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By GEORGE HALL ASHLEY, Ph, D, ‘Curate
Sem CENTENNIAL EDItioN, ‘1851 10 1901 |

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GENERAL GUIDE

TO THE

MUSEUM

OF THE

COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON

By GEORGE HALL ASHLEY, Ph. D., Curator

SEMI-CENTENNIAL EDITION, 1851 TO 1901

CHARLESTON, S. C.
PUBLISHED-BY THE COLLEGE

EXPLANATORY NOTICE

This Guide, the first ever published of the Museum,
has been very hastily prepared, partly to meet the
needs of visitors to the Exposition, but especially in
commemoration of the celebration of the semi-cen-
tennial of the Museum. Its existence is due to several
circumstances. The establishment of the chair of
Biology and Geology in the College in 1900 made
new demands, and opened up new opportunities for
the Museum. Examination revealed the fact that
the collections were exceedingly rich in material for
illustrating the class work in those subjects, but in
such a condition as to be hardly available. To make
this matter of use it was found that an almost com- -
plete rearrangement of the Museum would be neces-
sary. Believing that such a rearrangement would not
only meet the needs of the College classes, but from an
educational standpoint greatly enhance the value of the
collections tothe visiting public, as well as put the
Museum in line with the methods of the leading
museums of the world, the desired rearrangement
was begun in October, 1901. The lack of unit
eases, or of any elasticity in the shelving, and in

3

many cases the fact that specimens had been
mounted to the floor or walls of cases, instead of on in-
dividual mounts, prevented an arrangement of the new
series in anything like systematic order. However,
rather than wait until new cases could be built or the
S¥old ones remodeled for which purpose funds were not
at hand, the rearranged series are being temporarily
’ gathered together in the most convenient manner, in
° the hope that a more systematic arrangement may be
* worked out later. Considerable time must elapse be-
2D ’ fore the specimens in each series can be properly
° mounted and supplied with full descriptive labels ;
and it is to bridge over this gap and to render in the
meanwhile the new arrangement somewhat intelligible
“to the visiting public that this Guide has been
“ prepared.

November, 1901.

eC

=>

—
P

HISTORICAL

The Museum of the College of Charleston cele-
brates in 1901 its fiftieth anniversary, having been
formally opened tothe public in November, 1851.
Its beginning really dates much further back, as the
nucleus of the present Museum had previously ex-
isted in the form of the collections of the old Liter-
ary and Philosophical Society. In the last part of
the first half of the nineteenth century these had been
deposited in the Medical College They consisted
mainly of minerals, aud a few birds and quadrupeds,
the latter in too poor a condition to be preserved.
Some of the specimens in the Museum bear dates as
early as 1827. Charleston had long been the center
of a coterieof nature lovers, many of whom had
rendered distinguished service to the canse of science.
Such names as Elliott, Holbrook,* Audubon, Bach-
man, and ascore of others lent a luster to the culture of
Charleston society at that day. Then came Louis
Agassiz who focused the interest in natural history into
a museum of natural history, the Charleston Museum.
Rooms were appropriated at the College, and in July,
1850, the remains of the old ‘*Museum of Charleston’”’
were removed from the Medical College to their new

T

home. Prof. Francis 8. Holmes was elected Curator
of the new Museum on the 25th of November, 1850.
At this time large and valuable contributions of skins
of birds and quadrupeds, of fossils, shells, reptiles,
fish, and insects, were made by Dr. Bachman, Mr.
John Audubon, Prof. M. Tuomey, then the Geologi-
eal Surveyor of South Carolina, and Prof. Holmes,
the Curator. Private citizens also contributed many
valuable and unique specimens. Indeed the list of
these early contributors would be a notable one, the
specimens showing the names of many distinguished
travelers, both from this country and Europe, who
gave liberally of the treasures they had gathered.
Sea captains turned over the curious things they had
garnered from the sea, and the Museum grew apace.
The Museum was opened to the public in November,
1851; on which occasion Prof. Louis Agassiz deliv-
ered an address in the College chapel to a large au-
dience. Rev. Dr. Bachman opened and closed the
services with prayer. In 1861 large accessions were
made to the conchologica] and paleontological depart-
ments by James H. Couper, Esq., of St. Simons
Island, Georgia, and by the Misses Annelly of the
city of Charleston.

During the latter part of the war of Secession, the
minerals, fossils, shells, and other small specimens
were removed into the interior of the State, as were

8

also the originals of the figures illustrating the work on
the ‘‘Quadrupeds of North America,’’ by Audubon and
Bachman, which had been presented to the Museum
by those gentlemen. The records, books, papers, and
three or four boxes of valuable specimens in natural
history were destroyed by fire, the act of incendiary
negroes, together with the valuable library of the
curator, Prof. Holmes. In 1865, the specimens con-
tained in some two hundred large cases were brought
back, and on June Ist, 1866, the Museum was again
opened to visitors.

In 1869, Prof. Holmes resigned and was succeeded
by Dr. Gabriel Manigault. For thirty years, until
his death in October, 1899, Dr. Manigault continued
as the curator, the collections growing steadily and
rapidly under his hand. Everywhere there is evidence
of his painstaking care in the hundreds of well
mounted skeletons, the cases, shelving, and mounts of
the specimens, much or most of which are the work
of his hand. In his last years he planned and carried
into execution the opening of a new department, that
of archeology. In 1900, a chair of Biology and
Geology was established in the College, to which the
writer was appointed, being appointed at the same
time Curator of the Museum.

INTRODUCTORY

Through all the ages nature has ever been an
object of worship and revereuce, of admiration and
wonder, rather than of scientific study. Indeed the
sciences of geology and biology to which the term
natural history is often restricted can claim an anti-
quity of but little over one century. First came the
random descriptions of travelers, yielding a store-
house of facts and fancies about the more striking
plants and animals, and paving the way for the first
step in a, scientific study of nature’s forms—the group-
ing of the forms already known, according to real or
supposed similarities. This proved the foundation
stone of the sciences of zodlogy and botany. This
was followed by the days when the sole ambition of
the majority of naturalists was to discover and name
some new form. The text-books of that day became
simply classified. lists of names, and the museums be-
came simply classiffed displays of natural objects.
Thus were gathered a mass of facts ready for the next
step. That step was, first, the realization that the re-
semblances forming the basis of classification were
due to actual relationship. Then followed the reali-
zation that instead of living forms being unchangable

10

‘¢ medals of creation,’’ every plant and animal, and

every part of each, was the sequel of historical events
running back to the beginning. Then men began to
leave the mad hunt for something new and rare, and,
turning to the everyday forms about them, seemed to
see an interrogation point in every bone and sinew of
every animal they met. ‘They forgot to hunt for new
birds when they began watching the marvelous trans-
formation of a hen’s egg intu a chicken. Instead of
nature being full of paradoxes, a museum of curiosi-
ties, each of which rivaled its neighbors in grotesque-
ness, with seemingly no purpose in existence except
to excite the wonder of men, they found they had
been looking at the wrong side of a tapestry, as it
were, and it only needed a change in the point of
view to see nature revealed as a beautiful de-
sign, and all the parts, that, considered by themselves,
seemed so grotesque, to be but necessary parts of one
figure. They found enough to make them believe
that every form in nature was a response to the slow
action of the laws and forces to which had been com-
mitted the working out of the*design. And so to-
day men value forms, not because they are new
or old, but only as they add to a better understanding
of the design and purpose of nature asa whole. To-
day men are studying the forms of nature not alone
for themselves, but for light on the laws and forces

=

which produced those forms, with the hope of learn-
ing the great general laws and principles of nature.
Nature study is yet in its infancy. The laws in
biology or geology that can be considered as proven are
comparatively few, but a host of hitherto unsuspected
relations have been revealed, and these lend a new
snterest to the whole study. One of the pleasantest
features of the new point of view is that the phases
of life that are to-day largely absorbing the interest
of the savant, are those that prove of most interest to
the tyro. The text books have been quick to seize
the opportunity, and the latest and best books in
zoology and botany to-day are almost entirely de-
voted to topics that formerly were briefly dismissed
in a chapter, often added as an appendix. The Mu-
seum has been slower in giving space to the newer
views of life and nature, partly from its conservative
character, and partly from the difficulty of repre-
senting relations involving action by the use of stuffed
skins of dead animals, or dried and pressed plants.
This Museum, because of the lack of stimulus in that it
was not used for illustrating class work has up to the
present year made no attempt to illustrate the ecology,
comparative morphology, history, or economics of
plants or animals, and only to a slight extent has it
illustrated their classification. The introduction of the
study of biology and geology in the College curricu-

12

lum in the past year, however, has rendered it neces-
sary or desirable that the material used to illustrate
the present day treatment of those studies be gathered
together for ready consultation. To do this has meant
a nearly complete rearrangement of the Museum.
Such a rearrangement as stated above was begun in
October of this year (1901).

