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Field Museum of Natural History

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

GENERAL GUIDE

CHICAGO, U. S. A.

1924

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OFFICERS

Stanley Field, President

Martin A. Ryerson, First Vice-President
Watson F. Blair, Second Vice-President

Albert A. Sprague, Third Vice-President
D. C. Davies, Secretary

Solomon A. Smith; Treasurer

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

Edward E. Ayer
Watson F. Blair
John Borden
Harry E. Byram
William J. Chalmers
Richard T. Crane, Jr.

D. C. Davies
Marshall Field
Stanley Field
Ernest R. Graham

William

Albert W. Harris
Arthur B. Jones
Chauncey Keep
Charles H. Markham
Cyrus H. McCormick
Martin A. Ryerson
James Simpson
Solomon A. Smith
Albert A. Sprague
Silas H. Strawn
Wrigley, Jr.

HONORARY TRUSTEE

Owen F. Aldis

!5884i

Administrative and Scientific Staff of the Museum

DIRECTOR

D. C. Davies

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Berth old Laufer, Curator

Assistant Curators
Charles L. Owen — Archaeology
Albert B. Lewis — African and Melanesian Ethnology
Helen C. Gunsaulus — Japanese Ethnology
Ralph Linton — North American Ethnology

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

B. E. Dahlgren, Associate Curator — Economic Botany

Assistant Curator

J. Francis Macbride — Taxonomy

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

O. C. Farrington, Curator

Henry W. Nichols, Associate Curator

Elmer S. Riggs, Associate Curator of Paleontology

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Wilfred H. Osgood, Curator

William J. Gerhard, Associate Curator of Insects

C. E. Hellmayr, Associate Curator of Birds

Assistant Curators

Edmond N. Gueret — Osteology R. Magoon Barnes — Oology

Alfred C. Weed — Fishes Edmund Heller — Mammals

John T. Zimmer, Birds Karl P. Schmidt — Reptiles and Amphibians

Division of Taxidermy

Julius Friesser — Mammals Leon L. Walters — Reptiles and Amphibians

L. L. Pray — Fishes Ashley Hine — Birds

DEPARTMENT OF THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION

S. C. Simms, Curator

THE LIBRARY

Elsie Lippincott, Librarian

Emily M. Wilcoxson, Assistant Librarian

RECORDER ASSISTANT RECORDER AUDITOR

H. F. Ditzel Elsie H. Thomas Benj. Bridge

GUIDE LECTURER SECTION OF PUBLICITY

Dorothy R. Cockrell R. R. More, in charge

SECTION OF PRINTING

U. A. Dohmen, in charge

SECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND ILLUSTRATION

C. H. Carpenter, Photographer Carl F. Gronemann, Artist
A. A. Miller, Photogravurist

SUPERINTENDENT OF MAINTENANCE CHIEF ENGINEER

John E. Glynn W. H. Corning

3

ANTHROPOLOGY

FIEST FLOOR

INDEX TO HALLS

2 — Archaeology of Etruria, Greece, Italy, and Ireland — Edward

E. Ayer Hall and Alcoves.

3 — Eskimo and Northwest Coast of America — Mary D. Sturges

Hall.

4 — Salish, Plateau, and Woodland Tribes, North American

Archaeology.

5 — Indian Tribes of the Great Plains.

6 — California and Nomadic Tribes of Arizona and New Mexico.

7 — Sedentary Tribes of Arizona and New Mexico.

8 — Mexico, Central and South America.

9 — Philippine Islands.

10 — Melanesia, South Pacific — Joseph N. Field Hall.

13 — Homed and Hoofed Mammals — George M. Pullman Hall.

15 — Mammals — Systematic.

16 — American Mammals — Habitat Groups.

17 — Osteology — Skeletons.

18 — Fishes, Reptiles, and Amphibians — Albert W. Harris Hall.

19 — Marine Invertebrates and Insects.

20 — Birds — Habitat Groups.

21 — Birds — Systematic.

22 — African Game Animals.

4

ZOOLOGY

BOTANY

SECOND FLOOR

INDEX TO HALLS

23 — Edward E. Ayer Pewter Collection.

24 — Archaeology of China.

25 — Plant Economics.

26 — North American Trees — Charles F. Millspaugh Hall.

27 — Foreign Woods.

28 — Plant Economics.

29 — Hall of Plant Life.

30 — Japan — Frank W. Gunsaulus Hall.

31 — Gems and Jewels — H. N. Higinbotham Hall.

32 — Ethnology of Africa, Siberia, Korea, India, Java, and Tibet.

34 — Systematic Minerals, Crystals, Meteorites, Physical Geol-

ogy.

35 — Relief Maps, Systematic Rocks, Physical Geology.

36 — Petroleum, Coal, Clays, and Sands.

37 — Ores of Precious and Base Metals, Marbles, Alkalies —

Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall.

38 — Historical Geology.

5

GEOLOGY

GENERAL GUIDE TO THE COLLECTIONS

Introduction

This handbook is designed to serve as a brief guide to the
collections in the Museum.

Field Museum of Natural History was established in 1893,
at the close of the World's Columbian Exposition. The found-
ing of an institution of this importance and character was
made possible by Marshall Field, who, in addition to a gift
of $1,000,000, bequeathed on his death in January, 1906, a
further sum of $8,000,000, of which $4,000,000 was allotted
for the erection of a building and $4,000,000 for endowment.

The Museum is incorporated under State Law, and its
active control rests in the Board of Trustees, with President,
Secretary and Treasurer. The executive of the Museum is
the Director, under whom there are five Curators and a
number of Divisional Associate and Assistant Curators, Pre-
parators, etc.

