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GENERAL GUIDE » CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

ROOSEVELT ROAD AND LAKE SHORE DRIVE

Chicago Natural History Museum, located at the south end of
Grant Park, near the central business district, is one of the world’s
leading museums of natural science.

Stanley Field Hall, the great central hall of the Museum, contains
exhibits of specimens selected for their rarity, beauty, or general
interest to represent the Museum’s four scientific departments.

Chicago Natural History

Museum

Formerly Field Museum
of

Natural History

General Guide

1952

General Museum Information

Location

Chicago Natural History Museum is located in the south end of
Grant Park near Lake Michigan. The main (north) entrance faces
Roosevelt Road (Twelfth Street) at Lake Shore Drive. An opposite
(south) entrance fronts on Fourteenth Street. Service to the Four-
teenth Street entrance is maintained by the Jackson Boulevard
busses (No. 26) marked “Grant Park” on the front and by State
Street shuttle busses. The Illinois Central main and suburban sta-
tions are two blocks west of the Museum. Subway and interurban bus
and electric lines have stations at Roosevelt Road within a few blocks
of the Museum. The eastern terminus of Roosevelt Road street cars
is about one block west of the Museum. There are excellent drives
for automobiles and ample free parking space.

Hours and Rules of Admission

The Museum is open to the public every day of the year (except
Christmas and New Year’s Day) during the following hours:

November, December, January, February. . 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
March, April, September, October .... 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
May, June, July, August 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Adult visitors are charged the established admission fee of 25
cents plus 5 cents federal tax, except on Thursday, Saturday, and
Sunday, when admission is free. Children as well as Members of the
Museum are admitted free on all days. Students and members of
the faculty of any university, college, or school are admitted free
upon presentation of proper credentials to show their affiliation.

Checking

Canes and umbrellas must be checked at the entrances (as a protec-
tion to the Museum’s glass cases from involuntary pointing); this
checking is free of charge. Coats and parcels may be checked for a
fee of 5 cents each.

Lost and Found

All lost articles found in the Museum are sent to the service counter
at the main (north) entrance, where they are held until claimed.

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Lunchrooms

A cafeteria is located on the ground floor. Sandwiches, coffee, and
cold drinks may be purchased in an adjoining room provided for the
convenience of school children and adults who bring their lunches.
Cafeteria and lunchroom are open from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.

Rest Rooms

Toilets and a lounge where smoking is permitted are located at the
center of the north corridor on the ground floor. Photo-murals on
the walls of the lounge illustrate stages in the growth of the Museum
and the nature of its expeditionary work.

Telephones

Public telephones are located west of the main (north) entrance.
The telephone number of the Museum is WAbash 2-9410.

Wheel Chairs

Visitors desiring to use wheel chairs may rent them at the main
(north) entrance for a fee of 25 cents an hour. A deposit of $1.00 is

The Museum cafeteria, located on the ground floor, is equipped to serve guests
quickly and at reasonable cost.

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required on each chair. Attendants must be furnished by the appli-
cants who require assistance.

Museum Guards

Uniformed guards are present in all halls of the Museum, not only
to protect valuable Museum property but also to give friendly assist-
ance to visitors. General information regarding the location of
particular exhibits or Museum facilities and services may be ob-
tained from guards. They also will direct visitors to the proper
sources of information on technical questions relating to the exhibits
or to Museum policy. Guards are instructed to request visitors not
to smoke in exhibition halls, not to put their hands on the glass of
exhibition cases, and not to put their feet on benches or on the bases
of exhibits, regulations that are established as an aid to maintenance.

Photographing and Sketching

Hand cameras may be used without special permission, but the ap-
proval of the Director of the Museum must be obtained to use tri-
pods, flashlights, or other photographic apparatus. Likewise, for
sketching, the Director’s permission is required to use an easel or
chair. Permits may be obtained through the telephone operator in
the office to the west of the main (north) entrance.

The Museum Library

The Museum Library is a specialized one, covering the fields of
anthropology, botany, geology, and zoology, with especial reference
to their descriptive aspects. The book collection, consisting of about
135,000 volumes, is particularly strong in the serial publications of
learned societies, academies, and universities throughout the world.
The Library does not circulate material, except on interlibrary loan,
and is primarily intended to serve the Museum staff. Its facilities,
however, are available to students, teachers, research workers, and
other serious readers. The reading room of the Library is open Mon-
day through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

The Museum Research Collections

The extensive research collections of the Museum are not available
to the general public. They may be examined by qualified students,
specialists, and Members of the Museum upon application to the

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Director when requests have the approval of the Chief Curator in
charge of the department concerned.

Museum Tours

Free public tours of the Museum exhibits are conducted by guide-
lecturers at 2:00 p.m. every day except Sunday. The tours are
general surveys of the principal exhibits in the Museum. During
July and August only, additional tours are given at 11:00 a.m.,
Monday through Friday. Each morning tour (except the Thursday
tour, which is general) is a survey of the exhibits in one of the
four departments of the Museum. Schedules for tours are posted
on the Museum bulletin boards.

Guide Service

The services of a guide-lecturer may be engaged, without cost, by
clubs, conventions, schools, and other organized groups of ten or
more people, for weekdays and Saturday mornings. Written request
for this service should be made to the Director of the Museum at
least one week in advance of the intended visit. Note: Tours and
guide service are discontinued on Saturdays in July and August.

The cowfish and the parrot fish nibble at the coral while the striped grunt and
the angel fish swim among colorful sea fans in the Museum’s West Indian coral
reef scene (Hall O).

Illustrated Lectures for Adults

Two series of free illustrated lectures on science and travel are given
for Museum Members and the general public on Saturday after-
noons at 2:30 o’clock, in the James Simpson Theatre on the ground
floor of the Museum. One series is held in spring during March and
April; the other, in autumn during October and November. These
non-technical lectures on subjects in the several fields of natural
history are selected to appeal to a wide range of interests. The lec-
turers are often men prominent in exploration and research.

Children’s Programs

Educational motion pictures, lectures, and demonstrations for the
entertainment and instruction of children are provided in a spring
and autumn series of Saturday morning programs, at 10:30 o’clock
in the James Simpson Theatre on the ground floor of the Museum.
Similar programs for children are given during the summer months,
on Thursday mornings.

Layman Lectures on Sundays

Special lectures for adults are presented by The Layman Lecturer
on Sundays during the months of October through April, with the
exception of February. Mr. Paul G. Dallwig, a Chicago business
man and Member of the Museum, inaugurated the series in 1937;
he gives his services without cost to the institution or to those attend-
ing. Authentic information on natural-history subjects related to
exhibits in the Museum is presented in dramatic style. The subjects
of the lectures change each month, and information on current or
future topics may be obtained in advance from the Museum. Reser-
vations must be made by application to the attendant at the main
(north) entrance, by mail, or by telephone (WAbash 2-9410). Reser-
vations for these programs may not be made for children. At the
conclusion of his lecture series in 1947, the tenth consecutive year of
the series, Mr. Dallwig was on leave until November, 1950.

