q I. WHIGST SInNDEEZ GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. Acap, Cxs, Nat. Curios. Ree. Horm. EF Soc, Nat. ScrutT. BEROLIN, Soc, &c. &e. VOL. I. WINCHESTER : PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR ‘==-SOLD IN LONDON BY G, AND W.B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE3 JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, WwW. WOOD, 428, STRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET. 1821.. ¥a “oa nar (tata 2-07 awe aot Moesnay ak ToRKW pal: G NE MK, beer == TO = THE KINGS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, GEORGE THE FOURTE. —s eee SIRE, THE Work which I now submit to the public, under Your Majesty’s most gracious Patronage, has been the labour and amusement of many years. Having, through the kindness of many friends, had an opportunity of examining most of the subjects mentioned therein, I trust that the descriptions will be found faithful. That Your Majesty may long reign over a loyal people, the Patron and Encourager of Science and Art, in all their branches, is the sincere wish of Your Majesty's Devoted and grateful Subject and Servant, SOHN LATHAM, WINCHESTER, Sept. 1821. ae oil Oh Vac hing, "Ht a Sahay aig) ve, au ads HOSA ON anav ene dsannyed Fe TSK ct 4] a yo eG, ea Se or Bathe A Seep e LOTT Ait wee an sedis a SAS Ww ee en hehe a AR, haway 34 ' Wig Per CUh by ee ass: say cs Vay vee Aayol », do caus ea gyn {aes — ; , vi 4 ‘gy ae ety y Wir ii Bek. Vout s9qpto®, Yat LYG.Sy LOSES, ii OWA ha % ¢i'« Yo Nevny, SSN SAS 38 : aigrasipll er uy E io “s 2 Anaad, hs joadwey hs aang Mien AR ~ , - ¥ r _ MSY AA WHOL, PREFACE. IT is now nearly twenty years since the last Volume, or Second Supplement to the Synopsis of Birds, was published; and it is satis- factory to observe the daily increase of the admirers of Natural Histery in general, particularly in the department of Ornithology. At the time of publishing the Synopsis, we had no intention of writing further on the subject ; but we have subsequently availed ourselyes of every opportunity of correctg and amending any errors or misrepresentations which had unavoidably arisen in that work, and were tempted, at the same time, to commit to paper, descriptions of every new discovery im that branch; and especially to compare Birds, nearly similar in plumage, with each other, with the intention of ascertaining whether they were distinct as to species, or varying only in sex, or immature in feather. In this we trust we have succeeded in very many instances, and have to acknowledge the great assistance afforded by the labours of M.Temminck, of Amsterdam, whose views have been directed to the same point, as may be seen more fully in his last Manuel d’ Ornithologie. vi PREFACE. From the above sources we have been enabled to give to the public a great variety of new matter, as well as new subjects, and although this might possibly have been attained by means of con- tinued Supplements, it would have required at least two of these as appendages to the former ones, which would have so embarrassed the whole, as to make it no easy matter to search after the complete history of any single subject wanted. _ On this account we have resolved to begin this work, as it were anew, and so to blend the old with the new matter, as to give the observations and additions of many years at one view. Moreover, had the publishing any further Supplements been resolved on, we are constrained to say, that many of the possessors of the first Seven Volumes would have had cause of complaint, from there having been a confined number of copies printed of the Second Supplement or Eighth Volume,* insomuch as totally to preclude very many persons from completing their sets; and it is the more to be lamented, as this last volume was not a little interesting, from its containing many valuable additions, besides a considerable number of Birds, from New-Holland, not before described. * A little time prior to the publication of the Second Supplement, on finding it very inconvenient to confer with my Booksellers so often as I had been accustomed to do, from the great distance I then lived from London, I agreed to put the remaining copies of the Seven Volumes, then published, into their hands, at a fair valuation; and finding it to be their wish that I should form an Eighth Volume, from the additional matter I had collected since the publication of my first Supplement, I furnished it to them, to be printed at their own cost ; but not long after, I learned, to my surprise, that instead of 500, the number of copies printed of the former Volumes, only 250 were struck off. What end this was to answer was known only to themselves, and I think it mght to mention the circumstance here, to exculpate myself from the blame which has attached to me on that procedure, and which, from that Volume not being then my own property, it was not in my power to prevent. PREFACE. vil It is very unfortunate for the promotion of Natural History, that so many and various Systems in Ornithology have of late years been attempted, and of course each builder of a new one flatters himself that he has done service to science, by bringing the productions of nature under some restrictions; but the infinite variety and multitude of which it consists, will not be so fettered; and how far the elaborately multiplymg of Genera will truly answer the end of the Naturalist, we have yet to learn. In respect to ourselves, having in the Synopsis formed a plan, which has been in general understood, and not disapproved of, it behoves us to continue the same arrange- ment, as near as may be, in the present publication. We cannot object to those who come after us acting according to their own ideas, but hope, that though at present they differ widely one from the other, each preferring his own method, they may unite in sentiment, and together form one system, on such a basis as to be a standard for future generations. In a work like the present, the reader may expect to find a full account of the nature of the feathered creation; but this has been already so sufficiently done to our hands by others, as to render it unnecessary to enlarge on it in this place. On this head we have to recommend the perusal of the elaborate and elegant works of the Count de Buffon. This matter has also been most amply taken up by M. Daudin, in his Traité @ Ormthologie, and will fully merit the reader’s attention. The late Mr. Pennant, likewise, has so scientifically treated the subject in his Genera of Birds, as to render any further obseryation on this point unnecessary: and I ought not to omit, that the Intro- Vii __ PREFACE. duction of Colonel Montagu to his Ornithological Dictionary, may be consulted with both profit and satisfaction; But in respect to system, if we except Belon, Gesner, Aldro- vandus, and Johnston, all of whom have made, more or less, attempts at arrangement, there are but few who have taken more than a desultory view of the matter. Our Countryman, the great Ray, therefore, may be justly con- sidered the first author of system, and it is to him that we are indebted for the valuable Ornithology of Francis Willughby, Esq. which, though published as far back as the year 1679, has not lost its celebrity; but from that time Ornithology has made a rapid progress. From hence we are naturally led to the name of the ever to be remembered Linnzus, who not only has descanted largely on Birds, but, at one view, drawn together, as it were, all nature and her productions, into his Systema Mature, and his method, as far as relates to our subject, has served as a basis, to the present day. There is one thing, however, which has appeared unaccountable, and in which he differs from Ray. The latter separated all birds into two grand divisions; the one, those which frequent Jand—the other, those which frequent water: but Linnzeus divides the land birds into two parts, placing the water birds between. ‘This has ever seemed to us unnatural, and has, therefore, not been admitted in the present work. We prefer Ray’s original arrangement, but adhere to the Linnzean Genera, except in such instances as manifestly required a deviation; and it will not escape the reader’s attention, that we have, from this necessity, ourselves formed several new ones; for | instance, in the Synopsis—Wattle-bird, Channel-bill, Plant-cutter, _ Plantain-eater, Coly, Menura, Tinamou, Sheath-bill, Cereopsis, PREFACE. 4 Courier, Pratincole, and Penguin; and in the present work the Secretary, Honey-eater, Barbican, Coucal, Malkoha, Emeu, Erody, and Finfoot. To go further than this, would, perhaps, entangle the reader, and too much load his memory, to little purpose ; for though it may be objected, that any particular bird may not answer exactly to the definition of a genus, in every minute point, yet, if it be found to coincide in most of the characters, it ought to be admitted, rather than to form anew genus for it; especially, if such bird is one already known and received; otherwise the reader will have to search for it under a disguise, and not readily find what he wants. It will be observed, in many cases, that birds are said to be in various cabinets, not now in existence —but it must be remembered, that at the time of first penning the Synopsis, and long after, the Leverian Museum was in full preservation. Many subjects also, referred to in the British Museum, have since fallen into decay ; and the very numerous and choice articles then in Mr. Bullock’s noble collection are now dispersed. ‘The reader has, therefore, to rely on _the author only for the descriptions, To a cursory observer it may appear, that a full description of any bird, suspected to be simply a variety of a species already known, was unnecessary; but it has been judged right to detail the plumage, that in case any person should meet with a specimen similar in colour, and answering to the description, he may be less at a loss to refer it to the species it belongs to; and the reader will not, we presume, be displeased to find the numerous references to the authors who have mentioned the respective species, more especially those in which there b x PREFACE. are figures, as he may thereby the more easily comprehend the shape and colours of the object in question, than by mere description. It is intended to join one coloured copper-plate, at least, to each genus, of some bird, which, in many instances, has not been before figured, with the intent of poiting out to the eye of the less informed naturalist, wherein one genus differs from another. From the numerous species of the Falcon tribe, the present volume can only admit the four followmg genera, viz.—Vulture, Secretary, Falcon, and Owl, to which an adequate number of plates are appropriated ; perhaps fewer in proportion than will be found in the subsequent volumes, but this could not be avoided, without making the volumes too unequal in respect to each other. Among the many friends to whom I consider myself under obligations, during the progress of this work, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. stands eminently foremost, having assisted me, from the beginning of our acquaintance, with the examination of all his Ornithological specimens, collected by him in his Voyage to the South Seas, as well as by the inspection of his numerous collection of drawings, to the time of his lamented death, added to the free loan of every book from his valuable library, that could be useful in the undertaking. I am happy to mention my long acquaintance and reciprocal friendship with the late Thomas Pennant, Esq. whose merit, as a British Zoologist, stands unrivalled, and I flatter myself I shall continue to find in his son what I experienced in his father. ‘To Lieutenant-General Davies, of the Royal Artillery, I am greatly indebted ; from whose faithful pencil I have been furnished with very many exact representations of new subjects, taken from PREFACE. xl the different Ornithological collections of his friends, independent of those in his own well-chosen cabinet of subjects in Natural History. IT am under many obligations to Lord Stanley, not only for the loan of many fine specimens, at various times, but also for his scientific observations; and it is well known, that his collection of preserved birds is not only numerous but select. I have been greatly assisted in my pursuit by the inspection of a large number of drawings, brought from India, by Sir J. Anstru- ther, Bart. done under the eye of Dr. Buchanan ; and am also under similar obligations to the last named gentleman, not only for the use of his own portfolios of Ornithological drawings, but also for his animadversions on the subjects therein contained. To the Earl of Mountnorris I am not less obliged, for assisting me with the view of his numerous drawings of Indian and other birds, made under his inspection. To Mr. Salt, also, many thanks are due, for furnishing me with the specimens of birds, collected by him during his journey into Abyssinia, among which were many entirely new. I also feel myself most deeply indebted to Lientenant-General Hardwicke, of the Bengal Artillery, who, with the utmost liberality, entrusted me, for a long time, with his very numerous and select drawings of the birds of India, where he resided many years, taken under his direction, from the subjects themselves. The world will no doubt give me credit for mentioning two British Ornithologists, now no more; I mean William Boys, Esq. of Sandwich, in Kent; and Colonel Montagu, Author of the Orni- thological Dictionary, as I have from both of them received many useful remarks and observations on many British species. b2 xi PREFACE. I have likewise to thank Thomas Wilson, and A. B. Lambert, Esqrs. for the examination of various specimens of birds from New- Holland, as well as for the inspection of numerous drawings, from the same part of the world: and I think it but justice to mention the obligations I have been under to my worthy friend Mr. Hutchins, formerly resident at Hudson’s Bay, but long since dead, who not only procured: for me numerous specimens from that part, but fur- nished me with a large Volume of Observations on the birds of that climate. | T have also the satisfaction of naming Mr. Abbot, of Savannah, im Georgia, who, I trust, yet lives to continue to furnish faithful observations on the birds in his vicinity, as well as specimens; and the volumes of American Ornithology, by Mr. Wilson, need only to be known to be appreciated. | Mr. M‘Leay will also find his name mentioned with gratitude in various parts of this work, having submitted to my inspection many fine specimens of birds, chiefly from Berbice and its neigh- bourhood. TI am indebted, likewise, to the late Earl of Seaforth, for the inspection of a large collection of preserved birds from Trinidad, as well as the gift of several, collected by himself, durmg his residence in that part of the world. cereoyl I can by no means omit to mention of the kindnesses shewn to me by Chas. Wilkins, Esq. of the India House, in pointing out many rare subjects and drawings therein contained. cal And the world in general must think itself particularly indebted, by the numerous specimens in Ornithology, as well as other branches PREFACE. XH of Natural History, added thereto by Dr. Horsfield, being the result of several years residence in the Island of Java, more espe- cially as a great part of them is entirely new. And lastly, I must apologize for taking up the reader's time so Jong on this subject, beg induced thereto, from a desire of shew- ing my remembrance of the assistance afforded to me ; and although I may have omitted the names of many others in this place, let them be assured, that I have not forgotten their attentions. In respect to the names of the authors whom I have consulted throughout this undertaking, a Catalogue will be found of them at the end of the work. And I am pleased to observe the propensity im many of our late Voyagers, among other things, to pay attention to Natural History in the account of their travels, whether in the inclement Arctic Regions, or the hottest climes; that they may con- tinue to pursue such proofs of their desire to promote knowledge, is my sincere wish. The scientific reader, doubtless, may point out many errers in this work : I have, as far as m my power, studied fidelity, and hoping that such mistakes as fall to the lot of every individual may be regarded with candour and liberality, I remain, the Public’s most devoted Servant, JOHN LATHAM. WINCHESTER, September, 1821. Borlsuenios 2 art T ‘nist ye coated agit NG aontssed a alt o ae TE ee Tenet Ati eek ED we “ iterate: aia “gticeapagatiy ott arisadacat by ancohses Yoon < yaganielt vid iow en | ba ahetn solani atl y Wk Miers “in i fii il 60 deities zseikk day c Caemnil Je sified aif 6 pongo oienb tetbenaton: : pins: fegal Sho cy ohetul ices Adenia’ Staerep lowe acidic deri J Ae ; ve Wes ge see ESO) ae. : oay pea é 5 t al 5) ps ws ’ ey 15%, UP ae PRR eas, ES ve oh odd a ilat ar we oth seat alain Sale waiiveastel eine rnin iin lee pReieei ue § re fag tegey} Y oslt coctirtat: £ LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. —=® ¢ @=— HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING, HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE LEOPOLD. <2 e=—— Atherley, Arthur, Esq. Southampton. Atherley, Mrs. George, Southampton. Auber, Mr. India House, London. Baber, Edward, Esq. Park-street, Grosvenor-square, London. Bale, Reverend Sackville, Wythiam, Sussex. Bargus, Mrs. Otterbourne. Baring, Sir Thomas, Bart. M. P. Stratton Park,—-Two Copies. Baring, Alexander, Esq. M. P: Grange. Baring, Francis, Esq. Baring, Henry, Esq. M: P. Somerley House, Hants. Barlow, Henry, Esq, Millbrook, Hants. Baron, William, Esq. Tregeane, Launceston, Cornwall. Bedford, His Grace the Duke of, Woburn Abbey. Berens, H. Esq. 13, Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn, London. XVI LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Bicheno, J. Ebenezer, Esq. Greenham, near Newbury. Bland, Michael, Esq. 30, Montague-place, Russell-square, London. Bolton, Thomas, Esq. Landford, Wilts. Bond, Joseph, Esq. 79, Basinghall-street, London. Bonn, University Library of, Germany. Bourchier, Charles, Esq. 66, Wimpole-street, London. Bourne, Right Honourable William Sturges, M. P. Testwood, Hants. Bridges, Reverend T. C.C.C. Oxford. Bright, Richard, Esq. Crawley House, Hants. Buckingham, Most Noble the Marchioness of, Avington. Byron, Mrs. 22, Nottingham-place, Mary-le-bonne, London. Caldecott, Thomas, Esq. Dartford, Kent. Carlisle, the Right Honourable the Earl of, K.G. Castle-Howard. Cashel, His Grace the Lord Archbishop of. Chauncey, Miss, Theobalds, Herts. Cleeve, Reverend Doctor, Upton Pyne, near Exeter. Codrington, Sir C. Bethell, Bart. Dodington, Gloucestershire. Cole, Mis. Winchester. Collyas, William, Esq. Kenton, near Dawlish, Devon. Compton, Henry Combe, Esq. Manor House, Minstead, Hants. Comyns, William, Esq. Dawlish, Devon. Coxe, Reverend George, Twyford, Hants. Craven, Right Honourable the Earl of, Charles-street, Berkeley-square, Craven, Fulwar, Esq. Chilton House, Wilts. Cullum, Sir Thomas Geary, Bart. Bury, Suffolk. Curtois, Reverend R.G. C.C.C. Oxford. Darnley, Right Honourable the Earl of, Cobham Hall, Kent. Davy, D. Esq. Yoxford, Suffolk. Dent, John, Esq. M.P. Hertford-street, Mayfair, London, Duncan, P. B. Esq. New College, Oxford. Da Pont, Countess, Millbrook, Hants,— Two Copies. Durnaford, Reverend Richard, Chilbolton, Hants. Eardley, Right Honourable Lord, Belvidere, Kent. East India Company, the Library of, London. Egerton, Francis Thomas, Esq. Roche Court, Wilts. Eyre, George, Esq. Warrens, Bramshaw, Hants. Eyre, Henry, Esq. Botleigh Grange, Hants. Fisher, Mrs. Ealing Park, Middlesex. Fleming, John, Esq. M.P. Stoneham Park, Hants. Freeling, Francis, Esq. Bryanstone-square, London. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Gabell, Reverend Henry Dyson, D. D. Winchester. Garnier, Reverend William, Prebendary of Winchester. Garnier, Reverend Thomas, Rector of Bishop’s Stoke, Hants. Gee, Osgood, Esq. Lower Seymour-street, Portinan-square, London, Gordon, Robert Home, Esq. Conduit-street, London.—Two Copies. Greisswalde, the University of, Germany.. Hackett, ——, M.D. Southam pton.- Hales, Miss, Winchester. Harman, Thomas,. Esq. Wombwell Hall, Kent. . Harrison, R. Esq. Dublin. Heathcote,. Sir Thomas Freeman; Bart. Hursley Park, Hants: Heathcote,. Mrs..William, Winchester. Hereford, Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of, Winehester: Heysham, John, M. D. Carlisle. ’ Holland, Lady, Cranbury, Hants: Holmes, Sir Leonard Thomas Worsley, Bart. M. P. Isle of Wight: Home, Sir Everard, Bart. Sackville-street, Piccadilly. Hilliard, George, Esq. Belmont Castle, Grays, Essex. Howell,. Reverend F. Canon of Exeter. Hougham, William, Esq. Barton Court, Salisbury. Hoy, Michael, Esq. Isle of Wight... Hulse, Sir Charles, Bart. Breamore, Hants. - Jacob and Johnson, Winchester.—Six Copies.’ Jardine, W.M. Esq. Edinburgh. Jekyll, Joseph, Esq. Spring Gardens, London. Jervoise, George Purefoy, Esq. M.P. Herriard House, Hants, Ingles, the Reverend Charles, D. D. -Easton, Hants. Inglis, Sir Robert, Bart. Iremonger, Reverend Lascelles, Prebendary of Winchester. Killaloe, the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Knight, Edward, Jun. Esq. Chawton House, Hants. Labouchere, Mrs. 16,-Upper Brook-street, London: Lampard, James, Esq. Winchester. Latham, -John,.M. D. Harley-street, London. Le Blanc, Thomas, Esq. 63, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. Lee, Reverend Harry, Fellow of Winchester College. Legge, Honourable Augustus George, Chancellor of Winchester. Leigh, James Henry, Esq. M. P. Stoneleigh Abbey, Warwick. XVil Xviil LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Lethbridge, Sir Thomas Buckler, Bart. M. P. Sandhill Park, Somerset. Littlehales, Charles, M.D. Winchester. London, the Right Honourable and Reverend the Lord Bishop of Mears, Reverend Thomas, Southampton. Meyrick, Miss, Beaumaris, Anglesea. Middleton, Edward, M. D. Southampton. Mildmay, Lady, Winchester. Mildmay, Paulet St. John, Esq. M. P. Dogmersfield Park, Hants. Mill, Sir Charles, Bart. Mottisfont, Hants. Miller, Rev. T. Oxford. Mitchell, Charles, Esq. Northerwood, Hants. Morris, Charles, Esq. Southampton. Mumford, John, Esq. Sutton-at-Hone, Kent. Neville, Honourable and Reverend George, Master of Magdalen College, Cambridge. Newton, James Antrobus, Esq. Cheadle Heath, near Stockport, Cheshire. Nibbs, James, Esq. Upton House, Hants. Norris, Richard, Esq. Basing Park, Hants. Ogle, Admiral Sir Charles, Bart. Worthy, Hants. Oxford, the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Page, Colonel, Speen, Berks. Palmerston, Right Honourable Viscount, M.P. Broadlands, Hants. Parkinson, John, Esq. 64, Lincoln’s Inn Square, London. Pendarvis, Edward, Esq. Truro: Pennant, David, Esq. Downing, Flintshire. Pigott, Reverend William Foster, D. D. Mereworth, Kent. Portal, John, Esq. Freefolk House, Hants. Poulter, Reverend Edmund, Prebendary of Winchester. Prescott, Sir G. B. Bart. Theobald’s Park, Herts. Quin, Honourable R. Chilworth Lodge, Southampton. Rashleigh, Reverend Peter, Southfleet, Kent. Ratcliffe Library, Oxford. Rich, Reverend Sir Charles, Bart. Shirley House, Southampton. Richards, Reverend Charles, Winchester. Ricketts, George Robert, Esq. Twyford, Hants: Rivers, Dowager Lady, Winchester. Rowley, Rey. G. University College; Oxford: LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. X1X Sabine, Joseph, Esq. Edward-street, Cayendish-square, London. Seymour, Mrs. Chilton. Shaw, John, Esq. Gower-street, Bedford-square, London. Sloane, Hans, Esq. Paultons, Hants. Smith, Sir James Edward, M.D. Presidentof the Linnean Society, Norwich. Smith, C.S. Esq. C.C.C. Oxford. Sotheby, Samuel, Esq. Waterloo-street, Siena London.—Twe Copies. Sparrow, Miss, Brimpton Park, Hunts. Spencer, Right Honourable the Earl of, Spencer House, St. James’s Place. Sprigg, Mrs. Winchester. Standly, H. P. Esq. 6, King’s Bench Walks, Temple, London. Stanley, Right Honourable Lord, M. P. Upper Grosvenor-street, London, Stockholm, Royal Academy of Sciences of Surgeons, Royal College of, London. Swanton, Reverend Francis Wickam, Worthy, Hants. Tate, George, Esq. Thornhill, Thomas, Esq. 49, Berkeley-square, London. Trevelyan, W.C. Esq. University College, Oxford. Vaughan, Reverend Kerr, Aveton Giffard, Modbury, Devon. Wainwright, Arnold, Esq. Colcot, Reading: Wainwright, Robert, Esq. Gray’s Inn Square, London. Ward, George Henry, Esq. Shawford, Hants. Watkins, Reverend Thomas, Winchester. Wells, Miss, Piercefield, Monmouthshire. White, Walton, Esq. Isle of Wight. Whitehead, Reverend E. C.C.C. Oxford. Whitmore, Wilham, Esq. M.P. Apley Park, Bridgnorth, Salop. Whittaker, Reverend George, Northfieet, Kent. Wickham, William Nicholas, Esq. Winchester. Williams, Reverend Charles, Fellow of Winchester College. Williams, Reverend David, Winchester: Williams, George, M.D. Regius Professor of Botany, Oxford. Wilson, Thomas, Esq. Maidenhead, Berks. Winchester, the College Library of Winchester, Very Reverend the Dean of Winchester, the Dean and Chapter of Winnington, Sir Thomas E. Bart. M.P. Worcester: Winter, John, Esq. Heathfield Lodge, Acton, Middlesex. Wood, William, Esq. Strand, London.—Two Copies. Woodburn, Reverend John, Winchester. c2 XK LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Woodfall, George, Esq. Wooll, Reverend John, D.D. Rugby, Warwick. Worcester, Very Reyerend the Dean of Woollery, Miss Wyndham, Reverend J. Heathcote. Yonge, Miss Jane, Yealmpton, Devon. Yonge, Reverend John, Puslinch, Devon. BIRDS. A BIRD may be divided into:—1. The HEAD. 2. NECK. 3. BODY. 4. WINGS. 5. TAIL. 6. LEGS. 1, The HEAD (Caput) is for the most part oval in shape, and consists of the following Parts :— Tne Biiu (Rostrum), of an horny texture, pierced with the nostrils, and containing the tongue, is joined to the fore part of the head. The shape varying in different subjects, as straight, bent downwards or upwards, and is either round, compressed, flattened, conic, pointed, cylindric, angulated, cultrated, or hooked. Divided into two mandibles, which are generally naked, and smooth on the edges ; in some emarginated near the tip, in a few ser- rated, not unfrequently covered witha naked skin or cere, and in many furnished with bristles at the gape. Nostrits (Wares) are in the upper mandible, for the most part placed at, or near, the base; but in some few (as Toucan, and Hornbill) behind the base. The shape various; as oval, oblong, linear, arched at the top, tubular, &c. Cerre (Cera), a thick membranous skin, differently coloured, covering the upper mandible above at the base, chiefly in the Falcon Genus, and in this the nostrils are placed. Tongue (Lingua), either fleshy, cartilaginous, emarginated, having a small notch near the tip, lacerated, or jagged, with the edges feathered, as in the Toucan ; ciliated or furnished with bristles, entire and smooth, and often sharp-pointed. The Face (Capistrum) is a certain space, all round, next the base of the bill, reaching as far as the eyes. The upper surface of the Head is divided into the Forehead (Frons); Crown (Vertex) ; Hindhead (Occiput). The Crest (Crista), for the most part, arises from the feathers being more or less elon- gated ; and is either frontal, vertical, or occipital, sonamed from the place of its origin; is erect, or bending backwards or forwards. Inshape compressed, or fasciculated; in structure tufted, folded, and consisting of two series of alternate feathers: The Eves (Ocu/i), one on each side, have the eyelids moveable, and are frequently ciliated on the edges; besides which is a semi-transparent skin, or nictitating membrane, capable of being drawn immediately over the eye, to defend it from too much light; most conspicuous in the Owl Genus. XXil BIRDS. EveEBRow (Supercilium), for the most part.so called, when a line or streak of a different colour passes over the eye, but not a distinct projection, as in the human species; sometimes this linear streak is bare and carunculated, as in the Grous. Caruncies (Caruncule) are naked, soft, fleshy parts, either smooth, or irregular in surface, chiefly on the head or neck, as instanced in the forehead of the Jacana and Turkey ; on the crown in the Cock; at the nape in the Grakle; over the eyes in the Grous ; and on the throat in the Turkey and Cassowary. Lore (Lorum) a naked skin between the bill and eye. Orsits (Orbite) the parts immediately surrounding the eyes. CHEEKS (Gene) space beneath the eyes, between them and the throat. TemPLeEs (Tempora) space between the eyes and ears. Ears (dures) holes at the back part. of the head on each side, generally uncovered, except in Owls, which have a conspicuous flap, capable of being elevated at will. Bearp (Barba) by this is meant the whisker seen on each side of the lower jaw, and for the most part distinct and moveable, as inthe Momot, and bearded Titmouse—formed of bristles, as observed at the edges of the base of themandibles of the Goatsucker, appearing pectinated ; on the breast, as in the Turkey-Cock. 2. NECK (Collum) is elongated, more or less erect, cylindric, and divided into the— Nape (Nucha) meaning the back part next to the head. Hinp-part of the Neck (Cervix) the rest of the space behind, between the nape and beginning of the back. Crin (Gulu) the part beneath and adjoining to the under mandible. Turoat (Jugulum) space between the chin and breast. 3. BODY (Corpus), this is oval in shape, and consists of the following parts :— Back (Dorsum) the upper part between the neck behind and rump. Rume (Uropygium) the lower part of the back next to the tail, furnished with a double gland, secreting an oily fluid for the use of dressing the feathers. InrerscaPpuLar (Interscapulium) the anterior part of the back, between the wings. SHouLpeErRSs (Humeri) the parts on each side of the last, falling over the wings. Breast (Pectus) the space covering the breast bone. AXxILLARtes (Aville) the feathers on the sides of the breast at the base of the wings, most conspicuous in the Bird of Paradise. Hypocnonpres (Hypochondrie) the posterior parts of the sides of the breast and belly. BeLty (Abdomen) the part between the breast and vent, generally covered with soft and downy feathers. Vent (Crissum) between the thighs and tail beneath, corresponding with the rump above. 4. WINGS (Ale) serving for flight, except in the Dodo, Ostrich, Great Awk, and Penguin: in the two former, however, the speed in running on the ground is accelerated, and the two latter find their short finny appendages of much use in swimming. BIRDS. XXill Wine Coverts (Tectrices) lesser or greater. The first are those which lie on the bones of the wings; the greater beneath the others, falling over the quills. Qurits (Remiges) may be divided into three series ; the first or principal (primores ) ; the secondaries (secundarie) ; and tertials (tertiales) ; the last, in Water Fowl, are generally longer than the secondaries, and cuneiform. Bastarp Wine (Alula spuria) situated outwardly, at the base of the greater quills, and generally consists of four or five small feathers, in shape like a small wing, whence the name. ‘ ScapuLars (Scapulares) these take rise from the large wing bone, and fall over the base of the wings on each side above, between the body and wing when folded up. Wine Spot, or SPECULUM, so called, is a bright part of the wing, sometimes beauti- fully coloured, and very glossy, appearing generally as a patch on the greater wing coverts, when folded up, chiefly conspicuous in the Duck Genus. 5. TAIL (Cauda), this is composed of long feathers, more or less stiff, differing in number, and taking rise from the rump. Tait Featuers (Rectrices) are for the most part twelve, and are generally described thus (123456 654321), meaning, that 1 1 are the two outer, and 6 6 the two middle feathers. Some birds, however, have as far as 18 or 20, as in the Gallinaceous and Duck Tribe, and several of the Pies no more than ten. The tail varies much in shape and length ; it may be called short, when shorter than the legs; and long, when it reaches beyond them ; eyen, when the feathers are of equal lengths ; cuneiform, when they become shorter as they are more outward; and forked, when the side feathers grow gradually longer than the two middle ones. Tait Coverts (Tectrices Caud@) cover the base of the tail above and beneath, falling over and concealing the insertion of the tail feathers. 6. LEGS (Crura). These consist of the thighs, shins, toes, and claws. Tuicus (Femora) are fleshy, covered with feathers for the most part, but in the Waders and some others, are bare for some part of their length; these are generally situated in the middle, to support the equilibrium of the body, and appear outwardly, except in the Awk, Grebe, Diver, and Penguin, in which the thighs do not appear externally, and the legs, of course, are detained backwards. Hence the bird may be called fettered, and from this cause experiences great difficulty in walking, and that only in an upright posture, or nearly so. Bracexets (Armille), ave coloured circles, at the lower part of thethighs, just above the joint, asin the Coot; in some double or treble. Suns (Crura), are slender, narrow, and tendinous ; in some downy, or coyered with short feathers ; in others furnished with a spur at the back part; chiefly in the males. Toks (Digiti). These vary in number and disposition. * Four in Number, but differently placed. 1. Made for WaLkine (Ambulatorii), haying three toes forward, disunited or separated to the base, and one behind. ; XKIV BIRDS. 2. SALIENT (Gressorii). In these sometimes all, but for the most part two, of the fore toes are joined at the base, the hind one free. ; 3. CLIMBING (Scansorii). Here the toes are placed two forwards and two backwards.— In this may be noticed some few, in which only one is seen backwards ;, that is, three in all, but such are to be accounted as anomalies. 4. PREHENSILE (Prehensiles). Birds of this kind have four toes, but all placed forwards, as In one species of the Coly, Swift, &c. ** TripactyLe (Tridactyli). These are Cursory (Cursorii), having only three toes, all placed forwards, instanced in the Bustard, Cassowary,. Rhea, Plover, Courser, Oister- Catcher, Albatross, Awk, Guillemect. *** Dipacty ie (Didactyli) ; of this, having only two toes, we have a single instance in the Ostrich, and both the toes placed. forwards. The FOOT (Pes) is said to be PALMATED (Natatorius) when the toes are connected with amembrane, asin the Duck genus. SPEMIPALMATED (Semipalmatus) when the membrane connecting the toes. does not reach half way from the base. Logsatep (Lobatus}. In this the toes are furnished with a membrane, on the side of each, but divided to the bottom. PINNATED (Pinnatus) when each joint is separately lobated,. and having a distinct lobe or membrane. Tue Craws (Ungues). are generally more or less sharp at the ends, though in some blunt or rounded, in the manner of human nails. In a few margined and edged, and some- times serrated. The claws in some species are observed to be wholly wanting, especially the hinder one. Sprnes or Spurs (Calcaria) for defence, are chiefly found at the back part of the shins, as in the Peacock, Pheasant, Grous, and Partridge; besides which we see such, both sharp and blunt, at the bend of the wing; witnessed in the Ostrich, Screamer, various Plovers, Jacana, and several species of Ducks. Horns (€ornua) are seen on the head, single as in the Screamer, or double in the Horned Turkey. Warrxies (Caruncule) fleshy membranes, chiefly hanging from the lower jaw,. instanced in the Cock, Wattle-Bird, some species of Starlings, and others. Povcn (Saccus jugularis) a dilatable membrane under the throat, as in the Ibis and Pelican. ORDERS OF BIRDS. SS D9 SS CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS. DIVISION I. LAND BIRDS. —= > 0 Ca ORDER I. RAPACIOUS. BILL incurvated, the upper mandible hooked, with an indentation near the tip. Nos< trils for the most part open. Feet made for perching, short, strong. Bopy, Heap, and Neck muscular. SKIN thick; FLEsH impure. Foop obtained by rapine, or preying on carrion, Nest built on trees, or elevated places. —Eggs generally four in number.—-Female larger: Monogamous. ORDER II. PIES. BILL sharp-edged, upper mandible convex. Fret made for walking, short, strong. Bopy somewhat tenacious. Flesh impure. Foop various. Nest on trees; the male feeds the female while sitting. —Monogamous: d KXVI BIRDS, ORDER III. PASSERINE. BILL conic-acuminated. FEET salient, slender, cloven. Bopy tender.—In those which are granivorous the flesh is pure—in others, feeding on insects, impure. Foop obtained from trees, as seeds, or insects. Nest curiously constructed.—The food put into the mouth of the young by the parents. Monogamous.—Many of these are songsters. ORDER IV: - COLUMBINE. BILL rather strait, swelling at the base. Freer formed for walking, short. Nails simple. Bopy plump. Flesh savoury. Foop grass, fruits, and seeds, swallowed whole. Nest ill constructed, placed in trees, hollows of rocks, &c. Ea@és two in number. The mother feeds the young with grain, made soft in the crop, and ejected into their mouths.—Monogamouss ORDER V. GALLINACEOUS. BILL convex, the upper mandible arched over the lower, having a convex cartilaginous membrane over the nostrils. i Feet made for walking. Toes rough beneath: Bopy plump and muscular. Flesh savoury. Foop, grain of all kinds, collected from the ground, and macerated in the crop. Nest made on the bare ground, without art. Eggsnumerous. The young, as soon as hatched, take of themselves the food pointed out to them by the parents.—Polygamous, ORDER VI. STRUTHIOUS. BILL subconic, strait, tip various. Bony shapeless, ponderous, scarcely edible. Wines small, useless for flight, or none visible. Freer made for running, strong. Toes various in number: Foop grain and vegetables. Nest on the ground.—Monogamous. BIRDS, XXV1l DIVISION II. WATER BIRDS. ORDER VII. WITH CLOVEN FEET. BILL sub-cylindric. Feer cloven. TxHteus half naked. Bopy compressed. Skin very tender. Tail short. Flesh savoury. Foop, in marshy places, fish, marine insects, mollusce. Nest chiefly on land, sometimes on trees: Mode of pairing various. ORDER VIII. WITH PINNATED FEET. BILL, Bony, and Foon, as in the former. Freer made for wading, naked, more or less, above the knees. Toes cloven, but pinnated, or webbed, the whole of their length. Nest large, of leaves, grass, or water plants, in moist grounds, and often close to the water —Monogamous. ORDER IX. WEB-FOOTED. * With Long Legs. BILL various. : Bopy rather depressed, conic. The flesh of the young savoury. Lees very long, made for wading. Thighs naked the greater part of the length. Toes furnished half way with a membrane. ; Foop obtained from the water, as small fish and insects. Nest placed on the ground. —Monogamous, ** With Short Legs. BILL smooth, covered with a skin, enlarged at the base. Freer made for swimming. Shins short, compressed. The toes united by a membrane. Bopy fat. Skin tenacious, covered with excellent feathers. Flesh, for the most part, savoury. Foop water plants, fish, and reptiles. Nes chiefly on the ground, seldom on trees. The mother rarely broods.the young. For the most part Polygamous. dj2 GENERA OF BIRDS. —==3 ¢ &— CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA. DIVISION I. LAND BIRDS. = OS CSS ORDER I. ACCIPITRINE. 1. VULTURE - Bill hooked, head bare. 2. Secretary - - Bill hooked, sides of the head bare, legs very long. 3. Falcon = - = Bill hooked, base covered with a cere. 4. Owl- - = = Bill hooked, feathers of the front reversed. ORDER II. PIES. * With Legs made for Walking. 5. Shrike - - - Bill straitish, emarginated. ll. Beef-eater - - Bill strait, quadrangular. 18. Plantain-eateér - Bill stout, elevated at the base, mandibles dentated. 14. Wattle-Bird - Bill incurvated, sharp-edged. 15. Crow - - - Bill cultrated, feathers of the front reversed. 16. Roller - - - Bill cultrated, bent at the tip. 7. Oriole - - = Bill strait, conic, sharp-pointed. 18. Grakle - - = Bill cultrated, even, mostly bare at the base. 19. Paradise Bird - Bill sub-cultrated, feathers of the front velvety. . Nuthatch - - Bill strait, cuneated at the tip. 32. 34, 39. 2 vw Hoopoe- - Honey-eater Creeper - - . Parrot = - Toucan - = Channel- Bill Ani - - - . Curucut- - . Barbet - = 2. Barbican - - Coucal - = 24, Malkoha- - 25. Cuckow - = . Wryneck + - Woodpecker . Jacamur = 8. Motmot- - 10. Hornbill = 29. Kingsfisher = 31. Tody = = 33. Bee-eater - 41. Grosbeak - 42. Bunting- - 44, Finch = = 45. Plant-cutter ** 40. Coly- - - 50. Manakin - 52. Swallow-— - 53. Goutsucker - BIRDS. XXiX - Bill long, slender, bending. - Bill sub-triangular, bent at the tip; tongue ciliated. - _ Billincurvated, pointed. . Humming- Bird Bill incurvated, filiform, tip blunt. ** With Climbing Feet. - Bill with a cere at the base; tongue fleshy. = Bill serrated; tongue feathered on the sides. - Bill cultrated, nostrils oval, rugose. - Bill rugose, margin angular. = Bill serrated, bent at the tip. - Bill smooth, emarginated, hooked. - Bill bent, with one or more notch at the upper mandible. = Bill strong, nostrils elongate; interior hind claw strait. - Bill strong, nostrils linear, marginal; cheeks bare, granulated, = Bill smooth, nostrils emarginated, or rimmed. - Bill smooth, tongue worm-shaped, missile; - Bill angular, tongue worm-shaped, missile. - Bill quadrangular, very sharp-pointed. *** Feet made for Leaping. = Bill bent, denticulated ; tongue feathery. - Bill serrated, front bony. - Bill triangular, strait. = Bill linear, depressed,. strait. = Bill bent, somewhat compressed. ORDER III. PASSERINE. * With Thick Bills. - Bill conic, ovated. - Bill sub-conic, the lower mandible broader, coarctate, = Bill conic, sharp. - Bill conic, strait, serrated. With Curved Bills, the Upper Mandible bent at the Tip. - Bill conic, attenuated, convex above, = Bill incurvated, subulated. - . Billincuryated, depressed. - Bill incurvated, depressed, ciliated. xKXX 54. KK . Thrush - Chatterer . Tanager - Flycatcher . Starling - . Lark- = Wagtail - . Warbler - Titmouse Pigeon - Peacock - Turkey - : Guan - . Pintado - , Curassow . Menura - . Pheasant Tinamou . Grous - . Partridge Trumpeter . Bustard- BIRDS. With Bills having the Upper Mandible emarginated near the Tip. Bill emarginated, subulate, compressed at the base. Bill emarginated, subulate, depressed at the base. Bill emarginated, subulate, somewhat conic at the base. Bill emarginated, subulate, hairy at the base. **** Simple-billed.—Bill strait, integral, attenuated. Bill subulated, depressed at the tip, and margined. Bill subulated; tongue bifid; hind claw elongated. Bill subulated; hind claw moderate; tail long. Bill subulated; hind claw moderate; tail shorter. Bill subulated; tongue truncated; feathers of the front reversed. ORDER IV. COLUMBINE. Bill sharpish on the edge, nostrils gibbous, covered with an obso- lete membrane. ORDER V. GALLINACEOUS.: * With Four Toes. Bill naked; feathers of the crown revolute. Bill naked; face covered with caruncles. Bill bare at the base; head feathered. Bill furnished with a double wattle at the base. Bill with a cere covering the base. Bill conico-convex, nostrils in the middle. Bill smooth; cheeks naked, smooth. Bill longish, blunt at the tip, nostrils in the middle. Bill conic, bent; a naked space above the eyes. Bill conic, a little bent; space round the eyes covered. Bill sub-fornicated, nostrils. oval, pervious. ** With Three Toes. Bill sub-fornicated; tongue emarginated ; feet with three toes, all placed forwards. 67. Dodo - = 68S. Emeu - = 69. Cassowury = “Na won = cc . Ostrich = . Spoon- Bill - . Screamer = . Jabiru = = . Boat-Bill = 75. Umbre = = 76. Heron = = 77. Erody = = 78. Ibis - - = 79. Curlew = = . Snipe «= = - Sandpiper = . Pratincole - . Rail = = - . Jacana = = - Gallinule - BIRDS. XXXi ORDER VI. STRUTHIOUS. * With Four Toes. Bill a little compressed on the sides, bent at the tip; face some- what naked. ; ** With Three Toes, placed forwards. Bill strait, swb-conic: a knob instead of a back toe. Bill strait, sub-conic. *** With Two Toes, placed forwards. Bill strait, depressed, obtuse. DIVISION II. WATER BIRDS. ORDER VII. WADERS. * With Four Toes. Bill depressed, spoon-shaped. Bill hooked at the tip, sharp: Bill inclining upwards, the under mandible thicker, and more stout. Bill gibbous, the upper mandible shaped like a boat, with the keel upwards. Bill compressed, carinated, obtuse. Bill sharp at the end. Bill strait, somewhat gaping from the middle to the point. Bill bent, with a bare pouch under the throat. Bill bent; the face wholly feathered, Bill strait, long, roundish, blunt at the end. Bil roundish, obtuse; hind claw scarcely reaching the ground, Bill convex, tip somewhat compressed, Bill subcarinated ; body compressed. Bill more or less carunculated at the base. Bill strait, sharp; forehead bare. KXXiE 89. 90, §2 $3. $4. 91. 92. 94, 110. 111. Sheath- Bill Cereopsis Plover - Courser - Otster-Catcher BIRDS. Bill strong, conic; nostrils covered with a moveable cere. Bill convex, declining at the tip; face before the eyes bare. ** With Three Toes, placed forwards. Bill roundish, strait. Bill roundish, bent at the tip. Bill somewhat compressed, cuneated at the tip. ORDER VIII. WITH PINNATED FEET. Phalarope 2. Finfoot < Coot- - Grebe = . Avoset - . Courier - Flamingo Albatross 9. Auk - - Guillemot Diver - Skimmer . Tern- - -(Gulli= = Petrel - Goosander Duck - Penguin - Pelican - Tropic Bird “Darter - Bill slender, strait, a trifle bent at the tip. Bill moderately curved, pointed, and elongated. Bill conic, somewhat compressed, front bare. Bill strait, sharp; legs placed far behind, tail wanting. ORDER IX. WEB-FOOTED. * With Long Legs. Bill slender, depressed, turning upwards at the end. * Bill short, strait, smooth-edged. Bill bent, denticulated, inclining downward. ** With Short Legs. Bill bent at the end, lower mandible truncated; back toe wanting. Bill compressed, transversely sulcated on the sides; back toe wanting. Bill strait, sharp; back toe wanting. Bill strait, sharp, compressed on the sides; legs placed almost at the vent. Bill greatly compressed, the upper mandible shorter. Bill pointed, compressed at the tip. Bill bending at the point, near which it is gibbous beneath. Bill hooked at the end, with cylindric tubular nostrils; a spur instead of a hind toe. Bill witha bent nail at the end, and denticulated, or sawed on the sides, Bill with a nail at the end, and lamellated on the sides. Bill strait; inclining downwards; wings imitating fins, and useless for flight. Bill naked round the base; gullet naked, and capable of greut distension. Bill cultrated, compressed, serrated. Bill subulated, serrated ; neck very long. INDEX TO THE GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. F.R.S. A.S. ano L.S. Acap, Cz#s. Nat. Curtos. Rec. Hoitm. eT Soc. Nat. Scrut. BEROLIN. Soc. &c. &c. WINCHESTER: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR, MAY BE HAD IN LONDON OF MESSRS. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; AND W. WOOD, 428, STRAND. 1828. ae | - tah ‘ ¢ ‘ ; ie sh a, ee ae we $ vs Sys 7 MT CPR BA Bee ae alg Brie ; "ies i \ ; y ik aS a) Yat ; a : r y a ’ 4 * Ey Oe ee EB SE Presta ou (oN imArAR GR APE See yer ooh OAR Ra? . adjaaoe ‘ ’ og ; an y S Mh mh Ry par i woah nasser eat in arte eae gt po 5 if, (oasee io * : Ra arek. 7 Ber eos 7 = y vie ‘ «pe ; i " = aS) ry By ee ae if ae ; x ; A ve j ‘ PE en! Ee i an vu pws RE ESAM , 5 ; : ‘ »_ Seeker Ay 7 af WUAiiA Bee Row (yet aes godre xn ‘otetadss ‘ene, CoRR ae . : CAOONE awn ‘WHAG-A ra, ead cB AASB AE DEPRAM AD 7 WGA Lecapiaesseas oom Oo b iy sit 3 . ’ b, Pat ‘ORS : a a a AR 2 ed ae 4 4 vit i INDEX. ORDERS AND GENERA OF BIRDS. Accipitrine Order Albatross Ani Auk Avoset Barbet Barbican Bee-eater Beef-eater Boatbill se Bunting Bustard Cariama Cassowary Cereopsis Channel-bill Chatterer é Columbine Order Coly @ootwn ce 26 Coucal 56 Courier Courser Creeper da @rowaly (se oa Cuckow Curassow OC Curlew Curucui 06 Darter ae Diver _— SCHWOOATMDANODMOANONW DP w Ow = _ SCOoOWKO WWW Pp © — Dodo Duck Eimewa Erody .. Falcon Finch Finfoot Flamingo Flycatcher Gallinaceous Order Gallinule Goatsucker Goosander Grakle Grebe Grosbeak Grous Guan Guillemot Gull Heron Honey-eater Hoopoe dG Hornbill 66 Humming-bird Jabiru Jacamar Jacana Kingsfisher Lark ay wa Malkoha Vol. Page 8 373 10 214 8 377 137 J 41 6 45 10 10 10 43 6 154 8 109 9 396 7 331 10 199 3 144 10 19 —_— WARCROANDAROSOOSOMORN =} @ Vol. Page Manakin 7 219 Menura 8 159 Merganser 10 199 Motmot 2 296 Nuthatch 4 62 Oriole 8303 0) Ostrich 8 387 Owl ae 1 297 Oyster-catcher 9 356 Paradise-bird 3 180 Parrot QOS, Partridge 6 8 263 Passerine Order: 5 1 Peacock 8 109 Pelican 10 396 Petrel 10 170 Phalarope 10 1 Pheasant We 8 163 Pies, Order of 2 1 Pigeon 8 1 Pinguin -- 10 380 Pinnated-feet Order 10 1 Pintado oe 8 144 Plantain-eater 2 341 Plant-cutter 6 152 Plover 9 311 Pratincole 0 9 360 Rail A Go 9 367 Roller 3) 48 Sandpiper 6 9 244 Screamer 9 8 4 Secretary Sheath-bill Shrike Skimmer Snipe Spoonbill - ,. Stare Struthious Order Swallow An) Tanager OSs ORDERS AND GENERA OF Vol. Page 1 38 9 430 1 96 —_ attrtoanowoonodrn —_ Ten .. Thrush Tinamou Titmouse Tody: Toucan Tropic-bird Trumpeter Turkey Umbre Vol. Page 10 5 8 7 ‘A 2 10 99 15 213 244 80 280 443 347 125 23 BIRDS. s Vol. Page Vulture oe 1 1 Waders oe 9 1 Wagtail ae 6 315 Warbler ae 7 1 Wattle-bird =. 3 1 Web-footed Order 10 87 Woodpecker .. 3 336 Wryneck 50 3 332 ~ ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLATES. Albatross, yellow-nosed — Ani, lesser ue a Auks, heads of Ocrvnen te Avoset, American Barbet, blue-cheeked -...+. buff-faced Barbican, Abyssinian Bee-eater, Hurruwa S5cGSSOO red-winged SAGdodcr variegated Beef-eater, African Boatbill, crested Bunting, black-crowned wae sts >. black-throated Bustard, white-eared Cariama, Brazilian " Cassowary, galeated aK ws see... Wan Diemen’s Cereopsis, New Holland... Channel-bill Chatterer, carunculated an Se leteset oe Lindo nib nn OoOUd variegated Cockatoo,. Banksian eS Coly, white-backed Be Condur Coot, crested Coucal, chestnut ste Courser, European Ls Crane, gigantic if Saielorere Modun AY a Creeper, Goulparah Crow, Crishna ae Ap SS CAD white-breasted Curassow, crested = DWOwWPROOOWOKHP AINUAUNNODDMDODUUNOHW PPE OO OO OO Vol. Page 52 336 57 Cuckow, fan-tail soau6soe shining .. Curlew, white-headed Curucui, fasciated dacoonoo rufous Darter, black-bellied Diver, Chinese Dodo, hooded Duck, pink-headed Eagle, Chinese Emeu, American Erody, Abyssinian Falcon, Cohy te weesee Yadiated Finch, crimson-crowned adicand Duree SOc ree Parrot Finfoot, African Flamingo, red Flycatcher, Cawnpore GOOG 0005 ‘,. crimson-bellied SGOnGN OOS fan-tailed a velolotceiuisvcre Peruvian eeeccseces red-bellied Gallinule, Martinico Goatsucker, banded cccecceees ‘Jamaica speveyeictatalel ela long-tailed Goose, semi-palmated Grakle, boat-tailed Grebe, red-necked Grosbeak, black-headed Sddcoade crimson-breasted Meisiesieles) THHtIC’ Wy os DAaoorwOon= = = i) i i=) —_ SoMOoTVY TE ORHAADQAA —_ orn 6 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLATES. Grosbeak, Parrot-billed a6 sieleinojalele spotted-sided ate Grous, Libyan cc ce Guillemot, marbled 5 Gull, Arctic toy an Heron, wattled 56 ote Hobby, spotted-tailed de Honey-eater, hook-billed Blatticlele «ee. slender-billed aeecceeses sanguineous Hornbill, pied Rie oe 56 . wreathed ote Humming-bird, Garnet-throated eeteleleiciere vests ebarlequin bocudbdoDoGanG ruff-necked Ba. cibisve les «ee. tufted-necked Jabiru, American Jacamar, long-tailed Jacana, Chinese .. Ibis, black-faced .. ars Kingsfisher, sacred Fe Lark, New Zealand a Maccaw, red and yellow sed Malkoha ,. b Manakin, green-headed ae Atslslelaf stele striped-headed .. Menura, superb .. Merganser, hooded Motmot, Brazilian Nuthatch, orange-winged Bits ciialcis Surinam Oriole, sharp-tailed Ryalieia\lats white-winged Le Ostrich, black ae ao Owl, Acadian oe ‘.... Hutum . ominous . Siberian .+. Sparrow ..- spectacle co Oyster-catcher 1 Oe ee eS ee OOO PR PR DOMONN OND OP OOP OP PPP DO pp PP RH OO Vol. Page Paradise-bird, Gorget 3 196 paDDDObOCOGO hackled 8 193 So08e wsseee. magnificent .. 3 189 sfopaieheveletalercieys twelve-wired 3 199 Parrot, horned ate 2 172 eeseee jonquil 2 143 Nodadc racket-tailed 2 167 Sopeon red-crowned 2 218 Seeley abuany yy Ac 2 115 eeceee undulated ate 2 179 Partridge, crowned 8 332 aatae el sleie green .. 8 331 Wades eeee hackled 8 307 Peacock, Malay .. a 8 121 Peahen, male-feathered 8 113 Petrel, giant 4 ate 10 170 Phalarope, red-necked de 10 3 Pheasant, barred-tail 8 197 Sestetere|aie!« crested 85,212 afeletoresetell= Tmpeyan 8 210 Pigeon, hook-billed 8 8] tiabelavels spotted-green 8 23 Pinguin, little 10 387 Gelehesolste's woolly 10 392 Pintado, crested 8 148 Plantain-eater, violet 2 341 Plant-cutter, Abyssinian 6 153 Plover, New Zealand a 9 338 Pratincole, Austrian 9 360 Promerops, grand 4 106 aH COON OOOG red-billed 4 109 Miatelolerictenets tufted 4 112 Quail, Andalusian OF. 8 337 Rail, Philippine 9. 373 Roller, blue-striped 3 80 Sandpiper, white-winged 9 296 Screamer, horned ms ae tats) Secretary 1 38 Shag, spotted 10 427 - Sheath-bill 50 9 430 Shrike, black-headed 2 66 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PLATES. Vol. Page Shrike, frontal 56 a Oe pe [0000 eee Malabarsyeree So 2 57 Skimmer, black f 10. = 96 Snipe, Cape O60 60 9 198 Spoonbill, roseate 9 5 Starlings, wattled ava 5 ll Swallow, esculent and nest 7 296 RE OSOOHO Otaheite 7 303 sa0a0050 rufous-headed 7 288 SoddbGun wire-tailed 7 309 Tanager, capital .. oc 6 23 soogsade variegated 6 9 Tern, sooty 50 10 102 Thrush, Kamtschatkan 138 merelerats long-tailed 83 so06u8 thick-billed 29 SgGoDOCD white-tailed 49 Tinamou, variegated Titmouse, great-headed Tody, great-billed white-headed Toucan, Janeire a NoPE PRTDHOHATON HW HN bo —_ © Toucan, Toco cfs Tropic-bird, red-tailed Trumpeter, gold-breasted Umbre, tufted Vulture, Bengal Waleiie ters Carrion Seta aed Condur) ooodobon Gingi aleheteleteres King ore BooduodG New Holland Wagtail, pied Saver e(claars Southern Warbler, blue-necked eecesecee lesser white-throat vececsce superb sececeee thorn-tailed Wattle-bird as Woodpecker, buff-crested Wren, Regal eye Wryneck Yacou 00 oe on 2 DWOVAWMBRUEWVNIAADH HE HHP eHow Pa epg arece Ye ea rhe EGE : a4, shee WAR Se eater 4 Brae MS i Neue thes veel. = Bo gel > dat ; “ ‘ PSR RRC Sy neta’ s V2 best rund : Ey REE Th face 2) ae ar Cis He saa So ag oe nor be et Ae) EO Mi es SEAL. Wn «Olax Ieee hig Balassrvaiihe Sy oo) . a] cn «1 ~ oe . - a oa H / a3) a oe eS eae ST ee Bataan Ol Berg st bake GAPE geen "pp or he) CTO Roe Gai Be adivsqhow iy, | hee Paik ; Pega Ge Meher abe ings. oie it ¥ i‘ { es ; i i Bee a oa 3 aden Ea Blas Sas 5, OR eB ay renee ay eG HOS Hyd 5 f ig he ‘ dy " a i ’ 4 Ai e , Ly ~ . r - a5 = Vly “ ‘ t ‘ 7 GENERAL INDEX. Page Aas-Vogel 141 Acabiray 16 Accipiter alaudarius 126 Accipiter Carolinensis 278 Cayanensis 292, 293 —— ferox 36 146 — fringillarius 131 —— Korschun 101 —— maculatus 132 —— Moscoviticus 72 ruficaudatus 265 Achbobba .... Re 16 Adler 239 — fisch 66 — see te 48 — stein... ae 65 FEsalon 133, 290 Aigle, a queue blanche 243 — .. joues noires 238 — blancd’Amerique 245} — blanchard 143 — commun 53 — couronne 233 — dela Guiane 935 — .. Pondichery 147 — .. Mer 58 — grand 55 ss imperial 51 — Malabarre ‘147 — nor i ,, ate 54 — nonette ve clos, — petit .. 65 VOLUME I. Page Aigle, pescheur 16, 256, 260 — Pygargue 46, 47, 64 — royal .. 53 Albanella be 64 Alimoche si ate Q1 Allap-Allap 209 Aluco oe wet OOD Amisk Oho 56 i Ue Angkal-Angkal og Tee) Aquila oe 60 53 — Afric. cristata 138 — Albic. minor 47 — Braziliensis 232, 236 — cauda alba oe 54 — Chrysaétos . 51 — Clanga a 66 — Coronada -- 249 — heliaca 51 — maculosa ae 246 — Mogilnick RO. Arrian Geyer ae 23 Asio b6 311, 313 Astur 106, 111 Autour 4 ventre rayé 161 de Cayenne 255, 269 Avoltaio barbato 35 griffon 22 Azulezo a bon GEE Bacha Ae ba ee Baihri, Boihré Sie ee) Balbusardus a 58 Barletta no O38 119 Page Bartgeyer 35 Batteleur 71 Baumeule é 324 Baum Falk 119, 121 Bauze, Baize 107, 155 Beinbrecher 48 Berg-Hhaan 56) dp! Bido .. 50 149, 174 Bienfresser .. 76 Blac .. 6 188 Bleyfalcke : 94 Blo-Ketupu 324 Blo-watu a 354 Bondré ae 76 Brandeule .. 343 Brandgeyer : 89 Bubo albifrons ern 20) — Atheniensis 302 — Clamator 321 — Italicus 302 — Lapponicus 304 — maximus .. 300 — pectoremaculato 303 — Pinicola sie) oO — striatus 65 359 Bullah sea SS Busard -. 87, 97, 271 — roux 97, 267 Buse a0 79 — cendreé se 80 — Criarde ay 187 — des Champs 64, 94, 271 6 VOLUME I. ' Page Page Page Buse des Savannes 245 || Cheveche 315, 348, 369 || Eagle, black-backed 239 es 266, 288 || Chevechette perlée ..,. 366 — black-cheeked 238 — d’Hiver Mi: 91 || Chicken Hawk 278, 282 — black-eyed Q17 — fauve .. oe 261 Chicquera os oe 168 — black-necked 252 — gallinivore -- 283 || Chilk, Cheel 186, 187 — Blagre .. 159 — gantée .. 70, 80 |} Chincou bys A; 31 — Brazilian oa, 9 236 — mixtenoire .. 261 || Chipua 2, 205, 210 — brown-backed 149 — rougeatre -- 259 || Choliba ey (een oO — brown and tawny 264 Busthart 56 Be 79 || Chouama the ise 183 — Caracca e249 Buteo albidus .. %62)|Chouah Maur Bo ten — Cawnpore .. 152 — Albus do SO || Choucarii AS 66 196 — Cheela os 145 — gallinarius .. 111 || Choucou a0 3, coe — Chinese So) Taye! Buzard variée es 262]| Choucouhou 56 8B — _cinereous 46, 47 Buzon Bd HE 288 ||Chouette 315, 348, 349, 369 — Courland is 63 Buzzard, American 265, 267 aaigrette blanche 336 — crested ae 232 ' ash-coloured so — alongue queue 350 — crowned 138, 233 ——— barred-breasted 268 —— blanche 55) eB — destructive 235 — common 7 — de Cayenne 336 || — Dransberg .. 267 —— greater .. I11 — nudipede .. 372 — Equinoctial * 936 -—— Hobby .. 288 Phalenoide 372 — fierce wis) JU46 —— honey 50 76 || Chrysaétos.. 58 53 — Genoese 6 53 —— Moor is 87.||Chuckotiah .. ae 204 — golden is 55 —— speckled .. 262|| Circus Be 87, 111 — Janeiro Big) CE) —— Turkey... 12 || Civetta a .. 869|) — Jean le blane 64 Buzzardet .. -. 266 || Clanga Ae 58, 66 — jerwied ws 152 Buzzaret is «s 262 || Colpeeha re o5 ie} — imperial He 51 Cabaducutch .. 349 || Condur ir 65 4 — Koorul gov Cabure ae 320, 373 || Coock-coschuk we 853 — Kumpa-maur 151 Caffre .. 141 |) Cozeacoauhtli ee 9 — lacteous --}, 216 Calyani a .. 148||Cresserelle .. .. 125|| — Louisiane, white 240 Caparacock .. .. 350)! Crow, Carrion BS 12|) — maculated .. 246 Capasuah lj .. 197 || Dendro-falco -- 119/47 Mamnsfeny....... 244 Caracara 56 -. 2741) Duc, grand .. 300, 303 — marine of 160 Carancho we te 274 || — moyen an 311 — maritime Ss 146 Caronjia a -. 198] — petit .. .-.,324|| 4-—- martial -. 142 Catharte .. 4, 7,12, 16 || Eagle, Asiatic Br 155 — mountain .. Q15 Cenchris Bs -. 195/) —. Azara’s ee eo — N.Holland, white 217 Chagoun a a 32|| — bald .. 30 45 || — New Zealand 160 Chasse-fiente ait 19 || — Bauj -- 155/) — noble - 144 Chathuant .. 343, 357 — bearded ey 50 — noisy até 143 Chaund Vessua Sie oOs, — Bido oe 49 — occipital on 139 Cherrug So -. 176]| —_ black 53, 54 — Oronooko .. 232 Page Eagle, piscivorous 158 — plaintive 34 — Pondichery 146 | — ring-tail 53 — rough-footed 65 — royal -- «283 — Russian 52 — Sclavonian 70 — sea .. 50 48 — spotted 66 — Statenland 241 — Tharu 243 — tyrant 234 — Vulturine 35, 141 — white 57 2. bellied 242 _ breasted 241 —_ crowned 63 = headed 45, 218 = necked 250 — rumped 249 — .. tailed 47 Edler Falke .. ae Tl Effraie $55 Elanus ccesius 188 — melanopterus 188 || Emerillon, coul. de plomb 289 —. de Cayenne 290 Gry Gry 290 Epervier 106, 131 a gros bec 282 —— bleuatre 282 —— obrun 4 sourcils blancs 91 — des Pigeons 278 —— Gabar 212 —— noir & blanc 294 — pattu 232 — pie ve 89) rayé ve ELOG Erne ae Ac AT Eule, Sclever & Perle 355 || VOLUME 1. Page Falco Acoli Jd 173 — Kegyptius 105 — eruginosus .. 87 | — AKsalon S 193 || — albanella A 94 — albescens 143 — albicaudus 4 47 — albicilla 46, 47 — albicollis AG 250 — albidus 262 — albus 217 — ambustus QT — Americanus .. 238 — Antillarum .. 245 — apivorus Br 76 — aquilinus 260 — armiger 142 — arundinaceus 65 — Asiaticus 2s 155 — Astracanus 146 — ater 102 — aurantius 289 — aureus 125 — Austriacus 103 — badius 210 — barbarus ois 82 — bellicosus ie 142 — Bengalensis 208 — bidentatus 952 — Blagrus 159 — beticus 87 — Bohemicus 130 — borealis . 265 — brachydactylus 64 — Braziliensis Q74. |i — Brissonianus 214 |] — Brownii 210 — Buffoni 98 — Buteo 111 — cerulescens 208 — calidus 175 — Canadensis 54 B2 — 1j Puge Falco candicans 72 Carolinensis 60 Cayanensis 62; 269 Cheela 145 Chicquera 168 cirrhatus 166, 168 - clarus Soe eee columbarius 7s communis, &c. 113 conciliator 240 connivens 221 cristatus 249 cyaneus 94 cyanops 58 cygneus 56 destructor 935 discolor 272 Dominicensis 290 dubius V7, 7 ecaudatus 171 ferox 146 formosus 260 Forskalii 105 fulvus 54 furcatus ue 273 fuscus 68, 74, 81, 273 Gabar 212 gallicus 64 gentilis lil germanicus 63 gibbosus 114 glaucopis 67 griseus 90 guianensis 256 haliceetus 58 Harpyia 233 hinnularius AT Hudsonicus 80, 97 hyemalis 91 hypoleucos 64 Jacquini 233 Jamaicensis .. 261 12 Page Falco Japonicus 170 — Javanicus ig 164 — Icelandicus Waees2 — ichthyetus 160 — Jerfalco 71 — imperialis 235 — incertus Ut — intermixtus .. 136 — Italicus es. SLs. — lagopus ad 67 — lanarius 84, 94 — leucocephalus 45,114 — leucogaster .. -242 — leucopsis 64 — leucoryphos 63 — Leverianus 62 — limneetus 164 — lineatus aie 263 — Lithofalco 136 —= macrourus... 77 — maculatus 66, 82 — Madagascariensis 161 — magnirostris 282 — magnus oe 36 — marginatus 78 — maritimus £6 146 — Mauduyti 255 — melaneetus .. 54 — melanoleucos 183 — melanops 217, 248 — melanopterus 18S — meridionalis 253 — Milvus 7 99 — minullus ip 218 — Mississippensis 275 — Mogilnick ate 52 — montanus 111, 118 — musicus a8 178 — nevius 64, 82 — niger 81, 239, 256 — nigricollis oe. -252 — Nisus eels 223 Falco VOLUME I. Page nitidus -. 246 nove Hollandiz 217 terre 277 Zealandie 160 nudicollis ag 260 obscurus 272 obsoletus fs 254 occipitalis es S39 orientalis at 162 ornatus fe 255 ossifragus a0 48 Palumbarius 106 palustris re 276 parasiticus .. 104 pennatus 69 Pensylvanicus 263, 280 peregrinus .. 81 Peruvianus 273 picatus Go. uy As{0) piscator 60, 156 plancus | 84 34 plumbeus 94, 246, 287 ponticerianus 147 Pygargus 45, 94 Tegalis 53, 233 regulus aoe, 138 rhombeus is 177 rufipes see? 124 rufiventris Jat +280 rufus ae 89 rupicolus se4- +203 rusticolus fe 73 rubiginosus 88 sacer me 117 Sancti Johannis 276 aclavonicus .. 70 serpentarius 38 severus 130 sinensis 154 soloensis $s 209 sonninensis .. 276 Sonnini 256 Page Falco spadiceus 259 — sparverius 299 — Stellaris 86 — subbuteo 119 — Sufflator 285 — superbus 255 — superciliosus 294 -—+ Tachiro Q11 — Tataricus ‘ 32 — Tharus 243 — tibialis Ob 174 — tigrinus ae 57 — Tinnunculus 125 — torquatus 3 94 — tunetanus fs 82 — tyrannus 234 -—— variegatus 262 — versicolor see 75 — _ vespertinoides 123 — vespertinus .. 192 — uliginosus Ae 271 — vociferus 158, 187 — Urubitinga 236 — vulturinus 141 Falcon, Abbotian 292 — accipitrine 295 — American 272 — Arctic vf — ash-brown 231 — ash-coloured 92 — ash-headed 219 — ash-tailed 229 — axillary 224 | -— Bacha 172 | eo barred-tail 281 | == Bassun 207 — bay 97, 259 | == Behree ors 175 | — Bengal ome c0S |= black 5 81 — black and white 183, 184 % Falcon, black-necked — — | ie (ey Le |) te pid Page | 252 black-thighed 174 black-winged 188 blue-backed 282 blue-footed 86 Bohemian 130 booted .. 69, 70 broad-winged 263 brown at 74 brown and white 196 brown-backed 98h buff-headed 198 Caracca 249 Cayenne 269 chanting 178 Cheel 187 Chipuck 210 Chiquera 168 chocolate .. 259 Cohy ne 165 collared 5 73 columbine Q47 common and var. 113 Cotta Be 185 Courland .. 63 cream-bellied 230 crested 166, 167, 168 Criard 187 dark on 23 1 desert 181 dubious 279 dusky 272 dwarf a4 213 fair - 226 fasciated cic 189 fishing -- 156 Gentil 111 Genus ie AD great-billed 282 Greenland 68 grey 68, 89, 202 Guiana +. «=—-:294 VOLUME I. Falcon, Haggard — — PEER EPI Re boa i ee Co | | | Harpy Jackal Indian Ingrian Johanna Jugger Justin Konta lake laughing Libyan little long-billed long-legged long-shanked long-tailed lunated margined minute Moskooro nasal me Newfoundland New Holland Northern notched Pacific Parametty Peregrine .. Placentia plain ara plumbeous Port-Jackson Pygmy ie radiated Ae ranivorous red-legged. red-nosed red-shouldered red-tailed red-throated rhomboidal Falcon, rough-legged — _ rufous-bellied — rufous-eared — _ rufous-headed — rusty and grey — sagittal — Saint John’s — Salvador — Senegal — severe ‘ — _ sharp-shinned — _ sharp-tailed — _ short-tailed — Siberian — slate-coloured — Sonnini’s — Soolo ots — sooty — spotted — spotted-winged — starry — stone — streaked — Surinam — swallow-tailed — Tachard — Tartarian — tawny-headed -— testaceous — tiny ae — white-breaste — white-fronted — white-headed — winking — winter pip — __ yellow-chinned — yellow-toed — Zuggun oe Falke bunte —edler .. Faucon a collier — 4 croupion blanc 13 Page 67 284 179 253 Q72 195 276 276 199 130 179 71 171 133 280 185 209 258 175 82 86 136 248 285 273 182 82 200 163 295 267 286 114 221 91 228 265 90 272 M11 183 91 Page Faucon a queue en ciseaux 273 — blanc 251 — bunte 272 — calotte noire Q74 — chanteur 178 — d'un bleu terreux 246 — huppé 166, -167 — noiratre& blanc 286 — _ passager 31 — pecheur 156 || — Pelerin 81 — perdrieux .. 87 || Falke grosser gepfeilter 106 — rothlichweisse 63 — weisser 72 || Fischaar 3% 58 Fisch adler 45, 46, 66 — geyer 46, 89 Fresaie 35 855 Froos 150 Gabar 212, Gallinazo oe 12 Gentil ELIS Gerfalcon, white $3 72 Gerfault 71,42 Geyer grossester 16 Ghaip 5 20 Gheppio 50 ws L25 Gide: a a3 28 Gill-hooter .. ae 344 Ginjeng a AO Goora-a-gang 221, 223, 228 Goshawk 106 crested 255 Goo-joo0-bee 216 Graafalk 67 Grenouillard 181 Griffard 142 Griffon ne 17 Grus capensis cauda crist. 38 Gufo es ~ 3) a0 Gugu ve «. 308 VOLUME I. Page Guliwauz 186 Gurra ate ae 25 | Gypaétos 35, 141 Harpyia 233 Gypogeranus 40 Harfang po ba S20) | Harpaye a0 dew 2. eh) Hasengeyer 25 Hawk bird .. 228 | — black af 256 — black and orange 208 — Brown’s 210, 283 | — Eagle 265 — fishing 60 | — Japonese 170 — Javan 163, 164 — leaden-backed Q94 — marsh 271 — Pigeon 278 — sharp-shinned 279 | — Sparrow 131 Hen-harrier Is 94 long-legged 173 Hen-hawk .. ue) 278 Hibou Criard 321 — de Coromandel 310 — de la Chine 309 -— des Magellaniques 303 | Hirundo max. furcat. 273 Hobby 119, 121, 124 — orange-breasted 289 — spotted-tailed 287 Hobreau 38 119 Horn oder Ohreule 311 Horneule kleine 311 Huhner-geyer 99 —w— habicht lll weyhe 87 || Hulotte -- 344] Huppard ae “co ESS Jakals-vogel 180 Ibis 38 Page Jean le blane 64 Jerfalcon 71 Jokowuru 160 Tribu 14 Iriburubicha 9 Itzquauhtli 232 Kestril 125, 129 — grey-winged 202 — rufous-backed 203 — sharp-tailed 204 Kite 99, 101, 102, 103 — Arabian 105 — black-eyed 186 — black-shouldered 230 — Brazilian Aa OW — Mississippi Bt eT) Kober 122 Koenigs-weyhe 102 Kokko-blo 354 Kommooly 128 Konta 193 Kurges 25 Kuyken-dief 104 Laemmer-geyer 35 Lanner, Lanier st 84 | Lerjana 190 Looloo 302 Lun ais 78 Maase-geyer “79 Macagua 340 | Maeuse-habicht a3 136 Mangeur des Serpens 38 Mansfeny 30 - 245 | Maw-iing 128, 132 | Merlin 133, 135, 290 Messager hig on 33 Milan-brauner 103 — noir 102 — noir & blanc 272 — royal ye 99 Milvus Ac 30") ou — Carolinensis 278 Page || 287 || Owl, Cayenne Milvus Cenchris a6 Morphno congener 66 Morphnos 58 Moyen due 311 Mucharin 69 Mudrooh 158 Nachteule S's 344 Nacurutu 303, 314, 342 Nagt Valk 334 Natowokey Omissew 305 Nibbio 87, 89 Nisser Tookoor 139 — werk 50 Nectua Braziliensis 310 — major 313 — minor & aurita 309, 311 Oakaab 150 Oiseau St. Martin 94 Omisseu Athanatou 338 Orfraie ae 48 Oricou 5c o 20 Osprey 58, 157 Ouira Ouassou wie (233 Ourigourap 1a Owl, Acadian 368 — American 313 — Athenian 302 — Austrian BN 345 — bare-legged ..- 372 — barn, white 355 — barred 338 — bay oC 353 | — black 344 | — Boobook Ge 362 — booted ae | 872 — Brazilian -- ES20 — brown 315, 343, 344 — Caburé 373 — Canada 349 — Carniolic 325 — Caspian 318 — Ie leet VOLUME If. Page 357 Ceylonese 309 chestnut-winged 354 Chinese 309, 359 cinereous 337 Coquimbo 365 Coromandel 310 double-eared 307 downy 342 dwarf 368 Eagle 304 ermine 332 Falconine 333 fasciated 330 ferruginous 346 Georgian 362 grand Duc 300 great-eared 300 Grillian 382 Hawk 349, 350 horned .. 302, 304 Hutum 307 Javan jis 357 Indian 351, 352 Ivy 8 -. 343 Kestril 347 Ketupu 323 knocking 374 large-eyed 360 Lempi-ji a O2S little .. off 369. long-eared oe S11 Magellanic ., 303 marsh 319 Mexican Belt (364 mottled A 321 mountain 361 mouse 358 New Holland 334 New Spain -. ©3864 New Zealand 365, 366 ominous 363 15 Page Owl, Oriental 323 — pearl .. 366 — Peregrine 319 — powdered .. - 329 — Rabbit PeaeEROOS — red-eared 314 ~ rufescent re 354 — rufous 346, 375 — Saint Domingo 34S — Scandinavian 304 — Scops 324 — Selo-puto 354 — short-eared 315 — Siberian 327 — snowy 329 — Solognese 347 — sooty .. ole 337 — Sparrow 373 — spectacle 340: — streaked 371 — striated otf 359 — striped-eared 306 — supercilious 336 — tawny 343 — Tengmalm’s 367 — variegated 335 — Virginian 304 — undulated ~360 — Ural 350 — Wapacuthu 331 — white 346, 353 — white-faced .. 334 — white-fronted 326 — white, great 330 Pagani fi 237, 286 Percnoptere 16, 39 Peregrine ais 81 Planga ate 66 Pojana secunda aa 79 Poppa-ruckis-sue .. 349 Pygarge 47, 150 Pygargus 45,47, 94 16 Page | Raaj : “shy 150 Rachamah .. 21 Regina Aurarum ot 9 Ring-tail 94, 97, 98 Rochier 136 Roi des Vautours 9 Rothelgeyer 125 Rotter-vanger 180 Rougri 181 Rounoir 180 Roylow we 166 Sacre 16, 117 Sagittarius at 38 Sarcoramphus 4 Schuhu -. 300 Scops je 314 Secretary 88 Serpentarius 38 Shipomas-pish 371 Siccara 205 Siutitoch 315 Slaangen vraater 38 Snake-eater 38 Soubuse 94 Sparrow-hawk Hae 209 Cayenne 292—4, 299 dark 223 —— nd Sperber Stannel Stein-adler Stein Eule Strix. Acadiensis — accipitrina — acclamator — Africana — alba — albifrons — Aluco — Americana N. Holland 223 speckled 211 131 125 65 349 SG 365 Sina 31s 337 95 333 329, 333 326 oo | 844 313 VOLUME I. Strix Arctica — Asio badia Bakkamuna barbata Boobook brachyotos Braziliensis .. Bubo Canadensis candida Carniolica Carolinensis Caspia castanoptera Cayanensis Ceylonensis Chichictli Choucou cinerea Coromanda cunicularia Dominicensis erminea Fernandica ferruginea flammea 50 freti Hudsonis fuliginosa fulva funerea Georgica Giu ad griseata Huhula Javanica ti Indica Ketupa Lempi-ji lineata liturata Mexicana Page Strix nevia 321 — nebulosa 338 — nisuella 835 — nivea 329 — noctua 346 — nudipes 372 — nyctea -. 329 — Orientalis 323, 343, 359 — otus 311 — palustris 319 — passerina 368, 369 — personata 342 — perspicillata 340 — _phalenoides 372 — pulchella 327 — pusilla -368 — Pulsatrix 374 — rufa 346 — rufescens 354 — Scandiaca 304 — Scops 324 — Selo-Puto ne 354 — Sinensis 309, 359 — Sologniensis 347 — stridula seeens4s — superciliosa 336, 342 — sylvestris 345 — Tengmalmi 367 — Tolchiquatli 364 — transatlantica 364 — Virginiana 304 — ulula .. 315 — undulata 360 — Uralensis Seth SD0 — Zorca 324 Stront-vogel 141 Suinda 348 Sundul 155 Tachard 182 Tageule 329 Tanas : 156 | Taubenhabicht 106 Tchil te Tchoug oo BE Teesa Thurmfalke Tinnunculus columbarius Toolmorley Tormooty Tuidara Tzopilotl Vautour a aigrettes a queue blanche Chagoun de Gingi de Malthe de Norwege du Bresil grand des Indes petit vilain Turcurea ac oe Vultur Agyptius albus ambustus .. Angolensis Arabicus ae atratus audax Aura aureus as auricularis Beticus oo a 2 CO me 1 209 wo se 0 oe OF Page Vultur barbatus 35 — Bengalensis 24 — Braziliensis 12 — Californianus a — Cheriway 33 — cinereus 23, 25 — Condor Ate 4 — coronatus 233 | — cristatus 25 — fulvus 17 — fuscus 56 22 — ginginianus - Ca — Gryphus.. — Harpyia 232 — Indicus 26 — lota ae 15 — Kodlbii Ae 19 — leporarius 25, 30 — ___leucocephalus 25 — Monachus 9, 30 — magellanicus 4 — niger : 37 — Papa Nes ) — percnopterus 16, 21, 24, 25 — plancus ie 34 — ponticerianus 22 — pygargus 74 — sacra ll — _ serpentarius 38 | — Urubu 14 Vulture, Abyssinian 31 _ Egyptian 16 — Alpine : 16 — Angola OG Q1 _ Arabian 30 VOLUME I. ) | Vulture, ash-coloured bearded .. Bengal bold Californian — carrion — Chagoun Cheriway chestnut Chincou chocolate cinereous crested black fulvous Hare ate King Kolben’s Maltese New Holland painted plaintive Pondicherry Secretary sociable jo swarthy tawny white-rumped — white-tailed os white-winged Wapacuthu |Wee-a-rara .. le | Wowo-wiwi an Wuru-rawa 60 Zwerg Eule falk ea meer oe ue Pattern RES 5 dah, ner aiel tie gran arene sats sh a ee: Senile jo eae ORE. in Eek i be ae | “te : sete a 4 ai fe ale er Sonik Bl. im t etal sly wie in anc Mahi Pe cat ATTLgl Yh. he a ae hafta dt he iieonenar —~ iipten pra sar veercieilay. fas SPAIUARE IY 4 S SBA J auntgeeg0 pain, AUTOR.) ES OTR EN oiler HIG. oi. a Ee eR ta eke ike he vin a 6th > “heighten °F BRR ote ciel TE ean ange tT a ont dt wee Y . Panpegent geen S hOet Me ib is rene C ag i : sinisleaghlit pede ceea Wi aw Re. ul penis sat ee bak ahem were! ig ile acon mtbig 00" apa ‘ jr, sadzsthley ay eae eee Tew Laponaiartt wy aS home”! sighs =e 35 — petit 4 baguettes d’or 411 — petit agorge rouge 383 — petit noir 378, 379 — petit rayé de Cay. 367,401 407 367, 408 — petit tres 3 — rayé VOLUME ITi. 5 Page Pic rayé grand 377 —rayé St. Domingue 399 — roux oie 404 — tachete de Cay. 392 — tigré cay 357 — varié 340, 358, 372 — Americ. cristat. 377 — a téte rouge 342 — autre i 372 — de la Caroline 405 — de la Encenada 383 —_ Jamaique 387 ==... dé Virginie 389 — verd 345, 348 — verd de Goa 350 — verd de Lucon 351 Pica Americana luteo nigra 140 — antillarum 98 — caudata Indica 28 — glandaria 20 — glandaria cerulea 56 — glandaria cristata 55 — Jamaicensis 174 — luteo-nigra varia 114 — Maderaspatana 113, 141 — marina 70 — Mexicana 61, 385 — Persica 9) — Senegalensis 39 Piccio 340, 345, 366 Picchio giallo 366 Piccio maderaspatana 141 Pico variado minor 401 Picucule de Cayenne 178 Picus altivolans 360 — aurantius 367 — auratus 40 408 — Bengalensis 348 — bicolor 383 — borealis 886 — Braziliensis .. 385 FE Picus cafer — Page A1O Canadensis 386 Canadensis striatus 408 canescens 313 canus 365 Capensis 393 capite colloq. rubris 395 Cap. bone spei 367 Carolinus 387 Cardinalis 358 Cayanensis 401,402,407 Cayanensis albus 402 Cayanensis striatus 401 chlorocephalus 383 chrysosternus 384 cinnamomeus 403 discolor 340, 343 Dominic. minor 399 Dominie, striatus 359 eythrocephalus 395 exalbidus 402 fasciatus 3S1 flavescens 378 flavicans EI AOZ flavipes 378 flaviventris 377 Goensis «- 3050 Goertan 364 graminis 343 griseus 387 hirsutus . 413 hirundinaceus 378, 379 Javensis 353 icterocephalus 383 imbrifoetus 368 Indicus ex Parte coerul. 221 ’ leuconotus 289 lignarius 374 lineatus 372 luteus 366 Mahrattensis 356 Picus major Page 340 major alis deauratis 408 major leucopheus 314 Malaccensis 362 Manillensis 351 martius 338 medius 342 melanochlorus 377 melanoleucus 373 miniatus 361 minor 343 minutissimus 407 minutus 407 multicolor 403 niger 338 niger Carolinensis 368 niger Cayanensis 372 niger nove Anglie 378 Norvegicus 365 nubicus Wy 357 obscurus Ss 396 olivaceus 411 passerinus 399' pectoralis 363 Persicus 366 Philippinus .. 351 Pileatus 370, 371 pitius 370 Portoricensis 380 principalis . 868 pubescens 391 puniceus 362 querulus 381 ruber 397 rubidicollis 398 rubricollis ts 37 rufus 404, 405 semirostris eo 354 Senegalensis .. 367 striatus 352, 381, 398 strictus 352 tiga -- 416 VOLUME fil. Page Picus torquatus 376 — totocapite rubro 370 — tridactylus 413 — tristis 352 — variegatus 383 — varius 340, 342, 343 377, 405 — varius Cayanensis 415 — villosus 389 — Virginianus 370 — viridis 345, 347 — undatus 404 — undulatus 415 Riemer eee Be 31 — a culotte de Peau 46 — bleue Q7 — bleue a téte noire 38 — de Macao : 52 — des Antilles My 28 — du Senegal 39 — griesche noir de Bengal 165 — Persian 28 — rousse a 29 Pilluck, Peeluk 136, 141 Pint aD me 409 Piririgua, Piririta 319 Pirol 135 Pitico 370 Pitta 65, 66 Pittichora ie 213 Platuk-lallar, &e. 345, 353 Plauderer 145 Pluviee avis canescens 313 Pogonius groove-billed 234 — levirostris 235 — smooth-billed 235 — __ sulcirostris 234 — Vieilloti 235 Polophilus Agyptius 242 — Bengalensis 248 _— ceeruleus 274 _— Coucal 249 Page Polophilus Gigas 239 -- Lathami 248 —_— leucogaster 250 —_— Maurus 251 _— Phasianus 240 — Senegalensis 246 — Tolu 245 —_— variegated 250 Poopo-arowro 299 Porte-lambeaux 157 Powee 151 Prinya OD BO wees Promerops 201 Punglar 50 66 Pye;.Indian) ) eo 165 — yellow and black 114 — yellow-winged 124 Pyrold 135 Pyrrhocorax Coracias 25 Quapactototl 313 Quatetomoni 368 Quauhchochopitli 385 alter 386 Quiacagou 93 Rache blauc o 7O Rain-Bird 314 Rantvan-Kondéa 213 Raven hs HY 4 — South Sea Pi 7 — white-necked 8,17 Rawil Khuy AS Reveilleur 87 Rex avium Paradisearum 188 Rhoocorah 130 Rigogolo ae ate 135 Roi des Ois. de Paradis 188 Rolle de Cayenne 50 3 — de Ja Chine 54 Roller, Abyssinian 76 — African Sl — Bengal 56 72 — black 80 Page Roller, black-headed 82 — Cape 79 — Cayenne 85 — Chinese 54 — docile $2 — Fairy 88 — Garrulous 70 — grey-tailed 29 — hairy 85 — Indian 74 — long-tailed 74 — Madagascar 79 — Mexican 85 — noisy 87 — Oriental 77 — pacific 17 — Pied 86 — piping 86 — Senegal 75 — specious 78 — spotted 6 738 — streaked 84 — § striated 83 — striped blue 80 — swallow-tailed 75 — varied 83 Rollier Za — d’Abyssinie 76 — de Madagascar 79 — de Mindanao 72 — de Paradis 201 — des Indes 77 — tacheté is Rook 11 Rothspecht 340 Saat-krahe 11 Saebe Saebe 325 Saed Gjoek 334 Salic, Saru 154 San-a avs 273 Sap-sucker 392, 406 Schomburger 127 VOLUME III. Saulary Serghet Setwuhunt Shag, Shague Shannaw Sheregrig Shirgunge Shirley Sicrin Sifilet Sintock Sioffu, Soffu Sirkeer Snapper-Gnat Bah 2? Specht bunter — de Ceylon — gras — schwarte Stare, brown-headed — Cape — Contra — Mexican Starling, black and white — Bontius’s — Chinese — Cockscomb — red-winged — yellow — yellow-headed — __ yellow Indian Stourne Sturnus Atthis — Barita — Capensis .. — cauda divisa — Contra — crinibus cinereis — cristatella — cureus — Indicus Bontii — Jamaicensis — Junceti oh F2 | Puge | Sturnus Mexicanns 102 — nigeralis rubent. 108 — nove Hispanie 102 — obscurus Sig 102 — predatorius 108 — quiscula 174 — saularis bed 165 — _ stercorarius 100 — _ subroseus ~ 150 — Zanoe 61 Suda Sohagin 213 Surkool 268 Surucua 208 Tabadura 146 Taccole 18 Taitsou Q74 Talapiot als Tamatia 220, 322, 324 — acollier aD 218 — a ttte & gorge rouges 216 — beau 219 — noir & blanc 220 Tanager Guiana 125, 126 Tanagra albirostris 91 — militaris .. 129 Tangara noir 125, 126 Tarra-war-nang 86 Tayarabbo 306 Teeong 145 Temia — : 34 Thrush, blue-tailed 65 = Chili 177 _ Gingi 153 — Hudsonian 99 — Labrador 193 — Malabar 151 — New York 100 _ nun 142 — Pagoda 150 _ yellow 139 Tingazu 5) em oes ‘Tisserin Tlauhquechultototl Tococolin Fottu Tokar Tolu Torcocollo Torcol Torquilla striata Teoucoumari Fracha Tridactylia, downy hirsuta | undulata waved Tringa carunculata Trogon Asiaticus Brazil. viridis caruncul,Capensis Page 117 372 | 107 |, 185 361 246 332 332 335 404 286 413 413 415 415 157 223 203 157 — GeyJonensis; :. © 212 — cinereus 209 — Curucui 203 — fasciatus 212 —, genus 203 — Indicus 210 — Leverianus 208 — maculatus 228 — Narina Q11 — i rufus 209 — strigilatus 209 — ventre candido 207 — violaceus 207 — viridis 206, 207 Troupiale 94, 100, 114 128, 172 — a Col rousse 131 a téte jaune a téte rouge commun de Cayenne de la Caroline a gorge ensangl. 129 134 104 100 129 100 VOLUME II. Page Froupiale des bois tach, de blanc 125 du Senegal 117 jaune d’Antigue 134 jaune calotte noire 112 os noir 4 ailes rousses 131 noir a couv. des ailes jaunes 124 petit olive de Cayenne 102 |) 103 — petit noir 102 = rouge 133 —_ tacheté Nef Truntung 230 Turdus aureus 135 — cureus 177 — Ginginianus 153 — Hudsonicus 99 — lLabradorus 100 — Malabaricus 151 — minor gutt. nigro 116 — minor nidumsusp. 111 — minor varius 118 — niger Mexicanus 128 — Noveboracensis 100 — oculis ceruleis 114 — Pagodarum 150 — triostegus 68 Turca-pikilia-pitta 349 Tzanahoei 61 Tzinitzian 203 Vouroug-driou 271 Vieillard 4 ailes rousses 316 Upupa montana 26 — pyrrhocorax 25 Warda Hie ap 167 Watchy-Picket 119 Wattle-bird .. 1 Wawpawchou chuckithou 110 |) Wayghihu Weisse specht Wendhals bunte Whiskijohn Widewall Woodpecker, Abyssinian 410 Page 200 398 ate 322 62 135 Albany 391 bank 370 Batavian 412 Bengal 348 Berbice 375 black and white 393 black-breasted 403 black great 338 black lesser 378 black-winged 401 Brazilian 385 brown. 358 buff crested 373 Canada spotted 386 Cape 353,354 Cardinal 358 359 Carolina 387 Cawnpore 359 Cayenne 401 Chili 374 Cinnamon 363 cr.-breasted 411 .. crested 370; 377 . crowned 380 .. Tumped 364 . winged 362 double-bearded 355 downy 391 Encenada 338 Page Woodpecker, ferruginous 403 — Genus 336 Goa gold-backed 367 gold-breasted 384 gold-crested 377 gold-shafted 411 gold-winged 408 | gorget 363 green 345 grey-hcaded 365 Guinea 360 hairy 389 half-billed 354 Jamaica 387 Javan 353 || ivory-billed 368 | King of 368 ewis S 376 lineated 372 little 391 long-billed 360 Mahratta 356 | Malacca 362 | Manilla 351 minute 407 Nootka BY) northern 386 Nubian 357 orange 367 Paraguan 394 passerine 399 | 8535 VOLUME III. Woodpecker, ‘Persian — — — Puge 366 Philippine 351 pileated 370 Porto Rico 380 rayed 398 redincr 361 red-bellied 387 red-breasted 397 red-cheeked 404 red-cockaded 381 red-crowned 879 red-headed 395 red-necked 374 red-rumped 352 red-throated 398 rufous 364, 404 Sklit 381 smallest 391 spotted great 340 spotted lesser 343, 345 spotted middle 342 str.-crowned 352 strict 352 striped-bellied 381 three-toed 313, 315 Tiga 416 Trinidad 500 varied 385 waved 392 — Page Woodpecker, white-billed 368 _ wh. rumped 396 _ winged gold 406 _ yellow 402 — .. bellied 405 — .. crested 378 —_ .. headed 383 _— .. legged 378 = .. necked 365 — .. shafted 410 os .. spotted black 217 Woodspite .. oe «= 847 Wryneck 50 on eer Xanthornus 94, 118, 122 — Braziliensis 123 — coeruleus 112,113 — Cap. B. Spei 112 — © Cayanensis 124 — Dominicensis 122 — icterocephalus 123, 125, 126 _ maximus 94 — neevius 127 — virens 95 Xochitol ate os 105 Yaffer A OAs) Yapu, Yapuri 94, 99 — noir 94, 98 — noir & jaune 91 Yellow-bird, Bengal 135 Yunx minutissimus 407 — torquilla 332 Zhiaine WA ef ihotiaun hei: Reni nay. ; : CER GEC aralia meh ale am) 6 gis tats G7? a 28 ipo 2 atecrat Any AD uf ‘ oy p assis’ a8 Va heer wk tay i tes i DAR LEME i i > ROE ieneny ~ i : i leas ped Grreey 0 Ms een Ut ae 3 Palirkes a 2e “Oa ata eed ; i¢g gun BUG i J nt Heaney bud yal Seinatigatiaastiiey 20h - a optinyiot pee 4 . = eine desist } u F Pi bs 1 ags- i Sae pre = Sar - ih BQH | SATS RERERG ied : . 1 haHnknsse yee LOR Bag anyovin i PES cuidate REM 106 elton O25 Fao tact SEE LEG! albadny hahioue GER ek iiss sis We Achalalactli 49 Akaie aroa 192 Aleedo Hgyptia 17 — Alcyon 50, 52, 53 — Americana 55, 58 — Amazona 49 — atricapilla 30 — azurea : 61 — Bengalensis 19, 43 — bicolor 54 — Biru 22 — Braziliensis 55 — cerulea 56 25 — ceruleocephala 41 — cancrophaga 23 — Capensis 1H — capite colloque albis 24 — Cayanensis 48 — chlorocephala 28 — collaris 7 — Coromanda 20 — cristata 45 — Dea .. 47 — erithaca 39 — ~flavicans 22 — fusca 8) — Galbula 7} — gigantea 2 — grandis 3 — Inda .. 54 — Ispida ae 35 — leucocephala 22 — leucorhynchos 58 — maculata 53 — Madagascariensis 40 — maxima 13 VOLUME Page Alcedo melanoptera 30 — Meningting 21 — nove Guinez 17 — orientalis 46 — purpurea 40 — pusilla 41 — rudis 15 — sacra 25 — _ semicerulea O83} — Senegalensis 23 — Smyrnensis 18, 19 — submacrourus, &e. 24 — superciliosa 56 — Surinamensis 56 — tribrachys 61 — tridactyla 59 = torquata 49 — tuta 29 — venerata 28 — ultramarina 42 Alonzo-garcia 152 Angala-dien 235 Apiastcr Angolensis 132 — Bengalensis torquatus 123 — Braziliensis 150 — ex Francie insula 144 — flavicans 135 — icterocephalus 126 — Indic. erythrocephalus 139 — Madagascariensis 127 — Madagascariensis torquatus 122 Arlequin ae Philippensis 129, 134 Te OL | Page | Aveiaruco a 118 Avicula Amer. altera 275 — deQuauhcilui 151 — maxim. Hoitzillin268 — Mexic. cyanea 317 Avis Amboinensis discolor 217 — Ani Mexicanus 104 — auguralis Salaczac 46 — auricoma Mexic. 313 — de Corarao 72 — Hoitzillin 273 — Nochtototl 219 — Paradis. Amer. 108, 116 — Virginian. phenic. 270 Baboucard .. te 38 Balgonera 171, 172 Baumklette 209 Baumlaufer .. 5G 209 — -blane 285 _ blaue 280 Bec-fleurs 4 bande noir 360 — a queue en ciseaux 298 _ blanc en dessous 321 — bleu en dessous 302 a peint 310 Bee-eater, Abyssinian 129 _ Aldrovandine 126 _ Angola 133 — Arabian . 121 — barred-tail 147 — Bengal 123 — black and yellow 165 — blue-cheeked 167 a blue-crested 148 _ blue green 134 Bee-eater, blue-headed Page 139 Brazilian 150 Calonian 133 || Cayenne 149 chattering 164 chestnut 144 chestnut-throated 131 chestnut-quilled 151 cinereous, 151 common 118 Coromandel 135 cowled 162 dusky -.. 146 eastern .. 134 embroidered 165 fork-tailed 146 genus 117 gold-winged 160 hooded 163 Hurruwa 125. Javan 132 Indian 122,124, 125 knob-fronted 161 Malembic 131 Molucca 190 mountain 130 NewHolland 145 158 olivaceous 143 Philippine 129 Pied 145 Pirik 142 Poé.. ae 156 red-headed 139 || red-throated 136 red-winged 140 rufous, .. 151 scarlet-throated-157 Senegak 144 superb, .. 140 supercilious 127 VOLUME IV. Page Bee-eater, Surinam 150 — Swallow-tailed 141 — variegated 130 — white-fronted 145 _— yellow 135 — yellow-headed 126 _— yellow-throated 121 Bienfras, Bienfresser 118 Bird of Paradise, Aldrov. 135 Blau-Specht a 62 Bok-krek 267 Bons-peter, Bons-putter 123, 130 Brin blanc... 293 — bleu ae 295 Bubbola oF he 99 Cai aah 276 Cap noir ars 194 Certhia e2nea Q71 — Afra Q71, 285 — agilis 204 — Amboinensis 245 — Amer, varia. 284 _ .. Virid.atric. 275 — Armillata 279 — Asiatica 238 — atricapilla 175 — aurantia 264 — Australasie 199 — Bahamensis 283 — Bartolemica 284 — bifasciata 285 — Borbonica 262 — Brasiliana Q74 — 4 ceerulea 2S0 _— «nigra, 267 = as violac. 274 — ae, Wigidis 277 — cerulea 204, 273 — canescens, 180 — cantillans 944 — Capensis 249, 250 Page Certhia Cap. B. Spei 249 — Cardinalis 119, 224 — _carunculata 170 — Cayana 278 — chalybea DAT — chalybeata 213 — chrysoptera 250 — chrysotis 195 — cinerea 216 — cinnamomea 261 — cirrhata 251 — coccinea 193, 26S — coccinigastra 246 — _corpore sup. viridi 278 — Currucaria 23 — Cyanea 281 — dibapha 201 — erythrogastra 247 — erythronota 241 — erythropygia 302 — erythrorynchos 252 — falcata 191 — familiaris 209 — famosa Q14 — flaveola de 282 — frontalis 255 — fulva 269 — fusca 205 — grisea 254 — Guiana 273 — — gularis 270 — gutturalis .. 267 — Jamaicensis 289 — _ ignobilis 175 — incana 264 — Indica 220, 259 — jugularis 23] — lepida Ss 229 — leucophea .. 182 — — longicauda 214 _ ta minor 213 — ts Seneg. 217 Certhia longirostra Page 251 Lotenia 235 Macassariensis CBN 235 Mahrattensis 238 major 209 Manillensis 228 Martinicana 283 melanops 173 melanura 250 mellivora 161 Mexicana rubra 268 minor 209 muralis 211 muraria 211 nigrifrons Q77 nove Hollandie 171 obscura 192 ochrochlora 273 olivacea 174 omnicolor 237 pacifica 191 parietum .. 262 peregrina 282 Philippina 219, 231 Philippina grisea 231 Philippina olivacea 227 Philippina purpurea 219 pipilans 198 polita 245 pulchella Q17 purpurea 270 pyrrhoptera 197 pusilla 220 rubra so) =p ACE sanguinea .. 200 sanguinolenta 201 Sannio Es Bistwmen Wy (3 scarlatina 239 Sengalensis 236 Sperata 219, 22] VOLUME IV. Page Certhia Spiza 275, 277 — Souimanga 222 — Surinamensis 273, 291 — tabacina 218 — Tacazza 226 — tenuirostris 194 — trochilea Q71 — variegata .. 284 — _verticalis 261 — vestiaria 193 — violacea 213 — svirens ate 200 -— _-viridis 239, 272 — undulata .. 262 — Zeylonica 227, 234 Chaddeir - 124 Chicli 286 Chiglet 262 Chute Maus runga .. 44 Cinnamon 261 Cinnyris affinis 174 — longirostris 251 — Madag. olivac. 174 Cochitototl : 109 Colibri 301, 329, 350, 351 — a collier rouge 308 — - cravate verte 305 — - front jaune 319 — - gorgecarmin 301 — - gorge grenat 300 — - longue queue 293 | — - pieds vetus 315 — ~- queue grenat 300 — - queue violet 303 — - téte orangé 319 — -ventrecendré 316 — - ventre noir 313 — ~- ventre picqueté 360 — - ventre roussatre 315 — bleu .. -. 37 bleu des grands bois 3 de Chili 00 G 300 Page Colibri de St. Domingue 304 — du Mexique 310 — grand 0) ea — huppé siceene 290 — petit .. 318, 320 — pourpré a Collier bleu 319 — topaze ol 291 — topaze Kehlige 291 — vert .. 303 — vert & noir 313 — violet 307 Corbi Calao 161 Corvus carunculatus 158 — paradoxus 158 Cosero-Menagere 152 Creeper, aérial 260 — African 239, 240 — agile ss ye e04 — all-green 277 — Amboina .. 245 — amethystine 272 — amethystine-threated , 254 — Angaladian 235 — ash-bellied 261 — australasian 171 — Bahama .. 283 — band-bellied 225, — band-breasted 260 — __barred-tail 254 — beautiful 217 — bifasciated 248, 295 — blackand blue 280 iat Bes! black and violet 274 black and yellow 282 black-capped 275 black-eyed 173 black-fronted 277 black-headed175,275 black-necked 253 black-tailed 250 Page || Creeper, black, white, and red 243 blue 291 | — tufted-necked 348 Page Hum. B. Vieillot’s 351 — violet 307 — violet-eared 341 — violet-tailed 303 — waved-breasted 314 — wedge-tailed 305 — white-bellied 324 — white-billed 353 — white-collared 361 — white-tailed 308 — white-templed 361 — white-vented 362 — yellow-fronted 319 — yellow-throated 359 _Huppe 99, 102 Huppe-col 348 — deB. Esp. 103 — __grise 103 Hurrial, Hurryba 125 Jacamiciri 4983 Jacamar a longue queue 5 — cupreous .. 2 — Genus l — great ote 3 — green oe 2 — Paradise 5 — rufous-tailed 4 — white-billed 6 | Jacobine 324 — ~~ varié Seen cG: Jaculator cinereus 50 Jaguacati-guacu 51, 53 Jarbird ae 64 Jauraszini 273, 277, 237 Icterocephale 126 Inqua Itikin 283 Ispida oe “a 19 — Americana cerulea 58 — Amer. viridis 56, 58 — Bengalensis 43, 44 — Bengalensismajor 19 Bengalensis torquata 39 Page Ispida Braziliensis 55 — Braziliensis nevia 53 — Cap. B. Spei ll Carolinensis cristata 50 — cauda molli 118 — cauda nigra 209 — Cayanensis 48 — Dominic. cristata 52 ex albo & nigro varia 15 46, 82 Indica torquata 25 Madagascariensis 19,40 Indica — Mexicana 49 — Philippensis cristata 45 — Senegalensis 38 — Smyrnensis 1S — Surinamensis 5 — Ternatana .. AT — viridis, &c. 122 Kachangan 132 Kakopit 240 || Kama bimiti ks 321 Kingsfisher, African great 13, 14 — amazonian 49 _ azure 61 — Baboucard 36 — belted 50, 52 oo Bengal great 19 — beautiful 15 a Biru 22 — black and white 15 |! — black-backed 32 —— black-capped 31 — black-winged 20 — blue-breasted 43 _— blue-headed 41 — Brazilian 55 — Brazil. spotted 53 — brown great 9 - Cape ll — Cayenne 48 VOLUME IV. Kingsfisher, cinereous — Page 49 collared Q7 common 35 coromandel 20 crab-eating 23 crested 45 dun Q1 eastern 46 Egyptian 17 ferruginous- bellied 34 genus... 8 giant ob 9 green-headed 28 Gurial 12 Javan 60 Indian .- 43 Libyan 32 long-tailed 5 Luzonian 60 Meningting mY oa New Guinea 17 New Holland 1? Nubian 33 pied 15 purple 40 red-headed 39 respected 29 rose-cheeked 42 rufous 40 rufous & green 54 sacred 25, 56 Senegal 23 Smyrna 18,19 spotted 54 supercilious 56 Surinam 56 swallow-tailed 5 Tenroujoulon 22 Ternate 47 tridactyle 59 tridigitated 61 } Page Kingsfisher, Trinidad 57 — venerated 28 — white & green 55 — white-billed 58 —_ white-collared 25 — white-headed 22 Klauber 62 Kogo ca 156 Kolibri, &e. So 348 — kleinste 359 — mit dem Halsschmuch 348 — topaz kehlige 291 Kooto-0-00 26 Kuyametra 199 Laughing Bird 10 Loggerhead 65, 67, 70 Lohao mukia 4) Luscinia pectore flavo 283 seu Philomela 283 Maasrunga, MaasGurial 12 Manucodiata 13i Martin-chasseur Ae 9 Martin-pescheur 35, 56 a bec blanc 58 - cdiffe noire 30 - collier blane 27 - dos bleu Al - front jaune 39 - longsbrins 47 - téte grise 23 PUG T TEE TI | - téte verte 28 bleu & noir 24 bleu & roux 19 crabier 23 de Bengale 43 de Cote de Malabar 19 dela Louisane 51 de la nouvelle Guinée Luzon 17 91, 60 Page Martin-pescheur du Cap de huppé de Domin. 52 —— nouv. Guinée 9, 17 —— petit vert 57 —— petit Vintsi 43 — pie 15 —— pourpre 40 —— roux de Madag. 40 —— tete & cou de paille 22 — vert&blanc 55 — vert&orange 57 — vert & roux 54 —— vertsombre 49 — violetdeCor. 20 Matuiti Be 53 Mauchungee pe reef Mauerspecht So ead Melino-orghi 121 Meliphaga cyanops 166 _— Javensis 189 Mellisuga -. 359 — Brazil. caudabif. 352 — Brazil. gut. top. 330 B.Esp. 11, 16 Senegal 23, 41 d'un vert somb. 49 grand deMadag.19 huppé 14,45,49,52 huppé2 de Mex. 49 Carol. gut. rubro 344 Cayanensis 351 Cay. cauda bif. 299 ventre albo 332 vent. griseo 334 coccinea 193 cristata Bn 329 Dominicensis 351 Jamaic. cauda bif.296 Jamaic. viol. cauda bifurca 297 VOLUME IV. Page Mellisuga pectore rubro 344 — Ronckjedicta 9318 — Surinamensis 333 — Thaumantias 330 Mellivora avis cristata 290 _ Mexicana 313 Meningting 21, 22 Merle ecaillé 165 — petit de Malabar 189 Merope oo 118 Merops gyptius 124 — albifrons 145 — alter 126 — Angolensis 133 — Apiaster 118 — auritus ae 176 — badius ate 144 — bicolor 138 — Braziliensis 150 — ceruleocephalus 139 — cerulescens 134 — carunculatus 158 — castaneus 144 — Cayanensis 149 — chrysocephalus 121 — chrysopterus 160 — cincinnatus 156 — cinereus Ae 151 — congener 126 — corniculatus 161 — Coromandus 135 — cucuilatus 163 — cyanops 167 — erythrocephalus 139 — erythropterus 140 — fasciolatus 157 — flavicans 135 — fusca 105 — Galileus a 118 — garrulus 164 — _ gularis 136 — Jayanicus .. 132 Page Merops Malembicus 138 — Moluccensis 190 — Monachus 162 — niger ; 157 — nove Zealandie 156 — Orientalis 134 — ornatus 130 — Persica 128 — Philippinus 129 — phrygius 165 — rufus 151 — Scheghagha 121 — Spiza 275, 276 — superbus 140 — superciliosus 127 — Surinamensis 150 — viridis 122 — Urica we 142 Moho a6 157, Moucherolle 85, 87, 116 Murrigang .. 50 77 Muscicapa auricomis 197 — _crepitans 187 — mystacea 177 Nectarinia eximia 266 — Javanica 265 — __ pectoralis 266 Negho-barré Somes, Nemiscu-apethay-shish 67 Noir bleu ar SEE Y/ Nutcracker, Nutjobber 64 Nuthatch, black-capped 69, 70 — black-headed 65 — brown-headed 67 — Canada 69 — Cape 73 — Carolina 66, — European 62 — ferruginous-bel. 74 — frontal V4. — Genus 62 — great 69 Page Nuthatch, green... 76 — Jamaica 70 — Indian .. 73 — least 67, 68 _ lesser 36 68 — long-billed 73 — New Holland 7& = orange-winged 77 — plumbeous 71 oo red-bellied 69 BUSLY) aibete 75 — Senegal 78 — sharp-tailed 75 — shoulder-knot 66 — small Ho 67 _ spotted 71 — Surinam 72 white-breasted 65 Oiseau brun a bec Grim. 267 Oiseau-mouche a bec bl. 353 a Collier 324 - cravate doré 332 - gorge & ventre ,. 332 ~ gorge rouge 342 blancs - gorge tachetée 325 - gorge topaze 331 - gorge verte 35] - gosier doré 347 - huppe bleue 240 - larges tuyaux 821 - long bee 354 - long queue 295 - 1. q. d’acier bruni 299 - noire 296 || amethyste 357 a oreilles 341 - poitrine bleue 326 VOLUME IV. Page Oiseau-mouche poitrine verte 333 —— queue fourchue 299, 352, 357 —— raquettes 338 —— téteobscur 3829 —— ventregris 351 -———_ auxtemps blanches 361 ~———— brun gris 332 ——— cyanocephale 357 —— delaGuiane 336 —— deTobago 336 ——— huppé 339 —— Mauge 839 —— petit a queue fourchue 857 —— plut petit 359 ——_ pourpre 335 pourpré a bec Grimpereau 270 356 351 tout vert vert doré violet a queue fourchue 297 Oora Mutché Rungah =—:123 Ophie ae ay 15] Orthotomus sepium 265 Orvert ne ae 356 Oudud Ac od 102 Ourissia by 50 327 Papilio FS 273 Parus facie Pici 62 Pateronga, Pelique 130 Patirich-tirich ste 127 Paxaco aranero seit, 212 Perroquet de terre 82 Philedon 156, 157, 200 Phulchuyia thie 222 Pica Ternatana BA 47 Picchio, Piccolo .. 269 Pic de Muraille See 2a Page Pic petit du Bresil 280 Pic-grimpereau 4 ailes & qu. rousses 286 — doreé 286 Picus murarius Go alt Pie a Pendeloques los — petit du Bresil 280 Plastron blanc -. .. 304 — noir ie 310 Plattschnabel grune Sl Platyrinque .. 94, 95 Plichi-kembang 266 Poé Bird 156 Polochion .4 190 Polytmus .. 193, 318 _ aurulentus 307 — Braziliensis 316 cerul, Indicus 259 jo Cayan. longic. 293 Cayanus violaceus 307 — Dominicensis 306 _ elegans 298 _ Jamaicensis 810 —_ Indicus 258 — Mexicanus 313 — Mexic. long. rub: cristatus 290 = cyaneus 317 — longicaudus 295 _ punctulatus 310 — Surinamensis 306 a Surin. longic. ruber 29] — viridis 308 Pomatorinusmontanus 267 Poopoo-whouroo-roa 27 Prinia familiaris 264 Prist andun a Pear Promerops Ses — 4 ailes bleues 104 = a becrouge 109 Page Promerops a ventre rayé 105 — Barbadensis 108 — black lesser 111 —_ blue 112 — brun dela N. Guineé 105 _ Californian 104 — Cape 114 — crested 116 — grand 106 — jaune 109 —_— indic. cristat. 116 — Mexicanus 104 —_ Mexic. luteus 109 — N. Californian 104 = New Guinea brown 105 — olivatre 143 — orangé 108, 109 — Paradise 116 — rayé Oo — red-billed 109 = striped 105 — superb 106 — tufted 112 — yellow .. 109 Promerupe ti RLG Ptringa, purtinga ,. 123 Pyl-staert 115 Queerick 160 Queue de Paon 305 Regulus Indicus .. 381 Roi des Gobe-mouches 87 Ronckje 318 Rossignol de MurailleInd, 262 Rubecula viridis elegans 81 Rubis — emeraude — topaze on Sacchivora Jamaicensis Santa-maria Sapphir Be 344, 347 342 330 282 oO ok 327, 328, 329 VOLUME IV. Page Sassineer Sasin ». 300 Scheeghagha Schekah 122 Seeschwalm se 26 Sitta Caffra ass 73 — Canadensis A 69 — Carolinensis 65, 67 — Chinensis 4 76 — Chloris Hi 76 — chrysoptera .. 77 — Europea 62 — frontalis O60 74 — Jamaicensis 70 — longirostra .. 73 — major O05 69 — majorcapite nigro 70 — minor as 65 — nevia val — pusilla 67 — Surinamensis 72 Sittelle 62, 69 a bec-crochu 69 -h Soochoora Souimanga = uppe noire 70 - tete noire 65 grivelée M, 71 petite a téte bleue 67 a 123 114, 245, 247 a bec droit 259 - bec en faucille 191 - bec rouge 252 - ceinture bleue 247 - cein. marron 219 - cein. orangé 244 - Collier 247 - Coll. jaune 249 - cravate violette 231 =-dosrouge 241 - front & joues noires 175 H Souimanga a front doré Page 254 a gorge bleue 227 - gorge pourpré 227 - gorgerouge 237 - gorge rousse 239 - gorge violette, &c. 221 251 longue queue 213 long bec longue queue grand 214 plumes soyeuses 240 atéte bleue 256 = touffes jaunes 251 - toutes couleurs 237 - queue fourchue 250 aux ailes jaunes 258 azuré we | 238 brun & blane 220, 234 Carmelite 256 couleur detabac218 d’? Amboine 245 de Bourbon 263 de la Chine 244 de Lugon 223 de Macassar 258 de Malac. 229, 258 deSierra Leon 260 des Indes 259 gris 254, 263 V Eclatant 253 noiratre 267 olive a gorge pourpré 174 pourpré 248 pourpré a poitr. rouge 219 prasinoptere 301 VOLUME IV. Page Page Souimanga rayé -. 286 || Tengke-sumbo a 20 — rouge & gris 242 || Tenke-watu 50 15 wes rouge doré 258 || Tenroujoulon ne 22 | — rouge noir &-blanc || Téte blanche ob 84 243 || Thaumantias ..) ~330 _— varie .- 2571| Thrush black-chinned 189 — vert a gorge rousse — black-eyed -185 239 — doubtful .. 181 — vert & brun 248 — lunated -180 — vert & gris 262 — white-eared -186 — vert doré, &c. 217 — = yellow-bellied -181 _ violet 274 — yellow-fronted -.189 — violet 4 poitrine Tichodroma pheenicoptera rouge 236 211 Souinimbindou -- 257 || Tictic Bo o6 83 Sparrow green an 81 |} Titmouse, Bahama 283 Specht bleu 62 || Tinghe oie 22, 26,28 — meise 63 |) Todi species septima 81 Sri-ganti a0 -- 266 || Todier ae ad 83 Sturnus crispicollis 156 — bleu a ventre rouge 41 Sucrier we e282, — de Juida De 41 — Cardinalin .. 224 — del’ Amerique 81 — _cossu ue 217 — varié 82, $4, 85, 98 — figuier .- 225 || Todus brachyurus 84 — ~ grand du Protea 114 — cinereus ae 83 — Malachite 214 — cristatus 87 — orangé os eer als — ferrugineus 89 — rufiventris 183 — flavigaster ..- 93 — variis color. picta 284 — fuscus 83 — versicolor 217 — gularis 86 — viridis Cap. cyaneo — leucocephalus 84 277 — nasutus 94 Sui-ganti ... 60. Pail) — novus 86 Sukkur Khora 227,233 — obscurus ets 85 Sylvia chrysops 196||| — platyrynchos 95 — gula pheenicea 81 Ne plumbeus..: 85 — rufiventris 183) — regius 87 — variiscolor. picta 284 — rostratus 95 — viridis Cap. nigro 276} — Rubecula 92 Taaou-yu-tchin hte 45||| — variegatus 83 Taparara.. 5 48 — viridis ays 81 Tenkeorang de 19 || Tody, African ee 91 Page Tody, black-headed 92 — bluegrey .,. 93 — boat-billed 97 — broad-billed 95 — brown 83 — cinereous a 83 — dusky &5 — ferruginous-bellied 88 — Genus aig 80 — great-billed 94 — green Ba 81 — Guinea ae 99 — Javan 96 — King ae 87 — New Holland 97 — plumbeous .. 85 — red-breasted 92 — red-crowned 92 — rufous 91 — rusty 89 — short-tailed 84 — Sumatran... 96 —) vaniegatediin i. 82 — white-chinned 86 — white-headed 84 — white-rumped 89 — yellow-bellied 93 — yellow-crowned 90 — yellow-rumped 89 Tohorkey .. we 45 Tomineo flav. gut. flam, 344 347 Tomineius ». 344 Torchepot .. 55 62 — du Canada 69 Trochilus albus 303 _— amethystinus 357 — ater ire 312 — aurantius 319 — auratus 300,348 = auritus 341 — Bancrofti 337 Trochilus bicolor Page 329 Braziliensis 315 campylopterus 321 Capensis 216 earbunculus 337 cinereus 316 collaris 350 colubris 344 cristatus 339 cristatellus 357 cyaneus 317 cyanocephalus 387 cyanomelas 337 cyanurus 295 dominicus 306 elatus 331 exilis 320 ferrug.-tailed 330 fimbriatus 329 flavifrons 319 forcipatus 299 forficatus 295 frontalis 352 fulvifrons 328 fulvus 269 furcatus 296 galeritus 300 Glaucopis 302 gramineus 302 granatinus 300 Guianensis 336 gularis 305, 320 hirsutus 315 holosericeus 313 hypopheus 331 jugularis * 301 latipennis 321 leucogaster 332 leucurus 308 longicaudus 338 macrourus 299 maculatus 305, 333 Trochilus Mango VOLUME IV. Page 310, 311 margaritaceus 304 Maugeus 335 mellisugus 351 | mellivorus 324 minimus 359 minutulus 309 moschitus 330 multicolor 316 niger ate 351 nitidus .. 303 obscurus 329 ornatus 348 Ourissia 326, 327 Paradiseus 290 pectoralis 302 Pegasus 334 Pella monn 24g pileatus 340 platurus 338 Polytmus 296 punctulatus 310 puniceus 340 purpuratus 319 recurvirostra 398 ruber 60 335 rubineus 342 rufus -. 300 sapphirinus 327 striatus 331 superbus 354 superciliosus 293 Thaumantias 318 Tobagensis 336 Tomineo 347 torquatus 3l9 varius od) Pte) venustissimus 317 violaceus 307 viridis e- 303 viridissimus 396 bia 245 H2 Page Tula phurky ‘alco Turdus dubius 181 — leucotis 186 — lunulatus 180 — Malabaricus 189 185 181 Tye-tzoy .. 0¢ 12 Tyran huppé de Cayenne 87 — melanocephalus — melinus ae Uccello-pescatore .. 35 Veloce oe all ameoOd Venetore #3 ae 3 Verbrun ae He 198 Verdin dela Cochin Chine 189 Vert doré a queue blanche 309 — olive .. 66.) cA) — perlé .. vs) 306 Vintsi 56 OS 45 Upupa a6 sey ee O2 — aurantia 108, 109 — Capensis 103 — Epops ae 99 — erythrorynchos 109 — Indica 112 — magna o0 106 — Mexicana .. 104 — Papuensis .. 105 — Paradisea .. 116 — Promerops 114 — superba -. 106 — Wadde-ergal 160 Wall-creeper 71, 211 Warbler, black-cheeked 196 re rufous-vented 183 — Van Diemen’s 171 — variable 188 Wasterman-Sokalie-ouadro 16 Wergan a 56 163 Wiedhopft 6a 99 Yayauquitotl ae) 290 Zitzil if Be WOO HES Scale? fe TBaiusvatcal il ohh aie bia oaks ues Hid. sen! BiKS i} r pecbbsh spielen tit era | (ete alas ‘ung ; 2 ee aerials ; Ae SRE es 5 \ MePTa ea TS RE LEP x eee yr) MAE ee Shit he Ne +4 1 a ! me : cnapeagl died: og sot Poth apa Hie } (40,77 beefed Pej ensorletvey TI NSBR ibang ag Flas menh readin : | obs ESSE - ventas al als sy BB alee Reis att NRE Spam |. ae Neat is wed j Tate or's, eae ; ‘ ar ti . I , baste Sa copbrearoptylage et rece eine | 20 cn teehee ae} Whe cee a) Sty a - 4 i i sail mest.) ' — ; ayodbsie | ER ae ears ye oe 9Oo tial Ja rye i HOE, augue eezies oo