Some of the objects to be sought in the rearrange-
ment are as follows : ;

That every specimen on display should teach some
lesson, or should be a necessary part of a series teach-
ing some lesson. A corollary of this is that every
specimen that does not teach something should be re-
moved from the display collections to some place ac-
cessible to students, but where it need not inflict
itself upon the public. A sevond corollary is that_
every specimen should be accompanied by descriptive
labels, and whatever else, such as photographs, dia-
grams, maps, etc., may be necessary to make clear
the lesson it is to teach. This means that the former
often monotonous succession of related forms, or oc-
casional unmeaning association of unrelated forms, will
be replaced by small series, each grouped about some
central idea, with the group as a whole as well as
the individual specimens labelled and explained.

In the second place the attempt will be made to
follow the pedagogical precept ‘‘ From the known to

18

the unknown,’’ by the use vf some untechnical word

or some object already well known to the observer,
to connect his previous knowledge with the idea to
be illustrated. Thus: ‘*‘The Cormorants’’ on a label
means more to mest people than +‘ Phalacrocoracidae’’
does; it is, therefore, given the prominent place on
the family label.

THE COLLECTIONS

The collections of the Museum will be found
grouped under the following heads: Geology, Bot-
any, Zodlogy, Anthropology. And under these
heads the collections will be grouped in the following
series:

Descriptive series, illustrating the meaning of terms
used in describing objects in that division.

Synoptical series, showing examples and the dis-
tinguishing characters of the principal subdivisions
of the larger groups.

Systematic series, showing in greater detail the
classification of objects in each class. |

Morphological series, displaying the external forms
of objects, their internal structure or anatomy, and
their minute structure or histology.

Historical series, revealing the stages in the de-
velopment of the individual—ontogeny, or of a branch
or family—phylogeny, or of life as a whole; this in-
cludes embryology, the metamorphosis of animals,
paleobiology, ete.

Distributional series, This series, intended to show
the natural occurrence or distribution of forms, in-
cludes most of the exotic animals of the Museum. It

15

also includes the different series of local or regional

forms.

Ecological series. Here are exhibited the actions of
the animal and plant as a whole; its habits; and its re-
lations to other forms, whether as friends or enemies,
or as prey, to its physical surroundings, as tempera-
ture, humidity, etc.—in general to its environment.

Economic series, including the plants, animals,
minerals, and rocks of use to man, with often the
methods of obtaining and utilizing them.

SYNOPSIS OF COLLECTIONS

GEOLOGY

Composition of the earth:
Descriptive mineralogy. .
Systematic mineralogy. .
Seek formation... ......
Systematic lithology....

Form of the earth..........

Structure of the earth........

History of the earth :

Characteristic rocks of dif-
ferent periods........
Characteristic life at dif-
Seren periods. ........

Hall
Geology

‘

Case
101
102
104
104

(0)
()

(¢)
(a)

106

16

Economie series: FAtall Case
Metals and ores......... Geology 107 (a)
Processes and products... (c)
Building and architectu-

ral stones. . 0.504.) A Ke 107 (a)
wribeba i) 5 Mesa er om, ik +s 107 (a)
Geis ee ely as ‘ 107 (a)
Miscellaneous ..... ..... Re 107 (a)

Botany

Descriptive series........... (a)

Synopsis of orders........... Synoptical 43

Systematic series: The Bilt-.

more, Elliott, Ravenel, and Holmes Ginllgeeas
other herbariums Agassiz

Morphological series :

Types of roots, shoots, etc. (a)

Historical series: evolution of sex, (a)

paleobotany, etc.......... (a)

Distributional series: local col-

ORIEN iru ated sot (c)
Plant societies...... (c)
Geographical diatatarlint (c)
Vertical distribution. ..... (c)

Keological series: dispersal of

P2084 5 ck Rye ie (a)

Flowers and insects...... (c)

{7

Hall Case
Light relation of plants. . (a)
Struggle for existence.... (c)
Carnivorous plants...... (c)
Economic series:
Seeds and grains........ (a)
Fruits and berries....... (a)
Woods and timber...... (c)
Leaves, roots, and other
Se ee ee (c)
-Medicinal plants........ (c)
Insects injurious to plants. (a)

ZOOLOGY
Synoptical series :

Orders of Invertebrates Synoptical 42

Orders of Craniata....... ¢< 4]

Families of Mollusea.....Invertebrates 56
Systematic series :

Mammals of North Amer-

EN Matas ot alta ace Wats Tiolmes 17-34
Birds of North America.. Agassiz 71-81
NEE DOs o's, dea te ww Geology 108-110
eee ( 109-110
mevortebrates...... ..... Invertebrates 51-62
Morphological series:
Systematic osteology..... Agassiz Galleries

Homologies of principal
bones of type forms... Holmes N. Gallery
2

18

Halt Case
Special homologies: skulls Holmes N. Gallery
Special homologies: limbs af én
Special homologies: teeth Agassiz 86
PREhOL YS Er ea Poa a (c)
Anatomy, human....... (a)
Anatomy, comparative. . . (c)
Skin, and its modifica-
OnE As sa ST Tt Agassiz 88
Sex di-morphism........
Adaptations, (see Ecologi-
cal series)... Abie.
Skeletons of domesticated
pRMAIS. 3s Sy hy aes 87
Historical series :
Ontogeny :
Types of eggs...... Holmes 16:
Embryology of verte-
brates... .... hos ag 16
Metamorphosis of in-
vertebrates .....'. ay 16
Metamorphosis of ver-
teDTALEB. 6b 6 os 3 16

Phylogeny :
Phylogeny of inverte-
brate groups ..... + 29
Phylogeny of verte-
brate groups..... (c)

Hall
Bemeemiolory... 2.2... 2s.
Development of organs. . .
Nearly extinct birds..... Agassiz
Recently extinct birds.... 2.
Distributional series: ygeo-
graphical distribution
South American province. a
Australian province...... ?
Kurasian province....... hi
gemiean province........ af
Oriental province........ ay
Local collections........
Vertical distribution.....
Ecological Series: adaptations
for self defense......... Holmes
Mimicry and - protective
a fs
Homes of animals ...... Invertebrates
Adaptations for care of
es Pe eS gs
Adaptations ‘for securing
i a eee ( Holmes

| Agassiz
Adaptations to environ-

Locomotion of animals... Agassiz
C¢

Struggle for existence’... .
Light relations of animals cs

(2)

20

Hall Case
Economic series :
Edible series among inver- |
tobrates i. 2's 24254 (a)
Game birds and fishes... . (b)
Animals yielding furs, :
feathers, skins, etc.... (b)
Pearl shells, etc......... (a)
ANTHROPOLOGY
Archeology :
Prehistoric
A TOY BORE, SSG et Anthropology (e)
Functional series........ iy (a)
Geographical series... .. | e (c)
Historical:
PP VOUGIDY 5 3's 41s. seas Ae e* — 125
ORVTUNN So ios ws SE thee a |
Greece and Rome....... é 125
BME a5 5 5s a4 oa sn coe a
SAE. go. cS 8 ok See Entrance Hall 15
Ethnology :
Functional series........ Anthropology
Geographical series...... a

Representative man.
Representative men of
South Carolina..,.... f
Representative men of
France, Rome, etc.... s

21

Nore

(a) The material for these series is in the main at
hand, but at this writing has not been arranged.

(b) These series are at present left in the regular syste-
matic series, but are distinguished by the marked labels.

(c) These series are still in the initiatory stage, and
will not be put on display until a larger amount of
material has been gotten together.

The above outline has been prepared to meet the
most immediate needs of the classes in Biology and
Geology. It is capable of almost unlimited expan-
sion, as the necessary material can be secured and
the necessary time found for its arrangement and
labelling. As will be evident from the case refer-
ences, at the time this Guide goes to press the new
seriesin Botany exist only in plans, and in Geology
the full exposition of the material on hand must be
delayed until funds warrant completing the cases in
the gallery. Meanwhile selections to indicate the
scope of the different series are being prepared and
will be shown as far as the present cases will permit.

In the same way examination of many of the new
series will reveal that the present Museum specimens
serve only as a nucleus, around which it is hoped to
gather much new material, eventually serving to
illustrate quite fully a large number of the principles
of natural history.

ENTRANCE HALL

The only objects at present on the lower floor of
the Entrance Hall are the bones of the large whale
formerly on display in the Museum. It was dis-
placed by the much smaller but more perfect specimen
in the gallery of Agassiz Hall. This specimen must
have had a length in the flesh of over 60 feet.

