Mf A ‘i of GENERAL HISTORY OF BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. F.R.S. A.S. anno L.S. Acap. Cs. Nat, Curios. Rec. Hoi. ET Soc. Nat. Scrut. BEROLIN. Soc, &c. &c. VOL ITI. WINCHESTER: PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR :==SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B, WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET, WwW. WooD, 428, STRAND; AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET, 1822. ' | i 7 MALTA VOU ee he 4 ; i ea cin aaa Bs x % ea y ° ah oa Rosa. 7 ORL BE tra Gh? FaVh. 902 We TRAOH oa. |adie ; : * a ey sue errata cemenccer ACO eD é ; SATOMI Oe ic eee Ye HOGHOE Wi TiOt~) AOMTUA, ANT (GOT VHORKRGL ORM HOoLe Tasman tee. WHOL PSA MR eT Ue Lo TR ER 6) at adga 08 DOW AE ORs 2 Gehare BSN io syr. .¢ Vs, i ? ts + eee adda _ s 19 ORDER II. Cinereous Shrike A Gesner’s Greater Sh. B White Sh. C Var. Meridional Sh. Grey-backed Sh. Loggerhead Sh. Red-backed Sh: A Variegated Sh. Bay-backed Sh. W oodchat Sh. A Rufous Senegal Sh. Lesser Grey Sh. Rufous-tailed Sh. Short-tailed Sh. Barbary Sh. Blanchot Sh. Malimbic Sh. Ring-necked Sh. Black and White Sh. Collared Sh. Senegal Sh. A Tschagra Sh. Dubious Sh. African Sh. A Ditto var. VOL. II, GENUS V. 20 Red-throated Sh. 21 Olive Sh. 22 Geoftroy’s Sh. 23 Keroula Sh. 24 Cape Sh. 25 Purple-sided Sh. 26 Hottniqua Sh. 27 White-backed Sh. 28 Puff-backed Sh. 29 Abyssinian Sh. 30 Ferruginous-bellied Sh. 31 Indian Sh. 32 Cruel Sh. 33 Dusky Sh. 34 Supercilious Sh. 35 Silent Sh. 36 Ash-crowned Sh. 37 Blue-shouldered Sh. 38 Rufous Sh. 39 Jocose Sh. A Ditto var. B Chinese C Chinese Nuthatch D Var. 40 Black-crested Sh. 41 Bengal Sh. B SHRIKE. PIES. 42 Blue Sh: 43 Green Sh. 44 Madagascar Sh. 45 Boulboul Sh. 46 White-headed Sh. 47 White Sh. 48 White-billed Sh. A Dominican Sh. 49 Panayan Sh. 50 Crested Red Sh. 51 Antiguan Sh. 52 Hook-billed Sh. A. Var. 53 White-cheeked Sh. 54 Varied Sh. A Var. 55 Bentet Sh. 56 Chestnut-backed Sh. 57 Luzonian Sh. A Var. 58 Corvine Sh. 59 Malabar Sh. 60 Cineraceous Sh. 61 Fork-tailed Crested Sh. 62 Fork-tailed Sh. 63 Drongear Sh. 34 SHRIKE. 64 Philippine Sh. | 87 Tabuan Sh. 106 Rusty Sh: 65 Long-tailed Sh. 88 Brimstone Sh. 107 Fulvous Sh. 66 Bronzed Sh. 89 Weebong Sh. | 108 Barred Sh. 67 Rajah Sh. i A Var. | 109 Crested Sh: 68 Whiskered Sh: | 90 Black-faced Sh. A Rousset Sh. 6% Drongr Sh. 91 Mustachoe Sh. 110 Red Sh. 70 Black-eyed Sh. 92 Tufted Sh. 11] Berbicean Sh. 71 Chinese Sh. 95 White-eared Sh. | 112 Chestnut-crowned Sh. 72 Blue-green Sh. | 94 Black-topped Sh. || 113 Grey-headed Sh. 73 Yellow-browed Sh. 95 Black-capped Sh. 114 White-shouldered Sh. 74 Black-headed Sh. 96 Spotted Sh, | 116 Tyrant Sh. 75 Buff-rumped Sh. 97 Pied Sh. A St. Domingo Tyr. 76 Robust Sh. 98 Lineated Sh. B Carolina Tyr. 77 Great Sh. 99 South American Sh. C Louisiane Tyr. 78 Bare-eyed Sh. A Var. 116 Magpie Sh. 79 Crowned Sh. | 100 Grey Sh. 117 Black Sh: 80 Brown-streaked Sh. | A Var. 118 Orange Sh. SL Clouded Sh. | 101 Louisiane Sh. \ A Var. 82 Solitary Sh. 102 American Sh. 119 Northern Sh. 83 New-Holland Sh. 103 Brazilian Sh. 120 Nootka Sh. 84 Glossy Sh. 104 Yellow-bellied Sh. 121 Uniform Sh: $5 Pacific Sh. 105 Cayenne Sh. 122 Superb Sh. 86 Frontal Sh. | A Spotted Sh. A Var. | B Ditto var. Tur characters of the Genus Shrike (or Butcher-Bird, as it is by some called) are the following :— The bill strait at the base, with the end more or less bent, and in general a notch near the tip of the upper mandible. The base not furnished with a cere. Tongue jagged at the end. Tail composed of twelve feathers. + The outer toe connected to the middle one as far as the first joint. * In some few described from drawings, the notch does not appear. + We have not ourselves met with any, when complete, having fewer than 12 feathers, and must rest on the authority of others, for those said to have only ten. SHRIKE. 55] Before we fix the place which these birds should hold in the System of Ornithology, it is necessary that the reader should be acquainted with the reason of alloting to them the present.situation. Mr. Ray ranks the Shrike amongst his Short-winged Hawks, but takes in only the three sorts afterwards described in the British Zoology, with a fourth, which is most likely a variety. Buffon places them after the Falcons, on account of their ferocity.“ M. Brisson, on the contrary, puts them at the end of his fifth order, along with the Thrushes and Chatterers, both of them belonging to the Passerine Order of most systematists. As to Linneus, he has varied in his opinions. In the Fauna Suecica of 1746, he ranks the Shrike as a Chatterer, and in his last edition of this book, brings back the Chatterer to the Shrike, then first formed into a genus, and places it in the Accipitrme Order, taking in two species of Titmice.t In both the 10th and 12th edi- tions of the Systema Nature, the author has added considerably to this genus; in the former returning the Titmice to their proper place, and in the latter throwing the Chatterers into a separate genus, and this with the utmost propriety ; but notwithstanding the Lanius Genus is ranked by him among the Accipitrine Order, it is not without a particular note, confessing his sentiments to be wavering; and it is most likely, that had he lived to utter another edition, we should have seen these birds placed among the Pies.{ Kramer is mcelined to have the Shrike Genus ranked with them,|| though in his work it is put with the Chatterers, in the Passerme Order—but Scopoli§ places * Yet he says, the Pie-griéches and Pie ought to be ranked together— Je pense que tous pourroient n’en faire qu’un. Jes Pies convenant en beaucoup de choses avec les Pie-griéches.”’ Hist. des Ois.i. p.309: + The Long-tailed Titmouse, and the Bearded Titmouse. + Lani acce? ant Accipitribus laniena, Picis moribus, Passeribus statura, adeoque inter hos medii.—Syst. Nat. Ed. 12. 134. Note. || Nec meo judicio erraret, qui easdem Corvis annumeraret,—Aram. el. 364. § Ann, Hist. Nat.i. p.23. B2 4 SHRIKE. it with the Pies without ceremony, having no doubt about the matter. Mr. Pennant, in his first edition of the Genera of Birds, suffers it to stand in the Accipitrine Order, but remarks its affinity with the Pies,* and in his two last editions of the British Zoology, as well as Genera of Birds, begins the order of Pies with it. This example we have already followed, and shall continue to do so, being convinced that it is the most natural method, the reasons given by authors of a contrary opinion, not having sufficient weight with us. M.Tem- minck, however, seems to think otherwise, as he suffers it to make a part of his third order, viz.—Insectivores, in which the Thrushes, Chatterers, Manakins, Tody, Flycatcher, and many others, are included. * Mr. Edwards mentioned the same in his History of Birds, Vol.u. p. 56. SHRIKE. D 1.—CINEREOUS SHRIKE, Lanius Excubitor, Ind. Orn.i. 67. Lin. i. 1385... Faun. Suec. No. 80. Gm. Lin.i. 300, Scop. Ann.i. No. 18. Brun. No. 21.22. Sepp. Vog. t.p. 121. aun. Arag. p.71. Kram. p.364. Ampelis. Borowsk. Nat.ii. p. 83. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 282. pl. 37. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.58. Id. Ed.ii. 142. Falco congener, Klein. Stem. t. 9. f.1. a. b. c. Id. Gv. p.20. t.5. £9, Lanius, seu Collurio cinereus major, Rati, p.18. A.3. Will. Orn. p. 53. t. 10. Bris. i. 141. Jd. 8vo. 197. Klein. Av. 53.1. Frisch. t.60.. Gerin. t. 53. Johnston. Av. pl.2. £5. Ferlotta berettina,. Zinnan. Uov. 90. t..15. f. 80. Castrica palombina, Olin. Uc. t. p. 41. Tl Falconetti, Cett. Uc. Sard. p. 54. Der grosse graue Wurger, Bechst. Deutsch. ii. p.376. taf. 15. Der Wachter, Naturf. 8. s.60.. Ed. xviii. 232. Jd. xxv. 16. La Pie-Griesche grise, Buf. i. 296. t.20. Pl. enl. 445. Greater Butcher-Bird, Will. Engl. p.87. pl. 10. Collins’s Birds, pl.1. £.9. Albin. i. pl.13. Ellis. Voy. ii. p. 28: Great Cinereous Shrike, Gen. Syn.i.. 160. Br: Zool..No. 71. pl.33.. Id. fol. p.73. t. C. Td. ed. 1812. p. 272. pl. 35. Arct. Zool. i. No.127. Phil. Trans. |xii. p.-386. Catesb. Car, App. t.36. Bewick,i: pl. p.58, Lewin’s Birds, i.. pl.30. Orn. Dict. § Sup: . THE length of this bird is 10 inches; breadth fourteen; weight two ounces. Bill black, strong, and hooked; plumage above pale ash-colour ; beneath white; through the eyes a black streak, growmg broader behind; scapulars and. base of the greater quills white, the rest black ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the out- most white, the intermediate ones black, with the ends more or less white; legs black. The female differs chiefly in the under parts, which are dusky white, marked with transverse, semicircular brown lines. Inhabits various parts of Europe, though not common in Eng- land; is, in general, first seen here about May, and disappears in 6 SHRIKE. September;* said to breed in some of our mountains, and to make a nest of heath and moss, lined with wool and gossamer; the eggs five or six, the size of those of a thrush, dull olive green, spotted at the larger end with black; im France more common than in Eng- land;+ it feeds on insects and small birds, which it seizes by the throat, and after strangling, fixes them on a sharp thorn,+ for the more easily pulling them to pieces with the bill; and if kept in a cage will imitate this, by sticking the food against the wires of it; in Spring and Summer mocks the voice of other birds, by way of decoy- ing them within reach; and if a trapfall be baited with a living bird, the shrike itself may be taken; if kept in a cage, seems content, but has no note or song whatever; in countries where most plentiful, these birds are valued, on the supposition of their destroying rats, mice, and other vermin; and in Russia are often trained for catching small birds;|| hence M. Salerne calls it a Lanner of the smallest sort;§ is supposed to live five or six years.{ This species is not uncommon about Gibraltar, at all seasons, as well as in France, Italy, and Spain, and in the more northern parts of the Continent of Europe ;**** and not Jess frequent on the opposite shore of Algiers, as well as on all the coast of Morocco; is found, with very little variation, in other parts of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, and in various places on the Coast of Coromandel, in India ; differing principally in the tail, of which the two middle feathers are black, and the others white. I have observed, too, a more striking difference, in one having the scapulars next the wing, the lower part of the rump, the belly, and vent pale rufous white; thighs, and all * Not always, as Col. Montagu instanced two males brought to him near the end of November, 1790; and Dr. Lamb, of Newbury, a female, shot near.Aldermaston, Jan. 6. 1795. He also mentioned two others, one killed in November, the other in the December of the fol- lowing year, and a third on January 10. + Is called by some the French-Pie. + Edw. v.233. Br. Zool. || Edw. v. 231. § Salern. Orn. p.28. § Olina. Uc. p.4. ** Rev. Mr. White. SHRIKE. 7 beneath to the belly, white; the two middle tail feathers black, the rest ash-colour. It is frequent also at Hudson’s Bay, in America, where it breeds ; making the nest half way up a pme or juniper tree, in April; the hen sits fifteen days; is there called Wapaw Whisky John, or Wlite Whisky John. Is found also as far south as Georgia, and known by the name of Big-headed Mocking Bird; it there measures 83 inches in length, and 13 in breadth, but is net very common. Mr. Abbot, who has observed these, seems to think that the male and female diifer less from each other than in Europe, the female beg paler ef the two, and the breast very obscurely undulated with dull brownish lines.—Called Neuntodter (killer of nine), as it is said to kill nine grasshoppers in a day ; the blue-grey probably grows paler with age. A.—Lanius cinereus major, Bris.ii. 146. Id. 8vo. 198. Will. Orn. 53. Frisch. t.59. Kleiner grauer Neuntoder, Naturf. 8. s. 61. 37? Gesner’s Great Butcher-Bird, Will. Engl. p.88. Gen. Syn.i. 161: This differs in being larger, and having the lesser wing coverts and scapulars inclining to rufous; and is probably the same sort of variety as above observed in one met with in India. B.