. 106, Culo bianco ws 52 —- ranzo, Colo rosso 21 Curruca 26 Se 10 — albo& nigro yaria 75 — arundinacea 34 — atricapilla 13. — cinerea oe 47 — Ehliote *. 20 — — garrula ate 82 — minor oie 86 || — nevia 85, 122 — _sepiaria 20,35 = -- vJamaicen. 198 — sylvestris .. 19 — tertia bie 83 Cyanacula AS 28 Page Cyprus- Bird 84 Cypselus Alpinus 323 — murarius 321 Dayabaree D0) Dechu O6 ake 107 Demifin 4 huppe & gorge blanches 234 — mangeur des Vers 167 — noir & roux 180 Denderich ws 34 Derreea-gunge So LOD Deuil petit 2 1268 Diablotin 366 Dornreich we 60 Dumpy Duck aa EB Dunnock ose) Sil Elotototl .. a6 182 Engoulevent ieanusey — a Collier 337 —_ acutipenne 356 — alunettes 356 —_ a queue fourchue 344 — dela Caroline 353 _ gris 305 = petit tacheté 351 — roux 362 — varié 360 Fauvette oe oo 10 — Agorgebrune 162 — aqueuerousse 197 — 4 téte noire 13 — babillarde 82 — bleuatre de St. Domingue 164 ween! Cd ewb gis) aay 1S — dHyver .. 20 — de roseaux 34 — grise aie 45 — lesser ore 10 — ombrée 154 Page Fauvette petite tachetée 40 114 — rayée sae 86 — rousse 45 — petite 40 — tachetée 154 _ du Cap 122 — verdatre 199 — umbrée 154 Feigenesser .. mi 85 Felsenhuhn = 219. Ficedula Ne AG 83 — affinis 45 — Bengalensis 127 — Borbonica 131 — Canadensis 150, 160 — cannabina 82 — Carolin. ciner. 10,185 — cinerea 157, 163 — )Dominicensis 172,177 — cinerea 166 — fusca 153 — erythrocephalos 149 — fusca 153 — Jamaicensis major 180 — icferocephala 166 — Madagasc. minor 108 = Marilandica 161 — Martinicana 165 — __ pectore fusco 31 — Pensylvanica 167 — cinerea 173 _ cin. gutt. nig. 179 = .. naevia 154,156 }} — -. gutt. nig. 175 = icterocep. 165 — sepiaria minor 83 — septima Aldr, 12 Figuier 4 acutipennes 114 — a ceinture 157 — -cravatenoire 179 Figuier 4 demicollier | | { VOLUME VII. Page 189 = gorge blanche 177 - gorge jaune 187 -gorgeorangée 160 = joues noires 161 - poitrine rouge 165 - téte cendrée 156 = téte jaune 166 - téte noire 174 - téte rouge de Pens. 149 - ventre & téte jaunes 188 | = ventre gris 94 = ventre jaune 93 aux ailes dorées 175 bleu as 135 blond du Senegal 94 brun du Senegal 94 & jaune V7 olive .. 190 cendré a gorge cendrée 190 cend. a gorge jaune 167 cend. de Canada 163 185 couronné d’or 154 de Bourbon 131 des sapins 178 du Senegal 93 etranger 187 grasset 158 gris de fer 173 huppé de Cayenne 189 olive de Cayenne 198 orangé 56 187 petit 4 lon. queue 119 protonotaire 188 tacheté 150, 151 de jaune 153 M2 Page Figuier tachetédu Senegal 94 varié de St. Dom. 172 — vert & jaune 127 Fior rancio .; as 68 Fist de Proveice 64 Fitert 63 Flusshanger De 33 Fluteur Me 5a. SLA Flycatcher, blue 163 — blue-grey little 173 —__ gold=crowned 154 —_— winged 175 — __ green bl.-throated 179 — Indian 128 — hooded 169 —= red-throated 165 —-_ soft-tailed 123 yellow-rumped 156 — throated 74 Foodkey ... 126 Forestier 4 téte dorée 231 : ecarlate 273 doré & noiratre 272 vert A téte rousse 272 Foudi-jala ae 96 Fourmilier . 234 tacheté 232 Fratino "5 247 Furze-chat ., So 51 Gabrier ae 76 Gallo de los Penascos 220 Ganutta , ae 30 Gir-choondea 28 Grisette Sd 56 45 Glas-vog ts cD Goatsucker, etherial 349 =_ American 3096 = banded 342 Goatsucker, Berbice — — Page 359 Bombay 337 Brazilian 363 bristled 342 Carolina 353 Chuppa 339 Cold-river 369 crested 341 European 332 Fichtel’s 345 fork-tailed 344 Genus 331 | Georgian 357 | gold-collared 364 gracile 344 | grand .. 345} great-headed 364 | grey 355 | Guiana 361 | Horsfield’s 370 | Jamaica 346 | Javan .. 336 | Indian 340 Leona 341 long-tailed 335 -» Winged 357 New Holland 341 nocturnal 332 Paraguan 347 Popetue 355 rufous 362 | scissars-tailed 348 | sharp-tailed 356 | short-winged 349, 357 Strigoid 343 | Trinidad 365 Virginian 349 wedge-tailed 368 Whip-poor-will 352 white-collared 351 VOLUME VII. Page _Goatsucker, white-necked 360 — throated 359 Gobe-mouche 242 a téte bleue 118 citrin de la Louis. 171 Goldfinch, Tidley .. 71 Gold vogelein 68 | Gooda Me £6 49 Gorge bleue .. 29 | =— tricolor as 209 Graasmuchen a0 82 Grasmuche fahle 45 | Grignet wi se | O4 | Grimpart 196 || Grimpereau : 147 —_— des Pins .. 178 — varie 172 | Grisin de Cayenne 177 Gris olive 50 te 208 Grivetin a AG OP Guacharc, Oil of 368 Guira guacuberaba 193 — querea 346, 364 Gunpigera 30 Habit uni 198 Haubenkonig 68 Hausroth Schweiffi 23 Haus-schwalbe and.art 283 Hickmall ate 248 Hirondelle 4 capuchon roux 299 - ceinture blanche 311 || - croupion blanc 314 |) - croupion gris 303 - croupion rouge & queue quarrée 318 - croupion rouge- atre 318 Page Hirondelle 4 cul blane 283 _ - acutipenne Cay. 306 —_ -front roux 301 —_ - gorge coul. de rouille 301 — ambrée 287 — a queue pointue 305 _ - ventre blane de Cayenne 314 — - ventre jaunatre 319 _ - ventre rougeatre 281 —_— - ventre roux 319 — - ventre tacheté 315 — bleue de la Caroline 315 — brun a collier 289 _ acutipenne 3805, 307 —_ & blanche 289 _ d’Antigue 301 — de Bourbon 298 _ de Cayenne 317 — deCheminée 277 — de la Baye d’Hud- son 316 — de la Caroline 304 de Marais 286 — de rivage 285 a des bles 298 _ domestique 317 — fauve 302 — grande a ventre | roux 810 _— grise des rochers 290 — huppée 299 noire acutip. 307 VOLUME VII. Paga Page Page Hirondelle noire 4 ventre Hirundo fulva Ae 319 || Hopmeise 249 cendré 313 — Javanica 300 || Huckmuck a6 257 — noire a ventre — Indica 288 || Ibijau 345, 259, 363 gris 303 — Klecho 293 || — a queueen ciseaux 348 — roussatre 299 — leucoptera _ 314 || — .. Singulaire 357 — rousse 282 — major hispanica 323 || — aux ailes & queue — rousseline 299 — marina indigena 287 blanches 360 Hirundo acuta 307 — maritima 293 | — grand 345 — agrestis 283 — Martinicana 307 | — jaspé 361 — alba 281 — melanoleucos 313 | — roux 362 — Alpestris 289 — Melba 323 | Isabelle ad 99 — Alpina 323 — montana 290 | Junco minor 34 — ambrosiaca 287 — nidoeduli 293, 296 | Kaha Tuhitya 79 — Americana 282 — nigra 310 || Karoflikien, Kareflikini 229 313, 318 — nigricans subtus Ketek ‘ 125 — Aoonalaschkensis290 alba, &c. 317 || Kirchen Schwalbe 321 — AposyelApus 310 — pacifica 308 || Klosterwenzel 13 315, 320 — Panayana 301 || Kneutje 109 — bicolor 311 — pelasgia 304 || KohImeise 245 — Borbonica 299 — Peruviana 312,313 || Kopock-Bird 264 — cantualaude 311 — _prorsus candida 281 |} Lanius biarmicus 257 — Capensis 299 — purpurea 315 — caudatus 256 — Carolinensis 304 |) — riparia .. = 285 — fuscus 237 — caudacuta 307 — riparia Cochins. 293 || Lark willow 34 — _cauda vel sexties | — Senegal. 287 || Larri-angon 125 divisa 304 ) — rufa 319 || Laufer 76 — Cayanensis 317, 325 — rufirostris 319 || Lawet es es 297 — chalybea 317 || — rupestris 290 || Layong-layong 298 — _cinerascens 288| — _ rustica 277, 283 || Lingetta 83 — cinerea 313 — Senegalensis 310 || Locustella 31,32 — ceerulea 315}, — Sinensis 325 || Lui 05 65 — dauurica .. 289 || — nido eduli Luscinia 4,9 — dela Baie d’Hudéson || 293 || — Madagascariensis 96 316 — subis 316 — palustris 16 — domestica 277 || — Tahitica 303 — uropygioluteo 275 — Dominicensis 311] — tapera 313 |; Magnanina Aldrovandi 20 — erythrocephala 288 — torquata 289 || Mahe Swaluu Oi EYL — esculenta 293,296 — violacea 315 || Maizi de Miacatototl 230, 235 — fasciata 311}| — __ viridis 312 ||Malabartje .. oa e268, — Francica .. 303 — urbica .- 283)! Manacus alba fronte 993 — Freti Hudsonis 316 |, Honeysucker, crimson-th. 240 — albocapillus 226 — fuciphaga 292 || Hoopoe Hen 220 — aurantius 229 Page Manacus aurocapillus 225 — cristatus griseus 234 == niger 221 _— ruber 232 —_ rufus 233 — gutture albo 227 — ruber 228 — rubrocapillus 226 — superbus 222 — torquatus 230 Manakin 22> G42 — afront blanc 224 — - gorge blanche 227 — -téteblanche 226 — ~- téted’or 226 — - téte noire 225 — - téte rouge 226 — black and yellow 229 _— capped 22 — crowned 230 — eared 242 —_ .. throated 236 — blue 182 — blue-backed Q21 — Brazilian 236 — cerulean 240 — cendréde Cay. 230 — de Guiane 230 — _cinereous 931 — collared 230 — crested 220 — crimson-throat. 240 a3 vented 241 — Desmaretian 240 — du Brezil 224 — Genus 219 — goitreux 225 — gold-breasted 236 —_ . headed 225 — green-headed 228 — grey 234 — little 242 VOLUME VII. Manakin, long-tailed — Miacatotl military New Holland noir huppé olive-backed orangé orange-bellied Papuan Peruvian Picicitli purple red and black rock speckled spotted striped-headed superb supercilious swallow varié verd huppé white-eared faced fronted headed throated yellow crowned Mandalua Mangeur des Vers Manicup de Cayenne Maria capra Martin a croupion blane _ couleur de pourpre de la Louisiane great American greatest, or Swift Indian Martlet, or Martinet purple bo Page 999 ae 235 Page Martin, sand 284 — winter 291 Martinet 4 collier blanc 325 croupion blanc 325, 327 gorge blanche 327 Ss) rs) SU 101 327 315 311 316 323 987 233 316 || — -ventreblane 323 — grand 321 —_— a ventre blanc Soll 32s — de la Chine 325 — noir&blane, &c.312 — petit 283 — noir) 5. 310 — velocifere 328 Megalurus palustris 125 Meissen Moenche 13° 114, 117, 122,123 Merle a calotte noire 106 Mesange 4 ceinture blanche Merion 260 — _- croupion jaune 275 — -gorgenoire 254 — - longue queue 256 — amoureuse 265 — 4 téte noire 253 — barbue 258 — bleue Q47, 269 brun a poitr. noire 266 — deLanguedoc 262 — de Marais 252 — de Pologne 261 du Cap.de B. Esp. 263 grisea gor: jaune 159 joues bl. 247 — grisette 268 — __grosse 245 — bleue 269 — huppée 205, 249 — de la Car. 274 — noire 267, 275 Page Miacatototl 235 Mirro Mirro ae 270 MootiChoon 3 110 Moretto ae i 23 Motacilla acredula .. U7 — e#quinoctialis 198 — = estiva 150 — albicapilla 126 — albicollis 177 — arundinacea 16 — asilus tg so |) — _auricollis 160 — aurorea 3 92 — Awatcha .. 146 — Bananivora 181 — bistrigata 218 — Blackburnie 171 — Bonariensis 180 — borealis 143 — cerulea 173 — cerulescens 164 — Caffra 30 — Calendula 206 — calidris 180 — campestris 198 — cana ae 190. — Canadensis 157,163 — caprata 100. — Carolinensis 200 — Cayana .. 182 — chrysocephala 187 — chrysoptera 175 |}. — cincta SD 157 — citrina angie 141 — coromandelica 112 — coronata 154 — corpore ex fuse. vir. &c. 89. — corpore nigro, cauda rufa 23 — cristata 189 — curruca .. 82 Motacilla Cyane — — — ede VOLUME VII. Page 143 cyanea 117 cyanocephala 183 cyanura.. 91 diophrys” .. 44 dominica .. 166 dumetorum 83 erithacus .. 25 erythrogastra 27 ferruginea 90 fervida als 92 ficedula... 83 Fitis orn 12 flammea .. 102 flavescens .. 93 flavicollis 159 flavifrons .. 175 fulicata ill fulva 187 furva 204 fusca 190 fuscicollis 163 grisea 1iZ7 guianensis 196 Guira ote ROS gularis se als Hippolais .. 12 Hispanica ,. 76 Hottentotta 58: icterocephala 166 incana 68 186 Ivica ae 18 |, juncorum .. 197 Kamtschatkensis 145 leucomela .. 72 leucorrhoa 57 lineata 184 littorea 148 longicauda 119 longipes .. 142 longirostra 47, 149 Luscinia .. 4 Motacilla lutescens Page 144 macroura 114 maculata .. 64 maculosa .. 156 Madagascariensis 108 Maderaspatana 108 Magellanica 148 magna oe 101 Massiliensis 64 maura oo 91 melanoleuca 73 minuta So 242 mitrata 169 modularis .. 20 montanella 90 murina 191 nigrirostris 144 noveboracensis 152 ochruros 21, 133 oenanthe 52, 54 olivacea 218 oxura 114 Palmarum 181 Patagonica 146 pensilis .. 194 Pensylyanica 165 perspicillata 195 petechia 149 Philippensis 112 pheenicurus Ql pileata ois 59 pinguis 158 Pleschanka 72 protonotarius 188 provincialis 35 pusilla 134, 185 regulugs 68 rossica 59, 145 rubecula .. Al rubetra .. 50 rubicola .. 59 ruficapilla .. 165 Page Motacilla ruficauda .. 197 — rufigastra 93 — salicaria .. 34 — Schcenobanus 18 — semitorquata 189 — Senegalensis 93 — Sepium 218 — sialis 191 — sibilatrix .. 74 — sibilla 63 — _ spinicauda 147 — = stapazina 55 — striata 186 — strigata 218 — suecica 28 — —_ sunamisica 134 — | superba 117 — superciliosa 90 — sutoria a 79 — sylvia 47 — thoracica 103 — tigrina 153 — Tiphia co Lee — Tithys oe 23 — Trochilus 76 — Troglodytes 65 — varia 172 — vermivora .. 167 — virens 179 — umbra 154 Motteux 51, 57, 62 — grand 5S Mouchet 20 Murreanera adc 124 Muscicapa altera, Mas 50 —_ cerulea 173 — Cantatrix 76 — é cer. cin. fnsc. & var. 167 fusco & albo varia 172 leucomela 73 VOLUME VII. Page Muscicapa luctuosa 83 —_ malachura 123, — melanocephala 124 — melanoleuca 73 —_ prima Aldrov. 85 — secunda Aldr. 86 — sylvicola 74 Muscipeta minima 40 Musquito Hawk 343,350 Nachschatter ate 332 Nacunda is 351 Nachtigall .. 56 5 — bastard 10 Nachtswalbe 332 Neelkunthee 30 Nettle Creeper 14, 46 Night Hawk 349 Night Jar 334 Nightingale 5,9 — American 180 Nun os 248 Occhio di Bue 60 Oenanthe altera sie 55 — fusco-lutea min. 77 —_ nostra tertia 60 — secunda 50 Oiseau-mouche 79 Olivert 105 Opior-opior 217 Owl Churn, or Fern 334 — mountain Pas 346 Ox Eye 245 Papilion di montano 292 Pardalotte £237, 240 || Parozolino 247, 252 _ palustre 252 Parus afer 266 — Alpinus - “263 — Americanus 178, 185 — 50 gut. flavo 159 — amorosus 265 — arundinaceusminor 16 Page Parus ater .. ae 250 atricapillus 250, 253,273 atriceps Ooh eaDll aureola Ga ine Poets} aureo vertice 154 aureus alis ceruleis 188 barbatus 257 biarmicus doit Y38i7/ bicolor Q74 Borbonicus 262 ceruleo-albus 269 ceruleus 247, 269 Capensis 263 Carolinensis cristat. 274 griseus 159 torquat. 169 caudatus 256 cedrus urop. flavo 156 Cela Q75 cinereus ; 45 cristatus 249, 274 cyanus So ae dorso ceruleo, &c. 268 erythrocephalus 225 Europeus 250 Hudsonicus 273 Japonicus 251 ignotus ae nebo Indicus 268, 271 Knjaescik 299 Lithuanicus .. 261 longicaudus 256 lugubris 255 macrocephalus 270 major . R45 Narboniensis .. 262 Nove Zealandie 270 palustris 251,254,261 pendulinus 261, 263 Pipra 226 Polonicus 261 Russicus 258 Parus Sebyensis oe — Sibiricus oie — Sinensis — Stroeemii 50 — sylvaticus — Virginianus Passer Amer. alis nigris arundinaceus minor 16 — Virginianus 196, 197 Passera salvatica oO 20 Passerinette 86 Pavaneur at 98 Peche-ke-ke-shish Q74 Pendolino, o Pavonzino 256 Penduline .. Ror GS Pendulus Ar 256, 258 Petit Simon 50 131 Pettichaps .. 10, 12 Pettirosso re ate 4l Pfannnestiel oC 256 Phoenicurus ae 25 Phirrera ie = 27 Picicitli 232, 233 Pine-pine.. oe) eneOk: Pipra albifrons 234 — atricapilla 56 230 — aureola 228, 229 — cerulea we 240 — Capensis 243 — caudata ee 222 — cinerea OC 231 — cristata 232 — Desmaretii 240 — erythrocephala 225, 226 — grisea OO 234 — gularis -- 240 == gutturalis 227 — hemorrhoa .. 241 — leucocapilla 226 — leucocephala 227 — leucocilla ore 6 - 226 — Manacus «2 224 VOLUME VII. Pipra Miacototl Bo — militaris — minuta se — nevia we — nigricollis — Papuensis a6 — Pareola 30 — pectoralis — Peruviana ae — Picicitli — punctata oe — rubetra — rupicola sta — serena 0° — striata oc — strigilata an — superba 60 — superciliosa — torquata Pitchou de Provence Pitpit 4 coiffe bleue — bleu de Cayenne — vert .. 50 Pivotte ortolane 66 Plattmeise Pli de l’aisle jaune .. Plumet blanc OD Podargus Javensis .. Podena Poobook ou Sie Pouillot Be ete Poul-souci .. Prothonotaire bo Putta deuli Queue en aiguille — gazée ve — rousse oo — sanguine ae Rain-bird .. Se Rauchschwalbe ste Reattino 66 aie Redbreast .. O0 N Page 235 223 242 232 236 242 221 236 221 233 238 233 219 223 237 236 222 239 230 35 184 182 183 64 252 210 235 370 17 344 76 71 188 330 147 121 197 196 353 277 Page Redbreast, blue 50 191 white-tailed 44 Redpole, yellow 149 Redstart te Q1, 23 — grey oe 24 Redtail 66 aye 25 — black 26 Regulus oe 65 — _ciner. non cristat. 76 — cristatus 68, 71 — rubineus .. 206 Remiz a6 261 Rohrsanger .. ate 34 Rohrsperling 16, 34 Roi oe oO Ts Roitelet Me 65,71 de Buenos Ayres 201 — dela Louisiane 202 — deSurinam 204 — mesange 205 — rubis 58 206 — triple bandeau 71 Rondine minore 277, 283 — —sriparia a5 eso Rondone 56 ii oek Rossignol .. oe 5 — deWMuraille 21, 24 Rothkehlchen ve Al Rothkehlein an Al Rothschwanz sf 23 - garten 23 —_ walde 50 Rothschwanzlein .. 25 Rothschwentzel ee 25 Rouge-queue 4 collier 25 -. de laGuiane 196 ae SOLES oe Al Roussette .. ae 18 Rousse téte ae 105 Roux & blane bor.) ehals) Rubecula Bononiensis 42 — Carolin. cerul. 191 Page Rubetra Lucionensis 100 — Madagascar. 63 — major 04 50 — Philippensis 111,113 — Senegalensis 93 Rubicola 50 Rupicola de so elo — lis caud. nigris 221 Rupicole 63 219, 221 Rusignuolo o6 5 Ruticilla 21, 23 — Gibraltariensis 24 — tertia Aldrov. 23 — Wegflecklin 28 Sailor Xe aye 187 Salangane .. en = 298 Salicaria Gesneri od 34 Samber-galeng 293 Saxicold aurita oc 56 — fruticola .. 106 — oenanthe .. 52 — rubicola.. 60 — stapazina .. 55 Schaap Wagter 58, 59, 62 Schillfmachen Go 16 Schurriah tf ENG Schwalbe 56 Ga EH t/ — Chimesische felsen 296 — thurm ae 321 | Schwanzmeise .. | 256] Schwarzkehlichen Q1 Schwartzkehliger 60 Sericcialo .. Od 68 || Serin de Surinam .. 232 Shashy-wine pashu 318 Shrike, brown 237 Simon petit Santo Sorompetta, Sororupette 230 Sourcil double se 44 Sowowpethaysish 150 20. American 198 Sparrow, Hedge ae VOLUME VII. Page Sparrow, little brown 198 — reed a6 16 Spernuzzola oe = 245 Spipole affinis 45 Spipola prima Aldr. 42,45 Spippola maggiore .. 42 Stapazina 55 Steinschmatzer 52, 60 Stonechat 60 Stonesmich 60 Stoparola .. ec 47 Strix capite levi, &c. 356 Swallow aculeated 304, 305 ambergris 287, 28S — American 304 — Aoonalaschkan 290 — _ ash-bellied 313 — Barn 282 — black 310 — blue 302 — Brazilian 313 — brown-collared 289 — brunette 287 — Canada 316 — Cape 299. — chalybeate 31 — chimney 277, 304 — collared 304 — common QUE — Coromandel 304 — crag o. § 290: — crested we 299 — Dauurian 289 — dun-rumped 309 — dusky 287 — edible eel 29S — esculent 293, 296 — fulvous 302, 319 — genus «- 26 — __ green-blue SL? — grey-rumped 303 _ . small 296 Page Swallow, Javan nO 300 — Klecho 293 — Linchi 292 — marsh 286 — martin A 283 es Indian 287 = .. sand 285 — needle-tailed 307 — NewHolland 308 — Otaheite 303 — Panayan 301 — Peruvian .. 312 — pied 313 — pintailed 308 — purple ee | S15 — Quebec 312 — red-headed 288 — rock ai 290 — rufous-bellied 319 _ .. fronted 301 — headed 288 _ necked 319 = -. Tumped 318 — . St. Domingo 311 -—— Sand-Martin 285 — Senegal 310 — Severn 317 — . sharp-tailed 307 — Siberian 307 — _ supercilious 314 — = swift ae 328 — violet 316 — wheat O60 298 — white-bellied311,317 — winged 314 — _ wire-tailed 309 Swift, Balassian 329 — Chinese a 325 — common 320 — greatest 323 — Indian 323 — murine 329 Swift, nimble Page e829 white-backed 326 .- bellied 323 collared 325 rumped 327 .. throated 327 Sylvia equinoctialis 143, 198 || estiva ae 150 Africana 122 agilis 212 albicapilla 126 albicollis 177 anilis j 136 aquatica 81 arundinacea 16 Asiatica ve 130 atrata 26 atricapilla 13 auricollis 160 aurorea oe 92 autumnalis Q13 Awatcha ve 146 Bananivora 181 Blackburnie 171 Bonariensis 180 Borbonica 131 borealis So 143 Brazil. viridis 193 cerulea ae 173 cerulescens 164 Caffra od 30 calendula 206 calidris 180 Cambaiensis 129 campestris ~. 198 cana .. ee 190 Canadensis .. 163 caprata 100 Carolina a. OZ Carolinensis’ +, 151 caryophyllacea 127 casta 2. He 138 VOLUME VII. Page Sylvia castanea PENT QS — Cayana Fae SZ Cayanens. exrulea 182 certhiola 32 31 Cetti .2 ba 19 chrysocephala 187 chrysoptera 175 cincta we 157 cinerea BI 45 Cingalensig .. 128 cisticola a8 88 citrina ve 141 citrinella v3 150 conspicillata 110 Coromandelica 112 coronata 154, 156 corpore griseo, &e. 24 cristata Ws 189 cucullata sé 171 curruca or 82 Cyane -- 148 cyanea 5h 117 cyanocephala 183 cyanura oe 91 Dartfordiensis So) Dominica eo 166 Dumetorum .. 83 elata .. ve 205 erithacus Hid 25 erythrogastra 27 ferruginea.. 90 fervida Fh 92 Ficedula 66 83 flammea ae LOZ flavescens a6 93 flavicollis 56 159 flavifrons si 175 flavigastra .. 137 flavopygia .. 275 fluviatilis we 33 formosa we 211 fulicata os lll n@2 Sylvia fulva ; furva fusca Be fuscata fuscicollis galactotes .; Gibraltariensis grisea griseicollis Guianensis .. Guira j gula grisea .. gula plumbea gularis : Guzurata ° Hippolais hirundinacea hortensis Bs Hottentotta .. Javanica ae icterocephala ignicapilla incana ty inornata we juncorum =... Kamtschatkensis lateralis wi leucophea leucorhoa a: lineata a: littorea Be livida he Locustella ,. longicauda_ .. longipes isis longirostris ludoviciana luscinia lutea capite nigro lutescens Jeb macroura é maculata Ae Page Sylvia maculosa iOS — Madadagase. 96, 108 — Magellanica 148 — magna 101 — magnolia 214 — malachura .. 123 — Marilandica 161 — maritima ae 160 — Massiliensis 64 — Maura 91 — Mauritiana 132 — Mediterranea 89 — minima 3 142 — minuta 72, 151 — mitrata 169 — modularis 20 — montana 215, 217 — montanella 90 — moschita 38 — wmurina 191 — muscipeta 59 — nevia 85 — Nattereri ate 40 — nigricollis 129 — nigrigostris .. 144 — nisoria . 12 — Noveboracensis 152 — obscura 133 — Oenanthe 65 52 — olivacea abe 127 — Palmarum .. 181 — palustris 19 — pammelaina 95 — Parus 216 — passerina 86 — Patagonica 146 — Pensylvanica 165 — pensilis 194 — peregrina 168 — perspicillata 195 — _petechia 149 — Petrarum 50 — —_ — VOLUME VII. Page Page Sylvia Philadelphica 169 || Sylvia striata 186 Philippensis 112 — subalpina at 87 Philomela 9 — subflava 94 Pheenicurus 21 — suecica 28 phragmitis <. 34 — Sunamisica 134 pileata 59 — _superciliosa 90 pinguis 158 -—- sutoria 79 Pinus 178 — _ sylvicola ve! Platensis 201 — sylviella oe 47 plumbea 130 || — thorace argenteo 23 Protonotarius 188 — tigrina co RS provincialis 35 — Tithys 23 Pumilio : 77\| —_ torquata 185 pusilla 134,185,215 — Trichas 16) rara ys Q14 — Trochilus 76 Regulus 68 — Troglodytes 65 Rubecula 41 — Tschecantschia 145 Rubetra 50 — varia 172 Rubicola 59, 138 — vermivora she 167 rubricata 138 || — virens 179 rubricollis 139 — virescens 199 rufa he 40 — viridis 183 ruficapilla 165, 211 — umbria oe) 154 ruficauda 197 — undata ae 94 rufigastra 93 — Zeylonica .. 127 rufiventris 141 || Taalchuchah, Taulchuchah russeicauda 197 287, 289 sagittata 136 || Tachuris ate oo, aket salicaria 34 || Tanager, black-throated 193 Sarda 39 — grey 208 Schcenobanus 16 || Tanagra nigricollis 193 semitorquata 189 || Tangara 4 gorge noire 193 Senegalensis 93 — alteraspecies 226 sericea 9 || Tannen holtz 252 sialis 191 — meise ofa 220 Sibilatrix 74 || Tapera so 313 sibilla 63 || Tarier 50 Sinensis 131 |) Tati te 79 solitaria é 178 || Tcheric 108, 109 sperata 106 || Teetee poinam o(nalae spinicauda 147 || Tertacampo bon) 5 stapazina 55, 56 || Tette-chevre de Cayenne 362~ Page | Tette-chevre roux .. 361) Thadaguan on 138 | Thrush, little brown 153 | Tictickee, Tikkra 17 Tije guacu 221 | Tinta negra 20 15 Titlark, sings like a Grassh. 32 | Titling oe Q1 Titmouse, Alpine .. 264 —_— amorous .. 265 | —_— azure 268 — bearded 257 — black we 267 —_— breasted 266 — capped 273 — blue 247 — Canada 253 _ Cape 263 — Chinese Q71 — Cole “A 250 — Creeper 285 —_ crested 249, 274 _— cross-billed 246 —_— eastern .. 260 — Genus 294 — gilded ae #272 — gold-headed 226 = great ee “240 — .. headed 270,271 _ grey og ite! — Guiana Q75 | — hooded .. 169 — Hudsonian QF _ Japan 251 _ Javan a6 251 — Indian 271 — Knjaescik 269 _ Languedoc 262 — Lathamian 260 — long-tailed 256 — Louisiane 254 — lugubrous 255 VOLUME VII. Page Titmouse marsh 251 — mountain 261, 266 —_ New Zealand 270 _ Norway 255 _ penduline 261 — Pine Pine 264 —_ rufous-headed 272 —_— scarlet-headed 273 —_— Siberian 260 — Stromian 255 — Toupet Q74 — Virginian 275 — Wood 71 = yellow ifs TEE, Toe Toe Se 270 Toontoonée ee EL ZO, Toupet ordinaire 205 Tout-voix So 200 Toota foorka 132 Tractrac ae sie 108 Traine-buisson 20 Traquet O6 60 — aculroux .. 113 — -lunettes .. 195 — - queue striée 113 — commandeur 96 — delucon .. 100 — de Madagascar 63 — de Manille 112 — duCap.deB. Esp. 106 — du Senegal 92 — familier ate 100 — Fourmilier .. 100 — grand _ 50, 101,112 — Imitateur.. 58 — Montagnard 102 — noir des Philippines 111, 112 — oreillard 56 — patre 61 — petitdesIndes 112 Trochilus cristatus .. 68 Troglodyte Aédon de la Louis. Tschecantschiki oe Page 65 204 202 60 Turdus arundinaceus min. 16 — Calamoxenus — Trichas Vencejos ute dic Ufer schwalbe Bis Vireo flavifrons Vitiflora — cinerea — grisea oo rufa rufescens Vitrec ys nes — a menton blanc 45 161 292 285 208 52 55 54 55 56 52 45 219 219 347 18 19 45 123 95 Sl 65 130 213 146 116 82 181 12 125 213 216 157 Upupa Americana lutea — crocea Urutau : Usignuolo di Fiume Sardegna Waldsanger Ks Warbler, African ae — all black — aquatic — ash-crowned — Asiatic 50 — autumnal — Awatcha — azure — babbling — Banana — barred BD — Batavian — bay-breasted — bearded .. — belted 56 — black and white 73 black-backed Blackburnian Bi yellow 214 133 171 Warbler, black-cap collared crowned -. headed -- hooded -. jawed -. necked +. pole -. Yred-tailed Page 13 145 106 135 106 144 129 186 26 -. Tred-throat. 163 bloody-side 165} blue =e 191 . eyed yellow 150 -. green 214 - grey 164 - headed 183 . Indian 192 . necked 30 .- tailed 91 . throated 28 . striped 184 .. yellow-back. 185 Bogrush .. 18 bonnet oe 145 Botany-Bay 141 Bourbon 131 buff-faced 144 .. headed 135 -- rumped 107 Bush AG 218 cerulean 173 Caffrarian 30 Cambaian 129 Cape -. I06 . May 160 Carolina 151 Carteian .. 38 Caspian .. 149 Cayenne 182 Cetti’s 19 Ceylon 128 chaste ae 133 — VOLUME VII. Page Warbler, chestnut-bellied 927 China 131 Choirister .. 97 Chret Q17 ciliary Gq dul Cingalese 128 citrine 141 citron 115 .- bellied 93 Commander 96 Connecticut 212 Coromandel 112 Cowled 170 cream-coloured 59 crested 189 crimson-breasted 139 | Dalmatian 15 Danubian Som dark 101 Dartford 35 Dauurian 92 double-streaked 44 dusky 94, 154 dwarf 134 Epicurean 83 equatorial .. 198 equinoctial 143 etherial 130 exilemuste (a3 136 familiar 100 fantail 838 fenny 125 ferruginous 194 fig-eater 85 flame-coloured 102 flaxen ag 94 flowery Ot 72 Foodkey 125 gauze-tailed 121 Genus ate 1 Gibraltar .. 87 gilt-throat 90 Warbler, gold-bellied — | ' .. crowned -. Winged Gooda grasset be grasshopper great-tailed green backed Indian greenish BIeY, . headed +» poll . throated grisly 50 Guiana, red-tail Guira gular aS Guzurat half-collared hang-nest Harrison's Hedge hemloek hooded Jamaica Javan 50 Indigo Isabella Kentucky leucomele livid long-billed -. legged .. shanked -« tailed Luzonian Madagascar Magellanic Marmora marsh Page Warbler, Maurice 132 — ~ Mediterranean 89 — melodious 105 —. Moor 91 — mountain 124,215 — mourning 169 — murine 191 — Namaqua 102 — Nashville Q11 — Natterer’s 40 — New Holland 138 — New York 152 — Nightingale 4,9 — olivaceous 218 — olive bbe 127 —_ . backed 81 _— . brown 190 — orange-bellied 187 — .. headed 187 _ rumped 124 thighed 162 throated 160 — Palm 181 — Paraguan 184 — passerine 86 — Patagonian 146 — pensile 194 — Persian 134 — Pettichaps 10,12 — Philippine 112 — pileated 59 — Pine 178 _— . swamp 215 — pink 127 — piping 97 — _ plumbeous 130 — Prairie 151 — prattling 99 — Prothonotary 188 — Provence 64 — Quebec 166 — Redbreast 41, 44 Page Warbler, red-headed 149 — .. rumped 116 _ .. start 21, 23 _ .. tail 25, 62 —_ . throated 165 — .. vented 126 — Reed 16,18 — ruddy sal) 138 — tail 197 — _ rufous 40, 57 | _— and white 209 || _ .. _ bellied 104 — crown. 38, 105 || _ .. necked 209 || _ .. sided 93 _ .. tailed 113, 197 | _ .. throated 48 | —_ .. vented 141 — Rush ai 197 — Russian 31 — _rusty-headed 143 —_ shouldered 121 — side 140 — St. Domingo 177 — Sardinian 38 — sedge 34 — Senegal 93 — __ sharp-tailed 114 — shore 148 — shrubby 107 — Siberian 90 — silky ae 9 — simple 198 — = slender-tail 113 — soft-tail 123 — sooty 111 — spectacle 110,195 — __ spotted-tail 174 _ *.. yellow 153 — stone chat 59 — stoparola .. 47 — streaked 136 VOLUME VII. Page Warbler, streaked-erown. 176 — strutting 98 subalpine 87 sultry 92 superb oo) Ly? Susan 133 Swallow 240, 241 Sibyl o 63 Tailor 79 tawny-bellied 217 -« rumped 81 Tennesee 168 terrene aie 137 thoracic 103 thorn-tail .. 197 Tithys av 23 Tractrac 108 virescent 49 umbroase 154 undated .. 94 wave-tailed 113 wheat-ear 52 _ sees Russet 55 Whin-chat 50 whiskered 43 white-breasted $3 chinned 180 .- crowned 126 eo. eyed 108 .. poll 172 tailed 139 \ throat 45, 47 worm-eater 167 wreathed 140 yellow-backed 185 bellied 163 .- breasted 161 .. browed 90 fronted 175, 208 ee poll 150 rumped 156 Puge Warbler, yellow-shouldered 210 aes .. throated 159 —_ .. vented 136, 176 — -. wren 76 Weiden-Sanger re 46 — Zeisig 36 76 Weiss-schwanz is 52 Wheatear 5 52 — black-eared 56 _ Cape 60 58 —_ grey 20 54 — orange-breasted 62 —_ Provence .. 64 — tufous.. 57 — Russet 55, 56 VOLUME VII. Wheatear, spotted Wheel-Bird Whinchat 56 Whipperiwhip Whip-poor-Will Wilde Swaluu Wren : — barred-tail — brown — fire-crested — gold-crested — gold-naped — great — green — House .. — Louisiane — Marsh .. -- 3d0 349, 353 327 65, 66 |} 202 ee 71 oe 204 Page Wren Plata .. 201 — Reed 16 — Regal .. je Ie eON — ruby-crowned .. 206 — Savannah 205 — Scotch 77 — Swamp 76 — willow adi — winter 65 — wood .. 60 74 — yellow 74, 76, 77 Wustling fe a0 84 Yellow-poll .. Bo list — rump 275 Zaun Koenig 65 — schlupper 65 Abluk-Cherui Abutarda 351 Acaho 232 | Aderi 66 Agami o6 -. 347 Alector 168 Argus geant 206 — lLuen ome 1200, Attagas 247 242, 247, 271 Attagen — Americanus 237,326 — Pensylvaniz 234 Averhuhn 224 Avestruz Africano 387 Avis Motmot, &c. 140 Aukuskow 228 Autruche 377, 387 Ayam-Ayam-han 309 Bagadais a Sc 11 Bait Teetur 281 Balam dc 105 Bartavelle 289 Benial 333 Bird, uncom. from Malacca 331 Birkhuhn 228 Bis-ergot ae 268 Biset we aC a Bob-white 325 Bonasa Canadensis 232 — fretiHudsonis 232 — major Canadensis 235 — Pyreniaca 250 — Scotica 247 Bonosa - Ao 242 Bosch-duif, Wilde duyf 22 VOLUME VIII. ‘Page Breit-schwanz 10 Burong Jouane a 80 — Trong 334, 335 Bustard, Abyssinian 361 — African 361 — Arabian 304 — black-headed 359 — ___ blue-necked 360 — Chili 350 — great 351 — billed 362 — Indian 300 — lesser &e 363 — little 363 — marbled .. 362 — NewHolland 354 — Passarage 365 — Rhaad 368 — ruffed 367 — thick-kneed 369 — white-chinned 368 — eared 356 Burra Buttair . 3803 Caille 312, 316 — 4 ventre perlé 310 — australe . 3806 — blanche ote 307 — brune de Madag. 300 — de Cayenne 328 — dela Chine 318 — Céte de Coroman- del 311 nouv. Guinée 311 del’Isle de Lucon 321 338 de Madagascar 339 O : Page Caille des Malouines 327 — des Philippines 318 — fraise .. af 318 — grande de la Chine 307 _ Madag. 310 — huppée du Mexique 329 — nattée 310 — verte 307, 321 Callera lava .. oo. wool Canapetiere -- 3863 Capricalca 224 Capueiras .. -. 323 Caracara of ster) ada! Casoar ae ie 381 — dela nouv. Holl. 384 Cassowary, galeated 381 New Holland 383 —— Southern 383 Van Diemen’s 384 Casuarius Emeu 381 ——é nov. Hollandiz 383 Cehoilotl Ae es 38 Chacamel .. Bo BY/ Chachalacametl 137 Charadrius Illyricus 369 oedicnemus 369 scolopax 369 Cheuque bo gon sxe Chinquis 120 Chororao gd 219 Chrokiel sé 316 Chulla Churj 366 Churge fs ih 358 Churi aA 377, 380 Churra 3 257 Page Cirris bo we 309 Cock, Bantam Be 175 — crested ho 172 — crisped -- 173 — Dorking we 172 — domestic te 168 | — dwarf ae 174 — Friesland aA 173 | — Jago ats 164 — Javan 5c 166 | — Indian 151, 154 — Jungle oe 182 e= Malabar Bry ip K6S) — negro iki 176 — Paduan by 176 — Persian ts 173 — rough-footed 175 = rumpless suk. — silk sods — Turkish OSHORTS, = wild, Sonnerat’s 181 Cocolin oe ce 827 Cocotzin BS oe 93 Colcuicuiltic, Colenicui 326 Coli sonalis .. Screen OLA Colin grand ver 42 Colombe brame .. 46 - celuturon noir - double collier 4 calotte blanche 49 34 - collier pourpre 69 18 - gorge pourpreée 41 w=—— -large queue 104 —— -Masqne blanc 28 —— -Moustaches blanch. 37 —— -Moust. noires 49 —— -nuque ecaillée 27 — -nuqueperlée 57 — -nuqueviolette 34 —— -oreillon bleu 66 —— = queue annulée 43 VOLUME VIII. Colombe a ventre rouge gy ptienne azurée Bo biset sauvage blanche .. Brame bruvert ee Colombin domestique ecaillée wa emeraudine erythroptere Fermin ais geant Geoffroy Goadgang griveléc Haggarero herissé Jamboo Jounud.. Kurukura Labrador largup lumachelle maillée Masque blanc Mauge melanoptere muscadivore Oricou fe peinte ae Poukiobou Ramier.. Ramiret .. Ramiron rouge cap .. roussard .. roussette .. BeCes ARBRE eee eenpURPE ea Ida 1] Souris ac tambourette tigree Sc Page 48 58 28 106 101 19 Colombe turgris .. —= Page 41 vineuse 56 vlouvlou .. 34 voyageuse .. 96 Colombi-galline a barbillon 86 — a camail 84 — - cray. noire $87 — - face blanche 95 os - front gris 95 —. goura 83 — Hottentot 987 — montagnard 8§ — pigmé 93 —_— poignardé 90,91 — — roux violet 89 — Talpacoti 93 Colombi Hocco bs 83 Colomhi-perdrix 4 cravatte noire 87 — roux viol. S8 Colombo domestico 4 Columba, Abyssinica 7 _ JEgy ptiaca 40 — enea ofe 19 — Afra a 36 _ alba 20, 57 — albicapilla 77 — Amboinensis 102 = Antarctica 45 — armillaris 47 — aromatica 79 —_— arquatrix 17 —_ Asiatica 68 _ atricapilla 77 — auricularis 21 _ aurita 65, 66 = australis. 79 — badia 30 20 — Bantamensis 104 — barbarica 9 — bitorquata 18 — brunnea .. 24 Columba cerulea | Page 42, 43 ceruleocephala 60 calva te 82 Cambaiensis 58 Canadensis 98 Capensis .. Caribewa .. 43 Carolinensis 99 carunculata 86 caudaannulata 43 fasciata 43 chalcoptera 31 cincinnata, &e. 10 cincta ate 34 cinerea ad 37 corensis .. 27 coronata .. 83 cristata 8, 44, 331 cruenta .. 90 eucullata .. 9 curvirostra 81 cyanocephala 87 dasypus .. 8 domestica 4 domestica rostro recurvo 12 Dominicensis 49 Eimensis .. 69 elegans ce: 33. Eques is 12 erythroptera 71, 72 erythrothorax 95 Francie .. 24 frontalis .. 95 fulicaria .. 14 galeata ase ll Geoffroyi .. 35 Guineas, sr 22 gutturosa 13 gyratrix .. 1] gymnopthalmos 65 Hispanica .. 7 VOLUME VIII. Page Columba hispida... 10 Hoilotl di 39 holosericea 34 Hottentotta 87 jambos.. 62 Jamaicensis 94 Javanica *.. 60 Indica 61, 65 jubata ne 14 larvata ie 28 laticauda .. 10 leucocephala 49 leucoptera 65 Lignorum proprie 3 littoralis .. 20 Livia 60 7 macroura .. 108 maculata 14, 23 maculosa 67 Madagascariensis 72 Maderaspatana 75 Malabarica 40 Malaccensis 104 marginata 100 martinica 89. Martinicana 66 Maugei_ .. melanocephala 41 melanoleuca 46 melanoptera 101 mercurialis 8 meridionalis 28 Mexicana 38 migratoria 96 militaris .. 81 minima .. 91 minor ventrecandido 94. minuta af 93 montana 39, 88 mugiens .. 83 mutinensis minor 8 o 2 Page Columba mystacea .. 37 — nevia iy. 39 — Nicobarica 84 — Norfolciensis 30 — Norwegica 8 — Ocenas nO 3 — orientalis .. 54 le} lalel ies ey ies pail leita ie 4 Fi fo al Js | pacifica .. 44 pallida Ee 30 Palumbus 14 passerina .. 91 pedibus pennatis 8 Percussor 13 phasianella 107 pheenicoptera 74 picata b0 AZ picazuro .. 66 picturata .. 59 Pompadora 7 Portoricensis; 22 psittacea .. 28 purpurata 63 purpurea 76 risoria ee 55 Romana .. 7 rubricapilla 64 rufa a0 89 ruffina 30 35. rupicola .. 7 sanguinea. 91 St. Thome 8h Sassciulo .. 15 saxatilis Jamaic. 49 Senegalensis 58 Sinica 50 48 spadicea .. 31 speciosa... 26 squammosa 27 striata 104, 105 superba... 70 Suratensis 57 Surinamensis 38 — de Caux — de Padoue — frisé — huppé — nain — neg re Page Columba sylvestris .. 3 — tabellaria 12 — Tannensis 82 — tetraoides 90 — tigrina 57 — tremula 10 — turbita 10 — turcica 5 ll — Turtur sie 50 — tympanistria 36 — svernans ., 75 — vinacea 56 — violacea 34 _ -- mutica 89 — viridis 41,79 _ -- Amboin. 79 _ Philipp. 75 — Zealandica 24 Columbaccio Be 15 Columbus minimus 91 Colombar a front nud 82 _ aromatique 79, 80 — commandeur 81 —_ Joojoo 75 — Maitsou .. 79 — unicolor 78 — waalia ces 47 Coo-ow me 207 Coq a cing Doigts 172 — commun 168 — de Bantam 175 — de Bruyere 224 a long. queue 226 ++. aqueue fourch. 228 176 17 173 172 174 176 VOLUME VIil. Page Coq sans croupion 173 — Sauvage 131 — Sonnerat 181 Coquar 06 aby 192 Coturnicis simulacrum 326 Coturnix Americ. varieg. 328 — dactylisonans 312 — excalfatoria 318 — Javensis 309 — Indica 309, 329 — Lwudoviciana 328 — Madascariensis 339 — major 316 — Mexicana 327 _— cristata 329 — major 142 — Philippensis 318 — § textilis 310 Coucla 74 Coxolitli 152 Coyolcozque ve | ORT Crax Alector 151, 152 — Braziliensis 156 — carunculata 155 — Cumanensis 133 — Curassous 154 — galeata 158 — globicera 154 — Guianensis an 151 — Mexicana 157,212 — Mitu 136 — Pauxi 157 — Peruviana 152 — Pipile 133 — rubra 152 — vertice corneo 158 Cryptonyx coronatus 331 — rufus 334 | Curassavia { 154 Curassow, blue AD 156 — Cockand Hen 154 — crested 151, 156 Curassow, crying —_— Cumana Cushew .. galeated .. globose. piping razor-billed red ae wattled — Curwaruk Curria teetur Curlew stone Cycnus cucullatus Dagu Delima Bo Deo-kukura Didus ineptus — Nazarenus solitarius Dindon ne Dodar Dod-eersen Dodo, hooded nazarene — solitary Doom durauz Dove, brown Indian from China stabbed stock Drigul Dronte e te Duck-field .. ve | Dubkee Eddinemo Emeu, American Eperronier oD Eyes large .. 36 Fagiano Faisan cornu 377; New South Wales Page Faisan couronné des Indes 83 — Dindon 193 — dela Guiane 139 — doreé se 194 — huppédeCayenne 212 — noir .. 203 — noir & blanc 199 | — panache 191 — rouge ae 266 — verdatrede Cay. 135 Fedoa nostra tertia 369 Ficelde Rype 240 Flercher 366 Founingo 72,79 Fowat 106 Fowl, Barbary 179 — Siberian 179 Fraise 23 i 318 Francolin a collier .. 235 — - collier roux 271 _ - gorge nue 266 — - longue queue 226 _ Adanson 267 — de I’Isle de France 274 — Haban-kukella 268 — perlé peer tt 27/6 _ spadicé .. 271 Frecourou 58 Gallinaceo 125 Gallina Corylorum 242 — de Africa a0 144 — Frieslandica 173 — Indica 125 — alia 156 — pratojuola 363 — _ vertice tuberoso 177 Gallopavo Braziliensis 131 Gallus Bankiva 166 — Banticus 175 — cincinnatus .. 173 — domesticus 168 VOLUME VIII. Page Gallus epidermide nigric. 17 gallinaceus peregr. 372 — giganteus 164 — Guineensis 144 — Japonicus 178 — Javanicus 167 — Indicus alius 154 — Macartneii 184 — minor 175 — Mozambicanus 176 — Patavinus a 176 — Persicus 173 — plumipes 175 — Turcicus 175 Game, white .. 239, 245 - Gamma 338 Ganga : 250 — bibande 259 | — quadrubande 266 — unibande 256 Gassur ae 342 Gelinotte 228, 242 — adoubleailes 237 — blanche 939 — de Canada 232 — des Indes 260 — des Sables 254 — __grise 244 — grosse 235 — huppéed’Amer. 237 — _rayée 255 Gilwut 186 Glimukan Be 60 Goadgang 32, 46, 47 Godwit, 3d sort of 369 Googo, Gugu 43, 54 Gooria Teetur 286 Gooto 262 Gorcock 248 Gorge-nue 266 Grandoule 250 Gronautun punduh 258 | Page Grous, bahtah 258 — birch 245 — black 228 — double-banded 259 — Gootv 262 — Hasel 242 — Helsingian .. 244 — heteroclite 261 — hybrid 230 — Indian 260 — Libyan 253 — long-tailed 226 — Namaqua ie 51 — Nemesian 244 — pinnated 237 — pin-tailed ,. 250 — Ptarmigan . 239 — red «. ze 247 — Rehusak . «= Q47 — rock .. oes O49 — ruffed 934 — sand Z 254 — Senegal vere 253 — _ sharp-tailed 226 — shoulder-knot 235 — spotted 232 — spurious os ~ 231 — Surinagur .. 257 — white iy 245 — willow ne 245 — wood 223 Grus Psophia 347 Grygallus b3 230 — minor Fs 245 _— punctatus 230 Guan, Courier 142 — crested 131 — crying 137 — Eye-brow .. 139 — Genus 131 — Marail 135 — Motmot 139 VOLUME VIII. Page Page Guan, obscure 137 | Houbara 367 — Parraqua 35 140 | Houpifere Macartney 184 — piping 133 || Hurta Googo 75 — supercilious 138 || Jabiru-guacu 377 — Yacou oi 133 || Jacupema, Jacupemba 131,135 Haban-kukella -- 69||Jacutinga .. Se SA -Haggarero 24 || Jambu 213 Hannequaw 140 || Jemam 140 Haselhuhn 242 || Jerva-guwa 68 — bunte .. 244 | Joo-an "6 Haubentaube re 9 || Joo-joo i 5 Haushahn Gemeine .. ‘168 || Kalekutische Hahn 125 Haustaube .. ee 4 || Kamri, Kamta 58 Heathcock, black and spotted || Karoeba 137 232 || Kasuar gehaubte 381 brown and spotted || Kata 250 232 || Katraca 140 ruffed 234 || Keron Q47 Hemipodius fasciatus 343 || Kervan f 371 hottentottus 345 || Kin-chien-keg 120 — lunatus 336 || Kittiwiah 250 — maculosus 344 || Knorcock 356 — nigricollis 339 || Korhaen se 357 —- nigrifrons 341 Kronvogel é 83 — Peruvianus 152 || Kropfer a ate 13 — pugnax 341 || Kuaow 207 —— tachydromus 337 || — chirmin 120 thoracicus 328 | Kubootu-jungly 68 Hen Peruvian, red 152 || Kurukuru 63 Heteroclite 261 || Lachtaube ~ 55 Hoactzin.. -. 212 || Lagopede 239 Hocco de la Guiane 151, 156 | — de la Baye d’Hudson — de Perou 152 245 — du Mexique 157 | Lagopus altera Plinii 247 — Teucholi 154 | — corylorum 24Q- Hockerhuhn 157|| — freti Hudsonis 232 Hoitlallotl 142 | — from Hudson’s B.232 Hoitlotl 39|| — hybridus .. 231 Holtz Taube 3 | Lampattu. .. ac 20 Ho-ouy 325 || Lanting ae Ae eres) Hoonkeah 340 || Lava surra 249 Horse of the Woods 225 | Leek ais 366 Page Limoo-an SH Ble 60 Lohong ee 354 Long-Bird .. fe) $442 Loo-ah 55 ae 341 Lophophore ot 3203 — resplendissant 210 Lophophorus refulgens 210 Luen Be Bes 205 Lyre 159 Macucagua 213 Magoua 213 Maitsou a5 3c 42 Mame oe Or 323 Maquas Duye .« 103 Marai, Maraye 125 Meleagris cristata 131 — __ pectore albo 147 —_— Satyra 208 Memewuck 97 Menura nove Hollandiz 159 — superba 159 Merak 5 116 Mira, Mara .. ae 204 Mitu, Mutu é 151 Mituporanga 151, 154 Mocoicocoe ae Ailes Mohreinhuner 176 Moorcock 240 Moory Manmoorei 210 — TZeereen std Qi1 Muthurau.. oe 201 Nandu oe sep eda Nehla Nemalia 366 Nepaul “ish SaZOS Nhandu guacu & apo 377 Numida Agyptiaca 147 — cristata ae 148 — meleagris 144 — mitrata 14S Oc-kiss-cow 228 Ococolin 322 Oedicnemus 369 Page Oedicnemus crepitans 369 Oenas Americanus 96 Oiseau de Nazareth 375 — trompette 347 Oopa, Ooopara 63 Oorail 366 Opisthocomus 212 Orooba 19 Ortygis lucionensis 338 Ostrich, American 377 — black 387 — flying 355 Otis Afra ae 356 — Arabs 354 — atra 356 —aurita .. 365 — Bengalensis 358 — Chilensis 350 — Houbara ae 367 — Indica 368 — minor 363 — Oedicnemus 369 — Rhaad sere exits} —tarda .. 351 — Tetrax .. 363 Outarcde = ea ODL — d'Afrique 356 — huppéd’Arabie 354 — moyenne des Indes 358 — petite 363 Palemito oy 92 Paloma, Paloma torcas 67 Palumbus Amboinensis 61 — Carolinensis 96 — minor Se oe — Moluccensis 19 _— torquatus 14 Paon 109 — blanc 113 — petit de Malac 119 — sauvage 114, 355 Paradise-Bird, Parkinson. 159 VOLUME VIII. Page |j Parkinson 159 Parraqua Hs ae 140 Partridge, African Q77 —_— American 324 _ Aragonian 256 — Asiatic 281 — austral 308 — Barbary 293 — bare-necked 266 _ beautiful Q74 _— black 273 _— brown African 271 —_ buff-breasted 296 _ Cambaian 334 _ Cape we 265 _ Caspian 290 —_ Ceylon 268 — Cheshire 286 —_ chestnut-bell. 305 _— Chittygong 268,295 —_ common 283 —_ crested Californian 328 —_ crowned 331 _— Curria 270 _ curve-billed 279 _ Damascus 250, 287 _ double-spurred 268 -- dusky-breasted 297 —_ dwarf 305 — eye-brow 304 —_ eyed 301 _ Francolin 271 — Gingi sey me sears: | _ gorget .. 302 _ great 213 _— Greek .. 289 _ green 331 _ Guernsey 291 —_ Guiana 323 _— hackled 307 _ Javan 308 Page Partridge, Kakelik 290 —_ Lauwau 304 — Leona 273 _ long-billed 282 _ Malacca 324 —_ Mariland 324 — Mexican 322 _ Mosambique 297 mountain 88, 288 New England 324 _ New Holland 344 _— noisy 309 —_ olive 303 — oriental 300 — pearled 276 _ perching 281 _— Pintado 274 — Pondicherry 279 — red Ee 289 _ . billed 298 _— . legged 291 — . necked 266 — rock 335 _— rufous-breasted 296 —_ rust-bellied 298 _— Senegal 267 _ spruce .. 233 — Virginian (234 — violaceous 331 _ undulated 305 — white 245 — white-cheeked 304 —_ wood 232, 299 Pavo albus 113 — cristatus 109 — Japonicus -. TI6 — Sinensis 118 — spicifer 116 — varius 113 Pavone A fi. 109 Pauw Wilde 355, 360 Pauxi a barbillons 155 Pauxi 4 pierre ee — galeata — Mitu Paxara piedra VOLUME VIII. Page| 157 | 157 156 157 Peacock, black-shouldered 114 — crested 109 1S eNUS 109 — Japan 116 — Javan 116 — Iris 118 — Malay 121 — Pheasant 119 — Thibet 120 — white 113 — wild 355 Peahen, male-feathered 113 Peintade ols 144 — acréte 148 — cornal 148 — mitrée 148 Penducky 53 Penelope cristata 131 — cumanensis 133 — Guan 131 — Jacupema 131 — leucolophos 133 — Marail 135 — mitdenschopfe 131 — obscura 137 — Parraqua 140 — Pipile 133 — satyra 208 — superciliaris 138 — -vociferans 137 Peoa 138 Perdix 266 — Afra 277 — Americana 324 — Andalusie 337 — Asiatica 281 — australis 306 — bicalearata 267, 268 Page Perdix borealis 324 — Braziliensis 213 — Californica 328 — Cambaiensis 334 — Capensis 265 — Caspia 290 — Chinensis 318 — cinerea 283 — cinereo-alba 285 — clamator 265 — Coromandeliana 310] — coronata 331 || — Coturnix 312 — Coyolcos 327 — cristata 329 — Damascena 250, 287 — dentata 323 — Falklandica 327 — ferruginea 307 — Francolinus Q71 — Gibraltarica 336 — Gingica 278 — Greca 289 — grisea 300 — Guianensis 323 — gularis 299 — Hudsonica 830 — Javanica 308 — Kakalik 290 — longirostris 282 — Madagascariensis 274 — Manillensis 321 — Marilanda 324 — Mexicana a 326 — montana 288 — Mexicana 322 — nevia 322 — nove Anglie 329 —_— . Guinee 311 _ .. Hispanie 142 — nudicollis 266 — oculea sousgicOl Page Perdix orientalis 322 — perlata 276 — petrosa 296 — Ponticeriana .. 279 — rubra 291, 293 — Borbonica 293 — rubricollis 266 — rufa 289,291, 292,293 — _saxatilis 289 — Senegalensis 267 — Sinensis 276 — Sonninii 328 — spadicea ath A eae: — striata 310 — suscitator b'5 309 — varia . 344 — Virginiana 324 — viridis 331 — Zeylonensis 268 Perdrix a camail 307 — -doubleHausse col 278 — -gorgerousse 299 — Ayamhan 308 — d Afrique 266 — d’Amerique 324 — de Gingi aye 278 — de Java 308 — dela Gambra 296 de Montagne de la Guiane 219, 323 288 denouv.Angleterre324 — dePondichery 280 — de roche 296 — desroches .. 241 — des saules 245 — _grise 283, 287 — blanche 265 — petite 287 — muet 245 rouge perlée delaChine 276 271, 291 .. d'Afrique 266 Page Perdrix rouge de Barbarie 293 —_— deMadag. 271 Pergambu Kalabu 20 Perle Huner 144 Pernice me 56 289 Peruvian Hen 152 Pfau § 109 Phasianus albus 191 —_ Sinensis 199 — Antillarum 347 _ Argus 205 — Colchicus 187 — cornutus 208 _ crispus 173 — cristat. 172, 212 = -- Indicus $3 _ cruentus 205 — —_ curvirostris 210 —_ ecaudatus 173 _— erythropthalmus 201 —_ fuscus Brazil. 131 — Gallopavonis 193 — Gallus 168, 181 _— guianensis 139 —_— hybridus 191, 193 — ignitus 184 — Impejanus 210 — lanatus 178 — leucomelanos 203 — Mexicanus 142 — Morio 176 _ Motmot 139 — Nycthemerus 199 - pavoninus 118 _ pentadactylus 172 — Pictus 194 — plumipes 175 _— Pumilio 174 — Pusillus 175 — rufus 204 — sanguineus 194 VOLUME VIII. Phasianus Satyrus — — Pheasant, Page} 208 Sinensis aureus 194 superbus 167, 196 torquatus 190 Turcicus 175 varius 167, 191 vertice cornibus donato Wir vociferans 137 Argus 205 barred-tail 196 Barbary Fowl 179 black and white China 199 Butool 186 Chittygong 200 coloured 203 common 187 Courier ., 142 crested 212 fire-backed 184 Genus ad 168 gold By 194 Guiana .. 151 horned, 208 hybridal 192 Impeyan 210 lineated 201 Nepaul 202 one kind of 117 painted .. 194 Parraqua 140 pencilled 179, 194 Pensylvania 234 ring 7) 7190 rufous-tailed 204 silver 6 199 Turkey .. 198 sanguine 205 Siberian ,. 179 Sumatran 204 superb ,. 167 P } Page | Pheasant, Sylhet 208 variegated 167,191 Picacuroba 99 Picazuro ae 66, 67 Picui 91,94 Picui-pinima ye Pigeon a ailes rousses ail: — ~-cravate as 10 -lacour. blanche 49 Amboina 56 102 antarctic a 45 aromatic 79 Asiatic AD 68 auricular oc Ql aurited 66 austral 66 73 azure OD 43 Bagadais 56 11 bald aid 82 pated .. 49 Bantamese .. 104 Barbary oe 9 bay ae 20 belted Go 34 Berbice 60 42 Biset o¢ 7 black-capped 4l -. spotted 39 -- Winged 101 blane Mang. de Muse. 20 — blossom-headed 70 — blue sr 42 — .. headed 87 — .. naped 47 — .. topped 45 — bronze-winged 31 — brown 24 — brun 4 covv. ailes rouges . 94 — BrushorGround 32 — Canada ue 98 Page Pigeon, Cape 102 — Caribbee as 43, — Carolina 99 — Carrier an 12 — carunculated 86 — Cavalier is 12 — chestnut-shouldered 31 — clapper be vy — common 56 4 — crescent-breasted 101 — crested 8, 106 — crowned great 83 — lesser 331 — cuirassé Ws 14 — cuivre Mang. de Musc. 18 — culbutant se ll — de Guinée 22 dela Jamaique 49,94 de Nincombar 84 de Passage... 96 domestique .. 4 double-ringed 18 du Mexique 38 Egyptian 40 emeraudine 36 ferrug. vented 44 frisé ae 10 garnet-winged 71 Genus ie 1 Geoffroy’s.. 35 gold-winged 32 great-crowned 83 tailed 106 green 50 41 -- Winged 61,62 grey ie 27 .. fronted 95 . headed 7 grosse-gorge 13 hackled Q4 helmet b% ll VOLUME VIII. Pigeon, Hollandois — | | hook-billed Horseman Hottentot huppeé Hurrial Jacobin Jamboo Jenisee Indian Jungle laced 66 Madagascar Malabar marginated Martinico Maugé Mexican migratory mustachoe nain New Zealand Nicobar nonain Norfolk Norway nutmeg .. white opaline pacific painted pale Paon Parrot Partridge 0 peregrine Persian pheasant-tailed Picazuro pied Polonois Pompadour Page 24 81 107 66 Page Pigeon, Porto Rico 29 — Powter ne 13 — psittaceous .. 78 — purple 76 — breasted 69 _— crowned 63 — shouldered 74 — Ramier 8 15 bleu de Mad. 72 de Cayenne 26 de Madag. 79 des Moluques 19 red-breasted -. crowned ring .. tailed rock Roman rouge & jaune _ rough-footed roussatre 90 64 14, 17 43 s 35, 93 roux de Cayenne 66, 89 ruff-necked rust-fronted St. Domingo St. Thomas sanguine sauvage 60 scallop-necked shaker short-tailed smiter southern spot spotted-green squammous striated stock Sumatran Surat re Surinam 56 Tabuan oe 25 69 Page Pigeon, Talpacoti 93 — Tambourin 36 — Tanna 82 — Temminck’s 70 — tetraoid 90 — tiger as 67 — triangular-spotted 22 — tumbler 11 — Turner 14 — Turbit o0 10 — Turc, ou Bagadais 11 — varied ar 37 — vert a téte grise Tigi — .. d’Amboine 79 — .. de Lucon 75 . des Philippines 75 — violetatéeterouge 64 — de la Martiniq.S9 _— naped 34 — Vlouvlou 34 — Waalia ae 77 — white-bellied 94 — .. crowned 49 _— .. faced 46 _ . fronted 95 — . masked 28 _ .. Trumped 4 — .. shouldered 39 = .- winged 65 — yellow-fronted 69 _ -. Winged 46 Pikau, Piker 319, 321 Pintado, crested 148 Egyptian 147 — Genus 144 — Guinea ote 144 — mitred 148 —— white-breasted 147 Pittewonno ae 167 Plover Passarage 365 Pluvialis Bengalensis 358 —— minor 0 369 VOLUME VIII. Page, Pluvier grand 369 Polyplectron Chinquis 118 Pomba trocaés us Q7 verdadeira Qi Poonas 105 Pooni Jamboo 62 — Touna 60, 76 | Poukiobou oy 71 | Poule A duvet du Japon 178 | Powese i 152 |Psophia crepitans .. 347 undulata 349 | Pterocles arenarius 354 bicinctus 259 — quadricinctus 260 — setarius 250 tachypetes 251 Puck-hoan s. / 3200 Pullet, Blackamoor 176 Puter-genni i 18 Quaglia 312 Quail, Andalusian 337 — Balen oe 341 — black: fronted 341 — necked 339 — Bontius’s ee O9 — calid be 317 — Californian .. 328 — Chinese 318 — common sv 312 — Coremandel 310, 311 — crescent 344 — crested dc Ph) — crowned 310 — Dubkee aye 340 — eastern aie 317 — elegant Ns 306 — fighting .- 341 — Gibraltar 336 — grey-throated 300 — Hottentot .. 345 — Hudsonian .. 330 p 2 “~ Page Quail, Louisiana 326 — Luzonian 338 — Madagascar 310 — Malouine S27 — Manilla 321 — marbled 312 — Mexican 142, 237 — mottled 343 — New Guinea 311 — New Holland 306 — noisy ~- - 309 — oriental 822 — Sonnini’s ate 328 — southern 343 — spotted-necked 345 — sultry 343 — varied 0% 344 Quan 131 Quauht Zonecolin 329 Rakhelhanar 231 Ramier es AC 7 —— de Cayenne 26 — herissé he 25 —— roussard .. 22 Raphus ew ne O82 Rephukn sie ae) 283 Reroe manari a3. 216 Reveil-matin we a SOD Rhaad 56 He 368 Rhea Americana ts OTe Ringel taube ee 15 Ripa major oan ee Roloul de Malacea .. 331 Rothhuhn ae GIy griechische 289 Saf-Saf Ss ere 368 Schneehuhn co. GBM Schweifhahn : 159 Seloua bo =o 251 | Singhee Moory -. — 209 | Siffleur 133 | Solitaire a ate 374 Sonaha Pandock Soon Faukta Soui | ve a Spicifere he as Starna ore Steen Duifje Steinwalzer Stock Dove .. 50 Straus gemeine Struthio Americana Camelus — Casuarius — Emeu tye — Nothus 56 Rhea ee Syrrhaptes Pallasii Tambourette Tarda nana ste Tataupa 60 ais Taumler od 59 Tche-cou Tetrao albus is — alchata ae — arenarius — betulinus ad — bicalcarata — bonasia ata — Canace Canadensis .. canus Capensis caudatus 50 | cinereus Cupido ab hybridus ae — lapponicus — major fe — Marilandus .. — medius 50 Mexicanus .. sts Americ. lagopus 239, 245, VOLUME VIII. Tetrao mutus 06 Tetras montanus Namaqua D0 Nemesianus nudicollis ats ocellatus Paradoxus phasianellus pedibus ant. hirs. rubricollis rupestris ts Saliceti he Scoticus Senegalus.. subtridactyla Tetrix 228, togatus ee Tympanus .. variegatus umbellus Urogallus phasianelle tacheté le Tinamou Apequia PE CeeRREBeL EE: barred-tail Carapé cendré cinereous de Cayenne dwarf Genus great little Macaco oe nocturnal obsolete .. Oariana petit rufescent spotted Tao Page Tinamou Tataupa 218 varie 219 —— variegated 219 — undulated 216 Ynambui 229 Tinamus adspersus Q17 Braziliensis 213 — cinereus 215 — maculosus 222 — nanus aye 220 —— noctivagus Q17 — obsoletus Q17 — rufescens 221 — Soui 220 — strigulosus 218 —— Tataupa 218 — Tua 215 — variegatus .. 219 undulatus 216 Tlacahoilotl 42 Tlapalcotli 93 Tok-dar Bis 367 Torte] duyf a 56 Tortora ts an 50 Tortura 50 Tourocco 108 Tourte 2 a 99 Tourtelette oe ~L02 Yourterelle .. 38, 50 A collier 55, 56 - cravate noire 102 - masque blane 21 - gorge pourpree 41 - gorge tachetée 58 - large queue 108 blanche ensang- lantée 94 brune de Ja Chine 54 d’Amboine 102 d’Amerique 100 de Batavia 41 de Canada 98 Page 60 99 dela Jamaique 87 Tourterelle de Java de la Caroline — de Portugal 53 —_ de Queda 104 ——_ de Surat 58 —— du Senegal 36 ——_——-_ emeraudine 36 ——_ grise de]a Chine 57 ————=- ., de Luzon’ 53 —— . de Surat 58 = . ensanglantée 90 ——_ petite 91 | rayée des Indes 105 Touyouyou SU Trappe 351 | kleine 363 | Trina mayara 359 Trompetenvogel 347 Trumpeter Chili 350 gold-breasted 347 undulated 349 Truthahn 125 Tschasarmadar dd 243 Turkey, American 125 domestic 125 Genus 125 —— Honduras 129 Marail 56 135 Turnix 4 bandeau noir 341 - croissants 336 — Cognan 339 combattant 345 VOLUME VIti. Page Turnix Hottentot 345 moucheté 344 raye 343 ‘Turtel taube 50 Turtle, barred a6 105 — blue-crowned 60 —_ . headed 87 — Cambaian 58 — Canada 98 — Chinese 54 — grey 57 — collared 55 —_— Senegal 56 — common aa 50 — ground 91 — hybrid 56 — Javan a 60 — Indian te 55 — Malacca 104 — painted 59 — Senegal 58 — spotted-necked 52 — Surat 57 — vinaceous 56 — white 57 Turtur Americanus _ 100 — auritus Bc 50 — Carolinensis 99 — gutture maculato 58 — hybridus 56 — Guianensis 87 — Indicus 55, 91 —_ striatus 105 — Lusitanicus 53 Page Turtur parvus Americanus 91 — Sinensis striatus 48 — torquatus 55, 56 — vinaceus oe 56 Turvert 41, 60 Valgh-vogel 372 Urogallus major 224 minor 228 — fuscus, &c. 237 — punctatus 230 Uru... 50 ae 323 Uscathachish Ostet Waalia as G0 77 Wachtel 312 Wakoekwar 42 Waldhuhn bastard 231 haben fussige 239 Wallhuhn 178 Waringen gothebria 73 Wiroe ke ah 95 Wood hen .. AG 268 Yacou 133 Yacu apeti 131 — caraquata 140 Yaupan i a 60 Yeruti 94 Ynambu apequia 218 — bleuatre Q217 — carapeé 220 —— guazu 330 — rayé 216, 219 — Tao Q15 Pinima noe ea) Zonecolin 329 iF DU e ren auf Pervert th amet eas epee 8 MRT i! i Salah, > Cesar aC yal iy Heer x 5 ; ey sina taeda add aa a ie fy eee P eostinns$ mes j m te | : medeaeli adil ’ fut r Lona geen cacaqi P isianatt rece | | Trash oginiee eter iy? hime ‘ u : ; speci cil BREEN. pen reve hibay wit ap sine f a. SOP oon eee BRE an ¢ sity hey Nos ‘ a AG . F piste Fe, Sn ei ‘ aaa stadt ‘ el See) ase erie bak elie yh chads eRe Nee A 4 hipaa’ gate foo 4 sarohcnat ea! oT | | 68 ; arg a > rei =~ ors . i ee ; : _ iy 7 be ic i 4 . ; | | weer yi i 1 | 7 ‘ R Fe | ae a oy | | : Page Abou Hannes 159, 165 Acacolotl 146 Acbae 425 Accegia beccagia 186 Aeintli We 419 Adjutant 39, 162 Aghirone nero ec 51 Egocephalus Bellonii 212 Aguapeazo blanc en dessous 385 — _proprement dit 389 Aguapecaca Go al Aiaiai : 15 Aigle d’eau cornu 8 Aigrette 87 — demi 95 — rousse 95 ‘Albastrella cenerina 234 Alouette de Mer 181, 286 — petite .- 281 Anastomus 135 Angoli 411 Anjeen 90 76 Aniuma, Anhuma .. 10 Acuarous ae 90 14 Aramus a ae 135 Arcuata minor 152 Ardea equinoctialis 839 — affinis 87 — Agami 506 123 — alba .. a 84 — . major ar 84 _— . minor ate 89 — .. tertia oie 92 — alia Ke $3 74 — Americana 44 VOLUME IX. Page Ardea Americana cinerea 117 — Antigone 90 31 — Argala 3S — atra 133 — badia 60 — Bononiensis 183 — botaurus 118 — Braziliensis .. 102 — candida 92 — cerulea 116 — ceruleo-nigra 64 — cerulescens 117 — Caledonica we 59 ——/Canayy fi ye 78 — Canadensis... 45 — candida 84 _— minor 92 — candidissima 90 — Caprea dicta 90 — Carolinensis candida 89 — carunculata .. 73 — Caspica ooh eee — castanea 112 — Cayanensis Se 63 — cristata 125 — Ciconia As 48 — cinerea 7A | — cinnamomea 115 — Cocoi 125 — comata 109 | — congener 183 — Coromandelica 135 — Cracra.. 133;| — cristata 7A | purpurascens 119 cyanea re 116° Puge Ardea cyanocephala 131 — cyanopus 117 — Danubialis ae 71 — dubia — : 38 — Egretta ae 82 — Egrettoides .. 84 — erythrocephala 93 — erythropus lll — exilis 72 — ferruginea 68 — flava .. aye 102 — flavicollis Ss 134 — freti Hudsonis 80 — fusca 107, 126 — Galatea xs 85 — Gardeni nye 66 — Garzetta 87 — gigantea 30 — grisea 56 — Grus.. Be 33 — hematopus 111 — Helias ats 243 — Herodias ‘te so — Hoactli 126 — Hudsonias ap 80 — Jamaicensis 65 — Javanica Oc a. aa leto) — immaculata 84 — Indica 79 — Kwaka a 56 — lentiginosa 101 — lepida stor 29 — leucocephala 54 — leucogaster — 95 — lineata ae 103 — Ludoviciana 95, 108 Page Ardea maculata 73 — Maguari ve 53 — major Uf — Malaccensis 121 — Marsigli 113 — melanocephala 123 — Mexicanacandida 989 — cristata 126 — minuta 68, 69 — nebulosa 130 — nigra 51, 153 = torquata 183 — nivea 90 — nove Guinee 133 — .. Hollandie 127 — nycticorax o0 56 — obscura 67 — pacifica 127 — pavonina 26 — Philippensis 105 — picta 123 — pileata 92 — plumbea meme UG — Pondiceriana 137, 138 — pulla 74 — pumila 113 — purpurascens 120 — purpurata 120 — purpurea ae 119 — cs cristata 116 — ralloides 112 — ranivora 118 — Rhenana 74 — rubiginosa 96 — rubra 118 — rufa 82 — rufescens Sin 95 — sacra 93, 107 — _ scolopacea 135 — Senegalensis 122 — Sinensis 125 — Sologniensis .. 71 VOLUME Ix. Page Page Ardea speciosa 122 || Bangou tula 39 — Squaiotta 112 || Bangu a 42 — Stellaris oy 97 || Barge 205, 210 — crist. Amer. 64 — aboyeuse 235 — crist. major 118 | — _ blanche 218, 235 —_— crist. minor 106 — brune oe 238 — tertium Genus — grande rousse 210 71 — grise z 235 — striata 79 — rouge dela Baie — tigrina 104 d’ Hudson 206. — torquata 183 — variée co. PRE — varia a 56 || Barker BO ee a) — variezata ne 81 || Barri enna 16 — violacea 64 || Battaan 310 — virescens ais 106 || Bec a cuillier f 5 — virgata 96 || Becasse 186 — Virginiana crist. 80 || Becasse des Savannes 193 — Virgo ar 28 || Becasseau 7, 273 — viridi-flavescens 113 platyrinche 181 — undulata 105 || Becassine 191, 194, 195 — Xanthodactyla 90 _— blanche des Indes Ardez congener et LBS: 204 Ardeola 68, 69 _ de la Chine 203 — Braziliensis 124 — de Madagascar 199 — nevia a6 69 _ de Madras 203 Arenaria us 306, 321), — du Cap. de B. Esp. cinerea 307 198 Argill, Hurgill 38 _ petite go ee Arquata minor 177 || Becassinette de Siam 202 Ave de Rio 5 144 || Beccarivale ate 1 Avis Mexic. minim. candid. 89 |) Bec-ouvert 138 — Porphyrio 144 || Bedaran ie sa, Be Avoset, long-legged 318 || Begune 293 — Terek 241 | Bhegoudée burreé 220 — white 218 | Bhenongchang 236 Auster-fischer 356 | Bidi Bidi 422 Austermann 356 | Bihoreau ate 55 56 Ayam Ayam See? 310 de Cayenne 63 Bagouda 250, 251 || Bilcock 368 Baguari 53, 54 | Biru-lahut Q11 Balleen 269 || Bittern 56 oie o7 Bambangan -. 126}{, — American 100 Page Bittern, Brazilian 102 — brown we 107: — crested 64 — blue 64 — duralia 70 — dwarf 113 — greater ve 118 — Hudson’s Bay 109 — lineated 103 — little 68. 70 — marsh 100 — minute 72 — rayed 71 — rufous 71 — = small 106 — Swabian 113 — Tiger 104 — white-bellied 101 — yellow 102 — zigzag Ne 105 — Blekko-ireng 122,123 Blau-vogel 425 Blongios ac de 68 — tacheté 69 Boat-bill 20 Bodeh 413 Bogo ats a 158 Boh-bogla 33, 111 Bone-eater 39 Bontod 410 Boollu cory 411 Boonk 68 Booring Boot 326 — oolor 383 Boorong combing 38 — puchong .. 130 Botaurus 97 — Braziliensis 102 — Freti Hudsonis 100 — lentiginosus 101 — major 118 — minor Ae 113 | VOLUME IX. Q Page || Botaurus neevius 68, 107 — rufus 71 — - striatus 3 71 Brachvogel grosse .. 170 _— Kleine 312 Brook-ouzel 368 Brunette 288 Bugha go do 62 Bulla rag ang 127 Burka FG ae 195 Burong bs 410 — Kaladis 115 — Kambing 39 Butor aa d6 97 — brun rayé oh al — dela Baye d’Hudson 100 — grand 118 — jaune du Brazil 102 — petit ae 113 —_— de Cayenne 105; — du Senegal 122 — roux 60 71 — tacheté ie 66 Butterback ve OLS Butterbump, Bumpy 99 Buttore A 157 Caboga a0 94 Calidris 235, 245 — arenaria 321 — ferruginea 247 — Gambetta 230 — grisea : 955 _ .- Minor 271, 321 — nevia 259 — _ viperino colore 249 Calla chacha .. Se 238 | Camoucle if ate 8 Cancrofagus Americanus 133 —_— Bahamensis 64 _ Braziliensis 124 — castaneus 60 — luteus 109 Page Cancrofagus Philippensis 105 — rufus lll —_ nevius 112 — viridis 106 Cancroma Cochlearia 20 Cangui ae ve 143 Canut 256 Cariama 12 Caruay 179 Carrwalla 56 269 Castanien braune Reiher 60 Caunangoly come cab! Caurale 56 243 Caziama ae 12 Cereopsis, New Holland 432 Chaha 236, 319, 375 Chaja 26 ae 10 Chalidris Species vo = Changu-awu 76 Changa-ulu -. 120 Charadrius Agyptius 331 — Africanus 346 _— Alexandrinus 330 _ apricarius 314 _ Asiaticus 338 =~ atricapillus 345 — autumnalis 318 — calidris .. 321 — Cantianus 323 _ Cayanus 349 _— coronatus 343 — Curonicus 324 — Falklandicus 333 _ frenatus 342 — fulvus SOD) — fuscus fe 342 _ grallarius 320 — gregarius 334 — griseus 342 — Hiaticula 325, 397 — Himantopus 317 _ hymomelus 270 Page Charadrius Jamaicensis 317 — Indicus 343 _ leucogaster 340 —_ maculatus 314 — magnirostris 341 — melanocephalus 344 —_ mongolus 338 — Morinellus 334,337 — neevius 333 — nov. Zealandiz 338 — obscurus 339 — Philippinus 332 — pileatus 349 _— Pluvialis 311 — pusillus 350 — rubidus 323 — rubricollis 341 — Sibiricus 334 _ Spinosus 846, 347 — Tataricus 337 — torquatus 316 _ vociferus 315 — Wilsonii 329 Chavaria 388 Chauckur Shakree 345 Chauna a3 388 Chebka, Chebuka 229 Chechisashish ate 284 Cheruting Joel Chevalier 226, 234, 384 — aux pied rouges 22 — blane 229 — commun .. 249 — rayé 231 — stagnatile .. 234 — varié 247 — ~~ vert or 200 Chibugan.. 268 Chipta oe 322 Chiricote és eee a6 Chirlito oa -. 144 Chirurgiende Lucon 385,390 VOLUME Ix. Page Chirurgien noir -. 3886 Chiurlino “ee Veu 200 Chloropus Acbac .. 425 Choapka oe ax | 228 Chorlito 4 croupion blanc 233 - demi-collier blanc & noir 362 — -téte & queue noiratres 273 — aux pied rouges 230 — _ brun piqueté de blane 234 — Cabacone 313 — Champetre 247 Choweyan 297 Chuppown .. Sei SOR, Chura ah 158 Churta guiar 209 Chuting-nock 36 Cicogne blanche 48 — noire oe 51 Ciconia Americana 53 — Braziliensis i4 — fusca at 51 — Javanica .. 42 — _leucocephala 54 — Maguari 53 — nigra 8 51 Cincle es 288 Cinclus Dominicensis minor 291 — minor 273, 287 — ~ tertius Aldr. 287 — __ torquatus 288 Cirris oe te 19 Cirujana 384 Clucking Hen 65 Coceayauhqui AZ Cochlearius 20 — fuscus .. 21 Cocoi st Boe) Collier rouge ' 14 Page Comaltecatl ae 319 Combattant 245 Corankool se 156 Corlieu ae Me 177 Coulon-chaud 306, 308 Coure-vite 351 — de Coromandel 353 Couricaca .. ae 141 Courlan, ou Couriri 135 Courli tacheté du Lugon 174 170, 180 de bois de Cay. 145 grand de Cayenne 147 huppé de Madag. 157 petit, ou Corlieu 177 Courlis — rouge os 144 — tacheté de Luzon 174 Courly 4 Col blane 147 — - front rouge 148 — ~- téte nue 155 — blancdu Bresil 148 — brunde Lucon 156 — de Madagascar 173 — le plus petit 18h Courser, collared 3b4 cream-coloured 35] double-collared 354 — Coromandel Bis) Cowarie, Kowahree 153 Crab-catcher 107 Crabier 4 Cou brun 117 — ~- téte & queue vertes 107 blane a bee rouge 8&9 — blane & brun 121 — bleu <3 1iG — Caiot 112 — cendré 117 — chalybé 124 — deCoromandel 111 — dela Louisiane 108 Crabier de Mahon — vertes 108 — verd oS 106 Craholi 319 Crane, Australasian AZ — Balearic 26 — black-bell. Indian 387 — blue’. 45 | — brown 45 | — common 33 — crowned African 26 — gigantic 38 — hooping 44 — Japan 36 — Javan se 42 — Indian 31, 32, 47 — Modun 58 42 — Numidian 28 — Siberian 30 Crex Indica cee SUB Crucau, Curucau 147, 179 Cucurna, Currakeel 29 Cuddy 405 Cuilliere brune wi, 21 Cul bianco 273 — blanc ain ne 273 Curahi remembri 131 Curicaca 142 Curlew, Brazilian 154 — brown 148 — Cape 18] — Chi 182 — collared es 183 — common 6 170 — Derhomai 183 Puge 109 des Philippines 105 |}. eris de fer 64 marron no 11] noir de la N. Guinée 133 roux 60 . atéte & queue VOLUME Ix. Page || Curlew, Eskimaux 178, 180 — Hudsonian 178 — long-billed 172 — Luzonian 174 — Madagascar 173 — Otaheite 175 a Pygmy 181 — red 144 — sea-side 180 — Spanish 148 — Whimbrel 176 — white ae 149 — white-headed 175 Curucau 147 _ a Cou varié 179 — couleur de plomb 140 — rasé 146 Cursorius Asiaticus 353 — bicinctus 304 — ‘ Europeus 351 — Gallicus 351 — Isabellinus 251 Dahuc, Dauc don 2413} Daker Hen a) Ls Dancing-Bird 28 Dawbul we 4 Demi Egret ste 95 Demoiselle 28 Dhalac 159 Dicholophus 12 Dispertadores ae 9 Doodooroa-atto ~- .839 Doppelschnepfe 170, 191 Dotterel 334, 337 Dubee 6 Duralia ye Ag 70 Echasse age y xs) Een-yabn-wah ato Egret demi 95 — great ay 82 — little 87 am Page | Egret reddish 95 — specious a0 87 — yellow-slippered 90 Egrette ae aye 87 — grande §2 Emseesy 162 Ephouskyca 151 Erodia Abyssinica 137 — Ampbhilensis 137 Erody, Abyssinian 137 ——- Indian ae 140 -— Pondicherry 138 Etoilé é 107 Europyga.. 2» 243 Falcinellus 152, 235 Favorite de Cayenne 418 Flute de Soleil 131 Fulica albiventris 406 — Carthagena 412 — Cayanensis 415 — cinerea Re) Cl — fistulans 409 — flavipes 408 — flavirostris .. 418 — fusca -- 406 — Maderaspatana 411 — Martinica 417 — Neveboracensis 419 — purpurea -- A119 — ruficollis se) AEG — viridis ss 412 Gallina serica By ehay/ Gallinago Cap. B. Spei 198 _ Maderaspat. 203 — minima 197 Gallinella aquatica 404 Gallinelle . 404 Gallinula Abyssinica 409 — alba 428 — alia -» 406 — aquatica 21,367, 404 — armata Indica 385 Gallinula Baillonii — Gallinule, Abyssinian — — Page 402 Braziliensis 384,387 Carolina 420 Cap. Bone Spei 198 Carthagena 414 Cayanensis 415 Chloropus 404 Crex 396 cristata 412 fistularis 409 flavipes 408 flavirostris 418 Foljambii 402 fusca 406 gularis 410 Javanica 411 Kookra CAL lugubris .. 410 maculata 408 Maderaspatana 411 major se L407. Martinica 417 melampus 364 melanocephala 426 minor 197, 399, 406 nevia we, O99 Noveboracensis 419 ochropus 408 orientalis .. 404 pheenicura 413 porphyrio 425 Rorzana!.. *"400 purpurea .. 419 pusilla are 403 ruficollis 416 tertia Maregr. 386 viridis 412 409 black-backed 427 bellied 416 .- headed 426 jointed 427 Gallinule, brown 406 — Carthagena 414 — Cayenne 415 — Chiricote 416 _— common 404 — Crake 396 — crested 412 — crowing 419 — dwarf 403 — favourite 418 — Genus 396 — — great 407 — green 412 — Grinetta 399 — Jamaica “422 — Javan All — Kookra All — little 402 — Madras ate 411 — Martinico 417 — minute 423 — mournful 410 — New Holland 429 — olivaceous 402 || — piping 409 — purple 425 — red-tailed 413 — rufous-breasted 421 — Soree 420 — speckled 400, 408 — variegated 417 — violet 424 — white 428 _— .- chinned 410 — yellow-breasted 419 — legged 408 Gambechio : 291 Gambetta color, ludens 245 Gambette 227, 230 Gambettola 273 Garza 1 — bianca 84 VOLUME IX. Garza bionda de Mallorka Garzetta ee Garzette blanche — _cinerizia — dorado 50 Gaudah, Goar ie Gavia littoralis seu Vanellus Indicus 347 74 97 71 325 — viridis 311 — vulgaris 276 Gaulding, blue 116 — great white 84 _ grey-crested 64 Gega washue 307 Geiskopfschnepfe Q12 rothen 212 Ghole i Ms 99 | Giarola 273, 364 | Gid fe 197 | Gillerdine ae 399 | Ginocchiella 279 'Glareola 227, 239, 273 | — australis 366 | — Austriaca 360, 363 | — castanea 259 | — grallaria 366 \ ee) alactea 366 } nevia 364 | — orientalis 365 | — Pratincola 360 | — Senegalensis 364 epee torquata 362 'Glout f . 409 Glutthuhn.. we 409 Godwit, American 206 — Barbary 50) peZLS | — black-tailed 210 | — Cambridge 239 — common 212 — ferruginous Q11 — Hudsonian 206 Page Godwit, lesser 210 marbled 205 — Meyer's Bieiy eeeil4e | — red 207,209 — tell-tale 226 — white 212, 218 Goning nah 132 Goongoola 136 Gow-Boghla lll Greenshank 235 Grinette 399 Grive d’Eau . 283 Grue 4) 26, 33 || -— a Collier 32 -— blanche d’Amerique 44 — brune 45, 47 || — de Numidie Qs || — téte de negre 26 | Grunfuss.. 404 Grus Americana 44 — Balearica 26 — Canadensis 45 — Capensis 26 — cinerea 33 — Clamator ste 44 — Japonensis 36 — leucogeranus 30 — Mexicana Ne AT — Numidica 28 — orientalis Indica 31 — pratensis 45 Guara 144 Guarana ie 179 Guddee 326, 329 Guignard 334 Guignetta, Guignette 281 Gujpau, Gudjpaoun 319 Guirdpito, Guirati 6 Guiratinga 82 Gusska 90 Guwo 2: oe 58 Haarschnepfe 197 | VOLUME IX. Page | Page Habee 300 | Heron, common 74. Hadelde 175 || — Coromandel 35 Hematopus niger 358} -— couleurde plomb 74 — ostralegus 356] — _ Cracra 133 = toto corpore nigro — crested o° 7A 358], — largest 80 Hagedash SO AS te -. purple 119 Haidenpfeifer iMate SLA — Criel 87 — mit Halskr. 316 — crowned .. 26 | Hapohoera 339 — Darter oo 61 | Heerschnepfe 195 — delaB.d’Hudson 80 | Hen-clucking 103 — Demoiselle 28 — Land 397 — dry .. tl e6, | Hermetto 24 — dusky 56 IGS Heron, African 121 — dwarf 113 — Agami 123 — ferruginous 68 — ash-coloured 78,80 — freckled Be 101 — Bird akin to 183 — Genus o6 % — black 133 — Gibraltar .. 94 — .. Shouldered 129 — grand blane 4 Man- — blanc 84 teau 82 — a calotte noire 92 oa d’Amerique 80 — -. moyen 89 — |) vgreat 80 _— . du Mexique §9|| —_ greater red 118 — .. a manteau 87 _ -. White 82, 84 — bleu 111, 116 — green 106 — bleuatre oe 117 — Guiana 79 — blue 116, 125, 128 — huppé 74 — . crowned 131|| — Indian green 109,110 — . headed 131 — lacteous ae 85 — Braziliansmall 124 — lentiginous 101 — obrun ae 126 — lepid ate 129 —_ .. bleuatre 103 — little white 89 — Caboga os 94 — Lohaujung 79 — castaneous 112 — Louisiane 95, 108 — chalybeate 124 — Malacca 121 — chestnut 60 — minute 72 — Chinese 125 — New Guinea 133 — cinereous 117 — New Zealand 128 — Cinnamon 115 — night aie 56 — clouded 130 — -.- Caledon. 59, 60 — Cocoi OG 125 _ Cayenne 65 —_— Page Heron night Gardenian 66 Jamaica 65 -. New Holland 62 -. obscure 67 -- yell.-crowned 61 noir os) pel33 Oldham’s white 247 ominous 128 pacific 127 painted 123 petit roux du Seneg. 122 Philippine 105 pied-tail 86 Pondicherry 138 pourpre 120 huppe 119 purple 120 putea 85 red 118 red-billed 89 . crested 93 . legged 111 . shouldered 80 rouge & noir 68 rufous 82 rusty-crowned 96 sacred 93 scolopaceous 135 Senegal 122 Squacco 109, 111 small white 92 snowy 90, 91 specious : 122 spotted 66,73 Squaiotta 112 streaked 96 striated 79 Sumatran 123 tigré se) OS varié 72 variegated 81 VOLUME IX. Page Heron, violet 54 — wattled 13, — white black-crested 92 _— . fronted 127 = . great 84 _— . little 89 — throated 130 — yellow-necked 134 — winged 132 Himantopus 318 Hirundo marina Aldr. 360 —— Pratincola 360 riparia 360 Hoactli 196 | Hoacton < his 126 Hoitzilaztotl 89 Honoré de bois 102 Horseman, green-legged 235 red-legged 230 Howster 256 Huitrier 356 Humilities .. 240 Hurgill of 38 Jabiru 143 — American 14 — Genus 14 — guacu 14 — Indian 16 — New Holland 16 — Senegal 19 — Tetaar 17 — white-bellied 1S Jaboutra as 134 Jacana na 384, 387 — African 393 — armata a4 387 —_— fusca 384 — -. nigra 386 —_ varia 385 — black 386 — Brazilian 387 — chestnut 384 | Jacana, Chili Chinese faithful gemeine Genus 50 green Indian Luzonian — peca variable varie du Bresil vert sje Vuppi-pi Jassano ae O6 laticula Jaunghill Ibis bald oe ote bare-faced headed necked... bay dio Ba black . crested .. faced ois . headed blane ve brown 60 candida sis Cangui *0 Cayenne , Chili Coco crested crying Dhalae Egyptian Ethiopian glossy great 162, green saw {ehhh Page Tbis, lesser 151 || — Manilia 156 — Mexican 146 — minute 151 — New Holland 167 — noir 166 — pavonine 162 || — plumbecous 149 — sacra 152 — scarlet 144 — Theban 164 — white 148 _ . headed 160 — . necked 147 — wocd 141 || — yellow-headed 166 || Jelb kookra 412 || Job poor 65 || Joogerrera 353 Judcock 197 Jungul 161 Kahnschnabel 20 Kalloo-nagh yee S05 Kaloe ft ate 425 Kalu-kerenaka 413 Kamichi 8 Kampfhahy Q45 || Kanutsvogel 256 Kautsarunga we a6] Kaychul 365, 366 Keeyo 297 Keuvitt 199 Khyree Bok oe eS Kiebiss gefleckte 269, 283 — graue 267 — rothbenige 279 Kildir 315 Kiolo 421 Kireeatee Q74 Kisqua the napi sister 326 Knot sb at 256 Koolung, Colong 35, 37 || VOLUME | Kooming Kaki Krumschnabel | Kumtul Kurki | Kybiz Kyra Of ‘Lapwing o6 greater Lark, sand : Limosa Americana rift candida Fedoa fusca 3. grisea — major melanura Meyeri rufa | Loffel-reiher weisse Loho Syren | Lol Bug Luglug Mackaney | Madamusela | | Maguari | Maleykh ae Ne | Manduria | Maruetta Re do | Masarino Matkern | Matkneltzel Matook Matuiti |Maubeche .. grise tachetée | Mbatui, a longs jambes Mbatuitui 4 collier noir —_— armé Meeralster Meerhuhn braune 319 325 | =—— 4 poitrine rayée 313 849 356 406 || Page | Meerhuhn braune grosse 407 geflekte 408 — _ gelbfussige 406 grunfussige 404 | Meerlerche 286 Meylie ere 394 Miredrum 99 Mishee- J asthareppestich 307 Mittelschnepfe 191 Modun Tiky 43 Monickjore 55 Moor Hen Be -. 404 Mooseschnepfe 195 Morinella Americana 306 Morinelle 307 Morinellus marinus 306 Mornel 3 334, 337 Mud Hen 371 Murwal Hs OC 158 Mycteria Americana 14 — Asiatica .. 16 — Australis 16 — Senegalensis 19 Nachtreiher 56 Napurka : .. 345 Night- Heron, Gaede 59,60 Cayenne 63 Jamaica 63 — N. Holland 62 yell. crowned 64 Night-Raven 56 Nimmersatt rothe .. 144 Nitticorace 56 Numenius 170 — Africanus 181 — alba varia 212 — American.fuseus 179 = major 141 —_ minor 150 — Arquata 170 — borealis 180 Brazilien, candid.148 Puge Numenius Brazil. coccin. 144 _ -- fuscus 148 — castaneus 152 — cinereus 180 | _ coccineus Sinen.144 — Guarauna 179 _ holosericeus 166 — Hudsonicus 178 _ igneus 154 — leucocephalus 175 — Luzoniensis 174 oo Madagascarien. 173 _ magnus rufus 172 _— major fuscus 179 —_ Mexicanus 146 — minor 177 —_ niger 141 _— pectore rufo 207 _ Phzopus 176 _— pygmeus 181 _— subaquilus 152 — Tahitiensis 175 _— viridis 152, 154 Numidia Americana 200 Oiseau-royal 26 Ombrette ae 23, Onoré rayé 103, 104 Opel-opellan 406 Ortygometra 55 ehh Ostralega oe ODO Ox Bird 162, 287 Oyster-catcher, black 358 br. backed 358 — N.Holland 359 pied 356 Palamedea cornuta 8 —_— oristata 12 Pamparai 26 we emo Paon de Mer nye 245 — des roses petit 243 Pard 243 Parra Africana 393 VOLUME IX. Page Parra Braziliensis .. 387 — Chavaria 388 — Chilensis 389 — Jacana 384 — Indica 394 — Lwuzoniensis 393 — nigra .. eee 386 — Senegalla sil OR — Sinensis 391 — superciliosa .. 394 — variabilis 385 — viridis he 387 Paunch Caprea 50 17 Pavoncella .. 6 245 | Paupakapatesew 401 Paxaro peleador 245 | Peacock 26 | Peewa 392 Pekwar at 393 | Pelican, wood 14] Pengung ae 56 200 | Perdrix de Mer 360, 363 acollier 362 ——— brune 364 Pfeifer Goldregen 312 Pfuhlschnepfe 210 Pica marina PS OO) Pindaram coli 425 Piviere Me 312 Platalea Ajaja 5 leucorodia .. 1 pygmea es 7 | Platea rosea Xe 5 — vel Pelecanus 1 Plevier Grauwe B23 Plover, Alexandrine 330, 332 — Alwargrim 314 — Asiatic 338 — black-bellied 314 _ .. breasted Indian 347 _ «. crowned 345 Page Plover, black-headed 344 — . throated 330 — bridled 342 — brown 342 — Cayenne 349 — chattering 316 — chestnut-breasted 324 — collared 317 — Coromandel 353 — Courland 333 — cream-coloured 351 — Curonian 324 — dotterel ate 334 — dusky 339 — dwarf a 350 — Egyptian 331 — fulvous 339 — golden 311 — Genus at 311 — great-billed 341 greater of Aldrov. 236 — green 311, 312 — . headed 346 — gregarious 324 — grisled ale 342 — high-legged 320 — hooded 349 — Indian vee o43) — Kentish 56. wees} — long-legged .. 317 — Luzonian Soi), Gee — Mongolian 338 — New Holland 332 — New Zealand 338 — noisy we | OS — red-eyed ee) a! — ... necked .. 34] — ringed 325, 327 — ruddy 50, C8} — rusty-crowned 333 — Sanderling .. 32T Siberian & 334 Page Plover, spotted 314 spur-winged 346, 349 — Ticksee 343 — wattled es 303 — white-bellied 340 — Wilson’s 329 || — wreathed 343 Plavialis Species 281 aurea freti Huds. 314 minor 312 cinerea 267 || Dominic. aurea 313 torquata 316 ex fusco & albo varia 317 || —— Jamaicensis torg. 317 — major 235 — — Morinellus flavescens 351 — Persicacristata 347 — Senegalensis armata 346 —— torquataminor 324 —— Virginianatorg. 315 viridis ste 312 || Pluvian du Senegal 344 || Pluvier a Collier 325, 330 — de St. Domin. 316 — petit de Luzon 332 — interromp.328 — a lambeaux 303 — armédeCayenne 349 a du Senegal 347 —' coifé duSenegal 349 — couronnéduCap 343 = GOW" sc ye = SIZ _ 4 gorge noire 314 — huppé de Perse 347 — petit 324, 334 -— . a collier 324 VOLUME IX. R Page Poliopus of oo!) Cee) | Pool snipe ola eel | Porphyrio freti Hudsonis 420 —— fuscus 409 —— hyacinthinus 424 | —— Indicus 425 | -—— Madagase. 411 | -—— melanocephalus 426 —— melanotus 427 i) minor 417 — __nevius 399 | —— punctulatus 408 | —— rufescens 397 i rufus 408 —__sviridis 412 Porzane ob -. 408 , Porzanone 404 | Posser resser 334 | | Pouacre 66 | Poule d’Eau 404 | grande 407 'Poulette d’Eau 406 | Pratincola 360 | Pratincole, Austrian 360 Australasian 366 | — - cinereous 265 — collared 362 — Coromandel 363 — cream-colour. 366 — Madras 363 — Maldivian 363 —- oriental 365 —— Senegal 364 —— spotted 364 Puchong udang Nee Purre ate 286, 287 Pusquatishishue 208 Putea Bugala 80 Qua Bird oe 58 Querkey ae 6-0 29 Quer-quer.. Got S00 Quoimeau.. we 71 Page Rail 377, 397 — banded 376 — Barbary 382 — black 380 — blue-necked 377 — brown 376 — Cape 377 — Ceylon 379 — Clapper 371 — dark 378 — doubtful 382 — dusky 331 — dwarf .. sis 403 — fasciated 383 — four-streaked .. 370 — Genus .. e307) — gular 370 -— Italian te 407 — little ae Oo 423 — long-billed .. 382 — Madras .. D0 411 — New Holland .. 369 — Otaheite Ob, ersnl — pacific 6 sii) — Philippine 373,.5 — red-breasted .. 377 — rufous 378 — headed 379 — Sandwich ee ool — Tabuan »e 380 — troglodyte 372, 373 — Virginian -. 370 — water... d'0 367 Rale a ventre roux 422 — Bidi-Bidi on ER — brun des Philippines 376 — d’Eau 367 — .. petite 400 — de Genet eR OO Ts — de Virginie 420 — des Philippines 373,375 — petit de Cayenne 423 Page Rale tacheté de Cayenne 417 Rallus alter Ss 400 — aquaticus 367, 400 — australis sya 3872 — Barbaricus 382 — Bengalensis .. 200 — cerulescens 377 —_ “Capensis 377 — Carolinensis 420 — Cayanensis .. 421 — crepitans 37) — Crex ae 396 — digitistriuncialibus385 — dubius 382 — fasciatus 383 — ferrugineus .. 377 — fuscus 376 — gularis 370 — Jamaicensis .. 422 — Italorum ae 406 — longirostris .. 382 — major subceruleus 426 — minutus bed 423 — niger 380 — obscurns 381 — pacificus is 379 — parvus oie 403 — Pensylvanicus 370 — pbheenicurus 413 — Philippensis 373 —_ a striatus 374 — Porzana ies 400 — pusillus ac 403 — quadristrigatus 370 — rufus Americanus 414 — Sandwicensis 381 — = striatus 374 — Tabuensis 380 — Taitiensis 381 — terrestris Amer. . 420 = storquatuse a 24376 — troglodytes .. 372 VOLUME Ix. Page | Rallus Virginianus 370, 420 Zeylonicus 379 | | | | Recurvirostra himantopus 318 | Re delle Quaglia ., 397 Redshank .. ea nD _ spotted 239 _ white 229 |} Regenschnepfe -. 235 Regenvogel 177 Reginus nennullorum 231 Reiger Od 64, 74 | Reiher braun rother 82 — castanien braune 60 | — gefleckte 66 — gemeine 20 7A — gestrichelte .. 71) — glattkopfige purpur. 126 — graue ats 56 — grosse silber $2 — grosse weisse 84 — kleine silber 87 — Reallen A 112 — Schwabisehe 113 Rhynchea .. 199, 203 Rohrdommel 68, 97 Roi des Cailles 397 Rotknussel Denar 64 Ruff & Reeve ag oils) Ruffus aif Ag 118 Runcun y 412 Ruffey 118 Saginalis 226, 288 Samak-uchechauk 45 Sandang-lawe ‘ 54 Sanderling 286 ,321 — spotted 323 Sandhuhn mit dem halsb. 362 oesterreichische 360 Sandlaufer kleine 281 Sandpiper, Aberdeen 261 — acuminated 296 Page Sandpiper, armed 361 —_ ash-coloured 255 _ Asiatic 297 —_ Bartram’s 263 —_— bilobate 303 — black 266 —_ «. backed 252 _ .- headed 280 — .. sided 298 _ -. tailed — 251 — Boreal 283 — brown 294 _— -. @ared 253 — Cayenne 300 — Ceylon 297 — common 281 —_ crescent 299 —_— crims.-legged 279 — Duolin 288 _— dusky 260 — eastern 295 — equestrian 249 — fasciated 295 — freckled 259 — Genus 244 — Goa oe 304 — green 273 — Greenwich 248 —_ grey 267 — lesser 271 _ grisled 255 _ Hebridal 306 — Javan 297 _ Indian 250 — Knot 9.) 5256 — Lapwing 276 _ lesser grey ra — little. 291 —_ Louisiane 301 — Newfoundland285 as New Holland 254 _ New York 284 Page Sandpiper, northern 294 — pacific 290 — peregrine 299 — Phayrelarn 265 — Purre 286 — lesser 287 — Quebec 253 —_— red 256, 261 _— . backed 289 = . breasted 262 = . legged 279 —_ . necked 290 — Ruff ae 245 _ rufous-spotted 264 — Sea 265 Selninger 265, 266 — semipalmated 293 — Senegal 302 — shore ee DAT, — Siberian 295 —_ slender-billed 297 — southern 259 — spotted 283 — streaked 284 = striated 232 — Swiss * 270 — Temminck’s 291] — Tobago 283 — Turnstone 306,307 =< Indian 309 — variegated 285 — undulated 254 — uniform 255 — wattled 305 _— white-headed 252 = tailed 299 aoe -. winged 296 — wood 273, 275 — yellow-legged 267 Saria Be AO) vi iees 2 Sa sa shew 240 | VOLUME IX. Puge Sasque pisqua nishish 256 Savacou ye ss 20 Schnarre Wiesen 397 Saurace, Serass, Cyrus 32,37 Schnepfe ats . 360 — dunkel braunen 238 — __— punctirte 273 — rothbauchige 261 — rothfussige 227 — Strand 239, 240 — wald 186 Schreyende Regenpfeifer 315 Schreyer -. 315 Scolopax Hgocephala 212 — Africana 18] — alba 218 — Amer, rufa 190 — Arquata 170 — atra 19] — australis 242 — Belgica 209 — borealis 180 — calidris 227 — candida 190, 229 — canescens .. 226 — Cantabrigiensis 239 — Capensis .. 198 — Cayanensis 194 — cinerea 241 — curonica 241 — Fedea 205, 206 — flavipes 234 — fusca Hai OAS) — Gallina 191 — Gallinago 195 — Gallinula 197 — Glottis .. 235 — grisea 216 — Guarauna 179 — Helias ve 1-243 — Hudsonicus 206 — incana ve > 237 rR 2 Page Scolopax Indica 204 — Lapponica 207 — leucocephala 175 — leucophea 212 — Limosa a5 209 — longirostra 172 — Luzoniensis 174 — Madagascar. 173 — Maderaspat. 208 — major ae 191 — marmorata 205 — media 191, 195 — melanoleuca 226 — minor 190 — albus 229 — nigra 217 — Noveboracensis 215 — nutans 225 — paludosa 193 — pheopus 176 — pica 356 — pusilla -. 288 —= pygmeza 181 — Rusticola 186 — saturata .. 204 — semipalmata 223 — Sinensis .. 203 — subarquata 181 — Tahitiensis 175 — Terek wei 241 — Totanus 227,234,239 — vociferus 226 Scopus Umbretta 23 Screamer, Chaja 10 = crested 12 . — horned .. 8 Sguacco 109, 110, 111 — black-headed 114 Sheathbill - 430 Sichelschnabler eo. 152 Sirseea, Sisseea dani S4sP2 Smirring G0 »- 408 Page Snipe, ash-coloured 237 — ash-headed 220 — Asiatic ae 222 — Bhegoudee 219 — black BG hy PAU —_ breasted 202 — brown 216 — Burka 194 — Cape 198, 200, 201, 203 — Caurale 243 — Cawnpore 220 — Cayenne 194 — Chinese ee 203 — cinereous 226 — common 195 — Courland 241 — dusky 238 — Finmark 197 — Gambet ie 230 — Genus 185 — Gotera 237 — great se 191 — Greenshank 235 — grey large 317 — Jack 197 — Jadreka 209 — Javan 221 — Indian white 204 — least 286 — Madras 203 — New Holland 242 — nodding 225 — partridge 203 — red-breasted 215, 216 | — Redshank 227 — Rhenish 217 — rufous-breasted 217 — saturated 204 — semipalmated 223 — Siamese 202 — spotted 239, 240 || — stagnatile 234 VOLUME IX. Page Snipe, stone 226 — striated 231 — Surma Q21 — Terek 241 — white-rumped 233 — _ yellow-shanked 23 Soco 102, 105 Sohna ey Aes 392 Soldado 14 Soobuke 53 Soorkeea ae Si ill Soorma, Surba, Surma 76,222 Soree a5 420 Sourbey, Sourly 182 Spatule a 30 1,5 — blanchedeLucon 4 — couleur de rose 5 Spoonbill, or Pelican Q — dwarf 7 — Luzonian 4 — _‘roseate 5 — scarlet 6 — Surinagur .. 6 — white HD, Squaiotta 38 112 Steindreher 306, 350 Sterki 31 Sri-bombo 411 Stilt 320 || Stint 286 Storch schwarze 51 — weisse 48 Stork, American 53 || — black 51 || — glossy 53 || — head of 14 — Indian head 14 |} — violet 54 — white 48 Strandlaufer fs 217 Alpen 2858 —— Aschgraue 255 Page Strandlaufer gemeine 281 grune 260 —— ileine 291 —w— punctirte On schwartze Q7z Strand-pfeifer 325 reuter 318 schnepfe 239 — .. gefl. 240 Strepsilus collaris 306 Sultana 5 425 Sun-ek-ee 329 Surdul, Sookdel 392 Swallow Sea of Aldrov. 360 Taleve de Madagasce. 425 Tantale 141, 160 Tantalus AXthiopicus 159 — albicollis 147 — albus on 148 — calvus 155 — Cayanensis 145 — Coco 149 — _cristatus 157 — Falcinellus 152 — fuseus 148 — Gangeticus 160 — griseus 150 — Ibis 162 — ___igneus 3 154 — leucocephalus 160 — Loculator 141 — Manillensis 156 — melanocephalus 157 — melanops 168 — Mexicanus 146 — minutus 151 — niger 166 — _ pavonius 162 — pictus 151 — pillus 150 — ruber oo) RAT Se AVITICIS 154 Tarabuso Tarai pittah Tayagu guira Terek : Terock Endoyam, &c. Terutero Tetaar 50 ate Tete a8 ve Tethari, Turthury .. Teteu Tevrea Ticklin A collier — brun — rayé Tikussan-. .. ote Tilt oe Tlauhquechul Tochiater Toquicoyot! .. ate Tordo gelsimino Torowe ' Totalan, Tomtomman Totanus acuminatus affinis Bartramize _ Bengalensis — cinereus Damacensis flavipes fuscus Glareola Glottis Hypoleucos Javanicus macularia nevius ochropus ruber — semipalmatus — stagnatilis striatus tenuirostris VOLUME IX. Page Totanus vociferus 226 Tournepierre 306 | Touyouyou 14 Bre ee es MseG | Tringa Aldrovandi .. 