The Museum building is 700 feet long, 350 feet wide, 90
feet high, and covers an area of about 11 acres. The main
central hall rises to the entire height of the building; the rest
of the structure being divided into four floors. Of these, two,
and a portion of the third, are devoted to exhibition purposes;
the remainder serving as working space for the administrative
and scientific staffs and maintenance force. The exterior,
which is of white Georgia marble, is treated in a monumental
manner based on Greek architecture of the Ionic order. The
principal fronts are divided into a large pedimented central
pavilion, with two long wings terminated by a smaller pavilion
at each end. A notable feature is the terrace, which is sixty
feet wide, and completely surrounds the building at a height
of six feet above the surrounding level.

In this structure, the architects, D. H. Burnham and Co.,
and Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, have given to the
City of Chicago and the country a masterpiece of monumental
building possessing distinction and dignity commensurate with
its purpose and origin.

The main hall, which is dedicated to Mr. Stanley Field,
President of the Institution, contains four statues, designed
by Mr. Henry Hering, which symbolize the aims and purposes
of the Museum. The figures flanking the north archway repre-
sent Natural Science and the Dissemination of Knowledge,
while those at the south archway typify Research and Record.

6

STANLEY FIELD HALL

Occupying the Nave of the Building

The exhibits in Stanley Field Hall are intended to convey
an impression of the activities of the Museum as a whole and
to serve as an introduction to the systematic collections as-
sembled in the exhibition halls.

In the center of the hall are two African Elephants
mounted in fighting attitude. They were secured on a Museum
expedition to British East Africa in 1906.

Case 1. Prehistoric American gold ornaments from Co-
lombia and Ecuador, South America.

Case 2. Ancient Roman bronze bath-tub, from Bosco-
Reale, Italy.

Case 3. Prehistoric races of man, illustrated by busts of
the Pithecanthropus erectus, the Neanderthal man of La Cha-
pelle-aux-Saints, and the Cro-Magnon man.

Case 4. Synoptic exhibit of jade carvings from ancient
Mexico, New Zealand, and China.

Case 5. Marine Fauna. Various types of beautiful and
characteristic marine animals, as sponges, precious corals, sea
urchins, and shells.

Case 6. Ancient bronze table and other bronze and glass
objects from Bosco-Reale, Italy.

. Case 7. Select specimens of Chinese art, represented by
ancient ceramics, bronze and cloisonne enamel.

Case 8. Gold and silver jewelry from India.

Case 9. Amber and Amber-like Resins. This case, to-
gether with two others in Hail 29, Department of Botany,
contains the finest collection of amber-like resins known.

Case 10. A large iron meteorite, weighing 3,275 lbs., which
ranks eleventh in size among known meteorites. It was found
in 1908 near Tonopah, Nevada.

Case 11. Bronze castings and carvings of wood and ivory
from Benin, Africa.

Case 12. Plant Models and Reproductions. This case
contains a few models showing details of plant form and
structure together with some life-like reproductions of plants.
These form an important feature of the installations of the
Department of Botany, where some of the main divisions of the

7

plant kingdom, and many of the families of flowering plants
have thus been illustrated. These models are produced in the
Museum laboratories.

Case 13. Varieties of Quartz. The remarkable range of
colors and forms of this mineral is illustrated.

Case 14. Vertebrate and Invertebrate Fossils. Fossils
from some of the more recent geologic periods are shown.
They include a mounted skeleton of an extinct saber-tooth
tiger, a fossil fish, and some beautifully preserved fossil am-
monites, all from localities in the western United States.

Case 15. American Horned Owl and Cottontail Rabbit.
Our most rapacious bird surprised with its prey in the solitude
of a winter landscape.

Case 16. Textiles, gold and silver ornaments of the Malay,
Federated Malay States. Arthur B. Jones Expedition to Ma-
laysia, 1923.

Case 17. Metalliferous Minerals. Minerals which are
compounds of some of the important metals, such as copper,
lead, zinc, and iron, are displayed, the specimens chosen being
especially those which are strongly colored, in order to illustrate
the colors often characteristic of these compounds.

Case 18. American Red Fox. The common fox of eastern
North America is shown suddenly arrested in his hunting and
listening with interest to the sound of quarreling mice under
a log.

Case 19. Birds of Paradise. Selected examples of the
most curiously and gorgeously plumaged group of birds from
the islands of New Guinea.

Case 20. Basketry from the Indian tribes of California.

Case 21. Buckskin costume, bags, and war bonnet from
the Indian tribes of the Great Plains.

Case 22. Blankets of the Navaho, Arizona and New
Mexico.

Case 23. Court Costume of the Manchu Dynasty, China.
Captain Marshall Field Expedition to China, 1923.

Case 24. Dress, head-gear, belts, and court-fans of the
Manchu dynasty, China. Captain Marshall Field Expedition
to China, 1923.

At the south end of the hall are a Chinese honorary gate-
way carved from teakwood and ten examples of exhibition cases
used by the N. W. Harris Public School Extension. Examples
of pottery wine- jars of Roman times are shown at the north
and south comers of the hall.

8

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY

First Floor: — Halls 2-10.

Second Floor: — Halls 23, 24, 30, 32 and 33.

Ground Floor: — Halls I and J.

Hall 2 : Edward E. Ayer Hall. Archaeology of Etruria,
Greece, Italy, and Ireland. — The main section of this hall is
occupied by exhibits of Etruscan, Greek, and Eoman antiquities
in stone, bronze, iron, pottery, and glass. Eighteen reproduc-
tions of antique furniture are openly displayed on bases along
the sides of the hall. There are two cases containing reproduc-
tions of notable Irish antiquities, including secular and ecclesi-
astic art.

Hall 3: Mary D. Sturges Hall. Eskimo and Tribes of the
Northwest Coast of America. — Eskimo culture is illustrated in
its wide geographical range, extending along the Arctic shores
of America from Labrador to northeastern Siberia. The de-
pendence of the Eskimo on hunting and fishing is well brought
out, being particularly elucidated by four life-size groups
showing the chase and capture of the seal, preparation of skins,
and winter fishing through a hole in the ice. A single case,
illustrating the life of the northern Athapascans of the Yukon
Valley, deserves special mention because of the excellence of
the garments and the decoration in porcupine-quill work. The
east section of the hall is given over to the Indian tribes of
the Northwest Coast in the following order: Tlingit, Tsim-
shian, Haida, and Kwakiutl. The religious and ceremonial aspect
of life, which dominates the activities of these people, is well
represented, notably in three life-size groups illustrating several
stages in the Hamatsa dance of the Kwakiutl.