—Lanius albus, Bris.ii. 145. A. Id. 8vo.i. 198. Gen. Syn.i. 163. In this the whole plumage is white; bill and claws black ; legs yellowish. C.—Size of the first described, but in bulk rather stouter; general colour of the plumage not far different ; at the forehead begins * Amer, Ornith. 8 SHRIKE. a large bed of black, reaching on each side almost to the chin, and passing downwards on the sides of the neck for more than an inch and a half; wings and tail black, on the former a broad oblique emereous bar; the ends of the side feathers, and outsides of the exterior white. , Inhabits India, called Lahtora. This I can consider in no other hight than a variety; and in drawings from India, other variations ocear; mone I observed no white in the wings, and the tail wholly dusky ash-colour; in another called Lotterah the back was rufous. ‘There seem to be two varieties of this bird in India, if not two distinct species; in the first place, they are longer than the European; the forehead and one-third of the crown are black, continued in a broad band en each side, including the eye, and at least an inch beyond it; the plumage of the body much the same with our Cine- reous Shrike, but brighter; the bill, too, is more stout; but besides differmg from the European sort in these particulars, they do so between themselves; for in one, called Doodeea Latoora chuta, the tail is cuneiform, four of the middle feathers blue-black, the others white the whole of the length; in the other called Doodeea teynta, or Doodeea Latoora Burra, the tail feathers'are of equal length ; the six middle ones black, the others white. 9.—MERIDIONAL SHRIKE. Pie-gnesche meridionale—Lanius meridionalis, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p- 148. LENGTH nine inches. Head, nape, and back, deep ash-colour; beneath the eyes a broad band of black, ending on the ears ; throat reddish white; the rest of the under parts inclining to ash, deeper SHRIKE. 9 over the thighs; base and end of the quills white; the four middle tail feathers black; the others as m the Cinereous species. The female is ash-colour above, but paler, beneath more inclined to ash, barred with darker, arising from the ends of each feather bemg of that colour, and the band under the eye less distinct. Inhabits Italy, Dalmatia, the south of France, and the coasts of the Mediterranean, in Spain; has also been received from Egypt. M. Temminck considers it as distinet. 3.—GREY-BACKED SHRIKE. LENGTH eight inches. Bill black, with a conspicuous notch at at the tip; forehead black, passing in a broad streak through the eye, and below it on each side, for half an inch, and rounded at the end; this is bounded above with a white line, and beneath with a white patch; top of the head, neck, and greater part of the wings fine blue-grey; lesser wing coverts the same, ending in pale rufous ; the rest of the wing black ; lower part of the back pale rufous; under parts white, with a tinge of rufous on the sides; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches long, and wholly black; the rest white; the wings reach only to the base; legs black. Inhabits India—From the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke. Two of these were in one drawing, as male and female, but scarcely differed, except in the colours being rather more defined in one than the other. The names given to them were Joogeea Latoora, or Kyra-teynta. As to general appearance, this bird approaches to the Red-backed, Cc VOL. II. 10 SHRIKE. but the tail is considerably longer, and in the last resembling more that of the Cinereous Shrike; and although not strictly either, may fairly be placed as an intermediate lmk between the two species. In Gen. Hardwicke's drawings is a nest and eggs of one called Latoora-Pateyl. This is strong, made of fibres, interlaced with twigs and leaves, hairs within, with a few loose feathers; the eggs the size of those of the Chaffinch, pale bluish or brownish white, with pale dusky spots, or blotches, chiefly at the large end. 4.—LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE. Lanius carolinensis, Loggerhead Shrike, Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 22. £5. Lanius borealis, Vietd/. dm.i. p. 80, pl. 50? LENGTH nine inches, breadth thirteen. Supposed to be distinct from the other Cinereous species; it is full one inch shorter, the colours more dusky, and the frontlet, and streak through the eye both black, reaching half way down on each side the neck; irides dark hazel. Independent of the above, the distribution of colours is not unlike; tail cuneiform, the four middle feathers black, four exterior more or less white at the ends, the outer nearly all white ; bill and legs black. In M. Vieillot’s bird the under parts had a slight rufous tinge. The female differs somewhat from the male, but in both are seen transyerse lines of brown on the under parts, most in the female. Tnhabits the rice plantations of Georgia and Carolina; useful in destroymg mice, watching them like a cat; has a rough note, not unlike the creaking of a rusty hung sign-board in the wind. It is SHRIKE. 11 found in the warmer parts of the United States, while the other species is chiefly confined to the north, and seldom extends to the south of Virginia; makes the nest in a detached bush, in the manner of the Mocking Bird, and is called Loggerhead. 5.—RED-BACKED SHRIKE. Lanius Collurio, Ind. Orn. i. 69. Lin.i. 186. Gm. Lin.i. 300. Faun. Suec. No. 81. Scop.i. No.19. Bris.ii. 151. Id. 8vo, 202. Brun. No. 23.24. Muller. p. 11, Kram. p.363. Faun. Arag. p.71. Sepp. Vog. pl. p. 127. Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t.23. Borowsk.ii. p.83, Spalowsk.ii, t.5. Klein. Av. p.53. 2. Bechst. Deuts. ii. 392. t.xvi. f.1.2. Jd. Ed.ii. p.1335. Schef. El. t.43. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 315. Nat. Mise. pl.377. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p.63. Id. Ed. ii. p. 148. Lanius minorruftus, Rati,18. Will.d4. Gerin. t.5d. f.1.2. zruginosus major, Klein. Av. t.5. £.8. Merule congener alia, Rati, p.67.13? Will. p.144.3. Falco congener, Klein. Stem. t. 9. f.2. a. be Der Finkenbeisser, Naturf,§. s.61. Ferlotta rossa, Zinnan. Uov. 21. t. 15. f. 81: Pie-griesche rousse, Darnegas, Hist. Prov.ii. 335. L’Ecorcheur, Buf.i. 304. pl.21. Pl. enl. 31.2. Levail. Ois.ii. p.50. pl. 64: Lesser Butcher-Bird, Flusher, Alb.ii. t.14. Will. Engl. 88.2. 89.3. Red-backed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 167. Id. Sup.52.. Id. Sup.ii. 69. Br. Zool.i. No. 72. Id. fol.74,t.C,1. Id. Ed. 1812. p.275. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 131. Bewick. i. pl. p.60. Lewin’s Birds,i. t.30. Id. Egg. t.v. £.2. Wale. Syn.i. pl.30. Orn. Dict. & Sup. LENGTH 72 inches, weight eight drams. Bill black; irides dark hazel; through the eyes, from the bill, a black streak ; head, and lower part of the back light grey; the upper, and wing coverts ferruginous ; tail black, all the feathers, except the two middle C2 12 SHRIKE. ones, more or less white at the base; outer web of the exterior feather white; breast, belly, and sides blossom-colour; quills brown ; legs black. The female is rather larger; has the head dull ferruginous, mixed with grey; the streak through the eyes brown; breast, belly, and sides dirty white, crossed with semicircular dusky lines; tail deep brown, the outer feather white on the outer web. Inhabits various parts of Europe. In England comes in the spring, and after breeding with us, departs in autumn ; it makes the nest m a hedge, or low bush, of moss and dried fibres, mixed with wool, and lined with hair; lays six white eggs, with a circle of rufous brown spots towards the larger end; is an enemy to small birds, which avoid its haunts, for it not only feeds on insects, but the young of other birds in the nest, first seizmg them by the neck, and strangling them, beginning to eat them at the bram and eyes; is also fond of grasshoppers, and beetles, which are eaten by morsels, sticking the remainder on a thorn; and when kept ina cage, does the same against the wires. In a state of confinement may be fed with sheep’s kidneys, of which it will consume a whole one every day. This species has no note more than a chirp, but is said by some to imitate the notes of others, by way of decoy, like the Cmereous Shrike. Is found im the temperate and open parts of Russia, but not in Siberia ; sufficiently common in France and Italy, as well as other parts of the Continent, migrating according to the season; common in Egypt, and there called Dagnousse ; caught in large numbers m nets, and sold alive, as well as all those birds which the law forbids to be strangled, and which must not be used for food till they have bled; but as these Shrikes are very fierce, and often bite the fingers severely, the bird-catchers tie together the two ends of the beak with one of the feathers.* They are also met with in several places im Africa, and about the Cape of Good Hope. * Sonnini’s Trav. ii. p.319, SHRIKE, 13 A.—Collurio varius, Bris. ii, 154, Id. 8vo. 201; Gm. Lin.i. 301. 12.8. Razz, 19, A.5. Will. t.10. Lanius Arundinum, Klein. Av. p.54. Variegated Shrike, Gen, Syn.i. 168: This is grey above, rufous white beneath, streaked across with brown above and below; scapulars whitish, bounded by a black stripe; tail black, the three outer feathers rufous white at the base and tips; the exterior one wholly so on the outer edge. 6.—BAY-BACKED SHRIKE. LENGTH nearly 7in. Bill black; irides hazel; forehead to the crown black, continuing in a broad. band, having the eye in the middle, half way on each side of the neck, and rounded at the bottom, bounded above with white; the rest of the head, and hind part of the neck and rump fine blue grey; back and scapulars fine tawny ferruginous; wings black; base of the prime quills white, forming a spot; second quills edged with white; under parts, from the chin, pale blossom-colour ; sides of the breast, and beneath the wings, inclining to tawny; tail cuneiform, three inches long, the outer feather shorter by three quarters of an inch; the general colour of it black; all, except the two middle ones, more or less white at the ends, and the exterior wholly so; legs dusky brown. Inhabits India ; known by the name of Chuka-teynta ; found at Cawnpore, in January. It seems a species between the Red-backed Shrike, and Woodchat, but is smaller than either; the back is bay 14 SHRIKE. instead of black, as in the latter, and the hind part of the neck fine blue grey, which is bay in the other; the scapulars bay, but not the wing coverts, nor are the latter fringed with white; wings wholly black. This bird, though approaching to both the above mentioned, is probably a distinct species; the description taken from General Hardwicke’s drawings ; it is called simply Lahtoora, which seems to be a common name for the Shrike tribe. 7.—WOODCHAT SHRIKE. Lanius rutilus, Ind. Orn.i. 70. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 316. rufus, Bris.ii. 147. Id. 8vyo.i. 199. Gm. Lin.i. 301. 12.y. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p- 62. Id. Ed.ii. p. 147. pomeranus, Mus. Carls. Fasc.i. t.1. Gm. Lin.i. 302. ——— minor cinerascens, Rati, 19. A.6. Will. 54. §.iv. t.10. f.22 Klein. p.54. Frisch. 61. M. & F. Bor. Nat.ii. 84. minor rutilus, Klein. p.53. Id. Ov. t.5. £.7. Gerin.i. t. 56. Ampelis dorso griseo, &c, Faun. Suec. Ed.i. 180. f.2. fem. Kramer, 363. Dorndreher, Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t.41? Kleiner rother Neuntodter, Natur. 8. s. 69. 39. Buferola, Ferlotta bianca, Zinn. Vov. 89. t.15. f. 59. Pie-griesche rousse, Buf.i. 301. Pl. Enl. 9. male, 31. female. Levail. ii. 46. pl.63. Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 387. t. 15. € Another sort of Butcher-Bird, Will. Engl. p.89. § iv. Woodchat, Gen. Syn.i. 169. Id. Sup.iu. 70. Br. Zool.i. No.73. Id: Fol. 74. t.C.1. Id. Ed.1812. p.277. Albin.ii. pl.16. Bewich,i. p.61. Lewin’s Birds,i. t.32. Orn. Dict. SIZE cf the last. Bill horn-colour; irides yellowish; round the bill whitish ; head, and neck behind bright bay; over the forehead a black band, through the eye, on each side down the neck; back and wing coverts dusky; scapulars white; upper tail coverts grey ; SHRIKE. 