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The Museum is located on Central Park West from 77th Street to 81st Street
and on 77th Street to Columbus Avenue. It may be reached as follows:

By Buses—8th Avenue or Columbus Avenue lines or 81st Street crosstown.
By Subway—6th and 8th Avenue to 81st Street (Museum) station.
7th Avenue to 79th Street station. Lexington Avenue to 77th Street station.
Take crosstown bus from East 79th Street to 81st Street and Central Park West.

The Main Entrance is on Central Park West at 79th Street. The South Entrance is on 77th Street.
Telephone: ENdicott 2-8500.

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General Guide
to the Exhibition Flalts of the

American Museum
of Natural History

SCIENCE GUIDE NO. 118

LIBRARY

AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY

Fifth Edition Published by

Division of Publications, Department of Education
The American Museum of Natural History
NEW YORK 24, N. Y.

1949

IMPORTANT NOTE TO VISITORS

As TuIs guide goes to press, the first of a number of
changes in the halls of the Museum will be started. On
November rst, 1948, the present Darwin Hall and the
Hall of Forestry on the first floor will be closed to the
public and work begun on the new halls of Forestry
and Landscape which will occupy these areas.

Selected specimens from the extensive shell col-
lection in the balcony of the Hall of Ocean Life will
be incorporated into the invertebrate exhibits from
Darwin Hall which will occupy that balcony.

The visitor will therefore find references in the fol-
lowing pages to halls that no longer exist or that are
temporarily closed to the public. Untul such a time as
the new exhibits are completed, it is felt that these
descriptions should remain, since many of these ma-
terials will be used in the new halls. (Ed.)

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Table of Contents

MAP How TO REACH THE MUSEUM INSIDE FRONT COVER

THEODORE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL 6

GENERAL INFORMATION 10

BEHIND THE SCENES 14

ENTERING THE MUSEUM 14

INDEX TO FIRST FLOOR 16

INDEX TO SECOND FLOOR 17

INDEX TO THIRD FLOOR 18

INDEX TO FOURTH FLOOR 19

ASTRONOMY AND PLANETARIUM 20

GEOLOGY 24

HALL OF GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 24

HALL OF PETROLOGY 26
MINERALS AND GEMS 2

HALL OF MINERALS AND GEMS 29
GEOLOGY AND MINERALS OF NEW YORK STATE 31

PALEONTOLOGY 35

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES 36

FOSSIL VERTEBRATES 38

FOSSIL FISHES 39

FOSSIL REPTILES 39

HALL OF JURASSIC REPTILES 41

CORRIDOR OF MARINE REPTILES 42

HALL OF CRETACEOUS REPTILES 42

HALL OF MONGOLIAN VERTEBRATES 45

FOSSIL MAMMALS 46

OSBORN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS (TERTIARY ) 46

OSBORN HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN (QUATERNARY ) 51

FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION 54

LIVING INVERTEBRATES 56

DARWIN HALL 56

CORAL REEF GROUP 62

PEARL DIVERS GROUP 62

GALLERY OF SHELLS 65

INVERTEBRATES OF NEW YORK STATE 67

INSECTS “i

HALL OF INSECT LIFE 67

INSECTS IN A SUBURBAN YARD 69

C4

LIVING FISHES
HALL OF LIVING FISHES

LIVING REPTILES
HALL OF LIVING REPTILES
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES OF NEW YORK STATE

LIVING BIRDS
WHITNEY WING
WHITNEY MEMORIAL HALL
HALL OF BIOLOGY OF BIRDS
GALLERY OF BIRD ART
AUDUBON GALLERY
BIRDS OF THE WORLD HALL
HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRD GROUPS
LOCAL BIRDS

LIVING MAMMALS
THE HORSE UNDER DOMESTICATION
HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS
AKELEY MEMORIAL HALL OF AFRICAN MAMMALS

VERNAY-FAUNTHORPE HALL OF SOUTH ASIATIC MAMMALS

HALL OF NORTH ASIATIC MAMMALS
OCEANIC MAMMALS

SYNOPTIC HALL OF MAMMALS
MAMMALS OF NEW YORK STATE

MAN AND HIS ORIGINS
HALL OF PRIMATES
HALL OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MAN
THE SKELETON FROM FISH TO MAN
FAMILY TREE AND EARLY RACES OF MAN
LIVING RACES OF MAN
THE WOODLAND INDIANS
THE PLAINS INDIANS
INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST
INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST
ESKIMO CORRIDOR
MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA
THE PACIFIC
COLLECTIONS FROM PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA
ASIATIC COLLECTIONS
DRUMMOND COLLECTION OF JADE
ASIATIC ETHNOLOGY
HALL OF AFRICAN ETHNOLOGY

POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY:

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC STAFFS

[C5]

ENTRANCE HALL ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL

The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial

THE Theodore Roosevelt Memorial, erected
by the people of the State of New York
in memory of the man whose name it bears,
forms the main entrance to the Museum on
Central Park West. Its graceful architecture
follows a stately Romanesque design.
Passing through the central archw ay the
visitor steps into the great Memorial Hall.
Above the marble mosaic floor, rise walls of
cream colored marble and limestone extend-

ing to an elaborate Corinthian cornice over-
arene by an octagonal coffered barrel-vault
100 feet above the floor. The central part of
each wall is recessed and divided into three
parts by two Roman Corinthian columns 48
feet high supporting the entablature. Three
of ee recesses are adorned with great mu-
ral paintings symbolic of the varied career of
Theodore Roosevelt. On the walls, quotations

from his w ritings are given in bronze letters.

C6]

MAIN ENTRANCE
ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL

The facade of the Memorial
is adorned by four Ionic
columns fifty-four feet high
representing Boone, Audu-
bon, Clark, and Lewis, pio-
neers in the early explora-
tion of our country.
(Right) Sculptures of ani-
mals in low relief decorate
the base of the columns

(Above) Theodore Roosevelt stands over a Nubian lion and
lioness. Several birds which completed the collections at the
American Museum are included

(Left) Events in old Russian
history are represented here
through several historic per-
sonages of the period before
1000 A. D. At the bottom are
shown the ancestors of the
Roosevelt family, their names
being incribed above them.
This and the opposite mural
commemorate Roosevelt’s
part in the Russo-Japanese
peace treaty of 1905

C8]

Murals in
Roosevelt

NDS”
OF JAPAN

(Above) In a tangle of gnarled trees, hemmed in by rocks, an
African elephant is captured by a group of native hunters
with shields and spears

(Right) Japanese spiritual be-
liefs are here represented in
the figures of various gods
and goddesses and in the first
historic Japanese emperor,
descendant of the Sun God-
dess. At the bottom are the

Veporigl ism

Hall

[9]

General
Lnformation

THE American Museum of Natural History
is located in Manhattan Square and occupies
most of the space between Central Park
West, Columbus Avenue, 77th Street, and
8ist Street. The main entrances are on
Central Park West, through the Roosevelt
Memorial, at three levels: street, vehicle
(drivew ay beneath the steps), and subway.
There is also an entrance on West 77th
Street (foot and vehicle, center of block),
and one on Columbus Avenue, near 77th
Street (foot). (See Frontispiece.)

The Planetarium may be entered from
West 81st Street (vehicle and foot) and
through the Museum. Cars may be parked
at the curb on the streets surrounding the
Museum square.

ADMISSION

There is no charge for admission except for
the Planetarium. The Planetarium, which
was constructed by Reconstruction Finance
Corporation funds, is a self-liquidating pro-
ject, and admission will be charged until the
loan has been repaid.

The Museum is open to the public from
10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. daily except Sun-
days, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas, New
Year's Day and July 4th, when it is open
from 1:00 tO 5:00 P.M.

CHECK ROOMS AND GUEST SERVICES-
INFORMATION DESKS
The main check room is located at the right
as one enters the main entrance on the first
floor of the Roosevelt Memorial (carriage
entrance). Coats and packages may be left
here. Wheel chairs for children and adults
are available free of charge. There is also a
checking room at the left of the 77th Street
entrance. There is no charge for checking.
Information may be obtained at the check
rooms and Guest Services-Information desks
located on the main (second) floor of the
Roosevelt Memorial, and in the 77th Street
foyer. The latter is also the Education Bureau

for the registration of instructors and stu-
dents and the convenience of Members de-
siring guidance through the building by
Masen instructors. informatie concern-
ing the exhibits or lectures may also be ob-
tained here. Announcements of lectures and
meetings of societies held at the Museum
may be obtained here free of charge.

MUSEUM BOOK AND GIFT SHOP
The entrance to the Museum Book and Gift
Shop is located near the 77th Street entrance
to the Museum, adjacent to the elevators.
Books on natural history and its allied
subjects by Museum authors and others in
good standing are for sale here, as well as
postcards, souvenirs, and objects of interest
to Museum visitors.

BULLETIN BOARDS
The main bulletin boards are located at the
right of Memorial Hall in the East Corridor,
abean opposite the elevators and at the

77th St. Guest-Services Desk. Here programs
ae lectures and meetings are displayed and
also a directory to the exhibits on the various
floors. Pictorial plans of the floors of the
Museum are posted near the elevators and at
convenient points throughout the Museum
to aid in guiding the visitors to the various
halls.

NOTE
Due to constant rearrangements of exhibits
in the halls, certain discrepancies may be
noted at times between the arrangements in
the halls and those in this volume. Various
guide leaflets procurable at the Guest Ser-
vices Desks and at the Bookshop will keep
the visitor informed for the most part, while
the most recent changes will be announced

on the bulletin bontde

SKETCHING AND PHOTOGRAPHING
Artists and students are encouraged to draw
from specimens on exhibit. Chairs may be
had on application from the attendant.
Amateur photographers may obtain permis-
sion to photograph in the halls of the Mu-
seum from the Guest-Services Desks. Pro-
fessional photographers may obtain permis-
sion from the Photographic Division of the
Department of Education.

[10]

GUIDING

Free Service: This is offered to New York
City public schools and colleges and to
Members of the Museum and their friends
upon presentation of Members’ inscribed
tickets. In order to secure a guide, an ap-
pointment should be made in advance. Please
state the day and hour desired, the number
to be guided, and any special halls to be seen.

For appointments call ENdicott 2-8500,
Extension 255.

Paid Service: This is provided for individ-
uals not members of the Museum at 50 cents
per hour for each person in a group. Mini-
mum charge, $2.50.

Private and out-of-town schools may se-
cure guide service at $5.00 per hour per class
not exceeding 35 pupils.

CAFETERIA

(Index Plan, page 16, Hall 12, Basement)
Convenient to the subway entrance in the
Roosevelt Memorial Building is the Museum
Cafeteria, which is operated as a Museum
department for the accommodation of visi-
tors. It is under the direction of a dietitian-
manager.

The Cafeteria is open on all week days
from 11:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. It is closed
Memorial Day, July 4th, Thanksgiving Day,
Christmas and New Year’s Day.

Breakfast and luncheon are served. There
is also a sandwich counter and soda fountain.

CAFETERIA FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 11,
Basement)

A cafeteria in the Education Building caters

especially to school children and their -

teachers. Arrangements for using this cafe-
teria should be made in advance. Call ENdi-
cott 2-8500, Ext. 342, or write to Supervisor
of Guest Services, Dept. of Education.

LIBRARY

(Take elevator to Fifth Floor)

The Library is located on the fifth floor of
the Museum. It is devoted to works on
natural history, exploration, and travel. It
contains some 131,000 volumes, which com-
prise not only the important periodicals of
our own and foreign countries but also all

representative and standard works on zo-
ology, physical anthropology, ethnology,
prehistory, archaeology, geology, and pale-
ontology. The collection on vertebrate pale-

ontology forms the Osborn Library of Ver-
tebrate Paleontology, founded by President
Henry Fairfield Osborn.

The Reading Room of the Library is also
located on the fifth floor, and is open to the

ublic from 1o A.M. until 4 P.M. except on
Sundays and holidays. The Library is also
closed on Saturdays from June to September.
Those interested in consulting the books and

periodicals are welcome to do so.

PUBLICATIONS
The publications of the Museum fall natural-
ly into two groups, technical and popular.

The technical publications, comprising the
Bulletin, Anthropological Papers, Memoirs,
and American Museum Novitates, contain
information gathered by the various expedi-
tions or derived from the study of material
collected. The Bulletin contains the larger
scientific papers, covering records of ex-
plorations and collections of the Museum.
The Anthropological Papers are devoted to
researches in the study of man, supervised
by the Museum’s Department of Anthro-
pology. The Memoirs is an illustrated, quar-
to-size, monographic series, issued from
1893-1926. The Novitates include the shorter
scientific contributions, descriptions of spe-
cies, etc., which demand immediate publi-
cation. The Scientific publications are dis-
tributed to libraries of scientific institutions
and societies throughout the world, largely
on an exchange basis.

The popular publications include Natural
History Magazine, Junior Natural History
(a children’s magazine), Guide Leaflets,
Science Guides, Handbooks, and School
Service Series. The purpose of all these publi-
cations is to provide the public with accurate
and interesting information in all fields of
natural science.

Natural History is a copiously illustrated
magazine containing articles of interest to
the general public on exploration, primitive
man, amateur science, nature photography,
and the interpretation of the world of nature.
It contains the stories of museum expeditions
and describes interesting and noteworthy

[ir]

exhibits. It is distributed as a privilege of
membership in the Museum, or on subscrip-
tion. For information regarding subscription
to Natural History and Junior Natural His-
tory, inquire of the Membership Secretary,
American Museum of Natural History, a7th
Street and Central Park West, New York
City.

The Museum’s popular Science Guides
deal with exhibits of particular interest and
other subjects. More than 1oo of these illus-
trated booklets have been published, and new
ones are constantly being prepared. The
Handbooks, thirteen of Shick have been
issued, deal vith themes related to the collec-
tions rather than to the particular objects ex-
hibited. They are frequently used as text-
books.

A catalogue of the popular publications of
the American Museum will be sent free on
request. (Address: Man and Nature Publi-
cations, American Museum of Natural
History, 77th Street and Central Park West,
New York 24, N. Y.)

An Annual Report is issued yearly.

EDUCATION BUILDING

Adjoining the West Corridor is the Bick-
more Memorial Corridor, named in honor of
Professor Albert S. Bickmore who inaugu-
rated the work of the Museum with the
schools. This leads to the Education Build-
ing, a five-story structure which contains the
exhibits, offices, and classrooms of the De-
partment of Education.

The Department of Education includes in
its services practically all of the public rela-
tions work of the Museum. Intramuraliy it
serves the public and private schools, col-
leges, and other educational institutions, as
well as many other adult and youth groups
and individuals through lectures, demonstra-
tions, guiding, and other contacts. Beyond
this, information and materials are sent to
thousands of persons throughout the United
States and neighboring countries through
portable museums, slides, motion pictures,
and cased collections.

On the first floor is Education Hall (Index
Plan, page 16, First Floor, Hall IL), which is
used for important temporary exhibits and
special gatherings.

On the second floor there is a /ecture hall,
seating 200; one large classroom; the office
of the Supervisor of Guest Services, with
whom instructors make arrangements when
planning to bring classes to the museum;
the office of the Assistant Curator, who is in
charge of the Teaching Staff and who
should be consulted when guiding is
desired; and the Audio-Visual Aids Center.

On the third floor are administration
offices, Man and Nature Publications, and
a teachers’ reference library.

On the fourth floor are the office of the
photographic division, with the photo-
graphic studios, and the motion picture di-
vision, with the offices of the circulating film
library; and the slide division.

MEMBERSHIP

Through its explorations, The American
Museum of Natural History is bringing to-
gether rare and valuable natural history coi-
lections from all parts of the world. Through
its exhibition halls, its lectures, its work with
school children and its publications, the
Museum is making these wonders of nature
easily accessible. The growth of this work is
in large measure dependent upon the con-
tributions of friends. Membership receipts
are applied directly to these purposes. There
are approximately twenty-six thousand mem-
bers, who believe that the Museum is doing
a useful service to science and to education,
and are contributing to this work.

The Trustees invite you to lend your sup-
port by becoming a member.

Membership blanks may be obtained at
the Education Bureau or Sales Booth, or
from the boxes near the elevators.

Memberships may start at any time and
will continue for a full year’s period.

The various Classes of Membership, with
the sums they contribute, are:

Endowment Members $100,000
Benefactors 50,000
Associate Founders 25,000
Associate Benefactors 10,000
Patrons 5,000
Life Members 1,000
Fellows 500

Supporting Members (annually)

[12]

Contributing members (annually) $50

Sustaining Members $ 25

Annual Members 15

Associate Members * 5

Associate Members of the American Mu-
seum of Natural History enjoy the following
privileges:

Current issues of Natural History—a pop-
ular illustrated magazine of science, travel,
exploration and discovery, published month-
ly (except July and August), the volumes
beginning in January and June.

_ A copy of the President’s Annual Report
on request.

An Annual Pass admitting to the Mem-
bers’ Room. This room is open every day in
the year, is given over exclusively to Mem-
bers, and is equipped with every comfort
for rest, reading and correspondence.

Two Complimentary Tickets admitting
to the Members’ Room for distribution by
Members to their friends.

In addition to these privileges, Members
of the higher classes, to which all friends of
the Museum are eligible, enjoy the follow-
ing:
Phi Annual Pass admitting the Member
and friends accompanying him to the Re-
served Seat Section of the auditorium at
Lectures for Members.

Two Single Admission Course Tickets to
Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures for
Members, to distribute to friends.

Two Single Admission Course Tickets to
Spring and Autumn Series of Lectures for
the Children of Members.

Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets, on
request.

THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM
The American Museum of Natural History
was founded and incorporated in 1869 for
the purpose of establishing a Museum and
Library of Natural History; of encouraging
and developing the study of Natural Science,
of advancing the general knowledge of kin-
dred subjects, and of furnishing popular
instruction. For eight years its home was in
the Arsenal in Central Park.

The cornerstone of the present building
in Manhattan Square was laid in 1874 by
President Ulysses S. Grant. In 1877, the first
section (South Central Wing) was com-

pleted, and on December 22, 1877, it was
formally opened by President R. B. Hayes.

In 1880, the educational work with the
schools was inaugurated by Professor Albert
S. Bickmore.

The Museum building is one of the largest
municipal structures in the city, and has
cost to date approximately $16,000,000. The
South Facade is 710 feet in length, and the
present East Facade, on Central Park West,
is 600 feet. When completed, the building is
designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square.

The building is largely erected and main-
tained by the City, through the Department
of Parks. The Roosevelt Memorial section
was the gift to the City by the State of New
York as its monument to Theodore Roose-
velt, and the Whitney Wing was erected
jointly by the late Harry Payne Whitney
and the City of New York. The Hayden
Planetarium was financed by funds loaned
by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
of the Federal Government. The annual City
appropriation, known as the Maintenance
Fund, is devoted to the care and upkeep of
the building and the safeguarding of the col-
lections.

The Museum is under the control of a self-
perpetuating Board of Trustees, who give
their services.

The scientific and educational work is
carried on by some fourteen departments,
each headed by a Chairman or Curator,
under the leadership of the Director.

The funds through which specimens are
purchased, exhibits constructed, explorations
carried on, and scientific investigation con-
ducted, are contributed by the Trustees,
Members, and other friends. The scientific
and popular publications of the Museum and
the enlargement of the Library are also made
possible through these contributions.

For the instruction of the public the halls
of the Museum are devoted to the large series
of exhibits which are described in this guide-
book. These are supplemented by lectures
and publications of a popular nature. On
Wednesday and Saturday afternoons except
from June through September there are
special motion picture showings. An impor-
tant course of evening lectures is given every
Spring and Fall for the Members, also Satur-
day morning courses of Science Stories for

Casa

children of Members. All lectures are illus-
trated by lantern slides and motion pictures,
many of which have been secured by Mu-
seum expeditions.

Under the direction of the Department of
Education of the Museum, extensive series of
talks are given for the public school children
of New York, and there are special showings
of motion pictures on science, and social
studies for students of high schools and col-
leges. Series of talks on Museum activities
also are broadcast by the Radio Division.

The larger audiences meet in the main
auditorium of the Museum on the first floor
(Index Plan, P. 16, First Floor, Hall 7). This
hall is completely equiped with stereopticons
and apparatus for projecting silent and sound
motion pictures. A second hall, similarly
equipped, is on the fifth floor of the Roose-
velt Memorial, and additional rooms on the
floors below are used for smaller groups.

Scientific Societies meet at the Museum
regularly and a number of their lectures are
of general interest.

The New York Academy of Sciences, the
oldest scientific society in New York City,
founded in 1817, has its headquarters in the
Roosevelt Memorial Building (Index Plan,
p- 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 12a). It offers to
scientists interested in pure research a forum
for the discussion of their problems from a
technical standpoint, and opportunities for
the publication of their results.

Behind
The Scenes

THE fifth floor of the Museum is devoted
to the administrative offices, the offices and
laboratories of the scientific departments and
the library. On this floor are the work rooms
of the Department of Vertebrate Palaeont-
ology, where the skeletons of fossil animals
are prepared and mounted, and the labora-
tory where the beautiful models of inverte-
brates are made. These, like the other labora-
tories, are of necessity not open to the public.

Scientific Laboratories and Study Collec-
tions. On the sixth floor of the African Sec-
tion are the well equipped laboratories de-
voted to experimental biological research
on problems of animal behavior and phys-
iology. For experiments with animals such
as tropical fish, a large greenhouse is located
on the roof.

Most of the scientific study collections are
on the fifth floor. These are for the benefit
of investigators and to preserve the evidences
and records of our vanishing animal life and
of the life and customs of primitive peoples.

The vast majority of the Museum’s natural
history specimens are in study collections,to
protect them from deterioration and for
ready accessibility to scientific investigators.
A careful selection is made of objects of
greatest educational value and these form the
basis of the Museum displays in its exhibition
halls.

Work Shops. An important part of the
Museum not seen by the public comprises
the work shops, located in the basement and
provided with machinery of the most im-
proved pattern. Here, among other things,
are constructed the various types of cases
used in the Museum. There is also a fully
equipped printing establishment. In other
parts of the Museum, also not open to the
public, are the studios where the varied work
of preparing exhibits is carried on by a large
staff of artists and artisans. Here are cast,
modeled or mounted the figures for the
groups, while leaves and flowers are fash-
ioned so accurately that they seem to grow
and bloom. The latter are for accessories in
the groups. Reptiles and amphibians are
mounted and anatomical models of fishes are
created in wax and other materials with pain-
taking care.

Luntevr ine
The Museum

FIFTY-EIGHT halls of the Museum cover-
ing thirteen acres of floor space are now open
to public exhibition. The visitor begins his
journey through this immense treasure house

[14]

of natural history from one of three direc-
tions: through the Roosevelt Memorial (see
pages 6-8), through the Planetarium (see
page 20), or through the South, or Seventy-
seventh Street Entrance, which will now be
described. A glance at the frontispiece will
enable the visitor to get his bearings.

SOUTH ENTRANCE ARCHWAY

Under the arch on Seventy-seventh Street,
before entering the Museum doorway, may
be seen the Bench Mark established by the
United States Geological Survey in 1911,
on which are inscribed the latitude and
longitude, 40°46’47.17” N., 73°58’41” W.,
and height above sea level, 86 feet.

On the right is a Glacial Pot Hole from
Russell, St. Lawrence County, New York,
formed by an eddy in a stream beneath the
melting ice of the glacier that once covered
northern New York State. Pebbles, whirling
around the eddy, cut and ground this hole,
which is two feet across and four feet deep.

Glacial Grooves. On the left, is a large slab
of fossiliferous limestone from Kelly Island
in Lake Erie, near Sandusky, whose surface
has been smoothed, grooved, and scratched
by the stones and sand in the bottom of the
vast moving ice sheet that covered north-
eastern North America during the Glacial
epoch.

On either side of the archway are the two
largest beryl crystals ever quarried. They
were cut in Albany, Maine. These hexagonal
crystals show the typical aquamarine color
in their clearer portions.

MEMORIAL HALL

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 2)

One enters Memorial Hall, through the
lobby from the South Entrance. In this hall

are placed temporary exhibits of current
interest. Many of these exhibits represent
research in various departments of the Mu-
seum and recent results of exploration by
Museum expeditions. The walls of this ro-
tunda display the famous Covarrubias maps
of the world which show the distribution of
primitive art, natural resources, etc. Attrac-
tive reproductions of these maps can be
purchased at the Bookshop, which is sit-
uated near this hall.

EXPLORATION AND GEOGRAPHY

Exhibits showing equipment of polar ex-
plorations made in cooperation with the
Museum are located in the corridor leading
to the elevators. (Index Plan, p. 16, First
Floor, Hall 2b).

Here are sledges with which Peary (1909)
and Azzundsen (1911) reached the North
and South Poles, respectively; also souvenirs
of the Ammumdsen-Ellsworth expeditions of
1925 and 1926. Maps of the Polar Regions
show the routes of various explorers and the
polar air flights.

In a room at the left end of this corridor
is the large Mainka seimograph for recording
earthquakes. This was presented to the New
York Academy of Sciences by Emerson
McMillin, and recently donated to the Mu-
seum by the Academy.

Lindbergh Plane. Another exhibit of his-
torical interest for scientific exploration, now
in the Hall of Ocean life (Index Plan, p- 16,
First Floor, Hall 10), is the airplane flown
by Charles and Anne Lindbergh “north to
the orient.” This plane later took them by
way of Greenland to Europe, thence down
to Africa, across to Brazil, and up the At-
lantic Coast to New York, a total distance
of 30,000 miles.

ny]

EDUCATION HALL
TEMPORARY
EXHIBITS

ELEvatoR a

EXHIBITS
1

A
Za / 7

NORTHWEST COAST INDIANS

ESKIMOS

FIRST FLOOR

The Index Plans on the four following
pages will enable the visitor to locate
the various exhibition halls -described
in this guide. In the list beiow, the
Arabic numerals refer to the Hall Num-
bers in the plan.

g AUDITORIUM

N. AMERICAN MAMMALS

13 MEMBERSHIP OFFICE

ROOSEVELT
ELEVATORS

PLANETARIUM

EXTRANCE TO
PUANFTAR WS

EXHIBITS

I
Pe Re Ne RE,

ANTHROPOLOGY. Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8. (See
also Second Floor, Halls 4, 6, and 8; Third Floor,
Halls 4, 6, and 8; Fourth Floor, Halls 6 and 8.)

AUDITORIUM. Hall 7. (See also smaller lecture
rooms, Second Floor, Hall 11; Third Floor, Hall
12a; Fifth Floor, Hall 12a).

BIRDS (BIOLOGY OF). Hall 19. (See also Second
Floor, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Third Floor, Hall 1;
Fourth Floor, Halls 12a and 19.)

BIRDS, LOCAL. Hall 12a.

BOOK SHOP. Halls 2 and 2b. (See also Sales
Booth, First Floor, Hall 18.)

CAFETERIA. Hall 12 (Basement). For teachers
and children: Hall 11 (Basement).

CHECK ROOMS. Halls 2 and 12

CORAL REEF GROUP. Hall to.

DARWIN HALL. Hall 5.

EDUCATION BUREAU. Hall 2.

ELEVATORS. Halls 12a and 2b.

(Vestibules).

ESKIMOS. Hall 7a.

FISHES. Hall 9. (See also 12a.)

FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION. Hall 3.

INDIANS. Halls 1, 4, 6, and 8. (See also Second
Floor, Halls 4, 6, and 8.)

INVERTEBRATES (LIVING). Halls 5, 10, and
12a. |

LINDBERGH PLANE. Hall to.

MAMMALS (LIVING). Halls 10, 12, 12a, and 13.
(See also Second Floor, Halls 3, 5, 9, and 13;
Third Floor, Halls 2, 3, and 13.)

PLANETARIUM. Hall 18. (See also Second Floor,
Hall 18.) Automobiles reach the front entrance
of the Planetarium from 81st Street.

POLAR EXPLORATION. Hall 2b.

SEISMOGRAPH. Between Halls 1 and 2b.

SUBWAY. Hall 12a (Basement).

TEMPORARY EXHIBITS. Halls 2 and 11.

TREE OF LIFE. Hall 5.

[ 16]

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INFORMATION

ENTRANCE -

AFRICAN MAMMALS. Hall 13. (See also Third
Floor, Hall 13.)

AKELEY AFRICAN HALL. Hall 13. (See also
Third Floor, 13.)

ANTHROPOLOGY. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also
First Floor, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Third Floor,
Halls 4, 6, and 8; Fourth Floor, Halls 6 and 8.)

ARCHAEOLOGY. Halls 4 and 6.

ASIATIC MAMMALS. Halls 5 and 9.

BIRDS. Halls 2, and 19. (See also First Floor,
Halls 12a and 19; Third Floor, Hall 1; Fourth
Floor, Halls 12a and 19.)

EDUCATION. Hall 11. (See also First Floor,
Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11 (Temporary Exhib-
its); Third Floor, Hall 11; Fourth Floor, Hall 11.)

GOLD ORNAMENTS. Halls 4 and 8.

INFORMATION DESK. Hall 12. (See also First
Floor, Hall 2.

LECTURE ROOM. Hall 11. (See also First Floor,
Hall 7; Third Floor, Hall 12a; Fifth Floor, Hall
12a.

MAMMALS (LIVING). Halls 5, 9, and 13. (See
also First Floor, Halls 10, 12, 12a, and 13; Third
Floor, Halls 2, 3, and 13.)

MEXICAN AND CENTRAL AMERICAN
INDIANS. Hall 4.

NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS. Hall 3. (See
also First Floor, Hall 13.)

PANDA, GIANT. Hall 5.

PLANETARIUM. Hall 18. (See also First Floor,
Hall 18.)

SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS. Hall 8.

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AFRICAN ANIMALS. Hall 13.

AFRICAN NATIVES. Hall 8.

AKELEY AFRICAN HALL
Hall 13.

AMPHIBIANS. Hall 9.

ANTHROPOLOGY. Halls 4, 6, and 8. (See also
First Floor, Halls 1, 4, 6, 7a, and 8; Second Floor,
Halls 4, 6, and 8; Fourth Floor, Halls 6 and 8.)

APES, MONKEYS, and LEMURS. Hall 2.

ASIATIC NATIVES. Hall 8.

BIRDS. Hall 1. (See also First Floor, Halls 19 and
12a; Second Floor, Halls 1, 2, and 19; Fourth
Floor, Halls 12a and 19.)

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. Hall 4.

EDUCATION. Hall 11. (See also First Floor,
Halls 2 (Vestibule) and 11; Second Floor, Hall
11; Fourth Floor, Hall 11.)

(BALCONY).

[18]

INSECTS. Hall 5. (Also First Floor, Hall 12a.)

JUMBO SKELETON. Hall 3. ~

LANTERN SLIDES. Hall 11.

LECTURE ROOMS. Hall 12a. (Also First Floor,
Hall 7; Fourth Floor, Hall 12a; Fifth Floor, 12a.)

MAMMALS (LIVING), BIOLOGY AND EV-
OLUTION OF. Halls 2 and 3; Akeley Hall Gal-
lery, Hall 13. (See also First Floor, Halls 1o,
12, 12a, and 13; Second Floor, Halls 3, 5, 9, and
13; Fourth Floor, Hall 2a.)

PETROLOGY. Hall 7a. (See also Fourth Floor,
Hall 1.)

PRIMATES. Hall 2.

REPTILES (LIVING). Hall 9. (See also First
Floor, Hall 12a; Basement, Hall 12.)

WHALE MODEL. Hall 3. (See also First Floor,
Halls to and 12a.)

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ANTHROPOLOGY. Halls 6 and 8.
AUDUBON ART EXHIBIT. Hall 12a.
BIRD ART GALLERY. Hall 19.
CAMEL, EVOLUTION OF. Hall 3.
DINOSAURS. Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13.
DRUMMOND COLLECTION OF JADE. Hall 6.
EDUCATION. Hall 11. (See also First Floor,
Halls 2 (vestibule) and 11 (temporary exhibits) ;
Second Floor, Hall 11; Third Floor, Hall 11.)
ELEPHANTS, MAMMOTHS, MASTODONS.
Hall 2.
FISHES (FOSSIL). Hall s.
FOSSIL EXHIBITS:
FISHES. Hall 5.
INVERTEBRATES. Hall 1.
MAMMALS. Halls 2 and 3.
REPTILES. Halls 5, 9, 12, and 13.
GEMS AND MINERALS. Hall 4.
GEOLOGY. Hall 1. (Also Third Floor, Hall 7a.)
HORSE, EVOLUTION OF. Hall 3.
HORSES, (MODERN, INCLUDING FAMOUS

— :
SIC DINOSAURS

RACERS). Hall 2a.

INVERTEBRATES (FOSSIL). Hall 1.

JADE, DRUMMOND COLLECTION. Hall 6.

LECTURE ROOM. Hall 12a. (See also First Floor,
Hall 7; Second Floor, Hall 11; Third Floor, Hall
12a; Fifth Floor, Hall 122.)

LIBRARY. Take elevator (Hall 12a or 2b) to Fifth
Floor.

MAMMALS (FOSSIL). Halls 2 and 3.

MAN, ORIGIN OF. Hall 2. (See also Third Floor,
Hall 4.)

MINERALS AND GEMS. Hall 4.

MOTION PICTURES (SOUND AND SILENT
FILMS FOR CIRCULATION). Hall 11.

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Hall
12a.

PHILIPPINE NATIVES. Hall 8.

PREHISTORIC ANIMALS. Halls 2, 3, 5, 9, 12a,
and 113.

REPTILES (FOSSIL). Halls 5, 9, 12a, and 13.

SOUTH SEA NATIVES. Hall 6.

[19]

LHAULS 4819 LSUM

4

50 i el A A TART —"

FES PE aro eae

HAYDEN PLANETARIUM AT NIGHT

Astronomy and
Planetarium

(Index Plan, pp. 16-17, First and Second
Floors, Hall 18)

THE Hayden Planetarium, with its main
entrance on Eighty-first Street and Central
Park West, constitutes the Museum’s Hall
of Astronomy. The principal feature of the
building is the projection instrument. In-
stalled in the centre of a hemispherical dome
seventy-five feet in diameter, this amazing
instrument is made up of a series of projec-
tors which throw on the artificial sky the
fixed stars, the sun, moon, planets, and the
Milky Way. Since there are no pillars to
intercept the light, the illusion of the depth
of space is perfect.

Plans for an astronomy section of the Mu-
seum were first developed in 1925 by the late

Howard Russell Butler, in collaboration with
the Museum staff and the architects, Trow-
bridge and Livingston.