Hall 4: Tribes of the Eastern Woodland and North Ameri-
can Archaeology. Salish and Plateau Tribes.— The southwest
quarter of this hall shows the life of the Woodland Tribes with
two miniature groups illustrating the summer and winter life
of the Sauk and Fox. Ohio archaeology and the Interior Salish
tribes occupy the northwest quarter. The tribes of the Rocky
Mountain Plateau are shown in the southeast quarter with
noteworthy collections of costumes and woven bags. The col-
lections in the northeast quarter connect with those at the
east end of Mary D. Sturges Hall and show the life of the
southernmost tribes of the Northwest Coast and the Coast
Salish. The latter are introduced by a life-size group showing
their home life and industries.

Hall 5: Indian Tribes of the Great Plains. — The life of the
tribes of this region centered about the horse and the buffalo.
The collections are introduced by a life-size group showing
a Crow woman and horse with full trappings. The center

9

of the hall is dominated by a large original tipi. The southern
half of the hall is devoted to the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Crow,
and fully illustrates the arts and industries of the nomadic
tribes. Their principal religious observances are typified by
exhibits of the paraphernalia of the Arapaho men’s societies
and by an original Sun Dance altar. The northern half illus-
trates the life of the Blackfoot and Dakota and of some of the
agricultural tribes on the eastern edge of the area. The
exhibits of Dakota bead and porcupine-quill work are es-
pecially noteworthy. A la*ge collection of Pawnee ceremonial
objects is shown in the northeast quarter, and the principal
rites of the tribe are illustrated by miniature groups showing
the Thunder Ceremony, Morning-Star Sacrifice, Medicine Men’s
Ceremony, and Purification of the Sacred Bundles.

Hall 6: Indian Tribes of California and Nomadic Tribes
of Arizona and New Mexico. — The California tribes occupy
the west half of the hall, being adequately represented by
exhibits of ordinary and ceremonial costume, dance skirts and
aprons, ornaments, implements, weapons, baskets, and games.
Life-size figures of two Porno medicine men, one conjuring
seed, another holding a ceremony over the deceased, stand in
the west entrance of the hall. A remarkable collection of
Navaho blankets is on view in the southeast section of the
hall.

Hall 7: Sedentary Tribes of Arizona and New Mexico. —
The chief representative of this group is the Hopi of Ari-‘
zona, whose religious and ceremonial life is represented with
great care and detail. At the west entrance is placed a life-
size group showing the interior of a Hopi home with various
domestic pursuits, the figure of a Hopi bride, and a Hopi
boomerang thrower, followed by two life-size groups represent-
ing Katcina dancers in costume. Accurate reproductions of
Hopi altars, as erected in the yearly ceremonies of the tribe,
are displayed in thirteen cases. Models of the pueblos of
Walpi and Hano are also noteworthy. The series of Hopi tihus
(images representing deities and given to girls) is no less
remarkable and instructive.

Hall 8: Mexico, Central and South America. — The collec-
tions displayed in this hall illustrate both the ethnology and
the archaeology of the Indians of all America south of the
United States. The ethnological material, chiefly coming from
South America, is installed in the southwest part of the hall.
On the opposite side, in the northwest section, are found col-
lections illustrating the archaeology of Mexico. Antiquities of
Central America are displayed in the southeast portion. The
archaeology of Peru and Argentina is shown mainly in the
northeast section. This group is of exceptional interest, con-
sisting mainly of mummies and fine textiles from the prehis-
toric graveyard at Ancon, Peru.

10

Hall 9: Ethnology of the Philippines. — The collections in
this hall, gathered between 1906 and 1911 by three members
of the staff, Wm. Jones (deceased), S. C. Simms, and F. C. Cole,
under an appropriation provided by the late Robert F. Cummings,
are so arranged as to emphasize the outstanding characteristics
of the principal pagan groups throughout the Archipelago.
Comprehensive exhibits illustrate the economic and ceremonial
life of the Tinguian. A miniature village of this people stands
at the entrance of the room, while a life-size group pictures
their most noteworthy industry — the forging of headaxes and
spear-points. The Igorot are represented in the center of the
hall. Of special interest are two groups — one, a miniature
village illustrating the dally life and activities of the people;
the other, a life-size group showing the making of pottery.
Suits of armor, cannon, and other weapons from the Moro,
are worthy of particular attention. The west third of the hall
is devoted to the pagan tribes of the southern islands.

Hall 10: Joseph N. Field Hall. Melanesia, South Pacific.

— This hall contains general ethnographical material from
Melanesia and New Guinea, chiefly obtained by the Joseph
N. Field Expedition (1909-13) in charge of A. B. Lewis. At
the north end are collections from New Britain and New Ire-
land, including large ceremonial masks and elaborately carved
wooden figures. Next come New Hanover and St. Matthias
with their peculiar types of decorated spears, clubs, clothing,
and ornaments. The Admiralty Islands are represented by
large wooden bowls, baskets, drums, carved figures, ornamented
weapons, clothing, and ornaments. The central part of the
hall is occupied by New Guinea, the most striking feature
being four large feather masks from Hansa Bay. Next come,
the island groups of Solomons, New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
and Fiji. On the west side of the hall are a few cases with
material from some small coral islands situated north of the
Solomon Group. These show the extensive use of bone and
shell implements, and looms for the weaving of small fine mats.

