciences on the occa- sion of the Darwin centenary in 1909. THE TREE OF LIFE In the first upright case at the left is a Family Tree of the Animal Kingdom, each class being represented by a color sketch, the branches showing the rela- tionships of the various classes and in- dicating the evolution of each group from the parent stem. Synoptic SERIES The exhibits in the succeeding up- right cases comprise examples of the various groups or orders included in the Classes shown on the Family Tree. Pass- ing around the hall from left to right, the progress of evolution is illustrated from the lowest forms, the Protozoa, to the highest, the Primates, which include man. Alcove 1, Protozoa. This alcove con- tains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-celled individuals. Some are abundant in swamps and stagnant water, others are found in the sea. These ex- hibits are mainly models, some of which represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diameters. Alcove 2, Sponges. Sponges are prin- cipally of three kinds — distinguished from each other by their skeletons of lime, silica (i. e., flint) and of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong to the latter class. In the dry specimens ex- hibited, the skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Sponges range in size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic “Neptune’s goblets” of the east- ern seas. Alcove 3, Polyps. Here are shown coral animals and their relatives: among them, colonial hydroids; jellyfishes, bril- liantly colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the stony corals, and the precious coral. Alcove 4, Flatworms. The best known species include the tapeworms, whose development and structure are shown by models in the left-hand alcove case. The less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh water, are represented by enlarged models. Alcove 5, Roundworms. The round- worms are parasitic, since they live in the digestive canal of mammals. The most familiar is the common stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an enlarged model shows the internal structure. Alcove 6, Rotifers. The minute wheel animalcules, otherwise called rotifers, comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of a gelatinous substance, sand-grains, etc. A few species are parasitic, but most of them live a free, active life. They are found mainly in fresh water. See group in window showing rotifers in their nat- ural environment and the comparative series of enlarged models of typical roti- fers in the case to the left. Alcove 7, Sea-Mats and Lamp-Shells. The-sea-mats are minute, colonial ani- mals of plant-like growth, often occur- ring as encrustations on shells and sea- weed. A few species also occur in fresh water. The lamp-shells shown in this al- cove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related to the sea-mats. Alcove 8, Sea-Stars and Their Rela- tives. Here are shown sea-stars, brittle stars, sea-urchins, sea-cucumbers and sea- lilies. ‘The sea-star is the pest of the oyster beds, where it feeds on oysters and de- stroys them in large numbers. Alcove 9, Annulates. As typified by the familiar earthworm, these are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments. They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water, many kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while others bore into wood and shells. ‘Their [ 56 | + \ CORNER OF THE NAHANT TIDE POOL GROUP. On the rocky northern New England Coast are numcrous basin-like crevices in the cliffs. At high tide, many of these are totally sub- merged, but as the water recedes they are left as stranded pools richly populated with marine animals and plants. In the Tide Pool Group in the Darwin Hall, sea-anemones and hydroids are disclosed among the rockweed, sea-lettuce and kelp A DETAIL FROM THE ROTIFER GROUP. A _ world of microscopic life magnified a million times shown in the Darwin Hall (Left) The curious HORSE SHOE CRAB is a “living fossil” with ances- tors dating back 700,000,000 years. A detail from the Sound 30ttom Group a GLASS’ MODEL OF A TYPICAL RADIO- LARIAN. These tiny floating marine creatures make glassy shells of intricate patterns and, when they die, sink to the sea-bottom to form radiolarian ooze, a flinty sand used for polishing prec ious stones MODEL OF A ROCK-FORMING PROTOZOAN Globigerina). The microscopic creature shown above at the right builds tiny shells from lime dissolved in sea water. These become compacted into limestone layers on the sea-bottom. The Chalk Cliffs of Dover are composed of elevated masses of this rock ENLARGED MODEL OF THE PLUMED GLASS MODEL OIF THE PORTUGUES! WORM (Diopatra) MAN-OF-WAR IN THE DARWIN HALI body structures are often very beautiful and interesting examples of ingenious adaptation. Alcove 10, Arthropods. Here are in- cluded the familiar crabs, lobsters, myria- pods, insects, spiders and their relatives. The number of existing species in this group is greater than that of all the rest of the animal kingdom. On the wall are the two largest lobsters ever taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds, respec- tively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten feet. A series of models of insect heads, care- fully wrought in wax and glass, shows, greatly enlarged, their comparative an- atomy. Alcove 11, Mollusks. The mollusks are next to the arthropods in the diversity and vast number of forms which they em- brace, including marine, fresh-water and land animals. All mollusks have soft bodies, but nearly all secrete a shell which is often of pearly material (mother-of- pearl). Well-known examples of this group are the common clam and oyster. Enlarged models show the anatomy of these species. The main collection of mollusks is shown in the Hall of Ocean ite: Alcove 12, Chordates, including Ver- tebrates. Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelligent of ani- mals, the group culminating in man. Among the ancestral forms suggesting transitional stages from invertebrates are the “acorn-worm,”’ Dolichoglossus; the Sea-squirts, or Ascidians; and the Lance- let, Amphioxus. Enlarged models show- ing, carefully dissected, their comparative internal anatomy are exhibited in the case to the left. Various species of Ascidians with their associated environment are shown among the animals on the wharf- piles in the window group. Other models in a case toward the front of the hall show the development of the egg of certain typical vertebrates. Winpow Groups In several of the alcove windows are habitat groups of invertebrates illustrat- ing the natural history of the commoner and more typical forms. Marine Worm Group. In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm Group, reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural surround- ings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Shore Mollusk Group. In the Mollusk Alcove is shown the natural history of a sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the shore mol- lusks and their associates. Wharf Pile Group. This shows the sub- merged piles of an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts, covered with flower-like colonies of sea-anemones, hy- droids and other stationary animals. Rock Tide-Pool Group. In the further left-hand corner of the hall, a window group shows the animals and plants of a rock tide-pool, the “Agassiz Cave,” at Na- hant, Massachusetts. The falling tide has left a pool in a rocky basin, sheltered within which is a community of sea-ane- mones, sea-stars, and other invertebrates. Sound Bottom Group. In the Arthro- pod Alcove, a group shows the struggle for existence among Crustacea on the sandy bottom of Vineyard Sound, Massa- chusetts. Here is a den of lobsters in a erevice beneath the seaweed-covered granite boulders forming the reef known as the Devil's Bridge. Bryozoa Group. Another group repre- sents two square inches of sea bottom as though enlarged under a microscope to an area five feet square. The front of the case is built to represent a huge magni- fying glass, through which the visitor sees marine plants magnified to tree-like pro- portions, encrusted with colonies of Bry- 0zoa or “‘sea-mats,’ composed of thou- sands of individuals, each of which-builds a shell of vase-like form. Associated ani- mals, such as the flower-like, tube-build- ing worms and sea spiders, are enlarged to grotesque proportions. Rotifer Group. A companion exhibit represents a cubic half-inch of pond bot- tom enlarged one hundred diameters or cubically a million times, transforming a minute area into a towering aquatic forest peopled by rotifers and myriads of other strange creatures ordinarily invis- ible to the naked eye. [ 60 ] re THE HALL OF OCEAN LIFE. A PORTION OF THE BAHAMAN CORAL REEF GROUP IN This group, the largest in the Museum, contains more than forty tons of coral from Andros Island in the Bahamas and faithfully depicts a portion of the magnificent barrier reef as it appears from the sea bottom (Right) BLACK ANGEL FISHES swim in stately fashion among the corals (Below) BLUE PARROT FISH peer out from a mysterious cavern in the heart of the reef ae en dep - He . ete 5 SPINDLE SHELL (Fusus). These graceful shells are characterized by the long twisted spire and slender tapering canal terminating the body whorl BroLocic EXHIBITS Variation under Domestication. Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin and his successors. On the left, facing the entrance, variation under domestication is illustrated by various domestic animals, the wild species from which they have been derived being shown with some of the more striking breeds derived from them. Variation in Nature. An example of this is the variation among the finches of the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos Islands. Other displays show the range of color variation within a single species of the West Indian Sun Shell, and variations about the normal type of the common scallop. Struggle for Existence. This law is portrayed by the meadow mouse, sur- rounded by its many enemies and yet con- tinuing to survive by virtue of its great birth-rate. Heredity. The Mendelian laws of he- redity are illustrated by the inheritance of seed-coat color in the common. pea, the color of sweet peas, and the coat- color of rats. The Malaria Mosquito. In the center of the hall four large models show the mos- quito, which is the active agent in the spread of malaria, and stages in its de- velopment. THe CoraLt REEF Group (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10) As you enter the Hall of Ocean Life on the gallery level the Bahaman Coral Reef Group is seen at the farther end. Its proscenium arch rises from the main floor, passes through the gallery, and frames the upper part of the group in a half-circle thirty-five feet high. The portion of the group above the gallery presents a vista of coral island, quiet lagoon, and tropical sky. On the distant horizon the low -lying Bahaman Island of Andros is visible, soft with its fringe of coconut palms. Here the finest coral barrier reef in the West Indies parallels the shore. The small island in the foreground is Goat Cay, just back of the barrier reef. The section of the group below the gallery obviously depicts the coral forest as seen from the bottom of the sea. On either side, staircases permit visitors to descend from the gallery, to find them- selves standing on the ocean floor, gazing into the heart of a magnificent coral forest. The branching trees of elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) rise to the water surface sixteen feet above. A rocky arch at the right leads into the Cave of the Blue Parrot-fishes, inhabited by three of these magnificent creatures. Between the rocky wall and the spread- [ 62 ] 24 ing tangle of the coral forest a vista opens out into a clearing where a school of black-angel fishes swims by in the dis- tance. In the foreground are squirrel- fishes, striped and gray grunts, blueheads, slippery dicks, and spotted hinds. Above, a school of yellow-tails swims around the coral cliff and hound-fishes dart about alarmed by the approach of a barracuda visible just beneath the water-surtace at the upper left. Rock beauties, butterfly fishes, and blue angel-fishes swim among the sea fans, sea-bushes and sea-plumes; while a large rainbow parrot-fish, Nassau groupers, and a huge green moray lurk in the crevices and caverns under the coral. The latter is gay with encrusting and chimney sponges of scarlet, green, purple, yellow, and gray. To the left, above the great heads of brain-coral, orb- coral, and star-coral, swim queen trigger- fishes, numerous butterfly fishes, and a grotesque trumpet-fish. . THE GLORY OF THE SEA (Conus gloria- maris). This is the rarest and most romantic of shells. Only a dozen specimens are known and none have been collected for more than a cen- tury. The Museum possesses two specimens THE PEARLY OR CHAMBERED NAUTILUS (Sectioned shell with animal in place). This re- markable creature belongs to a bygone age. It is the only surviving species of a long line of fossil forms reaching back 500,000,000 years or more THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA (Cicada septendecim Linnaeus). From a Group in the Insect Hall. During May or June of a “locust year,” the immature seventeen-year-old Cicadas emerge from underground and ascend tree-trunks. Within a few hours their skin splits along the back and the adult emerges. The female deposits her eggs in a succession of slits in the slender twigs. The song is produced only by the male HALE. OF INSEGYT “Line (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 5) This interesting hall is virtually a text- book of Entomology. A series of “A-cases” surrounds the hall giving a vivid presenta- tion of insect biology, including the rela- tions between insects and vegetation, the importance of insects as carriers of dis- ease, and general biological facts and theories as illustrated by insects. These cases are numbered to facilitate the work of teachers sending students here for in- formation. In the center of the hall is a circle of exhibits, some of which show mounted insects in life-like artificial surroundings. Among the habitat groups is a series illus- trating the life-histories of common but- terflies. The very beneficial Lady Beetles are shown next to the very injurious Jap- anese Beetle. Other groups are concerned with such tropical insects as the Leaf- cutting Ants. The walls of the hall are used for sup- plementary exhibits. One of these dis- plays strikingly beautiful butterflies and moths from all parts of the world. An- other demonstrates the wealth of insect life at our very doors. The commercial use of insect silk and the use spiders make of their silk occupy the wall on either side of the entrance to the Reptile Hall. On the wall around the corner to the right are shown some of the results of the re- search work of the entomological depart- ment, especially in the field of experi- mental biology. The insects in the railing cases of the [ 66 | * « A GATHERING OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES. In early autumn the Monarch Butterfly, Anosia plexippus, assembles in great swarms in the northeastern United States. At nightfall, large numbers crowd the leaves and branches of trees or shrubs. These flocks move southward, much as birds migrate. Individual females come north the next spring and reestablish the northern population. The above group contains more than 10,000 specimens adjoining Synoptic Hall of Mammals (In- dex Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 3) are placed there temporarily. The collections in general are arranged with special reference to the insects found near New York City. They are presented in two series: General Series. This is arranged in a definite order which should be followed as indicated by numbers. The topics treated are: Importance of Insects, Geological History and Relation- ships, Anatomy and Physiology, Develop- ment from Egg to Adult, Variation in Form and Color, Natural Selection, In- heritance, Collection and Identification, Habits, Enemies, Injuries to Man, Bene- fits to Man. Local Insects. In the Tower Room is a study collection of insects found in the vicinity of New York City. This is intend- ed to aid in the identification of speci- mens and visitors wishing to use it for this purpose are invited to do so. Admission may be had by applying to the attendant. Butterflies of New York State. A strik- ing exhibit of some of the butterflies found in the State of New York is in- stalled in the corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial Building (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a) just to the left of the entrance from the Fish Hall on the first floor of the Museum. MASSING OF LADY BEETLES ON MOUNTAIN ‘TOP. From a group in the Insect Hall. With few exceptions Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae), both larvae and adults, eat either plant-lice or scale insects. The species of Hippodamia specialize on plant-lice. In the West, the adults often gather in large masses under rocks on the tops of mountains to pass the winter. Such a gathering near Boulder, Colorado, is shown here BUMBLE-BEE POLLINATING APPLE BLOSSOMS. From an exhibit in the Insect Hall. A few insects cause a loss of about one-fifth of our fruit, but we should have little or no fruit were it not for other insects pollinating the blossoms MODEL OF A MOLE CRICKET (enlarged five diameters). An insect with fore-legs es- pecially adapted for digging ay uo JaIVY-ULJY IO YALYS AYA, 9YI ‘punorsyovqg oyI UL puv tproyIoUULHY v “ToT ylvyg 1981p WoJ-aajaM7 & st peal ay UL ‘ePAny vas v Suryovi.e syrvys Jo toquinu v SurMoys ‘auaos vastopun uy “SYAAOUW VAS AHL HALL OF LIVING FISHES (Index Plan, p. 1 On entering the Hall of Fishes from the Darwin Hall one faces a group of sharks, sweeping down upon a helpless logger-head turtle. The following sharks are represented in this group: (1) White Shark or Man-eater. One of the largest sharks, growing to a length of go feet or more. This ferocious shark feeds on large fish and sea-turtles. It has been known to attack boats. Fortunately it is apparently rare men and even small everywhere and usually remains on the high seas. (2) Spot-fin Ground Shark or Shovel- nose. May be recognized by its small sec- ond dorsal fin and very long tapering pec- torals, in combination with a flattened shovel-like nose. Produces living young. }, Floor I, Hall 9) Feeds chiefly on fish and squid. Harmless to man. (3) Southern Ground Shark. Some- what resembles the Tiger Shark but dif- fers in its very blunt snout, stouter body, very large pectoral fins, and complete ab- sence of spots. Inhabits coastal waters, feeding on fish, etc. Common about wharves where it picks up refuse. Not dangerous to man. (4) Tiger Shark. Sometimes reaches a length of go feet. A very active predaceous shark of the high seas, with wide jaws and powerful sickle-shaped teeth, prey- ing upon large sea turtles, other sharks, fish and invertebrates. Much dreaded in the West Indies but no authentic record of attacks on human beings. WHALE SHARK (Rhineodon typus). The largest species of shark represented by an eighteen-foot specimen. Note the wide mouth, rectangular jaw, white spots of its skin pattern, and the parallel ridges extending toward the tail MODEL OF THE MANTA OR DEVIL FISH (Manta birostris). From a specimen taken off the west coast of Florida, measuring 17 (5) Hammer-head Shark. The strange flattened and widened face of this shark seems to serve as a bow-rudder, which is used in making very quick turns in pur- suit of fish. It occasionally reaches a length of 12 feet. (6) Sand Shark. May be recognized by its combination of a delicate nose, unre- duced rather than sickle-shaped pectorals. This shark captures great numbers of small fish, which are its chief diet. There is no record that it attacks man. The Systematic Exhibit includes a rep- resentative series of fishes, from the lowly “cartilage fishes,” such as the sharks and rays, to the highest or most complexly constructed bony fishes. Noteworthy in this series are the mounted groups of “ganoids,’ including the — sturgeons, spoonbills, bony gars, bowfins, all of ex- a | no feet across ceptional scientific interest, since they are “living fossils,” or descendants of the now extinct fishes of earlier geologic times. In the alcoves and wall cases on the right, the visitor will find many curious forms, such as the giant catfishes, the handsome rooster fish, the brilliant parrot wrasses, and butterfly fishes. On the right side of the entrance to the inner enclosure is the Biological Exhibit. This considers the fish as a machine—its stream-line form, its main principles of construction, its locomotor machinery, and the mechanism of its jaws. The fish life of warm seas is repre- sented in the inner enclosure, including the giant Manta, or Devilfish, a small in- dividual of the spotted Whale Shark, larg- est of fishes, and in the foreground a bit of sandy bottom with small species as it would appear about Bimini, Bahamas. (Above) DEEP SEA ANGLERS. Note fishing rod with luminous tip The model of a Manta or Devilfish (Manta birostris) was made from a speci- men taken in 1915 near Captiva Islands, off the West Coast of Florida, by Russell J. Coles. It measures 17 feet across the out-stretched wings. Still larger specimens up to 22 feet wide are on record. The Manta, like other skates and rays, may be regarded as a “winged shark” in which the body has become depressed and the breast fins enlarged into “‘wings’’ which are the chief organs of locomotion. The Whale Shark (Rhineodon typus) is an 18-foot specimen taken at Acapulco, Mexico, March 2g, 