In the spring of 1933 the Trustees of the
American Museum formed a separate cor-
poration under the Reconstruction Finance
Corporation to construct and equip such a
planetarium. Mr. Charles Hayden of New
York, after whom the building is named,
generously donated both the projection
planetarium instrument and the Copernican
planetarium on the first floor.

The sky shows are scheduled as follows:

Weekdays: 2:00, 3:30, 8:30 P.M.

Saturdays: 11:00 A.M., 2:00, 3:00, 4:00,
5:00, 8:30 P.M.

Sundays and Holidays: 2:00, 3:00, 4:00,
5:00, 8:30 P.M.

Admission (including tax):

Mornings and afternoons $ .65
Evenings 95
Children under 17 yrs. of age, at
all times .40
Groups of 25 or more children _.30 each

[20]

THE SUN GOD PURSUES THE MOON GODDESS ACROSS THE SKY. Mural painting
by Charles R. Knight

As the visitor enters the first-floor cor-
ridor he sees opposite the entrance -a large
mural painting by Charles R. Knight, based
on astronomical ‘legends and myths of the
American Indians. The myths represented
were selected from the Biackfoot Indians.
The central figure depicts the Sun God
pursuing the Woon Goddess across the sky.
In the upper right may be seen the Pleiades
as conceived by the Indians, and in the upper
left the Big Dipper and the North Star. On
a mountain in the lower left corner sits the
Ancient or Original Man sending the little
animals down below the water to bring up
mud out of which he makes the world, in
accordance with a wide-spread creation
legend.

On the second floor of the Planetarium are
hung the astronomical paintings of the late
Howard Russell Butler, of Princeton, the
most striking of which are the three eclipse
subjects over the south-east entrance to the
Planetarium dome representing eclipses ob-

served in 1918, 1923, and 1925, in Oregon,
California, and Connecticut respectively.

Notable also among Mr. Butler’s paintings
is the strange and beautiful “Lunar Land-
scape,” showing the sky as it would appear
from the surface of the moon, with the earth
as a heavenly body shining in the distance.
The two paintings of the red planet Mars, as
seen from its inner and its outer moons, Shas
the so-called canals and other surface fea-
tures. The exquisite painting of the Northern
Lights as seen in August, 1919, from the
coast of Maine, is one of the most beautiful
of all astronomical paintings.

On the first floor is the Hall of the Sun,
with its animated model of the solar system,
forty feet across. Here we see the sun and
six of the nine known planets—part of that
family of heavenly bodies to which our earth
belongs—as though we were view ing them
asm a great distance, from far out in space.

In the center of the circular room, sus-
pended from the ceiling, is a large luminous

[21]

globe representing the sun itself. At increas-
ing distances from this are the small globes
of those planets nearest the sun: little Mer-
cury, closest of all; Venus, veiled by a dense
layer of bright clouds; Earth, with its seas
and continents and its peren daar moon; Mars,
long disputed as a possible abode of life:
Jupiter, the giant planet, bigger than all the
rest rolled together; and Saturn, surrounded
by its unique and beautiful rings.

The miniature worlds of this complicated
machine not only revolve about the sun but
rotate on their axes as the real planets rotate,
moving always at the correct relative speeds.

The three planets farthest from the sun,
Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, are not included
in the apparatus because of their enormous
distances.

Before each sky show in the planetarium
dome, a preliminary talk is given in the Hall
of theSun. This talk is arranged to prepare the
audience for the show they will see later up-
stairs. Each month it is changed to relate the
planetary motionstothesubject of the month.

The floor of the Hall of the Sun is enriched
by a reproduction in terrazzo by Victor
Foscato of the famous Aztec Calendar Stone
in Mexico City, The original symbolizes the
Sun which was, to the Aztecs, the most im-
portant of the heavenly bodies adored by
them, and commemorates the four past
epochs of the world and the one in which
they lived. A cast of the original is to be
found in the Mexican Hall on the second
floor of the Museum. |

The projection apparatus itself is installed
on the second floor. It is shaped like a huge
dumb-bell about twelve feet long, at each
end of which is a large globe. These two
globes contain the projectors of the fixed
stars, one globe for the northern hemisphere
of the sky, the other for the southern. Lan-
tern slides so shaped that their images fit
together when projected on the dome, make
a complete picture of the starry heavens
without overlapping and without gaps.

The representation of the fixed stars, in-
cluding the Milky Way, is a comparatively
simple part of the performance of the in-
strument, and yet it is certainly the most

impressive. When the light is gradually
dimmed, bringing: on the darkness the stars
are “turned on,” giving a realistic illusion of
the starry heavens.

The projection of the stars is controlled
by a switchboard arranged like a desk-top
with switches reminiscent of organ-stops.
These turn the stars on and off. On the verti-
cal part of the board are rheostats controll-
ing the brightness of the stars and other
celestial objects. With this instrument before
him, the lecturer has over two thousand com-
binations at his command.

The apparatus has several different speeds,
all many times faster than the real motions.
This makes it possible to condense a very
long astronomical story, so as to give in a
few minutes a clear understanding of the
seemingly intricate workings of the heavenly
bodies.

The American Museum of Natural His-
tory collection of meteorites exhibited in the
first floor corridors of the Planetarium is one
of the largest in the world, comprising many
specimens from huge masses like the
Ahnighito (Greenland) meteorite, weighing
36% tons, the largest meteorite in any mu-
seum, to thousands of small specimens like
gravel comprising the study collection.

Meteorites are those extra-terrestrial
bodies which fall to the earth from outer
space. They consist of stone or metal, or a
combination of these materials, and vary in
size from dust particles to immense masses
weighing tons. When passing through the
earth’s atmosphere these celestial objects are
usually accompanied by manifestations of
light and sound, and are known as shooting
stars, meteors or fireballs. The term meteorite
is applied only after they reach the ground
and form a part of the earth.

Also in the first floor corridor is a remark-
able collection of sun-dials, compasses, and
astronomical instruments. This fine loan col-
lection covers almost the entire range from
ancient Chinese instruments through the fine
metal instruments made in the middle-cen-
turies in France and Germany, down to the
very accurate compasses which play such an
important part in modern navigation.

[22]

THE GREAT PROJECTION INSTRUMENT IN THE HAYDEN PLANETARIUM.

This is the principal feature of the Planetarium building. Through its means the illusion of the

heavens with the fixed stars and planets, following their apparent paths through the sky, is
thrown upon a dome-shaped ceiling

Geology

(Index Plan, pp. 18-19, Third Floor, Hall 7a;
Fourth Floor, Hall 7)

The geological exhibits in the Museum are
found in the Hall of Geology and Inverte-
brate Paleontology on the fourth floor, and
on the third floor in the Hall of Petrology
and Economic Geology.

Geology is the science of the past and
present conditions*of the earth. It enters in-
to a consideration of the materials compos-
ing the earth, their composition, structure,
distribution, and the physical changes they
have undergone or may be undergoing. It
deals with minerals and their arrangement
and association in rocks and ores. It considers
the occurrence, distribution, origin and his-
tory of the principal kinds of rocks, namely:
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. It
especially treats of the order of deposition
and sequence of the stratified beds of rock,
for these, together with the fossils found in
many of them, give not only a chronological
account of the events in the development of
the earth’s crust, but reveal the succession of
life forms on the earth. The processes and
agents at work within and on the surface of
the earth, tending to modify it, such as rock
weathering, underground waters, glaciation,
diastrophism, vulcanism, metamorphism and
gradation, are acting to-day and have been
throughout the history of the earth.

The three principal branches of geology
are: (1) Structural geology, treating of the
form, arrangement and internal structure of
rocks; (2) Dynamical geology, dealing with
causes and processes of geologic change; (3)
Historical geology, which, aided by other
sciences, aims to give a chronological ac-
count of the events in the earth’s history.

GEOLOGIC EXHIBITS IN
THE: HALE OF GEOLOGY
AND INVERTEBRATE
PALEONTOLOGY

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 1)

To illustrate the three principal branches of
geology, pictorial models of fifteen areas

within the United States have been installed.
These show the most evident and striking
results of geologic forces acting through
long periods of time.

Beginning at the left near the entrance,
they are as follows:
1. The model of the Bright Angel section
of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River,
Arizona, illustrated on page 27.
2. A model of the Niagara Falls region,
built to the same scale as the Grand Canyon,
showing the falls and the seven-mile gorge
which its waters have cut in ancient sedi-
mentary rocks, and also the more recent
glacial deposits covering the surface.
3. The Potomac River section, showing the
Appalachian Mountain type of folding and
erosion, with rivers adjusted to the softer
rocks of Silurian and Devonian age.
4. The Van Horn, Texas, region, featuring
fault block structures and a bolson basin—a
depression nearly enclosed by mountains.
5. Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, including
the geyser basins and the Rocky Mountain
type of topography.
6. The Pike’s Peak, Colorado, model, show-
ing the mountain, composed of red granite,
and the bordering stratified deposits of the
Great Plains near Colorado Springs.
7. The Caldera of Mt. Mazania, five miles in
diameter and two thousand feet deep, which
has been made a National Park and has be-
come famous under the name Crater Lake.
Numerous outpourings of lava suggest the
structure and history of the ancient volcano.
8. The Standing Stone district near Mon-
terey, Tennessee, showing normal subaérial
erosion and the production of sink holes in
horizontally disposed beds of limestone and
shale.

Continuing on the opposite side of the hall
are the following models:
9. The Mt. Tom-Mt. Holyoke district of
western Massachusetts, showing a great
trough, traversing the ancient crystalline
rocks, which was filled with the sands, muds
and intruded lava flows in Triassic time.
10. The Watkins Glen-Seneca Lake district
of central New York State, showing moraine
deposits and other features due to the ad-
vance and retreat of the continental ice sheet
over a region of horizontally bedded lime-
stone, sandstone and shale. In the background

[24]

THE ERUPTION OF MT. PELEE ON THE ISLAND OF MARTINIQUE. This was one

of the most destructive eruptions known in history. It took place in the year 1902 and completely

destroyed the city of Saint Pierre causing the death of 30,000 inhabitants. From a painting in the
Hall of Geology

appears a representation of the retreating ice-
front of the last glaciation.
11. The Mt. Washington, New Hampshire,
region, showing typical glacial cirques and
other glacial phenomena in an area of crystal-
line rocks.
12. The picturesque Yosemite Valley in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, with
U-shaped glaciated valley bottom and pre-
cipitous marginal walls.
13. The San Francisco, California, model,
exhibiting a portion of the Pacific Ocean, the
Coast Range with volcanic and sedimentary
rocks, the California trough or inner low-
land with plains bordering San Francisco
Bay, and the famous strait, Golden Gate.
14. The New York City model, showing
the Hudson River estuary; the crystalline
re-Cambrian rocks on Manhattan Island to
the north and east; the Triassic rocks west of
the Hudson, which include red sandstone,
shale and conglomerate, the Palisades diabase
and the Watchung basaltic ridges; also the

glacial drift and terminal deposits on Long
Island, on Staten Island, and in New Jersey.
15. The last model in this series is one of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, showing
a narrow submerged platform and neighbor-
ing vast oceanic “deeps.”

Facing the entrance of the Hall is a geo-
logical relief model of the Jower Hudson
River region from New York City nearly
to Albany.

In each of the eight alcoves on the west
side of the hall is placed a model showing a
stage in the geographic development of the
North American continent. Those repre-
sented fall within the following geologic
periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian,
Devonian, Permian, Cretaceous, Eocene and
Pliocene. The present known surface, evi-
denced by outcrops of fossiliferous rock of
the age represented, is shown in black. From
this and other data the extent of the ancient
epicontinental seas has been determined and
the shore-lines marked. The present oceanic

[25]

depths are shown in relief, while the various
marine basins and elevated land masses on
the continent are marked with colors with-
out relief. The present outline of North
America, shown on each model, indicates that
the geography during the first six periods
was quite different from that of to-day.

At the rear of the hall, to the right, is the
Copper Queen Mine exhibit. A large model,
18 by 12 feet, shows on a miniature scale the
surface features and buildings over four of
the principal mines belonging to the Copper
Queen Consolidated Mining Company of
Bisbee, Arizona, while a painted background
represents the surrounding mountains and
the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model
give vertical sections to the depth of about
1,200 feet, illustrating the geology of the area
and showing the general manner of getting
out the ore and hunting for new deposits.

Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from
the mine and the adjacent country illustrate
the geology of the region, including velvet
malachites and a great block of malachite
and azurite weighing about three tons taken
from the original “Queen” mine.

Opposite the Copper Queen exhibit is a
display of caves and cave material, including
a reproduction of part of a beautiful cave
discovered at the Copper Queen mine. It
was formed by the dissolving action of water
traversing joints in limestone, and its walls,
roof and bottom were afterward coated with
incrustations, stalactites and stalagmites of
calcite, some of which are dazzlingly white
while others are colored green with copper
salts or pink with manganese compounds.

Near by is a reproduction of a chamber
in Grand Caverns, Virginia. Here the heavy
rainfall of the region is probably the prin-
cipal factor in producing a greater wealth
of stalactite and stalagmite growth than_in
the Copper Queen Cave.

THE HALL OF PEFRGOLOGY.
OR ROCK HISTORY

(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 7a)
The new Hall of Petrology, on the third
floor, is approached through the Hall of
North American Birds (Third Floor, Hall

1). It has been designed to present the visitor
and student with a concise and graphic vis-

ualization of the basic processes of rock for-
mation, as well as the application of the
science of Geology to modern life and the
industrial world.

At the entrance to the Hall is a series of
paintings and exhibits’ depicting the most
spectacular and best-known volcanoes in the
world—Mct. Lassen, Mt. Pelée (see page 25),
Vesuvius, Sakurajima and others—and a map
showing the world distribution of volcanoes.

Leading from this section the Hall exhibits
products of magma, or molten rock, from
deep in the earth. The various products of
volcanic eruptions, such as ash, pumice, lava,
volcanic bombs, gaseous deposits, are also
shown.

The following cases and diagrams show
the result of igneous intrusions of molten
rock into cold rocks at various levels and
the types of rocks so formed—how man is
able to glean the precious stores of gold,
silver, copper, iron, radium and lead as a
result of these cooling processes.

In the succeeding exhibits the visitor ob-
serves the breakdown of primary rocks by
wind and water and then the deposition in
seas and valleys to build up a new class of
rocks—the sedimentary rocks—forming sand-
stones, shales and limestones.

Exhibits describing structural geolo
show how rocks can be folded and broken
when the surface of the Earth is being
molded into new mountain chains and new
seas. The third group of rocks shown is that
of the metamorphic rocks—those created
under such terrific pressures and heat that
an entirely new class of crystalline rocks is
made.

Further economic geology is shown by
exhibits of ore-bearing rocks. The various
processes that produce coal and oil are illus-
trated, as well as the history and types of
coal and their distribution in the United
States.

The nature of the interior of the earth is
shown in another case.

MINIATURE MODEL OF THE GRAND CANYON
OF THE COLORADO SHOWING GENERAL
APPEARANCE AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 1)
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
is represented in this model in such a manner

[26]

MODEL OF THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO

as to show not only the chief features of
this magnificent example of erosion but also
the successive layers of rock which make up
its geological structure. The Grand Canyon
is more than three hundred miles long, thir-
teen miles wide and a mile in depth from the
brink of the canyon to the river bed. For
countless ages the layers of gneiss and granite
were formed. Then the region sank beneath
the sea and successive layers of sandstone,
limestone, and shales were deposited upon
it to a depth of more than 4ooo feet. After
several millions of years these rocks were
raised above sea level, and erosion by streams,
wind and frost took place. A second time
this region was submerged beneath the sea
and more marine deposits were laid upon it.
Similar changes continued to take place
throughout the ages until about a million
years ‘ago, when the whole plain Was again
above sea level and the excavation of the
present canyon was started, which is still
progressing.

This relief model represents a region about

sixteen miles wide from west to east and
thirteen miles from north to south.

The Grand Canyon was first seen by white
men early in the sixteenth century, when
Cardenos and his twelve companions were
guided by Hopi Indians to some now un-
known point on the rim. He remained there
four days looking in vain for a way to de-
scend. Cardenos had been sent out by de
Coronado to find the wonderful river whose
existence had been communicated to de
Tovor, another member of the famous ex-
ploring expedition. The first sure traverse
of the Canyon was made in small boats in
the summer of 1869, by Major J. W. Powell
with eight brave companions.

The head of the Bright Angel Trail is 6866
feet above mean sea level, while the river in
front of this spot is about 2400 feet above
the sea, making the canyon about 4460 feet
deep below an observer ‘standing i in front of
the hotel. The opposite brink of ‘the canyon,
however, iseight thousand feetabove sea level
so that the total depth is more than one mile.

27 J

JAPANESE ROCK CRYSTAL ELEPHANT. This polished rock crystal sphere is
mounted on an elephant also carved from a single piece of clear rock crystal of
transparent colorless quartz. The work is done in the Japanese manner

[28]

Minerals and

Gems

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 4)

HALL OF MINERALS
AND GEMS

THE Morgan Memorial Hall of Minerals
and Gems is entered through the Hall of the
Age of Man on the fourth floor. This hall,
through the gift of Mr. George F. Baker,
has been remodeled to contain the General
Collection of Minerals and the Morgan Gem
Collection.

Of these, the General Collection of Miner-
als is without question one of the finest to
be found in the world, ranking with that of
the British Museum and the Jardin des
Plantes. It is composed chiefly of the well-
known Bement Collection, presented to the
Museum in 1900 by the late Mr. J. Pierpont
Morgan. Although remarkably complete in
its representation of most of the mineral
species known to science, this collection is
especially noteworthy for its assemblage of
splendid examples of the commoner and
more widely distributed minerals.

The visitor should begin with the first of
the cases, to the left of the entrance, and pro-
ceed from left to right along each side of
every case, advancing through the south row
of cases and returning through the north
row. The different species are divided within
the case by narrow strips between the
mounts. The large and imposing specimens
are arranged in wall panels around three
sides of the Hall, and constitute a Key Col-
lection. To the right of the entrance will be
found cases in which the subject of Crystal-
lization is presented by a series of models.
This series, as well as other explanatory ex-
hibits in adjoining cases, constitutes an im-
portant key to the understanding and appre-
ciation of the general mineral collection.

The cases occupying the middle of the
hall contain the Morgan Gem Collection,
comprising the valuable series of gems and
precious stones also presented by J. Pierpont

Morgan, to which have been added from
time to time noteworthy specimens given by
other friends of the Museum.

The Morgan Collection includes the series
of American gems assembled by Tiffany
and Company for the Paris Exposition of
1889 and the series of foreign gems and gem
stones exhibited at the Paris Exposition of
1900.

The installation comprises examples of
those minerals which are used for gems and
for ornamental objects and consists of rough,
uncut material and of fashioned gem stones
and carved objects. All of the specimens ex-
hibited have been chosen with great care and
are not only thoroughly representative but
include many examples which are unique in
size, beauty of coloring and perfection of
execution, reflecting the very highest stand-
ards of the art of the lapidary. Here again
explanatory labels are used to give meaning
and weight to the exhibit, not merely asa
display of jewelry material but as a complete
visual exposition of the knowledge of gem
stones.

Among the notable gems included in this
collection are:

The De Long Star Ruby, the finest gem of
this kind in the world, and the “Star of
India,” the largest star blue sapphire in the
world (Case III).

The fine engraved emerald, bequeathed by
Miss Cockcroft-Schettler (Case IV).

The Morgenthau blue topaz (Case VI).

The Vatican Cameo carved from essonite
garnet (Case VIII).

The oriental cat’s eye, and the Russian
alexandrite gems (Case XI).

The Betts bequest opal pendant (Case
XII), and the “Harlequin Prince”.

The kunzite gems (Case XXIII).

The Tonnelier chalcedony figurine, the
gift of Charles Lanier (facing the Morgan
Tablet).

THE EMERALD

The emerald affords a striking example of a
gem that owes its beauty of color to an im-
purity which is non-essential to the mineral
of which it is a variety. The fine green color
so desirable in this stone, which is a variety
of the mineral beryl, is entirely due to a very
small amount of chromium.

[29]

The refractive index of emerald is very
low, a fact which accounts for the lack of
brilliancy and “fire” which characterizes the
cut stones. Since little or nothing can be

ENGRAVED EMERALD ORNAMENT.
This engraved emerald weighing 87.64 carats
was originally from Muso, Colombia. Sir
Purden Clarke placed this gem, probably of
Delhi cutting and used as a head ornament by
some Hindu prince, in the period of the Mogul
domination of India (1526-1739).
Gift of Elisabeth Cockcroft Schettler

gained by using a brilliant cutting for em-
eralds, the step cutting is almost universally
used. Flawless emeralds are extremely rare,
the imperfection usually taking the form of
cracks and inclusions which greatly impair
the transparency of the stone. It is this rarity
of desirable stones of the first quality which
renders the emerald the most costly of
precious stones, the value of the best gems
being between three and four times that of
diamonds of equal weight.

The principal source of emeralds is the
Muso Mines of Colombia, a locality which
was furnishing gems to the aborigines at the
time of the Spanish conquest. —

THE TOPAZ

Although gem crystals of the mineral topaz
are found in a variety of yellow, orange and
blue shades, the deep orange-yellow color,
resembling sherry wine, 1s generally ac-

cepted as best. To such an extent is this
true that we find the word topaz often
incorrectly used to describe other yellow
stones, as for example, oriental topaz, (yel-
low sapphire) and false topaz (quartz). A
colorless variety is occasionally used as an
imitation diamond in cheap jewelry, its bril-
liancy surpassing that of cut glass. .

The hardness of topaz, greater than that
of amethyst (quartz), 1s almost equal to that
of emerald. It is therefore eminently fitted
for the high rank which it takes among semi-
precious stones. Gems of fine color outrank
in value choice aquamarines of equal weight.

Although topaz is obtained from a great
number of localities, the best colored stones
come from Brazil.

THE EDITH HAGGIN DE LONG STAR RUBY

This is the finest and largest gem of its kind
known to exist in the world. Its color is a
peculiar milky crimson, best described as
“orchid red.” The curious and beautiful six-

BLUE TOPAZ FROM JAPAN.
Egg-shaped, brilliant cut, with 440
facets and weighing 1,463 carats.
Natural size.

Gift of M. L. Morgenthau

rayed star which glows within the gem re-
sults from a myriad of minute hollow tubes
which are distributed throughout the crystal
with great regularity, parallel to its six sides.

[30]

THE EDITH HAG-
GIN DE LONG STAR
RUBY. This unusual-
ly beautiful star ruby
is reputed to be the
largest and finest gem
of its kind in the
world. It weighs 100
carats and was discov-
ered in one of the
ruby mines of Burma.
Its color is a peculiar
orchid-red. A remark-
able six-rayed star
glows within the gem,
formed from a myriad
of minute hollow tubes
which are distributed
throughout the crystal
with great regularity,
parallel to its six sides.
The stone has been cut
in a rounded dome, the
shape which best re-
flects the light from the
interior. It was pre-
sented to the Museum
by Mrs. George Bowen
De Long, in whose
honor it is named

When cut en cabochon, so that the rounded
dome arches over this hexagonal pattern of
cavities, stones of this kind ‘reflect the light
from the interior as a six-rayed star and pte
sequently they are termed star rubies and
star sapphires. This gem, weighing 100 carats,
was discovered in one oF the Ee mines as
Burma and was presented to the Museum by
Mrs. George Bowen De Long, in w hose
honor it is named. It is unique among star
rubies, being larger than any other remotely
approaching it in quality.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALS OF
NEW YORK STATE

Two cases illustrating these features are ex-
hibited on the first floor of the Roosevelt
Memorial (Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor,
Hall 12). One case shows the principal min-
erals characteristic of the State and the lo-
calities where they may be found. The other
demonstrates the extent of the sedimentary,
igneous, and metamorphic areas within the
borders of the State.

C31]

(Right) NATROLITE
FROM WEST PATERSON,
NEW JERSEY Similar in
shape, but thinner, the fine
hair-like crystals form of
long slender silky needles
radiating from a central nu-
cleus, suggesting a fluffy seed
ball of the dandelion

[32]

TWO FINE SPECIMENS
OF NATROLITE FROM
THE MUSEUM’S COL-
LECTION OF MINERALS.
The specimen of natrolite
to the left came from Lip-
pa, Bohemia. The slender
orthorhombic crystallized
prisms, nearly square in
cross section, form a radiat-
ing group somewhat resem-
bling clusters of organ pipes

TWO QUARTZ GEODES FROM URUGUAY. A geode is a nodule of stone often

having a cavity lined with crystals of mineral matter. The rock cavity in the upper

figure was encrusted in successive layers of agate deposited from the silica dissolved

in the water which circulated through it. Crystalline quartz was ultimately added in
a final layer. This quartz, colored with a purplish hue, is known as amethyst

[33]

STIBNITE (to the right) is a sulphide of the

semi-metallic substance known as antimony. The

slender orthorhombic prisms are made up of

many crystals joined parallel to each other.

This mineral is the chief source from which

antimony is obtained. The specimen illustrated
came from Inyo, Japan

ASBESTOS (left) is a variety of serpentine,
a hydrous magnesium silicate consisting of
white, gray, or green fibers which are easily
separated and can be spun or filtered to make
non-combustible fabrics

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wo Se TR ae a

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C34]

A FOSSIL AMMONITE of 150,000,000 years ago, related to the ancestors of the common nautilus

Pateontology

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 1)

CLOSELY connected with geology, and in-
deed almost inseparable from it, is paleon-
tology, or the study of ancient forms of life.
The sedimentary rocks have been found, on
examination, to contain in many places re-
mains of plants or animals, w hich may closely
resemble, but more often appear very dif-
ferent from, those now livi ing on the ‘earth.
The order of deposition of aha beds, with
the oldest at the bottom and the y oungest at
the top, and the imbedded fossil forms of life,
give the geologist the means of constructing
a chronological chart, or time scale, depict-
ing the eras, periods, epochs and forma-
feas of geologic time. There are five eras:
Archaeozoic (Primal life), Proterozoic
(Primitive life), Palaeozoic (Ancient life),
Mesozoic (Medieval life), and Cenozoic
(Modern life). The rocks of the Archaeozoic
era have not afforded recognizable fossils,

(Right) FOSSIL SEA SCORPION: a eurypterid
(Eusarcus scorpionis), probably ancestral to the
scorpion

FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS OF THE SILURIAN AGE. Primitive shelled creatures somewhat
resembling clams externally but not related to them

although the indirect evidence is sufficient
to assume that life existed at that time. In
a few localities (as in Montana and Southern
Australia), fossils have been obtained from
the rocks of late Proterozoic age. Beginning
A FOSSIL

INVERTEBRATE OF ANCIENT

SEAS. (Below) A well-preserved crinoid, or sea-
lily, a flower-like animal related to modern star-
fishes

with the basal period of the Palaeozoic era,
the Cambrian, well-preserved fossils indicate
that most of the various classes of inverte-
brate life were in existence, though repre-
sented by primitive forms. The earliest
known records of vertebrate life are fossil
fish scales from the upper Ordovician rocks
of Colorado.

FOSSIL INVERTEBRATES

As installed in the Hall of Geology and
Invertebrate Paleontology the exhibits of
fossil invertebrates occupy alcoves on either
side of the hall. The specimens in the cases
on the left are arranged to illustrate historical
geology, beginning at the entrance with the
Pre-Cambrian rocks and advancing regularly
through the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian,

TRILOBITES (below) flourished in Devonian
seas and became extinct millions of years ago. Per-
haps related to the ancestors of modern Crustacea

Portion of a large rock crowded with brachiopods (Spirifer vanuxemi).

Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Per-
mian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Eocene,
Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleisto-
cene periods of geologic time. Most of the
specimens shown are from American lo-
calities. The examples shown are those par-
ticularly characteristic of the various hori-
zons, the object being to give an idea of the
general character of the life of different
periods of the world’s history.

The specimens on the right side are ar-
ranged to illustrate the classification and re-
lationship of the plants and animals of past
geologic times. The series starts with the
invertebrate animals, beginning with the
lower, or simpler, forms and continuing to
the highest. The specimens have been drawn

from foreign and domestic localities and
different geologic ages. The exhibits illus-
trate at a glance the wide range of variation
which each group has taken during geologic
time.

In the center of the hall are the stump
and part of the roots of a large tree from an
anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Penn-
sylvania. Millions of years ago this tree
grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit
of decaying vegetation, which ultimately
became a valuable bed of coal. The stump,
left in the roof of the mine when the coal
was removed, fell to the floor years after
the gallery had been abandoned, and was
discovered only through the chance visit of
a miner.

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Two stumps of a large fossil tree-fern of
Middle Devonian age from Gilboa, New
York, appear in the first alcove on the right.
These specimens were obtained from a
quarry opened in connection with the great
engineering work of the New York City
Board of Water Supply. They are the oldest
trees known.

FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor,
Halls 2, 2b, 3, 5, 9, 12a, 13)

Fossils are the petrified remains of plants or
animals that lived at some past period of
the earth’s history. Sometimes, as with the
bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have
been buried in swamps or bogs, and in a few
rare instances, as with the mammoth and
woolly rhinoceros, entire animals have been
preserved for thousands of years in ice or
frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities
where the dead animals or plants were grad-
ually buried under layers of sediment to such
a depth and for so long a time that they
finally became petrified. Later, through up-
heavai and erosion, they were again brought
co or near the surface of the earth. Fetrifac-
tion 1s the slow replacement of animal or
vegetable material by such minerals as car-
bonate of lime or silica, which are carried in
solution by the underground waters. The
process is very slow and for this reason the
soft parts usually decay before they can be
petrified. Fossil beds are found in every con-
tinent. In our own country, Texas, Montana,

GIANT BULLDOG FISH (Portheus molossus). This huge fossil fish came from the chalk beds
of Kansas. It is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80 million years old

Wyoming and the Bad Lands of South Da-
kota are famous for their large fossil beds,
and many of the finest and rarest fossils in
the Museum were obtained in these localities.

As it takes thousands of years for the var-
ious layers of earth to accumulate over the
bones, and for the latter to become hardened
to rock, the study of fossils and of the strata
in which they are found is an important aid
in determining the age of the earth and the
succession of life thereon. The skeletons ex-
hibited in these halls are of animals which
lived from 10,000 to 250,000,000 years ago,
while in the Hall of the Age of Man speci-
mens of fossil man are exhibited dating from
10,000 tO I 9250, O00O Vets ago.

To prepare a specimen foe exhibition, the
matrix in which the bones are embeduant is
carefully chipped away and the missing
parts restored in cement and plaster. The
bones are then assembled as in life. In the
specimens on exhibition, the restored parts
differ in color from the original skeleton and
can readily be distinguished.

The Museum’s collections of fossil verte-
brates are probably the finest in the world,
considering not merely numbers but espe-
cially variety, quality and perfected methods
of preparation and exhibition.

The walls of several of the halls are
adorned by mural paintings by Charles R.
Knight, portraying some of the more strik-
ing ree. of the various geologic ages,
culminating with those contemporary with
early man in Europe and America.

The Museum’s exhibits of fossil verte-
brates are all displayed on the Fourth Floor.

C38 J

FOSSIL FISHES
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 5)

The Bashford Dean Memorial Exhibit of
Fossil Fishes occupies the Southeast Tower
of the Museum on the Fourth Floor.

One enters the exhibit below a model of
the jaws of an enormous fossil shark about
9 feet across, with the actual fossil teeth set
in place. This monster, closely related to the
modern White Shark or ‘“Man-eater,” is
estimated to have been 46 feet long.

At the left of the entrance is a bronze
portrait plaque of Professor Bashford Dean
(1867-1928), former Curator of Fishes at
this Museum, where he studied especially
the armored fishes of past ages, a fine series
of which are included in this exhibit.

The huge fish shown as if swooping down
from the ceiling is a model of Dinichthys,
one of the great armored fishes from the
Devonian of Ohio. The original skull, shown
near by, is one of the prizes of the collection.

These curious forms, of numerous species,
all had a pair of joints connecting their bony
head-pieces with their shoulder plates. ‘This
gave rise to their group name, “Arthrodira,”
or “joint-necks.” They were the tyrants of
their day and were doubtless unpleasant
neighbors to the nearly naked fin-fold sharks,
their contemporaries. These latter show a
very interesting stage in the evolution of the
fins, in which the skeletal rods supporting
the primordial fin-fold, had begun to push
outward well beyond the line of the body.
Even our own arms and legs are only greatly
enlarged and modified fin-paddles.

At the far end of the exhibit is a “fossil
aquarium’’—restorations in miniature of vari-
ous well-known forms from the Old Red
Sandstone of Cromarty, Scotland, as they
would have appeared in life, more than three
hundred million years ago.

They include Pterichthys and its allies of
the distant past, when they were nearing the
time of their extinction. Others represent
“spiny sharks” and “joint-necks” which
were then dominant groups. A third lot in-
cludes advancing types, the “fishes of the

future,” the ancestors of the swarming teleost
or bony fishes familiar to us today. But the
most interesting group are the “lobe-fins,”
which were the direct ancestors (or close
relatives) of the later land-living vertebrates.

At that far-off period of the earth’s his-
tory, some of the lobe-fins, or primitive
ganoids, through their ability to suck at-
mospheric air into a moist internal sac or
lung, finally emerged from the water at the
edge of the swamps, using their stout paired
paddles to push themselves up into the mud-
dy margins. These evolved the first limbs,
and thus the adventurous air-breathing fishes
began the conquest of the land and became
the ancestors of all land vertebrates, includ-
ing man.

The great fish on the rear wall, opposite
the entrance, is Portheus molossus, popularly
called the Giant Bulldog Fish. It comes from
the chalk beds of Kansas. This huge creature
is 15 feet, 8 inches long and about 80,000,000
years old. At that time, Kansas, now in the
midst of the continent, was submerged under
a shallow sea, somewhat like the Mediter-
ranean, swarming with giant sea-lizards, huge
marine turtles, and great and small fishes
of many kinds.

In the first alcove to the right, a wall-chart
illustrates the stream of fish life in geologic
sequence, 500,000,000 years of fishes. It gives
at a glance the basic arrangement of the
specimens shown, notable among which are
Ostracoderms from the Silurian and Devon-
ian, the giant Portheus, and the saw-finned
Protosphyrena from the Cretaceous of Kan-
sas.

FOSSIL REPTILES

The dinosaurs, the largest of the fossil rep-
tiles, form the most spectacular part of if
Museum’s paleontologic exhibits. The more
primitive reptiles and also those of such other
groups as the fossil alligators and turtles are
also well represented in the Museum’s collec-
tions. They are displayed in a series of halls
on the fourth floor of the Museum as de-
scribed on the following pages.