To the right of the first flight of stairs is a slab of
Triassic sandstone from the Connecticut valley, show-
ing large footprints. Thousands of such footprints
have been found, and for a long time were supposed
to be those of birds. Later it was found that they
were made by huge reptiles with many bird-like
characters, called the Dinosauria. The pelvis and
hind limbs were much like those of the ostrich, while
in many species the fore limbs were so small propor-
tionally as to be of little use for locomotion. Certain
of this group were the largest Jand animals known,
the Atiantasaurus being sixty to. one hundred feet
long.

Fossil Bones from Charleston.—The mention of ele-
phants usually carries the mind to Africa or Asia, but
the extensive mining of phosphate near Charleston
has revealed that at an early date, probably before

23

the coming of the red man, the vicinity of Charleston
was, one might almost be tempted to say, overrun
with the mammoth, the mastodon, the equally huge
mylodon, the horse, and many another form that would
cause surprise, or in many cases consternation, should
one of them wander down the streets of the present
city. At asomewhat earlier date Charleston and its
vicinity were under the sea, and a sea swarming with
whales, with manatees, with sharks many times as
large as any to be found here now; in fact, many of
the teeth indicate fish sixty to eighty feet long. (See
Case 31.)

New Accessions.—At the right, as the top floor is
reached, is a case in which is placed new material not
as yet distributed among the collections. Many of
the specimens are transferred immediately to the col-
lections upon their arrival. In such cases attention is
called to the new material by means of the bulletin
board.

Historical.— Across the hall is a case devoted to
historical relics of Charleston and the State. On the
opposite walls are a large leather back turtle and the
jaws of asperm whale. Note the large teeth and
compare with the jaws of the Right or Greenland
- whale in Agassiz Hall,

HOLMES HALL

This hall contains on-the main floor the North
American Mammals, with a few special series illus-
trating animal life. The south gallery contains the
Biltmore Herbarium. The north and west gallery
contain mammalian skeletons, showing general hom-
ology of the bones. The hall is named from Prof.
Francis 8S. Holmes, the first curator of the Museum.

At the right, as one enters this room, is a small box
containing the pieces of a human fossil skull. The
rest of the skeleton is in the British Museum. This
is one of the fewinstances of an actual human petri-
faction. The bones are those of a Carib killed in
battle over two hundred years ago and preserved in
modern limestone forming on the coast of Guadaloupe
at that time.

Metamorphosis.—To the right, beyond the stairs to
the gallery, is a case containing the beginning of a
series illustrating the metamorphosism of animals. It
is hoped in time to build up a most interesting series
along this line. At the top is the beginning of a
series illustrating the various types of eggs of animals,
varying from the large ostrich egg to the minute eggs
of insects,

25

- The north end of this room contains the seals and
their relatives. Here are to be found representatives
of nearly all of these forms to be found along the
North American coasts. The Pinnipedia, as they are
known scientifically, are carnivorous mammals adapted
for life in the water. Clumsy on the land they are
thoroughly at home in the sea, which they leave but
seldom and only for short times. Their food is fish,
mollusks, and crustaceans. Many of them are strictly
Arctic, while others are found well down in the tem

perate belt.

Seal Family. —The family of seals and two sea lions
in the cases at the end of the room belong to the
eared group of seals, those shown all being confined
to the Pacific coast. They are polygamous, the males
greatly exceeding in size the females. This is well
shown in the family of seals, where the male is not
only about three times as large as the female, but in
life roars like a bull, in strong contrast to the female
which bleats like a sheep.

Sea Lion.—The Stellars sea lion grows to be LO or
12 feet long and to have a weight of from 1200 to
1500 pounds. ‘The fur seals are the ones so exten-
sively killed for their fur on the Prybilov Islands,
Alaska, and which have nearly involved onr govern-
ment in serious trouble. They are now rapidly be-
coming extinct. | |

26

Walrus.—The walrus here shown is the Atlantic
species. Note in the skeleton that the long tusks are
the greatly enlarged upper canines, the incisors being
wanting. These the animal uses in digging up mus-
sels and to assist in climbing apon the ice, or on the
land. The walruses are closely related to the seals
just described. Ranging up to 12 feet long, they
weigh from a ton to a ton anda half. Less closely
related are the three other forms in the Museum,
which are known as the earless seals. The little one
in the case with the polar bear is the common harbor
seal. -[t was captured in the harbor here, a fact of
interest since it had not before been found so far
south.

Seal.—The harp seal is more strictly northern in
range. These, as are the harbor seals, are much
hunted for their skins and oil, though they do not have
the fine soft coat of underfur that gives the fur seal
its great value.

Seal.—The hooded seal in the lower case south of
the steps to the gallery may be mentioned here. They
are readily distinguished by the large movable mus-
cular bag on top of their heads. The hood is found
only on the male. Like the last it is an Arctic spe-
eles. They are from 6 to 8 feet long and will weigh
from 500 to 900 pounds,

27

Bears.—Next to the sea lion is the bear case.
Here is the black bear, the only bear found in EKast-
ern North America, though it ranges all over the
continent. It issubject to some variation, of which
the Cinnamon bear, so called, is the most marked.
Back of them is the Grisly, the most formidable of
the bears and perhaps the most dangerous of the wild
animals of America. Those who have read Mr.
Seaton-Thompson’s delightful description of the gris-
ly bear in the ‘“‘ Story of Wahb’”’ will need no
introduction here.

Polar Bear.—Then comes the Polar bear in the case
just in front. This is probably the largest of the bears.
It ranges through the Arctic regions of North
America, Europe, and Asia, usually keeping near the
coast, and often being found on the ice far from land.
They are good swimmers, a fact of great help to them
in picking up a living in that region. With this one
are placed the Arctic wolf and the harbor seal, two of
his neighbors of the far north. Note the white color
of the land animals, the dull color of the seal, in each
rendering them inconspicuous in their usual environ-
ment.

Bison Family.—In the north side of the large case in
the centre of the room is the family of bison or
buffalo, as they are often called. Though formerly

28

ranging nearly or quite to the Atlantic seaboard, and
though as late as 1870 millions of these animals
ranged the western plains, by 1888 they had been
practically exterminated. There still remain a herd
of twenty on Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake,
about £00 in Yellowstone Park, 75 in a private herd
in Texas, 200 in a private herd at Cavalli, Mont.,
and a few others in Zodlogical gardens and private
herds. In captivity they have been successfully
crossed with polled Angus cattle.

Elk Family.—In the south end of the same ease is
the family of the American elk or wapiti. They
live in the north and northwest part of the United
States and northward to the 57th parallel. They
live in small families of six or seven in the woods,
feeding on grass and young shoots. The hide is
valuable because it does not harden after getting
wet.

Eastern Deer.—Just east of the last is the case of
Eastern deer, containing the common Virginia deer
and the Caribou or American reindeer. It is
believed that the latter is the same as the well known
reindeer of Europe, so invaluable to the Laplanders
and others of that continent, though it has not been
domesticated in this country.

29

Western Deer.—In the next case are shown the
white-tailed variety of the Virginia deer and the long-
eared mule deer. The latter inhabits the sides of
the mountains.

Dogs.—In the next case are the dogs. Here is the
common wolf which is, or has been found, all over
North America, northern Europe, and northern Asia.
The cayote, or howling wolf, is abundant in the west.
Here are also the common foxes, both the grey and
red, or, as it is sometimes called, the cross, silver, or
black fox. As indicated by the common names the
latter is widely variable in color. It occurs in
Europe as well as in this country.

Rodents. —The next case is of interest as contain
ing nearly all the non-domesticated animals that we
meet in ovr daily life, or in our trips to the country.
They all belong to the order Rodentia, the rodents or
gnawing animals. Here are the rats and mice that
infest our houses, the cotton rats and field mice, and
many others. MHere‘are the squirrels and gophers,
the chipmonks and woodehucks or ground 'hog. In
front is the beaver group and one of the trees they
have cut off for building their dain. Here are the
pouched gophers, with their large cheek pouches,
opening outside the mouth. The porcupines are
represented by one species, and the hares by several.

30

Notice that all have the long sharp-edged incisors and
no canines.

The floor case at the right contains a miscellaneous
collection of fossils, most of them being from the vi-
cinity of Charleston.

Weasel Tribe.— Beyond the rodent case are the car-
nivorous animals grouped together as the weasels.
Most of the animals are of value for their fur. Here
are the minks, sable, weasels, otters, skunks, and the
larger forms—the fishers, wolverines, and badgers.

Cats.—The next case contains the cats, of which
the most important is the puma. This cat ranges all
over the American continent, and has figured abund-
antly in the annals of the early settlers, under the
names of panther, painter, catamount, cougar, and
in recent contemporary history it has occupied a
prominent place in the public eye under the name of
Rocky Mountain lion. The wild cat shown above is
still abundant in the swamps about Charleston.