15 quills black, near the bottom of each a white spot; the two middle tail feathers black, the others the same, but the outer margins and tips whitish ; legs black. The female is reddish above, beneath dirty white, every where transversely striped with brown; tail reddish brown, marked near the end with dusky ; and tipped with red. This species inhabits Europe ; but in England, as in France, far from common; in the former, perhaps, not more than three or four specimens have been met with; supposed to migrate only acci- dentally. Buffon seems to know its manners, when he says, they are the same with those of the Red-backed, except that the latter remains in France throughout the year, whereas the Woodchat comes in spring, and departs in autumn, along with the young brood. The nest, like that of the Red-backed, made of moss and wool, so interlaced with fine reots, and pliant twigs, that it appears like any thing woven by art; the female lays five or six whitish eggs, sprinkled with brown, or fulvous spots. We cannot say where it is found in the greatest plenty, but Mr. White observed multitudes of them migrating annually from Barbary to Gibraltar, in April and May; and after resting, proceeded northward to breed; the parents returning with ther young brood to Gibraltar, in autumn, on their way back. The young at this time are dusky brown, beautifully speckled with white, of which colour the female is at all seasons. M. Levaillant met with it at Senegal, and found it to be not un- common at the Cape of Good Hope, especially the imterior parts, not essentially differmg from the European one; that in the Carl- sonian Museum seems to vary, by having the black band of the forehead continued on each side of the neck to the shoulder, and the colour of it darker. In the one figured in the p!. enlum. the specimen in the Leverian Museum, and in another which I have seen, the band was not only paler, but did not proceed above three quarters of the way on the neck. ‘The Carlsonian one was from Pomerania, 16 SHRIKE. but we are not informed whether it is there plentiful, or only met with by chance. A.—Pie-griesche rousse du Senegal, Pl. enl. 477.2. Gen. Syn.i. 170. 17. A. In this the upper parts are rufous, the under whitish; wings wholly brown, with a small spot of white just at the base of the quills; probably a young female. I observed améng some drawings done in India, a pird very similar, if not the same, with the male Woodchat, under the name of Curcutea.* It was seven inches and a half long, and said to be found about Calcutta, making a harsh noise; it had a black streak: through the eye, bounded above by white; tail long, rounded, the quills reaching to the base. 8.—LESSER GREY SHRIKE. Lanius Italicus, Ind. Orn.i. 71. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 286. Frisch. t.60. minor, Gm. Lin.i. 308. Gerin.i. t.54. Tem. Man. d’Orn. p. 60. Id. Ed.ii: p. 144. Pie-griesche d’Italie, Buf.i. 298. Pl. enl. 31. f.1. Der kleine graue Wurger, Bechst. Deutsch. ii. 382. taf. 14. Lesser Grey Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. 54: Arct. Zool. ii. p. 241, B. THE forehead in this is black; across the eyes a line of the same; head, neck behind, and sides of it, back, and wing coverts * The Cureutea, so called at Bengal, is a word applied to several animals, and even to children, that have a strong voice. SHRIKE. 17 cinereous, palest on the rump; ridge of the wing white; prime quills black, with a white spot near the base; secondaries black, with white tips; throat white; breast and belly tinged with rose-colour ; tail black, the ends of all but the two middle feathers white. The female has the rose-colour on the under parts more dull, and the black on the forehead narrower, and more verging to brown. Found in Spain and Italy; also met with m Russia and Siberia, as well as in some of the southern parts of France; rarely seen in Holland; said to make the nest on shrubs, and to lay six pale green eggs, with a belt composed of dots, near the middle. 9.—RUFOUS-TAILED SHRIKE. Lanius pheenicurus, Ind. Orn.i. 71. Pail. It. iii. 693. Gm. Lin.i. 309. Shaw’s Zool: vu. 311. Rufous-tailed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i, 166. LENGTH 7} inches; weight thirteen drams at least. Bill black; irides hazel ; over the eye a narrow white eyebrow, and through it a streak of black, broader behind; upper parts of the body pale rufous-grey, the under rufous-white; sides inclining to rufous ; greater wing coverts and quills dusky, with a little mottling of white at the base of the greater, but not forming a patch; rump and tail dull rufous, rounded at the end; legs black; the wings reach to the upper tail coverts. The female is seven inches long. Bill three quarters of an inch, brown; plumage above rufous-grey, beneath rufous-white; over the eye a pale trace, and through it a broad dusky streak ; quills dusky; VOL. Il. D 18 SHRIKE. sides and rump pale rufous ; tail brownish rufous, crossed with eight or nine faint obsolete dusky bars; legs brown. Inhabits India, by the name of Myla-teynta; found at Cawnpore in January—Gen. Hardwicke. This is no doubt referred to by Pallas, having met with it on his travels in the Russian dominions, im spring, but the place is not mentioned. 10.—SHORT-TAILED SHRIKE. Lanius brachyurus, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Gm. Lin.i. 309. Pail. It, iti. 693. Shaw's Zool. vii. 310. Short-tailed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 166. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike. Top of the head ferruginous grey; eyebrows whitish ; from the bill, through the eye, a streak of black; plumage above the body cimereous. grey, with a tinge of ferruginous ; under parts yellowish white; throat and vent plain white ; wings blackish; coverts margined with grey at the tips; tail shorter than the body, rounded at the end, colour grey brown ; all but the two middle feathers white at the ends. Inhabits Hungary, but is not a common bird. SHRIKE. 19 11.—BARBARY SHRIKE. Lanius barbarus, Ind. Orn.i. 79. Lin. i. 187. Gm. Lin.i. 304. Senegalus ruber, Bris. ii. 185. t.17.2. Id. 8vo.1. 209. Gerin. t.61. 2. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 297. Nat. Misc. pl. 246. } Pie-griesche du Senegal, Pl. enlum. 56. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. lix: Gonolek, Buf.i. 314. Levail. Otis. 11. 78. pl. 64. Barbary Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 173. Id. Sup.u. 72. SOMEWHAT less than the Redwing; length 83 inches. Bill black, at the base bristly; plumage above black, beneath red; crown, nape, thighs, and under tail coverts yellow; wings, tail, and claws black. The female is rather smaller; only the crown yellow, with a tinge of green; and the red on the belly less brilliant. In one presented to the British Museum by Mr. Schotte, the plumage is black; crown, and thighs yellow; belly red. Another in the collection of Mr. Brogden, is more than eleven inches long; general markings as in the others, but the vent is buff-brown, nearly white; tail four inches and a half long, a trifle rounded at the end. Inhabits Senegal; met with also at the Cape of Good Hope, in the country of the great Namaquas, but is not common. Those seen by M. Levaillant had no particular note, nor could the food be determmed on, except that in the stomach were found the remains of insects, 20 SHRIKE, 12.—_BLANCHOT SHRIKE. La Pie-griesche Blanchot, Levail. Afr. yi. 122, pl. 285. SIZE of the Mavis. Bill with a very conspicuous notch, and legs lead-colour ; top of the head, and neck behind slaty grey; the forehead white; the rest of the upper parts greyish olive-colour ; wing coverts, for the most part, edged with brimstone yellow ; quills dusky, with brimstone margins; all the under parts of the bird oker yellow ; the tail long and rounded; the wings reach about a quarter of an inch from the base. This was brought from Senegal by M. Blanchot, the Governor, and in the cabinet of M. Raye de Breukelerwaert, of Amsterdam. 13.—MALIMBIC SHRIKE. La Pie-griesche Perrin, Levail. Afr. vi. 124. pl. 286. ABOUT the size of the Ceylon Thrush, to which, in the distribution of colours, it bears not an ill resemblance. The bill and legs are black, the former made similar to those of many Thrushes, but with very small appearance of a notch; the forehead full yellow, passing a little way over each eye, and ending in a point; the plumage on the upper parts of the body and wings, sides, and thighs, deep green; from the nostrils, through the eye, a black streak, SHRIKE. 21 which passes down on each side of the neck, and growing broad forms a deep crescent on the breast ; within this, and the middle of the belly to the vent, deep red; tail of a moderate length, rounded at the end, green above, dark coloured beneath; much shorter in proportion than in the Ceylon Thrush, or Barbary Shrike; as also the legs; and is probably distinct from either, although appearing to have relation to both. Inhabits Malimba, in Africa; brought from thence by M. Perrin, whence the name given to it, and now in the Museum of Natural History, at Paris; one is also at Berlin, in the cabinet of M. de Paylcoul. 14.—RING-NECKED SHRIKE. LENGTH seven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, black, bent at the tip, where there is a notch ; forehead, and chin dirty pale buff; top of the head pale ash, and the feathers rather elongated ; under parts of the body white, surrounding the neck as a collar; back dark ash, or lead-colour; wings black; lesser wing ‘coverts white, passing down in a streak the whole length of the wing, arising from several of the second quills being of that colour on the outer webs ; besides which, they are all of them tipped with white; greater quills nine in number, marked with a large spot of white on the inner webs, nearer the end as the quill is more inward; first quill short, the second half an inch shorter than the third, but the fourth is longest ; the tail is three inches and a quarter long, even at the end, but the outmost feather is rather shorter than the others; the eight middle black, with the ends white for some length, but the two middle are only so for a quarter of an inch; the two outmost on each side wholly white; legs flesh-colour, claws brown. Bg SHRIKE. 15.—BLACK AND WHITE SHRIKE. LENGTH eight inches. Bill stout, one inch long, and black ; plumage above black, beneath white; ends of the middle, and greater wing coverts white, forming two narrow, undulated, oblique bars; ridge of the wing white ; all beneath, from chin to vent white; tail much rounded, cuneiform, the two middle feathers plain black, the three next spotted white on the inner webs, and the two exterior ones with white on both webs; on the thigh feathers two black bars; legs deep brown. A specimen of this is in the collection of Mr. Bullock ; native place uncertain. 16.—COLLARED SHRIKE. Lanius collaris, Ind. Orn.i. 69. Lin.i. 135. — Gm. Lin.i. 299. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 295. Cap. bone Spei, Bris.ii. 182. t.15. 1. Id. 8vo.1, 208. Pie-griesche du Cap de B. Esperance, Pl. end. 477. 1. Le Fiscal, Levail. Ois. 1. 35. pl. G1. 62. Collared Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 163. Id. Sup.ii. 68. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike; length 83 inches. Bill blackish; head, and upper part of the body blackish ; beneath white; base of the thighs brown before; edge of the wing white; on the middle of the quills a spot of white; the four middle tail feathers black, the next the same, tipped with white; the fourth has both tip and outer margin white; legs dusky ; in one the rump was ash-coloured. SHRIKE. 