[39 J

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A CARNIVOROUS DINOSAUR AND ITS PREY (Allosaurus and Brontosaurus). Though
not as large as Brontosaurus, the Allosaurus was a formidable carnivorous reptile which, it is
believed, was able to devour its larger but more sluggish dinosaur contemporary

HALL OF JURASSIC REPTILES
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 13)

The skeleton which dominates the center
of the hall is that of the great Brontosaurus,
or Thunder Reptile. This big bodied, small-
headed dinosaur has massive limbs, whose
joints, capped in life with cartilage, indicate
that he lived in swamps and in the edge of
streams where the great weight of his body—
25 to 30 tons—would be supported in the
water.

Near Brontosaurus is Allosaurus, “ap-
parently turned into a fossil while munch-
ing on the tail of a defunct relative of that
big beast.” Looking closely, one sees that the
tops of the vertebrae of the victim are scored
with grooves where some millions of years
ago they were marked by the teeth of the
flesh-eating dinosaur that destroyed it.

In a case to the left of the Brontosaurus
skeleton is displayed the skeleton of a splen-
did example of Stegosaurus. This curious
creature had a small head with a brain weigh-

ing only a few ounces. The arching back-
bone is composed of vertebrae that increase
rapidly in size toward the middle of the back
where they are enormous, showing cavities
for spinal ganglia many times the size of the
brain. A double series of huge bony plates
are supported upright along the back and
were probably defensive in character. At the
end of the tapering tail are four long spikes
of bone with which the Stegosaurus is sup-
posed to have struck at its enemies, the for-
midable weapons being brought into play
as the dinosaur rotated upon its hind legs.

In the cases toward the end of the hall
are found ancient Permian reptiles: Dia-
dectes, Edaphosaurus, and Dimetrodon from
North America, Dicynodon, Moschops, and
Scutosaurus from South Africa and Russia.
Here also are reptiles of Triassic age, some
of them ancestral to the later dinosaurs. The
most ancient types of land vertebrates, the
stegocephalian amphibians, are also displayed
in this portion of the hall. Eryops is of par-
ticular interest.

C41]

CORRIDOR OF MARINE REPTILES
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 12a)

This corridor, situated in the Roosevelt Me-
morial, occupies the angle to the right as one
comes out of the Jurassic Hall. Here, on the
wall, are displayed slabs of stone containing
well-preserved fossils of the marine ichthyo-
saurs, including one specimen with embryos
visible through the ribs as they lay in the
body cavity of the mother. A fine specimen
of a plesiosaur i is exhibited in a case at the
foot of the staircase leading to the fifth floor.
As one turns the angle of the corridor, on
the wall to the left are the Flying Reptile
Mural and slabs containing fossil foot-prints
somewhat resembling huge bird tracks.
These are in reality impressions left by
Triassic and Cretaceous carnivorous dino-
saurs which ran on their hind legs (see

See
skeletons in the Cretaceous Hall adjoining).

HALL OF CRETACEOUS REPTILES
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 9)

The Cretaceous Age was the period of the
greatest development of dinosaurs, and at the

close of that period they became extinct. At
one end of the hall the visitor sees towering
over his head the great Tyrannosaurus, the
Tyrant Dinosaur, his head eighteen feet
above the ground. This was the largest carni-
vorous land animal of all time and it doubtless
preyed upon contemporaneous dinosaurs,
many of which were protected by defeasive
armor and menacing horns.

A huge skeleton of Triceratops is seen at
the left. This monstrous-headed creature
doubtless fed on coarse vegetation. His jaws
terminated in a great horny beak for clip-
ping off branches and rushes, and his back
teeth were adapted for shearing them. These
teeth were arranged in several rows and as
they wore out they were replaced by new
teeth which pushed from below. The squatty
fore-legs enabled the animal to lower his
head to the ground with ease, and the big
bony “frill” with which the skull terminated
above the neck served as a protection, as a
counterweight to the head and jaws, and
as an attachment for powerful muscles.

To the right of Tyrannosaurus are the
dinosaurs Trachodon and his relatives, Cory-
thosaurus and Saurolophus. Note how the

STEGOSAURUS, a strange armored dinosaur of the past

THE DUCK-BILLED DINOSAUR (Trachodon). These remarkable herbivorous dinosaurs
had a curious duck-like bill used in gathering aquatic vegetation. They walked on their hind
legs or swam about using the tail as a propeller

C43 J

A GIANT FLYING REPTILE

(Pteranodon longiceps), the largest known American flying

reptile with toothless skull and long, pointed beak

two large Trachodon skeletons are equipped
with flat, expanded jaws which enabled them
to strain out and crush the water plants and
mollusks growing abundantly in the Cre-
taceous swamps w vhere they fed. Nearby is a
remarkable Trachodon specimen in which
the impression of a large part of the skin has
been preserved, giving us definite informa-
tion as to the covering of the animal.

Two extraordinary armored dinosaurs are
represented by parts of their skeletons.
Ankylosaurus, which has been called “the
most ponderous animated citadel the world

DINOSAURS AND THEIR EGGS (Protoceratops andrewsi). From the western Gobi

has ever seen,” was protected about its head
and body by thick plates of bone, while the
tail, instead of tapering to a point, ended in
a great bony ball. Nearby is the fore part of
Paleo incus, whose sides bristled with huge
bony spines and whose back was protected
by bony plates.

On the right and left of the entrance are
two lightly but powerfully built flesh-eating
dinosaurs known as Gorgosaurus. They were
doubtless swift and fierce and preyed upon
other dinosaurs.

Near these are examples of a small dinosaur

A RESTORATION OF PALUCHITHERIUM, a gigantic fossil rhinoceros 34 feet in length

whose general appearance suggests an os-
trich, but with a long tail. On account of this
resemblance it is known_as Struthiomimus.
This bird-like appearance, however, is purely
superficial as it is not at all related to the
ostrich. Nevertheless, primitive birds origi-
nated from light-boned pre-dinosaurs of a
far earlier epoch (Triassic). Some examples
of fossil birds, including the giant long-
legged Diatryma with its powerful beak,
and the ancient swimming water bird,
Hesperornis are now on exhibit in the Hall
of Biology of Birds. In a neighboring case
are casts of the famous Archeopteryx. This
creature was actually transitional between
reptiles and birds, having the skeletal char-
acteristics, clawed fore-limb, and tapering
tail of the former and the beak-shaped jaws
and feathered covering of the latter. On the
wall opposite are fossils and drawings of the
great flying reptile, Pteranodon. A thin fold

of skin extending from the elongated fourth
finger to the outer edge of the feet enabled
Pteranodon to fly through the air like a huge
bat or vulture.

HALL OF MONGOLIAN
VERTEBRATES

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 5)

Here are exhibits of specimens obtained by
the Central Asiatic Expeditions. Among
them are the famous dinosaur eggs and skulls
and skeletons of the dinosaur, Protocera-
tops, that laid them. Here also is the skull of
Andrewsarchus, the largest of carnivorous
land-mammals; the shovel-tusk mastodon;
and the skull and feet of Baluchitherium, an
ancient relative of the rhinoceros, of titanic
proportions. On the wall is a life-size model
in low relief of this largest of all Jand-mam-
mals.

[45 ]

FOSSIL MAMMALS

OSBORN HALL OF THE
AGE OF MAMMALS

(Index Plan, P. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 3)

This hall includes fossil remains of mammals
of the Tertiary Period. To the left as one
enters from the Hall of Mongolian Verte-
brates, is a magnificent series of titanotheres,
hoofed mammals related to the horses and
rhinoceroses. This group has long been ex-
tinct but it embraces a remarkable series
of evolutionary stages from creatures not
much larger than a de g, up to great tow ering
bulky animals with huge heads terminating
in flat shovel-like horns of tremendous
weight.

Opposite the titanotheres are the remains
of condylarths and am bly pods, very ancient
hoofed mammals with no close relatives in
the modern world. The most striking of these
is the skeleton of Uintatherium, a six-horned
ambly pod with a tiny brain. This race be-

came extinct early in the Age of Mammals.

Beyond the ambly pods are cases devoted
principally to the smaller fossil mammals.
Although fragmentary, these are among the

rarest and most interesting of fossils. The
fossil primates (lemurs, monkeys, etc.) in-

clude unique specimens known throughout
the world because of the light they cast on
the earliest stages in the origin of man. Ro-
dents ( (squirrels, rabbits, and their kin), in

sectivores (moles, hedgehogs, etc.), a
marsupials (opossums, kangaroos, and their
allies) are also ty pically represented here.

I tf ancestry of dogs, cats, and other liv-
ing flesh- eating mammals and the various
sorts of extinct carnivores including rare
creodonts is shown near the middle of the
hall on the right.

Fossil rhinoceroses are shown near the
center of the hall on the left. A fine series
of skeletons illustrates the diverse types of
American rhinoceroses, and a synoptic series
shows the evolution of this group of mam-
mals. The large block in the central aisle is
from Agate, Nebraska, and contains heaped-
up bones, chiefly of the double-horned rhi-
noceros, Diceratherium, still in the original
rock, as found. There are twenty-one skulls
and innumerable other bones in this single
block, giving a graphic conception of the
enormous numbers of prehistoric animals
that once roamed over our West. Near this,
in the center of the hall, is the skeleton of
Moropus, a most extraordinary mammal of
bizarre proportions and equipped with great

TITANOTHERES. These long-extinct relatives of the horses and rhinoceroses began as small
animals about the size of a small fox. The last of the titanotheres such as Brontotherium, on the
left, were gigantic beasts with horns on the front of the skull

A GROUP OF MIOCENE CAMEL SKELETONS (Stenomylus). Some of these are mounted

in characteristic attitudes as if they were alive, others are lying on the rock matrix as their

remains were actually found by a Museum expedition. These camels inhabited America at the
beginning of the Miocene Period

claws. Nevertheless, it belongs among the
hoofed mammals and is related to the horses
and rhinoceroses.

Also on the right side of the hall are speci-
mens illustrating the evolution of the even-
toed mammals, or Artiodactyls. Here are
found the pigs and their relatives, the pecu-
liar extinct oreodonts, the camels, deer, gi-
raffes, and cattle.

The group of small camels in the central
aisle forms a striking display. The graceful
little animals, Stenomylus, lived in Nebraska
during the middle of the Age of Mammals.
Four skeletons are shown exactly as they
were found in the rock, and five others have
been mounted in various living poses.

Among the other cloven-hoofed mam-
mals, the so-called giant pigs or entelodonts
and the oreodonts are noteworthy. The lat-
ter, a totally extinct group somewhat pig-like
in appearance but with teeth more like those
of sheep, are strikingly represented by three
complete skeletons huddled together, still
intact in the rock just as death overtook them
millions of years ago.

On this side of the hall are found skeletons
of two extinct sea cows, one from Europe.
the other from Florida. In addition at the end
of the hall is a special exhibit of extinct
proboscideans, mammals related to the mod-
ern elephants.

One of the most outstanding exhibits is

[47 1

MAMMALS OF THE LOWER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN NEBRASKA.

During this period short-limbed rhinoceroses lived with ancient camels and single-toed horses
of small size. Murals by Charles R. Knight

the series of skeletons in the last alcove on
the left showing the evolution of the horse.
This display presents the story from the
little Eocene mammal, Eohippus, through
intermediate stages to the Pleistocene and
modern horses, Equus. (See Guide Leaflet
No. 36, The Evolution of the Horse.) As
shown by skeletons of horse and man in
another hall, the single toe of the horse cor-
responds to the middle finger or toe of man,
and the same correspondence is seen in each
of the other leg and arm bones. In the modern
horse, all but the middle finger and toe have
disappeared or have been reduced to “splint
bones,” but the remote ancestor of the horse
had five toes.

THE HORSE UNDER
DOMESTICATION

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 2a)

This hall is devoted to exhibits illustrating

the great modifications that man has brought
about by selection in adapting the horse to
his various needs.

Under his management speed has been
increased in the race horse, weight and
strength in the draft horse, while the Shet-
land Pony has been reduced to a diminutive
size. The modifications in the skeleton that
have accompanied these changes are well
shown in the notable series of beautiful skele-
tons mounted by S. H. Chubb.

The similarity in structure (homology) of
the skeletons of horse and man is brought
out in the exhibit of a rearing horse, con-
trolled by man. It is interesting to note that
both skeletons have the same principal parts,
in spite of many conspicuous differences. In
the horse the long upper and lower jaws,
together with the high-crowned grinding
teeth, form a very efficient mechanism for
cropping and grinding the tough stems and
hard kernels of grasses and similar vegeta-

MAMMALS OF THE UPPER PLIOCENE PERIOD IN NORTHERN TEXAS. The single-
toed horses (Plesippus) were of larger size than those above, while the camels were more
nearly like those of modern types. Glyptotherium, a gigantic armadillo-like animal, is shown

in the lower left

PLIOCENE

MICCERE HORSE MERVCHIPPUS

EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE shown by skull and foot bones. (See text)
[ 49 J

[50]

tion, whereas the short upper and lower jaws
and low-crowned cheek teeth of man are
adapted for a mixed diet. Moreover, the
horse’s long jaws enable him to reach his
food, which is normally on or near the
ground, while the short jaws of man have
the food brought up to them by the hands.

The bony cranium or braincase of the
horse is much smaller in proportion to the
weight of the body than is the braincase of
man, which is greatly enlarged by the enor-
mous growth of the human brain. The bony
hands of the remote ancestors of the horse
have become greatly modified during long
ages of specialization for swift running. Thus
each “hand” of the modern horse has but
one finger, is very long and slender, and ter-
minates in a thick horny hoof corresponding
to the nail on the middle finger of the hand
of man. Likewise the bone beneath the hoof
corresponds to the last bone of the middle
finger of the human hand. The visitor may
enjoy making similar comparisons for him-
self: for example, where is the so-called
“knee” of the foreleg of the horse and to
what does it correspond in man? (Answer:
the wrist.) Where is the true knee in the hind
leg of the horse and where is its heel bone?
What has become of the fibula or outer bone
of the lower leg in the horse? Where is the
“cannon bone” in the foot of the horse and
to what does it correspond in man?

But why do the skeletons of horse and
man have so many parts that correspond to
each other? There can be no reasonable
doubt that the remote common ancestors of
horse and man were small mammals with five
toes on all four feet The structural differ-
ences have arisen as the result of gradually
increasing differences in habits, the horse
finally becoming highly specialized for run-
ning and leaping on all fours, while man uses
his fore limbs as arms and hands and balances
his body on his hind legs.

OSBORN HALL OF THE
AGE OF MAN

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 2)
This hall is devoted to early man and his

contemporaries, the mammoths and masto-
dons, and the giant ground sloths of South

America. The collection displayed through
the center of the hall illustrates what is
known of the early history of our own race
as shown by the remains of early man and
the implements he used. As fossil remains of
man are rare and usually very fragmentary,
these are represented mainly by casts, but
they include examples of all the more perfect
and noteworthy specimens that have been
found, from the Neanderthal and Gibraltar,
to the Piltdown and Talgai. (See Guide
Leaflet No. 52, The Hall of the Age of Man.)
These are illustrated and further described
on pages 125-126.

In the surrounding cases are some of the
principal skeletons and skulls of animals
mostly of Pleistocene Age, known to have
been associated with man especially in North
and South America. Skeletons and skulls on
the right side of the hall show the evolution
of the Proboscidea. They fall naturally into
two groups; first the mastodons; and second-
ly, the mammoths and elephants. In the for-
mer division, beginning near the entrance of
the hall, are the most primitive mastodons,
with two upper and two lower tusks, and a
very short proboscis. The succeeding cases
show the gradual reduction of the number
of teeth and the shortening of the front part
of the skull for the accommodation of the
longer proboscis found in all of the later
stages of mastodons and mammoths.

On the left is a group illustrating the
famous asphalt trap of Rancho la Brea at
Los Angeles, California, and fossils from
South America, the most striking of which is
the group of giant ground sloths. There are
also good examples of glyptodonts, gigantic
relatives of the armadillo. Among other .
strange extinct animals are the camel-like
Macrauchenia, and the rhinoceros-like Tox-
odon. These evolved in South America dur-
ing the Age of Mammals when it was an
island continent as Australia is today. Here,
too, are the fossils of other mammals which
evolved in South America during its period
of isolation from the northern part of the
Western Hemisphere.

On the walls are mural decorations painted
by Charles R. Knight showing the typical
groups of Pleistocene animals of North and
South America and Europe that were asso-
ciated with early man.

[51]

PREHISTORIC saber-tooth tiger, dire wolf, and giant sloth, caught in the tar pools of La Brea
California. (Above) as mounted skeletons; (below) as conceived by the artist, Charles R. Knight

(Above) (Left)
WOOLLY SKELETON
[AMMOTH OF THE JEF-

FERSONIAN
MAMMOTH

from Indiana.

yn the River
mme, France,
during the
Fourth
lacial Period.

THE WOOL-
JUNG IRISUE
NOCEROUS
DURING A
GLACIAL
WINTER IN
NORTHERN
FRANCE.
The Murals
by Charles
R. Knight.

MODEL OF RHODODENDRON in the Forestry and Conservation Hall. Many of the trees
in this Hall are accompanied by models of leaves, flowers, or fruit

Lorestry and
Conservation

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 3)

Jesup Forestry Hall. The Forestry and Con-
servation Hall contains a nearly complete
collection of the native trees north of Mexico
presented by Morris K. Jesup. On the right
is a bronze tablet by J. E. Fraser, the gift of
J. J. Clancy, depicting Mr. Jesup as he
walked in his favorite wood at Lenox, Massa-
chusetts. In front is a bust of Charles Sprague
Sargent, under whose direction the collec-
tion was brought together. At the farther
end is a bust of John Muir, by Malvina Hoff-
man, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman.
To the left is a section of one of the Big
Trees of California, sixteen feet in diameter

and 1341 years old. (See Guide Leaflet No.
42.) It began its growth in the year 550, so
that it was nearly a thousand years old be-
fore America was discovered. The label,
illustrating the conclusions reached by Ells-
worth Huntington as the result of long
study, shows how the climate of the past is
recorded by the trees and how great histori-
cal events are related to great changes in
climate.

In the center of the hall near the entrance
from the 77th Street Foyer is a splendid life-
size model in wax of a magnolia blossom
belonging to the species Magnolia macro-
phylla, surrounded by its long tapering
leaves.

In the last alcove to the right is the Menken
Collection of Glass Flowers, representing
many of the common species of American
flowers. They are modeled skillfully in glass,
with their colors faithfully copied from
nature.

In the center of the hall (Case D) will

C541]

be found a dissolving diorama, the first of a
series on forest conservation. The first scene
represents a forest area of Colorado White
Pine in Idaho and shows the early glow of a
forest fire in the distance. This dissolves into
a scene of the same area after the fire, show-
ing the burned trees, destroyed surface
coverage, and general desolation.

The other specimens in the hall show cross,
longitudinal, and oblique sections of the

3

A DISSOLVING-VIEW EXHIBIT in the Forestry and Conservation Hall. The disastrous effects
of a forest fire are depicted when the three-dimensional scene above fades into the one below

wood of North American forest trees, finish-
ed and unfinished. The labels adjacent give
the distribution of the species, the character-
istics of the wood, and its economic uses.
The trees are grouped by families, and the
location of each family will be found on the
floor plans in the first case on either side of
the hall. The reproductions of the flowers,
leaves and fruits are made in the Museum
laboratories.

Living
L[nvertebrates

THE DARWIN, HALE. OFTHE
EVOLUTION OF LIFE

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 5)

THIS hall is devoted chiefly to invertebrates
and exhibits illustrating biological principles,
especially those concerned with the evolu-
tion of life. It is, therefore, dedicated to
Charles Darwin. Facing the entrance is a
bronze bust of Darwin by William Couper,
presented by the New York Academy of
Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin cen-
tenary in 1909.

THE TREE OF LIFE
In the first upright case at the left is a Family
Tree of the Animal Kingdom. Each class of
animals is represented by a color sketch, and
the branches show the relationships of the
various classes and indicate the evolution of
each group from the parent stem.

SYNOPTIC SERIES

The exhibits in the succeeding upright cases
comprise examples of the various groups or
orders included in the Classes shown on the
Family Tree. Passing around the hall from
left to right, the progress of evolution is illus-
trated from the lowest forms, the Protozoa,
to the highest, the Primates, which include
man.

ALCOVE 1, Protozoa. This alcove contains the
lowest forms of animal life. All are single-
celled individuals. Some are abundant in
swamps and stagnant water, others are found
in the sea. These exhibits are mainly models,
some of which represent Protozoa enlarged
more than a thousand diameters.

ALCOVE 2, Sponges. Sponges are principally
of three kinds—distinguished from each other
by their skeletons of lime, silica (i. e., flint)
and of horny fiber. The sponges of com-
merce belong to the latter class. In the dry
specimens exhibited, the skeleton only can

be seen, the living tissue having been re-
moved. Sponges range in size from the tiny
Grantia of the New England coast to the
gigantic “Neptune’s goblets” of the eastern
seas.

ALCOVE 3, Polyps. Here are shown coral
animals and their relatives: among them
are the colonial hydroids; jellyfishes, bril-
liantly colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea
plumes; the stony corals, and the precious
coral.

ALCOVE 4, Flatworms. The best known species
include the tapeworms, whose development
and structure are shown by models in the
left-hand alcove case. The less familiar free-
living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and
fresh water, are represented by enlarged
models.

ALCOVE 5, Roundworms. The roundworms
are parasitic, since they live in the digestive
canal of mammals. The most familiar is the
common stomach worm, Ascaris, of which
an enlarged model shows the internal struc-
ture.

ALCOVE 6, Rotifers. The minute wheel ani-
malcules, otherwise called rotifers, comprise
many exquisite and grotesque forms, some of
which construct tubes of a gelatinous sub-
stance, sand-grains, etc. A few species are
parasitic, but most of them live a free, active
life. They are found mainly in fresh water.
See group in window showing rotifers in
their natural environment and the compara-
tive series of enlarged models of typical roti-
fers in the case to the left.

ALCOVE 7, Sea-Mats and Lamp-Shells. The
sea-mats are minute, colonial animals of
plant-like growth, often occurring as en-
crustations on shells and seaweed. A few
species also occur in fresh water. The lamp-
shells shown in this alcove superficially re-
semble clams, but by structure are more
closely related to the sea-mats.

ALCOVE 8, Sea-Stars and Their Relatives. Here
are shown sea-stars, brittle stars, sea-urchins,
sea-cucumbers and sea-lilies. The sea-star is
the pest of the oyster beds, where it feeds on
oysters and destroys them in large numbers.
ALCOVE 9, Annulates. As typified by the
familiar earthworm, these are worms whose
bodies are made up of rings or segments.
They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt
water, many kinds living in the mud and

[56]

A CORNER OF THE NAHANT TIDE POOL GROUP. On the rocky northern New Eng-

land Coast are numerous basin-like crevices in the cliffs. At high tide, many of these are totally

submerged, but as the water recedes they are left as stranded pools richly populated with

marine animals and plants. In the Tide Pool Group in the Darwin Hall, sea-anemones and hy-
droids are disclosed among the rockweed, sea-lettuce and kelp

yal

A DETAIL FROM
THE ROTIFER
GROUP. A world
of microscopic life
magnified a million
times shown in the
Darwin Hall

(Left) The curious
HORSE SHOE
CRAB is a “living
fossil” with ances-
tors dating back
700,000,000 years. A
detail from the
Sound Bottom

Group

[58]

MODEL OF A ROCK-FORMING PROTO-

ZOAN (Globigerina). The microscopic creature

shown above builds tiny shells from lime dissolved

in sea water. These become compacted into lime-

stone layers on the sea-bottom. The Chalk Cliffs

of Dover are composed of elevated masses of this
rock

ENLARGED MODEL OF THE PLUMED
WORM (Diopatra)

GLASS MODEL OF A TYPICAL RADIO-

LARIAN. These tiny floating marine creatures

make glassy shells of intricate patterns and, when

they die, sink to the sea-bottom to form radiolarian

ooze, a flinty sand used for polishing precious
stones

GLASS MODEL OF THE PORTUGUESE
MAN-OF-WAR IN THE DARWIN HALL

sand of the shore while others bore into
wood and shells. Their body structures are
often very beautiful and i interesting examples
of ingenious adaptation.

ALCOVE 10, Arthropods. Here are included
the familiar crabs, lobsters, myriapods, in-
sects, spiders and their relatives. The number
of existing species in this group is greater
than that of all the rest of the animal king-
dom.

On the wall are the two largest lobsters
ever taken. They weighed when alive thirty-
one and thirty-four pounds, respectively.
The largest of the arthropods is the giant
crab of Japan, which, like that placed on the
wall, may have a spread of about ten feet.

A series of models of insect heads, care-

fully wrought in wax and glass, shows, Se
ly enlarged, their comparative anatom
ALCOVE 11, Mollusks. The mollusks are next
to the arthropods in the diversity and vast
number of forms which they embrace, in-
cluding marine, fresh-water and land ani-
mals. All mollusks have soft bodies, but
nearly all secrete a shell which is often of
pearly material (mother-of-pearl). Well-
known examples of this group are the com-
mon clam and oyster. Enlarged models show
the anatomy of these species. The main col-
lection of mollusks is shown in the Hall of
Ocean Life.
ALCOVE 12, Chordates, including Vertebrates.
Vertebrates include the largest, most power-
ful and most intelligent of animals, the group
culminating in man. Among the ancestral
forms suggesting transitional stages from in-
vertebrates are the “‘acorn-worm,” Dolicho-
glossus; the Sea-squirts, or Ascidians; and
the Lancelet, Amphioxus. Enlarged models
showing, carefully dissected, their compara-
tive internal anatomy are exhibited in the
case to the left. Various species of Ascidians
with their associated environment are shown
among the animals on the wharf-piles in the
window group. Other models in a case
toward the front of the hall show the de-
velopment of the egg of certain typical verte-
brates.

WINDOW GROUPS
In several of the alcove windows are habitat
groups of invertebrates illustrating the

natural history of the commoner and more
typical forms.

Marine Worm Group. In the Annulate Al-
cove is shown the Marine Worm Group,
reproducing these animals with their associ-
ates in their natural surroundings, as seen in
the harbor of Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Shore Mollusk Group. In the Mollusk Al-
cove is shown the natural history of a sand-
spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island,
including some of the nore mollusks and
their associates.

Wharf Pile Group. This shows the sub-
merged piles of an old wharf at Vineyard
Haven, Massachusetts, covered with flower-
like colonies of sea~-anemones, hydroids and
other stationary animals.

Rock Tide-Pool Group. In the farther left-
hand corner of the hall, a window group
shows the animals and plants of a rock tide-
pool, the “Agassiz Cave,” at Nahant, Mas-
sachusetts. The falling tide has left a pool
in a rocky basin, sheltered within which is
a community of sea~anemones, sea-stars, and
other invertebrates.

Sound Bottom Group. In the Arthropod
Alcove, a group shows the struggle for ex-
istence among Crustacea on the sandy bot-
tom of Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts.
Here is a den of lobsters in a crevice beneath
the seaweed-covered granite boulders form-
ing the reef known as the Devil’s Bridge.
Bryozoa Group. Another group represents
two square inches of sea bottom as though
enlarged under a microscope to an area five
feet square. The front of the case is built to
represent a huge magnifying glass, through
which the visitor sees marine plants magni-
fied to tree-like proportions, encrusted with
colonies of Bryozoa or “‘sea-mats,” composed
of thousands of individuals, each of which
builds a shell of vase-like form. Associated
animals, such as the flower-like, tube-build-
ing worms and sea spiders, are enlarged to
grotesque proportions.

Rotifer Group. A companion exhibit repre-
sents a cubic half-inch of pond bottom en-
larged one hundred diameters or cubically a
million times, transforming a minute area
into a towering aquatic forest peopled by
rotifers and myriads of other strange crea-
tures ordinarily invisible to the naked eye.

[ 60 J

A PORTION OF THE BAHAMAN CORAL REEF GROUP IN THE HALL OF OCEAN

LIFE. This group, the largest in the Museum, contains more than forty tons of coral from

Andros Island in the Bahamas and faithfully depicts a portion of the magnificent barrier reef
as it appears from the sea bottom

(Right) BLACK ANGEL FISHES swim

in stately fashion among the corals

(Below) BLUE PARROT FISH peer
out from a mysterious cavern in the heart
of the reef

SPINDLE SHELL (Fusinus). These graceful shells are characterized by the long twisted spire
and slender tapering canal terminating the body whorl

THE CORAL REEF (GROUFE
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 10)

As you enter the Hall of Ocean Life on the
gallery level the Bahaman Coral Reef Group
is seen at the farther end. Its proscenium arch
rises from the main floor, passes through the
gallery, and frames the upper part of the
group in a half-circle 35 feet high.

The portion of the group above the gallery
presents a vista of coral island, quiet lagoon,
and tropical sky. On the distant horizon the
low-lying Bahaman Island of Andros is visi-
ble, soft with its fringe of coconut palms.
Here the finest coral barrier reef in the West
Indies parallels the shore. The small island
in the foreground is Goat Cay, just back of
the barrier reef.

The section of the group below the gallery
obviously depicts the coral forest as seen
from the bottom of the sea. On either side,
staircases permit visitors to descend from the
gallery, to find themselves standing on the
ocean floor, gazing into the heart of a mag-
nificent coral forest. The branching trees of
elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) rise to
the water surface sixteen feet above. A rocky
arch at the right leads into the Cave of the
Blue Parrot-fishes, inhabited by three of
these magnificent creatures.

Between the rocky wall and the spreading
tangle of the coral forest a vista opens out
into a clearing where a school of black-angel
fishes swims by in the distance. In the fore-
ground are squirrel-fishes, striped and gray
grunts, blueheads, slippery dicks, and spotted
hinds. Above a school of yellow-tails swims
around the coral cliff, and houndfishes dart
about, alarmed by the approach of a bar-
racuda visible just beneath the water-surface
at the upper left. Rock beauties, butterfly
fishes, and blue angel-fishes swim among the
sea fans, sea-bushes and sea-plumes; while a
large rainbow parrot-fish, Nassau groupers,
and a huge green moray lurk in the crevices
and caverns under the coral. The latter is
gay with encrusting and chimney sponges
of scarlet, green, purple, yellow, and gray.
To the left, queen triggerfishes, numerous
butterfly fishes, and a grotesque trumpet
fish swim above the great heads of brain
coral, orb coral, and star coral.

PEARL DIVERS GROUP
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 10)

This group represents a scene on the ocean
floor within the enclosed lagoon of the coral
atoll of Tongareva, or Penrhyn Island. This
is a small ring-shaped island, eleven miles in

[ 62 J

diameter, situated in the South Pacific Ocean
about 2,000 miles due south of Honolulu.
In the central panel of the group, two Ton-
garevan pearl divers are seen plunging down
into a gorge in the heart of one of the mag-
nificent coral reefs which form the island.
They are engaged in gathering shells of
Meleagrina, the “oyster” in which are found
the precious pearls. They go about their

work despite the dangers evidenced by the
large shark swimming in the background, by
the octopus lurking near the entrance of a
near-by cave, and by the scarlet sixteen-
rayed sea-star with its hundreds of poisonous
sharp spines which is lying under the giant
spiral mass of the acropore coral in the center
of the group. As they work, fishes of every
gaudy hue dart past them.

A DETAIL OF THE PEARL DIVERS GROUP. A coral fairyland of Tongareva Island,
teeming with variegated undersea life, is the scene in which this native diver is shown searching
for pearl shell.

In the panel to the right, we look into a
cavelike opening in the coral which has been
pre-empted by the octopuses. One glides
down from a ledge above the cave, Snorer
lurks in a shadowy crev ice, while a third
swims out through an arched tunnel, trail-
ing its tentacular arms behind.

The panel on the left side of the group
depicts the clifflike coral wall of the gorge,
on which is grouped a colony of man- trap
clams, Tvidacna. The sinuous apertures of
the shells are partially opened, revealing the

gaily-colored mantle edges.

The group serves to emphasize the beauty
of the delicate fronds and finely divided
clusters of coral found in the Pacific reefs,
as contrasted with the wierd branching
species of the Atlantic coral faunas depicted
in the adjacent Bahaman Coral Reef Group.

In cases near by are shown undersea paint-
ings which were used in the creation of this
realistic exhibit and other related ones.

Directly above the Pearl Diver Group 1 1S
a mural by F. L. Jaques depicting the native
divers in their outrigger canoes.

The corresponding position at the left of
the Coral Reef Group Is occupied by a mural

THE PEARLY OR CHAMBERED NAUTILUS
(Sectioned shell with animal in place). This re-
markable creature belongs to a bygone age. It is
the only surviving species of a long line of fossil
forms reaching back 500,000,000 years or more

THE GLORY OF THE SEA (Conus gloria.

maris). This is the rarest and most romantic of

shells. Only a dozen specimens are known, and

none have been collected for more than a century.
The Museum possesses two specimens

showing Florida sponge boats and their div-
ing crews.

Other exhibits in the Hall of Ocean Life
are described on pages 116-120.

GALLERY OF SHELLS

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor,
Hall 10, balcony)

Around the gallery of the Hall of Ocean
Life is one of the largest and finest shell col-
lections on display in any museum. Together
with the study collections it comprises more
than 760,000 catalogued specimens. It in-
cludes many shells of unusual beauty and
rarity, as well as important private collec-
tions donated to the Museum.

The largest shell is that of the giant clam.
Tridacna, weighing 579 pounds, exhibited
in the small foyer as one enters from the
Hall of Fishes. The largest mollusk known,
however, is represented by the model of the
Giant Squid (Architeuthis princeps) which
is suspended above the balcony just inside
the entrance. This species has been known to
reach a length of over 50 feet.

The mollusks are classified in five main
groups, as follows:

The Amphineura or Chitons and their
relatives. These are the most primitive of
living mollusks, the larger number of them
having an oval, creeping body with a jointed
shell of eight transverse plates. They have a
certain serial repetition of body-parts and
breathe by means of a double row of plume-
like gills.

The Gastropoda or Snails. This is the most
important group in number of species, dis-
tribution, and extent of diversification. They
are the most ancient from the standpoint of
fossil remains. The earliest shells resembled
a “liberty cap,” being cone-shaped with the
shell uncoiled. Soon forms appeared with a
one-sided roll. A little later the spirally
twisted and usually right-handed shell was
established, which has been generally charac-
teristic ever since. The twist of the shell is
reflected in the internal anatomy. In some
gastropods the shell has become reduced, in
others it has disappeared entirely.

