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ale

GENERAL GUIDE, —

TO THE

Mechibmition Halls

OE THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Prepared by GEORGE H. SHERWOOD

Curator of Public Education

FEB 17 989
LIBRARIES

NO. 35
OF THE
GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES
OF THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON, Editor

New York. Published by the Museum. November, 1911

CONTENTS

INDEX .OF EXHTBIFTONSHUATESS 24 on eee ee ee a

INTRODUCTION 2 oss ooo R Pe ee, ae Se Sete ee eee a ee eg
History of the Museum
Location
Hours of Admission.
Administration and Support

First FLoor

Statue-of Morris WK, Jesup e's esse ne cinesce ns) Shee ere a ee
Meteorites Geo Mates hee me Ras cel ner mie ith ona hee eS le apne Ag EI Oe rrr
Model of Sclar System...........

Indians of the North Pacific Coast (South Central Wing)............
Indians of British Columbia and Alaska; Hskimo Collections
Mural Decoraticns

Auditorium: 7(Gentral, Pavilion). 3- 22). es ee ee
Rower Room: (West) Centrale Winey... 34-0. ee pee
Ward-Coonley Meteorites (West Corridor)..........................
Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest Wine) >... 2s)... 2 eee

Including all tribes east of the Mississippi: Iroquois, New York Indians,
Seminole, Menomini, Winnebago, Cree, Ojibwa and Delaware

Indianstof the Plams (Southwest Payalion) 02). e.
Comprising tribes between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains: Plains
Cree, Dakota, Crow, Blackfoot, Mandan, Pawnee, Kiowa and Cheyenne
Indians ofthe Southwest’ (West: Wine) es eee

Sedentary Indians: Rio Grande Pueblo, Prehistoric Pueblo Bonito, Hopi,
Prehistoric Ciiff Dwellers and Zuni:
Nomadic Indians: Apache, Navajo, Pima and Mexican Indians

Polar Expeditions (Hast? Coridon)a23)--— eae Ds Doh Se ee
Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wing)........
Darwin Hall: Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion)........°5...........

The series in the alcove cases gives a synopsis of the Animal Kingdom and
includes Pretozoa, Sponges, Polyps, Flatworms, Roundworms, Roti-
fers, Sea-mats, Starfish, Annelids, Arthropods, Mollusks and Verte-
brates

Coral eee Ae ae OA a a 4 5
Malaria MiOSGUIUOx Ae ice eee eae FA oo ne pe ilLc tre cha Gage nth) ue er
SECOND FLOOR
Astronomical. Clock (South) Rawaliton)). si2 ens. rei
Mammals) (South, Paiviluom)!2 32 e ea rcrstee oes ere ee
Dogs, small carnivores, the Barbary Lion ‘‘Hannibal’’ and the slephant
aa My Sy
NGtural History ‘Readime: (Rooms eee eee
Children’s Rooms 22-0 a Se ee ee

13
13

13
14
14

16

18
18
18
19

23

24

28
28
29

Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America (Southwest Wing)

CONTENTS

Prehistoric Man of North America (Southwest Pavilion).............
Collections. trom Airica’ (West Wang). 8 nec aow se le ve va eae oo

The hippopotamus ‘‘Caliph”’
Congo Collections

reason the: World: (South Central Wing). 0.0002 eS SP RS hs
ineceni, wishes, (Corridor of Central-Pavyalion) 0.60... 222k oe eh ree bs
Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing)......................
Mammals of the Polar Regions (Southeast Pavilion).................
fteptiles and Amphibians. (Southeast Pavilion): 2: .:-...2... 7.2... 0<:

THIRD FLOOR
Monkeys, Apes and Primitive Man (South Pavilion).................
Mg emis SOUun sea VINO) ot nh See ee eee ee ee ee re
North Atlantic Richt Whale (South Payilion):.o...22..0.05..../:26..-
Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central Wing)........

/

Hhanaldsinicn( Wiest: WOLtiGOE). <0. ks Sake e ce wie fis eke BO ais Oe
Mdians of South America (Southwest Wing)...........:..........6.
Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion)................
REM SMO CSL AIO ee = Be hs Lake 2 hme Syme eo) deste, tue en ote
Memes of the World (Southeast Wing)... 04.4. 2.642 oo
inaliboerlinsect lite. (Southeast. Pavilion)... 2.0... 22. Lee is ok

FourtH FLooR
Horeworeron tossit \erbebrates. fy. 4% eB ag Sea ee oe ee es
Mosctobashiike: Lizards (West:Corridor) foi. 3. ou Pas noe et ee
Mastodons and Mammoths (Seuth Pavilion)... 2.55.0 5..4 82.266
Se lehonsrolcelorsesa(Soubho Pr aviliom) 2.3 \«....c eas oe a Seen ee
Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing).............
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes (Southeast Pavilion)...................+...
Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology (South Central Wing)........
Cems and: Precious: Stones (West Corridor)... ....2..-. 0. 02-4 ¢F--
Rlarier en Souk west: WV 1NS;) 2)! ee 4 od cae oe a Ese ei. ey eg
Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion)..... Mra. ave
Collections from the Philippines (West Wing).............-.+..+-.--

FirtH FLoor
LILO AOS Feo | iN reas OR Dae a is epee A PeRael reeves SR a

INDEX

witw elkaiae mite ie wal sa aear valor wis aie rare] Ge\e) a) 0 oi mite’ val jel je, eles ne ate hak Mies ie idle ee, Velie) e501 = esi a ©) (eine ye, tele (ai lewis “aie

rs

Page
39
Al

49

“I ~I DD OD SD & Or Or Ol Or
= SO co cr eS =r or OU pot

(9) SYS SS a
me NTO eB Ww

=

00
~

OO O ©
CO ee

94
95

PREFATORY NOTE

It is the purpose of this GuiIpE to call attention to the more important exhibits
that the visitor will see as he passes through the halls. More detailed information
regarding the specimens may be obtained from the labels or from the Guide Leaflets.

It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in the halls in order to provide
space for new material which is continually being received or to put into effect
advanced ideas regarding methods of exhibition. In some instances therefore,
the arrangement described is not wholly that in existence at the date of issue of the
GuipE, but rather what will be when certain installations now in progress are com-
pleted. This is true for the halls devoted to geology and invertebrate paleontology
and to some extent in the exhibit of the Indians of the Woodlands and in those of
local mammals, mammals of the world and insects. The sergeants on each floor
will always direct the visitor to any collection on the given floor.

AMERICAN Museum oF Naturau History, November, 1911.

WEST CENTRAL
CENTRAL

WING | PAVILION
SOUTH

en ee
| CENTRAL

WING
WING
ai } SOUTHEAST |
f SOUTHWEST a OUTH o h
SOUTHWEST WING g a SOUTHEAST WING
PAVILION = PAVILION = PAVILION
: IS al
= . bE a = ~ F ‘= tr
a ie) ee) K
fw h <
= F a pw == A a

The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum
building, which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively,
each connected with the center of the quadrangle formed, by a wing extending between
open courts. Thus the hall at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed)
becomes the ‘‘southeast pavilion.’’

8

INDEX OF EXHIBITION HALLS

Administrative Offices. .
Africa, Collections from.

Location in Museum
.Fifth Floor, South Pavilion......
.Second Floor, West Wing.........

Ancient Monuments, Mexico aml jenna Agia, Second Floor, Southwest Wing.

Asia, Collections from....

Astronomical Clock... .

Auditorium. .

Birds, Local. . A
Birds of North Anaenion (Habitat Gr aires
Birds of the World...

Blind, Room for the...

Children’s Room...

Darwin Hall.......

Engine Room. .

Eskimo Collections. .

Fishes, Recent. . Shek a hae eee
Forestry, North eran:

Fossil Fishlike Lizards. .

Fossil Invertebrates. . ;

Fossil Mammals (uiceradons = :
Fossil Mammals (Horses, Came BAD)
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes. .

Gems and Precious Stones....................

Geology, Historical .
Indians of South Amana

Indians of the North Pacific Bleaee: Re Me RA.
imaransvOb themPlaims. ccs... ses ob cies Gales
Indians of the Southwest. ...................
Indians of the Woodlands................
ATMO MATION ULCAUs <5 ase os ees ees

Insects. .
Invertebrates. .

Jesup @otiechion of North “ana ican wicede.

Library. .

Nranimats:. :

Mammals of ieron Amaeeiea
Mammals of the Polar Pew. ed:

Miami al stot the Wiorldean... «1 seen soe cose
Vero rele eee ee eee See ie he ioe 2, rae ae

Meteorites. .
Meteorites, Ward- Conner.
Minerals. .

Monkeys, pes nad. Ena Man. [Egepsi mrn Nes
Natural: History Reading Room. ..............

Philippine Collections. .
Polar Expeditions. . ae, ee
Prehistoric Man of N rath Aumnetien. $s

Repules and AmnplailotanGes sess seas sees al. 0 ele

Rodents...
Shells. ..
Solar System, Model of

South Sea Island Collections! OE ren een ate eo

Whales. .

.. Third Floor,
..Ssecond Floor, South Pavilion......

: rnd Floor,
..second Floor, South Central Wing.
..second Floor, South Pavilion......
., Second Floor, South Pavilion......
.. First Floor,
.. First Floor,
.. First Floor,
..Second Floor, Central Pavilion. .
..First Floor,
.. Fourth Floor, West Corridor......
..Fourth Floor, South Central Wing.
..Fourth Floor, South Pavilion......
.. Fourth Floor, Southeast Wing.....
..Fourth Floor, Southeast Pavilion. .
.Fourth Floor, West Corridor. .....
..Fourth Floor, South Central Wing.
..Tbird Floor,

.. First Floor,
.. Hirst Floor,

: TFs Floor,
.. Fifth Floor, :
.. Second Floor, South Pavilion......
..second Floor, Southeast Wing.....
..Second Floor, Southeast Pavilion. .
.. Third Floor,
. Kirst Floor,

..First Floor,

Southwest PETRA, ,

. First Floor,
. Third Floor,

Central Pavilion. ...
West Corridor... ..
South Central Wing.

Southeast Pavilion. .
West Central Wing.
South Central Wing.

Southeast Wing.....

Southwest Wing. .

South Central Wing.
Southwest Pavilion. .
WieSti Wines tise es
Southwest Wing....

First Floor,

. First Floor,
.First Floor. .
. Third Hlgoees
. First Floor,

aucheaen Panaions :
Southeast Pavilion. .
Southeast Wing.....
West Corridor. .

Southeast Wing.....
South Pavilion......
South Pavilion......

... Hirst Floor, West Corridor. .....
.. Fourth Floor, Southwest Wing.....
..Third Floor, South Pavilion......

.Second Floor, South Pavilion......
..Fourth Floor, West Wing.........
.. First Floor,
.Second Floor, Southwest Pavilion. .
..second Floor, Southeast Pavilion. .
.. Third Floor,
.. Third Floor,
.. First Floor,
.. Fourth Floor, Southwest Pavilion. .
.. Third Floor,

East Corridor.......

South Pavilion......
VIESt VWihhnhiee ee a
South Pavilion......

Southeast Wing.....

OT

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- NMON™M ALINOSLAW LSSIAVSH GNV LSS9YV1 3HL ‘,,OLIHDINHY,,

GENERAL GUIDE TO THE rItUSEUM

INTRODUCTION

HE American Museum of Natural History was founded and incor-
| porated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum and
Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the
study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowledge of kindred
subjects and to that end, of furnishing popular instruction.
For eight years its temporary home was in the Arsenal in
Central Park. The corner stone of the present building in Manhattan
Square was laid in 1874 by President U.S. Grant, and in 1877 the first sec-
tion (South Central Pavilion) was completed.

The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park
West, and can be reached by the 8th or 9th Avenue surface
ears, the 6th or 9th Avenue elevated to 81st Street station, or by the subway
to 72nd or 79th Street station. The Museum is open free
every day in the year; on week days from 9 a. M. to 5 P. M.,
on Sundays from | to 5 Pp. M.

The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the
City, and has cost approximately $5,000,000. The South Facade is 710
feet in length; the total area of the floor space is 470,789 square feet, or
about 10 acres, of which 271,886 square feet are open to the public. The
building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square.

The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through
Adminis- the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for by
trationand issues of Corporate Stock, which have been made at intervals
Support since 1871. ‘The annual appropriation, known as the Mainte-
nance Fund, is devoted to the heating, lighting, repair and supervision of
the building and care of the collections.

The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of Trus-
tees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the guardian-
ship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their services
without remuneration.

The funds which enable the Trustees, through the. scientific staff, to
purchase specimens, to carry on explorations and various forms of scientific
work, to prepare and publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library
are raised by contributions from the Trustees and other friends. These
contributions come from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment
Fund, (2) Membership Fund, (8) voluntary subscriptions.

There are at present about 2,500 Members. Annual Members con-
Member-___ tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life Mem-
ship bers make a single contribution of $100. Membership fees are
of great service in promoting the growth of the institution.

History

Location

Hours of
Admission

11

MEMORIAL STATUE OF MORRIS K. JESUP

Mr. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural Histery for more than a quarter
of a century, was a staunch supporter of the institution’s two aims, to be a great educational insti-
tution for the people and also a center for activity in scientific research

12

NORIA

ENGINE
I pooMm AUDITORIUM
P ESKIMO
|
malt Be ~
at-=> wolf
= x See
WEST Sr ae SES = EAST
oe Aye 0
yn Zorv
Fe are
= O
=
= JESUP \ iS & ;
INDIANS INDIANS iF STATUE JE SUP COLLECTION
OF
OF THE OF THE MEMORIAL HALL INVERTEBRATES
PLAINS | WOODLANDS cr ee ae
METEORITE
ao = a o om oo Saeeoerors .
pale apie) 4 6
SOUTH

Elevators

Information Bureau
Waiting Room
Academy Room
West Assembly Room
Collection of Corals

onpwWwn

FIRST FLOOR

SOUTH PAVILION

MEMoRIAL HALL

The Information Bureau and the Checking Room are at the south
.entrance. Wheel chairs for children or adults are available without
charge. Postcards, photographs, guide leaflets, and Museum publications

__ Of various sorts are for sale here. On the right and left of

Information : :
Banu the entrance are small Assembly Halls in which lectures to
classes from the public schools of the City are given and

where the New York Academy of Sciences and other scientific societies
hold their meetings.

From the lobby the visitor first enters Memorial Hall and faces the
marble statue of Morris K. Jesup, third President of the
Statue of

SiAeS TS. GRRE Museum. Mr. Jesup was a founder, trustee and benefac-
tor of the Museum and for twenty-seven years its Presi-
dent. Under his administration and through his liberality the Museum made

13

14 FIRST FLOOR, SOUTH PAVILION

rapid progress. This statue of Mr. Jesup was executed by William Couper
and was presented to the Museum by the Trustees and a few other friends.
The marble busts in the wall niches represent noteworthy pioneers of Ameri-
can science, and are the gift of Morris K. Jesup. These include Benjamin
Franklin, statesman and natural philosopher, Alexander von Humboldt,
geographer and geologist, Louis Agassiz, zodlogist, Joseph Henry, physicist,
John James Audubon, ornithologist, Spencer Fullerton Baird, zodlogist
and founder of the United States Fish Commission, James Dwight Dana,
geologist, John Torrey, botanist, Edward Drinker Cope, paleontologist,’
and Joseph Leidy, anatomist.

Circling this same hall is the collection of meteorites, popularly known
as “shooting stars,” ranging in weight from a few grains to 36 tons. The
greater number of meteorites are stony, but the more interest-
ing ones are composed chiefly of iron, while certain meteorites
contain both stone and iron. The toughness of iron meteorites is due to
the presence of nickel, and the fact that they were so difficult to cut led to
the adoption of an alloy of nickel and iron in making the armor plate for
battleships. Meteorites have a very definite structure and when polished
(see specimens on the right with electric lamp) show characteristic lines
which together with their composition are to the expert absolute proof that
the specimens are meteorites.