1935. This species is the largest, the rarest and most character- istically marked of living sharks. Records of about 60 specimens are known, among them one reaching 38 feet in length. The striking markings form a pattern of verti- cal yellow bars separating vertical rows of yellow spots. The Deep Sea Fishes form a special ex- hibit in an inner room. Here in the semi- darkness we view some of the hobgoblins of the ocean depths — many of them cov- ered with jewels of phosphorescent light. Fishes that live at great depths have to be able to endure enormous water pres- sure, low temperatures and total dark- ness. At one mile depth each square inch (Below) VIPER FISH (Chauliodus) PURSUING BIGHEADS (Melamphaes) of surface of a fish’s body is under a pressure equal to about one ton. But the pressure is equal in all directions. It permeates the whole body of the fish inside and outside and evidently does not injure the most delicate tissues. A small exhibit in the left-hand corner of the central dark- ened room tells of the remarkable life-history in which there is a striking transformation of the “‘stalk-eyed fish” into a “Gleaming-tailed Sea Dragon.” This exhibit is based on the investigations and material of Dr. William Beebe in connection with deep sea fishes taken off Bermuda. He proved that the minute “stalk-eyed fish,” which carry their eyes out at the ends of long stalks, really grow up into the “Gleaming- tailed Sea Dragons” (Indiacan- thus fasciola), formerly sup- posed to be a different species. The deep sea life is depend- ent ultimately upon the rain of food-bearing particles from the richer waters of the sur- face. The countless myriads of microscopic plants are a nescence. In some fishes the surface of the body is stud- ded with little glow | lamps, each of which has a lens, a reflector and a gland for pro- ducing a_ substance called luciferin which emits a light when supplied with oxygen from the blood. The little shrimps and other creatures upon which the fish feeds are attracted toward the lights as the moth to the flame. The lights also enable fishes of the same kind to find each other and keep together in schools. Big Game Fishes. At the end of the Fish Hall toward the Roosevelt Memorial is the exhibit of Big Game Fishes, including many of great size taken with rod and line chiefly by Zane Grey and Michael absorbed by the micro- scopic animals and these by the billions of tiny copepods or shrimps which in turn are de- voured by the raven- ous small fishes. Many different kinds of deep sea fishes have the power of lumi- TUNA (Thunnus thynnus). A nagnificent mounted tuna fish rom the Exhibit of Game Fishes also called Tunny and Horse Mackerel. It occurs in both the Atlantic and Pacific and huge individuals may reach a weight of over 1000 pounds. The second specimen presented by Mr. Lerner is a fine mounted skin of a Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans ampla) which weighed 305 pounds and measured 10 feet in length. Mr. Lerner caught it on rod and reel off Bimini, Bahamas, on July 2, 1934. The tuna, the swordfish, the marlin, the sailfish, and the mack- erel are all related, belonging to the same suborder of fishes, the Scombroidei, a group which attains the acme of speed and streamlined form. There is probably more confusion about the marlin than about any other large game-fish. ‘This is due, first, to its similarity to its close relatives, the sword- fish, the sailfish, and the spearfish; secondly, to the num- ber of different kinds of the marlin itself. The external differences between the marlin and sailfish are obvious when one Lerner. The huge ocean sun- fish, caught by Mr. Grey with harpoon and gaff, weighed nearly a ton. A 74-pound channel bass, a 588- pound — broadbill, i\ and a 758-pound tuna look down from the walls. The central feature of the Sailfish Group is the mount- ed skin of a fish caught off the rocky coast of Cape San Lucas, Lower California. It is shown in the act of leaping from the water in a desperate effort to shake the hook from its jaws. Many other fishes well known to anglers and sportsmen, or greatly desired as closer acquaintances, hang in these cases, such as salmon, trout, perch, muskallunge, barracuda, yellowjack, bonefish, etc. Two fine specimens of the fishes caught and presented by Michael Lerner are exhibited in special cases as if rising through the water. One is the mounted skin of a tuna (Thunnus thynnus) which measured 8 feet, 3 inches in length and weighed 55 pounds. It was caught on a rod and reel off Wedgeport, Nova Scotia. This is the common or Bluefin Tuna, compares the former with the sailfish in the group forming the central exhibit at this end of the Hall of Fishes. The sail of the latter is much higher and longer than that of the marlin. The swordfish above Case 53 shows a distinctly heavier body, longer and stouter sword, and shorter dorsal fin. Ihe spearfish (Case 31) is a somewhat intermediate form. Its long dorsal fin is considerably lower than that of the marlins. On the wall in con- nection with the Big Game Fish exhibit may be found charts of the world record rod and reel catches. BLUE MARLIN (Makaira nigricans ampla) LIVING REPTILES (Index Plan, p. As one enters this hall from the Insect Hall, the attention is attracted by four floor exhibits containing some of the lar- gest existing reptiles, namely, — the alli- gator, leatherback tortoise, king cobra, and Galapagos tortoise. A fine habitat group showing the largest living lizards is at the right “ol the entrance. These are the Dragon Lizards of Komodo. [he species Vavanins komodoe NSIS occurs only on Komodo and adjacent small islands in the Dutch East Indies. The scene in the group is laid on Komodo. A large male dragon lizard has just killed a wild boar, while another dashes forth from a nearby jungle to dispute ownership with the first. Dragon lizards feed on deer, wild boar and water-buffalo; possibly also birds and their eggs. They readily attack each other and have been known to seize a wounded comrade. The smaller lizard feeding on the boar is a female, the largest recorded indi- vidual of this sex. Few species of lizards 18, Floor III, Hall 9) show such a pronounced difference be- tween the sexes. Komodo Island is uninhabited except for a convict village of Malays. Dragon lizards quickly secrete themselves on ‘the approach of man. They apparently use vision alone in detecting their enemies, as they fail to react to sounds, and, i fact, appear to be deaf The species is diurnal and hides away at night in large dens which it digs under the roots of trees or under rocks in the open. Varanus komodoensis is a large monitor lizard of the family Varanidae. It is closely related to certain monitor lizards of Australia, particularly to giant forms known only as fossils from the "Pleistocene of that continent. These fossil species seem to have reached fifteen or more feet in length. Varanus komodoensis does not exceed ten feet, but large specimens may weigh over two hundred fifty pounds. It is therefore very much heavier than any other living lizard. THE DRAGON LIZARD OF KOMODO ISLAND (Varanus komodoensis) te ‘oe RHINOCEROS IGUANA. This great Iguana from Santo Domingo is the most powerful lizard in the Americas. The specimens and materials for this group, as well as the motion picture ex- hibited here, were secured by an expedi- tion of the Museum under the leader- ship of Mr. William Douglas Burden. Near this group a large chart is in- stalled, showing in outline the history of all the vertebrate animals, including the dragon lizards. The central part of the hall is devoted to a large series of floor groups, showing various species of reptiles and amphibia in their natural environment. The cases on the right of the hall answer questions frequently asked, such as, “How do rep- tiles and amphibians feed?” “How do they protect themselves?” and “How do they breed?” also, “What is the economic value of reptiles and amphibians?” The left wall of the hall contains a series of exhibits installed in sunken panels, in which some of the principles controlling the existence of reptiles and amphibians are illustrated. Among them are “Natural Selection, the Directing Principle of Evolution,” “Isolation, a Ma- jor Factor in the Origin of Species,” It is terrestrial, digging burrows in limestone “Concealing Coloration and Form,” and “Parallel Evolution.” Other exhibits are devoted to snake yarns, the structure of reptile skeletons, and snake poisons and their treatment. On the left of the hall, in an enclosed corridor, is a series of habitat groups por- traying the home life of American rep- tiles ond amphibians. The subjects of these in order from the front of the cor- ridor are: — The Leatherback Tortoise; The Giant Salamander; The Bullfrog; A New England Marshland in Spring: West Indian Tree Frogs; Reptiles of the South West; Galapagos Iguana; Rhi- noceros Iguana; Gila Monster: and the Florida Cypress Swamp. A few of these are described briefly. The Rhinoceros Iguana Group illus- trates the complete life history of a typical lizard. It inhabits the desert regions of Santo Domingo and is the most powerful lizard in the Americas. It is a terrestrial animal, living in bur- rows which it digs through banks of lime- stone. The eggs are deposited during July in hills dug by the females in ad- [77] A CYPRESS SWAMP IN NORTHERN FLORIDA. Detail of a group in the Reptile Hall joining sand flats. The young iguanas hatch out and frequently pull their egg shells with them to the surface. The Rhinoceros Iguana, like most other large iguanas, is a vegetarian, feeding on Acacia beans, Saona berries, and other products of the desert. The group depicts the western shore of Lake Enriquilla, a dead sea in Santo Domingo, over 130 feet below the surface of the ocean. The Reptiles and Amphibians of a Cypress Swamp. The primeval cypress swamps of northern Florida afford a home for the alligator, numerous turtles, lizards, snakes, and frogs. The large alli- gator on the left is a female guarding her nest (shown in cross section). Young turtles are hatching from eggs which have been hidden by the mother in the [ / alligator’s nest. The group is a reproduc- tion of a Florida cypress swamp and river cove in September. It portrays the feeding habits of several snakes, the breeding habits of various turtles and toads, and many other reptiles and am- phibians. A New England Marshland in Spring. Toads and frogs come to the marshes and ponds in the spring to breed. The males call loudly to attract mates. The shrill peeping which arises from so many ponds of eastern United States is made by a diminutive tree frog, while the trill which resounds from many orchards and water lily ponds is the voice of the gray tree frogs. Each species of frog and toad has a distinctive voice. In calling, the throat of many species is blown out into a balloon-like sac and acts as a resonating 8] an es — —— organ. Lhe group represents a small sec- tion of a swamp in southern New Eng- land during early May. Gila Monsters. The Gila Monster is well known as the only poisonous lizard in the world. In the group, there are two species of Gila Monster, Heloderma sus- pectum of southwestern United States and horridum of Mexico. The group represents a small section of one of the canyons of the Catalina Mountains, Arizona. The snake gliding over the rocks is the Sonoran Racer, Mas- ticophis semilineatus. The desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii, illustrated below, is seeking a hiding place for the night. Amphibia and Reptiles of New York State. An exhibit showing the species found within the State of New York may be seen in the corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial on the first floor. (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a). DETAIL OF A GROUP SHOWING . THE AMPHIBIANS OF A NEW ENGLAND MARSHLAND IN EARLY SPRING DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii). A detail from the “Gila Monster Group,” depicting the reptilian fauna of one of the Arizona canyons LIVING BIRDS THE WHITNEY WING (Index Plan, pp. 16-19, Floors I-IV, Hall 19) The Whitney Wing of the Museum, newest section of our structure, was a joint gift of the late Harry Payne Whit- ney, and the City of New York. It is wholly occupied by the Museum’s De- partment of Birds. Three of its eight floors are devoted completely or in part to public exhibits. The main entrance of this wing leads into Whitney Memorial Hall from the New York State Theodore Roosevelt Memorial. The display represents bird life on islands in the Pacific Ocean, cover- ing an expanse from the Hawaiian Islands southward beyond New Zealand and from the Galapagos Archipelago and small islets off the coast of Peru west- ward to the Australian barrier reef and New Guinea. Foyers at the ends of the hall contain maps and mural texts which describe both purpose and plan of the exhibits. Near the ends of the main hall are bronze busts of the late Messrs. Wil- liam C. Whitney and Harry Payne Whit- ney, father and son, to whom the build- ing and its contents are dedicated. WHITNEY MEMORIAL HALL (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 19) The design of Whitney Memorial Hall is intended to give Museum visitors the illusion that they are standing in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and viewing scenes in every direction throughout hundreds or even thousands of miles. In other words, the hall represents the Pa- cific itself, reduced to extremely small compass. A common horizon crosses the background of all 18 habitat groups, and from these the sky appears to rise behind the fronts of the cases and to be con- tinuous with the blue dome that forms the ceiling of the hall. Suspended by in- visible wires in this vault are examples of oceanic birds which inhabit the Pacific from the tropical environment depicted near the northern end of the hall to the edge of the Antarctic toward the south end. It is through the latter that the visi- tor approaches from the Roosevelt Mem- orial building. At the present time only about half of the exhibits are completed. In addi- tion to the dome and the decorations in the two foyers, eight of the nine groups on the right-hand side of the hall are on display. ‘hese are as follows: Ship-Followers. The open ocean south and east of New Zealand, in the zone of westerly winds. ‘The point of view is from a deck of an old-fashioned sailing vessel. In the background is the Whitney South Sea Expedition schooner, the FRANCE, which served the Museum during ten years in Polynesia. The expedition col- lected most of the specimens used throughout this hall. Pelagic birds shown in the exhibit com- prise a variety of albatrosses and petrels, especially characteristic of the higher southern latitudes. Samoa. A view from the hills of the island of Savaii toward the ocean. The site is at the point where forest meets more open slopes. ‘The birds include those of both woodland and grassland, such as fruit pigeons, ducks, members of the parrot family and many smaller forms. Especially noteworthy is the tooth- billed pigeon (Didunculus), a very pecu- liar member of the pigeon family, con- fined entirely to a few islands of the Samoan group. Tuamotu. The island of Hao, an atoll, with the coral-grown lagoon at the left and the surf of the open ocean on the right. In the distant background can be seen tree- and shrub-covered segments of the island ring. Among the coconut palms and other typical beach vegetation of a coral island are man-o’-war _ birds, boobies, a nesting red-tailed tropic-bird, several terns, including the white fairy tern which lays its egg on rough bark or in the crotch of a bush, and also a number of shore birds of both migratory and resi- dent species. The example of the latter is the rare or nearly extinct Polynesian [ 80 ] — — | +. sjjn3 jo sarsods om) pure susoy vouy ‘urnsuad uerAaniag aq) o1e MACAWS (Ara macao). From the exhibit showing the bird life of Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone. This island, made by the spreading of Gatun Lake, has cut off a portion of the continental trop- ical jungle with its abundant mammal and bird life A DETAIL FROM THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFOR- NIA, BIRD GROUP. This val- ley, once a vast desert, has now been irrigated. Well-watered grass lands have resulted, in- habited by birds in_ great abundance and variety sandpiper, one of the smallest members of its family, of which two stand in the left foreground. The Tuamotu archipelago occupies a huge area in the central South Pacific and is one of the most extensive island groups on earth. Marquesas. A scene in the volcanic island of Nukuhiva, showing a rugged shore line and ridges dissected by the sea, as viewed from a height of nearly 2000 feet. On the right is the Valley of “Typee,” famous as the locale of Herman Melville’s romance of the same name. The birds include the giant pigeon (Serresius), which exists only at the island of Nukuhiva, a smaller native fruit pigeon, swifts of the “edible-nest” group, warblers and old world flycatchers pecu- liar to this island, a forest rail, a ground dove and a pair of wild chickens or jungle fowl, the ancestors of which were widely distributed in the Pacific by the original Polynesian immigrants. Peruvian Guano Islands. Looking southward across the Bay of Pisco, Peru, from the southern island of the Chincha group. The scene represents the rainless coast of Peru, where climatic conditions are responsible for the accumulation on such islands of sea bird manure known as guano, which was the fertilizer of the Incas and other ancient agricultural peoples of the west coast of South Amer- ica. Despite the exhaustion of the old sup- plies of guano, it has again become an important commercial resource in Peru, and the industry is now operated upon a scientific conservational basis. The three principal species of guano- producing birds, all of which are pecu- liar to the coasts of Peru and northern Chile, are shown, namely, the Peruvian cormorant, booby and pelican. Other birds of interest are the white-moustached Inca tern, two species of gulls, and on the rocks of the painted background a dis- tant cluster of Peruvian penguins. Galapagos. A scene in the heart of the Galapagos archipelago, looking from James Island across the water toward Albemarle, the largest island of the group. The Galapagos lie on the equator about 600 miles west of the South Amer- ican coast. They are famous as the native home of many peculiar and long isolated species of both plants and animals, and they received their first notable scientific fame as a result of the visit of Charles Darwin in H. M.S. BEAGLE about 1834. Man-o'-war birds, herons, an owl, mockingbirds and hawks are among the birds shown in the exhibit. Most of these are remarkable because of their total lack of shyness in the presence of man, a trait doubtless acquired during residence throughout a very long period in a land without man or other mammalian ene- mies. The most important of the Gala- pagos birds from a biological point of view are several species of small finches which show a great variation in the size of the bill. These mostly belong to the genus Geospiza, and Darwin's “observa- tions of them in the field is believed to have had much to do with his original ideas on the principle of natural selec- tion as an explanation of evolutionary change. Hawaii. This exhibit shows a deep and steep valley on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, with slopes and gorges descending about 4000 feet from the high plateau of the island toward low banks above the beach. The opposite or windward side of Kauai is extremely rainy and, on the right, fragments of storm clouds are shown whisking out over the valley which, however, is not very humid be- cause most of the rainfall is precipitated farther to windward. The Hawaiian archipelago, like that of the Galapagos, has been isolated from other land areas throughout many ages, and some of the native birds and other animals show even more peculiar and pronounced evolutionary changes. The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Drepanididae), for example, are obviously members of a single family of small land birds, yet the specializations in the bills of several species range from short, stout, almost parrot-like beaks to extremely long, pointed and sickle-shaped organs. Bead: ing habits are, of course, correlated with such structures, for the stoutest-billed species can manipulate hard seeds and [ 83 ] BROWN PELICANS (Pelecanus occidentalis). Brown Pelicans inhabit our coasts from South Carolina to the West Indies. They often fly in diagonal files and under favorable conditions sail long distances on set wings. Facing the wind, they travel high, but at times they skim just above ‘the crest of curling breakers EMPEROR PENGUIN (Aptenodytes forsteri). This is the largest of the existing species of the penguins. The mounted bird here shown, a male, weighed seventy-nine pounds. The Em- peror Penguin is exclusively Antarctic, inhabit- ing the fringing ice of the south polar continent and the adjacent islands. It rarely sets foot upon land or rock. The single egg is laid on the ice in midwinter and is carried on top of the bird’s foot until it hatches, the male and female tak- ing turns at incubation fruits, whereas those with long slender bills must use them in extracting nectar or small insects and spiders from the corolla of flowers. Several examples of these honeyeaters are exhibited but it would be impossible to show the whole range of variation in bills without draw- ing upon species inhabiting other islands of the Hawaiian group. At the right of the group three geese are shown in flight, the species being peculiar