The Scaphopoda or Tusk-Shells are rel-
atively unimportant, comprising only a few

species. They possess a shell shaped like an
elephant’s tusk open at both ends.

The Pelecypoda or Bivalves, including
oysters, clams and their relatives, have the
mantle divided into two halves, each of
which secretes a shell. These, nearly equal in
size, are hinged together. The foot is flat-
tened vertically and extends down from the
enclosed body-mass. It may be protruded
from between the two shells for digging
or swimming. Delicate, flattened and fine-
meshed gill-flaps on either side furnish
breathing organs and an arrangement for
filtering out food-particles.

The Cephalopoda include the swiftly
moving squids, cuttlefishes, and octopuses.
This highly organized and specialized group
is composed of predaceous species with effi-
cient eyes and a peculiar method of propul-
sion. The Pearly Nautilus is the most ancient
type.

The arrangement of the shells in the gal-
lery is as follows: The Amphineura, Marine
Gastropoda, and Scaphopoda are exhibited
in the series of “A-cases” along the two sides
of the gallery in the order of their families.
The A-cases are numbered from 1 to qo.

The Pulmonates or Land Gastropoda are
displayed in the tops of eight table-cases, of
which four are at either end of the hall in the
transverse galleries. They are also arranged
by families.

The Pelecypods, or bivalves, and the
Cephalopoda are in the “wall-cases” on either
side-gallery, beneath the murals.

In the wall-cases on either side of the en-
trance are shells especially selected for their
size and beauty, those to the right as one
enters the hall, being from the Constable
collection, and those to the left mainly from
the Steward collection.

In the wall-case at the farther end of the
gallery to the right of the Coral Reef Group
is a series showing the commercial uses of
shells and shells with unusual deformities.
Continuing around the angle of the gallery
is an exhibit illustrating the fisheries of fresh-
water pearl shells and the pearl button in-
dustry.

In the shell laboratory to the right of the
entrance foyer an attendant is ready to give
information about shells and their location
in the hall.

[65]

STRIKING SPECIMENS
FROM THE MOLLUSK
COLLECTIONS
(Right) THE IMPERIAL
HARP SHELL (Harpa cos-
tata). The graceful shape of
this shell suggests its name.
Variegated with rich color-
ing, it is one of the most
attractive of mollusks. It is
distinguished by the close-set
prominent ribs

(Right) THE RARE SLIT SHELL (Pleurotomaria). A nearly

extinct shell from deep water in the West Indies and near

Japan, characterized by the broad slit extending partly around
the outer whorl

(Below, right) NORTHERN SCALLOP (Pecten islandicus):
A form first discovered in Iceland

(Below, left) THE PAINTED THORNY OYSTER (Spondy-
lus pictorum). A beautifully tinted bivalve from Lower Cali-
fornia. The spines are rose-red, orange or yellow

THE SEVENTEEN-YEAR CICADA (Cicada septendecim Linnaeus): from a Group in the

Insect Hall. During May or June of a “locust year,” the immature seventeen-year-old Cicadas

emerge from underground and ascend tree-trunks. Within a few hours their skin splits along the

back and the adult emerges. The female deposits her eggs in a succession of slits in the slender
twigs. The song is produced only by the male

INVERTEBRATES OF
NEW YORK STATE

A series of the principal invertebrates except
insects found within the boundries of New
York State and its neighboring waters is ex-
hibited in the corridor of the first floor of
the Roosevelt Memorial to the right as one
enters from the Fish Hall (Index Plan, p.16,
First Floor, Hall 12a).

Lnsects

HALL OF INSECT LIFE
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 5)

THIS interesting hall is virtually a text-
book of Entomology. A series of “‘A-cases”

surrounds the hall giving a vivid presenta-
tion of insect biology, including the relations
between insects and vegetation, the impor-
tance of insects as carriers of disease, and
general biological facts and theories as illus-
trated by insects. These cases are numbered
to facilitate the work of teachers sending
students here for information.

In the center of the hall is a circle of ex-
hibits, some of which show mounted insects
in life-like artificial surroundings. Among
the habitat groups is a series illustrating the
life-histories of common butterflies. The
very beneficial Lady Beetles are shown next
to the very injurious Japanese Beetle. Other
groups are concerned with such tropical in-
sects as the Leaf-cutting Ants. Exhibits of
Mole Cricket and Dragonfly larva show the
insects and environment magnified five
diameters.

E674

A GATHERING OF MONARCH BUTTERFLIES. In early autumn the Monarch Butterfly,

Anosia plexippus, assembles in great swarms in the northeastern United States. At nightfall,

large numbers crowd the leaves and branches of trees or shrubs. These flocks move southward,

much as birds migrate. Individual females come north the next spring and reestablish the
northern population

[ 68 J

The walls of the hall are used for supple-
mentary exhibits. One of these displays
strikingly beautiful butterflies and moths
from all parts of the world. Another demon-
strates the wealth of insect life at our very
doors. The commercial use of insect silk
and the use spiders make of their silk occupy
the wall on either side of the entrance to the

| MODEL OF A MOLE

| CRICKET (enlarged five

diameters). An insect with

fore-legs especially adap-
ted for digging

Reptile Hall. On the wall around the corner
to the right are shown some of the results
of the research work of the entomological
department, especially in the field of experi-
mental biology.

The collections in general are arranged
with special reference to the insects found

MASSING OF LADY BEETLES ON MOUNTAIN TOP. From a group in the Insect Hall.

With few exceptions Lady Beetles (Coccinellidae), both larvae and adults, eat either plant-lice

or scale insects. The species of Hippodamia specialize on plant-lice. In the West, the adults often

gather in large masses under rocks on the tops of mountains to pass the winter. Such a gathering
near Boulder, Colorado, is shown here

BUMBLE-BEE POLLINATING APPLE BLOSSOMS. From an exhibit in the Insect Hall.
A few insects cause a loss of about one-fifth of our fruit, but we should have little or no fruit
were it not tor other insects pollinating the blossoms

DRAGON FLY LARVA CATCHING A MOSQUITO LARVA by means of a curiously

modified lower lip, which is jointed and has a pair of pincers at its tip. (Insect Hall)

near New York City. They are presented in
two series:

General Series. This is arranged in a definite
order which should be followed as indicated
by numbers.

’ The topics treated are: Importance of
Insects, Geological History and Relation-
ships, Anatomy and Phy siology, Develop-
ment from Egg to Adult, Variation in Form
and Color, Natural Selection, Inheritance,
Collection and Identification, Habits, Ene-
mies, Injuries to Man, Benefits to Man.
Butterflies of New York State. A striking
exhibit of some of the butterflies found in
the State of New York is installed in the
corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial Building
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 12a)
just to the left of the entrance from the Fish
Hall on the first floor of the Museum.

Living Fishes

HALE OF LIVING FISHES
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 9)
ON ENTERING the Hall of Fishes from

the Darwin Hall one faces a group of sharks,
sweeping down upon a helpless logger-head
turtle. The uate sharks are represented
in this grou

Gi) Wav hite Sa or Man-eater. One of the
aon sharks, growing to a length of 30
feet or more. This ferocious shark feeds on
large fish and sea-turtles. It has been known
to attack men and even small boats. Fortu-
nately it is apparently rare everywhere and
usually remains on the high seas.

WHALE SHARK (Rhineodon typus). This is the largest species of shark; represented here by
an eighteen-foot specimen. Note the wide mouth rectangular jaw, light spots, and the parallel
ridges extending toward the tail

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MODEL OF THE MANTA OR DEVIL FISH (Manta birostris). From specimen taken off
the west coast of Florida, measuring 17 feet across

(2) Spot-fin Ground Shark or Shovelnose.
May be recognized by its small second dor-
sal fin and very long tapering pectorals, in
combination with a flattened shovel-like
nose. It produces living young, feeds chiefly
on fish and squid, and is harmless to man.
(3) Southern Ground Shark. Somewhat re-
sembles the Tiger Shark but differs in its
very blunt snout, stouter body, very large
pectoral fins, and complete absence of spots.
It inhabits coastal waters and feeds on fish,
etc. It is common about wharves, where it
picks up refuse, but is not dangerous to man.
(4) Tiger Shark. This fish sometimes reaches
a length of 30 feet and is a very active, pre-
daceous shark of the high seas. It has wide
jaws and powerful sickle-shaped teeth, and
it preys upon large sea turtles, other sharks,
fish, and invertebrates. The tiger shark is
much dreaded in the West Indies, but there
is no authentic record of attacks on human
beings.

(5) Hammer-head Shark. The strange flat-

tened and widened face of this shark seems
to serve as a bow-rudder, which is used in
making very quick turns in pursuit of fish.
It occasionally reaches a length of 12 feet.
(6) Sand Shark. This shark may be recog-
nized by its combination of a delicate nose
and unreduced second dorsal fin. The sand
shark captures great numbers of small fish,
which are its chief diet. There is no record
that it attacks man.

The Systematic Exhibit includes a rep-
resentative series of fishes, from the lowly
“cartilage fishes,” such as the sharks and rays,
to the highest or most complexly constructed
bony fishes. Noteworthy in this series are
the mounted groups of “ganoids,” including
the sturgeons, spoonbills, bony gars, and
bowfins, all of special scientific interest, since
they are “living fossils,’ or descendants of
the now extinct fishes of earlier geologic
times. In the alcoves and wall cases on the
right, the visitor will find many curious
forms, such as the giant catfishes, the hand-

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(Above) DEEP SEA ANGLERS. Note fishing rod
with luminous tip

some rooster fish, the brilliant parrot wrasses,
and butterfly fishes.

On the right side of the entrance to the
inner enclosure is the Biological Exhibit.
This considers the fish as a machine—its
stream-line form, its main principles of con-
struction, its locomotor machinery, and the
mechanism of its jaws.

The fish life of warm seas is represented
in the inner enclosure, including the giant
Manta, or Devilfish, a small individual of the
spotted Whale Shark, largest of fishes, and
in the foreground a bit of sandy bottom with
small species as it would appear about Bimini,
Bahamas.

The model of a Manta or Devilfish (Manta
birostris) was made from a specimen taken
in 1915 near Captiva Islands, off the West
Coast of Florida, by Russell J. Coles. It meas-

ures 17 feet across the out-stretched wings.
Still larger specimens up to 22 feet wide are
on record. The Manta, like other skates
and rays, may be regarded as a “winged
shark” in which the body has become de-
pressed and the breast fins enlarged into
“wings” which are the chief organs of loco-
motion.

The Whale Shark (Rhineodon typus) is
an 18-foot specimen taken at Acapulco,
Mexico, March 2, 1935. This species is the
largest and most characteristically marked
of living sharks. In 1935, 76 specimens had
been recorded. Among these a measured
specimen reached 45 feet in length, but there
are reliable estimates of 60 to 70 feet. The
markings form a striking pattern of vertical
yellow bars separating vertical rows of yel-
low spots.

(Below) VIPER FISH (Clauliodus) PURSUING
BIGHEADS (Melamphaes)

The Deep Sea Fishes form a special ex-
hibit in an inner room. Here in the semi-
darkness we view some of the hobgoblins of
the ocean depths—many of eee covered
with jewels of phosphorescent light.

Fishes that live at great depths have to be
able to endure enormous water pressure,
low temperatures and total darkness. At one
mile depth each square inch of surface of a
fish’s body is under a pressure equal to
about one ton. But the pressure is equal
in all directions. It permeates the whole
body of the fish inside and outside and
evidently does not injure the most deli-
cate tissues.

A small exhibit in the left-hand cor-
ner of the central darkened room tells
of the remarkable life-history in which
there isa striking transformation of the
“stalk-eyed fish” into a “Gleaming-
tailed Sea Dragon.’ This exhibit is based
on the investigations and material
of Dr. William Beebe in
connection with deep

sea fishes taken off Bermuda. He

roved that the minute “stalk-
eyed fish,” which carries its eyes
out at the ends of long stalks,
really grows up into the
Gleaming-tailed Sea Dragon”
(Indiacanthus fasciola), for-
merly supposed to be a
different species.

The deep sea life is de-
pendent ultimately upon
the rain of food-bearing
particles from the richer

Yj

TUNA (Thunnus thynnus).

A magnificent mounted tuna

fish from the Exhibit of
Game Fishes

waters of the surface. The
countless myriads of mi-
croscopic plants are
absorbed by the
microscopic ani-
mals and these

by the bil-
lions of tiny
copepods or
shrimps, which in
turn are devoured by
the ravenous small
fishes.
Many different kinds
of deep sea fishes have
the power of lumines-
cence. In some fishes
the surface of the
body is studded with
little glow lamps, each of which has a lens,
a reflector and a gland for producing a sub-
stance called luciferin which emits a light
when supplied with oxygen from the blood.
The little shrimps and ‘other creatures upon
which the fish feeds are attracted toward
the lights as the moth to the flame. The
lights ‘also enable fishes of the same kind to
find each other and keep together in schools.
Big Game Fishes. At fhe end of the Fish
Hall toward the Roosevelt Memorial is the
exhibit of Big Game Fishes, including many
of great size taken with rod and line chiefly

: E754

by Zane Grey and Michael Lerner.
The huge ocean sunfish, caught by
Mr. Grey with harpoon mad gaff,
WwW eighed nearly a ton. A 74-
pound channel bass, a 668-
pound broadbill, and a 758-
pound tuna look down from
the walls.

The central feature of
the Sailfish Group is the

mounted skin of a fish Ws
caught off the rocky
coast of Cape San \
Lucas, Lower Califor-
nia. It is shown in the
act of leaping from the
water in a desperate
effort to shake the
hook from its jaws.
Many other fishes well known to
anglers and sportsmen, or greatly
desired as closer acquaintances, hang
in these cases, such as salmon, trout,

perch, muskellunge, barracuda, yellowjack,

bonefish, etc.

Three fine specimens of the fishes caught
and presented by Michael Lerner are ex-

hibited in special cases as if rising through
the water. One is the mounted Ban
of atuna (Thunnus thynnus) which
measured 8 feet, 3 inches in length
and weighed 55 5 pounds. It me as

caught ona rod A reel off Wedge-
port, Nova Scotia. This is the com-

mon or Bluefin Tuna, also called

Tunney and Horse Mackerel. It occurs in
both the Atlantic and Pacific, and huge indi-
viduals may reach a weight of over 1000
pounds.

The second specimen, a Blue Marlin
(Makaira nigricans ampla), weighed 305
pounds and measured 10 feet in length, It
was caught on rod and reel off Bimini, Ba-
hamas, on July 2, 1934. A Mako Shark
(Isuropsis mako), caught off Bimini, is
shown making one of its characteristic leaps
above water in search of food.

The tuna, the swordfish, the marlin, the
sailfish, and the mackeral are all related, be-
longing to the same suborder of fishes, the
Scombroidei, a group which attains the acme
of speed and streamlined form. There is
probably more confusion about the marlin
than about any other large game fish.

This is due, first, to its similarity to its close
relatives, the sw ce the sailfish, and the
spearfish; secondly, to nae number a differ-
ent kinds of the marlin itself. The sail of the
sailfish is much higher and longer than that
of the marlin.

The swordfish in Case 42 shows a dis-
tinctly heavier body, longer and stouter
sword, and shorter dorsal fre

The spearfish (Case 42) is a
somewhat intermediate form. Its
long dorsal fin is considerably
lower than that of the marlins.
On the wall in connection with
the Big Game Fish exhibit may
be found charts of the world
record rod and reel catches.

BLUE MARLIN

(Makaira nigricans ampla)

[76] :

Living Reptiles

BALL OF LIVING REPTILES
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 9)

AS ONE enters this hall from the Insect
Hall, the attention is attracted by four floor
exhibits containing some of the largest living
reptiles—the alligator, king cobra, and Gala-
pagos tortoise. ‘A fine tine showing the
largest living lizards. is at the right of the
entrance. These are the Dragon Lizards of
Komodo. The species Varanus kRomodoensis
occurs only on Komodo and adjacent small
islands in the Dutch East Indies. The scene in
the group is laid on Komodo. A large male
dragon lizard has just killed a wild boar,
while another dashes forth from a nearby
jungle to dispute ownership with the first.

Dragon lizards feed on deer, wild boar
and water buffalo, possibly also birds and
their eggs. They readily attack each other
and have been known to seize a wounded

comrade.

The smaller lizard feeding on the boar is
a female, the largest recorded individual of
this sex. Few species of lizards show such a
pronounced difference between the sexes.
Komodo Island is uninhabited except for
a convict village of Malays. Dragon lizards
quickly secrete themselves on the approach
of man. They apparently use vision alone in
detecting their enemies, as they fail to react
to sounds, and, in fact, appear to be deaf.
The species is diurnal and hides away at
night in large dens which it digs under the
roots of ee or under rocks in iene open.
Varanus Romodoensis is a large monitor
lizard of the family Varanidae. It is closely
related to certain monitor lizards of Aus-
tralia, particularly to giant forms known
only as fossils from the Pleistocene of that
continent. These fossil species seem to have
reached fifteen or more feet in length. Vara-
nus komodoensis does not exceed ten feet,
but large specimens may weigh over two
hundred fifty pounds. It is therefore very
much heavier than any other living lizard.
The specimens and materials ton the
dragon lizard exhibit were secured by an ex-
pedition of the American Museum under the

THE DRAGON LIZARD OF KOMODO ISLAND (Varanus komodoensis)

RHINOCEROS IGUANA. This great Iguana from Santo Domingo is the most powerful lizard
in the Americas. It is terrestrial, digging burrows in limestone

leadership of Mr. William Douglas Burden.

Near by a large chart outlines the history
of all the vertebrate animals, including the
. dragon lizards.

The central part of the hall is devoted to
a large series of floor groups, showing various
species of reptiles and amphibians in their
natural environments. The cases on the right
of the hall answer questions frequently asked,
such as, “How do reptiles and amphibians
feed?” “How do they protect themselves?”
and “How do they breed?” also, “What is
the economic value of reptiles and am-
phibians?”

The left wall of the hall contains a series
of exhibits installed in sunken panels, in
which some of the principles controlling the
existence of reptiles and amphibians are illus-
trated. Among them are “Natural Selection,
the Directing Principle of Evolution,” “Iso-
lation, a Major Factor in the Origin of
Species,” “Concealing Coloration and Form,”
and “Parallel Evolution.”

Other exhibits are devoted to snake myths,

the structure of reptile skeletons, and to snake
poisons and the treatment of snake bite.

On the left of the hall, in an enclosed cor-
ridor, is a series of habitat groups portraying
the home life of American reptiles and am-
phibians. The subjects of these in order from
the front of the corridor are:—The Leather-
back Tortoise; The Giant Salamander; The
Bullfrog; A New England Marshland in
Spring; West Indian Tree Frogs; Reptiles
of the Southwest; Galapagos Iguana; Rhi-
noceros Iguana; Gila Monster; and the Flori-
da Cypress Swamp. A few of these are de-
scribed briefly.

The Rhinoceros Iguana Group illustrates
the complete life history of a typical lizard.
It inhabits the desert regions of Santo Do-
mingo and is the most powerful lizard in
the Americas.

It is a terrestrial animal, living in burrows
which it digs through banks of limestone.
The eggs are deposited during July in hills
dug by the females in adjoining sand flats.
The young iguanas hatch out and frequently

[78]

pull their egg shells with them to the surface,
The Rhinoceros Iguana, like most other large
iguanas, is a vegetarian, feeding on Acacia
beans, Saona berries, and other products of
the desert.

The group depicts the western shore of
Lake Enriquilla, a dead sea in Santo Domin-
go, over 130 feet below the surface of the
ocean.

The Reptiles and Amphibians of a Cy press
Swamp. The primeval cypress swamps of
northern Florida afford a home for the alli-
gator, numerous turtles, lizards, snakes, and
frogs. The large alligator on the left is a
female guarding her nest (shown in cross
section). Young turtles are hatching from
eggs which have been hidden by the mother
in the alligator’s nest. The group is a repro-
duction of a Florida cypress swamp and

river cove in September. It portrays the feed-
ing habits of several snakes, the breedin
hanits of various turtles and toads, and many
other reptiles and amphibians.

A New England Marshland in Spring.
Toads and frogs come to the marshes and
ponds in the spring to breed. ‘The males call
loudly to attract mates. The shrill peeping
which arises from so many ponds of eastern
United States is made by a diminutive tree
frog, while the trill which resounds from
many orchards and water lily ponds is the
voice of the gray tree frogs. Each species of
frog and toad has a distinctive voice. In cail-
ing, the throat of many species is blown out
into a balloon-like sac and acts as a resonating
organ. The group represents a small eon
oe a swamp in southern New England during
early May.

A CYPRESS SWAMP IN NORTHERN FLORIDA. Detail of a group in the Reptile Hall

Gila Monsters. The Gila Monster is well
known as the only poisonous lizard in the
United States. In the group but one species,
Heloderma suspectum, is shown. The only
other poisonous lizard known, the Mexican
Gila monster, Heloderma horridum, is ex-
hibited in a floor group in the adjacent main
hall. The present group shows a small section
of one of the canyons of the Santa Catalina
Mountains, Arizona. The snake gliding over
the rocks is the Sonoran Racer, Masticophis
bilineatus. The desert tortoise, Gopherus
agassizii, illustrated below, is seeking a hiding
place for the night.

AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES
OF NEW YORK STATE

An exhibit showing the species found within
the State of New York may be seen in the
corridor of the Roosevelt Memorial on the
first floor. (Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor,
Hall 12a).
(Below)

DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus, agassizii). A
detail from the “Gila Monster Group,” depicting
the reptilian fauna of one of the Arizona canyons

DETAIL OF A GROUP SHOWING THE
AMPHIBIANS OF A NEW ENGLAND
MARSHLAND IN EARLY SPRING

Living birds

THE WHITNEY WING

(Index Plan, pp. 16-19, First-Fourth Floors,
Hall 79)

THE Whitney Wing of the Museum,
newest section of our Eerueture. was a joint
gift of the late Harry Payne Whitney and
the City of New York. It is wholly oc-
cupied ‘by the Museum’s Department of
Birds. Three of its eight floors are devoted
completely or in part 7 public exhibits.

The main entrance of this wing leads into
Whitney Memorial Hall from the New York
State Theorore Roosevelt Memorial. The
display represents bird life on islands in the
Pacific Ocean, covering an expanse from the
Hawaiian Islands Sachin ard beyond New
Zealand and from the Galapagos Archi-
pelago and small islets off the coast of Peru
westward to the Australian barrier reef and
New Guinea. Foyers at the ends of the hall
contain maps and mural texts which describe
both purpose and plan of the exhibits. Near
the ends of the main hall are bronze busts
of the late Messrs. William C. Whitney and
Harry Payne Whitney, father and son, to
whom the building and its contents are dedi-
cated.

WHITNEY MEMORIAL HALL
(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 19)

The design of Whitney Memorial Hall is
intended to give Museum visitors the illusion
that they are standing in the middle of the
Pacific Ocean and viewing scenes in every
direction throughout hundreds or even
thousands of miles. In other words, the hall
represents the Pacific itself, reduced to ex-
tremely small compass. A common horizon
crosses the background of all 18 habitat
groups, and from these the sky appears to
rise behind the fronts of the cases and to be
continuous with the blue dome that forms
the ceiling of the hall. Suspended by invisible
wires in this vault are examples of oceanic
birds which inhabit the Pacific from the

tropical environment depicted near the nor-
thern end of the hall to the edge of the
Antarctic toward the south end. It is through
the latter that the visitor approaches from
the Roosevelt Memorial building.

At the present time only Asa three-

fourths of the exhibits are completed. In
addition to the dome and the decorations
in the two foyers, nine groups on the right-
hand side of the hall and four on the left
and two center cases are on display. These
are as follows:
Ship-Followers. The point of view is from
the deck of an old-fashioned sailing vessel
in the open ocean south and east of New
Zealand, in the zone of the westerly winds.
In the background is the Whitney South
Sea Expedition schooner, the “France,”
which served the American Museum during
ten years in Polynesia. The expedition col-
lected most of the specimens used through-
out this hall.

Pelagic birds shown in the exhibit com-
prise a variety of albatrosses and petrels, es-
pecially characteristic of the higher south-
ern latitudes.

Samoa. A view from the hills of the island
of Savaii toward the ocean. The site is at the
point where forest meets more cpen slopes.
The birds include those of both woodland
and grassland, such as fruit pigeons, ducks,
members of the parrot family and many
smaller forms. Especially noteworthy is the
tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus), a very
peculiar member of the pigeon family, con-
fined entirely to a few islands of the Samoan
group.

Tuamotu. The island of Hao, an atoll, with
the coral-grown lagoon at the left and the
surf of the open ocean on the right. In the
distant background can be seen tree- and
shrub-covered segments of the island ring.
Among the coconut palms and other typical
beach vegetation of a coral island are man-
o’-war birds, boobies, a nesting red-tailed
tropic-bird, several terns, including the white
fairy tern which lays its egg on rough bark
or in the crotch of a bush, and also a number
of shore birds of both migratory and resi-
dent species. The example of the latter is the
rare or nearly extinct Polynesian sandpiper,
one of the smallest members of its family, of
which two stand in the left foreground.

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The Tuamotu archipelago occupies a huge
area in the central South Pacific and is one
of the most extensive island groups on earth.
Marquesas. A scene in the volcanic Island
of Nukuhiva, showing a rugged shore line
and ridges dissected by the sea, as viewed
from a height of nearly 2000 feet. On the
right is the Valley of “Typee,” famous as
the locale of Herman Melville’s romance of
the same name.

The birds include the giant pigeon (Ser-

resius), which exists only at the island of
Nukuhiva, a smaller native fruit pigeon,
swifts of the “edible-nest” group, warblers
and old world flycatchers peculiar to this
island, a forest rail, a ground dove and a pair
of wild chickens or jungle fowl, the ancestors
of which were widely distributed in the
Pacific by the original Polynesian immi-
grants.
Peruvian Guano Islands. Looking southward
across the Bay of Pisco, Peru, from the south-
ern island of the Chincha group. The scene
represents the rainless coast of Peru, where
climatic conditions are responsible for the
accumulation on such islands of sea bird
manure known as guano, which was the fer-
tilizer of the Incas and other ancient agri-
cultural peoples of the west coast of South
America. :

Despite the exhaustion of the old supplies
of guano, it has again become an important
commercial resource in Peru, and the in-
dustry is now operated upon a scientific con-
servational basis.

The three principal species of guano-pro-
ducing birds, all of which are peculiar to
the coasts of Peru and northern Chile, are
shown. These are the Peruvian cormorant,
booby, and pelican. Other birds of interest
are the white-moustached Inca tern, two
species of gulls, and on the rocks of the
painted background a distant cluster of
Peruvian penguins.

Galapagos. This scene is in the heart of the
Galapagos archipelago looking from James
Island across the water toward Albemarle,
the largest island of the group. The Gala-
pagos lie on the equator about 600 miles west
of the South American coast. They are fa-
mous as the native home of many peculiar
and long isolated species of both plants and
animals, and they received their first notable

scientific fame as a result of the visit of
Charles Darwin in H.M.S. “Beagle” about
1834.

Man-o’-war birds, herons, an owl, mock-
ingbirds and hawks are among the birds
shown in the exhibit. Most of these are re-
markable because of their total lack of shy-
ness in the presence of man, a trait doubtless
acquired during residence throughout a very
long period in a land without man or other
mammalian enemies. The most important
of the Galapagos birds from a biological

oint of view are several species of small
finches which show a great variation in the
size of the bill. These mostly belong to the
genus Geospiza, and Darwin’s observations
of them in the field are believed to have had
much to do with his original ideas on the
principle of natural selection as an explana-
tion of evolutionary change.
Hawaii. This exhibit shows a deep and steep
valley on the Hawaiian island of Kauai, with
slopes and gorges descending about 4000 feet
from the high plateau of the island toward
low banks above the beach. The opposite or
windward side of Kauai is extremely rainy
and, on the right, fragments of storm clouds
are shown whisking out over the valley
which, however, is not very humid because
most of the rainfall is precipitated farther
to windward.

The Hawaiian archipelago, like that of the
Galapagos, has been isolated from other land
areas throughout many ages, and some of
the native birds and other animals show even
more peculiar and pronounced evolutionary
changes. The Hawaiian honeycreepers (Dre-
panididae), for example, are obviously mem-
bers of a single family of small land birds,
yet the specializations in the bills of several
species range from short, stout, almost par-
rot-like beaks to extremely long, pointed
and sickle-shaped organs. Feeding habits are,
of course, correlated with such structures,
for the stoutest-billed species can manipulate
hard seeds and fruits, whereas those with
long slender bills must use them in extracting
nectar or small insects and spiders from the
corolla of flowers. Several examples of these
honeyeaters are exhibited, but it would be
impossible to show the whole range of varia-
tion in bills without drawing upon species in-
habiting other islands of the Hawaiian group.

[83]

BROWN PELICANS (Pelecanus occidentalis). Brown Pelicans inhabit our coasts from South

Carolina to the West Indies. They often fly in diagonal files and under favorable conditions sail

long distances on set wings. Facing the wind, they travel high, but at times they skim just above
the crest of curling breakers

EMPEROR PENGUIN (Aptenodytes forsteri).
This is the largest of the existing species of the
penguins. The mounted bird here shown, a male,
weighed seventy-nine pounds. The Emperor Pen-
guin is excusively Antarctic, inhabiting the fring-
ing ice of the south polar continent and the adja-
cent islands. It rarely sets foot upon land or rock.
The single egg is laid on the ice in midwinter and
is carried on top of the bird’s foot until it hatches,
the male and female taking turns at incubation

At the right of the group three geese are
shown in flight, the species being peculiar
to Hawaii. In the air, down the valley, are
two white-tailed tropic-birds, and the small
land birds include one or more species having
tufts of brightly colored feathers which
were used by the ancient Hawaiians in manu-
facturing the famous feather cloaks worn by
chiefs of high rank.

Lysan. Albatrosses, of which there are some
seventeen species in the world, resort during
the nesting season to remote oceanic islands.
There they carry on their remarkably elabo-

rate courtship precedure, lay the single egg,
and rear their chick before they depart once
more on the oceanic w anderings which they
continue until the return of the next breed-
ing season.

Most albatrosses inhabit the higher lati-
tudes of the southern oceans, and no species
regularly enters the North Atlantic. The
North Pacific Ocean, however, is the home
of three kinds of albatrosses, two of which

L 84]

are here shown on the nesting ground of
Laysan Island, a leeward outlier of the Ha-
waiian archipelago.

The two species shown are the white-
breasted Lysan albatross and the all dark
black-footed albatross. Both carry on an ex-
traordinary ritual, commonly known as a
courtship dance, although it really partakes
of community behavior. The birds on the
nesting ground salute, cross bills, and bow
not only to their own mates but to other
albatrosses of both sexes.

A pair of the small native teal of Laysan,

found nowhere else in the world, is also
shown in this exhibit. Others displayed are
nesting sea birds, such as boobies, man-of-war
birds, and petrels (which occupy burrows
in the sandy soil), and shore birds that make
the island a resting place during their long
migration from Alaskan breeding grounds
to a winter home among islands of the south
seas—bristle-thighed curlews, golden plovers,
and others.
New Caledonia. Yhis large island, which is
east of Australia, lies on one of the western
Pacific arcs or submerged mountain ranges.
It has had no connection with any other
land area since it arose from the ocean in the
early part of the Age of Mammals.

Because its life hasbeen obtained by natural
means from places across the sea, it is in-
teresting to note that, among the 64 species
of New Caledonian land birds, six belong to
widespread Pacific species, 35 appear to have
come from Australia, and 23 from the New
Guinea region.

New Caledonia has five genera of birds
found nowhere else, these comprising a
pigeon, a parrot, a warbler, a honey-eater,
and the strange, flightless, heron-like Kagu.
The last is a very extraordinary bird, which
appears to have no near relatives any where
else in the world.

The site of this exhibit is on the north-
easterly coast of New Caledonia, at an alti-
tude of slightly more than 1000 feet. The
birds, in addition to the Kagu (on the
ground), include a fruit dove, kingfisher,
cuckoo, warblers, flycatchers, whistlers, a
wood-swallow, starling, honeyeaters, and a
parrot finch.

Solomon Islands. Since the United States
armed forces have made history at Guadal-

canal Island, the savage Solomons no longer
seem so far away as they formerly did. In
this exhibit of bird life in a hot, humid, and
mountainous archipelago, the background
shows Guadalcanal itself. The foreground
represents a small islet off the southeastern
end of Guadalcanal, with a cluster of native
huts, and a garden in which coconut palms,
bananas, papaya, cassava, breadfruit, taro,
and sweet potato are growing on the site of
a recently-felled tropical forest.

The Solomon Islands have a rich bird
fauna, with 128 species of land birds alone.
The 21 species shown in the exhibit can
therefore be only a representative selection.
They include the following: the Brahminy
kite, a bird of prey; the brush fowl or mega-
pode, which lays its eggs in mounds or rot-
ting vegetation, so that the heat of fermenta-
tion may hatch them, several species of
doves, parrots, lories, and cockatoos, includ-
ing the king parrot, of which the male is
green and the female vivid red; the giant
swift, a relative of our American chimney
swift; and various colorful representatives
of Old World families, such as rollers,
cuckoo-shrikes, flycatchers, sunbirds, and
flower-peckers.

Australian Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier
Reef, which for more than 1200 miles guards
the east coast of Australia, is the largest coral
reef in the world. In the extensive lagoon
between the Barrier and the mainland are
countless lesser reefs, islets of coral limestone

A GIANT SWIFT soars into a jungle \\
clearing in the exhibit showing the bird N
life of the Solomon Islands

and, near shore, higher islands which are

detached fragments of the continental rock.
Many of these haave collected wind-blown
soil and have acquired a luxuriant, even if
limited, plant life. Others remain relatively
bare but are still for enough above the reach
of the ocean to furnish breeding grounds for
great colonies of sea fowl.

The birds of the Great Barrier are mostly
of widespread types, as is characteristic of
the avifaunas of beaches and small islands.
They include a noisy colony of brown
noddies and sooty terns, the fledgling young
of the latter being the dark speckled birds
which look so unlike their parents, Aus-
tralian silver gulls, crested terns, reef herons

in both gray and white phases, and man-of-

war birds complete the list of resident
oceanic species. The sandpipers or tattlers in
the beach pool are winter migrants from
northern Asiatic nesting grounds. The white
land birds painted in flight are nutmeg pig-
eons bound, perhaps, toward fruit trees
growing on the islets.