The Book Shop

The Book Shop, located at the north entrance of the Museum, pro-
vides a source of supply for authoritative books on the many
branches of science within the field of natural history. A large selec-
tion of books on anthropology, botany, geology, zoology, and allied

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subjects is on sale here. There are also books for children. All of the
books have been approved by qualified members of the Museum’s
scientific staff. The Book Shop, on special order, will obtain for pur-
chasers almost any book available from any publisher or dealer in the
world. Books may be purchased by mail, but it is necessary to ac-
company the order with payment, because the Museum is not or-
ganized to handle charge accounts. Globe maps, rock and mineral
specimens, miniature representations of various animals, and other
objects of interest to Museum visitors of all ages are also for sale.

The James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Foundation for
Public School and Children’s Lectures

Various educational activities for school children of Chicago are
provided by the James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Founda-
tion for Public School and Children’s Lectures. An endowment of
$500,000 was established for this purpose in 1925 by Mrs. James
Nelson Raymond. Since that time, additional contributions totaling
more than $158,000 have been received from the late Mrs. Raymond
and her estate.

During the school year, members of the Raymond Foundation
staff go to the public schools of Chicago to give illustrated lectures.
Throughout the year, classes of children from both elementary and
high schools and groups from community centers and other organi-
zations are conducted on tours of the Museum exhibits by Raymond
Foundation lecturers. These tours and lectures correlate with the
students’ school work. The Foundation presents in the James Simp-
son Theatre of the Museum a series of spring, summer, and autumn
programs consisting of educational motion pictures, lectures, and
demonstrations.

The N. W. Harris Public School Extension

The N. W. Harris Public School Extension Department prepares
small portable cases containing natural-history and economic ex-
hibits and lends them to the schools of Chicago. This service was
made possible by the late Norman Wait Harris, who in 1911 pro-
vided an endowment of $250,000. This endowment has been sup-
plemented in later years by contributions of more than $268,000 by
Mr. Albert W. Harris, son of the founder, and by other members of
the family.

Approximately 1,100 cases are at present available for this educa-

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tional work. During the school year, two cases are sent to each
school at frequent, regular intervals. Deliveries and collections are
made free of charge by two Museum motor trucks. Examples of
these cases are exhibited in Stanley Field Hall and also in an alcove
of the north corridor on the ground floor. In addition to the cases,
collections of study-skins of birds and small mammals, pressed plants
of the Chicago area, specimens of rocks and minerals, and sundry
other materials may be borrowed by schools upon request.

Membership

Membership in Chicago Natural History Museum assists one of the
world’s great scientific museums to continue research work of funda-
mental importance and helps to support cultural and educational
activities that benefit approximately two million people annually,
including hundreds of thousands of school children. The several
classes of membership in the Museum, and fees, are as follows:

Annual Membership $ 10.00

Sustaining Membership (Annual) 25.00

Associate Membership (Life) . 100.00

Non-Resident Associate Membership (Life) 50.00

Life Membership 500.00

Non-Resident Life Membership 100.00

When a Sustaining Member has paid the annual fee of $25.00 for
six consecutive years, such Member becomes an Associate Member
and is exempt from further payment of dues for life. Non-Resident
Memberships are available only to persons residing fifty miles or
more from Chicago. Those donors who give or devise to the Mu-
seum $1,000 to $100,000 are designated as Contributors. Those who
give or devise $100,000 or more become Benefactors; a bronze stand-
ard in Stanley Field Hall carries the names of Museum Benefactors.
Other Museum memberships are: Honorary, Patron, Correspond-
ing, and Corporate; additions under these classifications are made by
special action of the Board of Trustees. Further information will be
supplied upon request.

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The Museum

Founding

Chicago Natural History Museum was established in 1893 as the
Columbian Museum of Chicago by a group of public-spirited citi-
zens. It was first housed in Jackson Park in the Palace of Fine Arts
Building, which was held over from the World’s Columbian Exposi-
tion of 1893. The success and permanence of the institution was
assured by the late Marshall Field, who, in addition to an original
gift of $1,000,000 in 1893, made other gifts of approximately $43,000
during his lifetime and bequeathed on his death in January, 1906,
a further sum of $8,000,000, of which $4,000,000 was allotted toward
the erection of the present building and $4,000,000 toward endow-
ment to sustain the activities of the Museum.

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Name

The Museum has had several changes in name. Less than a year
after the founding of the Museum, its name was changed to Field
Columbian Museum. Again, in 1905, the name was changed to
Field Museum of Natural History, and finally, in November, 1943,
to Chicago Natural History Museum. The significance of the new
name is best expressed in the words of Mr. Stanley Field, President
of the Museum, who, on the occasion of the celebration of the fiftieth
anniversary of the Museum’s founding, said: “. . . since the Museum
was created and maintained for the public and has become identified
in the minds of the public as a Chicago institution ... it would be
appropriate if the name were changed to Chicago Natural History
Museum, thereby identifying its ownership more closely with the
public of Chicago.”

Support

The Museum is an endowed institution, incorporated not for profit
under Illinois state law. Income is derived from several sources:
income from endowment (the largest source), membership fees, gifts,
admission fees, and tax support through the Chicago Park District.
Active control of the institution rests in the Board of Trustees. The
executive of the Museum is the Director, who is in immediate charge
of operation and to whom all requests and communications concern-
ing the Museum should be addressed.

Building

The present Museum building was completed in 1920 and opened to
the public on May 2, 1921. It is 706 feet long, 438 feet wide, and
104 feet high, and, with the terrace and grounds surrounding, oc-
cupies an area of about eleven acres. The exterior of the building
is designed in the style of Greek architecture of the Ionic order. The
interior is divided into four floors, with a great central hall that ex-
tends from the first floor to the roof. The first and second floors and
part of the ground floor are devoted to exhibition purposes, the total
exhibition area comprising approximately twelve and one-half
acres. The remaining space provides working quarters for the ad-
ministrative and scientific staffs and for the maintenance force, and
storage for the Museum’s vast research collections. The research col-
lections contain many more specimens than are on exhibition.

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Purpose

It is the purpose of the Museum to gather, preserve, organize, and
spread knowledge of the natural world in which we live. The Mu-

.

seum has acquired comprehensive reference collections of things im-
portant to such an understanding: the materials of the earth, evi-
dence of the forces moulding and changing the earth, the plants and
animals that are living or have lived upon it, and a record of the
physical and social development of man from earliest times to primi-
tive peoples of the present day.

In continuation of this undertaking, Museum expeditions are fre-
quently sent to imperfectly known regions to make studies and to
collect the factual evidence upon which scientific studies must be
based. These studies are published by the Museum and distributed
to scientific institutions throughout the world as a contribution of
the Museum to the advancement of knowledge. Another product
of these activities is the Museum’s exhibition program in which
authentic materials, organized to express significant relationships,
are displayed to tell the story of the earth and life upon it.