to Hawaii. In the air, down the valley, are two white-tailed tropic-birds, and the small land birds include one or more species having tufts of brightly colored feathers which were used by the ancient Hawaiians in manufacturing the famous feather cloaks worn by chiefs of high rank. Laysan. Albatrosses, of which there are some seventeen species in the world, re- sort during the nesting season to remote oceanic islands, where they carry on their remarkably elaborate courtship proce- dure, lay the single egg, and rear their chick before they depart once more on Be le the oceanic wanderings which they con- tinue until the return of the next breed- ing season. Most albatrosses inhabit the higher lati- tudes of the southern oceans and no species regularly enters the North At- lantic. The North Pacific Ocean, how- ever, is the home of three kinds of alba- trosses, two of which are here shown on the nesting ground of Laysan Island, a leeward Garten of the Hawaiian archi- pelago. The two species shown are the white- breasted Laysan albatross and the all dark black-footed albatross. Both carry on an extraordinary ritual, commonly known as a courtship dance, although it ‘really par- takes of community Belcwion and the birds on the nesting ground salute, cross bills, and bow not only to their own mates but to other albatrosses of both sexes. A pair of the small native teal of Lay- san, found nowhere else in the world, is also shown in this exhibit, as well as such nesting sea birds as boobies, man-o’-war birds, the petrels that occupy burrows in the sandy soil, and the migrant bristle- thighed curlews, golden plovers and other shore birds that make the island a resting place during the course of their long mi- gration from Alaskan breeding grounds fore) to a winter home among islands of the south seas. Ha tt oF BioLocy or BirpDs (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 19) The Hall of Biology of Birds, on the first floor of the Whitney Wing, is devoted to diagrammatic exhibits illustrating the bird’s place in nature and many different aspects of the structure, descent, relation- ship and behavior of birds. Other animals will be made use of when desirable. For example, in the consideration of flight, the plan and technique of the flight of insects, bats, pterodactyls, etc. will be shown in conjunction with various types of bird flight. At this date, the construction of ex- hibits in the Hall of Biology of Birds has just begun and the hall is still closed to the public except for the first alcoves. In these are shown examples of the wide variety of bird architecture, as illustrated by nests, and also a section of the exhibit devoted to the relationships of birds to their reptilian ancestors and the varying course that evolution has taken in dit- ferent orders and families of modern birds. GALLERY OF Birp ART (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 19) A collection of original drawings and paintings of birds by Louis Agassiz Fuertes is installed in the Gallery on Bird Art on the Fourth Floor of the Whitney Wing. These works cover most of Fuertes’ life as an artist, from a painting made while a young boy to his mature work of the later years preceding his untimely death. The collection includes numerous studies made in the field, many of them while on expeditions of the American Museum, and finished pictures, both pub- lished and unpublished. The same hall contains a series of orig- inal water-color paintings by Joseph Wolf which were published as illustrations of various of the ornithological monographs of D. G. Elliot, particularly the Mono- graph of the Pheasants. Included in this hall, also, are two large oil paintings from the collection of Auduboniana, most of which is installed in the ambulatory of the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Wing immediately adjoining. One of these paintings is by John James Audubon, showing a dog surprising a group of pheasants. The other is a portrait of Audubon with his dog, horse, and gun from the brushes of his sons Victor and John Woodhouse Audubon. AUDUBON GALLERY (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor JV, Hall 12a) A noteworthy collection of objects re- lating to the life and work of John James Audubon is exhibited in the corridor on the fourth floor of the Roosevelt Mem- orial leading into the Whitney Wing. These include original sketches and paintings by Audubon, and by his son, John Woodhouse Audubon, mainly of the Quadrupeds of North America; some of the copper plates from which the Birds of America were printed, and a portrait of Robert Havell, their engraver and publisher of the first edition of the “Birds.” Of special interest are the por- [85 ] traits of Audubon, one of which is dis- played on the right-hand wall of the Whitney Gallery of Bird Art, just inside the entrance. Of more personal interest are the guns carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore. (These have not yet been trans- ferred to the Theodore Roosevelt Mem- orial Wing but will be found on the land- ing of the stairway between the second and third floors of the corridor, outside the entrance to the Mexican Hall. Index Plan, pp. 17-18, Floors II-III, Hall ga.) These objects were presented mainly by his grand-daughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audubon. Gifts have been re- ceived also from Dr. Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anne E. Roelker, Robert Havell Lockwood, and others. Birps OF THE WorRLD HALL (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 2) This hall is devoted to a projected series of twelve habitat groups to show the major faunal areas of the world and their characteristic birds. Nine groups have been completed and a tenth is un- der construction. The backgrounds, by Francis Lee Jaques, Frank McKenzie, and Arthur A. Jansson, are reproductions of actual scenes made from color sketches and photographs taken on the spot. Be- ginning at the right of the entrance, the completed groups are as follows: Pampas Group. The pampas and la- goons of the South Temperate Zone of South America harbor a varied assem- blage of birds. These include some twenty species of North American sandpipers and plovers that migrate to this region to spend the northern winter. Some of the birds are permanent residents. ‘The scene is laid at Lake Chascomus, near Buenos Aires, Argentina, a region made famous by the writings of W liam Henry Hud- son to whom the group is dedicated. Gift of Mrs. Anna E. Erickson. High Andes Group. The Paramo Zone of South America is found at sea level at the southern end of the continent but occupies increasingly high elevations in the Andes, below the snow line, as the equator is approached. In the neighbor- hood of Mt. Aconcagua, Chile, shown in the background, this zone is reached at 10,000 feet elevation but the birds are still closely related to those of the low- lands of Patagonia and southern Chile. The giant Condor is a characteristic species. American Tropical Zone. Barro Colo- rado Island, in the Canal Zone, was once a hilltop and part of the unbroken humid tropical forest of the Panamanian low- lands but it was cut off from the sur- rounding forest when the valley of the Chagres River was flooded by the closing of Gatun Dam. It is now preserved as a natural laboratory under the care of the Institute for Research in Tropical Amer- ica. It has been made known to many through the writings of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, particularly by his books, “My Tropical Air Castle” and “Life in an Air Castle.” South Georgia Group. The bird-life of the Antarctic regions is not as rich in species as that of the tropics but possesses certain very interesting forms among which the penguins are outstanding. ‘The group shows an assemblage of King Pen- guins on the island of South Georgia, 1200 miles east of Cape Horn. Among the other characteristic species are the Wil- son’s Petrel (one of the birds known to sailors as ‘Mother Carey’s Chickens’), the Kelp Gull, Giant Fulmar, the curious Sheathbill, and (painted) the Wander- ing Albatross. East African Plains. The easterly third of Africa is largely a grassy country dotted with thorny bushes and trees. The Kid- ong Valley, scene of the group, lies some 40 miles northwest of Nairobi, Kenya Colony, in the Great Rift Valley that extends from northern Tanganyika to the Red Sea and southern Palestine. ‘The Ostrich, Marabou, Bustard, Courser, Secretary Bird, Hoopoe, Coly, and Lark shown in the group are typical of the plains region though some of the other birds shown have close relatives in the forests. Gift of Mr. Henry W. Sage. Congo Forest Group. The equatorial forests along the Congo River in western [86 ] wh 2. BIRD LIFE OF THE GOBI Africa are rich in bird-life. As in other tropical forests, many species of birds often band together in loosely mixed flocks that roam the woods for insects and other food, searching from the ground to the tops of the trees. The ex- hibit shows such an assemblage together with other inhabitants of the region. ‘The scene is at Lukolela, about 500 miles up- stream from the mouth of the Congo River. Presented by Mrs. Dwight Arven Jones. Gobi Group. The extensive desert of central Asia, known as The Gobi, con- tains a number of brackish lakes, without outlets and fed by surface and under- ground streams from mountains such as the Altai Range shown in the _back- ground. The climate is cold except for a brief summer, and the bird-life consists largely of migrant species that go south for the winter, as the Demoiselle Crane, Great Bustard, and Ruddy Sheldrake. The Raven remains throughout the year. The interesting Sand-Grouse often travels long distances daily for water and has an irregular local migration. Palearctic Alpine Group. The Zer- matt Valley and the Matterhorn, in Swit- zerland, are shown with some of the char- acteristic birds of the upper Alps at tim- berline at 7000 feet elevation. Some of the species, like the Wall Creeper and GREAT AUK (A mounted specimen in the Synoptic Hall of Birds). The Great Auk, or Gare Fowl, is now extinct, no living specimen having been recorded since 1844 the Snowfinch, probably reached the Alps from the Himalayas in prehistoric times when these two now distant mountain ranges may have been continuous. Others, like the Arctic Ptarmigan and Redpoll, may have come from the north, driven by the advancing ice of the Glacial Period. Still others are inhabitants of the lower elevations that have extended their ranges upward to the timberline. New Forest Group. The Palearctic Zone or Old World North Temperate Zone corresponds to the Nearctic or North Temperate Zone of North Amer- ica. The families of birds found in the two regions are much the same and some of the species are identical although their local names may differ. Occasionally the same name is applied to quite different species as in the case of the European and American robins. The group shows the famous “Roosevelt Walk” in the New For- est, in the Valley of the Itchen, in Hamp- shire, where Lord (then Sir Edward) Grey and Theodore Roosevelt watched the birds together in 1910. The group is dedi- cated to Lord Grey and was the gift of Mrs. Carll ‘Tucker. Hatt oF NorTH AMERICAN Birp GROUPS (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 1) Here are the Habitat Groups of North American birds, prepared under the di- rection of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Cura- tor of Ornithology, who collected most of the specimens and made practically all the field studies. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific localities, paint- ed from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented; thus the series depicts char- acteristic North American scenery as well as the bird-life. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox, Louis A. Fuertes, and Francis L. Jaques. The foliage and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented. (See Guide Leaflet No. 28.) The visitor should follow the series to the right around the hall. Orizaba Group. The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is limited in great measure by cli- mate. Thus in traveling from Panama north to Greenland there are zones of bird-life corresponding to the zones of temperature. This condition is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical jun- gle at its base to its snow-clad peak the naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far as the distribution of life is concerned, is an epitome of all the groups in the hall. Cobb’s Island Group. Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and gulls, which (because of their plumage) were once ceaselessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes. Thanks to protection they have now greatly increased in numbers. The group represents a section of an island off the Virginia coast, where the birds are now protected by law. Duck Hawk Group. The Duck Hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson almost within the limits of New York City. It nests on the ledges of the towering cliffs. This hawk is the Pere- grine Falcon which was so much used for hunting in the Middle Ages. It often comes into the city for pigeons. Hackensack Meadow Group. In Au- gust and September the meadows and marshlands bordering the Hackensack River, New Jersey, formerly teemed with bird-life, but this is rapidly disappearing before the march of “improvements.” In the group are swallows preparing to mi- grate southward, Bobolinks or “Rice Birds” in autumn plumage, Red-winged Blackbirds, Rails, Wood Ducks and Long-billed Marsh Wrens. Wild Turkey Group. The Wild Tur- key is a native of America and was once abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is now very rare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was introduced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was brought by the colon- ists to America. (Reproduced from studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.) Florida Great Blue Heron Group. The Great Blue Heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its neck curved back on its body, and because of this habit it can readily be distinguished from cranes, with which it is frequently confounded. [ 88 ] ARCTIC SEABIRD LIFE. From a group in the Gallery of North American Birds. The group depicts the lower part of a 1000-foot cliff on Little Diomede Island in Bering Sea. Here myriads of sea birds come each summer to lay their eggs and rear their young (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) Water Turkey, or ‘Snake-bird,” Group. In the yellow pond-lily swamps grown with cypresses and cabbage pal- mettos, the shy Water Turkey builds its nest. It receives the name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail, and the title “snake- bird” from its habit of swimming with only the long slender neck above water. (Reproduced from studies near St. Lucie, Florida.) Sandhill Crane Group. Unlike the herons, the Sandhill Crane builds its nest of reeds in the water. It differs also in its manner of flight, always fully extending its neck when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.) Brown Pelican Group. Pelican Island, on the Indian River of Florida, has been made a reservation by the United States Government, and these grotesque birds now breed there in comparative safety. [ 89 ] / ‘ * ay PY Q CHIMNEY SWIFT RED-TAILED HAWK MOURNING DOVE 4 co 0 SSS LOCAL BIRDS. In the corridor on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial, are shown all the species of birds which have been known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. The first four lettered Cases, A-D, on the right, oppo: the entrance to the proposed new hall of North American Mammals, contain the permanent residents, and the next four lettered ses, E-H, the migrants. The latter are changed as necessary about the first of each month. Beginning at the entrance to the Mammal Hall on the left hand wall, the numbered cases contain the general collection of all birds found within this area (See Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 12a) (Above) GREEN HERON (Above) WOOD THRUSH low) RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD BALTIMORE ORIOLE (Below) KINGBIRD The view shows a section of the island at the height of the nesting season. (Repro- duced from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.) American Egret Group. This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of ex- tinction in this country through the use of its “aigrette plumes” for millinery pur- poses, and is now confined to a few pro- tected rookeries in the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nest- ing season, at which time the death of the parent means the starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of South Carolina.) Turkey Vulture Group. The Turkey Vulture, or “buzzard,” is one of the best- known birds of the South, where it per- forms a valuable service in acting as scav- enger. On this account it is protected by law and by public sentiment and has be- come both abundant and tame. (Repro- duced from studies at Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near Washington.) California Condor Group. The Cali- fornia Condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes, and has a slightly smaller spread of wing. In the group the visitor is supposed to be standing in the interior of the condor’s cave, and is looking down on the river of the canon. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Canon, California.) Brandt’s Cormorant Group. The fore- ground of the group shows a detail of the island that is painted in the background. The young birds are feeding, and it will be noticed that one fledgling is reaching down the mother’s throat after the pre- digested food. (Reproduced from studies at Monterey, California.) San Joaquin Valley Group. Formerly this area was an arid place with a char- acteristic desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and aquatic bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustration of the influence of man on the bird-life of a region. Bering Sea Bird Group. Little Dio- mede and Big Diomede form a group of two islands which lie in Bering Sea, fifty miles south of the Arctic Circle and about midway between Alaska and Siberia. The site of the group is the lower part of the 1000-foot cliff at the south end of Little Diomede. Here, protected by isola- tion, as well as by the nature of their haunts, myriads of murres, guillemots, puffins, auklets, gulls, and cormorants come each summer to lay their eggs and rear their young. Flamingo Group. [here were estimated to be two thousand nests in this colony. The Flamingos construct their nests by scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down by means of bill and feet. ‘The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen inches. This protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water. Only one egg is laid, and the young, cov- ered with down, is fed by the mother on predigested food. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) Booby and Man-of-War Bird Group. In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three thousand Boobies and four hundred Man-of-War Birds were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea grape bushes. (Repro- duced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) Florida Rookery Group. In this group are Roseate Spoonbills, Snowy Egrets, American Egrets, Little Blue Herons, Louisiana Herons, ibises, cormorants, and Water-Turkeys. Because of the great in- accessibility of this island it was one of the last places to feel the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.) Whistling Swan Group. A Whistling Swan on the nest is visible far across the arctic tundra, the summer home of this species. The nest is built of moss, etc., and in it are laid two to five white eggs, four and a quarter inches long. Both male and female share the labor of nest-building, incubation, and caring for the young. Whooping Crane Group. The Whoop- ing Crane is so nearly exterminated that not only was it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but in making this group it Was necessary to use specimens taken many years ago. [91] Golden Eagle Group. The Golden Eagle is one of the most widely distrib- uted of birds. In North America it is common from the Rockies to the Pacific, as far east as Maine. Stories to the con- trary notwithstanding, the eagle never attacks man. Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Re- produced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.) Klamath Lake Group. The bird-life here shows how normal nesting habits may be changed by birds being forced to live in a new locality. White Pelicans, which usually make a nest of pebbles; Caspian Terns, which commonly build their nests on sand, and Cormorants that nest on rocks are all nesting together here on the islets of the lake. Unfortunately the breeding ground shown here, with its wonderful bird-life, has been destroyed by ill-advised drainage. (Reproduced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.) Arctic-Alpine Bird-Life Group. The scene represented in this group is above the timber-line on the crest of the Cana- dian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea. Although these mountains are in the tem- perate region, the altitude gives climatic conditions that would be found in the Far North, and the bird-life is arctic in character. Here are nesting the White- tailed Ptarmigan, Rosy Snow Finches, and Pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.) Sage Grouse Group. This group shows a stretch of western plateau covered with sage brush. In this brush is seen the male Sage Grouse strutting and wooing a mate. (Reproduced from studies at Medicine Bow, Wyoming.) Prairie Chicken Group. The Prairie Chickens are akin to the common grouse. The group represents a typical scene dur- ing the mating season. The male birds go through most surprising antics in their efforts to attract the females. ‘They inflate the orange-colored sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and strutting about and uttering a loud, resonant, booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.) Wild Goose Group. The Wild Goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring. It nests among the lakes of Canada even before the ice is melted. (Reproduced from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) Grebe Group. The grebes are aquatic birds which build their nests in the water. During incubation the parent bird usu- ally covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes was the Red- head Duck. (Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.) Loon Group. The Loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar sound on the northern New England lakes. Many Loons pass the win- ter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.) Bird Rock Group. This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in considerable numbers on its cliffs. Seven species are shown nesting in the group—the Razor- billed Auk, Leach’s Petrel, Gannet, Puf- fin, Kittitwake Gull, Common Murre, and Brunnich’s Murre. This was the Mu- seum’s first large group. (Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.) (See also Guide Leaflet No. 28, The Habitat Groups of North American Birds.) SYNOPTIC AND GEOGRAPHIC HALL OF Birps (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 1) The most striking feature is the exhibit of Birds in Flight in the domed ceiling. In the first four main cases on the right, the 10,000 known species of birds are rep- resented by typical examples of the prin- cipal groups arranged according to their natural relationship. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those on the left show the geographical dist11- bution of the bird fauna of the world. In the alcoves near the entrance are several cases containing birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The Labra- dor Duck, the Heath Hen, and the Pas- senger Pigeon are shown here, now all extinct. Even the Great Auk and the [92 ] A skeleton of the Dodo are present, the lat- ter also being represented by a modeled life-size reproduction copied from an old Dutch painting. In certain alcoves are several cases de- signed to present the natural history of birds. The widely different plumages often worn by one species will be found illus- trated in several cases. The relationship between structure and habits is illus- trated in other exhibits, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds. At the farther end of the hall is a col- lection of Birds of Paradise displaying their gorgeous plumes, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. MAN-O-WAR BIRD (Fregata minor). The Man-O-War Bird inhabits tropical seas. Its proportion- ate wing-expanse is probably greater than that of any other bird. It can remain in the air in- definitely without apparent effort. Its tail-feathers seem to open and close in flight LIVING MAMMALS THe AKELEY MEMORIAL HALL OF AFRICAN MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 13) The main floor of this hall, entered from the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Building, was opened to the public in the spring of 1936. Here are recreated ex- amples of the mammals typical of Africa, in their natural surroundings. At each side of the two doors are sculp- tured representations of African natives by Malvina Hoffman. In the center, dominating the hall, stands a herd of elephants in character- istic formation when alarmed. The great bull is trumpeting his challenge, while a younger bull wheels to cover the rear of the herd from possible attack. Immediately to the right of the en- trance is the Water Hole Group. The animals of the dry plains must come to such seepage holes to drink. Here are re- ticulated giraffes, Grant gazelles, oryx with long straight horns and Grévy zebra. Other typical mammals are seen in the background, and several sand grouse in the foreground. Next are seen the handsome antelopes, Mountain Nyala, on the heather-covered uplands of Abyssinia. A herd of African Buffalo is next, emerging from the marshes along the ‘Tana River, Kenya, in late afternoon. A family group of Lions resting in the shade of a tree is the following scene, typical of the great plains of East Africa. In the background a herd of antelopes and zebra feed unconcernedly. ‘The Bongo Group shows a pair of these handsome antelopes in the bamboo forest high on the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya. They have disturbed another typical forest-dweller, the giant forest hog. The next group on the right-hand side of the hall shows a fine pair of Giant Eland, the largest of the antelopes, in their natural habitat in southern Sudan. ‘The Upper Nile Region Group has now been completed. Waterbuck, kob, Nile lechwe, tiang antelope, sitatunga, roan antelope, and hippopotamus are the mammals shown in this group. The Nile, with crocodiles, forms the background. At the end of a short hallway there is a large-scale map of Africa, showing lo- calities from which the various animals and their settings were taken. On the left-hand side of the hall, begin- ning at the far end, is the Plains Group. Here is depicted the teeming mammalian life of the East African plains. The sev- eral kinds of antelope and the zebra in this group are typical of this part of Africa. The Greater Koodoo bears the longest horns of any African antelope. An old male with a female and young male are placed here in a setting duplicating the rough, scrub-covered hills where these animals were collected. The Giant Sable is noted for its hand- some form, rich color, and long, saber- like horns. It is found in the dry, park- like country of central Angola, in a limited area, and is rapidly becoming extinct. The Gemsbok is a larger relative of the oryx seen in the Water Hole Group. Al- though once widely distributed in South Africa, it is now common only in the dry Kalahari Desert. Next is the family of Okapi, the strange forest-dwelling relatives of the giraffe. A scene in the Libyan Desert is shown with several addax which possess spirally twisted horns and addra gazelles in a typical setting. The Gorilla family is of particular sig- nificance to human beings, because these great apes are perhaps the most like man of all the living animals. ‘They are shown here in a clearing in the dense rain-forest of the Kivu Mountains, an exact repro- duction of their natural habitat. MEZZANINE, AKELEY AFRICAN HALL (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 13) The first group on the right shows the Klipspringer, the small, rock-climbing antelope in the right background. East African Baboons are in the right fore- ground, and a pair of Chanler Reedbuck appears on the left. Among the rocks in the left foreground may be discovered a small hyrax or cony. The next completed group contains several Lesser Koodoo, the males of which have twisted horns. ‘There are two gere- nuk in the group, strange, long-limbed and long-necked gazelles with a small [94] =-4 we iat aii) a) RE. MOUNTAIN GORILLA (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Of all living animals, the gorilla appears to be most nearly like man. The adult males may reach a weight of 500 pounds. Their strength is tremendous, and they are dangerous when enraged. They are found in the rain forests in the highlands of the eastern Belgian Congo. Terrestrial in habit, they feed on fruits and herbage. Detail of group in Akeley African Hall PHE REAR GUARD. Detail from the great elephant group in the Akeley African Hall. In every herd of elephants, in the wild condition, at least, one animal takes the responsibility of wheeling ibout at frequent intervals to see that all is well behind. The young male shown below is mounted in this position in the elephant herd. It was collected by John T. McCutcheon in 1910 when he was in the field with Carl Akeley African Hall ey AFRICAN BUFFALO (Syncerus caffer). Detail of the group in Aker GREATER KOODOO GROUP (Strepsiceros strepsiceros) head. A flock of Vulturine Guinea Fowl is seen in the background. Impala prefer the park-like country in which they are shown. With handsome carriage and lyre- shaped horns, the males rank among the most beautiful of the antelopes. The White or Square-mouthed Rhi- noceros is third in size of the living land mammals. In front of this family group is an African Porcupine. On the other side of the passage, at the end of which is a large map of Africa, a Black Rhinoceros family can be seen en- joying a mud wallow. A pair of long- nosed Dik-dik are included in this group. Next there is a Hunting Dog pack at evening looking over the plains to where herds of Wildebeest and Zebra can be dimly seen. The dogs rarely bother these larger species but gazelles, impala and smaller animals are their usual prey. The South African Group shows typi- cal mammals of the high veldt as they were when white men first came. Now the Springbok are greatly restricted in num- bers and B iespok and Black Wildebeest are found only on a few farms where they are protected. The Ostrich Group shows a pair of these large birds with young ones hatch- ing from the eggs. The W arthogs would like to secure a few young oceniche but the parents stand guard belligerently. VERNAY-FAUNTHORPE HALL OF SOUTH ASIATIC MAMMALS , Floor II, Hall 9) We enter this a from the left end of the Roosevelt Memorial Hall. From 1922 to 1928 Mr. Arthur S. Vernay and Colonel J. (GE Faunthorpe of Great Britain made six expeditions into India, Burma and Siam to collect and (Index Plan, p. WHITE RHINOCEROS GROUP (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) DETAILS FROM WATER HOLE GROUP IN AKELEY AFRICAN HALL (Above) GREVY ZEBRAS GIRAFFES AND GAZELLES AT A WATER HOLE (opposite page) later donate to the Museum this collec- tion which now stands as the finest and most complete exhibition of the larger South Asiatic Mammals in existence. The groups and architectural setting were designed and executed under the direction of James L. Clark. The acces- sories were constructed under the direc- tion of Albert E. Butler. Dr. Harold E. Anthony, Curator of Mammals, was responsible for the scien- tific direction. Two fine examples of the Indian Elephant stand in the center of the hall, giving due prominence to the largest and perhaps most characteristic mammal of southern Asia. This species differs from the African Elephant by smaller ears, higher forehead, and arched back. It has ae different teeth and trunk. The Nilgai or Blue Bull Group is also centrally placed. This is the Asiatic antelope. It exhibits marked sexual divergence in color, the female and young being reddish fawn, the male a blue gray. aahe Nilgai is related to the Atom! twisted-horn antelopes like the Koodoo and Eland. The Indian Leopard differs only slightly from those found in Africa. Both are for- est animals, but occur in the dry bush country also. They feed on deer, pig, and the larger birds such as the peafowl that has been captured by the leopard in this group. ‘The Sambar is the largest of the Indian deer, found throughout the wooded part of southern Asia. Its size makes it an im- portant source of food for the larger car- nivores but it is powerful and, when brought to bay, may be dangerous. The red Wild Dog of India ina in packs, largest [101 ] sometimes as many as forty strong. In combination these fierce animals attack and kill animals as large as the Sambar. The Black Buck (the male alone is blackish, the females being yellowish- brown) is found on the high plains coun- try. This is also the habitat of the Chin- kara, the Indian gazelle. The Muntjac, or Barking Deer, is one of the most primitive of the true deer. Males, in addition to bearing small ant- lers, supported on bony pedicels, have well developed canine teeth. The Mouse “Deer” or Chevrotain is not a deer, but is probably more closely related to the camels. The Lion formerly had an extended range in northern India, chiefly in the plains country. It is usually pale in color, but does not differ greatly from the sev- eral races found in Africa. The Four-horned Antelope is the only living wild four-horned animal. It is found in small groups in most wooded and hilly parts of India but not in dense jungle. The Smooth Otter is found south of the Himalaya Mountains in India, Burma and the Malay Peninsula. The Chital or Axis Deer is one of the handsomest of the deer family. The young of all deer are spotted, but this species retains the spotted pattern through life. It frequents the bamboo jungle and wooded regions near water, and is found in suitable habitats through- out most of India and Ceylon. The Gaur is perhaps the largest of the existing cow-like animals, large bulls standing over six feet at the shoulder. Gaur are found in forested hilly country from India to Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula. Water Buffalo occur in the lowlands and swamps of central India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula. Buffalo have been domesticated and used as beasts of bur- den and milch animals. Wild Buffalo are the most dangerous Asiatic bovines to hunt, for they frequently charge. A herd will attack a tiger without hesitation. The great one-horned Indian Rhi- noceros is characterized by thickened skin THE LEOPARD GROUP IN SOUTH ASIATIC HALL (opposite page) (Below) SAMBAR ATTACKED BY WILD DOGS THE Peninsula. It GAUR (Bos gaurus). The Gaur is an imposing animal of India, is found in the forests, but sometimes feeds in grassy areas on the high hills. It is Burma and the Malay not found in the lowlands which has the appearance of plate armor. Its prehensile upper lip indicates that it feeds partly at least on leaves and twigs, but it is found chiefly in the grass- jungles of Assam. The Banting is perhaps the most like the domestic cow in appearance of all the wild bovines, and may be ancestral to the Indian cattle. however, closely re- lated to the Gaur, but is found chiefly in flat country and at lower altitudes. Bant- ing are found from Burma and Cochin Chine to Bali in the Malay Archipelago. The Eld Deer, or Thamin, is distin- guished from other species by the graceful curve of the antlers in the male. It occurs on the alluvial plains and is found in suitable localities east of the Bay of Bengal, from Assam and Manipur to Cambodia, Hainan and the Malay Peninsula. ‘The Sumatran Rhinoceros is related to the Indian species but has two horns, and is much smaller in size. It is found in Assam, Burma, Siam, the Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra and Borneo, but is rare and secretive. It is found exclusively in forests. The Sloth Bear, or Honey Bear, is characterized by the long flexible muzzle, which is used to suck termites from their deep runways. These animals feed almost exclusively on insects, fruit, and honey. They climb trees with difficulty. Bears are usually timid, but if wounded or cor- nered may be dangerous antagonists. The Hog Deer, or Para, is a small rela- tive of the Sambar and is found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and in most of the flat country in Burma. It is usually soli- tary in habit. The Indian Wild Boar is closely allied to the Eurasian Boar, but has a higher crest. It is one of the most “gamy”’ of the Indian mammals, fighting until killed. Gibbons are the most primitive of the anthropoid apes, but the most arboreal. They are capable of walking upright, but travel by swinging from branch to branch and tree to tree. The Hoolock Gibbon in- habits the hills of Assam, Burma and southern Yunnan. Usually these animals are black, with white brows, but some individuals are pale yellowish-gray. The Swamp Deer, or Barasingha, related to the Thamin, but differs in the shape of the antlers. It is a large species, restricted to the vicinity of water in open forest, and on grassy plains. The Sambar is usually found in w ooded regions, but is the most widely distributed species. The Tiger is the largest Asiatic cat. Tigers live characteristically in the forest [ 104 ] and tall grass country, the stripes blend- ing closely with the light and shadow of this habitat. They feed largely on deer and pigs, but frequently kill domestic cattle. Individuals, too old or decrepit for their usual prey, may turn man-eaters. Hay or Nortu Asiatic MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 5) This hall is approached through the South Asiatic Hall from the Roosevelt Memorial. At present it is incomplete, but, when finished, the exhibits will cover the region north of the Himalayas, in- cluding Tibet, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Siberia. The Giant Panda Group is on exhibi- tion and a Siberian Tiger Group is being prepared. Both of these are illustrated on pages 106-107. ALLEN HALL oF NortH AMERICAN MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 3) A new Hall of North American Mam- mals is being built on the first floor open- ing out of the center of the Roosevelt Memorial section. Exhibits of North American mammals have long been dis- played in the Allen Hall on the second floor, approached through the North Asiatic Hall. The first center exhibit to catch the eye is a group of American Bison and be- yond this the Moose from New Bruns- wick. These groups, mounted years ago, are still among the largest examples of their kind and are noteworthy accom- plishments of the older taxidermy, espe- cially as pioneer achievements in that art. Mountain Sheep. Mountain Sheep in- habit the more inaccessible mountain ranges of the West, from northern Mexico through the Bad Lands and Rocky Moun- tains almost to the shore of the Arctic. They are gregarious, occurring in small flocks. When undisturbed, each flock is headed by a ram, but when danger threat- ens, he assumes the rear guard and a ewe takes the lead. Rocky Mountain Goat. This animal is a goat-antelope, with its only close rela- tives in the Himalaya Mountains. It is found from Idaho to Montana northward through British Columbia to the mouth of Copper River, inhabiting deep moun- tain ranges and inaccessible peaks. Roosevelt Elk. At the end of this hall is a group of Roosevelt Elk found in the Coast Range from British Columbia to Northern California. Once abundant, they have become much reduced in num- bers, though an effort is now being made to preserve them. Beaver. [he Beaver, formerly the most important of North American mammals from a commercial standpoint, and one intimately connected with the early his- tory and exploration of the continent, is represented actively at work. The opening ASIATIC WATER BUFFALO (Bos bubalis). These buffaloes are the cattle of the grassy plains of India. They are widely domesticated as draft animals and furnish milk to the natives. ‘They have been employed for hunting the Indian lion THE GIANT PANDA (Ailwropoda melanoleuca). This interesting creature lives in the bamboo forests growing on the sides of the mountains of western China. Though it resembles a bear in outward appearance, anatomical studies show that it is more closely allied to the raccoon [ 106 | “yy! we) {err er To be shown in a group for the North Asiatic Hall TIGER. HEAD OF SIBERIAN in the lodge is not natural, but made to show the interior. Cats, Wolves and Foxes. The cats, wolves and foxes, and the host of small creatures like squirrels, rats and mice, are represented by numerous characteristic examples. Here are the Jaguar, the largest of the American cats, the Puma, the well- known Coyote or Prairie Wolf and the little-known white Arctic Wolf from the extreme north of Greenland. Here too is the Arctic Fox in its two color phases. Timber Wolf. One of the most beauti- ful groups in the Museum is that showing part of a pack of Timber Wolves follow- ing the tracks of deer. Virginia Deer. The Virginia or White- tailed Deer, found over a large part of North America, is shown in its summer coat. Other species of our deer are dis- played in the adjoining cases. Peccary. The Peccary, one of two spe- cies related to the pig family and peculiar to the Americas, is really an intruder from South America. Grizzly and Alaskan Brown Bears. At the end of the hall are the Grizzly and Alaskan Brown Bears, the latter the lar- gest members of the family, as well as a splendid specimen of Giant Moose of Alaska. Grant’s Barren Ground Caribou. The Barren Ground Caribou are animals of the waste and treeless regions of Arctic America where it is impossible for other members of the deer family to exist. At regular intervals these animals gather in immense bands and migrate, going north- ward in spring and southward in the fall. Musk-Ox. The Musk-Ox is adapted for life in the far north and usually travels in bands of a dozen or more. Its food in sum- mer consists mainly of grass, in winter of trailing willows, pawed up from under the snow. The specimens in the group were collected by Commander Robert E. Peary on Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere Land, October, 1898. Pronghorn Antelope. The handsome Pronghorn Antelope, peculiar to North America, once found in vast numbers on the western plains, was verging on extinc- tion but is now increasing in numbers. Muskrat. Owing to its wide distribu- tion, the rapidity with which it breeds, and the growing scarcity and increasing demand for furs, the muskrat has become one of the most important fur-bearing animals. Black Bear. A group at the right-hand side of the hall shows general color varia- tions