“ Ahnighito” or “The Tent” at the left is the largest known meteorite

in the world, and was brought from Cape York, Greenland,
Abnighito }, Admiral R. E. Peary. It weighs 36 tons, and its trans-
Meteorite 5 : ; : ie
portation to New York was an engineering feat. Opposite it
at the right is the curiously pitted “ Willamette” meteorite
Willamette from Oregon which was the subject of a famous lawsuit.
BESET [The collection of meteorites is fully described in Guide
- Leaflet No. 26.]

Meteorites

Suspended in the center of the room is a three-inch incandescent globe
representing the sun. Standing directly beneath this globe one may see
suspended from the ceiling other lights representing the four

Bete a planets of the Solar System which are nearest the sun, and
ar ; Aen :
System installed in such a manner as to show relative size and distance

from the sun, and orbit around the sun. The respective
orbits are subdivided into sections representing the solar day, and the
relative diurnal position of each planet is shown. The “Signs of the
Zodiac’’ are imbedded in the floor.

SI

E881 Ul “eysely
‘IOATY, RUBOYS OY} WoAJ UINOSNT OY} 0F YYSnoIq seM coud OT, ‘Ose suvoA poIpuNy 9UO 4Svoo uURysel[y 94 JO soqia, ueIpuy oY} JO UOTJOe pue ssorp ‘onbisAyd ur
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AONVO VGIVH IVINOWSYS9 AHL GNV TIVH O141I0Vd HLYON

ESKIMO HOME SCENE

There are two notable groups near the entrance to the Auditorium and underneath
the Stokes mural paintings of the Land of the Midnight Sun. In one, a home scene within
a snow house or “‘igloo,’”’ an Eskimo woman is cooking blubber over the flame from a
seal oil lamp. The Museum is rich in Eskimo collections

SOUTH CENTRAL WING

INDIANS OF THE NorrtH PaciFic Coast

North of Memorial Hall, that is to the rear of the Jesup statue, is the
Indians of North Pacific Hall where are displayed collections illustrating
British the culture of the Indians of the Northwest Coast of America
Columbia and also of the Eskimo. These collections are arranged
and Alaska — seosraphically so that in passing from south to north through
the hall the visitor meets the tribes in the same sequence that he would in

traveling up the west coast of North America.
16

INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST 17

The most striking object is the great Haida Canoe
in the center of the hall with its party of Chilkat Indians
celebrating the rite of the “ potlatch.”’ The
potlatch is the great “giving ceremony,”
common to all the coast tribes, when individuals and
families gladly impoverish themselves that the dead
may be honored, the emblem of the clan exalted and
social standing recognized or increased, while under-
lying the potlatch as a social function is a deep reli-
gious fervor in the worship of ancestry and communion
with the dead. At the stern of the canoe, which is
represented as approaching the beach, stands the chief
or “medicine man,” who directs the ceremony. The
canoe is a huge dugout made from a single tree, is 64
feet long and 8 feet wide and capable of carrying 40 men.

Against the pillars and walls of the hall are many
house posts and totem poles with their
grotesque carvings; the latter may repre-
sent either the coat of arms or family tree, or they
may illustrate some story or legend connected with the
family. The Haida Indians together with the Tlingit
are recognized as superior to the other Indian tribes
along the Northwest Coast of North America. They
are divided into a number of families with various
crests for each family and grouped into two main divi-
sions, the Ravens and the Eagles. The
Tlingit are makers of the famous Chilkat
blankets, of which the Museum possesses
an exceptionally fine collection. Among some of the
other tribes there is little wool weaving, the clothing
consisting of shredded and softened inner tree bark
braided and matted together. The Indians of this
region are preéminently a woodworking people, as is
manifest in the exhibit. Religious ceremonies and the
wearing of masks generally supposed to
aid the shaman or priest in curing dis-
ease, were customary among most of the
tribes. The masks represented guardian spirits and by
wearing them the shaman impersonated these spirits.

Haida Canoe

b

Totem Poles

_ Chilkat
Blankets

Religious
Ceremonies

The north end of the hall is devoted to Eskimo col-
| lections. The cases on the right show the manner of
dress, method of transportation, etc., also cooking

Modern totem pole
at Wrangel, Alaska.
Many totem poles
are huge cedar car-
vings so old that the
Indians themselves
have forgotten their
meaning

18 FIRST FLOOR, SOUTH CENTRAL WING

utensils and bonework. Notice how many of the utensils, weapons and
clothing are made from the skin or bone of the seal, walrus and other
Arctic animals. The case marked “ Eskimo Woman Cooking” shows a
section of the interior of a snow hut or igloo lined with seal-
skin, the mother preparing the food in a primitive stone ves-
sel, heated by flame from seal oil in the stone lamp below.
The opposite case shows an Eskimo woman fishing through the ice. She
has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice. The fish-rod and hook, and
the long ladle are made of bone, and with this latter she keeps the water
in the hole from freezing over while she is fishing.

The mural decorations of Arctic scenery are by Frank Wilbert Stokes,
and the legend depicted on the main canvas over the door is
given in full in Guide Leatlet No. 30; the mural decorations
illustrating the industries of British Columbia and Alaska
are by Will 8. Taylor.

The doorway at the north end of the hall leads to the Auditorxwm which
has a seating capacity of 1400, and is equipped with two screens, 25 feet
square, for stereopticons. Free public lectures are given
here Tuesday and Saturday evenings from October to May
under the auspices of the Board of Education. There are also free lectures
on public holidays, and special lectures for Members of the Museum as well
as lectures for school children.

At the end of the corridor is the power room where may be seen demon-
strated the transformation of the potential energy of coal
into heat, light and motion.

Eskimo
Collections

Mural
Decorations

Auditorium

Power Room

[Return to the Jesup Memorial Statue.|

WEST CORRIDOR

To the right or west of the Jesup statue are three halls devoted to
Indian collections. To reach these the visitor passes
through the West Corridor containing the Ward-Coonley
collection of meteorites which numbers 603 “falls” and
is the most complete collection of meteorites in the world.

Ward-Coonley
Meteorites

INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 19

SOUTHWEST WING

INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS

The first hall to the west contains the collections pertaining to the
Indians of the Woodlands.
Indians of = These Indians include all tribes
al a east of the Mississippi and are
therefore those connected with
the very early history of the country. In
the eastern section of this hall are the New
York State Indians of whom the Iroquois
are the most important because of their
superiority in organization and power.
The League of the Iroquois, or the Five
; : Carved birch bark kettle of the
Nations, comprised the Mo- Penobscot Indians.
hawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onon-
daga and Cayuga, later the Tuscarora, when it was styled the Six Nations.

Iroquois

WA
ISS
a SS

Cherokee mask, Indians of the Woodlands, North Carolina. Such masks were
worn by members of *‘False Face” Societies supposed to be able to counteract the
work of evil spirits and to heal sickness

20 FIRST FLOOR, SOUTHWEST WING

This league was formed probably as early as 1539 and with the purpose,
as its founders boasted, of bringing. peace and breaking up the spirit of
perpetual warfare. It is interesting to note that the Indians recom-
mended it as a model to the colonies. The Oneida Indians were the
only members of this league who, as a tribe, adhered to the colonists in
the war of the Revolution.

In the wall case on the right are shown the dress, occupations and
dwellings of the Iroquois. A life-size model of an Iroquois representing a
messenger is holding out a belt of wampum. This wampum, made chiefly
of the shells of the “quahog’”’ or common hard clam of our
markets, was utilized in various ways: It was greatly prized
as an ornament and as trimming on garments; was an important feature in
religious ceremonies and festivals, being the token by which the Indians
confessed and took oaths; and was the object by which public transactions
were commemorated. Wampum was not used as currency however, the
Indians having no standard of value until they found it in our currency,
but it did come nearer currency than any other kind of property, and when
sold to white settlers the strings were counted and reckoned at half a cent a
bead. The woman in the right of the case is pounding corn in a primitive
mortar. (Corn and tobacco are our legacies from the Indian.) The
matrons of the Iroquois owned their own property in distinction from their
husbands; they sat in council by themselves and had the right to terminate
a, war.

On the left is a collection of grotesque masks. These were worn by
the False Face Societies. The Indians were very superstitious
and believed in the existence of demons or evil spirits who
were without bodies, legs or arms, and possessing hideous faces
only, were characterized as “false faces.”’ ‘There eventually grew up-a
society calling itself the “False Face Band”’ whose members were supposed
to have power to counteract the evil done by these demons and to possess
the capacity to heal sickness. Pictures by De Cost Smith illustrating this
society are on exhibition in this hall.

The earliest Indians of the vicinity of New York City are represented

by the archeological collections in the first aleove on the left.
Local ; ;
New York Here will be seen remnants of their crude pottery, weapons,
Indians cooking utensils, and various implements made of stone,

wood or bone, collected chiefly from burial sites on Man-
hattan Island, Staten Island and Long Island. On the top of one of the
cases is a portion of an original dugout canoe which was excavated in
Oliver Street in 1906 when a telephone conduit was being laid. This canoe
and a large earthern pot are among the very few good specimens that
have ever been found representative of New York City Indians.

Wampum

‘“False
Faces ’’

INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS a1

The collections of the remaining tribes of the Woodland Indians are in
process of installation and will be treated in the following order: On the
right or northern side of the hall, the Cherokee, Seminole, Menomini, Sauk
and Fox, and Winnebago tribes; on the left or scuthern side of the hall,
the Delaware, Ojibwa and Cree tribes. The Seminoles have never been
entirely conquered. They moved into Florida and have
taken up their abode in the Everglades, hostile to the white
man whom they will not allow to enter their domain. This exhibit is one
of the three existing collections from Seminole Indians.

Among the Menomini specimens there is an excellent collection of
medicine bags, porcupine quillwork and a buffalo skin head-
dress worn by a noted chief Oshkosh. The Menomini have
always been friendly to the Americans.

The Winnebago in Wisconsin claim to have built the mounds represent-

ing animals in the neighborhood. The Winnebago and the
Delawares are linguistically related.
Examples of clothing are shown in the collections of the eastern Cree
who live in Labrador. Among these examples is a twisted
rabbit skin, the Baby Bunting skin of fable. The garments
of the eastern Cree are painted rather than worked with beads.

The Ojibwa made maple sugar. Examples of their picture writing on

Seminole

Menomini

Winnebago

Cree

strips of birch bark, descriptions of ceremonies and songs, are
on exhibition; also a number of birch bark baskets. Haia-
watha was a member of this tribe.

Among the Delaware collections is a doll that was worshipped by this
tribe as the guardian of health. Indians of the vicinity of
New York City resemble this tribe more nearly than any
other. The Indians of Manhattan and vicinity are described. in Guide
Leaflet No. 29.

Ojibwa

Delaware

SOUTHWEST PAVILION
INDIANS OF THE PLAINS

The collections of the Indians of the Plains will be found in the hall
adjoining. ‘These Indians comprised the tribes living west of the Mis-
sissippi and east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the Valley
of the Rio Grande and as far north as Saskatchewan. They include
the Plains Cree, Dakota, Crow and Blackfoot shown on the
left of the hall, and the Mandan, Pawnee, Kiowa and Chey-
enne on the right. All these tribes were dependent on the
buffalo, so much so that they have sometimes been called the “Buffalo

Indians of
the Plains

A MEDICINE MAN’S TIPI, OBTAINED IN MONTANA, 1903

The interior shows the family life of a Blackfoot Indian. The man and woman are engaged in
household tasks, a tobacco board and pipe are in place for guests, the ashes of the family altar tell
of many incense-sprinkled coals that have burned down there

22

FIRST FLOOR, SOUTHWEST PAVILION 23

Indians.” Buffalo flesh was their chief food, and buffalo skin they made
into garments. A buffalo paunch was used
for cooking and buffalo horns were made into
various implements of industry and war. The
spirit of the buffalo was considered a power-
ful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward
off evil and to give aid inthe hunt. Wherever
the buffalo herds led the way, the Indians
moved their tents and followed. With the
extermination of the buffalo the entire life of
the Plains Indians was revolutionized.

In the center of this hall is a genuine Black-
foot Indian tipi with a painting of an otter on
one side. This tipi belonged to
a medicine man of that tribe,
who claimed to have miraculous

Blackfoot
Tipi
assistance from the otter.

There were numerous societies among the
Plains Indians which included practically all
grown Indians. A special dance
was required prior to entering
these societies. The costumes worn on such WO Headed maceacine fron
occasions are shown in this hall. There were the Indians of the Plains,

4 5 ches (Gros Ventre)

other dances connected with their religious

ceremonials, the best known and most important of which is the sun dance
illustrated by a model at the left of the tipi. The sun dance
was held annually in the early summer in fulfillment of a
vow made during the preceding winter by some member of the tribe who
wished a sick relative to recover. The dance involved great physical
endurance and excruciating self-torture, lasting three days, during which
time the dancers neither ate nor drank.

At the entrance to the tower room is a genuine medicine pipe, held in
awe by the Indians and dearly parted with; also the contents
of a medicine pipe bundle. The contents of another medicine
bundle, belonging to a learned man of the tribe (medicine
man), together with the headdress which he wore when visiting the sick, is
in a case near. |

The Plains Indians are noted for their picture writing on skins and for
their quillwork which has now been superseded by beadwork. [See Guide
Leaflet No. 15.]

Societies

Sun Dance

Medicine
Pipe

24 FIRST FLOOR, WEST WING

WEST WING

INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST

neighbors of the Plains Indians. They comprise those tribes west
of the eastern border of the Rocky Mountains living in the south-
ern part of Utah and Colorado, in Arizona, in New Mexico and in Northern

: Mexico. The hall is divided into two main sections: on the
Indians of jeft are the sedentary Indians —the Rio Grande Pueblo,
the South- : : : : : ; :
week the prehistoric Pueblo Bonito, the Hopi, the prehistoric Cliff

Dwellers and the Zuni; on the right are the nomadic Indians
— the eastern Apache, Apache, Navajo, Pima, and the Indians of Northern
Mexico. The sedentary Indians were peaceful and agricultural, made
pottery, dwelt in adobe houses and lived from age to age in one location.
The nomadic tribes were warlike and hunters, made baskets, lived in tipis
of buffalo skin and brush, and moved from place to place since they would
not live in an adobe where death had occurred. At the entrance to this
hall are models of Indian villages at Acoma and De Taos. An examination
Models of of these will give the visitor a correct idea of the manner of
Pueblo living, the character of the houses, churches and kivas,
Villages of | and the lay of the land. The Acoma mesa is near the “En-
Acoma and chanted Mesa” so surrounded by mystery. Material col-
De Taos lected from the Acoma tribe is found farther on in the hall
and is described on p 26.

On the left in a wall case are shown samples of pottery. This industry
was foremost among the sedentary Indians because the question of trans-
portation did not have to be considered. ‘Their food pro-
ducts of corn, beans, squash, cornmeal, bread, etc., are in
the next case; and examples of their ornaments, costumes
and war implements are shown farther on.

The Hyde collection of very distinctive black and white pottery in the
wall cases on the west is from the prehistoric Pueblo Bonitos. In an adjoin-
ing case is pottery from Rio Tuleroda, representing a pre-
historic and absolutely unknown tribe. Prehistoric inlaid
work and remarkable work with turquoise in other cases near
belong to the Pueblo Bonito tribe. Sandals, basketry, pottery, bags made
of the yucca plant, examples of weaving, and two mummies are from the
prehistoric Cliff Dwellers whose houses are represented by models along the
wall. A most extraordinary fragment of a blanket remarkable for its
texture and design is in a glass frame in one of the cases.