27 — alpina 288 — arenaria As 271 — atra 280 —— aurita 253 — australis 259 — Bartramie 263 — Bononiensis 279 — borealis 285 — calidris 260 — Canadensis .. 253 — Canutus 257 — Cayanensis 300 — Cinclus oe 286 — cinerea 255 — equestris 249 — erythropus 279 — fasciata 295 — ferruginea .. 261 fusca 241, 294, 364 Gambetta 227, 230 Glareola Q75 Goensis ate 304 Grenovicensis 248 grisea 255 Helvetica 270 Hypoleucos 281 Interpres 306 Islandica 261 Keptuschea 295 leucoptera 296 Lincolniensis 266 lobata 304 Ludoviciana 301 macularia bm Ph maculata 283, 408 maritima 265 281 minor Page Tringa minor candicans 291 — minuta 291 — Morinella ate 207 — nevia ate 259 — nigricans 265 — Noveboracensis 984 — nove terre 285 — ochropus S[ohi iran — platyrhincha 181 — pugnax 245 — pusilla 291 — rufa 262 — ruficollis 290 — semipalmata 293 — Senegalla .. 802 — solitaria Q75 — sordide flava, &c. 254 — spotted 283 — Squatarola 267 — striata 231 — subarquata 181 — Temminckii 291 — tertia Aldrovandi 287 — Vanellus ae Q76 — varia te 269 — variabilis 286, 288 — variegata 230, 285 — virgata 284 — undata 254 — uniformis 255 Trinil 276, 283, 296 Trull 314 Turdus aquaticus 283 Turnstone 206, 307 Indian 309 marbled 310 Tzew-ting-ha 31 Vaginalis alba 430 Chionis 430 Vanellus Bononiensis 279 cristatus 276 —— griseus oo | PASee Page Vanellus Helveticus 270 — Ludovicianus 300 — melanogaster 267 — Senegalensis 302 — tricolor 303 varius 269 Vanneau 276 armé de Cayenne 300 de la Louis. 301 .. desIndes 304 .. duSenegal 302 Bey de Suisse 270 Pluvier oun Os Velvet-runner 368 Uett +. 6 oho 302 Umbre, tufted RA 23 Ungan 76 Vogel blau 425 Upi-upian eS, Vuppi-pi Jacana so 7 oO VOLUME IX. Page || Wachtel Koenig 397, 404 Waddergal .. «2 322] Wagtail 286 | Wak 36 58 | Wapaw-uchechawk 44 | Wasserhuhn 406 | Wasserralle grosse .. 367 | mittlere 400 | Wasserwuchapeshew Q14 Water-hen Amer. little 420, Barbary 382 | — Brazilian 384, 386 —- common 404 | —— grcen-footed 407 | — red-tailed 413 spur-winged 384 | Water Rail 367, 370. Bengal 200 | slate-coloured 426 | Weissen-schnarre .. 397 Page Whimbrel 176 Brazilian 179 Will-willet 233, 234 Woal-woo-a . 341 Woodcock 186 little 190 — Savanna 193 spotted 240 Yahana blanc & bleu 412, 417 &brun rousse419 — proprement dit 404 Yarwhip, Yarwhelp 214 Yellow-legs -. 240 Yohual quachili -- 384 Ypacaha a face noire 420 — - sourcils blancs 423 — brun 50) yh!) —— noiratre .. 415 —— proprement dit 415 —— varie 400, 417 Page Abbe a longue queue 164 — ou stercoraire 166 Abumere 116 Acoom-oo-shish Q #&dur 265 Akeese-keeask 138 Albatros, black 54 ae billed 54 —— chocolate 52 — delaChine 52 —— sooty 54 —— wandering 48 —— white eye-browed 54 yellow-nosed 52 Alca Alle 70 — antiqua as vi — arctica 58, 62 — cirrhata 57 — cristatella 67 | — deleta we 58 — Hoieri 63 — impennis 3G 55 — Indica 62 — Labradora 62 — major 55 — minor 65 — Pica 65 | — psittacula 69 — pygmea 72 — tetracula 68 — torda Se 63 — unisulcata Be 65 Alcatraz 402, 409 Alectura 455 Alimonty 192 Alk 63 VOLUME X. Alk artische ae — Elster Anas acuta adunca /Egyptiaca estiva ans Africana Alandica albeola albifrons ae Alexandrina —_— —_— Americana Arabica ays Anser antarctica arborea arctica atrata autumnalis Bahamensis .. Beringii Bernicla borealis Boschas major brachyptera Branta Braziliensis _Brimond ; Bucephala a6 Bulbul cerulescens Canaennys ue Canadensis Capensis 6% capite rufo major Page || 59 65 337 |) 293 244 361 354 377 344 254 378 328 378 |, 250 328 297 | 58 224 296 308 257 259 257 286 248 226 257 309 281 344 369 232 245 233 327 359 Page Anas Carolinensis 371 — caryophyllacea 343 — Casarca Q4S, 254 — caudacuta 337, 339 — Chinens. reg. oc. virid. 376 — cinerascens 278 — cinerea 226, 278 — Circia 364, 365 — Clangula 346 — clypeata 310 — Coromandeliana 374 — Coscoroba 228 — Crecca 367, 371 — cristata 349, 357,359 —_ flavescens' 359 — curvirostra 295 — cygnoides 236, 237 — Cygnus 215 — mansuetus 220 — Damiatica 286 — discors 213, 302 — dispar 342 — domestica 290 — Dominicana 317, 372 — erythrocephala 333 — erytbropus 254, 257 — erythrorynchos 308 — falcaria 321 — falcata 321 — fasciata 331 — fera 286, 312 — . mento cinnabarino 296 <— .. Mexicana 312 — . secunda 292 Anas ferina ferruginea ee fistularis 356 323 ae Americana 296 cristata 359 Jamaic. 297 formosa We 375 frenata 5a. ex0l0) Fuligula 349, 352 fulva 335 fusca 279 fuscescens 284 galericulata 363 Gambensis 241 Gattair 379 Georgica 974 glacialis 339 Glaucion 346 glocitans 330 Gmelini 377 grandis 235 | Helsingen 258 Hina 3876 histrionica 281 hyberna 344 foem. 244 Be mas 299 hybrida 227 hyemalis 339 hyperborea 234 Jacquini 337 Jamaicensis ,. 314 Javanica 323 Indica Q42 Gesneri 268 Islandica 360 jubata San CL Kakushka 378 Kogolka = 326 Labradora 318 latirostra 310, 353 leucocephala 315, 316 x. VOLUME Page Anas leucopsis 257 — leucoptera 228 — leucopthalmos 354 — Libyca 268 | — longicauda Se 337 — Islandica 339 — lurida te 377 — Madagascariensis 373 — Magellanica 231, 232 — malacorhynchos 332 — Manillensis 375 — marila 299 — melancorypha 223 — melanocephala 223 — melanoleuca 225 — melanotos 240 — melanura 326 — membranacea 321 — Meriane ae Q11 — mersa 315 — migratoria dow) seyfl — minor picta 318 — minuta 282 — mollissima 262 — monacha 272 — montana 246 — moschata Sc 268 — muscaria 312 — niger minor 27 — nigra 275, 276 — freti Hudsonis 275 = major .. 279 — maxima 275 —_ .. ult. nova 299 — nigricollis 223 — nilotica a 270 — nivalis 934 — noy. Hispanie 348 — nov. Zealandie 356 — Nyroca 355 — obscura ete 360 — occidua 342 Anas Olor — —_— Page 6-0 220 Palumb. forte refer. 259 Penelope 323, peregrina -. 346 perspicillata 275 picta Bo | 2830) platyrhynchos 310, 320 Plutonia 224 poecilorhyncha 255, principalis maeul. 281 Quacula ) 303 Querquedula 365 major 323 minor 367 regia 274 Rhynchotis 313 rostro incurvo 293 rubens 313 rubidus 319 rubricapilla .. 200 rufa 335, 356 ruficollis 247, 335 rufina 36 359 rutila Me 248 Sancti Cuthberti 262 Sau Sarai si 78 Scandiaca 353 Scarchir 378 Segetum 255 semipalmata 295 Sirsxir 369 Sparrmanni a 377 spectabilis 5 266 spinosa 872 sponsa 6 361 stelleri S6 342 strepera es 320 subterranea 299 superciliosa , 327 sylvestris a 255 se brazils 268 Tadorna 304 VOLUME X. Page Page Anas torquata 281, 284 || Aptenodytes minor 387 — torrida 261 Moline 393 — variegata 229 —— Papua 3388 — Valisneria 327 ——— Patachonica 390 — viduata 316 ———_ torquata 391 — virescens »- _ 810]| Apterix australis 394 — virgata 309 — southern ae 394 Anatra Canone Dominic. 343} Arctic Bird .. 164 Anhinga 449, 452 || Ardeaexoticaaurita 20, 25 — black-bellied 451 || Arnauik, or Siorartak 265 — deCayenne 451 || Arsefoot als 66 21 — melanogastra 451 || Aru i 76 — noirdeCayenne 454 || Assee-moqua 91 — roux du Sencgal 453 || Assik 205 Anitra 286 || Athinue-moqua 86 — muta 268 || Auk, antient hie 70 | Anser Bassanus . 482)! — black-billed 65 — Branta 234, 260 }| — crested 67 — Brantagriseamacul. 257 || — dusky 68 — Chilensis 241 || — flat-billed 72 — Cygnoides 237 || — Genus i 55 — fuscus maculatus 255] — great 55 — guineensis 236 || — Labrador 62 — Hudsonis ae 266 | — little we 70 — hyperboreus .. 239] — minute ie 72 — lanuginosus .. 262|} — Perroquet 69 — Magellanicus Clusii 381) — Puffin ea 58 — niveus 234 || — pygmy 72 — Russicus 237 || — vrasor-billed ,. 63 — septentrionalis 262 || — tufted te 57 — .... sylvestris 255 |} Avis arctica mi 164 — vulgaris 251 || — Carolinensis rostr. cul. 96 Anseri Bassano congener — Diomedea 173 439, 441]| -— novacule facie 96 Aptenodytes antarctica 382}) — Tropicorum .. 443 australis 394 || Awks, King and Queen of 57 ——— Catarractes 386|| Avocetta on 50 Ors —— Chilensis $93 — orientalis 41 —— Chiloensis 388] Avocette 4 Cou marron 40 — chrysocome 385) Avoset,American .. 39 —— demersa 381 — red-necked 40 —— Magellanica 383 | — scooping 37 S) Page Aurgaw sis do.) oxi Baba ae sis 397 Badock ae ote 165 Bah 85 a 271 Banwar ee als 423, Bauber 06 451 Bauk be 270 Bec de hache ‘ 96 — en ciseaux A 96 Bel duiker, of Ewaker 246 Bergente 299, 246 || Bernache 258 Bernakelgans sie 258 Betsee 213 Bibertaucher 200 Bisamente .. Be 268 Blassen gans 255, 258 Bloessling grosser 16 kleiner 13 Blue-wing 302 Bonxy : 163 Booby bo 439 — brown .» 441 _ and white 441 — great 436 — lesser 442 — spotted 437 — Tuckey’s -- 440 Boschas major 286, 292 — grisea 293 — nevia 293 Bottle-nose or 61 Boutkie a 65 Brandente 804 Break bones 171 Brenta 259 — gans 259 Brenthus 260 Brillenente Q75 Brougie 415 Bugheeah «- 104 Burg meister 148, 149 Puge .Bur-ra-yen-ne -. 226 Canard aCollier .. 281 — -faceblanche 317 — -longuequeue 339 — - petit bec 316 — - queue pointue 323 — - téte grise 266 — beau huppé 361 — brun Sst 7300 — de Miclon 339 — Dominicain 317 — = grand 268 — Jensen Re S28 — musqué 268 — petita grosse téte 344 — royal sili PAA — sauvage Be 2286 — Siffleur a GPR} = huppé 359 — spatule chaplain B14 Carbo aquaticus .. 415 — Javanicus .. 419 Cargoose ie 22 Car-Swallow afer LoD Cary’s Mother Chicken 190 Castagneux 00 30 — a bec cerclé 35 de St. Dom. 32 Catarracta Cepphus 166 Catarractes -- 9386 Catharacta .. 386 —— Coprotheres 164 parasitica 164 Cath catuewewe .. 238 Cepphus lacteolus .. 82 Chick-twopenny .. 32 Chipeau 56 v. o20 Chuccurbaco SO ee) Chuchwa a0 ae 246 Chucua, Chicui ene 249 Chuta-chkrionat .. 3855 Cisne ee Sou Zaks) VOLUME X. Page Clakis as sou) Pais Clangula glacialis .. 339 Cobble ae 87, 92 Cobler’s awl me TsO) Coddal Cauka He 98 Cola de Junco 06 443 Colimbo minore Be 3) Columbus groenlandicus 79 Colymbus arcticus 89 == Ao collo rufo 90 — auritus Bo 23 — borealis .. 94 — caudatusstellatus 91 — Cayanensis 34 — cimereus major 20 — colubrinus 449 — = cornutns 20, 25 — cristatus 20, 23 — os major 20 = Ba stellatus 9} — Dominicus 32 — ecaudatus 91 — flavus Carolin. 85 — fluviatilis 35 — fuscus 36 3 — giacialis .. 84 — griseus a 27 — = grylle 78 — Hebridicus 31 — Immer 87 — Insule Thome 984 — _ lacteolus 82 — Ludovicianus 36 — Lumme .. 90 — major Aldrovandi 20 _ se echistatus’ 20 — marinus tessellatus 84 — maximus caudatus 84, 91 Ao Gesneri 87 Page Colymbus maximus stellatus ; 84 — minor 26, 29 — muticus 84 — nigricans 24 — novus me 82 — obscurus 26 — i parotis 28 — __ podiceps 35 — _rubricollis 27 — septentrionalis 99 — Sinensis 95 — stellatus ., 91 — striatus 93 — subcristatus 27 — Thomensis 34 — __ torquatus $4 — Troile 25 74 — urinator 27 Coot 13, 275 —- blue of Florida 17 — cinereous ae 17 — common 13 — crested 17 — Genus Ns 13 — greater we 16 — Mexican 17 — white oe 15 — weesel — Hes 209 Cormoran .. 415 ,419 Corrira Italica ea 42 Corvorant, or Cormorant 414 Chinese 4234 — Javan 419 — _ red-faced 426 violet .. 495 Corvus aquaticus 414 — oe». minor 419 Cotton-head 208 Coulterneb a 61 Coupeur d’Eau 96 Courier 42 ‘Page Cracker ate le 337 Crane ste -. 420 Cravant ate $3 259 Crow Sea 161 Cuccale 161 Cuscui qua tum 280 Cutberduk, Cutberduce 265 Cutwater 96 Cycnus Sinensis 236 Cygne 3m SPEZ20 — atétenoire 223 -— ~~ sauvage de 216 Cygnus ferns 215 — maximus 220 Damier brun 177 Danding ayer 451 Laut 413 Darter, black 454 — bellied 451 — New Holland 453 — rufous 453 —_ winged 453 — Surinam 11 — white-bellied 449 Degonja 341 Dick kopf 344 Didapper 30, 35 Dingla 6 . = -:138 Diomedea Chilensis 393 — Chiloensis 388 — chlororhynchos 52 — exulans 48 _ fuliginosa 54 — Moline 393 — spadicea 52 Dipper 30 Dirtenallan 165 Dishishet Seekeep 31 Diver, black 276 — and white 71 — throated 89 — Boreal 94 | VOLUME X. Page Diver, Chinese els 95 — Imber ne 87 — Lough 209 — Newcastle 94 — northern BA 84 — red-throated 90 — speckled 91 — greater 184 _— second 94 — striped x 93 Dobchick, black & white 26 — eared 23 — horned 25 Doo roo dang 438 Dove, Greenland 71 ...- spotted 80 Douker of Wormius 89 Duck, Abha 272 — Alexandrine 378 eo Arabic ° 378 — ash-headed 307 — Attile . 334 — bald-faced .. 9329 — pated 330 — bimaculated 330 — black ve 275 — .. and white great 262 _— great 279 — headed 286 — .. tailed 326 — blue-billed 3802, 339 — .. winged 302 Bramany 246 brown 284 -. headed 334,346 and white little 282 — little 845 — Bnuffel-headed 344 canvas-backed 327,330 Cape 327 5 2 Page Duck, chestnut-crowned 335 | oe ee cinereous 278 collared 248 crested 307 crimson-billed 308 curve-billed 295 Cuthbert 262 Damietta 286 Dominican .. 317 dusky -- 300 .- and spotted 282 -. Bay 355 Eider 262 falcated 321 ferruginous 356 fluting ee e299 fulvous es sao Gadwal 320 Garganey 365 Gattair 379 Genus 214 Georgian Q7A4 Gmelin’s 377 golden-eye 346 grey 320 .. headed 266 346, 348 Harlequin 281 Hawksbury 307 hook-billed 298 Jacquin’s 336 Javan 323 Iceland 360 Tlathera 308 Kekushka 378 King 266 Lapmark 393 lobated 275 loggerhead 226 long-tailed 339 Mallard 286 Mareca 309 Page Duck, membranaceous 331 — Merian Q71 — Mexican 343 — mixed 54 294 — Muscovy eek 4268 — New Holland 331 — New Zealand 356 — nyroca 355 — olive-tufted 355 — Opano BO 298 — painted 281, 282 — pheasant 329 — pied 318 — pink-headed 343 — Pintail Sie MOOT — piping 298 — Pochard 332 — Race-horse 226 Tatcee aes 302, 352 — red 356 — .. crested 359 — .. headed 334 — round-crested 206 — Royal 274 — rubicund 319 — ruddy 319 — rufous-necked 335 : — sand-shoal 318| — Scaup 299, 300 | — Scoter -2) 276) — Shieldrake 304 | — .... New Holl.306 — Shoveler 310 _ .... Jvamaica 314} — ...- New Holl. 313 _ .... red-breasted 813 — soft-billed 332 — solitary 272 — Spanish sa SIL — we) eMain 296 | enn Sparrman’s vid VOLUME X. " Page Duck, spirit Se, 344 — spotted-billed 285 — stone 281 — striated 309 — summer 361 — supercilious 327 — tame ais 290 — torrid 262 — tree ahs 862 — tufted 349, 355 — varied-billed 336 — velvet 279 — Ural 315 — western 342 — whistling 298 black-billed297 —_— .. red-billed 296 white-faced 213, 302 _— .. headed 315 — .. masked 317 — Wigeon 323 — wild 286 — wood American 361 Ducker, great crested 20 — horned ig 20 || Duc laert ae 34 Duiker Eend bruine 354 Papagaay Be 58 — witte-non 209 Dun-Bird 353 Dun-Cur 334 Dun-Diver as 200 Easterling ~.. -- B24 Ecatototl 206 Egg-Bird 102 Eider-gans 262 Eisente sie ; 339 | Eistaucher .. sie 84 Ente gemeine = eo — krummschnablige 298 — Turkische 268 — weisskopfige 315 Ente wilde — Zahme Epouventail Equus marinus Erztaucher Ewaker Falcon, Berbice Falk Feaser Fettgans gelbschopfige Finfoot African | — American Fisolo marino Flamenco Flamingo, Chili red Flammant Flusterer Folaga 6 Polan Fou aie — blanc .. — brun petit — common — de Bassan — grand .. — tacheté Foulque we on 104 se 436 — petit de Cayenne ees 20 13 438 422 439 433 443 . 437 13 — A jarretieres rouges 16 — grand a Crete 17 Fouquet petit des Philipp. 105 Fratercula Fregata minor Frigate bird Fuilag : Fulica Athiops — Americana — aterrima — atra — cristata — Floridana — fuliginosa 56 15 58 412 410, 413 163 17 16 59 13 20 17 17 16 Page Fulica leucoryx 15 — major 16 — Mexicana 17 — altera 17 — vulgaris sie 13 Fuligula ae ae 299 Fulmar 179 Fur-bhuachialle 92 Gabbiana 150, 162 Gabbiano minore cinerizio 153 Gadwal, or Grey 320 Gair-fowl LS7/ Gam-Drake 265 Gannet, common 432 — lesser 437 Gans rothhals ae 247 Ganser 244 Gans schnee 235 Garganey on SOS Garrot Se wae 346 — northern 339 Gattair 379 Gavia cinerea 1535 157 — major 153 — minor 133 = S60) (EPR 158 — fusca 104 — grisea 150 — .. Minor 134 — hyberna 154 — ridibunda 137 — pheenicopos 132 Gaunt ate is 22 Gerra-gerra 101 Gingeon 66 55) ee Glaucium .. -. 346 —- minus 349 —— . striatum 299 Glupisha ae YK) Goeland gris & blane 151 — brun one LOL VOLUME X. Page Goeland cendré 157 — noir manteau 145 — varié -. 146 Gogaubhere 403 Gohurry, Kohurry 103 Goletra te 158 Gongcheel woe 155 Goose, antarctic 228 — white-winged 229 — barred-headed 242 — Bauk 270 — Bean 255 — Bering’s 257 — Bernacle 257 — black 258 _ -. andwhite 225 —_ .. backed 240 — blue-winged 232 — Brand 259 _ -. white 234 — Brent ein | 209) — Bustard ee 228 — Canada 238, 258 — Chinese An 236 — Clatter a6 261 — Cole Sou ls — Coscoroba .. 228 — cream-coloured 296 — crop 56 237 — Eider B 262 — Egyptian o. «©9444 — Ember 87 — Gambo 241, 244 — great 00 235 — grey-headed 245 — .. lag So) C410) — Gulaund bo Ay — Hill ba EMS — Hindustan .. 243 — hybrid en eed — laughing 255 — loggerhead .. 226 Page Goose, Magellanic’ 231, 381 — Mother Cary’s 171 — mountain re 246 — Muscovy 237 — Nilotic oc 270 — painted 230, 232 — Quink eee 26 — Rat, or Road 260 — red-breasted Q47 — ruddy 248 — Scopoline .. 262 — Sea 60 229 — semipalmated 295 — Snow c0 234 — Soland 433 — Spanish 236 — spur-winged 241 — Swan dio 236 — tame o6 252 — variegated .. 229 — white-fronted 254 — wild 250 Gorumpoar, Gerumpa 285 Grebe a joues grises 28 — black-breasted 34 —_ .. chinned 31 — Caspian ae 25 — Cayenne oe 34 — cornu oe 20 — crested ae 20 — d’Esclavonie 25 — de la Louisiane 36 — delariviere 32 — DucLaert.. 34 — dusky 20 26 — eared 23, 25 — foulque 50 1l — Genus ava 19 — grand 0 34 — horned ie 25 — huppé 20 =— Indian ate 29 Page Goose, little a 29 — Louisiane 36 || — New Holland 33 — petit 26 sites huppe 23, 24 — pied-billed 35 — red-necked .. Q7 — rufous-breasted 33 — Sclavonian 25 || — Tippet Ga 21 — white-winged 32 Grisard 55 146 Guacu guacu 154 Guiffette Bd : 123 Guillemot 74 black 78 | — Brunnich’s 78 — foolish 74 — lesser : 77 —— marbled 83 — petit fem. 71 —— noir 79 — spotted .. 81 | white S82 | Gulaund $i 257 | Guldenhead 61 | Gull, Adriatic a 144 | — arctic a8 164 | — black and white 145 | — backed 145 | —_— backed lesser 151 | _ cap 136. -— . headed 132 | — .. tailed 157 eee atoed 166 | — brown 134, 161 | headed 133, 134 | cloven-footed 123, 124 | common crimson-billed fork-tailed Genus 153 | 145 | 142 | 131 | VOLUME X. Page Gull, Georgian ae 1383 — glaucous sof. ets: — great 132, 405 — white 145 — grey 119 — Herring 149, 150 — MHudsonian 156 — Iceland An 147 — Johnson’s cloven-foot. | — Italian ie 144 — Ivory 156 — Keask as 168 — Kittiwake 157 — Laughing 137 — little si 149 — masked AG 139 — pacific 169 — Pewit 136 — pomarine 163 — Pulo Condore 160 — red-legged 133, 136 — silvery 151, 152 — Skua 161 — Tarrock 158 — Teazer Bs 115 — Wagel 146 || — web-footed white 153 — white greater 133 Guar sore 423 Gungunnah, Gungunneer 404 Gur-roo-mul Ae 388 Haffhert ite 179 Hahaway -. S41 | Haingo 445 Hairy-head 208 Haladroma, Pelecanoide 194 Halbente Sommer 364 Harle 199, 200 — a manteau noir 205 — couronneé 206 — etoilé 209 — huppe ner e203 Harle petit Page 50 209 Hatis a derriere de la téte noire guazu tacheté Haubentaucher Heerings meue Heeturrera Helegug 30 Hen port-Egmont He Patek He weego - sourcil blanc - téte noire 127 108 5.0 il4 : 97 a 10S 26, 200, 203 ; graukehlige 2S Haubente Europaische 349 oo 150 327 61 161 356 50 332 Hirondelle de Mer a grand envergure 102 — de Panay 119 —__ grande 114, 127 — = Hansel 112 — moustache 110 petit 120 Hirundo marina 114 | Hitt 242 Hrafn-ond oe) OOO) Hun Sowry 39 Jack Jumping 385 Ice-Bird 71 Tgilma 57 Imber 84, 87 — diver 87 — lesser OG 88 Imbrim A $4 Immer Goose 84, 87 Jougris : 28 Ipatka 58 Ipecati apoa 240 Ivoshik so Kaiaver, Kaier 79 Kamduiker 349 || Kandan 453 Page Kara es ve 76 | Karrang-aba 402 Keeask ze re 168 | IKiddaw Ws 7s 75 | Kinmodsui 363 Knachente 365 Knutge-gef 158 Rolben-ente 359 Kormoran 419 Korora 387 Kraak-eend 320 Kra-chuckreonah 352 Kragenente 281 Krik-ente 367 Kropfgans .. ont 97) Kutie-gef, Kuutge-gef 157,158 Kuyla 352 Lachmoeve grosse 132 schwarzkopfige 133 Lady-Fowl 324 Langschnabel 203 Larus albicans 114 — albus 137 _ erythrocephalus 132 — major 133 —_— minor 157 — argentatus 151, 152 — atricilla 99, 137 — atricilloides 132,140 — candidus 156 — canescens 153 — canus 133, 153 — capistratus 139 — Catarractes 161 — cinerarius 133 — cinereus 133, 148, 153 — Bellonii 158 — major 137 — maximus 150 —— minor 153 as - piscator 158 VOLUME X. Page || Larus cinereus rostr. & ped. rubris 133 — cinereus rostr. & ped. croceis 36 153 — crepidatus 166 — eburneus 156 — erythropus 134 — fidipesalter .. 1 — fuscus 150, 151, 161 — glaucus 148 — griseus 146, 150 — Guairo 154 — hybernus 154 — icthyztus 132 — Keeask 168 maculatus 134,154,168 maculis Musc. refer. 146 — major cinereus 137 — marinus ee 145 — maxim. alb. & nig. 145 — melanocephalus 144 — merulinus Sc 121 — minorcap. nigro 137 — fidipes 122 — minutus a 140 — nevius 146, 158 — niger ee 145 — fidipes 124 — Gesneri 121 — niveus 156 — pacificus ser *al'69) — Parasiticus 164 — Piscator 120 — Paulo Condor 160 — rarissimus 443 — ridibundus .. 132 — Rissa ate. 157 — rostro nigro 153 — Sabini vis 142 — Terragnola dictus 158 — torque cinereo 158 | Page | Larus tridactylus 157, 15S | — varius 146, 150 | Lereen 182 | Lepturus 443 | — candidus 445 | — fulvus 446 | Lestris Catarractes 161 — crepidatus 166 — parasiticus .. 164 — Pomarinus .. 163 Leutze 493 Loffelente 310 Loll Kauje 243 Lomwia Hoieri 74 Loofoo 423 Loon, ash-coloured : 20, 24 — greater 21 — grey 20 — inland 86 Lord 283 Louwa 424 Luglug 451 Lumme 74, 89 — Dumme 74 Lunda He 58 Lungy : 75 Lyre Sn oe 182 Macareux 57, 58 — Moine Pa 58 Macas a bec crochu “36 — - doigtier 11 — cornu ae 20 Macreuse aA 76,276 — a large bec 275 — double 279 Magaga, Magager 3 Majague So Gus erie Mallemuche ate 179 Manchet a bee tronqué 382 — - Collier 391 — delaN. Guinée 3909 — des Hottentots 386 Page Manchot grand 390 — huppe deSibirie 385 — Papou 388 — sauteur 50 385 Man of War Bird 48, 410 Mantel meve oy 145 Marchand Obi AD Mareca, Marec 275, 308, 309 Marrot, Murre wa 65 Martin-pécheurde Mer 176 Mauve a He 132 Meerachen stony (ZO bunte o. 205 schwarz 206 Meerschwalbe Caspische 99 geflekte 123 — gemeine 114 — _ graue 123 — kleine ate 120 — __ schwarze 122 — Stubbersche 107 Meeuw groote Zee 148 Melivis-Kembang 323 Merganser, blue Sao ANS) — brown .. 208 — cinereus 200 — _cristatus 203 — minor 209 —— Dun-diver 200 —- forked-tailed 212 — Genus 199 — Goosander 199 o===—= hooded 206 —— imperial 202 —— leucomelanus 205 — longiroster 200 = cristatus 208 —— minor 209 — niger -.. 206 inferne albus 205 VOLUME X. Page Merganser, red-breasted 203 — Smew .. 208 — = stellatus 209 — Sup. niger. infer. albus 205 — Virginianus crist. 206 Mergulus melan. rost. acuto 71 Mergus #Zthiops 199 — albellus 203, 208 — albulus ae 209 — arcticus 84, 89 — Asiaticus .. 212 — Bellonii da 65 — ceruleus 212 — Castor 0 200 — _ ciner. alb. cap. castan. 200 — cirrhatusfuscus 203 ad ..-. longiroster 200 — cristatus as) a 203 — cucullatus 206 — furcifer Se — fuscus 208 — = glacialis 209 — Gulo 200 — gutture nigro 89 _ rubro 90: _ imperialis 202 — Merganser 199, 200 — major 87 — cirrhatus 209 — nevius 84 — Pannonicus 209 — pectore rufo 203 — Rheni 209 — tinus 209 Metzcanahachtli 348 Meve aschgrave 133 — geflechte 146 Page Meve gemeine 153 — Islandische 157 — kleinegraue .. 153 — weisschwingige 148 — winter 158 Mew, great Sea 50 137 — graue kleine 153 Millouin 333 Millouinan 302 Mimenewick 312 Mis se sheep 268 Misse qua guta vow 275 Mistuhay Nesscock 251 Mittek 265 Monialis alba ‘ 209 Morelle 50 oF 3 Morillon Bo 349 Mormon Fratercula 58 Mouette 4 masque brun 139 — - pieds noirs 166 — blanche 133, 156 —_— grande 137 — brune 104 — cendrée 133, 153 tachetée 158 — d Hyver 154 — grande ee 145 —_ -- blanche 137 —- cendrée 151 153 — petite cendrée 133 — srieuse 5G 133 Mouton oa 170 Muechagatka 58 Mullet : 61 Murre 63, 65 Mutton-Bird Ba 176 Myna 450 Newal gang do TS Nigaud «2 420 Noddy 102, 104 Norie ale ao) eR. Page }| Nucda, Nucta ka hanse 241 Nun, white st 209 Oca Lombardella 46 255 — salvatica ao 4st) Occumushishisk sty Q Oedel oe oe 342 Ohrentaucher Bo 23 Oie a cravate oe 238 — a Duvet oe 262 —armeé .. ae 241 — blanche : 234 — bronzée de Coromandel 240 | — d’Egypte o. ~ 244] — de Guinée oie 236 — de plein vo ee2O: — des Esquimaux 232 — des Malouines 228 — des terres Magellan. 231 —rieuse .. Se 255 — sauvage -- 256 — sauvage a téte grise 245 Oiseau de soleil ie 1l — detempéte .. 193 — gris so RD Onocrotalus Americanus 405 fuscus .. 405 Mex. dentatus 409 Philippensis 402 rostro denticulato eld 409 Ossifraga ae ive 171 Outarde se BS 218 Pachyptila, Prion .. 195 Pa-degga-degga we 428 Paille-en-Queue a brins rouges 447 d’Ascension 445 —— d'Isle de France 447 grande 443, Pandle whew ae 324 VOLUME X. Ty Page | Papagaay Ducker 5S, 65 | Pardala 178 Passer stultus 104 1 Pato real 6 grande 270 | Pawnkole 425 | Paxara Especie de 390 Pechuch 419 | Pelecan grosse 397 | Pelecanoide 194 | Pelecanus Africanus 422 | Aquilus 410 — Bassanus 432 — Capensis 422 — Carbo 414 — Carolinensis 406 — carunculatus 429 —- cirrhatus 431 — cristatus 423 — erythrorhynchos 408 — Fiber 441 — fuscus 405 — Graculus 419 — Javanicus 403 —— leucocephalus 413 — maculatus 427 —— Magellanicus 430 —— Manillensis 401 — minor 412 — nevius oe PAST — onocrotalus 397 —— _ Palmerstoni 414 —— parvus oe 442 — Philippensis 402 — piscator 437 —— punctatus 427 — pygmezus 431 — roseus 401 — rufescens 404 — Sinensis 423 — Sula 439, 440 — Thagus .. 409 -—— trachyrhynchos 408 Page Pelecanus varius 428 —_ violaceus 425 — urile 426 Pelican a bec dentelé 409 — American : 405 — black-bellied 403 — brown 405 — brun : 405 _ . d’'Amerique 403 = .. de Lucon 401 — Charles-town 406 — frigate greater 410 — lesser 412 — Palmerston 414 — Genus ete 396 — Javan 403 — Manilla 401 — New Holland 402 — Philippine 402 — red-backed 404 — _rose-coloured 401 — rough-billed 408 — saw-billed 409 — white 397 — white head. frigate413 Pelikan Bassanische 438 Pellicano il grotto Ossia 397 Penguin 55, 381, 390 — black-footed 381 Penelope ad Be ES — Mexicana 335 — nigra 334 Peteysee Tehary een) LOS: Petrel, American 189 — Antarctic 177 — black Sees iio — bk.andwh. spotted 178 — black great 178 — black-toed 185 — blanc Jo 186 blue .. 195, 196 Brazilian 172 VOLUME X. Page Page Page Petrel, broad-billed 195 || Phalacrocorax rostr. & ped. || Pinguin, Chiloe -. 388 — brown-banded 187 luteis A439 — collared , 391 _— .- audwhite 177 || Phalarope a festons dentelés 5 — crested eo aS — cendreé a3 184 — American 4 — Genus 29/62 380) — cinereous Be 183 — barred 9 — hairy Pe Ok. — de neige xe 186 —_ de Sibene 1 — hopping .. 385 — diving ae 194 _— ferruginous § — lesser He 3si — doubtful at, 176 — flat-billed 6 — little wo) 382 — dusky go. Le _ grey 5 — Magellanic 383 — echaussé -. 193] _— plain 7 — New Holland 388 — fork-tailed .. 188 —_—_ red Weer 7 — Papuan .. 388 — frigate -. 189)| Phalaropus 3 5 — Patagonian 390 — fuliginous .. 174 — cancellatus 7 — ___ red-footed 386 — Fulmar si 179 — cinereus 1 — small se) OSS — Genus ae 170 _ fuseus 3 — three-toed 393 — giant an 170 — glacialis 7 — woolly Hered see — glacial we E74 _ hyperboreus 1,3 || Pinguinaria cristata 385 — grey oe «=, WA — lobatus 5 Patachonica 390 — Kuril ae 173 seats platyrynchos 5, 6 || Pintado Bird a 178 — Leach’s ac 194 — rufescens 6 || Pisesic oH LEO — long-legged 193 — Wihhiamsii 1 || Plancus morus o- 4389 — Manks ey Ss = Wilson’s 4 — tropicns .. 443 — Norfolk-Island 174 | Phascas aie 30 $65 || Plautus Albatros .. 48 — Osprey te 170 || Pheasant, sea Sia 337 _— ae spurius — pacific Ag 197 || Rbeenicopterus Chilensis 47 major 173 — Pintado ste 178 oe ruber 43 — Arcticus .. 58 — Puffin brun 173 |} Picarini ae a 39 — Columbarius 71 =— Shicar-water 181 || Pico corbo nie 37 — pinguis SOS — snowy -. $86] Pied rouge 36 96 — Tonsor .. 63 — sooty .. 187 || Pierre garin .. 114] Plongeon .. 56 32 — stormy le 189 || Piette sie so eh!) — agorgerouge 90 — tacheté he 178 || Pigeon, diving aA 79 — grand a 87 — white-faced 185 || Pingoin oe be 63 || Plotus Anhinga : 449 — ....__ breasted 186 — petit ae 65 — claudicans ., 9] Pfeifente Be .. 823 || Pingouin brachy ptere 55 — melanogaster 451 Pfeilschwantz 209, 337 — grande... 55 — recurviroster 37 Phaeton zthereus 443 — macroptere 63 — rostro conico ineq. 96 — demersus 386 || Pinguin a lunettes 382 — Surmamensis ll — melanorhynchos 446 — Antarctic .. 389|| Pochard ka a4 333 — phenicurus 447 — apterous .. 394]| Podicepsauritus ., 93 Phalacrocorax ax Ald — black-footed 381 — Carolinensts 35 439 || . — Cape A eEOOL — Caspicus .. 25 VOLUME X. Page Page Podiceps Cayanus 84 || Procellaria vittata 195 — cormutus 25 _ Urinatrix 194 _— cristatus 20) Puffin 58, 181 —_ Dominicus 32 — du Bresil 172 — hebridicus 31|,/ — Manks Rien sk] — Ludovicianus 36] Puffinus is 178, 184 — minor 29 — Cap. B. Spei 173 — obscurus 26 — cinereus 185 — rubricollis 97 || Puter-lahut 126 — Thomensis 34 || Quacherente 346 —_ urinator 20}; Quapach canauhtli 335 Poker, blue 334 || Quebrantahuessos 170 Polarente oc 89 || Querquedula estiva 364 Pooadugghee dugghee 230 —— Americana 302 Pope 61 —_— Ferroensis 342 Powistic ou sheep 283 — Ludovician. 344 Procellaria equinoct. 173, 179 — secunda 367 — alba 174, 186 |) Quethu ae ws 388 _ Anglorum 184 || Rabihorcado ee 410 — Antarctica 177 || Rabijuncos oe 443 — Braziliana 172 || Rallus lariformis .. 123 a cerulea 196 |) Razor-bill .. 65, 97 a Capensis 178|| Rassangue .. -. 241 = cinerea 179, 183 }| Ratch ae as 72 _ desolata 187 || Rathsher A -. 156 — Forsteri 195 }| Raven, Sea Be AG — Fregata 189 |; Rayador ste 97 _— fuliginosa 187 |; Recurvirostra Americana 39 — furcata 188 Avocetta 37 — gelida 174 — orientalis 41 — gigantea 170 —— rubricollis 40 _— glacialis 179 Rhynchops fulva 98 _ grisea 174 — nigra 96 = Leachii 194 || Ritsa ae re 159 — marina 189 || Rochie ae ate 72 — melanopus 185||Roepertje .. e- 349 — neva 178 || Rothgans .. 259, 433 — nivea 186 |} Rothhals Oo +. 9 333 — obscura 197 | Runner, fin.footed 42 — pacifica 197 | Rygchopsalia we 96 — pelagica 189. fulva 98 — Puffinus 181 | Sager Gansen ve “199 Tt 9 Page Sammet-ente 279 Sarcelle 366 — aAqueueepineuse 372 — blanche & noire 344 — brun & blanche 282 — de Coronandel 374 — d’Egypte 354 — dEté .. 864 — de Ferroe 342 — .. Java 322 — .. Mexique 348 — .. la Caroline 345 — .. laChine 363 — .. Luzon 375 — ,. Madagascar 373 — petite 367 — rousse Aue eoYP24 — Soucrourou 302 = Soucrourette 303 Sasasque pe thesue 255 Sau Sarai te -- 9378 Scarchir 378 Scaup fem. -- 300 Scheerenschnabel .. 96 Scheerschnabel i 63 Schiffsvogel 48 Schnatter-ente 320 Schwan Sing 216 — stumme .. 220 Scory 50 -- 165 || Scoter Sis aay sep 8 Scout ah 79 Scoutinallan 165 Sea-Swallow - 14 greater 106 —— lesser 120, 123 Seerabe ae -. 414 Seerach mit roth kopfe 200 —— schwartkopfe 199 Senator ye . 156 Serrator AC ee 199 — cirrhatus 203 Page |) Sesekesewuch 80 Shag 419 — African 422 -—— brown-necked 425 — carunculated 429 — Chinese 423 — crested 423, 427 — dwarf 431 — Magellanic 430 — New Holland 431 — pied 428 — pole 208 — red-faced 426 — spotted 427 — tufted 431 — violet A 425 Shearwater 173, 184 Shieldrake 305 — New-Holland 306 Swallow-tailed 339 Shoveler 310 — Barbary 313, 359 — Jamaica 314 — New Holland 313 — _red-breasted 313 Siffleur a bee noir 297 rouge 296 Sijo and 377 || Sildepperis .. 80 || Silver-Bird 114 Siorartak 265 Skart 415 Skimmer, black 96 Skippog 97 Skrabe, Skraap 182 Skuttock i Smergo 20 Smew 208 Sohn churucka ee S76 Sonnenvogel fliegende 443 Souchet “pe olO Sparling Fowl .. 200 VCLUME X. Page | Spattel-ente 236 | Spheniscus 381, 386, 387 | Spiessente 337 | Sprat-barrow, Sprat-Loon 92 | Sprig-tail 339 ' Stariki ra 69 — black 67 Steissfuss Gehaubte 20 Stercorarius longicaudus 164 striatus 163 Sterna affinis 112 — Africana 108 — alba 109 — Anglica 112 — aranea lll — arctica 116 — argentea 120 — atricapilla .. 123 — australis 126 — bicolor 316 120 — Boysii of 106 — candida 109 — Cantiaca 106 — Caspia 99 — Cayana 127 — cinerea 124 |) — atricapilla 121 — Dougallii 113 — fissipes 121 — fuliginosa 102 | — fusca 123, 124, 140 | — fuscata 129 — grisea 126 | -— Hirundo 114 | — Javanica 125 — leucopareia 110 — leucoptera 127 — maggiore 99 — media 106, 126 — metopoleucos 120 — minor Rie 120 | — minuta 120 | Page Sterna nevia 123 — nera ae 127 — nigra 121, 123 — nilotica 110 — nubilosa 107 — obscura 123 — Panaya 119 — Petto bianca 106 — Philippina 105 — plumbea 130 — rectr. max. nigr. 164 — simplex lll — Sinensis 125 — spadicea 129 — stolida 104 — striata 109 — Sumatrana 119 — Surinamensis 124 — Tschegrava .. 99 — vittata 117 Stockente 310 Storm-finch 190 | Storm-zwalluw 190 | Strany oc a 75 | Strundt-jager 164 Sturmmeue bunte 146 Sturm-vogel 190 Svart-Bakr 147 Sula alba 432 — Bassana 433 — candida 437 — Hoieri 433 Summoodra Cauky 98 Sun-Bird ‘ 12 Swallow, Sea 106,114, 120,123 Swan, black 3 224 — black-necked 223 — lesser 219 — mute 220 — Shawian BC 224 — tame .. ots 220 — whistling on) 15 Pacab Tadorna Tafelente Talla os Tanna-rang Tauchente kleine — weisse Taucher dunkelbraune — gans ‘ — _ gesprenkelte — kleine — roth halsiger — Schwarzkehlige — unbekannte Taucherkuhn Dumme —— schwarze Vachypetes Aquila Taya Taya 55 Tchaiki ra 00 Teal, African — American — Baikal ted — Bilibi — blue-winged — chestnut-winged — Chinese — common — Coromandel —— Girra) .- are — green-winged — grey-shouldered — Guiana — Hina .. 50 — Jamaica — Madagascar — Manilla cle — Saint Domingo — Siley — Sirsezir — spinous-tailed — summer Tee-tee Page |) 397 304 333 100 145 209 209 26 199 91 | | VOLUME X. Page Templatlahoac 312 Tern, African 108 Arctic ote 116 black 121 eyed 118 headed 123 “naped 126 brown 123, 129,134, 140 bellied 103 Caspian 99, 101 Cayenne 127 Chinese Xe 125 cinereous 124 common aie 114 crested 101 crimson-billed 117 dove-coloured 128 dusky 129 Egyptian 110 Georgian ve el28 greater (114 grey 119 gull-billed 112 hoary Ae UI ZO hooded a6 120 Javan 125 Kamtechatkan 123 lesser 120 marsh ie 111 minute 120 mustachoe 6 110 New-Holland 103 Noddy we LO4 Panayan Ba tle) Philippine 105 roseate 113 Sandwieh 106 short-tailed 130 simple poe edla lal sooty 102 southern 126 striated 109 Tern, Sumatran — Surinam — Tehary — waved — white — .. browed — .. winged — wreathed Terragnola Titihan Toltecoloctli Tom-noddy Toolaiee Topper Totto a Toyang 66 Trauerente Tringa cancellata 53 448 122, 126 oe 276 9 — cinerea gutture albo 5 — Coot-footed — fusca rostro tenui — glacialis — _ hyperborea — lobata — rufa — white Coot-footed 1,3 Trochilus, vel Corrira 42 Troo- gad-dill 169 Tropic-Bird, black-billed 446 common 443,445 — Genus 443 —— New-Holland48s —— red-billed 447 Tschagu Q47 Tschakvoi 247 Tschegrava 100 Tubano ba EL Turtle, Sea ae 79 Turpan bo 279, 280 Twagge 448 Twopenny Chick 32 Tzing Kye .. . 17 Page Tzitzihoa .. pal. BY Veld duiker ~- = 299 Vingeon O09 diol EL) Viudita ye -. 3816 Uees araka Fine 400) Uriaalga ss. Ou 76 — Alle a do 71 — balthica 80 — Francsii ue 78) — Grylle 78 — Grylloides 81 — lacteola 82 — major ‘ye Oh — marmorata 83 — minor 70, 77 —_ nigra... 79 — .. striata 80 — Ringuia ae 77 — Suar-bag so 76 — Troile 74, 76 Urile ve ee 426 VOLUME X. Page Utamania 65 Utay-keeask 165 Vulpanser 304 Wagel Gull 146 Wagellus Cornubiens. 1461,79 Walang-kadda -. 403 Whapa whe whe w. 34 Wasserhuhn gemeine 13 | swarze 16 | Wasser-sabler gemeine 37 Wasser-tretter Se 1 Waw pew reway sepis 213 Way Way... 233, 234 | Weesel Coot 209 Wetha may pa wew 261 Whewer, or whim 324 Whilk Sip Sd. eas Wigeon we 2. 323 — American 328 — Cape ~. 3827 — hen-beaked 35 | | | Willock Winter-ente a3 Witches ate ae Witch-water 56 Xeme Sabini ss Yacapitzahoac ae Yelper Ynga a D6 Yohoalcoachillin a6 Yorongi, wrongi a5 Ypegazo a6 Yztacton Yahauhqui Zaagbek kleine Zahme ente bo 420, 422 Zaramagullon nuir tacheté Zee-duiker bruinkop Zee-Eend bruine ae Zee meeuw kleine Zwarte zee-end =O | Zwergente 290 449 346 AT the time of publishing the General History of Birds, a division of the subjects into Orders and Genera was prefixed; also a List of the Contents at the head of each Genus, which was supposed to be sufficient for reference to the various articles. The Author, however, having been solicited by many of his subscribers to print a full and complete Index, he has acquiesced, having no doubt of its utility, particularly to the less informed Ornithologist. Having also consulted his friends, whether it would be preferable to give a general Index of the whole, or to each Volume separately, he has learned, that the latter mode would be more convenient; and indeed one advantage will accrue from this arrangement, as the printing has been so managed, as to enable the possessor of a copy of the Work to place the Index at the end of its corresponding Volume when bound up, or to retain the whole together, as may best suit his inclination. One circumstance, however, ought not to be passed over, in respect to the Work in general. It has been before observed, that the errors are chiefly those of the press, yet a few of the most material require notice, viz. Vou. I. p. xvii. 1.21, for Salisbury read Vou. VI. p. 42, 1.18, for 3 inches read Canterbury—p. 78, 1.3, for 33 in. read 1Zin.—p. 159, 1.22, cancel id. ed.ii. 155— nine—p. 162, 1. 6, for white read black. p. 266, 1. 24, for France read Tanna. Vou. II. p.2, No. 77, for great read erect. Vous ,Ville palOuNaIna) ton ellen read Vor. III. p. 92, Note*, for Pe of Fermini black—p. 300, 1.26, for Sparrow read read Pie of Fermin—p. 360, 1.10, for Swallow. Antivolans read Altivolans. Vor. VIII. p. 90, 1.18, for two read three— Vou. 1V. p. 3, 1. 20, for Alcedo read Gal- ela) 12k, Gow Then pees Turtur. bula—p. 89, 1.2, for NUTHATCH read TOD Y—p. 182, |. 14, for leucoptera read Vou. X. p. 19, 1. 1, for TERN read ALLEL GULL—p. 195, 1. 13, for PEDREL Vou. V. p. 128, 1.8, for LENGTq read read PETREL—p. 419, last line, erase LENGTH Pitfield’s Mem. OTe 8 Rilela wut West iscls t at ak i cn 4 Bray (ligt cae Le a a ¥ ol % ey | ‘es ea | \ : 7 , 4 : Me = a ay rh es 2; ti} = . _ ; 4 ip? 2 ith 2 b } ji ig \* a he 4 & Gat * pin. i 34 ‘ <9 ‘ S i ae) Me ; ‘* ‘ ¢ pak — « kus = A r te i Ly » Uae Pe es Beg ay : 4 ‘ 00 y Pet — : af? ee . , Li te J i 4, f. ' ’ “> { eek ths ; ? - sab ae-# rm] + ; P - : Pete ' ‘ = a “ 7 + ij f ’ 1, ” , s an == ze . DST 4 Pid . ‘ gone a io a 5 es me " Ka ‘ re: : ; SoU Pe BE eds Sa ‘ aa ed J ce wr ese Ok ; > = PUN Ate ae , es - ; . ee r=) x Zz . ae DIVISION I. ORDER I. i Condur 2 Californian 3 White-winged 4 White-rumped ® King A Varied 6 Painted 7 Carrion 8 Urubu A Iota 9 Alpine A Variety B Variety GENUS I. BIRDS. 10 Kolben’s 11 Sociable 12 Angola 13 Maltese 14 Pondicherry 15 Cinereous 16 Bengal 17 Ash-coloured 18 Hare 19 Indian 20 Tawny 21 Gingi 22 Chocolate VULTURE. LAND BIRDS. RAPACIOUS. 23 Arabian 24 Abyssinian 95 Chincou 26 Chagoun 27 New Holland 28 Cheriway 29 Bold 30 Plaintive 31 Bearded A Variety B Golden C Variety 32 Black In the Vulture Genus the bill is strait, hooked chiefly at the end. Base covered with a naked skin. Head, cheeks, and often the neck, either naked, or ill clothed with down, or short hairs. VOL. I. B vo VULTURE. Neck, retractile. Craw, often hanging over the breast. Legs and feet covered with great scales. The outer toe joined to the middle one by a strong membrane. Claws large, not mech hocked, and blunt. It may be observed, that the shape of the bill does not suffi- ciently characterise this genus, as imany-of the Falcons have it strait at the base likewise, though, for the most part, the point is more crooked and sharp .than im the Vulture. Perhaps the scarcity of feathers on the head and neck, and in pany a total want ef them, may form a better distinction. It is by all agreed, that no true Vulture will kill its prey, coveting only sien animals as are already dead, and becoming putrid. Though it is mentioned, that large flocks of them some- times alight onasick or maimed animal, and, attacking it altogether, finish its existence, but this may be supposed to happen only when pressed by extreme hunger, as authors inform us, that when left to themselves they rather prefer flesh already tainted than fresh meat, and their sense of smelling bemg exquisite, they are enabled to scent a dead carcase many miles off, and accordingly fly to it from all quarters. Tn this circumstance of their disposition Tam clear, in respect to the Carrion Vulture of Jamaica some time in my garden. They would, indeed, eat raw flesh, but expressed particular pleasure when any tainted food was offered them—tiuttering with expanded wings, and falling on with double appearance of appetite, as well as devourimg twice the quantity as at other times. It is observed that Vultures, in general, are fewer in number in proportion to the coldness of the climate, and in the more northern regions, are wholly wantmg. A kind disposition of providence this, lest the putrid effluvia of the dead, should, m the hotter countries, too much imjure the health of the living. However, some will be found, wherein both the Vulture and Falcon are so strengly marked, VULTURE. 3 in the same bird, as to make it doubtful where to place them. In this case, the manners, may, perhaps, determine. Vultures are not only greedy and voracious to a proverb, but by no means timid, for they prey in the midst of cities, undaunted by mankind. This may, perhaps, happen from their not bemg persecuted by any man, and arises from various causes, chiefly from their not being obnoxious to him, as injurious, or suitable to his taste as food, on the contrary, they are, for the most part, held im veneration. This tameness of the volatile creation, when not annoyed by man, is manifest, from the accounts of our circumnavigaters, who inform us, that in the more desart places where they touched, most kinds of birds were so familiar, as not to fly away at their approach, regard- ing them more as objects of wonder than fear. Authors vary greatly im their sentiments concerning the Vulture tribe, owing to the very different plumage of many of them while young, and growing to maturity, which is equally the case with many species of other genera. On this head we have endeavoured to reconcile the opimions of those who have written concerning them, leaving the reader to form his own judgment. Vultures are divided by M.'Temminck into three genera—viz. Vautour, or true Vulture, this, in itself, is timid to a degree, when opposed to any living bird, preymg wholly on dead and putrid earcases. The second, or Catharte, which feeds both on living and dead carcases—and_ his third, the Gypaéte, which is a formidable race, and preys, by choice, on every living thing it can obtain the mastery over, never touching carrion, except from the utmost necessity. * The Storks in Holland are a proof of this, walking boldly in the middle of the streets, as if they knew no one would hurt them, and which is truly the case, as that person thinks himself fortunate, who has a nest of them on his chimney, and if a stranger should kill one purposely, he would run the risk of being very ill treated, if not of losing his life by the anraged multitude. B2 4 VULTURE. 1.—CONDUR.—Piate TI. VulturGryphus, Ind. Orn.i. p.1. Lin. Syst.i. 121. Gm. Lin.i. 945. Klein. Av. p.45- Bris. Orn. i. 473. Id. 8vo. 137. Borowsck. Nat. ii. 62. Encycl. Brit. xviii. 695: pl. 510. Raz. Syn. p. 11. Humbold. Voy. pi. 8. 9. Vultur Magellanicus, Lev. Mus. p.i. pl. 1. female. Vultur Condor, Condur, Buf. ois. i. 184. Fres. Voy. p. 111. Condam. Voy. 175. Molin. Chil. 236. Ed. Fr. ed. 247. Dand. Orn. ii. p. 8. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 2. pl. 2.3.42 Catharte, Tem. Man. ed. 2. Anal. p. xlviii. Sarcoramphus, Vultur, Dum. Condur Vulture, Gen. Syn. i. p. 4. Id. Sup. p. 1. Id. Sup.ii. p. 1 pl. 1. Hawkesw- Voy.i. p. 75. Wood's Zoogr. i. p. 371. THE Condu,, till within these few years, has remained int great obscurity, having been confounded with others of the same genus, but as the Leverian Museum was fortunately in possession of two specimens in complete plumage, we have been enabled to give the following description. The first of these, m appearance a full-grown male, measured, from the tip of one wing to that of the other, full ten feet. The bill strong, moderately hooked, black, with a whitish tip; nostrils near the base, and depressed. The head and neck covered with cinereous down ; on the erown, a long carunculated membrane, as in the cock, irregularly indented on the top ; part of the throat bare, with the appearance of a dilatable pouch, and a kind of pear-shaped pendulous substance in the breast, as in the King Vulture ; on the sides of the neck, a series of seven or eight wrinkled protuberances, not wnilike those in the turkey. The lower part of the neck sur- rounded with a white ruff, composed of long fine feathers, of a hairy texture. Lesser wing coverts wholly black, the middle ones the same, with greyish white ends, forming a bar when closed ; the greater, half black and half white, divided obliquely : three first quills black, the secondaries white, tipped with black. Tail 4 VULTURE. 2 even, fourteen inches long, black; thigh feathers long. Legs stout, reddish brown ; claws black and blunt. The other bird had nearly the same extent of wing, was rather less in size, but, except in wanting the carunculated membrane on the crown, one description might serve—whether this is a female or young male bird, cannot precisely be said, but most probably the former. The above were brought from the Straits of Magellan, by Capt. Middleton, but they are also found im other parts of South America, and have been mentioned, though imperfectly, by various authors. In the year 1691, one is said to have been met with in lat. 33, south, not far from the Island Mocha, in the Seuth Seas, whose extent of wing was sixteen feet. This was black and white, like a nragpie, and had a crest or comb, sharp, like a razor. The seamen shot it on a cliff by the sea side, and supposing it to be a kind of turkey, made a meal of it.* In Spilburgen’s Voyage, ch. 7. it is mentioned, that two fowls were taken in the Island of Loubest, in beak, wings, and talons, resembling an eagle, with combs on their heads like cocks, being two ells in height, and three in breadth, from the tip of one wing to that of the other, when extended—and, in Hawkesworth’s Voyages,} one is said to have been shot at Port Desire, off Penguin’s Island, of which this description is given :—‘‘ The head resembled “that ef an eagle, except that it had a large comb upon it. Round “ the neck it had a white ruff, exactly resembling a lady’s tippet: the ‘“feathers on the back as black as jet, and as bright as the finest “polish could render that mineral: the legs were remarkably strong “and large, and the wings, when extended, measured, from point ta * point, no less than twelve feet.” * Phil. Trans. 18. p.61.---Raii. Syn. Av. p. 11. t+ This is not far from Peyta, in South America, ¢ Vol. 1. p. 15, 6 VULTURE. Molma, in his History of Chili, observes, that the female is somewhat smaller than the male, brown in colour, having no ruff round the neck, but a small crest at the nape. He says, they make the nest among the most inaccessible rocks, and lay two white eggs— that they feed on dead carcases—and there being no wolves im Chili, these birds supply the place of them, often flying in flocks, and preying on sheep and goats, and even young calves, if straying too far from their dams, first plucking out the eyes, and afterwards tear- ing them to pieces. On this account the country people use various stratagems to take or destroy such fierce enemies, for, when glutted with food, and unable to rise freely, they attack them with clubs, and easily subdue them; they are, however, in general, sufticiently active, and known to the inhabitants by the name of Manque. This author adds, that the largest seen by him had an extent of wing exceeding fourteen feet, and supposes it to be the same as the Laemmergeyer of Europe; but we believe that, however similar they may be in manners, these two birds are distimet from each other as species. The account given by M. Humboldt greatly comeides with what is said above, but observes, that he has not met with any specimen beyond three feet seven inches in length, and eight feet nme inches m breadth, though he admits they may sometimes exceed these dimen- sions ;* and adds, that the colour is not always black, but for the most part raven grey. The young bird is covered, for several months, with a deep thick down, so full as to enlarge the appearance to the size of a full-grown bird. At first the plumage is tawny brown, not arriving at the black colour till after two years. In December, 1809, a bird was exhibited in Piccadilly, alive, and called a Condur : it approached in size to that bird, but was uniformly of a brown and dusky colour, without the least trace of * In another place he talks of the dimensions being eleven feet. VULTURE, 7 white on the wings. The head naked, and furnished with an. elevated, indented comb, with the addition of wattles on the sides, but the naked parts wholly brown. ‘his bird was not very young, having been in possession of the owner more than twelve months. It seems to form a link between the Condur, now sufficiently known, and the Californian Vulture, but whether allied to either, or form- ing a distinct species, we cannot at present determine. 2.— CALIFORNIAN. Vultur Californianus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. ii. Nat. Misc. pl. 301. Shaw's Zool. v. vii: p. 10. Catharte, Tem. Man. ed. 2. Anal. p. xlvii. Californian Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. p.3. THIS isa large species, nearly approaching in size to the Condur. The bill pale ; plumage in general black; but the second quills have whitish tips, and the wing coverts inclme to brown; under wing coverts mixed with white. The wings, when closed, reach beyond the tail. The head and neck are bare and dusky ; across the breast, a darker bar, and two others of the same on the hind-head ; the lower parts of the neck surrounded with a ruff of slender black feathers ; under parts of the body covered with loose downy ones. Tail, even at the end. Legs, black. This bird was brought from California, by Mr. Menzies, in his expedition with Capt. Vancouver, and is now in the British Museum. It seems to have some aftinity with the Condur. < 8 VULTURE. 3.—W HITE-WINGED. LENGTH, three feet; bill, black; irides, brown; head and neck, hare, and the colour of raw flesh; round the eye, and back part of the head, red brown, and downy. The plumage, in general, dusky black; some of the larger wing coverts, or second quills, white, with black ends, giving the appearance, when the wings are closed, of a white rump—the second quills etherwise brown, with black ends; greater quills and tail, black; on the breast, bare and white ; in the middle of it, a callous brewn space, surrounded with red at the base—hefore the thighs, a second, much the same in appearance ; the thigh feathers hang over the joint; legs, dusky red. Native place, uncertain. It seems to approach both to the Condur and Californian species, but how far allied to either, must rest on future obseryation. 4.—W HITE-RUMPED. SIZE, uneertain; bill, moderately hooked and black; cere, and the base of the under mandible, dull oker colour; sides of the head, round the eye, bare and red; chin and throat the same. Plumage, wholly deep brown black, except the upper tail coverts, which are in great part white ; legs, stout and yellow; claws, black and bent; the tail pretty long ; and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it. The above is described from the collection of drawings, in the possession of John Dent, Esq. but without any account annexed, nor are we certain it is not allied to the preceding. = Ves ney Villu 76 ve VULTURE. 9 5.—KING.—PL. IT. Vultur Papa, Ind. Orn.i. 4. Lin. Syst.i. 122. Gm. Lin.1. 246. Daud. ii. 9. pl.ix. Bris. i. 470. t. 36. Id. Svo. i. 138. Gergne i. t. 12. Borowsk. Nat. 1xi. t. 1. Spalowsk. Vog.i. t.2. Levail. pl. xiii. Schrif. d. Berl. Gessell. ix. t. 8 (caput). Shaw. Zool. vii. 39. pl. xii. Regina Aurarum, Vili. 302. . Id. (Angl.) 390. Vultur Monachus, A/ein. Av. p. 46. Cozcacoauhth, Razz. 161. L’Inburubicha, Voy. de Azara. i. p. 17. Tzopilotl, o Rey de les Buytres, Gabin. de Madrid. i. 43. lam. 19. Rei des Vautours, Buff. i. 169. pl. 6. Pl. Eni. 428. Catharte, Tem. Man. Ed.u. Anal. p. xvii King Vulture, Gen. Syn. i. p.7. dd. Sup.ii p.7. Edw. pl. ii. THIS elegant species is about the size of a hen turkey; length, two feet four inches; bill, black in the middle and red at the end; cere, orange coloured, continued on the upper part, so as to form a earunculated and dentated skin or flap, which hangs pendulous over the bill; round the eyes, saffron colour; irides, whitish; crown of the head and neck bare, and the whole capable of bemg drawn into a large ruff of loose ash coloured feathers, placed on the shoulders ; a fillet of blackish down encompasses the head, taking rise from the limd head; at the corner of the mouth, near the eye, is a purplish brown spot; plumage, reddish buff colour above, and beneath yel- lowish white; quills greenish black ; tail black ; craw pendulous and orange coloured; legs dirty white; claws black. Inhabits South America and the West Indian Islands; lives on carrion, and excrements of all kinds; preys also upon rats, lizards, and snakes. From the nature of the food, the smell of it is very disagreeable. The flight of this bird is said to be strong, as it is often seen suspending itself in the air very readily, against the most boisterous wind. VOL. I. C 10 VULTURE. The King Vulture is rarely seen in flocks of more than two or three together, but more frequently mix, one or more, with the Carrion Vultures, which are in large troops, and probably from this, has obtained the name of King of the Vultures. It does not gain the complete plumage till the fourth year—in the first it is wholly of dusky blue, with only the rump and belly white, putting on different appearances from year to year, till it gains the entire dress of the adult; said to lay enly two eggs. A.—Le Rei des Vautours varié, Levail. Ois- pl- 13. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 8. This seems to be a variety from age, having many black feathers mixed among the white ones, on the neck and upper parts. Hence M. Levaillant supposes that these birds are black or dusky while young, and change to the pure white, or cream colour, as they ap- proach the adult state; and, indeed, Dampier mentions that some are altogether white, but their feathers look as if they were sullied, with bald heads and necks like the rest ; and adds, we never see above one or two of these together, and seldom a great number of black ones without a white one among them. VULTURE. 11 6.—PAINTED. WVultur Sacra, White tailed Vulture, Bartr. Tr. 148, 285, 493. Damp. Voy. i. pl. 2. p- 67. Vautour a Queue Blanche, Veeill. Amer. i. p. 26. THIS is thought, by Mr. Bartram, to differ specifically from the King Vulture—said to be about the size of the Carrion species, but the wings much shorter, and therefore of less extent, and more difhi- cult flight. The bill long, strait to near the point, where it is bent and sharp; irides, gold coloured; head and neck, almost as far as the stomach, bare; the crown red, with lobed lappets, of a reddish orange, lying en the base of the upper mandible; the skin of the neck, loose and wrinkled, bright red, mtermixed with coral red, the hind part nearly covered with short stiff hair, the colour of dun purple, gradually changing to red, as it approaches forwards; on the breast before, a pouch or wallet, naked and pear shaped, not very conspicuous, unless the stomach is full; round the lower part of the neck the feathers are long and seft, forming a ruff, into which the bird can contract, and hide the head and neck at will. The plumage of the body, white or cream coloured, but the quills, and two or three rows of the coverts, beautiful dark brown; tail, large and_ white, tipped with dark brown or black; legs clear white. This Mr. Bartram met with on the Moschito River, about New Smyrna, in East Florida, and talks of it as a new species, by the name of Painted Vulture. The Creek Indians, or Muscogulges, construct the royal standard of the tail feathers of this bird, calling it by a name which signifies the Eagle's Tail. It is carried by them when they go to battle, but is then painted with a zone of red within the brown end. ‘This standard is held most sacred by them, and ornamented with great ingenuity. ‘These birds seldom appear c2 12 VULTURE: but when the desarts are set on fire, which happens almost daily, in some part or other, for the purpose of rousing game, &e.; and not untrequently by lightning, by which multitudes of serpents, frogs, and lizards, are scorched to death, and serve as dainty morsels to the Vultures, which flock to such parts, to feed on them, and often sa glut themselves, as to fall an easy prey to the hunter. 7.—CARRION.—Pt. IIT. ; Vultur Aura. Ind. Orn. 1. pe 4. Line Syst.1. 122. Gm. Lin. i. 246. Daud. ii. 19- Shaw’s Zool. vii. 36. Amer. Orn. ix. 96. pl.75. 1. Vultur Brasiliensis, Urubu, Tzopilotl, Aura, Rati. p- 10, 180. Will. 56, Id. Angl.- 68. Briss. i. 468. Id. 8v0. 135. Klein. Av. 44. Gerini. t-13. Gallinazo, Ulloa. It. 60. Id. Voy. 56. L’Acabiray, Voy. d’ Azar. ii. p. 23. Vautour du Bresil, Buf.i. 175. Catharte, Tem. Man. Ed. 2. Anal. p. xlviii. Turkey Buzzard, Cat. Car. i. pl.6 Phil. Trans. xvii. 991. Carrion Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. p.5. Id. Sup. p.2. Sloan. Jam. ii. p. 254. Brown Jame 471. Damp. Voy. it. pl. 2. p. 67. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 86. Wood's Zoogr. i. 375- THIS bird is nearly the same size as. the Kmg Vulture; generat length, about two feet; extent of wing, four feet or more; the bill white, with a black tip; ivides, bluish saffron colour; the head and part of the neck, bare and rufous red; sides of the head warted, as in the turkey; whole plumage, brown black with a purplish and green gloss m different lights; quills and tail somewhat darker than the rest, the last near seven inches long, and cuneiform ; legs flesh colour, smooth before; at the usual place of the neck the feathers are rather fuller and more slender, but scarcely sufficient to consti- tute, what may be called a ruff, except in very old birds. PLU. AONMMLOV VULTURE. 13 This inhabits both North and South America, as also the West India islands, and very common in Paraguay. It feeds on dead carcasses, snakes, and other reptiles, and, from this circumstance, becomes very offensive in smell. It is gregarious, resting, in num- bers, on frees! during the night, in the manner of rooks in Europe. Makes the nest on mountains covered with brushwood, in a hollow tree, or log, laying two and sometimes as far as four white eggs, with reddish markings, about 23m. long and 2im. broad—is seen about Pensylvania in summer, passing to the south as winter approaches. These are esteemed most useful in the places where they resort, and secures their safety, which is further promoted by a penalty for killing one, and this law was, not many years since, in force, if not continued to the present time, m Jamaica and other West India islands. When taken young, will often become very tame, if not familiar. Two of them having been brought alive to England, were given to me, and mhabited my garden, with some degree of cordiality, during one summer, but an unexpected cold night killed one of them; and though additional shelter was afforded to its com- panion, it did not long survive.* In a wild state, their scent is most exquisite: if a hog or other animal is killed, they collect in num- bers, from considerable distances, a few minutes after ;— roung lambs frequently fall a prey to them, as well as pigs, soon after their being farrowed. The general measure of those found at Georgia, in America, according to the information of Mr. Abbot, is 29 in. from the point of the bill to the end of the tail; extent of wings, six feet. * M. d’Azara confirms it, and mentions more than one instance, where the bird would follow his master, for several leagues, when on a journey, by flying over his head, and sleeping at night on the top of the carriage; and that it is not unfrequent to see these birds tame about a house, like other domestic animals. 14 VULTURE. 8.—URUBU. Vultur Urubu, Viedllot Ois. Amer. 23. ‘pl. 2. Vultur Atratus, Black Vulture, or Carrion Crow, ‘Bartr. Tr. 150. 285. Amer. Orn. ix. 104. pl. 75. 2. Vautour du Bresil, pl. en/. 187. L’Inbu, Voy. d’ Azar. iii. p. 20. Catharte, Tem. Man. ed. 2. Anal. p. xlviii. THIS is smaller than the last—the length 25in. breadth 4 ft.. 10m. bill 23in. long, and legs white; irides reddish hazel. The head and neck are covered with a pale ash coloured down, mixed with a few hairs, but not carunculated ; the plumage, plain bluish grey, but in old birds nearly black, with some degree of gloss; wings yellowish white beneath; the tail shorter than in the last described, and even at the end; the bill and legs are both rather longer than in the Carrion Vulture. Inhabits the warmer parts of America, equally with the other, and though certainly distinct, the two have been generally mistaken for one and the same species—indeed, the manners do not essentially differ, but the Urubu does not fly with the same ease as the Carrion species; it seems to labour more in flight, flapping the wings con- siderably, then sails for a little way, but is soon obliged to flap the wings again, as if recovering itself from falling. This species is rarely seen north of Carolina, and said to build its nest on the rocks,* laying two sooty white eggs; is common in Georgia, with the former. Mr. Abbot observes, that the two will by no means feed on each other, for though they may be allured by the scent of a dead compa- nion, and meet in numbers on the spot, not one will attempt to eat it. * Or large trees in low wet swamps, and to go there every evening to roost. Amer. Orn. VULTURE. 15 Vultures in general, while young, are covered with a thick whitish down; so itis with the present one, giving the appearance, at a distance, of a white bird, but this down is by degrees thrust aside, as the true feathers appear. . Independent of other food, both the last described concur in destroying the eggs of the alligator, which are deposited, to the number at least of 100 in each nest, which is m form of an obtuse cone, four feet high, and more in diameter, bemg constructed with mud, grass, and herbage; in this the eggs are laid, layer upon layer, till the whole is deposited, and they are hatched by the warmth ot the sun; but the Vultures keep watch, and as soon as the alligator departs, scrape away the sand, and destroy as many of the eggs as they can, as they furnish to them a delicate repast. The natives, too, think the eggs far from despicable. They are a tame species, and walk, without fear, about the town, where the hog butchers reside, m great numbers, like domestic fowls, and quarrel with each other for the offal.+ A.—Vultur Tota, Ind. Orn.i. 5. 8. 8. Molin. Chil. 235. Id. ed. gal. 245. Gm. Lin. i. 247. 5. 6. This is said, by Molina, to have a grey bill, with a black point ; the plumage wholly black, except the quills and legs, which are brown; head covered with a rough rufous skin. When young the bird is nearly white, changing into black by degrees; first a black spot appears on the back, which gradually enlarges, till the whole bedy becomes of that colour. It is described as an indolent species, making a careless nest of dry leaves and feathers, in the hollows of rocks, and sometimes on the ground, and lays two white eggs. M. Vieillot, who mentions this bird, thinks that it is not a variety of the foregoing, but a young one, in imperfect plumage. * See Bartram’s Travels. t Mr. Abbot. 16 VULTURE: 9.—ALPINE. Vultur Percnopterus, Ind. Orn. i. p.2. Lin. Syst. i. 123. Gm. Lin. i. 249. Gmel. It. ni. 364. p.37. Borowsk. Nat. i. 65. Nat. Misc. pl. 141. Shaw. Zool. vii. p. 33. Fn. Arag. p. 67. Sepp. Vog. 5. t. p. 395, Le Perenoptere, Buf. i. 149. Pl. Enl. 426 (the female). Levatl. Voy. 8yo. 1. 48. Daud. Orn. ii. 13. Grossester Geyer, Naturf. 8. S. 41. Catharte, Tem. Man. ed.2. Anal. p. xlviii. Alpine Vulture, Gen. Syn. 1. 12. Id. Sup. p.3. Sup. ii. p. 4 THIS measures often more than two feet in length—the bill is black, with a yellow cere; head and neck covered with a pale yellowish down, at the lower part the feathers narrow and elongated, but scarcely m quantity sufficient te be called a ruff. The plumage, im general, is white, except the quills, which are black with heary edges, and the two outer wholly black. A.—Vultur Egyptius, Ind. Orn.i. p.2. No. 3.8. Bris.i. 457. Id. 8yo. 1. 131. Gm. Lin. i. 249. Belon. Obs. 110.t. p. 111. Aldr. Av.i. 378. t.. p. 379. Sacre d’Egypte, Buf. i. 167. Egyptian Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. 13. Size of a kite, with the plumage of a rufous ash eolour, spotted with brown; in ether respects not unlike the last, and is probably a young bird. Is common about the Pyramids of Egypt, living on carrion, and is, as well as the Ibis, in great esteem, for destroying snakes and reptiles; hence it may be observed frequently engraven in plates—is called, about Grand Cairo, Achbobba.* * Shaw’s Trav. 1. pp. 9. 92. VULTURE. 17 B.—Vultur fulvus, Ind. Orn. i. p.6. Brés, i. 462. Id. 8vo.i. 132. Gerin. Orn. i. t. 10. Gmel. It. iv. 179... Pall. n. Nord. Beytr. iv. 58. Gmn.e-Lin, 1. 249. Daud. Orn; ii. 17. Shaw. Zool. vii. -p.27, pl. 11. Tem. Man, p.3. . Jd. ed. 2, p. 6. Vultur fulvus betico congener, Ratt p.10. Will. p, 36. t. 4. f. 1. i Griffon, Buf. 1. 151. Robert. Ic. pl. x. Fulvous Vulture, Gen. Syn.i, 17. Will. Eng, 67. Alb, ii, t, 1, THE length of this bird is 3ft. Gin. breadth ft. bill blue grey, with a black tip; head, neck, and ruff, white; plumage, above rufous grey, with some mixture of white on the wing coverts; quills and tail black; the middle of the breast bare of feathers, bemg only covered with down, like the neck; under parts of the body mixed with rufous grey; legs downy, and ash coloured; claws black. The difficulty of ascertaining the different species is m no instance stronger than in the Vulture Genus, as has been elsewhere remarked. This is likely to continue, unless the traveller and man of science could be oftener united in one person. Tn respect to the three last described birds, it has been noticed, by a very intelligent naturalist,* and accurate observer, that they all form but one species, which he had the opportunity of identifying, during a long residence at Gibraltar, at which place they are to be seen in all their various stages, at different seasons; great allowance being likewise made, not only for the different periods of age or sex, independent of the bird being in a healthy and plump state, or in an emaciated condition, These mhabit the rock of Gibraltar, at various seasons; sup- posed to come trom Barbary, and other parts of Africa, in their way to Spain, where they are also met with, and, we believe, occasionally in other warmer parts of Europe. They generally pass in flocks of * The late Rey. John White, who had his doubts whether even the Cinereous Vulture was not a further variety. you. 1. D 18 VULTURE. forty or fifty, and some fall m or near Gibraltar, from fatigue, being exhausted from the length of their flight, and will frequently become tame. They are, im general, sluggish and timid, being afraid even of the common poultry. ‘The flesh of dead animals is the food they most greedily search after, and the more putrid, the more agreeable ; but as to fish, it is generally rejected. They are fond of rolling themselves in the dust, like common poultry: when wetted by rain, expand, and flap their wings, in order to dry them, like the. corvorant. In a state of confinement, are observed not only to drink water, but delighted when a quantity of it is thrown over them. M. Levaillant says, they are met with frequently at the Cape of Good Hope; and M. de la Peirouse * observes, that the adult male is white, the female brown, and whilst growing, and yet young, are often of a pale colour; spotted yellow and brown above, and yellow beneath, and differ so materially from the old ones, as to deceive the inexperienced. Gmelin found the Fulvous and Golden Vultures together, on the Alpine Mountains of Persia. In Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings is a Vulture, three feet or more m length; head and whole neck bare of feathers, but white and rather downy; round the eyes and chin dusky; bill black, moderately hooked; irides brown; on the breast a bare pendulous craw or crop, pear shaped, near five inches long, and dirty flesh colour; upper part of the plumage in general tawny brown, the feathers marked down the shaft with a pale streak; under parts of the body pale yellowish, with paler streaks on the thighs; quills and tail black ; legs ash coloured, spotted with black; claws black, and hooked; seen at Cawnpore, in January. * Neu. Abh. der Schw. Ac. der Wiss. S. 19. VULTURE. 19 10.—KOLBEN’S. Vultur Kolbii, Ind. Orn. Sup.. p.1. Daud. 1. p.15. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 4. Id. ed. 2. p- 6. Le Chasse-fiente, Levai/. Ois. pl. x. Kolben’s Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 12. THIS is not quite so big as the last, but more common. The bill is pale lead colour; irides deep brown; head and neck bare, except a few scattered hairs, and of a pale dirty yellow; round the lower part of the neck isa pale coloured ruff of loose feathers; the plumage is mostly pale tawny yellowish, or Isabella colour; quills and tail black, the latter very little exceeding. The male is smaller than the female. Inhabits every where in Africa, but the Sociable Vulture chiefly in the confines of the European plantations—it frequents the rocks or high mountains, which cover the point of Africa from Cape Town to False Bay. Is a voracious and tame species, approaching near to habitations, and even the streets of the Cape, feeding on every kind of offal, devouring also crabs, shell fish, land turtles &c. M.Temminck, supposes it to belong to the Fulvous Vulture, and a bird im imperfect plumage. M. Levaillant observes, that it. is different. from the Alpine Vulture, as it -has not the -heart-shaped spot on the breast. The colour is greatly different, and the wings longer in proportion—is probably a young bird, of the following species. Kolben’s Vulture is said to be larger than a wild goose, partly black, partly light grey; bill sharp and crooked, and the talons very large and sharp; that they are in bodies of 100 or more; will attack a sick or tired ox, and devour him, beginning at the belly, and so tear out the flesh from under the skin, as to leave merely that and the bones, before they quit the carcase. D2 20 VULTURE, 11._SOCIABLE. Vultur auricularis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.i. Daudi. Orn. ii. p. 10 L’Oricou, Levaill. Ois.i. pl. 9. . Shaw's Zool. vii. pl. 10. Sociable Vulture, Syn. Sup. 2d. p. 11. THIS is a large species, and measures ten feet from wing to wing extended. The bill moderately hooked, pale brown ; cere horn colour; irides chesnut brown; head and neck naked, flesh coloured, beset with a few straggling brownish hairs; throat blackish; plumage, above dark brown, the edges of the feathers paler; at the back of the neck a pale brown ruff; and some loose feathers of the same, mixed with white, hang over the breast, contimumg to the vent; into this ruff the bird draws down his head at will. The thighs are covered below the knees with whitish down; under parts of the body the same; tail somewhat cuneiform; legs brown and scaly; claws black. Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, but not seen at the Cape itself; builds among the rocks, and lays two or three white eggs. Is not the most solitary species, for three or four nests have been found by the side of each other.’ The natives call it Ghaip. .By the Dutch colonists it is known by the name of Black Carrion Bird. VULTURE. 21 412.— ANGOLA. Valtur Angolensis,’ fae Omi ie fee Gm. ei iv 252. Mus. Levet.ie Daud. Orn. ii. pp. 21. 27 : ( ; Cathartes Perciontern Catharte anreistie Tem. ‘Han d@’ Orn. p.d. L’Ourigourap, Levaill. Ois. 62. pl. 14. Vautour de Norvege, Pl. enl. 429.* Rachamah, Bruce Tr. 5. t. p. 163. . Angola Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. 18. Penn. Wales. i, 228. t. 19. THIS is about half as big again as the kite—the bill whitish, long, and but little hooked ; cere bluish; orbits flesh coloured and naked ; irides straw coloured; head and neck clothed with feathers; craw pendulous; plumage m general snow wlnte; greater wing coverts and primaries black, the last tipped with white; lower part of the tail black, the end white; legs dirty white and scaly. Two of these were brought from Angola, and placed in the collection of Richard Parry Price, Esq. at Brynn y Pys; they were very restless and querulous, and more active than is usual with this sluggish race. One of them was preserved after death, and long filled a place in the museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever. Levaillant found it at the Cape of Good Hope. * In this Plate the tail is wholly white. 22 VULTURE. 13.—MALTESE. Vultur fuscus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 5.°°Gm. Lin..1. 248. Bris. 1.455.: Id: 8vo. 130. Daudin. Orn. ii. p. 18. Tem. Man.d’Orn. p.5. 18. Id. Ed. 2. p. 9 Vultur Vilain, Zool. des Pyr. (Piest de la Bisraels Avoltaio, Griffon, Cet. Uc. Sard. p. 1. ay. ait Vautour de Malte, Buf.i. 161. Pl. enl. 427. Maltese Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. 15. SIZE of a small turkey. Bill black; head covered with brown down; neck clothed with narrow feathers; plumage in general brown; prime quills darker, and white at the tips, spotted with brown; tail grey brown; legs naked, yellowish. This is not uncommon at Malta and Sardinia.. We have supposed it to be a further variety of the Ash-coloured Vulture, but, according to M. Temminck, it is a young bird of the Angola Vulture, in the first years plumage. 14.—PONDICHERRY. Vultur Ponticerianus, Ind. Orn. i. p.7. Daud.ii. p. 11. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 25. Nat. Misc. pi. 941. Vautour Royal de Pondichery, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. p. 104. Pondicherry Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 6. SIZE of a goose. Bill black, hooked, short; base naked; head and neck naked and flesh coloured; hind head and between the bill and eyes downy, and flesh coloured; neck and breast tufted with fine feathers ; on each side of the neck a fleshy carunculated membrane, VULTURE. 23 reaching from the ears to the lower part of the neck; plumage in general otherwise black ; legs yellow. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Pondicherry ;-also found about Bengal, and other parts of India. 15.—CINEREOUS. Vultur cinereus, Ind. Orn.i. pol. Gmel. Lin.i. p. 247. Rati Syn. p.9. Will. Orn. p-35. Klein. Av. p.44. Id. Ov. p. 18. t.5. £5. Faun. Arag. p.67. Daudin. * Orn. p.16. Bris. Orn.i. p. 453. Id. 8vo.130. Beckst. Deutsch.ii. s. 197. t. vill. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.2. Id. Ed. 2. p.4. Arrian Geyer, N. Schw. Abh. B3. 100. Allg. Ueb.d. Vog. I. p. 654. Vantour, Buf. Ois.i. p.158. t.5. Pl. Enlum. 425. Cinereous Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. p. 14. Will. Orn. Engl. ed. p.66. No.1. THE length of this bird is 32 ft. breadth 7ift.; the head and upper part of the neck covered with brown down; under the throat is a kind of beard, composed of feathers like hair. ‘The general colour of the plumage brown, but the quills and tail incline to ash colour; Brisson says, the legs are feathered to the toes, which are yellow; the claws black. In the Pl. Enlum. however, they are bare of feathers ; and M. Temminck assures us that they are so. Inhabits various parts of Europe; according to Beckstem, the length is 4ft. the breadth 9ft. the tail14in. long, and the wings, when closed, reach three-fourths thereon. | He says, it frequents mountains, but in the winter is chiefly seen in the plains, where it attacks sheep, hares, goats, and even deer. ‘The farmers suffer severely from this bird, as it will frequently pick out the eyes of sheep, but as it is not a very shy species, it gives the huntsman some advantage, added to his bemg well paid for shooting so destructive an enemy. 94 YULTURE; 16.—_BENGAL.—Pt. IV. Vultur Bengalensis, Ind. Orn.i. p.3. Gm. Lin. i. 245. Shaw's Zool. vii. p.30. Tem. Man. Ed. 2. p.5. Vultur Perenopterus, Fem. Husselq, It. 209, Id. Eng. 194, Bengal Vulture, Gen. Syn.i, 19. pl.1. Id, Sup. p, 3, THIS is 2: ft. mm length; bill dark coloured; irides brown ; upper eye-lid furnished with hairs, like eye-lashes; head and neck covered with brown down, but quite bare on the fore part from the chin to the breast; romid the lower part of the neck a sort of loose rnff, composed of longish narrow feathers : the plumage in general, dark brown; the shafts of the feathers pale; quills nearly black, with the same pale shafts; on the under part of the body the feathers are paler, but do not greatly differ; the crop hangs over the breast, as in some others ef this genus; legs strong, warted, deep brown; claws black. This was brought from Bengal. Levaillant says, the size is equal to that of a turkey, and considering it as a species, thinks it to be the female, and that the male is pale dirty rufous white; the head, beyond the eyes, and throat, bare and saffron coloured; the rest of the neck behind feathered, but. on the fore part downy; quills nearly black. The female is larger than the male, and the plumage less tinged with red. This author adds, that it frequents the sterile lands of Karow and Camdeboo, as also the country of Hottinqua, and other, parts about the Cape of Good Hope; chiefly seen in pairs, except attracted by numbers of dead or putrid animals, when ten er twelve haye been seen ina flock, They build among the rocks, and lay, four eges; feed on putrid flesh, also lizards, snakes, frogs, and even excrements of beasts 5 are naturally tame, and, not difficult, to be shot... Dr. Shaw observes, that they are in abundance about Cairo, where it is a, great breach. of police to kill them, being esteemed sacred, PL.YV. VULTURE. 25 This bird is well represented among the drawings of Sir John Anstruther, and about 40m. im length. The bill black; head and neck bare; the ruff round the neck loose; said to be very common at Hindustan, where it is called Gurra; in other parts of India known by the name of Kurges. The bird here described is by some supposed to be the young of the Angola Vulture, but we rather think it to be the Cinereous species, im its immature feathers. 17.—ASH-COLOURED. Vultur leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. p.2. Bris. 1.466. Id. 8vo.i. 134. Vultur perenopterus, Hasselq. It. 209. It. Poseg. 27. Faun. Arag.67. 1. Vultur cinereus, Gerin.i. t. 14. Act. Stockh. 1751. 196. Hasselq. Vultur Albus, Raz. 10.6. Will. 35.6. Id. Eng. 67. Klein. 44.5. Id. Ov. 18. t. 5. £. 3. Le Petit Vautour, Buf. i. 164. Ash-coloured Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. p. 13. Var. A. THIS is said to be about the size of a large cock; the body soot coloured, spotted with chesnut; head and neck white, marked with brown lines; quills half white and half dusky; base of the tail white. Brisson’s bird had the base of the tail white, then brown, with the end white. We are doubtful whether this is a distinct species. 18.—H ARE. Vultur cristatus, Ind. Orn.i. p.6. Gm. Lin. i. 250. Briss. i. 460. Id. Svo 132, Daudin ii. p. 22. Beckst. Deutsch. 2. 202. Shaw. Zool. vii. 44. Vultur leporarius, Raii. p. 10. Will.35. Klein. Av. 44. Id. Ov. t. 5 f.2. Gerin. 1. t. 9, Hasengeyer, Naturf. 8. S. 42. Vautour a Aigrettes, Bu/. i. 159. Hare Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. 17. Will. Eng. p. 67. SIZE of the golden eagle; extent of wing sometimes more than six feet; bill black; irides hazel; plumage in general glossy reddish E VOL. I. 26 VULTURE. black, inclined to fulvous on the breast; legs bare of feathers, yellow; claws black; the feathers of the head elongated, and:capable of being erected into a crest. This Vulture is found in the deep and thick forests of Prussia, and other parts of Germany, frequenting tall trees, and preying on birds of all kmds, also on goats, deer, hares, and rabbits; flies very swift and runs so fast,.as often to catch its prey, by chasmg them down. When sitting or standing, it erects the crest, appearing, as it were, horned, the crest being in two parts; but during flights the crest 1s not visible. 19.—INDIAN. » Vultur Indicus, Inds Orn.i.7. Daud. 11.12. Shaw. Zool. vii. p. 26. Grand Vautour des Indes, Sen. Voy. Ind. ii. pl. 105. Indian Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 6. SIZE of a goose; bill, black; irides red; head and neck bare of feathers, and rufous; the head covered with a loose down, like hair; neck rather long, and beset with tufts of very fine feathers; those on the breast short, appearing as af clipped or shaved, and in the lower part of the neck they are long, narrow, and pointed, and bright rufous; the wing coverts, back, and rump, the colour of brown umber; and each feather tipped with a pale band; quills, tail, and legs black. | Inhabits India, and is very voracious, found, in the day time, on the banks of the sea, waiting for the dead fish, which are thrown up; is fond also ef putrid carcasses, which. it often digs out of the ground ; it flies heavily, ‘though the wimgs are very strong. RLV. Gorge fi DI (SZ VULTURE. 27 20.—TAWNY. Vultur ambustus, Ind. Orn. i. 8. Daud. ii. 26. Shaw. Zool. vi. 44. Falco ambustus, Gm. Lin. 1. 252. Tawny Vulture, Gen. Syn.is 19. Brown Ill. p. 2. pl. i. THE length of this bird is 2ft. 4im.; bill dusky, short, and thick; cere large, beset with bristles; between the bill and eyes naked; the rest of the head covered with feathers; on the chin a tuft of long slender feathers, like a beard; plumage, in general, pale tawny; wing coverts mixed with brown; tail dirty white, barred with brown; legs slender, bluish; claws long, slightly bent. Inhabits Falkland Islands. 21.—GINGI.—PL. V. Vultur Ginginianus, Ind. Orn.i. 7. Daud. ii. 20. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 32. Vautour de Gingi, Son. Voy. Ind. iu. p. 184. Gingi Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.7- SIZE of a turkey; bill rather slender, hooked at the end, and greyish or dirty flesh colour; nostrils pervious; irides red; base of the bill, front, and sides of the head bare, wrinkled, and reddish ; the crown covered with narrow feathers, much elongated, and capable of bemg erected into a crest, and when at its utmost elevation, several of them curye forwards over the crown; the general colour of the rest of the plumage is also white; the second quills are black at the base and ends, and white in the middle; the greater ones wholly black; legs yellowish grey. — E2 98 VULTURE. The female differs in having the long feathers at the back of the head shorter than in the male, and the skin of the head more smooth. This bird is not uncommon in various parts of India, on the coast of Coromandel, where it is called the wild turkey; is pro- bably that mentioned, in Essais philosophiques, to be almost white ; the head and neck covered with fine short bristly feathers; with long quills, towards the end blackish grey; this-is found to fly quick and light; to be very voracious and timid; generally found singly on some jullock in the marshes, where it feeds chiefly on carrion, but prefers reptiles. In the last named work* another is mentioned of the same size; the male marbled brown; female iron grey; head and half the neck naked; wrinkled, and covered with reddish yellow excrescences, with scattered hair between; said to be often met with in flocks of twenty or thirty, eating the flesh of a dead beast. Among the drawings, both of Sir J. Anstruther and Lord Va- lentia, are figures of a white one, corresponding with the above description, and is named Gid; a second, with the same appellation, as well as make and shape, with the plumage of reddish brown and grey in various shades; tail feathers pale at the ends; quills black; the feathers about the head and neck narrow and elongated, as in the white one; the bare space on the fore part of the head bluish dusky white; legs pale brown. From the names of both the white and the brown being alike, Gid, we may fairly suppose them to be one species, differmg only in sex or age, except that word may signify a name for Vultures in general. One answering to the latter description, according to a drawing made by Mr. Salt, is also found in Abyssinia. Both these are among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke; the brown one has the brown feathers more or less pale down the shaft, but on the breast and belly they enlarge into spots; on the back and * Ess. Philos. p. 58, VULTURE. 29 the shoulders, and down the middle of the wings, the colour inclines to buff; tail plain, pale ash colour; the legs of the white one pink; of the other pale, nearly white. 22.—_ CHOCOLATE. THE general colour of the plumage deep chocolate brown; middle wing coverts deep brownish red, or liver cvlour, forming a sweeping bar across the wing; head and throat bare, and dirty red, but the back of the head and neck covered with feathers; crop or craw bare, dirty red; the bill nearly strait, or little curved, horn colour, with a conspicuous cere; legs stout, scaly, pale yellowish brown; claws almost strait, and whitish. TInhabits India, where it is called Gid. Length four feet; bill more than three inches, black; under mandible brown; cere and base flesh colour; head covered with brown down; eye surrounded with a bare flesh coloured space—a streak of the same from behind to the hind head, and another on each lower jaw, the rest of the plumage wholly deep brown; the feathers round the throat formed as a ruff; the wigs reach three- fourths on the tail; legs pale red, feathered halfway on the shins; claws rather hooked. Inhabits India, probably allied to the last deseribed—General Hardwicke, 30 VULTURE, 23.—ARABIAN. Vultur Mouachus, Ind. Orn.i. p.5. Lin. Syst. i. 122. Gm. Lin. i. 246. Daud. ii. 15. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 19. pl. 7.8.9. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 3- Vultur leporarius, Gerin. 1. t.9. Vultur Arabicus, Bris. App. p. 29. Id. 8vo,i. 138, Crested Black Vulture, Edw. pl. 290. Arabian Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. p.8. THIS is a large species, having an extent of wing of nine feet; bill bluish at the base, with a black tip; cere blue ; irides hazel ; head and neck covered with downy ash-coloured feathers; the crown gibbous, bemg elevated imto a large knob; orbits white; on the shoulders an ash-coloured ruff of loose feathers, into which the bird can draw its head durmg sleep. The plumage on the body is dusky brown, paler beneath ; lesser wing coverts tipped with white ; quills and tail dusky dark brown; thigh feathers long and loose, so as nearly to cover the legs, which are bluish ; claws black. M. Levaillant adds, that the irides are whitish, and the crop large and round. In a state of rest, especially after a full meal, it draws the head into the ruff, resting the bill on the crop, in which state it appears a shapeless mass of feathers, especially as the bird is never observed to fold the wings over the tail, but to uGROOR them down carelessly on each side. M. Levaillant’s bird was brought from China. Mr. Edwards: says, that his came from Arabia. La Perouse observes, that it is found about the Pyrenées, in the same place with the Cinereous Vulture. Mr. White saw it once or twice at Gibraltar, but itis, we believe, no where common. Supposed by some to be the same as the Cimereous Vulture. VULTURE. 31 24.—A BYSSINIAN. MR. SALT * observes, that vast numbers of Vultures are found throughout Abyssinia, following the armies m times of war, and mentions a large one, which he supposes to be new. In this the bill is bright orange colour, strongly hooked ; the space under the orbit of the eye, and the whole of the neck bare, and flesh coloured ; its head dirty white, with a hood or crest of a spongy substance, covered with down on the back of it. It hada large ruff of dark feathers round the base of the neck, and the whole of the upper part of the body of a cinereous brown colour. 25.—CHINCOU. Le Chincou, Levaill. Ots. afr. pl.12. Daud. 2. p. 12. EXTENT of wing nine feet. The bill is bluish white, thick at the base, and horn coloured at the tip; plumage in general brown; on the top of the head isa loose downy crest; the rest of the head, cheeks, and throat, covered with a fine black down; eyelids white; on the neck a ruff of narrow slender feathers; forepart of the neck bluish; over the crop an appendage hanging like a bladder; quills and tail dusky; legs whitish; claws horn colour. — | Said to inhabit China—in the menagerie of M.Ameshof, near Amsterdam. When this bird is at rest, it draws the head into the ruff, with the bill supported on the crop, and the wings drooping down. It is a very spiteful bird, and. Leahy ie fed o on raw flesh, which it devours very greedily. ... * Voy. Abyss. p. xlii. 32 VULTURE. 26.—CHAGOUN. Vautour Chagoun, Levaill. Ois. pl. 11. Daud. 2. p. 12. SIZE of a hen turkey; bill dusky horn colour; nostrils elongated, placed transversely in a black cere; plumage in general black-brown ; shafts of the breast and belly feathers white; on each wing a large white spot; quills and tail dusky; second quills bordered with rufous; legs grey; middle toe twice as long as those on each side; claws black; head and hind part of the neck covered with dirty white hairs; the lower with down, and a large white ruff; fore part of the neck bluish, with some straggling hairs; appendage on the crop covered with fine, silky, black-brown feathers. Inhabits Bengal, and called there Chagoun. 27.—NEW HOLLAND.—PL. VI. THE precise length and breadth of this fine Vulture I have not been able to ascertain, but it is of a large size, for when standing erect the head is 33in. from the ground. The bill is moderately hooked and black; the whole head and neck flesh coloured, inclining to orange ; round the eyes and on the cheeks quite bare, but the rest thick set with short black bristles ; the back and wings dirty brown, with a silky gloss in some lights, appearmg black ; the lower part of the back and rump brown black; the under part, from the breast, brown; the feathers narrowly edged with pale colour, but those of the breast are nearly black, and the pale margins broader, almost white ; middle of the belly and thighs slightly varied with the pale colour ; vent and under tail coverts loose, silky, and long, and in colour nearly Lea ce nv Poa piel Lillie Le’. VULTURE. 33 black. Quills and tail rather darker than the back, the latter longish, rounded at the end, and-the quills reach to about half its length. The legs and toes are moderately stout, dirty yellow, and scaly ; claws of the same colour, somewhat strait, and blunt at the ends, Inhabits New South Wales—Gen. Davies. 28.—CHERIWAY. Vultur Cheriway, Ind. Orn. i. p- 8. Shaw’s Zool. vin. p. 43. Falco Cheriway, Gm. Lin.i. 254. Jacq. Vog. p.17. t.4. Daudin. i. p. 42. Cheriway Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.6. THIS is full 23 feet miength. Bill pale blue; head and neck very pale yellow; hind-head crested; cere, and round the eyes rose colour; plumage in general ferruginous, paler beneath; vent white ; quills and tail dusky black, the middle feathers of the latter barred. with dusky ; legs pale yellow. Inhabits the Island of Aruba, on the coast of Venetzuela, in South America, 29.—BOLD. Vultur audax, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 45. Bold Vulture, Gen. Syn. Sup. it. p. 10. SIZE uncertain. Bill pale yellow, with a black tip; plumage deep brown; sides of the head bare as far as the eyes, and somewhat beneath them, and the colour of these parts very pale; quills and VOL. I. F 34 VULTURE. tail darker than the rest of the body, nearly black; shins feathered to the toes, flesh colour, dotted with black. Inhabits New Holland, is a fierce species, and called Boorra Morang. The natives say, it kills the Pottegorang, and sometimes attacks the natives themselves. 30.—PLAINTIVE. Vultur planeus, Ind. Orn.i. 8. Shaw's Zool. vii. 41. Falco plancus, Gm. Lin.i. 257. Mill. ill. pl. 17. Cook's Voy. ii. 184. pl. 32. Daud- ii. 42. Plaintive Eagle, Gen. Syn.ie p-32. Id. Sup. p.4. Vulture. THE length of this bird is 28in.; bill 2m. long, not much hooked, black; at about a quarter from the end begins a yellow cere, extending backwards round the eyes, almost to the top ef the head. The nostrils placed just within the cere. The colour ef the whole of the bare parts yellow; the fore part of the neck is nearly destitute of feathers; top of the neck and head behind brown; the upper part of the body barred brown and white; wings brown; tail white, crossed with blackish bars, and the end, for an inch, of the same colour; the base of the four first quills marked as the tail; legs yellow; claws black, moderately hooked, and blunt at the end. Inhabits Terra del Fuego. VULTURE, 35 31.