History of the Ammonites.—This case has been pre-
pared as a sample illustrating how museum material
can be used to tell a story. It is designed to illus-
trate the rise, reign, and decline of the ammonite
group of shells. During the so-called Reptilian Age
the ammonites flourished in great abundance, thou-
sands of species having been described, many of them

31

of great size. The specimens show their appearance
at the dawn of geological time as straight shells with
simple concave partitions or septa; their gradual
development into bent, then curved, then coiled
forms; then the change from simple to highly corru-
gated septa, with other changes ; their period of
prominence; and finally their decline, when they again
assume the straight forms of their youth, though
maintaining the internal structure of the adult. At
the end of the Tertiary they become suddenly ex-
tinct, and are to-day represented only by one of the
early type forms which survived—the Nautilus.

Rocky Mountain Goat, ete.—This case contains some
of the hoofed animals to be met with in the Rocky
Mountain region. Here is the long-haired goat, and
the much better known big horned sheep. This is
the animal about which such tales are told of marvel-
lous leaps from perpendicular cliffs, the truth or fal-
sity of which does not yet appear to be settled to the
satisfaction of everybody. With them is the prong-
horned antelope, the only antelope found on this con-
tinent. The antelopes stand between the goats and
the deer, differing from the latter, among other things,
in that the horns are hollow and perennial. They
are among the most graceful of animals.

32

Animal Life: Self-Protection.—In the case on the left
of the gallery stairs will be noted, at the top, various
animals whose protection consists of spines all over,
the globe fish, the pin-cushion fish, and others, the
hedge-hog that would make an ugly mouthful for a
fox, the lizard commonly known as the horned-toad
the sea-urchin, and so on down the line. Other
animals depend upon the thickness and strength of
their outside covering, as do the turtles in general,
but especially the box turtle shown here, which
can not only withdraw into his shell, but can close
that shell up completely, till he is as snug as a bug in
arug. The crabs are protected by their thick armor,
and most. of the mollusca secrete a hard shell into
which they withdraw in time of danger. Many of
the animals best adapted for offense find the same
weapons of use in defense; teeth, claws, and other
parts may come handy at times. The rattlesnake
shown not only has poisoned fangs but a bony rattle
— that often wards off danger. Many animals take ad-
vantage of mistaken identity to escape danger; thus
the hog-nosed snake, or hissing adder, a harmless
snake, is usually let alone under the impression that
he belongs among the poisonous group of snakes; the
lizards and salamanders as a class are generally let
alone because of their resemblance to snakes. Some
insects escape because birds learn that they are not

STs)

goud to eat. Such forms are apt to be brightly col-
ored so that birds cau recognize them before sticking
their bills into them. Strangely enough numerous
cases are known where edible species when not abund-
ant have found safety in assuming the colors and
markings of the inedible forms,as is shown by the three
butterflies. In a vast number of cases animals escape
because of their resemblance to their surroundings.
The little green parrot keeps among the green foliage
of the trees; the ducks are white beneath so that they
cannot be seen by fish below against the white sky,
and dark above so that larger birds above cannot see
them when looking down into the dark depths of the
water. The white Ptarmigan is one of a class of
animals that spend their winters in snow-covered
areas, during which time they are white, but become
ash-colored in summer. Notice the Arctic animals
in general that live on the land. The desert grouse,
like the horned toad, dresses in a livery of grey.
Notice the two crustaceans shown; do you think you
could see the big fellow on a gravelly bank? You
have doubtless looked many a time at the large moths
shown against the bark without seeing them. These
resemblances among insects are the rule rather than
the exception, as note the grasshopper. Sometimes
this resemblance to particular objects is most striking,
as in the case of the little pupa on the twig, or the
3 3

34

common walking sticks which commonly pass as
branches of the twig on which they are standing.
The East Indian butterfly, shown in the middle front
of the case, is one of the most striking illustrations of
the extent to which this protective resemblance is
often carried. The resemblance to a leaf does not
need pointing out.

Animal Life: Securing Food.—The case on the right
shows sume of the ways animals have of getting food.
On the top shelves are a series of birds, showing
how the different classes of birds are adapted to dit-
ferent kinds of food or different methods of obtaining
it. Notice that the woodpecker has not only a stout
bill for digging the worms and grubs out from under
the bark of trees, but his feet are specially adapted
for clinging to the perpendicular face of the tree.
The kingfisher has a large bill for catching fish. The
hawk, as a type of-the birds of prey, has not only a
hooked beak for tearing his prey, but stout claws
for seizing it. The duck has webbed feet for swim-
ming and the flat spoon-like bill for digging up the
mud. Notice the long, slender, curved bill of the
humming bird for getting the nectar of flowers, and
the medium-sized bill of the blue bird for worms and
seeds.

35

The birds are not the only animals that have no teeth
with which to seize their prey, as is illustrated by
the snapping turtle. Here isa type of the Carni-
vores, armed with powerful limbs for the chase,
powerful claws and large canines for seizing and
holding the pr2y when caught up with. Here is
a type of the herb-eating animals armed with long
sharp-edged incisors for cropping grass or shoots.
The squirrel uses similar teeth for gnawing into nuts
for the meat. The crab has powerful clawed arms,
with one of which he anchors himself, while with
the other he seizes his prey.

Here is a black snake that crushes his victims in
the coils of his body, and in a sense the bears might
be put in the same class. Next to him is the copper-
head snake that uses poison in securing his food, and
in the same class comes the scorpion and tarantula.
The Fish show many modifications. Here is the sting-
ray, generally reputed to be poisonous, because of
the danger of blood poisoning setting in from the
slime covering the sting and the ragged and unclean
eut made. The shark has to turn over on his
back to seize objects near the surface, while the form
back of it has a broad duck-like bill for digging in
the mud. On the other side are two illustrations of
a class of animals known as parasites, that live on
the food prepared by other animals. The tape-worm

56

is one of the parasitic forms living in man. The
lamprey eel has a round mouth armed with teeth like
a diamond drill, with which it bores its way into
the bodies of otner fish and lives on their flesh.

The remora illustrates commensalism, that, is, the
association of animals of different kinds, in which the
two live in harmony and often to their mutual advan-
tage. The remora attaches itself to a shark by the
disk on its head and is carried about for weeks, only
leaving its host to make sudden dashes off for food. |

SYNOPTICAL HALL

This hall, which up to the last part of this
year, has formed the entrance hall, at present con-
tains series illustrating the types of elements, mine-
rals, and rocks composing the earth, and examples of
most of the orders of plants and animals. It has
just been started and it will take some time to com-
plete it, but it is hoped that when completed it will
illustrate by means of mounted specimens, dissections,
charts, etc., the important characteristics of all the
orders of animals and plants, as well as the composi-
tion of the earth. The series begins at the further
door and proceeds to the right. The first case starts at
the top with a sample of an aérolite, commonly known
as a meteor or shooting star. Then come the most
common elements of the earth as far as obtainable,
with squares back of each to indicate its relative
abundance in the earth’s crust. Next come the most
abundant minerals. Below is given a short series
indicating the basis of classification of minerals.
In the case on the opposite side of tne door
are examples of the -different classes of rock.
The next case displays examples of the classes and
orders of plants, beginning at the lowest, arranged

38

according to Coulter. Then come the inverte-
brates, and in the last case the vertebrates, the ar-
rangement in the last two cases following the classi-
fication of Parker and Haswell. ‘This series, when
properly labeled up, should form a key to the syste-
matic collections of the Museum.

On the walls are shown the only well mounted fish
possessed by the Museum, a group representing the
struggle for life, horns of the American and European
elks, and busts of eminent naturalists. It is planned
to use this room as a lecture room in Biology.

HALL OF INVERTEBRATES

At this writing almost nothing has been done to-
ward the rearrangement of this room except to re-
move most of the geological material formerly stored
here and to gather here some of the invertebrate ma-
terial scattered elsewhere.

The plans for this room contemplate a cleaning,
labeling, and remounting of the corals; the prepa-
ration of drawer cases so that material not to be dis-
played or now in storage can be made available to
students or others interested ; and the preparation of
the following series, among others, for exhibition:

Syroptical series of families of mollusca.

Complete series of the marine, freshwater, ard land
shells of South Carolina.

Small series illustrating the more interesting and
typical shells of other provinces, as the Pacific Coast
of the United States, ete.

Distributional series showing vertical range.

Life series showing growth and development of
well known forms, ete.

Economie series, edible series, with maps showing
their distribution, etc.

Shells yielding mother-of-pearl, pearls, shells used
for the manufacture.of buttons, ete.

40

Shells of historic, poetic, or other interest.

The arrangement of similar series in the other
branches of the invertebrates, as far as the material —
will permit. |

The Museum is very rich in mollusea, and has many
interesting and valuable specimens in the other
branches of the invertebrates, though it would appear —
from the labels that much valuable material, especially
in the line of insects, had been lost through the rav-
ages of museum pests.