New Guinea. Among its 650 species New
Guinea has many birds not known in Aus-
tralia, though the two land masses are only
100 miles apart at Torres Strait. A drop of 50
feet in the sea level would probably join
them. On a map of the United States, New
Guinea would reach from New York City
to Colorado, and its interior offers some of
the largest unexplored areas on earth. This
exhibit depicts a scene on Lake Habbema,

THE GREAT BARRIER REEF. Most of the flying birds in this view are sooty terns. The
darker ones are part of a colony of brown noddies

BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. Three Alpine Lories, brilliantly colored New Guinea Parrots, are
perched above two Macgregor’s birds of paradise

11000 feet above sea level, looking south-
ward toward Mount Wilhelmina.

Fiji. The Fiji archipelago is one of the largest,
most beautiful, and most important in the
Pacific. It forms part of one of the several
great island arcs to the east of Australia and
New Guinea and comprises more than 200
separate islands and islets. The larger mem-
bers are mountainous, and many are sur-
rounded by fringing reefs of coral.

Fiji has about 54 species of land birds, or
only half as many as the Solomon Islands,
which are hundreds of miles nearer the ulti-
mate source of supply in the Australasian

region. The principal Fijian types are birds
of families known to be able to make long
colonizing flights across the ocean, such as
parrots, pigeons, kingfishers, starlings, and
white-eyes.

In the silky dove and the golden dove,
Fiji has two of the most spectacular of all
birds. Both species are peculiar to this group
of islands, and one of them only to Viti Levu
Island, the site of the exhibit. The thirteen
additional birds shown all belong to families
found at other Pacific islands, but the species
are mostly peculiar to Fiji. Most of the ab-
original Fijian birds are confined to mountain

[374

districts, while the common birds of town
and village are more widespread or recently
introduced kinds.

Birds of Paradise. The first case consists of
two exhibits, one on the Plume-Bird-of-
Paradise, and one on South Sea Lories, a
group of parrots. The second case contains
an exhibit on the Rifle Birds (Birds-of-Para-
dise) and one on various birds of the Malay
Archipelago.

HALL OF BIOLOGY OF BIRDS
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 19)

In Sanford Hall, on the first floor of the
Whitney Wing, much fascinating infor-
mation on the biology of birds is given in an
attractive setting. ake key note of the exhibit
is the story of the bird’s adaptations to flight.
Characteristic representatives of over 140
families are shown. The evolution of birds,
bird flight, the anatomy of birds, the bird
feather, origin of species in birds, bird dis-
tribution, and bird migration are subjects
that are treated in deal!

Special exhibits are devoted to the giant
fossil birds, to various remarkable bird nests
(hornbill, osprey, social weaver, caciques )
and to various extinct North American birds
(Passenger Pigeon, Heath Hen, Labrador
Duck). Paintings are shown of most of the
more than too birds that have become
extinct in the world. The causes of this
extinction are discussed.

The entrance exhibit is a breathtaking
sunset scene in the Caribbean with flying
flamingoes, spoonbills, scarlet ibises, and
egrets.

GALLERY OF BIRD ART
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 19)
A collection of original drawings and paint-
ings of birds by Louis Agassiz Fuertes is in-
stalled in the Gallery of Bird Art on the
Fourth Floor of the W hitney Wing. These
works cover most of Fuertes’ life as an artist,
from a painting made while a young boy to
his mature work of the later years preceding
his untimely death. The collection includes
numerous studies made in the field, many of
them while on expeditions of the Aerie
Museum, and finished pictures, both pub-
lished and unpublished.

The same hall contains a series of original

water-color paintings by Joseph Wolf which
were published as illustrations of various of
the ornithological monographs of D. G.
Elliot, particularly the Monograph of the
Pheasants.

Included in this hall, also, are two large oil
paintings from the collecuiag of Audu-
boniana, most of which is installed in the
alee of the Theodore Roosevelt Me-
morial Wing immediately adjoining. One of
these paintings is by John James Audubon,
showing a dog surprising a group of pheas-
ants. The other is a portrait of Audubon
with his dog, horse, and gun from the brushes
of his sons Victor and John Woodhouse
Audubon.

AUDUBON GALLERY
(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 12a)

A noteworthy collection of objects relating
to the life and work of John James Audubon
is exhibited in the corridor on the fourth
floor of the Roosevelt Memorial leading into
the Whitney Wing. These include original
sketches and paintings by Audubon, and by
his son, John Woodhouse Audubon, mainly
of the Quadrupeds of North America; some
of the copper plates from which the Birds
of America were printed, and a portrait of
Robert Havell, their engraver and publisher
of the first pricier of the ‘ ‘Birds.” Of special
interest are the portraits of Audubon, one of
which is displayed on the right-hand wall of
the Whitney Gallery of Bird Art, just inside
the entrance. Of more personal interest are
the guns carried by Audubon on many of
his expeditions and the buckskin suit he wore.
These objects were presented mainly by
his grand-daughters, Maria R. and Florence
Audubon, but the largest piece, a covey of
pheasants, was given by Miss M. Eliza Audu-
bon. Gifts have been received also from Dr.
Edward H. Rogers, Miss Anne E. Roelker,
Robert Havell Lockwood, and others.

BIRDS OF THE WORLD HALL
(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 2)

This hall is devoted to a projected series of
twelve habitat groups to show the major
faunal areas of the world and their character-
istic birds. Eleven groups have been com-
pleted. The backgrounds, by Francis Lee
Jaques, Frank McKenzie, and Arthur A.

[88]

Jansson, are reproductions of actual scenes
made from color sketches and photographs
taken on the spot. Beginning at the right of
the entrance, the completed groups are as
follows:

Pampas Group. The pampas and lagoons of
the South Temperate Zone of South America
harbor a varied assemblage of birds. These
include some twenty species of North Amer-
ican sandpipers and plovers that migrate to
this region to spend the northern winter.
Some of the birds are permanent residents.
The scene is laid at Lake Chascomus, near
Buenos Aires, Argentina, a region made fa-
mous by the writings of William Henry
Hudson, to whom the group is dedicated. It
is a gift of Mrs. Anna E. Erickson.

High Andes Group. The Paramo Zone of
South America is found at sea level at the
southern end of the continent but occupies
increasingly high elevations in the Andes,
below the snow line, as the equator is ap-
proached. In the neighborhood of Mt. Acon-
cagua, Chile, shown in the background, this
zone is reached at 10,000 feet elevation, but
the birds are still closely related to those of
the lowlands of Patagonia and southern
Chile. The giant Condor is a characteristic
species.

American Tropical Zone. Barro Colorado
Island, in the Canal Zone, was once a hilltop
and part of the unbroken humid tropical
forest of the Panamanian lowlands but it was
cut off from the surrounding forest when the
valley of the Chagres River was flooded
by the closing of Gatun Dam. It is now pre-
served as a natural laboratory under the care
of the Institute for Research in Tropical
America. It has been made known to many
through the writings of Dr. Frank M. Chap-
man, particularly by his books, “My Tropi-
cal Air Castle” and “Life in an Air Castle.”
South Georgia Group. The bird-life of the
Antarctic regions is not as rich in species as
that of the tropics but possesses certain very
interesting forms, among which the pen-
guins are outstanding. The group shows an
assemblage of King Penguins on the island of
South Georgia, 1200 miles east of Cape Horn.
Among the other characteristic species are
the Wilson’s Petrel (one of the birds known
to sailors as “Mother Carey’s Chickens’),
the Kelp Gull, Giant Fulmar, the curious

Sheathbill, and (painted) the Wandering
Albatross.

East African Plains. The easterly third of
Africa is largely a grassy country dotted
with thorny bushes and trees. The Kidong
Valley, scene of the group, lies some 40 miles
northwest of Nairobi, Kenya Colony, in the
Great Rift Valley that extends from north-
ern Tanganyika to the Red Sea and southern
Palestine. The Ostrich, Marabou, Bustard,
Courser, Secretary Bird, Hoopoe, Coly, and
Lark shown in the group are typical of the
plains region, though some of the other birds
shown have close relatives in the forests.
Gift of Henry W. Sage.

Congo Forest Group. The equatorial forests
along the Congo River in western Africa
are rich in bird-life. As in other tropical
forests, many species of birds often band to-
gether in loosely mixed flocks that roam the
woods for insects and other food, searching
from the ground to the tops of the trees. The
exhibit shows such an assemblage together
with other inhabitants of the region. The
scene is at Lukolela, about 500 miles upstream
from the mouth of the Congo River. Pre-
sented by Mrs. Dwight Arven Jones.
Australia. This is a scene in the Blue Moun-
tains of New South Wales, about 100 miles
west of Sydney, at the edge of the forest look-
ing out over the eucalyptus-dotted savanna.
Two Lyre Birds (male and female) have
come to the forest margin. A flock of Crim-
son Rosella Parrots has settled on the ground
and in the trees, and two Eastern Rosellas
are near-by. Several Black-backed Magpies
are on the ground or (painted) flying, and a
Laughing Jackass is perched in a tree over-
head. Various characteristic birds of eastern
Australia are shown, such as the Peaceful
Dove, Satin Flycatcher, Broad-billed Roller,
Gang-gang Cockatoo, and others. In the dis-
tance (painted) are scattered the ostrich-like
groups of Emus. The group was the gift of
Archer M. Huntington.

Gobi Group. The extensive desert of central
Asia, known as The Gobi, contains a number
of brackish lakes, without outlets and fed
by surface and underground streams from
mountains such as the Altai Range shown in
the background. The climate is cold except
for a brief summer, and the bird-life consists
largely of migrant species that go south for

[ 89]

MACAWS (Ara macao). From
the exhibit showing the bird
life of Barro Colorado Island in
the Panama Canal Zone. This
island, made by the spreading
of Gatun Lake, has cut off a
portion of the continental trop-
ical jungle with its abundant
mammal and bird life

A DETAIL FROM THE SAN
JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALI-
FORNIA, BIRD GROUP. This
valley, once a vast desert, has
now been irrigated. Well-water-
ed grass lands have resulted,
inhabited by birds in great
abundance and variety

BIRD LIFE OF THE GOBI

the winter, as the Demoiselle Crane, Great
Bustard, and Ruddy Sheldrake. The Raven
remains throughout the year. The interesting
Sand-Grouse often travels long distances
daily for water and has an irregular local
migration.

Palaearctic Alpine Group. The Zermatt Val-
ley and the Matterhorn, in Switzerland, are
shown with some of the characteristic birds
of the upper Alps at timberline at 7000 feet
elevation. Some of the species, like the
Wall Creeper and the Snowfinch, probably
reached the Alps from the Himalayas in pre-
historic times when these two now distant
mountain ranges may have been continuous.
Others, like the Arctic Ptarmigan and Red-
poll, may have come from the north, driven
by the advancing ice of the Glacial Period.
Sull others are inhabitants of the lower eleva-
tions that have extended their ranges up-
ward to the timberline.

New Forest Group. The Palearctic Zone
or Old World North Temperate Zone cor-
responds to the Nearctic or North Tem-
perate Zone of North America. The families
of birds found in the two regions are much
the same and some of the species are identi-
cal although their local names may differ.
Occasionally the same name is applied to
quite different species as in the case of the
European and American robins. The group

GREAT AUK, or Gare Fowl, a bird now extinct.

No living specimens have been recorded since

1844. (A mounted specimen in the American
Museum)

Cor]

shows the famous “Roosevelt Walk” in the
New Forest, in the Valley of the Itchen, in
Hampshire, where Lord (then Sir Edward)
Grey and Theodore Roosevelt watched the
birds together in 1910. The group is dedi-
cated to Lord Grey and was the gift of Mrs.
Carll Tucker.

Tundra Group. Churchill, Manitoba, on the
western side of Hudson Bay, lies in what the

Indian called the “land of little sticks.” Here
the Canadian forests to the southward are
giving way to the treeless tundra that reaches
northward to the Arctic Ocean. In summer
the tundra is dotted with innumerable insect-
filled ponds. Hither to nest come myriads
of migratory water birds—sandpipers, plo-
vers, gulls, ducks, and geese—that have win-
tered in warmer lands to the southward. A
few land birds also nest on the tundra. One
of these, the Arctic grouse or Ptarmigan, is
able to endure the long Arctic winter and,
unlike most of the tundra birds, does not
migrate. A number of forest- or bush-dwel-
ling birds reach the northern limit of their
distribution near Churchill. Some of these
may be seen in the group, the gift of William
A. Rockefeller.

HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN
BIRD GROUPS
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 1)

Here are the Habitat Groups of North
American birds, prepared under the direc-
tion of Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Curator of
Ornithology, who collected most of the
specimens and made practically all the field
studies. The backgrounds are reproductions
of specific localities, painted from sketches
made by the artist who usually accompanied
the naturalists when the field studies for the
groups were made. Practically all sections of
the country are represented; thus the series
depicts characteristic North American scen-
ery as well as the bird-life. The backgrounds
of the groups were painted by Bruce Hors-
fall, Charles J. Hittell, Hobart Nichols, Carl
Rungius, W. B. Cox, Louis A. Fuertes, and
Francis L. Jaques. The foliage and flowers
were reproduced in the Museum laboratories
from material collected in the localities rep-
resented. (See Guide Leaflet No. 28.) The
visitor should follow the series to the right
around the hall.

Orizaba Group. The distribution of birds,
notwithstanding their powers of flight, is
limited in great measure by climate. Thus
in traveling from Panama north to Greenland
there are zones of bird-life corresponding to
the zones of temperature. This condition is
illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in
Mexico, where in traveling from the tropical

jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the
naturalist finds zones of life comparable with
those to be found in traveling north on the
continent. Thus the Orizaba group, so far
as the distribution of life is concerned, is an
epitome of all the groups in the hall.

Cobb’s Island Group. Among our most
beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the
terns and gulls, which (because of their
plumage) were once ceaselessly hunted and
slaughtered for millinery purposes. Thanks
to protection, they have now greatly in-
creased in numbers. The group represents a
section of an island off the Virginia coast,
where the birds are now protected by law.
Duck Hawk Group. The Duck Hawk may
be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hud-
son almost within the limits of New York
City. It nests on the ledges of the towering
cliffs. This hawk is the Peregrine Falcon,
which was so much used for hunting in the
Middle Ages. It often comes into the city
for pigeons.

Hackensack Meadow Group. In August and
September the meadows and marshlands
bordering the Hackensack River, New Jer-
sey, formerly teemed with bird-life, but this
is rapidly disappearing before the march of
“improvements.” In the group are swallows
preparing to migrate southward, Bobolinks
or “Rice Birds” in autumn plumage, Red-
winged Blackbirds, Rails, Wood Ducks and
Long-billed Marsh Wrens.

Wild Turkey Group. The Wild Turkey is
a native of America and was once abundant
in the wooded regions of the eastern portion
of the United States, but is now very rare.
It differs slightly in color from the Mexican
bird, the ancestor of our common barnyard
turkey, which was introduced from Mexico
into Europe about 1530 and was brought by
the colonists to America. (Reproduced from
studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.)
Florida Great Blue Heron Group. The Great
Blue Heron usually nests in trees. The bird
flies with its neck curved back on its body,
and because of this habit it can readily be
distinguished from cranes, with which it is
frequently confused. (Reproduced from
studies near St. Lucie, Florida.)

Water Turkey, or “Snake-bird,” Group. In
the yellow pond-lily swamps grown with
cypresses and cabbage palmettos, the shy

[92]

ARCTIC SEABIRD LIFE. From a group in the Gallery of North American Birds. The group
depicts the lower part of a 1000-foot cliff on Little Diomede Island in Bering Sea. Here myriads
of sea birds come each summer to lay their eggs and rear their young

Water Turkey builds its nest. It receives the
name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail, and
the title “snake-bird” from its habit of swim-
ming with only the long slender neck above
Ww ten (Reproduced from studies near St.
Lucie, Florida.)

Sandhill Crane Group. Unlike the herons,
the Sandhill Crane builds its nest of reeds in
the water. It differs also in its manner of
flight, always fully extending its neck when
on the wing. (Reproduced, from studies on
the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.)

Brown Pelican Group. Pelican Island, on the

Indian River of Florida, has been made a
reservation by the United States Govern-
ment, and these grotesque birds now breed
there in comparative safety. The view shows
a section of the island at the height of the

fo)
nesting season. (Reproduced from studies at

Pelican Island, Florida.)

American Egret Group. This beautiful bird
has been brought to the verge of extinction
in this country through the use of its “aig-
rette plumes” ‘for millinery purposes, and is
now confined to a few protected rookeries
in the South. The birds have these plumes

C93]

only during the nesting season, at which
time the death of the parent means the starva-
tion of the young. (Reproduced from studies
in a rookery of South Carolina.)

Turkey Vulture Group. The Turkey Vul-
ture, or “buzzard,” is one of the best-known
birds of the South, where it performs a valu-
able service in acting as scavenger. On this
account it is protected by law and by public
sentiment and has become both abundant
and tame. (Reproduced from studies at
Plummer Island in the Potomac River, near
Washington. )

California Condor Group. The California
Condor is the largest and one of the rarest
of North American birds. It is not so heavy
as the condor of the Andes, and has a slightly
smaller spread of wing. In the group the visi-
tor is supposed to be standing in the interior
of the condor’s cave, and is looking down
on the river of the canon. (Reproduced from
studies in Piru Canon, California.)

Brandt’s Cormorant Group. The foreground
of the group shows a detail of the island that
is painted in the background. The young
birds are feeding, and it will be noticed that
one fledgling is reaching down the mother’s
throat after the predigested food. (Repro-
duced from studies at Monterey, California.)
San Joaquin Valley Group. Formerly this
area was an arid place with a characteristic
desert bird fauna. Now the ranchmen have
irrigated the land, and aquatic bird-life
abounds. This group is a good illustration of
the influence of man on the bird-life of a
region.

Bering Sea Bird Group. Little Diomede and
Big Diomede form a group of two islands
which lie in Bering Sea, fifty miles south of
the Arctic Circle and about midway between
Alaska and Siberia. ;

The site of the group is the lower part of
the 1000-foot cliff at the south end of Little
Diomede. Here, protected by isolation, as
well as by the nature of their haunts, myriads
of murres, guillemots, puffins, auklets, gulls,
and cormorants come each summer to lay
their eggs and rear their young.

Flamingo Group. There were estimated to
be two thousand nests in this colony. The
Flamingos construct their nests by scooping
up mud with their bills and packing it down
by means of bill and feet. The nests are raised

to a height of twelve or fourteen inches. This
protects eggs and young from disasters due
to high water. Only one egg is laid, and the
young, covered with down, is fed by the
mother on predigested food. (Reproduced ~
from studies in the Bahama Islands.)

Booby and Man-of-War Bird Group. In this
group is shown a portion of a coral islet on
which three thousand Boobies and four hun-
dred Man-of-War Birds were nesting, the
former on the ground, the latter in the sea
grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in
the Bahama Islands.)

Florida Rookery Group. \n this group are
Roseate Spoonbills, Snowy Egrets, American
Egrets, Little Blue Herons, Louisiana Herons,
ibises, cormorants, and Water-Turkeys. Be-
cause of the great inaccessibility of this is-
land it was one of the last places to feel the
depredations of the plume-hunter. (Repro-
duced from studies in the Everglades of
Florida.)

Whistling Swan Group. A Whistling Swan
on the nest is visible far across the arctic
tundra, the summer home of this species.
The nest is built of moss, etc., and in it are
laid two to five white eggs, four and a
quarter inches long. Both male and female
share the labor of nest-building, incubation,
and caring for the young.

Whooping Crane Group. The Whooping
Crane is so nearly. exterminated that not only
was it impossible to obtain a nest and young,
but in making this group it was necessary to
use specimens taken many years ago.
Golden Eagle Group. The Golden Eagle is
one of the most widely distributed of birds.
In North America it is common from the
Rockies to the Pacific, as far east as Maine.
Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the
eagle never attacks man.

Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels,
woodchucks and occasionally sheep. (Re-
produced from studies near Bates Hole,
Wyoming. )

Klamath ieee Group. The bird-life here
shows how normal nesting habits may be
changed by birds being forced to live in a
new locality. White Pelicans, which usually
make a nest of pebbles, Caspian Terns, which
commonly build their nests on sand, and
Cormorants that nest on rocks are all nest-
ing together here on the islets of the lake.

C94]

Unfortunately the breeding ground shown
here, with its wonderful bird-life, has been
destroyed by ill-advised drainage. (Repro-
duced from studies at Klamath Lake, Ore-
on.)

Arctic-Alpine Bird-Life Group. The scene
represented in this group is above the timber-
line on the crest of the Canadian Rockies,
8000 feet above the sea. Although these
mountains are in the temperate region, the
altitude gives climatic conditions that would
be found in the Far North, and the bird-life
is arctic in character. Here are nesting the
White tailed Ptarmigan, Rosy Snow Finches,
and Pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the
Canadian Rockies.)

Sage Grouse Group. This group shows a
stretch of western plateau covered with sage
brush. In this brush is seen the male Sage
Grouse strutting and wooing a mate (Repro-
duced from studies at Medicine Bow,
Wyoming.)

Prairie Chicken Group. The Prairie Chickens
are akin to the common grouse. The group
represents a typical scene during the mating
season. The male birds go through most
surprising antics in their efforts to attract

the females. They inflate the orange-colored.

sacs on the sides of their necks, dancing and
strutting about and uttering a loud, resonant,
booming note. (Reproduced from studies
near Halsey, Nebraska.)

Wild Goose Group. The Wild Goose is one
of the first birds to migrate north in the
spring. It nests among the lakes of Canada
even before the ice is melted. (Reproduced
from studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatche-
wan, Canada.)
Grebe Group. The grebes are aquatic birds
which build their nests in the water. During
incubation the parent bird usually covers the
eggs with grass arid reeds when leaving the
nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes
was the Redhead Duck. (Crane Lake, Sas-
katchewan, Canada.)
Loon Group. The Loon is justly famed for
its skill as a diver, and can swim with great
speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar
sound on the northern New England lakes.
Many Loons pass the winter at sea fifty miles
or more from land. (Lake Umbagog, New
Hampshire. )
Bird Rock Group. This rocky island thirty
miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
affords some protection to the sea birds
which still nest in considerable numbers on
its cliffs. Seven species are shown nesting in
the group—the Razor-billed Auk, Leach’s
Petrel, Gannet, Puffin, Kittiwake Gull, Com-
mon Murre, and Briinnich’s Murre. This was
the Museum’s first large group. (Bird Rock,
Gulf of St. Lawrence. )

(See also Guide Leaflet No. 28, The Habi-
tat Groups of North American Birds.)

[951

peter

(Above) GREEN HERON

(Index Plan, p. 16,
First Floor, Hall 12a)

In the corridor on the first floor of
the Roosevelt Memorial are shown
all the species of birds that have
been known to occur within 50
miles of New York City. The first
four lettered cases, A-D, on the
right, opposite the entrance to the
new Hall of North American Mam-
mals, contain the permanent resi-
dents. The next four lettered cases,
E-H, contain the migrants. The
latter are changed as necessary
about the first of each month. Be-
ginning at the entrance to the
Mammal Hall on the left-hand wall,
the numbered cases contain the
general collection of all birds found
within this area.

A case containing the nests and
eggs of the local birds will be found
around the corner from case A, on
the opposite side of the stairway
leading to the second floor.

LOCAL BIRDS

In the central Hall of this floor
of the Roosevelt Memorial, to
the right of the entrance is the
Roosevelt Sanctuary Group,
showing characteristic spring
migrants in the New York
City area. The scene is laid in
the Roosevelt Wild-life sanct-
uary at Oyster Bay, Long
Island, and shows the memorial
fountain (reversed) and the
site of Theodore Roosevelt’s
grave on the hillside to the left.
The background was painted
by James Perry Wilson, as-
sisted by Fred F. Scherer.

BALTIMORE ORIOLE

(Above) WOOD THRUSH
(Below) KINGBIRD

ALASKA BROWN BEAR. The world’s largest carnivore. It goes into hibernation high on the
mountain slopes in the fall and emerges in April or May

Living
Mammats

HALL OF NORTH AMERICAN
MAMMALS

(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 13)

THE new Hall of North American Mam-
mals was opened to the public April 8, 1942,
although a number of the groups are still
unfinished.

At the west end of the hall, opposite the
entrance, is the Alaska Brown Bear Group.
These great carnivores are shown against
the background of the Pinnacles, precipitous
mountains of the Alaska Peninsula. A salmon
lies on the shore of a small-creek, also an

Otter, frightened from its catch by the bears.

On each side of the entrance to the hall
are small-scale groups, showing the mammals
of North America and their environment
during the Ice Age. These animals are now
extinct in North America, although their
close relatives exist in other parts of the
world. The group to the right shows the
mammals that existed in Alaska, the group on
the left those that occured in southern Cali-
fornia.

The first large group to the right of the
entrance exhibits the Grant Caribou. The
landscape is the Alaska Peninsula.

Next is the White Sheep Group. Hand-
some rams are resting on a mountain with a

“midnight sun” striking the top of Mount
McKinley, Alaska, in the background.

The Rocky Mountain Sheep Group shows
how unlike in color and details of structure
related species may be. The massive, closely
spiraling horns of the Bighorn contrast w ith
those of the White Sheep. In the foreground
may be seen a Say Ground Squirrel, or “big
chipmunk” as it is locally called.

C974

THE BIG-HORN SHEEP inhabits the rugged mountains far above the tree line and only
descends when forced down by deep snow. The scene portrayed for this group in the American
Museum is in Jasper National Park, Alberta

The Alaska Moose Group, around the
corner, shows two bulls locked in a struggle
for mastery, while a cow moose, interested
but not concerned over the outcome, looks
on. The number of moose that are painted
in the background convey an idea of their
abundance on the Kenai Peninsula, where
the scene is laid. A Canada Jay, or Whiskey
Jack, may be seen in a bush to the right of
the fighters, and a spruce grouse is in a tree
to the left of the cow.

The Grizzly Bear Group, with a male, a
mother bear, and her two cubs, is around the
corner to the right. They are on the edge
of the Canyon of the Yellowstone in the
National Park. The Falls are shown in the
distance, and an osprey, or fish hawk, is
painted in the middle distance. The nest of
this bird may be seen on a rocky pinnacle
in the canyon.

Next is the Jaguar Group, showing a pair
of these large, spotted cats on a rocky moun-
tainside in Sonora, Mexico.

The Mountain Lion Group, exhibiting a

pair in a shallow cave, has as a background
the picturesque Grand Canyon of the Colo-
rado. One of the cats is interested in the
movements of a deer, far below, while the
other lies on the floor of the cave.

Behind the Alaska Bear Group is a small
passageway containing a faunal map of
North America and photographs of mam-
mals in the wild.

The Wapiti Group is on the opposite
side of the hall from the Mountain Lion
Group. A splendid bull Wapiti, or Ameri-
can Elk, a young bull, a cow, and a calf of
the year are shown in the northern Colorado
Rockies.

The Virginia Deer, or Whitetail, occur in
numbers as close to the metropolitan area as
Bear Mountain Park. A buck and two does
are exhibited in the group amid the brilliantly
colored foliage of the eastern fall.

The Devil’s Tower in northeastern Wy-
oming is the scene portrayed as the setting
for the Mule Deer Group.

The next group shows Bison and Prong-

[98 J

horn Antelope on the North Platte River,
Wyoming. Vast herds of Bison as shown here
formerly roamed from the Appalachians to
the Rockies and from Mexico into the Ca-
nadian Northwest. A prairie dog is poking
its head out of a burrow, and cowbirds are
associated with the bison.

Around the corner is the Musk Ox Group.
Well equipped for life in the rigorous arctic
regions with their long, dense coat of fur
and hair, these animals are at home in the
blizzard in northern Ellesmere Land.

Both Black-tailed and Antelope Jack Rab-
bits may be seen next, on the lower slopes

THE MUSK OX is now restricted to certain parts of Arctic America, though in the Ice Age it
ranged over most of Europe, Asia, and what is now the United States

C99]

of the Rincon Mountains, southern Arizona,
among saguaro and barrel cactus,
and other desert plants.

The Rocky Mountain Goat Group ex-
hibits a billy, a nanny, and a kid on a moun-
tain in southern Alaska, over looking a beauti-
ful fiord, the Endicott Arm.

ocotillo,

DHE

MOUNTAIN GOAT is famous for its climbing ability.

The Osborn Caribou Group has as back-
ground the mountain grasslands of northern
British Columbia. These caribou move down
into the forest during heavy storms, but do
not migrate like the caribou of the Barren

Lands. A flock of ptarmigan may be seen in
the background.

The animals in the Museum ex-

hibit reproduced here are shown on a precarious ledge ov erlooking the Sawyer Glacier in Alaska

Ee
eS

MOUNTAIN GORILLA (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Of all living animals, the gorilla appears to

be most nearly like man. The adult males may reach a weight of 500 pounds. Their strength is

tremendous, and they are dangerous when enraged. They are found in the rain forests in the

highlands of the eastern Belgian Congo. Terrestrial in habit, they feed on fruits and herbage.
Detail of group in Akeley African Hall

Eee

AKELEY MEMORIAL HALL OF
AFRICAN MAMMALS
(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 13)

The main floor of this hall, entered from
the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Building,
was opened to the public in the spring of
1936. Here are recreated examples of the
mammals typical of Africa, in their natural
surroundings.

At each side of the two doors are sculp-
tured representations of African natives by
Malvina Hoffman.

In the center, dominating the hall, stands
a herd of elephants in characteristic forma-
tion when alarmed. The great bull is testing
the air for scent, while a younger bull wheels
to cover the rear of the herd from possible
attack.

Immediately to the right of the entrance
is the Water Hole Group. The animals of
the dry plains must come to such seepage
holes to drink. Here are reticulated giraffes,
Grant gazelles, oryx with long straight horns,
and Grévy zebra. Other typical mammals
are seen in the background, and several sand
grouse in the foreground.

Next are seen the handsome antelopes,
Mountain Nyala, on the heather-covered
uplands of Abyssinia.

A herd of African Buffalo is next, emerg-
ing from the marshes along the Tana River,
Kenya, in late afternoon.

A family group of Lions resting in the
shade of a tree is the following scene, typical
of the great plains of East Africa. In the
background a herd of antelopes and zebra
feed unconcernedly.

The Bongo Group shows a pair of these
handsome antelopes in the bamboo forest
high on the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya.
They have disturbed another typical forest-
dweller, the giant forest hog.

The next group on the right-hand side of
the hall shows a fine pair of Giant Eland,
the largest of the antelopes, in their natural
habitat in southern Sudan.

The Upper Nile Region Group. Water-
buck, kob, Nile lechwe, tiang antelope, sita-
tunga, roam antelope, and hippopotamus
are shown in this exhibit. A tributary of the
Nile, with crocodiles, forms the background.

At the end of a short hallway there is a

large-scale map of Africa, showing localities
from which the various animals and their
settings were taken.

On the left-hand side of the hall, begin-
ning at the far end, is the Plains Group. Here
is depicted the teeming mammalian life of
the East African plains. The several kinds
of antelope and the zebra in this group are
typical of this part of Africa.

The Greater Koodoo bears the longest
horns of any African antelope. An old male
with a female and young male are placed
here in a setting duplicating the rough,
scrub-covered hills where these animals were
collected.

The Giant Sable is noted for its handsome
form, rich color, and long, saber-like horns.
It is found in the dry, park-like country of
central Angola, in a limited area, and is rapid-
ly becoming extinct.

The Gemsbok is a larger relative of the
oryx seen in the Water Hole Group. Al-
though once widely distributed in South
Africa, it is now common only in the dry
Kalahari Desert. *

Next is the family of Okapi, the strange
forest-dwelling relatives of the giraffe.

In a typical scene in the Libyan Desert
are shown several addax, which possess
spirally twisted horns, also scimitar-horned
white oryx, and addra gazelles.

The Gorilla family is of particular sig-
nificance to human beings, because these
great apes are perhaps the most like man of
all the living animals. They are shown here
in a clearing in the dense rain-forest of the
Kivu Mountains, an exact reproduction of
their natural habitat.

MEZZANINE, AKELEY AFRICAN HALL
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 13)
The first group on the right shows the Klip-
springer, the small, rock-climbing antelope
in the right background. East African Ba-
boons are in the right foreground, and a
pair of Mountain Reedbuck appears on the
left. Among the rocks in the left foreground
may be discovered a hyrax, or cony.

The next is the Cheetah Group, which
shows a pair of these fast running cats in-
specting a family of nyalas which have just
emerged from the forest. This scene is near
the lower Zambesi River in Mozambique.

[ 102 ]

THE REAR GUARD. Detail from the great elephant group in the Akeley African Hall. In

every herd of elephants, in the wild condition at least, one animal takes the responsibility of

wheeling about at frequent intervals to see that all is well behind. The young male shown above

is mounted in this position in the elephant herd. It was collected by John T. McCutcheon in 1910
when he was in the field with Carl Akeley

[ 103 ]

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é

Akeley African Hall

AFRICAN BUFFALO (Syncerus caffer). Detail of the group in

[ 104 |]

GREATER KOODOO GROUP (Stepsiceros strepsiceros)

[ 105 J

A party of Chimpanzees are shown in
their arboreal habitat overlooking the Caval-
ly River. This river forms the boundary
between the Ivory Coast and Liberia. The
animal at the right is in the process of build-
ing a nest.

In the next habitat group we see several
Lesser Koodoo, the males of which have
twisted horns. ‘There are two gerenuk in the
group, strange, long-limbed and long-necked
gazelles with a small head. A flock of Vul-
turine Guinea Fowl is seen in the back-
ground.

A scene from the dense rain forest of the
Cameroons shows a group of Mandrills
foraging for food. The females of these
baboons are much smaller than the males.
In the front, at right, one of the young ani-
mals is surprised by a Gaboon viper.

Impala prefer the park-like country in
which they are shown. With handsome
carriage and lyre-shaped horns, the males
rank among the most beautiful = the ante-
lopes.

The White or Square-mouthed Rhinoc-

eros is third in size among living land mam-
mals. In front of this family group is an
African Porcupine.

On the other side of the passage, at the
end of which is a large map of Africa, a
Black Rhinoceros family can be seen enjoy-
ing a mud wallow. AS pair of long-nosed
Dik-dik are included in this group

Next there is a Hunting Dog pack at even-
ing looking over the plains to where herds of
Wildebeest and Zebra can be dimly seen.
The dogs rarely bother these larger species;
gazelles, impala, and smaller animals are their
eal prey.