23 Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and is-more probably the Canary-Biter, or Fiscal Bird, than the ferruginous species before conjectured : for Thunberg * says, that these two names were given to a black and white bird, Lantus Collaris, which was common in the town, and every garden about the Cape ;+ and that it is a bird of prey, though small, and its food insects, as beetles and grass- hoppers, catching them with great dexterity, and when it could not consume them all, would stick the remainder on the pales of the farm yards, till it had occasion for them; has also been observed to catch Sparrows and Canary Birds, but devoured only the brains. Levaillant ascertains these facts, and gives us a figure of the young, as well as the adult bird; he adds, that it is found in Senegal, and all the internal parts of Africa, and by no means a variety of the Cinereous Shrike ; differing in the quills, as the latter has fifteen, marked with white, but in the Collared only seven; the tail feathers, also, in the cinereous species, are twice as broad as in the Fiscal. 17.—SENEGAL SHRIKE. Lanius Senegalus, Ind. Orn.i. 74. Lin.i. 137. Gm. Lin.i. 304. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 314. Seneg. cinereus, Bris.ii. 167. t.17. 1. Jd. 8vo.i. 203. Gerin. t.61. 1. Pie-griesche grise du Senegal, PJ. enl. 297. 1? Senegal Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 162. Id. Sup.ii. 72. LENGTH nine or ten inches. Bill, crown, and lore black; over the eye a whitish bar, beginning at the nostrils, and terminating * Trav.i. p. 293. + We must observe, that more than one or two birds go by the name of Canary-Biter, at the Cape of Good Hope. 94 SHRIKE. among the black feathers of the head, there changing to dusky orange ; back of the head, and back dark olive; all the quills black, but the outer edge bright red, making the wing, when closed, to appear entirely red, or orange; upper wing coverts orange, with a iarrow black streak down the middle; scapulars orange, with a broad black streak; chin dirty white; neck and breast pale ash- colour ; belly paler; under tail coverts red; tail black, cuneiform, tipped with white; the two middle feathers brown, faintly barred with numerous black streaks; legs brown. Inhabits Senegal, and other parts of Africa. Some years since one was killed at Algiers, which is in the latitude of Gibraltar, and it has been seen in the fortress itself, but thought as an uncommon circumstance. A.—Pie-griesche grise 4 téte noire, Pl. enl. 479.1. Lanius erythropterus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 301. Le Tchagra, Levail. Ois.ii. 81. pl.70. 1. 2. In this the top of the head is black, with a white streak over the eye, as in the other; upper parts of the body inclining to rufous, under quite white; tail cuneiform, dark, the end white; both this and the other differ from that represented in pl. enlum. 297.1. as in the latter the tail is even at the end, and all of one colour ; the black mark only seen behind the eye, and not passing through it; likewise the under parts of the bird are not white, but pale bluish ash-colour. The female is rather smaller; top of the head not black, but in other marks much like the male, except m the colours being less brilliant; the young of both sexes cimereous brown, paler than the adult, and the white inclines to rufous. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, about the River Gamtoos, and from thence to Caffraria, as well as at Senegal; said to make the nest among the bushes, and to lay five eggs, spotted with brown. SHRIKE. 95 18.—DUBIOUS SHRIKE. Lanius dubius, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xviii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 329. Dubious Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii: p.73. LENGTH eight inches. Bill and legs yellow; plumage in general dusky ash; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches and a half long, the outmost two inches ; but the distinguish- ing character of this species is, that all the feathers of the ramp, and some of the upper tail coverts, have a dash of fine crimson at the end for one-third of an inch in length, at first sight appearing hke the singular appendages in the wing feathers of the Waxen Chatterer, but on nearer inspection, are not of a horny texture as in that bird, for the webs are in the crimson part, as in the rest of the feathers, perfectly divisible. I met with a specimen of this bird at Mr. Thompson’s, in Little St. Martin’s-Lane, London, but without any history of its manners, or country annexed. 19——AFRICAN SHRIKE. Lanius afer, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xix. —— signatus, Shaw’s Zool.vii. 328. African Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 76. LENGTH five inches. Bill black, crown the same; forehead white, passing ina line beneath the eye to the hindhead; from this VOL. II. E 26 SHRIKE. to the rump black, more or less spotted, or mixed with white; but the feathers of the back in general have the ends white, jianenied with black; wings black, on the middle of the coverts a large triangular rufous white patch; some of the middle second quills outwardly marked with the same, appearmg, when the wing is expanded, as a longitudinal patch; under parts of the body white, streaked with ferrugmous on the sides, breast, and belly ; tail black, the ends of two or more of the outer feathers white, the exterior white on the middle of the outer margin; legs brown. Inhabits Africa; communicated by Mr. Walcot. A.—Length six inches. Bill black; plumage in general dark ash; beneath paler, inclining to slate-colour; most of the wing coverts fringed with white at the tips; base of the feathers in the middle of the back white, for more than half the length from the base; but the white does not appear, except the feathers are turned aside; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers plain, the rest fringed with white at the tips; legs black. This seems to be a variety of the former, and inhabits the same part of the world, but the tail is more cuneiform, in the other it is only rounded at the end. 20.—RED-THROATED SHRIKE. Lanius gutturalis, Nat. Misc. p.637, Daud. Ann. Mus. Nat. SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike. Bill stout, black; plumage in general olive green; through the eye a line of black, over it yellow; front and shoulders yellow; chin, throat, and vent red; on the throat a crescent of black; tail and legs black. Inhabits the lofty trees of Africa; said to feed on berries. SHRIKE. 27 21.—OLIVE SHRIKE. L’Oliva, Levail. Ois. it. 105. pi. 75. £.1.2. & 76. 1. Lanius olivaceus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 330. SIZE of the Woodchat; length seven mches. Bill and legs black; irides rufous brown; plumage above yellowish olive green ; forehead and under parts yellow oker, paler on the sides; eye placed in a bed of black, passing down on each side of the neck in a streak, edged with pale yellow oker; quills edged with yellow ; tail rounded, or very little cuneiform ; the two middle feathers as the back, the others partly yellow; but this colour occupying less space inwards, the two outer ones having most yellow; the others dusky within, and yellowish on the outer margins. Young birds differ from the adult female, in having the head and neck behind olive grey, and the forehead rufous white; the black band on the side of the neck edged with white; chin, threat, and breast rufous, or yellow; belly, thighs, and vent dirty olive white; the green parts are more dull than in the old bird, and the quills are edged with white. . The young female is rather smaller, and more dull in colour above; beneath to the breast pale ferrugimous; chin and belly dusky white ; the streak of black through the eye wanting, Inhabits the inward parts of the Cape of Good Hope, especially the forests contiguous to the Bay of Lagoa, and the borders of the Gamtoos, Sondag, and Swarte Kop, but not near the Cape itself; makes the nest on bushes and trees, and lays five eggs; the bill and legs are at first brown; the black mark behind the eye not visible ; im this state it greatly resembles the female. E2 98 SHRIKE. 29: GEOFFROY’S SHRIKE. Le Geoffroy, Levail. Afr-ii. 124. pl. 80. 81. Lanius plumatus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 292. SIZE of a Thrush; length 84 inches. Bill moderately stout, strait, flat on the sides, and bent at the point, near which is a slight notch, the colour dusky; eyes surrounded with a rugose, naked, yellowish skin, indented on the margins ; the head furnished with a crest, composed of long, soft feathers, pointing backwards; at the base of which, over the nostrils, they are shorter, more stiff, and point forward ; the colour of this double kind of crest is white; the back of the head, round the eyes, and over the ears, dusky, or iron grey, the rest of the neck beneath, from chin to vent white, and a large portion of the same down the middle of the wing; the back, remainder of the wing, and quills blue-black, but the tips of five or ‘six of the quills white; tail long, rounded, the two middle feathers black, with white tips; the others the same, the white increasing as they are more outward, and the two outer ones wholly white; the wings reach about half way on the tail; legs yellow. Some individuals have the head less crested, and the white less pure, appearing soiled or dirty; the bare space round the eyes smaller ; and these are probably the females; in others, the crest, as well as the bird, is less in size, and from these circumstances supposed to be young ones. Inhabits Africa. M. Levaillant met with more than twenty specimens of them, but is silent concernmg their manners; he only says, that he found most of their bills covered with dirt, and from thence concludes, that this was occasioned by searching for insects m moist ground. SHRIKE, 29 In Gen. Davies’s drawing, from a specimen at Mr. Brogden’s, the bird was seven inches and a half long. Crown, behind the crest, dusky black; the white surrounding the neck, more defined; the white on the wing not so broad, nor the tail so long as in my drawing; legs flesh-colour ; tail of twelve feathers, white beneath. 93.—KEROULA SHRIKE. LENGTH five inches and a half; weight ten drams. Bill three quarters of an inch long, dusky, with a few hairs at the base ; nostrils covered with soft, downy feathers, tending forwards; irides hazel; general colour of the plumage above fine pale ash-colour, beneath paler, nearly white on the belly and vent; over the eye a broad streak of white, passing to the hindhead; through the eye a broader dusky one, not going so far backwards; the two middle tail feathers cmereous brown, the next on each side rather longer, and dusky black; the two outer ones white, with a long dusky spot at the tips of the outer webs ; legs dusky. The female is six inches long. Bill dusky pale blue, with the same hairs at the base, and downy feathers over the nostrils; plumage im general like that of the male; just round the eye a ring of white; over the eye a broad streak of buff-colour; through it a deep cinereous one; upper tail coverts dusky; the two middle feathers of the tail pale ash, the others black, the two outer white, in shape at the end a trifle hollowed ; the wings reach one-third on the tail. The egg is dusky white, with numerous minute dusky specks, and a zone of a darker colour near the larger end. Inhabits India, and called Keroula; the male shot at Cawnpore, in February ; the female in December.—Gen. Hardwicke. 30 SHRIKE. 24.—CAPE SHRIKE. Lanius Brubru, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xx. Shaw's Zool. vii. 327. Le Brubru, Levail. Ois.ii. 85. pl.71. f.1. 