Homes and Home Life.—On the left as we pass from
this room is a case showing the homes and home life
of animals. Here are types of bird nests, the nests
built of rushes on the ground, the tiny humming
bird’s nest high up ina tree, the swallow’s nest of
sticks glued together and plastered to the inside walls
of achimney. The long hanging nest of the oriole
calls attention to the general rule that birds colored
to resemble their surroundings usually build open
nests, while those that are brightly colored build such
nests that the birds will be hidden when they are
sitting on the eggs.

Then come the nests of insects. Here are the
nests of the hornets or paper wasps, as a type of the
communal insects, and a nest of the mud-dobber as
one of the insects living alone. Here is the nest of
the trap door spider and other forms. A few forms

41

show adaptation for the defense of the young, as the
marsupials, which’ have the large pouch on the abdo-
men for the reception of the young (see Australian
case.) Then come a series showing sex dimorphism,
or differences in the sexes. The ducks and fowls
show this most prominently, and in many insects it is
earried still further, in many forms one sex being
winged while the other is wingless, etc. Hardly a
beginning has been made in this series, which it is
hoped may be developed into several most interesting
collections.

AGASSIZ HALL

This hall, named after Professor Louis Agassiz, to
whom in a large measure the Museum owes its exist-
ence, contains on the south side the collection of North
American birds, and on the north side cases illustrat-
ing geographical distribution, morphological adapta-
tions to varions functions, ete.

Light Relations of Animals.—At the right as we
enter this room is a small case containing the hegin-
ning of aseries to illustrate the light relations of
animals. Here are blind fish from eaves, which, pre-
ferring the darkness, have lost the use of their eyes.
With them is the mole who has little use for his small
eyes well covered by his fur. Here are the fireflies
as a type of the animals with the power of yielding a
phosphorescent glow. Many fishes and the lower
marine forms possess this in a high degree. Below
is the owl with his large eyes prepared to catch the
faintest amount of light. But notice in the hawk
owl, or daylight owl, that when an ow! takes to flying
in the daytime, it also assumes the appearance of a
day flying bird. And on the other hand the night -
parrot from New Zealand illustrates the fact that when
one of a class of day fliers becomes nocturnal, it comes

43

to resemble the owls or night flying forms. Here are
insects with large compound eyes, the starfish with
eyes at the end of his rays, ete.

Entering the room we come first to the systematic
collection of North American birds. The game birds
and the dates between which they are in season are
being indicated on the labels.

Diving Birds.—The first case at the right contains
the diving birds, which belong to the Order Pygopo-
des. It contains the auks, loons, grebes, puffins, etc.
Most of these are Northern birds. They are quick
divers, and can swim under water for a considerable
distance, but are scarcely able to walk at all on land.
Though the wings are usuaily very short, some of
them fly well.

Birds of Prey.—Then come the birds of prey, or
birds of the order Raptores. Here are the eagles,
hawks, and falcons, while in the lower case are the
vultures, and the owls or nocturnal birds of prey.
Asa rule the birds of prey which are world-wide in
their distribution live on birds and mammals which
they capture alive. The vultures live on carrion.
The owls feed on small mammals at night. Here is
the symbol of the republic, the bald eagle.

Swimmers.—Turning back to the left, the case at
the end of the room contains the short winged swim-
ming birds, the ducks, geese, and swans, all making

44

up the family Anatidae of the order Lamellirostres.
Many of these birds are rapidly disappearing before
the ‘‘sportsman.’’

Wading Birds.—The next case contains the wading
birds of the orders Herodines and Alectorides, in-
cluding the herons, cranes, egrets, rails, bitterns, etc.
Many of these birds, notably the egrets, have been or
are being rapidly killed off to supply the demands of
fashion.

Pigeons, Swifts, Shore Birds, Fowls.—In the next case
are the rest of the wading birds, known as the shore
birds, making up the order Limicole. Here are
the plovers, sandpipers, snipes, the killdeer, and
other well-known game birds. The tip-up bobbing
along the edge of small pools of water, the plover
flying along the shore or picking up worms, are fa-
miliar to all. Below them in the same case are the
fowls or birds of the order Gallinacei, the most valu-
able birds of all from a purely economic, or, shall I
say, gastronomic standpoint. Here is the wild tur-
key, and in this order belongs our common barnyard
_ fowl, though it is not a native of North America.
Here are the grouse, partridge, quail, and prairie
chicken. Strict game Jaws in many of the States is
all that is preventing the practical extermination of
many of this group. . The wild turkey formerly oc-

45

curred all over the United States and Mexico. It
was first taken to Europe in 1524, was domesticated
there, and now occupies much of its former habitat
as a domesticated fowl. On the top shelf at tne left
are the Columbine, or pigeons and doves. On the
_ top shelves on the right are birds of the order Cypse-
lomorphee, the swifts, goat-suckers, and the midget-
like humming birds. Here are the night hawk and
the whippoorwill, noted for its characteristic night
cry.

Perchers.—The next case contains seyeral hundred
of the little birds that make up a large part of bird
life of the average landscape. They are the birds of
our gardens, fields, and woods, which give an undertone
of melody to the roadsides and fences. These are the
Passers or perching birds. Here are the sparrows, a
single family that comprises about one-seventh of all
the species of birds in the United States; here are
warblers, the chickadees, the wrens, the creepers and
nutthaches, the vireos and shrikes, the wax-wings
and swallows, the tanagers and orioles, the crows
and blackbirds and jays, the fly-catchers, the cour-
ageous king-bird, the pewees, and the water-loving
pheebe.

Woodpeckers.—The small case directly in front con-
tains the woodpeckers belonging to the order Picariz.

46

The Gull and his Relatives.—Then come the long.
winged swimming birds of the order Longipennes,
the gulls, petrels, and terns, that used to occupy such
a large place in any coastwise picture.

‘= Cormorants and Pelicans.—Below are the pelicans,
gannets, cormorants, and the long-necked snake-bird
of the order Steganopodes. The floor cases contain
eggs and nests.

Struggle for Existence.—The south side of the large
case separating the two parts of this room contains a
series illustrating the struggle for existence as exem-
plitied in bird life and typified in the plaster figures.
Here are kites picking up their dinners of shells; two
of the groups suggest the dangers to which the birds
are subject before they see daylight, and often, as
seems probable in these cases, they are destined never
to have that privilege. But should they escape the
dangers of youth, their life-insurance rates are ren-
dered high by the constant prospect of falling prey
to some fox or hawk, as suggested in the groups to the
right and left. On the east side of this case are illus-
trated some of the birds that have become extinct,
from the hugh moa of New Zealand, probably the
largest bird that ever existed. to the much smaller
birds of the Jurassic age, when birds had teeth. Some
twenty species of moas have been found in New Zea-

47

land, of which the skeleton here belongs to the largest
type, which often had a reach of fourteen feet. The
dodo, of which a cast of the head is shown, was a
large ungainly bird, resembling a hugh fledgling
pigeon, that became extinct on the island of Mau-
ritius some 250 years ago. A number of skeletons of.
striking forms of birds are also shown here.

Series Illustrating Geographical Distribution.—This
series occupies the long case in the north part of this
hall and the six cases east and westof it. ‘The laws
governing the distribution of animals are reducible to
three very simple propositions. Every species of
animal is found in every part of the earth having
conditions suitable for its maintenance, unless—

‘‘(a). Its individuals have been unable to reach
this region, through barriers of some sort; or—

‘‘(b). Having reached it, the species is unable to
maintain itself, through lack of capacity for adapta-
tion, through severity of competition with other
forms, or through destructive conditions of environ-
ment; or—

‘(¢). Having entered and maintained itself, it has
become so altered in the process of adaptation as to
become a species distinct from the original type.’’—
(Jordan. )

For land animals the barriers may be oceans, moun-
tains, large rivers, heat, and cold. The continents

48

and temperature limit the sea forms. The sea and
water falls are among the barriers to fresh water
forms.

The way the brown rat, introduced into this coun-
try about 1775, crowded out the black rat, which in
turn had, when introduced in 1544, crowded out the
native rats, gives a good illustration of species unable
to hold their ground. The English sparrow is fur-
nishing us other examples.