Hall 24, East Gallery, second floor: China. — The collec-
tions from China, secured by the Blackstone Expedition
(1908-10) in charge of B. Laufer, are intended to illustrate
the development of Chinese civilization from its beginning
to the present time. There are two main divisions: the an-
cient, original culture of China prior to the intrusion of Bud-
dhism (Cases 1-38), and Buddhistic China, as influenced and
modified by religious and artistic currents coming from India
(from third century A.D. onward; Cases 39-59). In each
division, the principle of arrangement of the material is strictly
chronological.

South Gallery: A remarkable collection of 84 models of
Chinese pagodas, made by Chinese orphans in the Jesuit Institu-
tion of Siccawei, is shown here.

li

North Gallery: An unusually fine wood-carved screen of
twelve panels from China of the eighteenth century; deposited
by Mrs. Marshall Field, Sr.

Hall 32, West Gallery, second floor. — A third of this hall,
beginning at the south end, is occupied t>y exhibits illustrat-
ing the ethnology of Africa (Cases 1-22), in particular the
art of ancient Benin. Exhibits in the center of the hall illus-
trate the culture of India (shields and weapons, ancient brasses,
and bidri ware, musical instruments). Special attention is
called to the ancient stone sculpture from India, which includes
both the early Gandhara period (first and second centuries
A.D.) and the later and Jaina art. Further, there are exhibits
from East Siberia, Korea (with a notable display of official
and court costumes), Formosa, and Java (represented by good
examples of batik cloth). The north portion of the hall con-
tains collections from Tibet (Cases 44-80), likewise secured
by the Black stone Expedition of 1908-10. Weaving and textiles,
clothing in a series of costumed figures, and jewelry are fully
represented. Images, paintings, sculpture^ niusiehl instruments,
and other objects used in worship in the Lama temples are
displayed in twelve cases.

Hall 23 (at north end of East Gallery) contains the Edward
E. Ayer collection of pewter comprising several hundred objects
of pewter of European and Chinese origin.

Hall 30: Frank W. Gunsaulus Hall (southeast corner, sec-
ond floor): Japan. In the smaller room are displayed Japa-
nese prints (Surimono, cards of greeting for special occasions).
The larger room contains a collection of sword mounts (pre-
sented by Dr. Gunsaulus), armor and weapons, costumes of
women, Buddhism illustrated by wood carvings, N5 masks,
ivory carvings, and musical instruments. A set of dolls used
for the Girls, Festival occupies the center of this room. On
the walls are shown a wood-cut reproduction of a famous
landscape by Sesshu, a large tapestry representing the dedica-
tion of the temples of Nikko, and a painted screen of the Tosa
school (presented by Dr. Gunsaulus).

Ground Floor

Hall J : Archaeology of Egypt. There are twenty-two
cases containing coffins and mummies of men and animals,
ranging from the pre-dynastic to the Eoman period. Twelve
cases are devoted to exhibits of pottery, marble and alabaster
vases, bronze vessels, figures of deities in bronze and stone,
bronze objects for temple use, ushebti figures, jewelry, charms,
models of granaries, bricks, mortuary offerings of schist, Coptic
objects in bronze and iron, portrait statues, and tomb tablets.
Two cases contain Canopic jars, boxes, biers, stools, and coffin
covers of stone and wood. In the southwest portion of the
hall is a mortuary boat of Sesostris III, from his pyramid at

12

Dashur. There are also shown three sarcophagi, one of the
Saitic period, one of the thirtieth dynasty (fourth century
B.C.), and another of the Roman period (30 B.C. or later).
In the northwest portion of the hall are erected two Mastaba
tombs, one of User-neter from the Necropolis of Sakkara (Vth
dynasty, 2700 *B.C.) and another of a nobleman, Unis-ankh,
from the cemetery of Memphis, Sakkara (early Vlth dynasty,
2600 B.C.).

Hall I: Dramatic Performances of the Orient, arranged
in geographical order. Proceeding from west to east, the
exhibits are as follows: —

1. Chinese religious drama, showing the ten purgatories
(Cases 1-4).

2. The Lion Dance, China (Case 5).

3. Chinese masks from an imperial play, illustrating
gods and heroes of the Taoist religion (Cases 6-7).

4. Chinese shadow-play figures (Cases 8-9).

5. Masks used in Tibetan mystery-plays (Cases 10-12).

6. Masked figures of a Tibetan mystery-play (Cases 13-
17).

7. Puppets or marionettes from Java and orchestra ac-
companying performances (Cases 18-21).

8. Masks, actors’ head-dresses, and actors’ costumes, Java
(Cases 22-24).

9. Singhalese masks, Ceylon (Cases 25-28).

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Halls 25-29, Second Floor

The installations in the halls of this department are de-
signed to illustrate, as fully as possible, the forms of plant
life and the products yielded by vegetation for the use of
man.

Hall 25: Plant Economics. — The north side of this hall is
devoted to a display of the botany and economic products of
the Palms, with some cases of Bamboo. The south side of the
hall is occupied by food products of vegetable origin, the
cereal grasses and small grains, corn and its products, starches,
sugars, vegetable oils and fats, tea, coffee, spices, etc.

Hall 26: Charles F. Millspaugh Hall. North American Trees.

—The cases in this hall present monographic displays of the
trees of North America. They show: first the trunks in size
ratio throughout; the tree in summer and winter; the wood
in plain, quartered and figured boards; a branch in leaf and
flower; a map, colored to show the area of distribution; and

13

a descriptive label giving such other information of each species
as the specimens themselves fail to convey.

Hall 27: Foreign Woods. — The cases in this hall are
grouped geographically and contain specimens of the woods
and timbers of Russia, Korea, Japan, Formosa, Australia,
Philippines, Ceylon, India, Johore, Jamaica, Trinidad and
various countries of Central and South America. The speci-
mens are so prepared as to give as full an idea as possible
of their character and grain. The Japanese series is the most
valuable and comprehensive ever brought together.