2. Cape Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 78. LENGTH about five inches and a half. Bill black, irides brown; top of the head, and neck behind black; the rest of the upper parts the same, with a mixture of white; from the forehead a line of white passes over the eye, towards the hindhead ; under parts of the body white, but the sides under the wings are ferruginous; on the wings a patch of white; the four middle tail feathers black, the others more or less tipped with white; the outmost wholly so on the outer margin. The female is not unlike the male, but the white has a tinge of ferruginous, and the black of a brownish hue. Inhabits various places of the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, especially the great river; often found in flocks, except in the season of incubation, when it is seen only in pairs; makes the nest on the Mimosa trees, of moss, and fine roots, lined with wool and feathers; the eggs five in number, whitish, spotted with brown. 25—PURPLE-SIDED SHRIKE. LENGTH near six inches. Bill pale; head and chin, neck behind, and back dusky blue, or deep ash-colour; feathers of the SHRIKE. 3l crown elongated; throat, and the rest of the under parts ash-colour; under the wings white, on each side a long tuft of purple feathers ; rump, vent, and under tail coverts white; coverts of the wings as the back; the rest of the wing deeper brown; tail black, the quills reach to the middle of it; legs black. Supposed to inhabit Africa—From Mr. Dent’s drawings. 26.—HOTTNIQUA SHRIKE. Lanius Cubla, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xx. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 328. Le Cubla, Levai/. Ois.ii- 89. pl. 72. f. 1. 2. Hottniqua Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.iie p. 79 THIS is full six mches in length. Bill and legs dusky; irides yellow ; plumage in general black, except the under parts, from the chin to the vent, the rump, and an oblique bar on the wing coverts, which are white ; tail a trifle rounded in shape, black, all the feathers tipped with white. The female is smaller than the male, though much the same as to colour, but more inclined to brownish or dusky. Inhabits, in small flocks, the forests of Hottniqua Land, and from thence along the eastern coast of Africa ; the food is imsects, and their pup, which they search for in the crevices of the barks of trees; separating into pairs during the time of incubation ; and making the nest in thorny bushes, of moss, and small roots; the female lays five or six eggs; the note is expressive of the two syllables Cha Cha. 32 SHRIKE. 27.—WHITE-BACKED SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches. Bill three quarters of an inch long, black ; top of the head, and sides including the eyes, neck behind, and beginning of the back black; the rest of the back, and all beneath, from the chin, white; wings, rump, and tail black, the last three quarters of an inch long, somewhat rounded at the end; the wings reach a trifle beyond the rump. Inhabits Africa ; im the collection of Mr. Brogden. This seems to bear affinity with the Hottniqua species. A second of these, supposed to be the female, differed chiefly in having the middle of the back pale ash-colour, and the feathers of the wings fringed outwardly with white, giving a streaked appear- ance; the two middle feathers of the tail plam, the rest fringed outwardly at the ends with white. This was im the collection of Mr. Salt; probably from Abyssinia. 28.—PUFF-BACKED SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black; plumage above black, beneath white; inner wing coverts half black, half white, the others white on the outer margins; the quills the same ; tail two inches and half long, even, fringed at the tip with white; at the middle of the back a very large tuft of downy, white feathers, standing up like a puff; legs black. SHRIKE. 383 Tn one, supposed to be the other sex, the black inclines to dusky ; it differs only in having the puff-hke tuft ash-colour instead of white ; the under parts also are sullied white. TInhabits Africa; in the collection of Mr. Bullock, and seems to have much affinity with the White-backed, or last described. 29.— ABYSSINIAN SHRIKE. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black; beneath, from the chin, white, inclining to buff towards the throat; lower part of the back ash-colour ; rump buff-coloured white; between the wings and body a stripe of white; the rest of the body black ; the outmost quill is about half the length of the adjoming, and the third longest of all; the first seven or eight marked with a white spot, not far from the base, forming a patch on the wing; the tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches long, the outer only two inches and a half; the four middle wholly black, the others white for some length at the ends, increasing as‘they are more outward ; the exterior chiefly white, except the shafts, which are black ; under wing coverts white, with a dusky patch in the middle; legs black. Tn the collection of Mr. Salt; brought from Abyssinia. VOL. Il. EF : O4 SHRIKE. 30.—FERRUGINOUS-BELLIED SHRIKE. Lanius ferrugineus, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Gm: Lin.i. 306. Shaw’s Zool.vii. 810. Ferruginous-bellied Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 163. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike; length nine inches. Bill horn- colour; plumage above brown black; lower part of the back and rump brown; throat and breast dirty white ; belly and vent ferrugi- nous ; tail plain black-brown; legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; one of these, in the collection of General Davies, was only seven inches in length. Plumage above full black, with a streak of white parallel to the length of the wing; under parts, from the chin, white; but the vent, and under tail coverts pale rufous; tail rounded, black, the feathers edged with white. 31.—INDIAN SHRIKE. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill black, stout; crown full of feathers; head and sides, taking in the eye, and hind part of the neck, to the beginning of the back, black; middle of the back dove-colour; the lower part, and rump ferruginous; under parts, from the chin, white ; lower belly and vent pale ferruginous; wings wholly dusky, except the shoulders, which are full black; tail long, and cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the others dusky, with the outer margins pale rufous, and white tips; legs black; the wings reach to the rump. SHRIKE. 35 Inhabits India; in the collection of drawings of Lady Clive. In the possession of General Davies was a similar bird, but only eight inches and a half in length. Biull three quarters of an inch long, and horn-colour; forehead brown-buff ; top of the head, to the eyes, and all above, to the middle of the back, blue-grey ; lower part, and rump brownish buff; from the chin to vent the same, but paler ; on the ears, below the eye, a large blackish patch ; wings black, but the outer edge, as far as the coverts, white; the quills reach to the base of the tail, which is cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the outer less than one inch; those of the middle nearly black, all the others brown; legs dusky brown. Tnhabits India. A similar one is among the birds collected by Mr. Salt, in his travels, with this difference, that the ramp and under parts are white, with a tinge of buff-colour; met with at Chelicut, in Abyssinia. 32.—CRUEL SHRIKE. Lanius pendens, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xix. Le Pendeur, Levail. Ois.ii. p.58. pl. 66. 1. Cruel Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 77. SIZE of the Woodchat; length near seven inches. Bill and legs black; crown, nape, neck behind, back, and rump fine blue-grey ; sides of the head, including the eye, throat, and as far as the breast, black ; from the gape an arch of white passes over the eye, bounding the black as far as the middle of the neck; from the same springs another, continuing down on each side to meet the first, and mcluding a black space hetsrern them ; the wings are black; belly, thighs, F2 36 SHRIKE. and vent white; the four middle tail feathers black, and equal in length, the rest unequal, the outer one being very short; these are partly white, partly black; the wings reach scarcely beyond the base. Said to come from India, and to feed on insects, sticking them occasionally on a thorn, in the manner of our European species ; supposed to be a male bird. 33.—DUSKY SHRIKE. Lanius obscurus, Ind. Orn. i. 81. Gm. Lin.i. 308. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 325. Zool. Mise. tI Dusky Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 191. SIZE of the Hedge-Sparrow. Bill horn-colour; body above dusky black ; beneath white ; over the eye a white streak ; quills and tail darker than the rest; legs brown. Description taken from a specimen in the British Museum. 34.—SUPERCILIOUS SHRIKE. ~ Lanius superciliosus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xx. Shaw's Zool. vi. 326. Le Rousseau, Levail. Ois.ii. p. 60. pl. 66. f. 2. Supercilious Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. il. p.77- NEARLY the size of the Woodchat, and at first sight might be taken for the female of that species. Bill and legs dusky; top of SHRIKE. 397 the head and neck, back, rump, and wing coverts rufous; from the forehead, over the eye, a white band ; and through the eye, from the corners of the mouth, a black one ; under parts rufous white; quills black, edged outwardly with rufous; tail cuneiform, rather more so than in the Woodchat; the two middle feathers rufous, the others the same, only on the outer webs. Inhabits Java, in the neighbourhood of Batavia, and is in the collection of M. Levaillant. A.—Size of the former. Bill rufous, tip black; plumage above rufous brown, beneath dull rufous white, crossed with numerous fine dusky lines; wing and tail feathers edged with rufous; quills dusky; through the eye a broad black streak; tail long, rufous brown; legs black, long, and slender. Inhabits India, called Latora Koodeia; represented with others among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, Bart.; and also one rather. larger, the bill more stout, and dusky, with a few hairs at the base; plumage deep brown above, and rufous-white beneath, crossed with fie lines as in the former; tail two inches and three quarters long, even at the end; through the eye a broad black band, jagged behind ; legs rather stout. This is called Latora-Jogy-whooro; these two last seem to be females of the Supercilious Shrike. 38 SHRIKE. 35.—SILENT SHRIKE. La Pie-griesche silentieuse, Levazl. Ois.ii. 103. pl. 74. 1. 2. Lanius silens, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 330. SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike. Bill horn-coloured ; irides brown ; top of the head, neck behind, back, wing coverts, and rump black; under parts of the body, from chin to vent, white, with a longitudinal streak of the same on the wings, in the middle of the quills; tail cuneiform, coloured as the back, but the side feathers are white on the outer margins ; legs black. The female is smaller, the black tinged with brown, and the white on the breast inclining to grey, otherwise one description may serve. In some of these birds may be observed, in both sexes, a tinge of rufous, or reddish at the angles of the mouth. Inhabits the forests of Hottniqua, along the Coast of Natal, and all the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope, but principally those clothed with wood; is called Silent, as it has not been heard to utter any note. These birds begin to make a nest in November, of a curious construction, placed on the slender branches of trees, composed of a soft kind of cotton, taken from various plants, and. among others that kind of Mesembryanthemum, called by the Hottentots Kana Bossies; lays three or four pale green eggs, clouded with pale rufous; young birds of both sexes are at first like the females. SHRIKE. 39 36.—ASH-CROWNED SHRIKE. Lanius poliocephalus, Ash-crowned Shrike, Salt. Trav. App. p. 1. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, blackish, a trifle curved at the end, with a very small notch, and much covered with the feathers of the front; crown hoary, livid, lightest about the eyes; on the ears a blackish spot; round the neck a collar of white, extending to all beneath ; belly tinged with dirty white ; parts above brownish black ; on the wings a white line, from the point of the shoulder, passing across the coverts, and down the exterior web; the remainder tipped with white ; the rest of the quills have, on each, a large round spot on the inner web; tail square, the two outer feathers wholly white, but the others are only so at the tips; legs lightish oker; claws brown. Two specimens were shot in Abyssinia, and are now in the collection of Lord Stanley. 