.

Calcite, a common mineral, has many varieties, some of which
rival precious stones in color and beauty of form (Chalmers
Collection of crystals, Hall 34).

Organization of Exhibits

Any living thing or any inanimate object can exist in a multiplicity
of relationships to other organisms, materials, and forces and, there-
fore, may be considered from many different aspects. Animals, for
instance, may be regarded from the viewpoint of geography, of
systematic series (taxonomy), and of association with other animals
and plants in a particular environment (ecology), or in many other
ways. The practical limitations of material and space prevent even
the largest of museums from displaying all these facets of nature.
Only fundamental facts and relationships can be shown for most
types of material.

In this Museum, systematic series and geographic distribution
form the principal plan of organization. Thus, mammals may be
seen in systematic series in Hall 15, and many of the same animals
may be seen again in other halls in association with different ani-
mals from the same continental areas. Realistic habitat groups
serve to portray the typical environment of the species. Also, in
appropriate places in these halls are topical exhibits designed to
illustrate important biological principles or significant adaptations
or behavior of a single group of animals. It should be emphasized
that this aspect of the work of the Museum is far from finished; an
active program of addition to and improvements of exhibition in all
fields and at various levels of interest occupies both preparation and
scientific staffs of the institution.

The Indian sloth-bear mother often carries her baby on her back while searching
for insects and worms under stones and logs (Hall 17).

■ ■ . N • ’» ' • -

Carved and lacquered seat
supported by jaguars was
made by the Incas of Peru
(Stanley Field Hall).

A Brief Survey Tour
of the Museum

In order to help you enjoy your time here more, the following sug-
gestions are given:

1 . Do not attempt to see everything in one visit, whether you have
half an hour or a day.

2. Pick out a few things in which you are most interested; look for
an hour or so; then rest awhile or come back another day.

It has taken many years to collect the exhibits. They are arranged
in 48 halls that cover 542,400 square feet of floor space (12.5 acres).
So don’t expect or hope to see and enjoy them all at one time.

If you can’t decide what interests you most and if you would like
some suggestions for the high lights of the Museum, a tour has been
outlined for you on a floor plan of the Museum. This tour can be
taken at your own leisure and according to your own speed. You
can stop at any time to rest. It should take about one hour; it could
easily take two hours or more; and if you skim through it in thirty
minutes, you will have at least a general idea of the Museum. Turn
the page for diagrams of the suggested tour.

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MAMMALS

Suggested Survey Tour of the Museum

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GO UP

FIRST FLOOR

(TIME: ABOUT 1 HOUR)

The tour starts at the elephants in the
middle of Stanley Field Hall, the main
hall where you entered the Museum.
Follow the dotted line indicated on the
floor map. The exhibits in the first halls
that you go into are a part of the
story of the animal kingdom (zoology).
Your tour shows you a few of the dif-
ferent kinds of animals and birds. Be
sure to look at the African waterhole
group at the south end of Hall 22.
From this point, go up the stairway to
the second floor.

When you arrive on the second floor, you find yourself in the earth-science sec-
tion (geology). Hall 38, to your left, is a story of the earth and of the life of pre-
historic times. Particularly note the group of a swamp forest of about 250 mil-
lion years ago in southern Illinois. Following the route, you will see in sequence
some of the fossil animals, useful minerals, precious gems, and jades. Then you
go into the section of plant life (botany). Notice the three habitat groups of
plants at the north end of Hall 29: an Alpine meadow, an Illinois woodland, and
a Maine coast scene. Now go down the stairway to the first floor.

You return to the first floor into the section that
tells the story of mankind (anthropology).
Hall 3 contains sculptures by Malvina Hoff-
man of present-day races of mankind. Of
particular interest (in the central part of the
hall) is “Unity of Mankind,” a sculpture that
indicates the three main races of peoples.
Follow the route through Hall 4, where you
will see exhibits on Indian America. Then pro-
ceed down the stairway to the ground floor
and go into Hall C, which tells the story of
prehistoric man in life-size dioramas.

After you have had a glimpse in Hall C of prehistoric man, you may be interested
in some of the primitive peoples of today; so follow the route through the halls
of Africa, Madagascar, New Zealand, and Malaya. The route then takes you
into Hall J, where mummies and records of ancient Egypt are exhibited. From
this point you can easily return to the main hall on the first floor or continue
through the halls that display marine mammals and fishes.

This brief tour has given you a general idea of the material in the Museum.
Come again and spend more time in the section you most enjoyed.

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GROUND FLOOR

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FIRST OR MAIN FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

ROOSEVELT ROAD

Stanley Field Hall

Occupying the Center of the Museum Building

Stanley field hall, into which the main entrance of the Mu-
seum opens, is dedicated to Mr. Stanley Field, President of Chi-
cago Natural History Museum since 1909. The hall is 299 feet long,
68 feet wide, and 75 feet high. It contains four statues designed by
Henry Hering to symbolize the aims and purposes of the Museum.
The figures flanking the north archway represent “Natural Science”
and “Dissemination of Knowledge”; those at the south archway,
“Record” and “Research.”

The various exhibits in Stanley Field Hall were selected to indi-
cate the broad divisions of subject matter in the four departments of
the Museum. The two African elephants in the center of the hall
were collected and mounted by the late Carl E. Akeley, noted ex-
plorer, naturalist, and sculptor, who was once a member of the
Museum staff. The three bronze sculptures in the south end of the
hall, which illustrate the remarkable ritualized lion-hunting with
spears by certain African tribes, are also his work. Throughout the
hall are exhibited specimens that are conspicuous for their beauty,
rarity, or general interest, such as prehistoric gold ornaments from
Colombia, Chinese carved ivory and semiprecious stones, the extinct
passenger pigeon, and restorations of prehistoric man.

Pottery figurines made for burial purposes were found in tomb in Honan Province,
China, dated about 350 B.C. (Stanley Field Hall).

Story of Mankind

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
First Floor — Halls 2-10, East Wing

Second Floor — Halls 24, 30, 31, and 32 (Balcony around Central

Hall)

Ground Floor — Halls A-H, J, K, and L, East Wing

anthropology is the science of man and his culture throughout all
time and in all parts of the world. The word “culture” as used
by anthropologists does not mean the improvement and refinement
of the mind but is a term for the sum total of learned human
behavior: customs, activities, and manufactures.

Because anthropology is a vast science, it is divided into the
following main branches: physical anthropology , the study of human
evolution, variation and differentiation into races, growth, and
body types; archaeology , the study of artifacts and other remains
to determine the cultures and histories of past peoples who left
few or no written records; ethnology and social anthropology , the study
of contemporary and recent societies and cultures; and linguistics ,
the study of the structural patterns and historical relationships
among languages.

Among the principal aims of anthropology is the study of man’s
place in nature and the manner in which his biological and cul-
tural aspects interact to make him a human being. Another aim
is the reconstruction of a world-history of culture during the ap-

Peoples of the World, Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall (Hall 3).