Hall 28: Plant Economics. — On the north side of this hall
are displayed various kinds of fibre yielding plants, such as
cotton, flax, hemp, jute, and their products. On the south
side of the hall are shown varnish gums, lacquers and lac,
wood distillation products, rosin and turpentining methods,
paper pulp products, cork, tanning materials, dyewoods and
a variety of crude drugs.

Hall 29: Hall of Plant Life. — The exhibits in this hall are
designed to furnish a general view of the range of plant life.
Beginning at the northeast corner of the hall the lowest order
of plants, the Bacteria, is followed by the Algae, Fungi,
Mosses and other non-flowering plants, next are the Conifers
and then the flowering plants. The latter occupy most of the
hall. Among especially noteworthy exhibits are the flowering
and fruiting top of a Coconut Palm, at one end of the hall
and at the other, the flower-bearing trunk of the curious
Cannon-ball tree, restored to lifelike condition. The hall is
far from complete but new exhibits are continually added.

Third Floor: The Herbaria. — Three large collections, com-
prising over 500,000 specimens of mounted plants, are installed
in rooms over Hall 25. These are accessible to those persons
specially interested in botany.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

Halls 34-38, Second Floor

Hall 34: Minerals, Crystals, Meteorites, Physical Geology*
— The east half of the hall is occupied by the mineral collection,
in which the minerals are arranged in the customary order.
The collection begins at the east end of the hall with the
native elements and ends with the hydrocarbons. The William
J. Chalmers crystal collection follows. This collection illus-
trates, by means of carefully selected mineral specimens, the
systems according to which minerals crystallize, and the vary-
ing development of crystal form in each system. Several types
of twin crystals, and the laws of crystal grouping are illus-
trated, as well as various other features of crystal growth,
such as zone structure, inclusions and phantoms.

14

An extensive meteorite collection occupies the larger por-
tion of the western half of the hall. This collection contains
specimens of the great majority of the known meteorites,
arranged according to the established classification. Of 850
known falls, 676 are represented here. Many of the specimens
are in the form of polished and etched slabs, which display the
interesting interior structure of meteorites. The exterior fea-
tures peculiar to these bodies are shown by numerous complete
and unbroken specimens. Four of these, installed in separate
cases, range in weight from 466 pounds to nearly two tons.

The west end of the hall is occupied by that part of the
collection of physical geology which illustrates glacial phenom-
ena, rock weathering and concretions. Two large rock slabs,
displayed on bases in alcoves near by, show the effects, in
unusual perfection, of glacial planing and grooving of rock.
The rest of the physical geology collection is installed in
Hall 35.

Hall 35: Physical Geology, Rocks, Relief Maps. — The collec-
tions at the east end of this hall are a continuation of those in
the west end of Hall 34. The more important groups illustrate
volcanic products, dendrites, tufas, veins and vein structure,
faults, folds, joints and cave formations. Contorted, ropy lava
surfaces from Vesuvius and volcanic bombs from France and
New Zealand are conspicuous among the volcanic specimens.
There are also shown many examples of such oft-mentioned sub-
stances as volcanic ash, lapilli and mud. Many of the dendrites,
which are fern and flower-like forms deposited by water seeping
through cracks in rocks, are objects of exceeding delicacy and
beauty. In the case illustrating rock structure, large specimens
illustrating slaty cleavage are worthy of attention. Welsh
quarrymen have split these great pieces of slate along the
cleavage into many thin leaves. In another case are large
specimens of ripplemarked sandstone, which display large
surfaces ripplemarked by wave action exactly as the sands of
lake and sea shores of the present day are scored. A block
of lodestone is placed on a pedestal against the wall. With
it is a compass so arranged that it may be moved around the
specimen to show that the compass needle will always point
to the lodestone. Cave products occupy one case. While these
consist largely of limestone stalactites and stalagmites, other
cave products, such as floor deposits and gypsum rosettes, are
also represented. Caves of an unusual type in Utah ornamented
with huge, transparent, gypsum crystals instead of the usual
limestone stalactites are illustrated by a number of crystals
from such a cave which have been so installed as to repro-
duce its appearance. A large fulgurite or lightning tube over
eight feet long which was formed when lightning struck into
an Indiana sand dune occupies a case by itself. In an adjoin-
ing case smaller fulgurites from other localities show the
effect of lightning on both sand and rock. In one case in this
hall a model of the Natural Bridge of Virginia is shown. Be-

15

sides being a faithful reproduction of the bridge in natural
colors, with the vegetation and other features reproduced, it
illustrates a number of features of rock structure which occur
on too large a scale to be satisfactorily shown by small speci-
mens.

The western half and somewhat more of the hall is occu-
pied by a collection of relief maps, which show the topography
of selected portions of the earth’s surface. Some of these are
representations of well known scenic areas. Others illustrate
the topography of States and other political divisions. Por-
tions of the earth’s surface which are of unusual geological
interest, are also presented in relief. Of especial local interest
are a group of relief maps of the region about Chicago, which
show the distribution of land and water in this district dur-
ing a number of stages following the glacial period. Against
the west wall are two large relief maps of the United States.
One shows the distribution of rainfall and the annual tem-
peratures and the other, the advance of the ice sheet during
the glacial epoch.

Hall 36: Petroleum, Coal, Clays and Sands.— -The east end
of this hall is occupied by petroleum exhibits, beginning with
oil sands of the American oil fields, followed by crude petro-
leums, grouped geographically. The derivatives of petroleum,
and specimens illustrating their uses, form another large col-
lection. A model of the original Rockefeller refinery at Cleve-
land is shown. Numerous oils refined from petroleum occupy
a case in the center aisle. They range in use from burning
and lubricating to medicinal oils. The great variety of uses
of paraffin in the manufacture of familiar objects of everyday
utility is interesting, and is illustrated by many specimens.
The uses shown range from waterproofed clothes-pins and
shot-gun shells to flowers for ladies’ hats and chewing gum.
An exhibit of paraffin candles also forms a conspicuous part
of this exhibit. With these familiar derivatives and uses of
petroleum products are shown other important products and
uses which are not so well known. Near the center of the
hall a collection of coal is shown in which particular attention
is paid to the coals of Westphalia and the Saar region which
are of so much present interest. Accompanying the coal col-
lection is a case showing the numerous substances obtained as
by-products from coal. The products shown are obtained by the
gas company of the city of London in the manufacture of
illuminating gas. Although the case necessarily contains only
a few of the thousands of coal by-products, the diversity and
the brilliant colors of those shown, make it well worthy of
attention. In an adjoining case is a duller colored but inter-
esting series of the more important coal by-products obtained
in this country. Adjoining the coal collections are cases con-
taining oil shales and asphalts from many localities and a group
of specimens showing the more important uses of asphalt.