37.—BLUE-SHOULDERED SHRIKE. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, pale brown; crown pale chestnut, or rufous, marked within with a eurved black crescent ; from the base of the bill, a broad black streak through the eye, after which it increases in breadth, and finishes on 40 SHRIKE. the nape; chin and throat pale rufous; back green; rump, wing coverts, and inner parts of the wing fine blue; outer part of the wing, and quills black; the greater for the most part white out- wardly; second quills green; tail black, the ends of the feathers blue-black ; legs black. Native place uncertam; the description taken from a collection of drawings. 38.—RUFOUS SHRIKE. Lanius rufus, Ind. Orn.i. 77; Lin.i. 137. Gm. Lin.i. 303. Bris.ii. 178. t.18. f. 4. Id. 8vo.i. 207, Gerin.i. t.59. 1. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 287. Pie-griesche rousse de Madagascar, Schet Bé, Bufii. 313. Pl. enl. 298. 2. Rufous Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 180. LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill lead-colour, base bristly; head, throat, and neck greenish black; body above rufous, beneath cinereous white; thighs cmereous; quills brown, edged with rufous and brown; tail rufous, the margins of the feathers brown on both sides near the ends; legs horn-colour. The female is less vivid in appearance; throat, and neck before grey; the outer edge of the quills pale rufous; otherwise like the male. Inhabits Madagascar, where the male is called Schet bé, and the female Tcha-chert-dae. This bird is also found in various parts ef India, from whence I have met with specimens, as well as drawings. In one, supposed to be a male, the colours were bright rufous above, and pale rufous beneath, approaching to white near SHRIKE, 41 the vent; head, neck, and scapulars black; quills and tail brown, rounded at the end, and three inches in length; the wings, when closed, scarcely reach to the rump. In another the head was black, only as far as the jaws, chin and under parts white, sides and thighs tinged with rufous; neck behind, and back brown; scapulars, and part of the lesser wing coyerts rufous, the rest of the wing deep brown; rump ferruginous; tail very little rounded, deep brown ; this was probably a female, or young bird. Among the numerous drawings of Gen. Davies, I observe one of these, in which several of the greater coverts, and second quills, have the outer webs white. This came from the Cape of Good Hope. 39.—_JOCOSE SHRIKE. Lanius jocosus, Ind. Orn.i. 73. Lin.i, 188. Amen. Ac.iv. 258. Gin. Lin.i. 310. Nat. Misc. p\. 645. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 306. Merula sinensis cristata minor, Bris. ii. 252. t.21.2. Id. 8vo.i. 229. Petit Merle huppé des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 189. t. 109: dela Chine, Buf. iii. 318. Pl. end. 508. Fighting Shrike, or Bulbul, Penn. Hind. ii. 261. Orient. Collect. for Jan. 1797. Pl. in ditto. Bolbol, Le Brun. Trav. Engl. Ed. pl. 95. £. 1. Jocose Shrike, Gen. Syn.i, 175: Id, Sup. p.53. Id. Sup.i. 71; Dixon. Voy. t. p. 360. June, SIZE of the Lark ; length seven inches and a half. Bill blackish, rather more strait than in most of the genus, with a very fine notch near the tip; crown of the head black, at the back part the feathers elongated as a crest, and brown; sides of the head, throat, and fore part of the neck white; from the corners of the mouth a black line, VOL. IL. G 49 SHRIKE. tendmg to the hindhead; beneath each eye a lively red spot; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, on the under dirty white; vent rose-colour ; on the lower part of the neck and breast a brownish band ; quills brown; tail greatly cuneiform, the four outer feathers tipped with white; legs black. TInhabits Chma, and various parts of India; said to have a most harsh note,* though Le Bron compares it to that of a Nightingale ; be this as it may, it has gamed the name of Bulbul, which signifies that name. Is called the Fighting Nightingale, being often trained to combat, for the amusement of the natives. + Captain Dixon had two of them, male and female, bought at Canton, but was not able to bring them farther than the neighbour- hood of the Cape of Good Hope, where they perished from neglect in hard weather; their food was rice, but they were most fond of cock-roaches, on which they were principally fed. Among the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill, one of these birds had the throat black, and the breast and belly pale brown. Sonnerat’s bird is rather small, the crest much elongated, and pointed at the top, and the black streak at the corners of the mouth not distinguishable. He observes, that it frequents the Coasts of Malabar, Bengal, and Coromandel, at the last called Boulboul; is the Canera Boolbool of Hindustan, and Cauda Boulbool of Sylhet; by some called Kaundurau. The nest appears to be composed of fibres, attached to two parts of a forked twig, in the shape of a long purse, with a large hole on one side. Both sexes seem much alike. + By the Chinese it is called Kowki-koon, or Cow-kee-Quan, which means High-Hair-Hat, the people comparing the crested part to a Chinese woman’s head dress, or hat, which in that country is composed of horse-hair, added to their own. ‘The crest is not always carried erect, but is only so at the will of the bird. * Mr. Pennant. + Said to be enamoured of the rose.—See Gent. Mag. 1799. p. 946. + Sir J. Anstruther’s drawings, the crest of the female smaller. SHRIKE. 43 A.—Jocose Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p.71. This is nine inches long. Bill brown, at the base four or five bristles; plumage above brown, beneath very pale; on the head a long pointed crest; rump white; vent and under tail coyerts crimson ; tail long, all the feathers tipped with white. This specimen was from Guzurat, in India, and in the British Museum ; the same is also said to be found about Calcutta. B.—Leneth seven inches. Bill smaller than in the last, with a slight notch near the tip; head black at the top, and crested; plumage above dark brown, beneath white; under the eye, the vent, and under tail coverts crimson; rump as the back; tail shorter than in the last, and the feathers not tipped with white. C.—Sitta chinensis, Osb. [t. ii. p.12. Gm: Lin.i. 442. Chinese Nuthatch, Gen. Syn.ii. p.655. Shaw’s Zool. vin. 118. A little larger than a Goldfinch. Bill and head black, the last crested; from thence above to tail dark ferruginous, with a bluish tinge; breast and belly white; under the eye an oblong, scarlet spot, and close to it a larger white one; from the temples to the throat a black line; chin and throat white, encompassed with black, except a white line in the middle of the breast, joming the white on the throat; rump yellow; coverts over the quills dark ferruginous ; tail blackish, tipped with white. G2 44 SHRIKE. TInhabits China; is known by the same name as the first, and kept more for its beauty than song, which is trifling; the food boiled rice; frequently seen in Chinese paintings. D.—Length six inches. Bill dusky ; plumage in general rufous brown; on the head a pointed crest; chin black; through the eye a broad black streak, beneath it one of pale carmine; prime quills, and first of the secondaries tipped with dull crimson; tail rounded ; legs greenish. The female like the male. I observe among the drawings of Lord Seaforth, a similar bird, without the red spot beneath the eye; the head much crested; plumage above brown, beneath white; the rest as the first described. This last is probably a female or young bird. 40.—BLACK-CRESTED SHRIKE. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill rather bent, black ; tongue red, pointed; top of the head greatly crested ; some of the feathers one inch and three quarters long, and black; general colour of the plumage fine, pale, tawny-brown above, nearly white beneath ; the same on each side under the eye; close beneath the eye a small curved mark of yellow ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the others much shorter ; legs stout, dusky. Inhabits India; called in the Province of Oude, Cawnnorah. In this the tail feathers appear pointed, as if worn, especially the two SHRIKE. 45 middle ones; hence it should seem, that the drawing from which the above description was taken, might be from a caged bird. This is probably only a variety of the Jocose Shrike, as we are told that the Bengal variety has the crest black.* 41.—BENGAL SHRIKE. Eanius Emeria, Ind. Orn.i. 74. Lin.i. 137. Gm. Lin. i. 305. Shaw's Zool. vi. 332, Muscicapa Emeria, Zin. i. 326. Lanius bengalensis fuscus, Bris. ii. 175. Jd. 8vo.1i. 206. Rouge-queue, Buf. i. 309. Indian Redstart, Edw. t.190. Albin. ili. t.56. Bengal Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 175. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill cinereous brown, base bristly ; irides whitish ; crown of the head and nape black, the last somewhat crested; behind the eye a scarlet spot, edged beneath with white; belly, vent, ramp, and upper tail coverts red ; on each side of the neck four black, curved spots; tail pale brown; legs black. Inhabits Bengal. * Dr. Buchanan. 4G SHRIKE. 42.—BLUE SHRIKE. Lanius bicolor, Ind. Orn.i. 75. Lin. Mant. 1771; 524: Gm. Lin.1. 305. Shaw's Zool. vil. 522. Nat. Mise. pl. 521. Loxia madagascarina, Lin. i. 306. Lanius madag. ceerul. Bris. ii. 197. t.16.3. Jd. 8yo.i. 212. Gerin. t.60. 1. Pie-griesche bleue de Madag. Pl. enl. 298.1. Levail. Ois.ii. 91. pl. 78. 1,2. male and female, f.3. young bird. Blue Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 178. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill blue, at the base bristly ; feathers round the bill black; head, and all.above fine blue; beneath snow white; quills black, edged with blue; the two middle feathers of the tail blue, with black tips and shafts, the four next on each side blue on the outer margins, within and tips black; the outmost feather black, except just at the base, where it is blue on the outer edge; legs black. The female scarcely differs in colour, but is ee bright, and the under parts dirty white. The young bird is dull green above, and white beneath, but not pure, being inclined to grey. TInhabits Madagascar, as well as the Cape of Good Hope; lives chiefly, if not wholly, on insects, and is a most wild species, especially the male, which is seen frequently on the tops of bushes, flitting from one to another, when disturbed; the nest and eggs are unknown. SHRIKE. a7 43.—GREEN SHRIKE. Lanius viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 75. Gm. Lin. i. 306. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 321. madagascariensis minor viridis, Bris. ii. 195. t. 15.2. Id. 8yo.i. 212, Pie-griesche de Madag. Tcha chert, Buf.i. 310, Pl. enl. 82. OF Langrayen, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1x. Green Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 179. LENGTH about six inches. Head, and all above dull green, most soon the head; beneath white; outside of the thighs as the back; inside black and white; quills blackish; the outer edges and tips dull green ; legs black. Inhabits Madagascar, and there called Tcha chert ; the wings in this species are longer in proportion than in others, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. 44.—-MADAGASCAR SHRIKE. Lanius madagascariensis, Ind. Orn.1. 79. Lin. i. 187. Gm. Lin.i. 305. Shaw's Zool. vil. 332. Bris.ii. 164. t. 16. f.1.2. Id. 8vo.1. 