[: hall to the north is devoted to the Indians of the Southwest,

Rio Grande
Pueblo

Prehistoric
Tribes

An attractive Navajo blanket from the Museum’s valuable collection. The Navajo Indians
of the Southwest are a wealthy pastoral people and tke only Indian blanket-makers of North

America.

Navajo woman’s blanket of black and bayeta red. The woman’s dress is made by sewing
together two blankets along the sides and one end, leaving openings for head and arms. Bayeta
blankets, not made since 1875, are the oldest and most valuable of Navajo weaving; each contains
some amount, small or large, of red yarn ravelled from Spanish military uniforms

25

26 FIRST FLOOR, WEST WING

The Hopi are the people of the snake dance. One case contains the
costume and insignia used in the dance, and another cere-
monial plaques.

The Zuni were first visited and described by the Spanish in 1540. For
three hundred years and over they have resisted the inroads
of Christianity and in spite of missionaries and churches,
they still maintain their own religious ceremonies. Some of their ceremonial
masks and idols are in a near case. The wearing apparel and pottery of
the Acoma and Zuni are in the northern part of the room. In one case a
collection of saddles, plows and varicus implements is evidence of Spanish
influence on the Indian.

Continuing around the hall, the visitor comes to the case containing
the serapes, blankets of wonderful design and texture made
by the Mexican Indians, particularly near Saltillo. They
were made for the wealthy Spaniards and were worn as
ponchos or simply thrown over the shoulder. A serape is made at the
present day, but it is quite different from the old-time serape. One case
holds a model of a Mexican Indian woman weaving a serape and a man
mending an arrow. :

The Pima race, next in order in the hall, extends into Mexico. These
are desert people, using the giant cactus, century plant
and juniper berries for food.

To the Navajo Indian is justly acceded superiority in the field of weaving.
Navajo blankets are of unusual beauty and design and are
made from the wool obtained from their own sheep (intro-
duced into the region by the Spaniards) which they herd in great numbers.
To-day the blankets they weave are almost all sold, while they buy machine-
made blankets for their own use. One case contains valuable bayeta
blankets, named such because the red in them was obtained from ravelled
“bayeta”’ or flannel from Spanish military uniforms. The silversmith
industry was introduced among these Indians by the Mexicans, and the
buckles, bracelets and other ornaments exhibited are made from the Mexican
silver dollar. In an adjoining case are displayed the tools used in this work.

The Apache of the Southwest were not as warlike as the eastern Apache,
but lived on their own land and wove and made baskets.
The eastern Apache raided the country belonging to the
Plains Indians for buffalo, swooped down, captured their prey and returned
before they were overtaken by their furious pursuers. The dress, orna-
ments and implements of the eastern Apache are similar to those of the
Plains Indians. ‘Their tipis also correspond in being made of buffalo skin.
The case against the south wall contains examples of basketry, the pastime

Hopi

Zuni

Mexican
Indian

Pima

Navajo

Apache

FLOWERING DOGWOOD IN THE FORESTRY HALL
Each of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk
five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens
are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life 27

28 FIRST FLOOR, SOUTHEAST WING

and industry of these moving peoples. [For data on the Basket Makers
of Southeastern Utah see Guide Leaflet No. 6.]

[Return to the Jesup Statue.|

EAST CORRIDOR

PotaR Mars

Leaving the statue on the left and “ Willamette” meteorite on the right
and going east the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators are
located (East Corridor). Here will be found maps of the north and south
polar regions showing the routes of explorers. On the wall
by the north polar map are the sledges used by Admiral
Peary in his last three expeditions in search of the North
Pole. The Morris K. Jesup sledge which the Admiral used in his success-
ful polar expedition is the one nearest the entrance. The
various sledges in their differences of style show the persistent
effort made by Admiral Peary to bring the sledge up to its
greatest possible usefulness. That he was successful on his last trip was
in part due to the final modification. [A history of the south polar
expeditions is given in Guide Leaflet No. 31.]

Polar Expe-
ditions

Peary
Sledges

SOUTHEAST WING

JESUP COLLECTION OF NortH AMERICAN Woops

To the east of the elevators is the Hall of North American Forestry
containing the Jesup Collection of North American Woods, a nearly com-
plete collection of the native trees north of Mexico, presented to the
Museum by Morris K. Jesup. The specimens show cross, longitudinal and
oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished, and the labels on the

specimens give the distribution of the species, the character-
Jesup Collec- istics of the wood and its economic uses. The trees are
paeeaaen grouped by families and the location of each family will be
Woods found on the floor plan at the entrance of the hall. The

reproductions of the flowers, leaves and fruits in natural size
are instructive. This work is done in the Museum laboratories. Note the
character of forests as shown by the transparencies. [For fuller information
in regard to this hall see Guzde Leaflet No. 32.]

SOUTHEAST PAVILION

INVERTEBRATES

At the extreme east is Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the invertebrate
animals (those which do not possess a backbone). The installation in the
alcove cases is designed to give a synopsis of the Animal Kingdom and the

; relationships existing between the various groups. Passing
Synoptic

So around the hall from left to right, the progression is from the

lowest forms of animal life, the one-celled Protozoa, to the
highest and most complex forms of animal life, the Primates, including
man. The distinctive characteristics of each group are fully described on
the alcove and case labels. Many of the invertebrates, particularly among
the lowest forms, are so small and their structures are so minute, that
they can be seen only by the aid of a magnifying glass. In such
instances the specimens are represented by skilfully prepared models in
glass and wax showing the animal many times enlarged. Thus the visitor
may obtain an idea of the form and structure of these animals which in
spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital influence on
the life of man.
This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-
celled individuals. They arefound in stagnant water, and the ocean bottom
in many

Alcove 1 aig
localities
Protozoa |

is covered
with them. The
specimens exhibited
in this alcove are
models, some of
which are enlarged
more than a thou-
sand diameters.
Sponges are of
two kinds. Those
with skeletons or
supporting — struc-
tures of silica (1. e.

Al 9 flint) and European commercia sponge comparable with the Florida
cove those with yellow sponge or ‘‘Hardhead.’’ The sponge industry in both
Sponges the Mediterranean and the Bahama region is almost destroyed

skeletons by careless methods, and conservation must be practiced here as
of horn. The sponges in other of the world’s resources
29

30 FIRST FLOOR, SOUTHEAST PAVILION

Marine Habitat Group. A community of starfishes, sea anemones, sea urchins, corals
and sponges as seen below the edge of a coral reef in the Bahamas

of commerce belong to the latter class. In the specimens exhibited the
skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many
of the glass sponges are very beautiful in design. Sponges range in size
from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic “ Neptune’s
goblets” found in the eastern seas. This alcove contains certain specimens
whose tissue is represented in wax artificially colored to show the natural
coloring of sponges, which varies from the bleached yellowish color com-
monly seen to deep brown or black, or yellow and red, in varying shades.

In Alcove 3 are shown coral animals and their relatives: plant-like
hydroids which often are mistaken for sea moss, but which
really are a series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes
with their umbrella-shaped bodies and long streaming tenta-
cles; brilliant colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes; the magenta
colored organ-pipe coral, and the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps
are the animals that build up the coral reefs (there is no coral “insect’’).

The best known species in this group is the tapeworm, whose develop-
ment and structure are accurately shown by the models in
the central case. As will be seen, its structure is more com-
plex than that of preceding forms.

Alcove 3
Polyps

Alcove 4
Flatworms

INVERTEBRATES, DARWIN HALL ol

Alcove 5 These are for the most part parasitic, living in the digestive
Round- canals of mammals. The most familiar is the common

aeerEs roundworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which an enlarged

model is exhibited.

The wheel animalcules comprise many exquisite and grotesque forms,
Rie sca-6 some of which construct tubes of gelatinous substance, sand-
Rotifers grains, etc. A few of the species are parasites, but most of

them live a free, active life. They are aquatic, more abundant
in fresh water.

The sea-mats in Alcove 7 are plant animals which lead the colonial
form of life. The majority of the species are marine, although
a few occur in fresh water. The lamp shells shown in this
alcove superficially resemble clams, but by structure are more
closely related to the worms and starfishes.

Alcove 8 is occupied by the starfishes, the sea urchins, sea cucumbers

and sea lies. The starfish is the pest of the oyster beds as
Alcove 8 : .
Stacfich it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large numbers.
Starfish have the power of self-mutilation, 1. e. when handled
or attacked they are able to drop off an arm and later regenerate another.
Sea urchins are an important article of food in Europe and the West Indies.

The annelids are worms whose bodies are made up of rings or segments.
They are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water, many
kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while others
bore into wood and shells. The “houses” that these an-
nelids build are often very beautiful and interesting. The common earth-
worm is perhaps the most familiar of this group. In the window is a group
showing a section of a mud flat on the New England coast with the variety
of worm life found in what to the casual observer seems to be an uninhabited
area.

Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and their relatives.
The number of existing species in this group is greater than
that of all the rest of the animal and vegetable kingdoms
together. No other group comprises so many species useful
or harmful to man. In the case in the center of the alcove is a model
showing the anatomy of the common lobster, also enlarged

Alcove 7
Sea-mats

Alcove 9
Annelids

Alcove 10
Arthropods

Crustaceans : : ; :
sa models showing heads of various species of insects. On the
Insects wall are two of the largest specimens of lobsters that have

ever been taken. They weighed when alive thirty-one and

thirty-four pounds respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant
crab of Japan a specimen of which is placed on the wall.

This group is second only to the arthropods in the vast number and

By FIRST FLOOR, SOUTHEAST PAVILION

diversity of forms which it embraces, including marine, fresh water and
land animals. All mollusks have soft bodies, but nearly all of

Alcove 11 saa vee

Mollusks them secrete a shell which in many species is of pearly mate-
rial (mother-of-pearl). Well-known examples of this group
are the common clam and oyster and enlarged models in the

pa oe center case show the anatomy of these species. The largest
Greed species is the huge “bear’s paw” or furbelowed clam of the

eastern seas.
Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelligent
of animals. The group culminates in man who still bears |
witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention of a chorda
and gill clefts during embryonic life. The models in the
central case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates.

An exceptionally large specimen of beautiful madrepore coral is in the
case near the entrance, and the associations of marine life that may be found
among the coral reefs of the Bahamas are represented by
several smaller groups in the center of the hall. Certain of
the groups in this section of the hall illustrate various biological principles
associated with the name of Darwin. ‘The variation in form, size and color
of the snail and the variation of the shell of the common scallop are
graphically shown.

Alcove 12
Vertebrates

Coral

yi Anopfe/es, Cusex
BODY AT AN ACUTE ANGLE TO THE SURFACE BODY PARALLEL TO THE SURFACE
ON WHICH THE INSECT RESTS. ON WHICH THE INSECT RESTS.

Characteristic resting positions of malarial and common mosquitoes

Four large models in the center of the hall show the mosquito which is
the cause of the spread of malaria. These models represent
Models of the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters or in volume four
the Malarial |} ndred thousand times the natural size. The mosquito in
sosauiye its development undergoes a metamorphosis. The model
at the left shows the aquatic larval stage; the larve are the “wrigglers”’
of our rain water barrels. The next model is the pupal stage, also aquatic.
The third model is of the adult male mosquito which is harmless since it
never bites man. The fourth model shows the adult female mosquito in
the attitude of biting. In another case is a series of models showing the
life cycle of the malarial germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito.

[Return to the elevators. |

THE “BIG TREE’ OF CALIFORNIA

On the west wall of Darwin Hall are sections of the coast redwood and Big Tree of California.

The tags

on the latter indicate historical events that occurred during the life of the tree. [See Guide Leaflet No. 8]
This individual Big Tree which was 300 feet high grew for 1341 years, from 550 to 1891, when it was cut and
brought to the Museum. It was nearly a thousand years old when Columbus came to America and more than a
thousand when Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood
This largest, oldest, most majestic tree in the world exists only in ten small forests — groves they should
almost be called — on the western slope of the Sierras. ‘The trees are in large part under government control,

SO may continue to live through several generations of men a

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SECOND FLOOR
SOUTH PAVILION
MAMMALS
Passing to the left from the elevator we enter the South Pavilion includ-
Am _ ing the Mammals, and also in the center an astronomical
stronomi- Steer : :
et Glock clock. This is a model illustrating the movements of the

earth and designed to tell the time of day. Full explanation

is found on the label.

The various breeds of domesticated dogs are shown in the case on the

east wall. This collection illustrates the variations which a species may

Dogs

undergo in domestication. ‘The dog has been the companion
of man from the very earliest time, but he is believed to have

been derived from several wild species. [His remains are found in the
shell heaps of primitive man.| The case contains such divergent types as
the tiny toy spaniel, which can easily le in one’s hand, and the powerful
St. Bernard which has rescued many travelers in the Alps; the hairless dog
of Mexico and the shaggy collie useful in tending sheep.

From this case passing to the right around the hall, we find the small

carnivores including the weasels, ferrets, ermine, and the foxes and bears.

The next case contains the members of the cat family

the lions, tigers,

35

36 SHCOND. FLOOR, SOUTH PAVILION

leopards and wild cats. The specimen of the Barbary lion was presented
_ alive to the New York Zodlogical Society by the daughter of
Barbary Lion : :
“Hannibal” Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and after its death was sent to the
Museum. It is a good example of what can be done in
mounting an animal by modern methods of taxidermy.
In the cases on the north wall are mounted specimens of the American
bison with skeletons near for comparison. The Asiatic elephant is the
famous “Tip” which was brought to this country in 1881,
Elephant : fae
Cpip” and for seven years was one of the attractions of Forepaugh’s
circus. He was given to the City of New York by Mr.
Forepaugh and lived in the Central Park Menagerie until 1894, when because
of his treacherous disposition it was found necessary to kill him. He is
said to have caused the death of several of his keepers, and was twenty-
three years old when killed.

In a corridor to the left of the astronomical clock as we approach from
the elevator are the Natural History Reading Room, the Children’s
Room and the Room for the Blind.

In the Natural History Reading Room are placed popular books on

natural history and especially books descriptive of the col-

Natural His- |. .tions in the exhibition halls. The visitor is invited to
tory Reading

Roch make use of these books. The main library consisting of

more than 70,000 volumes on natural science, is on the fifth
floor, open free to the public from 9 a. Mm. to 5 P. M. cus except Sundays
and. holidays.

The Children’s Room is designed to arouse interest in
natural history and outdoor life. The room is open regularly
on Wednesday and Saturday. |
The Room for the Blind contains specimens of animals and of
Indian implements which can easily be handled and there-
fore are suitable for examination by the blind. The
labels are printed in raised type in both Braille and New

Children’s
Room

Room for
the Blind

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A room of the Mu-
seum’s Mexican res-
taurant, an accurate
restoration of temple

#4 ruins.at Mitla

SOUTHWEST WING

ANCIENT MoNUMENTS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

Continuing west from the South Pavilion containing the astronomical
clock, we pass through the West Corridor which is reserved for the exhibits
of the Department of Anatomy and Physiology and the Department of
Public Health and enter the Southwest Wing devoted chiefly to ancient
monuments from Mexico and Central America.

From the entrance to the middle of the hall are collections from South
America and Yucatan. The rear of the hall contains material from
Mexico. The reproductions illustrate chiefly the sculpture of Mayan and
Nahuatl cultures and are the gift of the Duke of Loubat. The material
of the Mayan culture comprises plaster casts of the ancient stone monu-
ments, or stele and altar stones, the stone and obsidian tools used to
carve them, stone sculptures found in excavations and ruined buildings of
the ancient city of Copan, and pottery of various designs. At the left of
the entrance are two cases of pottery, jade and stone work from Costa
Rica and Panama, evidently marking a lower type of civilization.