16

In the center aisle a case contains diamonds and specimens
of the rocks in which diamonds are found and of the minerals
associated with diamonds. Two cases illustrate the occurrence
and uses of peat. These demonstrate that peat may be used
for many purposes besides fuel. Some of these uses are sur-
prising. In a near-by case is a model of a lake in which peat
is forming which illustrates the subject in great detail. A
collection of graphite shown contains numerous specimens of
crude graphite and associated rocks, as well as specimens
illustrating the uses of this mineral. Of general interest also
is a group of specimens showing all stages in the manufacture
of the common lead-pencil.

The west end of the hall is occupied by exhibits of clays,
soils, sands, and other earthy materials. Two cases contain
specimens which show how soil is formed, of what it is com-
posed, the plant foods it contains and the nature of the several
kinds of soils, such as loams and marls, which are ordinarily
recognized by farmers. Another case contains soils grouped
according to the more exact classification of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. This is followed by a collection of nu-
merous soils arranged according to kind. In the large clay
collection, the clays are arranged according to kind. A smaller
group . of clays occupies four cases, and illustrates the numer-
ous kinds of clay, and the relation of these kinds to each
other. As most clays are used in the form of brick, tile,
pottery or other burned ware, there appears with most of the
specimens a little brick burned from the specimen itself. There
are also shown collections of clay-like and earthy minerals of
industrial importance. These include fuller’s-earths, mineral
soaps, cement rocks, mineral pigments and sands. A synoptic
collection illustrates the very diverse uses of the quartzes and
sands, and is of particular interest. This collection shows a
single specimen for each class of uses. It includes such well-
known substances as common plastering and building sands
as well as such comparatively little known things as a flask
blown from pure, melted quartz for chemical use, and a speci-
men of smoky quartz which the Chinese make into smoked
spectacles.

Hall 37: Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall. Ores, Marbles and
Alkalies. — The east half of the hall is occupied by a collection
of ores of the precious and base metals. The ores of each
metal are grouped separately, except that gold, silver and
lead ores are shown together. Under each group the speci-
mens are arranged in geographical order according to country,
state and mining district. In a case against the east wall,
examples of those minerals which are frequently mistaken for
gold are shown, and with them for comparison, gold from a
variety of occurrences. Interspersed with the groups of ores
are models which illustrate the methods of mining ore and of
treating ores of the more important metals. A model of a
gold mine shows the ordinary methods of mining ores. Treat-

17

ment of gold ore for extracting the gold is illustrated by two
models, one of a stamp mill, the other of a simple form of
cyanide plant. A model of a lead blast furnace illustrates one
common method of extracting lead and silver from the ore.
A model of an iron blast furnace and its accessories partly
in section illustrates the fundamental process in the metallurgy
of iron. One of the usual treatments for separating ore of any
kind from admixed rock is shown by a model of a jig. With
many of the lesser known metals and some of the others are
placed small collections which illustrate the utilization of these
substances. The uses of the rare metals are especially well
illustrated in this way. To this collection has been added a
series of those crystals which have been found useful for
radio-communication. As the small specimens of which most
of the collection is composed do not show sufficiently well the
appearance of ore in mass, several large specimens of ore have
been placed in individual cases. Near the center of the room
a collection of native copper in a separate case merits attention.

In the west part of the hall fifteen cases are filled with
marbles and other ornamental stones from many parts of the
world. The specimens are large enough to display to advantage
the characteristic patterns of each variety. Building stones in
the form of four-inch cubes fill five cases. Collections of
industrial important non-metallic minerals occupy the west
end of the hall. These include barite, fluorite, asbestos, mica,
phosphates, grinding and polishing materials, gypsum and
borax. With these are placed soda and potash collections, which
include a large group of the Stassfurt potash salts.

Hall 38 : Historical Geology. — The collections illustrate
historical geology and paleontology, and are so arranged that,
beginning at the south end of the hall, the forms of life which
have characterized successive stages of the eartlTs history are
illustrated in order from the earliest up to recent times. Thus
the fossils which represent the life forms of each geological
period may be found in the portion of the hall corresponding
in position to that period in time. Beginning with two in-
troductory cases, one illustrating methods of fossilization, and
the other, comparisons of ancient and modern plants and
animals, the fossils of the Age of Invertebrates, Age of Fishes,
Age of Reptiles, Age of Mammals and Age of Man are shown
successively.

At the north end of the hall is a life-sized reproduction of
the Moa, a gigantic ostrich-like bird of New Zealand which was
contemporaneous with early man there. The skeleton of a
Mastodon and another of the Mammoth, are the two most
conspicuous objects in this end of the hall. These also repre-
sent animals familiar to early man, as does the adjacent
skeleton of the extinct Irish deer. In cases are skeletons of
the European cave bear and the California sabre-toothed tiger,
two of the more dangerous beasts encountered by primitive
man. Among the specimens in another case is the skull of a

18

cave man which is still partially embedded in the rocky cave
deposits.