— BEARDED. Vultur barbatus, Ind, Orn, i, p.3. Lin, Syst.i. 123. Gn. Lin. i, 252. Falco. Gerin. Orn. i. p. 49. t. 11, Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 12. pl.5, 6. Vultur alpinus, Bris. i, 464, Id. App. p.26, Id. 8vo,i, 183, Daud, Orn. ii. p. 25. pl. x. Percnopterus, s. Gypaétos, Rati. Syn. p. 8. Will, p, 33, Id. Engl, p. 65, t.4. Storr. Alpenr. i. p. 69, Gypaétus barbatus, Gypaéte barbu, T’em. Man. d’Orn, p.6. Jd. Ed.2. p. 11. Laemmergeyer, Buf. i. 193. Andr. Br. aus der Schw, p. 200. t. 12, 126, the head and foot. Dec. Russ.ii. pl. 8. Cox's Switz. ii. pl, in, p. 280. Der Bartgeyer, Beckst. Deutsch.ii. 5.199, Jd, Ed, 2. y. 2, p. 502, Avoltoio barbato, Cet. Uc. Sard. p. 16, Vulturine Eagle, Albin. ii. t. 3. THE length of this bird is about four feet, breadth nine; weight twenty-two pounds; bill four inches long, of a dull flesh colour; the cere, and naked part about the eyes the same; eyelids red ; indes yellow hazel; the forehead black, passmg round the eyes, and behind them; on each jaw a streak of black, and under the lower mandible is a large tuft of black feathers, hanging down like a beard, and divided into two at the pomt; inside of the mouth blue ; the head covered with white down; the neck with narrow, long, pointed, whitish feathers; plumage on the body blackish brown above; the feathers with paler edges; under parts brownish white, with a kind of gloss; quills and tail brownish ash colour; thighs very stout, Gin. long, and the legs only 4in. the latter covered with downy feathers; toes lead colour; claws brown. A.—Vultur barbarus, Ind. Orn.i. p.3. Gmel. Lin. i. p. 250. Vultur barbatus, Bris. Orn. App. p.26. Id. 8vo.i. p. 137. Bearded Vulture, Gen. Syn.i. p.11, Id. Sup. ii. p.6. Edw.t. 106. Shaw's Zool. vii. p- 12. pl.5. Robert. Ic. pl. 2. This, which is the one figured by Edwards, is one-fourth smaller. The bill purplish flesh colour; inside of the mouth blue; 2 36 VULFURE. eyelids red; irides yellow; head downy; forehead, cheeks, and round the eyes black, narrowmg into a fillet behmd each eye, meeting at the nape, and encircling the, head; the neck covered with long, narrow, whitish feathers, and a tuft of black ones under the lower mandible; upper part of the back, &c. dark brown, under parts brownish white; legs downy; toes lead colour—the outer and middle one joined by a strong skin. This was brought from Santa Cruz, in Barbary. B.—Vultur aureus, Bris.i. 458. Id. Svo. 132. Raii. Syn. p. 10. Nos.3 and 5. Will. Orn. p.35. Id. Engl. p.67. Pall. n. nord. Beytr. iv. 84. S. G. Gmel. Ht. iv. 185- Gesn. Av. t. 1. p. 708. Vultur beetleus, Ratz. p. 10. No.3. Will. p. 35. No. 3. Chesnut Vulture, Will. Engl. p. 6. No.3. Golden Vulture, Will. Engl. p. 67. 5. t.4. Gen. Syn.i, p. 18. This Vulture is more than 43 ft.in length; head and hind part of the neck rufous white; body black above, and rufous beneath; quills and tail brown; shafts of the feathers on the upper parts white ; legs covered with rufous down, as far as the toes, which are brown ; claws horn colour, C.—Falco magnus, S. G. Gmelin It. i. 565. t. 38. Gm. Lin, i. 252. 38. y. Ind. Orne 1. p. 4. No. 6, y. This is said by Gmelin to have a blue cere; the plumage brown, and wnder part of the body chesnut with a mixture of white ; the tail ash colour. The two former of the birds recorded under this head as varieties of each other, or rather the same bird, seem to admit of no doubt; the two latter for want of a fuller description appear to be less certain, though Gmelin affirm it. The probability is, that they may prove to be the Vulture called Laemmergeyer* by the Germans, which is the Bearded Vulture. This bird is a very. ferocious species, and ,conse- quently much dreaded. The places in which it is found are widely * Lamb Vulture—but several of the Eagles equally destroy lambs. VULTURE. 37 extended; is not unfrequently about Ghilan in Persia, where it preys not only on sheep, but calves; very common in Tyrol and the Switzer- land Alps, and the terror of the inhabitants. As it is the largest of European birds, great rewards are given for the killing one, more especially as they have been known to destroy young children. On this account, it is said, to be customary for parents, when obliged to be absent, to fasten their infants to trees, in oraer to prevent their bemg carried off. Supposed to breed chiefly in Egypt, as it is seen there in great flocks, among other birds of prey, which unite on the banks of the Nile, to feed on the putrid carcasses left there by the overflowmg of that river. Is also an occasional inhabitant of Gibraltar, migrating there annually in the spring; they hover over the rock im pairs; are vulgarly called Rock Eagles, and seem disposed to reside and breed there, but are constantly assaulted and disturbed, not only by the jack daws, but by a pair of ravens, who claim an exclusive right to the district, and will not suffer any large bird of the Genus, or order, to breed there. Pallas observes, that this bird makes the nest and brings up its young on the high rocks of the great Altaic Chain, and beyond the Lake Baikal. 32.— BLACK. Vultur niger, Ind. Orn. i. p.6.1 Gm. Lin.i. 248. Briss.i. 457. Id. 8vo. i. 131. Ruii. p- 9. Will. 35. Daud. ii. 17. Shaw Zool. vii. 31. Swarthy Vulture, Charl. Ex. p.71. Black Vulture, Gen. Syn. i. 16. Will. Eng. p. 66- THIS is said to exceed the Golden Vulture in size; the plumage black, except the wings and tail, which are brown; legs feathered to the toes. This is frequently met with in Egypt. Mr. Temminck thinks it to be a young bird of the Bearded species. 38 SECRETARY, GENUS II. SECRETARY. Bit shorter than the head, hooked, base covered with a cere. Nostrils in the cere, near the base, open. Round the eyes bare of feathers. . At the bend of the wing two or more horny knobs, or blunt spurs. Legs very long—toes moderate, united at the base, and very rough beneath. SECRETARY.—P are VII. Vultur Serpentarius, Ind. Orn. i. p. 8. Cimel physic, t. 28. Nat. Misc. No. 857, Falco Serpentarius, Gm. Lin.i. p. 250. Miller, Il/. p. 28. A. B. Serpentarius, Snake-eater, Shaw’s Zool. vii. pt.i. 46. pl. 14. Grus capensis cauda cristata, Petiv. Gaz. t. 12. f. 12. Sagittarius, Phil Trans. |xi. p. 55. pl. 2. Vosm. monog. t. 8. Secretarius reptilivorus, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 30. pl. ii. Messager, T’em. Man. ed. ii. p. xviii. Slaangen vraater, Sparm. Voy.i. p. 194. Mangeur des Serpens, Levaill. Ois. pl. 25. Secretaire, Messager, Buf. vu. p. 328. pl..17. pl.-enl. 721. Son. Voy. p. 87. pl. 50. Ibis, Gent. Mag. v. xxxix pl. in. p. 568. Secretary Vulture, Gen. Syn. i. p. 29. pl. 2. Jd. Sup. p. 4. THIS is a most curious species, remarkable for the great length of its legs, which at first sight might induce one to think it belonged to the Waders, but the characters of the Vulture are so strongly marked, as to create much doubt in what class it ought to be placed. When standing erect.the head is full three feet from the ground, SECRETARY. 39 The bill is black, sharp, and crooked, as in the eagle, somewhat compressed towards the point; the gape very wide; cere white; round the eyes bare and orange coloured; irides pale grey; the upper eyelids beset with strong bristles, like eyelashes ; head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body bluish ash colour ; bastard wing, quills, vent, and thighs black, the last speckled with white, in some plain—at the bend of the wing one or more roundish knobs; the five first quills longer than the rest; tail cuneiform, but the two middle feathers are double the length of the others, in colour much like that of the body. but darker; the ends of all the feathers, for above an inch, black, but the very tips are white; under parts of the body dusky white, but on the belly the white has a mixture of dusky ; legs very long, stouter than those of the heron, yellowish brown, and feathered below the joint.* From the hind-head springs a kind of elongated tuft, composed of ten feathers, growing broader towards the ends, arising in pairs of different lengths, and of a dusky bluish colour. These are in general pendent on the hind part of the neck, but ean be erected so as to form a beautiful crest, at the will of the bird. The female is paler in colour, and the feathers of the crest, as well as the two middle tail feathers, shorter than in the male, and in young birds the two middle feathers are little, if at all elongated. This most singular and elegant bird inhabits the internal parts of the Cape of Good Hope, as well as other parts of Africa, and is also met with in the Philippe Islands; is called at the Cape Slangeater, Snake-eater, from its address in destroying those reptiles. Dr. Sparr- man mentions that at first it opposes one wing, and then the other, to avoid the bite of the snake, as well as to bruise it; and soon after spur- ning and treadmg upon it, frequently tossing it with its pinions into the air; after which the adversary being wearied out, the bird is en- abled to kill and eat it without damage. It feeds also on rats and * M. Sonnerat says this bird is naked above the knee joint, which is uot the case. 40 SECRETARY. lizards; sometimes small turtles, and even large beetles. Dr. Solan- der mentioned to me, that he has seen one of these take up a snake or tortoise im its claws, and dash it from thence against the ground, with such violence as sometimes at one attempt to kill it. And another peculiarity is, that the Seeretary strikes or ‘kicks forward with the leg, never backwards. It is nota shy bird, and on beimg roused, first tries to escape by hopping and running, which it does very swiltly, taking wing only when it is not otherwise able to get off. The male and female are for the most part seen together. They make a large nest on the tops of tall trees, and line it with wool and feathers, though sometimes on shrubs, and trees of lower growth, laymg two white eggs, marked with rufous spots, about the size of those of a goose; but longer. If taken young it is easily tamed, and will mix with the common poultry, feeding on rats, lizards, and even locusts, and other insects, rarely attacking chickens, except driven thereto from the utmost necessity. It will feed on flesh, whether raw or cooked, alse fish and many other things, but by no means on-any of the vegetable tribe. It certainly is a most useful bird, serving as the This in Egypt to destroy great numbers of noxious creatures; is said to have been first introduced ‘inte Engiand by Captain Purvis im one of the East India Company’s ships in the year 1769™. From the different synonyms recorded above, it appears that authors haye been much at a loss where to place this bird, and although we have before ranked it with the Vulture, it seems rather to hold a a place between that and the Falcon genus, Dr. Shaw, as also Mr. Tlliger, and Temminck, are of opinion that it should form a separate genus of itself, and the two latter have given it the Latin name of Gypogeranust} to this we can have no objection, well aware that it does not coincide exactly with either of the genera above-mentioned. * Edw. Glean. v."p. 24. + See Tem. Man. d’Orn. Ed, p. xlvin. GENUS III. FALCON. “er * European. 1 Bald Eagle A Cinereous E B Lesser white-tailed E CoOViar: 2 Sea E 3 Bearded E 4 Imperial E 5 Russian E 6 Genoese E 7 Ring-tailed E A White-tailed E B Black E 8 Golden E A White E 9 Tiger E 10 Osprey E A Arundinaceous O B Carolina O C Cayenne O D Leverian O 11 White-crowned E 12 Courland E 13 Jean le blanc E 14 Rough-footed E 15 Spotted E 16 Dransberg E 17 Rough-legged Falcon 18 Booted F A Var. 19 Sclavonian F 20 Jerfalcon A Iceland J 21 Collared F 22 Brown F 23 Spotted F VOL. I, FALCON. 24 Honey Buzzard A Dubious F 25 Long-tailed F 26 Margined F 27 Common Buzzard A Ash-coloured B B Feather-legged B C White B 28 Peregrine F A Tartarian F B Barbary F 29 Lanner A White L B Abyssinian L 30 Starry F 31 Moor B A Rusty F B Var. 32 Harpy F 33 Grey F 34 Northern F A Winter F 35 Ash-coloured F 36 Hen-Harrier F A Var. B White C Hudson’s Bay D Cayenne 37 Kite A Chestnut-headed K B Russian K C Violaceous K 38 Black K A Austrian K 39 Parasite Ly 40 Arabian K G 41 41 Goshawk 42 Greater Buzzard 43 Gentil F 44 Common F A Yearling F B Haggard F C White-headed F D White F E Red F F Red Indian F G Italian F 45 Sacre F A American S 46 Mountain F A Ash-coloured M F 47 Hobby A Dourelah H 48 Greater H 49 Ingrian F 50 Permian F 51 Orange-legged H 52 Kestril A Lark Hawk B Grey K C Var. 53 Lesser Kestril 54 Severe 55 Bohemian F 56 Sparrow-Hawk A Spotted Sp. H B White Sp. H 57 Merlin A Caribbee M B Falconer’s M C Intermixed M 58 Stone F 42 59 Siberian F ** African & Asiatic. 60 Crowned Eagle Occipital E Vulturine E Martial E Noisy E Noble E Cheela E Maritime E Fierce E Pondicherry E Bido E Brown-backed E A Frooss E 72 Kumpa-Maur E 3 Koorul E Jerwied E Cawnpore E Chinese E Bau E 7) Fishing E Bengal Osprey Piscivorous E Blagre E Marine E New-Zealand E Madagascar F Oriental F Javan F Testaceous F A Javan F Lake F Cohy F Crested Indian F A Var. Ceylonese Crested F Chicquera F Nasal F Japonese F Short-tailed F Bacha F Asiatic E | 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 1 112 115 114 1165 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 137 138 FALCON. Long-legged F Black-thighed F Behree F Rhomboidal F Chanting F Rufous-eared F Jackal F Ranivorous F Desert F Tachard F Black & Wh. Indian F A Pied F Cotta F Sonnini’s F Black-eyed K Cheel F Criard F A Black-winged F Fasciated F Zugeun F - Jugeger F Konta F Muskooroo F Sharp-tailed F Sagittal F Justin F Brown and White F Indian F Johanna F Long-billed F Buff-headed F Senegal F Tawny-headed F Libyan F Red-nosed F Grey-winged Kestril Rufous-backed K 3 Sharp-tailed K Calcutta Sparrow-Hawk Bassun F, Bengal P Soolo F Chipuck F | 159 139 Brown’s H 140 Speckled Sparrow-Hawk 141 Red-legged F 142 Dwarf F 143 Minute F *** New-Holland, &¢. 144 Mountain E 145 Lacteous E 146 New-Holland White E 147 Black-eyed E 148 White-headed Rufous EF 149 New-Holland F 150 Ash-headed F 151 Port Jackson F A Var. 152 Winking F 153 Radiated F 154 New-Holland Spar. H 155 Dark Sparrow-Hawk 156 Leaden-backed H 157 Axillary F 158 Parametta F A Var. Pale F Pacific F Lunated F Yellow-chinned F Bird H Ash-tailed F Cream-bellied F Black-shouldered F Ash-brown F Dark F EX American. Crested E Crowned E Royal E Tyrant E Destructive E 174 Brazilian E 175 Equinoctial E 176 Black-cheeked E 177 Black-backed E’ 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 178 Janeiro E 179 Louisiana White E 180 Statenland E 181 White-breasted E 182 White-bellied E A Var. Tharu E 184 White-rumped E 185 Mansfeny E 186 Maculated E 187 Plumbeous F A Var. Columbine E Streaked F Caracca E White-necked E A Var. Azara’s E 3 Black-necked F Notched F Rufous-headed F Plain F Crested Goshawk A Mauduit’s G B Guiana G 183 THE bill in this Genus is hooked, and furnished with a waxy skin FALCON. 198 Black H A Var. 199 Sooty F 200 Chocolate F 201 Red-throated F 202 Jamaica B 203 Mingled B 204 Speckled B 205 Broad-winged F 206 Brown & Tawny F 207 Yellow-toed F 208 American B 209 Buzzaret 210 White-breasted F 211 Barred-breasted B 212 Cayenne F 213 Long-shanked F 214 Marsh Hawk 215 American F 216 Rusty and Grey F 217 Swallow-tailed F 218 Braziliac K 219 Mississippi K 920 Salvador F 221 St. John’s F 222 Newfoundland F 223 Pigeon H 224 Sharp-shinned H 225 Slate-coloured F 226 Brown-backed F 227 Barred-tail F 228 Blue-backed F | 229 Great-billed F | 230 American Brown H 231 Rufous-bellied F 232 Surinam F 233 Laughing F 934 White-fronted F 235 Spotted-tailed H 236 Hobby B 237 Orange-breasted H 238 Little F 239 Abbotian F 240 Berbice F 241 Cayenne Sp. H 243 Guiana F 244 Pied Sp. H 245 Accipitrine F 246 Tiny 247 Pygmy F at the base, called the cere, in which the nostrils are placed. Tongue bifid at the end. Head and neck furnished with feathers. Legs and feet scaly for the most part, middle toe connected to the outmost, as far as the first joint, by a strong membrane. Claws large, much hooked, and very sharp, that of the outer toe the least. The female larger and stronger than the male. G2 242 Greater Cayenne Sp. H 44 FALCON. This genus of birds is so well known, that scarcely any person In possession of one can be at a loss where to place it. The only inistake likely to happen, is the confounding it with the first genus, for the reasons therem mentioned. The chief characteristics of the Falcon, independent of a certain degree of nakedness about the head and neck, seen in the Vulture, are the bill and claws, both of them bemg very hooked and sharp. The luxury of the Falcon, forthe most part, is to lull its own prey, and to eat it while fresh ; and both this and the Vulture often take in as much food as will last for many days. The food of birds of this genus is not always flesh; many of the Falcons will eat fish, and some are content with snakes and reptiles, as will be noticed hereafter. The circumstance of birds of the Falcon Genus, casting up at intervals, the indigestible part of their food, such as bones, feathers, hair, wool, &c. has been mentioned: by all writers on falconry; and falconers are so convinced of this discharge being salutary and necessary, that when they feed their Hawks with flesh, they intermix pellets of wool, or cotton. Few birds vary more in the plumage according to age, which has been the occasion of more species being enumerated than really exist. It is observed, that every climate is furnished with them, not being confined, |:ke the Vulture, to the warmer regions. It is not known that the Falcon tribe ever unites into companies, and, except in the breeding season, seldom two are seen together, at least there are not many instances to the contrary. We have thought right to separate the species of this genus into divisions, according to the different countries they mhabit, at least as far as our knowledge of them has enabled us. We have likewise, for the most part, followed the names given by former describers, such as Eagle, Falcon, Hawk, Kite, Buzzard, &c. by this means disturbing, as little as possible, the arrangement of older authors. FALCON. A5 * EUROPEAN. 1.—BALD EAGLE. Faico leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 11, Lin.i. 124. Gm. Lin. 1. 255. Briss. i. 422. Id. 8vo.i. 122. Gerin. 1. t.8. Shaw's Zool. vii. 78. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 36. Id.1x. p. 129. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.11 Jd. Ed. 2. p. 52. Falco pygargus, Daud. u. 62. Fischadler, Beckst. Deuts. ii. 222. taf. ix. Naturf. 8.s. 46. Le Pygargue, Buf.i. 99. Pl. enl. 411. White headed Eagle, Arcé. Zool. i. No. 89. Bald Eagle, Gen. Syn.i.29. Jd. Sup. p.9. Bartr. Trav. 286. THE length of this bird is more than three feet; breadth in proportion ; weight 9 pounds; bill and cere yellow; irides white; head, neck, and tail, white; the rest of the body dark brown; the upper half of the shins covered with feathers; the rest and the toes bare and yellow; claws black. Both sexes much alike. Inhabits North America, preying both on flesh and fish, but does not procure the latter for itself; for sittmg in a convenient spot, it watches the diving of the Osprey into the water, and as soon the latter has secured a fish, the Bald Eagle follows close after, and the Osprey, through fear, drops his prey, which the Eagle will frequently seize before it reaches the ground; but in Georgia it sometimes frequents ponds, catching both ducks and geese, and fish, destroying also young lambs and pigs. The young are brown instead of white-headed, and, in this state, called the Grey Eagle. I learn from Mr. Hutchins, that it is called, at Hudson’s Bay, Wapaw-Estequan-Mickesue, that it comes in May, and builds on the highest trees, forming a nest of sticks and grass, tufts of grass, and other rubbish, of a large size; and has generally two young; often made m a very tall tree, such as a pine or cypress, continuing the same, season after season, for a long time; but we believe that many, if 46 FALCON. not the greater part of them, remain in Georgia throughout the year, building a large compact and flat nest in the cypress trees, some- times on the rocks; not uncommon on the deserted lakes of North America, especially about the falls of the Niagara and St. Antoine, and the young come to their colour by slow degrees; is a long lived species, and has been known to attain to 100 years. A.—Falco albicilla, Ind. Orn. 1.9. Lin. 1. 123. Vultur. Gm. Lin. i. 253. Fn. suec. No. 55. Brun. No. 12. Muller. p58. Faun. groenl. p. 53. Kram. 326. Scop. ann. i. No.2. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 79. Aquila albicilla, seu Pygargus, Bris. 1.427. Id. Svo.i. 123. Klein. Av. p. 40. Will. p. 31. Id. Engl. 61. Raii. p. 7. Aigle Pygargue, Daud. ii. 62. Vieil. Amer. i. p. 27. pl. 3. Der Fischadler, Beckst. Deut. ii. s. 222. Der Fischgeyer, Naturforsch. 2.s. 43, Cinereous Eagle, Gen. Syn.i, 33. Id. Sup. p.11. Br. Zool.i. No. 45 pl. 18. Id. ed. 1812. 1. 209, pl. 18. Aret. Zool. i. 214. B. Lewiu’s Birds i. pl. 4. Walcot i. pl. 1. Orn. Dict. & Supp. This bird is 2ft. 9in. or 3 feet in length; and 7 in extent from wing to wing; bill pale yellow; the head and neck dusky white, inclining to ash colour; body and wings a full ash-colour, mixed with brown; tail white; forehead, between the eyes and the nostrils, sparingly covered, having very narrow feathers like hairs. Inhabits Scotland and the Orknies, for the most part ; rarely met with in England; but is not uncommon in various parts of Europe, the Southern parts of Russia, particularly about the Wolga, in Sweden and Denmark, also in Iceland. In Greenland is found the whole year, among the Islands and rocks, from which it darts on the several diving birds, as soon as they rise to the surface of the water, the place of which it is enabled to ascertain by the bubbles; now and then attempts to prey on a live seal, when having fixed the talons too fast to be disentangled, the seal draws the Eagle under the water, to its destruction; feeds on the lump-fish, and a sort of trout. In a nest of one of these birds near Keswick, in Cumberland, was founda grey, or hulse-water trout, above 12 pounds in weight; Dr. Heysham, who FALCON. 47 informed me of the circumstance, added, that he obtained the bird alive, and had kept it above ten years, and that it was either six or seven before the tail became white. Colonel Montagu had one of these for nine years, when it died; but observes, that the tail feathers gradually became white, though the base remained dusky black for above one third of the length. This was a male, and weighed seven pounds six ounces. B.—Falco Hinnularius, Ind. Orn. i. 15. Charl. Onom. 63. 4. Shaw's Zool. vii, p. 80. Falco albicaudus, Gm. Lin. i. 258. Aquila albicilla minor, Bris.i. 429. Id. 8vo.i. 124. Aquila Pygargus Aldr. Will.31. Id. Eng. 62. Raii.Syn.p.7. Borowsk. ii. p.71. Petit Pygargue, Buf.i. p. 99? Erne. Gesner. Av. p. 205. Lesser White-tailed Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. 39. Length 2ft.2in.; bill, cere, and irides, yellow; plumage dull rust colour above, beneath chestnut, mixed with blackish; head and neck ash-colour, witn a chestnut tinge; tips of the feathers blackish ; tail white; legs yellow; claws black. This is supposed to be the bird in its first feathers. In the next stage of growth, it measures in length nearly three feet, and becomes the Cinereous Eagle; it is by some authors called the Erne, but the inhabitants of the Orknies call the Golden and Black Eagles, and the Osprey, as well as this, by that name. C.—Falco albicilla var. Ind. Orn. Sup. p. 3. Cinereous Eagle, var. Gen. Syn. i. 33. Id. Sup. ii. p, 18. This is of a large size; the bill large and black; general colour of the plumage deep brown, paler beneath; the wings much darker; rump aud tail very pale ash-colour, nearly white; legs black. Inhabits New Holland, and, from its make and shape, is BE obably a farther variety of the Cimereous Eagle. AS FALCON: | 2,—SEA EAGLE. Falco ossifragus, Ind. Orn.i. p.12. Lin. Syst.1. 224. Gm. Lin.i. 255. Brun. No. 13. Muller. No. 60. Rati. Syn. p.7. Will. p. 29. t.1. It. Posseg. p. 27. Voy. en Barb. p- 263. Borowsk.u. p. 69. Bris.1. 437. Id. 8vo. 125. Klein. p. 41. Daud. ii. p. 64. Die See Adler, Beckst. Deuts. 11. 5.219. Shaw’s Zool. vii. pl. 18. Orfraie, Buf. i. 42.1.3. Pl, Enl, 112. 415. Cet. Uc, Sard. p. 28. Kolb. Cap. ii. 137? Voy. en Barb. i. 265. Tem. Man. ed. 2. p, 49. Der Beinbrecher, Natnrf. 8. 43. Sea Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p. 30. Id. Sup. p.9. Br. Zool.i. No. 44. pl. 17. Id. fol. 68. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 205. pl.17. Pitf. Mem. t. p. 182. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 86. A. Bewick.i. pl. p. 11. Lewin’s Birds i. pl. Walcot.i. pl. 2. Pult. Dors. p. 2. Donov. pl. 105. Orn. Dict. § Sup. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 16. pl. 55. f. 2. THIS is 3ft. in length at least, and expands more than 7ft. The bill bluish horn colour; cere and orbits yellow ; irides hazel; beneath the chm hairs like bristles; plumage above ferrugmous brown; the margins of the feathers darker; belly paler, im some whitish with ferrugimous spots; quills chocolate towards the base, white in the middle; tail deep brown, the outsides of some of the feathers ferrugmous, of others blotched with white ; legs feathered below the knees, and yellow, very strong, two inches in circum- ference; claws long, black, and very hooked. The female dull ferruginous. Inhabits Europe; has been met with in various parts of England, among others Newcastle, Yarmouth m Shropshise, Ep- ping, and New Forest, also Warkworth im Northumberland ;* but not known to breed more southward than Newcastle ;+ not uncom- mon in Scotland¢ and Ireland, where they keep for the most part * Bewick. + Willoghby. * They quit Scotland in winter, Tour in Scotl. ii. p.24. Mr. Pennant says, they were so numerous a few years since in Rannock, that 5s. were given for every one destroyed, and FALCON. 49 near the lakes, for the convenience of catching fish, their principal food, darting upen them in the water, in the manner of the Osprey ; said also to pursue that bird, after it has obtained a fish, and te oblige him to quit his prey, as is done by the Bald Eagle. The Sea-Eagle probably feeds sometimes on other birds, as the remains have been found in the nest. The place of breeding is in the more northern parts; in the colder months approaching southward, at which time only we have heard of their being m the warmer counties. In the year 1795, one was shot in Berkshire, and another in March, 1810, in Lincolnshire, on the estate of Sir Jos. Banks; in the collection of Mr. Bullock. It is common in many parts of Germany, where the flesh of the young bird is thought not unsavoury; well known also in Russia and Siberia; frequent in Kamtschatka; found in summer, even on the Arctic coast, and no less common about the Caspian Sea, and is the same as that mentioned by Kolben; extends also to the Cape of Good Hope. He says this bird feeds on tortoises, carrying them up into the air, and letting them fall on a rock to break their shells; hence it has obtained the name of Bone-breaker. In North America the size is superior, very common even as high as Newfoundland, where it preys on land and sea fowls, also young seals, which it seizes floating on the water. It is the opinion of some who have written on the subject, that this bird is no other than the Bald Eagle, in imperfect plumage, and it has been observed, that it is six or seven years before it is im complete feather ; to this the author of the American Zoology assents, and brings more than one proof of the cireumstance. such numbers were brought in, that the price was reduced to 3s. 6d. In the Orkney Islands was a custom, if not now prevalent, that whoever shoots an eagle may lay claim to a hen out of every house in the parish where the bird was killed. VOL. I. H a . FALCON. 3.—BEARDED EAGLE. African bearded Eagle, Salt's Trav. p. xli- Nisser werk, Bruce’s Trav. app. t.p. 155. THIS is a large species, having an extent of wing more than Sit. The bill dirty brown, with tufts of black hair covering the nostrils, and others of the same on each side of the lower mandible ; and a still larger one, forming a beard underneath ; irides sandy yellow; the outer film, or nictitating membrane, deep bright scarlet; tongue hard, bifid, and fitting exactly in the under mandible. The space round the eye, and in front of it, as well as an angle behind, deep black, giving a bright lustre to the eye. The head covered entirely with small dirty white feathers, which, as well as those of the neck, breast, and belly, are tinged with rusty brown. Feathers on the back, tail, and wings, fine deep glossy brown, with white ribs; those on the back of the neck standing erect, somewhat like a ruff; tail wedged-shaped, consisting of ten feathers, those of the wing twenty-six. ‘The whole of the body covered with yellow down. Found in Abyssinia, and supposed by Mr. Salt, to be the same with the one mentioned by Mr. Bruce, by the name of Nisser werk, met with by him not far from Gondar. Mr. 8. gives it as his opinion, that, notwithstanding the straitness of the bill, usual in the Vulturme race,** the appearance, m the natural state, tegether with the vigour and animation which it displays, brings it nearer to the eagles, and therefore gives it the name above-mentioned. He observes, that the head of one which he shot differed somewhat from the drawing given by Mr. Bruce. This last gentleman represents it as a bold species, as it took away the provisions, which he and his friends were regaling themselves with, before his face, and adds, that a dust, corresponding * Mr. Bruce’s bird was 4ft. 7in. long, and weighed twenty-two pounds. FALCON. 51 with the colour of the feathers, above and beneath, flew out, on hand- ling, in large quantities; but it is not peculiar to this species, as we have observed the same in the King Vulture, and some others, as also in the white Cockatoo. Another, rather smaller, was shot at the same time. Head and neck blacker; the under part of the body dusky; small feathers of the wings lighter; and the talons somewhat longer. This was supposed to be the male. Mr.S. observes, that.the drawing of the Bearded Vulture, as given by Mr. Edwards, conveys no idea of this bird. Mr. Temminck enters it as one of his synonyms of the Bearded Vulture. 4.—IMPERIAL EAGLE. Falco imperialis, Aigle imperial, Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.9. fd. Ed. 2. p. 37. Aquila chrysaétos, Leisler, Annal. der Wetteraa. V.ii. t. p. 170. Aquila heliaca, Savign. Syst. des Ois.d’ Egypte, Liy.i. p: 22. pl. 12. LENGTH three feet; cere yellow; gape very wide, opening beyond the back part of the eyes; nostrils oblique, Zin. long, by +in. in breadth; inides pale yellow ; the head and nape are bright rufous; upper part of the body in general deep glossy brown, but the ends of the feathers incline to rufous; beneath the body deep brown, but the belly is yellowish rufous; tail cimereous grey, crossed near the end with a bar of black, the tips of the feathers yellowish grey ; it is nearly even at the end, and the wings equal it in length. The legs are covered with down quite to the toes, which are yellow. Inhabits Egypt and Abyssinia, where it prebably breeds, but is now and then met with in the mountains of Tyrol and Silesia. H2 o2 FALCON. 5.—RUSSIAN EAGLE. Falco Mogilnick, Ind. Orn.i. p.17. Gm. Lin.i. 259. Daud. ii. 56. Shaw's Zool, vii. p- 87. Tem. Man. p.14. Id. Ed. 2. p. 37. Aquila Mogilnick, WN. C. Petr. xv. p. 445. t. 11. b. Russian Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p. 43. LENGTH 2ft. 3in.; bill black ; cere yellow; eyelids blue; irides livid; head, neck, and back dull ferruginous brown, here and there mixed with a little white, beneath much the same, but plain; some of the quills have the ends black, others rufous; within spotted with grey, greater coverts brown, with ferruginous tips; lesser coverts half brown, half rufous; tail feathers black, bounded with grey, and tipped with rufous; the wings, when closed, reach nearly to the end of the tail; legs feathered to the claws, as in owls, colour luteous, claws black. TInhabits Russia, seen often in company with the Russian kite, near the city of Tschercask ; feeds on mice and other small quadrupeds; builds on high trees, and lays two eggs, marked with reddish blotches. This is probably allied to, if not the same with the Im- penal Eagle. FALCON. 53 6.—GENOESE EAGLE. LENGTH 2ft. 6in.; bill stout, horn colour, cere yellow, almost covered with hairs; plumage above, from the forehead to the tail, uniform brown; greater quills very dark, almost black, with pale shafts, and white on part of the inner webs; under parts of the body generally white, with broad streaks of pale brown from the chin to the breast, but from thence to the vent crossed with transverse bars of the same on each feather; thighs the same; vent plain white; under wing coyerts mixed brown and white; tail 103in. even at the end, above brown, crossed with about four bars of more obscure brown; the inner webs approaching to: white; the thigh feathers reach-below the jomt; legs very stout, yellow brown, claws black; the quills, when the wings are closed, reach to within 14in. of the end of the tail. Inhabits Genoa and parts adjacent. In. the collection of Mr. Bullock. 7.—RING-TAILED EAGLE. Falco fulvus,. Ind. Orn. i. p.10. Lin.i. 125. Gm. Lin.i. 256. Georg. Reise. 164. Decouv. russ. i. 89.—ii. 142.— iii. 303. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 71. Aquila, Bris.i. 419. Td. 8vo. 121. Klein. Av. 41. Chrysaétos-cauda annulo albo cincta, Raii.6. Will.28. Id. Eng.59. Gerin.i. t. 1. Falco regalis, Aigle royal, Tem. Man..d’Orn..p-10. Id. Ed. 2. p.39. Aigle commun, Buf. i. 86. Pl. Enl.409. young bird. Voy. en Barb. i. 264. Daud. ii. 47. Die gemeine Adler, Beckst. Deutsch. ii. 212. Black Eagle, Br. Zool.i. No. 43.. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 202. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 87. Ring-tailed Eagle, Gen. Syn.i..32. Jd. Sup.10. Br. Zool. fol. p. 62. Lewin. Br. Birds, i, pl.3. Walcot. Syn.i. pl. 4. Bewick.i. pl. p.7. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.2. Orn. Dict. & Sup. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 13. pl. 55. f. 1. THE length of this bird is 23 feet, sometimes more, breadth six feet at least. The bill is dusky; cere yellow; irides hazel; 34. FALCON. plumage in general brown; head and neck pale fulvous; tail white for two thirds of the length, the rest dusky black; legs feathered to the toes, which are yellow; claws black. A.—Falco canadensis, Lin. Syst. Ed.10. p. 88. Gm. Lin. i. 256. 6. Falco fulvus, Lin. Ed. 12. 125. 6. 6. Aquila cauda alba Americana, Gerin.i. 40. t. 7. White-tailed Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. 32. 6. A. Edw. pl.i.* Bewick.i. pl. p. 9. This differs in having the tail white, except the end, which is black brown; the breast marked with triangular spots; forehead between the eyes naked. B.—Falco melaneeetus, Ind. Orn.i. 10. Lin.i. 124. Gm. Lin. i. 254. Raii.7. Will. Orn. p.3. t.2. Klein. Av. 41. Id. Ov.t.5. f.1. Bris.i. 434. Id. 8yo.i. 125. Phil. Trans. \vii. 346. Gerin.i. t.3. Borowsk. ii. 68. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 74. Aigle noir, Buf. i. 86. Schwartz-braune Adler, Frisch. t. 69. Naturf. 8. s. 43. Black Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. 28. Id. Sup.8. Will. Eng. 62. pl.2. Albin. ii. pl.2. Arct. Zool. ii. 87. The Black Eagle is 2ft.10in. long; cere reddish; plumage in general much darker than in others, nearly black; head and neck mixed with rufous; base half of the tail white, spotted with black ; the end half blackish; legs feathery, dirty white. This bird, and its varieties, inhabits more or less the three quarters of the globe, being found m many parts of Europe, America, and the North part of Asia. In Germany it is too common, and very destructive. Beckstein says, that nan ayry of one of them were found the skeletons of three hundred ducks, and forty hares, and that the rapine they commit in the uncultivated parts can never be computed ; one of these birds has been known to attack two children of a year * Thought by M. Vieillot to be a young bird of the Bald Eagle.—See Am.i. p. 27. FALCON. DD old, belonging toa peasant. They are mostly very shy, hence the great rewards offered for the destruction of them, in a great measure fail of the desired effect. Is very rare in the south of Great Britain, but has been met with in Derbyshire. The nest is described as being made with large sticks, lined with two layers of rushes, with heath between, and that the young one found therein was black, but had the white rmg on the tail conspicuous, even at that period of age. The egg is rust coloured, with irregular marks of a deeper colour; said to build on the highest part of Cheviot Hills, in Northumberland, and in 1735, one was shot at Warkworth, measuring in extent of wing, eleven feet and a quarter. _ 8.—GOLDEN EAGLE. Falco Chrysaétos, Ind. Orn.i. p.12.. Lin.i. 125. Fn. Suec. No. 54. Gm. Linsi. 256, Bris.i, 431, Id. 8vo. 124. Klein. Av. 40. Rati. Syn. p.6. Will. 27. t.1. Scop. Anni. No.1, Muller,No.59. Kram. el. 325. Faun. arag. 67. Borowsk. Nat. i. 6, t. 2. Gerin. Orn.iz t.2. Daud. Orn. ii. p. 46, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p.75. pl. 17. Id. Zool, Lect. t.52. Le grand Aigle, Buf.i. p.76. Pl. enl. 410. Gold Adler, Wirs. Vog.t.45, Beckst. Deutsch.ii. 3.205. Naturf.viii, s.44. Golden Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. 31. Id. Sup.10. Br. Zool.i. No. 42. pl. 16. Id. fol. pl. 4. Id. ed. 1812. 1. p. 97. frontisp. Piif. Mem. t.p.182. Arct. Zool-ii. 214, A. Albin. i. pl.l. Cheseld. Anat. scelet, Bewick.i. p.5. Lewin.i. pl.2. Walcot.i. pl.3. Orn Dict. & Sup. Wood's Zoogr.i. p.380. pli 16. THE length of this bird is more than 3ft.; breadth 8ft.; weight 12 pounds; the bill deep blue, cere yellow: irides hazel ; head and neck deep brown; the feathers bordered with tawny ; hind-head bright rust colour; body dark brown; quills chocolate, with white shafts; tail deep brown, blotched with obscure ash ; the wings when closed o5 FALCON. reach three-fourths thereon, legs yellow, feathered to the toes, which are scaly; claws very large. This is rarely seen in England, but in Scotland and Ireland not uncommon, where it breeds in the cliffs, and lays three or four white eggs, but rarely hatches more thantwe; now and then breeds on Snowdon Hills, in Wales; it appears in the middle of Germany, in winter, on the highest South and North Alps, and is taken without difficulty, by baiting a trap with raw flesh—it not only preys on hares, wood-hens, and partridges, but will also attack fallow deer, sheep, geese, and other poultry.+ Not uncommon in Russia; it abounds at Orenburg, and is there exposed to sale, bemg used for falconry, to take wolves, foxes, and antelopes, and good birds sell dear; used by the Kergisians, and often a horse given for one, when a sheep will purchase another species;t extends te India.§ Thought by M. Temminck to be the same as the Ring-tail Eagle, differmg in age or Sex. A.—Falco cygneus, Ind. Orn.i. 14. Daud.ii. 47. A. Shaw. vii. p.76. Gm. Lin. i. 257. 47. Bris.i. 424, Id. 8vo.122. Klein, Av.42. Spalowsk. Vog.i. t.1. White Eagle, ‘Gen. Syn.i. 36. Charl. Onom. 63. 9. This is wholly white, and inhabits the banks of the Rhine, and the Alps, in Germany—is probably only a white variety of the Golden Eagle. * One shot at Yarmouth, Feb. 1783, measured from tip of one wing to the other, 12 feet ; another killed at Bexhill, in Sussex, fifteen or sixteen years since. Lin. Trans. iv. p. 1. + Beckst. Muster. p. 57. t Decouv, russ. 3. 127. § Sir J, Anstruther’s Drawings. FALCON. o7 9.—TIGER EAGLE. Falco tigrinus, Ind. Orn. Sup. ii. p.19. Besek. Vog. 8.10, V1. 1. taf. 2. Allg. u. de Vog. 1. s.676. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 100. Tiger Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 19. SIZE of the Golden Eagle, if not bigger; cere blue; irides and legs yellow ; head, neck, and breast pale brown, but the upper parts of both are black—the crown appearing in fine streaks, the rest of the upper parts dull brown; quills black; greater wing coverts black- brown, paler; tail dull brown, crossed with three narrow, distinct bands; beneath from the breast white, marked with some light brown spots on the thighs, and under parts of the wings, in the manner of a tiger. This was a male, and not unlike one figured by Frisch, t. 76. Inhabits Courland, about which it breeds, and is a species equally fierce, agile, and beautiful. It approaches farm-houses, and is a dreadful enemy to the grouse tribe and hares, on which it feeds. VOL. I. I 58 FALCON. 10.—OSPREY. Falco Halizetus, Ind. Orn.i. p.17. Lin. Syst.i. 129. Faun. suec. No. 63. Gm. Lin. i. 263. Bris. i. 440. t.34. Id. 8yo. 126. Brun. p.5. Mull. No.66. Kolb. Cap. il. p.137. Georgi. p.164. Borowsk. Nat. ii. p.71.6. Beckst. Deut.ii. s. 250. Daud. ii. p.67. Shaw's Zool. vii. p.82. Gesner. Av. p.196. 804. Tem. Man. @’ Orn. p.16. Jd. ed. ii. p. 48. Morphnos, seu Clanga, Rati. Syn.p.7. Will. p.82. Id. Engl. 63. Balbusardus, Raii. Syn. p. 16. Will. p.37. Id. Engl. 69. t.6. Gerin. Orn. i. t. 40. Buf.i. p. 103. t.2. Pl. Enl. 414. Falco cyanops, Klein. Stem. p.8. t. 8. fri. a. b. c Aigle de Mer, Voy. en Barb. i. 265. Fischaar, Wirsing. Vog.t.47. Naturf. viii. s.53. Beckst. Gem. Naturg. p. 230. Osprey, Gen. Syn.i. p.45. Id. Sup. p.13. Br. Zool.i. No.46. Id. fol.t. Awl. Id. ed. 1812.1. p.204. Faun. Scot.i. p.17. pl. 1. Arct. Zool. ii. No.91. Bewick.i. pl.p.15. Lewin. Br. Birds.i. t.5. Id.t.1. f.2. egg. Wale. Syn.i. pl.5. Pult. Cat. Dorset. p.2. White Selb. p.97. Don. Br. Birds. iii. t.70, Orn. Dict. & Sup. THE Osprey is nearly 2ft. in length; and the weight between four and five pounds; bill black; cere blue; irides yellow; head feathers chiefly brown, with white margms; hindhead, throat, and neck, white, with a little mixture of brown on each side of the latter; under the eye begins a band of brown, reaching almost to the shoulders; the body brown above, white beneath ; tail feathers barred with white on the inner webs, except the two middle ones, which are plain brown; legs naked, short, and strong, of a bluish ash colour; claws remarkably long, hooked, and black. Kolben mentions that the left foot is subpalmated.* This assertion has certamly no * It does not appear that there is either bird or quadruped, in which each side of the body does not correspond in a natural state, though the contrary is sometimes seen in insects. In the common lobster and several of the crab genus, the claws differ much; in none more so than in the Carolina Sand crab (Cancer vocans Lin.), one of the claws of which is so mon- strously large, as to oblige the animal to support it on the back when in motion, while the other is very small, scarcely larger than one of the legs. In respect to winged insects,. even the FALCON, 59 foundation; but Col. Montagu observes, the outer toe in both feet turns easily backwards, and the claw belonging to it is larger than that of the inner toe. This is an European species, and though met with in England, is not very common—known to some by the name of Fishing Hawk or Eagle, and Bald Buzzard. It mostly frequents lakes, and large pieces of fresh water, for the sake of the fish, on which it feeds ; plunging into the water after them with rapidity, on their approach- ing the surface, and rarely fails to bring up its prey in the talons. It will also attack ducks—is said to make its nest on the ground,* sheltered among the reeds and rushes, and to lay three or four white eggs, elliptical, smaller than these of an hen. I cannot learn that it breeds in the south of England; some have said that it does so in Northumberland, but Dr. Heysham, who resides at Carlisle, has never heard of its being in that part of the country. We are however certain, that it breeds both in Scotland and Ireland. I have known it shot near Dartford, in Kent, and Dr. Lamb informs me of one being killed near Newbury, in Berkshire. Whether it was ever tamed, so as to be used for taking fish, is not directly said, but some species of hawk certainly was trained for that purpose—as we find an act in the marks of the wings exactly correspond on each side. Indeed, a singular circumstance occurs in one of the Cock Roach genus,* which is, we believe, the only one known. In this species one of the wing cases is marked with four white spots, and the other with three only, and which is constant in every specimen yet observed. As to Lusus Nature, they are far from uncommon; such as a duck without webs to the toes: a common snail with the spiral turns of the shell reversed, one of which was found in my garden at Dartford, in Kent, several years since; also a flounder having the eyes and lateral line on the left instead of the right side.t These, and many others which might be mentioned, must be reckoned as singularities, happening now and then, but by no means to be esteemed as permanent distinctions of species. * Blatta heteroclita, Pall. Spic. No.9. t.1. f.3. Petiv. Mus. pl.7\. f. 1. + Br. Zool. iii, 229. Id. Ed. 1812, iii. p. 306. * Colonel Montagu saw the nest of one on the top of a chimney of aruin, inan island on Loch Lomond.—Orn. Dict. 2 60 FALCON. reign of William and Mary, prohibiting, for a certain period of the year, from taking any salmon peal, or salmon kind, by hawk, racks, gins, &e. A.—Falco arundinaceus, Ind. Orn.i. p.18. 8. Gmel. Lin. i. 263. S. G. Gmel. It. ii. 163. Daud. Orn, ii. p. 69. This variety is said to have an ash-coloured cere; the body grey above, and whitish beneath ; an even tail, and pale legs. Innabits Siberia, and makes the nest among the reeds. The Osprey is found in regions far distant from each other, being frequent in Kamtschatka, and parts still more northward ; migrates m wimter towards the south*; is met with also at the Cape of Good Hopet; said to frequent the rock of Gibraltart at all times, and to breed there, contmually flying round the rock, where there is deep water, rarely coming to land, except in the breeding season. B.—Falco carolinensis, Ind. Orn. i. p 18.4. Gm. Lin. 1. p. 263. Daud. Orn. ii. p. 69. B. Falco piscator, Bris. 1. 361, 362. Id. Svyo. 105. Rati Syn. p. 19. Klein. Av. p. 52. Buf. i. 142. L’ Aigle pecheur, Viet/lot amer. i. p. 29. pl. 4. Fishing Hawk, Cates. Car.1. pl. 2. Amer. Orn. vy. p. 13. pl. 37. f. 1. Carolina Osprey, Gen. Syn. i. 46. A. Arct. Zool. 11. No.91. Bart. Trav. 286. This bird is somewhat smaller than the European species, being only 22in. in length; the extent of wings, 5ft. 3m. ; the bill black; cere blue; irides yellow; plumage above brown, forehead and crown, sides round the eye, and all beneath white, with a yellowish tinge ; forehead marked with a few streaks of black; through the eye in some specimens, and in others beginning behind it, a brown * Found about Baikal—common at Astrachan.—Dec. russ. 2. 142. + Kolben. + Rev. J. White’s MS. Notes. FALCON. 61 streak, at first narrow, growing broader by degrees, and passing behind the neck to the back; tail rather paler than the upper part, crossed with eight darker brown bars; inner webs of the feathers - more or less white, but marked in the same manner with brown; legs very stout, rough, light blue, and feathered rather below the joint; claws very long, stout, and hooked. The female differs in being larger, with a greater mixture of brown on the forehead, and a few dashes of brown on the breast. Tn both the feathers of the hindhead are elongated, and may be erected into a sort of crest. This is common in various parts of North America, and is the unwilling provider of fish for the Bald Eagle, which is ever on the watch to serve its ends, for as soon as the Osprey obtains a fish by divmg, the Bald Eagle flies after, and robs it of its prey*. It may be called a bird of passage, as it is found in the northern parts in the summer only, and the first appearance of it is welcomed, being the signal of the approach of various kind. of fish to the coasts, on which its food depends. The nest is made generally on single trees, chiefly such as are dead, or in a decaying: state, though sometimes on high rocks. It is composed of large sticks, not unfrequently four or five feet in depth and two or three broad, mixed with dry stalks, sea weed, green grass, and similar materials, and lined with dry sea grass. The eggs are three or four in number, whitish, generally marked with dull brown. The young appear about the end of June, and are said to remain a long time in the nest before they attempt to fly. It is very numerous in America, from Canada to Georgia. Mr. Wilson says, he has counted more than twenty nests within half a mile, and that on one small island there were at least “300 nests of Fishing Hawks that haye young, and which, on an average consume, probably, * This is also mentioned in respect to the Black Eagle. See Phil. Trans. v.17. p. 939. —/ Clayton.) 62 FALCON, not less than 600 fish daily.” It generally fishes on the wing, darting after its prey into the water; but Mr. Abbot has observed one sittng for a long time on the top of a dead tree, close to the water, from which it darted on the fish. C—Falco cayanensis, Ind. Orn. i. 18. Gm. Lin. i. 263. Daud. ii. 69. C, Cayenne Osprey, Gen. Syn, i. 47. B. This variety differs chiefly im having the plumage inclining to ferrugmous, and a white streak on each side of the upper mandible, leading through the eye to the hindhead. The length of this bird is 26 inches, breadth 5ft.2m. ; legs yellowish. Inhabits Cayenne ; in the collection of Miss Blomefield. D—Falco Levenanus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 18. Gm. Lin. i. 266. Daud. ii, 126. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 151. Leverian Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 31. Arct Zool. ii, 101. This is rather smaller than the common Osprey. Bill dusky blue, stout, and hooked ; head, neck, and under parts white; crown of the head mixed brown and white ; body above brown; the feathers margined and tipped with white ; on each side of the head a dusky mark, as in the Osprey; tail barred brown and white, except the two middle feathers, which are brown and black, the shafts white ; legs yellow. This is said to inhabit Carolina, was met with in the Leverian Collection, and is probably a further variety. The Osprey is also said to be not uncommon in Brazil. FALCON. 63 11.—WHITE-CROWNED EAGLE. Falco leucoryphos, Ind. Orn. i. pi 17. Gm. Lin. i. 259. Pallas reise, i. 454. Daud. ii p. 71: Shaw’s Zool. vu. p. 90. White crowned Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. 42. Id. Sup. p. 13. THIS is in habit and size like the Osprey, but the limbs are longer; the expanse of wings 6ft.; weight nearly six pounds; bill strait at the base ; cere livid ash colour; indes grey brown; head grey brown, with a triangular spot of white on the crown; throat white; sides of the head darker than the rest, as in the Osprey ; plumage above the body clouded brown; beneath the same, but paler; quills very dark; tail longish, even at the end, where it is black; beneath it white, and some of the side feathers dotted within with white ; legs pale, one third of the shins feathered; claws large, black. Inhabits the more southern parts of the Jaick; has been ob- served only towards the Caspian ; where it keeps near the rivers, and breeds upon high trees. -It is probably a further variety of the Osprey. -12.—COURLAND EAGLE. Falco germanicus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. in. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 10. ‘Der Rothlichweisse Falke, All. U. d. Voy. i. Zusass. s. 676, 120. Besek. Vog. Kwi. s. 10.12: .a.'§ 13. b. : ; Courland Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 19. THIS is somewhat. smaller than the Tiger Eagle; cere, irides, and legs yellow; general colour of the plumage reddish, smutty 64. FALCON. white, but the back, wings, and tail, are dull brown, and the ends of the wings paler; the head, neck, and breast marked with longish, dull brown spots; the feathers, which hang over the thighs, appear to be rusty brown, for the ends of each having an oval spot of that colour, and being confusedly mixed together, give that appearance ; the tail crossed with four paler bands. This is the female. ‘The male agrees nearly in colouring, but is one- fourth smaller in size. — } Inhabits Courland. 13.—JEAN LE BLANC EAGLE. Falco gallicus. Ind. Orn.i. p. 15. Gm. Lin.i. 259. Daud. ii. 158. Shaw's Zool. vit. 89. pl. 19. Falco hypoleucos, Decouv. russ. ii. 303. Falco brachydactylus, Tem. Man. d’Qrn.p.15. Id. ed. 2. p. 46. Aquila Pygargus, Bris.1. 443. Id. 8vo. i. 127. Johnst. Av. t.2. —_Be/on. t. p. 104. Borowsk. i. 71. Falco leucopsis, Beckst. Deutsch. ed.2. y.2. p.572. La Buse des champs a Ailes longues, Voy. d’ Azara. iii. No. 31? Albanella, Cett. Uc. Sard. 31. Jean le blanc, Gen. Syn.i. p.39. Id. Sup. p.12. Buf.i. pl.4. Pl. enl. 413. NEARLY the size of the Black Eagle; length 25in.; bill cinereous; irides yellow; plumage grey brown above, white be- neath, spotted with rufous brown; outsides and tips of the tail feathers brown, inner webs white, barred with brown;. legs yellowish ; claws cimerous. This species seems to be more common in France than elsewhere ; said to live chiefly on mice, rats, frogs, &c. FALCON. 65 The female is almost wholly grey, having no white, except on the rump, and that of a dirty colour, It makes the nest, for the most part, on the ground, among heath, furze, &c. but now and then upon pine and other high trees, and generally lays three slate-coloured eggs. Said to be frequent in the southern parts of Russia, especially about the rivers Don and Wolga, though not in Siberia. This species is used in falconry by the Calmucs.* 14—ROUGH FOOTED EAGLE. Falco nevius, Ind. Orn.i. 14. Gm. Lin.i. 258. Bris.i. 425. Id. 8vo. 122. Daud. ii. 52. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 84. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.14. Id. Ed. 2. p. 42. Stein adler, Frisch.t. 71. Beckst. Deuts. ii. s. 226. Natnrf. vin. s. 44. 6. Le petit Aigle, Buf.i. 91. Rough-footed Eagle, Gen. Syn. 1. 37. Charl. onom. p. 63. SIZE of a large cock; length 2ft. 7gin.; cere and irides yellow ; general colour of the plumage dull ferruginous; beneath the wings and the thighs spotted with white; under tail coverts white; legs covered to the toes with dull ferruginous feathers, spotted with white ; claws yellow. Inhabits Europe; said to live chiefly on rats—supposed to build in Hungary—but the nest and eggs are not mentioned. * Decouv. russ. 3. 307. M. d’ Azara compares the one referred to above, as found in Para- guay; but M. Sonnini, in a note below, thinks it different, as the wings are much longer in proportion. VOL. I. K 66 FALCON. 15.—SPOTTED EAGLE. Falco maculatus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 15. Gm. Lin. i. 250. Daud. ii, 52. Shaw's Zool. vii. p-70. Tem. Man. ed.2. p. 43. Morphno congener, Rati Syn. p.7. Will. p.32. Id. Engl. 63. Gerin. Orn.i. t. iv. Kleiner Fisch Adler, Naturf. vii. s. 54. Aquila Clanga, Klein. Av. p.4l. Spotted Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. p.38. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 215. C. THIS is two feet long—bill black ; cere yellow ; plumage above deep rusty brown; head and neck feathers narrow, as in the kite, part of the shafts, and the ends pale; wings marked with oval, white spots, which are larger as they are placed more downwards, and on the greater coverts they occupy almost the whole of the end ; the back spotted with pale buff colour; quills deep brown—secondaries the same, tipped with dirty white: those nearest the body have the ends white for near an inch; upper tail coverts white; tail deep brown, tipped with dirty white; belly, vent, and thighs brown, streaked with white; legs feathered to the toes, and yellow. This is found every where in Russia and Siberia, and even in Kamtschatka, and is the most unwarlike of any of the kind; has a plaintive cry, hence called Planga and Clanga. Preys chiefly on ducks, and lesser animals—is fearful to a degree of its lesser con- genera, as, according to Chardin, even the comparatively mimute sparrow-hawk will put it to flight. This is by some supposed to differ in sex from the Rough-footed Eagle. Temminck observes, that it is common in Africa, and particularly in Egypt. FALCON. 67 16.—DRANSBERG EAGLE. Falco glaucopis, Ind. Orn. i. 16. Gm. Lin, i. 255. Merrem. Ic. Av.ii. 25. t.7. Dand. n. 59. Dransberg Eagle, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 102. LENGTH 213in.; bill glaucous; cere yellow; irides yellowish ; head and neck white, streaked with brown; on the forehead some brown crescents; breast and back brown; quills black; tail rufous brown above, dirty white beneath ; on each feather six black bands; thighs short; legs woolly before; toes yellow; claws black. Inhabits the mountain Dransberg, near Gottingen. 17.—ROUGH-LEGGED FALCON. Falco lagopus, Ind. Orn. i. 19. Gm. Lin. i. 260. Brun. p.4. Leems. Lap. p. 236? Beckst. Deuts. ii. 228. Frisch. t.75. Daud.ii. 107. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 105. Amer. Orn. iy. pl. 34. f. 1. Graa-falk, Act. nidr.iv. p. 417. t. 13. Rough-legged Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 75. Id. Sup. p.18. Br. Zool. App. pl.l. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p.228. pl. 26. Arct. Zool. ii. 200. Lewin’s Birds. i. pl. 14, LENGTH 2 ft. 2in.; breadth more than four feet; bill small, dusky; cere yellow; irides bright amber; head, neck, and breast yellowish white, here and there streaked with brown; belly deep brown; thighs pale yellow, marked with brown; scapulars blotched brown and yellowish white; wing coverts brown, edged with rust ; K 2 68 FALCON. ends of the quills deep brown, base white; lower half of the tail white, the rest brown; tip dirty white ;* legs feathered as low as the feet, which are yellow. Inhabits Denmark, but has now and then been met with in this kingdom, four instances of which have occurred in my memory— one shot near London, twice m Suffolk, and again in Kent, picked up dead on the coast in 1792; said to lay four eggs, marked with reddish spots; It is now and then seen in Russia, and more frequently m the east part of Siberia, where it spreads very far to the north, and comes southward in winter; is also found in North America, in low swamps and meadows, feeding on mice, frogs, and ducks— common in winter im the lower part of Maryland, New Jersey, and along Connecticut River. A.—Falco fuscus, In. groenl. p.56. 34.b. Daud. ii. 107. Grey Falcon, Crantz.i. 78. Egede. 62. Greenland Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.36. Arct. Zool. ii. 220. E. This variety is smaller, being no more than 22in. m length— and differs chiefly in the tail, the ground of which is cream-coloured white; near the tipa bar of brown, above an inch in breadth; above that a second, but half an inch broad ; and above these each feather has a spot upon it in the middle, mimicking when spread, ‘a third bar; besides which, the two outer feathers on each side have a few irregular spots of brown, almost the whole of their length, on the outer webs. The bird described by Fabricius is said to be not uncommon in Greenland, and preys on the Little Awk, Ptarmigan, Snowflake, and other birds—is seen in combat with the Raven, but rarely proves victorious, for the latter bird, turning on its back and screaming * Tail coverts spotted with chocolate in the female. FAECON. 69) violently, brings others to its aid, by whose assistance the Falcon ts driven off. It builds not unlike the Cinereous Eagle, and lays from three to five spotted eggs. The flesh is sometimes eaten, and the skin used by the Greenlanders for cloathing. The wings serve for brushes, and the legs are used as amulets. In some drawings done in India, I observe a pale Falcon, which is probably a further variety. The ground colour of the head nearly white, the feathers blotched with brown down the shaft ; general colour of the plumage above the body pale brown, marked with deeper brown down the shafts; quills darker, second quills barred with dusky; tail rounded at the end, pale dusky cream colour, with two narrow, curved, rufous-chocolate bars near the ends, crossing all the feathers; vent white; quills and tail equal in length. Inhabits the country about Bengal, in India, and called Mucharin. 18.—BOOTED FALCON. Falco pennatus, Ind. Orn. i. 19. Gm. Lin.i. 172. Daud. ii. 106. Bris. App. p. 22. t. 1. Id. 8vo. i. p. 120. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 146. Booted Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 75. Id. Sup. ii. p. 24. SIZE of the Jerfalcon; length 194in.; bill blackish; cere and eyelids luteous; plumage above blackish brown, with a tinge of violet, and variegated with dirty grey; beneath yellow brown, with longitudinal blackish lines; head and neck behind fulvous grey, with lines of the same; over the eyes a black stripe; tail brown, towards the end blackish; tip grey, with whitish grey spots on the sides ; legs feathered to the toes, which are luteous. 70 FALCON. Brisson, who first mentions it, took the above description from a specimen in the museum of Madame de Bandeville. M. Daudin supposes it to be a young male of the rough-footed species. A.—La Buse ganté, Levaill. Ois.i. p. 79. pl. 18. Daud. ii. 163. Booted Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 24. This seems to vary but little from the former; the chief dis- tinction is, in having a less mixture of white in the plumage. This variety is met with about the Cape of Good Hope, particularly in the forest of Hottniqua, and frequents the woody parts distant from habitations, living for the most part singly. Is said to ve a -bold bird, more so than some others; quick in flight, and often seizes partridges. 19.—SCLAVONIAN EAGLE. Falco sclavonicus, Ind. Orn. i. p.26. Kram. el. 329. It. Poseg. p.29. Daud.ii, 166. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 171. Tem. Man. d’ Orn. p. 22. Sclavonian Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii, ps 24. SIZE of a fowl; bill dusky blue; cere yellow; irides dusky ; head, neck, and breast, buff colour, streaked with black; belly black, in some spotted; quills dusky ; secondaries brown, banded with black; wing coverts spotted rufous, testaceous, and black ; tail white from the base to beyond the middle ; brown towards the end, the margins of the feathers testaceous; in some crossed with FALCON. 71 five dusky bands; rump and vent white, with a few dusky spots; shins feathered, testaceous in colour, with black markings; legs yellow. Inhabits Possega, in Sclavonia; is most probably not far differ- ing from the rough-legged Eagle, as that bird varies much from age or sex. 20.—JERFALCON. Falco gyrfalco, Ind. Orn. i. 32. Lin. Syst. i. 130, - Fn. Succ. No. 64. Gm. Lin. i. 275. Klein. Av. p.48. Daud. Orn. ii. 99. Bechst. Deutsch, i. 308. Shaw's Zool. vii. p- 120. Gyrfalco islandus, Bris. 1. 373. A. t. 31. Jd. 8vo. 108. Brun. 9. Muller., No. 73. Tem. Man. i. p. 19. Gerfault, Buf. i. 239. pl.13. pl. enl. 210. Brown Jerfalcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 82. Iceland Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 71. B. parag. 2d. Arctic Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 70. 49, var. L. MUCH confusion has arisen in respect to this species, from its great variation in plumage. ‘The most natural state appears to be nearly this: length 222in. bill bluish ash-colour; cere the same; irides yellow; head brown, the feathers edged with rufous white; the rest of the feathers, on the upper part of the body, brown, each edged on the sides with whitish spots; ramp and tail coverts striped across with grey; throat dirty rufous white ; fore part of the neck the same, dashed down the shafts with brown ; breast, belly, and under wing coverts white, marked with dusky spots; sides, thighs, and under tail coverts barred dusky and white ; quills 72 FALCON. brown, banded white and brown on the inner web; tail banded brown and whitish, the latter marked with numerous brown specks 5 : tip of the tail white ; legs yellow; claws black, A.—Falco islandicus, Ind. Orn. i. 32° Gm. Lin. i. 275. 101. B. Bris.i. 370. t. 30. Id. 8vo. 108. Brun, No. 8. Muller, 73. Will. p. 44. t. 8. Fr. Groenl, No. 88. Borowsk. Nat. ii. p. 72.6. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 528. Falco candicans, Gm. Lin. 1. 275. Accipiter muscoviticus ex nigro varius, Gerin. Orn i. t.30. Gerfault, Buf.i. 241. Pl. enl. 446. Weisser Falke, Naturf. viii. s. 50. Iceland Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 71. Var. A.B. Id. Sup.ii, p, 27. White Jerfalcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 83. 84. Id. Sup. p.21. Br. Zool.i. No.47. t.19. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p.217. pl. 19. Arct. Zool. ii: p.221.F. Lewin’s Birds, t.16. Bewick. 1, p. 29. This bird varies so exceedingly from the original colours, as to have given sanction for authors to rank individuals as specific differences, and those who are most in the neighbourhood of its haunts find that, independent of the variations incident to all of the genus, it loses its brown colour, more or less, in proportion to its age, or coldness of climate, and, in some old birds, nearly approaches to white. The Jerfalcon of Hudson’s Bay is there called Pau-pune-nay-sue, and is larger than the European species; is said to weigh 45 oz. troy ; is 23inches long, and 50inches broad; bill and cere livid; eyes dark blue; crown, and hind part of the neck white, streaked with black—the rest of the upper parts the same, with triangular spots of black; the feathers tipped and margined with white; greater wing coverts, secondaries, and quills, barred with black—the ends of the latter black; tail white, barred with black, but except the two middle feathers, only on the outer webs; breast white, with longi- tudinal oval white spots, the size of a peas; thighs and vent white ; legs short, of a livid flesh colour, covered half way with feathers. I received this account from my friend the late Mr. Hutchins, who was FALCON. 73 stationed ‘there many years, and ‘was peculiarly accurate in his observations. © tht This species, with its varieties, has ever been in much estimation for its use in falconry, and Iceland has the reputation of furnishing the most generous breed.* The King of Denmark is said to send there annually to buy up all that can be procured, the established place being Bessested, to which the Icelanders bring them as soon as taken, the white ones being in most esteem, and they must be very docile, for they catch them in nets, of any size orage.t Bell, in his Travels,t says, that about Zabach-yeer and Casan are caught the best and largest Falcons in the world, which are purchased by the Turks and Persians—the Russians prefer the old ones, which are taken m nets, with a live bird asa decoy. These will fly at swan> goose, heron, or crane, and will take a duck out of the water when only the bill appears. The Tartars also fly them at antelopes and hares, Some of the Falcons are as white as a dove. 21.—COLLARED FALCON. Falco rusticolus, Ind. Orn.i. 28. Lin. 125. Faun. suec. No.56. Gm. Lin.i. 268. Fn. groenl. No.34. Beckst. Deut.ii. app. s. 839. Daud. ii. 103. Collared Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 56. Id. Sup. 15. Arct. Zool.ii. p. 226. G. SIZE of a hen; bill lead colour; cere and eyelids luteous; plumage above ash-coloured, undulated with white; beneath white, * Capt. Sabine mentionsa single instance of its being found in Greenland.—Lin. Trans. 12, p. 528. + Also at Vienna, as the following letter will testify.—-Copenhagen, Dec. 17, 1791.— «© The vessel on board of which were the Falcons from Iceland, annually sent to the Court of Vienna, was shipwrecked near Castrop.”’—St. James’s Chron. Jan. 10, 1792. + Bell’s Trav, 1, p. 18, VOL. I, L 74 FALCON, with cordated small brown spots; round the neck a white collar; tail crossed with twelve or thirteen alternate white and brows bands; legs luteous; claws black. Inhabits Sweden, also Greenland, but is there salon met with ; is called by the natives Millekulartok, signifying spotted—also seen in the desart and open places between the Don and Wolga, in the Russian dominions, but we believe is not very common any where— is probably allied to the Jerfalcon. 22.— BROWN FALCON. Falco fuscus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 21. Bris.i. 331. Id. 8vo.i. 95. Gm. Lin.i. 171. Vultur Pygargus, Frisch. t, 76. Brown Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 68. SIZE of the Jerfalcon; bill ash-coloured ; cere yellowish; head brownish, marked with longitudinal rusty brown spots; upper part of the body brown, spotted with deeper brown—beneath white, spotted with brown, the spots on the breast lance-shaped ; tail barred rufous white, and rusty brown; legs yellow; claws black. Inhabits Europe, and is most likely also related to the Jerfalcon. st wa FALCON. 23.—SPOTTED FALCON. Falco versicolor, Ind. Orn.i. 33. Gm. Lin.i. 272. Daud. 4, 105. Tem. Man. d’ Orn. p 2f. - Spotted Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 74. “Br. Zool. i. pl.26. Id. Ed. 1812, pl.25. Lewin. i. pl. 18. Shaw's Zool. vii. 127. Orn. Dict. § Sup. SIZE of a buzzard; bill black; cere and irides yellow ; crown and hind part of the neck white, spotted with light reddish brown ; back and scapulars the same, edged with white ; quills dusky, barred with ash colour; beneath the body white, with a few rusty spots on the neck and breast; rump white; tail barred with lighter and darker brown ; legs strong. This has twice been shot in Shropshire—but is not uncommon in America, as: Mr. Abbot ranks it among the birds frequenting Georgia. He says, it equals in size the barred-breasted Buzzard, and observes, that the lesser wing coverts are marked with white, most so on the mner webs, the ends brown, and when the feathers lie smooth no white appears ; the young male has a great proportion of white. The female does not greatly differ—the rump white ; tail light brown, with nme darker bars, and a white tip; under part of the tail white, but only four or five pale dusky bars visible. The food is the same as that of the barred-breasted, also locusts and grassheppers. Mr. Abbot adds, that the Hawks retire into the thick weeds and swamps to breed, but after they brmg out their young, are destructive to fowls and chickens—are most frequent the first of winter, sunning themselves on the tops of dead trees in frosty mornings. Daudin supposes this to be a variety of the Common Falcon, but Col. Montagu, with greater probability, thinks it allied to the Jerfalcon. L2 76 FALCON. 24.—HONEY BUZZARD. Falco apivorus, Ind. Orn.i. 25. Lewin. i. 130, Faun. suec. No. 65. Gm. Lin. i. 267. Bris.i. 410. Id. 8vo. 117. Raii p. 16. Will. p.39. t.3. Brun. p. 5. . Mull. No. 68. Kram: 331. Beckst. Deutsch. ii. 263. Daud. ii. 159. | Shaw’s Zool. vii. p- 114, Tem. Man. d’ Orn. p. 23. Die Bienfresser, Naturf. 8. s. 54. La Bondrée, Buf. 208. Pl. Enl. 420. 423. Zinnan. t.13. £.75. Honey Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p.52.. Id. Sup. p.14. Br. Zool. i. 56. ‘Id. fol. ple A. 4, and-A*. 4, Id. ed. 1812. p.235. Arct. Zool. ii, p. 224.1.. Albin. i. pl.2.- Will. Engl. 78. pl.3. Bewick.i. pl. p.17. Lewin. i. t. 1. Id. t.i. f.4.ege. White's Selborne, p.109. Pult. Dors.p.3. Wale.i. pl.7. Orn. Dict. & Sup. LENGTH 23 in. weight 26 ounces, or more; breadth four feet ; bill and cere dusky; irides golden yellow; head ash-colour; the rest of the plumage above deep brown; chin yellowish white, marked with narrow brown lines; fore part of the neck rufous brown; breast and belly transversely barred rufous and white, each feather bemg white, with two bars of brown; tail dull brown, crossed with a darker bar near the end, and another in the middle; legs short, stout, yellow; claws black. . That described m the British Zoology had the breast and belly white, both marked with dusky spots, pomting downwards, and three bars in the tail. Limnezeus’s bird had only one band on the tail, the tip of which was white. Brisson observes, that the side tail feathers are banded with white on the inner web, and spotted with brown, but Albin’s specimen had no bars on the tail. Hence we may infer, that the bird is subject to much variety; msomuch as to make it difficult to say what is the simple, or true state of the plumage. That first described is taken from one in my own collection. This species is the least common in England of all the Buzzards, and may be called rare. Willoghby supposes it to feed on the larvae of wasps and bees; also caterpillars, both hairy and smooth, have FALCON. 77 been found in the stomach—~said to build on trees, making a nest with small twigs, and lined with wool, laying two eggs, dirty white, blotched with ferruginous; but according to Mr. White, dotted at each end with a smooth red spot, and a broad bloody band in the middle. I believe the eggs vary much in respect to colour, as I observed in the Museum of the late Dutchess Dowager of Portland, some of a deep red brown, blotched with ferruginous. It is found, more or less, on the European continent, in Russia, as well as Siberia, especially where woods are near, and_ lizards plentiful, of which it is fond, but will also eat mice, and the large sort of dragon flies; however, we believe it to be no where a common bird. A.—Falco incertus, Ind. Orn. i. 32. Daud. ii. 103. Falco dubius, Mus. Carls. fuse. ii, t. 26. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 27. Bill black; irides yellow; head, hind part of the neck, and wing coverts cinereous brown, margined outwardly with ferruginous ; chin, throat, and breast rust colour; the shafts of the feathers black ; tail cinereous, tipped with black, crossed with three brown bands towards the base ; legs saffron colour. Inhabits Sweden, but is not a common species. 25.—LONG-TAILED FALCON. Falco macrourus, Ind. Orn.i. p.29. Gm. Lin. i. 269. N. C. Petr. xv. p. 439. t.8.9. Gmel. It.i- p.48. Lepech. It.i. p. 59, 41. Daud.ii. p.90. “Shaw’s Zool. vii. 160. Long-tailed Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p.59. LENGTH 19in.; breadth nearly 2ft.; bill black, at the base green ; cere yellow ; eyelids and irides saffron colour; upper parts of 78 FALCON. the body cinereous, on the back inclining to red; beneath white, tinged with ash-colour on the upper part of the neck; tail 3{in. long, rounded, whitish, banded alternately with deeper and paler brown, the two middle feathers plain ; legs yellow; claws black. The female is brown abeve, and the feathers edged with chest- nut, most so on the head; beneath inclining to yellow; quills deep brown, with whitish tips; tail brown, the four middle feathers trans- versely marked with deeper brown, and others with broad interrupted bands, all of them with ferrugmous tips, but that of the outer one spotted with black. Inhabits Russia; known by the name of Lun. 26.—MARGINED FALCON. Falco marginatus, dnd. Orn.i. p.26. It. per Poseg. p-28. Daud. ii. 167. Margined Falcon, Gen. Syn, Sup. p. 24. SIZE of a fowl; head and back feathers brown, with ferruginous margins—beneath the bedy ferruginous, with longish oval spots. Quills brown, with several obscure bands, and ferruginous white tips; tail brown, with four broad, dusky brown bands, margined on both sides with white, and a white tip, beneath whitish with trans- parent bands. Inhabits Sclavonia. FALCON. 79 27.— BUZZARD. Falco Buteo, Ind. Orn.i. p.23. Lin. Syst.i. 127. Fn, Suec. No, 60, Gm. Lin. i, 265, Raii Syn.p.16. Will. p.38, t.6. Scop. Anni. No.4. Brun. p.5. Mull.No. 64. Georgi p.164. Bris.i. 406. Id. Svo. 206. Klein. Av. p.50. Id. Stem. p.8. t. 8. f.2.a.b. Id Ov. p.19. t.6. f.2. Faun. Arag. p.68. Kram. el. 329. Beckst. Deutsch.ii. s. 238. t.x. Daud. ii. 154. Hist. de Lyons,i. 198. Goiran. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p.109. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.20. Id. Ed. 2. p. 63. Busthart, Naturf. vii. s. 52. La Buse, Buf. i. 206. t.8. Pl. Enl. 419. Voy. en Barb. i. 266. Maasse Geyer, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.50? Pojana secunda, Zinnan. 85. t.14. f. 56. Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p.48. Id: Sup. p.14. Br. Zool.i. No. 54. pl. 25. Id. fol. t. A.3. Jd. ed. 1812. i. p.232. pl.27.. - Will. Engl. p.70. Alb.i. t,1.. Bewick i. pl. p.15. Lewin Br. Birds.i. pl.6. WalcotBr. Birds. i. pl.6. Pult. Cat. p.3. Graves Br. Ornith. Orn. Dict. THIS is bigger in the body than a kite ; length 1 ft. 8in. ; Dill Jead colour; cere luteous; irides dark ; the body is ferruagmous brown above; beneath pale, varied with brown; tail brown above, barred with darker brown; beneath greyish, tipped with rufous white; legs yellow, claws black. Is the common Buzzard of all authors, by some called Puttock, and well known; its food is various; birds, small quadrupeds, reptiles and msects; varies extremely, scarcely two being found alike. It breeds in large woods, usually im an old crow’s nest; lays two or three eges at most, which are bluish white, with rusty spots, chiefly at the larger end. In some parts of France is thought good food, and is generally fat im winter. Is not very frequent in Russia, and in Siberia extremely scarce; is sufficiently common in various parts of Germany, but certainly less so about Berlin, for I well recollect, that once desirmg Dr. Bloch, of Berlin, to procure for me a Bustard’s egg, which is there not uncommon, he mistaking my meaning for that of a Buzzard’s egg, observed, that he 80 FALCON. could not obtain one, but very obligmgly sent me a drawing of the subject m question instead; common in some parts of Spain, and now and then taken at Gibraltar on its passage to and from Barbary. “A.—Falco Freti Hudsonis, Bris.i. 356. Id. 8vo. 103. Daud.ii, 156.D. Gm. Lin. i. 267. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 110. Faucon de la Baie d’Hudson, Bufii. 223. La Buse cendrée, Viet/l. Am.i. p. 33. Ash-coloured Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p.55. Edw. pl.53. Aret. Zool. ii. No. 103. THE American bird is somewhat larger than the European ; the bill and cere bluish; irides yellow; over the eye a white line spotted with brown, under it a dusky one; plumage above cinereous brown; beneath mixed with white; quills dark brown, the first spotted outwardly with white; tail above cinereous brown, banded with grey; beneath cinereous, banded with white; legs bluish ash- colour, feathered for half the length ; claws black. Tnhabits Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland, and other places in America: called, at New York, the great hen Hawk. B.—Buteo pennatus, Daud. 11. 156. Buse Gantée, Levail. Ois. pl. 28. This seems to be a variety of the common Buzzard, having the legs and toes feathered. Levaillant met with this bird in Africa. C.—Buteo Albus, Daud. 11. 155. This variety is white, marked with brownish spots; most sparing on the head, throat, and breast ; wings white. Two of these are in the Museum at Paris. FALCON, 81 27.—PEREGRINE FALCON. Falco peregrinus, Ind. Orn. i. 33. Gm. Lin.1, 272, Rati Syn. p.13, Will. p. 43. t.8. Gerin. Orn. i. t. 23.24. Daud. Orn. ii. p.97. Bris. Orn. i. 341. Id. 8vo. 98. Beckst. Deutsch. ii. s. 300, t.xi. Besek. Vog. Kur. p.7. t.1. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 128. Amer. Orn. ix. 120, pl. 75, £.3. Tem. Man. Ed. 2. p. 22. Faucon Pelerin, Buf.i. 249. t.16, Pl, Enl. 430. an old bird: Peregrine Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 73. Id. Sup.18. Br. Zool.i. No. 48. t.20. Id. fol. t:A*5, Id. ed. 1812.1. p.218. pl.20. Arct. Zool. ti. No. 97. Lewin’s Birds, 1. pl.12. Will. Engl. 76. pl. 8. Walcot.i. t.12. Orn. Dict. § Sup. Lin. Trans. xii, p. 529: Falco niger, Bris.i, 327. E: Id. 8yo. 94. Gm. Lin. i, 270. Falco fuscus, Frisch. t.83. Rati Syn. p. 161. 5. « Faucon passager, Buf. 1. 263. Pl. Eni. 469. Black Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 67. Edw. pl. 4. IT appears from a variety of observations, that the two, quoted as different birds by authors, are in reality only the Peregrine, which even in the adult state varies not a little. The general description of the old bird.is as follows :—length 18in.; breadth 36 ; bill bluish ; cere and inides luteous, m some dusky; the plumage above cinereous, with transverse brown bands, darkest about the head; beneath rufous white, crossed with blackish bands; tail banded, cimereous and blackish, with a white tip; legs short, yellow; toes long, claws black. The Black, so called by authors, differs in having the feathers of the upper part of the neck, wing coverts, and rump, edged with white ; on each side of the head a large, curved, black mark from the mouth, hke a mustacho, in a bed of white; under parts brownish, each feather tipped with black; wing: coverts black, with white spots; edges of the wing white; legs lead colour. VOL. I. M 82 FALCON. Falco maculatus, Bris. i. 329. F. Id. 8vo.95. Daud. ii. p. 95. D. & 98. B. Falco nevius, Gm. Lin. i 271. Spotted-winged Falcon, Gen. Syn. 1. 68. Edw. pl. 3. This, if not the female, is the young bird of the Peregrine. Size of the last; bill and cere the. same; irides obscure; plumage above brown ; on each side of the head a large black mark under the eye, passing to the begimning of the neck; beneath the plumage is white, spotted with brown; the spots largest on the breast and belly; wing coverts brownish, marked with round white spots; legs as in the other. A.—Falco tataricus, Bris.i. 341. Id. 8vo. 98. Gm. Lin. i. 272. Belon. Ois, p. 116. Tartarian Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 73. This differs in being a trifle larger, and having the wings rufous above, and the toes longer m proportion. B.—Falco barbarus, Ind. Orn. i. 33. Lin. Syst. i. 125. Gm. Lin. i. 272. Bris. i. 343. A. Id.8vo. 99. Ger. Orn. i. t.25, 26, 27? Daud.ii. 98. C. Shaw's Zool. vi. 129. Falco tunetanus, Rati Syn. p. 14. Will. p. 47. Klein, p. 48. Barbary Falcon, Gen. Syn.i.72. Will. Eng. 81. Albin. 3. pl. 2. In size and colour this most resembles the Lanner; length 17in.; bill black; cere and irides yellow; plumage bluish ash- colour, spotted with black; few or no spots on the wings; breast yellowish white, with a blue tinge; on the lower part of the belly largish black spots; quills black, with the outer edges white ; wings nearly as long as the tail, which is crossed with seven brown bands. Inhabits Barbary. The Peregrine Falcon seems to be a general inhabitant ; but we believe it to be less frequent in England FALCON. 83 than in some other parts, and was formerly better known, from its being made use of in falconry. It chiefly frequents our rocky coasts; and preys much on the guillemot and razor-bill, durmg their breeding season. Col. Montagu informs us, that these birds breed about Tenby, and are in plenty along the coast of Caermar- thenshire. Mr. Pennant observes, that they breed in the rocks in the Highlands.* The eggs are three or four in number, of a yellowish red colour, marked with brown spots, and the female sits 18 or 20 days.t It is met with in various other parts of Europe ; in the northen parts of Asia; is frequent in Kamschatka ; wanders in summer to the very arctic circle, returning south in winter; is also im America, where it is observed to be of a very large size; at Hudson’s Bay known by the name of Papana-sew-kaycaké; has been killed im lat.66.N. and long.58,w. and therefore most probably from America.t It was observed to me, by Dr. Heysham, that a female, killed May, 1781, in the mountains about Keswick, in Cumberland, weighed 3640z.; was 19in. in length, and 42 in breadth; that it is very destructive to game; for near the nest were found the remains of moor-game, partridges, plovers, Kc.;§ is a very noisy and cla- * Tour in Scotl. 1769. p. 130. + Beckstein. + Lin. Trans. 12. p. 529. § It has been mentioned to me, that one of these, in the vicinity of Hamstead Park, Berks, a male bird, had been the tyrant of the place for several years, and was so shy, as to elude every attempt to shoot him. This bird found no difficulty in attacking hares, as well as other game, and destroyed numbers of them. At last, the keeper, being concealed for the purpose of shooting a buck, and the bird coming within 100 yards of him, the man fired, and with a single ball in his gun, was lucky enough to dispatch him.—Dr. Lamb. M2 84 FALCON. morous bird ; the young in the nest were three in number, and the male fed them for a week or ten days after the female was killed. The Peregrine Falcon is found in Georgia, in America, where it is called Spotted Cimereous Hawk. Mr. Abbot observes, that it is brown the first year, and sometimes brown mixed, but does not gain the dark plumage till the following season ; hence it seems to be an inhabitant of America throughout ; but it is observed there, to exceed that of Europe in size. Said not to be unfrequent in India, about Bengal. 29.—LANNER FALCON. Falco lanarius, Ind. Orn.i, 38. Lin. i. 129. Faun. Suec. No. 62. Gm. Lin.i. 276. Raii p. 15. Will. p.48. Bris. i. 363, Id. 8vo. i. 105. Klein, 48. Brun. No. 1.2? Muller, No.67 Bechst. Deutsch, ii. s. 296. Gerin, i. t. 26? Daud. ii, 101. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 130. Le Lanier, Buf. i. 243. Lanner, Gen. Syn. i. 86. Id. Sup. 21. Br. Zool.i. t. 23. Id. ed. 1812, p. 223, pl. 23. Arct. Zool. ii. 225. Will. Engl. 82. Albin.ii, pl. 7. Bewick, i. p. 32. Walcet, i. pl. 16. Orn. Dict. & Sup. LESS than a Buzzard; bill and cere blue; irides yellow ; plumage above brown, the feathers edged with paler brown ; crown of the head brown and clay colour; over each eye to the hindhead: a broad white lme; beneath it a black mark, pomting downwards ; throat white; breast tinged with dull yellow, marked with brown spots, passing downwards; thighs and vent the same ; quills dusky, with oval ferruginous spots on the inner webs ; legs short, strong, and bluish. This is now and then met with in England, but said to breed in Ireland, not uncommon in the northern parts of Europe; inhabits FALCON. 85 Iceland and the Ferroe Islands, Denmark, and Sweden, frequent in the Tartarian desarts, and the Baraba, though not in the northern er eastern parts of Siberia ;* well known about Astrachan, building among the shrubs and low trees. Used by the Calmues in falconry;t is for the most part migratory, but is said to stay in France the whole year.} A.—Lanarius albicans, Ind. Orn.i. 38. Bris. i. 367. Jd. 8vo. 107. Aldrov. i. 380. t. p. 181, 183.§ Gm. Lin. 1.276. Daud. ii. 174. White Lanner, Gen. Syn. i. p. 87 Two varieties of this are mentioned by Aldrovandus, the first 19iin. long; bill black; cere, irides, and legs, yellow; general colour of the plumage brownish ;. quills and tail nearly black ; under the tail pale grey. The second more than 2 in lace ; head and back brown, mixed with grey; rump whitish; wing coverts and breast grey ; under parts grey, marked with longitudinal ferruginous spots ; the two outer tail feathers white, spotted with pale ferruginous; the fourth on each side spotted with black, the two middle ones grey. The Lanner is thought by some tobe a variety, or young bird, of the Peregrine Falcon. B.—Abyssinian White-breasted Lanner, Salts Abyss. pl. xliis Size of common falcon; beak and feet bluish : general colour deep brown, approaching to black; the whole of the breast clear white. Tnhabits Abyssinia ; called by the natives Goodie-goodie. They * Mr. Pennant. + Decouy. Russ. iii. 303. + Hist. de Lyons, i. p. 200. § These figures do not seem accurate. 86 FALCON, haye so much veneration for it, as not to suffer it to be killed ; and, on setting out on a journey, if one is met with, and sits still, with the breast towards them, it is considered as a peculiarly good sign; but if. the back be turned, unpropitious. If the bird fly away hastily on approach, the most superstitious will return home, and wait for a more favourable opportunity. 30.—STARRY FALCON. Falco stellaris, Ind. Orn. i. 35. Gm. Lin.i. 274. Bris.i. 359. Id. 8vo.i. 103. Daud. i. 109 Klein. Av. p.52. Id. Ov. 19. t. 6. f.5. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 34. Id. Ed. 2. p. 23. Blue-footed Falcon, Will. Orn. p. 82. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 154. Starry Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 79. THIS in shape and size is said to be like the Peregrine Falcon, but has shorter wings, and a longer tail; plumage in general blackish, marked with spots like stars; breast black and white mixed ; quills blackish ; legs blue ; irides gold colour. Inhabits the mountainous parts of Europe, laying red coloured eggs, spotted with a paler colour; it seems a doubtful species, sup- posed to be a young Lanner. FALCON. 87 31.—MOOR BUZZARD. Falco eruginosus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 25. Lin. i. 130. Faun. Succ. No. 66. Gm. Lin. i. 267. Raii Syn. p.17. Will. p.42.t.7. Brun, p.5. Muller, No. 69. Faun. Arag. p. 69. Sepp. Vog. t.p. 15. Nozem. Ned. Vog. t. 8. 9. Klein Av. p. 51. Id. Stem. p.8. t.7. f.1.a.b. Id. Ov. p. 19. t. 6. £.3. Kramer, 328. Phil. Trans. liv. p. 346. Frisch. t. 77. It. Poseg. p. 28. Beckst. Deutsch. ii. s. 249. Daud. Orn. ii, p. 165. Shaw's Zool. vii. 116. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 25. Falco beticus, Gerin. Orn. t. 32, 33. 34. Circus palustris, Bris. i. 401. Jd. 8vo. 115. Busard, Buf.i. 218. t. 10. pl. enl. 424. Cet. uc. Sard. p. 45. Faux Perdrieux, Belon. 114. Hist. de Lyons, i. 203. Il Nibbio, Zinnan. Uov. p. 83. t. 13. f. 74. Huhnerweyhe, Naturf. viii. s. 55. 23. Moor Buzzard, Gen. Syn. i. p,53. Id. Sup. p.15. Br. Zool.i. no. 57. pl. 27. ‘Id. fol. 67. t.A.5. Id. ed. 1812. i. p. 237. pl. 28. Arct. Zool. 11. p. 225. L. Will. Engl. p.75, pl. 7. Alb.i. pl. 3. Bewick, i. pl. p. 19. Lewin’s Birds, i. pl. 8. Id, Eggs, t.ite f.1. Walcot, i. pl. 8. Pult, Dorset. p.3. Lin. Trans. iv. p. 13. THE length of this species is 21in.; weight 20 0z.; bill black ; cere and irides yellow; general colour of the plumage cho- colate brown, with a ferruginous tinge; legs yellow, long, and slender. The female islarger, weighing 27 or 28 ounces; is 22 in. long, and 4ft. 4in. in extent of wing. It is subject to much variety ; some specimens are plain, as above described ; but in others the crown of the head, throat, and shoulders, are yellow, or clay colour; sometimes the crown of the head is yellowish white, in others the whole head of that colour. In two young birds, which I saw in full feather, one had the first and second outer quills of the right wing, and a large triangular spot on the chin white, and the bottom of the thighs the same ; the other had the crown yellow, and a large spot of yellow on the chin; otherwise the colour of both these birds was ferruginous 88 FALCON, brown. We believe, however, that the greater part of this species has the top of the head more or less inclined to yellow. This is frequent in England, especially in the moors, marshy places, and wet heaths ; makes the nest in a tuft of grass, fern, or rushes; composed of twigs and coarse grass; sometimes in the fork of a large tree; and lays four, rarely five, eggs of a plain’ white. It feeds principally on young rabbits and wild ducks, and occa- sionally on fish; is seen skimming over the ground like the Ring- tail, suddenly dropping on frogs, lizards, &c. Colonel Montagu once saw nine of these birds feeding together on the carcase of a dead sheep. Is not uncommon in France, and there found to build ‘on the tops of trees; frequent im the south of Russia, but not met with in Siberia ; continues the whole year in Sweden. I have seen a plain coloured specimen, among some drawings from India, in which the crown of the head alone was yellow ; another, with the chin and whole top of the head white ; in one the whole crown, nape, chin, throat, and tip of the shoulder of the wing, were yellow clay colour; in another the top of the head and chin white ; plumage deep ferruginous; met with at Cawnpore. A.—Falco rubiginosus, Ind. Orn. i. p.27. It. Poseg. 29. Daud. ii, 167, Shaw's Zool. i. 170. Rusty Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. i, 36. The bill is black; head wholly whitish yellow; cheeks rusty ; plumage on the upper part of the body brown; beneath yellowish white, with an irregular, rusty coloured spot on the breast ; quills brown, with the outer edges hoary, the inner brown, crossed with several white bands; tail brown, marked with four testaceous. bands ; legs yellow. Inhabits Sclavonia, and probably is no other than a variety of the Moor Buzzard. FALCON, 89 B.—A further variety, or what appears to be such, has come under my inspection—in this the bill is blackish ; cere and legs pale yellow; general colour of the plumage chocolate brown, Head and neck cream-colour, the feathers dashed down the shafts with black lines, and below this dusky in the middle; sides of the head, below the eye, pale tawny ; on the bend of the wing a dash of white; the under parts of the body, thighs, rump, and vent, ferruginous ; tail dusky brownish green, rounded at the end, plain; the wings, when closed, reach almost to the end of it 3; claws black. 32.—HARPY FALCON. Falco rufus, Ind. Orn.i. 25. Gm. Lin. i. 266. Bris.i. 404. Id. 8vo.i. 115. Daud. i. 269. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 113. Tem. Man. d’?Orn. p.26. Id. Ed. ii. p.70. Fishgeyer, Brandgeyer, Frisch. t.78. Beckst. Deuts.ii. 61. Harpaye, Buf.i. 217. Pl. enl. 460. Harpy Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 51. LENGTH 20in. ; bill black ; irides saffron-colour ; plumage in general rufous, but the back, scapulars, greater coyerts and rump incline to brown, and in the rufous parts each feather has a stripe of brown down the middle; thighs rufous; tail ash-colour; greater quills black, the lesser ash-colour, the three next the body brown ; legs yellow. VOL. ¥: N 90 FALCON. Inhabits both France and Germany, near the banks of rivers and ponds, feeding on frogs and small reptiles, and not unfrequently on fish, which it is said to take alive out of the water, in the manner of the Osprey. This is probably related to the Moor-Buzzard, and, if not the same, far advanced in age. 33.