Many islands furnish examples of the operation of
the third law. |

As a result of the operation of these laws through
past time we find the present distribution of animals
such that it is possible to divide the earths surface
up into three realms: The Australian, comprising
Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea,
and the neighboring islands; (2) the South American
realm, comprising South America, the West Indies,
and North America to the frost line; (3) the North-
ern realm, divisible into four provinces: North Amer-
ican, including the rest of North America; African,
including Africa south of the Desert of Sahara, south-
ern Arabia, and Madagascar, though the last is some-
times set off by itself ; the Oriental, comprising Asia
south of the Himalaya and Sulaiman mountains, to-
gether with the neighboring islands; and the Eura-
sian, including all Europe, and the rest of Asia and
Africa. |

49

Characteristic Australian Animals.-~The Australian
realm has been called a sort of biological mnseum.
Its forms are almost all peculiar to itself, but similar
to forms that flourished elsewhere over the globe many
geological ages ago. It is like an old fashioned vil-

lage, shut off from the rest of the world, still pre-
_ serving the fashions of a forgotten age. Its mam-
mals are nearly all either egg-layers or pouched
animals, of which our opossum is the only outside
representative. ‘The former is represented in the
case by the little duck-bill, with its web feet and
broad bill like a duck. It lays eggs and suckles its
young. The pouched animals are well illustrated in
the osteological series, and are represented here by
one of the smaller kangaroos.

The birds are as peculiar as the mammals. Most
swans are white, but the Australian swan is black.
The large almost wingless emu has a coating more
nearly resembling hair than feathers. Then above is
the apterix or kiwis, whose egg weighs a quarter as
much as does the bird. Numerous parrots and cockatoos
enliven parts of the region, while the birds of para-
dise are perhaps the most beautiful birds in the world.
Upon the top shelf stand a pair of lyre-birds, which

Gould in his ‘‘ Birds of Australia’’ suggests are so
typical that they deserve to be made the national bird
of that continent.

4

50

Characteristic South American Animals.—The Neo-
tropical or South American realm is the richest of all
in species, because of its isolation, its varied conditions,
and its past geological history. It contains more
than half of all the vertebrate families of the world,
and more than one-fourth of these families occur no-
where else. The order of edentates is the most
characteristic one here. It was formerly represented
in this area by many huge forms, though the present
day survivals are small. Of these we have shown
the armadilla with his bony coat of mail, within
which he can roll himself in time of danger. At other
times he will be found burrowing in the sand _ hills
like a rabbit. Upon the shelf at the back are two of |
the ant-eaters, with their long toothless snouts through
a small hole in the end of which they protrude their
sticky tongues after ants. Below them is the family
of sloths. Notice how their feet are adapted to a
life spent in constantly hanging to the under side of
a branch. The ancestors of these animals were
among the largest of known mammals. The South
American monkeys differ much from the: Old World
types, as shown by the prehensile tailed monkeys and
the interesting little marmosets that go skipping about
the trees like squirrels. The camels have four rep-
resentatives on this side of the Atlantic, of which two
are shown here, the lama, which has long been of

51

great value to the Peruvians as a beast of burden
and for its meat and wool, and the alpaca, from the
wool of which the well-known alpaca cloth is made.
Valued on the same account is the little chinchilla
that furnishes the delicate chinchilla fur. Among his
interesting relatives here are the capybara, the largest
of the order of rodents, and the well known guinea pig.
Allied to the true pigsis the peccary shown here.
Among the beasts of prey the puma seen among the
North American series is a native of South America as
well and the juguar shown here will fall but little short
of the royal Bengal tiger of India in power and fierce-
ness. He is restrieted to South America and is often
compelled to lay down his life for his skin, which on
account of its markingsis highly valued. The ocelot
and other cats are good climbers, often following
birds to their nests. Five-sixths of the birds of this
region are said not to occur elsewhere. There are
nearly 400 species of humming birds, where we have
one. Here are the huge condors, the largest of flying
birds, and the king condor in the other case, with his
brightly colored head. Here is the resplendent or
paradise trogan, or quezal, probably the most beauti-
ful bird in America. Living only at altitudes above
5,000 feet, itis very rare. It is of interest as being
the sacred bird of the ancient Mayas and the national
bird of Guatemala, appearing on the coat of arms and

52

on the stamps. Inearly days its plumes were exacted
as taxes by the Aztec chicfs.

In this realm lives the anaconda and boa constric-
tors, the largest of sea serpents, turtles, alligators,
crocodiles, and huge lizards. Its richness in fish and
insects is beyond the power of description. Yet
strange to say, with all its broad grassy pampas it had
no native cattle, horses, sheep, goats, or antelopes.

Characteristic African Animals. —The few examples
we have give but little idea of the richness of this
province. ‘Two-thirds of its mammals and three-
fifths of its birds do not occur elsewhere. The lofty
giraffe, the hyena, and some other forms are repre-
sented in the osteological series. The zebra is one of
the interesting types from Africa, and of the
eighty or more antelopes we have the koodoo and
gemsboc, that so often figure in the hunters’ tales.
Here lives the elephant, the African rhinoceros,
the hippopotamus—the largest of land animals—lins,
leopards, and jackals, but we note the lack of tigers,
wolves, foxes, bears, wild oxen, deer, sheep, goats,
camels, moles, and true pigs, all of which occur in
the adjacent regions. Among the birds shown the
most interesting perhaps is the snake-eating secretary
bird.

Madagascar is sometimes classed as a separate realm,
called the Lemurian realm, because of many species

O38

of lemur there and especially one unspecialized or
primitive type. Some of the islands of this neigh-
borhood have seen a number of old fashioned birds
become extinct within the last few centuries.

Characteristic Oriental Animals.—Of the many large
forms to be found in the Oriental region, including
the elephant, tiger, lion, ete., there are shown the
Indian rhinoceros and Malay tapir. That the so-
ealled horn of the former is structually simply a com-
pact mass of hairs does not seem to be generally
known. With it he roots up trees. I[t is from the
jungle fowl of this region that our common domestic
fowl comes, as well as our peacock and the fancy
pheasants. The region abounds in beautiful birds
and butterflies.

Characteristic Eurasian Animals.—N otwithstanding
the enormous land area included in this realm, the
majority of its plants and animals are identical
throughout. Not only that, but there is so great
similarity between the fauna of this region and the
North American realm that they are often united into
one. Though this region has few peculiar forins at
present, in comparatively recent geological times it
was the home of many of the huge animals or their
ancestors, that characterize the African and Oriental
realms. The camels, of which one is shown, belong

54

to this realm. The chamois is one of the typical spe-
cies. The great bustard shown is said to be the larg-
est bird of Europe. The hedgehog, one of the typi-
cal forms of this area, has been putin the self-de-
fence case.

The North American forms have already been
studied. |

The three wall cases on the north side of the room
illustrate the morphology of the teeth and skin and
adaptations to various modes of locomotion.

Teeth.—The case at the right contains various types
of teeth. Compare the skull of the lion with one of
the herb eaters. The first, a carnivorous animal, has
inconspicuous incisors, but large prominent canines
for holding and tearing his prey. Then come the
molars with irregular, narrow, and sharp edges that
pass each other like the blades of scissors. Turning
to the herb eater we find the incisors prominent, with
sharp cutting edge, and frequently the upper set
wanting, as in the cow and sheep. (See the next
case.) The canines are wanting or small. The mo-
lars are numerous and with the tops flat but ridged
like a grindstone for grinding up the vegetable mat-
ter. A moment’s reflection will show that man’s
teeth are intermediate in type, a fact that is usually
advanced in favor of the argument that he is by na-
ture adapted for a mixed diet.

5d

Teeth first appear in “sea-urchins, forming what is
ealled Aristotle’s lantern. The univalve shells carry
their teeth on their tongue.

Many of the fish have teeth all over their mouths.
The rays have the roof of the mouth paved with a
sort of cobblestone-like teeth for crushing shells.
Many forms have no teeth, as the sturgeon among
fishes. None of the amphibia except the frogs have
teeth. Theant-eater and related forms among the
mammals have no teeth. The elephant tusk shown
is an upper incisor; he has no iower. The tusk of
the walrus is a canine. ‘The teeth of the horse, both
ancient and modern, of the mylodon, the saw-fish,
mastodon, mammoth, and many others will be noted.

Adaptations for Locomotion.—First come the fixed
forms, such as the barnacle and oyster, practically all
of which swim freely when young. Then come the
swimming forms, from the minute forms that swim
by the rapid motion of cilia to the swimming verte-
brates, the fishes with the different types of tail, the
turtle with his broad fins, the webbed footed birds,
mammals like the otter, and the more fish-like mam-
mals, such asthe porpoise, ete. Then come the digging
forms that live in the ground, like the mole, with its
broad forepaws. Then come the creeping forms, the
gasteropod, snake, caterpillar, thousand-leggea worm,
earthworm, etc. The running forms include animals

56

from the ungainly turtle and alligator to the quick-
footed lizard among reptiles. The running birds have
powerful legs, and wings too short for flight; even
the ground birds have comparatively small wings and
feet adapted for the ground. They walk or run, in —
contrast with the perching birds that hop along on
the ground. The mammals vary in running ability
up to or beyond the deer shown. Notice that, as
shown, the swift forms run on the toes, while others,
like the bear, put the whole foot down. The ieaping ©
forms from the grasshopper to the kangaroo agree in
the unusual development of the hind legs. In the
climbing forms that follow, the adaptation is most
noticeable in the character of the hand or foot, as in
the sloth; the woodpecker has two toes pointed for-
ward and two pointed backward, to give him a hold.
The monkey can not only grasp with his hands and
feet but with his tail as well. The cat and squirrel
have the claws adapted for clinging to the rough bark
of trees. Lastly come the flying forms, of which the
buzzard with its long wings and its power of sustained
flight is one of the best examples. Notice the adap-
tations of animals of other classes, all agreeing in
having the bones very light, usually hollow. The
flying birds have the keeled breast-bone for the at-
tachment of the powerful muscles needed for flight.
The bat spreads a skin between his fingers, a method

57

followed by an ancient group of reptiles that used to
fly. The flying forms among the invertebrates are also
illustrated. There are also shown the forms that,
like the flying squirrel and flying-fish, are enabled to
take advantage of the inertia of the air to take short
flights. ©

In the back of this case are shown two groups. At
the right are nearly all the common domestic animals,
as they look in their bones, from the horse to the eat.
At the left are a few skeletons of nearly extinct ani-
mals, such as the buffalo and wild turkey.