Immediately to the south of these is the portion of the
hall which contains the fossils of animals and plants of the
Ag*e of Mammals, which immediately preceded the time of man,
and none of which were probably ever seen alive by human
beings. The more conspicuous of these are the mounted fossils
of large, extinct mammals. Some of these, like the Titano-
theres, combine in one individual features which in modern
animals characterize such unlike kinds as the hog and the
elephant. Others, such as the American camel, which occupies
a case by itself, resemble modern forms. Of special interest
is a group of skeletons of the Leptomeryx, a deer of about the
size of a small dog. The fossils of these small deer are
crowded together in a single slab of rock which occupies an
entire case. The great skeleton of the Dinosaur, Apatasaurus,
occupies the center of the hall and dominates the entire collec-
tion. This belongs to the Age of Reptiles, other fossils of
which occupy the central part of the hall. Against the wall
and in cases, are legs, ribs and backbones of even larger
dinosaurs. The great horned skull of the Dinosaur, Triceratops,
occupies a case by itself. Numerous other specimens illustrate
dinosaurs and other Mesozoic reptiles of many varieties, includ-
ing flying and swimming lizards.

Fossils in the south part of the hall represent the life of
the early part of the world's history. These do not include
so many large specimens, as animals of these periods were
as a rule of small size; but the smaller forms are shown in
great variety. Crinoids from the Borden collection afford
unusually perfect examples of these intricate and curious
animals which lived in the time immediately preceding that
at which the principal formation of coal took place. Many and
diverse forms of corals, sponges and mollusks differing much
from those of modern times, compose the larger part of this
collection. With these are shown fossils of other animals, such
as trilobites, which differed still more from modern marine
forms.

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

Halls 13, 15-22, First Floor

Hall 13: George M. Pullman Hall. Horned and Hoofed
Mammals. — This hall, running north and south and imme-
diately west of Stanley Field Hall, is devoted to horned and
hoofed mammals — game animals from all parts of the world.
In the north end is a large habitat group of Alaska Moose,
and thence southward are various representatives of the deer
family, the antelopes, gazelles, wild sheep, goats, and oxen,
terminating at the south end of the hall with the Bison group.

19

Hall 15: Mammals-Systematic. — This hall is at the right
of the main north entrance to the Museum, and is entered
by passing through the north end of Pullman Hall. With
the exception of those represented in Pullman Hall, it con-
tains members of the principal groups of mammals of the
world, arranged so far as practicable, according to their rela-
tionships. Beginning with the lower forms, the monotremes
or egg-laying mammals of Australia and the pouched mam-
mals or marsupials, it shows successively various groups, as
the horse family, the tapirs, sea-cows, rodents, cat family, dog
family, and terminates with the highest mammals, the monkeys
and man-like apes.

In the northwest corner of the hall is a large habitat
group of American beavers.

Hall 16: American Mammals-Habitat Groups. — Hall 16,
next on the south from Hall 15, contains ten habitat groups
of North American large mammals. From east to west, these
are as follows: Virginia Deer, showing the difference in their
appearance and habits, in the four seasons, Stoned Mountain
Sheep, Polar Bear, Musk Ox, Prongbuck, Sonora Grizzly Bear,
American Bison.

Hall 17: Osteology-Skeletons. — Contains skeletons of the
principal vertebrates or backboned animals. These include
fishes, frogs and their relatives, birds, and mammals. At
the right of the east entrance are the lower forms, fishes, etc.,
and at the left are the higher apes and man. In the center
toward the west end is the huge skeleton of a right whale.

Hall 18: Albert W. Harris Hall. Fishes, Reptiles and
Amphibians. — The east half of this hall is devoted to fishes
and the west half to reptiles and amphibians.

The fishes are arranged in two series; one showing repre-
sentatives of the principal orders and families of fishes, and the
other showing habitat groups and special collections of Atlantic
and Pacific food and game fishes, and also Chicago Market
fishes.

The collection of reptiles includes representatives of the
lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles. A special exhibit con-
tains North American amphibians and reptiles reproduced in
celluloid.

Hall 19: Marine Invertebrates-Insects. — The invertebrates
include many of the myriad forms of life found in the sea-
corals, crinoids, sponges, sea urchins, star fishes, crustaceans,
and many others. At the western end of the hall are several
cases of insects. One contains poisonous insects, like taran-
tulas, centipedes, scorpions and their allies, and the seventeen-
year cicada or locust in all of its stages; another contains
specimens and enlarged models illustrating the various stages,
diseases and products of the silkworm, as well as the life his-
tory of a swallowtail butterfly and two common American
giant silkworms. In a third case are two habitat groups with
illustrated labels, the one showing the insect life of the dune

20

region near Miller, Indiana, and the other portraying the life
history of the destructive Tomato Worm Moth.

Hall 20: Birds-Habitat Groups. — Eighteen bird groups
with painted backgrounds are shown, mostly in large sectional
cases with four groups to each case. The majority of the
groups are of North American birds, conspicuous among which
are the Northern Loon, Golden Eagle, California Condor,
Whooping Crane, Wild Turkey, White Pelican, and Ruffed
Grouse. Near the west end of the hall is a large case con-
taining four groups from tropical America and including the
Flamingo, the Jabiru Stork, Horned Screamer, Scarlet Ibis,
and Oilbird or Guacharo. At the extreme west end of the
hall is a group of Alaskan water birds from the Pribilof Islands,
and a group of albatrosses and other mid-Pacific birds from
the island of Laysan.

Hall 21: Birds- Systematic. — A systematically arranged col-
lection of birds including representatives of the more impor-
tant orders and families. Cases on the north side of the hall
are devoted to North American birds, and those on the south
side to birds of foreign countries.

Hall 22: African Game Animals. — This, the largest hall,
occupies the entire western end of the building. In the north-
ern half are groups of large African mammals collected and
prepared by C. E. Akeley — Koodoos, Zebras, Buffaloes, and
various antelopes. In the southern half are other antelopes,
Wart-hogs, Hyaenas, a collection of large apes, mostly Gorillas
and Chimpanzees, and also a group of Bornean Orangs and of
Proboscis Monkeys.

H. N. HIGINBOTHAM HALL

Hall 31: Gems and Jewels. — Second floor at head of stair-
case leading from the south end of Stanley Field Hall.