_ The casts of the large stone pillars are taken from the ancient stele,
and which probably were erected as monuments and some of which are
standing even to-day. Returning to the center of the hall
and going back to the east entrance, we see reproductions of
stele from Copan arranged in order from the oldest and crudest form to a

Stele

39

40 SECOND FLOOR, SOUTHWEST WING

higher and finer type of carving, covering a space of time of two or three
hundred years. This arrangement applies only to the row of casts on either
side, not to the two large central models, nor to the sidé exhibits. The
early stele of about 100 A. D. have hieroglyphs carved in very low relief
and with sharp corners, while the hieroglyphs of the later period are cut
deeper and in more rounded relief. In the earlier stelee human figures are
carved in a crude blocklike manner, with protruding eyes and angular
limbs. Students of this subject have been able to decipher a large part of
these hieroglyphs and figures which give dates and reckonings.

The monolithic monuments mark the first period of Mayan culture.
The large altar stone to the left of the entrance is also of
the first period and is perhaps the finest and most perfectly
preserved specimen of which we have a reproduction. It represents a
double-headed monster which had religious significance.

The second period of Mayan culture was more architectural in style
and the art was a higher type, as is evidenced by the profile work in the
reproductions of the carvings from the temples at Palenque shown on the
north side of the hall. On the south wall another example of the art of
this period is the copy of the painted sculpture from the “Temple of the
Jaguars” at Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. It shows warriors in procession
going to worship some god and their prayers are represented as coming
from their lips. This sculpture shows strong evidence of Mexican influence
in certain of its details.

Next in order is the Nahuatl culture, which is represented in the alcove
eases by ancient pottery, musical instruments, copper objects, and orna-
ments made of obsidian and jade. The Nahua language was spoken by
many of the tribes of Mexico and of these the Aztecs inhabited only the
City of Mexico. One case contains facsimile reproductions of ancient
books called. codices which were made of deerskin, paper or
cloth. These were historical, religious or civil records and
the Spanish burned hundreds of them in their efforts to destroy the native
religion. The so-called sacrificial stone or the “Stone of Tizoc” has carved
around it records of Aztec conquests of various cities. The
“Calendar Stone” on the south wall, was found in the City
of Mexico and the original is now in the museum of that city.

Other culture areas in Mexico are shown by the names Tarascan, Zapo-
tecan, etc. The Tarascan is situated mostly in the states of Michoacan
and Jalisco. The most interesting objects from this area are
funeral urns which represent men and women in their every-
day dress. The modeling is very peculiar. The Zapotecan
culture area is situated in Southern Mexico and the most famous ruins are

Altar Stone

Codices

Calendar
Stone

Funeral
Urns

COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA 4]

Mitla and Monte Alban. A cruciform tomb at Guiaroo, near the ruins of
Mitla, is shown by a model at this end of the room. The collection of
goldwork in an adjoining case is very fine.

DN

SOUTHWEST PAVILION

PREHISTORIC Man oF NortH AMERICA

Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion likewise given over
to archeology, in this instance that of North America. Here are examples
of ancient pottery, arrow-heads, stone axes and other implements of stone
and bone, mostly from burial mounds. Notice that the arrangement from
left to right around the hall is by states. Read the label at the entrance
of this hall. For more complete description read case labels and various
books of information on the exhibits in this room. [See Guide Leaflet

No. 2].
WEST WING

COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA

Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is
the hall devoted chiefly to African ethnology although temporarily African
mammals also are installed here. The installation is geographical, i. e., as
the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he meets the
tribes that would be found in passing from south to north of Africa, and
the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east coast along the
east wall.

The hippopotamus is the famous “Caliph,” who lived for twenty years
in the Central Park Zoo and died when he was forty years old.
He was the largest hippopotamus ever recorded.

The central portion of the hall is given over to the anthropology of the
Congo, the collections being largely the gift of Leopold II of
Belgium. The decorative frieze is designed to give an idea of
the character of the country and again the arrangement of
the panels is geographical. The window transparencies show scenes of the
daily life of the people, the thatched houses in which they live, the games
they play and the clothes they wear. The South African negro is essen-
tially an agriculturist; both men and women plant and hoe. Maize,
millet, rice, beans, sweet potatoes and pumpkins are among the products.

Hunting is no longer common, although among some of the tribes they

set traps for leopards and lions and hunt the hippopotamus. In one tribe

“‘Caliph’’

Congo
Collections

42 SHCOND FLOOR, WEST WING

fishing 1s accomplished by putting poison into the water to stupity the fish
which are then gathered in the hands by hundreds.

These primitive people of the Congo display remarkable skill ia working
iron, as an examination of their weapons of war and of the chase will show.
Wood-carving, weaving, and spinning are done by the men; pottery is
made by the women. Musical instruments are numerous. An exhibition
of bronze and brass castings, a craft among the Benin and unheard of before
1897, is in the north end of the hall. Many of these bronzes portray cul-
tural traits. This method of casting was employed in Europe in the Renais-
sance period. How old the art may be and how much of it is really native
is a question.

Bark cloth, shown in some of the cases, is used for bed mats and clothing.
In the case at the south end of the Congo collections are a number of so-

MULANDI CARVED STICKS, AFRICA
Wood carving is a highly developed art in South-central Africa and the Congo.
The carving on these knob-sticks represents great power of finish and execution

called “pile blankets” which the men weave and the women decorate.

The countless number of knives, spears and warlike implements is
suggestive of the manner in which these people live; they are never certain
of not being attacked. They make few permanent things and store up
little food in time of plenty.

Fetish worship is common. Some of these fetishes are supposed to give
security in battle or to ward off ills. The ceremonial masks of which a great
number are on exhibition, are owned and worn mostly by the shamans or
priests. Ancestor worship is found among some tribes.

[ Return to the astronomical clock.]

SOUTH CENTRAL WING
BrrDS OF THE WoRLD

Going north from the hall of mammals past the case containing the lion
“Hannibal,” we enter the hall containing the general collection of birds of the
world. In the first four cases on the right the 13,000 known species of

birds are represented by typical examples of the principal
Birds of the groups arranged according to what is believed to be their
World natural relationship. The remaining cases on the right wall

and all of those on the left show the geographical distribution
of the bird fauna of the world. The specimens are grouped according to
the great faunal regions — namely, the South American Temperate realm,
American Tropical, North American Temperate, African, Indo-Malay and
Australian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying maps
give opportunity for a comparative study of the birds of these regions.

THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER

One of a series of four small groups showing this bird’s seasonal changes of color as brought

about by molting and feather growth

43

44 SECOND FLOOR, SOUTH CENTRAL WING

In the middle of the hall are various cases showing characteristic scenes
of bird life. A group of ptarmigan in seasonal plumage is
at the entrance. Unlike most birds the ptarmigan has three
distinct molts a year: From the pure white of winter it passes in the
spring into the dark gray-brown plumage of summer. It again sheds
its feathers in the fall, acquiring a plumage of lighter brown which har-
monizes more nearly with its surroundings. Then later it passes into its
winter plumage of white. Beyond the ptarmigan group is

Ptarmigan

Great Auk
the great auk case and the Labrador duck group; both of
ee these birds are now extinct, and there are only four mounted
uc

specimens of the former in this country.

In a case near the center of the hall is an exhibit illustrating the differ-
ences in structure of the beaks and claws of birds, and some of the habits
of various species of North American woodpeckers.

At the north end of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the birds
of paradise of the world, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. Birds of
paradise are confined exclusively to New Guinea and a few
adjacent islands. This collection illustrates the remarkable
modifications that the feathers of a single group of birds
may undergo in nature.

Birds of
Paradise

Finback Suspended from the ceiling of this hall is the skeleton of
Whale a finback whale, sixty-two feet in length.

CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION
REcENT FISHES

The doorway at the north end of the hall of the birds of the world
leading to the rear of the bird of paradise case opens into the gallery of
the Auditorrwm and to the corridor devoted to the general collection of
recent fishes. This hall contains representatives of the marine and
fresh-water fishes of the world. The exhibit includes typical examples of
the various groups of vertebrates popularly comprised in the term
“fishes”? and is arranged to show first the most primitive fishes, the sharks,
then successively various groups leading up to the teleosts or bony fishes,
which were the last to appear in the course of evolution. ‘These groups are
as follows: lampreys and hagfishes, eel-like creatures with round sucking
mouths and no jaws, hence not really fishes in the strict sense of the word;
sharks and rays, the most primitive, that is the most ancient type of fishes;
chimeeroids or rat-fishes, a group of highly modified sharks living mostly
in the deep sea; lungfishes, an ancient group represented at the present
time by three kinds or genera, living respectively in the rivers of Australia,

MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA 45

Africa and South America; ganoids, including the sturgeon, gar pike,
paddlefish, bowfin and the African bichirs. In earlier geological ages
ganoids were more numerous than other fishes, but at present they are
few and relatively unimportant.

The teleosts or bony fishes comprise about 10,500 species, or nearly
nine-tenths of all existing forms, including the majority of food and game
fishes, such as the bass, carp, cod, eel and herring.

An exhibit of fossil fishes is to be found on the fourth floor.

[Return to the astronomical clock
and the corridor of the elevators.]

SOUTHEAST WING

MAMMALS OF NortTH AMERICA

Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall contain-
ing specimens of North American mammals. In the cases on the west wall
are several groups illustrating the mammals found within fifty miles of New
York City. The first of these groups shows the opossum, the sole repre-
sentative in the United States of the marsupial or pouched
mammal. With what appear to be the head and ears of a
pig and the prehensile tail of a monkey, with a strange pouch for the trans-
portation of the young, and with proverbial cunning and remarkable
tenacity of life, the opossum is one of the quaintest and most interesting
of North American mammals. This is the animal so famous in the negro
songs of the South.

Next in order is the raccoon, more commonly known as
the “coon.” It is nocturnal in habit and makes its nest
in hollow trees. Two species of fox are shown, the red fox
and the gray fox, both of which are justly famous for their

Opossum

Raccoon

Foxes

sly cunning.

46 SECOND FLOOR, SOUTHEAST WING

The common skunk is a very useful although greatly abused animal.
While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its
principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice.
Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of glands
situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this fluid toa

Skunk

&

THE WEASEL GROUP

One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New
York City. The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk,
mink, muskrat, woodchuck, rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some ‘“‘fur-bearing’’
species; weasel fur is often used instead of ermine.

considerable distance. Its skin makes a valuable fur known as “ Alaskan
sable.” ‘

Two other fur-bearing animals shown are the mink and
the weasel, the latter in both its summer dress of dull
brown and its winter coat of white. Weasel fur is often used

Mink and
Weasel

in place of ermine.

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THE VIRGINIA DEER

Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example
in the Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy

Another fur-bearing animal shown is the muskrat. In the group are
seen its summer home, usualiy a burrow in the bank of a
stream or pond, and its winter mound, constructed of swamp
grass and roots mixed with mud. Muskrats are extensively trapped for
their fur.

The woodchuck or ground hog is a vegetable feeder but does very little
harm to crops. It hibernates for a large part of the year
usually from September to April. The old legend says that
the ground hog comes out of his hole on the second of February and if it is
bright and he sees his shadow, he goes back into his hole for
six weeks longer and we may expect more cold weather. Other
groups represent the varying hare and the common species

Muskrat

Woodchuck

Hares and
Squirrels

of squirrels.

In the central section of the hall is a group of moose. It represents an
early autumn scene in a secondgrowth forest in New Brunswick, and illus-
trates one of the favorite feeding grounds of the moose.
Beyond the moose exhibit are species of mammals found
within fifty miles of New York City, namely Virginia deer,
the otter and the wild cat or lynx. The buffalo group gives a typical bit
of the prairie traversed by buffalo trails, while the members of the herd
represent different stages of growth of the buffalo. This is
the animal which formerly roamed in countless numbers

over the western plains but which is now reduced to a few insignificant herds.
48

Moose
Group

Bison Group

7

seal rookeries in the Pribilof

- Sheep Group

MAMMALS OF POLAR REGIONS 49

On the south side of the hall are displayed the cloven-hoofed animals
of North America. These include sheep, musk ox, caribou,
collared peccary and various species of deer. At the extreme
end of the hall is a group of antelope showing the manner in
which they wander across the plains. This animal possesses the power to
raise or lower at will the long hairs on the rump in such a manner that the
light is reflected as from a mirror, and by this flashing the animal is said to
signal approaching danger. On the north side of the hall are shown the
rodents and carnivores. [See Guide Leaflet No. 5.|

Antelope
Group

SOUTHEAST PAVILION

1. MAMMALS OF THE PoLaR REGION

2. REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

Proceeding eastward beyond the antelope group we enter the Southeast
Pavilion containing the boreal
animals of North
America and at
the extreme east
of the hall the exhibit of reptiles
and amphibians. At the en-
trance is shown a family of fur
seals as it appears in one of the

Fur Seal
Group

Islands. During the breeding
season the fur seals, from which
is obtained the sealskin of commerce, congregate in their island rookeries in
great numbers and have been so hunted by man that they are threatened
with extinction.

A YOUNG SEAL OF THE FUR SEAL GROUP

Grant's Grant’s caribou inhabit the barren ground of the extreme
Caribou western end of the Alaskan peninsula. The type specimen of
Group _ this species is in the Museum.

The mountain sheep inhabit the more inaccessible mountain regions
of the West from the northern part of Mexico to the shores
of the Arctic ocean. It is probable that they originated in
the mountains of Central Asia and spread through Siberia
into the American continent. ‘The geographic variation of the mountain
sheep of North America is shown on the section of a globe near the group.

[See Guide Leaflet No. 5.]

Mountain

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REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 51

At the right is a large wall case group of the Atlantic walrus. These
Walrus huge mammals are relatives of the seals, inhabit the waters
Group of the far north and are still fairly abundant along the shores
of Greenland. The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an
important part in the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the prin-
cipal food supply, skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear, boat
covers, and harnesses for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made knives,
bows, harpoons, and other hunting and cooking utensils.
The polar bear and cubs were secured for the Museum by
Admiral Peary.

The Roosevelt elk or wapiti inhabits the Coast Range of mountains from

British Columbia to northern California. These animals are
Roosevelt Elk : ee :

nearing the verge of extinction through indescribable slaughter
although formerly very abundant.

The specimens in the musk ox group were collected for the Museum

Polar Bear

Peary by Admiral Peary in 1896. Musk oxen inhabit the snow-
Musk ox covered wastes of the Arctic barrens, living upon willow
Group leaves, lichen and bark dug up from under the snow.

The collection of reptiles and amphibians is exhibited at the east side

; of this hall and in the adjoining tower room. Because of
Reptiles and

fe phihians the difficulty of preserving the natural covering of many of

these animals they are usually exhibited in jars of alcohol.
In the specimens on exhibition here the perishable parts have been cast in
wax from life; for example in the star tortoise the original “shells” of the
specimens are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax.

The classification of these animals is shown in the tall cases along the
west side of the alcove, the case to the right of the entrance being devoted
to the amphibians; the others to lizards, snakes, turtles and crocodiles.
The mounting not only brings out the principal features of the species
exhibited, but in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of
the animals; for mstance the common newt, one of the salamanders, is
represented by a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding
the skin; Pickering’s hyla or the “spring peeper”’ is shown with vocal sacs
inflated; the poisonous bushmaster is represented with its eggs, and so on.

The groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they
appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana, the
water moccasin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattlesnake, the
copperhead, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise and the
common painted turtle. .