A portion of an exhibit on Indian farmers of northeastern North
America shows a harvest ceremony of the Oneota Indians
(Hall 4).

proximately one million years of human existence without confin-
ing this history to the well-documented recent civilizations. A third
major aim is to classify human societies and cultures, to seek the
general principles underlying their functioning, and to study the
processes of culture-change.

The exhibits in the Department of Anthropology occupy the first
floor of the east wing adjoining Stanley Field Flail, the second floor
galleries overlooking Stanley Field Hall, and more than half of the
ground floor. The exhibits show achievements, in both historic and
prehistoric times, in arts and industries as well as in the social and
religious life of the world outside of modern Europe and America.

FIRST FLOOR

Hall 2. Archaeology of Etruria and Rome
(Edward E. and Emma B. Ayer Hall)

The exhibits of Etruscan material cover the eighth to second cen-
turies b.g. The Roman Empire is represented chiefly by antiquities
recovered from ancient Pompeii and Boscoreale that were buried by
the eruption of Vesuvius in a.d. 79.

I

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Hall 3. Peoples of the World (Chauncey Keep Memorial Hall)

The major racial types found among the various races of mankind
are represented in this hall by a series of life-size figures, busts, and
heads in bronze and stone by Malvina Hoffman. Exhibits to show
some of the diagnostic characters considered by physical anthro-
pologists in differentiating racial types — skulls, color charts, casts
of hands and feet — are located at one end of the hall.

Hall 4. Indians before Columbus

(James Nelson and Anna Louise Raymond Hall)

The story of American Indians from the time of their arrival in the
New World from Asia (about 18,000 b.c.) to the time of their dis-
covery by European explorers is told by the exhibits in this hall.
Section 1 gives a brief survey of American Indian civilizations and
cultures as they were found by European explorers, missionaries, and
conquerors. Section 2 shows the development of American Indian
cultures and civilizations before the discovery of the New World.
Section 3 shows Indian techniques for the manufacture of tools of
stone and how archaeologists obtain knowledge of extinct cultures
through excavation, classification, analysis, and interpretation.

Hall 5. Indian Tribes of Eastern North America
(Mary D. Sturges Hall)

This hall exhibits the Indian mode of life in the prairies and wood-
lands of the eastern half of North America. The hall is divided into
the following sections: Indians of the western prairies (Pawnee,
Mandan, Arikara), Indians of the southern prairies (Osage, Wichi-
ta), Indians of the eastern prairies (eastern Dakota), Indians of the
Chicago region (Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Sauk and Fox, southern
Ottawa, southern Chippewa, Winnebago, Menomini), Indians of
the northern woodlands (Cree, northern Chippewa, Algonkin,
Montagnais-Naskapi, Micmac, Abnaki), Indians of the eastern wood-
lands (Iroquois tribes), and Indians of the southern woodlands
(Seminole, Creek, Cherokee, Catawba, Caddo, Chitimacha).

Hall 6. Indian Tribes of the Western Plains and California

This hall has been closed temporarily for the installation of new
exhibits that will illustrate the Indian culture types of the Plains
and California at the time of first contact with White men.

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Hall 7. Ancient and Modern Indians of the
Southwestern United States

Archaeological materials show the development of cultures in the
Southwest from early times (Basket Maker of a.d. 400) through sev-
eral phases of Pueblo prehistory down to historic times. Modern
tribes represented are: Hopi Indians of Arizona, Rio Grande tribes
of New Mexico, Navaho, Apache, Pima, Papago, Mohave, and Yuma.

Hall 8. Ancient and Modern Indians of Mexico
and Central America

Exhibits, arranged in geographical order, illustrate the high culture
of the Mayas, Aztecs, Toltecs, and Zapotecs, as revealed by arch-
aeological excavations, and the cultures of modern Indian tribes of
these regions.

Head of Hopewell Indian man (en-
larged reproduction of a figurine),
wearing ornaments of copper and
pearls (Hall 4).

e>

Stone tobacco pipe carved in the form
of a fish and a bird, Hopewell Indians
of Ohio (Hall 4).

Hall 9. Ancient and Modern Indians of South America

Ancient cultures of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Argentina
and modern Indians of Peru, Colombia, and Brazil are shown.

Hall. 10. Indian Tribes of the Northwest Coast and Eskimos of
the Arctic Coasts (Joseph Nash Field Hall)

Tribes of the Northwest Coast, related groups of the interior, and
Eskimos of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland are shown.

SECOND FLOOR

Hall 24. Ancient Chinese Civilization
(George T. and Frances Gaylord Smith Hall)

East Gallery: The purpose of this hall is to illustrate the development
of Chinese civilization in all its varied phases, from its beginnings in
the Old Stone Age (about 500,000 years ago), through the Neolithic
period (about 3000 b.c.), and down to the latter part of the eight-
eenth century. There are two main divisions: the ancient original
culture of China, before the intrusion of Buddhism, and the culture
of Buddhistic China, as influenced and modified by religious and
artistic currents coming from India from the third century onward.
In both divisions, the principle of arrangement of exhibits is chrono-
logical. The collection is particularly strong in Han pottery, cast
iron, mortuary clay figures, Sung pottery and porcelain, and
Buddhistic and Taoist sculpture, much of it provincial. South Gallery:
Models of pagodas from all parts of China and selected Chinese
paintings and tapestries are exhibited in this gallery. North Gallery:
A carved lacquer screen from China occupies this gallery.

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Hall 30. Chinese Jades

This hall contains more than a thousand examples of carved jade,
arranged in chronological order, from the early archaic period
(about 1500 b.c.) down to the end of the nineteenth century. On
the walls are an embroidered screen of the K’ang-hsi period and an
imperial tapestry.

Hall 31. Gems and Jewels (H. N. Higinbotham Hall)

Exhibits of anthropological interest show primitive jewelry, both
ancient and modern, from many parts of the world. (See page 36.)

Hall 32. West Gallery. Civilization of Modern China and Tibet

Tibet is represented by exhibits of textiles, looms, clothing (in a
series of costumed figures), jewelry, saddlery, weapons, armor, cere-
monial scarfs, metal ware, and household utensils. The Lamaist
religion, a form of Buddhism introduced from India, is illustrated by
images, paintings, sculptures, musical instruments, and other objects
used in Lama temples. In the central part of the hall are weapons,
suits of armor, imperial costumes, fans, basketry, musical instru-
ments, bird and cricket cages, beadwork and peasant embroidery,
and printing equipment from China. An exhibit that was especially
planned for the school children of Chicago shows Chinese school
children with their books, writing equipment, and samples of their
drawing and painting. One section of the hall is occupied by rep-
resentations of Chinese and Tibetan dramatic performances, for
which a handbook, Oriental Theatricals , is on sale at the north en-
trance of the Museum.