This hall contains large and valuable collections of gems
and jewels of both ancient and modern origin. In the five
central cases of the hall are shown examples of nearly every
known gem, represented both by cut and uncut specimens.
Many of the specimens are of historical interest and of high
intrinsic value. Special note may be made of the DeVrees
engraved diamond, the Hope and Tiffany aquamarines, the
Russian topazes, the series of cut amethysts and the Sun
God opal. The largest known specimen of gem topaz and a
number of fine emeralds, aquamarines and tourmalines from
Brazil have lately been added to the collection. Crystallized
and wire gold, gold nuggets and native platinum may also be
seen here.

The nine wall-cases contain Egyptian and classical jewelry,
Roman and Italian cameos and intaglios, jewelry of the Near
East, Algerian jewelry, a remarkable collection of jewelry
from India, and prehistoric American gold ornaments.

21

THE N. W. HARRIS PUBLIC SCHOOL EXTENSION

This department prepares small portable cases of natural
history and economic exhibits and delivers and lends them to the
schools of Chicago.

This direct and effective way of extending the museum
into the classrooms of the schools was made possible through
the benefaction of the late Norman Wait Harris, who pro-
vided in 1911 an endowment of $250,000. This endowment has
been supplemented by contributions in 1919 of $25,000 and in
1923 of $100,000 from members of the Harris family.

Nearly 800 cases are at present available for this educa-
tional work. Other cases are being prepared. At the begin-
ning of the school year two cases are sent to each school for
a period of two weeks. At the end of that time they are
taken to other schools for the same period and two other cases
are left in their stead. Deliveries to the schools are made by
motor truck.

Ten examples of these cases are exhibited at the south
end of Stanley Field Hall.

GENERAL INFORMATION

LOCATION

The Museum is situated in Grant Park with the main
entrance facing Roosevelt Road extended east. The Illinois
Central main and suburban station at Park Row is within two
blocks of the Museum. Street car, elevated lines and motor
bus service also provide transportation to within a few blocks
of the Museum.

HOURS AND RULES OF ADMISSION

The Museum is open to the public during the following
hours :

November, December, January 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.

February, March, April, October 10 a. m. to 5 p. m.

May, June, July, August, September 10 a. m. to 6 p. m.

On Sundays, Thursdays, and Saturdays admission is free.
On other days adults are charged an admission fee of 25c.
Children Free on all days. Students, professors and teachers
in attendance at any recognized University, College, School or
Institute are admitted free upon presentation of proper cre-
dentials. No return admission checks are issued.

22

MUSEUM GUIDE-LECTURER

At the hours of eleven and three, on Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday and Friday of each week, the Guide-lecturer con-
ducts tours through various sections of the Museum in accord-
ance with the following schedule:

11:00 A. M.

3:00 P. M.

Monday

North American Eskimo
and Indian Collections.
Halls 3-7.

Mammals: Systematic,

North American and
African Collections.
Halls 15, 16 and 22.

Tuesday

Egyptian and Roman
Collections. Hall 2.

Bird, Fish, Reptile and
Marine Fauna Collec-
tions. Halls 18-21.

Wednesday

Japanese, Chinese and
Tibetan Collections.
Halls 30, 24 and 32.

Gem and Historical Ge-
ology Collections.
Halls 31 and 38.

Friday

Philippine and Melane-
sian Collections.

Halls 9 and 10.

Plant Life and Economic
Botany Collections.
Halls 28, 29 and 25.

Each tour lasts about an hour and may be taken, without
charge, by any Museum visitor. The services of the Guide-
lecturer may also be engaged, without charge, by clubs, con-
ventions, classes from public, parochial and private schools, or
other parties of ten or more individuals. Written application
for this service should be made to the Director of the Museum
at least a week in advance of the intended visit.

CHECKING

Canes, umbrellas and parcels must be checked at the
entrance. A fee of 5c is charged for this service.

INFORMATION

Information concerning the Museum and its activities may
be obtained at the main entrance, where the scientific Publica-
tions of the Museum, Guides, Photographs and Picture Post
Cards are sold.

THE LIBRARY

The Library is open for reference daily except Sundays.
The Library contains approximately 80,000 volumes and
pamphlets.

TELEPHONE

A Public Telephone will be found to the east of the main
entrance.

23

PHOTOGRAPHS

Copies of many photographs made by the Museum pho-
tographer are on sale at the main entrance.

Photographing and sketching in the Museum are per-
mitted under certain restrictions, details of which may be
obtained upon application at the Director’s office.

RESEARCH COLLECTIONS

The research collections and laboratories of the Museum
are established on the third floor. They are not open to the
general public, but may be consulted by students, specialists,
and investigators upon request to the Curators in charge.

MEMBERSHIPS

Any person interested in the work of the Museum may be-
come a subscribing member of the Institution upon application
to the Director. Life and Associate memberships are permanent,
while the Sustaining and Annual memberships are renewed each
year. A life membership entitles the holder to all of the
privileges of the Museum that are accorded the members of the
Board of Trustees. Associate members are entitled to all of
the publications of the Museum and to reserved seats to all
lectures and entertainments. Sustaining members are admitted
free to the Museum and are entitled to the privileges of an As-
sociate member after paying the Sustaining fee of $25.00 for
six years. An Annual membership entitles the holder to free
admission to this Museum and to almost every Museum of note
in the United States and Canada.

Life Members $500.00

Associate Members 100.00

Sustaining Members 25.00

Annual Members 10.00

LUNCH ROOMS

The Cafeteria is on the ground floor, where meals and
refreshments may be obtained at reasonable prices, from 11:00
a. m. to 3:00 p. m. Accommodation is provided for school
children who bring their lunch.

WHEEL CHAIRS

Visitors desiring the use of wheel chairs may obtain them
by applying at the main entrance. A fee of 25c per hour is
charged. Attendants for the chairs must be furnished by the
applicant.

24