One of the most interesting of the groups isa jungle scene in India sho w-

A PORTION OF THE BULLFROG GROUP

Two frogs are engrossed in a chickadee on the birch branch above. The smaller frog seems likely to
fall a prey to a black snake ready to strike from the white azalea near

The scene is typical of southern New England in July. "The frogs and the reptiles are wax casts
from life. The various activities of bullfrog life are set forth, with the relations to birds and small

mammals, fish, snakes, turtles, insects and snails. The metamorphosis from the tadpole is also shown
52

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 53

ing a water monitor, which is the largest of living lizards, the poisonous
Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra, the last with
hood distended and poised ready to strike. The cobra is
said to be the cause of a great majority of the 20,000 deaths which annually
occur in India from snake bite. Examine carefully the group of the copper-
head snake or “red-eye,” one of the two species of poisonous
snakes to be found in the vicinity of New York and also the
group contrasting the harmless water snake with the poison-
ous water moccasin of southern cypress swamps. ‘Two groups are devoted
to rattlesnakes, which are easily recognized by the string of rattles at the
end of the tail, by means of which they give warning before they strike.
There are comparatively few species of poisonous snakes in the United
States, about sixteen in all,
comprising rattlesnakes, the
moccasin, copperhead and
two kinds of coral snake.
All other species are harm-
less and in spite of the
almost universal prejudice
against them are a very use-
ful ally of man since they
live chiefly on rats, mice and
nsects injurious to crops.
Entering the darkened
tower room we
find a group of
unusual inter-
est, showing the common .
bullfrog of North America. ¥ The bullfrog’s tongue is fastened in front and
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bullfrog undisturbed in its
typical haunt. It illustrates the changes from the tadpole to the adult frog
_and shows many of the activities of the frog —its molting, swimming,
breathing under water and in air, croaking, and “ lying low” before ‘an
enemy; also its food habits in relation to small mammals, to birds, snakes,
insects, snails, to small fish and turtles,

Cobra Group

Copperhead
Snake Group

Bullfrog
Group

[Return to the elevators.|

A DETAIL OF THE FLAMINGO GROUP

Neither ‘‘protective coloration’’ nor ‘‘cover’’ can be said to help in the preservation of this
species, for the flaming creatures live on bare islands in colonies thousands strong. Their protection
lies in their isolaticn, their shyness and the open character of the haunt which allows them to see
long distances
54

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2. Members’ Room

THIRD FLOOR

SOUTH PAVILION

1. Monkeys, APES AND PRIMITIVE Man
2. RopDENTS

The primates, the monkeys and apes of the world, occupy the South
Pavilion of the third floor, the first hall at the left as one
turns from the elevators. These animals in structure and
brain capacity resemble man more closely than do any
other of the mammals, but while man and the apes have sprung from a
common ancestor, in no sense has man descended from the existing apes.
A family of orang-utans, the most powerful and most ferocious
of the apes, is shown in a case on the south side of the
hall. In another case the skeleton of a chimpanzee, “Mr.
Crowley,” and of a gorilla are placed beside a skeleton of a man to allow
a study of the similarities in structure.

Monkeys
and Apes

Orang-utan
Group

On the other side of the hall will be found the bats, the only mammals
that really fly, and the hares and other rodents, among which
the rat, mice and squirrels are familiar examples. The
rodents are the most numerous and the most widely distributed of the
mammals.

Rodents

Suspended from the ceiling in the center of the hall is a skeleton of a
North Atlantic right whale which is more than forty feet in length. The
55

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DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON

Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the ‘‘Habitat Bird Groups,’’ and
they present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment

hall also contains small groups showing the nesting habits of a number of
our common birds, among them the phalarope, oriole, flycatcher, robin,
tanager, vireo and quail.

SOUTH CENTRAL WING
Brrp Groups

Here are the “ Habitat Groups” of North American Birds. This unique
series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds in their
natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the immediate
direction of Frank M. Chapman, Curator of Ornithology, who collected
most of the specimens and made practically all of the field studies necessary
for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting, he traveled more
than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions of specific locali-
ties, painted from sketches made by the artist who usually accompanied
the naturalist when the field studies for the groups were made. Practically
all sections of the country are represented, thus the series not only depicts
characteristic bird life of North America but characteristic American

57

58 THIRD FLOOR, SOUTH CENTRAL WING

scenery as well. The backgrounds of the groups were painted by Bruce
Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, J. Hobart Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox
and Louis A. Fuertes. The artificial foliage and flowers were made in the
Museum laboratories from material collected in the localities represented.
Each group is fully described in the label attached to the case. See also
Guide Leaflets No. 28, No. 1 and No. 22. Beginning with the case at the
right of the entrance and passing on to the right around the hall, we find
the groups arranged in the following sequence:

The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is
limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling from Panama
north to Greenland there are zones of bird life corresponding
to the zones of temperature. This condition is illustrated
in the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in traveling
from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow clad peak the naturalist finds

Orizaba
Group

RQ QI wk \

—=s

White pelican from Klamath Lake Group, Oregon. One young bird is illustrating
its-amusing method of procuring food from its parent’s throat

zones of life comparable with those to be found in traveling north on the
continent. Thus the Orizaba group so far as the distribution of life is
concerned is an epitome of all the groups in the hall.

Among our most beautiful and graceful shore birds are the terns and

es gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so cease-
Cobb’s Island , _ ane
Group lessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes that
hen now in their breeding places there are only hundreds where

formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an island

off the Virginia coast where the
birds are now protected by law.

The duck hawk may be found
nesting on the Palisades of the
Hudson almost within the limits
of New York City. It builds
nests on the ledges
of the towering cliffs.
This hawk is a near
relative of the falcon which was so
much used for hunting in the Middle
Ages.

In August and September the meadows
and marshlands in the vicinity of Hackensack,

New Jersey, are teeming with bird life. In
the group showing these Hackensack
meadows are swallows preparing to
migrate southward, bobolinks or rice

: birdsin fall plumage, red-winged blackbirds,
rails and the wood duck.

The wild turkey is a native of America and was once
abundant in the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the
United States, but is now very rare. It differs in color from

the Mexican bird, the ancestor of our common
oe eee barnyard turkey, which was introduced from AES
Troup Cobb’s Island Group
Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was
brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from studies near
Slaty Forks, West Virginia. )

The great blue heron usually nests in trees. The bird flies with its
neck curved back on its body and because of this habit can
readily be distinguished from the crane with which it is
frequently confounded. (Reproduced from studies near St.
Lucie, Florida.)

In the “bonnets” or yellow pond lily swamps with cypresses and
Water cabbage palmettoes, the shy water turkey builds its nest.
Turkey or It receives the name “turkey” from its turkey-like tail and
“Snake-bird” the title “snake-bird” from its habit of swimming with only
Group the long slender neck above water. (Reproduced from studies
near St. Lucie, Florida.)

The sandhill crane builds its nest of reeds in the water. Unlike the
herons in this respect, it differs also in its manner of flight,
always stretching its neck well out when on the wing. (Re-
produced from studies on the Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.)

Duck Hawk
Group

Hackensack
Meadow
Group

Florida Great
Blue Heron
Group

Sandhill
Crane Group

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HABITAT BIRD GROUPS 61

Pelican Island on the Indian River of Florida has been made a reser-
vation by the United States Government, and these grotesque
birds may now breed there undisturbed. The view shows a
section of the island at the height of the nesting season.
Notwithstanding the hundreds of young birds that are clamoring for
food, observation has shown that the parent bird can pick out its own
offspring with unfailing accuracy. (Reproduced from studies at Pelican
Island, Florida.)

This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in this
country through the use of its “ aigrette plumes ”’ for millinery
purposes, and is now confined to a few protected rookeries of
the South. The birds have these plumes only during the nest-
ing season, at which time the death of the parent means the
starvation of the young. (Reproduced from studies in a rookery of South
Carolina. )

The turkey vulture or buzzard is one of the best known birds of the
South where it performs a valuable service in acting as the
scavenger of the streets. On this account it is protected
by law and by public sentiment and has become both abun-
dant and tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in the
Potomac River, near Washington.

The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North

American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the Andes

Brown Peli-
can Group

Snowy Heron
or Egret
Group

Turkey Vul-
ture Group

a but has a slightly greater spread of wing, eight and one-half
Group to eleven feet. In the group the visitor is supposed to be

standing in the interior of the cave where the bird has its

nest and is looking down on the river of the cafon which is more than

five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cajon,
California. )

The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is

painted in the background. The young birds are feeding and

ee : it will be noticed that one fledgeling is reaching well down the
Group mother’s throat after the predigested food. (Reproduced

from studies at Monterey, California.)

Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird
fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and
aquatic bird life abounds. This group is a good illustration
of the influence of man on the bird life of a region.

In the breeding season the flamingos congregate in great numbers in
their rookeries. There were estimated to be two thousand nests in this
colony. The flamingos construct their nests by scooping up mud with

San Joaquin
Valley Group

62 THIRD FLOOR, SOUTH CENTRAL WING

their bills and packing it down by means of bills and feet.
The nests are raised to a height of twelve or fourteen inches;
this protects eggs and young from disasters due to high water.
Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born covered with down
like a young duck and is fed by the mother on predigested food. The bril-
liant plumage of the adult is not acquired until the fifth or sixth month.
(Reproduced from studies in the Bahama Islands.) |
In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which
Booby and = three thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds
Man-of-War é :
Group were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea
grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama

Flamingo
Group

Islands. )

The abundance of bird life in one of these rookeries is quite astounding.

In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets, Ameri-
Blond: can egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons, ibises, cormor-
Rookery : a:
Group ants and water turkeys. Because of the great inaccessibility

of this island it has been one of the last places to escape the
depredations of the plume-hunter. (Reproduced from studies in the
Everglades of Florida.)

The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds.
In North America it is now most common in the region from the Rockies
to the Pacific coast, although it is found as far east as
Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding, the eagle
never attacks man even though the nest is approached.
Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks and occasionally sheep.
(Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.)

The abundance of bird life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta,
which is seen in the center of the background, is astonishing. Here is an
example of how the normal nesting habits of a bird may be
changed by its being driven into a different locality. In the
group are white pelicans which usually make a nest of pebbles,
Caspian terns which commonly build their nests on sand, and cormorants
that nest on rocks, all nesting together here on the tule or rush islets of
the lake. (Reproduced from studies at Klamath Lake, Oregon.)

The scene represented in this group is above timber line on the crest

’ _ of the Canadian Rockies — 8,000 feet above the sea. Al-
Say ane though these mountains are in the temperate region the
Group altitude gives climatic conditions that would be found in

the far north, and the bird life is arctic in character. Here
are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow finches and _pipits.
(Reproduced from studies in the Canadian Rockies.)

Golden Eagle
Group

Klamath
Lake Group

A grebe swims in stately fashion, while, peep-
ing from the warm cradle of her back, eager, con-

tented young birds take a sail with her

even before the ice is melted. To
secure the young birds for this group
it was necessary to hatch the eggs of
the wild goose under a hen, so difficult
is it to find the young in nature.
(Reproduced from studies made at
Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. )
The grebe is another of our aquatic
Cone Coup birds which builds its
nest near the water.

During the incubation period the par-
ent bird usually covers the eggs with
grass and reeds when leaving the nest.
Nesting at the same lake with the
grebe was the red-head duck, which
lays from fifteen to twenty eggs.
(Reproduced from studies made at
Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.)
The loon is justly famed for its
skill as a diver, and can
Loon Group : :
swim with great speed

under water. Its weird call is a

This group shows a stretch of wes-
tern plateau covered
with sage bush. In this
bush is seen the male

Sage Grouse
Group

sage grouse strutting and wooing a
mate. (Reproduced from studies at
Medicine Bow, Wyoming.)

The prairie chickens are akin to
the common _ grouse.

The group represents a Prairie
1 Chicken
typical scene during the Gian

mating season. The

male birds go through most surprising
antics in their efforts to attract the
females. They inflate the orange-
colored sacs on the sides of their
necks, dancing and strutting about
and uttering a loud resonant booming
note. (Reproduced from studies near
Halsey, Nebraska. )

The wild goose is one of the first
birds to migrate north
in the spring. It nests
in the lakes of Canada

Wild Goose
Group

Love making of the prairie chicken. In this
position and with orange-like air sacks inflated,
he produces a booming sound which may carry a
distance of two miles

63

64 THIRD FLOOR, WEST CORRIDOR

familiar sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons pass the
winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced from studies at
Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire. )

This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in
great numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a
mere shadow of what it was even fifty years ago. Seven
species are shown nesting in the group. Namely the razor-billed auk,
petrel, gannet, puffin, Kittiwake gull, common murre and Briinnich’s :
murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Lawrence.)
[A description of the Bird Rock Group is given in Guide Leaflet No. 1.|

Bird Rock
Group

[Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.|
WEST CORRIDOR
Loca Brrps

Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are and passing to
the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the collection

Seasonal of local birds. At the south end of the corridor are several
Collection : : :
of Birds cases in which the birds are changed each month to represent

the bird life of the parks of the city. This exhibit is particu-
larly useful for teachers and to those desiring to identify the birds which
they see out of doors. Other exhibits which will appeal to the bird student
are those showing types of feet, bill, wings and feathers. Variation of a
species, that all important factor of evolution, is here illustrated in the
geographical variation in size and color of the song sparrow. [See Guide
Leaflet No. 22.]

The group near the stairway showing the feeding habits of birds, empha-
sizes the remarkable manner in which the bill of the bird is
adapted to secure food. For instance the humming bird
which feeds to a considerable extent on the nectar of flowers,
has a long, slender bill; the birds of prey like the owl or hawk, have short,
curved bills for tearing flesh; the seed-eating birds like the parrot, have
thick, heavy bills, while the water-feeding birds like the duck, have broad,
spoon-shaped bills.

The collection of Auduboniana, or objects relating to the life and work
of John J. Audubon, occupies the stairway wall. It com-
prises original sketches and drawings of Audubon and his
sons and was presented to the Museum by his granddaughters.

Bird Feeding
Group

Auduboniana

INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA 65

SOUTHWEST WING

INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA

Passing through the west corridor of local birds and on into the ad-
joining hall to the west, we find the collections relating to the Indians of
South America. The greater part of the hall is filled with
Indians of aterial from Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Chile, illustrating

South Amer- ; AS bore :
Pan, the various forms of culture that prevailed in the empire of the
Incas. These Indians, together with the Mexican Indians,

PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES

The only sources of knowledge of prehistoric Peruvians come from their graves. They
were familiar with most modern weaves including the finest gobelins and produced highly
decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs. The Museum’s
collection of mummy cloths is perhaps the largest in the world, and is not fully known, for a
large number of the mummy bundles have never been opened

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INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA 67

attained the highest type of civilization on this continent in prehistoric
times. Unlike the Mexicans however, they had no written language.
_ They were tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, beans, coca and
cotton. The Incas domesticated the llama, which was used as a beast of
burden. ‘They excelled in the manufacture and decoration of pottery
vessels, in metalwork, and in textile fabrics. In the case directly in
front of the entrance are displayed gold and silver objects
such as beads, cups, pins and earrings which show the skill
of the Incas in the beating, soldering and casting of metals.
In weaving they were perhaps preéminent among prehistoric peoples, many
of their specimens exhibited here being unsurpassed at the
present day. The materials used were cotton and the wool
of the llama, alpaca and vicuna. In the first cases on the right are examples
of these textiles with looms and shuttles. [The musical instruments of
ancient Peru are discussed in Guide Leaflet No. 11.]