203. Le Cali-calic, and Le Bruia, Buf.i. 315. Madagascar Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 174. SIZE of a Hedge-Sparrow; length under five inches. Bill black, base bristly; plumage above cinereous; rump and tail rufous; between the bill and eye a black spot; over the eye a white line; cheeks white; throat, and neck before black; beneath the body rufous white ; lesser wing coverts rufous, greater grey brown ; quills brown, with grey brown margins; the two middle tail feathers rufous at the base, the rest grey brown, the four next rufous, tipped 48 SHRIKE. with grey brown; the outer one rufous within, and grey brown without, and at the tip; legs lead-colour. The female wants the black on the chin, and throat; both which, as well as, the sides of the head, and all beneath, are white, mixed with rufous, and the colour m general more dull. Inhabits Madagascar. 45.—BOULBOUL SHRIKE. Lanius Boulboul, Ind. Orn. Sup. 80. Shaw’s Zool. vii, 308. Boulboul Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. 57. SIZE of a Fieldfare. Bull yellow, and a little crooked at the end; head, neck, back, primaries, and tail black; breast and belly changing to ash-colour; lesser wing coverts dusky, the greater and second quills brown, crossed with two whitish bars; legs yellow. Tnhabits India, and called the Greater Boulboul. 46.—W HITE-HEADED SHRIKE. Lanius leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 77. Gm. Lin.i. 307. Shaw’s Zool. vu. 300. madag. major viridis, Bris. ii. 193. t.19, £.2. Id, Syo.i. 211. Gerin.i. t. 59. 2. Grande Pie-griesche verdatre de Madag. Pl. enl. 374. Tcha-chert-bé, Buf. i. 314. White-headed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 180. SIZE of a Blackbird; length eight inches. Bill lead-colonr; head, neck, and beneath white; back, and the rest of the upper parts greenish black ; quills black, with green edges; tail greenish black, beneath black ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Madagascar. SHRIKE, 49 47.—WHITE SHRIKE. Lanius albus, Ind. Orn.i. 77: Gm. Lin.i. 307. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 309. Pie-griesche de L’Isle de Panay, Son. Voy. 115. pl. 72. White Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 189. THIS is double the size of the Woodchat. Bill black; head, neck, back, belly, and shoulders white ; the rest of the wing and tail black ; across the greater quills a white band ; legs black. Tnhabits the Isle of Panay. 48.—WHITE-BILLED SHRIKE. Lanius leucorynchos, Ind. Orn.i. 77. Lin. Mant. 1771. 524. Gm. Lin.i. 305. Shaw's Zool. vii. 323, Leptopteryx leucorynchos, Lin. Trans. xiii. 144. Lanius manillensis, Bris.i1. 180. t.18.2. Jd. 8vo.i. 207. Gerin. t. 62. Pie-griesche de Manille, Pl.enl.9, f. 1. Buf.i. 310, Langrayen, Tem. Man. Ed.2. p. 1x. White-billed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 181. LENGTH seven inches. Bill hoary, base beset with bristles ; head, throat, neck, back, and scapulars blackish; rump, breast, and under parts whitish ; upper wing coverts, quills, and tail black- ish ; wings and tail equal in length; legs blackish. Inhabits the Island of Manilla. A.—Lanius dominicanus, Gm. Lin.i. 302. La Pie-griesche dominicaine, Sonn. Voy. 55. t. 26. Dominican Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 181. A. Size of the last. Bill conic, greyish, and stréng, base bristly ; head, neck, breast, back, wings, and tail black ; rump and belly ‘ H VOL. Il. 50 SHRIKE. white; thighs black; the wings reach nearly one inch beyond the middle of the tail, which is of a moderate length, and consists of twelve feathers. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and is a bold, courageous bird ; flies very quick, frequently hovering in the air like the Swallow ; is a great enemy to the Raven, bidding defiance, though so much inferior, and even provoking to combat; the battle often lasts half an hour, and ends with the defeat of the Raven; probably rather from being tired out, than having received any injury. 49.—_PANAYAN SHRIKE. Lanius payanensis, Ind. Orn.i. 78. Gm. Lin. i. 307. Shaw's Zool, vii. 324. Pie-griesche rouge de Panay, Sonn. Voy. p. 114. t.70. Panayan Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 182. SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike. Bill black; irides fire-colour ; head, neck before, and belly red; behind the neck, wings, and tail brown; legs black. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. 50.—CRESTED RED SHRIKE. Lanius cristatus, Ind. Orn.i. 72: Lin.i. 184. Gm. Lin.i. 298. bengal. rufus, Bris.ii. 173. Id.8vo. 205. Klein. p.54. Gerin. t.57. 2. Shaw's Zool. vil. 333. Crested Red Butcher-Bird, Edw. pl.54. ————— Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 170. . SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike; length six inches and a half. Head somewhat ¢rested ;* bill horn-colour, tip blackish ; upper parts - * Brisson mentions specimens with the heads quite smooth, and probably such are females. SHRIKE. 51 of the body rufous, under dirty orange, marked with transverse lines of black; behind each eye a black mark, like a crescent; quills brown, edged with paler brown; tail rufous, beneath grey; legs and claws black. Inhabits Bengal, where it is called Charah. 51.—ANTIGUAN SHRIKE. Lanins Antiguanus, Ind. Orn.i. 72. Gin. Lin.i. 301. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 333. Pie-griesche d’Antigue, Sonn. Voy. p.114. t.70. Tem. Man. Ed. 2. Anal. p. lix. Antiguan Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 171. SIZE of the Red-backed Shrike. Biull large, black; the upper mandible very long, and the curvature so great, as to appear quite unnatural; irides dusky; head black ; back yellowish rufous; throat and breast white; quills and part of the wing coverts black ; wings short, reaching only to the beginning of the tail, which is long and cuneiform ; the two middle feathers black, the others black above, reddish beneath, tipped with a rufous spot; legs dusky black. Inhabits Panay, one of the Philippine Isles, but principally about Antigue, one of the provinces thereof. In compliance with the sentiment of M.Sonnerat, I place this as a species, but from the singular curvature, not to say monstrosity, of the bill, it might be taken for a Lusus Nature, as far as relates to that part, and Iam led to suppose this, from observing among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, a bird similar in plumage, but with the bill of a - moderate size. »H2 . 52 SHRIKE. 52.—HOOKED-BILLED SHRIKE. Lanius curvirostris, Ind. Orn.i. 72. Lin.i. 1385. Gm. Lin.i. 299. Gerin. t.60. Shaw's Zool. vii. 299. Collurio madagascariensis, Bris.ii. 191. t.19. f. 1. Zd. 8vo.i. 211. Vanga, ou Becarde a Ventre blanc, Buf.i. 312. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.lix. Ecorcheur de Madagascar, Pl. enl. 228. Hook-billed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 171. SIZE of a Blackbird; length ten inches. Bill black, the tips of both mandibles more crooked than usually seen in other species ; hindhead greenish black; the rest of the head, and all the under parts white ; upper parts of the body black, the feathers margined with greenish black; greater wing coverts obliquely tipped with white, forming a band on the wing; quills black, on the first five a white spot, the mner margins are also white ; tail ash-colour half way from the base, afterwards black, the very tip white, the two middle feathers longest ; legs lead-colour. A.—Hook-billed Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p.70. var. A. This is eleven inches long, and seventeen broad. Bill one inch and three-eighths, colour blue, tip dusky; about the nostrils several black bristles, and the ends of the mandibles curving as in the other ; head, wings, and tail black; back dark blue-ash; rump white ; second wing coverts streaked black and white, some of the outer second quills the same; beneath, from chin to vent, white, curving on each side to the hind part of the neck, but not meeting there; between the bill and eye a white patch ; base of the tail white, then black, the two middle feathers black, the outer white within for half an inch at the tip, the rest white just at the tip; the wings reach to the middle of the tail; legs black; the outer toe united to the SHRIKE. a3 middle as far as the first jomt; the inner edge of the claw of the middle one furnished with a small angle, or tooth, near the tip, above which the edge is compressed inwards, and undulated. The first described inhabits Madagascar, the latter found in New-Holland, in the collection of Mr. Harrison, of Parliament- Street; I have also seen other specimens. In a drawing in the collection of Mr. Francillon, it is called Karro-bee-rang. _ 53.—W HITE-CHEEKED SHRIKE. LENGTH eight mches. Bill and legs black; top of the head, and all the upper parts of the plumage fine rufous; forehead, and sides of the head white; all beneath the body rufous white; through the eye, from the nostrils, a broad streak of black, inclosing the eye, and curving toa point at the hindhead; wings black; tail cuneiform, two inches and a quarter long, brown ; legs black. Inhabits India. 54.—VARIED SHRIKE. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch lon g, stout, black, with a notch near the tip, where it is much curved; at the base of the upper mandible a few hairs; top of the head, and neck behind pale ash-colour, inclining to white on the crown; forehead black, passing in a streak through the eye, lengthening for three quarters of an inch below on each side, and growing broader; above this, a small, short white streak; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail fine olive green; some of the wing coverts with a yellowish white spot at the tips, and all the second quills the same at the ends; the greater are 04 SHRIKE. dusky within, and olive green on the outer webs, but the imner margined half way from the base; the tail five inches long, rounded, marked, as the second quills, with orange yellow at the tip; beneath, from the chin, fine orange; belly and thighs inclining to green, growing again yellow at the vent; legs brown; the wings reach not much beyond the base of the tail. One, supposed to differ in sex, was the same in size. Bill the same; top of the head, neck behind, and sides pale blue grey; from nostrils to the eye a bread streak of white; back, wings, and tail pale olive yellow; most of the wing coverts ending in a pale yellow spot, forming two or three series ; quills marked as in the other; also the tail; the whole of the under parts, from chin to vent, fine deep yellow, without variation of shade; legs brown. Inhabits Africa; the male in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, the female in the possession of Lord Stanley; we have seen also some others, brought from Senegal, among which, one which was under nine inches in length: and the tippings of the feathers whitish instead of yellow. 55—_BENTET SHRIKE. Lanius Bentet, Lin. Trans.xii. p. 144. LENGTH nine inches and a half. The forehead, sides of the neck, the wings, and tail are black; top of the head, and the back grey; under parts of the body, and rump, rufous bay ; tips of the tail feathers white, and the exterior one white on the outer edge; the chin, breast, and middle of the belly paler than the rest of the outer parts. Inhabits Java, called Bentet.—Dr. Horsfield. SHRIKE, 5D 56.—CHESTNUT-BACKED SHRIKE. Lanius castaneus, Ind. Orn.i. 67. Gm. Lin.i. 297. Shaw's Zool, vii. 294, Chestnut-backed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 159. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill black; forehead black brown ; through the eye, and over the eyebrow the same; crown, nape, and neck behind, quite to the back, ash-colour; beginning of the back pale chestnut; wings chiefly black; the second quills margined with ferruginous ; throat dusky white; the rest of the under parts quite white; tail black, very cuneiform, the two outer feathers bemg shorter by two inches than the middle ones, and these last have the tips ferruginous; the others more so as they proceed outwardly, the exterior on each side being almost wholly of that colour; legs black. In the collection of the late Dr. Hunter; from whence unknown. 57.