of the Black Bear. Among these are the Cinnamon Bear, the Glacier Bear, and Kermode’s White Bear. Puma. The Puma is very wide-ranging, being found over a great part of North and South America. In its many forms or species, it displays great adaptability to environment and is found not only in heavily forested districts and high moun- tains, but on arid desert areas as well. Polar Bear. The Polar Bear inhabits the coast of the Arctic Ocean, wandering over the great ice-floes and along the shores of northern islands seeking seals and young walrus. The huge flat paws and powerful muscles make the animal a strong swimmer. The coat of long, almost woolly hair and a thick layer of fat protect it from the intense cold. ‘The large male in the group was brought from Payer Harbor, Greenland, in the spring of 1902 by Commander Robert E. Peary. OcEANIC MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 10) Leading from the Hall of Fishes is the Hall of Ocean Life. In this hall are dis- played whales, porpoises, marine mam- mals, the great coral reef group, and shells. Although much of the space is now occupied by permanent exhibits, the final plans have not yet been fully consum- mated, and additions to the exhibits in the hall will be made from time to time. Immediately upon entering, the visitor will note the large skeletons and models of whales and porpoises suspended from the ceiling. Just in front of the entrance to the hall is the striking full-sized model of the Killer Whale with contrasting black and white markings, a fierce preda- tory cetacean capable of swallowing a fur seal or a small porpoise at a gulp. Near the Killer and facing it hangs the model of a Blackfish, like the Killer a species of giant porpoise but of a much milder dis- position. Skeletons of these animals are hanging beneath the models. Above the balcony in front of the entrance is sus- pended a lifelike model of a Giant Squid, [ 108 ] BIGHORN OR MOUNTAIN SHEEP (Ovis canadensis) HARPOONING THE SP ERM WHALE DURING THE DAYS OF SAILING SHIPS. One of a series of murals in the Hall of Ocean Life depicting whaling in olden times when sail-rigged vessels were used and the whales were killed with a harpoon thrown by hand one of the marine animals upon which the Sperm Whale preys. The large skele- ton to the right is that of a Sperm Whale, the largest of the living toothed whales, for merly much sought by whalers as the source of spermaceti. Beyond the Sperm Whale, on the same side, hangs a skeleton of the Finback Whale. Just above these two large skeletons are found skeletons of several species of toothed whales, including several rare types, and the Narwhal. At the near end of this row is a model of the Sperm Whale, and at the far end is a small model of the Sulphur-bottom Whale, the largest ani- mal in the world. Along the left side of the hall, three skeletons of whales are suspended, the one (Below) bone” SKELETON OF THE ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE is shown in the skeleton suspended from the roof of the mouth as close-set, horny plates nearest the entrance being a Right Whale, a Pigmy Right Whale in the middle, and a California Gray Whale at the far end. Above them is a long row of lifelike mod- els of porpoises ranging in species from the common dolphin to the rare river and lake dolphins. Here also is a model of the Pigmy Sperm Whale. At the far end are two large models, one of the spec- tacular Narwhal with long ivory tusk (at the right), the other the False Killer, for- merly a very rare species but in recent years appearing unexpectedly off the British Isles and the coast of South Africa, where a large number were stranded in shoal water. At the opposite end, on the left of the entrance, is a model of the White Whale, a large northern porpoise. { (Eubalaena glacialis). The “whale- A BULL WALRUS FROM THE PACIFIC WALRUS GROUP IN THE HALL OF OCEAN LIFE. One of the specimens secured by the Stoll-McCracken Expedition to Bering Sea. Group presented by Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Around the walls of the balcony are spaces for twelve mural paintings, of which nine have been completed. Along the right side are four great paintings showing scenes typical of American Sperm Whaling and _ titled respectively, valine Chase,” “The Attack,” “Towing the Car- cass,” and “Trying Out.” On the left wall are three canvases portraying the life of Typical Species of Whales and including “Bowhead Whale,” “Finback Whale,” and “Killer Whales attacking a Gray Whale.” These seven murals are the work of Mr. John P. Benson, the noted marine painter. At the far end of the hall is the large habitat group showing a Coral Reef in the Bahamas. [he group extends from the main floor of the hall up to the limits of the balcony ceiling and shows the multi- tudinous life below the surface, as well as the land, sea and sky above. This group was completed after twelve years study and preparatory work. (See pages 61-63.) At either side of the painted back- ground of the coral reef group is a large mural showing dolphins in a running sea. Below the level of the balcony and hanging just beyond reach from the rail at the head of the stairway is a cast of a Young Sperm Whale which came into New York Harbor and eventually was held a captive in the Gowanus Canal at Brooklyn. It was brought to the Museum in the flesh. On the main floor of the Hall of Ocean Life and under the balcony are the habi- tat groups of marine mammals. Begin- ning at the first right corner, the first of these is the group of Norehers Elephant Seals, huge, ponderous mammals hauled out on the rocky beach of Guadaloupe Island, Lower California. The full-grown male of this species has a long, pendulous proboscis suggestive of an elephant’s trunk. Continuing along the right side of the hall, the next exhibit is that of the Florida Manatee, a_ thick-set, homely beast, well adapted to its aquatic life. Next is the group of Pacific Walrus, one of the largest in the Museum, which shows these Arctic Sea mammals at home on an ice floe. In the first left corner is a large group of Steller Sea Lions at home on St. George Island, one of the Pribilofs. Ihe male Sea Lions are huge, powerful seals with mas- sive necks and shoulders. Adjacent to the Sea Lions are found the Alaska Fur Seals on Kitovi Rookery, GROUP OF PROBOSCIS MONKEYS (Nasalis larvatus). These remarkable monkeys occur only on the island of Borneo. They are characterized by the flaming orange-red color of the face and by the elongated proboscis which gives them their name St. Paul’s Island, Many details of the home life of these beautiful seals are to be noted in this group, which shows the vigorous dominant bulls, each with his harem of sleek, slender cows, the bachelor bulls, and the playful pups. On the floor of the hall are several cases with special exhibits. One of these is the Townsend Fur Seal, a species on the verge of extinction and only recently redis- covered after it was believed by many to have disappeared completely. Another case displays several types of diving gear with full equipment of pump, telephone, etc. At either side, at the right side of the hall, main floor, are two cases with the beautiful Undersea Paintings by Mr. Zarh H. Pritchard. Suspended from the ceiling at the far end of the hall is the Lindbergh Plane, “Tingmissartoq.” [his, together with the equipment used in flying across Bering Strait to China, and later in exploratory flights over Greenland, Iceland, the North Atlantic, Europe, the South Atlantic Ocean and South America, was the gift of Colonel and Mrs. Charles A. Lindbergh. Synoptic HALL oF MAMMALS (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 3) This hall, entered from the Insect Hall, is devoted mainly to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, their principal groups, or orders, the main subdivisions of these, known as families, and various interesting peculiarities of habits and structure. Each family is, so far as possible, represented by a mounted specimen and a skeleton. Starting from the further end and walking around the room from left to right, one passes from the egg-laying Platypus to man, represent- ed by the figure of an Australian native, armed with the characteristic boomerang. Certain exhibits demonstrate modifica- tions of form and structure for various modes of locomotion, and superiority of the brain of mammals over that of other vertebrates. Others show illustrations of albinism and melanism; that animals out- wardly similar may be only very distantly related; how the coat of the hare changes from brown to white; and the adaptations of plants and animals to a desert habitat. Of special note is the skeleton of Jum- bo, the largest elephant ever brought to this country alive. The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of the Chirop- tera, and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands, and may be very destructive to bananas and other fruits. The most striking object in the hall is the life-size model of a Sulphur-bottom Whale, seventy-six feet in length. The original of this specimen was captured in Newfoundland, and the model is accu- rately reproduced from careful measure- ments. This species of whale is not only the largest of living animals, but, so far as we know, the largest animal that has ever lived. A specimen of this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, twice as much as Brontosaurus. Although whales and por- poises live in the water, they are not fishes, but mammals, as they are warm-blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills. Mammals of New York State. A com- plete series of the living animals which have been known to exist within the lim- its of New York State is presented in the corridor on the first floor of the Roose- velt Memorial in the neighborhood of the elevators (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall iga). This exhibit includes skins of all animals of moderate size, models of the larger species and cutout figures of the whales and other large sea animals, the latter recorded from the waters around New York. [113 ] ANTHROPOLOGY (INCLUDING ORIGIN OF HALL OF PRIMATES (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 2) The Systematic Series of Primates, in- tended to give some idea of the number of species in this order, and their range in size, form, and color, begins on the left with examples of man and is con- tinued in the wall cases around the room, ending with the lemurs. Noteworthy among the Primates is the Gorilla, largest and most powerful of apes; the curious “Proboscis’ Monkey from Borneo; and the Aye-aye of Madagascar. The center donidor contains groups of Primates characteristic of various parts of the world, Africa, Asia, South America and Madagascar, and a group of African Pygmies, a “low” race of men, to be com- pared with the “high” apes. Outside of the central corridor, on the left side of the hall, is a group of Orang Utans from Borneo. At the farther end of the hall, a series of skeletons demonstrates the comparative structure of the Primates and the changes that take place in passing from Lemurs to Man. Temporarily placed in this hall also is an exhibit of domesticated dogs, which, though small, includes some noteworthy examples of various breeds. HALL OF THE NATURAL History OF MAN (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 4) The Hall of the Natural History of Man when completed will consist of two parts, the first entitled “Introduction to Human and Comparative Anatomy,” the second dealing with the physical char- acteristics of the Races of Man, Develop- ment, Growth and allied topics. The first part begins by showing Man in His Cosmic Aspect, conceived as a liv- ing engine which derives its working capi- tal of energy directly or indirectly from the energy Of the sun stored up in plant and animal tissue. This energy is appro- priated by man in food substances and distributed through the various anatomi- cal systems. In another exhibit the Elements of the Locomotor Apparatus are set forth. It is MAN) shown how red muscle fibres of the fish are combined into W-shaped muscle flakes, or myomeres. Other exhibits deal with the anatomy of man as compared with lower verte- brates, following the chief organic sys- tems and the locomotor apparatus. The position of man among the ver- tebrates and the evidences of his evolu- tion from lower types are illustrated by comparisons of skeletal structure in liv- ing and fossil types and with comparisons of muscle systems with lower forms, as well as by comparative embryology. An analysis of the nervous system, and the evolution of the human brain are dealt with and their functions are demon- strated. The second part of the exhibit, on the right side of this hall, is devoted to ex- hibits illustrating human biology. It is planned to show the growth and develop- ment of the individual, the differentia- tion of man by constitutional and endo- crine types, the racial classification of man, human genetics and race mixture, population problems and the technique of physical anthropology. There has already been installed an exhibit demonstrating by x-ray films the process of growth and maturation of the human hand. A series of full-sized figures showing some of the major racial types has been placed in the central alcove. Also in this alcove two charts are dis- played. One illustrates the natural habi- tats of the various racial types exhibited. The other depicts the major population movements throughout the world since 1492. ‘THE SKELETON FROM Fis TO MAN (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor IIT, Hall 4) The judgment of science is that our pre-human ancestors only reached the grade of humanity after millions of years of slow promotion from lower to higher erades of life. Owing to the enormous number and variety of living forms in all ages and to the wholesale destruction of their skele- tons by natural agencies, only about thir- ty of the fossil forms which we have dis- covered to date happen to lie in or near [114] Stage 1 Cheirolepis Stage 2 Eusthenopteron Stage 3 Diplovertebron Stage 4 Seymouria THE FIRST FOUR STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (From water-living to land-living) the direct line of ascent from fish to man. Nevertheless the story of the evolution of the skeleton from fish to man is already clear in its main outlines as shown by this exhibit prepared under the direction of Dr. William K. Gregory. The First Stage represents the earliest true fishes by a model based on a fossil fish from the Old Red Sandstone (Devo- nian of Scotland) named Cheivrolepis. This fish, which breathed by gills in the normai fish way, must have looked some- what like a trout, but its tail was more like that of a shark. The body moved for- ward in the water by a wriggling move- ment caused by the regularly arranged muscle flakes along either side of the body. The axis of the body was an elastic rod called the notochord (similar to that which appears in the embryonic stages of all higher vertebrates, including man). The fins were folds of skin, serving as keels and rudders. The Second Stage, of Upper Devonian age, represents a long step in advance. It is based on a fossil fish named Eusthen- opteron, from the Upper Devonian of Canada. This fish still had gills but there is some evidence that it also possessed an air-sac or lung. It had two pairs of pad- dles, corresponding to the fore and hind limbs respectively of four-footed animals. [115 ] Stage 5 Cynognathus Stage 6 Opossum Stage 7 Notharctos Stage 8 Gibbon THE SECOND FOUR STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (From ground-dwelling to tree-dwelling) The Third Stage, from the Carbonifer- ous age, represents the oldest known type of four-footed animals. The skeleton of the hands, feet and limbs is much more developed than in the previous stage. There are five digits on each of the hands and feet. The Fourth Stage represents the primi- tive reptilian or lizard-like stage, from the Lower Permian of Texas. The skele- ton on the whole is not greatly different from the preceding stage (except in detail) but the limbs were better developed. The Fifth Stage represents an advanced mammal-like reptile (Cynognathus) from the Upper Triassic of South Africa. In this form the limbs were better adapted for running and there are many features of the skull, backbone and limbs that ap- proach those of mammals. For the Sixth Stage the skeleton of a modern opossum was used. It retains in the main the leading characters of the skeletons of the older fossil mammals. This form has five-toed grasping hands and feet, by means of which it climbs about in the trees. It has retained a rela- tively low type of skull, teeth and brains. In the Seventh Stage we come to a form that lies near the lower limits of the order of Primates. These were thoroughly [116 | Clilbs h \ a2 o> tw wm) YY Vee ’ = " ie es nan _ Stage 9 Chimpanzee and Gorilla Stage 10 Man THE TWO FINAL STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (On the ground again, and attainment of erect posture) adapted for life in the trees but they had much larger eyes and bigger brains than any of the preceding stages. The Eighth Stage is represented by the skeleton of the gibbon, an East Asiatic ape which is a tree-living descendant of the first family of the tail-less or man-like apes. When on the ground he is the only existing man-ape which normally walks on his hind legs. His skeleton begins to be almost human in many ways but his arms are excessively long. The Ninth Stage is represented by our distant cousins the gorilla (below) and the chimpanzee (above). These apes retain the essential characters of the fossil apes of [11 India and South Africa, some of which in turn approached quite near to the oldest known fossil men. The ape brain is much more developed than the brains of lower animals and ape intelligence at times is almost human. In the Tenth Stage we see that the human skeleton is built upon the same general plan as those of the chimpanzee, gorilla and gibbon, but that in man the backbone, pelvis and limbs are modified to enable him to walk on his hind legs and to use his forelegs as arms and hands rather than as supports. His brain is much larger and more highly developed than in the apes. 7] ANCESTRY OF MAN. This exhibit illustrates monkeys, and lemurs belonging to the great order, shown by the branching lines of ascent from the common stock. See text below ANCESTRY AND EARLY RACES OF MAN (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 2) The exhibits in the central aisle of the Hall of the Age of Man deal, first, with Man’s origin from the lower Primates, and, secondly, with the older races of mankind as shown by their fossil remains and by preserved fragments of their handiwork. Two exhibits show present views re- garding man’s ancestry. One near the entrance of the hall displays on one side a series of skulls and skull-casts of the various types of prehistoric man, and on the other a series of skulls of living an- thropoid apes. From these, converging black lines pass downward to a possible common ancestor, represented by a fossil skull of a primitive ape of the Lower Oli- gocene. The black lines indicate the prob- the origin of man and the present-day apes, Primates. The relationships of these groups are able relationships of the various races as in a genealogical tree. The other exhibit, in which a branch- ing tree is modeled pictorially in bas-re- lief, brings the ancestry still farther back to a primitive Primate (Notharctus) of the Eocene, and also postulates Dryopith- ecus of the Mio-Pliocene as possessing the requirements for an approximate “structural ancestor” for both apes and men. Ancient Races of Mankind. Beginning with a skull-cast of ‘Trinil, or Java “ape- man,” skeletal remains or casts represent Piltdown Man, Heidelberg Man, Nean- derthal Man, and Cro-Magnon Man. An excellent series of sculptured restorations of these types, four of which are illustrat- ed below, have been made by Dr. J. H. McGregor, and are generally considered RESTORATIONS OF HEAD AND SHOULDERS OF EARLY MAN. These restorations were made by Professor J. H. McGregor following scientific principles and utilizing the skull-remains of the various types as a starting point. They are as follows: (1) Trinil Ape-Man (2) Piltdown Man Pithecanthro pus Eoanthropus erectus dawsoni (3) Neanderthal Man (4) Cro-Magnon Man Homo Homo sapiens neanderthalensis cro-magnonensis 3 a Pee ua CRO-MAGNON ARTISTS OF SOUTHERN FRANCE. At work in one of the limestone grottoes in France. They are engaged in painting on the rough stone walls pictures of the woolly mam- moths, as embodying the most recent scientific deductions as to the general appearance of these primitive races of mankind, the earliest possibly bringing man back to the Upper Pliocene, more than 1,000,000 years ago. Weapons and implements of rough and polished stone and of bone are exhibited as evidence of the gradual up-building of human culture through the “rough stone” and “polished stone” ages of man’s pre- historic periods, while reproductions of the cave-paintings of Cro-magnon man in France and Spain attest the artistic abil- STAG HUNTERS OF THE Tt of Europe. Vhis mural represents a family living on the shore of the Baltic. NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE which were then living in that region ity of the early stock which first re modern man in Europe. A series of mural paintings by Charles R. Knight over the doorways of the Hall of the Age of Man give a vivid idea of the various races of ear ly man as visualized by the artist in harmony with our best sci- entific knowledge. The Hall of Prehistoric Cultures on the second floor of the Museum (Index