The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from the
north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of the
continent. The two-spouted drinking cups, copperwork, slings such as are
still in use, portrait jars, vessels upon which the decorations represent fruit
and vegetables and scenes from daily life, and black pottery, are all pre-
historic and a number of the specimens are of rare beauty as well as valuable
from an archeological standpoint.

The collections in the gallery rail cases include quipos used to keep
accounts, various kinds of corn which with the lima bean and potato have
been introduced into our country from Peru; charms and medicines, coca
which was chewed, and maize which was used to make the national drink
chicha. A number of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the wall
cases at the east end of the room.

The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found at
Chuquicamata, Chile, and is the body of an Indian which has
been remarkably preserved by nature. This Indian may have
met his death by the caving in of some mine, and in the dry
climate of the region the tissues of the body have been so thoroughly im-
pregnated with copper salts that the original form of the man is retained.

On the north side of the wall are the ethnological collections from Brazil,
British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements, basketry,
featherwork and musical instruments are arranged in these cases. One
case contains skulls which evidence most extraordinary skill in trephining.

f For ritualistic purposes or for cures or for some other unknown

Trephined : : :
Skulls reason, this supposedly modern surgical operation was suc-
cessfully performed. Many of the tribes deformed their

Gold and
Silver

Textiles

Chilean
Mummy

68 THIRD FLOOR, SOUTHWEST WING

skulls, this undoubtedly being considered a mark of beauty. It necessitated
the binding of the head in infancy.

The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles,
showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no part of America are
found so many and so extensive burial places as in the coast
region of Peru. Here were interred countless thousands of
the ancient dead. In the hwacos or graves, with the bodies,
were placed such articles as had been most useful and highly prized during
life, end such it was considered would be mest serviceable in a future life.

Mummy
Bundles

=

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NE
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a}

=

=

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Westie

PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY

The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabrics of fine linen and wool, then cov-
ering with a sack of strong cloth. The mummy ‘“‘bundle’’ thus produced was often
given a ‘‘false head’’ of cloth filled with vegetable fibre. Climatic conditions in Peru
have preserved these mummies and their wrappings during many centuries

To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge of
the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and
graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating the
civilization of the Incas, have been obtained. The wonderful state of

SHELLS 69

preservation shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials
from the coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the
nitrous character of the soil. [See Guide Leaflet No. 24.]

SOUTHWEST PAVILION

CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS

If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we
find specimens showing collections from Asia. The arrange-
ment is geographical. Read carefully the label at the en-
trance to the hall. Specimens illustrating the culture,
industries, religion and manufactures of China are on the left; others show-

Collections
from Asia

ing the mode of living, the costumes and the war implements of Siberia are
on the right. Bamboo, porcelain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonne enamel,
agricultural implements, carvings in wood, ivory and stone, and embroidery
are shown to advantage. The furwork, costumes and rugs of the people
of East Siberia reveal remarkable skill in workmanship. ‘Two models show
respectively summer and winter scenes in Siberia. A small model in one
of the cases to the left shows the manner of making pottery. A series of
frames in the rear contain pieces of various kinds of fabrics and patterns
illustrating weaving and woodwork ornaments.

WEST WING
SHELLS

The collection of shells is bemg installed in the West Wing and is not
yet open to exhibition. It contains altogether about 100,000 specimens
representatives of nearly 15,000 species. These show extraordinary range
of color and ornamentation. The arrangement of the collection is still
incomplete but the installation will be as follows: first, in the south wall
eases will be placed a series showing briefly the classification of mollusks;
second, in the eight table cases at the north and south ends of the hall the
collections of land shells; third, in the upright railing cases the bivalves or
mollusks which have two shells like the common clam; fourth, in the
metallic cases the univalves, mollusks which have only one valve or shell
like the snails; fifth, special exhibits of shells in the north wall cases. Other
cases will contain exhibits illustrating the anatomy and habits of mollusks;
colored transparencies will show them in their habitats.

[Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.|

SOUTHEAST WING
MAMMALS OF THE WoRLD

Continuing east from the hall where are the apes and monkeys, we
pass the elevators, to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly
to mammals of the world. The exhibits read like the pages of a book
from left to right, being arranged to bring out the phylogeny
or past history and development of the chief divisions of
mammals. ‘The specimens are arranged not on shelves but
close against the background of the case on small projecting supports
and from each a cord has been stretched down along the background to a
diagrammatic representation of the geological periods. In this way are
indicated the relationships of the various animals to one another as well as
the geological age in which each animal probably originated. Circling the
hall above the cases is a mural frieze representing marine scenes, which
serves as a background for groups of porpoises, dolphins and other small
members of the whale family. The most striking object in the hall is the
life-size model of a sulphur-bottom whale, seventy-nine feet inlength. The

Mammals of
the World

Model of original of this specimen was captured in Newfoundland and
Sulphur- the model is accurately reproduced from careful measurements.
bottom As can be seen by examining the models of a whale’s head
Whale attached to the pillar, the whalebone which takes the place

of teeth hangs in great plates from the inside of the upper jaw. This
whalebone acts as a strainer in the mouth of the whale and extracts the
small animals from the sea water which the whale takes to his mouth
when feeding. The food consists mostly of tiny crustaceans less than an
inch in length. Although whales and porpoises live in the water they are
not fishes, but are warm-blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills.
The whale must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called “spouting”’
is merely the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs when
he breathes. A whale does not spout water as is commonly supposed.
Models to seale of the other whalebone whales, and the toothed sperm
whale, and skeletons of the smaller whales are hung near for comparison.

The case along the gallery rail contains insects of many kinds which are
placed here temporarily — butterflies, moths, beetles, spiders, locusts,
katydids, ete., in infinite variety. Protective coloration and mimicry are
well exemplified.

SOUTHEAST PAVILION
Hau oF Insect LIFE

Proceeding east, we enter the Insect Hall. The installations in this hall
point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects to

70

INSECT LIFE 71

each other and to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, especially to
man. ‘The exhibits are arranged in a continuous series, and
: are numbered so that we can easily follow the plan beginning
at the pillar farthest to the left.

First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the importance
of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species com-
pared with other animals [there are more species of insects
than of all other animals put together] and (b) by their great
influence on human interests. In the United States, the economic loss by
insects is more than five times as great as by fire and there are more than
twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases as from railroad
accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and all beautiful flowers
are largely dependent upon pollination by insects.

Next in order is given an outline of the development of iasects as a race,
Evolution as their geological history, anatomy, physiology and embryology.
Illustrated ‘Then begins a graphic discussion of the principles underlying
by Insects = evolution as illustrated by insects.

Turning to the table cases at the northeast corner of the room, we find
photographs of prominent American entomologists; also short biographies
and bibliographies which form an introduction to the more detailed study of
insects. One case is devoted to collecting apparatus and one to the classifi-
cation of insects and their allies with typical specimens to illustrate each
group. Another case treats of insect architecture. Others
show how insects pass the winter, how they lay their eggs,
catch their prey, etc. Collections of insects from particular environments
and at special seasons hint at the interesting studies to be made along these
lines.

Then come a series of exhibits concerned with the enemies of insects
ending with man and showing how insect pests are combated.
Another side of the question is then taken up; the carrying
of disease by insects. Household insects, aquatic insects and
insects which live underground in plants and on their leaves (including
some fine models of plant galls produced by insects) are also shown. Bene-
ficial insects such as the silk worm and honey bee are treated in some detail,
and in connection with the latter are taken up social insects in general.

Visitors desirous of studying specimens of local insects more in detail are
cordially invited to do so by consulting the nearly complete
collection to be found in this hall under the custody of the
New York Entomological Society.

Insect Life

Importance
of Insects

Insect Habits

Insects
and Man

Local
Collection

[Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor.|

WARRIOR

THE MAORI

The boulder of jade on which

10r.

the pose of a defiant warr

iin

Maor

Iving

Cast from a1
the figure stands is the largest that has ever been brought from New Zealand

72

NORTH

TR
Ie ipl le
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

EAST

INVERTEBRATES

WEST

OF

LIVING
HISTORICAL GEOLOG Y

FOSSIL

COLLECTIONS
FROM
SOUTH SEA
ISLANDS

FOSS he
FOSSIL MAMMALS REPTILES

HORSES CAMELS ETS @INOSAUR 5)

OSSIL MAMMAL
(mM AS TODONS)

MINERALS

Elevators
2. Fossil Fishes

FOURTH FLOOR

FOREWORD ON Fossitn VERTEBRATES

In the East Corridor, and the South Pavilion at the left, as well as in
the East Wing and Southeast Pavilion at the right are displayed the fossil ©
mammals, reptiles and fishes.

In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals
that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. In many instances we
have not the objects themselves but only their casts or impressions in the
rocks. ‘This is particularly the case with shells. Sometimes, as with the
bones of the great Irish elk the objects have been buried in swamps or bogs,
and in a few rare instances as with the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros,
entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years in ice or frozen
mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead animals or plants
have gradually been buried under layers of sediment to such a depth that
they come in contact with the mineral waters of the earth and finally be-
come petrified. Later through subsequent upheaval and erosion they are
again brought to or near the surface of the earth. Petrifaction is the slow
replacement of animal or vegetable material by such minerals as carbonate
of lime or silicate. The process is very slow and for this reason flesh is
never petrified. Fossil beds are found in every continent. In our own
country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, and the Bad Lands of South Dakota
are famous for their large fossil beds, and many of the finest and rarest
fossils in the Museum were obtained in these localities.

As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to accumu-
late over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the study of
fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important aid in de-
termining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon. Nearly

73

74 FOURTH FLOOR, SOUTH PAVILION

all of the skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived
from 30,000 to 20,000,000 years ago. To prepare a specimen for
exhibition the matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped
away and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. The bones are
then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored
parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and can readily
be distinguished.

As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed to
be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely numbers,
but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation and ex-
hibition. The collections illustrating the evolution of the horse are
probably equal to those of all other institutions combined. The collec-
tions of Permian reptiles, of Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs, of turtles,
of North American Tertiary mammals, and of extinct mammals of South
America, are likewise of the first rank. There are more than seventy
complete skeletons on exhibition, several hundred skulls and nearly two
thousand jaws or other parts of various species. About ten times this
number are in storage, reserved for study and research, or not yet prepared
for exhibition.

WEST CORRIDOR

Fossit FISHLIKE LIzARDS

Directly in front of the elevator is a wall case in which the most recently
acquired specimens are placed. The cases attached to the wall near the
stairway contain specimens of huge marine fishlike lizards, which show the
tremendous pressure to which fossils are often subjected and the fragmentary
condition in which they are found.

SOUTH PAVILION

MaAstTopons AND MAMMOTHS

The visitor should first enter the South Pavilion in which are shown the
skeletons of mammoths and mastodons, the prehistoric relatives of the
modern elephants, and of the curious and extraordinary extinct animals which
inhabited South America in prehistoric times, 30,000 to 100,000 years ago.
On the left is a series of modern skeletons illustrating the evolution of the
horse under the hand of man. Here are such extremes as the Shetland pony,

THE GROUP OF GIANT GROUND SLOTHS

Fossil mammals from South America adapted for digging about the roots of trees for the

purpose of pulling them down to feed on the leaves and twigs

Ye)

I

76 FOURTH FLOOR, SOUTH PAVILION

only two feet ten inches high, and the rough-boned draught horse, which
stands six feet one inch in height. Contrast these with the slender-limbed
“Sysonby” the famous race horse, and the Arabian stallion ““ Nimr.’’ Man

by his intelligence has modified the form of the horse to meet

Skeletons his needs and has accomplished in a small degree but rapidly,
of Modern , : j
Hatees what nature has done in an extensive way during long ages

— as will be seen from the fossil horses in the next hall. The
similarity in structure of the skeletons of horse and man is brought out in
the exhibit of a rearing horse being controlled by man. A comparison of
these two skeletons will show that with some modification the bones of the
one correspond with the bones of the other. The horse lover will also be
interested in the osteological collections in the wall cases which show how
to tell the age of horses through the growth and development of the teeth.

Beyond the horse exhibit on the left are fossils from South America,
the most striking of which is the group of giant ground sloths. There are
also good examples of the Glyptodon, a sort of gigantic armadillo with its

peculiar shell-like covering, the saber-toothed tiger and other

PUSS singular extinct animals peculiar to South America. Although
Mammals :
La da these animals were contemporaneous with the North Ameri-

neuen can mammals of this period, they are so different in structure

from any other known mammals, that it is practically certain
that during their evolution South America was an island continent without
land connection with North America.

The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths
and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the elephants.
The “Warren Mastodon” is a classic specimen. It was found
near Newburg, N. Y. in 1846, and is the finest specimen of
its kind that has ever been discovered. While to the lay
mind mastodon and mammoth are one, note that there are as great differ-
ences between them as there are between a deer and a moose. The mam-
moth and the mastodon were almost world-wide in their distribution, their
remains being found on every northern continent, those of the mastodon
in South America also. The modern elephants are confined to a limited
area in India and Africa. While modern elephants are not direct descen-
dants of the American elephants, they have originated from species in Asia
which were contemporaneous with the mammoth and mastodon. Without
any doubt prehistoric man hunted these animals.

Warren
Mastodon

a eee” hoe eS ae

1

SOUTHEAST WING

Fosstt MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD

Return to the East Corridor and continue into the Southeast Wing or
Tertiary Hall which contains the Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary Period.

The geological age to which all the fossils shown in this hall belong,
covers a period of from 100,000 to 3,000,000 years. At each side of the
entrance are charts indicating the successive periods of time from the
Triassic to the Tertiary, and the animal life which pertained to each. Care-
ful guides and exhaustive cards of explanation, photographs, and window
transparencies combine to make the entire exhibit illuminative and in-
teresting.

Restoration of Hohippus, the four-toed horse. This ancestor of the modern horse,
scarcely larger than the red fox, lived some three millions of years ago. It comes from the
Lower Eocene of Wyoming and New Mexico

The particular gem of this hall is the wonderful series in the cases by
the entrance and in the first alcoves on the right showing the evolution of
the horse in nature. The Museum is justly proud of this

aaa collection. Not only is it the largest and finest series of
Pisce fossil horse skeletons in the world, but it is larger than the

combined collections of all other institutions, and it contains
the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed Eohippus,
| 77

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Eohippus Orohippus Mesohippus

which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered over Tertiary
rocks. As will be seen by an examination of the skeletons of the horse
and man in the Quaternary Hall, the modern horse walks on the tip of his
middle finger and toe. The front hoof bone corresponds to the last joint
of the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg corres-
pond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of man.
In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes of the fore and hind foot
have entirely disappeared, or remain only as vestiges, the so-called “ splint
bones.” ‘The structure of the modern horse shows that it developed from
a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry has been traced back to the four-toed
stage.

In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the
evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological age in which
each stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find the skeleton of
Eohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that has
been discovered. ‘This specimen is from the Wind River beds of Wyoming
and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is interesting to note that
while there were no horses found in this country by the white settlers,
America is the original home of the horse.

Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place in
the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit is made
more lifelike by plaster restorations of the animals and by water-color
sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These paintings
and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the later types of the three-toed
stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function of support and are
gradually become vestiges. The three-toed horse in the center of the alcove
is one of the most complete and finest examples that has ever been unearthed.

Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall, are series of
specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and the other cloven-
hoofed animals. These animals like the cow of to-day walked on the tips
of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or reduction
to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced as in the horse
series.

= SS See

80 FOURTH FLOOR, SOUTHEAST WING

A curious and remarkable instance of parallel evolution is furnished by
Giraffe Camelthe cases of the giraffe camel and the giraffe. The former
and Giraffe was descended from the primitive camel which lived in North
Giant Pigs America, while the giraffe had for its ancestor the primitive
and Pygmy antelope of the Old World; thus each species evolved inde-
Hippopot- pendently of the other. The giant pigs, or elotheres and the
Coe pygmy hippopotamus will repay examination.