GROUND FLOOR

Hall A. Peoples of Melanesia, South Pacific

The Melanesian collection in this hall is the finest and most complete
in the world. Most of it was obtained by a Museum expedition dur-
ing the years 1909 to 1913, and much of it is now irreplaceable. The
exhibits show villages, tools, weapons, utensils, ornaments, art,
clothing, means of livelihood, and social organization of Melanesian
peoples. A general popular description of Melanesia and the life of
its native peoples is given in a handbook, People of the South Pacific , on
sale at the north entrance of the Museum.

27

Hall A-l. Aboriginal Peoples of Australia

These exhibits illustrate the simple life and customs of the native
tribes of Australia, peoples who possess a Stone Age type of culture.

Hall C. Stone Age of the Old World

The exhibits in this hall are arranged in chronological sequence to
show the main stages of man’s cultural and physical development in
western and central Europe from approximately a million years ago
to the dawn of history. Tools, utensils, weapons, and ornaments
characteristic of each cultural stage are shown. Life-size restorations
of early types of man in representations of actual prehistoric sites
illustrate life in the Stone Age from the beginning of the Old Stone
Age, the Paleolithic, to the end of the New Stone Age, the Neolithic,
when bronze and iron were replacing stone.

Hall D. Peoples of West and Central Africa

These exhibits, arranged in geographical order, beginning with the
Cameroon region of West Africa and extending through the Congo
area and Angola (Portuguese West Africa), show the life and customs,
tools, weapons, utensils, pottery, clothing, ornaments, housing, and
art of the African peoples.

Hall E. Peoples of East, South, and North Africa
and of Madagascar

Exhibits in this hall show typical cultures of the peoples of Africa
and Madagascar. The natives of Madagascar are of mixed Asiatic
and African origin; therefore, the collection from Madagascar is a
link between the African cultures (this hall) and the Polynesian and
Malayan cultures (adjoining halls). This is the only Madagascar
collection of importance in the United States, and it is believed to
be one of the most complete in existence.

Hall F. Peoples of Polynesia and Micronesia
(Central and South Pacific)

These exhibits illustrate the life and customs of the peoples of Fiji,
Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Society
and Marquesas islands in Polynesia and of the peoples of the Gilbert,
Marshall, and Caroline groups and outlying islands in Micronesia.

28

A handbook, Ethnology of Polynesia and Micronesia , is on sale at the

north entrance of the Museum.

Hall G. Peoples of the Malay Peninsula
and the Malay Archipelago

The tools, weapons, utensils, houses, clothing, modes of transporta-
tion, ornaments, musical instruments, wood carvings, and textiles of
many groups of people of the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archi-
pelago are shown.

Hall H. Peoples of the Philippine Islands

Exhibits of material from the Philippines are arranged to emphasize
the outstanding characteristics of the cultures of the principal pagan
groups throughout the archipelago.

Hall J. Peoples of Ancient Egypt (Mummies)

The development of Egyptian civilization from the predynastic
period (before 3000 b.c.) to the rise of Islam (seventh century)
is shown. Mummies of human beings and of birds and other ani-
mals, coffins, painted linen shrouds, textiles, garments, manuscripts,
sculpture, boats, pottery, furniture, glass, jewelry, toilet articles, and

Mica ornament in the form of a hand, made by the Hopewell Indians of Ohio
(Hall 4).

tools are exhibited. A small room at one end of the hall contains an
X-ray apparatus and a mummy. Here Museum visitors may press a
button and see an actual-size skeletal image of the mummy pro-
jected upon a fluoroscopic screen. An illustrated leaflet, Mummies ,
is on sale at the north entrance of the Museum.

Hall K. Peoples of Ancient Babylonia

Civilizations of the ancient Near East from the middle of the fourth
millennium b.c. to a.d. 400 are shown in this hall. The material,
almost entirely from excavations by the Field Museum-Oxford
University Joint Expedition to Kish and Jemdet Nasr, is representa-
tive of four thousand years of development in Babylonia. Around
the walls of the hall is a frieze of cylinder-seal impressions (enlarged
approximately twenty-five times) that shows the development of
glyptic art. An illustrated leaflet describing cylinder seals is on sale
at the north entrance of the Museum.

Hall L. Peoples of India, Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Nicobar
Islands, and Siberia, and the Ainu of Japan

Both the primitive and advanced cultures of northeastern and south-
ern Asia are represented in these exhibits. Clothing, household ob-
jects, weapons, and tools of the primitive peoples of eastern Siberia
and of the Ainu of Japan are shown. The extensive collections from
India include musical instruments, weapons, textiles, clothing, orna-
mental brasses, wood carving, and sculpture of the first century of
our era and later. Three cases contain collections from the primitive
tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar islands, Bay of Bengal.

Food bowl, carved from
a single block of wood
by natives of the Admiralty
Islands, Melanesia (Hall A).

30

Plants

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
Second Floor — Halls 25-29, East Wing

Chicago natural history museum is the first general museum of
natural history to give to the science of botany attention and space
comparable to the other major divisions of natural science. The
scientific study of plants offers its own series of approaches to the
fundamental problems of biology. The economic importance of
plants as the ultimate source of our food, much of our shelter and
clothing, and many of the comforts of life can not fail to be appre-
ciated by everyone. The botanical exhibits, therefore, are planned to
give a general idea of the plant world, its range of forms, and its rela-
tion to human life.

The exhibits in the Department of Botany occupy five halls on the
second floor. The largest hall, known as the Hall of Plant Life, in-
cludes representatives of the whole vegetable kingdom from bacteria
to orchids and daisies, grouped into plant families and arranged in
systematic series. The other four halls contain exhibits of plants and
plant products organized largely on the basis of use. Foodstuffs, bev-
erages, and spices, plant fibers, woods, and distillation products,
gums, resins, and essential oils, all are to be found in these halls
along with many other topical exhibits.

Hall 25. Food Plants and Their Products

This hall is devoted to food products of vegetable source: small
grains, corn, starches, sugars, edible oils and fats, leguminous seeds,
nuts, spices, and beverages. The principal vegetable foods of New
World and of Old World origin are shown in companion cases, but
edible fruits are generally omitted from the food-plant display be-
cause they are represented in the Hall of Plant Life (Hall 29). Primi-
tive cultivated grains, samples of ancient barley and wheat from
Mesopotamia, of wheat from the pyramids of Egypt, and of corn
from pre-Columbian Indian sites in North and South America are
exhibited. Man’s quest for vegetable food is pictured in a series of
murals by Julius Moessel

31

Left — Flowers of the banana plant are shown in realistic models (Hall 29).

Right — Enlarged models of the flowers of the birch exemplify the manner in
which the significant structures of many plants are illustrated (Hall 29).

Hall 26. North American Trees (Charles F. Millspaugh Hall)

The principal trees and woods of North America are arranged in the
order of their botanical relationship, beginning with conifers. Each
exhibit includes a part of the trunk of the tree, a cross section of the
trunk, boards that show the typical grain of the wood, and a map
of the area of distribution. There are photographs of the living tree
under summer and winter conditions and colored transparencies of
North American forests. Leafy branches, some of which are realis-
tic models, are also shown in many instances.