The Hyaena-Jackal-Vulture Group. Out
on the Serengeti Plains, Tanganyika, a pair
of lions have killed a zebra, and as they are
withdrawing after completing their feast,
the scavengers arrive for their share of the
spoils. The animals and birds in this group
include a Spotted Hyaena, two Black-backed
Jackals, White-backed Griffon Vultures, a
Riippel’s Griffon Vulture, two Eared Vul-
tures, a Hood-Vulture, a Marabou Stork,
and a White-collared Raven.

WHITE RHINOCEROS GROUP (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)

The next group exhibits a pair of leopards
about to spring upon an unsuspecting Bush
Pig. The scene is on the edge of a small
swamp in the Aberdare Mountains, Kenya.

The Colobus Monkey Group shows a
troop of these showy black and white
monkeys among the branches of a tree over-
looking a section of the Aberdare Mountain
Forest, Kenya.

The South African Group shows typical
mammals of the high veldt as they were when
white men first came. Now the Springbok
are greatly restricted in numbers and Blesbok
and Black Wildebeest are found only on a
few farms where they are protected.

The Ostrich Group shows a pair of these
large birds with young ones just hatched
from the eggs. The wart hogs would relish
a few young ostriches, but the parents stand
guard belligerently.

ROAN ANTELOPE: a graceful animal found
over a large part of Africa from the Sudan south
to Rhodesia

“CAMEL” of East Africa: the gerenuk is said not
to drink even in the well-watered Tanganyika
country

VERNAY-FAUNTHORPE HALL
OF SOUTH ASIATIC MAMMALS
(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 9)

We enter this hall from the left end of the
Roosevelt Memorial Hall.

From 1922 to 1928 Mr. Arthur S. Vernay
and Colonel J. C. Faunthorpe of Great
Britain made six expeditions into India,
Burma and Siam to collect and later donate
to the Museum this collection, which now
stands as the finest and most complete ex-
hibition of the larger South Asiatic Mam-
mals in existence.

The groups and architectural setting were
designed and executed under the direction

[ 107 ]

DETAITII

US FROM WATER HOLE GROUP IN AKELEY AFRICAN HALL

(Above) GREVY ZEBRAS
(Opposite page) GIRAFFES AND GAZELLES AT A WATER HOLE

of James L. Clark. The accessories were con-
structed under the direction of Albert E.
Butler.

Dr. Harold E. Anthony, Curator of Mam-
mals, was responsible for the scientific direc-
tion.

Two fine examples of the Indiax Elephant
stand in the center of the hall, giving due
prominence to the largest and perhaps most
characteristic mammal of southern Asia. This
species differs from the African Elephant
by smaller ears, higher forehead, and arched
back. It has also different teeth and a trunk
with only one “finger.”

The Nilgai or Blue Bull Group is also
centrally placed. This is the largest Asiatic
antelope. It exhibits marked sexual diver-

gence in color, the female and y oung being
reddish fawn, the male a blue gray. The
Nilgai is related to the African tw "isted-horn
antelopes like the Koodoo and Eland.

The Indian Leopard differs only slightly
from those found in Africa. Both are forest
animals but occur in the dry bush country
also. They feed on deer, pig, and the larger
birds such as the peafowl] that has been
captured by the leopard in this group.

The Sambar is the largest of the Indian
deer, found throughout the wooded part of
southern Asia. Its size makes it an important
source of food for the larger carnivores, but
it is powerful and, w hen brought to bay,
may be dangerous. The red W Tild Dog of
India hunts in packs, sometimes as many as

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(Above) SAMBAR ATTACKED BY WILD DOGS

(Left) THE LEOPARD GROUP IN SOUTH ASIATIC HALL

forty strong. In combination these fierce
animals attack and kill animals as large as the
Sambar.

The Black Buck (the adult male alone is
blackish, the females and young males being
yellowish-brown) is found in the high plains
country. Here also lives the Chinkara, the
Indian gazelle.

The Muntjac, or Barking Deer, is one of
the most primitive of the true deer, Males,
in addition to bearing small antlers, sup-
ported on bony pedicels, have well developed
canine teeth. The Mouse “Deer” or Chevro-
tain is not a deer, but is probably more
closely related to the camels.

The Lion formerly had an extended range
in northern India, chiefly in the plains coun-
try. It is usually pale in color, but does not
differ greatly from the several races found in
Africa.

The Four-horned Antelope is the only
living wild four-horned animal. It is found
in small groups in most wooded and hilly
parts of India but not in dense jungle. The
Smooth Otter is found south of the Himalaya

Mountains in India, Burma and the Malay
Peninsula.

The Chital or Axis Deer is one of the most
handsome of the deer family. The young of
most deer are spotted, but this species retains
the spotted pattern through life. It frequents
the bamboo jungle and wooded regions near
water, and is found in suitable habitats
throughout most of India and Ceylon.

The Gaur is perhaps the largest of the
existing cow-like animals, large bulls stand-
ing over six feet at the shoulder. Gaur are
found in forested hilly country from India
to Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula.

Water Buffalo occur in the lowlands and
swamps of central India, Ceylon, and the
Malay Peninsula. Buffalo have been domes-
ticated and used as beasts of burden and
milch animals. Wild Buffalo are the most
dangerous Asiatic bovines to hunt, for they
frequently charge. A herd will attack a tiger
without hesitation.

The great one-horned Indian Rhinoceros
is characterized by thickened skin which
has the appearance of plate armor. Its pre-

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THE GAUR (Bos gaurus). The Gaur is an imposing animal of India, Burma and the Malay
Peninsula. It is found in the forests, but sometimes feeds in grassy areas on the high hills. Tt is

not found in the lowlands

hensile upper lip indicates that it feeds partly
at least on leaves and twigs, but it is found
chiefly in the grass- jungles of Assam.

The Banting is perhaps the most like the
domestic cow in appearance of all the wild
bovines, and may be ancestral to the Indian
cattle. It is, however, closely related to the
Gaur, but is found chiefly in flat country
and at lower altitudes. Banting are found
from Burma and Cochin China to Bali in the
Malay Archipelago.

The Eld Deer, or Thamin, is distinguished
from other species by the graceful curve of
the antlers in the male. It is found on the
alluvial plains and in suitable localities east
of the Bay of Bengal, from Assam and Mani-
pur to Gaaboue Hainan, and the Malay
Peninsula.

The Sumatran Rhinoceros is related to the
Indian species but has two horns and is much
smaller in size. It is found in Assam, Burma,
Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and
Borneo, but is rare and secretive. It is found
exclusively in forests.

The Sloth Bear, or Honey Bear, is char-
acterized by the long flexible muzzle, which
is used to such termites from their deep run-
ways. These animals feed almost exclusively
on insects, fruit, and honey. They climb

trees with difficulty. Bears are usually timid,
but if wounded or cornered may be danger-
ous antagonists. :

The Hog Deer, or Para, is a small rela-
tive of the Sambar and is found in the Indo-
Gangetic Plain, the flat country in Burma,
and much of Indo-China. It is usually solitary
in habit.

The Indian Wild Boar is closely allied to
the Eurasian Boar, but has a higher crest. It
is one of the most “gamy” of the Indian
mammals, fighting until killed.

Gibbons are fe most primitive of the
anthropoid apes, but the most arboreal. They
are capable of walking upright but travel
by swinging from hrence to branch and tree
to tree. The Hoolock Gibbon inhabits the
hills of Assam, Burma and southern Yunnan.
Males are black, with white brows, but fe-
males are often pale yellowish- -gray.

The Swamp Deer, or Barasingha, is related
to the Thamin, bat differs in ae shape of
the antlers. It is a large species, restricted to
the vicinity of water in open forest, and on
grassy plains. The Sambar is usually found
in wooded regions, but is the most widely
distributed species.

The Tiger is the largest Asiatic cat. Tigers
live characteristically in the forest and tall

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grass country, the stripes blending closely
with the light and shadow of this habitat.
They feed largely on deer and pigs but fre-
quently kill domestic cattle. Individuals too
old or decrepit for their usual prey may turn
man-eaters.

HALL OF NORTH ASIATIC
MAMMALS

(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 5)

This hall is approached through the South
Asiatic Hall from the Roosevelt Memorial,
or through the adjoining Special Exhibi-
tions Hall. It is incomplete at present but
eventually the exhibits will cover the re-
gion north of the Himalayas, including
Tibet, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Siberia.

Two groups are now completed—The
Giant Panda Group and the Siberian Tiger
Group, both of which are illustrated on
pages 114-115.

Until such time as other groups are

planned and completed, the remainder of
the hall is given over to the Corner Gallery,
where temporary exhibits of current interest
are displayed.

OCEANIC MAMMALS
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 10)

Leading from the Hall of Fishes is the Hall
of Ocean Life. In this hall are displayed
whales, porpoises, marine mammals, the great
coral reef group, and shells. Although much
of the space is now occupied by permanent
exhibits, the final plans have not yet been
fully consummated, and additions to the ex-
hibits in the hall will be made from time to
time.

Immediately upon entering, the visitor will
note the large skeletons and models of whales
and porpoises suspended from the ceiling.
Just in front of the entrance to the hall is the
striking full-size model of the Killer Whale,
with contrasting black and white markings—
a fierce predatory cetacean capable of swal-

ASIATIC WATER BUFFALO (Bos bubalis). These buffaloes are the cattle of the grassy plains
of India. They are widely domesticated as draft animals and furnish milk to the natives. They
have been employed for hunting the Indian lion

THE GIANT PANDA (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). This interesting creature lives in the bamboo
forests growing on the sides of the mountains of western China. Though it resembles a bear in
outward appearance, anatomical studies show that it is more closely allied to the raccoon

[114]

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HEAD OF SIBERIAN TIGER. From a group

in the North Asiatic Hall

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HARPOONING THE SPERM WHALE DURING THE DAYS OF SAILING SHIPS. One
of a series of murals in the Hall of Ocean Life depicting whaling in olden times when sail-rigged
vessels were used and the whales were killed with a harpoon thrown by hand

lowing a fur seal or small porpoise at a gulp.
Near the Killer and facing it hangs the model
of a Blackfish, like the Killer a species of giant
porpoise but of a much milder disposition.
Skeletons of these animals are hanging be-
neath the models. Above the balcony in front
of the entrance is suspended a lifelike model
of a Giant Squid, a great marine invertebrate
upon which the Sperm Whale preys. The
large skeleton to the right is that of a Sperm
Whale, the largest of the living toothed
whales, formsrly much sought by whalers
as the source of spermaceti. Beyond the
Sperm Whale, on the same side, hangs a
skeleton of the Finback Whale.

Just above these two large skeletons are
found skeletons of several species of toothed
whales, including several rare types, and the
Narwhal. At the near end of this row is a
model of the Sperm Whale, and at the far
end is a small model of the Szlphur-bottom
Whale, the largest animal in the world.

Along the left side of the hall, three skele-
tons of whales are suspended. The one nearest
the entrance is a Right Whale, that in the
middle a Pigmy Right Whale, and the third
a California Gray Whale. Above them is a
long row of life-like models of porpoises
ranging in species from the common dolphin
to the rare river and lake dolphins. Here also

(Below) SKELETON OF THE ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE (Eubalaena glacialis). The
“whalebone” is shown in the skeleton suspended from the roof of the mouth as close-set,
horny plates

A BULL WALRUS FROM THE PACIFIC WALRUS GROUP IN THE HALL OF
OCEAN LIFE. One of the specimens secured by the Stoll-McCracken Expedition to Bering Sea.
Group presented by Mrs. Andrew Carnegie

is a model of the Pigmzy Sperm Whale. At
the far end are two large models, one of the
spectacular Narwhal with long ivory tusk
(at the right), the other the False Killer,
formerly a very rare species but in recent
years appearing unexpectedly off the British
Isles and the coast of South Africa, where
a large number were stranded in shoal water.
At the opposite end, on the left of the en-
trance, is a model of the White Whale, a
large northern porpoise.

Around the walls of the balcony are spaces
for twelve mural paintings, of which nine
have been completed. Along the right side
are four great paintings showing scenes typi-
cal of American Sperm Whaling and ttled
respectively, “The Chase,” “The Attack,”

“Towing the Carcass,” and “Trying Out.”
On the left wall are three canvases portraying
the life of Typical Species of Whales and
including “Bowhead Whale,” “Finback
Whale,” and “Killer Whales attacking a
Gray Whale.” These seven murals are the
work of Mr. John P. Benson, the noted
marine painter.

At the far end of the hall is the large habitat
group showing a Coral Reef in the Bahamas.
The group Beads from the main floor of
the hall up to the limits of the balcony ceil-
ing and shows the multitudinous life below
the surface, as well as the land, sea and sky
above. This group was completed after
twelve years study and preparatory work.
(See page 62.)

Below the level of the balcony and hang-
ing just beyond reach from the rail at the
head of the stairway is a cast of a Young
Sperm Whale which came into New York
- Harbor and eventually was held a captive in
the Gowanus Canal at Brooklyn. It was
brought to the Museum in the flesh.

On the main floor of the Hall of Ocean
Life and under the balcony are the habitat
groups of marine mammals. Beginning at the
first right corner, the first of these is the
group of Northern Elephant Seals, huge,
ponderous mammals hauled out on the rocky
beach of Guadaloupe Island, Lower Cali-
fornia. The full-grown male of this species
has a long, pendulous proboscis suggestive of
an elephant’s trunk. Continuing along the
right side of the hall, the next exhibit is that
of the Florida Manatee, a thick-set, homely

beast, well adapted to its aquatic life. Next
is the group of Pacific Walrus, one of the
largest in the Museum, which shows these
Arctic Sea mammals at home on an ice floe.

In the first left corner is a large group of
Steller Sea Lions at home on St. George
Island, on of the Pribilofs. The male Sea
Lions are huge, powerful seals with massive
necks and shoulders.

Adjacent to the Sea Lions are found the
Alaska Fur Seals on Kitovi Rookery, St.
Paul’s Island. Many details of the home life
of these beautiful seals are to be noted in
this group, which shows the vigorous domi-
nant bulls, each with his harem of sleek,
slender cows, the bachelor bulls, and the
playful pups.

On the floor of the hall are several cases
with special exhibits. One of these is the
Townsend Fur Seal, a species on the verge
of extinction and only recently rediscovered
after it was believed by many to have dis-
appeared completely. Another case displays
several types of diving gear with full equip-
ment of pump, telephone, etc.

At either side, at the right side of the hall,
main floor, are two cases aah the beautiful
Undersea Paintings by Mr. Zarh H. Pritch-
ard.

Suspended from the ceiling at the far end
of the hall is the Lindbergh Plane, “Ting-
mussartog.” This, together with the equip-
ment used in flyi ing across Bering Strait to
China, and later in exploratory flights over
Greenland, Iceland, the North Atlantic,
Europe, the South Atlantic Ocean and South
America, was the gift of Colonel and Mrs.
Charles A. Lindbergh.

Other exhibits in the Hall of Ocean Life
are described on pages 61-64.

SYNOPTIC HALL OF MAMMALS
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 3)

This hall, entered from the Insect Hall, is
devoted mainly to a series of exhibits illus-
trating the characters of mammals, their
principal groups, or orders, the main sub-
divisions of these, known as families, and
various interesting peculiarities of ante and
structure. Each family is, so far as possible,
represented by a mounted specimen and a
skeleton. Starting from the further end and

[119]

walking around the room from left to right,
one passes from the egg-laying Platypus to
man, represented by the figure of an Aus-
tralian native, armed with the characteristic
boomerang. Certain exhibits demonstrate
modifications of form and structure for vari-
ous modes of locomotion, and superiority of
the brain of mammals over that of other
vertebrates. Others show illustrations of al-
binism and melanism, that animals outwardly
similar may be only very distantly related;
how the coat of the hare changes from brown
to white; and the adaptations of plants and
animals to a desert habitat.

(Below) A toy-size antelope, Swayne’s dik-dik,

which is a close relative of the Giant Eland, weigh-

ing 1200 pounds: one of many interesting exhibits
in the Synoptic Hall

Of special note is the skeleton of Jumbo,
the largest elephant ever brought to this
country alive.

The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes,
the largest members of the Chiroptera, and
found only in the warmer parts of the Old
World, are represented by a small portion of
a colony from Calapan, Philippine Islands.
Such a colony may number several thous-
ands, and may be very destructive to bananas
and other fruits.

The most striking object in the hall is the
life-size model of a Sulphur-bottom W hale,
seventy-six feet in length. The original of
this specimen was captured in Newfound-
land, and the model is accurately reproduced
from careful measurements. This species of
whale is not only the largest of living ani-
mals, but, so far as we know, the largest
animal that has ever lived. A specimen of this
size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, twice
as much as Brontosaurus. Although whales
and porpoises live in the water, they are not
fishes, but mammals, as they are warm-
blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not
gills.

MAMMALS OF NEW YORK
SLATE

A complete series of the living animals which
have been known to exist within the limits of
New York State is presented in the corridor
on the first floor of the Roosevelt Memorial
in the neighborhood of the elevators (Index
Plan, p. 16, First Floor Hall 12a). This ex-
hibit includes skins of all animals of moderate
size, models of the larger species and cutout
figures of the whales and other large sea
animals, the latter recorded from the waters
around New York.

[ 120]

Man and H1s
Or1es

HALL OF PRIMATES
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 2)

THE Systematic Series of Primates, intended
to give some idea of the number of species
in this order, and their range in size, form,
and color, begins on the left with examples
of gorillas and chimpanzees and is continued
in the wall cases around the room, ending
with the lemurs. Noteworthy among the
Primates is the Gorilla, largest and most
powerful of apes; the curious “Proboscis”
Monkey from Borneo; and the Aye-Aye of
Madagascar.

The center corridor contains groups of
Primates characteristic of various parts of
the world, Africa, Asia, South America and
Madagascar, and a group of Pygmies living
in the forest in central Africa.

Outside of the central corridor, on the
left side of the hall, is a group of Orang
Utans from Borneo.

At the farther end of the hall, a series of
skeletons demonstrates the comparative
structure of the Primates and the changes

that take place in passing from Lemurs to
Man.

HALL OF THE NATURAL
HISTORY OF MAN
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 4)

The Hall of the Natural History of Man
when completed will consist of two parts,
the first entitled “Introduction to Human
and Comparative Anatomy,” the second
dealing with the physical characteristics of
the Races of Man, Development, Growth
and allied topics.

The first part begins by showing Man in
His Cosmic Aspect, conceived as a living
engine which derives its working capital of
energy directly or indirectly from the
energy of the sun stored up in plant and ani-
mal tissue. This energy is appropriated by
man in food substances and distributed

through the various anatomical systems.

In another exhibit the Elements of the
Locomotor Apparatus are set forth. It is
shown how red muscle fibres of the fish are
combined into W-shaped muscle flakes, or
myomeres.

Other exhibits deal with the anatomy of
man as compared with lower vertebrates,
following the chief organ systems and the
locomotor apparatus.

The position of man among the vertebrates
and the evidences of his evolution from
lower types are illustrated by comparisons
of skeletal structure in living and fossil types
and by comparisons of his muscle system
with lower forms, as well as by comparative
embryology. An analysis of the nervous sys-
tem, and the evolution of the human brain
are dealt with and the functions of the brain
are demonstrated.

The second part of the exhibit, on the
right side of this hall, is devoted to exhibits
illustrating human biology. It is planned to
show the growth and development of the
individual, the differentiation of man by
constitutional and endocrine types, the racial
classification of man, human genetics and
race mixture, population problems and the
technique of physical anthropology.

There have already been installed exhibits
illustrating the growth and development of
a human embryo, skeletal growth as shown in
the head, and the variety of endocrine physi-
cal types. A series of full-size figures showing
some of the major racial types has been
placed in the central alcove.

Also in this alcove two charts are dis-
played. One illustrates the natural habitats
of the various racial types exhibited. The
other depicts the major population move-
ments throughout the world since 1492.

At the far end of this side of the hall will
be found an exhibit on some of the more
importaont endocrine functions.

THE SKELETON FROM
FISH TO MAN
(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 4)

The judgment of science is that our pre-
human ancestors only reached the grade of
humanity after millions of years of slow pro-
motion from lower to higher grades of life.

pers

Stage 1

Cheirolepis

Eusthenopteron

Owing to the enormous number and var-
iety of living forms in all ages and to the
wholesale destruction of their skeletons by
natural agencies, only about thirty of the
fossil forms which we have discovered to
date happen to lie in or near the direct line
of ascent from fish to man. Nevertheless the
story of the evolution of the skeleton from
fish to man is already clear in its main out-
lines as shown by this exhibit prepared under
the direction of Dr. William K. Gregory.

The First Stage represents the earliest true
fishes by a model based on a fossil fish named
Cheirolepis from the Old Red Sandstone
(Devonian of Scotland). This fish, which
breathed by gills in the normal fish way,
must have looked somewhat like a trout,

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Seymouria

THE FIRST FOUR STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (From water-living to land-living)

but its tail was more like that of a shark. The
body moved forward in the water by a
wriggling movement caused by the regularly
arranged muscle flakes along either side of
the body. The axis of the body was an elastic
rod called the notochord (similar to that
which appears in the embryonic stages of all
higher vertebrates, including man). The fins
were folds of skin, serving as keels and rud-
ders.

The Second Stage, of Upper Devonian
age, represents a long step in advance. It is
based on a fossil fish named Eusthenopteron,
from the Upper Devonian of Canada. This
fish still had gills but there is some evidence
that it also possessed an air-sac or lung. It
had two pairs of paddles, corresponding to

[Ea22<]

Stage 5
Cynognathus

Stage 6
Opossum

Stage 8
Gibbon

Notharctus

THE SECOND FOUR STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (From ground-dwelling to tree-
dwelling)

the fore and hind limbs respectively of four-
footed animals.

The Third Stage, from the Carboniferous
age, represents the oldest known type of
four-footed animals. The skeleton of the
hands, feet and limbs is much more developed
than in the previous stage. There are five
digits on each of the hands and feet.

The Fourth Stage represents the primitive
reptilian or lizard-like stage, from the Lower
Permian of Texas. The skeleton on the whole
is not greatly different from the preceding
stage (except in detail) but the limbs were
better developed.

The Fifth Stage represents an advanced
mammal-like reptile (Cynognathus) from

the Upper Triassic of South Africa. In this
form the limbs were better adapted for run-
ning, and there are many features of the skull,
backbone, and limbs that approach those of
mammals.

For the Sixth Stage the skeleton of a
modern opossum was used. It retains in the
main the leading characters of the skeletons
of the older fossil mammals. This form has
five-toed grasping hands and feet, by means
of which it climbs about in the trees. It has
retained a relatively low type of skull, teeth,
and brains.

In the Seventh Stage we come to Notharc-
tus, a form that lies near the lower limits of
the order of Primates. These animals were

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Man

THE TWO FINAL STAGES FROM FISH TO MAN. (On the ground again, and attainment
of erect posture)

thoroughly adapted to life in the trees but
they had much larger eyes and bigger brains
than any of the preceding stages.

The Eighth Stage is represented by the
skeleton of the gibbon, an East Asiatic ape
which is a tree-living descendant of the first
family of the tail-less or man-like apes. When
on the ground he is the only existing man-ape
which normally walks on his hind legs. His
skeleton begins to be almost human in many
ways but his arms are excessively long.

The Ninth Stage is represented by our
distant cousins the gorilla (below) and the
chimpanzee (above). These apes retain the
essential characters of the fossil apes of India

and South Africa, some of which in turn
approached quite near to the oldest known
fossil men. The ape brain is much more de-
veloped than the brains of lower animals,
and ape intelligence at times is almost human.

In the Tenth Stage we see that the human
skeleton is built upon the same general plan
as that of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and gib-
bon, but that in man the backbone, pelvis,
and limbs are modified to enable him to walk
on his hind legs and to use his forelegs as
arms and hands rather than as supports. His
brain is much larger and more highly de-
veloped than in the apes.

[124]

MAN AND THE APES. This exhibit illustrates the comparison of the skulls of man and the

present-day apes, monkeys, and lemurs—all belonging to the great order Primates. The re-
lationships of these groups are indicated by the branching lines of ascent from the inferred
common stock

FAMILY TREE AND
EARLY RACES OF MAN

In the Hall of the Natural History of Man
(third floor) we see models of various skulls,
ranging from the earliest Primates of the
Eocene Period, through the monkeys and
apes of the Miocene and Pliocene, to the
subhuman and human races of the Pliesto-
cene and Recent ages.

The exhibits in the central aisle of the Hall
of the Age Man deal mainly with the older
races of ein as shown by their fossil
remains and by preserved fragments of their
handiwork.

RESTORATIONS OF HEAD AND SHOULDERS OF EARLY MAN.

Men of the Stone Age. Here we see a
skull-cast of Trinil, or Java “ape-man,” and
skeletal remains or casts representing Pilt-
down Man, Heidelberg Man, Neanderthal
Man, and Cro-Magnon Man. An excellent
series of sculptured restorations of these
types, four of which are illustrated below,
have been made by Dr. J. H. McGregor,
and are generally considered as embodying
the most recent scientific deductions as to
the general appearance of these primitive
races of mankind. The earliest of them takes
man back at least to the lower Pleistocene,
estimated at 1,000,000 years ago.

Weapons and implements ioe rough and

These restorations

were made by Professor J. H. McGregor following scientific principles and utilizing the skull
remains of the various types as a starting point. They are as follows:

(2) Piltdown Man

(1) Trinil Ape-Man
Pithecanthropus
erectus

(3) Neanderthal Man
Homo
neanderthalensis

(4) Cro-Magnon Man
Homio sapiens
cro-magnonensis

Eoanthropus
dawsoni

CRO-MAGNON ARTISTS OF SOUTHERN FRANCE, at work in one of the limestone
grottoes of the region. They are engaged in painting on the rough stone walls pictures of the
woolly mammoths, which were then living

polished stone and of bone are exhibited
as evidence of the gradual up-building of
human culture through the “rough stone”
and “polished stone” ages of man’s prehis-
toric periods. Reproductions of the cave
paintings of Cro-Magnon man in France and

Spain show the artistic ability of the early
stock which first represents modern man in
Europe.

A series of mural paintings by Charles R.
Knight over the doorways of the Hall of the

Age of Man give a vivid idea of the various
races of early man as visualized by the artist
in harmony with our best scientific know-
ledge.

The Hall of Prehistoric Cultures on the
second floor of the Museum (Index Plan,
p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 6) is also devoted
to exhibits of the early arts and industries of
the European Cave Men and Lake Dwellers,
as well as of North American prehistoric
men.

STAG HUNTERS OF THE NEOLITHIC OR NEW STONE AGE. These men came into

Europe after the climax of the glacial climate had passed. Their descendants apparently still

exist in parts of Europe. This mural represents a family living on the shore of the Baltic. These
people were the forerunners of later civilized man

MAPLE SUGAR CAMP: a miniature group showing how the Indians in the sugar maple region
engaged in this springtime activity. [Lhe sap was boiled in bark kettles. The dome- -shaped house
was used for storing the utensils when not in use

LIVING RACES OF MAN
NORTH AMERICA

The Museum’s exhibits on the life of the
native peoples of North America occupy
five halls on the first floor. The Indian ex-

hibits radiate left and center from Memorial
Hall, near the 77th Street entrance.

(Below) HOW the Indians gathered maple sugar

THE WOODLAND INDIANS
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 4)

Walking toward the left on entering the
building, we meet first the Indians of New
York and New England, and the successive
exhibits are so arranged that you can imagine
yourself traveling across the United States
from east to west.

Although designated as the Eastern Wood-
lands Indian Hall (northeastern United States
and Canada), the exhibit in this hall ex-
tend beyond these cultural and geographical
limits. They include the Southeastern and
Mackenzie culture areas, the former con-
tiguous to the Eastern Woodlands on the
south, the latter on the northwest. The whole
of the Eastern Woodland area was in forest
and extended westward from the Atlantic
coast almost to the Mississippi River. Objects
in the cases show that these Indians lived in
the forest. The materials they used came
from the forest, and this fact influenced their
houses, tools, weapons, clothing, and orna-
ments, so that they are readily distinguished
from those of other areas.

These forest Indians were primarily hunt-
ers and fishermen, but wild rice and maple
sugar were staple foods. Agriculture was
practiced where the climate permitted, and
corn, beans, squash, tobacco, etc., were
raised. (See miniature dioramas at north side
of hall.) Their woodland environment led
to various simple industries naturally de-
pendent upon the raw materials that were at
hand and adaptable to their daily needs.

Wood was used for canoes, mortars,
spoons, bowls, dishes, houses, and wood
splint baskets. Bark of various kinds was a

f 127 J

USE OF BIRCH BARK AMONG THE EASTERN INDIANS (From a miniature group in
the Woodland Indians Hall)

favorite material. For example, the birch-
bark industry, as shown in the model illus-
trated above, is exemplified by containers and
ornaments in many of the cases. Bark like
that of the basswood tree was also shredded
to make the fiber for weaving bags.

Skins were originally used for costumes,
but cloth was often ‘bought from white
traders. Many wild plants aad trees furnished
fiber from which these Indians made good

string and cord for making fish-nets and
weaving bags. Every well- furnished home
required mats for the floor and for sleeping,
as shown in the group pictured below.
Climate influences the ways of life. In this
hall, the tribes represent a range from near-
Arctic Canada to sub- -tropical Florida. Their
clothing varies from fur garments among

the Dene and the Cree, to thin dresses of
commercial cloth among the Seminole.

MAKING CORN BREAD IN AN IROQUOIS HOUSE (From a miniature a

A number of miniature groups along the
side walls and in the cases show tribal cos-
tume, housing, and industries. Especially
interesting subjects are rock shelters, the
making of rabbit-skin clot hing, weaving wit =
basswood fiber, making a false face, and
stages by which grains of com are trans-
formed into bread.

Travel was on foot. Dugout or bark canoes
were used in summer where streams or lak
were available. Snowshoes were used in wi
ter, and in the north the toboggan was com-
mon.

The dwellings of this area are of several
forms. Among these are the long rectan-
gular houses of the Iroquois cov ered with
oak bark, the dome- shaped huts of Long
Island and vicinity which were covered

cove
pottery, dnt or birchbark. ouery was

made by most of the Eastern tribes a

to be ass ociated wit h the pra
: :

painted.
of wood

~

strncr 10n of light, DOTr.2a

SMLUCLI ii=ii eal

sels is one of the particular
Eastern Indians.
Examples of Indian i inven tions are canoes

The Indians’ history begins with the land-
ing of white men. Many of the objects shown
in the cases are historic, but others, such as
the stone, bone, and shell objects found in
the ground, are usually prehistoric. In the
nba dealing with Manhattan and Staten
Islands, from w Sie the Indians were driven
by the first settlers, we can exhibit nothing
but pottery, stone, bone, and shell objects.
These local relics will be found near the en-
trance to the hall. On the left are some
pottery vessels and many small objects of
stone and bone from Manhattan Island,
Staten Island, Long Island, and Westchester
County. Near by on the same side of the
hall are collections obtained from living
Indians of the coast region north and sec
of New York. These are the Penobscot and
Passamaquoddy of Maine, the Micmac and
Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada,
and a few but rare objects from the Dela-
ware who once occupied the vicinity of
New York City and the State of New Jersey.
The age and historical relations of these
cultures are shown in a large label at the left
of the entrance.

A family group of Micmac Indians, in a
birchbark conical house, is shown half w ay
down the hall.

On the opposite side are the Iroquois,
whose league comprised the Mohawk,
Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and
later the Tuscarora. They dominated New
York and much adjoining territory. The ex-
hibits represent particularly the agriculture
of the East, which was carried on with rude
tools by the women.

In the farther end of the hall, on the left,
are the collections from the Ojibway, Hia-
watha’s people, who lived mainly north of
the Great Lakes. They had but little agri-
culture, living chiefly by hunting and fishing.
Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who lived
still farther north.

Opposite the Ojibway are the great Cen-
tral Algonkin tribes, the Menomini and Sauk
and Fox, who lived south and west of the
Great Lakes.. They gathered wild rice and
hunted and fished, also practicing some agri-
culture.

In the southeastern portion of the United
States, agriculture was highly developed.
These tribes are represented by the Cherokee

[130 ]

A DAKOTA SIOUX WARRIOR (Model in Plains
Indian Hall)

A DAKOTA SIOUX WOMAN (Model in Plains
Indian Hall)

and Yuchi, who made pottery, and by the
Choctaw and Chitimacha, who made in-
teresting baskets of cane. The Seminole of
Florida have maintained an independent ex-
istence in the Everglades for nearly a Cen-
tury. Their prehistoric arts are illustrated
in the table case. They excelled in polishing
stones and working shell. (See the diorama
on the north wall.)

THE PLAINS INDIANS
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 6)

The keynote to Plains Indian life could be
sounded by such terms as “tipi,” “buffalo,”
“horse,” and large decorated “pipes.” The
tipi and the pipe are especially conspicuous
in the center of the hall.

The art of these Indians is highly original
and popular. Painting upon skin is the usual
method, but many designs in beadwork and
quills are shown prominently in the hall.

Artists look upon the feather headdress of
these Indians as the most beautiful type of
headdress to be found anywhere in the
world. With this and his highly decorated
costume, the Plains Indian is Scolortul:

Indians of the Plains comprised the tribes
living west of the Mississippi and east of the
Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley
of the Rio Grande and as far north as the
Saskatchewan.

Occupying the greater part of the hall,
beginning on the left, are the buffalo-hunting
tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow, Black-
foot, Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne.
These tribes did not practice argriculture
but depended almost entirely on the buffalo.
Buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of
buffalo skin they made their garments. In
some cases a buffalo paunch was used for
cooking, and buffalo horns were made into
various implements of industry and war. The
spirit of the buffalo was considered a power-
ful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward
off evil, and to give aid in the hunt. Wher-
ever the buffalo herds led the way, the more
nomadic Plains tribes moved their tipis and
followed. With the extermination of the
buffalo the entire life of the Plains Indians
was revolutionized.

On the right, near the entrance, are the
village tribes of the Plains: the Mandan, with

C131]

LEACHING ACORN MEAL AMONG THE HUPA INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA. Water
is placed in a basket and brought to the required temperature with heated stones

whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of
1804-1805; the Hidasta, who now live with
them; and the Omaha, Kansa, Iowa, and Paw-
nee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in
earth-covered houses of considerable size. A
small model of one of these houses stands
near the exhibits.