The primitive rhinoceros-like animals are shown near the center of the
hall on the right. It seems hard to believe that our vast western country
and indeed all North America, was once the home of the
rhinoceros. As here indicated vast herds roamed over the
fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil remains are found imbedded in
the Plains of South Dakota. Opposite these are shown the ancestors of
the dogs, cats and other carnivores, among which is the giant saber-toothed
tiger.

On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left
of uintatheres, huge extinct, horned animals peculiar to‘North America.

Rhinoceros

Restoration of Brontosaurus. One of the largest of the amphibious dinosaurs, cold-
blooded, slow-moving, unintelligent creatures that grew to large size (65 ft. in length) in
the rich vegetation of the Reptilian era

Rough drawing to show scale of size of Tyrannosaurus rex. This carnivorous dinosaur
was the largest beast of prey that ever lived. The Museum possesses one Tyrannosaurus
skeleton from South Dakota and two from Montana

SOUTHEAST PAVILION

Fosstt REPTILES AND FISHES

The visitor now enters the Southeast Pavilion containing the dinosaurs
and other fossil reptiles and also fishes. These animals belong to a more
ancient period than the specimens just examined. They lived from

3,000,000 to 10,000,000 years ago. ‘They include the

ily well-known dinosaurs of which the Museum has a large
= See collection. In the wall case on the left is a portion of the

skeleton of the dinosaur Diplodocus; this was the first of
these specimens to be unearthed by the Museum.

The gigantic skeleton in the center of the hall is the huge extinct reptile,
the dinosaur Brontosaurus, found in the Jurassic beds of
Wyoming. It is the only mounted specimen of its kind in
the world and more than two-thirds of the skeleton is the original petrified
bone. It is sixty-six feet eight inches in length, sixteen feet in height and
is estimated to have weighed when alive thirty-five tons. Brontosaurus is
one of the largest giant reptiles and as is indicated by its teeth was her-
bivorous, probably living on the rank water weeds of the nearly sea-level
marshes of Wyoming. Contrasted with the herbivorous Brontosaurus, is
the carnivorous dinosaur Allosaurus, mounted to represent

Brontosaurus

All . .
ae - the animal feeding on the fallen carcass of a Brontosaurus,

upon which it preyed. This is not a fanciful mounting for these very

skeletons were found in close proximity to each other in the Jurassic beds

of Wyoming, and the skeleton of the fallen Brontosaurus shows gouges
made by the teeth of Allosaurus as it tore the flesh from its victim.

Near the Allosaurus group is a portion of a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus

81

TRACHODONS OR DUCK=BILLED DINOSAURS

Fossil reptiles, fifteen to sixteen feet high and thirty feet long, with spreading webbed feet,
compressed tail and duck-like bill, all of which indicate a more or less aquatic existence

82

FOSSIL REPTILES 83

the last and most powerful of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Like Allosaurus it

has encrmous three-toed hind legs armed with sharp claws,
Tyranno-

re and smaller fore legs. Tyrannosaurus is from Montana and

the matrix in which it was found is as hard as flint.
To the left of Brontosaurus are two complete specimens cf the duck-
billed dinesaur Yrachodon. One shows the animal erect
Trachodon ; :
and standing on guard, while the other is shown feeding on
shellfish and plants of the Cretaceous swamps of Montana.

In the low case in front of this group is one of the most interesting reptile
specimens which has ever been discovered. It is a mummified duck-
billed dinosaur, Trachodon, the skin of which is wonderfully well preserved,
and for the first time the character of the outer covering of this animal is
fully revealed. The animal is lying on its back and, in spite of its crushed
condition, its form is easily distinguishable. It probably died on a sand
bank or near a shoal where the hot winds dried up the flesh until the skin
adhered to the bones like a close-fitting glove, and was subsequently buried
by a flood.

Other specimens shown in the hall include the smaller carnivorous
dinosaurs, the horned dinosaurs with, in one instance at least, a skull seven
feet in length, and giant birds possessed of teeth. There is also the
finback lizard, one of the most ancient of fossil reptiles; Dziadectes, a reptile
with a solid-boned skull and Eryops, a primitive amphibian. The finest
collection of fossil turtles in the world will be found on the south side
of the hall.

a

‘
=e
&

Model of Naosaurus or “‘Ship-Lizard,’’ an ancient and grotesque reptile. Collected
in Texas; length eight feet

84 FOURTH FLOOR, SOUTHEAST PAVILION

In the Tower of the Southeast Pavilion are displayed the fossil fishes
which belong to a much earlier period than the mammals and reptiles,
: some of them having lived twenty to fifty millions of years
Fossil
Fishes ago. Many of these forerunners of backboned animals are
quite unlike any living fishes and are probably only very
indirectly related to them; some were small, curiously encased in shells;
others, shown in the three cases in front of the visitor, attained large size
and were evidently formidable creatures. One of them in fact, Dinichthys,
shown in the middle of the gallery, was probably among the most destructive
creatures that ever lived in the sea. Its jaws were so strong that it could
crush a plate of bone as thick as one’s hand. Such an actual specimen,
fractured in life and showing the marks of “teeth” is shown in a neighbor-
ing case.

The collection is so arranged that he who makes the tour can see the
principal kinds of fossil fishes and is able, in a measure, to outline the history
and pedigree of the entire group. He can trace. the rise and fall of the
early plate-covered fishes; the era of the sharks which on the one hand
supplanted the earliest fishes and were in time replaced by the more efficient
lungfishes and ganoids; the age of ganoids when the waters were filled with
these enamel-scaled fishes; finally the age of the bony-fishes, or teleosts,
the multitudinous forms of to-day, the herrings, cods, perches, whose
methods of swimming, feeding and breeding are far more efficient than
those of any of their predecessors.

Above the entrance are the jaws (models), spreading nine feet, of a

huge fossil shark in which the actual teeth are arranged as in

ake a 4 the sharks of to-day, in the usual banks or rows — the teeth
ee eee in the hinder rows having served to replace those in front.

Such a shark probably measured from seventy to ninety feet
and its race may well have become extinct, when for various reasons the
enormous volume of food necessary to support it could not be maintained
within its range of sea.

In the first alcove to the left, by the window, is a “fossil
aquarium” in which a number of models of these earliest
fishes are arranged in.a group, as though alive in the sea.

In the next alcove are the early fossil sharks which superseded the tribe
of plated fishes just mentioned. These sharks had soft skeletons, simple
fins and a number of other primitive features which lead to
the belief that all of the higher fishes, and the higher back-
boned animals therefore as well, were descended from them, their simpler
structures becoming more complicated in many directions. . In one of the

Fossil
Aquarium

Sharks

early sharks here exhibited, soft parts such as muscles and gill filaments,
have been petrified.

RESTORATION OF THE JAWS OF A FOSSIL SHARK

This largest and most formidable fish, living or extinct, of which we have any record

frequented the coast of South Carolina in Tertiary time.
across; estimated length of fish, eighty feet

The jaws measure nine feet

85

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FOSSIL FISHES 87

In the third alcove appear rare fossils of silver sharks or Chimeeroids,
which appear to have been developed from a primitive race
. of sharks. Curiously enough fossil egg capsules of these

forms are sometimes preserved, and examples are here present. In neigh-
boring cases are shown ancient lungfishes and ganoids — groups from which
all land-living quadrupeds are believed to be descended.

In the fourth alcove are shown the ganoid fishes which dominated the
waters during the Age of Reptiles. They were of many
kinds and sizes, most of them with lozenge-shaped scales of
bone, with enamelled surface. One of the few survivors (Ama) of this
ancient group is here shown living (in a window aquarium), to give the
visitor a clearer idea of the fishes of the “ Middle Ages” of the world.

In the fifth alcove are the petrified fishes of the Age of Mammals. By
this time nearly all of the primitive fishes like sharks, lung-
fishes and ganoids, had become extinct; and the common
forms were bony-fishes, or teleosts, closely related to our herrings, perches,
mackerels and daces.

Chimeroids

Ganoids

Teleosts

[Return to the South Pavilion or Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths.|

SOUTH CENTRAL WING

GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY

Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing
the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing
of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology.
At the entrance of the hall there is a large slab of fossiliferous limestone
from Kelleys Island in Lake Erie near Sandusky, whose surface has been
smoothed, grooved and scratched by the stones and sand in
the bottom of the vast moving ice sheet or glacier that covered
the northeastern part of North America during the Glacial
Epoch. The front of this continental glacier is now thought by most
geologists to have retreated northward across Lake Erie from 30,000 to
50,000 years ago. At Kelleys Island, the ice was moving from east to west.
Just beyond the glacial groove specimen, the visitor will see an exhibit
illustrating some of the results of an expedition which the Museum sent to
Martinique and St. Vincent during the great volcanic eruptions of 1902-
1903 that devastated those islands of the Lesser Antilles chain.
A set of four relief maps shows the island of Martinique and its
famous voleano, Mont Pelée, at three important stages of the

Glacial
Grooves

Volcanic
Bombs

|
|

88 FOURTH FLOOR, SOUTH CENTRAL WING

eruptions, while the nearby cases and pedestals contain relics of the ruined
city of St. Pierre and the dust, stones and bread crust bombs that were
thrown out in a white hot or molten condition by this voleano and by the
Soufriére of St. Vincent. Some 30,000 people were killed by these out-
breaks. Important geological facts were learned from the observation
and subsequent study of the series of events.

_ At the north end of the hall, there is the reproduction of part of a mar-
velously beautiful cave that was discovered early in 1910 in the mining
operations at the famous Copper Queen mine at Bisbee in the southeastern
part of Arizona. The cave was formed by the dissolving action of water
traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof and bottom were after-
ward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations, stalactites and stalag-
mites, some of which are dazzling white while others are colored green with
copper salts or pink with iron compounds. |
/ In the alcove across the hall from the cave, the visitor may see the
stump and part of the roots of a large tree from an anthracite coal mine
under Scranton, Pa. Miaillions of years ago, in the geological
period known as the Carboniferous, this tree grew upon the
top of a thick swamp deposit of decaying vegetation which
ultimately became a most valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the
roof of the mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic
uses. It fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and
was discovered only through the chance visit of a miner.

The cases along both sides and down the middle of the hall contain
geological and paleontological specimens. Paleontology is the science of
the ancient life of the earth; its field is the study of the fossilized shells
and other hard parts and the various kinds of imprints left by the animals
formerly inhabiting the seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now
form our stratified rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata
are more recent than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms
in the earth’s crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the
student of historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small
proportion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved
in the marine, river, lake and subaérial deposits of that period, the geological
record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inasmuch as in-
vertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than the vertebrate
forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the geological age of a
bed of rock, even when remains of both kinds are found together. Inverte-
brate life too appeared on the globe far earlier than vertebrate, and remains
of certain species are abundant in the lowest (oldest) of our stratified rocks.

The specimens in the cases are arranged to illustrate historical geology,

Fossilized
Tree Stump

GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY 89

peo usne at the northeast corner of the hall with the archzan rocks, which
are the lowest and oldest of all and contain no fossils, ad-
Series to vancing regularly southward along the east side through the

Se oi Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian systems, passing
Geology to the west side of the hall in the Devonian and continuing

through the Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous
and Tertiary. Thus far the specimens are from American localities, but
the northwest quarter of the hall is devoted to a synoptic series of European
fossils. The cases in the middle of the hall contain overflow material from
the sides. The American series is subdivided into geographical provinces,
the fossils from New York State and other eastern regions being placed first
and then the material from the Central West and beyond. Under the
geographical subdivision the species are arranged according to their position
in the scale of life — that is, following a biological classification, the lower or
simpler forms being placed first. The diamond-shaped bits of emerald
green paper attached to some of the specimens indicate those, more than
8,000 in number, known as “types”’ or “figured specimens,’ which have
been used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield and cthers in the original descrip-
tion and naming of species or in their elucidation.

_ The upper shelves of the wall cases contain particularly large or striking
specimens of fossils, or blocks of rock illustrating the geological features of
the horizons in which the fossils oecur.

Two floor cases in the middle of the hall at the north end contain a

series of rock specimens showing the geology of Manhattan
Geology of = [<Jand and a very complete collection of the minerals found
ae ae in New York City and immediate vicinity belonging to the
New York Mineralogical Club.

Attention may be called also to the collection of Michigan copper ores,
orbicular granites and diorites from several parts of the world, fossil erinoids
from Waldron and Crawfordsville, Indiana, fossil corals frcm the Devonian
reefs near Louisville, Kentucky, fossil crinoids and an immense clamlike
shell from the Cretaceous of Nebraska, fossil plants from Tertiary beds
at Florissant, Colorado. The windows contain some colored transparencies
from photographs of interesting scenery in the West.

[Return to the Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths and turning to the right
enter the West Corridor or Gem Hall.]

A PORTION OF THE GEM HALL

In the wall cases are many fine examples of quartz, calcite, malachite, azurite, and ame-
thyst. In the desk cases are cut and uncut diamonds, sapphires, topaz and other gems. The
collection, presented to the Museum by Mr. J. P. Morgan, includes many large and rare forms
which could not be duplicated

90

WEST CORRIDOR

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES

The West Corridor contains the Morgan gem collection. This splendid
series of gems and precious stones was presented to the Museum by Mr.
J. P. Morgan, one of the founders and a Trustee of the institution. It
includes many large or rare forms, some of which could not be duplicated.
In the wall cases are fine samples of quartz, calcite, gypsum, and Ice-
land spar which makes a double refraction of light rays thereby causing

objects seen through it to appear double; malachite of such

: gens and = soft texture that it appears more like velvet than stone;
Satine 5 tourmaline of varied hue; azurite of indescribable tones of

blue, and enormous slabs of amethyst crystals, the last named
among the largest and finest specimens ever taken from a mine. The
smaller and more valuable gems are shown in the desk cases, the raw material
or uncut gem being placed in the center of each case and the cut stones
around it. The diamonds, sapphires, the topaz, amber and native gold are
exhibits of unusual interest. Case labels describing the formation, proper-
ties.and localities of each gem are attached to the case. [The collection
of gems is more fully described in Guide Leaflet No. 4.|

SOUTHWEST WING

MINERALS

Next beyond the Gem Hall is the Southwest Wing or Hall of Minerals.
At the entrance to the hall is a case in which recent acquisitions are placed.
The general collection of minerals consists chiefly of the well-
known Bement Collection which contains specimens repre-
senting species of the known minerals of the world. Not
only is the collection noted for its numbers, but in many instances the
beauty and size of the individual specimens are quite unsurpassed in other
collections.

The more attractive specimens are displayed in cases arranged down the
center of the room. The remainder of the collection is arranged according
to the classification of minerals. In the first cases on the right or left the
visitor is introduced by models to the various types of crystallization. Each
mineral has a characteristic form of crystallization which is one of the means
of identifying it. The distribution of the more important minerals is
indicated on maps. [See Guide Leaflet No. 4.]

Bement
Collection

91

SOUTHWEST PAVILION

COLLECTIONS FROM THE SouTH SEA ISLANDS

Entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals the visitor
will find specimens pertaining to the natives of the Pacific Islands. The
wall cases contain examples of war implements, tapa or bark cloth, sacred
masks, boomerangs and armor.

The cases in the center contain Kava bowls, head rests, shell and ebony
armlets and other ornaments, betel spatulas, ceremonial paddles, hats, mats
and baskets. These people follow the custom of tattooing themselves.
Their occupations as here detailed are peaceful rather than warlike. The
swinging picture-frames on the left of the entrance midway down the room
give some idea of the dress, customs, and pastimes of the Samoan Islanders.
Note the delicate workmanship expended on the feather capes worn as
robes of honor by great chiefs of Sandwich Islands. The jade boulder from
New Zealand supports a figure representing a Maori warrior in an attitude
of defiance.