Modifications of Skin.—The next case illustrates
some of the modifications of skin. It should be re-
called that the teeth shown in the last case but one
are modifications of the skin. Here are shown, be-
sides some interesting examples of simple skin, such
as that of the elephant and the whale, the latter full
of boring shells, the exoskeleton of sponge, star-fish,
sea-urchin, crab, insects, shells, ete. Then come such
modifications as the hair of mammals, the feathers of
birds, the scales of fish and reptiles, the nails, hoofs,
claws, and horns of mammals. The bony scales of
the alligator, the carapace of turtles, the rattle of the
rattlesnake, the beaks of birds and turtles, the quills
of the porcupine, ete.

Returning past the west side of tha central case,
we find several additional illustrations of adap-

58

tations of animals for obtaining food. Of most
interest here is the giraffe, whose long neck is thought
to have developed through his reaching for the upper-
most twigs of an umbrella-like tree that mainly forms
his food, by the gradual starving out of the short-
necked ones during seasons of drought, and the ten-
dency of the longer necked survivors to have long-
necked young. The great ant-eater, that because of
the character of his food gets along without teeth is
another interesting form. He uses his long sticky
tongue to get the ants out with and breaks them up
against some ridges in the roof of his mouth. Notice
how his fore feet are adapted for digging up the ants.

Rare Birds.—A. few of the rare birds of North
America are shown in the small case at the right in
leaving this room. The snowy egret has been sacri-
ficed at the altar of fashion and has now almost dis-
' appeared. The ivory-billed woodpecker has always
been a rare bird. The wild pigeon as late as 1878
flew in flocks that darkened the sky for miles in sec-
tions of the country that to-day have not seen one for
years. Through the slaughter of millions every year
the wild pigeon has become only a memory.

HALL OF GEOLOGY

At present this room contains a case each of birds,
fossils, and plants, and two cases each of fish, rep-
tiles, crustaceans, etc., and minerals, with some
mammals, skeletons, ete. Temporarily at least, it
is planned to keep the fish and reptiles in this room,
to occupy the cases on the east and north side. The
rest of the vases it is planned to devote to geology. As
previously stated, this plan does not give case room for
all the geological material already on hand, much
of which is stored in other parts of the College build-
ing. Thepresent plans contemplate the preparation
and exhibition of a few picked specimens to illustrate
the character of the series, to be shown later when
the funds will allow of completing the cases in the
gallery. The following series are projected :

Descriptive mineralogy. This will illustrate the
different physical and chemical properties of mine-
rals, such as the modes of crystalization, color,
cleavage, etc.; and the different groups according to
their chemical composition, the last to be in two series:
one of these, illustrated by the case containing minerals
with phosphorus, is to show the minerals containing the
common metals or other elements of value, as iron,

60

zine, lead, etc., to serve as a theoretical basis for the
study of the ores; the other series is to follow the
usual method of classification according to the acidic
element contained.

Series illustrating the occurrence and formation of
minerals.

Series illustrating the formation rocks.

Classification series of rocks.

Series showing by models the form of the earth,
etc., including relief maps of the types of topography,
and series illustrating the derivation and development
of those forms.

Series illustrating, by means of charts, models,
photographs, etc., the way the rocks lie in the earth;
in brief, illustrating what is commonly called struc-
tural Geology.

Charts showing the distribution of the land and
water surfaces of the earth at different geological
periods.

A series of rocks illustrating the typical character
of described rocks at type localities. |

Upright cases containing samples of the borings
made at Charleston, so arranged as to show at a
glance the depth of any sample and the geological
formation to which it belongs.

A series showing the types of fossils characteristic
of the different geological ages, periods, etc.

61

Special and as complete series as possible of the
local fossils.

A series showing the different ores from which
each of the metals are obtained, accompanied by maps
and other graphic representations to show the fro-
portion of the metalin each ore, the localities at
which each of the ores is mined, ete.

‘Series illustrating the various steps in the mining
and metallurgy of the different metals, with speci-
mens, as far as possible, illustrating the appearance
of the ore at different stages, the other materials used
in the process, and the by-products and waste, and
with charts and photographs exhibiting the remaining
phases of the process.

Similar series for building stones and fuels.

A collection of gems, showing the gem in the
rough and when cut, and also the appearance of the
same mineral in its more massive form; models of
the crystalline form, ete.

It is hoped that the second edition of this Guide
will be more than a prospectus for this department.

MANIGAULT HALL

The wing in which this hall is situated was de-
stroyed by the earthquake of 1886. When rebuilt
it was under the personal supervision of Dr. Mani-
gault, and this floor was designed specifically for mu-
seum purposes. The difference in the results is too
marked to need comment. The new hall was de-
voted to man and his works, and a beginning was
made towarda collection of objects of archeology and
art. Here also a beginning was made by the former
Curator in the system of descriptive labels and illus-
tration, which will be continued by the present Cura-
tor. The presence of such labels here will lessen the
need of the Guide in this department, though here,
as much or more than in the other departments, the
material by its suggestiveness could be made the sub-
ject of volumes of description and history.

At the left of the door hangs a portrait of Dr.
Manigault, after whom the hall is named. Then come
cases showing the prehistorical archeology of South
Carolina and America, and material illustrating the
ethnology of races. At present this material Jacks
arrangement; its description will therefore be de-
ferred to later editions of the Guide:

63

Along the west and north walls of this room are
examples of bas-reliefs found in the ruins of the cities
of Assyria. The striking, human-headed, winged
bulls and lions with their supernumerary legs are
found at the portals of the palaces. The other pieces
in low relief shown on the walls are typical of the
carved slabs of alabaster or limestone found forming a
wainscoting some cight feet high around the brick
walls of the buildings. | |

The next object of interest is the copy of the fa-
mous Rosetta stone. It was discovered in 1799 by
Napoleon’s officers during the French occupation of
Egypt in an excavation made at Fort St. Julian, near
Rosetta. It dates from 195 B. C. Its interest lies
in the fact that it contained a decree in the Greek,
the clemotic, and the hieroglyphics, which ultimately,
through the labors of Champollion and others, led to
the deciphering of the early history of Egypt as
contained in the hieroglyphics. The casts of early
Egyptian rulers give a good idea of early Egyptian
art and of the ethnological features of the race at that
time. ‘The case at the end contains a mummy and
mummy cases. On the right are reproductions of
ancient Greek vases that will especially interest art-
ists and lovers of the ceramic art. They are from
the celebrated terra-cotta factory of Copenhagen.
Then come casts from the originals in Yucatan of the

64

remains of the decoration of an ancient Mexican
temple.

Around the walls, in addition to the pieces of
general statuary, all belonging to the recent past and
present centuries, are twenty well made busts from
Paris representing some of the distinguished charac.
ters of Roman and French history, and near them are
casts of five South Carolina worthies who figure in
American history—Calhoun, McDuffie, the two gen-
erals Pinckney, and Col. Francis K. Huger, who
attempted the rescue of Lafayette, when imprisoned
in the Austrian fortress of Olmiitz.

THE GALLERIES

Returning through the Hall of Geology, there will
be noted a fine example of the moose and a skeleton
of the same. It is hoped ultimately to move this
mount to the main floor of Holmes Hall.

The Whale.—The object of most interest in the
gallery of Agassiz Hall is the skeleton of the Green-
land whale. This whale wandered into Charleston
harbor January 7, 1880, and led to a whale hunt
under most unusual circumstances. The hunt lasted
nearly all day, being joined in by ail sorts of craft,
even the harbor tugs lending a hand, and the ferries
going out of their way to give their passengers a view
of the struggle. The blowing of the factory whistles
toward evening announced the death of the whale.
It was then towed over to Sullivan’s Island where
the remains were visited by thousands. ‘The total
length in the flesh was 41 feet and 6 inches. It was
said by those who knew to have been a young whale.
The mounting is by Dr. Manigault.