Plan, p. 17, Floor II, Hall 6) is also de- voted to exhibits of the early arts and in- dustries of the European Cave Men and Lake Dwellers, as well as of North Ameri- can prehistoric men. resents . These men came into Europe after the climax of the glacial climate had passed. Their descend ints apparently still exist in parts These people were the forerunners of Tater civilized man THE WoopLaNpb INDIANS (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 4) Almost the entire hall is devoted to the Indians of Northeastern United States and Canada—the Great Eastern Woodland. The whole of this area was in forest. The culture of these Woodland Indians is charac- terized by the bark wigwam and the birch canoe. its geographical center was the Great Lake Area. Hunting and fishing were daily occupations, but wild rice and maple sugar were staple foods, while some corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, etc., were raised where the climate permitted. The above photograph of a miniature group shows how the Indians of the sugar maple region made sugar from maple sap in the early spring. Men and women took part in the work. The sugar camp was made near a clearing in the sugar maple forest. The dome-shaped, bark-covered house was the stor- age place for the utensils when they were not in use. The trees were gashed, usually on the sunward side, with a stone ax. A spout, consisting of a shal- low, trough-like section of wood, was inserted in each slot, and a bark vessel placed beneath to catch the dripping sap. (See illus- tration at left.) The sap was boiled in bark kettles hung over the fire from wooden hooks and stirred and tested with wooden paddles, like that at the right. When the sap, which was boiled twice, was of the correct thick- ness, it was poured, still warm, into a wooden trough where it was pounded with a wooden ladle (above at left). The American Indian exhibits radiate left and center from Memorial Hall. Toward the left, we meet first the Indians of New York and New England and the successive exhibits are so ar- ranged that you can imagine Fg . USE OF AMONG THE Woodland BIRCH BARK vourself walking across the United States from east to west. The eastern woodland of the United States extended westward almost to the Mississippi River. Objects in the cases show that these Indians lived in the forest and the materials they used came from the forest, which fact influenced thei houses, tools, weapons, clothing and orna- that they look different from Indians in the other halls. ments so those ol MAKING CORN BREAD IN EASTERN Indians Hall) \N IROQUOIS HOUSE INDIANS (From a miniature group in the While, as already stated, the forest !n- dians were primarily hunters, and also practiced some agricuiture, nevertheless, their woodland environment led to vari- ous simple industries naturally dependent upon such raw materials as were at hand and adaptable to their daily needs. Wood was used for canoes, mortars. spoons, bowls, dishes, houses, wood splints and baskets. Bark of various kinds was a favorite material. For ex From a miniature 9TOUDp) ample, the birchbark industry, as shown in the model figured on page 121, is ex- emplified by containers and ornaments in many of the cases. Skins were originally used for costumes, but cloth was frequently bought of white traders. Many wild plants and trees fur- nished fibre from which these Indians made good string and cord for making fish-nets and weaving bags. Every well- furnished home required mats for the floor and for sleeping, as shown in the group pictured below on page 121. Climate influences the ways of life. In this hall, the tribes represented range from near-Arctic Canada to sub-tropical Florida. Their clothing varies from fur garments among the Dene and the Cree, to thin cloth dresses of the Seminole. A number of miniature groups along the side walls show tribal costume, hous- ing and industries. Especially interesting subjects are rock-shelters; making rabbit! skin clothing; weaving with basswood fibre; making a false face; and the stages by which grains of corn are transformed into bread. Travel was on foot. Canoes were used in summer where streams and lakes were available. Snow shoes were used in winter and, in the north, the toboggan was com- mon. = Examples of Indian inventions are canoes, maple sugar, tobacco pipes, corn- husk weaving, splint baskets, tump-line, wampum, la crosse game, netted snow shoes, toboggan, and water-drum. The Indians’ history begins with the landing of white men. Many of the ob- jects show n in the cases are historic, but others, such as the stone, bone and shell objects found in the ground are usually prehistoric. In the a hibas dealing with Manhattan and Staten Islands, from which the Indians were driven by the first settlers, we can exhibit nothing but pot- tery, stone, bone and shell objects. The relics of our local Indians will be found near the entrance of the hall. On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many small objects of stone and bone recovered from Manhattan Island and the neighboring territory of Staten Island, Long Island and West- chester County. Nearby on the same side of the hall are collections obtained from 4 DAKOTA SIOUX WARRIOR (Model in Plains Indian Hall) living Indians of the coast region north and south of New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine, the Micmac and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few but rare objects from the Delaware who once oc- cupied the v icinity of New York City and the State of New Jersey. The age and his- torical relations of these cultures are shown in a large label at the left of the entrance. A family group of Micmac Indians, ina birchbark conical house, is shown half way down the hall. On the opposite side are the Iroquois, whose league comprised the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and later the Tuscarora. They dominated New York and much adjoining territory. The exhibits represent particularly the agriculture of the East, which was carried on with rude tools by the women. In a case in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly es- teemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers and as records of treaties and other important events. Later, wampum beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade between the white man and the Indians. In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from the Ojibway, Hiawatha’s people, who lived ‘mainly north of the Great Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunt- ing and fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are fhe Cree, who. tis ed still farther north. Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkin tribes, the Menomini and Sauk and Fox, who lived south and west of the Great Lakes. They gathered wild rice and hunted and chica also practicing some agriculture. The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned the long rectangular houses of the Iroquois cov- ered with oak bark; the dome-shaped huts of Long Island and vicinity which were covered with mats and bundles of grass, and the familiar conical wigwam of the Ojibway covered with birchbark. The utensils are of pottery, wood or birch- bark. Pottery was made by most of the Eastern tribes and seems to be associated with the practice of agriculture. The de- A DAKOTA SIOUX WOMAN (Model in Plains Indian Hall) signs are incised, never painted. Bowls, trays, and spoons are made of wood and often decorated with animal carvings. The use of birchbark in the construction of light, portable household vessels is a particular trait of our Eastern Indians. In the southeastern portion of the United States, agriculture was highly de- veloped. These tribes are represented by the Cherokee and Yuchi, who made pot- tery, and by the Choctaw and Chitimacha, who made interesting baskets of cane. The Seminole of Florida have main- tained an independent existence in the Everglades for nearly a century. Their prehistori ic arts are illustrated in the table case. They excelled in polishing stones and working shell. PLAINS INDIANS (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 6) ‘The keynote to Plains Indian life could be sounded by such terms as “tipi,” “bul- falo,’ “‘horse,” and large decorated “pipes.” The tipi and the pipe are es- pecially conspicuous in the center of the hall. The art of these Indians is highly orig- inal and popular. Painting upon skin is the usual method, but many designs in beadwork and quills are shown promin- ently in the hall. Artists look upon the feather headdress of these Indians as the most beautiful type of headdress to be found anywhere in the world. With this and his highly decorated costume, the Plains Indian is colorful. Indians of the Plains comprised the tribes living west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley of the Rio Grande and as far north as the Saskatchewan. Occupying the greater part of the hall, beginning on fhe! left, are the buflalo- hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow, Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne. These tribes did not prac- tice agriculture but depended almost en- trrely on the buffalo. Buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of buffalo skin they made their garments. In some cases a buffalo paunch was used for cooking, and buffalo horns were made into various im- A MANHATTAN INDIAN WOMAN COOKING IN A POTTERY BOWL (Group in Woodland Indians Hall). Not much is known of the Manhattan Indians except from traditions handed down by early settlers. Some remains of their clothing and implements are in existence as illustrated below _ y “ > Px ate LEACHING CORN MEAL AMONG THE HUPA INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA. Water is placed in a basket and brought to the required temperature with heated stones plements of industry and war. The spirit of the buffalo was considered a powerful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. Wher- ever the buffalo herds led the way, the more nomadic Plains tribes moved their tipis and followed. With the extermina- tion of the buffalo the entire life of the Plains Indians was revolutionized. On the right, near the entrance, are the village tribes of the Plains: the Mandan, with whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1804-1805; the Hidatsa who now live with them; and the Omaha, Kansa, Iowa and Pawnee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in earth-covered houses of considerable size. A small model of one of these houses stands near the exhibits. In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot Indian tipi with paintings of otters on the sides, representing a vision of the owner. This tipi has been fitted up to show the home life of a typical buffalo- hunting Indian. There were numerous soldier societies among the Plains Indians which included practically all the adult males. Each so- ciety had a special dance and special cos- tumes. (See the Arapaho cases for cos- tumes of dancers.) “here were other dances connected with tribal religious ceremonials, the best known and most important of which is the Sun Dance, illustrated by a model at the left of the tipi. The Sun Dance was held annually in the early summer in fulfilment of a vow made during the preceding winter by some member of the tribe who wished a sick relative to recover. The dance in- volved self-torture, great physical endur- ance and a fast lasting three days. In the center of the hall is a genuine medicine pipe, held in awe by the Indians and dearly parted with; also the contents of a medicine-pipe bundle. The contents of another medicine bundle, belonging to a leading man of the Blackfoot tribe (medicine-man), together with the head- dress which he wore in ceremonies, are in a case near the tower. Other remarkable bundles, particularly the skull bundle, are in the Pawnee case, on the north wall. [125 ] a "e es & _ a te : xe rahe AS 4 x _ = {bove) APACHE WOMAN BUILDING FRAMEWORK OF A HOUSE to be covered with thatch and rushes (Below) A NAVAJO MEDICINE LODGE. For the celebration of the Navajo Chant a special house is erected. The medicine man is laying down an elaborate ceremonial sand-painting. Group in Southwest Indian Hall (Above) BLACKFOOT SQUAW AND CHILD TRAVELING WITH TRAVOIS, which are attached to the horse and dog and are dragged behind them. A primitive method of transportation. From a miniature group in the Plains Indian Hall (Below) A BULL BOAT OR CORACLE OF THE NORTH DAKOTA PLAINS INDIANS was made by stretching skins over a basin-shaped wooden frame. It was used for fording streams The Plains Indians are noted for their picture-writing on skins and for their quillwork, which has now been super- seded by beadwork. They have a highly dev eloped decorative art in which simple geometric designs are the elements of composition, this being one of the most interesting features of their art. (See Da- kota case and Guide Leaflet No. 50, also Handbook No. 1, North American In- dians of the Plains.) ‘THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 8) This region is famous for two reasons: the picturesque living Indian tribes, and the large number of ruins built by pre- historic Indians. Since many of the latter are placed upon high rocks or in the walls of canyons they are spoken of as Cliff Dwellers. The front of the Hall is devoted to the living Indian tribes, the rear to the pre- historic. Finally, in the far end of the Hall is a small collection of the objects from the Indians of California. A conspicuous feature in this Hall is the series of three large habitat groups: the Hopi, the Navajo and the Apache. The conspicuous objects characteris- tic of the region are Navajo blankets and silverware, decorated pottery, and beau- tiful baskets. Turquoise was used by the prehistoric as well as the historic Indians. Special exhibits will be found in the center of the Hall. Another point to be emphasized is the method by which prehistoric ruins can be dated by studying the rings in the cross sections of the logs used in build- ing. A case in the aisle explains this process. This hall presents collections from both the prehistoric and the living Indians of the Southwest. On the right are the no- madic tribes: the Apache, Navajo, Pima, Papago and Havasupai. In the first alcove to the right is a basketry exhibit, show- ing types of baskets and the methods of weaving. The home life of the San Carlos Apache is illustrated by a life-sized group, the first in a series of groups on the right side of the hall. Adjoining is a larger group showing a Navajo hogan in Can- yon de Chelly and the Night Chant cere- mony. The painted background in this group gives a view of the canyon, and in a cave of its walls, one may see the famous White House ruins. In the nearby cases, silverwork, bas- ketry, and other objects are shown. The Navajos are the present-day blanket makers. They make use of the wool of the sheep they raise, carding, spinning, and weaving it with simple implements and looms. This art has arisen since the com- ing of the Spaniards and it is known to have passed through several stages in the last sixty years. Some of the older types of blankets here shown contain yarn which was obtained by cutting or ray veling from imported flannels, called in Spanish “bayeta,” from which these blankets re- ceive their name. These are either bright red or old rose in color, resulting from cochineal dye. Several blankets are made of yarn bought ready dyed from traders and are called Germantowns. The greater number, however, are made of yarn of native spinning, dyed with native vege- table and mineral dyes. The Navajo are a large and widely scattered tribe. During the winter they occupy log houses, but in milder weather they camp in the slight shelter of a cliff or windbreak and shade made of brush. They live by raising corn in the moist valleys, and on the flesh of their numer- ous flocks of sheep. The Western Apache live along the upper portion of the Gila and Salt rivers, where they practice agriculture, gather the wild products, and hunt. People, re- lated to these, under Geronimo, raided the settlements of southern Arizona and northern Mexico and evaded our troops for years. They live in grass-thatched houses or in the open under the shade of flat-topped, open-sided shelters. The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo skin tipis. They went far out on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, av oiding, if possible, the Plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but in their myths and cere- monies they are like their Southwestern relatives and neighbors. Apache baskets are shown in the large case to the right of the entrance, which [ 128 ] (Right) CEREMONIAL Rawr OF THE HAIDA INDIANS (Below) TLINGIT BAS- KETS. Twined basketry made by the Tlingit In- dians of the British C lumbian sea coast. Spruce- root fibers are used for both warp and woof MODEL OJ] \ KW Asko Ur ii HOUSE (In the Nirownt hy) SPiaeane xc Hall). The Kwaki- utl Indians live on Vancouver = Island, and on the main- land to the north Chey build thei rectangular houses of split ceda1 planks on a frame work of heavy posts and beams The front is deco- rated with fantas- tic designs and a totem pole neal the house door is carved with gro- tesque figures as a coat of arms of the owner s re is in contrast with the c corresponding case of pottery on the opposite side. Not the environment, but social habits, caused one people to develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not easily breakable baskets. (See Hand- book No. 2, Indians of the Southwest.) At the left of the hall, as we enter, are exhibits for the modern village Indians — first types of pottery from San Ilde- fonso, Laguna, Santo Domingo, Zuni, and Hopi. : The Pueblo Indians live in large com- munity houses, built of stone or adobe, often with several receding stories. ‘They depend chiefly upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have many elaborate religious cere- monies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when they are forced to seek the wild game and wild vegetable products which furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. In the hall are models of the pueblos of ‘Taos and Acoma, of prehistoric cliff-dwellings, and of the houses used by the Navajo. The inhabitants of Zuni are believed to be the descendants of the first people seen by the Spaniards in 1540. Their for- mer villages, many of which now are in ruins, were probably the “Seven Cities of Cibola,” for which de Coronado was searching at that time. Although there were missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained many of their own religious ceremonies. Many ceremonial objects as well as those per- taining to everyday life are shown in this alcove. In the Hopi section are costumes, masks, images, and basketry plaques used in their ceremonies. Their best known ceremony is the Snake Dance, the per- formance of which is supposed to increase rainfall and the crops. Some of the re- galia for this dance are shown. On the right side of the hall, next to the Navajo group, is a representation of Hopi life. In the center of the hall, as well as in the farther half of the left side, are special exhibits for the prehistoric Indians of the Southwest. Near the center is an ex- hibit showing how many prehistoric ruins have been dated by the tree-ring method. HOUSE POST FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND x A chart at the entrance to the hall gives the successive culture periods for the Southwest, beginning with early Basket Maker and ending with the modern Pueblo villages. T ypical objects made by the Basket Makers are shown in small cases in the center of the hall and in up- right cases to the left. Two of the most famous prehistoric Southwestern ruins are Bonito and Aztec. A model of the latter stands in the center, and near the entrance is an exhibit of turquoise from Pueblo Bonito. Other collections from these two ruins are shown in cases at the left of the hall. One contains a remarkable collection of pot- tery from Pueblo Bonito. Similar black- on-white wares with very elaborate and splendidly executed designs, shown in ad- jacent cases, are from Rio Tularosa, and in part from cliff-dwellings. In another case will be found paternal gathered by the Museum expedition w hich explored the Galisteo Valley, New Mexico. (See Guide Leaflets Nos. 55 and 73, Basketry Designs of the Mission Indians and Pot- tery ‘of the Southwestern Indians.) At the farther end of the hall, at the right, is an exhibit from the Indians of California. INDIANS OF THE NorTH PAcIFIC COAST (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 1) The Jesup North Pacific Hall is de- voted to the Indians living in the heav- ily forested, but mountainous coastal belt extending from the Columbia River in Washington to Mt. St. Elias in southern Alaska as well as on the offshore islands. They are the most skilful wood workers on the American continent as demon- strated here by the models of their houses; their intricately carved and painted totem, house, and grave posts; their ceremonial masks, foes imple- ments, and tools. Paralleling their de- pendence on their forest environment for housing, clothing, and utensils, was their dependence upon the products of the sea for food. Travel and transporta- tion were mainly by water, for which canoes, like the large Haida war canoe in the center of this hall, were built by skill- fully hollowing out giant cedar logs. Except for two ape the Shushwap and Thompson, who live in the interior CARVED WOODEN FIGURE made by the Quinault Indians inhabiting the northwestern coast of the State of Washington ESKIMO WOMAN FISHING of British Columbia, the