WEST WING

COLLECTIONS FROM THE PHILIPPINES

The hall due north beyond the Hall of the Pacific Islands is devoted to a
collection from the Philippine Islands. The installation here as in the
African hall is geographical. ‘The specimens of wood along the walls are

Philippine woods. The palm leaf mats above the windows
Living Tribes 2 ound the hall are in some cases very beautiful. The brass-
Ber ics work, boar-bristle tooth brushes, necklaces, shell bracelets,
iid knives, spears, bead-ornamented combs, medicines, guitars,

horse accoutrements evidence superior workmanship. ‘These
people present a higher civilization than their South Sea Island neighbors.
The exhibit of clothing distinctive of each tribe is very complete. The
model at the entrance depicts a woman weaving a garment similar to some
_ of those seen in the cases. ‘The house in the tree at the end of the room
is a life-size copy of a tree-house such as the Lake Lanao Moros build.
Full information concerning the tribes is given in various descriptive

labels.

[Return to the elevators.| 93

WEST

NORTH

4, O ;

we Of | OFFICES & LA BOPRATORIES
<a ADMINISTRATIVE OF THE

jx SP OFFICES | PE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS

1. -Elevators
2. Office of the Director

FIFTH FLOOR

The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices
and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library. ‘The reading
room of the library is located in the west corridor, and is open free daily
from 9 A. M. to 5 P. M. except Sundays and legal holidays. The library
is a reference library containing some 70,000 volumes devoted to the natural
sciences, a collection that has been accumulated for a three-fold purpose —
namely, to supplement the exhibits of the Museum with the literature
pertaining to them, to supply the natural history student with the most
important scientific works, and to furnish the general reader with the more
popular books such as give accurate but less detailed information, and at
the same time stimulate a more intense study of nature.

These aims in building up the collection of books have been fulfilled to
such an extent that the Library now contains over 15,000 volumes on
zoology, comprising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs
in ornithology; an excellent collection of 3500 volumes in entomology in-
cluding many of the rare classics and a 2000 volume collection in conchology
containing the standard works of Kiister, Reeve and Binney. There is
also a well selected collection of 2500 volumes in anthropology including
many of the older works relating to the North American Indian; an excel-
lent collection of 3500 volumes in geology enriched by the library of the
late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5000 volumes in paleontology
to a large extent composed of the Osborn Library of Vertebrate Palzeontol-
ogy; also an unusually complete collection of more than 25,000 volumes
of natural science periodicals. These with the Bickmore Library of travels
and a small but carefully selected assortment of books relating to scientific
voyages give the library of the Museum important educational value. A
rack in the reading room contains current issues of many scientific periodi-

cals.
94

EAST

INDEX

Page numbers of illustrations are set in heavy face type

Administrative Offices 94

African collections 41

** Ahnighito’’ meteorite 10, 14

Allosaurus 81

Altar stone 40

Amphibians 51-53

Anatomy and Physiology, Department of 39

Annelids 31

Antelope Group 47, 49

Archeology, Mexico and Central
38, 39

Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 62

Arthropods 31

Asia, Collections from 69

Assembly Halls 13

Astronomical clock 34, 35

Auditorium 18

Auduboniana 64

Auk 44

Bement Collection 91

“Big Tree”’ of California 33

Birch bark kettle 19

Bird Feeding Group 64

Bird Groups 57-64

Bird Rock Group 64

Birds, Local 64

Birds of paradise 44

Birds of the world 43

Birds, Seasonal collection 64

Bison Group 48

Blind, Room for the 36

Booby and Man-of-War Group 62

Brandt’s Cormorant Group 61

Brontosaurus 80, 81

Brown Pelican Group 61

Bullfrog Group 52, 53

Calendar Stone 40

California Condor Group 61

““Caliph”’ 41

Carnivores 36

Checking Room 13

Cherokee mask 19

Children’s Room 36

- Chilkat blankets 17

Chimeeroids 87

Chinese collections 69

Clam and Oyster, Models 32

Cobb’s Island Group 58, 59

Cobra Group 53

Codices 40

Congo collections 41

Copperhead Snake Group 53

Coral 30, 32

America

Crustaceans 32

Darwin Hall 29

Diagrams of Halls 8, 13, 35, 55, 73, 94

Dinosaur Diplodocus 81; duck-billed 82,
83

Dogs 35

Dogwood, Flowering 27

Duck Hawk Group 57,59

Egret Group 60, 61

Elephant head 45; ‘‘Tip’’ 36

Eohippus, Restoration of 77

Eskimo collections 17, 18; home scene 16

Eskimo woman cooking 17; fishing 18

‘*False Faces’’ 19, 20

Fishes, Recent 44

Flamingo Group 54, 56, 62

Flatworms 30

Florida Rookery Group 62

Forestry, Hall of North American{28

Fossil aquarium 64, 36; fishes 84—87; ifish-

like lizards 74; mammals of South Amer-
ica 75, 76; mammals of the Tertiary
Period 77; Reptiles 81-83; vertebrates,

Foreword on 73
Fossil sharks 84; jaws of 84, 85
Fossilized tree stump 88
Fossils, Age of 73
Foxes 45
Funeral urns 40
Fur Seal Group 49
Ganoids 45. 84, 87
Gem Hall 90
Gems and Precious stones 91
Geology 87; historical 89;
Island 89
Giraffe and giraffe camel 80
Glacial grooves 87
Gold and silver work 67
Golden Eagle Group 62
Goose (Wild) Group 63
Grant’s caribou 49
Grebe Group 63
Ground Sloth Group 75, 76
Hackensack Meadow Group 59
Haida Canoe 15, 17
Hares 48, 55
Heron Group (Florida Great Blue) 59
Hippopotamus ‘‘Caliph” 41; pygmy 80
Horse, Evolution of the 77, 78, 79
Horses, Skeletons of modern 76
Indian societies 23
Indians, Alaskan 16; Apache 26, 28: Black-
foot 22, 23; British Columbia 16; Cree

of Manhattan

96 INDEX

21, 23; Delaware 21; Hopi 24, 26; Iro-
quois 19, 20; Local New York 20, 21;
Memomini 21; Mexican 26; Navajo 24,
25, 26; New York 19, 20; North Pacific
Coast 16, 17; Ojibwa 21; Pima 24, 26;
Plains 23, 26, 28; Pueblo Bonito 24; Rio
Grande Pueblo 24; Seminole 21; South
American 65-69; Southwest 24-26; Win-
nebago 21; Woodlands 19-21; Zuni 24, 26

Information Bureau 13

Insects 31, 32; habits 71; importance 71;
life 71; local collection 72

Invertebrate paleontology 89

Invertebrates 29

Jesup Collection of North American Woods
28

Jesup Memorial Statue 12, 13

Klamath Lake Group 58, 62

Labrador duck 44

Library 94

Lion (Barbary) 36, 37

Loon Group 63

Mammals 35; of North America 45; of the
Polar Region 49; of the world 70

Maori warrior 72, 93

Marine Habitat Group 30

Mastodons and mammoths 74, 76

Medicine pipe 23

Memorial Hall 13

Meteorites 10, 14, 18

Mexican archeology, Hall of 38

Minerals 91

Mink 46

Mitla ruins 39

Moceasin (Gros Ventre) 21

Mollusks 32, 69 :

Monkeys 55

Monuments, Ancient Mexican 39

Moose Group 48

Mosquito models 31, 32

Mountain Sheep Group 49

Mulandi carved sticks 42

Mummy bundles 65, 68

Mummy, Chilean 67

Mural decorations 18

Museum building 4; administration and
support 11; admission 11; history 11;
location 11

Muskrat 46, 48

Naosaurus 83

Natural History Reading Room 36

Navajo blankets 25, 26

North Pacific Hall 15, 16, 18

Opossum 45, 46

Orang-utan Group 55

Orizaba Group 58

Pacific Islands Collections 93

Peary musk ox 51

Peary sledges 28

Philippine collections 93: Hall 92

Pigs, giant 80

Pioneers of American Science 14

Polar bear 50, 51; expeditions 28; maps 28

Polyps 30

Power room 18

Prairie Chicken Group 63

Prehistoric Man 41

Primitive Man 55

Protozoa 29

Ptarmigan 43, 44

Public Health, Department of 39

Pueblo villages 24

Racoon 45, 46

Religious ceremonies 17

Reptiles 51—53

Rhinoceros 80

Rodents 55

Roosevelt elk 51

Rotifers 31

Roundworms 31

Sage Grouse Group 63

Sandhill Crane Group 59

San Joaquin Valley Group 61

Sea-mats 31 °

Serapes 26

Shells 69

Siberian collections 69

Skunk 46

Solar System, Model of 14

Sponges 29, 30

Squirrels 46, 48, 55

Starfish 30, 31

Stelz 39

Sun dance 23

Synoptic Series (Animal Kingdom) 29

Tertiary Hall 77

Teleosts 45, 84, 87

Textiles (South American) 67

Tipi 22, 23, 28

Totem poles 17

Trachodon 82, 83

Trephined skulls 66, 67

Turkey Vulture Group 61

Tyrannosaurus 81, 83

Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 32

Virginia deer 48

Voleanic bombs 87

Walrus 51

Wampum 20

Ward-Coonley meteorites 18

Warren mastodon 76

Water Turkey Group 59

Weasel Group. 46

Whale, finback 44; humpbacked 70; North
Atlantic right 55; sulphur-bottom 70

Wild Turkey Group 59

““Willamette’’ meteorite 14

Woodchuck 46, 48

Zodiac, Signs of 14

Scientific Staff

DIRECTOR
Freperic A, Lucas, Sc.D.

GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE;PALHZONTOLOGY
Epmunp Otis Hovey, A.B., Ph.D., Curator

MINERALOGY

L. P. Gratacap, Ph.B., A.B., A.M.,€Curator
Grorce F. Kunz, A.M., Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Gems

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

Prof. Henry E. Crampton, A.B., Ph.D., Curator
Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assistant Curator
FrRaNK E. Lutz, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Assistant Curator
L. P. Gratacap, Ph.B., A.B., A.M., Curator of Mollusca
WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER, Associate Curator of Lepidoptera
JOHN A. GrossBECcK, Assistant

Prof. Wi~t~t1am Morton WHEELER, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Social Insects
ALEXANDER PETRUNKEVITCH, Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Arachnida
Prof. AARoN L. TREADWELL, B.S., M.S., Ph.D., Honorary Curator of Annulata
CuHarLes W. Lene, B.S.. Honorary Curator of Coleoptera

ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY

Prof. BasHrorp Drawn, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator of Fishes and Reptiles
Louis Hussaxor, B.S8., Ph.D., Associate Curator of Fishes
JoHN T. Nicuouts, A.B., Assistant Curator of Recent Fishes
Mary Cyntuia Dickerson, R.S.. Assistant Curator of Herpetology

MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY

Prof. J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator
Frank M. CuHapman, Curator of Ornithology
Roy C. AnpREws, A.B., Assistant Curator of Mammalogy
W. De W. Miter, Assistant Curator of Ornithology

VERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY

Prof. Henry FarIrRFIELD Ossorn, A.B., Sc.D., LL.D., D.Se., Curator Emeritus
W. D. Matruew, Ph.B., ‘AeBe AM., Ph.D., Curator
WALTER GRANGER, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals
Barnum Brown, AB., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles
Witiiam K. Gregory, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Assistant Curator

ANTHROPOLOGY

CuarK WissteR, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator
Purny E. Gopparp, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Associate Curator
Ropert H. Lowi, A.B., Ph.D., Assistant Curator
HERBERT J. SprnDEN, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Assistant Curator
CHARLES W. Mean, Assistant
ALANSON SKINNER, Assistant

PHYSIOLOGY
Prof. RatpH W. Tower, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator

PUBLIC HEALTH
Prof. CHaARLES-EDWARD AmMorRyY WINsLow, S.B., M.S., Curator
JOHN Henry O’NeErLt, 8.B., Assistant
WOODS AND FORESTRY
Mary Cyntura Dickerson, B.S., Curator

BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS
Prof. RaupH W. Towser, A.B., A.M., Ph.D., Curator

PUBLIC. EDUCATION

Prof. ALBERT 8. Bickmor#, B.S., Ph.D., LL.D., Curator Emeritus
' Grorce H. SHERWoop, A.B., A.M., Curator

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_ No. 185— THE GouieteD, SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS. By W. D.
hh A) .Matruiw, Ph,D., Associate Carator: of Vertebrate Paleontology,
. April, 1905. ° ‘Ouk of prin,

“ke. 19.— THE: REPTILES OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK’ CITY. By
oo Raymonp L, Dimars, Curator of Repiiles, New York Zotlogical Park.
a i fe Net bs July;. 1905... Out. ‘of print,

“No. 20:— THE BATRACHIANS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY.
sae: ¥ } sehat By’ Rayvmonn -L.: ‘Dirmans, Curator of Reptiles, New York Zodlogical

Se Park. October, 1905. Price. 15) cents.

ine No. 21.— THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MOLLUSK.’ By B. E. Danucasn,
te Ly ‘D.M..Di January, 1906.’ Out of print.
yh ie Mate 2. THe BIRDS OF THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY. . By Fran
Hide es oM. ‘CHAPMAN, “Associate Curator: of Mammalogy and: Ornithology.
tak oh ai . AprilsJuly, 1906, Price, 15 cents.

tha aS oe 2 tHe SPONGE: ALGOVE. By. Rox W. Miner,’ Assistant Curator. of
ae as Invertebrate Zodlogy. October, 1906, Out of print.
ive Ui Ne ae cinco MUMMIES. | By Cuartes W. Muap, Department of Eth-
i Je i “nology. Maren, 1907.: Price, 10 cents,
i iy, eat ‘No: 25. PION! OF AMERICAN: SCIENCE, Memorials of the naturalists
Fri ts # ea atte sy asset bse busts are in: the’ neve of the Museum. April, 1907. Oud of

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vara pate /OF NATURAL HISTORY.) By Enucnp Ons. Hover,+ Ph.D,
f ia oe ee Pe “Associate Curator of Geology. December, 1907. Price, 10. cents.

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Let

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o scat No. 27-~ ‘08 MALARIA MOSQUITO. By B. E. Dantcren, D: M.D. Assis-

~ tant Cufator of Invertebrate-Zodlogy. April, 1908. Out of print.

Sep Ne: Cae HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By. ©
ne a as Ran eee Caarman, Curator of Ornithology. February, 1909, Price,

bikie iy ae
Wh ay 2 ;

15 cents.’
Ne. mnt INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. By

“ ALANSON ‘SRINNER, Department. of. Anthropology. September, 1909.”

if x ‘ig 23) 3 ‘

El iisjatt og = Eevee, 10 cents

PAE Ce 0TH pans sce PAINTINGS REPRESENTING GREENLAND.
TAU Rep ae “ESKIMO. November, 1909, Price, 5 cenis.

DAR No. a BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION, ‘March, 1910,

ae + Price, 10 cents,

Curator of Woods and Forestry.: September, 1910, Price, 15 cents.

Curator of Public Health.” April, 1911, Price, 10: cents. ,

No. 34 PLANT FORMS | Aa WAX. By BE. C. a Passerr,. ts aa lot.
Price, 10. cents.

Nas 35 GENERAL GUIDE TO THE MUSEUM: Bradised by Phin H.

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a "No. 33, THE PROTECTION OF RIVER AND HARBOR WATERS FROM ~
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