In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot
Indian tipi with paintings of otters on the
sides, representing a vision of the owner.
This tipi has been fitted up to show the home
life of a typical buffalo-hunting Indian.

There were numerous soldier societies
among the Plains Indians which included
practically all the adult males. Each society
had a special dance and special costumes.
(See the Arapaho cases ae costumes of
dancers.) There were other dances con-
nected with tribal religious ceremonials, the
best known and most important of which

is the Sun Dance, illustrated by a model at
the left of the tipi. The Sun Dance was held
annually in the early summer in fulfilment
of a vow made during the preceding winter
by some member of the tribe who wished a
sick relative to recover. The dance involved
self-torture, great physical endurance and a
fast lasting fee days.

In the center of the hall is a genuine medi-
cine pipe, held in awe by the Indians and
dearly parted with; also the contents of a
medicine- -pipe bundle. The contents of an-
other medicine bundle, belonging to a lead-
ing man of the Blackfoot tribe (medicine-
man), together with the headdress which
he wore in ceremonies, are in a case near the
tower. Other remarkable bundles, particu-
larly the skull bundle, are in the Pawnee
case, on the north wall.

The Plains Indians are noted for their

[132]

a aaa

(Above) BLACKFOOT WOMAN AND CHILD TRAVELING WITH TRAVOIS, which

are attached to the horse and dog and are dragged behind them. A primitive method of trans-

portation. From a miniature group in the series of models showing methods of transportation.
In the Eastern Woodlands Indian Hall

A BULL BOAT OR CORACLE OF THE HIDATSA INDIANS OF NORTH DAKOTA
was made by stretching skins over a basin-shaped wooden frame. It was used for fording streams

(Above) APACHE WOMAN BUILDING FRAMEWORK OF A HOUSE to be covered

with thatch and rushes

A NAVAJO MEDICINE LODGE. For the celebration of the Navajo Night Chant a special
house is erected. The medicine man is laying down an elaborate ceremonial sand-painting.
Group in Southwest Indian Hall

picture-writing on skins and for their quill-
work, which was superseded by beadwork
when glass beads became available in his-
torical times. They have a highly developed
decorative art in which simple geometric
designs are the elements of composition, this
being one of the most interesting features
of their art. (See Dakota case and Guide
Leaflet No. 50, also Handbook No. 1, North
American Indians of the Plains.)

INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 8)

This region is famous for two reasons: the
picturesque living Indian tribes, and the
large number of ruins built by prehistoric
Indians. Since many of the latter are placed
upon high rocks or in the walls of canyons,
they are spoken of as Cliff Dwellings.

This hall presents collections from both
the prehistoric and the living Indians of the
Southwest. On the right are the nomadic
tribes: the Apache, Navajo, Pima, Papago,
and Havasupai. A life-size exhibit, the first
of a series along the right-hand wall, shows
the home life of the San Carlos Apache.
Next is a larger group showing a Navajo
hogan in Canyon de Chelly, and the Night
Chant ceremony. The painted background
in this group gives a view of the canyon, and
in a cave of its walls, one may see the famous
White House ruins.

In near-by cases, Navajo silverwork and
blankets are exhibited. The Navajos are the
modern blanket makers. With simple im-
plements and looms, they card, spin, and
weave the wool of the sheep they raise. This
art has arisen since the coming of the Span-
iards and it is known to have passed through
several stages in the last sixty years. Some
of the older types of blankets here shown
contain yarn which was obtained by cutting
or raveling from imported flannels, called
in Spanish “bayeta,” from which these blan-
kets receive their name. These are either
bright red or old rose in color, resulting from
cochineal dye. Several blankets are made of
yarn bought ready dyed from traders and
are called Germantowns. The greater num-
ber, however, are made of yarn of native
spinning, dyed with native vegetable and
mineral dyes.

The Navajo are a large and widely scat-
tered tribe. During the winter they occupy
log houses, but in milder weather they camp
in the slight shelter of a cliff or windbreak
and shade made of brush. They live by rais-
ing corn in the moist valleys, and on the
flesh of their numerous flocks of sheep.

The Western Apache live along the upper
portion of the Gila and Salt rivers, where
they practice agriculture, gather natural
products, and hunt. Indians related to these,
under Geronimo, raided the settlements of
southern Arizona and northern Mexico and
evaded our troops for years. They live in
grass-thatched houses or in the open under
the shade of flat-topped, open-sided shelters.

The Eastern Apache lived in buffalo skin
tipis. They went far out on the plains in
search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if pos-
sible, the Plains tribes, but fighting them
with vigor when necessary. In dress and out-
ward life they resemble the Plains Indians,
but in their myths and ceremonies they are
like their Southwestern relatives and neigh-
bors.

In the first alcove to the right of the en-
trance is a basketry exhibit showing the types
of baskets and the materials, tools, and tech-
niques employed by the Southwestern tribes.
This exhibit is in contrast with the corre-
sponding case of pottery on the opposite side.
Not the environment, but social habits,
caused one people to develope pottery and
the other to make the easily transported and
not easily breakable baskets. (See Handbook
No. 2, Indians of the Southwest.)

At the left of the hall, as we enter, are ex-
hibits for the modern village Indians—first
types of pottery from San Ildefonso, Laguna,
Santo Domingo, Zuni, and Hopi.

The Pueblo Indians live in large com-
munity houses, built of stone or adobe, often
with several receding stories. They depend
chiefly upon agriculture for their food, make
a great variety of pottery, and have many
elaborate religious ceremonies. The nomadic
peoples live in tipis or small brush and
thatched houses which are moved or deserted
when they are forced to seek the wild game
and wild vegetable products which furnish
much of their food. They make baskets for
household purposes which are more easily
transported than vessels of clay. In the hall

[135]

MODEL OF A
KWAKIUTL
HOUSE (In the
North Pacific Hall).
The Kwakiutl In-
dians live on Van-
couver Island, and
on the mainland to
the north. They
build their rec-
tangular houses of
split cedar planks
on a framework
of heavy posts and
beams. The front
is decorated with
fantastic designs
and a totem pole
near the house door
is carved with gro-
tesque figures as a
coat of arms of the
owner

RATER OB GE
HAIDA INDIANS

(Below) TLINGIT BAS-
KETS. Twined | basketry
made by the Tlingit Indians
of the British Columbian sea
coast. Spruceroot fibers are
used for both warn and woof

min

are models of the pueblos of Taos and
Acoma, of prehistoric cliff-dwellings, and of
the houses used by the Navajo.

The inhabitants of Zuni are believed to be
the descendants of the first people seen by
the Spaniards in 1540. Their former villages,
many of which now are in ruins, were prob-
ably the “Seven Cities of Cibola,” for which
de Coronado was searching at that time.
Although there were missionaries among
them for about three centuries, they have
retained many of their own religious cere-
monies. Many ceremonial objects as well as
those pertaining to everyday life are shown
in this alcove.

In the Hopi section are costumes, masks,
images, and basketry plaques used in their
ceremonies. Their best known ceremony is
the Snake Dance, the performance of which
is supposed to increase rainfall and the crops.
Some of the regalia worn for the Snake
Dance are shown, as well as a small model of
a single phase of the ceremony. On the right
side of the hall, next to the Navajo group,
is a representation of Hopi life.

In the center of the hall, as well as in the
farther half of the left side, are special ex-
hibits for the prehistoric Indians of the
Southwest. Near the center is an exhibit
showing how many prehistoric ruins have
been dated by the tree-ring method. A chart
at the entrance to the hall gives the succes-
sive culture periods for the Southwest, be-
ginning with early Basket Maker and ending
with the modern Pueblo villages. Typical
objects made by the Basket “Makers are
shown in small cases in the center of the hall
and in upright cases to the left.

Two of the most famous prehistoric
Southwestern ruins are Bonito and Aztec.
A model of the latter stands in the center,
and near the entrance is an exhibit of tur-
quoise from Pueblo Bonito. Other collec-
tions from these two ruins are shown in
cases at the left of the hall. One contains
a remarkable collection of pottery from
Pueblo Bonito. Similar black-on-white wares
with very elaborate and splendidly executed
designs, shown in adjacent cases, are from
Rio “TEs and in part from cliff-dwel-
lings. In another case will be found material

HOUSE POST FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND
Lets 7 el

gathered by the Museum expedition which
explored the Galisteo Valley, New Mexico.
(See Guide Leaflet No. 73, Pottery of the
Southwest Indians.)

At the farther end of the hall, at the right,
is an exhibit from the prehistoric Indians of
California. (See Guide Leaflet No. 55, Bas-
ketry Designs of the Mission Indians.)

INDIANS OF THE
NORTH PACIFIC-GOAST.
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 7)

The Jesup North Pacific Hall is devoted to
the Indians living in the heavily forested and
mountainous coastal belt extending from the
Columbia River in Washington to Mt. St.
Elias in southern Alaska as well as on the
offshore islands. They are the most skilful
wood workers on the American continent,
as demonstrated here by the models of their
houses; their intricately carved and painted
totem, house, and grave posts; their cere-
monial masks, boxes, implements, and tools.
Paralleling their dependence on their forest
environment for housing, clothing, and uten-
sils, was their dependence upon the products
of the sea for food. Travel and transporta-
tion were mainly by water, for which canoes,
like the large Haida war canoe in the center
of this hall, were built by skillfully hollow-
ing out giant cedar logs.

Except for two tribes, the Shushwap and
Thompson, who live in the interior of British
Columbia, the exhibits are arranged in the
order in which the several tribes are en-
countered in traveling from south to north
along the coast of Washington, British Co-
lumbia, and Alaska. On the right side of the
hall are the Bella Coola, Tsimshian, Haida;
on the left, the Nootka, Kwakiutl, Tlingit.

The murals of Will S. Taylor illustrate
not only the industries, religious and social
life of these Indians, but also their heavily
forested and fog- and rain-drenched environ-
ment. The murals on the right side are de-
voted to ceremonial and religious life, on the
left to daily life and industries. Over the en-
trance are shown games, and at the farther

CARVED WOODEN FIGURE made by the
Quinault Indians inhabiting the northwestern coast
of the State of Washington

[ 138 ]

ESKIMO WOMAN FISHING THROUGH THE ICE

end of the hall is depicted the return of a
victorious war party.

No less conspicuous than the wood-carv-
ing art of the Northwest Coast Indians is
their skill in weaving in mountain goat wool
and shredded bark and in making baskets.
Notice in this connection the Chilkat cere-
monial blankets a little over halfway along

(Group in the Eskimo Hall)

the hall, on the left, and the Tlingit baskets
at the end. These Indians have likewise dis-
tinguished themselves in the carving of stone,
bone, and ivory, examples of which are
shown for the various tribal groups.
Outstanding perhaps is the wealth of deco-
ration observable on all their products. The
typical grotesque art motives, based on the

[ 139 ]

distortion of animal forms, are found in equal
abundance on utilitarian and ceremonial ob-
jects.

ESKIMO CORRIDOR
(Index Plan, p. 16, First Floor, Hall 7a)

The Eskimos are frequently cited as the
primitive people who have achieved the most
complete adjustment to their environment.
They inhabit the northern shores and ad-
jacent islands of North America, from east-
ernmost Siberia and the Aleutians to East
Greenland and Labrador. All these Eskimos,
who differ somewhat in details of culture
according to locality, are represented here,

fo)
though not with equal completeness.

Gunter with the white man has changed
the Eskimo’s way of life to greater or lesser
extent, but he continues to use many of his
traditional tools, implements, and distinctive
articles of fur clothing. The Eskimos are
hunters and fishermen. In summer they hunt
the caribou, musk ox, and birds, often inland.
Their dwellings at this season are tent-like
frames covered with deer or seal skin. In
winter they hunt sea mammals, especially
seals. Their winter houses are of stone built
over shallow excavations and covered with
earth. The familiar snow-house is the tradi-
tional winter dwelling of certain tribes but
is unknown in Alaska and most of Greenland.
Models on exhibit show how the snowhouse
is built. The Eskimos are skilled in the mak-
ing of fur clothing and skin boats. The in-
genious implements they fashion of wood,
bone, and ivory are frequently decorated
with naturalistic incised designs.

Many of the objects shown here are from
the collections made by the Peary, Comer,
MacMillan, and Stefansson-Anderson ex-
peditions.

Near the entrance of the corridor is an
Eskimo woman fishing through the ice. She
has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice.
The fishing rod and hook and the long ladle
are made of bone, and with this latter she
keeps the water in the hole from freezing
over while she is fishing. In another case will
be found an Eskimo woman cooking in the
interior of a snow hut that is lined with seal
skin. She is using a stone lamp filled with
seal oil, which feeds the flame over which
the meal is being prepared.

MEXICO AND
CENTRAL AMERICA

(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor,
Halls 2a and 4)

At the west stairway on the second floor we
enter a corridor and hall devoted to the
ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central
America. Along the walls of the stairway
are casts of some of the finest stone monu-
ments from the Maya cities of Central
America, and the corridor alcove contains
pottery and stone objects from Costa Rica.
In the main hall are a number of cases devot-
ed to the finest objects in the collection,
which well illustrate the great artistic
achievements of the Middle American civ-
ilizations.

The far end of the hall is devoted to the

Maya culture. The right side shows the
known cultures of Central Mexico, from the
earliest to the latest, and the left side deals
with Northern Mexico, the Mexican Period
of Yucatan, the Zapatec culture of Oaxaca,
and Aztec sculpture.
Peoples and Time: The history of ancient
Middle America is little known. Contem-
porary archaeological opinion gives the fol-
lowing rough dates:—

10,000 B.C.—200 B.C. Period of Population
and Settlement. No remains yet identified.

200 B.C.—500 A.D. Early Cultures, including
growth of techniques of farming, weaving,
ceramics, stonework, and establishment of
permanent villages. Some persist until the
Spanish Conquest.

500 A.D.—1000 A.D. Ritualized Civilizations
with Temple Cult, Polytheism and Sacred
Calendar, like Maya of Guatemala, Zapotec
of Oaxaca, Olmec of Vera Cruz, Teotihua-
can of Valley of Mexico.

1000 A.D.—1200 A.D. Period of Unrest and
Migration, Chichimec Period in Valley of
Mexico, Mexican invasion in Yucatan.

1200 A.D.-1519 A.D. Domination of Mexi-
can Peoples. Mexican Period in Yucatan,
Mixtec Period in Oaxaca, Aztec Period in
Valley of Mexico.

There are specimens shown in the hall
whose makers are absolutely unknown, but
whose styie is distinctive. Conceivably in

[ 140 J

time we may be able to assign them to the
speakers of some one of those fifty languages
recorded for Mexico, a fact which in itself
indicates that in Middle America there were
tribes not empires.

Nature of Objects: The majority of ob-
jects shown in the Hall are made of pottery,
stone, bone, shell, and metal, because these
substances best resist the destructive action
of time and weather and are preserved
through the centuries. Therefore, the wood-
en drums in the Aztec case and the obsidian
mirror with the wooden frame are great
treasures, since only a handful of examples
of the woodcarver’s art survived the Con-
quest.

Architecture: The varied and imposing
temple architecture of Middle America may
be estimated by the models distributed
throughout the hall. The Maya buildings of

(XN0- BP soecaia. Phisey Gn
Bh no Wa icxiai. OF. Catlctn

iat Digen

AZTEC PICTURE WRITING recording the last

of the “New Fire Ceremonies” before the Spanish

Conquest in 1519. It also represents an eclipse of the

sun, an earthquake, and the drowning of two

thousand warriors on their way to make war on
the people of Southern Mexico

which we have examples ranging through
the span of their history show “how a sculp-
tured platform evolved into one supporting
a massive shrine, and how that in turn de-
veloped into temples and _ priest’s quarters.
Yet the architecture of the Zapotec, Toltec,
and Aztec is hardly less imposing, and the
cast of a Serpent Column from Chichen Itza
brings vividly home the tremendous scale of
these Indian’ temples.

Sculpture: It is in sculpture that we may
gauge best the tremendous attainments of
the ancient peoples of Middle America. The
polytheistic religion required many images
depicted in a great variety of forms ate

animal, and grotesque. The casts of Maya
GOLD OBJECTS FROM MEXICO stelae from Quirigua indicate that the native
AND CENTRAL AMERICA sense of design could function in terms of

[141 ]

A PRIEST MAKING AN

an enormous mass. The intricate monuments
from Copan likewise show how skillful a
mass sculpture can be. Equally important
are the casts from the southwest coast of
Guatemala ranged along the stair to the first
floor. Yet there is an abundance of original
material, which includes for the Maya some
of the cream of the Coes style as well as
original examples from Yucatan collected
by the famous traveller, Stephens, a century
ago. The abilities of the Aztec are displayed
both i in casts and original examples, which
cannot be duplicated in this country. The
work of the Totonac and Olmec, in the form
of masks and small figures including jades,
is thought by various authorities to be the
best produced in Indian America, while the
vigorous barbarity of the Geutar carving of
Costa Rica is w orthy of attention. A series
from Oaxaca shows the laborious methods

OFFERING: a cast of a Maya
relief sculpture from Jonuta,
Tabasco, Mexico. The original
of this cast is in the National
Museum of Mexico and is
one of the finest examples of
the Palenque style of Maya
sculpture. This piece dates
from the Maya Great Period
in the centuries immediately
preceding the year 1,000

of carving stone with stone, since no metal
tools hard enough for this purpose were de-
veloped by the Indians.

The figures i in baked clay are worthy of
considerable attention, since the Middle
Americans developed this type of work into
a fine art. Especially i interesting are the his-
torical series of figurines from the Early
Culture and Teotihuacan horizons. These
show the change in styles in two cultures,
over a period of nearly a thousand years.
The most notable clay” sculpture is the life
size warrior of the Chichimec period of the
Valley of Mexico. However, for sheer vigor
and vitality the large clay figures from West-
ern Mexico are preeminent. A profound
grasp of realistic appreciation of human
features is displayed by the Vera Cruz ex-
hibit of clay heads, laughing ones from the
Totonac area, more serious ones from the

MODEL OF A MAYA TEMPLE: a miniature replica of the temple at Rio Bec in the eastern
part of the state of Campeche, Mexico

Tuxtla region. A culmination of ceremonial
requirements is to be seen in the funerary
urns from Oaxaca, where a great sense of
design mitigates the grotesque forms em-
ployed.

Writing: Examples of the methods of writ-
ing used in Middle America are found in
different parts of the hall. The simple picto-
graphic style of the Aztec and Mixtec are
represented by original paintings on cloth
and by skillful reproductions. A post-Con-
quest land map and genealogical tree from
Tlaxcala throws much light on dress and
costume fifty years after the Conquest. The
Zapotec and Maya writing was expressed
by highly Eaaeacoadlined signs. On the
May a casts long inscriptions relating to the

dates of astronomical phenomena may be
found. Aztec w riting can be read, May a
writing partly deciphered.

Jewelry: Certain cases in the hall show
priceless examples of Middle American
jewelry. Jade was the substance most highly
prized, and there are several local sty ies of
working it. The American variety of jadeite
and nephrite is distinct from the Asiatic type.
Especially important are the Zapotec and
Olmec collections, which include two of
the finest specimens in the world. Gold was
esteemed only as an easily malleable metal,
but the workmanship on the Mexican pieces
and the design of the Costa Rican ornaments
attest again to the high level of Indian civili-
zation.

[C143 J

FIGURE OF A GOD. MAYA CULTURE. Limestone sculpture from Copan, Honduras. This

is one of the finest examples of Maya sculpture in the round, showing how perfe tly the Maya

represented their physical type, and how beautifully they could express their art without t
use of metal tools of any kind. Around the tenth century

[144 ]

Aletals and Precious Stones: Silver is very
rare, owing to the difficulty of extracting
the ore, but copper was used in late times
for tools and ornaments. Mirrors of iron
pyrites used in their matrix and as a mosaic
show an interesting utilization of this min-
eral. Obsidian or volcanic glass, commonly
used for tools, was wrought into mirrors
and ornaments with the simplest abrasives.
Rock crystal, amethyst, moonstone, opal,
jasper, and porphry were other stones valued
and worked as ornaments by these people.

Pottery: The commonest product re-
covered by archaeology y is pottery, and the
halls are full of vessels recovered from graves
and ceremonial deposits. These vessels were
not made on a wheel, and building up the
pots with strips of clay brings about a squat
appearance to our eyes. lower er, the variety
of shape and design shows how each tribe
or community had its own styles. Notable
techniques are the vitreous ware from Salva-
dor and the plaster cloissonné from Jalisco.
Note also the common use of lost-color or

MOCIUTLXOCHITL, THE GOD OF GAMES
AND FLOWERS. A fine example of Mexican
terra cotta pottery dating from about 1400 A. D.

BOY AND DOG (Below). This little pair of clay figures from Colima, Mexico, shows the

vitality of western Mexican art

batik decoration in Jalisco and Costa Rica.
Vessels of huge size were sometimes made,
like the Toltec vessels from Azcapotzalco.
Even the earliest forms from the early cul-
tures of the Valley of Mexico reveal a de-
velopment of technique and style that indi-
cates long years of experimentation. Few
regions in the world can show such a wealth
of form and ornament as Middle America.

Design: The textile art was important in
Middle America but time and weather have
destroyed almost all of it. However, hints
are given by the ancient picture writings
and the use of textile designs on pottery.
The art is old and cotton has been recovered
from the earliest levels in the Valley of
Mexico. Examination of the designs on the
Puebla pottery, on the West Mexican fig-
urines, and on the dress of the figures on the
Maya stelae will show how skilled these
people were. In various cases the clay weights
for spindles are exhibited, many of which
are beautifully carved and polished. The
size and w eight seem to be gauged in some
cases to the fineness of the thread.

Musical Instruments: Music was not high-
ly developed in ancient Middle America,
but many examples of flutes, whistles, shell
trumpets and rattle bones attest to an in-
terest in tone and rhythm. Most notable are
the Aztec two toned drums which give forth
very pleasing notes. A pottery w histling jar
in the form of a rain god is one of the out-
standing pieces in the Salvador collection.

Tools: The chief tools of the ancient Mid-
dle Americans were made of stone, bone and
wood. Copper tools were only sporadically
employed and in late times at that. The great
wonder of Middle American civilization is
that with these simple elements and without
knowledge of the wheel or draft animals,
these people were able to achieve an impos-
ing culture comparable to the great civili-
zations of the Old World, w hose technical
basis was so much more highly dev eloped.

THE GOD XIPE, LIFE-SIZE, in terra cotta.
Worshipped by the Central Mexicans as the God
of the Flayed, Xipe is shown here wearing a human
skin. When the skin was fresh it was tied on the
God. As it dried it wrinkled, and the wrinkles
formed the scales. This practice flourished in
Central Mexico about the year 1200

[146 ]

CORN GODDESS OF THE ANCIENT AZTECS. This figure from Ixtapalapa, Mexico, is
carved in black basalt. It is an outstanding example of Aztec art showing great naturalistic skill
in presentation (Fifteenth century)

i FIGURE OF A SEATED WOMAN: a splendid example of clay modeling from western Mexi-
| co, illustrating the remarkable ability of these ancient sculptors in depicting form and expression
|

LAUGHING CLAY HEAD.
An example showing conscious
humor. Clay heads of this type
are said to be parts of complete
figures. They come from cen-
tral Vera Cruz. Nearly all the
figures are laughing or smiling
in a very contagious manner

MAYA VASE
WITH FIGURE
PAINTING. From
San Jacinto, Salva-
dor. Not only does
it illustrate great
skill in depicting
attitudes, but seems
to indicate a re-
markable sense of
humor in the artists

[ 149 J

INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA

(Index Plan, p. 17, Second Floor, Hall 8)
This hall contains Indian exhibits from all
the South American countries except Para-
guay and Uruguay. The largest portion of
these illustrate the prehistory of the peoples
of Peru and Bolivia and are arranged in the
front of the hall.

Unlike the ancient peoples of Mexico and
Central America, the Peruvians had no writ-
ten language. They were tillers of the soil
and mieedie a wide variety of crops. They
domesticated the llama, which was used
as a beast of burden. They excelled in the
manufacture and decoration of pottery
vessels, in metal work, and in textile fabrics.

MUSICAL

Their gold and silver objects, such as
beads, cups, pins, plates, and ear ornaments,
show a high degree of skill in the beating,
soldering, and casting of metals.

In weaving, the Peruvians were perhaps
preeminent among prehistoric peoples of the
world, many of their textiles exhibited here
being unsurpassed at the present day. The
materials used were cotton and the wool of
the llama, alpaca, and vicuna. In the cases
near the entrance are examples of these tex-
tiles and the fibers, spindles, thread, looms
and other equipment used in their manu-
facture.

On the right side of the hall are collections
from important localities in Peru, followed
by exhibits from Ecuador, Colombia, Vene-
zuela, Brazil, and Panama. In case 57, near

WIND INSTRUMENTS OF ANCIENT PERU. The wind instruments of the

ancient inhabitants of Peru, as illustrated below, included the panpipe or syrinx shown in the
center; resonator whistles (/eft); trumpets of clay and wood; and a great variety of simple
whistles. The pottery figure at lower left shows how the panpipe was play ed

4
bi s

POTTERY OF
THE MOCHICA
OPRS By AGRaL,
CHIMU PERIOD.
A warrior in full
regalia is depicted
on the vessel at the
left. In his right
hand he holds a
mace; in his left, a
shield, spear throw-
er, and _ javelins.
The central piece
is a “portrait” jar.
The vessel at the
right shows a hand
to hand combat
between mythical
beings

the center of the hall, selected examples of
pottery show the different forms and deco-
rations which distinguish the various im-
portant cultures of Peru and Bolivia. As far
as our present knowledge permits, the
changes which occurred in the course of time
are also indicated. Each of these cultures is
shown in greater detail in individual cases.

POTTERY OF
EARLY NAZCA
PERIOD. The Val-
ley of Nazca was
the center of one of
the earliest highly
developed cultures
in Peru. It dates
from the beginning
of the Christian
Era. The two jars
at the left show
conventional repre-
sentations of the fe-
line-monster deity

Pec a

Outstanding is the beautiful work of the
Nazca people in cases to the left of the en-
trance. In special exhibits are grouped such
things as musical instruments, whistling
water jars, examples of intentionally de-
formed human heads and trephined skulls
showing the successful practice of a delicate
surgical operation by the ancient Peruvians.

PC)

Much of our knowledge of their daily life
we owe to a foreanaees combination of cli-
matic conditions and tribal customs. Along
the coast of Peru, where the extreme dryness
of the climate and nitrous character of the
soil have preserved perishable materials for
centuries, are more extensive burial places
than anywhere else in America. Countless
thousands of bodies were interred with such
things as had been most useful and prized
during life or were considered to be most
serviceable in a future life. Examples of these
mummy bundles are displayed, and it was
from such as these that many objects in the
hall were secured.

The mummy in the case at the west side
of the room was found in a copper mine at

PREHISTORIC DOUBLE CLOTH.

Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of an
Indian miner who was killed by the falling
in of rocks and earth while engaged in get-
ting out the copper ore (atacamite) used by
the Indians in making implements and orna-
ments in prehistoric times. The tissues of the
body have been preserved by copper salts
with which they are impregnated. The im-
plements he was using at the time of his death
are shown beside him in the case.

Much more primitive than any of the pre-
historic peoples just mentioned were the
nomadic hunters and fishermen who in-
habited the southern end of the continent
and the adjacent islands. Their story from
the time when they hunted the extinct native
American horses and ground sloths was re-

The finest example of this technique in the museum

collection. Double cloth is woven on a loom having two separate sets of warp and weft yarns,
a technique which yields sharply contrasting geometric patterns.

: Be /a/e/e/ eye (J a/yer
ROAR RA RARARRRDARTADOSS

OLS

PERUVIAN EM-
BROIDERED SHAWL.
The designs in poly-
chrome chain stitch em-
broidery depict mythical
warrior figures. Weaving
was an outstanding artistic
and technical achievement
of the ancient Peruvian
civilizations. The thread
was hand-spun from cot-
ton and wool and the
fineness has never been
surpassed. The textiles,
from 500 to 2000 years
old, have, for the most
part, been preserved as
mummy wrappings in the
graves of the dry desert
of Peru

—*, . —

~ ~ PRIVEE SSS
SS eae = a

“ 44 *, Wha Lf, j
Wiel dec >
re Ay ir, Xe, Pak, 4 AK yy 2A re Cae > CORLL ass Keer

WAGE ee

aot PARSER S SSS SSS SS CA IRE Wil WY
cece cen — WY

Pre reer ee

NS

A PERUVIAN WOMAN’S WORK BASKET. Containing spindles, bobbins,
carded fibre, and other materials for spinning and weaving

covered from caves and shellmounds. The _ living in widely different geographical areas,
simple tools and weapons which they used _ the collection is far from complete. An ex-
are arranged chronologically in a case inthe ample of native life in the tropical rain forest
rear of the hall. Near by are examples of the — of northeastern Peru is shown in a miniature
equipment of the various tribes surviving in group of the Chama Indians. They raise
the same region at the present time. plantains and cassava and hunt small game,
In neighboring cases are exhibits for other so their equipment is naturally specialized
living Indians of South America. As there for these occupations.
are a great many distinct tribes, sometimes

(Below) AN EXAMPLE OF SOUTH AMERI- (Below) A PERUVIAN TAPESTRY. An ex-
CAN EMBROIDERY. This elaborate fabric is a cellent tapestry from Pachacamac, Peru, with slits
Paracas type solid polychrome embroidery left open between color areas as part of the design

MINATURE MODEL OF A SOUTH SEA ISLAND CANOE. The Polynseians make canoes
hollowed out of tree trunks. An outrigger on one side keeps them from capsizing easily

EASTER ISLAND STATUE. Easter Island in the

South Pacific is famous for the immense stone

statues found there, from one of which a Museum
expedition made the cast illustrated at the right

THE PACIFIC

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor,
Halls 6 and 8)

Two halls are devoted to the Islands in the
Pacific Ocean. The first contains collections
from Pol ynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia.
The second is principally an exhibit for the
natives of the Philippine Islands, Java, an
Borneo. However, the collections from New
Zealand extend into this hall.

The conspicuous objects in these halls are
as follows: a statue from Easter Island; life-
sized models, showing the Tahitian fire-
walking, grating of eee etc; a collection
of tattooed heads from New Pealaade and a
tree-house from the Philippines.

SOUTH PACIFIC HALL

On entering the South Pacific Hall (Fourth
Floor, Hall 6) beyond the Hall of Minerals,
the visitor faces a huge monolithic figure.
This is a cast of one of the famous images
found on Easter Island and was brought back

[155 ]

Rt ee as SS i ee ee <<
TAHITIAN KAVA-BREWER AND ROOF-MAKER. The Tahitian woman, at the left, is
preparing a stimulant from the roots of a species of pepper. The beverage is known as ava in
Yahiti but is identical with kava of other islands. The woman to the right is manufacturing roofing
from pandanus leaves in an elaborate form often employed in Tahiti. Life size figures cast in the

Museum from Tahitian fire-walkers who once visited New York City

in 1935 by the Templeton Crocker Expedi- Circular stone mats of red tufa formerly
935 0} P P y

tion. Statues such as these, representing de- completed the figure.
parted chieftains, were found set up on stone Directly in the center of the hall is a Tahi-
platforms all along the coast of Easter Island. tian priest taking part in the fire-walking

TAHITIAN FIRE-MAKER AND COCONUT GRATER. The old way to make fire in Tahiti

was to rub a blunt-pointed stick in a groove made in another until the dust became ignited.

The natives produced fire within a few minutes. In preparing grated coconut the Tahitians sit

on a stool which has a blade projecting in front. This blade is used for grating the white inside
part of the coconut

POLYNESIAN BARK CLOTH OR TAPA. This cloth was made from the inner bark of the

paper-mulberry tree which is steeped in water, thinned out with a shell scraper, and pounded on

a board with a mallet. Designs may be painted on the cloth free-hand, but more frequently they
are printed from wooden stamps

ceremony, in which the participants walk
over heated boulders of lava. On each side
isa group showing natives engaged in typical
activities,—grating coconut, preparing kava,
or plaiting Pandanus.

One of the exhibits in this hall is a fine
Hawaiian feather cape, such as was formerly
worn by the highest ranks of the Hawaiian
society. Red and yellow honeysucker
feathers completely hide the netted twine

A MANUS VILLAGE reconstructed with scientific accuracy in every detail: one of many
miniature models in the American Museum showing native home life and activities

foundation. The value of these garments
was proportionate to the enormous labor
expended on their manufacture.

The hall is roughly divided into two main
sections. In the first half are exhibited the
collections from Polynesia and Micronesia,
while the second half is devoted to New
Guinea, Melanesia and Australia. However,
it proved impossible to be wholly consistent
and to separate Melanesian Fiji from Samoa
and Tonga.

In the Polynesian section the examples of
decorated native bark cloth (tapa) are es-
pecially noteworthy, and a number of canoe
models remind us that these people are dar-
ing seafarers. A series of ceremonial adzes
from the Cook Islands in the farther quarter
of the hall shows aboriginal carving at its
highest level.

In the section on the right, the elaborately
carved sacred masks, about 14 feet back of
the Tahitian priest, illustrate the zsthetic

BRIDE’S APRON OF SHELL
MONEY: A Melanesian wo-
man’s dress used on festival
occasions. Her costume is part
of the payment which her kin
make to her husband’s family.
The most important part of her
dress comprises the two aprons
woven of shell money

MELANESIAN MASK

tendencies of Melanesia, which are also ap-
parent in a carved pole set on top of a verti-
cal case. Very different from these artistic

USIAI CARVED WOODEN BOWL
FROM MELANESIA

ee

St
s es
weer

ESS

MELANESIAN SACRED
FLUTE

manifestations are the carvings of the Nex
Zealanders (Maori), characterized by rae
dominant spiral motive. The series of dried
and tattooed Maori heads forms one of the
most remarkable exhibits in the Museum.
(See Guide Leaflet No. 71, The Maoris and
Their Arts.)

Near the boundary between the two main
sections are the Azwstralian cases with nu-
merous boomerangs and very crude stone
tools, which should be compared with those
in the archeological hall. The farther corner
is devoted to a collection from the Admiralty
Islands, including a model of a village of the
Manus tribe, a lagoon-dwelling, fishing
people who build their houses on piles far
from land. In the right corner of the hall are
shields, clubs, carvings and household uten-
sils from New Guinea.