exhibits are ar- ranged in the order in which the several tribes are encountered in traveling from south to north along the coast of Wash- ington, British Columbia, and Alaska. On the right side of the hall are the Bella Coola, Tsimshian, Haida; on the left, the Nootka, Kwakiutl, Tlingit. The murals of Will S. ‘Taylor illustrate Sil x. ‘saline 1 HROUGH THE ICE (Group in the Eskimo Hall) not only the industries, religious and social life of these Indians, but also their heavily forested and fog and _ rain- drenched environment. [The murals on the right side are devoted to ceremonial and religious life; on the left to daily life and industries; over the entrance to games; and at the further end of the hall is depicted the return of a victorious war party. [ 132] < As conspic uous as is their technological skill in handling wood (see models haw ing methods of “wood working and com- pleted objects) is their adeptness i in weav- ing (see Chilkat ceremonial blankets) in mountain goat wool and shredded bark. in making. baskets (see ‘Tlingit baskets. etc.), and in carving stone, bone, and iVOry. Examples of all of these are shown for the various tribal groups. Outstanding perhaps is the wealth of decoration Gbtenvable on all their prod- ucts. The typical grotesque art motives, based on the distortion of animal forms, are found in equal abundance on utili- tarian and ceremonial objects. EskIMo CORRIDOR (Index Plan, p. 16, Floor I, Hall 7a) The Eskimo are frequently cited as the primitive peoples who have achiev ed the most complete adjustment to their en- vironment. They occupied the northern shores and adjacent islands of North America, from easternmost Siberia and the Aleutians to East Greenland and Newfoundland. All these Eskimo, who differ somewhat in details of culture, ac- cording to locality, are here represented in some measure, though not with equal completeness. The Eskimo were hunters and _ fisher- men. In summer, they hunted the cari- bou, musk-ox, and birds, inland; in win- ter, they hunted sea mammals, especially Ae FERVVLD RR << RNONS wit Vip weap VM e , et A PERUVIAN WOMAN’S WORK BASKET. Wor Perea RUNS ‘A RENS ~~ SOON SA a PEP Pe CESS ae, y Containing spindles, bobbins, carded fibre, and other materials for spinning and weaving the extinct native American horses and ground sloths was recovered from caves and shellmounds. The simple tools and weapons which they used are arranged chronologically in a case in the rear of the hall. Nearby are examples of the equipment of the various tribes surviv ing in the same region at the present time. . In neighboring cases are exhibits for other living Indians of South America. (Below) AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AMERI- CAN EMBROIDERY. This elaborate fabric is a Paracas type solid polychrome embroidery As there are a great many distinct tribes, sometimes living in widely different geo- graphical areas, the collection is far from complete. An example of native life in the tropical rain forest of northeastern Peru is shown in a miniature group of the Chama Indians. ‘They raise plantains and cassava and hunt small game so their equipment is naturally specialized for these occupations. (Below) A PERUVIAN TAPESTRY. An excel- lent tapestry from Pachacamac, Peru, with slits left open between color areas as part of the design the South Pacific is famous for stone statues found there, from one of which the Museum expedition EASTER ISLAND STATUE. Easter Island in the immense made the cast illus- trated above PaciFic ISLANDS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Halls 6 and 8) Two halls are devoted to the Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The first contains collections from the Polynesian and the New Guinea areas. The second is prin- cipally an exhibit for the natives of the Philippine Islands. However, the collec- tions from New Guinea and New Zealand extend into this hall. The conspicuous objects in these halls are as follows: a statue from Easter Island; life-sized models, showing the fire-walk, grating of coconut, etc.; a Ha- waiian feather cape; a collection of tat- tooed heads from New Zealand; and a tree-house from the Philippines. SouTtH Paciric HALL On entering the South Pacific Hall (Floor IV, Hall 6) beyond the Hall of Minerals, the visitor faces a huge mono- lithic figure. This is a cast of one of the famous images found on Easter Island and was brought back in 1935 by the Temple- ton Crocker Expedition. Statues such as these, representing departed chieftains, were found set up on stone platforms all along the coast of Easter Island. Circular stone mats of red tufa formerly completed the figure. Directly in the center of the hall is a Tahitian priest taking part in the fire- walking ceremony, in which the partici- pants walk over heated boulders of lava. On each side is a group showing natives engaged in typical activities, — grating coconut, preparing kava, or plaiting Pandanus. Near the entrance is a fine Hawaiian feather cape, such as was formerly worn by the highest ranks of Hawaiian society. Red and yellow honeysucker feathers completely hide the netted twine founda- tion. The value of these garments was proportionate to the enormous labor ex- pended on their manufacture. The hall is roughly divided into two main sections. In the first half are ex- hibited the collections from Polynesia and Micronesia, while the second half is devoted to New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However, it proved impossible to be wholly consistent and to separate Melanesian Fiji from Samoa and Tonga. In the Polynesian section the examples of decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are especially noteworthy, and a number of canoe models remind us that these people are daring seafarers. A series of ceremo- nial adzes from the Cook Islands in the farther quarter of the hall shows aborigi- nal carving at its highest level. In the section on the right, the elabo- rately carved sacred masks, about 14 feet back of the Tahitian priest, illustrate the zsthetic tendencies of Melanesia, which are also apparent in a carved pole set on top of a vertical case. Very different from these artistic manifestations are the carv- [ 148 ] MINIATURE MODEL OF A SOUTH SEA ISLAND CANOE. The Polynesians made canoes hollowed out of tree-trunks. An outrigger on one side kept them from capsizing easily ings of the New Zealanders (Maori) char- acterized by the dominant spiral motive. A series of dried and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the most remarkable exhibits in the Museum. (See Guide Leaf- let No. 71, The Maoris and their Arts.) Near the boundary between the two main sections are the Australian cases with numerous boomerangs and very crude stone tools, which should be com- pared with those in the archeological hall. The further corner is devoted to a collection from the Admiralty Islands, including a model of a village of the Manus tribe, a lagoon-dwelling, fishing people who build their houses on piles far from land. In the left corner of the hall are shields, clubs, carvings and house- hold utensils from New Guinea. The islands of the Pacific Ocean are of two kinds; first, those which are the rem- nants of a sunken land mass running southeast from Asia formerly connecting Australia and Tasmania with the main- land; and secondly, in the case of the numerous islands to the eastward, those which were formed by volcanic action and coral growth. ‘The inhabitants belong physically to two very distinct races: the frizzly-haired, nearly black Papuans and the former inhabitants of Tasmania; and the wavy haired, light colored Polyne- sians of the islands stretching nearly across the Pacific. South of these islands are others inhabited by the Melanesians, who have straight or wavy hair and dark- er skins. The cultural grouping is generally sim- ilar to that of the physical types. The Polynesians manufacture bark cloth and matting, have no pottery, drink kava, fight with clubs, and are skilled naviga- tors. ‘They are governed by chiefs who trace their ancestry back many genera- tions. The Melanesians make some pot- tery, chew the betel nut, do grotesque carving, use bows and arrows for hunting, and spears for fighting. ‘They have secret societies and the men live in clubs. Be- tween these two are the Micronesians possessing some of the cultural traits of both their neighbors but differing con- [ 149 ] aS SS re Se Soe es TAHITIAN KAVA-BREWER AND ROOF-MAKER. The Tahitian woman, at the left, is pre- paring a stimulant from the roots of a species of pepper. The beverage is known as ava in Tahiti but is identical with kava of other islands. The woman to the right is manufacturing roofing from pandanus leaves in an elaborate form often employed in Tahiti. Life size figures cast in the Museum from Tahitian fire-walkers living in New York City siderably from each. Their islands being small, they depend for food chiefly on fish and pandanus and coconut palms. They are socially divided into castes: no- bility, commoners, and slaves. In addition to these cultural groups there are two specialized ones: the Poly- nesian Maori of New Zealand, and the Negroid inhabitants of Australia; the former having a very rich development of TAHITIAN FIRE-MAKER AND COCONUT GRATER. The old way to make fire in Tahiti was 'o rub a blunt-pointed stick in a groove made in another until the dust became ignited. ihe natives produced fire within a few minutes. In preparing grated coconut the Tahitians sit on a stool which has a blade projecting in front. This blade is used for grating the white inside part of the coconut POLYNESIAN BARK CLOTH OR TAPA. This cloth was made from the inner bark of the paper- mulberry tree which is steeped in water, thinned out with a shell scraper, and pounded on a board with a mallet. Designs may be painted on the cloth free-hand, but more frequently thev are printed from wooden stamps practical and esthetic arts, and the latter almost without them. Besides, there are the inhabitants of New Guinea, gener- ally Melanesian-like, but varying some- what in race, language, and culture, and as yet not very well known. COLLECTIONS FROM NEW GUINEA, PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 8) This hall is reached by turning to the right in the South Sea Islands Hall. The side aisles are devoted to the Phil- ippine Islands. The farther section of the hall contains exhibits from other parts of Malaysia with an interesting series of marionettes from Java. At the right of the entrance is a case containing life casts of faces, nose and hair from the different races represented in this hall, also charts of stature and head form, with distribution maps. In the center is a model of a Filipino bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. At the far end a native tree house domi- nates the scene, and on the left may be seen the model of a woman weaving a garment on a native loom. The visitor should note that, like the African Negroes, but unlike all other primitive stocks, the Malayan tribes rep- resented in this hall used iron tools. The Below are shown implements used in the manu- facture of tapa cloth, including a mallet and beater for pounding the bark, a roller for mak- ing parallel lines which look like water marks, and a wooden die-block for stamping the designs CEREMONIAL ORNAMENTS FROM MELANESIA numerous iron weapons — spears, battle- axes, and krises (daggers with serpentine blades) — are especially remarkable. On the left side of the hall will be found a number of synoptic exhibits of native krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics. Pottery is not highly developed in this area, but the textile arts flourish to a remarkable degree. The industrial life of the Bagobo of Mindanao is par- ticularly well illustrated in the collections. Much more primitive in their culture than the other Malaysians are the Negri- tos, a dark-skinned and frizzly-haired pyg- my stock forming with similar groups in other parts of the world a distinct divi- sion of the Negro race. They are every- where hunters, using the bow and arrow, and ignorant of agriculture. Their simple implements are shown in a table case in the further section of the hall. The islands lying close to the coast of Asia have been subjected to several mi- grations and to varying cultural contacts. Judging from the Andaman Islands and the Negrito remnants in the Philippine Islands, the original inhabitants were Ss he the most primitive of living men, related to the African Bushmen and the extinct Tasmanians. The present pop- ulation is predominantly Malay in origin, members of the great Mongolian race. Their cultural arts include pottery, metal work, and textiles. The metal work is es- pecially fine in the weapon-making of Java and among the Mohammedan in- habitants of the Philippines. Among the textiles are exhibited the batik work of Java, the tie dyeing of the Bagobo in the Philippines, and fine textiles of Luzon. They possess fowls and pigs, cultivate rice, and use the Carabao, or water buf- falo, as a domestic aid in agriculture and transportation. ‘They possess the out- rigger Canoes generally in use throughout the Pacific. T heit weapons are blow-guns, bows and arrows, spears, and knives. They are devoted to head-hunting, considering it necessary for religious peace and security. The original culture of the first black race has disappeared. That existent at present is basic Malay, on which has been superimposed the influence of India and China, the first affecting thought and philosophy, and the latter furnish- ing, through commerce, cherished objects of art and utility. Next came Mohamme- danism, which is the prevailing religion in some of the islands, and about three hundred years ago Christianity and Euro- pean culture were brought by the Dutch and Spaniards. SACRED MELANESIAN FLUTE CARVED WOODEN HOOKS USED IN DECORATING MEN’S HOUSES IN NEW GUINEA (Left) BRIDE’S APRON OF SHELL MONEY, MELA- NESIA. A Melanesian wo- man’s dress used on festival occasions. Her costume is part of the payment which her kin make to her hus- band’s family. The most important part of her dress comprises the two aprons woven of shell money USIAI CARVED WOODEN BOWL FROM MELANESIA MELANESIAN MASK PHILIPPINE TREE HOUSE \N EMPEROR'S BIRTHDAY GIFT. An assemblage of elaborate carvings fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together ASIATIC COLLECTIONS (Index Plan, p. 19, Floor IV, Hall 6, also Hall 4, and p. 18, Floor III, Hall 6) The famous Drummond Collection of carved Chinese jade, amber, Japanese ivory, and sword-guards is in the South- west Tower on the fourth floor, opening out of the South Sea Islands Hall. This magnificent collection gathered by the late Doctor I. Wyman Drummond and presented to the Museum in his memory, is installed as a unit, largely according to Doctor Drummond’s original arrange- ment. [ 156 ] It is really a group of collections, each one of the greatest importance and beauty. The jade collection alone is a rich and well balanced series, representa- tive of all periods and covering a cultural range of more than thirty centuries. The left half of the room is devoted to jade arranged by periods while the right half is given over to amber, ivory, lacquer and bronze sword-guards. The oriental am- ber displayed is the finest of its kind in the world. A unique composite piece of white jade, occupying the center of the room, was a birthday gift to the Emperor Kien Lung from the officials of his court. This assemblage of jade carvings consists of thirteen pieces fashioned from purest white jade and fitted together. Surround- ing the central piece are twelve segments fitted together, each of which is carved with a representation of one of the twelve terrestrial branches corresponding to the signs of the zodiac. A very fine piece of white jade of the Kien Lung period of renaissance in glyp- tic art is in the form of a “Scepter of Good Luck” (Joo-i scepter). On the long han- dle of this piece are carved in high. relief the figures of the Eight Immortals, the half mythical, half historical personages so often represented in Taoist art. Each of these carries some characteristic object, such as the flute of Han Hsiang-tzu, whose marvelous tone caused flowers to grow and blossom instantly. Other fine examples of jade are also to be seen in the Morgan Gem Collection (Floor IV, Hall 4) ) and i in the Asiatic Eth- sate Hall on the third floor (Index Plan, p- 18, Floor III, Hall 6), where are installed collections from eastern and JADE SCEPTER (Right). From the Drummond Collection JADE CUP (Below). The dragons on this jade cup are of the form which developed in China in the Ming dynasty WAN MU, THE CHINESE QUEEN OF THE FAIRIES. This is a carved ivory figure from the Drummond Collection. Though produced by a Japanese artist, it is founded upon a Chinese myth. It is said that the palace of Wang Mu is in the Juen-lun Mountains, where she guards the Tree of Immortal Peaches that grows be- side the Lake of Gems, whose fruit ripens upon her birthday, every 3000 years. Here gather to the Feast of Peaches all the immortals to renew their immortality by eating the celestial fruit K'WAN YIN, GODDESS OF THE FISH. A carved ivory Japanese figure of great beauty from the Drummond Collection. This ivory statuette is characteristically Japanese both in conception and rendering. It immortalizes in ivory the story of the princely fisherman who set up a shrine to this goddess after he had repeatedly found her image in his net instead of the fish he sought eee ce Sua tll sais tes sits 5 SoS CHINESE BRONZES. A set of three bronze ornaments inlaid with silver from the Sung Dynasty, right is a bronze libation cup, probably used in religious ceremonies, from the Shang Dynasty, g60-1279 A. D. Jo the northern Asia. Specimens illustrating the culture, industries, religion and manufac- ture of China are on the left. Others, showing the mode of living, the costumes, and the war implements of Siberia, are on the right. The fur-work, costumes, and rugs ot the people of eastern Siberia reveal re- markable skill in workmanship. “Two models show respectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. In the rear are collections from Japan, the Ainu and the Amur River tribes noted for decorated fabrics and picturesque costumes. THE EIGHT IMMORTALS. beings who became immortal. From the Morgan of the 1766-1122 B. C. The collections on the left side of the hall deal mainly with the everyday life of the modern Chinese and have a special value, as they were made just before the sweeping changes of the last few years took place. eh ee abolished many of the customs in which these objects were used. For example, the series of weapons and material showing the tests to which a soldier was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete by the introduction of modern weapons and tac- tics. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural im- A group of figurines in Formosa coral depicting eight legendary Hall of Gems and Minerals on the fourth floor Museum (Above) CHINESE BRONZE BOWL. This large bronze bowl has the original scroll design characteristic of the Chou dynasty. Attributed to the Han Period (Below) A PAIR OF CHINESE BRONZE HORSES. They may have represented the horses of a chariot which has been lost. Ts In dynasty SIX EXAMPLES OF CHINESE CLOISONNE ENAMEL FROM THE CHINESE COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM [ 161 ] THREE EELES TAN COLLECTION. (Above) NARO feminine divinity, BRONZE STATU- FROM THE TIBE- fifteenth KHE-CHO-MA. A invoked to confer superhuman powe! plements, carvings in wood, ivory nd stone, and examples of aoe are shown to advantage. A special collection of great value is comprised in the ancient bronzes shown in the wall cases near the entrance. In the tower is the Whitney Collection from Tibet, illustrative of the costumes and religious rites of that little-known region. An exhibit illustrates the production of cloisonné by the Chinese. A series of eight vases is displayed showing various stages of the process. The foundation of all enamel objects is red copper of the shape and size de- sired. The decorations are first sketched on paper by special artists. These pat- terns are traced with a stylus on the cop- per. Vase No. 1 shows the simple copper foundation. No. 2 is a vase to which has been glued a network of thin copper wire following the tracings of the pattern. ‘The whole is then powdered with a composite of silver filings, copper and borax (No. 3). ‘The vase is now enclosed in an iron vise placed in an iron wire cage filled with burning charcoal which produces a per- TSONG-KHA-PA. century of Lamaism The great YAK-HEADED Bardo, or fect soldering (No. 4). Then an acid solu- tion of apricots is brushed over it, and it is ready to receive the enamel. The enamel paste is troweled into the cell- like compartments (‘“‘cloisons’) formed by the copper wire (No. 5). After cooling, the vase is again exposed to the fire i properly harden the pig- ments. Nos. 6, 7, and 8 show the vases after aes firings. Very fine pieces of work may be fired eight times. Next the vases are polished with a steel file—then with sandstone and lime tree charcoal while the vase revolves on a lathe. Finally it is gilded. The Koryak of Siberia. The Koryak live in northeastern Siberia, south of the Chukchee, between the Anadyr River and the central part of Kamchatka. Their number is about 7500. In language they are related to the Chukchee and Kamcho- dal, with whom they also share their arts and practices. Like the Chukchee, the Koryak are divided into a Reindeer and a Maritime Branch but differ from their neighbors in the almost exactly equal size of these divisions. The Reindeer [ 162 | RAKSAT. Reformer One of the animal-headed goddesses who appear in the After-Death State Koryak subsist mainly on the flesh of their herds. The Maritime group depend largely on fishing, while the hunting of sea mammals is also important but rela- tively less so than among the Maritime Chukchee. The Reindeer people live in movable tents. The stationary, partly underground house of the Maritime divi- sion is illustrated by a model in this hall. Both divisions of the Koryak wear cloth- ing made of reindeer skins. Before contact with other peoples the Koryak had no metal and made all their implements by chipping stone. At pres- ent, several settlements are renowned for their iron technique, which may ante- date the coming of the Russians, since the Tungus and Yakut were both familiar with the blacksmith’s art. The dressing of skins and the weaving of baskets by the coiled and twined methods are im- portant industries. Remains brought to life by excavations of old dwellings show that the ancient Koryak knew how to manufacture pottery. In art the Koryak have attained a high degree of per fection as carvers in wood, antler , and ivory, as well as in the tasteful ornamentation of clothing and fur rugs. (Right) KORYAK MAN IN ARMOR. Life size figure, clothed in original Koryak armor. From the Jesup North Pacific Collection (Below) IVORY CARVING OF BOY AND OX FROM EASTERN SIBERIA RED CAM- WOOD BOXES FROM MANG- BETULAND. These boxes have hollow sections of ivory engraved — with hunting episodes like those shown above and below the picture. The tops represent the hairdress of a man and two women AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY HALL (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 8) In this hall the installation is roughly geographical, 1. e€., as one proceeds through the hall he meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north in Africa, and the west coast is represented along the left-hand wall, the east coast along the right-hand wall, the central Congo tribes at the far end. There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hottentots, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and have become mixed with them. Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron tools. ‘The proc- ess used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a group on the left, and the finished products, such as knives, axes and spears, are amply shown throughout the hall. The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro cul- turally from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian. All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the WOODEN MASK FROM WESTERN AFRICA AFRICAN TOM-TOM DRUMMER. Exhibited in the Akeley Memorial Hall of African Mam- mals. Sculptured by Malvina Hoffman CARVED IVORY ARTICLES FROM THE CONGO Ivory carvings are among the na cherished Osse! sions of wrricane chiefs as the em=| blems of rank and power women doing the actual tilling, while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Clothing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. ‘The manufacture of a skin cloak is illus- trated by one of the figures in the group to the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the farther right-hand section of the hall, while looms and the completed garments are shown in the larze central rectangle de- voted to Congo ethnology. The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the “pile cloths’ of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative patterns by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings, especially a series of ivories from the Congo, bear witness to the hizh artistic sense of the African native’, who also ex- [ 166 ] We a IVORY HANDLED STEEL WEAPONS OF THE MANG- BETU. The great sickle-shaped knives were worn over the shouldei by the king and _ other prominent men when they were sitting in council, partly as proof of the wearer's readi- ness to strike. At other times the knives were pushed under the belt cel other primitive races in their love for music, which is shown by the variety of their musical instruments. A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the farther section of the hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a process similar to that used in Europe in the Renais- sance period. It is doubtful to what ex- tent the art may be considered native. The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine-men. [ 167 ] 1 HE DANCE. The dance, next to hunt- ing, was the most popular subject of the prehistoric artist G~ SOUTH AFRICAN ROCK PICTURES Pe These are reproductions from figures painted abundantly on rocks in South Africa by bushmen and their ancestors. Some authorities say they range in time from about 10,000 B. C. down to the present day and may have been used for religious or incantation purposes by early African man. The reproductions in the Museum were made by M. K. McGuthe, a South African artist, from the original polychrome pictures on the rocks there. The spirit and composition of these paintings as well as their artistic character mark them as outstanding ex- amples of primitive art. THE CHARGE. A black-maned lion pursuing a group of fleeing men [ 168 | HALE OF BIOLOGICAL. PRINCIPLES AND APPLIED BIOLOGY (Index Plan, p. 18, Floor III, Hall 12a) Food Needs and Food Economics: The central portion of this hall is devoted to the Food Exhibit which represents in graphic form the needs of the human body. One case shows the chemical com- position of the human body as _ repre- sented by a man weighing 154 pounds. Special emphasis is laid on the need for mineral salts and for the indispensable elements called vitamins. Models illus- trate the commoner foods which supply the daily needs of energy and vitamins. The composition of certain familiar foods as regards protein, carbohydrates, fat, mineral salts, water and refuse is graphically represented. A special series of models shows the size of 100 calorie portions of the more important food- stuffs and another exhibit stresses the necessity of eating the right quality of foods as well as the proper quantity. A combination of charts and a model repre- sents sources of the world’s food supply. The balance of this hall is devoted to exhibits dealing with Water Supply, Sewage Disposal, Insects, Rats and Para- sites and their Relation to Health. Water Supply: The farther end of the hall has models, maps, and charts which illustrate various phases of the problem of water supply. A wall case has glass models of the principal microorganisms, Algae and Protozoa, which grow in reser- voirs and impart tastes and odors to water. Samples and models here also illus- trate the variations in composition which occur in natural waters. A series of relief maps on the wall shows the growth and development of the water supply of New York City since 1664, and a large floor model displays accurately the location of the reservoirs and aqueducts of the Ashokan Water System. Similar relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts, before and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the water supply of Bos- ton, show how surface water supplies are collected by impounding streams. Several cases contain models illustra- ting the purification of water by storage, filtration and disinfection. Sewage Disposal: A model depicts the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes of the city and how they may be avoided, showing where polluted harbor waters, and shellfish beds con- stitute a menace to health. Modern methods for treatment of sewage on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens, sedi- mentation tanks, and filter beds of vari- ous types. Insects, Rats and Parasites and Disease: Charts, models and maps form this exhibit. Toward the center of the hall are two illuminated cases; one con- tains photomicrographs of disease-pro- ducing parasites and the other, glass models of principal types of bacteria associated with disease. The transmission of disease germs by insects is shown by a series of exhibits. The most striking features are greatly enlarged models of the fly, the flea, the louse and the yellow fever mosquito. The scientific reason for the associa- tion of malaria with swampy regions is that the Anopheles mosquito, the carrier of the malarial parasite, breeds in such places. A small relief map indicates drains used for eliminating mosquito-bearing pools, and diagrams illustrate mosquito control in New Jersey. Another exhibit illustrates the world distribution and sea- sonal prevalence of malaria and yellow fever in relation to the habits of their mosquito hosts. Here are also shown some of the practical methods of control. A series of small-scale models demon- strates methods and results of tropical sanitation for yellow fever prevention. A hospital at Panama is shown as it was during the former regime, with mosquito- breeding pools all about, contrasted with a modern hospital with no stagnant water and wards screened and _ venti- lated. Flies and Disease: Models, specimens and charts deal with the life history of the fly, and other exhibits show how fly- breeding may be prevented. Typhus and Other Diseases: Some [ 169 | space is devoted to insect carriers of dis- ease germs in tropical and semi-tropical countries. Specimens of Glossina are shown which transmit sleeping sickness and the nagana disease in Africa; as well as the ticks, which spread Texas fever of cattle; relapsing fever; African tick fever; and the Rocky Mountain spotted fever of man. Bubonic Plague: The relation of the flea and rat to the terrible bubonic plague is illustrated in considerable detail. In several cases are specimens of the princi- pal animals which harbor the plague- germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man, such as the rat and California ground squirrel, and preventive measures are demon- strated. Military Hygiene: The problem of military hygiene, so successtully solved during the Great War, is dealt with. Diagrams illustrate the relative deadli- ness of disease germs and bullets in earlier wars, reinforced by a representa- tion of the relative importance of injuries received in action and effects of typhoid fever during the Spanish War. BEHIND THE SCENES The fifth floor of the Museum is de- voted to the administrative offices, the ofices and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library. On this floor are the work rooms of the Depart- ment of Vertebrate Palaeontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are pre- pared and mounted, and the laboratory where the beautiful models of inverte- brates are made. These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the public. Scientific Laboratories and Study Col- lections. On the sixth floor of the African Section are the well equipped labora- tories devoted to experimental biological research and to physiology and lies his- tories based on the study of living animals. Most of the scientific study collections are on the fifth floor. ‘These are for the benefit of investigators and to preserve the evidences and records of our vanish- ing animal life and of the life and cus- toms of primitive peoples. The vast majority of the Museum’s natural history specimens are in study collections to protect them from deteri- oration and for ready accessibility to scientific investigators. A careful selection is made of objects of greatest educational value and these form the basis of the Museum displays in its exhibition halls. Work Shops. An important part of the Museum not seen by the public com- prises the work shops, located in the base- ment and provided with machinery of the most improved pattern. Here, among other things, are constructed the various types of cases used in the Museum. There is also a fully equipped printing establish- ment. In other parts of the Museum, also not open to the public, are the studios where the varied work of preparing ex- hibits is carried on by a large staff of artists and artisans. Here are cast, mod- eled or mounted the figures for the groups, while leaves and flowers are fash- ioned so accurately that they seem to grow and bloom. The latter are for ac- cessories in the groups. Reptiles and am- phibians are mounted and anatomical models of fishes are created in wax and other materials with painstaking care. [170 ] o “" ~ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Founded in 1869 Board of Trustees FREDERICK TRUBEE Davison, President A. Perry Ossorn, First Vice-President CLEVELAND E. DonGe, Second Vice-President E. ROLAND HARRIMAN, Treasurer CLARENCE L. Hay, Secretary Matcoitm P. ALDRICH RoBwert EARLL MCCONNELL James ROWLAND ANGELL Junius S. MORGAN RoBERT Woops B Iss FREDERICK H. OsBORN GerorGE T. BowboIn DANIEL E. POMEROY ARTHUR H. BUNKER WILLIAM PROCTER DouG Las BURDEN H. RivINGTON PYNE SuyDAM CUTTING A. HAMILTON RICE Lewis W. DouGLas JouN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD. LINCOLN ELLSWORTH KERMIT ROOSEVELT LIVINGSTON FARRAND DEAN SAGE, JR. CHILDS FRICK LEONARD C. SANFORD CHAUNCEY J. HAMLIN ARTHUR S. VERNAY ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON FREDERICK M. \WWARBURG WuULTON LLOyb-SMITH CorneELIus V. WHITNEY FroreELLo H. LAGuaArpiA, Mayor of the City of New York Joseru D. McGo prick, Comptroller of the City of New York Rosert Moses, Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York Administrative and Scientific Staffs Officers of Administration Roy CHAPMAN ANpbREWS, Director Wayne M. Faunce, Vice-Director and Executive Secretary FREDERICK H. SmyvTuH, Bursar Epwin C. MEYENBERG, Assistant Bursar WALTER F. MEIsTerR, Assistant Bursar Rex P. Jonnson, General Superintendent Cuarves C. Grorr, Mechanical Superintendent Witson L. ‘Topp, Power Plant Engineer Louis W. Kinzer, Custodian Cuarces J. O’'CoNNor, Membership Secretary RicHarp H. Cooke, Business Manager of the Hayden Planetarium Hans CuristTIAN ADAMSON, Assistant to the President WitiiAmM D. CAMPBELL, Assistant to the Director Scientific Staff Roy CHAPMAN ANDREWS, Sc.D., Director Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B., Vice-Director and Executive Secretary CLARK WissLer, Pu.D., LL.D., Dean of the Scientific Staff H. E. Anruony, D.Sc., Secretary of the Council of Heads of the Scientific Departments Astronomy and the Hayden Planetarium CLybe FisHer, Pu.D., LL.D., Curator-in-Chief ° WituiAM H. Barton, JR., M.S., Executive Curator Marian Lockwoop, Assistant Curator ARTHUR L. Draper, Assistant Curator Rosert R. Cotes, Associate Lecturer Hucu S. Rice, A.M., Associate in Astronomy FREDERICK H. Poucu, Pu.D., Research Associate in Meteorites [171] Geology and Mineralogy Herspert P. WuItLock, Curator FREDERICK H. PouGu, PuH.D., Assistant Curator Palaeontology CuiLps Frick, B.S., Honorary Curator of Late Tertiary and Quaternary Mammals BarNUM Brown, Sc.D., Curator of Fossil Reptiles WALTER GRANGER, D.Sc., Curator of Fossil Mammals GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON, PH.D., Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology Epwin H. Corsert, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology Haro cp E. Vokes, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Invertebrate Palaeontology RACHEL HusBanpb NIcHOLs, A.M., Staff Assistant WILLIAM K. Grecory, PH.D., Research Associate CHARLEs C. Mook, Pu.D., Research Associate Living Invertebrates Roy Wa.Lpo MINER, PuH.D., Sc.D., Curator WILLARD G. VAN NAme, PuH.D., Associate Curator Grorce H. Cnixps, Px.D., Assistant in Comparative Invertebrate Anatomy FRANK J. Myers, Research Associate in Rotifera Horace W. STUNKARD, PH.D., Research Associate in Parasitology A. L. TREADWELL, PH.D., Sc.D., Research Associate in Annulata Roswe Lt MILLER, JR., C.E., Field Associate WYLLys RosseETER Betts, JR., Field Associate Entomology FRANK E. Lutz, Pu.D., Curator C. H. Curran, D.Sc., Associate Curator of Diptera W. J. Gertscn, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Spiders R. E. BLACKWELDER, PH.D., Assistant Curator of Coleoptera FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Staff Assistant in Lepidoptera CHARLES W. LENG, B.S., Research Associate in Coleoptera Hersert F. ScHwarz, M.A., Research Associate in Hymenoptera E. L. BELL, Research Associate in Lepidoptera Cyrit F. pos Passos, LL.B., Research Associate in Lepidoptera T. D. A. CockereLL, Sc.D., Research Associate in Fossil Insects ALFRED E. EMERSON, Pu.D., Research Associate in Termites Living and Extinct Fishes WILLIAM K. Grecory, PH.D., Curator Joun T. Nicuots, A.B., Curator of Recent Fishes FRANCESCA R. LAMonteE, B.A., Associate Curator E. W. Guncer, Pu.D., Honorary Associate CHARLES H. TownseEnp, Sc.D., Research Associate C. M. Breper, JR., Sc.D., Research Associate E. Grace Waite, Pu.D., Research Associate Louis Hussakor, Pu.D., Research Associate in Devonian Fishes WittiAmM Beese, Sc.D., Research Associate in Oceanography Van CampEN HEILnNer, M.S., Field Representative MicHArEL LERNER, Field Associate Herpetology G. Kincstey Nose, Pu.D., Curator C. M. Bocert, M.A., Assistant Curator Harvey Basster, Pu.D., Research Associate in Herpetology [172 ] i) Experimental Biology G. KinGsLey Nose, Pu.D., Curator FRANK A, BEACH, PH.D., Assistant Curator KATHARINE K. ApLINGTON, A.M., Staff Assistant Prisci_LaA R. Ryan, A.B., Staff Assistant DoucGtLas BurpEN, M.A., Research Associate O. M. Hetrr, Pu.D., Research Associate CHARLEs E. Haptey, Pu.D., Research Associate WiILuiAM ETkIn, PH.D., Research Associate Lippire H. Hyman, Pu.D., Research Associate R. E. Bowen, PuH.D., Research Associate Ornithology FRANK M. CHapman, Sc.D., Curator JouN T. Zimmer, M.A., Executive Curator RoBERT CUSHMAN Murpny, D.Sc., Curator of Oceanic Birds James P. Cuapin, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Continental Old World Birds Ernst Mayr, Px.D., Associate Curator of the Whitney-Rothschild Collections CHARLES E. O’Brien, Assistant Curator Evsirt M. B. NaumsBurc, Research Associate A. L. RANp, PH.D., Research Associate Puiwip B. Puivipp, Research Associate in Oology ALBERT R. BRAND, Associate in Ornithology Mammalogy H. E. ANrHony, D.Sc., Curator GeorGE G. Goopwin, Assistant Curator G. H.H. Tarte, D.Sc., Assistant Curator of South American Mammals T. DoNALD Carter, Assistant Curator of Old World Mammals JouN Eric Hitt, Px.D., Assistant Curator RICHARD ARCHBOLD, Research Associate WILLIAM J. Morpben, Pu.B., Field Associate ARTHUR S. VERNAY, Field Associate WitiraM D. CAMPBELL, Field Associate Comparative and Human Anatomy WILLIAM K. Grecory, PH.D., Curator H. C. Raven, Associate Curator GEORGE PINKLEY, PuH.D., Associate Curator G. Mires Conrap, A.M., Assistant Curator J. Howarp McGrecor, Pu.D., Research Associate in Human Anatomy Duptey J. Morton, M.D., Research Associate S. H. Cuuss, Research Associate Anthropology CLARK WissLeER, Pu.D., LL.D., Curator N. C. Netson, M.L., Curator of Prehistoric Archaeology GeorcE C. VAILLANT, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Mexican Archaeology Harry L. SHapiro, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Physical Anthropology MarGaret MEap, Pu.D., Assistant Curator of Ethnology BELLA WEITZNER, Assistant Curator of Anthropology Junius B. Biro, Assistant Curator of Anthropology CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexican and Central American Archaeology Wittiam W. Howe ts, Px.D., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Miro HetiMan, D.D.S., D.Sc., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology GeorcE E. Brewer, M.D., LL. Dy Research Associate in Somatic Anthropology FREDERICK H. Ossorn, Research Associate in Anthropology ROBERT VON HEINE-GELDERN, PH.D., Research Associate in Anthropology [173 ] W. C. Bennett, Pu.D., Research Associate in Anthropology Witiiam K. Grecory, Pu.D., Associate in Physical Anthropology ANTOINETTE K. Gorpon, Associate in Asiatic Ethnology Asiatic Exploration and Research Roy CHAPMAN ANprREWwWs, Sc.D., Curator WALTER GRANGER, D.Sc., Curator of Palaeontology Cuartes P. Berkey, Pu.D., Sc.D. (Columbia University), Research Associate in Geology Amabeus W. Grasau, S.D. (The National Geological Survey of China), Research Associate PERE TEILHARD DE CHarpIN (The National Geological Survey of China), Research Associate in Mammalian Palaeontology Woods and Forestry CLARENCE L. Hay, A.M., Honorary Curator CHARLES RUSSELL, PH.D., Staff Associate Education CHARLES RussELL, PH.D., Curator GRACE FISHER RAMSEY, PH.D., Associate Curator WitiiAm H. Carr, Assistant Curator (Outdoor Education) Joun R. SAUNDERS, Assistant Curator HERMAN A. Sievers, Staff Assistant Faripa A. Wixey, Staff Assistant WiuLLiAM Lorp SmitH, M.D., Staff Assistant GEORGINE MAsTIN, Staff Assistant Haze L. Mutter, B.A., Staff Assistant GtLapys L. Pratt, Associate in Education Library Hazet Gay, Librarian HELEN Gunz, Assistant Librarian Jannerre May Lucas, B.S., Assistant Librarian—Osborn Library Arts, Preparation and Installation James L. Crark, D.Sc., Director ALBERT E. BUTLER, Associate Chief Francis L. JAQues, Staff Associate RAYMOND B. Porter, Staff Associate Rosert H. Rockwe tt, Staff Associate Public and Press Information Hans CuHrisTIAN ADAMSON, Chairman Jean E. Wrevemer, Staff Assistant Scientific Publications Eruec J. Timonier, Associate Editor of Scientific Publications Natural History Magazine Epwarp Morrat WEYER, JR., Pu.D., Editor Donavp R. Barron, B.A., Assistant Editor Freperick L. Haun, Production Manager SHERMAN P. Vooruers, Advertising Manager of Museum Periodical Publications The Junior Natural History Magazine Dorotny L. Epwarps, Editor The Sky Magazine CLybE FIsHErR, Pu.D., LL.D., Editor Hetene C. Boorn, Assistant Editor [174] \\ se ite 4 78 ewe ' = a a ~~ ‘ ‘ » Pa 1 - > j < ‘ _ bd , 0 ‘ é A 4 i ‘ y ald Vy ig bis 4 te _ -% - 7 4 “ e¥ + s 3 : ee ’ “te? - i se om all 2. « RAT AE La oe . . jue “4 i ae ¥ ad ‘ « te - ? « . es? § 4 \e ° . 4 a Wil