The upper part of the case in the center of the
hall contains skeletons of the sea-going mammals, in-
cluding the dugong, seals, etc.

9)

66

In the north gallery are skeletons of the single and
double humped camels, of the mule, deer, ete. In
the south gallery are the priceless Elliott herbarium
and many other valuable herbariums, and much other
matter placed there pending its further arrangement.
It is hoped in the near future to have new dust and
insect proof cases made for the herbariums and the
other specimens of type and figured specimens in
which the museum is exceedingly rich.

The gallery in the Hall of Invertebrates at present
contains only some odd specimens stored in the large
case from which the bison group has just been re-

moved.

Gallery of Holmes Hall.-—This gallery contains at
present, at the south end, the Biltmore herbarium
and the nucleus of the economic collection in botany,
and, at the north end, the series of large skeletons
which will be used to show the homologies of the
principal bones.

INDEX.

To find the reference to any specimen refer in the Index to
the title of case in which it occurs:

PAGE

Adaptations for loCOMOLION...........: sees seeeerees sense eeneneens 55
PPPPORT ANIMNAIS,- CHATACLELISLIC....... scscrsnrcccccdsescsccccnsocs see 52
oto 5a dd vin cae nonin os ce bc Cpnng = se Agentneprarent np sian 42
Me Rte > SECUTING [00d .............ccccsecseeccncsons cd's een 34
Self-protection TEM cods aiatncecaies atic scaans ravines on cane cane 32
eco dind iy a> 4 rb o0 cee ae Vans ssvves essences tee epaneea os 20, 62
I aos occ li ince cteesdcesandety. cadgacccstesege dae pun vas 31
Australian Animals, characteristic...............ccscsseessseesees 49
Ne nn. ts pswetedd bublbcwbed did enk weed daeesnlsecuce dts 27
OMOEA TNICTICS.....- «2.20; coccces secoss cecccacenccces ecves 42
Pras Of prey...:........ Melas Ae acsothe See Seah ae Sck Us tan ace 43
Eo Sh) oat een ness cnaccesoneccnans ce setnccvecvhedecedeaee P|
dso cas -sccoxsersts odct eadencdeceseversvcsécoseecseareene 16, 65
oer or eo acs flv dcechccceccvetet acess cadgacvaccessene 30
EE MU MODIS OF.) 0.....c5c0ce-scnvdscscucvcevcaveses ot oodeccsep 15
he San paca dien ana ducisceducacet eth igen 14
DG i eceecececsccccceucece Sicsuesmaresatioascte iss cioluacceeas 39
BEEMTETIE TUIIC, PCLICANIG. ...0...0scceccscercccccocdsccncncess eoancece 46
ci cy n'ai cebamendkdsecavdtseteaaes adivvnucndees availecns 28
a ey A liao Se ebg cueedead Wa@twbas le nerecevecec 29
iol inci iieuesssonsdrcccaten > aowcensiecbicns beers 43
Es oo 2...» Teueivucswaseageded souptins caccsaipe sancesers 29
ied cieabicmlvguie dp ebide oiaein dvb} tive Welneienh senidasoos 28
a 95 2s, 5.5) Wag au ad decay aban ede ble Udo s do Madde vata’ 22
rasian animals, Characteristic.............ccccccccscesscacesceese 538
meemmemones 1rOm Charleston ::/...00260..ceccccedbsccscaccccsesess. 22
loa osc co asiip nas'nnanndunedagacaces ides re USS ae 24
ao, Cae No avec cecsauhs avevsévessscanevecScs cecposce 65
Geographical GiStr1DULION..........ccceeeereeeeeseeeseeeanseeeeeseeres 47
As ia cnat canhas. dass avevosenséveceds Pe DO A IE eer 15, 59
Te Ness cunt guantaver menue deaeierenaadned 58
MNIELIIIA TCIALIVES, TNE... ......00pscncecccnsccaccecee-decensecese 46
ieee cas ie ccleeleessecescenscenas’ Fe ated ated all nant ba 59
IEC PATCH... occ cceccacescccoctcecsnncccoeseseresarecsncacse 39
Historical (of museum)............... Aid Ann waatis oe nite ant awn Ge 6
ET CIG8S Joc oo cicccl.-nccccoccrenesctcsct croc succevccestoctecesece 23
History of ammonites...... ate Seca yn ee a Oa Be hice

Holmes Tall... Sasccinsnaseciexteeee MDE OS ccvondcsekeuenucwas nee 24

cg eri 8 OF outa aise = nal ta heaps py te ee ae aes ee 66
Homes and WOME Wiel. isch. doy env Seco che oust ea aGs anactas ounaeenie 40
PRPEFOCUCLOPY inirevana. soneveveqscuin evealetdanons hiwedhinne poate enn 9
Tnvertebrates.cssc).écciccdsscacdesaheever Abe Ateeeequete siete ete .88, 39
Light relations of amimals.....0...s.04/stovsdetsins os cco 42
Mammals of North America..............ccccccsecece evee pe 24
Manigault hall...... dua whdensZanae ne iv guenses keeeemsas oaseaeer naan 62
Whe taniOr pl Ogie cc nine iivsicess capnes 0006. abscess ckarusctws Oe ae 24
MAR TROT 0 0'nocencackiavcxnngs teotadendudbanneties,Seneeaaer ee mn 63
WOW ACCCESIOIIG 606 sic ccdcseceasswveee’d vs Weceee seus Ore ieeuhees eee 23
Oriental animals, CharacteristiC...........ccsceerccecseee: secveeves 58
PPO TE lok: Ciodkcnsdi'c cbucaveocatcs Veckewesad duck cust ada edie: bacelcde nnn 45
PAPCONS) CLG .ociue ccctes cxccevernses th wid vnp dep bak abe Shue Sune en 44
Polar bear Liane Oh caante aie becca aaa - dubnnsns'skuisbiensSecee cones aaeeannne 27
TUTE TOLLE 0. ccc dccavic cc siphons dhcastabin oe tle cxee nie auekie ae ean 58
Rock ¥ MOUNTAIN BOL. sens eds cscs aedunece Dep as lasabauapse tsar 31

SERRE ic cles in newachouie tc uiheealoest ates mire alien noua ee hee hb hpeeer aan 31
BEAMATTAU ces cdc rine dbpna'sovueaphanntendoutdnecuas Gu'astaaweetie tera 29
BES OULL SLOMG «nso cain cops sca nn a bakoes wudns oeehe ee Acestddan es 63
Se re a etek cokink ner beech i Wel dea dda soba eokue etd aot teal nn 26
eevend Pea Th ook sn cot he ee eR, ke eb ea le oben ae 25
BS, SAND oo sac aiid nino ce ba Nadie vate wee ee CU AGES a et cubeeecLeeee ee 25
MAP NE osha Dues a eds coche Dates tol sbea Reeve eek cal Dee hence eee 39
SEIN, MIOGIMERELONB 40! concn. soc sese ns cceusneacsd aawis aseeaebenn cee a7
South American animals, characteristic............ccceeeeeeee 50
Struggle for existence ............ceceeeeee ee ecacivebwse ds lots Grae 46
SwiMMers........s0s- ( asiwadidaduws ena vedeue deh eee eak ss ceet Guta ud aun aaa 43
RUMOR TAG a aise wcsvncadus non cs caadaemeems dita yerea eee 37
TORCH. CHA DbOF OMe vescnsaciasevenns bavinvereud nes vans sence eee 54
A RTABGLG BATOSONE so iics idiscccccscces ‘doeeoudbecesevs sooner 22
MM DC COTIOR. sci linncsssts sane ousas ant pucod euxenbeenngeyeatind ae 37
WraGi ne DITGB. sewescatevien siveredivncads spas canto sibel ante clon ne 44
WV LEB asec ude cdsaeddnevetdlobusuuadeuded dabadadanaaidadnwdddee mee 26
Weasel tribe .i.cccadecicenscccacacacsbecen cove Mbsetee beak Maaneeeee 80
Whale, in entrance...... . dn asehinoy.aidnidein Veena Somoes basa eeteneannnne 22

in APasais TAL 2... isc.cscdckoass satas en bears ooh nee eee 65
Winged bull and Hom, ..o.c 2s disk scone cdcsuna ceva 63
WW GODDECK STS, va santos scscescsucraccy voantenr supinvnybwean di) MERA 45

Zoology......+ pawn une cote en weeds ey skits po lBEELGerelelyade dfdegdeb)) UME

W. S. LANNEAU. B. L. WEBB.

LANNEAU & WEBB,

DEALERS IN
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EB. T. HERIOT, Pres. and Treas. J. A. STORFER, Secretary.
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