The islands of the Pacific Ocean are of
two kinds; first, those which are the remnants
of a sunken land mass running southeast
from Asia formerly connecting Australia and
Tasmania with the mainland; and secondly,
in the case of the numerous islands to the
eastward, those which were formed by vol-
canic action and coral growth. The inhabit-
ants belong physically to two very distinct
races: the frizzly-haired, nearly black Pa-
pauns and the former inhabitants of Tas-
mania; and the wavy-haired, light-colored
Polynesians of the islands stretching nearly
across the Pacific. South of these islands are
others inhabited by the Melanesians, who
have straight or wavy hair and darker skins.

The cultural grouping is generally similar
to that of the physical types. The Poly-
nesians manufacture bark cloth and matting,
have no pottery, drink kava, fight with
clubs, and are skilled navigators. They are
governed by chiefs who trace their ancestry
back many generations. The Melanesians
make some pottery, chew the betel nut, do
grotesque carving, use bows and arrows for
hunting and spears for fighting. They have

CARVED WOODEN HOOKS
USED IN DECORATING
MEN’S HOUSES IN NEW
GUINEA

[159]

PHILIPPINE TREE HOUSE

[ 160]

secret societies and the men live in clubs.
Between these two are the Micronesians,
possessing some of the cultural traits of both
their neighbors but differing considerably
from each. Their islands being small, they
depend for food chiefly on fish and pandanus
and coconut palms. They are socially divided
into castes: nobility, commoners, and slaves.

In addition to these cultural groups there
are two specialized ones: the Polynesian
Maori of New Zealand, and the Negroid
inhabitants of Australia. The former have a
very rich development of practical and aes-
thetic arts; the latter are almost without
them. Besides, there are the inhabitants of
New Guinea, generally Melanesian-like, but
varying somewhat in race, language, and
culture, and as yet not very well known.

COLLECTIONS FROM
PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 8)

This hall is reached by turning to the right
in the South Sea Islands Hall.

The side aisles are devoted to the Philip-
pine Islands. The farther section of the hall
contains exhibits from other parts of Malay-
sia with an interesting series of marionettes
from Java.

At the right of the entrance is a case con-
taining life casts of faces, nose and hair from
the different races represented in this hall,
also charts of stature and head form, with
distribution maps.

In the center is a model of a Filipino
bamboo-walled and thatch-roofed house. At
the far end a native tree house dominates
the scene, and on the left may be seen the
model of a woman weaving a garment on a
native loom.

The visitor should note that, like the Afri-
can Negroes, but unlike all other primitive
stocks, the Malayan tribes represented in this
hall used iron tools. The numerous iron
weapons—spears, battle-axes, and krises (dag-
gers with serpentine blades)—are especially
remarkable.

On the left side of the hall will be found
a number of synoptic exhibits of native
krises, shields, fabrics, basketry and ceramics.
Pottery is not highly developed in this area,

but the textile arts flourish to a remarkable
degree. The industrial life of the Bagobo of
Mindanao is particularly well illustrated in
the collections.

Much more primitive in their culture than
the other Malaysians are the Negritos, a dark-
skinned and frizzly-haired pygmy stock
forming with similar groups in other parts
of the world a distinct division of the Negro
race. They are everywhere hunters, using
the bow and arrow, and ignorant of agri-
culture. Their simple implements are shown
in a table case in the farther section of the
hall.

The islands lying close to the coast of Asia
have been subjected to several migrations
and to varying cultural contacts. Judging
from the Andaman Islands and the Negrito
remnants in the Philippine Islands, the origi-
nal inhabitants were physically the most
primitive of living men, related to the Afri-
can Bushmen and the extinct Tasmanians.
The present population is predominantly
Malay in origin, members of the great Mon-
golian race. Their cultural arts include pot-
tery, metal work, and textiles. The metal
work is especially fine in the weapon-making
of Java and among the Mohammedan inhabi-
tants of the Philippines. Among the textiles
are exhibited the batik work of Java, the tie
dyeing of the Bagobo in the Philippines, and
fine textiles of Luzon.

They possess fowls and pigs, cultivate rice,
and use the Carabao, or water buffalo, as a
domestic aid in agriculture and transporta-
tion. They possess the out-rigger canoes
generally in use throughout the Pacific. Their
weapons are blow-guns, bows and arrows,
spears, and knives. They are devoted to head-~
hunting, considering it necessary for re-
ligious peace and security.

The original culture of the first black race
has disappeared. That existent at present is
basic Malay, on which has been superim-
posed the influence of India and China, the
former affecting thought and philosophy,
and the latter furnishing, through commerce,
cherished objects of art and utility. Next
came Mohammedanism, which is the pre-
vailing religion in some of the islands, and
about three hundred years ago Christianity
and European culture were brought by the
Dutch and Spaniards.

[ 161]

AN EMPEROR’S BIRTHDAY GIFT. An assemblage of elaborate carvings fashioned from
purest white jade and fitted together

ASIATIC COLLECTIONS

(Index Plan, p. 19, Fourth Floor, Hall 6, also
Hall 4, and p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 6)

DRUMMOND COLLECTION OF JADE

The famous Drunznond Collection of carved
Chinese jade, amber, Japanese ivory, and
sword-guards is in the Southwest Tower on
the fourth floor, opening out of the South
Sea Islands Hall. This magnificent collection
gathered by the late Doctor I. Wyman
Drummond and presented to the Museum

in his memory, is installed as a unit, largely
according to Doctor Drummond’s original
arr angement.

It is really a group of collections, each one
of the greatest importance and beauty. The
jade collection alone is a rich and well bal-
anced series, representative of all periods and
covering a cultural range of more than thirty
centuries. The left half of the room is de-
voted to jade arranged by periods, while the
right half is given over to amber, ivory,
lacquer and bronze sword-guards. The ori-
ental amber displayed is the finest of its kind
in the world.

[ 162]

A unique composite piece of white jade,
occupying the center of the room, was a
birthday gift to the Emperor Kien Lung
from the officials of his court. This assem-
blage of jade carvings consists of thirteen
pieces fashioned from purest white jade and
fitted together. Surrounding the central
piece are twelve segments fitted together,
each of which is carved with a representa-
tion of one of the twelve terrestrial branches

corresponding to the signs of the zodiac.

A very fine piece of w *hite jade of the Kien
Lung period of renaissance in glyptic art is
in the form of a “Scepter of Good Luck”
(Joo-i scepter). On the long handle of this
piece are carved in high relief the figures of
the Eight Immortals, the half- mythical, half-
historical personages so often represented i in
Taoist art. Each of these carries some charac-
teristic object, such as the flute of Han
Hsiang-tzu, whose marvelous tone caused
flowers to grow and blossom instantly.

ASIATIC ETHNOLOGY

Other fine examples of jade are also to be
seen in the Morgan Gem Collection (Fourth
Floor, Hall 4) ) and in the Asiatic Ethnology

JADE SCEPTER (Right). From the Drummond
Collection

JADE CUP (Below). The dragons on this jade
cup are of the form which developed in China
in the Ming dynasty

WANG MU, THE CHINESE QUEEN OF
THE FAIRIES. This is a carved ivory figure
from the Drummond Collection. Though pro-
duced by a Japanese artist, it is founded upon a
Chinese myth. It is said that the palace of Wang
Mu is in the Juen-lun Mountains, where she
guards the Tree of Immortal Peaches that grows
beside the Lake of Gems, whose fruit ripens upon
her birthday, every 3000 years. Here gather to
the Feast of Peaches all the immortals to renew
their immortality by eating the celestial fruit

[ 164 ]

K’WAN YIN, GODDESS OF THE FISH. A
carved ivory Japanese figure of great beauty
from the Drummond Collection. This ivory
statuette is characteristically Japanese both in
conception and rendering. It immortalizes in
ivory the story of the princely fisherman who
set up a shrine to this goddess after he had
repeatedly found her image in his net instead
of the fish he sought

CHINESE BRONZES. A set of three bronze ornaments inlaid with silver from the Sung Dynasty,
960-1279 A. D. To the right is a bronze libation cup, probably used in religious ceremonies, from
the Shang Dynasty, 1766-1122 B. C.

Hall on the third floor (Index Plan, p. 18,
Third Floor, Hall 6), where are installed
collections from eastern and northern Asia.
Specimens illustrating the culture, industries,
religion and manufacture of China are on the
left. Others, showing the mode of life, the
costumes, and the war implements of Siberia,
are on the right.

The fur-work, costumes, and rugs of the
people of eastern Siberia reveal remarkable
skill in workmanship. Two models show
respectively summer and winter scenes in
Siberia. In the rear are collections from

Japan, the Ainu and the Amur River tribes
noted for decorated fabrics and picturesque
costumes.

The collections on the left side of the hall
deal mainly with the everyday life of the
modern Chinese and have a special value, as
they were made just before the sweeping
changes of the last few years took place.
These abolished many of the customs in
which these objects were used. For example,
the series of weapons and material showing
the tests to which a soldier was submitted on
entering the army have been rendered ob-

THE EIGHT IMMORTALS. A group of figurines in Formosa coral depicting eight legendary
beings who became immortal. From the Morgan Hall of Gems and Minerals on the fourth floor
of the Museum

~ 4

(Above) CHINESE BRONZE BOWL. This large bronze bowl has the original scroll
design characteristic of the Chou dynasty. Attributed to the Han Period

(Below) A PAIR OF CHINESE BRONZE HORSES. They may have represented the horses
of a chariot which has been lost. Ts In dynasty

SIX EXAMPLES OF CHINESE CLOISONNE ENAMEL FROM THE CHINESE
COLLECTION OF THE MUSEUM

[ 167 ]

THREE BRONZE STATU- TSONG-KHA-PA. The great YAK-HEADED RAKSAI.
ETTES FROM THE TIBE- fifteenth century Reformer of One of the animal-headed
TAN COLLECTION. (Above) Lamaism goddesses who appear in the

NARO KHE-CHO-MA. A
feminine divinity, invoked to
confer superhuman power

solete by the introduction of modern weap-
ons and tactics. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry,
inlaid work, cloisonné enamel, agricultural
implements, carvings in wood, ivory and
stone, and examples of embroidery, are
shown to advantage.

A special collection of great value is com-
prised in the ancient bronzes shown in the
wall cases near the entrance. In the tower is
the Whitney Collection from Tibet, illus-
trative of the costumes and religious rites of
that little-known region.

An exhibit illustrates the production of
cloisonné by the Chinese. A series of eight
vases is display ed showing various stages sof
the process.

The foundation of all enamel objects is
red copper of the shape and size desired.
The decorations are first sketched on paper
by special artists. These patterns are traced
with a stylus on the copper. Vase No. 1
shows the simple copper foundation. No. 2
is a vase to which has been glued a network
of thin copper wire following the tracings
of the pattern. The whole is then powdered
with a composite of silver filings, copper

Bardo, or After-Death State

and borax (No. 3). The vase is now enclosed
in an iron vise placed in an iron wire cage
filled with burning charcoal which produces
a perfect soldering (No. 4). Then an acid
solution of apricots is brushed over it, and it
is ready to receive the enamel. The enamel
paste is troweled into the cell-like compart-
ments (“cloisons”) formed by the copper
wire (No. 5).

After cooling, the vase is again exposed to
the fire to properly harden the pigments.
Nos. 6, 7, and 8 show the vases after succes-
sive firings. Very fine pieces of work may be
fired eight times. Next the vases are polished
with a steel file—then with sandstone and
lime tree charcoal while the vase revolves
on a lathe. Finally it is gilded.

The Koryak of Siberia. The Koryak live
in northeastern Siberia, south of the Chuk-
chee, between the Anadyr River and the
central part of Kamchatka. Their number
is about 7500. In language they are related
to the Chukchee and Kamchadal, with whom
they also share their arts and practices. Like
the Chukchee, the Koryak are divided into a
Reindeer and a Maritime Branch but differ

[ 168 |]

from their neighbors in the almost exactl
equal size of these divisions. The Reindeer
Koryak subsist mainly on the flesh of their
herds. The Maritime group depend largely
on fishing, while the hunting of sea Haters
is also important but relatively less so than
among the Maritime Chukchee. The Rein-
deer people live in movable tents. The sta-
tionary, partly underground house of the
Maritime division is illustrated by a model
in this hall. Both divisions of the Koryak
wear clothing made of reindeer skins.

Before contact with other peoples the
Koryak had no metal and made all their im-
plements by chipping stone. At present,
several settlements are renowned for their
iron technique, which may antedate the com-
ing of the Russians, since the Tungus and
Yakut were both familiar with the black-
smith’s art. The dressing of skins and the
weaving of baskets by the coiled and twined
methods are important industries. Remains
brought to light by excavations of old dwel-
lings show that the ancient Koryak knew
how to manufacture pottery. In art the Kor-
yak have attained a high degree of perfection
as carvers in wood, antler, and ivory, as well
as in the tasteful ornamentation of clothing
and fur rugs.

(Right) KORYAK MAN IN ARMOR. Life size
figure, clothed in original Koryak armor. From
the Jesup North Pacific Collection

(Below) IVORY CARVING OF A BOY AND
REINDEER FROM EASTERN SIBERIA

FEI (APE A ze SSIS EAE OE = VE = OEM NIE OE 0D SEEMED OLESEN EE VEU OEE USESTIEAEICORI TICE TUUE Tete

RED CAM-
WOOD BOXES
FROM MANG-
BETULAND.
These boxes have
hollow sections of
ivory engraved
with hunting epi-
sodes like those
shown above and
below the picture.
The tops repre-
sent the hairdress
of a man and two
women

AFRICAN TOM-TOM DRUMMER. Exhibited
in the Akeley Memorial Hall of African Mammals.
Sculptured by Malvina Hoffman

HALL OF AFRICAN
ETHNOLOGY

(Index Plan, p. 18, Third Floor, Hall 8)

The order in this hall is roughly geographi-
cal. Thus, as one proceeds through the hall
he meets the tribes that would be found in
passing from south to north in Africa, while

the west coast is represented along the left-
hand wall, the east coast along the right-hand
wall, the central Congo tribes at the far end.

There are three aboriginal races in Africa:
the Bushmen, the Hottentots, and the Ne-
groes. In the north the Negroes have been
greatly influenced by Hamitic and Semitic
immigrants and have become mixed with
them.

Nothing is more characteristic of the
Negro culture, to which the rest of the hall
is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and
fashioning iron tools. The process used by
the African blacksmith is illustrated in a
group on the left, and the finished products,
such as knives, axes and spears, are amply
shown throughout the hall. The knowledge
of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro
culturally from the American Indian, the
Oceanian, and the Australian.

All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the
women doing the actual tilling, while the
men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes,
herders. Clothing is either of skin, bark cloth,

WOODEN MASK
FROM WESTERN
AFRICA

[171]

or loom-woven plant fiber. The manufac-
ture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of
the figures in the group to the left of the en-
trance. Bark cloths from Uganda are shown
in the farther right-hand section of the hall,

while looms and the completed garments are

shown in the large central rectangle devoted

CARVED IVOR
ARTICLES FRO
THE CONGO
Ivory carvings are
among the most
cherished possessions
of African chiefs
the emblems of rank
and power

to Congo ethnology. The most beautiful of
the last-mentioned products are the “pile
cloths” of the Bakuba, woven by the men
and supplied with decorative patterns by the
women. Very fine wooden goblets and other
carvings, especially a series of ivories from
the Congo, bear witness to the high artistic

L722]

IVORY HANDLED
IRON WEAPONS
OF THE MANG-
BETU. The great
sickle-shaped _ knives
were worn over the
shoulder by the king
and other prominent
men when they were
sitting in council,
partly as proof of the
Wearer’s readiness to
strike. At other times
the knives were pushed
under the belt

sense of the African natives, who also excel
other primitive races in their love for music,
which is shown by the variety of their musi-
cal instruments.

A unique art is illustrated in the Benin
case in the farther section of the hall, where
the visitor will see bronze and brass castings

fs «sae eae

made by a process similar to that used in
Europe in the Renaissance period.

The religious beliefs of the natives are
illustrated by numerous fetishes and charms,
believed to give security in battle or to avert
evils. Ceremonial masks are shown, which

were worn by the native pediciae ent

[173]

Popular Publications

THE museum publishes a series of handbooks, postcards and science leaflets dealing
with Man and His Arts, Animals of Land and Sea, Birds and Insects, and The World
and Its Wonders. Among the titles included in this series of publications are:

The Dinosaur Book by Edwin H. Colbert (Handbook No. 14)

Birds of Central Park by Geoffrey Carleton (Science Guide No. 68)

Dinosaurs by Edwin H. Colbert (Science Guide No. 70)

The World of Fishes by William K. Gregory and Francesca LaMonte (Science
Guide No. 122) i

The Cereals and Civilization by Clark Wissler (Science Guide No. 129)

The Life of the Water Film by Lorus J. Milne and Margery J. Milne (Science
Guide No. 130)

For complete free catalog of all Museum Popular Publications write to Division ot
Popular Publications, Department of Education at the Museum.

San and OCature

PUBLICATIONS

[174]

American Museum of Natural History

MALCOM P. ALDRICH

JAMES ROWLAND ANGELL

ANDREY AVINOFF

HARRY PAYNE BINGHAM
ROBERT WOODS BLISS

W. DOUGLAS BURDEN
EDWARD C. CHILDS

H. B. CLARK

S. SLOAN COLT

SUYDAM CUTTING
LEWIS W. DOUGLAS
LINCOLN ELLSWORTH

Founded in 1869

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

F. TRUBEE DAVISON, President
A. PERRY OSBORN, First Vice-President

CLEVELAND E. DODGE, Second Vice-President

E. ROLAND HARRIMAN, JT reaszrer
CLARENCE L. HAY, Secretary
CHILDS FRICK

CHAUNCEY J. HAMLIN
WILLIAM H. HARKNESS
ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON
MICHAEL LERNER

JOHN J. MCCLOY
ROBERT EARLL MC CONNELL
RICHARD K. MELLON
GEORGE M. MOFFETT
DANIEL E. POMEROY
WILLIAM PROCTER

WILLIAM O’DWYER, Mayor of the City of New York
LAZARUS JOSEPH, Comptroller of the City of New York

ROBERT MOSES, Commissioner of Parks of the City of New York

A REPRESENTATIVE Of the Board of Education of the City of New York

A. HAMILTON RICE
BEVERLEY R. ROBINSON
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD
DEAN SAGE

LEONARD C. SANFORD
KEITH SPALDING
FRANCIS T. SPAULDING
ARTHUR S. VERNAY
FREDERICK M. WARBURG
ALEXANDER M. WHITE
CORNELIUS V. WHITNEY

SCIENTIFIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFFS, JANUARY, 1949

Albert E. Parr, D.SC., Director
Wayne M. Faunce, Sc.B., Vice-Director and Executive Secretary
Walter F. Meister, Assistant Treasurer

ANTHROPOLOGY

H. L. SHAPIRO, Ph.D., Chairman, Curator of
Physical Anthropology

MARGARET MEAD, Ph.D., D.Sc., Associate
Curator of Ethnology

BELLA WEITZNER, Associate Curator of Eth-

nology

JUNIUS B. BIRD, Associate Curator of Arch-

aeology

SCIENCE AND EDUCATION

GORDON F. EKHOLM, Ph.D., Associate Cu-

rator of Archaeology

JAMES A. FORD, M.A., Assistant Curator of
North American Archaeology

HARRY TSCHOPIK, JR., M.A., Assistant Curator
of Ethnology

CLARENCE L. HAY, A.M., Research Associate

ROBERT VON HEINE-GELDERN, Ph.D., Research

Associate

RALPH LINTON, Ph.D., Research Associate

[175]

WILLIAM DUNCAN STRONG, Ph.D., Research
Associate

FREDERICK H. OSBORN, Litt.D., Sc.D., Honor-
ary Associate

ANTOINETTE K. GORDON, Associate

MAMMALS

HAROLD E. ANTHONY, D.Sc., Chairman and
Curator

CHILDS FRICK, D.Sc., Honorary Curator of
Late Tertiary and Quaternary Mammals

G. H. H. TATE, D.Sc., Curator

GEORGE G. GOODWIN, Associate Curator

T. DONALD CARTER, Assistant Curator

RICHARD ARCHBOLD, Research Associate

ARTHUR S. VERNAY, Field Associate

WILLIAM D. CAMPBELL, Field Associate

BIRDS

ROBERT CUSHMAN MURPHY, Sc.D., Chairman

JOHN T. ZIMMER, D.Sc., Curator

ERNST MAYR, Ph.D., Curator of the Whitney-
Rothschild Collections

JAMES P. CHAPIN, Ph.D., Associate Curator

CHARLES E. O'BRIEN, Assistant Curator

E. THOMAS GILLIARD, Assistant Curator

DEAN AMADON, B.S., Assistant Curator

ELSIE M. B. NAUMBURG, Research Associate

CHARLES K. NICHOLS, Research Associate and
Honorary Librarian

JEAN DELACOUR, Lic. Sci., Research Associate

CHARLES VAURIE, D.D.S., Research Associate

WILLIAM H. PHELPS, B.S., Research Associate

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

CHARLES M. BOGERT, A.M., Chairman and
Curator

BESSIE MATALAS HECHT, A.B., Scientific Assis-
tant

HARVEY BASSLER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research As-
sociate

JOHN A. MooRE, Ph.D., Research Associate

JAMES A. OLIVER, Ph.D., Research Associate

EMMETT R. DUNN, Ph.D., Research Associate

ROGER CONANT, Research Associate

FISHES AND AQUATIC BIOLOGY

C. M. BREDER, JR., Sc.D., Chairman and
Curator
JOHN T. NicHoLs, A.B., Curator of Fishes

FRANCESCA R. LA MONTE, B.A., Associate
Curator of Fishes and Museum Secretary
for International Game Fish Association
Affairs

JOHN C. ARMSTRONG, A.B., Assistant Curator
of Invertebrates

PRISCILLA RASQUIN, A.B., Scientific Assistant

WILLIAM BEEBE, Sc.D., Research Associate in
Fishes

CHRISTOPHER W. COATES, Research Associate
in Fishes

DANIEL MERRIMAN, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate in Oceanography

FRANK J. MYERS, Research Associate in
Rotifers

HORACE W. STUNKARD, Ph.D., Research Asso-
ciate in Parasitology

LIBBIE H. HYMAN, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research
Associate in Invertebrates

H. E. CRAMPTON, Ph.D., Sc.D., Research Asso-
ciate in Mollusks

WILLIAM J. CLENCH, M.S., Research Associ-
ate in Mollusks

VAN CAMPEN HEILNER, M.S., Field Repre-
sentative

MICHAEL LERNER, Field Associate

ROSWELL MILLER, JR., C.E., Field Associate

WYLLYS ROSSETER BETTS, JR., Field Associate

INSECTS AND SPIDERS

MONT A. CAZIER, Ph.D., Chairman and Asso-
ciate Curator

C. H. CURRAN, D.Sc., Curator

WILLIS J. GERTSCH, Ph.D., Associate Curator

MARGARET L. SAULINA, Scientific Assistant

HERBERT F. SCHWARTZ, M.A., Research Asso-
ciate

ERNEST L. BELL, Research Associate

CYRIL F. bos Passos, LL.B., Research Associ-
ate

ALFRED E. EMERSON, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate

E. IRVING HUNTINGTON, Research Associate

ALEXANDER B. KLOTS, Ph.D., Research Asso-
ciate

HERMAN T. SPIETH, Ph.D., Research Associate

WILLIAM P. comstock, B.A., Research As-
sociate

J. H. MC DUNNOUGH, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate

[ 176 ]

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

LESTER R. ARONSON, Ph.D., Acting Chairman
and Associate Curator

T. C. SCHNEIRLA, Sc.D., Curator

A. MARIE TUCKER, M.A., Scientific Assistant

FRANK A. BEACH, Ph.D., Research Associate

MYRON GORDON, Ph.D., Research Associate

CARYL P. HASKINS, Ph.D., Research Associate

BERNARD F. RIESS, Ph.D., Research Associate

W. DOUGLAS BURDEN, M.A., Honorary As-
sociate

BARBARA BoGGs, Honorary Associate

FORESTRY AND GENERAL BOTANY

HENRY K. SVENSON, Ph.D., Chairman and
Curator

CLARENCE L. HAY, A.M., Honorary Curator

CHARLES RUSSELL, Ph.D., Associate

RICHARDSON L. WRITE, M.A., Research Associ-
ate

GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY

GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON, Ph.D.,Sc.D.,Chair-
man and Curator of Fossil Mammals and
Birds

EDWIN H. COLBERT, Ph.D., Curator of Fossil
Reptiles, Amphibians, and Fishes

NORMAN D. NEWELL, Ph.D., Curator of His-
torical Geology and Fossil Invertebrates

FREDERICK H. POUGH, Ph.D., Curator of Physi-
cal Geology and Mineralogy

otto H. HAAS, Ph.D., LL.D., Associate Cu-
rator of Fossil Invertebrates

BOBB SCHAEFFER, Ph.D., Assistant Curator of
Fossil Vertebrates ’

RACHEL HUSBAND NICHOLS, A.M., Scientific
Assistant

HORACE ELMER WoobD, 2nd, Ph.D., Research
Associate in Fossil Mammals

ERICH M. SCHLAIKJER, Ph.D., Research As-
sociate in Fossil Reptiles

LOUIS HUSSAKOF, Ph.D., Research Associate
in Fossil Fishes

J. BROOKES KNIGHT, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate in Fossil Invertebrates

ARTHUR K. MILLER, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate in Fossil Invertebrates

MICROPALEONTOLOGY

BROOKS F. ELLIS, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator
ANGELINA R. MESSINA, M.A., Associate Cu-
rator

ELEANOR S. SALMON, Ph.D., Scientific Assist-
ant

MOLLIE FRIEDHOFFER, A.M., Scientific Assist-
ant

HANS E. THALMANN, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate

MAYNARD P. WHITE, Ph.D., Research Associ-
ate

STANLEY G. WISSLER, M.A., Research Associ-
ate

ASTRONOMY AND THE HAYDEN
PLANETARIUM

GORDON A. ATWATER, Chairman and Curator
ROBERT R. COLES, Associate Curator
CATHARINE E. BARRY, Assistant Curator
FRED RAISER, Scientific Assistant
SHIRLEY 1. GALE, B.S., Special Lecturer
KENNETH J. HEUER, Special Lecturer
WILLIAM J. MCDONALD, Special Lecturer
FRANK H. SCHLEIFER, Special Lecturer
EUGENE L. BENEDICT, Special Lecturer
CLARENCE V. LEE, Special Lecturer

HUGH Ss. RICE, A.M., Research Associate

EDUCATION

CHARLES RUSSELL, Ph.D., Chairman

GRACE FISHER RAMSEY, Ph.D., Curator of
School Relations

JOHN R. SAUNDERS, M.A., Associate Curator

GEORGE F. MASON, Associate Curator

WILLIAM A. BURNS, M.A., Acting Associate
Curator

WINFIELD G. DOYLE, M.A., Acting Associate
Curator

JOHN C. ORTH, Assistant Curator

MARGUERITE R. ROSS, M.A., Assistant Cura-
tor

FARIDA A. WILEY, Instructor

ALMEDA JOHNSON, Instructor

LUCY W. CLAUSEN, Ph.D., Instructor

INEZ E. BORDNER, B.A., Instructor

HESTER RICH HOPKINS, M.A., Instructor

HAZEL L. MULLER, B.A., Supervisor of Dance
and Lecture Programs

KATHARINE BENEKER, Supervisor of Special
Exhibition

ETTA FALKNER, M.A., Associate Supervisor
of Special Exhibition

ANNA MONTGOMERY, Supervisor of Guest
Services

MARGUERITE NEWGARDEN, M.A., Supervisor
of Audio-Visual Aids

EH7 A

LIBRARY

HAZEL GAY, Librarian
HELEN M. GUNZ, B.A., Assistant Librarian

RICHARD H. POUGH, Curator, Conservation and
Use of Natural Resources

G. EVELYN HUTCHINSON, M.A. Consultant in
Bio-geochemistry

J. HOWARD McGREGOR, Ph.D., Research As-
sociate, Comparative Anatomy

DUDLEY J. MORTON, M.D., Research Associ-
ate, Comparative Anatomy

EXHIBITION AND PUBLICATION
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

VICTOR WILLIAM RONFELDT, M.F.A., Staff Ar-
chitect

PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION

JAMES L. CLARK, D.Sc., Director of Prepa-
ration and Installation

GEORGE E. PETERSON, Senior Staff Associate

GEORGE H. CHILDS, Ph.D., Staff Associate

JAMES PERRY WILSON, B.A., B.Ar., Staff As-
sociate

ILLUSTRATORS CORPS

THOMAS W. VOTER, Supervisor

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
RUTH TYLER, M.A., Editor

MAN AND NATURE PUBLICATIONS

Supervisor of Museum's Popular Publications

NATURAL HISTORY MAGAZINE

EDWARD MOFFAT WEYER, JrR., Ph.D., Editor

ROBERT EDGAR WILLIAMSON, Production Man-
ager

CHARLES J. 0’CONNOR, B.S., Manager of Cir-
culation and Advertising

THE JUNIOR NATURAL HISTORY
MAGAZINE

DOROTHY LEE EDWARDS, Editor

MARION B. CARR, Associate Editor

CHARLES J. 0’CONNOR, B.S., Manager of Cir-
culation and Advertising

MUSEUM BOOK SHOP
EMILIE C. BINNIKER, Manager

PRINT SHOP
EDWARD A. BURNS, Supervisor

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

EDWIN C. MEYENBERG, Bursar

ROBERT J. SEIBERT, Chief Accountant

ADRIAN L. WARD, Personnel Officer

WILLIAM F. MussiG, Purchasing Agent

CHARLES J. 0’conNnoR, B.S., Membership Sec-
retary

DANA P. KELLY, M.A., Resident Director of
Public Relations*

HANS CHRISTIAN ADAMSON, Special Consult-
ant, Public Relations

DORATHEA M. SIEGLE, Executive Assistant,
Museum Contributors Program

ADDIE H. SUMMERSON, Assistant Executive
Secretary

ELLA RB. RANSOM, Executive Assistant to the
President

BUILDING OPERATION

REX P. JOHNSON, C.E., General Superintend-
ent

WILSON L. TODD, Plant Engineer

LOUIS W. KINZER, Custodian

HENRY H. RAMSHAW, Mechanical Superin-

tendent
BLANCHE PRESTON, B.A. in Ed., Manager of
Food Services

ADVISORY COMMITTEES
COUNCIL OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF

GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON, Ph.D., Sc.D., Dean
ROBERT C. MURPHY, Sc.D., Assistant Dean
LESTER R. ARONSON, Ph.D., Secretary

THE CHAIRMEN OF CURATORIAL DEPARTMENTS

EXHIBITION

DIRECTOR ALBERT E. PARR, Chairman

F. TRUBEE DAVISON HAROLD E. ANTHONY
WILLIAM H. LATHAM — CHARLES RUSSELL
\W. DOUGLAS BURDEN __H.. L. SHAPIRO
WAYNE M. FAUNCE ERNST MAYR

DEAN OF THE COUNCIL

BUDGET
VICE-DIRECTOR WAYNE M. FAUNCE, Chairman
Ff. TRUBEE DAVISON E. ROLAND HARRIMAN
WILLIAM H. LATHAM ALBERT E. PARR
DEAN OF THE COUNCIL
*Representing Reuel Estill & Co., Inc.

[178]

——

7

ern

2 ae

CENTRAL ASIATIC PUBLICATIONS

ROY CHAPMAN ANDREWS, Chairman
CHARLES P. BERKEY FREDERICK K. MORRIS
LESLIE E. SPOCK

EMERITI

ROY CHAPMAN ANDREWS, Sc.D., Honorary
Director

BARNUM BROWN, Sc.D., Curator Emeritus of
Fossil Reptiles

Ss. H. CHUBB, Associate Curator Emeritus,
Comparative Anatomy

CLYDE FISHER, Ph.D., LL.D., Honorary Cu-
rator, Department of Astronomy and the
Hayden Planetarium

WILLIAM kK. GREGORY, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator
Emeritus of Fishes and of Comparative
Anatomy

E. W. GuDGER, Ph.D., Honorary Associate in
Fishes and Librarian of Dean Memorial
Library

ROY WALDO MINER, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator
Emeritus of Invertebrates

CHARLES C. MOOK, Ph.D., Associate Curator
Emeritus of Fossil Reptiles

NELS C. NELSON, M.L., Curator Emeritus of
Prehistoric Archaeology

WILLARD G. VAN NAME, Ph.D., Associate Cu-
rator Emeritus of Recent Invertebrates

£179]

LVatural Ffistory M 2enzine
and Muscum Membership

GEMS, minerals, natural wonders, pets, primitive art, nature photography, and
amateur science all lie within the scope of NATURAL HISTORY Magazine. In it,
eminent scientists and writers portray scientific progress in the layman’s language.

A Museum Member receives Natural History Magazine each month except July
and August. Associate Members $4 annually. Annual Members $10 annually (This
also includes tickets to Members’ Lecture Series and Children of Members Adven-
ture Stories).

JUNIOR NATURAL HISTORY is a popular magazine published especially for
children between eight and fourteen. Subscription $1.25 a year for twelve editions,
or fifteen cents a copy.

[ 180 ]

“High Spots”

DNS EX BITTON HALLS

Alaska Brown Bear

Largest bear in the world—New
Hall of North American Mam-
mals, rst floor.

Pearl Divers of Tongareva

Life sized undersea coral garden
—Hall of Ocean Life, 1st floor.

The Big Tree

Diameter 16 feet, 1341 years
old—Forestry Hall, rst floor.

Guadalcanal — Solomon Islands

Bird Group

Whitney Memorial Hall, 2nd
floor.

African Elephant Herd

Akeley African Hall, 2nd floor
and balcony.

Libyan Desert animals

Akeley African Hall, 2nd floor
and balcony.

The “Copper Man” Mummy and
shrunken heads
South American Indian Hall,
2nd floor
Giant Panda from China
North Asiatic Hall, 2nd floor.

Australian Bird Group
Birds of the World Hall, 2nd

floor

Dragon Lizards of Komodo
World’s largest living lizards—
Reptile Hall, 3rd floor.

Umbrella Ants
Insect Hall, 3rd floor.

Tyrannosaurus Rex
King of the dinosaurs—Dino-
saur Halls, 4th floor.

Dinosaur Eggs 60 million years old

From the Gobi Desert—Mon-
golian Vertebrates Hall, 4th
floor.

Philippine Tree House
South Sea Native Halls, 4th

floor.

[The drawings shown on the covers represent exhibits to be seen in the museum halls. Have

you been able to locate and identify them?]

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