—GREY FALCON. Falco griseus, Ind. Orn.i. 37. Gm. Lin.i. 275. Daud.ii. 114. Grey Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 82. Br. Zool.i. No. 49. Id. fol. pl. 65. Id. ed. 1812.1. p. 221. Lewin’s Birdsi. pl. 15. Orn. Dict. SIZE ofa raven.—Bill short, strong, hooked, and bluish ; cere and edges of eyelids yellow ; irides red; head small, and flat, deep brown before, and white behind; sides of the head and throat cream-coloured; belly white, with oblong black spots ; hind part of the neck and back deep grey ; tail long, wedge-shaped, and spotted, the two middle feathers plain; the wings reach beyond the middle of it; legs long, naked, yellow. A bird, as above described, was shot near Halifax, in Yorkshire, im the year 1762, and an account of it sent to Mr. Pennant by the late Mr. Bolton, of Worley Clough. We suspect it to be an im- mature individual of one of our English species, for I do not find that a second has ever been met with. FALCON. 91 34.—NORTHERN FALCON. Falco hyemalis, Ind. Orn.i. p. 35. Gm. Lin, i. 274. Daud. ii. 110. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 35. f. 1. La Buse d’Hiver, Vieill. Am. p. 35. pl. 7. Winter Falcon, Aret. Zool. ii. No. 107. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 1538. Northern Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 79. Id. Sup. ii. p. 39. LENGTH 18 in. to 20 in. breadth 41 in.; bill dark horn-colour; irides reddish ; plumage above deep lead-colour, edges of the feathers very dark: crown most so; on the hindhead a slight mixture of white; beneath ferruginous brown, with the appearance of inter- rupted bars ef white, produced from the feathers bemg ferruginous, with two or three white spots on each side of the shaft, which is brown; tail deep lead or ash, crossed with four bars of a deeper colour, the outer one more brown than the rest; tips of all white ; between the dark bars beneath nearly white, the outer feather plain on the outer web; under tail coverts white; legs pretty long, and yellowish ; the wings reach beyond the middle of the tail. Tnhabits some parts of North America; one of these presented to me, was brought from Hudson’s Bay; destroys many frogs, and frequently seen in moist meadows; comes in November, and departs late in March. A.—Falco hyemalis, Ind. Orn. i. p. 35. 78. var. Faucon a croupion blanc, Daud. ii. p. 110. 78. Vieill. Am.i. p.36. pl. 8. L’Epervier brun a sourcils blanes, Voy. d’ Azara, i. No. 25? Northern Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 79. vars This is 16in. long; bill brown; cere greenish; irides yellow ; head ash-colour, each feather brownish in the middle, and ferruginous N2 92 FALCON. on the sides, inclining most to the last at the hindhead ; cheeks pale ash-colour; orbits and chin whitish; neck ash-colour, mclining to brown behind, and before to ferruginous; back cinereous brown ; remp white; breast ferrugimous, more or less mixed with white ; belly and thighs white, marked with ferruginous, each feather having two or three heart-shaped spots ; tail brown above, and pale beneath, with dusky bars; legs yellow. One of these was killed in Carolina, by M. C. Bosc. 35.—ASH-COLOURED FALCON. Ash-coloured Falcon, Orn. Dict. § Sup. Lin. Trans. ix. 188. Br. Zool. ed. 1812. i. p- 243. Tem. Man. ed.ii. p. 76. WEIGHT 92 ounces; length 18m. breadth 3ft. 83in. tail 95in. bill black; cere greenish ; eyelids and irides bright yellow; crown, cheeks, throat, under part of the neck, and upper part of the breast dark ash-colour ; neck above, back, and scapulars cimereous brown ; lesser wing coverts much the same, greater dusky black; quills nearly black, the first shortest, the third longest; second quills cinereous brown, with three dusky bars across them, half an inch bread, two of which are hid by the coverts; body beneath white, with a broad bright bay streak down the shaft of each feather; tail somewhat cuneiform, the two middle feathers dark brown, the others dark ash-colour, palest on the two or three outer feathers, the inner webs approaching to white, and all, except the two middle ones, with four equidistant bars on the inner webs, in the two outer bay, in the rest more or less dusky ; legs orange-colour, long and slender; claws small, black. FALCON. 93 The above description is sketched from that in the Lin. Trans. in which it is said to be a male; it had the feathers behind the ears short, but no ruff, as in the Hen Harrier—said to be killed im November. Since the above, Col. Montagu informed me, that he had met with the female, young, and egg. ‘The female is not very unlike that sex of the Hen-Harrier, but the ferruginous parts are much brighter, and instead of the under being streaked with dusky, they are purely bright ferruginous—he had also a young male in this plumage, which he bred up; the old female was shot at the nest. The Colonel suspected this to be rather a distinct bird, than the byemalis, and possibly an undescribed species.—He conjectures, likewise, that the last described may be the one mentioned in the British Zoology, p. 295, as a variety of his Ringtail,* and not unlikely the Falco spadiceus, my Chocolate Falcon, may be this female—also, that the male, having been confounded with the Hen-Harrier, has never been described. The above are the outlines of the history of the bird in question, but the reader would do well to peruse what is further advanced concerning it, m the Lin. Trans. and Supplement to the Ornitholo- gical Dictionary. * This is described in the Edition of 1812, under the title of Ash-coloured Falcon, with due reference to the source—yet the Falco hyemalis is made synonymous. 94 FALCON, 36.—HEN-HARRIER. MALE. Falco cyaneus, Ind. Orn.i. p.39. Lin. Syst. i. p.126, Gm. Lin. i. p, 226, Kram. 329, Mull. 74. It. Poseg. p.27. Daudin i. 174. Beckst. Deuts. ii. 256. Shaw's Zool. vii. 163. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 27. Id. ed.ii. p. 72. Falco torquatus, mas, Bris.i. 345. Jd. 8vo.100. Brun. No. 14. Pygargus, mas, Radi Syn. p.17. A.5. Will. p. 40. t. 7. Falco albanella, Ger. Orn.i. G1. t.35? It. Poseg. p. 27? Lanarius cinereus, Frisch. t. 79. 80. Bris.i. 365. Id. 8vo. 106. Falco plumbeus cauda tessellata, A/etn. Av. 52. 22. Der Bleyfalke, Naturf. 8. s. 460. Oiseau St. Martin, Buf.i. 212. PI. enl. 459. Hen-Harrier, Gen. Syn.i. p. 88. Id. Sup. p. 22. Br. Zool.i. pl. 28. Id. fol. t. A. 6. Td. ed. 1812. i. p. 239. pl.29. Edw. pl. 225. Will. Engl. p.72. Alb. ii. pl. 5. Hayes’s Br. Birds, pl.1. Bewick, 1, pl. p.33. Lewin’s Birds, t.18. Walcot’s Birds, i. pl. 17. Pult. Dors. p.3. Don. Birds, iu. pl.59, Montag. Orn. Dict. Lin. Trans. iv. p. 12. Id. Vol. ix. p. 182. FEMALE. Falco Pygargus, Ind. Orn.i. p.39. Lin. Syst. i. 126. Gm. Lin.i. 277. Scop. Ann. i, p- 14. Rati Syn. p.17. fem. Will. p.40. Brun. No.14. Mull. No. 74. Faun. Arag. p.68. Kram. el. 330. Beckst. Deuts. ii. 352. Daud. ii. p.171. Falco torquatus, fem. Bris.i. 345. Id. 8vo. 100. Gerin. Orn. p. 61. t.31. 37. Id. t. 973 La Soubuse, Buf.i. 215. t.9. Pl. enl. 443. 480. La Buse des champs cendrée, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 32? Ringtail, Gen. Syn.i. p.88. Jd. Sup. p.22. Br. Zool.i. 59. Id. fol. t. A.7. Alb. ui. pl.3. Hayes’s Br. Birds, pl.2. Bewick.i. pl. p.35. Lewin’s Br. Birds, t. 18. F. Id. Eggs, pl.2. f.4. Will. Engl. p.72. Wale. Birds,i. pl.18. Orn. Dict. § Sup. THE male is about 17im. in length; width 3ft. 3in.; and weighs 12 or 13 ounces.—The bill flat ; cere, irides, and edges of the eyelids, yellow; general colour of the plumage blue-grey ; back of the head white, spotted with pale brown ; breast, belly, and thighs white, on the first a few small dusky streaks; tail feathers grey, all but the two middle ones have the inner webs white, with dusky bars ; legs yellow, long, and slender; claws black. FALCON. 95 The female is 20in. in length, and weighs 18 ounces.—Bill, irides, and legs as in the male—plumage above, dusky; beneath, palish, marked with oblong rufous, or dusky spots; from the hind- head on each side, to the chin, passes a circular wreath made up of feathers stiffer than the rest, and paler in colour.—The rump is white, breast and belly yellowish brown, in some marked with oblong dusky spots. I need not detail here the various conjectures of authors con- cerning these birds, as they will be found in page 22 of my first Supplement. In addition, however, to our opinion of the two making but one species, Mr. Becksteim observes,* that they do not come to their complete plumage till the fourth year, and after that, they grow more white in proportion as they attain a greater age. + These birds are not uncommon in England, but seem to shift their quarters occasionally, no doubt in quest of food, which is various—young rabbits, and small quadrupeds, also lizards; are said also to suck eggs, and to destroy the nests of the smaller birds for that purpose. It makes a large nest of twigs, frequently on the ground, or im a thick bushy tree, and lays three or four eggs of a dirty white, about the size of those of a pheasant. To comprise the history of the two birds m question im as few words as possible, it appears to us, that in the first year both sexes are nearly alike, and similar to the female. The male, as it proceeds in age, by degrees obtains the blue-grey colour, but the female never wholly so, although m the progress of years it approaches thereto ; in the mean time is capable of breedmg, and im course does so, long before the plumage is complete—hence the assertion of authors will be reconciled; some saying that the two sexes differ, the male bemg as before described, the female more or less rufous above, with a white rump, &c. Others aver, that both sexes differ but little in * Allg. U.d. Vog. Zusass. p. 668. + Mr: White shot one such at Gibraltar which was perfectly white—Consult Colonel Montagu’s remarks on this bird in the Lin. Trans. v.ix. p. 182.. 96 FALCON. plumage, excepting the female being less bright in colour—and _ the fact appears to be soin old birds. I think it not amiss to repeat here, the opinion of that accurate Russian naturalist, Professor Pallas, conveyed to me many years since :—‘‘ The Ringtail is extremely com- mon im Russia, as well as Siberia; in more temperate and open countries is certamly not to be distinguished from the Hen-Harrier ; both are found as far the lake Baikal; and I have observed, more than once, birds that were changing colours, and getting the white feather. The truth is, that the first year all are dark coloured, very differently variegated ; but at the second change of feathers, chiefly the males grow whitish; and such are the augural birds of the Moguls and Calmucs.” A.—Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, as well as those of Gen. Hardwicke, [ find a Hen-Harrier of a very pale colour; head and under parts white, the rest pale ash-colour—said to mbhabit Bengal, and there called Pustey—in the same set of drawings is one called a variety, probably a female: this is brown above, and cream-coloured beneath ; a pale wreath surrounds the head, and a curved streak beneath the eye; immer wing coverts pale ; tail crossed with six blackish bars, the outer feather paler than the middle ones; bill black; legs long and yellow. The figure above referred to is 18m. long—head and upper parts chocolate brown, round the lower part of the head a wreath, as in the British species; on the wing coverts a large mixture of rufous white; throat, breast, and belly of the last named colour ; thighs paler; tail brown, the two middle feathers twice barred with darker, and one of the same at the base, the others pale, with the three bars very little differing from the two middle ones ; legs yellow; bill and claws black. This seems to differ from the other, chiefly in having three bars on the tail instead of six. FALCON. 97 B.—Faleo albus, White's Journ. to Bot. Bay, t.p. 250. This is nearly the shape of the Hen-Harrier, but entirely white throughout. Bill black ; cere and legs yellow. €.—Falco hudsonius, Ind. Orn.i. 40. 8. Lin.i. 128. Gm. Lin.i. 277. Bris. vi. Sup. p-18. Jd. 8vo. 119. Daud.ii. 173. Ger. Orn.i. t.44. Shaw's Zool. vii. 165. Busard roux, Vieill. Amer.i. p.36. pl.9. White-rumped Bay Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p.54. 34. B. Hudson’s Bay Ringtail, Gen. Syn.i, p.91. Edw. t.107. Aret. Zool. ii. No. 106. Bill, cere, and legs.as in the last described; plumage in genera! ferruginous, with a tinge of brown; cheeks, and round the eyes darker; rump white; the two middle tail feathers ash-colour, the others ferruginous; all of them crossed with four bars of very dark brown; tips dusky. Mr. Pennant describes this bird as having a dusky bill, and yellow cere; a white line over each eye; plumage above dusky brown—beneath whitish, with ferruginous spots; vent and rump white; middle tail feathers dusky, the next bluish ash-colour, the outermost white, all marked with orange bars. In size it rather exceeds our British species, and has the same manners in every respect; weighs 172 ounces; length 21in.; breadth three feet seven inches. ) ss Inhabits Hudson’s Bay; is frequently seen in the open and temperate parts of Russia; extends as far as Lake Baikal, but not common in the north of Europe. VOL. I, O 98 FALCON. D.—Falco Buffoni. Ind. Orn.i. p.40. y. Gm. Lin.i. 277. Daud. ii, 172. Cayenne Ringtail, Gen. Syn.i. p.91. A. Shaw’s Zool. vir. 166. Length two feet; breadth four; bill black; cere blue; parts above chocolate brown; fore part of the neck the same, but paler ; on the hindhead a little mixture of white; round the ears, on each side, a kind of wreath, conspicuous im all the former described; over the eyes a pale yellow line, from the bill, meeting the wreath behind ; chin whitish; from this to the breast buff-colour; beneath the body reddish buff, streaked with brown; rump white; all the tail feathers harred pale and dark brown; most of the mner webs whitish, and the tip very pale; legs yellow, claws black ; the wmgs, when closed, reach to the middle of the tail. Inhabits Cayenne—a specimen, in the collection of Miss Blomefield, was entitled Due de Buffon. A bird, similar to this, if not the same, is known in Georgia, by the name of Tawny Hawk; it answers very nearly to the last description, but all the under parts are pale rufous, marked on the throat and breast with brown streaks, the belly and thighs with deeper rufous ones; two middle tail feathers brown ash, with four brown bars, the one nearest the end twice as broad as the others; end whitish. This is 18in. in length; 3ft. 4m. broad, and said to be rarely met with. M. d’Azara mentions a bird, common about Paraguay, which answers, in many respects, to the Ringtail, and supposes it to be the same, but his annotator does not allow of it. FALCON. 99 37.—KITE. Falco Milvus, Ind. Orn.i. p.20: Lin. Syst.i. 126: Faun. Suec. No. 57. Gm: Lin. i. 261. Raiit Syn. p.17. A.6. Will. 41. t.6. Brun. No.3. Mull. No.61. Georgi. 164. Kram, el.326, Ger. Orn.i. t.39. Borowsk. Nat. ii. p.72. Daud. Orn. ii. 147. Beckst. Deuts. ii. s. 243. Bris.i. 414. t.33. Id, 8v0. 118. Shaw’s Zool: vii. p. 108. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 18, Id. ed.ii. p. 59. Falco cauda forcipata, Klein. dv.51. 13. Id. Ov. 19, t.6. f.1. Milan royal, Buf.i. 197. t.7. Pl. enl. 422. Voy. en Barb.i. 266. Il Nibbio, Cet. uc. Sard.57. Zinnan. Ov. 82, t. 13. f.73. Der Weyhe, Naturf. 8. s. 47. Hunergeyer, Licht. Mag. iv. 2. 6. Weisser Milan, Gunth. Nest.u. Ey.t.63? Wirs. Fog, t. 48. Kite, Gen. Syn. i. p-61. Id. Sup. p.17. Id. Sup.ii. p.30. Br. Zool.i. No.53. Id. fol.t.A.2. Id. ed. 1812.1. p.229. Arct. Zool. 11. 223. H. Will, Engl. p.74. pl. 6. Alb.i. pl.4. Hayes’s Br. Birds, pl.5. Bewick,i. pl. p.21. Lewin’s Birds, i. pl.10. Jd. Eggs, pl. 2. f.3. Wale. Birds, i. pl. 10. Pult. Dors. p.3. Donov. Br. Birds, ii. pl. 47. Graves’s Br. Birds. Orn. Dict. & Sup. THIS species weighs 2lbs. 60z.; length two feet; the female is larger, and weighs four ounces more; in length 2 ft. din.; breadth 5} feet. The bill is brownish; cere yellow; irides straw-colour ; feathers of the head and neck hoary white, long and narrow, with a dash of brown down the shaft of each; body ferruginous, marked down the shafts with a darker colour; quills blackish; tail. twelve mches long, and much forked; legs yellow; claws black. In the the female the colours are less ferrugmous, and incline more to brown. It is very common in England, and in the warmer parts of the kingdom may be seen at all times; makes the nest generally between the forks of a tree, of sticks, lined with wool, hair, feathers, and not unfrequently bits of rags, or any. soft material it meets with, The eggs are three, or at most four in number, of a bluish white, cinereous red at one end, blending itself with the white by small 02 100 FALCON. markings ; sometimes plain, without markings. Colonel Montagu observes, that each weighs nearly two ounces. On the continent, it mhabits the northern part of Europe, as high as Jarlsberg, im the very south of Norway, but does not extend farther. It can scarcely be said to migrate, yet certainly does shift its quarters occasionally ; it is no where more common than in Egypt, as well as other parts of Africa—and I learn from Mr. White, that it is not uncommon at Gibraltar, resting there in its passage to and from Spain and Barbary—hence has there obtained the name of the Barbary Kite. The times of appearance are in March and April, and again in Autumn, though in fewer numbers; these are accom- panied by hawks of some other kinds. Said to be most frequent in the temperate and well inhabited parts of Russia ; scarcer in Siberia, but not far to the north: not uncommon about the Lake Baikal, but none beyond the Lena. Frequents sheep downs in the breeding season, when skirted with wood, but in winter near towns, watered by rivers, where it has been observed to sweep off, dexterously, offal floating on the surface; will lay as far as four eggs, some of a pure white, others much speckled; drives away the young, as soon as they are able to shift for themselves. It has been observed, that a female Kite will weigh 2 lbs. 10 oz. the egg 21 ounces, so that 17 eggs would but just exceed the weight of the bird; but the raven is so disproportionate, as to require 48 to answer the same purpose. The Kite is also found in great numbers in India, living there all the year, and with the Hooded Crow, feeding in the very streets ; but in Bengal the Kites retire to the mountains, and return in the dry season.** Kites have been observed to destroy great numbers of moles, which frequently come to the surface of pasture lands, in search after caterpillars, and insects of all kinds, and an instance is on record, * View of Hindoostan, 2. p. 90. FALCON. 101 of 22 moles having been found in one Kite’s nest, as well as many frogs, and unfledged birds.** A.—Milvus vertice & gula castaneis, S. G. Gmel. It. i. p. 147. Milvus castaneus, Ind. Orn.i. p.21. Daud. Orn. ii. 148. A. This variety of the common Kite chiefly differs, in having the crown of the head and the throat chestnut-coloured. B.—Accipiter Korschun, WN. C. Petr, xv. 444. t.ii,a. S.G. Gmelin. Ind. Orn. i. p: 21.37y. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 105. Milvus russicus, Daud. Orn. ii. 146. B. Russian Kite, Gen. Syn. i. p. 63, 46. This has the bill lead colour; cere green ; nostrils covered with bristles: head, upper part of the neck, and throat, chestnut ; region of the eyes white; sides of the head, and the rest of the body pale brown ; quills and tail vinaceous at the tips; legs wrinkled ; claws black. This variety inhabits Russia, where it is solitary, and feeds on small birds and mice, chiefly about Tanain, near the city of Tschercask. C.—Milvus jaicensis, Lepech, It. ii. p.180, t.2. Ind, Orn.i. p.21, 37. 3. Daud. Orn. n. 148. c. This chiefly differs from the common Kite, in having the feathers which cover the back of a violet colour, each having a mark of white at the tip. * Trans, Soc. Arts and Manuf. 19. p. 179, 102 FALCON. 38.—BLACK KITE. 7 Falco ater, Ind. Orn. i. p.21. Gin. Lin. i. p. 262, Bris. Orn. i. p. 413. Id. 8vo. 117. It. Poseg. p.28. Daud. Orn. ii. 149. D. = Beckst. Deuts. ii. 259. ~ Shaw's Zool. vi. p. 105. Tem. Man. d’Orn.p. 19. Id. Ed. 2. p. 61. Brauner wald-geyer, Kram. el. 326.5. Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 55. Koenigs-weyhe, Naturf. viii. s. 47. Milan noir, Buf. Ois. i. 203. pl. enl, 472. Black Kite, Gen. Syn.i. p. 62. Sibb. Scot. ill. ii. 1.3. p. 15, THIS is smaller than the common Kite, and differs from that bird, in having the upper part of the body of a very dark brown; head, breast, and under parts whitish ; the bill, cere, and legs the colour of those in the common Kite, but the last are more slender; and, according to Kramer, the tail is very little forked at the end ; yet, in attending to this Author's full description, it seems to possess so many markings im common with the Kite, as to cause some hesitation, whether or not it may belong to that species. I find, however, in the MSS. notes of the late Rev. J. White, who resided several years at Gibraltar, that it is regarded by him, and others, as differmg from the common species. His specification of it is “ F. cera flava, cauda forcipata, corpore fusco-castaneo, capite albidiore.” He adds, that both this and the common Kite are frequent at Gibraltar, resting there in their migration from Africa into Spain, in greatest numbers in March and April, mostly during a brisk westerly wind, directing their flight against it; they return again in autumn, but in smaller parties. Mr. White seems positive of its being a different species from the common kite, al- though in many birds the tail is equally forked ; but the irides are FALCON. 103 dark hazel, and not yellow; and thinks it more probable, that this and Austrian Kite, or following, are varieties of each other, A.—Falco austriacus, Jnd. Orn. i. 21, Gm, Lin. i. 262, Deud. ii. 149, E. Beckst. Deuts. ii. 261. Shaw's Zool. vi. 106. Brauner Geyer, Brauner Milon, Kram. 327, 6. Austrian kite, Gen. Syn. i. 62, Size of our kite; bill yellow, tip black; cere and angles of the meuth yellow; irides black; palate blue; forehead and throat whitish, spotted with brown; head, neck, back, breast, and wings, chestnut; shafts of the feathers black ; belly and rump testaceous brown, obscurely spotted with brown; prime quills blackish; se- condaries tipped with white; tail very little forked, crossed with several blackish bands; tips of the feathers white; legs yellow, fea- thered to the middle; claws black. Inhabits Austria; lives chiefly in woods, and feeds on birds, mice, and other small quadrupeds, Is probably a variety of the black species, if not of the common kite; said to lay three or four yellowish-white eges, thickly spotted with brown. 104 FALCON. 39.—PARASITE FALCON. Falco parasiticus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. v. Daud. ii. 150. Tem. Man. d’Orn, 21. Le Parasite, Levaill. Ois. i. p. 88, pl. 22. Parasite Falcon, Gen. Syn. Supp. 2d. p. 30. IN this the bill is yellow, instead of black, as in the common kite; cere bluish; irides brownish hazel; general colour of the plumage like that of tanned leather; the middle of each feather darker; under parts inclined to cinnamon colour; cheeks and throat whitish ; most of the feathers with a blackish line down the shaft ; tail less forked than in the common kite; colour brown, banded with deeper brown ; legs yellow. This is common throughout Africa, especially in Caffraria, and the Grand Namaquas; called at the Cape, Kuyken-dief, which is also the name given by the Dutch to the common kite ; makes the nest both in trees and rocks; lays four eggs, spotted with rufous. The young have the end of the tail nearly even, which is also the case with the European species; and M. Leyail- lant supposes it to be the same with that bird. FALCON, 105 40.—ARABIAN KITE. ‘Falco Forskahi, Ind. Orn.i. p.20. Faun. Arab. p.vi. 1. Gm. Lin. 1. 263. Daud. ii. 150. Shaw's Zool. vii. 178. Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 19. Falco Egyptius, Gm. Lin. i. 261. Arabian Kite, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 34. SMALLER than the common Kite; length 18in.; bill and cere yellow; feathers of the head narrow, rufous-brown, dashed with black down the shafts; back and wing coverts cinereous, with brown shafts ; quills brown, within grey, banded with brown, the ends black; tail the length of the body, and forked ; the wings, when closed, not reaching to the end of it. The feathers cinereous, banded with brown; legs yellow; shins half covered with feathers. Said to be common in Egypt, and other parts of Africa, where it sometimes migrates into Germany, but rarely breeds there; has also been met with in France and Switzerland, and may be considered as no other than a variety of the Black Kite. M.Temminck places it as a young bird of that species. Vou. I. Riu 106 FALCON. 41.— GOSHA WK. Falco palumbarius, Ind. Ora.i. p.29. Lin. 1.130. Gm. Lin.i. 269. Fn. Suec. No. 67, Rati Syn. p. 18.1. Will. p.51. t.3.& 5. Klein. Av. p. 50.11... Frisch. t. 81. 82. Georgi. 164. Gerin. Orn. i. t. 21.22. Daud. p.71. Id. yol.i. p. 90. pl. 2. Sceleton. Beckst. Deuts. ii. 268. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 118. pl. 20. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 30. Id. ed. 2. p. 53. Astur, Bris.i. 317. Id. 8vo.91. Cet. uc. Sard. 48. Zinn. Uov. t. 14. £.77. Buf. i. 230. pl. 12. Pl. enl. 418. 461. Voy. en. Barb. i. 266. Epervier rayé, Voy. d’ Azaraii. No. 29. var.? Grosser gepfeilter Falck, Frisch. i. 82. Falck. It. iii-t. 21. Taubenhabicht, Naturf. viii. s. 54. Goshawk, Gen. Syn.i. p.58. Id. Sup. p. 16. Br. Zool. No. 52. pl. 24. Id. ed. 1812. 1. p. 225. pl.24 Arct. Zool. ii. No. 99. Bewick. pl. p.23. Lewin’s Birds i. pl. 9. Fd. Eggs. plu. f.2. Alb.ii.pl.8. Walcot Syni. pl.9. Wood's Zoogr.i. p. 395. pl. 17. Orn. Dict. § Sup. Amer. Orn. vi. pl. 52. fig. 3. Ash-coloured, or black- capped hawk. LARGER than the common buzzard, but of a more slender make ; length 22im.; weight 3; pounds; bill blue, tip black ; cere greenish ; irides yellow; over the eye a white line; on the side of the neck a bed of broken white ; head and upper part of the body deep brown; breast and under parts crossed with numerous black and white bars; tail cinereous, long, with four or five dusky bars; the wings reach three parts of the way on the tail; legs yellow; claws black. In some specimens, the thighs have reddish feathers, marked with a black line down the shafts, and in those of the breast a black circular line near the tip, parallel to the edge, and in others the shafts and middle of the feathers are black. The female is larger than the male, and paler in colour, marked beneath with oval, dusky black sts. FALCON. 107 Young birds incline to grey, and have the markings less clearly defined than in the adult. This species is not very common in England, nor does it breed here, but is more plentiful in Scotland, where it builds in trees, making the nest of sticks, lined with hay and feathers, and lays four white eggs in June; is a destructive species, being a great enemy to partridges and other birds. Is common in Denmark, throughout Russia and Siberia, about the lake Baikal, and is used by the Cal- mucs in falconry, as it was once here in England. It is by no means uncommon in America, but is larger than the European species, and the black markings on the under parts more numerous and elegant; known at Hudson’s Bay by the name of Komishark Papanasew, not unfrequent also in China and India, where the male is called Bauge or Baiz ;* the young male Mudge Jurra. The female named Jurra. It is used in India among others for falconry. A large white variety, mottled with brown and yellow, is some- times found about the Uralian mountains; most frequent in the east part of Siberia; and in Kamtschatka every individual is white, with scarcely any spots, and such birds are reputedly the finest hunters ;+ indeed, a variety is sometimes found perfectly white, but this is very rare.t In General Hardwicke’s drawings is a bird, which appears a large variety of the Goshawk; length 22in. and stout in make ; bill Jead-colour; upper parts brown; head and neck behind darkish; over the eye a pale broad streak; through the eye a broad brown one; all beneath dusky white, crossed with numerous dusky lines; quills barred. with dusky; tail ash-colour with four dusky bands; tip frmged with white; vent plain white; legs stout, yellow; claws black. Inhabits India; taken January, 1799. * One, by the name of Bauz, used for the purpose of hovering over ducks, &c. which will not rise on such occasions.—Oriental Field Sports. V. ii. p. 67. t+ Arct. Zool. + Decouv. russ. iii. 303. ; 2 oe 108 FALCON. The great love our ancestors* had for falconry is testified by very many writers of former days, although now nearly left off, or at least followed only by a very few, more as a matter of curiosity than otherwise. Not so in 1472, when a Goshawk was thought a sufficient remuneration for most essential services, as may be seen in the Paston Letters,+ where we find, that this bird was not always to be procured im this country, but more likely to be had at Calais, in France—yet it probably breeds in England, as it is known to do now in Scotland. The history, laws, rules, and observations on falconry and falconers, may be learned from Turbeville, Carcanus, Latham, and others, who have written on this subject, as also may be seen in Willughby’s Ornithology, and other English authors. To ascertain the owner of a hawk, a rmg was put over the closed claws, while young, with an inscription, and one of these is represented in the Archeologia.} It is there observed, that although hawking is no longer considered as one of our field sports, yet, in most of the modern leases, a clause is generally still found, reservmg to the landlord the free liberty of hunting, hawking, fowling, &c. During the time when falconry was the recreation of those who could bear the expense of the sport, the birds used on the occasion were much valued;§ and I have now before me a London Gazette, Thursday, April 21 to 25, 1581, in which is the following adver- tisement: ‘* Lost on the 5th instant of his Majesties, a Tarsell Gentle, with the King’s Varvels on, the hind pounce of the field foot lost. Lost between Hounslow Heath and Eaidenhead—who- * Hawking, used by the Anglo-Saxons.—See an old print to this purport in Strutt’s View of the Customs and Manners of the Inhabitants of England, vol.i. p.12—from Tid. B. v. a Saxon Calendar. j + Vol. ii. p. 109. + Vol. xii. p. 414. pl. 51. f. 7. § In the Mem. d Agriculture, &c. it is mentioned, that a Falcon of the King of France was let loose at a woodcock, in Paris. They flew to Malta, and were both found dead there within twenty-four hours. FALCON. 109 ever can give notice of this Hawk to Mr. Chiffinch at the Privy stairs, Whitehall, shall have a good reward.” Hawks so called, and Girfalcon or Girfal, were formerly in great request; of these the white ones were in most esteem, and part of the revenue in the time of King Henry I. and afterwards, was paid by way of fine; for stance, Outi, of Lincoln, fined m one hundred Norway Hawks and 100 Girfals; four of the Hawks and six of the Girfals to be white ones. If he could not get four white hawks, he was to give four white Girfals instead of them; again, Ralf, son of Drogo, m five Hawks and five Girfalcons for himself, and m two Hawks for Nicolas de Sigillo, &c. &c.** The privilege, however, of Hawking seems to be confined to the higher ranks,+ and each had his apppropriate species allowed to him. It may not be amiss here to mention the gradations of rank to which particular hawks were appropriated, about the 14th century, viz.— «Three Hawkys longyn to an Emperour, that is to say, an Egkyl, a Watour, a Millon, neither lured nor redaymyd for hem. “ Ther ben hawkes of Tower, that is to say, a Gerefaucone, and a Tarsenlet of the same for a Kynge. «« A Faucon reytyll,t a Tarselett thereof for a Prince. <* A Faucone of the Rock, a Tarselett thereof for a Duke. “‘ A Faucon Peregryne, a Tarselett thereof for a Lorde.§ ‘* There is a Bastarde, and that Hawke is for a Baron. ** A Sakyr, and a Sakyret, for a Knygth. * Madox’s History of the Exchequer, Vol.i. p. 273. + Among the figures of the very antient font, in Winchester Cathedral, is a personage, with a hawk on his fist, well figured in Vetust. Monum.V.ii. pl. 39. 40. of whom it is merely said, that one of the attendants, with a hawk on his fist, is expressive of his office, and may be one of the officers of the court. But Milner rather thinks, that the hawk, held in this manner, proves the personage to be of noble birth.—See Survey of Winchester, voleiie p. 79. + In an old printed Edition of the Work it is Gentyll. § Foran Earl the same. 110 FALCON. “ A Layner, and a Laynerett, for a Sqwyer. “ A Lese of Marlyans, for a Lady. “« A Hoby, or a Caselett of the same, for Gentilman of the first Hede. << A Gose Hawke, for a Yoman. ‘A Terfell, for a Pore Man. ** A Sparow Hawke, for a Prest. ** A Muskett, for a holy water Clarke. <* A Resterell, for a Knave. « An Abjj Hawke is canvas mayle; a loryng Hawke, an harde, that may indure myche Sorowe, & commynly they be the hardyest.” In the Forest Laws made by Henry III. it was enacted, “‘ That every Freman should have within his own Weddes Ayres of Hawkes, Sparrow-hawkes, Fawcons, Eglys, and Herons’—and in the 34th year of Edward III. ‘‘ Every Person which fyndeth Faucon, Tercelet, Laner or other Fawcon that is loste of their Lord, bring him mayntenant to the Sherif of the County, who must proclaim him in all godd Townes in the Country, and it claims to be returned on paying Costs—if not claimed within four Months comes to the Sherif : but if concealed shall be imprisoned for two years, besides the Value of the Hawk; which last, if He hath not, shall still longer be imprisoned.” In the 37th of the same reign it is added, ‘“ That if any stele any Hawke, and the same cary away, not doing the Ordenance aforesayd, it shall be done of Hym as of a Thefe that steleth a Horse, or any other Thynge.” In the 9th of Henry VII. « Taking the Egges of any Fawcons, Goshawkes, Laners or Swannes out of the neste—to be imprisoned for a year and a day, and a fine at the King’s will;” and again, «That no Man from the Feast of Pasche next ensuinge, shoulde beare any Hawke of the breede of England, called a Nyesse, Goshake, Tasselle, Laner, Laneret, or Fawcon upon peyne of for- feyture of such his Hawke to the Kynge, but to have Hawke from FALCON. 111 abroad.” Much more might be collected on this head, but as every law of the kind is now useless and obsolete, we trust the above will be thought sufficient. 42.—GREATER BUZZARD. Falco Buteo, Ind. Orn.i. p.24. 47. y- Circus major, Bris.i: p. 399. Id. 8vo. p. 114. Buteo gallinarius, Daud.ii. p. 155. var, A. Bechst. Deuts. 11. p-262. Temm. Man: Ed. ii. p.56. Milvus, sive Astur, Frisch. t.72. Huhner-habicht, Bechst. Must. p. 70. 17- Greater Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p.49. THIS is 1 ft. 1lin. in length. Bill black; cere yellow; irides saffron-colour; the plumage above brown, with rufous edges; be- neath rufous, with oval brown spots, in some unspotted ; under tail coverts rufous; tail brown, crossed with bread bars of deeper brown ; legs yellow, claws black. It is found in various parts of Europe, and according to M. Bechstein, is no other than a two year’s old bird of the Geshawk. 43.—GENTIL FALCON. Falco gentilis, Ind. Orn.i. 29. Lin.1. 126. Faun. Suec. No.58. Gm. Lin.i. 270. Raii p-13. Bris.i. 339. Id. 8vo.i. 98. Will. p.46. Klein. p.48. Scop.i. 93. Kram. 328. Mull. No.6. Brun.No.6. Gerin.i. t.29.. Borowsk.ii. 73. Bechst. Deuts. n. 273. Daud.ii. 102. Shaw's Zool. vii. p-122. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.50. Id. Ed. ii. p.56. Edler Falke, Naturf. 8. s.50. Falco montanus, Raii, p.13. Will. 45. t.5. Gentil Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 64. Id. Sup. p.17. Br. Zool.i. t.21. 22. Id. Ed. 1812. 222. pl.21. 22. Aret. Zool.ii. No.98. Alb.ii. pl. 6. Will. Engl.76. Bewick, 1. p80. Lewin-i. pl.11. Walcot,i. t.11. Pult. Dors.p.2. Orn. Dict. § Sup. THIS is somewhat larger than the Goshawk. Bill lead-colovr; cere and irides yellow; head rust-colour, marked with oblong black 112 ! FALCON. spots; upper parts of the body and wings brown, each feather of the latter tipped wish rust; under side white, the point of each feather marked with heart-shaped dusky spots; quills dusky, barred on the outer webs with black, and the lower part of the inner with white; the wings reach to the middle of the tail, which has four alternate bands of black and cimereous; tip white; legs yellow claws black. In some birds, supposed to be young, the marks on the brease are transverse, instead of cordated spots as may be observed in the two plates referred to in the British Zoology. This is said to inhabit the north of Scotland, and to build in rocks near Invercauld and Glenmore ; is met with in the north of Europe, as far as Finmark,* but. we do not hear of it farther south than Astrachan ;+ was formerly used in England for falconry, as it is on the continent at this day. Inhabits also America, but said to be of a larger size; one, shot in the province of New York, measured two feet seven inches. Buffon supposes this bird to be the same with the common Falcon, and called Gentil, when im full feather, whilst others mention it as a different species. Dr. Pallas is of opinion, that the Falcon Gentle is the Goshawk in its first feathers, in which state it is very different from the adult bird. § * Arct. Zool. + Decouv. Russ.i. 142. + Hist, Ois.i. 250. § Russ. List. MS. FALCON, 113 44.-COMMON FALCON, Falco communis, Ind. Orn. i. p. 30. Gm. Lin.i. 270. Bris. i. 321. Id. 8vo. 92. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 124. Fn. Arag. p. 68. Daud. ii, p. 92. Frisch, t. 74. Nat. Misc. pl. 741. Der-gemeioe Falke, Naturf. 8. s. 49; Faucon, Buf. i. 249. Voy. en Barb. i. 266. Cet. ue. Sard, p. 36. Voy. d’ dzara, ii. No. 35. Common Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 65. LENGTH about 18in. general colour of the plumage brown ; the edges of the feathers rufous; tail brown, bordered with deeper brown ; on each jaw a large brown mark; forepart of the neck and underpart of the body white, irregularly marked with brown; legs green or yellow, claws black. The above are the general markings of the male, or Tiercelet of three years old. A.—Falco hornotinus, Bris.i. 324. A. Id. 8vo. p.93. Gin. Lin. i. 270. Buf. i. t. 15. pl. enl. 470. Yearling Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 65. A. In the first year, the plumage is brown, or ash-coloured above, dirty white beneath, and much spotted ; the mark on the jaw visible, but less distinct. In the second year the colours become deeper, and_ better defined, the under parts whiter, and the markings more distmct, till arrived at the third year’s moult, after which it remains the same till old age. VOL. I. Q 114 FALCON, B.—Falco gibbosus, Ind. Orn.i. p.30. Gm. Lin, i. 270. Bris.i, 824. Id. 8vo. 93. Rat Syn. p. 14, 6. Will. p. 46. Faucon hagard, Buf. i. 254. pl. 16, pl. enl. 421, Haggard Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 66, Will. Engl. p. 80. This receives the above name when it is grown old, and draws the head into its shoulders, appearing hump-backed. So much has been said by authors on the amusement of fal- conry, which was greatly encouraged by our ancestors of every rank,* that it is not necessary to mention here more than has been noticed above ; and, although it is nearly left off by the English, yet we are assured, that in Denmark and other parts of the Continent, it is still held in great esteem; and by none more than the Turks and Persians, as well as Russians and Tartars: the Chinese were also very fond of this sport. It is supposed that every species of this Genus might be trained for falconry; but it appears, that the usual sorts were the Iceland and Greenland Falcons, Gyrfalcon and Goshawk; independent of the Black Eagle, Jean le Blanc, Lanner, and others; and of these the white variety seem to be in most esteem + C.—Falco leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 30. Bris.i. 525. Id. 8vo.93. Gm. Lin.i. 270. Frisch, t.'75. White-headed Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 66. This has the head white, marked with small brown spots; bill ash-coloured ; cere and. irides pale yellow; back and wing coverts spotted with brown, rufous, grey and whitish; beneath grey with * Inthe time of King Edward III. fee and wages were given to W. de Whitten, for . tas : Tana searching and examining all nests of falcons and hawks, every where in Wales. + See article, Goshawk. FALCON. 115 brown spots, each spot encircled with rufous; feet feathered to the toes; legs yellow, claws black; from the legs being feathered so low down, it seems to have some affinity with the Rough-legged Falcon. D.—Falco albus, Ind. Orn.i. 31. Bris.i. 326. Id. 8vo. 94. Gmel. Lin. i. 270. Frisch, t.80. Rati Syn. p.14. 7. Will. p. 46. Klein. Av. p.49. Id. Ov. t.5. £3. White Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 66. Will. Eng. p. 80. This appears white at first inspection, but on close examination is found to be covered with minute yellow spots, except the two middle tail feathers, which are pure white. In Mr. Aubrey’s collection was a specimen entirely white, ex- cept a few brown spots on the back and wings; tail barred with brown. In my collection is a drawing of a white Falcon from China ; hight cream-coloured above, and white beneath; every where marked with slender, longitudinal brown streaks; paler on the thighs, and a little curved im shape; the under part of the tail plain, the upper not visible in the figure. IT was favoured with the last by Capt. Broadley. E.—falco rubeus, Ind. Orn. i. 31. Gm. Lin. i. 332. Bris. 1.271. Id. 8v0.96. Ruaii Syn. p. 14. Will. p. 47. Red Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p.69. Will. Eng. 81. This appears to differ from the common Falcon, in having black and red spots instead of white; it is less than the Peregrine Falcon, and supposed to be the female in its first year’s feathers. 116 FALCON. F.—Falco ruber indicus, Ind. Orn.i. 31. Gm. Lin.i; 271. Bris. i. 333. Id. 8vo. 96, Ratti Syn. p. 14. Will. p. 47. Red Indian Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 69. Will. Eng. p. 81, t. 9. The female has a cinereous bill; cere and eyelids luteous ; irides obscure; at the outer angle of the eye an oblong fulvous spot; head and upper parts brownish ash; breast and under parts, rump, upper tail, and wing coverts, of a reddish fulvous colour, with a few spots of the same on the breast; tail crossed with black and ash-coloured, curved, bands ; legs yellow ; claws black. The male is brighter in colour, the brownish ash-coloured parts being nearly black. This sex is also smaller than the female. Inhabits the East Indies. It is on Brisson’s authority that we place it here as a variety of the falcon. Origially described by Aldrovandus. G.—Falco Italicus, Ind. Orn. 1. 32. Gm. Lin. i. 271. Bris. i. 336, Johnst. Aw p- 19? Italian Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 70. The bill in this is blue; head and neck reddish yellow, marked with very narrow ferruginous limes; breast yellow spotted with ferruginous ; ends of the wings marked with round spots of white ; legs yellow. We learn from the above authors that this bird is found on the mountains of Vicenza, and the Alps which divide Germany from Italy. It is probably a variety of the common falcon.* * In M. d’Azara’s Voy. is mentioned a brown and spotted falcon, found at Paraguay, which is a variety also of the common falcon. FALCON. at 7/ 45.—_SACRE FALCON. Falco sacer, Ind. Orn. i. 34. Gm. Lin. i. 273. Bris. i. 337. Id. 8v0. 98. Rai, p. 13: Will. p.44. Klein. dv. 7. p. 48. Gerin. i. t. 28. Bechst. Deuts. ii. s,298. Daud. Orn. vi. p. 96. : Sacre, Gen. Syn.i. p.77. Id. Sup. p. 20. Arct. Zool.u. No. 96. Buf. i. 246. pl. 14. Will. Engl. p. 77. THIS the size of the Jerfaleon ; bill and legs blue; eyes black ; the back, upper wing coverts, and breast spotted with brown; thighs white within; tail rather long, marked with kidney-shaped spots, and the wings when closed reach to the end of it; the legs feathered almost tothe toes. It is remarked in Willughby, that these birds have a “ great round head, a shorter beak, aslenderer and longer body in proportion; longer wings, and also a longer train; a breast less fleshy and full in respect of their body than Jerfalcons, and also shorter toes.” It is thought by some to be merely a variety of the common Falcon, though by others a distinct species. Inhabits various parts of Europe, also Tartary ; in the latter used for Falconry, and we believe formerly in England; yet is not found there at large. M. Beckstein says, that one of the names in Germany is the British Falcon. A.—Falco sacer, Ph. Trans. 1xii. 383. 423: American Sacre, Speckled Partridge Hawk, Gen. Syn: i. 78. Id. Sup. 20. Arct. Zool. iie No. 96. Dr. Forster says, the length is 22in.; breadth 3ft.; weight 22 pounds; the iridesare yellow; head whitish, with largish streaks of brown; throat white spotted with brown; general plumage above brown, the feathers spotted, and edged ferruginous; the spots not touching the shafts; the under parts white, with longish, dark brown 118 FALCON. spots; quills black brown; margins and ends of the prime quills white, transversely spotted within with pale ferruginous; lesser quills marked with round spots on the outsides. Tnhabits North America, about Hudson’s Bay ; called Speckled Partridge Hawk; migrates; preys on the white grouse; breeds in April and May in desart places ; the females lay two eggs; the young fly the middle of June. 46.—MOUNTAIN FALCON. Falco montanus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 48. Gm, Lin.i. 278. Bris. i. 552. Id. 8vo. 101. Rati, p. 13. Will. p. 45. Klein. Av. p.52. Daud. 1.128. Shaw's Zool. vii. 183. Mountain Faicon, Gen. Syn. 1. p, 93. Will. Engl. p. 78. LESS than the Peregrine Falcon, with a shorter tail; bill black ; plumage above brown, or ash-colour; throat and forepart of the neck whitish, spotted with either ferruginous or black ; tail ash- coloured, end black, very tip white; legs yellow, claws black ; described in brief from M. Brisson, who observes, that when the bird is come to its full colour, the head is black ; and the oftener is has moulted, the more white is seen in the breast; with the back and sides of a deeper ash colour. A.—Falco montanus cinereus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 48. 116. B. Bris. i. 355. Id. 8vo. 102. Falco montanus secundus Aldr. Will: t. 9. Ash-coloured Mountain Falcon, Gen. Syn. 1. p. 94. Length 1ft. 9in.; bill black; irides yellow; general colour of the plumage cmereous, paler on the wing coverts; beneath white at snow; legs luteous. FALCON. 119 7.—HOBBY FALCON. Falco subbuteo, Ind. Orn. i. p. 47. Lin. i. 127. Fn. Suec. No.59. Gm. Lin.i. 283. Raii, p. 15. Will. p. 49. t.7. — Brun. No. 10, 11. Mull. No. 63. It. Poseg. p. 29. Sepp. Voy. 3. t.118. Daud. ii, 129. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 27. Id. Ed. 2. 10. 25. Falco Barletta, Daud. ii. 129. Ger. Orn.i. t. 45, 46, 47, 48, var. Dendro-falco, Bris.i. p. 375. Id. 8vo, 109. Rati, p. 14. 8. Will. p. 47. Frisch, t. 87. Shaw's Zool. vii. 193, pl. 25. Hobreau, Buf. i. 277, t.17. pl. enl. 432. Baum Falk, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey.t. 73. Bechst. Deuts. 1.317. Naturf. 8. s. 51. Hobby, Gen. Syn. i. 103. Id. Sup. p, 28. Br. Zool.i. No. 61. Id. fol. t. A. 9. Id. Ed. 1812. p.247. Arct. Zool. ii. p.227.C Alb.i. pl.6. Will. Eng. p. 83. Be- wick, i.pl. p.39. Lewin’s Birds, i. pl.21. Id. Eggs, pl. iu. f.3. Pult. Cat. Dors. p.3. Wale. Syn. t.21. Don. Birds, iv. p.91. Orn. Dict. et Supp. THIS Bird is about 12in. in length; breadth 2ft.3in.; and weighs about seven ounces. The bill is blue; cere and orbits yellow; irides dusky or hazel; the plumage on the upper parts is brown, dashed with ash-colour; nape of the neck inclining to yellow; over the eye a narrow white streak; oneach cheek a black mark like a crescent, pointing downwards; chin, throat, and belly, ferruginous, marked with black down the shafts; vent and thighs fine rufous, streaked with dusky; the feathers reaching half way down the legs; under the wings pale cream-colour, undulated, or spotted, with brownish black ; quillsdusky, spotted on the imner webs with white; tail like the back, the two middle feathers plam, the others barred on the inner webs with dusky rust colour; legs yellow, claws black. In one which came under my inspection, the back was lead- coloured brown; the thighs dusky white; longitudinally marked with brown; the vent plain white; and the nape of the neck spotted with white; also the chin, throat, and belly were white, marked with 120 FALCON. black down the shafts. It is posssible that the last may be the female, as it weighed two ounces more than the male, was not so dark above, and the lighter parts beneath not so ferruginous.* The Hobby is only a summer resident in England, coming in Spring, and migrating in October; and is far from common. It breeds with us, sometimes making the nest on a low tree, even a moderate sized hawthorn ; though it has been known to make use of an old crow’s nest, and two young taken out of it. + It inhabits various parts of the Continent of Europe, where it changes its residence acccording to the seasons; is not met with in Sweden, except in the more southern Provinces; migrating south in Autumn; in winter about Woronesch and Astrachan ;+ is most com- mon in the open country, particularly in the desarts of Tartary and Siberia, whenever small trees are.at hand, m which it may breed. § Several have been shot on Gibraltar rock at the time of their vernal and autumnal migrations; and now and then they stay and breed there, about the south-east cliffs. 4] We believe this to be the most rapid in its flight of all the hawks; larks will not trust to their wings while the Hobby is in sight; and we remember to have seen a swallow pursued, and overtaken while on the wing, by this bird. This species was formerly used in Falconry, but not known to attempt a larger bird than a partridge ; || is a great enemy to larks, and is frequently taken in pursuit of them, by the bird-catchers, in their nets; hence. successfully used in daring of larks, for which purpose the hawk was cast off; on seeing of which, the larks ‘adhered to the ground through fear, and the fowler drew his net over them. * Orn. Dict: + Col. Montagu ; said to lay three or four white eggs. + Dec. russ. il. 142. § Mr. Pennant. g Mr. White, MS. || M. Brunnich observes, that the Gentil, Iceland-Falcon, and Hobby, are all used in falconry about Copenhagen, Orn. Bor. p. 3. FALCON. 121 A.—Length 11 inches; bill and cere very deep orange-yellow ; space round the eyes yellow; irides brown; general colour of the plumage deep chocolate brown, with deeper coloured spots; fore- head, cheeks, and throat nearly white; very irregular on the cheeks ; all the under parts dusky white; neck, breast, and_ belly marked with large longish spots of brown ; tail 32 in. long, crossed with eight or nme bars of darker brown, but rather paler than the back ; quills plam, darker than the rest, and reach, when closed, to the end of the tail; shafts white ; legs very deep orange-yellow ; claws white. Inhabits India, called Dourelah; Sir J. Anstruther. It appears to be a variety of our Hobby. 48.—GREATER HOBBY. Falco subbuteo major, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. x. Der grosse Baumfalke, Allg. web. d. Vog. i. Zussas. p. 660, 29. Taf.i. Bechst. Deuts. nu. s.315. 19 Shaw’s Zool. vii. 195. . Greater Hobby, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 47. THIS bird somewhat resembles the Hobby, but is as large as araven; in length nearly 18in.; breadth 3 ft.; the bill 14 inch long, horn-colour ; cere and legs yellow ; irides pale yellow; head and neck black brown; cheeks black; back and wing coverts blackish blue, crossed with obsolete dull brown, ash-grey, and reddish-grey bands; chin, fore part of the neck, and upper part of VOL. I. R 122 FALCON. the breast dusky reddish white, banded with dull brown, appearing on the breast as oval marks; quills blackish, marked on the mner webs with eight, or more, pale grey, oval spots; on the tail twelve alternate dull brown and ash-grey bands. The female is almost one third bigger than the male; the colours not so well defined, and wants the black on the cheeks; also the breast and neck are plain smutty white. This species inhabits the pine forests of Germany, preying on grous, hares, and small birds. It may by some be mistaken for a variety, but M. Bechstein assures us, that it is a distinct species. 49.—INGRIAN FALCON. Falco vespertinus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 46; Lin. i. 129. Gm. Lin. i. 282. Gm. It.i. p. 87. t.13. Id. ii. p. 163. Lepech. It. i. 230. Georgi, p.164. Daud. ii. 124. Shaw's Zool. vi. 190. Kober, Dec. Russ. ii. 142. Ingrian Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 102. Id. Sup. 27. SIZE of a pigeon; bill yellow, with a brown tip; cere and eyelids yellow; head brown; body bluish brown; belly bluish white; the primaries, from the first to the seventh, blackish at the tips; legs naked, yellow. Said to inhabit Ingria; chiefly flymg in the morning and evening ; is common about the lake Baikal, as well as Astrachan ; FALCON, 125 known by the name of Kober and Derbnitschock ; has much the manners of the Kestril, but extends farther east than that bird, or the Hobby, though less commen than either. M. Pallas in his MS, list calls it Dusky Windhover. 50.— PERMIAN FALCON. Falco vespertinoides, Ind. Orn. i. p. 46. Gm. Lin. i. 282. Falek. It. ii. 329. Daud. ii. 124. THE short description which we can collect of this bird from Falck, informs us, that itis half the size of the last; and weighs no more than two ounces and one dram; cere and eyelids yellow ; neck, breast, and belly brownish, spotted with white ; thighs black. Inhabits Russia, especially in the province of Permia—found also in Siberia, about Iset and Baschiria. M. Daudin places it as a variety of the Ingrian, or last species. RQ 124 FALCON. 51.—ORANGE-LEGGED HOBBY. Falco rufipes, Allg. Ueb. d. Vog.ii. Zusass. s. 677, 122. Besek. Vog. Kurl. 0. 19. taf. 3.&4. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 42. Id. Ed. 2. p. 34. Varieté singuliere du Hobreau, pl. enl. 431 ? Orange-legged Hobby, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2d. p. 46. SIZE of a Kestril—one, supposed the male, is wholly black; but the great wing feathers, and under parts of the body blackish lead-colour ; thighs, vent, and under tail coverts fine red brown ; eyelids and space round the eyes, the cere, and legs, brick-coloured red ; bill half yellow and half bluish. The female larger, but has many things im common with the other. Head and neck whitish yellow, or fox-colour ; eyes in a patch of brown ; throat, as far as the breast, whitish yellow; also the thigh coverts, vent, and under tail coverts; shoulders duller fox-colour yellow, waved with black; upper parts of the body pale brown, with ash-coloured and black waves; tail crossed with nine small black bands. The first of these seems to approach very nearly to the Hobby, figured in the pl. enlum. if not the same bird ; and most probably not far differing from the two last described. FALCON. 125 52.—KESTRIL FALCON. Falco Tinnunculus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 41. Lin. i. 127. Faun. Suec. No. 61. Gm. Lin. 1.278. Rati, p. 16. Id. p.180: Will. Orn. p.50. t.5. Scop. Ann.i. p. 16, No. 5. Id. Ann.y. p.10.7. Frisch. t. 84. 85. Brun, No.4. 5. Muller, No. 65. Faun. Arag. 68. Kram. p. 331. Gerin. t. 49—52. — Borowsk. Nat. i. p. 74. Bris. i. 393. Id. 8vo. 113. Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 3. Sepp. Vog. ii, t. 117. Nisus. Daud. ii. 132. Bechst. Deuts.ii. s.311. Shaw's Zool. vii. 179. Tem. Man. d@’Orn. p. 39. Falco aureus, Cenchris, Klein. Av. 49. 52. 53. Id. Ov. t.6. f.4. Thurmfalke, Naturf. vii. s. 52. Rothelgeyer, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 48. Tl Gheppio, Cet. we. Sard. p. 47. Zinnan. Uov. t. 15. f. 78. La Cresserelle, Buf. i. 280. t. 48. Pl. enl. 401. 471. Kestril, Stannel, Windhover, Gen. Syn. i. p.94. Id. Sup. p. 25. Id. Sup. ii. 43. Br. Zool.i. No.60. Id. fol. t. A. Id. ed. 1812. i. p. 244. Arct. Zool. ii. 226. N. Will. Eng. p. 85. pl. 5. Sloan. Jam: 294. Alb.ii.pl.6 & 7. Hayes’s Br. Birds, i.pl.4. Bewick,i. pl. p. 36. 37. Lewin’s Birds, 1. p. 19. 19. F. Id. t. iii. f. i. the Egg. Walcot, Syn.i. pl. 19. Donov. Birds, iu. pl. 51. 63. Pult. Dorset. p- 3. Orn. Dict. & Sup. THE male of this species weighs as far as seven ounces. Bill black ; cere yellow ; irides dark ; crown of the head and the tail fine light grey ; the last marked with a broad black bar near the end, the very tip white; back and wing coverts rufous, or red brown, spotted and barred with black; beneath the body pale ferruginous, spotted with black ; thighs and vent plain ; legs yellow. The female is larger, and weighs sometimes from 10 to 11 oz. Colour of the back and wings pale, and more dusky than in the male, crossed with numerous lines of black ; head pale red brown, streaked with black ; tail red brown, crossed with several black bars; near the end marked with the same black bar as im the other sex. 126 FALCON, A.—Accipiter alatdarius, Bris. i. 879. Id. 8vo. 110. Gm. Lin. i. 279. Klein. Av. p.49. Id. Ov. t. 6. f. 6 Lark Hawk, Gen. Syn. i. A. Id. Sup. ii. p.44. C. A bird, which I conjecture to be the same as that of the authors last quoted, was shot in Surrey—it was 14in. long. Bill pale, tip black ; cere and legs yellow; head grey, streaked with black ; beneath the eye a sort of black whisker; chin and vent white; back rufous brick colour, each feather marked with black at the tip ; rump pale ash ; beneath the body rufous white, streaked with black; wing coverts crossed with black bars; quills dusky, barred within with reddish white ; tail pale rufous ash, barred on each side the shafts with black, and crossed near the end with a bar of black, an inch in breadth. I consider this as a young male in incomplete plumage, and very nearly approaches to the description in Brisson alluded to above. B.—Tinnunculus pennis griseis, S. G. Gmel. It. i. p. 49. t. 10. Grey Kestril, Gen. Syn. i. p. 95. This is mentioned as being of a grey colour, with the shafts of the feathers black : it is also said to have black legs, and the under part of the tail barred with black. M. Daudin observes, that this variety is sometimes met with in France, and that it has been killed many times near Beauvais. He also mentions a Kestril with dusky cheeks, found in the same places, but supposes it a mere variety from age. FALCON. 127 C.—Faleo brunneus, Allg. U. d. Vog.i. Zusass: s, 679. taf. 2, f. 1. 2. Kestril, var. D. Gen. Syn. Sup. i. p. 44. This is described as 14in. long and 24in. broad—Bill blue ; cere yellow ; the ground colour of the plumage rusty yellow, barred with brown, as in the Kestril; beneath paler with dusky streaks ; tail crossed with lines of black, and deeply tipped with black at the end. The young bird is said not greatly to differ, but the cross streaks of blackish are edged with white on the upper parts; beneath not unlike the other; but the end of the tail tipped with black in a less degree. These inhabit Thuringia in the breeding season, but are not found there in the winter—make the nest as late as May, whereas the rest of the birds of prey build theirs m March and April. I much suspect that these last birds are no other than Kestrils, which are known to wear the female plumage for some length of time, * and to say the truth, very many of the Falcon tribe have so mixed an appearance of feather at different stages of growth, as to frequently pass for distinct species. The Kestril, with its varieties, is sufficiently common every where in England, and may be seen frequently hovering in the air, as it were stationary; on a sudden darting to the earth to secure its prey, which for the most part consists of mice, and small reptiles; I have known also the remains of beetles and scolopendre, in the stomach of one. It is supposed to feed likewise on small birds, but feathers are rarely, if ever, found in the stomach; be this as it may, it has been now and then taken by bird-catchers in the act of pouncing their call birds. * Till after the winter of the first year.-e-Orn. Dict. 128 FALCON. It varies in the places for building the nest, sometimes in rocky situations, which it most fancies; at other times in trees, or even in an old crow, or magpie’s nest. The female lays four or five eggs, of a pale ferruginous colour, or dusky white, marked with irregular spots of a deeper hue. This species is not uncommon in many parts of the Continent of Europe. M. Bechstein observes, that it now and then will truss doves, and partridges, and seize on small birds hanging in cages, drawing them out between the bars. It is found on the Rock of Gibraltar the whole year through, and_ breeds there, feeding chiefly on locusts and lizards; and is the most common of any of the Hawk tribe. I suspect this bird to be what in India is called Chouee ; found in Java, called there Allap-allap-sapi;* I have alse seen it in some Chinese drawings, where it was named Maw-iing, which signifies speckled bird, or ravenous; the word Maw means bracket or broken, as the face after the small-pox. In the same collection of drawings I observed another, called also Maw-ing, but this had the breast crossed with numerous bars, as in the Sparrow-hawk. I find this also among some fine drawings done in India, in pos- session of Sir J. Anstruther, Bart. where it is named Caronjia ; said to inhabit Bengal ; a female in the same drawings called Kommooly, said to be 13in. long. According to Sloane, this inhabits Jamaica, but as no other author mentions it, and as I have never seen it from that quarter, the circumstance may be suspected. + * Lin. Trans. xvii. p. 135. + Probably mistaken for some other bird. Ray, in his Syn. p. 180, quoting from Sloane says, ‘* Tinnunculus sive Cenchris, eive valde similis accipiter.”” FALCON, 129 53.—LESSER KESTRIL. Falco Tinnunculoides, Tem. Man. Ed.2. p.31. LENGTH liin. Bill bluish; cere, and round the eyelids yellow ; crown, sides of the neck, and nape pale ash-colour ; back, scapulars, and greater part of the wing coverts deep rufous, inclining to red ; some of the larger, the second quills, rump, and nearly the whole of the tail bluish ash, near the end of the last a broad black band, and the end white; throat pale; the rest of the under parts pale reddish rufous, marked with longitudinal black streaks; legs yellow; claws pure white. The adult female is rather larger, and is so like that sex of the Kestril, in colour, as not to be distinguished, except in the size being smaller, and both of them differ from the common sort in being less, the quills reaching to the end of the tail, and the claws quite white. Inhabits various parts of Europe; seen at times in Hungary and Austria; very common about the kingdom of Naples, also in Sicily, Sardinia, and the south of Spain, especially among the mountainous and rocky parts; probably known at Gibraltar, as Mr. White mentions a Kestril, much smaller than the common one, being now and then seen there. Said to feed on beetles, and large insects, rarely on small birds; it builds in the clefts of rocks, particularly in Sicily, and near Gibraltar. VOL. 1. Ss 130 FALCON. 53.—SEVERE FALCON. Falco severus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 135. Horsfield. ) LENGTH 102 inches; plumage above blackish brown, quills biack; beneath chestnut, chin paler; wing coverts, and tail feathers, tipped with chestnut. Inhabits Java; named Allap-Allap-Ginjeng. 55.—BOHEMIAN FALCON. Falco Bohemicus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 43. Gm. Lin. i. 279. Daud. ii. 136. Maeuse-habicht, Missilauce, Jos. Mayer. Boehm. Abh. 6. p- 313; Bohemian Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 43. RATHER more than a foot in length; gape of the mouth, irides, and legs yellow; orbits white; plumage on the upper parts of — the body ash-colour, beneath white; the five first prime quills black on the outer margins; tail long, pointed; legs rather short, and feathered below the knees. Inhabits the mountainous parts of Bohemia, feeding on mice; observed mostly im the evening. ‘The above description seems too concise to determine whether to refer this bird to the Kestril, or Hen-Harrier, concerning which authors have held different cpmions.* * M. Temminck says it is an old male of the latter. FALCON, 131 56.—SPARROW-HAWK. Falco Nisus, Ind. Orn. i. p.44.. Lin.i. 120. 9 Fr. Suec. No. 69. Gm. Lin. i, 280. Scop. dun.i. No.6. Brun. p.5. Muller, No.71. dn. Arag. p.69. Kram. 352. Frisch. t. 90.91.92. It. Poseg. p.28. Borowsk. ii, p.75. Daud. ii. 79. Bechst: Deutsch.ii. 320. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 187. Tem. Man. @ Orn. p. 31. Id. ed. i. p.57. Accipiter fringillarius, Raii Syn. p.18, Will. p.51. t.5, Klein. dv. p.53. Gerin. Orn. i. t.17. Bris.i. 310. Id. 8vo. 89. Epervier, Buf.i. 225. pl. 11. Pl. end. 412. 467. Voy. en Barb.i. 266. Cett. ue Sard. p-51. Voy. d’ Azara, i. No. 27. Sperber, Gunth. Nest.u. Eyer. t.6. Naturf. 8. s.55, 24. Sparrow-Hawk, Gen. Syn.i. p.99. Id. Sup. p.26. Br. Zool.i. No. 62. Id. fol. t. A. 10,11. Jd. ed. 1812.1. p.249. Arct. Zool. i. p.226.N. Hayes Br. Birds, pl.3. Alb.i. pl.5. Id.iii. pl. 4. Will. Engl. p.86. Bewick,1. pl. p.27. Lewin’s Birds, i. pl.20. Id. Eggs. pli. £2. WWalcot’s Birds, i. pl.20. Orn. Dict. & Sup. THE male and female of this species differ greatly im size—the first weighs five ounces ; is 12 inches m length, and 23 in breadth; bill blue; cere and irides yellow; plumage on the upper parts deep bluish grey, or deep brown, edged with rafous; on the hindhead a broken bed of white; the under parts are in some white, m others pale rufous yellow, crossed with numerous, undulated lnes of dusky, or rufous brown, each feather being margmed with that colour, and a line of the same down the shaft; chin and throat marked with smnilar lines, but rarely barred; quills dusky, barred with black on the outer, and spotted with white on the inner webs; tail the colour of the back, crossed with five broad dusky black bars, end whitish ; legs long, slender, yellow; claws black. The female weighs nine ounces; is 15in. in length, and 26in. broad. It differs from the male in having the colours in general paler, and Jess defined, and the ground of the under parts rarely otherwise than white; but, indeed, mdividuals of both sexes vary greatly from each other. S2 132 FALCON. It is a very common, and most pernicious species, and the dread of the inhabitants of the farm-yard, making great havock among the poultry of all kinds, as well as pigeons and partridges, espe- cially the female, which being large, strong, and more daring, will often pounce a chicken in the presence of any person, and this so instantaneously, as to make it impossible to save the helpless victim, It builds indiscriminately in hollow trees, large ruins, and high rocks, very frequently in old crows nests; and lays four or five eggs, of a dusky or bluish white, blotched round the larger end with rust-colour.** Has in former times been used in falconry ; but I should conceive more for amusement than profit. It is a species, we believe, very far spread; found as high as Sondmor, and in the Ferroe Islands; in the south of Russia, but not in Siberia; and throughout the old continent, from the above places to the Cape of Good Hope ; it migrates annually, in respect to Gibraltar, + like many other species, from Africa into Spain, where many stay throughout the year. It probably is no stranger to China, as we have observed a bird among some Chinese drawings so exactly like it, as to appear a mere variety, not differmg more than they do from each other in this climate; it is called there Mawmg, as is the Kestril. It is also mentioned by Azara asa bird of Paraguay. A —Accipiter maculatus, Bris. i. 314. Jd. 8vo. 90. Falco manibus aureis, rostro nigricante, Klein. Av. p. 52. Spotted Sparrow-Hawk, Gen. Syn. i. p. 100. This is brown above, with a few spots of white; beneath much the same, appearing as it were scaly; beneath the wings and tail broad bands of white, and narrow ones of brown, alternate; the tail, bill, cere, and irides, as in common. * Arct. Zool. + White's MS. FALCON. 133 B.—Falco lacteus, Gm. Lin. i. 281. Daud. ii. 81. White Sparrow-Hawk, Gen. Syn. i. p. 100. The plumage of this beautiful variety is wholly of a milk white colour, without the least appearance of any bands or mark- ings. It was shot in Dorsetshire, and im the collection of Gen. Davies, who informed me, that others have been seen there of the same plumage. 57.—MERLIN. Faico Hsalon, Ind. Orn.i. p.49. Gm. Lin. i. 284. Bris. i. 882. _Id. 8yo. 111. Raii, p. 15. Will. p.50, t.3. Klein. Av. p.50. Frisch. t. 89. Ger. Orn. 1. t.16. 18.19? Spalowsk. Voy.t.3. Daud. ii, 137. Bechst, Deuts. ii. p. 328. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 196. Tem. Man.d’Orn. p.38, Id. ed. 2. p. 27: Zwergfalk, Naturf. 8. 5.55, 257. Merlin, Gen. Syn.i. p. 106. Id. Sup. p.29. Br. Zool.i. No. 63. Id. fol. t. A. 12. Id. ed. 1812.1. p. 251. Will. Eng: p.85. Bewick, ii, pl. p. 41. Lewin, 1. pl. 22: Id. Eggs, pl.iii. f. 4. Pult. Dors. p. 3. Wale. Birds, i. pl. 22. Don. Br. Birds, iv. pl. 94. Graves’s Br. Ornith. THIS is a small species; common weight of the male 5 oz. ; length 10 inches; bill bluish lead-colour ; cere pale yellow; irides dark; head ferrugimous; the feathers streaked with bluish-black down the shaft; back, and wings bluish ash-colour, streaked and spotted with ferrugineus ; edges the same; quills nearly black, with reddish oval spots; under wing coverts brown, with round white spots ; tail 5in. long, crossed with from thirteen to fifteen alternate 134 FALCON, a bars of dusky and reddish clay colour,** the end for about an inch black, the very tip white; throat white; breast, belly, legs, and thighs ferruginous, streaked with dusky ; vent pale ferruginous; the wings reach to within 13in. of the end of the tail; legs yellow, claws black. The female weighs 9 oz. is 123 in. long, and 263 in. broad; the whole plumage above brown, tinged with ferruginous; beneath yellowish white, with broad dusky brown streaks; tail crossed with five or six narrew bars of yellowish white, tipped with the same. The Merlin is only a winter resident with us, at least in the warmer parts of England, where it arrives in October, and departs in Spring, at which time the Hobby appears. Yet we are assured by Dr. Heysham, that it breeds in Cumberland, and that he has met with two nests, m each of which were four young, placed on the ground, like that of the Ring-tail; the egg is of a plain cho- colate brown, and 1;inch in length. The Doctor observed, that these birds vary much in colour. The manner of building also differs, a pair of them having once made use of an old crow’s nest near Cowbit, in Lancashire. + Several Merlins said to be shot im lat. 65.+ This bird is met with on the contment of Europe, but, we believe, no where very common, and shifts its quarters in a greater or less degree every where. M. Bechstem observes, that it is rarely seen in Thuringia in the summer, but is sufficiently plentiful in the mountamous parts and forests in autumn and winter; that it builds in high trees, laying five or six whitish eggs, marked with brown spots; is observed now and then im the Caspian desart * The number seems to be quite uncertain; for Mr. Pennant mentions a specimen in which there were only eight; and Col. Montagu’s Merlins had only from five to seven. See Orn. Dict. + Gent. Mag. 1766, p. 24, + Ross’s Voy. p. xlviii. FALCON. 135 and Barabas* M. Daudin says, they frequent that part of France contiguous to Switzerland, bemg met with about Dole and Mont- Jura; and adds, that the male and female are both equal in size. Both this and the Sparrow-hawk have been tramed_ for hawking; and this species, Mr. Pennant observes, was inferior to none in spirit; was used for taking partridges, which it would kill by a single stoke on the neck. A.—Esalon Antillarum, Bris.i. 385. Jd. Svo. ii. Gm. Lin. i. 284. Shaw’s Zool, vii. 98. Caribbee Merlin, Gen. Syn. i. 108: This is very little bigger than a thrush; above rufous spotted with black ; beneath white with longish spots of black, Inhabits the Caribbee Islands, called there Grygry, from its cry—said to prey chiefly on lizards and grasshoppers, now and then on very young chickens. B.—Falco Aucupum, Ind. Orn.i. p.49. y. Gm. Lin. i. 284. Esmerillon des Fauconniers, Buf. i. 288. pl.9. Pl. enl. 468. Falconer’s Merlin, Gen. Syn. i. 109. 93.C. This is said by Buffon to be like the Hobby, but with shorter wings, and more resembling the Stone Falcon, both as to size, length, colour, &c. so as to make it doubtful whether these two may not be varieties; also that both sexes are alike in size. Headds, that it is a very courageous bird, attacking not only larks, but quails and partridges—yet this author quotes Br. Zool. fol. A. 12. for a figure, proving this and Mr. Pennant’s Merlin to be the same. In short, to any one who reads the account in the Hist. des Otis. the whole seems to be confused, arismg probably from individuals varymg in plumage, and not bemg a common bird. * Pallas MS. 136 FALCON. C.—Falco intermixtus, Daud. Orn.ii. 4. Length ten imches; breadth twenty; cere and irides yellow; crown brown; cheeks whitish, streaked with brown; over the eye a white line to the hindhead ; chin white; neck streaked with brown above, and white beneath; ground colour of the body above brown ; feathers of the ramp marked with white, and tipped with grey; breast and belly yellowish white, with longitudinal narrow streaks of brown; beneath the wings and flank, the feathers marked on each side of the shaft with two or three large round white spots; quills brown, banded beneath with whitish ; tail brown, with three or four bars of white, and the tip white ; legs yellow; claws black. This was described from one brought from Carolma, by M. Bosc, and seems not yery materially to differ from our Merlin, 58—STONE FALCON. Faleo Lithofalco, Ind. Orn. i. 47. Gm. Lin. i. 278. Bris.i. 349. Id. 8vo. 101. Raii, 14. Will. 47. Frisch.i. 86. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 182. pl.24. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. 27. Le Rochier, Buf. i. 285. Pl. enl. 447. Stone Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 97. Will. Engl. p. 80. LENGTH about 12 inches; bill blue, with a dusky tip; cere and irides yellow ; top of the head ash-colour; the middle of each feather dusky down the shaft; the rest of the head, neck, and under parts rufous; the feathers margined with yellowish white, FALCON. 137 and a dash of brown down the middle; chin nearly white; thigh feathers long and full, reaching much over the joint: these are pale rufous, with a few dark dashes down the shafts of many of them ; wings, back, and tail dove-colour, the feathers streaked with black ; prime quills rather darker, the outer one shorter than the second, and marked on both webs with white spots, the others only on the inner webs, the ends pale; the tail 5;in. long, the colour of the quills, crossed with four blackish bands, one at the base, two at equal distances about the middle, and lastly a broad one at the end, but the very tip inclines to white; the wings, when closed, reach three-fourths on the tail; legs slender, toes very long, both yellow; claws hooked, black. The above description is probably that of the female, for I observe in another specimen, which did not differ materially m plumage, that the tail had only a single bar near the end, in this differmg from each other, in the manner of the two sexes of the Kestril. Both the above birds were in the collection of the late F. F. Foljambe, Esq. of Grosvenor Place, who obliged me with an accurate drawing by the late, much to be lamented, Mr. S. Edwards. Mr. F. informed me, that one of them was shot in January, at Osberton, in Nottinghamshire, but was uncertain about the other. These birds having yellow irides, make them-to differ from the Merlin; but it must be confessed, that in respect to plumage, they have much resemblance to that bird. VOL. {. a 138 _ FALCON, 59._SIBERIAN FALCON. Falco regulus, Ind. Orn.i. 50. Gm. Lin.i. 285. Pallas. It. ii, 207. Daud. ii. 146, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 207. Siberian Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 113. THIS is a very small species, but has the bill and air of the Kestril. Cere greenish; irides brown; crown hoary brown, with blackish lines; round the neck a ferruginous collar; back hoary lead-colour, the shafts of the feathers brown ; throat, and under parts whitish, marked with numerous, ferruginous brown spots; margm of the wings white, variegated beneath; tail even at the end, hoary lead-colour, with clouded bands below; all the feathers edged with black, and tipped with white; legs deep yellow. Inhabits Siberia; feeds chiefly on larks, and is not common. This, Dr. Pallas observes, is the least of all the Falcons yet known. ** AFRICAN AND ASIATIC. 60.—CROWNED EAGLE. Falco coronatus, Ind. Orn. i. p.4. Lin. Syst.i. 124. Gm. Lin. 1: 253. Daud. ii, 38. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 16. t.16. Aquila Africana cristata, Bris.i. 448. Id. 8vo. 128. Crowned Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. 27. Edw. pl. 224, THIS is one-third less than a large Eagle; not more than two feet in length ; bill and cere ferrugsious; irides orange red; iore part FALCON. 139 of the head, and round the eyes whitish ; plumage above brown, the feathers edged with pale brown; beneath white, spotted with black ; breast rufous, the sides fasciated with black; tail deep grey, crossed with three or four bars of black; legs feathered to the toes, which are bright orange; claws black. Inhabits Africa; not uncommon on the coast of Guinea, from whence one was brought alive to London, where it survived for some time. Barbot, in his History of Guinea, gives a figure of this bird,** and a similar one may be seen among the drawings of Mr. Dent. This is twenty-two inches long. In it the head and neck are yellowish white, inclining to brown behind, with here and there a marking of black on the side of the neck. 61.—OCCIPITAL EAGLE. Falco occipitalis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.iii. Daud. iie p.40. Shaw's Zool. vii. p.59. Le Huppard, Levaill, Ois.i. pl. 2. Nisser Tookoor, Black Eagle, Bruce’s Trav. Ap. t. p. 159? Occipital Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p.17. THIS is more than three feet in length; bill pale blue; plumage in general dusky reddish brown, paler beneath; the middle of the outer webs of the greater quills white, forming a patch on the wing ; base of the tail mixed brown and white, the ends dark brown, and the shape rounded; quills black, nearly as long as the tail; on the hindhead a crest of feathers, six or seven inches long, hanging gracefully behind ; legs covered with short, pale, yellow down, quite to the toes. The female is larger, and the crest smaller, with some markings of white about the eyes and top of the head. * Churchill’s Voyages. T2 140 FALCON, This is found at Guiana, and other parts of South America, and is content to feed on hares, partridges, and smaller game; has a rapid flight, and generally seen in pairs, the two sexes together. It makes the nest on trees, lined with wool and feathers, and lays two pale eggs, spotted with red brown; has a plaintive cry, uttered at intervals. We have had doubts whether to place the Black Eagle of Bruce with this, or the Vulturine Species, or whether to set it down as distinct ; it resembles the last named in colour, but is smaller than either, bemg only 2 ft. 4in. long, and 42 feet in breadth, weighing scarcely five pounds. The feathers of the head elongated into a crest of considerable length, which is said to be carried erect. In this bird, too, the cere is yellow, and reaches from the bill to the eyes, approaching to the Vulture, and forming a link between that and the Eagle. It was met with in 1770, at Dinglebar, among a cloud of Vultures and other birds of prey, following the army in Abyssinia, and was struck down by one of these, by which it fell under My. Bruce’s inspection. It seems, however, rather to coincide with the Occipital species, having, like that, some white on the mner quills. Mr. Bruce’s bird was likewise met with at Tsai, in Abyssmia, by Mr. Salt, who observes, that the drawing is correct, but that in its habits it more resembles.an Hawk than an Eagle, for it perches on the tops of trees, and on being driven from one flies to another.* * Valentia’s Travels, ii. p. 72. FALCON. 141 62.—VULTURINE EAGLE. Falco vulturinus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ii. Daudin, in. p,53. Shaw's Zool, vii. p.58. Le Caffre, Levaill. Ois.i. p.28. pl.6. Id. Vog. Fr. ed. 8vo. p. 255, Gypaéte, Tem. Man. ed. 2d. Anal. p. xlviii. - Vulturine Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 16, THIS equals the Golden Eagle in size, with a strong bill, the base dusky; irides chestnut brown; plumage in general black; the wings, when closed, reach eight inches beyond the tail, the end of which is rounded, the outer feather bemg shorter than the rest, but is usually damaged from rubbing against the rocks, on which it perches; legs covered for three parts of the length, with dirty yellow feathers. It has affinity in its manners with some of the Vulture genus, but the head is wholly covered with feathers. Inhabits Caffraria, but is rare; feeds on dead carcases, and of course greatly offensive; it will also attack sheep, and devour them on the spot, except such a portion as may be necessary for its young, which it brings to them in its claws; in which it differs from the true Vulture, which is said to disgorge the nutriment it supplies to its young. From the peculiar length of wing it rises with difliculty from the ground. The natives call it Stront-Vogel, or Aas-Vogel, dung, or carrion bird. 142 FALCON. 63—MARTIAL EAGLE. Falco bellicosus, Ind. Orn. i. p:9. Daudi. p.38. —-— armiger, Shaw Zool. vii. 57: , Le Griffard, Levail. Ois.i. pl.i. Martial Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 16. SIZE of an eagle—weight from 25 to 30 pounds ; breadth 73 ft. Bill moderately curved and pale; irides bright hazel; plumage brown, the edges of the feathers paler, with a mixture at the nape of the neck ; under parts nearly white ; quills black, reaching three- fourths on the tail, which is even at the end; legs pale, and feathered to the toes. The female is 12in. longer than the male. Inhabits Africa, frequenting the great Namaqua, lat. 28, chiefly inhabited by whites; preys on antelopes, hares, &c. and in its turn is attacked by crows and vultures to deprive it of the prey ; is mostly seen in pairs, and makes a flat nest, of large sticks, on the tops of high trees, and of such compact structure, as to bear the weight of a man to stand firmly upon it; the part lined with dried leaves, moss, and other soft materials, and may serve for many years. This bird will sometimes build the nest upon a rock ; has a sharp cry, to be heard far off. Itis a high flyer, sometimes mounting upwards so as to be nearly out of sight. FALCON. 143 64.—NOISY EAGLE. Falco albescens, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.iv. Daud. ii. 45, Shaw Zool. vil. 93. Aigle blanchard, Levail. Ois.i. pl. ini. Noisy Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.21. THIS is about one-third as large as the Martial Eagle—is more elongated, and smaller than most Eagles. The bill pale; ides and legs yellow ; plumage in general white, soft, and spotted with black brown; the tail barred with black, but the female more mixed with brownish yellow, especially on the wing coverts. The male has the feathers of the hind-head elongated into a crest; the female is also crested, but the feathers shorter, though in bulk that sex exceeds the male by one-third; the tail is rather long, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope,, frequents forests, prefers the largest trees, and has hitherto been only found in the country of the Hottniquas—preys chiefly on the wood. pigeon,** from which. it first tears the feathers; sometimes on a small species of antelope, called by the Hottentots Wometjes. 'The cry consists of several sharp. sounds, ; quickly repeated, somewhat similar to cri-qui-qui-qui-qui, and when perched on a tree, spending whole hours in repeating this, though in a tone of voice seemingly weak in proportion to the size of the bird. The nest is for the most part on high trees, and the eggs the size of those of a turkey, two in number, and white—both sexes sit in turn. * Le Ramier Rameron—Levail. Afr. 6. 67. pl. 264—or spotted ring pigeon. 144 FALCON. 65.—NOBLE EAGLE. THIS bird is 3 ft. m Jength—Bill large, from the nape to the tip 2in. colour yellow brown, with a very trifling notch im the usual place; cere broad, extending to the eyes, and just encircling them ; irides yellow hazel; head rather full of feathers, dark brown, fringed with pale at the ends, the rest of the upper parts much the same; besides which, the coverts have a pale streak down the shafts ; all the under parts from the throat tawny buff-colour, mottled on the throat and breast ; belly, thighs, and vent marked with numerous, roundish, ash-coloured spots, smaller below; the feathers of the thighs cover half the legs, which are yellow ; tail black, of twelve feathers, crossed about an inch and a half from the end, with a bar of white of the same breadth—the end also is white, and all the feathers pomted at the tips. Inhabits India; drawn from the life and size from a bird in the possession of Mr. Place; the description taken from the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, made at Cawnpore. It would seem that this bird was used in Falconry, as it had leathers on the legs with a cord attached, and sitting on a perch— though it was probably so drawn, from being confined thus, and kept tame. We have observed a specimen of this bird, in which there were spots, instead of a pale streak down the shafts of the wing coverts. FALCON. 145 . 66.—CHEELA EAGLE. Faleo Cheela, Ind. Orn.i. p.14. Daud.ii. p. 44: Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 69. Cheela Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.33. LENGTH two feet or more, and stout in bulk; bill blue at the base, with a black tip; irides pale yellow; plumage deep brown ; before the eyes marked with white; head feathers somewhat elongated; wing coverts spotted with white; quills dark; tail the same, crossed with a bar of white, 12 in. in breadth; thighs and belly paler than the upper parts, the first spotted with white; legs pale yellow, scaly; claws black. This is not uncommon in India, and called Cheela. In a drawing of one of these, I observe the wing coverts without spots ; cere and irides yellow; plumage deep brown, paler beneath; the feathers of the hindhead and neck lengthened into a sort of tuft, fringed at the end with white; breast, belly, thighs, and vent, marked with roundish spots, each surrounded, or slightly margined with black ; tail short, crossed in the middle with a broad cream-coloured bar, and with paler coloured spots on the margin. These are pre- bably allied to the Noble Eagle. VoL. I. U 146 FALCON, 67.—MARITIME EAGLE. Falco maritimus, Ind. Orn.i. p.20. Gm. Lin. i. 260. Daud. ii. 60. Lichtend. Mag. iv. 2. p. 6. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 157. Maritime Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. p. 23. LENGTH. uncertain; height, standing, 1ft. 5m. Bill and cere yellow ; the body and end of the tail white; thighs whitish and pale red mixed; the colours of the rest of the plumage not mentioned, Inhabits the borders of the sea in the Island of Java, and feeds on fish and carrion. 68.—FIERCE EAGLE. Falco ferox, Ind. Orn. i. p. 13. Gm. Lin. 1. 260. Daud. ii. p. 50. Falco astracanus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 85. Accipiter ferox, WN. C. Petr. xv. 422, t. 10. Gmelin. Fierce Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. p. 33. THIS is nearly the size of the Golden Eagle. Bill lead-colour, cere green; irides yellow; eyelids and pupils blue; over the eyes hairs like eyebrows: plumage above ferruginous brown, with a mixture of white on the crown and hindhead ; fore part of the neck ferruginous, varied in the same manner with white ; breast and belly white, spotted with chestnut; quills black, within brown and white, beneath white, towards the ends grey ; wing coverts paler than the FALCON. 147 body, spotted with ferruginous forwards, and white behind ; tail brown; the feathers on the posterior side white, fasciated with four deep brown bands; rump whitish ; legs white, thick, and rough ; claws crooked. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Astrachan, is remarkably fierce and yoracious, and will sometimes prey on dead animals as well as living ones. 69.—PONDICHERRY EAGLE. Falco ponticerianus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 23. Gm. Lin. i. 265, Bris. i. 450, t. 35. Id. 8vo. 129. Daud.i. p.55. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 91. Aigle de Pondicherry, Buf. i. 136. Pl. enl. 416. Aigle Malabarre, Ess. Philos. p. 55. } Pondicherry Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p. 41. Id. Sup. p.12: Id. Sup.2. p. 32. Nat. Mase. 389. LENGTH. 19 in.—breadth 32 ft.—size of the Jerfalcen. Bill pale green, with a tinge of blue,. tip yellow ; cere bluish ; irides pale brown; colour of the body chestnut, shafts of the feathers blackish ; head, neck, and breast white, with a line of brown down the middle of each feather *—the end half of the first six quills black ; tail 71in. long, the six middle feathers pale fulvous at the tips, the three others, on each side, with narrow blackish bands on the inner webs; legs yellow, claws black. Some specimens have darker tail feathers, plain, without any perceptible bands, bemg merely dusky on the outer margins. * That figured in the Nat. Mise. has no brown lines down the shafts, U 2 148 FALCON. Inhabits the East Indies, chiefly about Pondicherry. It is esteemed a sacred bird on the coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, and called by some the Malabar Eagle, and having the manners of the kite, has obtained the names of Bramany-Kite, in compliance with the respect paid to it by the Brainms of India. The natives of Hin- dustan call it Tchil—and at Bengal, Sunk-Tchil, also Kueronden— besides which, I find other names given to it in India, viz. Khem- Calyani and Cshamancari*—said to remain at Bengal the whole year, living on fish, frogs, snakes, &c. Itis less wild than many of the genus, but never so bold as to pick up filth in the streets. Builds both in the villages and forests, and lays two or three eggs in March or April—the young fly in June. We learn, that it is no where more frequent in India than at a noted grove, called Pop-Tope, a few miles distant from St. Thomas. f¢ In the temples of the God Vishnow, in front of his image, and sometimes sitting on a serpent with several heads, is a figure of the bird called Garroora. This is a large brown kite, with a white head, and probably meant to represent this Eagle. It is said that the Bramins, at some of the temples of this God, accustom birds of this kind to come at stated times to be fed, calling them to their meals by striking a brass plate. + One of these, among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, had the names of Keu-Keraan, (bird catchers name) Cheym-Kullee, also Rutey-Cheel. The word Cheel seems to have a common meaning, perhaps that of Hawk ? Dr. Horsfield met with this bird in Jaya, where it is called Ulung. § * Sir J. Anstruther’s drawings—one in Lord Valentia’s drawings called Cullcarii. + Ten miles distant from Madras, Penn. View of Hindoost.ii. p. 90. ~ Sketches of the Hindoos, Svo. 1790. p. 15d. § Lin. Trans. y. xii. p. 136. FALCON, 149 70.—BIDO EAGLE. Falco Bido, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 137. Horsfield. LENGTH from 24 to 26in.—Bill strait at the base, otherwise greatly bent; cere broad; nostrils oblong, placed obliquely.— Plumage in general brown; crown of the head black, at the back part the feathers white at the base; quills black, the first very short, the third and fifth equal in length, but the fourth the longest—all of them banded with white on the inner webs; tail longish, rounded, black, crossed with a broad white band ; under wing coverts, belly, vent, and thighs, spotted with white; legs longish; thighs squam- mose, at the base downy; claws rather long; middle and hind toe stout, equal in Jength, the outer one very short; the wings shorter than the tail. Inhabits Java, and called Bido. 71.—BROWN-BACKED EAGLE.. SIZE of an Eagle.