Hall 27. Foreign Woods

Selected woods of India, Africa, Australia, Europe, Philippine Is-
lands, Japan, Mexico, West Indies, and Central and South America
are exhibited in this hall. The collection is not complete, but it con-
tains most of the foreign woods that are now imported into the
United States, including those often seen in fine furniture.

32

Hall 28. Plant Raw Materials and Products

In this hall are displayed such plant raw materials and products as
cotton and other textile fibers, basket and hat materials, cork and
cellulose, waxes, gums and resins, tanning agents and dyestuffs, dry-
ing and non-drying oils, tobacco and crude drugs, and wood distilla-
tion products. A specimen or a photograph of the plant or the part
of the plant that yields the raw material is shown, with samples of
the material at stages in the preparation of the product. Methods of
wood distillation are presented in detail. The exhibit of rubber in-
cludes trunks of several kinds of rubber trees, which show methods
of tapping, and the principal varieties of crude material.

Hall 29. Hall of Plant Life (Martin A. and Carrie Ryerson Hall)

The exhibits in this hall give a general view of the entire range of
plant life, including several extinct groups, and show at the same
time many of the most important useful plants of the world. Bac-
teria, the lowest order of plants, are first, followed by algae, fungi,
mosses, ferns, and fern allies; next are gymnosperms; and last are
flowering plants, which occupy the greater part of the hall. In their
correct places among the plant families are some of the common

Habitat group of welwitschia, a unique woody African plant that produces only
two leaves during its long life (Hall 29).

wild flowers of the United States. At one end of the hall, alpine vege-
tation of the northern Rocky Mountains, spring flora of an Illinois
woodland, and seashore plants of the intertidal zone in the Bay of
Fundy are represented in three large groups. Freshwater aquatics
from the South American tropics and a south African desert scene,
displaying one of the most unusual of woody plants, the two-leaved
Tumboa ( Welwitschia mirabilis ), are at the other end of the hall. A
series of murals portrays famous plant forms and plant associations
that are not represented in the three-dimensional exhibits. There is
no way that plants can be preserved to keep their natural appear-
ance. For this reason, most of the exhibits in this hall are made in
the laboratories of the Museum from plastic materials. Plants col-
lected in the field provide the information upon which the models
are based. The results have convincing realism.

»;

Reconstruction of a fossil cycadeoid "flower" that grew about 100
million years ago (Hall 29).

34

Plants as they grew in swamps during the Coal or Pennsylvanian period have
been reconstructed in a life-size group (Hall 38).

Earth Science

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
Second Floor — Halls 31 and 34-38, West Wing

.

the earth is our home, and it is only natural that we should have
a special interest in knowing about it. We derive raw materials for
our industries — minerals, coal, and oil — from its rocks and our food
from its soil. We are directly affected by its storms and floods, its
seas, rivers, and glaciers, its volcanoes and earthquakes, and its hills
and valleys. How do all these things come about? Of what materials
is the earth composed and what forces operate upon them? Geology
strives for a full answer to questions like these. It strives also to re-
construct past physical changes and the story of life on earth — the
origin, relationships, and evolution of the host of living animals and
plants that once inhabited the earth and whose remains are now
found embedded in the rocks as fossils.

Geology is thus the science of the earth and its history. As a matter
of fact, geology is not any one science. It is a composite science, in
that it enlists in its aid nearly all other sciences, physical and bio-
logical. Geology is so broad a subject that no one investigator could

35

The collection of gems and jewels in H. N. Higinbotham Hall is one of the finest
in the world (Hall 3 1 ).

do it full justice. It is, therefore, necessarily divided into a number
of branches. The most important of them are: mineralogy , the study
of minerals; petrology , which deals with the origin and description of
rocks; economic geology , the study of mineral deposits of economic
value; structural geology , which is concerned with the deformation of
the earth’s crust by folding and fracturing; geomorphology , the study
of landforms carved by surface agencies; stratigraphy , which treats
of the order and distribution of rock formation laid down by water
and wind; and paleontology, the study of fossil plants and animals en-
tombed in rocks. All these branches of geology are represented in
Chicago Natural History Museum by appropriate exhibits in five
large halls on the second floor.

Hall 31. Gems and Jewels (H. N. Higinbotham Hall)

Gems are minerals, minerals that excel others in color, hardness,
transparency, and luster. The gem collection of Chicago Natural
History Museum is one of the best in the world. Cut and uncut

36

specimens of nearly every known precious and semiprecious stone
are displayed in Higinbotham Hall, many of them of historic inter-
est and high intrinsic value. Culture pearls in comparison with nat-
ural Oriental pearls, synthetic sapphires, and models of famous
diamonds are also exhibited. The use of gold and silver in jewelry
in early and later times is illustrated by examples of Colombian gold
ornaments, Egyptian and Etruscan jewelry, jewelry of the Greek and
Roman periods in Egypt, and jewelry from India and Algeria.

Hall 34. Rocks and General Geology

This hall is being reinstalled, but it may be used as a passage to
halls 35 and 38. On the walls of a connecting corridor is a col-
lection of relief maps. Of especial geological interest are those
of the Chicago region that show the topography during four stages
following the retreat of the ice sheet. In another corridor is a
model of the Natural Bridge of Virginia.

Hall 35. Moon, Meteorites, and Minerals
(Clarence Buckingham Hall)

Minerals are arranged in this hall according to systematic classi-
fication based upon chemical composition and crystal structure.
Native elements that are found as minerals, such as iron and gold,
are placed first, followed by groups of more complex composition.
Variations in natural external form are illustrated by selected min-
eral crystals of the William J. Chalmers collection. A special collec-
tion of radio-active minerals is accompanied by radiographs made

Reconstruction of cephalopods, corals and other backboneless animals in a
shallow inland Ordovician sea about 400 million years ago (Hall 37).

:

i

Skeleton of an ichthyosaur or fish-lizard with skin impressions showing body
outline (Hall 38).

by them. Specimens in the exhibit of fluorescent minerals are ex-
posed alternately to white and to ultra-violet light. On the basis of
number of recorded finds and falls, the collection of meteorites in
this hall is the largest in the world. More than two-thirds of the
meteorites on record are represented by specimens in this collection.
The specimen of greatest size is an iron meteorite weighing 3,336
pounds. The exhibit contains two of the largest known stone
meteorites and the Benld meteorite, one of eleven meteorites that
are known to have damaged property in their fall. In addition,
there is a relief model of the visible half of the moon.

Hall 36. Ores and Minerals of Economic Importance

One half of the hall contains nonmetallic minerals of economic im-
portance, such as abrasives, useful stones, refractory minerals, coal,
and petroleum. The other half of the hall contains precious and base
metals, such as gold, silver, iron, nickel, copper, lead, and zinc.
Companion exhibits show the location of major and minor ore
deposits in the western hemisphere, the uses of some of the more
important metals, and production data.