—Bill short and blue; cere livid ; between that and the eye covered with cinereous hairy feathers ; head and neck ferruginous, or reddish clay-colour ; forehead and chin chocolate brown; the rest of the plumage, from chin to vent, back, and wing coverts, fine chocolate brown; on the scapulars a mixture of white in patches; quills much darker than the rest; thighs and legs covered 150 FALCON. to the toes with feathers; vent rufous white; tail very little longer than the wings, pale grey, crossed with five or six narrow dusky bars, chiefly on the outer webs, but in the two middle feathers on both webs, the end for one inch black. Inhabits India—Sir J. Anstruther. A.—In this the bill is blue, with a blackish tip; crown and hindhead bay; forehead, chin, back, wings, belly and legs choco- late brown; on the scapulars a mixture of white; tail greyish, crossed with blackish bands, that near the end broadest ; tips of the feathers pale; legs feathered te the toes, which are yellow ; claws black. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Calcutta, and there called Frooss, but is not common—Dr. Buchanan. One among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke (probably this) was 2ft. Sor9in. Hill pale blue, tip black; cere large and pale; top of the head, neck behind, and sides, dusky brownish white; chin, throat, and all the under parts, also the back and wings, deep chocolate brown, a little mottled; on the begining of the back, a patch of white; vent cinereous; tail dirty ash-colour, with five or more irregular dusky bars, and the ends of the feathers, for 13 in. or more, dark or dusky; thighs covered with feathers reaching below the knees, the rest downy to the toes, which are strong and yellow; claws black. The wings reach to three-fourths of the tail. Inhabits India.—Described from one taken at Futtehguhr, Jan. 796. The name given to the male, Raaj—the female, Oakaab. Another of these, called the male Oakaab, is of the same size- Head, neck, breast, and under parts, brown, with long streaks of dusky, pale yellow, those on the head and throat, much smaller, more numerous, and narrower; back brown, most of the feathers FALCON. g 151 with pale ends, appearing as spots, forming a regular series at the ends of the greater coverts, and second quills ; the greater and outer edge of the wing black ; thighs and vent plain buff-colour, the feathers reaching beyond the jomt-—~the rest of the legs downy ; legs yellow; under parts of the tail pale brownish. The nest is large, made of sticks, and lined with soft grass ; the young, two in number. Those found in a nest at Futtehguhr, were covered only with white down, and quite to the toes—Bill black; cere pale; lore pale blue ; toes flesh-colour. In the same drawings is one nearly similar,—2 ft. 8 or 9 in.— general colour brown, the feathers with paler margins ; place of the bastard wing white; greater coverts and second quills dusky, with pale flesh-coloured ends; great quills black; vent and tail coverts white; tail black ; tip pale or white ; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail; legs feathered to the toes, with brown feathers ; bill deep blue black; cere, nape, and legs, yellow. 72.—KUMPA-MAUR EAGLE. LENGTH 22 in.; breadth 2 ft. 5in. Bill black and stout, but with scarcely any appearance of a notch or process in the upper mandible ; cere cinereous; head dirty white, the feathers pointed, stiff, with black shafts; upper parts of the body, and wings, dark brown ; breast ferruginous; tail white, rather short, the tips and edges of the feathers inclining to ash-colour ; quills dusky, and the wings, when closed, reach to the end of the tail; legs stout, pale yellow, and the feathers of the thighs long, extending a considerable way on the shins; claws black. Inhabits India, called Kkumpa-Maur.—Dr. Buchanan. 152 FALCON. 73.—KOORUL EAGLE. THIS bird is 2 ft. 10 in. Jong—from the head to the sole of the foot, 1 ft. 7in. and to the end of the bill 3in. Bill blue; cere pale; lore the same; plumage in general brown, the feathers margined with rufous ; the wing coverts darker; from the nape a broad patch of black, passing beneath the eye almost to the hindhead ; chin rufous white; quills and tail black, the last short; some of the larger coverts and second quills mixed with white; legs rough, deep yellow ; feathered below the knee ; claws black. In a second of these the feathers were wholly brown, without rufous margins; the patch on the sides of the head dusky, not quite black; chin pale, but not white; belly and vent brownish white ; quills and tail dark brown. Inhabits India by the name of Koorul—A fine drawing of the above was, among others, in Sir J. Anstruther’s possession, and is probably not yet described—has much the appearance of the Black- Cheeked Eagle. 74.—JERWIED EAGLE. THIS isa large species. Bill and claws black; cere and toes yellow; general colour of the plumage dusky black; beneath darker; some of the wing coverts marked with white at the tips; quills and tail dark, and all but the two middle feathers marked with nine or ten paler coloured spots on the outer margins; thighs and legs feathered to the toes, the margins of all the feathers paler. Inhabits India, and there called Jerwied. FALCON, 153 79.—CAWNPORE EAGLE. LENGTH 27 or 28 inches; bill large, strong, black, at the base pale blue; cere yellow; irides brown; general colour of the plumage wholly deep chocolate brown; quills and tail darker, both plain without any markings; the wing coverts each marked with a pale spot at the tips; the ends of the greater coverts pale, and a few solitary pale spots on the thighs; legs covered with down to the toes, which are pale yellow; claws black. Inhabits India; frequents Cawnpore, met with there in Ja- nuary. One similar, the same m size, had the bill, cere, and irides as in the other; the general colour of the plumage paler brown, but the under parts, from the breast, mcline to ash-colour; the nape, and neck behind, as also on the sides of the neck and breast, marked with spots of white; the second wing coverts darker than the lesser, margined with pale brown; quills and tail dark, or dusky black, the last without any markings; the quills reach to within an inch and a half of the end of the tail; legs yellow.—Met with at Cawnpore, in November. In a third, the size, bill, irides, and legs correspond with the two former—general plumage fine pale tawny ash; feathers of the head and neck somewhat narrow and pointed; on each of the wing coverts a black line down the shaft; greater wing coverts dusky, with tawny ends: quills and tail very dark, or dusky black ; the upper tail coverts, vent, and under parts somewhat paler than above. Found at Cawnpore in May; from a comparison of the above three birds with each other, they seem to be allied; and, it is pro- bable, that the first described is the adult. VOL. I. ».¢ 154 FALCON. 76.—CHINESE EAGLE.—PL. VIII. Falco sinensis, Jud. Orn. i. 18. Gm. Lin. i. 264. Daud. ii. 51. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 88: Chinese Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. 35. pl. 3. THIS is of a large size; bill hooked, black; cere yellow; irides brown ; plumage in general reddish brown; top of the head dusky, the feathers darker on the edges; across the middle of the wing a dark brown broad bar; quills of the same colour; base, middle, and end of the tail dark brown; all the under parts of the body yellowish bufi-colour, from chin to vent; legs stout, yellow ; claws black. Inhabits China. I owe the description and drawing of this bird to my late friend, Thomas Pennant, Esq. who origmally had it from Taylor White, Esq. I have also observed a bird, which probably varies only in age or sex, ma collection of drawings exhibited for sale, many years since, in King-street, Covent-Garden. This was crested; the crest composed of ash-coloured and black feathers intermixed; bill black; irides pale yellow ; sides of the head, round the eye, ash- colour; back and wings deep chocolate brown, the feathers edged with yellow; wings and tail as in the other bird; as also the under parts, but the breast and belly somewhat blotched with dusky, or dark brown; edge of the wing ferrugmous and black mixed. The last was drawn of the natural size, which was that of an eagle, but whence the original came, not mentioned. Pl. VIL. Chu Gee Cagle 2 FALCON, 155 77.—BAUJ EAGLE. SIZE uncertain; bill black; cere dusky; irides dark; head, neck, and under parts white, streaked with fine lines of brown on the top of the head, and sides of the wings; upper parts of the plumage brown, the feathers margmed with paler brown; quills dusky black, and reach half way on the tail, which is crossed with seven narrow dusky bars, one of them near the end; legs covered with white down as far as the toes, which are yellow; claws black, but not very hooked. Inhabits India, and called Bauj or Bauze,* at Bengal ; but at Hindustan known by the name of Sundul.—Dr. Buchanan. 78.—ASIATIC EAGLE. Falco asiaticus, Ind. Orn. i. 14. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 168. Asiatic Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 31. LENGTH 21 inches; and, at first appearance, not unlike the Buzzard; bill bluish ; breast cream-colour , dashed down the shafts of the feathers with dusky black ; belly, thighs, and vent white; quills grey, barred dusky and black on the secondaries; bastard * The Goshawk is also known by this name: xX 2 156 FALCON. wing and greater coverts the same; tail 91 in. long, rounded at the end, colour pale silvery grey ; on the outer feathers five or six irre- gular dusky bars, or blotches, down the shafts, but indistinct, the others plain; upper coverts white; legs yellow, feathered before below the joint. Inhabits China.—Sir J oseph Banks. 72.—FISHING FALCON. Falco Piscator, Ind. Orn. i. 43. Gm. Lin.i. 279. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 158. Le Tanas, Faucon-pécheur, Buf. i. 275, Pl. enl. 478. Damp. Voy. iii. 318. Fishing Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 95. LENGTH 20 inches; bill 14in. stout, yellow, swelling at the base, but without a cere; m shape like that of other Falcons, but less curved, except at the point; and scarcely notched, except just at the end; nostrils a slit near the base; at the back of the head a conspicuous full crest, composed of feathers, some 2 in. in length ; colour of the head, crest, neck, and breast ferruginous brown; crest feathers narrow, with pale edges; wing coverts brownish dove-colour, with dark shafts, giving the appearance of streaks; quills bluish brown, the first not half the length of the others, the fourth longest; all of them marked within, mostly from the base, largely with white; back paler brown, with dark streaks down the shafts ; beneath from the breast dirty white, streaked with brown; thighs and under wing coverts the same; tail long, of ten feathers, rather rounded, 93 in. in length ; two middle ones brown with dark ends, the others dusky black ; the thigh feathers hang a little below the joimt be‘ore—legs deep brown, moderately stout ; claws hooked. FALCON. 157 One of these in the collection of Lord Stanley furnished the above description, and seems to be the same bird with that formerly described as the African Pheasant**—the want of cere, it is true, gives less alliance to the Faleon Genus, but the shape of the bill is that of the Falcon; nor has it any bareness about the sides of the head to rank it with the pheasant, added to having only ten tail feathers ; whereas, the tail in the last genus is composed of a much greater number.—As to the figure in pl. enl. the colours are just, but the tail is not half of the proper length, nor is the crest at all expressed, and may mean to represent a different bird. Inhabits Senegal—and is probably that known by the name of Tanas; it differs somewhat from most of the Falcon tribe, as it feeds more often on fish than other prey, taking them out of the water in the manner of the Osprey. It is said not to swallow the fish whole, but retiring to a convenient place, to eat it peice-meal. 80.—BENGAL OSPREY. SIZE of the common Osprey. Bill black; cere blue; irides yellow, head full of feathers, which may be erected at will; these are whitish, streaked with brown; through the eye, to below the the nape, a broad, brown fillet; neck behind, back, wings, and tail, deep brown, the last marked on the outer webs of the feathers with obscure paler spots; all beneath from chin to vent white, with a bar of brown spots on the breast; quills black, and when closed reach * Gen. Syn. Sup. p: 120. 158 FALCON. somewhat beyond the tail ; legs pale blue; claws black, large, and hooked. Inhabits India; called at Hindustan, Mutch-Moonggur, by the Bengalese, Bullah—found also in the provinee of Oude, and there called Mudroch. 81.—PISCIVOROUS EAGLE. Falco vocifer, Ind. Orn, Sup. p. vi. Levail. Ois. i. pl. 4. Daud. ii. p. 64. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 94. Aigle nonette, Gaby Voy. en Nigritie. Piscivorous Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. p. 33. SIZE and make of the Osprey; extent of wings 8 ft.; bill lead- colour; below that and the eye naked and yellow, except a few hairs; irides red brown ; head, neck, breast, and scapulars, white, edged with brown; on the breast a few black brown spots; tail white ; the rest of the plumage rusty brown, streaked with dingy black, inclining to ferrugmous on the coverts; quills black, with lines of rufous and black crossmg the outer webs; lower parts of the back and rump mixed black and dirty white; lower belly and thighs deep rufous; legs naked and yellow ; the wigs when closed, reach to the end of the tail. The female is more dull in colour. Inhabits the more inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope; most common about Lagoa Bay; called at the Cape, Groote Vis- vanger or Witte Vis-vanger, as it feeds on fish, descending upon them in the manner of the Osprey; said also to feed on young antelopes, as well as the great lizards; common in the African rivers ; the male FALCON. 159 and female are rarely seen apart; they build on the top of trees, or on rocks, and lay two or three white eggs. By some called the Cry- ing Eagle, as it flies high and cries loudly, to be heard far off; is very difficult to be shot, as it is a shy bird, It seems allied both to the Pondicherry Eagle, and the Osprey. 82.—_BLAGRE EAGLE. Falco Blagrus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.viie Daud. ii. p.70. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 96. Le Blagre, Levaill. Ois. i. pl. 5. Blagre Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. p, 34. SIZE and habit of the Osprey; bill brownish; irides deep brown; head, neck, and parts beneath, glossy white; but the top of the head, and hind part of the neck incline to brown; lesser wing coverts and tail pale grey brown, and the end of the last white ; greater quills dusky black; second quills like the rest of the wing ; the feathers for the most part very rigid; legs yellow. This bird inhabits the internal parts of the Cape of Good Hope. but is only seen on the borders of rivers, which it frequents for the sake of fish, taking them in the manner of the Osprey, by plunging into the water ; its sight seems to be very piercing, at it will very frequently descend at once from a height in the air, where it is searcely visible, into the water, after its prey. 160 FALCON, 83.—MARINE EAGLE. Falco Ichthyetus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 136, Horsfield. LENGTH 2ft. 4in.; bill long, hooked, in shape not unlike that of the Osprey; nostrils large; cere with a few hairs on the sides; plumage in general brownish; quills deep brown ; head grey; chin whitish; neck brownish grey; breast and belly pale ferruginous brown ; lower part of the latter, the vent, and thighs white ; tail dusky at the tip. Inhabits Java, called Jokowuru. 84.—NEW ZEALAND EAGLE.—PL. IX. Falco Nove Zealandiw, Ind. Orn. i. 28. Gm. Lin. i. 268. Daud.ii. 104. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 159. New Zealand Falcon, Gen. Syn.i; p.57. pl. 4. Female ? LENGTH 17 or 18 inches; bill one m. much emarginated, dark blue or black; cere yellow; irides blue; in each nostril a lobe or division; crown and cheeks brown; the upper parts of the body the same, with whitish bands towards the rump, mixed with ferru- ginous; quills dusky black, spotted on the mner web of the outer, and on both webs of the mner ones with white; under parts of the body dirty reddish white, dashed down the middle of each feather with dusky black; belly and vent ferruginous; the shafts of the TEX VU POCMAINE CLCOPL- FALCON. 161 feathers black; tail rufous brown, marked on each side of the shafts with oblique bars of white, five or six at least, but none of them touching the shaft; the end, for near an inch, plain rnfous brown ; legs yellow. The female is 23m. in length; bill, cere, and irides the same ; the plumage on the upper parts deep brown, with a few transverse pale markings; beneath dusky white, with broad dashes of brown ; sides of the belly, and thighs inclinmg to ferrugmous, dashed with brown; vent pale yellow, with the same brown markings; tail fasciated transversely with white, but the markings less conspicuous. The young bird differs, having a few longitudinal pale streaks on the neck; the body plain brown, or very little marked ; and the tail without bars, though the end is very pale, approaching to white. Inhabits New Zealand; found in Queen Charlotte’s Bay; has the appearance of a Vulture about the head and neck, and the feathers of the latter loose and waving, nor is the bird, when adult, so well clothed about the eyes, as the Falcons in general. How- ever, Dr. Forster assured me, that the manners are entirely those of the Falcon, and was of opinion, that the one figured in the Synopsis was a young, and incomplete bird. Two of the above were brought from New Zealand, by Captain Clark, in 1775. 85.—MADAGASCAR FALCON. Falco Madagascariensis, Daud.ii. 75. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 169. Autour a ventre rayé de Madagascar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. pl. 103. Madagascar Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 32. SIZE of a Pheasant. Bill black, curved from the base; orbits naked, yellow, with a bare skin reaching from thence to the hind VOL. I. Y 162 FALCON. head; irides yellow ; crown, neck, back, and wing coverts, pale cinereous grey ; larger coverts marked near the tips with black; quills white, barred within half way from the base with dusky black, the end half black; beneath the wings striated white.and black ; breast, belly and rump, white, marked with curved white bands ; tail black, crossed about the middle with a white band, dotted with black ; legs yellow. Inhabits Madagascar, called, by the French, Aigle-rayé—from the bareness about the head, and the claws not being greatly hooked, it might incline one to think it belonged to the Vultures. 86.—ORTENTAL FALCON. Falco orientalis, DInd. Orn. i. 22. Gm. Lin. i. 264. Daud, ii. 76. Oriental Hawk, Gen. Syn.i p. 34. *c. LENGTH 17im. Bill large, hooked, black; base beneath yellow ; plumage above dark brown, most so on the head; over the eye a streak of ferruginous ; thighs and yent banded with brown ; quills dark brown; on the immer webs oval spots of white, placed transversely, and an obscure dusky one of white on all but the three first; tail Sin. long, the feathers marked with obscure dirty white spots, from the base to within half an inch of the end, which 1s dusky ; legs pale lead-colour. The above flew on board a ship near the coast of Japan. FALCON. 163 87.—_JAVAN HAWK. Faleo Javanicus, Ind. Orn. 1 23. Gm. Lin. 1. 264, Daud.i. 76. Javan Hawk, Gen. Syn. 1. 34. *d. LENGTH 17in. Bill yellow, with a black tip; cere yellow ; irides pale; forehead white; body above reddish brown; wing coverts mcline to red, with darker shafts; under wing coverts dirty reddish white, undulated with ferruginous; quills dark brown, within deep ferruginous, transversely barred with black, end nearly black; nape blotched with white, asin the Sparrow-hawk ; tail coverts tipped with white ; throat and breast lke the upper parts, but paler; belly ferrugmous brown, barred with white; thighs the same, but paler; vent white ; tail brown, even, with five bands of black ; the wings reach to near the end; legs yellow, stout ; inner claw largest. Tnhabits various parts of India, and probably in LENE one having flown on a ship off that Island. 88.—TESTACEOUS FALCON. Falco testaceus, Ind. Orn. Sup: p. vii: Daud. ii. 125. Testaceous Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup.2. p. 56. SIZE of a Goshawk; length 21m. Bill bluish ; cere, irides, and legs, yellow ; head, and all above, testaceous brown; shafts of the feathers black; throat and under parts white, tinged with Y2 164 FALCON. testaceous on the breast, and from thence to the vent with reddish brown ; vent white; quills dusky, spotted white within ; tail crossed with five indistinct dusky bands ; beneath pale. Inhabits the Isle of Java, first seen perched on a rock, seizing small birds, which passed within reach, and was by chance killed with a stone. A.—Falco Javanicus, Ind. Orn.i. 27. Gm. Lin. i. 267. Wurmb. apud Licht. Mag. iv. 2.8. Daud. ii. 171. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 172. Javan Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. p. 36. The cere of this bird is black, marked with yellow in the middle; head, neck, and breast, chestnut; back brown; legs yellow. Inhabits Java, said to feed on fish—probably a variety, if not the same as the last described. The three last seem to be allied. 89.— LAKE FALCON. Falco limnzetus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 138. Horsfield. SIZE uncertain; bill strongly curved, compressed ; edges of the mandibles incurvated, the end of the lower obliquely truncated ; cere small, nostrils oval, transverse; plumage in general brown; tail beneath whitish ash; the first quill short, second and third gradually longer, fourth and fifth equal in length, the rest shortenmg by degrees; legs rather long, shins wholly covered with feathers; claws small, all of them nearly equal in size. Chy ; ee _ FAECON. 165 Inhabits Java; called Wuru-rawa; supposed to be very rare, as it has been found but once at the extensive lakes, formed during the rainy season, in the southern parts of the Island, where it feeds on fishes—never met with along the extensive northern sea coast. 90.—COHY FALCON.—PL. X. LENGTH 133in.; bill and cere livid; near the end of the upper mandible two tooth-like processes; head, neck, and inter- scapulary region black; at the nape a fine crest of linear feathers, about two inches long, growing broader at the ends, which stand up, and the points incline forward ; the scapulars are white at the base, afterwards fine chestnut brewn, and terminated with black ; the fore part of the breast, and hind part of the back are white, that of the belly the same, with a broad rafous, or chestnut brown band ; sides and fore part of the belly barred with the same; thighs, rump, and upper tail coverts black ; wimg coverts black, with a greenish tinge, but a few next the scapulars resemble them in colour; prime quills black, on the inner webs greenish; second quills the same, but on the upper side of the outer vane chestnut brown ; the tertials black above, dusky below, brown on the upper side of the outer vane, near the base, and white towards the pemt; tail rounded, five inehes long, greenish black, and the wings, when closed, reach to within half an inch of the end of it; legs scaly, of an obscure greenish-colour ; claws black. TInhabits India. A specimen of the above was caught at Barrackpore, and by most persons thought to be new, but the 166 FALCON, Keepers of the Aviary say, that three or four were received from a Hall Chief, a few years sce, and that they were called Jucca- Siccara. The servants of the Nepal Vakeel thought that it is found in their country, and called Roylow ; but a Nepalese servant of Dr. Buchanan observed, that it is less than the Roylow, and that both the Parbutties and Nawars call it Cohy, It is a most beautiful species, and the Ornithologist will feel himself mdebted to the Doctor, not only for this, but many new Indian species, in other genera, hereafter to be mentioned. 91.—CRESTED INDIAN FALCON. Falco cirrhatus, Ind. Orn.i. 36. Bris.i. 360. Id. 8vo.104. Rati, p. 14. Will. p. 48, Gm. Lin.i. 274. Daud.ii. 113. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 147. Faucon huppé des Indes, Buf.i. 271. Crested Indian Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 80. Id. Sup. p.20. Will. Engl. p. 82. ALMOST the size of a Goshawk ; bill blue; cere luteous ; irides yellow ; plumage above black; top of the head flat, with a forked crest, hanging downwards; under part of the body striated black and white; neck fulvous; tail banded black and ash-colour; legs feathered to the toes, luteous; claws black. Inhabits the East Indies ; it varies in having a black bar across the breast, and another on the wing coverts. FALCON. 167 A.—Le Faucon huppé, Levaill. Ois. pl. 28. Daud. ii. p. 118. Shaw's Zool. vi. p. 149. pl. 21. Crested Indian Falcon, Gen. Syn, Sup. il. 25. The male is said not much to exceed a common pigeon in size, and the female one-fourth larger. The bill pale, end dusky; the under mandible singularly notched, and cut off square at the end ; plumage slate-colour ; the elongated nape feathers brown; hind part of the neck the same, with a long patch of brown over each jaw, in the manner of the Peregrme Falcon; the under part of the body dirty white, transversely marked with black streaks on the belly and thighs; quills brown, reachmg beyond the middle of the tail, which is crossed with seven or eight brown bars. Inhabits the lakes and borders of the sea in India, and the rivers abounding in fish, feeding on them, as well as crabs and shell fish, which it easily breaks with the bill; will attack gulls, terns, and even the Albatross, all of which give way to this bird. It makes the nest among the rocks, near the sea, for the most part, though sometimes on trees, near the rivers, and lays four rufous white eggs—male and female sit in turn; the young brood often remains with the parents, till nature prompts them to pair, and thus continue their race. 168 FALCON, 92.—CEYLONESE CRESTED FALCON. Falco Ceylanensis, Ind. Orn. 1. 36. Gm. Lin. i. 275. Daud. ii. 113. Shaw's Zool. vii. 149. pl. 21. Ceylonese Crested Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 82. SIZE uncertain; bill dusky; cere yellow; plumage wholly as white as milk; on the head two feathers hangmg behind, like a pendent crest. Inhabits Ceylon—Mr. Pennant; probably a variety of the last described. Wolf mentions a White Hawk, which is, according to the people of Malabar, a bird of augury, for if one is seen flymg over their heads in a morning, they will not undertake a journey, or 4 any business of moment on that day.* 93.—CHICQUERA FALCON. Falco cirrhatus, Ind. Orn. i. 36. var.? Shaw’s Zool. vii. 176 Le Chicquera, Levail. Ois.i. p. 30. Chicquera Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. p. 27. THE bill of this bird is not unlike that of the crested Falcon ; the upper mandible has a double notch, and the under truncated ; * A circumstance, similar to this, is mentioned under the head of the Lanner of Abys- sinia.—Penn. Hindoost. i. 204. FALCON. 169 irides yellow; top of the head, and hind part of the neck rufous, with a tinge of the same about the base of the bill, and bend of the wing; but the upper parts of the body and wings, in general are blue grey, mottled with darker spots ; tail crossed near the end with a broad dusky black band ; the tips of all the feathers pale, nearly white—under parts of the body white, crossed on the breast, belly, thighs, and vent with small dusky streaks; the wings reach two- thirds on the tail, which is rounded at the end ; legs yellow. Inhabits Bengal, and called Chiquera—It is probably a variety of the crested Indian species, 94.—NASAL FALCON. BILL dusky blue, pale at the base, where it is rather gibbous ; head, neck, and beneath, ferruginous, streaked on the two first with black ; sides under the eyes brownish clay-colour ; back and wing coverts deep brown ; outer part of the wings and quills black, the last pale beneath, the shafts white; tail rounded, reddish brown; belly, thighs, and vent, pale ferruginous; quills and tail even in length ; legs stout and yellow; claws black. Inhabits India—Sir J. Anstruther. It has much the appearance of an Eagle, but the size of the bird is not mentioned. VOL. I. Z 170 FALCON. 95.—JAPONESE FALCON. Falco Japonicus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 13: Gm. Lin. i. 257. Daud. ii. p. 50. Japonese Hawk, Gen. Syn. i. p. 33.% 7. b. LENGTH 23in. Bill small, blue, with a black tip; beneath the lower mandible yellowish ; cere dusky; forehead buff-colour ; head and body above brown, each feather tipped with ferruginous ; across the hindhead a mixture of pale cream colour, and beneath this much blotched with the same; cheeks palish, streaked with brown ; from the chin springsa crescent of black, placed much like that in the Hobby ; chin white, with fine lines of black ; fore part of the neck and breast brown, each feather margined with yellowish white ; belly the same, but darker; quills dark, marked within with transverse oval ferruginous spots ; all, but the four or five outer ones, tipped with the same; the wings, when closed, reach rather beyond the middle of the tail, which is eight mehes long, deep brown, all the feathers spotted on both webs with ferruginous, except the ex- terior ones, which are plain on the outer webs; legs yellow, claws large, hooked, and black. A specimen of this bird flew on board a ship, off the coast of Japan. FALCON. 171 96.—SHORT-TAILED FALCON. Falco écaudatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ive Daud:ii. p.54. Shaw's Zool, vii. 98. Le Batteleur, Levail. Ois.1. p.31. pl.7. 8. Short-tailed Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.21. - SIZE between the Eagle and Osprey; bill and legs dusky ; base of the first yellowish ; cere large ; irides deep brown ; head, neck, and all beneath, deep black; back and tail deep rufous ; scapulars dusky, varying to blue grey ; lesser coverts Isabella colour ; quills silvery grey, within dusky; the tail characteristically short, and half hidden by its coverts; the male is not complete in plumage till the third year’s moult. In young birds the general colour is brown, palest on the head and neck; the edges of the feathers light coloured, and are in this state so unlike the old ones, that were it not for the short tail; they might be mistaken for different species. The female is one-fourth bigger than the male, but does not otherwise greatly differ--the young birds, while incomplete in plumage, most resemble the females. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; most common about Queer Boom, near Lagoa Bay, and very common in all the country of Hottniqua and Natal, quite to Caffraria—the male and female always seen as company, rarely in troops, except many pairs are invited to the same repast, for they feed on all sorts of carrion, and will attack young antelopes; they also lurk about inhabited places, for the sake of preying on any sick sheep. The name given it by M. Levaillant, arose from its flapping the wings in a singular manner, whilst in the air, so as to be heard at a great distance. It is known also to the inhabitants by the name of Berg-Hhaan (Mountain Cock). Z2 172 FALCON. 97.—BACHA EAGLE. Falco Bacha, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.iv. Daud.ii. p.43. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 157. pl. 22. Le Bacha, Levail. Ois.i. pl. 15. Bacha Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 22. SIZE of the common Buzzard, but longer; bill lead-colour ; cere yellow; plumage im general dirty brown; wings and tail darker; crown of the head black, the back of it crested with fea- thers, half black, half white, the ends bemg black, and, at times, the bird spreads them horizontally like a tail; at the bend of the wing and beneath, the feathers are marked with roundish white spots; tail dusky, crossed in the middle with a rufous white band, the tip white; legs the colour of yellow oker. The female larger than the male. It is a solitary species, except in the breeding season, and frequents only the barren and sultry parts of the Cape of Good Hope. In December, after rearmg two or three young, returns to a solitary life; builds among the rocks, making the nest of moss and leaves, ill put together, and is a shy and fierce species. Found in the country of the Grand Namaqua, and from thence to the Tropic of Capricorn. Preys chiefly on the Klipdas, or Cape Cavy,* but obliged sometimes to be content with lizards, &c.; is observed to watch the Cavy for three hours together, with the head between the shoulders, immoveable, and springing suddenly on the unsuspecting victim, devours it with great apparent ferocity: when it misses its prey, utters a kind of lamentation, like the words Houi-h-hi repeated, and directly changes place to watch as before, but by this fruitless attempt, added to its plaimtive cry, the Cavies take alarm, and hide themselves, not to appear again for some hours. * Hyrax capensis, Gm. Lin.i. 166. FALCON. i 173 Among the drawings of Mr. Dent I observe a slight variety ; in this, the feathers of the crown are full, loose, and black; under parts of the body dull ferruginous, with roundish white spots; quills barred two or three times with white within ; the band across the tail, and the tip pure white. 98.—LONG-LEGGED FALCON. Falco Acoli, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ix. Daud.ii. 176, Levail. Ois. i. 126. pl. 33. Shaw's Zool. vii. 172. Long-legged Hen-Harrier, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 42. THIS in size and colour resembles the Hen-Harrier, but stands higher on its legs; the bill is bluish; cere red; inides yellow ; the under parts, from the breast, crossed with fine, dusky, linear stripes, m the manner of the Chanting Falcon, though neither so numerous nor delicate; indeed, it might at first sight be taken for that bird on a larger scale, did not the great disproportion of legs at once shew the difference. The tail is pale grey, and pretty long, even at the end, and not graduated as m the Chanting species; the quills dusky black, and reach two-thirds on the tail; legs yellow. Inhabits the cultivated parts of the Cape of Good Hope; and found not unfrequently m the sandy desarts. In the interior parts only observed about the rivers Swarte-kop and Sondag. Called Witte-Valk (White Falcon) and Leeuwerk-vanger (Lark catcher). The male and female seen usually together—makes the nest in the bushes, and lays four dirty white eggs, oval in shape; on the con- 6s"? trary, the eggs of the Chanting Falcon are nearly round. 174 FALCON. 99.—BLACK-THIGHED FALCON. Falco tibialis. Ind. Orn. Sup. p. x. Shaw's Zool. vii. 174. Le Faucon a Culotte noire, Levai/. Ois.i. p. 126, pl. 29. Daud. ii. p. 120. Black-thighed Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 49. THIS is rather bigger thana pigeon. The bill formed some- what like that of the Crested Indian species, the under mandible being truncated ; it is lead colour, with a yellowish cere; inides hazel brown ; plumage of the upper part of the body and wings grey brown, with a darker streak down the middle of each feather ; throat white; the rest of the under parts very pale rufous, with dashes of of dark brown, principally down the shafts; thighs black ; quills and tail dark coloured; the latter rather rounded at the end, and the wings reach to about two-thirds of the length ; legs yellow. This species habits the Cape of Good Hope, and frequents the grand Namaquas; one killed there in the action of feeding on a leveret, at the same time roused another somewhat larger, supposed to be the female. M. Levaillant was informed, that this bird is not uncommon on Sneeuw-bergen (snow mountain) where it is called Klyne-berg-haan (Little Mountain Cock) but by this name they call all the middle-sized birds of prey, and the smaller ones by the name of Valk or Falcon. (<5) | FALCON. 17: 100.—BEHREE FALCON. Falco calidus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 41. Daud. 2. 122. Shaw's Zool. vii. 176. Behree Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 35. LENGTH 19in. Bill pale blue; plumage blackish brown above, white beneath ; the black curving forwards to the throat, and the white in like manner passes backwards above, nearly as in the Black Falcon; breast, belly, and thighs marked with cordated, black spots, flatted at top; tail indistinctly banded with paler colour; legs yellow ; claws black. The immature bird has the upper parts pale reddish brown; throat, and a patch behind the eye, white; fore part of the neck and breast marbled, pale brown and white. Inhabits India, and is called Behree. Having been favoured, by Dr. Buchanan, with the inspection of drawings made in India, as well as in others of Gen. Hardwicke, I find among them one of these, said to be a young female, in which the bill is much arched from the root; irides dark brown; feathers of the crewn sharp poimted, and the crown surrounded with a pale ring ; ground colour of the body beneath reddish white; the feathers of the thighs reach half way on the legs; and the wings, when closed, extend nearly to the end of the tail, which appears banded, each feather having two roundish clay-coloured spots on each side of the shaft, and In SIX or seven rows, giving the idea of as many bands; in other things the first description will serve. In some drawings these clay- coloured spots are quite white. Dr. Buchanan informs me, that it is known in Hindustan proper, by the name of Baihri,* and is the Boihri of the Bengalese. It is * This name said to be derived from the Persian, 176 FALCON. found every where in Bengal, frequenting very large trees in solitary places, but not very common ; preys on birds, chiefly pigeons—the place of its building is not known. Is commonly used in hawking, and employed to catch small herons, quails, pigeons, doves, and other middle-sized game,* though the Hindoos, at least about Calcutta, do not follow this spert. In Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings is a bird called Kooe-ab-Kaus, or Kooe—this is marked about the head as the Behree, and is perhaps a young bird or female—it differs im having the sides of the throat spotted with black; beneath the body white, with largish dusky marks ; body above plain brown; quills barred m an indented man- ner, with pale rufous-white, and brown; tail marked with six or seven bars on each side of the shaft, but not touching it on the margin. Another, smaller, named Bhyree Butcher, said to be a male of the first season, brown above; beneath dusky white, blotched with brown; sides of the throat and nape paler ; tail brown, with three or four obsolete pale marks, the end pale; found at Cawnpore in January. One, said to be a female of the first season, is brown above, the margins of the feathers paler; beneath dusky white; blotched with pale brown ; on each side of the jaw a brown whisker, and behind the eye to the nape brown, but the crown and cheeks are mixed dusky and white; second quills marked with three clay- coloured round spots on each; upper tail coverts much the same; tail feathers with five or six clay-coloured spots on each side of the shaft; the end pale. Among the same drawings is a bird named Cherrug—said to be of the first season.—It is like the last in most respects, but above the brown is more uniform, and the head and neck are wholly pale dusky * It is said to be extremely strong and bold, killing hares with ease, and is frequently sent in chase of the larger kinds of water fowl—will even attack the Cyrus (or the Indian Crane), also the Manickjoor (Violet Heron), Currakeel, and other large aquatic birds.— Or. F. Sports. ii. 68. f FALCON. 177 white, with some streaks, but no whisker of brown, or brown behind the eye; but the tail is marked with the same clay-coloured spots as in the other.—Shot at Cawnpore in January. There is also one, said to be a complete male. This is dusky blue above, marked and. banded with dusky; beneath rufous white, with roundish spots of the size of peas, on the breast and throat 5 from thence the marks are transverse and curved ; under wing coverts white, spotted with black; tail, as in the others, crossed svith five or six blue bands. From there bemg much similarity between the above birds, added to the markings-of the quills and tail bemg so nearly alike in all, we may yenture to conclude the whole to belong to the Behree Falcon. 101.—RHOMBOIDAL FALCON. Falco rhombeus, Ind. Orn. i. 35.—Daud. ii. 111. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 169. Rhomboidal Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 35. LENGTH 19 in. Bill dusky blue ; head and hind part of the neck black; fore part very light brown; back and wings grey, barred with black; belly pale reddish brown, marked with rhom- boidal spots; tail grey, crossed with eleven or twelve bars of black ; legs pale yellowish green. Inhabits the river Ganges, and other parts of India. vou. L Aa 178 FALCON. 102.-CHANTING FALCON. Falco musicus. Ind. Orn.Sup. p.ix. Daud. ii. 116, Shaws Zool. vii. 143. Faucon chanteur, Levail. Ois. i. 117. pl. vie Chanting Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 40. SIZE of a common Falcon ; plumage in general pale lead, or dove-colour; but the top of the head and scapulars are much darker, and incline to brown; the under parts from the breast pearly grey, crossed with numerous bluish grey markings; quills black; tail greatly cuneiform, the outer feathers being shorter than the middle ones by a third, the colour dusky, but the extreme tips of the feathers are white, and all but the two middle ones crossed with bands of white. The bill and claws are black; legs and cere orange ; and the irides brown. The female is bigger by one-third, but does not differ from the male materially, except in being paler. This species is not unlike the Hen-Harrier in colour, but inde- pendent of other points, in which it differs, there is no appearance of the ruff-like collar round the lower part of the head. It is found in Caffraria and the neighbouring country, as Karrow and Camde- boo. In breeding time the male is remarkable for its song, which, like the Nightingale, it makes every mornmg and evening, and commonly even the night through. It sings in a loud tone for more than a minute, and after a time begins anew; during its song it is so regardless of itself, that any one may approach, but in the intervals of quiet so wary, as to take flight on the least suspicion. Should the marksman kill the male, the female will also soon fall under his gun, asin her attachment to him, and calling every where with the most plaintive voice, she so continually passes within gun-shot, as to make it no difficult matter to shoot her; but in case the female FALCON. 179 should be killed first, the male does not testify so much attachment, for retiring to the top of some distant tree, not easily approached, he does not cease to sing, but becomes so wary, as to fly away from that neighbourhood on the least alarm. The female is said to make her nest between the forks of trees, or in bushy groves, and lays four round white eggs. This bird preys on partridges, hares, quails, rats, &c, and for its size is a yery destructive species, 103.—RUFOUS-EARED FALCON. SIZE uncertain; bill black ; irides, cere, and legs yellow; head, and part of the neck, buff-white, the feathers streaked down the shafts with dusky ; eye ina deep brown patch, on the ears a larger one of pale rufous; general colour of the plumage deep brown, quills deeper; on the inner wing coverts a whitish patch ; belly, thighs, and vent, deep rufous; tail plain greenish ash, rounded ; the wings reach nearly to the end of it. Inhabits Bengal; figured among the drawings of Sir John Anstruther, Bart. AA2 180 FALCON. 104.—JACKAL FALCON, Falco Jackal, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xi. Daud. ii. 161. Shaw's Zool. vii. 173.- Le Rounoir, Levaill. Ois.i. p. 73. Jackal Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 49. THIS is the size of our Buzzard, but more bulky, and the tail shorter in proportion ; the bill is dusky ; cere and legs yellow; iris deep brown; plumage mostly dusky brown; from the chin is a mixture of white, which changes on the breast to rufous; the quills are dusky, banded with paler at the base, and the secondaries mixed outwardly with white; tail deep rufous, with a spot of black near the end of each feather, the two outer ones only banded with dusky ; beneath all is rufous-grey. ‘The female is larger, and the red on the breast not so high-coloured. This species is mostly seen about the habitations of the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope, where it is known by the name of Jakals-vogel (Jackal Bird), on account of the cry imitating the voice of that quadruped. Called also Rotter-vanger (Rat-catcher). Itis not shy, being seen every where following the lesser kinds of vermin, as rats, moles, &c. and, like the Buzzard im Europe, is esteemed an useful species ; it is cowardly, insomuch that even the Fiscal Shrike will occasionally put it to flight. It inhabits chiefly the thick groves which surround the houses, and in the deepest part of them makes a nest of twigs and moss, lined with feathers; lays three or four eggs, sometimes only two, which generally come to perfection, as the nest is rarely destroyed, from the idea the natives entertain of the utility of this species. FALCON. 181 105.—RANIVOROUS FALCON. Falco ranivorus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. vii. Daud.ii. 170. Shaw's Zool. vii. 171. Le Grenouillard, Levail. Ois.i. 95. pl. 23. Raniyorous Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 39. SIZE and stature of the Moor-Buzzard; indes grey brown ; upper parts of the body pale umber-colour; cheeks and throat covered with whitish tender feathers, each marked longitudinally with brown: under parts of the body hght brown, slightly mixed with white on the breast, and lower belly; on the upper part of the breast, and lesser wing coverts, a few white spots; thighs, and under tail coverts, rust colour; wings brown; tail the same, even at the end, crossed with deeper brown bars; the wings reach to within two-thirds of the length; legs yellow, slender. Inhabits the marshy parts of the Cape of Good Hope, preying on frogs, and young water fowl; makes the nest among the reeds, with the leaves of aquatic plants, and lays three or four white eggs. Another was met with in the same place, appearing still more like the Moor-Buzzard, and a third quite black, with the rump white. 106.—DESERT FALCON. Falco desertorum, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xi. Daud. ii: 162. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 174. Le Rougni, Levail. Ois. i. p. 77. pl. 17. Desert Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.50. THIS is smaller than the Jackal Falcon, and less robust in proportion, but has a longer tail. The bill, cere, and legs are yellow; 182 FALCON, irides reddish ; the reigning colour of the plumage is ferruginous or rufous, paler beneath ; the chin as far as the breast, and the vent pale grey, nearly white; the quills are black; the rest of the under parts rufous as above, but paler, and streaked sparingly with dusky; the tail is like the back above, but greyish beneath, marked with some transverse obsolete bands. The female is a trifle bigger than the male, and is not so distinct in the colours. | This species is less frequent about the mhabited parts than the Jackal Falcon, bemg only seen in the dry and uncultivated spots— it lives, however, on the same kind of food. 'The cry not unlike that of the European Buzzard. The male and female are mostly seen together, and they make the nest in the same kind of places, and of nearly the same materials. 107.—TACHARD FALCON. Falco Tachardus. Ind. Orn. Sup. p.v. Daud. ii. 164. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 201. Le Tachard, Levail. Ois. i. 82. pl. 19. Tachard Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 25. THIS is the least of the Buzzard kind, as far as relates to bulk of body, but has a longer tail in proportion. Bill dusky; cere brown ; irides deep reddish brown ;_ the head is greyish brown, with here and there some irregular whitish streaks; the under parts are greyish yellow, with a mixture of brown blotches ; the upper parts of the plumage deep brown, with the edge of each feather paler ; the tail deep brown, banded with black, beneath greyish white, with FALCON. 183 obscure bands, the feathers of it equal in length; those of the thighs reach below the knees, but not to the toes, as in the Booted Falcon; the legs are mottled brown ; toes dull ferrugimous. This was shot on the banks of the river of Lions, in the Giraffe country in Africa, among the Kaminiquas, who did not know the bird ; and as M. Levaillant never saw another, he supposes it to be a rare species. 108.—BLACK AND WHITE INDIAN FALCON. Falco melanoleucos, Ind. Orn.i. p.36. Gm. Lin. i. p. 274. Daud. Orn. ii. p. 85. Zool. Ind. p. 12. t.2. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 154. Le Faucon a collier des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 182. Black and White Indian Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 81. Id. Sup. p. 20; Ind. Zool.iv. 4to, p- 33. pl. 2. LENGTH 16 inches; bill black; irides rufous yellow; head, throat, hind part of the neck, and back black ; breast, belly, thighs, and rump white; lesser wing coverts white, the middle ones black ; the greater and secondary quills silvery ash-colour; prime quills black ; tail pale silvery grey; legs rufous. The female is somewhat bigger; general colour silvery grey; on the wing coverts three round black spots, and three others on the outer webs of the second quills; primaries black ; sides of the belly, thighs, and vent white, tranversely striated with rufous red. Inhabits India, where it is called Chouama, or Rat-killer; it seems the same bird as my Black and White Falcon, which inhabits Ceylon, and called there Kaloe-koeso-elgoya; uncertain whether made use of for falconry, though that amusement is there not uncommon. 184 FALCON. A.—Le Tchoug, Levail. i. pl. 32. Epervier pie, Daud. ii. p. 88. Black and White Indian Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup.i, p. 40. This seems greatly allied to the Hen-Harrier, as it corresponds im size and shape; bill black; head, neck, back, and wings mostly deep brown, but the back part of the head inclines to black, with a mixture of white at the back part of the neck, and wing coverts; the greater quills dusky, secondaries partly dusky white; all the under parts from the breast, with the rump and tail, are white, but the last, which is nearly even at the end, inclines to rufous grey, and the two middle feathers of it have a sort of brown crescent on the tips; legs long and yellow. The above was met with at Bengal, where it is known by the name of Tchoug, and appears to be a bird not come to adult plumage, on account of the mixture of white among the feathers. Mr. L. thinks it may also be a native of the Cape of Good Hope, as he saw a bird of this kind pass over his head, m which the head and neck were black, and the rump and under parts white, and this was probably our Black and White Falcon, m perfect feather; and if we allow it to be the same with Parkinson’s Pied Hawk,* is also found in New-Holland. * Voy. p. 144.—In Lord Valentia’s Trav. iii. p.204. I find a Hawk mentioned, shot near the Village of Mumsai, not far from Axum, in Abyssinia, October 22; it is said to be black and white, with a red dusky tail; the eye large and dark brown—the size not mentioned, only that it is remarkable for the height to which it soars. FALCON, 185 109.—COTTA FALCON. SIZE uncertain. _ Bill black; cere and legs yellow; irides red ; top of the head, the sides, and all beneath, white; over the eye a streak of black; nape and upper parts of the body, slaty blue; greater wing coverts the same, but paler; the lesser black; bend of the wing white—the rest of the wing dusky grey; tail short, the two middle feathers of the last colour, the rest white, in shape even, or nearly so. The wings, when closed, reach fully to the end of it. Inhabits India; found about Bengal ; named Cotta. 110.—SONNINT'S FALCON. Falco Sonninensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiie Shaw’s Zool. vii. 185. New species of Hawk, Sonnin. Trav. Eng. ed. ii. p. 92. Sonnini’s Falcon, Gen Syn. Sup. ii. p. 52. LENGTH 113in. Bill very hooked, full an inch long; cere. and legs yellow; irides orange ; the tail nearly even, but the outer feathers rather longest,.though not appearing forked unless ex- panded ; the length of it four inches eight lines; and the wings, when closed, reach eight lines beyond it; the first quill feather serrated outwardly; legs covered with feathers on the fore part, almost to the toes; the forehead and under parts are white; above the eye, VOL. I. Bs 186 FALCON. and anterior angle of it, covered with slender black feathers; body, head, and upper wing coverts ash-coloured, tipped with grey, with black shafts; the middle tail feathers white, mingled with ash- colour; the rest white within, and light grey without. Inhabits Egypt, where it is commonly seen suspended in the air over the rice fields, in the manner of the Kestril; and is sometimes observed to perch on date trees, but never on the ground. 111.—BLACK-EYED KITE. SIZE uncertain; general colour of the plumage deep brown above, paler beneath; belly and thighs brownish cream-colour ; shafts of the feathers, in general, above and beneath, black; wing coverts somewhat paler than the back ; greater coverts and quills very deep brown, the former fringed with rufous white—greater quills darkest; tail pretty long, hollowed out in the middle, or slightly forked ; colour deep brown, crossed with seven or eight dusky black bars; the wings, when closed, reach full three-fourths on the tail ; vent and under tail coverts nearly white; the bill black; cere yellow; irides dark ; eye placed in a large oval patch of black; legs pale yellow. Inhabits India, found at Bengal, and there called Chilk. It varies in haying the oval blackish patch much less distinct, and the cere and legs of a less bright yellow, probably owing to the differ- ence of sex. The name of this latter bird is Guliwauz. FALCON. 187 112.—CHEEL FALCON. LENGTH lft. 11m. Bill moderately large, black ; cere blue; irides brown; plumage in general fine tawny brown ; paler on the throat, lower belly, thighs and vent; the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and thighs, marked witha long pale streak down the shafts of each, and rounded at the bottom, appearmg as long drops, the breast darkest ; chin, throat, and vent plain; the wing coverts have pale ends with darker shafts, the rest of the wing and back feathers with pale margins ; quills and tail dark brown, the latter hollowed out in the middle, and the quills reach to near the end of it; legs moderate sized, pale blue; claws black. TInhabits India by the name of Cheel,* said to be a young bird, but whether belonging to the last or any other species is not deter- mined.—Col. Hardwicke. 113.—CRIARD FALCON. Falco vociferus, Ind. Orn.i. p.46. Daud.ii. 160. Skaw’s Zool, vii. 200. Petite Buse criarde, Son. Voy. Ind.ii. 184. Criard Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 38. SIZE of a large wood-pigeon; length 16 inches; bill short, black ; over each eye a projecting lid, with a few hairs like eyelashes ; crown, neck behind, back, rump, and tail cinereous grey; lesser * It seems that Cheel, Cheela, Clhilk, may be names given in common to more than one species, Bs 2 188 FALCON. wing coverts black, middle ones cinereous grey, greater greyish black; throat, and under parts white; legs yellow; claws black, the middle one large. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel, and frequents rice falas for the sake of young frogs, on which it is supposed to feed; is a shy bird, and as it makes a loud cry on the approach of any one, has obtained the name of Criard; has the air and much of the plumage of an Hen-Harrier, but the legs are shorter, and more robust. We have seen a specimen of this, with the head, neck, under parts, and tail white, the two first inclining to ash-colour; all the ridge of the wing and coverts fine black; the rest of the wing fine dove-colour; quills dusky; under wing coverts white; two middle tail feathers cinereous, the others white, the shafts of all brown; legs stout, feathered half way before, and yellow. One similar, met with some time since, from India, had the name Dagah-Telin-Janas attached to its leg, but as it wanted the black on the shoulders, it seemed more nearly to approach to the Hen-Harrier. A.—Falco melanopterus, Ind. Orn. Sup» p. vie Daud. Orn. ii: 152. Elanus ceesius, Savign. Ois. d’ Egypte, 98. pl. ii. f. 2. Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 137. Elanus melanopterus, Leach Zool. Misc. ii. t. 122. Le Blac, Levail. Ois. i. pl. 36, 37. Black-winged Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. in p. 28 This, if we mistake not, is a mere variety of the last, a fine specimen of that bird having lately passed under our observation.— This was 16in. long; round the eyes dusky red ; over each eye a sort of projecting lid; head and neck dusky white, all beneath white ; all the wing coverts and ridge black, rest of the wing fine dove- colour; quills dusky ; tail feathers white, except the two middle ones, which incline to grey, shafts of all brown; legs feathered FALCON. 189 before half way ; has the air and plumage of the Hen-Harrier, but the legs not so long, nor so slender. M. Levaillant’s bird is said to have orange irides, and the eye placed in a bed ef blackish, otherwise does not seem to differ. This gentlemen observes, that the female differs in being bigger, and the colour of the plumage less distinct, and that young birds have such parts, as are white in the adult, inclined to rufous, especially the back feathers; with a large portion of rufous in the middle of the breast, and top of the head. It is said to build between the forks of trees, lining the nest with moss and feathers, and to Jay four or five white eggs; that it is found not only throughout the African coast, but in India also, and has been killed in Barbary; is always perched on high bushes, and its cry piercing, especially in flying ; seems principally to feed on insects, and grasshoppers and Mantes, also small birds, and will attack crows, kites, and shrikes, and drive them away ; is difficult to be shot, being shy; observed to smell of musk, the skin retaining it, even after being prepared for the cabinet. Dr. Horsfield met with this in Java, under the name of Angkal- Angkal; is likewise found in New-Holland, two specimens having been brought from thence, and in the museum of the Linnean Society. 114.—FASCIATED FALCON. LENGTH 143 inches; bill livid at the point, and yellowish at the base; cere and orbits bare, yellow; irides ‘dark; frontlet, crown, space under the eyes, and upper part of the neck chestnut brown; beneath the eye a triangular dusky mark; forehead over the bill, neck before, and ears white; from breast to vent rusty white, 190 FALCON. marked on the breast with narrow dashes of black, and on the sides with sagittal ones; shoulders, back, wing coverts, rump, and_ tail coverts blue-grey, transverely marked with narrow black lines, three or four on each feather; quills dusky, barred with white on the inner webs, and margined with white at the tips, the second the longest ; tail six inches long, rounded, bluish-grey, crossed with six or seven narrow black lines, in bars; near the end a very broad one of black, and finally all endmg in white; the wings, when closed, reach to within an inch and half of the end of the tail; thigh feathers long ; legs yellow, toes long, claws black. Inhabits India; found at Calcutta, but rarely, supposed a male. The female is larger, but not greatly differing in colour. It is one of the sorts called Tormuti or Toormooti. At first sight it appears to have the air and colour of the Peregrine, but differs somewhat in the bars on the tail; the length too of the middle toes seems to correspond with that bird, and the mark beneath the eye may add to the idea, but it is less, and not improbably a distinct species. I owe the above description to Dr. Buchanan. In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is one like this, but only eleven inches in length, is there called Toolmorley, or Small Pere- grine. This may probably be a small male. In a drawing, said to be of a female, the name in the Hindoo Tongue, is Lerjana. 115.—ZUGGUN FALCON. SIZE uncertain 3 general make short and thick, as the Buzzard $ bill stout, yellowish, with a dusky tip; cere yellow; irides whitish 5 FALCON. 191 forehead dusky white; chin and throat dusky black, divided on each side with a white mark, forming a crescent in the middle of the black; behind the eye pale ash, the rest of the plumage, for the most part brewn, clouded and mixed with pale and rufous brown ; wing coverts, and under parts of the body paler than above, and mixed with grey; bastard wing and quills black; tail brown, marked with seven or eight oblique bars of a darker colour; vent nearly white ; legs yellow, stout; claws black. Inhabits India; called Zuggun. In the Earl of Mountnorris’s drawings is a bird answering to the above description. It is 16 or 17 inches in length, and chiefly differs in having some white on the nape; the wings reach half way on the tail; the name Tissah. In a second of these the tail is pale rufous brown, with a narrow blackish bar near the tip, and half an inch from this, upwards, a transverse mark across the middle of each feather, but not reaching the outer margin, and on the middle feathers a second, smaller; the insides of the quills are also marked with white in the middle. This latter was found m the province of Oude, where it goes by the name of Chooah Maur. In Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings I find another bird named Teesa or Chooa Maar; in length 13 or 14 in. ; weight rather more than one pound; head, neck, and breast pale ferruginous, streaked with brown; back and wings brown, with a paler mixture on the wing coverts; outer ridge and quills black ; belly, thighs, and vent pale ferruginous; tail rounded, pale rufous ash-colour; legs stout, yellow. 192 FALCON, 116.—JUGGER FALCON, LENGTH nearly 18 inches. Bill blue with a black tip; cere yellow ; irides red brown ; round the eye bare and yellow ; the fore- head, sides under the eye, and from chin to vent beneath white ; on the under jaw a black streak; behind the eye another of the same, passing to the nape, which, as well as on all the back of the neck, is black; top of the head brown and clay-colour mixed; back and wings brown, the edges of the feathers paler; quills dark; thighs deep tawny brown, and the feathers long, hanging half-way on the shins ; tail, six mches long at least, reunded, the feathers dirty cinereous white, the very tip white; the wings reach within an inch of the end ; legs yellow; claws black. Inhabits India; in the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, called Jugger—the female called Lugger; met with at Futteghur. The young female weighs 1lb. loz. 6dr.; is much the same in colour; crown whitish, with dusky streaks; sides under the eye white, streaked with dusky; the whisker on the jaw the same, and the black streak behind the eye, and the back of the eye brown, not black; chin to breast white, the latter dashed with brown; sides under the wings, belly, and thighs, brown; vent white; legs pale, nearly white; tail pale cinereous white, the end flesh-colour. ‘This is called Lugger, and said to be a young bird. Found at Cawnpore. A full grown female, said to weigh 1b. 7oz. is larger than the male; the colours rather more pale ; otherwise not unlike that sex 5 but both in this and the female adult, the thigh feathers are pale brown, not tawny.—These seem to have some things in common with the last. FALCON. 193 117.—KONTA FALCON. LENGTH 1ft. 10in.; size of the Buzzard; bill black; cere pale; irides yellow; head, neck, shoulders of the wings, and all beneath fine pale ferruginous, with long, narrow, dusky streaks ; thighs and vent plain; back and wing coverts chocolate brown, the feathers margined with tawny; outer part of the wing and second quills light ash-colour; greater quills black ; tail dirty pale ash- colour; legs yellow; claws black; quills and tail nearly equal in length. Inhabits India; met with at Cawnpore—Gen. Hardwicke.— Weight of the male, 11b. loz. 7dr.—female, 1]b. 8oz. 14dr.. The name given to this bird is Konta. 118.—MUSKOOROO FALCON. LENGTH two feet. Bill black, enlarged and sloping towards the base, but no perceptible notch; cere yellow; irides brown ; head, neck, and beneath fine pale tawny rufous ; the feathers at the nape a trifle elongated; chin, throat, and vent, nearly white, the rest more or less marked with streaks of various sizes, and very narrow on the head and neck; thigh feathers long, reaching to the middle of the shins, and these marked with cordated darker spots ; back and wings brown, the feathers with tawny margins ; quills VOL. I. Cc 194 FALCON. dusky ; tail pale dull rufous or tawny, plain, except near the tip, where each feather is marked with an oval dusky spot; legs stout, yellow; claws black. This is called Muskooroo, and said to be a male.— General Hardwicke. 119.—SHARP-TAILED FALCON. LENGTH 20 inches; bill dark ; cere yellowish; general colour of the plumage brown above; feathers of the crown and neck behind, whitish or buff on the margins; coverts mostly brown, barred within with white, but the lesser coverts are deeper brown, with fine tawny, or ferruginous margins; quills dusky for three inches or more from the end, then pale tawny, with five or six narrow, curved, brown bars, but towards the base pale; outer quill two inches shorter than the next; at first sight the lesser wing coverts appear ferruginous and brown mixed, the rest of wing brown, a little mixed with white, the remaining part brown; tail even, seven inches long, brown and cinereous in bars, eight or nine of each, but in the half next the base, the bars are rust and brown, instead of cinereous; ends of all the feathers rather pomted, and. the tips fringed with white; under parts of the body in general buff-white, with cordated spots, mostly two on each feather, one above the other; thighs buff-white, crossed with narrow, pale, dusky rufous bars; legs long, yellow ; claws black, hooked; vent white. ; Native place uncertain.—-In the collection of Lord Stanley. FALCON. 195 120.—SAGITTAL FALCON. LENGTH 20 inches; bill black, m the middle a projection 3 cere dusky; head, and neck above streaked dusky, and pale tawny on the crown, the rest brown and buff; back, and wings brown, the feathers margined or fringed pale ferruginous; scapulars, and some of the inner second quills brown, marked with oval spots of white on the mner web, and others down the middle of the feathers ; greater quills brown, marked with narrow bars of darker brown, most of them streaked white on the inner webs; under wing coverts whitish, with long sagittal brown streaks ; breast, belly, and thighs the same, but the streaks of different sizes; smaller and more numerous on the thighs, the feathers of which hang a good way over the joint; legs strong, dusky blue; claws black, strong, the hind one particularly so; under tail coverts white; tail rounded, brownish ash-colour, erossed with four or five broad bars of dark brown, one near the end, but the very tips of the feathers are white. Native place unknown. 121.—JUSTIN FALCON. SIZE uncertain. Bill dusky blue; plumage above, dark choco- late brown; beneath, from the chin, and sides of the neck, rufous white, passing in a patch under the eye; tail nearly one-fourth of the Cc2 196 FALCON. length of the bird, deep chocolate brown, crossed with five or six pale tawny red bars, some of the outer feathers paler than the others; legs pale blue ; claws blackish. Inhabits India, where it is called Justin. I saw a fine drawing of it, among others, in the collection of Lord Mountnorris. It is probably used for the purpose of catching small birds, being repre- sented as fastened by the leg with a ribband, attached to a perch on which it stands. In the same collection is figured another, 17im. long, said to inhabit the province of Oude, and called Koohie-sahien. This also is drawn with braces on the leg, in the manner of those used in falconry; and it is not improbable that both these may only be varieties of the common Falcon. 122.—_BROWN AND WHITE FALCON. LENGTH 22in. Bill dusky; cere and irides pale yellow; plumage above deep brown ; beneath dusky white; chin plain, the rest of the feathers marked deeply with brown at the ends, and frnged with white ; vent white ; tail six inches long, crossed with four bars of darker brown, one at the end; the quills reach about one-third on the tail; legs stout, deep yellow; claws strong, hooked, black. Inhabits India, and named Choucarii ; has much the air and stout make of our Buzzard, though the brown markings are not in blotches, but regularly placed at the ends of the feathers throughout on the under parts. FALCON. 197 123.—INDIAN FALCON. SIZE uncertain. | Bill, moderately stout, black ; cere yellow ; irides dull yellow; plumage in general bluish ash, inclining to lead- colour on the back and wings; crown of the head and nape spotted with dusky blue; forehead, round the eye, on the ears, and chin, nearly white ; breast and belly dusky white, with a tinge of rufous on the breast; the ends of the feathers on the back, and the greater part of the wings, tipped with white, but the wing itself otherwise dusky black ; bend of the wing white; the tail pale plain grey, and is somewhat exceeded by the wings when closed ; legs deep yellow ; claws black. Inhabits India, and called Capasuah. 124—_ JOHANNA FALCON. Falco Johannensis, Ind. Orn. i. p. 47. Daud. ii. 127. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 168. Johanna Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 32. SIZE uncertain. Bill black; base of the under mandible yellow; head, neck, and under parts of the body ferruginous, marked with linear black spots ; quills and tail black brown; the last cuneiform, its coverts whitish ; legs yellow. Inhabits India, in the island of Johanna. This description taken from a drawing in the possession of the late Dr. Fothergill. 198 FALCON. 125.—LONG-BILLED FALCON. LENGTH 16 inches; make robust; bill black, the upper mandible curvmg excessively downwards over the under, which is not more elongated than in many species, the base covered deeply with a yellow cere, and the excess of length not flat beneath, but round, the base of the under mandible half way yellow; round the eye not well covered with feathers; general colour of the plumage deep rusty black, the head and neck darker than the rest; under parts of the body somewhat paler than the upper; vent, and under tail coverts white ; quills very dark, marbled with white on the imner webs, and reach to the end of the tail, one-third of which, from the base, is white, the rest black, with the end, for half an mch, dusky white; shape even at the end, or nearly so; legs stout, scaly, yellow ; claws excessively long and hooked, black; the legs bare behind, but feathered to nearly half way before Inhabits Senegal.—Mr. H. Brogden. 126.—BUFF-HEADED FALCON. LENGTH 17 inches; bill stout, pale lead, with the ndge and end pale horn-colour ; head and neck pale buff, with darker streaks; behind the eyes a narrow black streak, for about one inch beyond it; plumage above plain, deep brown, beneath and under wing coverts FALCON. 199 buff-colour ; chin nearly white; of the quills the third is the longest, the first two inches and a half shorter ; the first six quills white half way from the base, and the ends reach to two-thirds of the length on the tail, which is ten inches long, nearly even; from the base to two-thirds buff, crossed with six or seven oblique brown and pale mottled bars, the rest brown ; legs pale ash-colour ; claws black, and hooked. Inhabits Senegal —Mr. H. Brogden. 127.—_SENEGAL FALCON. LENGTH 11 inches; bill pale yellow, stout, the upper man- dible furnished with a notch, and slightly curved at the point ;: sides of the head, chin, and throat cinereous white; through the eye a broad: black streak, ending in a point half an inch behind ; top of the head to the nape rufous brown, streaked with black ; the under parts white, passing in a ring round the neck, below the nape; all of which, as far as the belly, are marked with slender streaks of black, broader beneath ; lower belly, thighs, and vent plain; colour of the plumage, on the upper parts of the body, plain brown, streaked down the shafts with black; lesser wing coverts marked with a curve of black near the end, the others with pale margins ; quills dark brown, edged outwardly with pale rufous; tail six inches long, cuneiform, the outer feathers an inch and a half shorter than the middle, colour as the quills; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Senegal.—Im the same collection as the two last. 200 FALCON. 128.—_TAWNY-HEADED FALCON. LENGTH 11in. Bill pale blue, with a deep and conspicuous notch near the tip ; base yellowish ; head and neck tawny ; crown darkest ; chin and throat very pale; plumage on the upper parts of the body dove-colour, crossed with numerous fine bars of lead-colour, beneath from the breast the same, but paler; under wing coverts barred dusky and white; the second quill the longest; tail barred above half the length pale dove-colour, with narrow dusky bars, from thence to the end blackish, tip nearly white; quills reach three-fourths on the tail; thighs well feathered, long and slender; legs the same, pale yellow; claws black and hooked. Inhabits Senegal.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, as well as in that of Mr. Comyns. 129.—LIBYAN FALCON. SIZE of the Tawny-headed ; length 112in.; bill moderate in size, with a very conspicuous notch near the tip, colour dusky ; base and cere yellow; crown and nape behind pale tawny, with a minute line of dusky down each shaft, palest on the neck behind ; round the eye and beneath it dusky black ; back and wings deep_ brownish dove-colour, crossed with dusky bars, less numerous and broader than in the Tawny-headed ; quills dusky, marked on the inner webs with oval white spots for three-fourths of the length ; under wing coverts marbled dusky and white; chin and throat rufous FALCON. 201 white, breast, belly, and thighs pale rufous, streaked down the shafts with dusky; tail alternately barred black and pale dove-colour, five or six bars of each, one nearest the end much broader; the quills reach fully to the end of the tail ; legs red ; claws moderately hooked, pale. In the collection of Mr. Comyns. In many things it agrees with the Tawny-headed, but the legs are shorter, and the claws less sharp ; in both the wings are as long as the tail. Said to have been brought from Senegal. It is probably a variety of the last described. 130..—RED-NOSED FALCON. LENGTH 14 inches; bill stout, hooked, at the end a notch, the tip much bent; cere rather elevated, red; base of both man- dibles pale red; general colour of the plumage above pale lead- colour, beneath from the breast white, crossed with numerous fine blackish lines; down the middle of the chin a streak, composed of blackish feathers; under wing coverts white, the outer edge of the wings the same, for about half way; second quills barred with dark and white, the greater much the same, barred within; the third quill the longest, the outer one being two inches and a half shorter; tail five inches long, first white at the base, then black, and at an inch and half from the end a bar of white; the quills reach more than half way on the tail; legs very robust, scaly, dull yellow; claws black and hooked. Inhabits Senegal.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. VOL. I, D vb 202: FALCON, 131.—GREY-WINGED KESTRIL. LENGTH 12in. Bill yellow, tip dusky; cere and eyelids yellow and bristly ; nostrils round; irides dark brown ; head and. neck behind plain grey; chin white; general colour of the body chestnut brown, paler beneath, especially towards the belly, on which, as well as the sides, are a few small, oblong, dusky spots, one on each feather towards the shaft ; upper wing coverts, over the second quills, grey like the head; bastard wing, and coverts over the prime quills, blackish; under wing coverts white, those next the © body brown at the ends; greater quills black, inner edges white, the second longest ; the second quills dusky grey, not barred ; rump and upper tail coverts white; tail rounded, grey, near the tip a broad bar of black, but the tip is white; length of it near six inches, the wings, when closed, reach to within half an inch of the end ; legs naked, yellow ; claws black. . This is found at Calcutta the whole year, and builds on trees ; is one of the small Hawks which frequent the villages, and by the natives of Hindustan called Tormooty. Dr. Buchanan, from whose notes the above is copied, seems to think it allied to the Hen-Harrier, but it appears equally to approach to the male of the Kestril, varymg trom it chiefly in the large, longitudinal grey patch on the wing, for m the tail it exactly corresponds. FALCON. 2038 132.—RUFOUS-BACKED KESTRIL. Falco rupicelus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ix. Levail. Ois.i. pl. 36. Daud. ii. 135. Rufous-backed Kestril, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. p. 45. BIGGER than the male Kestril, though resembling it in feature ; bill black; cere and legs yellow; head rufous, inclining to brown at the nape; back rufous, marked with black crescents; tail pale rufous, crossed with several brown bands; chin white ; under parts of the body rufous, streaked with dusky down the middle of the shaft, but the lower belly, vent, and thighs are the same, on a pale grey ground; quills black above, and barred beneath with white; under wing coverts rufous white, spotted with dusky ; tail rounded at.the end, and the quills reach to about the middle of it. The female exceeds the male, a little, in size.: This is common in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, called there Rooye-Valk (Red Falcon), and Steen-Valk (Stone Falcon), also seen in all parts of Africa in mountainous and rocky places; is generally in the same place throughout the year ; feeds on small quadrupeds, lizards and msects; builds the nest among the sharp rocks, unsheltered, composed of dry twigs and grass, carelessly put together, and lays from six to eight deep rufous eggs. It isa fierce and daring bird, and at the sight of any one utters a noise Jike the words cri-cri, many times repeated, especially in the breeding season. Among the drawings-of the Indian subjects, .in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, are several birds appearing as varieties of the Kestril, but not meriting particular description. These pass by different names; those most like the male birds are called Carunga— the females Dourie Jogia; yet in some drawings, in which both Dvp2 204 FALCON, sexes are painted, the general name given jointly is Caregia and Koonmooly. I observe too, in Lord Mountnorris’s drawings, a bird about 14 in. long, with the appearance of a female Kestril—this was. named Chuckotiah, and came from the province of Oude. 133.—SHARP-TAILED KESTRIL. THIS has the habit of a Kestril. Bill singular in shape, having a remarkable protuberance within the middle on each side of the upper mandible, colour blue; cere yellow; head fine pale ash- colour ; the rest of the plumage like that of a Kestril, but plain ; the greater wing coverts barred ; the quills much elongated, narrow, and pointed; ramp and two middle tail feathers dove-colour, like the head, the end for three-fourths black ; the others pale rufous, crossed with ten or twelve bars of black, that nearest the end broad ; these are all shorter than the two middlle ones by three-fourths of an inch, and in all of them the shafts project in a point beyond the tip ; all the tail feathers, except the pointed tips, are square at the ends ; quills and tail even in length, the latter long; breast, belly, and thighs, pale rufous, spotted on the sides of the belly and under the wings; thighs full of feathers ; legs yellow, short. I tna a fine figure of this bird among the drawings of Mr. Dent, but without any name annexed—supposed to come. from India. FALCON. 205 134.—CALCUTTA SPARROW-HAWK. LENGTH 13 inches; bill black; cere yellow; irides red ; plumage above brownish ash-colour; chin, and fore part of the neck white ; cheeks cimereous white; sides of the neck rufous; beneath, from the throat, dusky white, crossed with numerous rufous bars, in the manner of the Sparrow-Hawk ; thighs, lower belly, vent, and under wing and tail coverts plam white; the greater wing coverts, next the body, have a large white space on the inner webs; quills dusky white on the inner webs, on which are several black bars; the second quills incline to ash-colour ; tail five inches long, reunded, ash-colour, tipped with white; all, except the two middle feathers, white on the imner webs; the three next, on each side of the two middle ones, have a large black spot near the extremities, and all, except the two middle, have some black bars on the mner webs ; wings reach to the middle of the tail; legs yellow; claws black, the hind one the largest; at the back part of the leg, about one third from the jomt, a protuberance or knob. The female is 132 inches long ; irides bright yellow, surrounded with a black ring; plumage above brown; eyebrows naked and prominent; chim white, in the middle a longitudinal brown. stripe ; beneath, as far as the breast, brown, transversely barred with white, the rest as in the male.. This bird is very common about Calcutta, remaining there all the year; builds on trees, and preys on small birds. The male is called Chipua, and the female Siccara, and sometimes Dhowtee. This, at first sight, appears to be the Sparrow-Hawk, yet is probably distinct. The Mawing of China comes nearer in resemblance. I am indebted, for the description of the above, to Dr. Buchanan.. 206 FALCON. One, supposed to be a female, is 13; in. long, and weighs six ounces and ten drams; bill black; cere greenish yellow; irides yellow; plumage above deep ferruginous brown, fringed with ferruginous; cheeks, under the eyes ash-colour; all the under parts white; breast, belly, and thighs sparingly marked with large, irregular blotches of dull ferrugmous, but on the lower belly these are mostly transverse; vent white; quills and tail cmereous brown, the latter a trifle rounded, crossed with four deep brown bars, one near the tip, but the end is white; legs yellow green. This is called Bessra, and said to be the female of the Dhotee, and used in falconry, catching Crows, Minahs, &c. in the month Assin, and continued for six months. Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, I observe one, which appears to be a variety; on the upper parts the whole is fine pale blue-grey, beneath dusky white; thighs and vent quite white; breast crossed with numerous pale ferrugmous bars; quills dusky black ; tail long, pale blue-grey, crossed with five or six dusky bars ; bill black; cere and legs yellow; the wings reach one-third on the tail. This inhabits India; found at Bengal; in the drawing it is called the female Sparrow-Hawk ; the native name Shekea. In another drawing I find a dusky patch on the sides of the head in which the eye is placed. From the above account we may suppose this bird to be subject to great variety of plumage. FALCON. 207 135.—BASSUN FALCON, LENGTH 14 inches; weight 7 ounces 11 drams, and about the same size and figure of the Sparrow-Hawk ; plumage above like that bird; at the beginning of the back a small white patch or two: hind part of the neck marked with brown spots ; beneath white, crossed with curved, pale, dusky, cordated streaks, pointed on the under part; quills dark ; tail brown, crossed with four dark bands, the ends paler, in shape even; the wings reach to near three-fourths of the length ; legs pale yellow; claws blackish, differmg from our Sparrow-Hawk in having no bed of white at the nape, and the transverse bands on the belly less numerous. The female, called Bassa, is much the same, but the colours more dull; beneath, for the most part, the feathers have pale rufous streaks down the middle, and across the breast and belly some irregular dusky brown blotches; thighs in both pale; tail as in the -male; over the eye, from the forehead, a broad, mixed, white trace, less seen in the male. Inhabits India, about Futtehghur.—Gen. Hardwicke. 208 FALCON. 136.—_ BENGAL FALCON. Falco coerulescens, Ind. Orn. i. p.50. Lin. Syst. i. 125. Gm. Lin. i. 285. Daud. ii. 145. Gerin. Orn.i. p. 44. f. 1. Shaw’s. Zool. vii. 208. t. 27. Falco Bengalensis, Bris. vi. app. p. 20. Id. 8vo. i. 119. Little black and orange Indian Hawk, Edw. pl. 108. Bengal Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 112. THE length of this is only 64in. Bill blackish; cere and eye- lids yellow ; forehead white ; the eye placed in a naked yellow skin, round which is a bed of black, passing downward a little way on each side of the neck, and this again bounded by black; general colour of plumage above purplish black ; beneath orange, paler on the breast; tail black, the two middle feathers plain, the others barred on the inside with white ; legs yellow, claws black. Inhabits Bengal. Mr. Edwards observes, that it is feathered below the knees. and, for so small a bird, is remarkably stout, full as much in proportion as in an Eagle, Among some Indian drawings, which came under my inspection, is one which I suspect to be the female; length eight inches; bill dusky blue; plumage dusky black, the edges of the feathers paler, beneath nearly white, with obsolete, pale streaks down the shafts of the feathers, the white taking a curve behind the eye; four or more, of the middle tail feathers dusky brown black, crossed with five or six pale rufous bars; and one, or more, of the outer ones barred whitish and ash-colour ; legs blue. A—Length 62 inches ; bill and legs dusky; fore part and sides of the head, and all beneath, white, passing round the lower part of the neck as a narrow collar; hind half of the crown, the nape, FALCON, 209 and neck behind deep blue black; back, wings, and two middle tail feathers the same, the others mottled with dusky in bars; thighs and vent rufous ; on the chin and fore part of the neck a large, pale rufous spet; the wings, when closed, reach to the middle of the tail. Inhabits India; met with near Sylhet. In another drawing, the forehead, as far as the middle of the crown, the whole sides of the head and neck, to the belly are white, crussmg in a narrow ring at the lower part of the neck ; chin, throat, thighs, and vent, rufous ; the eye surrounded with black, which curves downward for some way on the neck; bill, cere, and legs, lead-colour, The Bengal Falcon is also found in Java, but the specimens are smaller, and somewhat differing in plumage, which isin general on the upper parts and hypochondres, black ; forehead, chin, throat, a streak over the eye, and axillaries, white; quills and tail feathers fasciated with white on the inner webs; belly and fore part of the shins inclined to ferruginous, Called in Java, Allap, or Allap- Allap.#* 137—SOOLO FALCON. Falco Soloénsis, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 137.—Horsfield. LENGTH 11 inches. Plumage above cinereous lead-colour ; beneath dusky ferruginous; quills black ;| wing coverts white at the base ; tail feathers, the outer one excepted, banded with black ; the under part whitish. Inhabits Java, and there called Allap-Allap-lallar. * Lin. Trans. v. xiii. p. 185.—Horsfield. VOL. I. Er 210 FALCON. 138.—-CHIPUCK FALCON. LENGTH ilin. Bill black; cere pale yellow; head marked with dusky and whitish spots ; back deep brown, margins of the feathers frmged with ferruginous ; scapulars marked with five or six white spots; throat, neck, and breast, white, with large broad, brown streaks; thighs the same, but the streaks fewer; belly and vent white ; tail four inches long, pale brownish ash-colour, crossed with five bars of black, the first at the base, the fifth close to the ends of the feathers, but the very tips beyond are white; the two middle ones nearly lead-colour, with very obsolete bars; legs long, pale yellow; claws black. Tnhabits India, and there known by the name of Chipuck. It seems to have great affinity to the Pigeon-Hawk. 139.— BROWN’S HAWK. Falco badius, Ind. Orn.i. 43. Gm. Lin. i. 280. Daud. ii. 86. Falco Brownii, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 161. Brown Hawk, Gen. Syn.i. p.96. Brown. Ill. p.6. t. 3. LENGTH 13inches. Bili blue, with a black tip ; irides yellow ; plumage above brown; wing coverts edged with white; scapulars brown, spotted with white; quills dusky, edged. with pale brown; fore part of the neck, and under parts white, crossed with numerous semi-circular yellow lines; tail marked with four dusky lines; legs very pale yellow FALCON. 211 Inhabits Ceylon; described by Mr. Brown in his Tllustrations of Zoology. 140.—SPECKLED SPARROW-HAWK, Falco Tachiro, Ind. Orn. Sup. p, xi. Levail.i. p.100, Daud. ii, p.90. Shaw's Zool. vu. 201. Speckled Sparrow-Hawk, Gen. Syn. Sup.its p. 51. THIS is little inferior in size to the Sparrow-Hawk. The bill bluish; irides the colour of topaze; the head and neck varied with white and rufous, with spots of brown black; breast white, mixed with rufous; above the body dull brown for the most part, beneath white, shaded with rufous, and marked with brown spots, like erescents ; tips of the quills white; tail as long as the body, brown above, crossed with bands of deeper brown; beneath it white, banded with blackish; the quills reach to the middle; legs yellow. The female is less bright im colour, Inhabits the interior of the Cape of Good Hope; found only in the deep forests bordermg Queer Boom, and those of Hottniqua Land, and makes the nest between the forks of the branches of great trees, formed of small twigs and moss; has three young at a time: supposed to feed on small birds, without distinction, but nourishes the young with grasshoppers; has a piercing note, like Cri-cri often repeated ; the eggs are white, marked with rufous spets. 212 FALCON. 141.—RED-LEGGED FALCON. Falco Gabar, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. x. Daud.ii. 87. Shaw's Zool. vii. 202. Le Gabar, Levail. Ois. i. p. 136. pl. 33. Epervier Gabar, Daud.ii. p. 87. Red-legged Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. il. pe 47. SIZE of the Sparrow-Hawk, and the wings, as in that bird, do not reach much beyond the rump, but it is stouter in proportion, and the tail rather shorter. The bill is black; cere and legs fine red; irides yellow; head, neck, upper parts of the body, and wings, grey brown; upper and lower tail coverts white; quills dusky, banded beneath, and the second quills tipped with white ; tail even, banded darker and lighter brown, beneath the same with black and white ; from the chin to the breast bluish grey, and from thence to the vent dusky white, crossed with light brown bands. The female is one-third larger than the male. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, but found only in the interior parts, on the borders of the river Swarte-kop and Sondag, also about Karow, Camdeboo, and other parts, but not at the Cape itself; said to lay about four white eggs, the size of those of the Sparrow-Hawk, and to hatch in September. FALCON, 213 142.—DWARF FALCON. Falco minullus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. x. Levail. Ois. i. pl. 34.. Daud. i. p. 88. Shaw's Zool. vii. 205. Dwarf Faleon, Gen. Syn. Sup. il. p. 48. LESS than the Merlin, but with the proportions of the Sparrow- Hawk, on a smaller scale. Bill black ; cere and legs yellow ; irides yellow orange; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, brown; beneath white, with a few brown spots on the throat, which increase in size on the breast, and become transverse bars on the belly and thighs ; the quills reach a trifle beyond the base of the tail, which is even at the end; the prime quills banded with white on the inner webs, the secondaries the same, but the bands are broader; under wing coverts rufous, spotted with white; tail brown, marked with obsolete darker bands, which are whitish on the inner webs. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope : is a bold species, generally preying on smaller birds** and grasshoppers—drives away the Shrike from its quarters, as well as many birds of prey larger than itself, even Buzzards and Kites. The male and female generally seen together; build on trees, making a nest of flexible twigs intermixed with moss and leaves, with a linmg of wool and feathers; the female lays five eggs spotted with brown, and is nearly twice the size of the male. * M. Levaillant observes, that one was so daring as to take a bird from the table at which he sat, while he was preparing others.. 