Hall 37. Fossil Plants; Fossil Animals without Backbones;
Geologic History (Frederick J. V. Skiff Hall)

After introductory exhibits at the east end of the hall, the cases
follow two complementary sequences. Those on the north side show
the biological classification of invertebrate (backboneless) ani-

38

mals and plants. Those on the south side show fossil animals and
plants in historical order. Beginning with the Cambrian period
(540 million years ago), these exhibits display the typical plants
and animals as well as the physical environment and economic de-
posits of each of the geologic periods. Ancient environments and
living things are reconstructed in ten dioramas. The events of
geologic history are presented clearly by paintings and diagrams,
including a large map of the ice age of 25,000 years ago and a
spiral calendar that Covers three billion years.

Hall 38. Fossil Animals with Backbones
(Ernest R. Graham Hall)

The fossil fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals exhibited
in this hall are arranged, in general, according to biological relation-
ship and show the development of vertebrate forms. The entire
geological sequence of life is indicated in a series of mural paintings
of the processes of earth formation and of animals and plants in their
natural surroundings. At one end of the hall is a life-size reproduc-
tion of a forest of the Coal (Carboniferous) period. At the other end
of the hall are three restoration groups: extinct three-toed horses,
extinct mammals known as Titanotheres, and a Neanderthal cave-
man family of Europe. Introductory exhibits illustrate how bones
are buried, preserved, and found.

Skeleton of Barylambda, a primitive hoofed mammal of Paleocene time in
Colorado (Hall 38).

: v::v.\

The rare little tarsier, of which the Museum re-
ceived its second specimen in 1 947, is thought to
be close to the line of the evolution of man. It is
a nocturnal arboreal mammal (Hall 15).

Anima

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY

First Floor— Halls 12, 13, and 15-22,
West Wing

Ground Floor— Halls M, N, N-l, and O,
West Wing

the exhibits in the Department of Zoology consist of three main
types: (1) a classified series (by no means complete) in which the
most important animal groups can be found in their proper arrange-
ment; (2) habitat groups of the animals of different countries or of
natural associations of animals, showing their habits and natural
surroundings of vegetation, soil, and topography (in many cases
accompanied by painted backgrounds); and (3) preparations of ani-
mals or parts of animals to illustrate facts, ideas, and theories about
them in their relation to each other and to man. The last type of
exhibit, essential to the teaching function of the museum, is relatively
at the beginning of its development.

When it is considered that there are more than 50,000 species of
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes, and, further, that
the insects, mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrate types run
into hundreds of thousands of species, it is evident that no museum
can show more than a small part of them. With due reference to
space and future development, therefore, the zoological exhibits of
Chicago Natural History Museum are carefully selected and planned,
and it may be pointed out that this forms a major function of
the scientific staff. These exhibits occupy the first floor of the west
wing and several halls on the ground floor. They embrace the entire

40

field of animal life, from lower invertebrates to man-like apes. Eight
halls are devoted to mammals, two to birds, one to fishes, one to
reptiles and amphibians together with insects, one to invertebrates,
and one to vertebrate anatomy.

FIRST FLOOR

Hall 12. Sculptures of Domestic Animals

This hall is devoted to a special exhibit of British champion domestic
animals sculptured in bronze and marble by Herbert Haseltine. The
nineteen figures are done in one-fourth natural size from living ani-
mals, many of which were internationally famous in their time on
the turf or in the paddock. The collection was presented to the
Museum by Mr. Marshall Field, grandson of the founder.

Hall 13. Horned and Hoofed Mammals
(George M. Pullman Hall)

The exhibit of horned and hoofed mammals — game animals from
all parts of the world — includes gazelles, wild sheep, goats, oxen,
deer, and antelopes. The collection extends into Hall 15, of which

The habitat group of Marco Polo sheep of the Pamir Mountains in south-central
Asia is a result of collecting for the Museum in 1925 by the late Theodore and
Kermit Roosevelt (Hall 17).

it is properly an integral part, but because of the numerous animals
in the group it can not be included in the systematic series of that
hall. Mammals of Illinois and a “tree” tracing the origin of mam-
mals are exhibited at the north end of Hall 13.

Hall 15. Mammals in Systematic Arrangement

With the exception of the hoofed mammals, this hall contains mem-
bers of the principal groups of mammals of the world, arranged ac-
cording to their relationship. The sequence begins with egg-laying
mammals of Australia (monotremes) and the pouched mammals
(marsupials) and ends with the highest mammals, monkeys and
man-like apes. Exhibits of fur-bearing mammals include specimens
showing color phases of red and arctic foxes. The anatomy and some
amazing structures of bats are shown by means of models.

Hall 16. Habitat Groups of American Mammals
(Richard T. Crane, Jr., Hall)

This hall contains habitat groups of many of the mammals of North
America and of some of the more important mammals of South
America. Groups of Rocky Mountain goats and Stone’s mountain
sheep flank the east entrance to the hall. The four groups of Virginia
deer, which show the difference in appearance and habits of deer in
the four seasons, were prepared by Carl E. Akeley and initiated radi-

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The model of a female orang
utan has the hair transferred
to a celluloid skin by the
Museum’s unique method, the
Walters Process (Hall 15).

cally new methods of taxidermy and of habitat-group exhibition
that since have been adopted by modern museums everywhere.

Hall 17. Habitat Groups of Asiatic Mammals
(William V. Kelley Hall)

The habitat groups in this hall exhibit the principal large mammals
of Asia and the adjoining islands. Some of the specimens were coE
lected by the two expeditions conducted by Theodore and Kermit
Roosevelt — the James Simpson-Roosevelts Expedition of 1925 and
the William V. Kelly-Roosevelts Expedition of 1929. The groups
show a wide range of habitats, from the bare rocky slopes of moun-
tains inhabited by Marco Polo’s sheep to the reedy marshes that are
the home of the swamp deer of India. Two specimens of the giant
panda are shown in a bamboo thicket in the high mountains of west-
ern China, and orangs and gibbons are exhibited in tree-top groups.

Hall 18. Reptiles, Amphibians, and Insects
(Albert W. Harris Hall)

Part of this hall is devoted to reptiles and amphibians. The exhibits
include habitat groups of the American crocodile and of a sea turtle
laying its eggs on a Florida beach. Special cases show the adapta-
tion of tadpoles and the geographical distribution of poisonous
snakes in the United States. Most of the specimens on display in
this section are lifelike representations in celluloid made by a tech-
nique developed first in Chicago Natural History Museum. The
exhibits of insects in another part of the hall consist of butterflies
and moths, insect life of the Indiana dunes, and the life history of
the tomato-worm moth. Another shows how mosquitoes carry
malaria. A special program of insect exhibition is adding to this
section of the zoological exhibits.

Hall 19. Skeletons of Animals with Backbones

Skeletons of the principal vertebrate animals — fishes, frogs and their
relatives, birds, and mammals — are exhibited in order of their rela-
tionship, from lower forms to higher apes and man. Among the
skeletons of birds is an assembled skeleton of the extinct great auk.
The history of the human skull and, in a separate section, processes
of reproduction and birth in animals are presented. Beginning as a
hall exclusively devoted to osteology, this hall will be converted to a
hall of comparative antomy in which skeletons have a proper share.

43

Hall 20. Habitat Groups of Birds

In half of this hall are groups of well-known birds of North America
and the American tropics. Among them are California condors,
golden eagles, wild turkeys, and flamingos. Three scenes show birds
of the Chicago region. In the other half of the hall, groups of birds
from many parts of the world illustrate a wide range of environments,
from the antarctic home of the emperor penguin to the dense rain
forests of Africa. Many of the birds in these groups exhibit unusual
adaptations to their environmental niches.

Hall 21. Birds in Systematic Arrangement
(Boardman Conover Hall)

The larger orders and families are represented in two systematic series,
one of birds of North America and the other of birds of foreign coun-
tries. Species in the North American series that are known to occur
in the state of Illinois are marked with a red star. Recently extinct
birds, birds introduced and naturalized in America, and restorations
of fossil birds, among them a life-size model of the Mauritius dodo,
and nests and eggs are exhibited. In smaller cases the biology of
birds is illustrated by such ideas as: what is a bird; birds as solar
machines; variation, selection, and speciation; and migration.

The American crocodile is shown on the shores of a Central American lake,
basking in the sun at mid-day (Hall 18).

The familiar European stork is
shown in a village scene for which
an original nest and thatched roof
were sent from Poland (Hall 20).

Hall 22. Habitat Groups of African Mammals
(Carl E. Akeley Memorial Hall)

Among the African mammals exhibited in this hall, the largest of the
halls devoted to zoology, are groups of most of the well-known species
of the continent of Africa. At one end of the hall is the largest habitat
group in the Museum. It is a scene in southern Abyssinia that shows
twenty-three animals of six different species gathered at a waterhole.
In the other end of the hall are unique reproductions of a hippo-
potamus and of a white rhinoceros made in cellulose acetate by a
process originated and developed in Chicago Natural History
Museum whereby more lifelike results are obtained than by mount-
ing the skins of these animals. The face and feet of Bushman,
famous gorilla of Lincoln Park Zoo now exhibited in this hall, were
made by this process and combined with the mounted skin.

GROUND FLOOR

Hall M. Animals without Backbones

Sponges, sea urchins, sea stars, corals, and other marine inverte-
brates are displayed in this hall. Most of the specimens are of
necessity only the limy or horny skeletons of the animals and there-
fore can give no indication of their bright colors in life. But the form
and color of many soft-bodied creatures, such as jellyfish, sea cu-
cumbers, and sea anemones, have been reproduced in glass models.
Examples of more than one hundred families of mollusks are ar-
ranged in their systematic order. A specimen of the largest known
bivalve, the giant clam of the Pacific and Indian oceans, is exhibited.
Suspended from the ceiling are models of a giant squid and of the
closely related giant octopus.

45

Hall N. Marine Mammals

In central position among the habitat groups of marine mammals is
a group of northern sea lions with a painted background that shows
the coast of Washington where the animals were collected. Around
the hall, to right and left, are Pacific walruses on an arctic ice floe
lighted by the midnight sun; elephant seals, largest of all seals, on
the beach of Guadalupe Island; Pacific seals, smallest of earless seals,
lying about on kelp-covered rocks; and northern fur seals on their
breeding grounds in the Pribilof Islands off Alaska. Two undersea
groups show the narwhal (modeled in cellulose acetate) and a pair
of Florida sea cows. Specimens of Weddell’s seal, collected by the
Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition, are placed in a setting of ant-
arctic ice and snow.

Hall N-l. Whales

The hall of whales, adjoining the habitat groups of marine mam-
mals, exhibits models of the principal types of whales and por-
poises. The larger whales are shown in models one-tenth natural
size, dolphins and porpoises in life-size models. A large mural
shows a sperm-whaling scene of sailing-ship days. Other murals
give information about the natural history of whales. The anatomy
of whales is illustrated in a small case.

Hall O. Fishes

The collection of fishes is arranged in systematic order and exhibits
primitive fishes, sharks, rays, and a series of bony fishes that range
from herrings and salmon-like fishes to spiny-rayed fishes and such
odd forms as trigger fishes and angler fishes. A large habitat group
at the end of the hall shows fishes of the Bahama coral reefs. Smaller
groups reproduce the rocky coast of Maine, the sandy ocean floor
of the Texas coast, and a lava-walled cove in the Galapagos Islands.
Specimens of the whale shark and devilfish, the largest of the rays,
occupy two large alcoves. An underwater view of a Michigan lake
bottom that illustrates the biological principle of food relationships
in a fresh-water pond and cases that show strange types of deep-sea
fishes, the process of making exhibition models of fishes, and the
principles of fish coloration are to be found in the adjacent corridor.

46

Officers

Stanley Field, President
Marshall Field, First Vice-President
Henry P. Isham, Second Vice-President
Samuel Insull, Jr-, Third Vice-President
Solomon A. Smith, Treasurer
Clifford C. Gregg, Director and Secretary
John R. Millar, Assistant Secretary

Board of Trustees

Lester Armour
Sewell L. Avery
Wm. McCormick Blair
Leopold E. Block
Walter J. Cummings
Albert B. Dick, Jr.

Joseph N. Field
Marshall Field
Marshall Field, Jr.
Stanley Field

John P. Wilson

Samuel Insull, Jr.
Henry P. Isham
Hughston M. McBain
William H. Mitchell
Clarence B. Randall
George A. Richardson
John G. Searle
Solomon A. Smith
Louis Ware
Albert H. Wetten

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Bequests

Bequests to Chicago Natural History Museum may be
made in securities, money, books, or collections. They
may, if desired, take the form of a memorial to a person
or cause, to be named by the giver. For those desirous of
making bequests to the Museum, the following form is
suggested:

FORM OF BEQUEST

I do hereby give and bequeath to Chicago Natural
History Museum of the City of Chicago, State of Illinois:

Cash contributions made within the taxable year to Chicago Natural
History Museum to an amount not in excess of 15 per cent of the tax-
payers net income are allowable as deductions in computing net income
for federal income tax purposes.

Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company, Chicago, Illinois, and Cravvfordsville, Indiana

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Publications of

Chicago Natural History Museum

Besides handbooks on certain sections of the
exhibits, some of which are referred to in the
GENERAL GUIDE, the Museum issues a Popular
Series of publications on scientific subjects,
a Design Series that is of particular value to
those interested in arts and handicrafts, and
other series of special character. The several
Scientific Series, more technical in nature
and intended primarily for distribution among
libraries, institutions of learning, and other
museums, are also obtainable by individuals.
All publications of the Museum are on sale at
the main (north) entrance of the Museum. Price
lists may be had upon application. Various sets
of post-card views of Museum exhibits, packed
in envelopes for mailing, are for sale.