214 FALCON. 143.—MINUTE FALCON. Falco minutus, Ind. Orn. i. p.50. Lin. i. 181. Bris,i. 318. pl. 30. f.i. Jd. 8vo. p91. Gm. Lin. i. 285: Falco Brissonianus, Shaw’s Zool, vii. 203. Minute Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. pe 112, LESS than the Merlin; length 113in.; bill black; cere brown; plumage above brown, variegated with rufous ; at the back ef the head a mixture of white; throat and fore part of the neck white, spotted with rufous brown, the rest of the under parts white, with transverse rufous brown stripes; under tail coverts white ; under wing coverts dirty white, with brown spots ; quills brown, barred within with darker brown ; tail brown, with six bands of a darker colour ; legs yellow; claws black. M. Brisson describes another, which had only four bands on the tail, and the breast marked with spear-shaped spots. Tnhabits the Island of Malta. wo — Qr FALCON, *** NEW HOLLAND, &c. 144—MOUNTAIN EAGLE. Mountain Eagle, Collins’s New South Wales, ii. p.287. pl.in do. THIS bird is described as being of a large size, standing in height about five feet. In the plate it appears to be wholly of a brownish lead-colour, with a wax-coloured cere, reaching to the eye ; the feathers of the crown long enough to form a kind of crest, which is rufous yellow at the tip; ends of the wing coverts dull rufous; the bill is pale dusky brown; quills and tail nearly of equal lengths, the latter pointed ; legs cinereous yellow. Said to have been found in Broken Bay, New-Holland, where it was wounded, and secured by Captain Waterhouse, but not known by the colonists, none of them remembering to have seen it before ; whilst lying at the bottom of a boat, with the legs tied, it is said to have driven the talons through a man’s foot; and was so much an object of wonder and fear, among the natives, that none of them would go near it; and they asserted, that it would carry off a middle sized kangaroo ; it lived with them ten days, and would only take food from one person; after this, it divided the rope it’ was fastened with, and made its escape. A similar bird to. the above was three feet in length. Bill deep brown, from the point to the gape three inches; head smooth; feathers of the neck sharp pomted, colour brown, with paler edges, and blackish shafts; back and wings deep brown, marked with a few paler spots on the greater coverts, and second quills; greater quills black, the first five inches longer than the second, the base much marked with white within; under parts of the body, and under 216 FALCON. wing coyerts pale rufous brown; chin and vent much paler than the rest; tail rounded at the end, the two middle feathers twelve inches long, the exterior scarcely ten; colour dusky, mottled with white ; the ends, for two or three inches, dusky, and all pointed at the tips ; legs stout, feathered over the knees, and yellow. I found a loose skin of one of these in the British Museum, brought from New-Holland. Among the drawings of Mr. Dent, is the figure of a bird, which I suppose to be a variety of the Mountain Eagle. The bill stout, lead-colour ; cere yellow; plumage in general deep Jead-colour, approaching to black; wing coverts cmereous, the feathers crossed with fine dusky lines, and the larger ones barred with the same ; belly and thighs ash-coloured, with transverse dusky lines, and the feathers of the latter reaching haif over the legs; tail short, rounded, the wings reaching to the end of it; legs dusky yellow; claws crooked, black. 145.—_LACTEOUS EAGLE. THIS is of a considerable size, beg 2ft. 10in. in length. The bill is black ; cere yellow ; plumage wholly milk-white ; tail 10in. long, and even at the end; legs stout, yellow. Inhabits New-Holland, and is, im make and shape, not unlike the Hen-Harrier, but the legs are stouter. I observe a similar one among some New-Holland drawings, in the collection of Mr. Francillon. This, however, differs in having the cere and legs orange-colour ; the quills reach about one-fourth on the tail. The name known by in New-Holland is Goo-loo-bee. FALCON. 217 146.—NEW-HOLLAND WHITE EAGLE. Falco nove Hollandiz, Ind. Orn: i. p.16. Gm. Lin. i. 264: Daud. ii. p. 56. Falco albus, Shaw’s Zool. vi. p. 92. New-Holland White Eagle, Gen. Syn: i. p.40. Id. Sup. p.12. White's Voy. pl. in p. 250. LENGTH 20in. Cere and orbits yellows; the whole of the plumage pure white ; legs yellow ; the hind claw double the length of the others. Inhabits New-Holland. First communicated to me by the late Dr. J. R. Forster ; one of these formerly in the collection of Sir Jos. Banks, Bart. and presented by him to the British Museum. The quills white, like the rest of the plumage, and reach only to the beginning of the tail. This is considerably smaller than the last, and may not improbably differ from it in sex. 147.--BLACK-EYED EAGLE. Falco melanops, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 175. Black-eyed Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 52. LENGTH 34 or 35mm. Bill black, pale about the nostrils; the head and neck ash-colour ; eye placed in a triangular rufous patch, but immediately round the eye black; the back, wings, and tail, VOL. I. Fr 218 FALCON. dusky brown, the last longish; round the lower parts of the neck and all beneath ferrugmous, crossed with numerous fine lines of bluish ash-colour; legs pale red. Inhabits New-Holland. 148.—W HITE-HEADED RUFOUS EAGLE. LENGTH between three and four feet. Bill yellowish horn- colour; irides orange ; head, neck, and breast white; the rest of the plumage in general dull rufous, or rust colour ; tail much rounded at the end, but scarcely enough to be called cuneiform; quills black, reaching three-fourths on the tail; legs dull yellow. inhabits New-Holland, and there called Girrenera. It is pro- bable, that part of its food consists in sucking the eggs of other birds, as m the stomach of one was found a considerable quantity of the shells; it is also said to live much on fish. At first sight it might be taken for a variety of the Pondicherry species, but differs in not having the dark lines down the shafts of the feathers, independent of the shape of the tail, which is nearly even in the last named bird. FALCON. 219 149.—_NEW-HOLLAND FALCON. LENGTH 1ft. 10in. Bill black-brown, with a considerable swelling, but no notch in the upper mandible; half of the under one and cere, as also between the bill and eye, yellow; the lore sparingly beset with hairs; plumage above deep chocolate brown, with a mixture of white at the back of the neck; wing coverts brown, the lower series marked at the tip with rufous; under wing coverts marbled with pale rufous; quills marked with five or six obscure darker bars; tail brown, ten mches long, with three broad bars of black ; one at the base, another across the middle, and the third near the end, the tip rufous; all the feathers nearly equal in length; beneath, from the chin, wholly white; the feathers streaked with brown down the middle, but more narrow as they proceed down- wards, and on the belly are mere lines; thighs feathered below the joint ; the wings reach beyond the middle of the tail; legs stout, scaly, two inches long, yellow; shins feathered half the length; claws black. TInhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of the late Gen. Davies; we have seen it also m that of Mr. Bullock. 150.—ASH-HEADED FALCON. 8 LENGTH about 30in. Bill stout, with a conspicuous notch, colour black; cere pale yellow; head, and part of the neck fine Fr2 220 FALCON. ash-colour; round the eyes pale ferruginous, but the eye itself is placed in a bed of black, and a slender black streak above it; the rest of the neck, and all beneath, dull pale ferrnginous, with numerous pale lines, edged with dusky beneath; back, wings, and tail brown, with some mottlings of a darker colour on the first; the last long, even at the end, and the wings reach one-fourth on it; legs long, slender, dull red. Inhabits New-Holland.—Mr. Francillon. 151.—PORT JACKSON FALCON. THIS is a large species, bemg in height 28 in. as it stands erect. Bill stout, notched, dusky ; cere ash-colour; head, neck, and under parts white; behind the neck the feathers streaked with black, but the lower part of it, the back, and wings are brown; the feathers in general edged with light dun-colour; wing coverts white about the. shoulder; lower coverts and pinions marked with large brown spots; insides of the wings and tail pearly grey; tail short, brown, the quills reaching nearly to the end of it; legs very stout, and warty ; claws large, hooked, black. Inhabits New South Wales; seen about Port Jackson.—In the collection of General Davies. In another specimen, from which a drawing was taken, the base half of the tail is black brown, the rest white to the end. FALCON, 221 A.—Height, when standing, 29in. Bill and cere pale brown ; plumage in general, above brown, beneath dun, or brownish cream- colour, paler on the belly and thighs, the latter marked with whitish spots; wings deep brown; edges of the feathers of the wing coverts whitish; quills black; inside of the wings spotted brown and white, and of the quills brown black; tail brown, very short, the feathers pale on the edges, and the quills reach rather beyond the end; legs very stout, scaly, yellow; claws black. 152.— WINKING FALCON. Falco conniyens, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xii. Shaw’s Zool, vii. 186. Winking Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. u. p- 53. SIZE of the Ringtail; length 18 or 19mm. Bill pale, with a black point; irides yellow; general colour of the plumage deep chocolate brown, spotted with rusty white on the lower part of the neck behind, and on the axillaries of the wings ; the quills obliquely, and the tail feathers transversely, barred with the same; under parts, as far as the breast, dirty yellowish white, marked with short dusky streaks ; legs covered to the toes, with pale ash-coloured feathers ; toes yellow, claws hooked, black. Some birds are without any white on the iower part of the neck behind, but marked with white on the axillaries. ‘ Inhabits New-Holland ; said to have a wonderful faculty of con- tracting and dilating the iris. The name of the bird is Goora-a-gang. 299 FALCON. 153.—RADIATED FALCON.—PL. XI. Falco radiatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xii. Shaw's Zool, vii. 177: Radiated Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 53. pl. exxi. THIS in 22 inches long, and four feet broad in extent of wing, Bill black, with a blue tinge; cere, and space round the eye blue; ides brown; plumage in general fine rust-colour, spotted and streaked all over with black, but marked on the head and neck with fine lines of the same ; wings and tail brown, with blackish or dusky bars; the tail very long, marked with eight or nine curved black bars, the wings reaching to two-thirds of its length; legs blue ; claws long, black, and sharp. Inhabits New-Holland, but is probably scarce, for at the time this description was taken, only one had been met with, nailed to the side of a settler’s hut; it is said to fly with incredible swiftness. Among the drawings ef Mr. Francillon, is one from New- Holland, with similar plumage, said to be 24in. long; at first sight appears the same, but the bill has a more conspicuous notch on the upper mandible, and the tail not half the length of the other, although barred across in the same manner ; legs pale. I suspect this last bird to have been figured from one in which the tail was mutilated, unless the two sexes of the same species should so essentially differ in that particular. Teil c Falcon. ) . _4 HL eG 124 DSI ES FALCON. 293 154.—NEW-HOLLAND SPARROW-HAWK. Falco Nisus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xi. New-Holland Sparrow-Hawk, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 51. LENGTH 18in. Bill pale blue; indes yellow; top of the head ash-colour ; behind the neck rufous; back and wings dark ash- colour, nearly black ; breast and belly dirty white, crossed with numerous pale rufous bars; tail long, dusky, with nine or ten pale bars; wings short, reaching only to the base; legs yellow. Tnhabits New-Holland; has the manners and appearance of the Sparrow-Hawk. 155.—DARK SPARROW-HAWK. SIZE of the last. Bill stout, black ; head, and all abeve, wings, and tail deep brown; beneath wholly crossed with pale brown bars, on a whitish ground; legs long and slender, as in the Sparrow-Hawk, dull pale yellow; toes long, the middle one furnished with a kind of lobe or appendage; wmgs as in the last. Inhabits New South Wales, and called Goo-rooing, but is not common. This seems to be much allied to, if not a variety of the last described. 924 FALCON. 156.—LEA DEN-BACKED HAWK. -SIZE uncertain. Bill black ; cere yellow; the back, wings, and one third of the base of the tail, bluish lead-colour; the rest of the bird wholly white; legs stout, yellow; claws black ; tail nearly even, and the wings reach almost to the end of it. Inhabits New-Holland.—Among the drawings in the collection of Mr, Francillon, is one similar, as to distribution of colour; the legs flesh-colour. 157.— AXILLARY FALCON. Falco axillaris, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.ix. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 173. Axillary Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.42. - SIZE and shape of the Hen-Harrier, but different in colour, and without the wreathed feathers round the lower part of the head. Bill black; tongue bifid at the tip; irides orange; plumage above cinereous blue, beneath whitish; over the eye, and close to it, a long, irregular, narrow streak of black; a large, long patch of black also occupies a greater part of the wing coverts; quills black, and reach to the end of the tail, the last rounded at the end, and of a moderate length; legs short, stout, and pale yellow. FALCON. 925 Inhabits New-Holland, but is not a common bird. | The speci- men from which the above description was taken being caught alive, was kept for two months, and fed with small birds, fish, &c. Among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, is a bird answering the above—length 12 in.; bill black ; the eye nm a small patch of black, lengthened before, and pomted behind; bend of the wing white; tail plain, nearly white; the wings reach rather beyond the end, which is even; legs yellow; claws black, From India; met with at Lucknow. 158.—PARAMETTA FALCON. SIZE of a Merlin, and somewhat like that bird. Bill small, black; irides yellow; plumage above fine brown, the feathers margined with rufous; chin, throat, and breast, blotched brown and white; belly and tinghs dusky white, barred with rufous; mner webs barred with a pale colour ; tail even at the end, crossed with twelve or fourteen pale clay-coloured bars, rather obscure, except on the inner webs, where they are more conspicuous; wings long, reaching near to the end of the tail; legs slender, long, yellow, claws black; feathers of the thighs long, reaching half way on the shins. Inhabits New South Wales. A.—Length 15in. Bill black; cere yellow; plumage above brownish ash-colour ; beneath wholly white; quills and tail darker VOL. I. Ge 226 FALCON. than the rest of the plumage ; tail eight inches long, crossed with twelve or fourteen obsolete dusky bars; quills the same, but the bars only on the immer webs; legs stout, scaly, three inches in length, and yellow, the feathers hanging over the jeint before; claws long and pale. Inhabits New South Wales—found about Parametta ; perhaps differing from the other only in sex. 159.— FAIR FALCON. Falco clarus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xiiie Shaw’s Zool. vii. 184. Fair Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p54. THIS is about 12in. in length. Bill pale brown; imdes and legs yellow ; head, neck before, and beneath the bedy, white, but the crown of the head and middle of the belly, pale blue; back, wings, and tail, brown; bend of the wing brownish blue, occupy- ing, in an oblique manner, above half the coverts. Inhabits New-Holland ; manners unknown. Another, very similar, spotted on the nape with black; back paler ; tail tipped with pale-colour ; all beneath white, without any tinge of blue. Probably the female ? FALCON. 227 160.—PACIFIC FALCON. Falco pacificus, Ind. Orn. Sup: p. xiii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 186. Pacific Falcon, Gen. Syn: Sup. i. p. 54. LENGTH from 16 to 18in. Bill, irides, and legs yellow ; head and most part of the neck white, but the rest of the plumage generally brown, blotched on the back with dark spots; belly streaked with black; tail long, even, crossed with seven or eight oblique black bars; quills barred as the tail, but the ends are black; the breast and belly are paler than the upper parts, marked with dusky, narrow streaks; thighs and vent dusky white; the quills reach to more than half way on the tail. Inhabits New South Wales. Only one has been shot, but others have been now and then seen, and is therefore supposed not to be common. 161,—LUNATED FALCON. Falco lunulatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiii. Lunated Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 54. LENGTH about 12in. Bill blue; forehead buff-colour ; all the upper parts of the plumage brown, also the wings and tail; throat, and under parts buff yellow, passing upwards in the shape of a crescent, on each side, under the eye, and again below this, but not so far; the breast marked with numerous brown spots 5 Ge2 298 FALCON. thighs crossed with fine brown lines; the tail somewhat cuneiform, and longish; the wings reach to about the middle of it; legs yellow. Inhabits New-Holland, taken there in March. The native name Goo-roo-wang. 162.—YELLOW-CHINNED FALCON. LENGTH 18mm. Bill blue, with a black tip; cere blue; plumage above, wings, and tail deep brown, or dusky black; the same on the sides of the neck, and breast before ; over the eye a streak of the colour of yellow oker; chin the same, but paler; sides of the throat streaked with yellow, and a few large roundish spots on the breast; the lower part of which, the belly, and vent, are dull yellow; legs greenish yellow. Inhabits New-Zealand.—Colonel Woodford. 163.—BIRD HAWK. LENGTH 14 or 15 inches; the general make rather stout. Bill lead-colour ; cere yellowish ; top of the head, and sides below the eyes black, giving the appearance of a hood; the black continues | on the nape, and all the under parts of the body, but inclines to blue FALCON. 229 on the back and wing coverts, where the middle of the feathers is marked with black; chin and throat white, with a few dusky streaks, but from the breast the whole of the under parts crossed with numerous, slender, dusky bars, almost touching each other ; tail marked with seven or eight pale ones on the inner webs. appearing beneath ; shafts white; wings long, reaching to the end of the tail ; legs pale yellow. Tnhabits New South Wales; said to live on small birds, fish, and reptiles. 164.—ASH-TAILED FALCON. LENGTH 29in. Bill and cere dirty horn-colour; plumage above brown, the edges of the feathers paler; inside of the wings brown and white; of the prime and second quills brown black ; the under parts of the body paler, mixed with brown ; each feather of the belly light at the tip, surrounded with dusky; tail of a moderate length, pale ash-colour; and the wings, when closed, reach somewhat beyond the end of it; legs yellow, two inches long; claws black. Inhabits New South Wales—Gen. Davies. 230 FALCON. 165.—CREAM-BELLIED FALCON. LENGTH 20in. Bill lead-colour, the upper mandible furnished with a double notch, the under short at the end, and scooped out ; cere pale; round the eye bare and bluish; plumage m general, above brown, the imner second quills marked with a rufous spot on each side of the shaft; all the greater quills the same, about half way from the base; tail as the quills, the two middle feathers marked with a rufous spot on each side of the shaft; all the under parts of the body cream-colour ; marked down the chin, forepart of the neck, and breast, with brown streaks; belly and vent plain; thighs and sides under the wings brown; tail eight inches long, and the wings, when closed, reach nearly to the end of it; legs three inches long, greenish blue, moderately strong, and scaly ; claws stout. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. 166.—BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE. THIS is full two feet in length. Bill black; cere yellow; irides hazel; general colour of the plumage above brown, the feathers somewhat pointed at the ends, with a black line down the shafts of those of the head, neck, upper and under wing coverts ; the rest of the wing deep brown, nearly black; under parts of the body nearly the same as the neck and wing coverts; tail forked, the FALCON. 931 outer feathers ten inches in Jength, and much the same in colour as the quills; legs stout, scaly, yellow ; claws bluish black. Inhabits New South Wales; said to be a female. 167.—ASH-BROWN FALCON. LENGTH 15in. Bill black; cere yellow; plumage above brownish ash-colour, beneath wholly white; quills and tail dark brown, the last eight inches long, crossed with twelve or fourteen obsolete dusky bars ; quills much the same, but with bars only on the mner webs ; legs three inches long, stout, and yellow, the feathers of the thighs hang some way over the joint on the forepart ; claws Jong and pale. Inhabits New South Wales. 163.—_ DARK FALCON. SIZE uncertain, seemingly acquiline. Bill large, stout, black ; cere dusky ; plumage in general brown; breast and under parts pale brown ; wings darker than the rest; tail pale brown, with the end dark brown ; the wings reach to about one-third of the length ; legs stout, bluish ; claws black. Inhabits New-Holland, by the name of Wee-a-rara. 932 FALCON. *ee% AMERICAN. 169.—CRESTED EAGLE. Falco Harpyia, Ind. Orn. i. p.9. Gm. Lin. i. 251. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 54. Vultur Harpyia, Lin: Syst. i. 121. Aquila Braziliensis cristata, Briss. i. 446. Id.Svo.i. 128. Rati. p.7.8 Will. p. 32. Id. Engl. 63, t. 4. Epervier pattu, Voy, d’ Azara, ii. No. 22, Itzquauhth, Rat. 161. Will. 199. Id. Engl. 288. Seba.i. t. 61. f. 2? Oronooko Eagle, Brown’s Jam.. 471. Crested Vulture, Gen. Syn. i. p. 6. THIS is somewhat bigger than a Turkey ; length 28in. extent 5ft. 9in. Bull black ; cere and irides yellow; the head furnished with a crest, composed of four feathers of unequal lengths, which the bird can erect at will; the largest measures about four inches ; plumage in general black ; behind the neck fulvous ; under parts of the body white; the feathers on the breast very long and loose ; tail barred brown and black ; vent and thighs with white and black; legs feathered, white, spotted with black. Inhabits Mexico, Brazil, and other parts of South America.— When irritated is said to spread out the long breast feathers, so as to reach quite to the toes, and from its strength to be able to cleave a man’s skull asunder with the bill. FALCON. 233 170.—CROWNED EAGLE. Vultur coronatus, Jacg. Vog. p. 15. No.1]. Falco Jacquini, Gm. Lin. 1. 251. Gypaétos Harpyia, Daud. Orn. ii. 27. L’Aigle couronné, Voy. d’ Azara, i. No.7. Crowned Vulture, Gen, Syn. Sup. p. 5. THIS has been esteemed a variety of the Crested Eagle, as it is said to be of the same size, but others suppose it to be a distimct species. Bill black; head reddish grey, and adorned with a crest of several feathers, six inches long at least ; part of the wings, the neck, and breast black ; belly white; thighs white, spotted with black. A bird of this kind was met with near St. Magdalen river, in New Grenada; when it stood erect, it was two feet and a half in height ; we learn too, that it sets up the crest in the manner of a crown, and may be easily brought up tame, if taken young. 171.—ROYAL EAGLE. Falco regalis, Royal Eagle, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 56. L’Ouira Ouassou, Sonnini’s Buff. THE size of this bird is said to be double that of an Eagle: The bill long; head large, having a crest in form of a helmet; eyes VOL. I. Hu 234 FALCON. bright, and piercing; nostrils large, beset with hairs on each side of the bill ; neck thick; the back, wings, and tail brown, spotted with black, and variegated with whitish, or yellowish streaks; belly white, the feathers very soft, and equal in elegance to those of an Egret; legs naked, scaly, and reddish; claws black, crooked, and of the length of the middle finger. This elegant and beautiful bird, is chiefly found about the banks of the river Amazons; generally inhabits lofty mountains, and builds the nest on the highest trees, constructing it of the bones of the animals it has slaughtered, and some dry branches of trees, bind- ing them together with the stems of climbers; lays two or three white eggs, spotted with reddish brown; flies with such rapidity, and such is the expanse of wings, that it sometimes strikes, and kills its prey with them, before it touches it with the claws; is able to tear a sheep in pieces, and sometimes attacks mankind, but its prm- cipal food consists of monkies, particularly those called Guariba.* 172.—TYRANT EAGLE. Falco Tyrannus, Maxim. Tr. i. 217. LENGTH 26in. 7lines. Feathers at the back of the head lengthened into a crest and erect; hind parts of the head and neck, sides of the neck, and upper parts of the back covered with white feathers, tipped with dark brown, but lie over each other, so that the white is covered; the rest of the bird dark brown; larger wing * Simia Beelzebub—Lin. FALCON. 235 coverts marked with a little white ; quills with some grey brown, dark, marbled, transverse stripes; tail broad, with four whitish transverse stripes, marbled with greyish brown; feathers of the thighs, legs, lower part of the back, rump, and vent, dark brown, with narrow transverse lines ; the feet feathered to the toes. Inhabits Brazil, found on the Rio de grande de Belmonte, and called, a small dark-brown Eagle, with a tuft of feathers at the back of the head. 173.—DESTRUCTIVE EAGLE. Falco Destructor, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.iv. Daud. ii. p. 60. Falco imperialis, Shaw’s Zool. vii, 52. t. 15. Grand Aigle de la Guiane, Encycel. Method. Destructive Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 20. THIS isa large species, in length 3ft.2in. The bill is much curved, but chiefly at the end, and horn-coloured ; the top and sides of the head dusky grey; feathers of the hindhead grey, very long, and of different lengths, formimg a crest ; tip of the longest grey ; neck the same ; body black, banded above with greyish; shoulders grey and black mixed ; breast and belly greyish white; quills black, reaching two-thirds on the tail, which is black, mixed with grey on the upper part, but nearly white on the under, with a dusky bar on the tip; the shins covered with white feathers, banded with black ; toes naked, yellow. The male is smaller, and of more lively colours. Hu2 936. FALCON. Inhabits Guiana, is a powerful species, said to prey on the sloth, and other quadrupeds, as well as pheasants. M. Daudin thinks it much allied to the Harpy Eagle. I find a similar bird among some drawings, with the crest com- posed of six or eight feathers in pairs, the lower pair longest, and standing a good way from the neck, the ends of all black ; back and wings dark brown, mottled with pale on the latter ; beneath dirty yellowish white, with transverse yellow brown marks, mostly on the thighs; tail long, dusky brown, crossed with three broad, brownish yellow, or clay-coloured bands, tip fringed with white; legs yellow brown, smooth ; the wings reach one-third on the tail. 174.—BRAZILIAN EAGLE. Falco Urubitinga, Ind. Orn.i. p. 22. Gm. Lin.i. 265. Raii, p. 8. Will. p.32. Buy. 1. 141; Daud. i. p.57. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 63- Aquila braziliensis, Bris.i. 445. Fd. 8vo.i. 128. Brazilian Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p.41. Will. Engl. p. 64. SIZE of a young goose; length 213in.; breadth 50in. Bill thick and black; cere yellowish; eyes large, and rufous grey; plumage in general brown ; wings blackish, mixed with cmereous ; tail white for two-thirds of the length, then black, with the tip white ; legs naked, yellow. Inhabits Brazil. M. Daudin mentions another bird, which is in the Museum, at Paris, called Urubitinga. This is about the size of an Osprey ; space between the bill and eye naked, covered only with a few bristles; bill horn-colour; plumage black; the feathers FALCON. 237 of the hindhead elongated, and marked in their middle with a white spot; thighs transversely striped black and white; tail even, white at the base and tip, black in the middle, and exceeds the wings, when closed, but very little; shins long, yellowish ; claws dusky. Said to inhabit various parts of South America. 175,—-EQUINOCTIAL EAGLE. Falco equinoctialis, Ind. Orn. i. p22. Gin. Lin. i. 265. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p.97. Equinoctial Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p.43. LENGTH 21 in.; breadth 33 feet. Bill pale, with a black tip ; plumage in general dark brown, nearly black; scapulars, and wing coyerts chocolate brown, the base and margins of the feathers ferruginous ; quills black, with one-third of the middle ferrugmous. the two first wholly black; breast rufous, each feather marked with four transverse stripes of brown; under the wings, the thighs, and under tail coverts the same, but paler; tail nearly black, the two middle feathers plain, the others with an oblique white mark about the middle, on each side of the shaft, passmg upwards, in the shape of the letter V, touching the shaft, but not always quite reaching the margin ; tips of the tail feathers white; the wings, when closed, reach to about one-third on the tail; legs yellow, claws black. Inhabits Cayenne. By a label tied to the leg of one of these, we find it to be known by the name of Le Pagani roux, ou L’Aigle a plumage gris-roux. 238 FALCON. 176.—BLACK-CHEEKED EAGLE. Falco americanus, Ind. Orn.i. p.13. Gm. Lin.i. 257. Daud.ii. p.50. Shaw's Zool. vii, p. 88. L’Aigle 4 joues noires, Vietll. Amer.i. p.81. Black-cheeked Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. p.35. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 88. Robert. ic.* SIZE of the Ring-tailed Eagle. Baill blue; cere yellow; head, neck, and breast deep ash-colour ; on each cheek a broad black bar, from the corners of the mouth, to beyond the eyes; back, belly, wings, and tail black ; legs yellow, feathered below the knees. Inhabits North America. One very similar is among the draw- ings in the collection of Mr. Dent. Bill and cere pale; head and neck cinereous yellow, streaked and marked with brown; the rest of the body, wings, and tail deep brown; crown of the head plain brown, anda broad streak of the same from the gape, passing wholly over the under jaw, towards the neck ; thighs and vent tawny, the feathers reaching half way on the shins; end of the tail white; legs dusky yellow; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. * Engravings of Birds: FALCON. 239 177. BLACK-BACKED EAGLE. Falco melanonotus, Ind. Orn. i. 16. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 86. Falco niger, Gm. Lin. i. 259: Daud, ii. 59. Der Adler mit swarzem Rucken, Bechst. Allg. u. d. Vog.i. p.39,22. Id Zusass. p. 659. Black-backed Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. 42. Brown Ii. pl. 2. SIZE of the Golden Eagle. Bill black ; cere and legs yellow; the latter feathered to the toes; hind part of the neck, belly, and wing coverts, ferruginous ; fore part, breast, back, and quills, black; from the base of the tail to the middle white ; the rest black. Native place uncertain ; thought by some to be a variety, or old male of the Ring-tail species. Mr. Bechstein says it is an old male of the Black Eagle. 178.—_JANEIRO EAGLE. LENGTH 29in. Bill and claws dusky; cere yellow, covering the base of the mandible, and extending round the eyes; forehead, upper parts of the body, and wings, deep chocolate brown; top of the head crested, the feathers at the back part elongated; these are white, with a chocolate-brown streak at the tips; the chin also is streaked brown and white ; fore part of the neck and breast paler brown; belly, thighs and vent, brownish black, marked with transverse white spots; legs feathered to the toes, and marked in the same manner ; the quills are dusky, with five or six pale bands on several of the outer ones, and when closed, reach one-third on the tail, 240 FALCON. which is similar to the quills in colour, crossed with four cream- coloured bands; one at the base, a second near the end, and two others at equal distances between them ; legs strong, yellow ; claws stout, hooked, and sharp. Inhabits South America; one brought from Rio de Janeiro.— In the collection of Gen. Davies. 179.—_ LOUISIANE WHITE EAGLE. Falco candidus, Ind. Orn. i. p.14: Gm. Lin. 1. 258. Daud. ii. 51. Falco Conciliator, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 77. Aigle blanc d’Amerique, Vieill. Am. i. p.30. Louisiane White Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. p. 86. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 90. Du Pratz Louis. i. p. 75. THIS, accordng to Du Pratz, is smaller than the Alpine Eagle, but more handsome ; being white, except the ends of the quills, which are black; he adds, that it is a rare bird, and esteemed much by the natives of Louisiana, who purchase the quill feathers at a dear rate, to make the symbol of peace, of which these feathers compose the fan part. FALCON. 241 180.—STATENLAND EAGLE. Falco australis, Ind. Orn. i. 16. Gin. Lin. 1. 259. Daud. ii. 56. Shaw's Zool. vii. 92. Statenland Eagle, Gen. Syn. i, 40. SIZE of the Plaintive Vulture, length 25m. Cere yellow; body brown ; tail black, the end of it tipped with dirty yellowish white. Inhabits Statenland ; has a kind of cry not much unlike that of a hen, so as to deceive any one into supposition of its being so, at first hearing. 181.—WHITE-BREASTED EAGLE. LENGTH 2ft.3in. Bill black, stout; cere yellow, passing under the eye; head, neck, and breast, to the middle of the belly, dusky white, with a darker line down the shaft of each feather, which on the breast is elongate, and grows broader at the end; back blotched brown and white ; wings and scapulars deep brown; under wing coverts mottled brown and white ; quills deep plumbeous black, mottled with white near half way from the base; the three outer feathers marked with brown on the outer web, near the tips; the quills reach to within 12 inch of the end; lower belly mixed deep and paler brown; legs very stout, feathered before below the joint, colour deep yellow ; claws black, and very hooked. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay.—Mr. Bullock. VOILA: Ir 249 FALCON. 182.—WHITE-BELLIED EAGLE. Falco leucogaster, Ind. Orn. i. 13. Gm. Lin. i. 157. Daud. ii. 49. White-bellied Eagle, Gen. Syn. i. 33.* Arct. Zool. Introd. exlyii. LENGTH 2ft.9in. Bill brownish yellow, large, acquiline ; head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and vent, white; back, wings, and tail, dark brown, except the end of the latter, which is white for three inches; legs yellow, very stout; claws black. One of these was met with by Capt. Cook, among others, about Kaye’s Island, off Cape Suckling in latitude 59-49. In Col. Wood- ford’s drawings is one, with the head and neck streaked brown and white, and a large patch of white from the base of the wing coverts; bill pale lead-colour ; probably a female or young bird. A.—Bill dusky, strong, large, and much curved ; cere and irides yellow ; head and neck yellow ; the whole body above dark brown, each feather tipped with dirty yellow ; beneath the body whitish ; tail tipped with yellow ; leg and toes scaly, naked, yellow. This appears about Hudson’s Bay in April, and returns south- ward in October; builds in trees, making a large nest of sticks and grass, and rarely lays more than one egg; preys on deer, rabbits, or any kind of fowl ; is called Ethenesue Mickesue—communicated by Mr. Hutchins, and is probably a variety of the White-bellied species. In Mr. Dent’s collection of drawings is one, with the head and. neck thickly streaked with dark brown, ona pale yellow ground ; back, wings, and tail, dark brown; base of the quills white, forming a patch; end of the tail, for some way, white; under parts of the body, from the breast, plain white ; this seems to be a young bird. FALCON. 943 183.—THARU_ EAGLE. Falco Tharus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 16. Gm. Lin, i. 254. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 170. = Molin. Chil. p. 234. Id. Fr. ed. 244. Daud. ii. p. 41. L’ Aigle 4 Queue blanche, Voy. d’ Azara, in. No. 10? Tharu Eagle, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 18. SIZE of a large Capon. Bill whitish, shaped like that of the common Eagle; plumage whitish, spotted with black ; on the head a sort of crown, composed of long black feathers, the outer ones the longest; quills and tail black; legs yellow and scaly; claws hooked. The female is smaller, grey, and the crest on the head not so large. Inhabits Chili, and makes the nest in the highest trees, com- posing it of sticks twined together, on which is heaped a large bed of wool, feathers, &c. The eggs, five in number, white, spotted with brown; said to feed both on living and dead animals, but it does not pursue the former, seizing them by lurking, and catching them unawares. 'The male advances with a stiff neck, and an air of gravity; and when it cries, which it often does very forcibly, it draws the head backwards towards the rump, with the bill upright; is known in Chili by the name of Tharu. That which M. d’Azara calls by this name, does not accord completely with the above description, for it has a white tail, some- what striped above with dusky, and a dusky bar, an inch broad, with the end black for some way ; the bill pale blue, with a dusky point; irides brown ; legs yellow. 244 FALCON. 184.—W HITE-RUMPED EAGLE. LENGTH 20m. Bill black; cere yellow; crown brown, each feather margined with rufous; back, scapulars, and wing coverts the same; some of the last margined, and tipped with pale brown, the others with rufous; quills dusky, ferruginous brown ; rump as the back, but the margins ferruginous ; upper tail coverts white; tail pale cream-colour, barred with rufous brown, the outer feathers palest;. under parts of the body cream-colour, each feather dashed down the middle with ferruginous brown, and the shafts of them throughout chestnut; thighs pale ferruagmous, the feathers long, reaching to the middle of the legs, which are pale; claws large, and black. The female is 24in. long. The colours above paler; rump, and upper tail covyerts the same, but the middle of the last dashed with brown ; the under parts of the body nearly white, marked with ferruginous down the shafts; sides ferrugmous, with round white spots; thigh feathers long, ferrugmous m the middle, margined with white; tail pale brown, three or four of the outer feathers have the base almost white, but barred, as in the male. The above inhabits Statenland.—Described from specimens in the collection of Sir Jos. Banks; brought from thence in 1775. FALCON. 245 185.—MANSFENY EAGLE. Falco Antillarum, Ind. Orn.i. 19. Gm. Lin. i. 264. Daud.ii. 57. Bris.i. 361. Id. Svo. 104. Shaw's Zool. vii. 98. La Buse des Savannes noyées, 4 taches longues, Voy. d’Azara, ii. No. 32. Mansfeny Eagle, Gen. Syn.i. 47. Hist. des Antill. 1. 252. Rati, p. 19. Bufii. 144. ACCORDING to M. du Tertre we learn, that this bird has the shape and plumage of an Eagle, though not much bigger than a Falcon. The plumage brown; legs strong, with large and crooked talons, of twice the size of those of a Falcon. Inhabits the Caribbee Islands, and feeds on small birds, snakes, and lizards. He adds, that although the flesh is somewhat dark, it is reputed as good food. M. d’Azara describes it as being 20 in. long, and 52 im. broad. The bill deep blue; iides pale rufous; general colour above brown, mixed with deeper brown on the wings; edges of the feathers whitish ; from the bill a whitish spot passes over the eye towards the hindhead ;_ chin white; neck before dusky, dashed with white; breast rufous and white mixed ; sides of the body dusky, the feathers edged with white; belly white, and deep brown mixed ; tail brown, the end white; and when the feathers are spread out, they appear in irregular bands of brown and white spots, for two-thirds the length ; legs yellow. Inhabits Paraguay, where M. d’Azara observed several of this kind. 946 FALCON. 186.—-MACULATED EAGLE. Aquila maculosa, Aigle mouchetée, Vieill. Am.i. p.28.* pl. 3. bis. LENGTH 24in.; breadth 153 in.; tail 8iin. Bill 17 lines, biue; irides yellow; cere and lore blue; head, neck, and back black; chin, throat, and breast white, with long streaks of black on each feather; belly black, marked with round spots of white; vent and thighs ferruginous, the middle of the feathers darker; rump, and upper tail coverts white, striped across with black ; quills and tail lead-colour above, and light bluish grey beneath, with three broad, dark, black bands on the latter, appearing on the under surface as well as above, one of them near the tip; the quills also have 7 or 8 narrow black bands, and black ends; legs orange. Inhabits Guiana and Mexico; said to feed on fish. 187.—_PLUMBEOUS FALCON. Falco nitidus, Ind. Orn.i. p.41. Daud.ii. p. 122. Le Faucon d’un bleu terreux, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 37. Plumbeous Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 37. LENGTH 13iin. Ivides bright red; plumage above lead- colour; round the eye somewhat bare; chin pale, cinereous white ; under parts white, crossed with narrow ash-coloured bars ; between FALCON. 247 the legs plain white; wings and tail darker than the rest of the upper parts; the last six inches long, nearly black, crossed with two narrow lines of white, one near the base, the other about the middle, but, except the two middle feathers, only on the inner webs; legs long and yellow. Inhabits Cayenne; found also in Guiana, and no doubt in Paraguay, as M. d’Azara met with two of them there, in October. A.—Length 11in. Bill pale; cere obscure; round the eyes somewhat bare; plumage above dark lead-colour, beneath pure white; tail darker, almost black, rounded at the end, crossed with a narrow white bar about the middle, and tipped at the end with white; quills barred dusky and white on the mner webs; sides of the breast marked transversely with dusky; legs two inches and a quarter long, yellow; claws brown. Tnhabits Guiana.—A specimen in the collection of Mr. Bullock. It is an elegant little species, and probably only differs m sex from the Plumbeous Falcon. 188.—COLUMBINE FALCON. LENGTH 1ft.10in. Bill lead-colour, much bent at the tip, but without any perceptible notch; plumage in general light lead- 248 FALCON. colour, not unlike that of the Hen-Harrier, inclining to grey ; under wing coyverts pale lead-colour, barred with white; tail black, crossed with two white bars, one at the base, and another within 23 in. of the end, the tip is also nearly white; on the inner webs of all the quills a large spot of white; the wings, when closed, reach about half way on the tail, which is rounded at the end; legs smooth, yellow, but the toes, and half an inch above them, very rough and scaly. Inhabits Cayenne, 189.—STREAKED FALCON. Falco melanops, Ind. Orn.i. 37. Daud. ii. 117. Streaked Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.34. SIZE of a Rook; length 153inches. Bill black ; cere yellow ; head and neck white, streaked with black; through the eye a trace of the same; back and wing coverts black, spotted with white ; quills black; tail the same, crossed in the middle with a bar of white, also a few spots of white on the inner webs of some of the outer feathers ; under parts of the body white; legs yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. The female, as in others of the genus, is larger, as one of this sex, in General Davies drawings, 1s said to be twenty inches long. FALCON. 249 190.—CARACTA EAGLE. Falco cristatus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 17. Gm. Lin. i. 260. Daud, i. p. 43. Falco Caracca, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 64. Bechst. Alig. U. d. Vog. i. p» 72. Aquila coronada, Dillon’s Trav. p. 80. t. 3. Caracca Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. $1. THIS is a large species, weighing twenty pounds, and *having an extent of wing ten feet. The bill is very hooked and black, with a slight projection inthe usual place of the upper mandible, but scarcely to be caHed:a notch ; irides.dark ; round the eye somewhat bare; the head and part of the neck are ash-colour, rather full of feathers; the rest-of the upper parts raven black ; breast and under parts silvery white; beneath the wings the same; quills and tail barred with dusky; on ‘the quills nine or ten bars, and the tail crossed with four; shape at the end nearly:even; legs very stout, rough, and yellow ; claws black. Said to inhabit the Caraccas in South America, and was brought from thence to the palace of Buen Retiro. at Madrid, in the year 1778, where it remained alive fer several years. In a collection of drawings at Sir Ashton Lever’s, is one said to be taken from the life, and corresponds with the above description, except having the appearance ot a white collar round the neck. VoL. 1. Kx 250 FALCON. 191.—WHITE-NECKED EAGLE. Falco albicollis, Ind. Orn. i. 36. Daud. ii. 112, Falco picatus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 167. White-necked Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 30. LENGTH 22in. Bill black; head, neck, back between the wings, and all beneath white; the shafts of the feathers of the head, and hind part of the neck, marked with. lozenge-shaped, narrow spots of black ; wimg coverts black, the ends white, appearing as spots; quills black half-way from the base, marked on the mner webs with a large patch of white ; secondaries tipped with white ; base of the tail, for two mehes and a half, white, then black for four inches, and ultimately white for an inch and a half; shape nearly even, or a trifle hollowed in the middle, and the quills reach to with one inch of the end of it; legs stout, yellow, feathered below the knee; claws black. Inhabits Cayenne. A.—Length 18inches. Bill yellowish-white ; cere dusky yellow; point hooked, with a slight notch near the end ; general colour of the head, neck, under wing coverts, and under parts m general, rufous white, or buff-colour, with obscure streaks of buff on the crown and nape; inner ridge of the wing rufous white ; round the eye scarcely covered with feathers ; behind the eye, from the upper part, a black, narrow, curved streak, more than an inch long ; back and wings deep brown; the greater quills rufous white half- way from the base, speckled with brown on the outer margin; upper FALCON. 251 tail coverts, and tail, for three-fourths of the length, cream-colour, crossed with fiye or six mottled bars of brown; the rest of the length plain brown; tip buff-colour; the tail eight imches long, rather rounded, and the quills reach within an inch of the end; legs dusky blue, feathered below the joint; claws hooked. Inhabits Para, in South America—Lord Stanley. 192.—AZARA’S EAGLE Le Faucon blanc, Voy. d’Azara, ii. No. 36; LENGTH 13inches; breadth 34. Bill black; cere yellow ; head and under parts of the body white; round the eye a black patch ; body and wings bluish, but the lesser wing coverts, near the body, are black; tail hollowed out at the end, the two middle feathers being five lines shorter than the rest, yet the exterior is seven lines shorter than that adjoming, making the shape somewhat forked, or rather doubly rounded ; the two middle feathers are bluish, the others white, but the shafts and tips incline to blue; legs yellow. Inhabits South America. A pair of them found near the towns of San Ignacio, Santa-rosa, and Bobi; on the borders of the river Paraguay, between Neembuca and Remolinos; also about Brazil ; said to have the manners of the Falcon, but more stout, and the gape wider. Thisseems to have some affinity to the last described. K «2 v, On NG) FALCON. 193.—BEACK-NECKED EAGLE. Falco megricollis, Ind. Orn. i. 35. Daud.ii. Wk. Shaw's Zool.vii. 167 Black-necked Falcon, Gen. Syn.Sup.. p. 30. LENGTH 23in. Bill black; plumage in general rufous, barred with black, the bars very narrow on the belly and sides; behind the eye astreak of black; on the fore part of the neck a patch of the saine; top of the head and neck longitudinally striped with black ; belly shaded with chestnut; quills black; end. ef the tail dusky 3 legs yellow. , Inhabits Cayenne:. 194—_ NOTCHED FALCON. Falco bidentatus, Ind. Orn.i. 88. Daud.ii. 118. Shaw's Zool.vii. 175: Notched Falcon, Gen..Syn..Sup, 34. Id. Sup.ii. 28. LENGTH 14m. Bill brown, the upper mandible furnished with a double notch about the middle, the under yellow; plumage on the upper parts of the body bluish black; breast and belly. rufous, the latter clouded with white ; vent white; quills barred with white, the first shorter by an inch and a half than the second, but the fourth the longest of all: the second and third of nearly the same length ; under wing coverts plain white ; tail deep lead-colour, rounded im FALCON. 253 shape, crossed with three paler bars on the outer webs, and on the inner as many of white placed opposite; the pale bars occupying less space than the ground colour; the wings reach more than three-fourths on the tail; legs yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. One of these, brought from the Island of Trinidad, by Lord Seaforth, measured in length 15m. and differed ima few particulars. The breast was dull rufous, deeper on the sides ; belly, thighs, and vent barred brown and white, with narrow rufous ones between the others; or it may be rather said, that the brown is margined above with rufous; under tail coverts white; the tail much rounded at the end, the outer feather being three quarters of an inch shorter than the two middle ones; the first quill an inch and a half shorter than the second, and the third the longest; when the wing is closed, it reaches to more than two-thirds on the tail. We have met with a drawing of one, in which the forehead was whitish ; the thigh feathers black; legs black; in other points agreeing with the former description... 195.—RUFOUS-HEADED FALCON. Falco meridionalis, Ind. Orn.i. 36. Daud. ii. 112. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 178. Rufous-headed Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.33. LENGTH 19inches. Bill black brown; cere yellow; head and neck rufous, dashed with brown ; throat, and behind the eyes, marked with narrow black stripes; back and rump brown; chin pale rufous yellow; under parts of the body dirty white, with numerous bars of ash-colour; sides of the tail black and white 254 FALCON, mixed ; tail seven inches long, the two middle feathers crossed with a buff-coloured bar 13 inch from the end, the others with five or six bars of the same, and one at the tip; quills cream-colour, barred with lines of black, the ends blackish; secondaries the same, barred only on the inner webs. Inhabits Cayenne. 196.—PLAIN FALCON. Falco obsoletus, Ind. Orn. 1. 38. Gm. Lin. i. 268. Daud. R 104: Shaw’s Zool. vil. 152. Plain Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.30. Arct. Zool, ii. No. 104. LENGTH 25inches. Bill black; head dusky ; nape spotted with white; back, wing coverts, and tail uniform deep brown; fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs the same, spotted with white; prime quills dusky, mner webs marked with great oval spots of white, mottled with brown; the two middle tail feathers brown ; inner webs of the others mottled with white ; outer webs and ends slightly edged with the same ; legs strong, yellow ; wings and tail nearly equal in length. Tnhabits Hudson’s Bay. FALCON. 25) 197.—_CRESTED GOSHAWK. Falco ornatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. vii. Levail. Ois. i. pl. 26. Daud. ii. p. 77. Falco superbus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 64. Crested Goshawk, Gen. Syn. Sup. il. p. 37. THIS is one-third larger than our Goshawk. Bill pale blue; cere yellow; crown of the head black; neck behind deep rufous ; from the hindhead arises a tuft of long black and white feathers ; upper part of the body and wings brown, deeper on the coverts; chin and throat white; the rest of the under parts rufous white, with irre- gular black spots, and a line of black on each side of the neck, between the rufous and white ; thighs barred black and white, and feathered almost to the toes; tail banded brown and black ; legs dull yellow. Inhabits Cayenne; has all the characters of the common Goshawk. A.—Falco Mauduyti, Ind. Orn. Sup: p. viii. Daud. ii. 73. Shaw's Zool. vu. p. 66. Grand Autour de Cayenne, Mauduit. Encycl. Method. Mauduit’s Falcon, Gen. Syn, Sup. ii. 38. This is two feet in length. Bill and cere black ; eyelids, and skin between the bill and eye, covered with hairs; nape ash-coloured, shafts of the feathers black, streaked with white; cheeks white; from behind the eye to the hindhead a black streak ; at the latter a long crest; the upper parts of the body black brown; middle of the wing barred with cinereots grey; belly white, barred with rufous brown ; 256 FALCON. shins covered with feathers, rufous and white, in rings; tail long, crossed with four alternate bands of black and grey; the wings, when clesed, reach-to about the middle ;. toes yellow. The female is bigger, wants the crest, and the colours are more dilute. Inhabits Cayenne. B.—Falco guianensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. viii. Daud. i. p. 78. Falco Sonnini, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 67. Petit Aigle de Guiane, Mauduit Encycl. Method. ‘Guiana Goshawk, Gen. Syn. Sup. u. 38. Length 22in. Plumage white, except the quills and tail, which are banded, or chequered grey and black, the colours opposmg each other on the different sides of the shaft; hindhead crested ; the feathers which are longer than the rest, marked with a black spot near the end; the wings reach two-thirds on the tail. Inhabits Cayenne, and is probably a second variety of the Crested Goshawk. 198.—_ BLACK HAWK. Falco niger, Black Hawk, Amer. Orn. vi. p- 82. pl: 53. f. 1. LENGTH 2lin. extent of wing 4ft.2in. Bill bluish black ; cere, sides of the mouth, and feet, orange-yellow; irides bright FALCON. Q57 hazel; plumage above brown black, slightly dashed with white 5 front white ; nape of the neck white under the surface ; the whole lower parts black, with slight tinges of brown, and a few circular touches of the same on the thighs; the five first prime quills white on their inner webs ; tail rounded at the end, deep black, crossed with five narrow white bands, and broadly tipped with dull white; vent black, spotted with white, inside webs of the primaries white ; legs feathered to the toes, black, touched with brownish ; claws black, strong, sharp; toes remarkably short. Inhabits America, found frequently along the marshy shores of the large rivers; feeds on mice, frogs, and moles; sails much, and sometimes to a great height; has been seen to kill a duck on the wing; is remarkable for the great size of its eye, length of wimg, and shortness of the toes; likewise the uncommon breadth of its head. This, the author of Amer. Ornith. suspects, may be allied to the Chocolate Falcon. The place or manner of breeding unknown. A.—Black Hawk variety, Am. Orn. 6. pl. 53. f. 2. This bird is 20in. in length, and in extent 4ft. The head above white, streaked black and light brown ; along the eyebrows a black line; cheeks streaked like the head, the neck with black and reddish brown, on a pale yellowish white ground; parts above brown black, dashed with brownish white and pale ferrugimous ; tail white for half its length, endmg in brown, marked with one or two bars of dusky, and a large bar of black, tipped with dull white; wings as in the preceding bird; throat and breast brownish yellow, dashed with black ; belly beautifully variegated with spots of white and ferru- VOL. I. Lu 258 FALCON. ginous; thighs and feathered legs the same, but rather darker; vent plain brownish white. This bird was a male, as well as that last described, and ne doubt in imperfect plumage. The female has not yet been met with. ‘These are probably the birds known by many under the appellation of Duck Hawk, though, till now, the sort not specified, or known to any but the Gunners ; and it is observed, that these birds will strike down ducks on the wing. Particularly noticed on the sea coast, and salt marshes between Cape May and Egg Harbour. Dr. Lister, in his Journey to Paris,** mentions, that in a visit to F. Plumier, he saw a Falcon, which was coal-black as a raven, but he gives no further account of it. 199.—_SOOTY FALCON. LENGTH 14in. Bill hooked, black; cere, and round the eye, bare and dusky; plumage in general brown black, with a sooty tinge ; quills dark brown, barred with black, the inner webs white, with dusky bars ; tail six inches long, much rounded at the end, and crossed with six or seven pale or whitish bars, most conspicuous on the outer web; the quills extend to about one-third on the tail ; legs slender, yellow, claws black. In the collection of Mr. Bullock. * Page 73: FALCON. 259 200.—CHOCOLATE FALCON. Falco spadiceus, Ind. Orn. i. 29. Gm. Lin. i. 273. Phil. Trans. \xii. 383. Daud. ii. 109. La Buse rougeatre, Vietll. Am. i. p. 34. Bay Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. 54. No. 34. A. Chocolate Falcon, Aret. Zool. ii. pl.ix, f. 2. Faun. Amer. p.9. Placentia Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 76. Id. Sup. p. 19. LENGTH 1ft. 10m. Bill short, black ; cere yellow; plumage in general deep bay or chocolate, m parts tinged with ferruginous ; primaries black; the lower exterior sides pure white, forming a conspicuous spot or speculum; the wings reach to the end of the tail; the exterior sides of the five outermost feathers of the latter dusky; the inner blotehed with black and white, the two middle feathers black and cinereous ; legs and toes feathered, the last remarkably short. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay and Newfoundland ; preys much on Ducks ; sits on a rock, and watches their rising, when it instantly strikes at them. The one described formerly as the Placentia Falcon, and in my own collection, was larger; in length 27in.; the general colour of the plumage the same as the other; across the breast nearly white ; between the legs cream-colour ; thighs tawny yellow, streaked with chocolate ; wings much the same, but the white spot is barred irregu- larly with brown; upper tail coverts white, with a large chocolate spot at the tip of each feather; tail deep chocolate; base yellowish white; end deep chocolate, the very tip, and shafts, dirty white ; legs as in the former. ix 2 260 FALCON. 201—RED-THROATED FALCON, Falco formosus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 38. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 159. Falco aquilinus, Gi. Lin. i. 280. Falco nudicollis, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 79. & 177. Petit Aigle d’Amerique, Buff. i. 142. Pl. enl. 417. Red-throated Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 97. Id. Sup. p.26. Nat. Mise. pl. 485. LENGTH of one, supposed to be a male, near 18in. Bill blue, strait, except at the end, where it is bent; cere, and round the eye, yellow; irides orange; throat and neck purplish red, and very sparingly covered with slender feathers ; upper parts of the body reddish blue ; belly and vent reddish white; legs yellow ; claws black. The other sex measures 23in. Bill yellow; base and cere dusky ; eyelids furnished with strong black lashes; throat and sides of the head nearly bare, bemg sprinkled with narrow, slender feathers like hairs; the skin of a dirty purple ; general colour of the plumage glossy blue, appearmg in some lights greenish black ; belly and thighs white; tail 10in. long, even at the end ; legs yel- low ; claws black. This is a most beautiful species, and habits Cayenne, and other parts of South America. FALCON. 261 202._ JAMAICA BUZZARD. Falco Jamaicensis, Ind. Orn. i. 24. Gm. Lin.i. 266. Daud.ii. 157. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 111. La Buse fauve, Viedll. Am. 1 p. 34. Cream-coloured Buzzard, Gen. Syn. i. 49: SIZE of a Buzzard ; length 20in. Bill black, cere yellow ; plumage dark cream-colour, paler beneath; crown of the head plain, but the feathers of the back are brown down the middle; greater wing coverts obscurely barred with brown; quills dark cream-colour, inclining to brown; belly and sides marked with streaks of brown, but irregularly ; thighs pale buff white, barred with pale brown ; vent plain; tail shorter than in the common Buzzard, the colour the same as the back, crossed with several obscure darker bars; legs short, stout, yellow ; claws black. Inhabits Jamaica. I received a specimen of the above from an intelligent friend many years since, who did not hint the least of its being a variety of the common Buzzard, which at first sight might be suspected—but remarked, that it was a scarce bird. 203.—MINGLED BUZZARD. La Buse mixte noire, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 20. LENGTH 23in. extent of wing 54. Cere yellow; irides deep rufous ; upper part of the head, the neck, the whole of the body, 262 FALCON, and the under wing coverts, thighs, and the greater part of the tail, black ; upper wing coyerts brown; quills barred brown and ash- colour ; upper tail coyerts, and a third of the upper part of the tail, white; with a small mixture of white at the ips of the thigh feathers ; legs yellow. This is not uncommmon about Paraguay, on the. borders of stagnant waters—does not confine itself to living prey, but will alse devour any dead carcase that it may occasionally find, 204.—SPECKLED BUZZARD. Falco variegatus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 24. Gm. Lin. i. 267. Daud. 156, Shaw's Zool. vii. 112. Falco albidus, Gm. Lin. 1. 267. Busard variée, Vieill. Am. i. p. 37. Buzzardet, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 109. Speckled Buzzard, Gen. Syn. i. p. 97. LENGTH from 10 to 15in.; shape of the common Buzzard.— Bill dusky ; head and neck whitish, blotched down the shafts of the feathers irregularly with dusky brown; back and wings brown, some of the coverts spotted with white; quills dark, nearly black; tail the same, crossed with several, almost obsolete, bars; under parts from the breast white, blotched down the shafts with brown, spreading out larger and broader towards the belly ; thighs much the same ; vent white; legs yellow; claws black. That of the Arctic Zoology had the tail barred, and tipped with white, and we have seen one, with a broad brown belt across the belly, before the legs; and the tail with blotched bands of deep FALCON. 263 chocolate and cream-colour. These last may probably differ in age or sex. Inhabits North America. 205.—BROAD-WINGED FALCON. Falco pensylvanicus, Broad-winged Hawk. Amer. Orn. vi. pl. 54. f. 1, LENGTH 14in. Extent of wing, 33in. Bill black, slightly toothed, near the base blue; cere and corners of the mouth yellow ; irides bright amber ; frontlet and lores white ; from the mouth back- wards, runs a streak of blackish brown; upper parts dark brown, the plumage tipped, and the head streaked with whitish; and almost all the feathers spotted or barred with white, but not seen, unless they are separated by the hand; head large, broad and flat; cere broad; nostrils large; tail short; the exterior and interior feathers somewhat the shortest; colour black, crossed with two bars of white; tipped also slightly with whitish; tail coverts spotted with white; wings dusky brown, indistinctly barred with black; greater parts of the vanes snowy ; lesser coverts and upper parts of the back, tipped and streaked bright ferruginous; breast and sides elegantly marked with spots of brown, in the shape of arrow heads, centered with pale brown; belly and vent white, like the breast, but more thinly marked with pointed spots of brown; vent white; legs very stout, coarsely scaled; colour dirty orange yellow; claws strong, sharp, the hind one considerably the largest. Inhabits America; shot the 6th of May, in Mr. Bartram’s 264 . FALCON. woods, near the Schuylkill, perched on the dead limb of a tree, and when first observed, feeding on a mouse. This was a male. In size it agrees with the Speckled Buzzard; but it was on all hands allowed, that such an one had not been met with before, nor strictly to be compared with any known species. 206.—BROWN AND TAWNY EAGLE. LENGTH 2ft. Bill stout, black, with no notch at the end ; cere yellowish ; above the feathers are brown with tawny edges ; beneath the same, but the edges more deeply ending im tawny ; wing coverts as the back ; quills brown, barred with darker; the three outer plain dusky, but all have the inner webs white, barred with a dark colour; under wing coverts white; the first quill four inches shorter than the second, the three next equal in length ; tail nine inches, even at the end, brown, crossed with eight or nine black- ish bars ; inner webs white, with brown bars; ends of the feathers tipped with dusky white; legs stout, yellow; claws black; the feathers reach a little way on the shins, and those of the thighs hang half way over them. Native place uncertain.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock. FALCON. 265 207.—YELLOW-TOED FALCON. LENGTH 31lin. Bill black; cere yellowish brown, also the base of the under mandible; plumage in general deep chocolate brown ; except the tail, which is barred, paler brown and dirty buff; the two middle feathers wholly, the rest only on the inner webs ; tail near eight inches in length, the ends of the feathers ferruginous clay- colour ; legs two inches long, stout, brown; toes long and yellow ; claws sharp, hooked, black; legs feathered half way on the shins; great quills barred three or four times with dark and dusky white. Native place uncertain—Mr. Bullock. 208.—AMERICAN BUZZARD. Faico borealis, Ind. Orn. i. p. 25. Gm. Lin. i. 266. Daud. ii. 157. Shaw's Zool. vii: p- 112. Accipiter ruficaudatus, Autour 4 queue rousse, Vieill. Am. 43. pl. 14. bis. Red-tailed Falcon, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 100. Am. Orn. vi. pl.52. f. 1. Great Eagle Hawk, Bartr. Trav. 286. American Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p. 50. SIZE of the common Buzzard, at least ; length 1ft. 11 in. ; breadth 4ft.3in. Bill black ; cere yellow; plumage above dusky reddish brown; beneath paler, a little mottled on the fore part of the neck and breast; chin, belly, and vent, white, each feather of the VOL.T. Mm 266 FALCON. Jatter marked with a lozenge-shaped streak down the shaft ; thighs yellowish ; quills dusky; tail ferrugmous, near the base whitish, with a narrow black band near the end ; legs pale ; claws black. In a drawing of one, by Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, I observe that the general brown colour does not incline to red ; the streaks on the breast not lozenge-shaped, but mere blotches; the bar near the end of the tail much broader, with a white tip; and a few lines of black on the chin, and middle of the belly. The female is a trifle bigger ; has some large patches on the breast, not only of black, but brown; the thighs, m both sexes, white, with a few rufous mottlings towards the base. Inhabits various parts of North America; preys on hares, squir- rels, and sometimes fowls; is sufficiently common, but difficult to be shot, being very shy ; is probably not migratory, as it has been met with at all seasons. 209.—BUZZARET. Falco Busarellus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. vie Daud.ii. 168. Shaw's Zool. vii. 203. Le Buseray, Levail. Ois.i. p. 84. pl. 20. La Buse des Savannes noyées a téte blanche, Voy. d’Azara, iii. No. 13. Buzzaret, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p- 32. SIZE of the Marsh Buzzard; length 19in.; breadth 50in. Bill black; cere lead-colour; irides dark; head and neck rufous white, mixed with brown ; the last colour deeper on the back of the neck; back and wings rufous brown, or chestnut, more or less spotted, or streaked across with dusky black ; tail barred with the FALCON. 267 sane, but inclining to rufous yellow at the base, and towards the end dusky ; belly and thighs light rufous, marked with transverse bands of black brown; quills black, and reach to the end of the tail. Inhabits Cayenne, and is supposed to be the same bird, which M. Mauduit mentions in the Encyclopedie Methodique, by the name ef Busard roux de Cayenne. 210.—W HITE-BREASTED FALCON. American Buzzard, or White-breasted Hawk, Am. Orn. vi. pl. 52. f. 2. THIS is 22in. long, and four feet in extent: Bill blue, pomt black; cere pale green; irides bright straw-colour; eyebrows much projecting ; head broad, flat, and large; the upper part, sides of the neck, and back brown, streaked and seamed with white, and some pale rust; scapulars and wing coverts spotted with white; quills as im the American Buzzard ; tail coverts white, barred brown ; tail slightly rounded, pale brown, varying in some to sorrel, crossed with nine or ten black bars, and tipped for half an inch with white ; wings brown, barred with dusky, mner vanes all white; chin, throat, and breast white, with some slight touches only of brown, enclosing the chin; femorals yellowish white, thinly marked with minute touches of rust ; legs bright yellow, feathered half way down; belly broadly spotted with black, or very deep brown; the tips of the wings reach to the middle of the tail. Mm 2 268 FALCON. This is found in the same places as the American Buzzard, and the possibility of its belonging to that species is hinted at, from sunilarity of make and shape; as to the difference of markings of the tail, it is certainly not more than in the two sexes of our Kestril, or the little Falcon of America: and we know, that the females. of the Falcon tribe are ever larger than the males; but we are more certain, that it is not the Leverian Falcon, which Mr. Wilson has quoted with a doubt, that being allied to the Osprey, as before mentioned by us, under that head. 211.--BARRED-BREASTED BUZZARD. Falco lineatus, Ind. Orn.i. 27. Gm. Lin. i. 268. Daud.ii: 158. Shaw's Zool. vii- p- 113. Red-shouldered Falcon, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 102. Am. Orn. vi. pl. 53. f. 3. Barred-breasted Buzzard, Gen. Syn.i. p.56. SIZE of our Buzzard ; length 20m. Bill blue, cere yellow ; plumage above deep brown, margined with ferruginous; chin the same, but paler; lesser wing coverts ferruginous, spotted black ; the greater margined with white on both webs, except for one inch or more at the ends; tail rather short, deep brown, with three narrow dirty white bars, and one near the base ; the end also is dirty white ; fore part of the neck and breast rufous, shafts of the feathers black ; on the breast and belly imterrupted bars of whitish, and pale ferruginous mixed ; thighs and vent dirty white, the first plain, the latter barred obscurely with brown ; legs strong, yellow ; claws black. Inhabits North America ; by some called Goshawk. FALCON. 269 IT received an account of two of these from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, with drawings. He observes, that the male is 29 im. long, and 40 broad. The general distribution of colours not unlike the above description, yet differing in being darker; breast marked with bars nearly black, and the markings contmued lower down. The young males have the markings: mueh paler, the wings of a browner red, and the feathers of the head pale and narrow, giving a flat, bald appearance; quills and tail black, with the bars whitish. The female less beautiful; this sex having the red on the shoulders less distinct, and less mottled with white on the upper parts ; the tail, too, differs in being pale brown, with six paler brown bars. 212.—C AYENNE FALCON. Falco Cayanensis, Ind. Orn. i. 28. Gm. Lin. i. 164, Daud. ii. 74. Shaw's Zool. vii. p- 160. Petit Autour de Cayenne, Buf-i.- 23%. Pl. enl. 473. Cayenne Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 59. LENGTH 16in. Bill blue; irides orange; head, and hind part of the neck bluish white; back and wings dark ash-colour ; from the throat to the vent nearly white; quills black, secondaries barred with black; tail crossed with four or five alternate bars of black and white, the black ones the broader ; tip white ; legs short, blue; claws black. Inhabits Cayenne.—From the shortness of the legs, seems to have some affinity to the Lanner, but as the wings reach to more than two-thirds on the tail, it may with more probability belong to the Goshawk. 270 FALCON. 213.— LONG-SHANKED FALCON. LENGTH 2ft. Bill black; cere yellow, and somewhat bare as far as the eye; crown brown, the feathers margined with tawny ; on the under jaw a ferruginous tawny patch, with a kind of wreath of ash-colour, in the manner of the Ring-tail; head, neck, body, and scapulars, nearly plain browu; wing coverts brown, spotted with dove-colour; each feather, for the most part, marked with twa bars of the last, and tipped with the same, smaller on the lesser coverts; greater quills dove-colour, narrowly barred and tipped with black; the three outer ones plain brown; the first three inches shorter than the second, the third longest, the third and fourth narrowing suddenly at the end half, on the outer webs ; under wing coverts, breast, belly, and thighs, ferruginous in bands and spots, some of the size of peas; thighs the same, but paler, and the white spots smaller, and more numerous; thighs and legs very long, the former five inches, the latter 43 to the bend of the toes, colour yellow ; claws black; tail 103 imches long, crossed with alternate bars of brown and dove-colour, twelve in all, and the wmgs reach to within two inches of the end. T found this in the collection of Mr. Bullock, but with no history annexed ; it seems somewhat allied to the Long-legged Falcon, No. 98. FALCON. 271 214—_MARSH HAWK. Falco uliginosus, Ind. Orn. i. p, 40. Gm. Lin. i. 278. Daud.i. 105 Busard de Marais, Vieill. Amer. i. p. 37. La Buse brune des Champs, Voy. d’Azaraiu. No. 33. Marsh-Hawk, Gen. Syn.i. 90. Edw. pl. 291. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 173. Bartram Trav. 286. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 166. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 67. IN this the bill, cere, and legs are like those of the Hen-Har- rier; irides hazel; plumage, m general, resembling that of the Ring-tail, butis a larger bird, being two feet in length; the ears are surrounded with a kind of wreath of whitish feathers, and a black line from the bill passes through the eye, beneath which is a white mark or two; rump white; tail dusky brown, crossed with four blackish bands. Inhabits Pennsylvania, frequenting marshy places in the summer, feeding on small birds, frogs, snakes, and lizards. I received one of these from Jamaica, scarcely differmg; it was described to be a bold spirited bird, and that it would not hesitate to kill chickens, pigeons, &c. in the sight of any one. Edwards observes, that the tail is rather shorter than in the Ring-tail, and Mr. Pennant hints, that the legs being stouter, and shorter, make it distinct from that bird; but in those which have come under our inspection, the legs are not different from those of the European Ring-tail, and it is probable that they are, in fact, really but one, and the same species. M. d’Azara found this in Paraguay, and about the river Plata, in South America ; but it is far from common there. 272 FALCON. 215.—AMERICAN FALCON. Falco obscurus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 44. Gm. Lin. i. 281. Daud. is. 123. Dusky Falcon, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 118. American Falcon, Gen, Syn. Sup. p. 38. LESS than the Dubious Falcon. Bill bluish ; upper mandible armed with a sharp process; cere yellow; head and upper parts of the body dusky brown, the margins of the feathers ferrugimous ; neck behind spotted with white; quills dusky, immer webs marked with oval, pale, rust-coloured spots; tail short, tipped with white, and crossed with four broad dusky bars, and the same number of white ones, but narrower ; beneath, from the chin, whitish, streaked with distinct black lines; legs deep yellow. Tnhabits New Yerk. 216—.RUSTY AND GREY FALCON. Falco discolor, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xtie Act. Soc. N. Hist. de Paris, 1. pl. 1. p. 911. Shaw's Zool. vii. 185. Der bunte Falke, Al/. U.d. Vog. ii. s. 680. 128. Rusty and-Grey Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii: p. 53. THE size of this bird is not mentioned, but according to the description, the upper parts of the plumage are dusky grey; and under, breast, belly, and thighs, dusky rust-colour ; under wing and tail coverts white. Tnhabits Cayenne FALCON: 273 217.—_SWALLOW-TAILED FALCON. Falco furcatus, Ind. Orn. i. 22. Lin. Syst.i. 129. Gm. Lin. i. 362. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 107. Milvus Carolinensis, Bris.i. 418. Jd. 8vyo. 118. Daud.ii. 152. Buf. i. 221. Falco Peruvianus, cauda furcata, Klein. Av. 51. 14. Hirundo maxima peruviana, Feuill. It. it. p. 33. Le Milan noir & blanc, Vieill. dm. i. 38. pl. 10. Le Faucon a queue en ciseaux, Voy. d’ Azara, i. No. 38. Swallow-tailed Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 60. Id. Sup.ii. p.28. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 108. pl. 10. Laws. Carol. 138. Bart. Trav. 286. Nat. Mise. pl. 204. Amer: Orn. vi. pl. ‘ols f..2. THIS most elegant species is jess than the common Kite ; length two feet, breadth four. Bill black ; cere blue; irides reddish orange; head, neck, breast, and beneath pure white, m some in- clining te buff-colour; rest of the plumage above, the wings, and tail purplish brown, almost black, glossed with green on the rump, upper tail coverts, and tail; shape of the last very forked, 13in. m length, the two outer feathers exceeding the middle ones full eight inches; the wings, when closed, reach two-thirds on the tail; legs yellow. Both sexes are nearly alike in plumage. Inhabits Carolma, im summer; also Georgia, feeding on snakes, the larvee of wasps, and other insects, tearing the nests of them, which hang on the trees, for the sake of the contents. By some it is called the Snake-Hawk ; is migratory, retiring im the colder season to Peru, and other parts of South America. M. d’Azara supposes this to be the bird quoted from his voyage above, but M. Sonnini, his commentator, thinks it a distinct species. VOL. I. Nw 274 FALCON. 218.—BRAZILIAN KITE. Falco braziliensis, Ind. Orn.i. p. 21. Gm. Lin. i. 262. Rati. Syn. p.17.6. Will. Grn. p- 42. t.9. Bris.i. 405. Jd. 8vo.116. Buf.i. 222. Daud.ii. 119. Shaw's Zool. vii. 106. Caracara, Marc. Braz. p.211: Voy: d’Azara, iii. No. 4. Brazilian Kite, Gen. Syn.i. 63. Will. Engl. p. 76. SIZE of a Kite, with the bulk and strength of the greater Buzzard; length 21im. Bill black; irides gold-colour ; round the eyes yellow; general colour of the plumage rufous, spotted with white and yellow; wings reach to near the end of the tail, which is nime inches long, the colour white and brown mixed, but whether forked in shape or not, is not mentioned ; legs yellow, claws black ; im some the breast and belly are white. Inhabits Brazil, and there known by the name of Caracara ; said to be a great destroyer of poultry. This is somewhat rare m the neighbourhood of the River Plata, but found more frequent about Paraguay, where it is called Carancho; at Brazil named Gavia (Buzzard). These birds begin to pair in June, and make the nest on the tops of trees, formed of sticks, almost flat, and lied with hairs; lay two eggs, dark-coloured, spotted with red, and somewhat pointed at the smaller end; observed mostly in pairs, or single, except in pursuit of prey, when four or five are sometimes seen together; will attack lambs, and pursue other birds who may have been in possession of spoil, and force them to give it up, the Eagles perhaps excepted; also is very destructive to small birds, which it takes on the wing, and has been known to force the Carrion Vulture to give up its prey. FALCON. 275 219.—MISSISSIPPI KITE. Falco Mississippensis, Mississippi Kite, Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 25. f. 1. LENGTH 14in. ; extent of wing 3ft. Bill, cere, lore, and a narrow line round the eye, black.; irides dark red ; head, neck, and exterior webs of the second quills, hoary white ; lower parts whitish ash ; back, rump, scapulars, and wing coverts, dark ash, inclining to black ; wings very long and pointed, the third quill longest ; primaries black, with reddish shafts; the prime coverts also tinged thesame, but slightly ; all the upper parts of the plumage white at the reots ; scapulars spotted white, but only seen when the feathers are blown aside ; across the wing, just above the great quills, a bar of white, arising from the ends of the secondaries bemg of that colour ; tail slightly forked, jet black; rump the same; legs fine orange red, towards the tail blackish; wings and tail equal in length. Inhabits the Mississippi, afew miles below Natchez, and thought by the author tu be a new species; sails about in easy circles, and at a considerable height, in company with the Carrion Vultures, and imitates them in flight; the principal part. ef the food seems to be cicadze, as it was observed sweeping among the trees, in which they abound ; likewise beetles and grasshoppers. Nw2 276 FALCON. 220.—SALVADOR. FALCON. Falco palustris, Maxim. Trav. i. p. 98. LENGTH 19in. 8lines. Head surrounded with an Owl’s crown, of a mixture of yellowish white and dark brown ; over the eye a whitish stripe; all the upper parts of the plumage dark brown; lower parts pale yellowish red, with dark brown, longitudinal stripes; throat dark brown; thighs and rump rusty red ; quills and tail ash grey, with dark brown, transverse stripes. Inhabits Brazil, met with near the Villa de St. Salvador.— Prince Maximilian calls it a beautiful species of Kite, but does net mention the shape of the tail. 221.—ST. JOHN’S FALCON. Falco S. Johannis, Ind. Orn.i. 34. Gm. Lins i. 273. Daud.ii. 105. Shaw's! Zool. yi. 150: St. John’s Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 77. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 93. pl. 9. BILL horn-colour, with a black tip; cere yellow; forehead white ; head and neck ferruginous; chin the same, a little mottled ; upper parts of the body deep brown, the margins of the feathers paler, some of them nearly white; ridge of the wing white; thighs feathered to the toes, marked with broad and narrow streaks ; base FALCON. 277 of the tail clay-colour, the rest of the length light, barred with black, the bars crossing some of the feathers obliquely ; legs yellow. Inhabits Newfoundland. 992._ NEWFOUNDLAND FALCON. Falco nove terre, Ind. Orn.i. 384. Gm. Lin:i. 274. Daud.ii. 106. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 147. Newfoundland Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 79. Brit. Zool. ii. 95. LENGTH 20in. Bill pale ash, tip black; cere yellow ; irides deep yellow; plumage above brown ; nape ferruginous; back, wing coverts, and scapulars, with paler margins; cheeks tinged with ash-colour; belly ferruginous, with dark irregular blotches ; vent clay-colour; thighs mottled ash, with round dark spots; the lower feathers with four great blotches of the same; tail barred deeper and paler brown, four bars m all; legs strong, yellow, feathered half way down. Tnhabits Newfoundland; probably allied to the last. 978 FALCON. 223.—PIGEON-HAWK. Falco columbarius, Ind. Orn.i. p. 44. Lin.i. 128. Gm. Lin.i. 281. Phil. Trans. Ix. 382. Fr. Amer. p.9. Klein: Av. p.51. Bartr. Trav. 286. Daud. ii. p. 83. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 189. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 15. £.3. Accipiter carolinensis, Buf.i. 378. Id. Svo. 110. Tinnunculus columbarius, Cresserelle des Pigeons, Vieill. Am. i. p.39. pl. 11. Epervier des Pigeons, Buf. i. 238. Pigeon-Hawk, Gen. Syn.i. 101. Id. Sup. 27. Cates. Car.i. pl.3. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 111. LENGTH 103 in.; breadth 223 inches; weight 63 ounces. Biull whitish, with a black tip; cere and irides luteous; head, and all the upper parts brown; throat, and all beneath yellowish white, streaked with brown ; tail crossed with four narrow, darker bands; legs yellow, claws black. From the description of one sent to me by Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, I learn that the margins of the brown feathers are rufous, and a pale whitish streak passes over the eye to the nape ; that the tail is long, and the wings do not reach much beyond the base of it; the length of this last bird 16{in. and the breadth 29. My late friend Mr. Hutchins informed me, that it comes mto Hudson’s Bay in May, and breeds there, making the nest of sticks and grass, lmed with feathers, either in the hollow of a rock, or tree, and lays from two to four white eggs, thinly spotted with red; the young fly in August, and early in the following month it retires again southward ; it preys there on small birds, and is known by the name of Pecusish. Mr. Abbot speaks of it as common, and that it is the greatest enemy of all the Hawks to poultry, more especially in autumn. He observes, too, that at first sight it has much the air of the Ringtail, but the rump is not white; it goes by the name of Hen- Hawk, or Chicken-Hawk, about his neighbourhood. FALCON. 279 224.—SHARP-SHINNED HAWK. Falco dubius, Ind. Orn. i. 44. Gm. Lin. 1: 281, Daud. ii, 122. Sharp-shinned Hawk, Falco velox, Am. Orn. v. 116. pl. 45. f. 1? Dubious Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. 37. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 112. THE male of this is 10in. in length, and weighs six ounces.— Bill dusky ; cere and irides yellow ; head dusky, streaked with rust- colour; back and wing coyerts brown, edged with rust; prime quills dusky ash, barred with black; and within with oval, transverse, ferruginous spots ; breast and belly dirty white, with oblong brown streaks, somewhat in the manner of the Merlm; tail long, deep cimereous, crossed with four bars of black, resembling that of the Sparrow Hawk; legs long and slender ; soles of the feet irregular, and lobated ; claws black. The one described in the Amer. Ornith. is, we believe, the female; said to be 13m. long, and 25in. in extent; the colours are less bright, and the bird is larger, as usual. in that sex; but the colour of the plumage does not essentially differ; I observe, however, that the vent and under tail coverts are white, and the tips of all the tail feathers also white. Inhabits America; found at New York and Carolina; that men- tioned in the Amer. Ornith. was shot on the banks of Schuylkill, and remarkable for its swiftness in flight—another character also belongs to this species, which is, the sharpness of the insides of the shins, below the knee, imitating the edge of a knife; it feeds on small birds like many other Hawks, and also a particular kind of Lizard, known in the country by the name of Swift, and which, it is supposed, none other of the Hawk tribe is able to obtain. 280 FALCON. 225.—_SLATE-COLOURED FALCON. Falco pennsylvanicus, Slate-coloured Hawk, Am. Orn. vii. pl. 46. f. 1. THIS is 1iim. long, and 31 in extent of wing. Bill blue- black ; cere and sides of the mouth, dull green; eyelids yellow ; irides fiery orange ; plumage above fine slate-colour ; primaries brown-black, and, as well as the secondaries, barred with dusky ; scapulars spotted white and brewn ; shafts of all the feathers of the upper parts black ; tail slightly forked, brownish ash-colour, crossed with four broad bands of black, tipped with white, and is three inches longer than the wings; over the eye a dull white streak ; chin white, marked with fine black hairs ; breast and belly variegated with ferruginous and transverse spots of white; thighs the same; vent pure white ; legs long, very slender, rich orange yellow ; claws black, large, and remarkably sharp ; m-the figure, I observe the same lobes on the under part of the toes as in the last species, though omitted in the description. Inhabits Pennsylvania, and the Atlantic States generally ; the one from which this description was taken, was shot in the neighbour- hood of Philadelphia. It certainly seems much allied to the Sharp- shinned, or last species, but is considered in the Amer. Ornith. as distinct. The above described was a male. FALCON. 281 226.—BROWN-BACKED FALCON. LENGTH 18. Bill dusky, cere yellow; plumage above brown, darker on the crown; cheeks tawny brown; chin cinereous white; with slender streaks; the rest beneath barred dusky white and ferruginous; quills barred with black on the mner webs, from the base to the middle white ; tail rounded, dark dove-colour, with five blackish bars, the end dusky white; the quills reach about three- fourths on the tail; legs feathered one-third below the jomt, and on the outer side they hang over it to some length; they are long, slender, and yellow; claws very long, black; on the middle toe a kind of lobe, or appendage. Tn the collection of Mr. Bullock. 227.—BARRED-TAIL FALCON. LENGTH 17m. Bill and cere dusky; plumage above rusty brown, mixed with ferruginous, the feathers being obscurely barred and tipped with the same, most conspicuous on the upper tail and lesser wing coverts; chin, and throat to the breast, blotched with buff and dark brown ; from thence dull tawny white, crossed with numerous brownish bands, each tawny in the middle; tail nine inches long, a trifle rounded at the end, brown, crossed with 20 or more darker brown bars, not very distinct on the upper surface ; legs moderate, yellow, feathered somewhat below the joint, and the side feathers of the thighs hang over it; claws black. In Mr. Bullock’s Museum. VOL. I. Oo to @ w) FALCON. .228.—BLUE-BACKED FALCON. LENGTH 113in. breadth 214. Bill dusky blue; cere yellow ; irides red; plumage above fine blue grey ; with a few lines of black on the head, and back of the neck; quills dusky black ; tail blue, crossed with three dusky bars, which at the end and the base are twice as broad as those of the middle; all the under parts, from chin to vent, pale, marked with light ferruginous bars and streaks; thighs the same, the feathers long ; vent and under tail coverts white ; legs yellow, slender. Inhabits the neighbourhood about Georgia in America, and is particularly destructive to chickens ; whence it has obtained the name of Chicken-Hawk. This has some aflinity to the Pigeon-Hawk, but in Mr. Abbot's opinion is a distinct species, and a much scarcer bird. 929.—GREAT-BILLED FALCON. Falco magnirostris, Ind. Orn.i. p.46. Gin. Lin. i. 282. Daud. ii. 84. Shaw's Zool. vii. 190. Epervier 4 gros bec de Cayenne, Buf. i: 237. Pl. enl. 464? Epervier bleuatre, Voy. d’Azara ii. No. 26. Greate-billed Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 103. Id. Sup. p. 27. BUFFON describes this bird as exceeding the Sparrow-Hawk a little in size; the bill longer, thicker, and black; cere yellow; irides orange; plumage brown above, edged with ferruginous; before, FALCON. 983 as far as the breast, the same, but with a greater mixture of ferrugi- nous ; belly, thighs, and vent, white, crossed with numerous, narrow, ferruginous strie; tail banded black and white; legs yellow, shorter than in the Sparrow-Hawk ; claws biack. Inhabits Cayenne. Buffon refers to the pl. enlum. which has the bill only ef the common size; but that such a bird as the Great- billed Falcon does exist, is manifest, from one sent among a collec- tion from thence ; in this I observed the bill so large as to merit the term monstrous, from being of twice the usual size, and very hooked; the upper mandible black, the under yellow ; about the legs almost bare of feathers ; plumage above as in the other, behind the neck a crescent of white; chin and fore part of the neck rufous, with a bar of black at the end of each feather; under parts of the body white ; thighs and parts between them rufous and white; the tail was want- img; the length of this last described was one foot from the tip of the bill to the rump. 230.—AMERICAN BROWN HAWK. Falco fuscus, Ind. Orn.i. p:43. Gm. Lin.i. 280. Mill. Ill. t.18. Daud.ii. p. 86: Shaw’s Zool. vii. 161. La Buse gallinivore, Vieillot. Amer.i. p. 33? American Brown Hawk, Gen. Syn. i. p. 98. SIZE and shape of the Sparrow-Hawk. Bill pale lead-colour ; cere dusky ; plumage above cinereous brown, witha trifle of white on the scapulars; top and sides of the head marked with longitudinal, O02 2984 FALCON. narrow, white streaks; beyond the eye a pale-coloured one; all beneath the body white; fore part of the neck, the breast, and belly, streaked with reddish brown down the shafts; thighs dirty white, streaked with brown; tail crossed with three bars of dark brown, the end pale. Another, supposed to be the female, had the longitudinal streaks beneath more numerous, besides some transverse bars of light brown ; the legs in both slender, as in the Sparrow-Hawk, and of the same colour. Described from the collection of the late Sir A: Lever, and pro- bably is the same bird referred to in Miller’s plates, in which the irides are very pale, nearly white, but the claws are so remarkably thick and short, as to make it probable, that there was some imac- curacy-in the engraving. 2 231.—RUFOUS-BELLIED FALCON. Falco rufiventris, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. viii. Encyc. Meth. p. 687. Daud. Orn.ii. p. 86. Epervier bleuatre, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 26? Rufous-bellied Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 39. SIZE of the Sparrow-Hawk. Bill blue; head cinereous brown, paler at the nape; throat whitish m the middle, and rufous on each side ; upper part of the body deep brown ; the under rufous ; vent nearly white ; legs yellow; claws black. The female is paler in colour. Inhabits Cayenne. FALCON. 285 232.—_SURINAM FALCON. Falco Sufflator, Ind. Orn.i. 37. Lin.i. 127. Gm. Lin.i. 275. Daud.ii. 114, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 155. Surinam Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 84. Baner. Guian. 155. WE learn from Linneus, that the cere is yellow; nostrils furnished with a fleshy lobe between them ; the covering of the eyes bony ;** body above brown, the feathers white at the base; under parts and tail spotted with brown, white, and luteous; legs yellow. Inhabits Surmam ; when this bird is angry, or frightened, it is said to blow up the head to the size of the body. I observed one similar in the collection of Miss Blomefield. Size of the Hen-Harrier; above brown, mixed with ferruginous ; forehead and throat palest ; a streak of brown from the base of the _ bill to a little beyond the eyes, pomted behind; under parts white, streaked with brown, the breast tinged with rusty ; thighs buff- colour; quills spotted with rust, beneath dirty white, with obscure narrow bars of brown. This last was brought from Cayenne. * Oculorum operculis osseis—probably meaning, that the opaque part of the cornea of the eye is of a bony texture ; if so, it is by no means peculiar to this bird, fur it is more or less a hard substance in most of the genus, but remarkably so in the Owl tribe; in which, the eye being large, the circumstance is very]conspicuous—on this head Klein in his Stem. Av- t.10,f.1. a.2.b. may beconsulted—also Beseke Vog. Kurlands, t.8. & 9. at the end of which is a treatise on the subject. + Mentioned also by Dr. Bancroft, who says, the bird distends the head with air when angry or terrified ; how this is occasioned we know not. As to the enlargement of the breast of the Powter Pigeon, it arises from the crop being filled with air, yet I do not find that this part has any thing different in structure from that of other pigeons. 286 FALCON. 233.—LAUGHING FALCON. Falco cachinnans, Ind. Orn. i. 87. Lin. i. 128. Gm. Lin. i, 277. Daud. ii. 116. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 156. Le Faucon noiratre & blanc, Voy. d’ Azara iii. No 34. Laughing Falcon, Gen. Syn. i. p. 85. THIS short description is given by Linneus. Cere and legs * luteous; eyelids white; body brown and whitish mixed ; all beneath white; tail banded luteous and black. Inhabits America; on seeing any one, it is said to set up a kind of laugh; possibly it may differ in sex from the following. Length 16in. Crown dashed with brown; on the wings, when closed, a large buft-coloured spot, crossed with slender brown stripes ; this arises from the greater quills, all of which, except the two first, are buff-coloured in the middle; beneath the body whitish, breast and belly dashed here and there with brown, some of the feathers wholly brown ; thighs pale buff, obsoletely streaked with brown. Inhabits Cayenne; called Pagani gris tacheté. One of these, said to be met with in Paraguay, in October, near twenty inches long, and fifty-eight broad. 234.—WHITE-FRONTED FALCON. IN this the bill is black; cere sky-blue; irides yellow ; forehead white, from thence to the top of the head a streak of white, half an inch broad; between this and the eye mixed deep brown and white ; ad Pl. XII. FALCON. 287 the rest of the head white, with a large spot of dusky at the back of the neck; all the upper parts dusky, except the tail, of which the two middle feathers are plain, the rest crossed with dusky and white bands; some of the greater quills have also the same markings ; all beneath, from the chin, snow white ; upper and under tail coverts banded brown and white; legs bluish white. T met with this in a collection of birds, but without any history annexed; the size omitted to be noticed. 235—SPOTTED-TAILED HOBBY.—PL. XII. Falco plumbeus, Ind. Orn.i. 49. Gm. Lin.i. 283. Daud. ii. 131. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 196. Milvus Cenchris, Le Milan Cresserelle. Vietl/. Am. Sept. i. 38. pl. 10. Spotted-tailed Hobby, Gen. Syn.i. 106. SIZE of a Sparrow-Hawk, but with a shorter tail; length 143 inches; breadth 2ft. 11lin. Bill black, cere dusky yellow, inides red ; through the eye a broad black streak ; head, neck, and lower part of the back cmereous, the plumage elsewhere darker, almost lead-colour on the shoulders; but the quills, tail, second coverts, and quills are pale, and the middle of the prime ones fine rufous; the first quill is two and a half inches’ shorter than the second, and that one inch shorter than the third, which is the longest of all; tail dusky lead-colour, nearly even, the two middle feathers plain, the others marked with three white spots on the inner web, one near the end, the second about the middle, and a third near the base; wings and tail nearly even in length; legs dull yellow, with 288 FALCON. a purplish tinge, and tessellated ; claws black; the feathers of the joint cover the shins a trifle below it. Inhabits Cayenne; met with also in the neighbourhood of Savannah, in Georgia, in the summer, and is much on the wing; in winter it disappears. By some called the Pigeon-Hawk—Mr. Abbot says it varies from age or sex, but the rufous spaces in the middle of the quills, and the three white spots on the tail feathers, are permanent, and will prevent its bemg mistaken for any other species. Found common at Guiana, and as far south as 27 deg. latitude; called by M.d’Azara, Azulezo.** That described in the Synopsis was from one in my own collection, and had the head, neck, lower part of the back, and all beneath light grey ; the plumage elsewhere very dar. lcad-colour, with the three spots on each side of the tail feathers, and the mner webs of the quills rufous, as before mentioned, but without the streak through the eye; perhaps this may differ in sex, Onein Mr. Mr. M‘Leay’s collection had the shafts of the quills, and tail feathers white beneath; this came from Berbice, and was named Emezi Barini. 236.—HOBBY BUZZARD, Faleo Buzon, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. vi, Daud.ii. 168. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 202. Le Buzon, Levail. Ois.i 86. pl. 21. La Buse des Savannes noyées d’un rougeatre foncé, Voy. d’ Azara, iii. No. 14. Hobby Buzzard, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii, p. 81. SIZE of the Hobby. Bill horn-colour ; cere deep yellow ; inides bright red ; head and neck dusky, the base of the feathers * Apunt. para la Hist. Nat. de los Paxaros del Paraguay, t.1. No.57. p. 167. FALCON. 289 white ; upper part of the body and wings rufous and black, irregu- larly mixed ; quills dusky; secondaries edged with rufous; tail even, black, with a narrew band of white about the middle, trp white ; all the under parts of the body and thighs pale rufous, crossed with darker markings; legs yellow. Inhabits Cayenne ; differs from the Buzzarets, in not having the quills reach beyond one-third on the tail ; in the latter they are equal to it in length, and the bill is more broad, and shorter than in that bird. It seems somewhat allied to the Spotted-tailed Hobby. @ne killedin Paraguay, m December, was 173i. long and 45 broad. 237.—ORANGE-BREASTED HOBBY. Falco aurantius, Ind. Orn.i. 48. Gm. Lin.i. 283. Daud.ii. 180. Shaw’s Zood.vii. 194. L’Emerillon de couleur de plomb, Voy. d’ Azara, i. No. 39? Orange-breasted Hobby, Gen. Syn. i. 105. Id. Sup. p. 28. SIZE of the Hobby; length 15in. Bill lead-colour, with a pale base; plumage above dark brown ; all, except the crown, hind part of the neck, and wing coverts, crossed with narrow, interrupted whitish bars; feathers of the chin long, narrow, hairy, and whitish ; throat brownish orange, spotted with white; breast orange ; belly dark brown, barred with dusky buff-colour ; thighs ferruginous, dashed with brown down the shafts; under tail coverts the same, barred with dusky; tail as the back, the base half crossed with narrow white bars; the end half plain; legs long and slender, lead- coloured ; toes and claws long; the wings reach to the middle of the tail. VOL. I. Pe 290: FALCON. The above is probably a female; I have met with two smaller ones, which we may suppose were males; the first of them was only nine inches in length; the bars on the back not very conspicuous ; chin plain white; the throat alone orange; space round the eyes sparingly furnished with feathers; the second about ten inches long, and had a large rufous patch cn the throat; in the middle of this a spot of white ; plumage above brown black, barred with bluish ; breast and belly the same, barred with white; lower belly, thighs, and vent rufous ; legs orange. The first inhabits Surmam—the other two breught frem Cayenne.. 238.—LITTLE FALCON. Mate.—Falco Sparverius, Ind. Orn. 1. 42. Lin. 1.128. Gm. Lin. i. 284. Faun. Amer. sept. tit. prefix. Daud. ii. 142. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 199, t.26. Vietll. Amer. 1. p. 40, pl. 12, 13. Amer. Orn: ii. pl..16, f. 1. ZJd.iv. ph 32,. f. 2.- Esalon carolinensis, Bris. i.. 386. t. 32, f. 1. Id. 8vo. 112.. Falco vertice vel rubro vel luteo, Klein. Av. p.51. Falco minor rufescens. Brown. Jam. 471. Esmerillon brun et bleuatre, Voy. d’Azara, 3, No. 40? Esmerillon de Cayenne, Buf. i. 291. pl. enl. 444.. Esmerillon Gry Gry, Raii Syn. p.19, No.3. Du Tertre Aniil. 11, 253... Daud. ii. 138. Little Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. 110 Cates. Car.i. pl-5. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 110. FEMALE.—Falco dominicensis, Gm. Lin. i. 285. Daud. ii. 143. /Esalon dominicensis, Bris. i. 389. t.33. f.2. Id. 8vo, 112. pl. enl. 465.. New-York Merlin, Gen. Syn. 1.°98. A. St. Domingo Merlin, Gen: Syn. i.p.111.. Arct. Zool.ii. 212. THE male is the size of the common Merlin; length 10in. breadth 21; weight 34 0z. bill bluish; cere and irides yellow ; FALCON. 2901 crown of the head brownish orange, surrounded with a wreath of pale lead-coloured grey, springing from the forehead ; in both sexes three black marks on each side of the head, viz. under the eye, over the ears, and a smaller one behind them, which, with one on the nape, makes the number in all seven ; plumage on the upper parts of the body erange brown, striated across with black ; wing coverts blue-grey, transversely spotted with black; throat white; beneath the body pale, marked with black ; tail red brown, marked at the end with a broad black bar, and the tip white; legs yellow, claws black. The female is a trifle bigger, and differs as in our Kestril; being striped across with many black bars, and spots on the wings ; the tail, too, is rufous, with nine or ten bars of black ; but the two outer feathers are white, or nearly so, barred with black as the rest. It is said that the male is like the female till the first change, and after that the tail feathers are rufous, with only one bar of black. This species mhabits Virginia, Carolina, and St. Domingo, abides in the two former all the year; is common in Georgia, and may be observed sitting on the tops of dead trees and stumps; it builds on trees in an elevated situation, and makes a nest in a hollew ot dry twigs, roots, and dry grass; the eggs white, four in number, with rufous spots; is frequently found round ponds, and fond of grasshoppers, mice, and small birds. In its nature observed to be more gentle than any other hawk, and has much of the nature and actions of the Windhover. Mr. Abbot, from whom [ learn the above particulars, mentioned one, which was a young bird, differing in the crown only, having a few streaks of brown in the middle, and on the breast a number of small brown spots; also the streaks on the neck and back thicker, the ground a darker red brown. 292 FALCON. The blue Jay has a great antipathy to this bird. Mr. D’Azara mentions one found at Paraguay, which is most probably this, if not, a Variety of our Merlin. 239.—ABBOTIAN FALCON. LENGTH 123 in. breadth 253; bill black; space round the eye yellow ; back and wings brown, not much varied; the head finely streaked with brown; over the eye a slender streak of white; chin white ; under parts of the body white, blotched with ferrugi- nous brown; under wing coverts brown, marked with pale round spots; quills, and larger wing coverts beneath, dusky, with oblong pale spots, hke bars, on the inner webs; plumage bluish; tai! brown, about one-third from the end deeper in colour, with three series of pale, or nearly white, spots on each feather, the tips white ; legs rather short and yellow. Inhabits various places about Savannah, in Georgia, and has the manners of the Little Falcon ; is said to be rare, and is probably a distinct species, being considered as such by Mr. Abbot, who scnt a drawing of the bird. 241—_CAYENNE SPARROW-HAWK. Accipiter cayennensis, Daud. ii. p. 81. Mauduit. Enc. Method. We are informed by M. Mauduit, that he met with two Sparrow- Hawks at Cayenne, which appeared as varieties of the common one, FALCON. 293 im size and general appearance, differing only in the disproportion of the markings; in one pale brown ; the tail cmereous, with four brown bands; throat and neck before whitish, longitudinally streaked with rufous ; and under the tail marked with rufous spots. The other deeper brown ; tail the same ; throat and neck betore marked with brown lines on a white ground; belly barred with brown, but the bars neither so broad nor close as in the other, more of the white being visible; thighs white, striped across with pale rufous ; under tail coverts white; in both some whitish spots on the nape, as in the European one. 242.—-GREATER CAYENNE SPARROW-HAWK. Accipiter Cayennensis major, Daud. ii. 82. Mauduit Enc. Meth. 685. col. 2. M. MAUDUIT describes two others from Cayenne, which although larger by one-third, appear to him to bear no small affinity to the common species, yet, im reality, distinct; the one brown above, the edges of the feathers pale rufous; beneath white, marked with rufous brown parallel streaks, in the direction of the feathers; the other deeper brown, edged with rufous; throat white, the feathers streaked with brown down the shafts; sides of the neck the same ; middle of it, breast, belly, and vent, white, marked on the sides with oblong brown spots; and the thighs transversely barred with the same ; the tail in both deeper or paler brown, barred with a darker colour; perhaps the difference of the size may be owing to that of the sex. 294. FALCON. 243.—GUIANA FALCON. Falco superciliosus, Ind. Orn. i. 45. Lin. i. 128. Gm. Lin. i. 28. Daud. ii. 123. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 191. Guiana Falcon, Gen. Syn.i. p. 102. No. 87. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill black; cere and eyelids yellow ; lore thinly beset with black bristles; eyebrows prominent, naked beneath ; plumage above brown, barred on the remp:with white and black ; beneath white ; the belly undulated with fine transverse black lines ; vent white, with black lines; prime quills ferruginous, with many bands of black ; secondaries whitish on the posterior margin ; tail black, crossed with two paler broad bands, tip cinereous; legs yellow; claws black. Inhabits Surmam. I have received one similar, but smaller, from Cayenne, which I suppose to be the male—it greatly resembled the male Sparrow-Hawk, being much of the same make and proportion. 244.— PIED SPARROW-HAWK. L’Epervier noir & blanc, Voy. d’Azaraii. No. 28. THIS is in size and make like the Sparrow-Hawk. Bill black; cere bluish ; irides cimmamon-colour ; throat, fore part of the neck, all the under parts of the body, and wing coverts white, but the FALCON. 295 feathers of the last have a few reund spots; at the napea kind of half collar, mixed brown and white, passing to the eye beneath ; the rest of the plumage black, though the root of each feather is white ; quills varied with white on the outer webs; tail crossed with four narrow white bands, and a white tip ; legs yellow. Inhabits Paraguay. Whether this is distinct, or a mere variety ef the Sparrow-Hawk, does not seem certain. 245.—ACCIPITRINE FALCON. Falco accipitrinus, Daud. ii. p. 87. Eneyc. Meth. p. 687. col. 2 SIZE of a Merlin; bill whitish, with a black tip; general colour of the plumage dusky brown; cheeks, sides of the neck, and under parts of the body greyish white, marked with transverse brown bands; tail brown above, whitish beneath; the intermediate feathers banded with black ; legs long, slender, pale yellow. Inhabits Cayenne, but said to be rare. 246.—TINY FALCON. Falco tinus, Ind. Orn. i. 50. Daud. ii. 146. Finy Falcon, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 39. LENGTH to rump six inches; bill dusky; plumage above emereous brown; crown dusky white; under parts of the body the same, barred with dusky; legs yellow. 296 FALCON. One of thsse was brought from Cayenne. The tail was wanting, but in respect to the size of the body differs very little from the following. 237.—PYGMY FALCON. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike; bill black, with a very con- spicuous notch; general colour of the plumage blackish above, and white beneath ; thighs black ; over the eye a streak of white; quills black, on the mner webs six oval bars; the rest beneath white, barred with black ; tail black, even at the end, with five or six white spots on the inner webs of the feathers ; legs dusky biack. A specimen of this was exhibited May, 1812, for sale at Mr. Christie's Room, Pall-Mall, without any account from whence it was brought. i) © ws) 19 20 PA 22 23 * With Eared Heads. Great eared A Athenian B Smooth-legged C Magellanic D African Scandinavian E. Virginian E. A White Striped-eared Double-eared Hutum E. A Variety Ceylonese E, Chinese E. Coromandel E, Long-eared A Italian B White-collared C Yaickan American E, A Mexican Red E. Short-eared Caspian E. Marsh E. Peregrine E. Brazilian E. Mottled E. Indian E. Lempi-ji E. Oriental E. Ketupu E. Scops E. Carniolic VOL.I. OWL. GENUS IV.—OWL. 24 White-fronted E. 25 Siberian E. 26 Powdered E. ** With smooth Heads. 27 Snowy 28 Wapacuthu 29 Grillian 30 Ermine 31 Falconine 32 White-faced 33 New-Holland 34 Variegated 35 Fasciated 36 Supercilious 37 Cinereous 38 Barred A Variety 39 Spectacle A Variety B Masked 40 Downy 41 Tawny A Aluco 42 Austrian 43 Austrian white 44 Austrian rufous 45 Austrian ferruginous 46 Solognese 47 Kestril 48 Saint Domingo 49 Canada A Hawk B Ural 50 Indian A Variety Qe 51 Spotted Indian 52 Bay 53 Selo-Puto 54 Rufescent 55 Chestnut-winged 56 Barn white 57 Javan 58 Cayenne 59 Mouse 60 Striated 61 China 62 Undulated 63 Large-eyed 64 Mountain 65 Georgian 66 Boobook 67 Ominous 68 Mexican 69 New Spain 70 Coquimbo 71 New Zealand 72 Pearl 73 Tengmalm’s 74 Dwarf 75 Acadian 76 Little 77 Streaked 78 Bare-legeed , 79 Booted 80 Caburé 81 Sparrow 82 Knocking 83 Rufous 297 298 OWL. HWE bill in this genus is crooked as in the last, but very rarely furnished with a cere. Nostrils oblong, covered with bristly feathers. Head large; the usual opening of the ears very spacious. Eyes large ; tongue bifid. Toes placed three before and one behind, the outer one capabie of being occasionally turned backwards. The external edge of one, or more, of the greater quills serrated in most of the species. The Owl is anocturnal bird ; the greater part of them prey by night, or rather twilight, at which time many of the genus appear te distinguish objects best, for having by no means the faculty of perfect vision by day, it may be doubted whether they can see better when the night is very dark, and it is more probable that it is only for an hour in the evening and the morning that they see clearly, except by moonlight, for in such favourable nights they may be observed to hunt after prey without ceasing. ‘The want of sight is iii some measure compensated by thei quickness of hearing, which their ample ears sufficiently testify. Some few of them, however, not only see well by day light, but take their prey at that time, but whether such have the faculty of seeing by twilight is not mentioned. It is observed, that in general, Falcons and Owls, and, we believe, Vultures, brmg up the indigestible part of their feod, such as hairs, feathers, and the like, at intervals, in the shape of large round pellets or balls, which are to be found every where in the neighbourhood of their haunts. We must, in this place, confess our suspicions, that more species are here recorded than really exist; but such as are mentioned by OWL. 299 authors of respectability could not be otherwise than noticed, not- withstanding the reader may hesitate concernmg their certainty. Be this as it may, we think it much better for the descriptions, unsatisfactory and imperfect as they are m many instances, to stand as they do, till the identity of such specimens may be _ better ascertained. The same circumstance will be observed in regard to the birds belonging to several other genera, for which the same apology must hold goed. We have taken every pains possible to elucidate the subject, as repeated instances will shew; the rest must be left to the more successful Ornitholegist. We have divided the genus ef Owl inte two sections, viz.— ‘Those which have two tufts of feathers, larger than the rest, on the top of the head; usually, though improperly, called ears—The other, in which the head is destitute of them, being perfectly smooth. 300 OWL. * WITH EARED HEADS. 1.—GREAT EARED OWL. Strix Bubo, Ind. Orn. i. p. 51. Lin. i. 131. Fn. Suec. No. 69. Gm. Lin. i. p. 286, Scop. Ann.i. No.7. Raii, p. 24. Will. p. 63. t. 12. Bris.i. 477; Id. Svo. 139. Muller, p.10. Kram. el. 323. Georgi. 164. Fn. Arag.p.70. Borowsk. Nat- i. p, 67, t.3. Dec. Russ. i. 142. Mus. Lev. No.3. tab.5. Daud. ii, 208. Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 333. Shaw's Zool. vii, 211, t. 28, Temm. Man. Orn. p. 48. Id. ed. 2d. p. 101. Ulula, Klein. Av. p.55.1. Id. Ov. p. 20, t.7, f. 1. Frisch, t. 98. Bubo maximus, Gerin. i, t. 81. Wirs. Vog. t.50. Der Schuhu, Naturf. 8; s.56. 27: Le grand Duc, Buf-i. 332. pl.22. pl. enl. 435, Robert. ic. pl. 18. Gufo, Zinnan. Uov. 96, t. 16. f. 85. Great Eared Owl. Gen. Syn. i. p. 116. Id. Sup. p.40. Id. Sup. 2. p.55. Br. Zool, 1. pl.29. Id. fol. pl. 6. Id. ed. 1812, 254, pl. 30. Arct. Zool. ii. 114. Alb. itt. pl. 6. Will. Engl. p.99, pl. 12. Bewick, i. p. 45. Lewin’s Birds, i. pl. 23. Wood’s Zoogr. 1. 408. Orn. Dict. § Supp. IN size this bird is almost equal to an eagle. Inrides bright yellow ; head and body finely varied with lines, spots, and specks, of black brown, cinereous, and ferruginous ; wings long ; tail short, marked with dusky bars; legs thick, covered to the end of the toes with a close and full down, of a testaceous colour; claws great, much hooked, and dusky. The tuft of feathers, or, as they are called, ears, over each eye, form a conspicuous character; they are formed by a range of several feathers longer than the rest, near the circumference of the aperture of the ears, but are not visible at all times, as in the Long-Eared Owl, being raised or depressed by the bird at pleasure, principally when quiet and undisturbed, and are by no means distinguishable from the rest at any other time. OWL. 301 This noble species is not uncommon im various parts of Europe, chiefly on the Continent, but has several times been met with in this kingdom, certainly in Scotland, as well as in Yorkshire, Sussex> and Kent; other places have been mentioned to me, though not so well ascertained, nor have we learned whether it has yet bred here ; said to be not uncommon im the Orknies;* it, for the most part inhabits ruined edifices, mountainous and cavernous places, or m- accessible rocks ; rarely seen on plains, or on trees; preys chiefly. on leverets, rabbits, moles, rats, and mice, sometimes on reptiles; swal- lowing the larger, by morsels, with the bones, and hair;.the lesser ones whole ; and, after digesting the nutritious parts, emits the indiges- tible ones, in the shape of round pellets, whicli are often found in quantity near its haunts. This circumstance we believe to be com- mon to ali the genus. Is supposed to see better in the day than any other owl, as it is frequently observed preying on its game in full day-light. Aldrovandus says, it providesso plentifully. for its young, that a person living near the nest of one of them, may be supplied with some dainties, and yet leave enough to satisfy the young birds. It is found in» France, but less common there than in. other places on the Continent, nor is it certain that it stays there through the year. The female lays two eggs, which are about the size of those of an hen, and white. Is found on the north summit of the rock of Gibraltar, but we are not told whether it is there a constant inha- bitant ; met with also in Germany, and indeed various places on the old Continent, extending even to the Arctic regions; is common also at Kamtschatka, likewise at Astrachan to the south ; and men- tioned, among others, as frequenting Aleppo. M. Levaillant met with it in Africa; and, as we shall see below, it seems to be a spe- cies universally spread over both the old and new Continent, if we take in all varieties. * Neill’s Tour in Orkney, 195. Hist. Orkney, 312. Called Stock-Owl and Kat-Ugl. According to Horrebow, there are no owls in Iceland. 302 , OWL. We do not find that the Owl has been so far domesticated as to be used in falconry, but serves, equally well as others of the tribe, for a stale, by which fowlers entice small birds to a net. Among the drawings of Sir John Anstruther is an Ow], with every appearance of the European one, but seems more mottled with rufous and black. The bill black; the two outer tail feathers not clouded, but plain rufous, crossed with three or four bars of black ; The bill black ; the ears seem shorter and more streaked with black, and the feathers of the neck all round have a streak of black down the middle; the under parts of the body much the same as the upper. Inhabits Bengal. The Owl was accounted a bird of ill omen by the Egyptians and Romans, and is held to this day in superstitious fear by the American savages. By the Athenians esteemed sacred, and, from its gravity, emblematic of wisdom, was dedicated to the goddess Minerva. Particular veneration was observed te be paid to it in Oneeheow*, as also by the natives of the west side of New-Holland. The Owl is called, at the Friendly Isles, Looloo. + A.—Bubo Atheniensis, Lin. Syst.i. 131. 8. Gm. Lin. i. 286. Bubo Italicus, Bris. i. 482. A: Id. 8vo. 140. Borowsk. 11. p. 77. sive vulgaris, Gerin. i. t. 82, 832? secnndus, Fill. p. 63. Black-winged Horn-Owl, Aldm. in. pl. 6. Athenian Horn-Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 118. Edu. pl. 227. Shaw’s Zool. vii. pl. 29. This is described as darker in colour throughout, especially the wings; the legs are shorter, and less strong; claws large and sharp. Mr. Edwards says, that the face is whitish grey, and the colour of the whole bird brown, variegated with black ; height, as it sits on the perch, 17 inches. * Cook’s last Voy. 11. 219. + Id. append. OWL. 303 B—Bubo pedibus nudis, Bris.i. 483.b. Id. 8vo. 141. Shaw's Zool. vii. 214. Bubo tertius, Jill. p. 64. Id. Engl. p. 100. Smooth-legged Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 118. This differs only in having the legs bare of feathers, and both tegs and feet weaker than the last—Inhabits Italy. C.—Jacurutu, Marcg. Bras. p.199. Buf. 1. 338. Le Nacurutu, Voy. d’ Azara iu.. No. 42. Hibou des terres magellaniques, pl. enl. 385: Magellanic eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 118. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 215. Marcgrave describes this bird as being the size of a goose, with a head like a cat; a black, crooked bill, the eyes shining like chrystal, with a yellow circle; near the holes of the ears, pointed feathers, two fingers long, which can be lifted up to appear like ears; tail broad, the wings not reaching to the end of it ; legs downy to the feet ; colour of the plumage variegated with yellow, blackish, and white. The Nacurutu is said to have two young, which, as soon as they have once moulted, have the adult plumage; the young are easily tamed ; both sexes are much alike; are often domesticated, but are apt to destroy the poultry, if not full fed ; said to build on trees with twigs, and generally at a great height; has three sorts of cries, the one like a whistle, another sharp and piercing; besides which, it utters notes similar to the name it is called by, Nacurutu. D,—Grand Duc d’ Afrique Levail. pl. 40. Daud. ii. p. 209. This is smaller than the first-named, and hasa greater mixture of black in the plumage. Levaillant found it near the Elephant River, at the Cape of Good Hope. An Owl of a very large species is said to have been shot in the passage of Taranta, in the Red Sea, near the African coast, July 26.* * Valent. Voy. ii. 486. 304 OWL. 2.—_SCANDINAVIAN EARED OWL. Strix Scandiaca, Ind. Orn. i. p. 53. Lin. i. 133. Fn. Suec. No. 70 Gm. Lin. i. 287. Amen. Ac. vil. 479. §. xvi, 2. Daud. ii. 210. Shaw's Zool. vii. 214. Bubo Lapponicus, Bris. i. 486. No. 3. Jd. 8vo. 142. Scandinavian Eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 120. Arct. Zool. ii. 237. A. THIS is said to be the size of a turkey; the body white, sprinkled with black spots; im all respects like the Snowy Owl, except in having an eared head. Inhabits the mountains of Lapland, and is probaby a variety of the great eared species. Linnzeus first described it from a paint- ing of Rudbeck; and we also find it recorded as one of the rare birds of Norway, by M. Tenning, of Drontheim, where the Snowy Owl is likewise found. ‘ 3.—VIRGINIAN EARED OWL. Strix Virginiana, Ind. Orn. i. p. 52. Gm. Lin, i. 287. Bris. i. 484. Id. 8yo. 141. Gerin. 1. t. 84. Daud. ii. 210. Shaw’s Zool. vii. t. 30. Eagle Owl, Arct. Zool. ix. 228. Horned Owl, Ell. Huds. Bay, p.40. pl.2. Bartr. Trav. 285. Bubo Pinicola, Vieill. dm. i. p.51. pl. 19. Virginian eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 119. Edw. pl. 60. RATHER smaller than the European Eagle Owl; length about 20 inches; the ear-like feathers are large, and arise just at the base of the bill, which is black ; irides gold-colour ; plumage on OWL. 305 the upper parts brown, variegated with slender, rufous, and cinereous nes; beneath pale ash-colour, transversely striped with brown ; throat white ; lower part of the neck and sides of the breast, orange brewn, spotted with darker brown; the middle part of the breast, the belly, and other parts beneath, pale ash-colour, striated with brown; quills and tail banded with the same ; legs and half the toes covered with cinereous feathers. ! Inhabits Virginia and various other parts of North and South America; is not unfrequent at Hudson’s Bay, in the woods, build- ing in March, a nest composed of a few sticks laid across, and for the most part placed on the pine trees ; lays two or three, rarely four, white eggs, and the young fly in June; is called by the natives Natowokey Omissew ; sometimes makes the nest in a hollow tree. Mr. Abbot informs me, that it is net uncommon in Georgia 3 is nearly two feet long, and fifty inches in extent of wing ; on each side of the breast a bunch of loose feathers, covering the sides of it, and under the wings, which can be made to meet over the belly; the feathers of the breast also long and loose, and the outer web of the exterior quill feather serrated on the edge. It is observed to be fond of poultry, msomuch that it will often get mto a hen house, if a snail door or window be left open. We learn that the Ow! was held as an emblem of wisdom by the ancients, and Bartram * informs us, that the junior priests or students among the Creek Indians, carry about them a stuffed bird of this species, sometimes wearing it asa crest upon the head, or borne on the arm or hand; these bachelors bemg naturally of a taciturn, grave, and solemn disposition, or affecting to be so, suppose that the bearing such a symbol adds to their consequence. * Trav. p. 502, VOL. I. Rr 306 OWL. A.—Strix maximus, capite aurito, corporeniveo ; Great Horned White Owl, Bartram’s Trav. p. 285. According to Mr. Bartram, this bird is found in Pennsylvania, arriving there fronr the North in autumn, where it continues during the winter, returning again the spring following to breed. This is probably a white variety of the Virginian species, and it is said alse, that in the European Arctic Regions it very often inclines to white.** 4.—_STRIPED-EARED OWL. LENGTH 16in. Bill stout, yellow ; face smooth, without any appearance of circles ; forehead white; behind each eye, rather above the level of it, along eared tuft of feathers, five or six in number, of unequal lengths, the longest nearly three inches, each tawny brown on one web, and white on the other, giving a striped appearance ; general colour of the plumage above, quills, and tail rufous brown, with minute black specks; beneath pale rufous, minutely speckled with brown; on the wing coverts a few solitary spots of white, the size of pease. The first quill shorter by two inches than the adjoming one; the third the longest, the outer edges of them rough, but not to be called serrated; tail even at the end, and the wings reach to about three-fourths of the length; legs covered to the toes. In the possession of Mr. Latham, of Compton Street. Its native place said to be South America. One is also in the collection of Mr. Bullock. * Pallas List. MS. Pl. XU. OWL. 307 5.—DOUBLE-EARED OWL. Double-Eared Ow], Penn. View of Hindoost. ii. p. 39. MR. PENNANT mentions an Owl, found about Pondicherry, which he says, is a large species, and new—and may be called the Double-Eared, having two pairs of long tufts of feathers. The wings and back grey, spotted; breast pale grey. 6.—HUTUM EARED OWL.—PL. XIII. LENGTH 19in. Bill two inches, very strong, hooked, and yellowish green; space round the bill and eyes covered with erect bristly feathers, but not composing a circle of face feathers, as im many Owls; at the back of the head, on each side, five or six feathers, two inches long, forming a kind of ear; chin whitish; - general colour of the plumage reddish brown; the feathers on the upper parts dark on the edges, and streaked with the same down the shafts, and in some birds very obscure dirty white spots ; fore part of the neck, and beneath the body paler than above, marked with brownish bars on each feather, and streaked down the shafts, growing lighter-coloured, and less distinct towards the vent, which is nearly white; thighs the same; quills white at the base, beyond it barred dusky and dirty white, mclining to brown towards the ends, which are white; tail rounded, eight inches long, barred like the wings, but more brown; the wings, when closed, reach beyond Rr2Z 308 OWL. the end of it; legs and feet bare of feathers, being covered only with naked warts, of a pale brown ; claws blackish. This is found about Calcutta throughout the year, and makes a tremendous noise, from thence called Hutum, or dreadful; always found in pairs; builds in large trees, near villages, preying on rats, birds, frogs, &c. In Hindustan Proper is called Gugu, and by the Bengalese, Hutum Pecha.—Dr. Buchanan. In Gen. Hardwicke’s drawings is one 22 in. long, and the colour darker than in the above described, the upper part of the plumage plain ; this is said to be a male, and had the irides of a deep yellow, inclining to orange. A.—Size uncertain. General colour of the head, and upper parts deep chocolate brown, the feathers margimed with darker ; under parts pale brownish buff, each waved across with six or seven dusky, obsolete lines, and a blackish dash down the shafts; tail very short, brown, crossed with five or six whitish bars; quills the same, but the bars form oblique circles round the face, in two or three series of feathers, with darker ends; horns short in proportion, pomting backwards, almost at the nape; bill dusky, surrounded with hairs, pointing forwards; legs pale ; irides yellow ; the wings, when closed, are even with the end of the tail. Inhabits Bengal; probably related to, if not the same as the last. OWL. 309 7.—CEYLONESE EARED OWL. Strix Ceylonensis, Ind. Orn. i. p.52. Gm. Lin. i, 287. Daud.ii. p. 211. Shaw's Zool. vii. 218. Ceylonese Horned Owl, Gen. Syn, i. 120. Id. Sup.p.41. Brown. Ill. p. 8. pl. 4. LENGTH 21 in; weight 2lbs. 9%0z. The bill is horn-coloured; irides yellow; plumage above pale reddish brown, beneath yellowish white, each feather marked with four or five dusky bars, and streaked with black down the shafts; circles round the face pale reddish brown, streaked with black ; ears short, and pointed ; prime quills and tail barred with black, white, and pale red; legs naked to the knees. Inhabits Ceylon, and is there called Raia Allia; is probably found in Sumatra, as Mr. Marsden observes, that several Owls are seen there, particularly the Great Horned one, by which he most probably meant this species.* In some fine drawings, sent from the Province of Oude, to Lord Mountnorris, is one of these, named Wooloe.t This seems allied to the Hutum Eared Owl. 8.—CHINESE EARED OWL. Strix Sinensis, Ind. Orn.i. p.53. Daud. ii. 209.. Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 219:- Hibou de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 185. Chinese Eared Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 44. SIZE of the Long-Eared-Owl; length about 15 imches. Bill black ; top of the head, hind part of the neck, back, wing coverts, * Hist. Sumatr. p. 98. + The Indian Eared Owl called Woollock, both names no doubt from its cry. 310 OWL. and tail, rufous brown, with fine undulated black lines; greater quills the same; on the secondaries four transverse, pale rufous bands, and the outer webs of the prime ones spotted with rufous white. ‘The forehead white; fore part of the head pale rufous; on each feather of the throat a dash of black down the shaft, broader at the end; breast, belly, and thighs, of a deeper rufous, marked in the same manner down the shaft, and crossed by bands of white ; legs black. Inhabits China. 9.—_COROMANDEL EARED OWL. Strix coromanda, Ind. Orn. i. p. 95. Daud. Orn. ite 215. Shaw's Zool. vii. 220. Hibou de Coromandel, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 186. Coromandel eared Owl, Gen. Syn; Sup. p. 44. THIS is one-third less than the last. Bill black ; irides yellow ; cheeks white; head and upper parts rufeus grey, spotted with rufous white; second quills the same, crossed with rufous white bands, one of which is at the end; prime quills darker, spotted on the outer web like the others; the tail is also similar, crossed with three bands; the under parts of the body reddish, transversely marked with curved bands of black ; legs reddish, and feathered to the claws. Inhabits the coast of Coromandel ; whether this or the last has the eared feathers, is not said, but the name Hibou being applied, it should seem to belong to the eared. species. In some drawings at Sir Joseph Banks’s, I met with one corresponding exactly as to colour and the length of the drawing was 20in.; this had vast ears, standing upright over the forehead. OWL. all 10.—LONG-EARED OWL. Strix otus, Ind. Orn. i. p.53. Lin. Syst. i. 132. Fn. Suec. No. 71. Gmel. Lin. 1. 288. Scop. Ann. i. No.9. Rati. p. 25. A2. Will. p. 64. t.12. Brun. No. 16. Mull. p.10. Kramer, 322. Faun. Arag. p.71. Hassel. Voy. Engl. 196. Borowsk. i. p. 78. Decouv. Russ. i. 142. Daud. ii. 212. Bechst. Deutsch. u. p.340. Shaw’s Zoo. vii. 221. Temm. Man. d’Orn. p.45. Id. Ed. 2. p. 102. Asio, Bris.i. 486. Jd. 8vo. 142. Klein. Av. p.5d. Gerin. i. t. 85. Schaef. El. Orn. t. 22. Noctua minor aurita, Scops, Frisch. t. 99: Horn oder Ohreule, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 40. Kleine Horneule, Naturf. 8. 57. 28. Hibou ou Moyen Duc, Buf.i. 342. Pl. Enl. 29? Hist. Prov. i. 338. Levail. Ois. i. p. 166. Long-eared, or Horned Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 121. Id. Sup. p.42. Br. Zool.i. pl. 30: Id. Fol. t. B.4. £1. Id. Ed. 1812.1. p. 258. pl. 31. Arct. Zool. u. No. 115. Alb. pl.10. Will. Engl. p. 100. pl.12: Bewick, i. pl. p. 46. Lewin, i. pl. 24. Id. Eggs. pl.iv. f. 1. Wale. Syn. i. pl. 24. Orn. Dict. Amer. Orn. vi. pl.di. f. 3. THIS seems to be a copy in mmiature of the Great Eared Owl. Te female is 143 inches long, breadth 3ft. 4in. and weighs nine or ten ounces. The bill is black; irides yellow; the feathers round the bill white, with black shafts; those surrounding the face are white forward, and rufous on the back part, and these two colours are separated by a dark streak ; the eared tufts consist of six feathers of unequal lengths; the hindmost 1% inches long, black, bordered with dull yellow, the foremost much shorter ; the plumage on the upper parts of the bird brown, rufous, and whitish mixed ; beneath rufous at the base, and whitish at the tip, longitudinally, and trans- versely streaked with black brown ; tail crossed with dusky and reddish bars; beneath it ash-colour; legs feathered to the toes; claws black. In a male, sent to me some years since by Mr. Boys, in December, I found the length to be 123in. breadth 34in. weight &z0z.; the horns in this specimen consisted of nime feathers each, 312 OWL. of which the front one was the shortest, and the fifth the longest ; when they were in their places, there appeared a black broad stripe, with the outer edge yellow, the mner crossed with two or three obscure bars of a darker shade. This is a bird known throughout Europe, and not unfrequent both in France and England, but more so m the northern parts of the latter. It is observed that these birds rarely compose a nest for them- selves, but forthe most part make use of an old magpie’s or buzzard’s nest, and lay four or five white eggs; the young are at first white, but come to their colour m about fifteen days. In Germany it is sufficiently common, and we believe in no place migratory; inhabits also Sweden, and both the north and south parts of the Russian dominions, and east part of Siberia, even as far south as Astrachan, and the hot climate of Egypt. Levaillant met with it at the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa, and we remember to have observed it in some drawings from China ; it is also seen in India. Mr. Hutchins found it common at Hud- son’s Bay; and says, the weight of a male is eight ounces and a half, breadth 28in. and that it is rarely met with, except at a distance from the sea ; he observes, that it is very clamorous at night, but seldom seen in the day ; breeds in trees, laying four white eggs, and the young flythe end of May. It is known there by the name of Amisk Oho. A.—Asio Italicus, Brzs.i. 491, A. Jd. Svo. 142. Asio, sive Otus, Aldrov. Av. i. 519. t. in. 523. Italian Eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 519. p. 122. This is said to bea trifle bigger than the last ; head ash-colour , mixed with pale chestnut and black ; body ferruginous ash, irregu- larly spotted with brown ; coverts, and bend of wing white; the tail reaches six inches beyond the wings when closed, and is marked OWL. 313 with zig-zag black lines; bill, irides, and legs, as in the other. Inhabits Italy. B.—Hibon a Cravate blanche, Daud. ii. 213. This is like the Long-Eared Owl, excepting that it has a band of white round the neck; the vent feathers are also white. C.—Strix deminuta, Ind. Orn.i. p.56. Pall. [t.ii. 707. Gm. Lin.i. 290. Daud. ii. 213. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 238. Yaichan Eared Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 128. We learn very little more concerning this, than its being under the Scops as to size, and weighing less than a pound, but so like the Great Eared Owl, that, excepting the plumage being less elegant and distinct, one description might serve. It is said to be found both in the woody and mountainous parts, bordermg on the Yaick, and Ural Mountains, in Siberia. 11—AMERICAN EARED OWL. Strix Americana, Ind. Orn.i. p.54. Daud. ii. 214. Shaw's Zool. vii. 228, Asio Americanus, Bris.i. 498. Id. 8vo.i. 145. Gm. Lin. i. 288. Bubo ocro-ciner. pectore macnloso, Feuil. Jour. des Obs. p. 59. American Eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 122. SIZE of the Long-Eared Owl. Bill luteous, irides gold-colour; round the eyes ash-colour; plumage on the head, and upper parts VOL. I. Ss $14 OWL. of the body cinereous—beneath ferrugimous ; rump and vent white, spotted with black; quills and tail ferruginous, transversely barred cinereous and grey; legs yellow, claws black. Inhabits South America. A.—Strix mexicana, Ind. Orn.i. p.54. Gm. Lin. i. 288. Daud.ii. 2414. Shaw's Zool. vii. 228. Asio mexicanus, Bris.i. 499. Id. 8vo. 146. Tecolotl, Rati. p. 160. Mexican Eared Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 123. The very concise description we find in Ray, from Fernandez, will scarcely enable us to judge of the distinction between it and the foregomg. He briefly tells us, that it isa kind ef Owl with ears, variegated with black and brown, having the irides of a gold-colour, and that it is found at Mexico. 12.—RED EARED OWL. Strix Asio, Ind. Orn.i. p.54. Lin. Syst.i. 132. Gm. Lin.i, 287. Faun. Groen. No. 37. Spalowsk. ii. t.4. Daud. ii. 216. Shaw's Zool. vii. 229. Vieill. Am.i. p- 53. pl. 21. Scops Caroliniensis, Bris. i. 497. Id. Svo. 144. Le Nacurutu tacheté, Voy. d’Azara, iil, No. 44: Little Owl, or Screech Owl, Cates. Car.i. pl. 7. Bartr. Trav. 285. Red Eared Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 123. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 117. pl. 11. Amer, Ornith. v. p. 83. pl. 42. f. 1. fem. THIS species is from 82zin. to 10in. m length, and abeut 22in. in extent of wing. Bill pale horn-colour ; irides saffron; plumage on the upper parts of the body bright ferruginous red ; above the OWL. 315 eyes two tufts of feathers, nine or ten in number, standing up as ears; edge of the bastard wing marked with white, and on the greater coverts five or six spots of white; quills barred ferrugmous and dusky; five or six of the outer ones barred, half way from the base, with brown and white, the rest of the length brown; tail barred ferruginous and dusky ; the circle of feathers surrounding the eyes dusky red, the inner half surrounded with white, and meeting over the nostrils ; beneath, from the breast, dusky white, tinged, more or less, with rufous, and a dash of deep brown down the shafts; legs covered to the toes with light brown feathers; toes brown, claws black. : The female is brown, with the markings very indistinct, though not greatly different from those of the male. Inhabits America, from New York to the Carolinas; is called in Georgia, and we believe also in other parts, the Screech Owl. Is also found in the south parts of Greenland, especially about Tun- nudliorbick, and is probably the one known there by the name of Siutitock. 13.—SHORT-EARED OWL. Strix brachyotos, Ind. Orn.i. p.55. Gm. Lin. i, 289. Ph. Trans. \xii. p.384. Faun. Arag. p. 71. Daud.ii. 216. Shaw's Zool. vir. 223. Amer. Orn: 4. pl. 34. f. 1. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p:47. Id. ed. 2. p. 99. Strix ulula, Sepp. Vog.t. p.63. Male & Female. JZin.i. 2332 Gm. Lin. i. 294? Noctua major, Briss.i. 511, Id. 8vo. 149. Gerin. t. 86. 87 ? Strix arctica, Mus. Carls. Fasc. ii. t. 51. Chouette, ou grande Cheveche, Buf.i. 372. pl.17. Pl. enl. 438. Brown Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 140. Id. Sup. p. 47. Alb. in. pl.7. Short-eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 124. Id. Sup. p.43. Id. 2. Sup. 56. Br. Zool. i. No. 66. pl.31. Jd. Fol. p.71. t. B.3. & B.A. £.2. Id. Hd. 1812. 1. 260. pl.32. Arc. Zool. ii. 116. Bewicki. pl. p.48. &50. Lewin.i. pl. 25. Walcot i. pl. 25. Donov. pl. 35. Orn. Dict. & Sup. LENGTH to the end of the tail, and to the toes, 15in.; extent -of wing 3{t.6in.; weight 12}o0zs._ Bill and claws black; before the Ss 2 . 316 OWL. eyes, next the nose, white, behind them black ; on the back of the ears, in the middle, a brown spot ; irides yellow ; ground colour of the head and neck light yellow buff, longitudinally streaked with black, most beautifully behind, but on the back the black brown is most predominant, and the yellow blotched and streaked; wing coverts much the same, but in the middle the spots approach to white; second quills barred buff-yellow and brown black, in the middle of the buff a spot of brown black; outer quills much the same, but the first eight without the spots in the buff; under the wings whitish ; five of the mner bastard feathers tipped for nearly an inch with brown, forming a bar; one inch below this on the out- most feather, a transverse bar on the inner web; the others have three or four bars of the same, and the ends also brown; tail feathers, as the outer quills, barred brown and buff; the two middle ones with a spot of brown in the buff, and the one on each side the same, but the spots more faint and smaller, the others plain; breast and belly yellow buff, marked with long streaks of brown; thighs and vent paler and plain; legs feathered to the toes. The female chiefly differs in the colours being less bright.— Much has been said concerning the ear tufts of this species, and many have supposed them to consist only of a single feather each. Mr. White, many years since, gave us some cause to hesitate on this head, as he observed to the contrary, both in this and the Scops, during his residence in Gibraltar, and Col. Montagu has fully con- firmed the circumstance, shewmg that these tufts are composed of a series of feathers scarcely longer than the others, but which may be ‘erected at the will of the bird; indeed, as this gentleman observes, one of the feathers is visibly longer than the rest, but is by no means erected singly, nor is it easy to find even this longer feather, after the death of the bird. This is a winter inhabitant in England, coming in October and retirmg in March, and the time of its stay bemg about the same as that of the Woodcock, has occasioned its being called the Woodcock ¢ OWL. 317 Owl; it is oftener found on the ground, among long grass, &c. than on trees, and when disturbed, will, after flymg a little way, alight again among the grass; in this situation is supposed to search after reptiles for food, as also mice, and in some places, which have been infested with the latter, the Owls have collected in large troops, and attacked those depredators to their utter extirpation.* This species will also occasionally attack small birds, and has itself been taken ina net set for larks, and in the act of making a pounce at the decoy bird. We once found in the stomach of one, three legs of thrushes, besides a quantity of feathers. Those which we see here, are supposed by some to breed in the Orknies, and more probably in Norway; said to make the nest on the ground ; is a very fierce bird ; one having been shot in Derbyshire in the wing, would not suffer itself to be taken up, asit darted at the person with surprising fury, and was obliged te be killed before it could be secured. Is called at Gibraltar the Heath Owl, as it is found in abundance in the commons and. heaths about the Isthmus there ; very numerous in the woods of Siberia, where it comes blindly to the night fires, and assaults men, so as often to be knocked down with sticks. Inhabits America; visits Hudson’s Bay in May; makes a nest of dry grass on the ground; the eggs are white; departs southward in September; called there the Mouse Hawk and Hawk Owl, by the Natives, Thothosecausew. I once received a specimen from Hudson's Bay, under the name * A remark of this kind is mentioned by Dale—“ In the year 1580, at Hallowntide, an army of mice so over run the marshes near South Minster, that they eat up the grass to the very roots; but at length a great number of strange painted Owls came, and devoured all the mice. The like happened in Essex in 1648.—Dale Harwich App. p.397. Note 2. Col. Montagu mentions a similar instance at Bridgewater; in the neighbourhood of which, mice were in such abundance, a few years since, as to destroy a large portion of vegetation, and in the autumn a great many of the Short-eared Owls resorted to that part, in order to prey on them.—Orn. Dict. Sup. Mr. Bewick informs us, that 28 have been found ina turnip field in November, probably attracted thereto by mice. 318 OwL. of Hawk Owl of Edwards, but this is quite a different bird, as will be seen by a description hereafter. Two of them were brought from Sandwich Islands by Capt. Dixon. This species has been seen also at Falkland’s Islands, and is probably common both in South and North America. I observe it likewise figured in drawings done in India. 14.—CASPIAN EARED OWL. Strix accipitrina, Ind. Orn. i. p.60. Gm. Lin.i. 295. Gm. It. p ii. 163. t.9. Pall. ft.i. 455. Daud. ii. 185. Temm. Man. d’orn. p.46 Id. Ed. 2. p. 99. Strix caspia, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 272. Caspian Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 147. SIZE of the BrownOwl. Bill and Irides citron colour; the feathers of the face occupy less space than in most Owls; these are white forwards, and incline to ferruginous behind, the outer circle varied with yellow and black; on each eyelid behind a black spot. The plumage on the upper parts inclines to luteous; beneath luteous white, with longitudinal black streaks; between the legs spotted with the same; vent white; greater quills luteous, lesser white, tessellated with black; lower wing coverts black at the tips; tail shorter than the wings, rounded, whitish on the sides, and trans- versely banded with black; legs luteous, covered with down to the toes. Inhabits the borders of the Caspian Sea, also Tartary, and the north of Russias; makes a nest on the ground in the desarts. This appears to be no other than the Short-eared Owl ; if we may judge from the plumage, although the circumstance of the existence of the ear tufts is not mentioned. OWL. alg 15.—MARSH EARED OWL. Strix palustris, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xiit. Bechst. Vog. Deutsch.ii. 344. Allg. U.d. Vog. i. Zusass. p. 683. 16. B. Marsh eared Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p-58.. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 227.. THIS is as big as a Crow, and not far from nine imches long.— The bill brown blue, tip and edge yellow; legs hairy ; claws black; the upper part of the plumage is white, grey, and brown mixed ; but in the head and shoulders the white predominates; the ears consist of six feathers; about the neck is a kind of yellowish ring, marked with coffee-coloured spots; the under parts of the body reddish grey on the sides, streaked with chestnut brown, and some smaller cross streaks ; thighs ferrugimeus, with dull transverse lines ; quills grey, with coffee-brown spots, making four cross stripes ; the tail has five bands, made up in the same manner. In some specimens the ear consists of three or four feathers only. This species inhabits Pomerania, Hesse, and Thuringia, where it is called by some the Moor Fowl, being found in the peat marshes, among the high grass; it lays four white eggs, the size of those of a pigeon, and feeds chiefly on field or other mice. This, from the description, seems to coincide much with that of the Short-eared species. 16.— PEREGRINE EARED OWE. SIZE uncertain. Bill dusky ; irides orange; circles of the face scarcely conspicuous; general colour of the plumage rufous and 320 OWL. tawny mixed, finely undulated with brown ; ears composed of short feathers, arising at the back of the head, and brown; the crown darker, with transverse brown lines, and other markings ; under parts of the bedy pale tawny, crossed with numerous fine brown lines, the colour deepest, and more inelined to tawny on the breast; shoulders of the wings brown at the bend; quills and tail spotted with brown ; legs feathered to the toes, marked much the same as the under parts ; claws black. A figure of the aboye is among the collection of drawings belonging to Mr. Dent.—Native place unknown. 17.—BRAZILIAN EARED OWL. Strix brasiliana, Ind. Orn. 1. 55. Gm. Lin. i. 289. Daud. ii. 220.. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 23%. Noctua brasiliensis, Cabure, Rati. p. 26. Will. p. 69. Klein. p. 57. Buf. i. 383. Le Cabure, Voy d’Azara ii. No. 49. Brasilian eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 125. Will. Eng. p. 107. SIZE of a thrush. Bull yellowish; irides yellow; on the sides of the head are feathers that represent ears, which it can erect at will ; wnder the eyes, on each side of the bill, several long dusky hairs; plumage on the head, upper parts and tail, dilute umber colour, variegated on the head and neck with very small white spots, and on the wings with greater. Breast and lower belly white, with pale uinber spots; tail waved with white; legs short, covered with yellow feathers, and the wings reach very little beyond the base. Inhabits Brazil, and there called Cabure, is easily made tame, and will play with any person, like a monkey, besides which it can turn its head quite round, so that the bill touches the back, and fre- quently puts itself into other droll attitudes. OWL. 321 18.—MOTTLED EARED OWL. Strix nevia, Ind. Orn.1.55. Gm. Lin. i. 289. Daud. ii. 217. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 230. Bubo Clamator, Hibou Criard, Viet/l. Am.i. Am. Orn. iii. pl. 19. f. i, Mottled eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 126. Aret. Zool. i1. No. 178. pl. 1. LENGTH 9 or 10in.; breadth 21lin. Bill brown; irides yellow ; plumage above grey, mottled with ferruginous and black ; the shaft of each feather bemg black, with three or four bars of the same on each side; these markings are much the same beneath, but more distinct, where the ground colour is paler; feathers round the face tipped with black, as also those of the breast; the eared feathers an inch or more in length; legs feathered to the toes; claws brown ; this bird is apt to vary in the shades ef plumage, but whether owing to difference of sex is not certain. Inhabits North America, not uncemmon at New York, breeds im May, and continues in the country the whole year; arrives in Pensylvan a the beginning of cold weather, generally seen in the upland and mountainous districts; feeds chiefly on mice, small birds, and beetles; but is there rather a scarce bird; observed to fly early at night and morniag; sometimes found on the fences in full day, when it is easily caught, as it sees then but imperfectly ; roosts at night in kellew trees, VOL. i. T 322 OWL. 19.—INDIAN EARED OWL. Strix Bakkamuna, Ind. Orn. 56.1. Ind. Zool. pl.3. Daud.ii. 218. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 237. indica, Gm, Lin. i. 288. Indian eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 127. LENGTH 7zin. Bill dusky; irides yellow; over each eye stands a tuft of three or four feathers, appearing as horns, and an inch long, mixed grey and black; face dusky bluish ash, mar- gmed with black ; crown dark, with narrow black streaks; upper parts powdered with bluish ash, and purplish brown, streaked with a few dusky lines; wing coverts much the same, but darker, and the lower series pale powdery blue grey; second qnills mottled pale brown, and crossed with narrow, dusky bars; greater quills the same, with broader bars; the exterior feather, or more, black and white in bars; tail pale grey, with dusky bars; the under parts of the body from the chin, powdery brown, clay, and whitish, mixed and undulated; belly paler, all marked with lines of black in the direction of the shafts; legs downy ; toes brownish flesh-colour. Inhabits Ceylon, and there called Bakkamuna ; is found in the third plate of both Latin and English editions of the Indian Zoology ; is also known there by the name of Woolloch,* and the same in India, where it is equally well known; not uncommon in the province of Oude, and the last name given to it supposed to arise from the note of the bird. I observe this represented in Gen. Hardwicke’s collection of India drawings; the length nearly 8in.; irides bright orange brown ; the breadth said to be 17Zin.; the weight three ounces six drams ; the top of the head spotted with brown; wings and tail equal in length. We believe this also to inhabit Java. * The Ceylonese eared Owl also called Woollock. OWL. 323 20.—LEMPI-JI OWL. Strix Lempi-ji, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 140, LENGTH 9in. Head furnished with eared tufts; body above variegated with brown and yellowish black, beneath pale ferruginous clouded with dusky; quills fasciated with a paler colour. Inhabits Java, and called Lempi-ji. 21.—ORIENTAL OWL. Strix orientalis, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 140. LENGTH 2ft. Head eared; body above brown, with ferru- gimous fascize ; shoulders, axillaries, belly, and shins white, banded with brown. 22.—KETUPU OWL. Strix Ketupu, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 141. LENGTH 21in. Head furnished with eared tufts ; bill long, strait at the base, and bent from the middle ; tip emarginated ; base Tr2 324 OWL. furnished with a large cere; nostnls oblique; body ferruginous, aboye varied with brownish, beneath lineated with black; quills and tail brown, fasciated with yellowish grey—first quill short, second a trifle longer, third irregularly increasing, fourth, fifth, and sixth, longer; legs elongated; shins naked, reticulated; toes strong. Inhabits Java, called there Blo-Ketupu. We are indebted to Dr. Horsfield for the three last described, 23.—SCOPS EARED OWL. * Strix Scops, Ind. Orn.i. p.56. Lin. i. 129. Gm. Lin. i. 290. Rati. p. 25. Will. 65. t.12. Bris.i. 495. t.37.1; Id. 8vo. 144. Klein. Av. p. 57. Daud. ii. 218. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 233. Tem. Man. p. 46. Id. Ed. 2. p. 103. Scops, ou petit Duc, Buf.i. 353.-t.24. Pl. enl. 436. Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 40: Zinnan. Uov. p. 98. t.16. £.87. Hist. Prov. i. 338. Baumeule, Naturf. vil. s. 57. Strix Zorca, Ind. Orn. i. 562 Gm. Lin. i. 289?* Little horn Owl, Wall. Engl. 101. pl. 12. Scops eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. 129. Id. Sup. 45. THIS is an elegant species, and 7Zin. long. Biull black ; tides yellow ; the whole plumage variegated with grey, rufous-brown, and blackish ; on the upper parts the brown predominates, on the under the grey; quills transversely barred with rufous white ; the eared feathers consist of an assemblage of several, to be erected at at the will of the bird, and not of a single feather as has been generally supposed ; is said to vary considerably in the colours of the plumage. This species is common in many parts of Europe, but has * No description of plumage given, merely saying that the ear feathers are eight or nine in number, and is found about Sardinia. OWL. 325 hitherto rarely been observed in England; said to arrive and depart in France much about the same time as the Swallows. In Majorca they are bred tame, and there valued much; they most probably migrate, for although they are met with at Gibraltar, they are not seen at all times, and at certain seasons are observed in large flocks. Itis a pretty common species in the South of Russia, and west parts of Siberia, but not found Eastward. We believe it is expanded throughout Europe, though probably no where very numerous, bemg mostly seen in pairs; it frequents the hollows of trees, and there makes the nest, laying three or four white eggs. The Scops has been clearly ascertamed as British more than once, * as has also the Snowy Owl. A.—Strix Gin, Ind. Orn. i. p.56. Scop. Ann. i. No.9 Kram. 323. —— carniolica, Gm. Lin. i. 290. Daud. ii. 218. Shaw’s Zool. vis. 231. Carniolic eared Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 127. This is said to be about the size of the Little Owl. Irides yellow; colour of the plumage whitish ash, variegated with spots, and transverse blackish stripes ; six of the prime quills marked with whitish spots on one side; tail brownish and spotted likewise. Kramer says, it is the size of a blackbird; that it is exactly the same im colour as the Goatsucker or Wryneck ; that it feeds on small birds, and is known at Bologna by the name of Giu; said to in- habit the colder parts of Carniola, and to make the nest in clefts of rocks, as well as in hollow trees, laymg from two to four eggs, and feeding the young on the May beetle, as the wing cases of this insect have been often found near the nests. Mr. White, who was well acquainted with the Scops at Gibraltar, is ef opinion, that this * One of these was in a Museum in Fleet-street, belonging to Mr. Donovan, said to have been killed in Yorkshire. 326 OWL. is the same bird; observing, that one of the names for the Scops is Chiu or Chivino, and that the one last described is known by the same names. : 24.—WHITE-FRONTED OWL. Strix albifrons, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xiv. Shaw's Zool. vii. 238. Nat. Misc. pl. 171. Bubo albifrons, Vietll. Am. i. p. 54. White-fronted Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 58: SIZE of the Little Owl; length 8in. General colour of the plumage on the upper parts brown; the circle of feathers round the eyes dark, frmged at the back part with white ; between the eyes, over the bill, and the chin, white; the under parts from thence yellow buff; across the breast a pale brown band; on the wing coverts a spot or two of white; the first five quills marked with a white spot on the outer, and the second quills with the same on the inner margins; the first quill serrated on the outer edge the whole length, the second the same, half way from the tip; tail marked as the quills ; legs feathered ; bill black ; toes dusky. This was brought from Quebec by Gen. Davies in 1790, and with it another much smaller, which he had in his possession alive ; it differed in bemg more dusky, and the circles of the face not frmged at the back part, otherwise so like, as to be supposed merely differmg im age, or sex; the General observed to me, that this bird frequently erected two feathers over the eyes, but although I imspected the specimens very narrowly, I could not find any feathers longer than the rest, which circumstance is also noticed in respect to the Short- eared species. a poh on sa ‘ Ne Ae Ae Niapre ee aa PL.XIV. OWL. ; 327 25.—SIBERIAN EARED OWL.—PL. XIV. F. 1. Strix pulchella, Ind. Orn.i. p.57. Gm. Lin. i. p. 290. Pall. It. p.456. Lepech. Tt.u. t. 4. Daud. ii. 220. Shaw’s Zool. vir, 239. Strix aurita, e gente sua minima, W.-C. Petr. xv. 490. t.26.-f. i.- Siberian eared Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 130. pl. 5. f.1. Nat. Misc. 1. pl. 22.- THIS species well deserves the name applied to it, as it is a most beautifully pencilled bird; length 6in.* The head is less tumid than in the Passerine, or Little Owl, smaller in proportion, and has remarkably large ear tufts. The bill is brown; irides pale yellow; the eared feathers above an inch in length; feathery circle round the eyes small, and above the eyes scarcely perceivable ; towards the eyes a white spot; the body is cmereous above, delicately powdered and undulated, the shaft of each feather brown; beneath whitish, with broad, black shafts, and scattered here and there with elegant variegated bars of the same; wings fasciated and powdered ; the first prime quill serrated outwardly, some of them spotted white on the outer edge; the tail and wings of equal length; the former rounded at the end, coloured like the body, and _ obsoletely fasciated with white, shins feathered, and marked with undulated striz ; toes alone naked, and pale. So far from Dr. Pallas. One of these, in the Leverian Museum, was only six inches in length; the plumage very soft and delicate, imitating that of the Wryneck, and delicately powdered, as Pallas expresses it to be, with ferrugimous and black, but about the sides of the neck the. whole has a ferrugimous tinge; tail dark brown, barred with ferruginous and grey ; the ears consist of several feathers, and the wings a trifle longer than.the tail, but as the specimen was * In the Petersburgh Transactions it is said to be nine inches. 328 OWL. a dried one, it may have arisen from the person who put it in attitude. This came from Gibraltar, but I believe it to be the same bird, described above by Dr. Pallas, who says it frequents the more south parts of the Wolga, Samara, and Jaick, and that it is often found about inhabited places, as well asin woods. In the Peters- burgh Transactions, it is said to be met with about that city. 26.—POWDERED EARED OWL. LENGTH 11in. Bill pale horn-colour, tip whitish, at the base numerous curved, white hairs, exceeding the bill in length; plumage in general above pale grey, minutely powdered with brown, and a jagged brown streak down the middle of each feather ; crown of the head much mixed with blackish; sides of the head white, bounded at the back part with a curved band of black, meeting on oneach side of the throat, but not uniting; behind each eye an eared tuft, consisting of six or more feathers, unequal m length, mottled as the rest, and finished at the ends with black ; chin, and upper parts of the body mottled and powdered as above, but paler, and down the shaft of each feather a long blackish streak ; lower belly and vent white; legs the same, feathered to the claws, charged with minute dusky specks on the shins ; toes brownish yellow, claws brown; the quills crossed with twenty or more pale, dusky bars, the ov ter one much serrated; tail marked, and barred as the quills, which very nearly reach to the end of it. Inhabits South America; in the collection of Mr. Bullock ; it is most delicate in the plumage, somewhat in the manner of the Wryneck, but every way paler in colour. OWL. 329 ** WITH SMOOTH HEADS. 27.—_SNOWY OWL. Strix pyctea, Ind. Orn.i. p.57. Lin. Syst.i. 1382. Faun. Suec. No. 76. Gm. Lin. 1: 201. Scop. Ann.i. No.10. Brun. p.7. Muller.No.10. Faun. Groenl. No. 16. Georg.i. p. 164. Ph. Trans. \xii. p.385. Borowsk. ii. p.78. Ger. Orn.i. t. 93. Klein. Av. p.9. t.ix. f.3.a.b. Spalowsk. ii. t.2. Daud. ii. p.188. Shaw's Zool. vii. 240. t. 31. Vietll.i. p. 46. pl. 18. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 32. f.1. Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 41. Id. Ed.i. p. 83. Strix alba freti Hudsonis, Bris.i. 522. Yd. 8vo. 152. Klein. Av. p. 56. Strix nivea, Levail. Otis. pl. 48? Daud.ir. 190. Die Tageule, Naturf. vii. 8.58. 30. Harfang, Buf.i. 387. Pl. enl. 458. Great White Owl, Snuwy Owl, Gen. Syn.i. 132. Id. Sup.45. Id. Sup.ii. 59. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 121. opposite the title page: Nat. Misc.ii. pl. 27. var. Bartram’s Trav. 285. Gent. Mag, v.41, p.437. Lin. Trans. xi. p. 175. THIS is full as big as the Great Horned Owl, but the head less in proportion ; length about 23 or 24in.; weight 12 to three pounds. Bill black, almost hid in the feathers; indes yellow; the plumage as white as snow, but the crown of the head is marked with smal! brown spots, and the upper part of the back crossed with narrow lines of brown; sides under the wmgs the same, but paler; quills white, spotted with brown; tail the same, crossed with bands of broad brownish spots,* except the outer ones, which are pure white ; legs covered with white feathers; claws black. ‘The female more thickly covered with spots, and darker than the male. This bird is sometimes quite white, especially in the winter season, and mhabits the more northern parts of Europe ; is scarce in * Amer. Orn, YOL. 1. Ou 330 OWL. Russia, but more frequent in the Uralian Mountains; is numerous in Kamtschatka ; known in Sweden by the name of Harfang,** and the same at Astrachan, where it is not unfrequent; is known also in Iceland, and common in Greenland, where it builds in the hollows of rocks, at a distance from habitations; preys chiefly on Ptarmigans, hares, and smaller quadrupeds, which it drops on by stealth. In Lapland is found useful in destroying great numbers of the Lem- mings.t The Calmucs are said to pay divine honours to this bird, and augur good or ill luck, according as it tends its flight to the right or left. shine It inhabits Hudson’s Bay, where it is called Wapacuthu, and said to prey by day, as well as by night, and though it may prefer the Ptarmigan, is often known to be satisfied with mice, and small birds. Met with in Melville Island, by Captain Parry, im his late Arctic Expedition. According to Mr. Bartram, this species arrives im Pennsylvania, i autumn, from the north, and remains during the winter, returning northward in the spring, for the sake of breedmg and rearing the young; in the winter found sometimes as far south as Carolina. It has not hitherto been noted as a British species, but I am assured that it was met with in the Orkney Islands by Mr. Bullock, in his tour to that part of the world, in the summer of 1812; one of these birds he saw, and was informed of a female having been shot there, about a fortnight before his arrival. It is now and then met with in the northern parts of Germany, * Supposed to have acquired this name from preying on hares. + Mus. Lemmus Lin. These are frequent breeders, bringing five or six young at a time, and were it not for the foxes, ermines, &c. as well as this Owl, their numbers would over run the country; they have sometimes appeared in such numbers, as to make it believed that they were generated in the clouds, and fell in showers on the ground, OWL. Bel 98.—WAPACUTHU OWL. Strix Wapacuthu, Ind. Orn.i. p.58. Gm. Lin.i. 291. Daud. 1. 189. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 243. Vieill. Am. i. p. 47. Wapacuthu Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup, p. 49. Aret. Zool. ii. No. 19. ‘LENGTH 2ft.; breadth 4ft.; weight 5lbs.. Bill black; inides yellow ; space between the eyes, the throat, and cheeks white; ends of the feathers of the head black; scapulars and wing coverts white, elegantly barred with dusky and reddish marks, pomting downward ; primaries, secondaries, and tail feathers irregularly spotted, and barred with pale red and black; back and tail coverts marked with a few dusky spots; breast and belly dirty white, crossed with imnu- merable reddish lines; vent white; legs feathered to the toes, which are covered with hairs, Tnhabits the woods about Hudson’s Bay; makes the nest on dry, mossy ground, and lays from five to ten white eggs;* the young hatched in May; called by the natives Wapacuthu, being by them confounded with the Snowy species ; but Mr. Hutchins assured me, that these two are distinct from each other. This is esteemed by the Europeans very delicious food. * According to Mr. Hutchins; but if so, it differs from others of the genus, 332 OWL. 29.—_GRILLIAN OWL. Strix liturata, Mus. Nat. Grill. 1788. p.5. THIS Owl is said to be somewhat larger than a common fow!], with a smooth head, whitish body, marked with long brown spots. Inhabits Sweden, found near Elfharleby where it is called Stora Skogs-Ugeglan. As no reference is given to any other author, Dr. Lindroth, who drew up the catalogue of the Grillian Museum, no doabt, considered it as a new species. 30.—ERMINE OWL. Strix candida, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiv. Temm. Man. ed.2, p. 83. erminea, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 251. La Chouette blanche, Levail. Otis. i. p.72. pl. 45. Daud. ii. 199. Ermine Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.60. THIS, according to M. Levaillant, is distinct from either the Snowy, or Wapacuthu Owl; it scarcely can be a variety of our Great Eared species, being entirely earless, nor do the measures correspond ; it is smaller than the Snowy Owl, and of a more squat make; the head, too, is larger in proportion; the tail short, and the wings exceed it in length, when closed, by some inches, whereas in the Snowy species, the tail is pretty long, and the wings donot reach more than half way thereon. The legs in the present described one are very short, and so completely covered with feathers, as almost to OWL. dao hide the claws. The whole plumage snow white, with the exception of a few scattered spots of black on the wing coverts and quills; the bill, which is nearly hid in the feathers of the face, and the claws are black. We do not learn from whence this bird came, only that a specimen is in the collection of M. Raye de Breukelerwaerd, at Amsterdam.— M. Temminck supposes it to be the same with the Snowy Owl. 31.—FALCONINE OWL. Strix Choucou, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiv. Nat. Misc. pl. 998. Strix Africana, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 278. Le Choucou, Levail. Ois.i. p. 151. pl. 38. Daud. ii, p. 186. Falconine Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ir. p. 61. THIS seems, like the Hawk Owl, a species approaching not a little to the Falcon genus; it is, however, clearly an Owl, and must be ranked as such. The bill is small; irides yellow; plumage on the upper parts pale grey brown, inclining to rufous on the crown, and back part of the neck, and on the wing coverts a few white spots; the greater quills like the rest of the wing, with whitish tips, and reach, when closed, about half way on the tail, which is cuneiform in shape, and grey brown; all but the two middle feathers, are marked on the outer webs with transverse, white lmes, about twelve in number, within and beneath white ; the sides of the face and eyes surrounded with a ruff of white hairy feathers, covering the nostrils ; under parts of the body pure white; the thigh feathers hang over them quite to the toes, and the legs are covered with short, bristly feathers, the colour black ; toes placed two and two, or three before and one behind, at the will of the bird. 304 OWL. Inhabits various parts of Africa. The people at Hottniqua call it Nagt Valk, (Night Falcon); it does not appear till twilight, and from this cireumstance and its rapid flight, it is not easily shot. M. Leyaillant caught two of them by chance in a net, for he had in vain before attempted to shoot them. The female is rather smaller, and the white on the under parts Jess pure. 32.—W HITE-FACED OWL. LENGTH 20in. or more. Bill pale; irides blue; general colour of the plumage above dull yellow, powdered with minute specks; besides which are large oval spots of white, on each of which is a black dash, giving the appearance of spots of ermine ; face pure white, surrounded with a range of alternate yellow and dusky feathers; all the under parts of the body pure white, each feather marked with a narrow dusky streak down the shaft; quills barred with dusky ; tail the same; legs pale red, or flesh-colour. Inhabits New-Holland, and called Boobook, but as more than one in that country goes by the same name, it is probably what Owls are generally known by. 33.—NEW-HOLLAND OWL. LENGTH 14in. Bill yellow ; circles round the face plain ash- colour ; plumage in general brown, on each feather asmall dusky, OWL. 338 white spot near the end, and bordered below with pale brown ; tail plain brown ; the wings, when closed, reach to the end of it; legs downy quite to the claws. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of A. Harrison, Esq. 34.—_VARIEGATED OWL. Strix nisuella, Ind. Orn.i. p. 14. Shaw's Zool. vir. 279. Choucouhon, Levail. Ois.i. p. 157. No. 39. Chouette Choucouhou, Daud. Orn. ii: p. 187. Variegated Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup.i. p. 62. THIS is the size of the Long-Eared Owl, but is less bulky, and stands higher on its legs. The bill is black; ivides yellow ; the circles of the face round the eyes are white, with dusky markings; chin white, but the plumage iu general is brown, in various shades, with a mixture of white, and on the under parts of the bedy irregularly barred brown and white; the legs are covered with downy grey feathers; the tail banded dusky brown and rufous white, cuneiform in shape, and the wings, when closed, reach two-thirds thereon. Inhabits Africa; met with m the neighbourhoed of the Cape of Good Hope, especially about Orange River, and the Grand Namaquas ; supposed to prey in the evening, for although seen in the day, it has been only when the small birds have surrounded it, as an object not usually met with. The female is somewhat larger than the male, but differs very little in the plumage, except that the former has less white, and the irides of a paler yellow. 336. OWL. 39.—FASCIATED OWL. Strix Huhula, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xv. Daud. ii. 190. Levaill. Ois. i. pi. 41. Strix lineata, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 280. Chouette de Cayenne, Mauduit. Encyc. Method. Fasciated Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 62. SIZE of the Brown Owl; length 14%in.; breadth 3ft. Bill and legs yellow; general colour of the plumage of the head, neck, and body dusky, crossed with white bars, which are broadest on the under parts ; head dotted with white ; wings brown, crossed on the coverts with fine white Imes; quills plain, reaching to the middle of the tail, which is cuneiform, 641n. long, crossed with three narrow white lines, not corresponding on each side of the shafts; legs feathered to the toes, dusky and white. Inhabits Cayenne, and appears to be new; it was named Chouette de Jour, hence it should appear that it takes its prey by day, which some Owls are known to do. 36.—SUPERCILIOUS OWL. Strix griseata, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xv. Daud: ii. 207. Chouette a aigrettes blanches, Levaill. Ois.i. 169. pl. 43. Strix superciliosa, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 250. Nat. Misc. No. 893. Supercilious Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. p63. SIZE of the Long-eared Owl. Bill yellow; plumage on the upper parts rufous brown, with a few spots of white on the wings and OWL. 337 tail; beneath dusky white, tinged more or less with rufous, and a few dusky specks; and the feathers of the joint above covermg the shins almost to the toes, but the shins are clothed only with fine hairs; above the eyes begins an arch, consisting of a series of loose white feathers, passing over the ears to each side of the neck ; these are longer than the rest, but not capable of beimg erected as in the Eared Owls ; tail somewhat cuneiform, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of. it, Inhabits Guiana, but not very common in our cabinets; one, however, is said to have filled a place in the collection of our late friend and correspondent Mr, C. G. D’Orcy ; and M. Levaillant mentions two ethers, one in the collection of M. Mauduit, and another in his own. 37.—CINEREOUS OWL. Strix cinerea, Ind. Orn. i. p.58. Gm, Lin.i. 291. Daud.ii. 191. Vieill. Am.i. p. 48. Strix Acclamator, Bartr. Trav. p. 285. fuliginosa, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 244. Sooty Owl, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 120. Cinereous Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 134. Id. Sup. p.45. LENGTH from 20 to 24in.; expands 4ft.; weighs 3lbs. Bill whitish ; irides yellow; circlets of the face aay close to the eye, palish over the eye, and just at the bill whitish; each feather, for the most part, is of an ash-colour, and ee with several lines of black ; the feathers which terminate the circle are also black, tipped with buff colour; by this means the eye appears placed in VOL. I, XG x 338 OWL. the middle of alternate circles of black and ash-colour; the plumage on the upper parts of the body mottled with ash-colour and black ; thighs the same, but paler, crossed with brown lines; head, hind part of the neck, and wing coverts sooty, marked with narrow bars of dirty white; breast and belly whitish, greatly covered with large, oblong blotches of dusky brown; from the neek to the vent is a space, of about an inch in breadth, quite bare; legs feathered to the feet. Male and female much alike, the latter smaller of the two. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay the whole year; does not change colou in any season; makes a nest in a pine tree the middle of May, with a few loose sticks, lining it with feathers; lays two eggs, marked with darkish spots ; the young fly the end of July; mostly seen in pairs; preys chiefly on rabbits and mice; flies low, yet with great force, often striking itself into the snow a foot deep when in chace after its prey, and of such strength as to be able to fly off with a hare alive in its talons. Is called Omisseu Athanetou, or Speckled Owl. According to Mr. Bartram, it is found in Pensyl- vania; where it is a constant resident, and breeds there. 38.—BARRED OWL. Strix nebulosa, Ind. Orn. i. p. 58. Gm. Lin. i. 291. Daud.ii. 191. Nat. Miscel. i. t. 25. Shaw's Zool. vii. 245. Vieill. Am.i. p.45. pl. 17. Am. Orn.iv. pl.33. f. 2. Temm. Man. @’Orn. p.49. Id. Ed. ii. p. 88. Grey Owl, Ph. Trans. lx. p. 386. 424. Barred Owl, Gen. Syn. i. p. 138. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 122. pl. 11. THIS species, as described by Dr. Forster, weighs 3lbs.; is 16in. long, and extends 4ft. The bill is pale yellow ; irides yellow; circlets of the face whitish, barred with dusky lines; head, back, OWL. 339 wing coverts, and breast, barred with dark brown, spotted with white, but on narrow inspection, each feather is marked with three or four alternate bars of brown and white; the head, neck, and breast, have most white in them; the other parts abound most in brown ; the greater quills barred with lighter and deeper brown, and on the outer edges of some of them are white, or very pale spots, in place of light brown; the secondaries alternately banded with paler and deeper brown, the latter occupying most space; tail banded brewn and white, or pale tawny, the tip of the last colour ; belly and vent dirty white, marked with longitudinal rusty brown streaks; sides barred across with the same; legs pale, feathered to the claws, which are brown. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay ; the above described from a specimen in _ my own possession, which measured 21in. in length; another in the Leverian collection had the bars of the tail, and the spots on the upper parts of the body more numerous than in my bird. Myr. Abbot acquamts me, that it frequents the swamps, and oak woods about Savannah, in Georgia, and that in general it preys on hares, grouse, mice, &c. but now and then snakes, as he met with it once m the day time, when it had caught a large snake, and eaten the head off, and it was with difficulty, that it flew from tree to tree with it. One of these in Mr. Bullock’s Museum is said to be British, but we have not met with a second instance of this circumstance.— Found in Sweden and Norway. A.—LENGTH 18 or1i9in. Bill yellow; head and back brown, with two dun yellow bars on each feather, banded above and below with dusky; axillary feathers the same, but the bars approaching to white; beneath, as far as the breast, barred much in the same Xx2 340 OWL. manner, but the pale bars occupy more space; the belly and vent yellowish white, inclming to yellow on the sides; the whole of the feathers have a broad streak of brown down the shafts; wing coverts marked with triangular spots of white, banded above with dusky 5 quills dark brown, barred with pale brown within, and with whitish without; the first quill the shortest, the fourth longest, and these four serrated on the outer edges; tail brown, with three bars of pale buff, and the end very pale; the wings reach half way on it; legs feathered to the toes with pale feathers, speckled with dusky; toes and claws brown. Such an one was sent to Mr. Francillon, by Mr. Abbot, and seems to differ but little from the Barred species, of which it is probably the male. A nest once met with, was made in the crotch of a white oak, ‘among thick foliage, rudely put together, intermixed with some dry grass and leaves, and lined with smaller twigs; the eggs nearly the size of those of a young pullet, but more globular and white; will often seize on fowls, and particularly young rabbits, but mice and ‘and other small things are the usual food ; the difference between the male and female is unusual, sometimes as much as eight inches ; both scream in the day like a Hawk; it sees and flies durmg day light, as its vision is more distinct than others of the genus. 39.—SPECTACLE OWL.—PL. XV. Strix perspicillata, Ind. Orn. i. p.58 Daud.ii. 192. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 248. t. 32. Le Macagua, Voy. d’Azara. ii. No. 15. Spectacle Owl, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 50. pl. 107. LENGTH 21in. Bill strong, hooked, yellow, and half covered with reflected black bristles; the head small in proportion, being PLXYV. OWL. J4k not so fully clothed with feathers as many of the genus, giving some- what the appearance of a Hawk; the head and neck are white, and the feathers of a woolly texture ; on each side of the head a large patch of black brown surrounding the eyes; chin also of the same colour; the upper parts of the body red brown, coming forwards on the breast asa broad belt; the under parts of the body rufous white ; quills and tail brown, crossed with bars of darker brown, the tip of the last white; legs feathered to the toes; claws deep hern-colour, or black, Inhabits Cayenne, described from one in the Leverian Museum, a label affixed te it was inscribed Le Plongeur. A.—In the British Museum I observed one nearly similar, this was 16in. long; general colour of the plumage above chocolate brown; the whole of the head, and across the breast of that colour ; over the eye a half circle of white; tail chocolate brown, crossed with six er seven paler bars ; tips of the feathers white ; all the under parts of the plumage, except the bar on the breast, white; legs feathered to the toes. This was said to come from some part of South America, and I imagine it to differ only in sex from the Spectacle Owl. One in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, is fine buff-colour beneath the body, and the chin dark brown. The Macagua, as above quoted from Azara, seems to be no other than this Owl ; it is said to have a note resembling that word, and which it pronounces distinctly ; it is found chiefly in the wet “mmarshes, and perches on. the dry branches of high trees; not found beyond 29 deg. latitude ; is a stupid bird; said to wage war with snakes, among other things, and to kill them by flapping with the 342 OWL. wings; the length is 18in. ; extent 36in. ; bill black ; cere yellow; irides rufous ; legs pale yellow, B.—Strix personata, Daud.ii. 192. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 240. —— larvata, Nat. Misc. pl. 801. Masked Owl. Chouette 4 Masque noir, Levail. Afr. i. p. 172. pl. 44. SIZE of the last described. Bill dusky; general colour of the plumage white, but the whole face is quite black ; wings and tail reddish brown; on the first some markings, and the latter 1s very short, about even with the quills, when the wings are closed ; legs feathered to the toes. It was brought from Cayenne, and is probably the young of some species related to the Spectacle’'Owl. In the collection of the late M. C. Gigot D’Orcy, of Paris. 40.—DOWNY OWL. Chouette 4 collier, Levazl.i. 169. pl. 42. Daud. ii. 193. Strix superciliosa, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 251. Le Nacurutu sans aigrettes, Voy. d’Azaraii. No. 43. THIS differs from the Spectacle Owl, in having the throat white, which passes between the eyes and over them as an eyebrow, otherwise the head is deep rufous. One of these was killed at Surmam ; inhabits also Paraguay. M. D’Azara observes, that the whole of the plumage, except the wings and tail, appears curled, and so fine and delicate to the touch, as to imitate the feel of white cotton, especially that of the head, OWL. 343 which gives the idea of a puff made of swan’s down ; it seems not improbable that this, on future enquiry, may prove a variety of the Spectacle Owl. 41.—TAWNY OWL. Stnx stridula, Ind. Orn.i. p.58. Lin. Syst. i. 133. Faun. Suec. No.7. Scop. Annis No.12. Gmel. Lin. i. 294. Brun. No:18. Muller. p. 11. Kramer, 233. 4? Gerini. i. t. 95. Daud.ii. 194. Temm, Man. d’Orn. p.50. Id. Ed. ii. p. 90. Strix orientalis, Hasselq. It. 233. Zinn. Uov. t. 16. £.8.9. —— Aldrov, Rai. p.25. A.2. Will.p.65.t.14. Bris.i. 500. fd.8vo. 146. Klein. Av. p. 56. Frisch. t. 95. 96. Die Brandeule, Naturf. viii. s. 59. 32. Chathuant, Bu/. i. 362. pl. 25. Pl. enl. 437. Common brown, or Ivy Owl, Will. Engl. 102. pl. 14. Alb. i. pl. 9. Tawny Owl, Gen. Syn.i. p. 139. Br. Zool. i. No. 68.. Id. fol. 7. t. Bi 3. Id. eds 1812. 266.