—LUZONIAN SHRIKE. Lanius lucionensis, Ind. Orn.i. 67. Lin.i. 135. Bris.ii. 169. pl.18.1. Id. 8vo. 204. Gm. Lin.i. 299. Shaw's Zool. vii. 334. Luzonian Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 172. SIZE of the Red-backed species; length seven inches and a half. Bill greyish brown; body above the same, beneath rufous white ; behind, and beneath the eye, a longish spot of brown; lower part, and sides of the neck, the b east, sides of the body, and thighs rufous white, crossed with fine brown lines; quills greyish brown, with rufous margins; tail rufous grey, cuneiform, all except the two middle feathers tipped rufous white; legs rufous brown. Inhabits the Isle of Luconia, and called there Cabecoté. 56 SHRIKE. A.—Luzonian Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.52. Length eight inches. Bill black; through the eye a black streak; crown of the head, and all the upper parts ash-colour, inclining to tawny on the back ; breast and belly dirty white; wings black, crossed with tawny; on the prime quills a white spot; tail black, tipped with chestnut; legs blackish. Inhabits India; seems allied both to the Chestnut-backed and Luzonian, but from its size is most probably a variety of the latter; I met with this among the drawings of Lady Impey. B.—In this the base of the bill has some hairs nearly as long as the bill itself; it differs from the others, in having the upper parts rufous yellow, clouded across with dusky waves ; beneath white, a little clouded; from the nostrils a broad black mark, passing under the eye, and growing broader behind; lesser wing coverts clouded with ash-colour, edged with yellowish ; the rest of the wing black, the feathers more or less yellow at the ends; base of the greater wing coverts white, forming a spot; tail black, a little cuneiform, the end very pale rufous; legs pale lead-colour. Inhabits India. 58.—CORVINE SHRIKE. Lanius corvinus, Shaw’s Zool. vil. 337. La grande Pie-griesche, Levail. Afr.ii. 118. pl. 78. SIZE of a Blackbird; length twelve inches. Bill pale yellow ; | ~ general colour of the plumage pale greyish ash, inclining to brown ; about the head, especially over the eye, pale rufous; the outer webs fh 4 AED - Wii We Lert SHRIKE. 57 of the quills the same; tail greyish ash-colour, six mches long, and greatly cuneiform, the outer feathers beg only three inches; all the under parts, from chin to vent, dusky white, inclinmg to brown on the chin and breast; the wings reach a quarter of an inch on the tail; legs dusky brown. The above was bought of a dealer at Paris, who could give no account of the country from whence it came. In the collection of Mr. Comyns, of Dawlish, is a fine specimen. In this, all the feathers of the upper parts have a darker streak down the middle; greater quills fine rufous for three-fourths of their length, then brown to the end; the rufous occupying most space on the outer webs; tail seven inches long, brown, the outer feather only two; all of them pale at the tips, the pale part bounded by a darker line; chin plain dusky white; the throat, breast, and belly the same, crossed with waved, dusky bars on each feather; vent white ; jegs brown. This was brought from Senegal. 59.—MALABAR SHRIKE.—Puarte XVIII. Cuculus Siamensis cristatus viridis, Bris.iv. 151. #.14. A. f.1. Jd. 8vo.ii. 83. Gerin. t. 75. Lanius malabaricus, Ind. Orn.i. 66. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 293. Edolius malabaricus, Lin. Trans. xiii. 145. Drongo de Malabar, Buf.iv. 587. Son. Voy. Ind. ii. t. 111. Cuculus paradiseus, Ind. Orn.i. 216. Gm. Lin.i. 422. Coucou a longs brins, Buf. vi. 387. : Drongo a Raquette, Levail. Afr.iv. 73. pl.175: Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p.1xi. Paradise Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 528. Malabar Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.56. pl. 108. SIZE of the Missel Thrush; length seventeen inches and a half. The bill one inch long, stout, ponnt at the tip, and black; at the VOL, II. 58 SHRIKE. base several bristles, pointing forwards; irides red; general colour of the plumage black, glossed im some parts with blue; the head and neck feathers longer than the rest, and sharp at the ends; tail of a moderate length, but the exterior feather is three times that of the others, measuring between seven and eight inches, the shafts of which are naked for six inches, the remainder webbed only on the outer side ; legs strong, black. Inhabits the Coast of Malabar, and other parts of India; flies heavily, and is only seen in the evening. Among the drawings of Lady Impey I find a similar bird, but nearly as large as a Jackdaw. Plumage black, glossed with blue; on the fore part of the head a vast crest, rising high, and bending forwards; before it some loose feathers, those behind are also long and loose. It is called by the English the Crested Blackbird, but the Indian name is Bumrage, and is no where more common than on the hills in the Kingdom of Aracan. a In the figure given of the bird by Levaillant, the head is not crested, otherwise similar to our engraving of it: and it is said to have been brought from Batavia. I find this to be well figured among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, where it is called Bungradja. It appears there, that this bird, and the Fork-tailed Shrike, are considered as one species; that without the greatly elongated exterior tail feathers being the female; those with the head smooth called Bujunga. It is also conjectured, that the Paradise Cuckow of Linnzus is no other than this bird. M. Brisson, from whom authors have had their descriptions, copied his figure from a drawimg sent to him from M. Poivre, but the toes we may suppose are wrong, being placed two and two. SHRIKE. 59 60.—CINERACEOUS SHRIKE. Edolius cineraceus, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 145, THIS is eleven inches long, and very similar to the Fork-tailed » Crested Species, but the bill is more robust, and the exterior rectrices form a greater curve than in the last named. The colour of the plumage is universally cimeraceous, but the quills at the tips, and the outer margins of the lateral feathers are black. Inhabits Java.—Dr. Horsfield. Called Chenta. 61.—FORK-TAILED CRESTED SHRIKE. Lanius forficatus, Ind. Orn.i. 66. Lin.i. 184. Gm. Lin. i. 297. Lanius Drongo, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 289. Muscic. madag: nigr. major cristata, Bris.ii. 388. t.37. 4. Id. 8yo.i. 266. Edolius forficatus, Lin. Trans. xiii. 144. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p.1xi. Drongo, Buf.i. 586. Pl. enl. 189. Levail. Afr. iv. 56. pl. 166. Fork-tailed Crested Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 158. SIZE of a Blackbird; length ten inches. Bill black; at the angles of the mouth a few slender bristles; plumage greenish black; on the forehead an upright crest, near one inch and three quarters Jong; tail black, long, greatly forked, edged with greenish black ; legs and claws black. M. Levaillant says, the tail consists of only ten feathers, and that the wings reach to about one-third on it. Some of these are destitute of a crest, and have been supposed females, but this author adds, that the female differs in bemg smaller, and the crest not half so large; otherwise like the male. We may therefore suppose, that the individuals without the crest are most probably young birds, not come to adult plumage. 12 60 SHRIKE. Inhabits Madagascar, China, and the Cape of Good Hope; the nest said to be built on trees, and the bird to feed chiefly on bees, of which it only eats the bodies ; found in vast troops at certain seasons; the male has a short song morning and evening. The natives call this bird the Devil, probably from its colour; Dr. Horsfield met with it in Java, named Sri-Gunting. 62.—FORK-TAILED SHRIKE. Lanius cerulescens, Ind. Orn.i. 67. Lin.i. 134. Gm. Lin.i. 297. Shaw's Zool.vii. 291. bengal. cauda bifurcé, Bris.ii. 189. Jd. 8vyo.i. 210. Klein. Av. 54. Gerin. t. 57. 1. Fingah, Buf.i. 108. Levazl. Afr.iv. 68. pl.170. Drongo, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xi. Fork-tailed Indian Butcher-Bird, Edw. pl.56. ———-— Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 158. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike; length seven inches and a half. Bill bent, blackish brown ; at the base of the upper mandible several black hairs, turning forwards; plumage above glossy black, with a tinge of blue in some lights, varying to green; under parts of the body white; breast dark ash-colour, inclining to black ; greater quills and tail: ferruginous black, the latter considerably forked, the outer feathers largely marked with white at the ends; in some specimens the outer tail feathers are only spotted with dirty white at the ends ; legs blackish. Inhabits Bengal, where it is called Fingah ; it has also obtained the name of the King of the Crows, from its pursuing the latter from place to place with great energy and noise, and pecking them on the back till they fly off; the egg is one inch long, reddish white, with small red spots, chiefly at the larger end. SHRIKE, ; 61 63——DRONGEAR SHRIKE. Drongear, Levail. Afr.iv. 61. pl. 167. 168. THIS is smaller than the Drongo. Bill and legs black; the head is not crested ; plumage in general dull black, with a slight gloss of blue, changing to brown at the ends of the quills; tail longish, and not greatly forked. The female rather smaller than the male ; young birds have the lower belly striped with white; the ends of the under tail coverts spotted with the same, and the plumage tinged grey brown. This species is common on the east coast of Africa, and in the Mimosa Woods of the Gamtoos of Swarte Cop, and Sondag; the nest is smgular, made in a fork at the ends of branches of the trees, composed of flexible twigs, and is so transparent and thin, as to admit of the eggs beimg seen through the body of it, for there is no lining; they are four in number, white, and marked with spots of black, in shape nearly square; the male and female sit in turns. 64.—PHILIPPINE SHRIKE. Corvus Balicassius, Ind. Orn.i: 156. Lin.i. 156. Gm. Lin.i. 371. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 352. Monedula philippensis, Bris. ii. 31. t.2. f.1: Id. 8vo.i. 163. Gerin.ii. t. 154, Choucas de Philippines, Buf.iii. 83. Pl. enl. 603. Le Drongup, Levail. Afr.iv. 73. pl.173. Drongo, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.1xi. Philippine Crow, Gen. Syn.i. p.381. Id. Sup. p.78. | LENGTH almost twelve inches. Bill black, cultrated, hooked at the tip; base of both mandibles beset with bristles, which are more strong on the upper ; tongue lacerated ; irides very deep red; the whole plumage bright, glossy black, changing into green or 62 SHRIKE. blue, except the quills, and under side of the tail, which are without gloss ; the first quill is short, the fourth the longest; tail six inches and a half long, and much forked, the two outer feathers one inch and a half longer than the next, and two inches and a half longer than the central ones, with the outer webs very narrow ; they tend. outwards, and are curved obliquely at the tips; number of tail feathers ten ;* legs black. Some individuals have the vent feathers margined with dirty white,+ perhaps owing to difference of sex. Inhabits India; lives in the groves near Calcutta all the year ; is a great enemy to the common Crow; feeds on insects; it is a wild species, and cannot be tamed; the usual song is by no means disagreeable, but the bird is sometimes very clamorous, and screams violently ; is often met with among cattle, and assists the Caag and. Salict in freeing them from insects. This, Dr. Buchanan thinks to be the Bujunga of Hindustan Proper, and the Finga of the Bengalese, and not the Fork-tailed Shrike, as is usually supposed; yet among some drawings brought from India by Major Roberts, and others, in the possession of Sir J. Anstruther, the latter bird is named Bujunga: hence we may conclude that more than one may go by that name, or, that such birds are more nearly allied than has been hitherto imagined. § LONG-TAILED SHRIKE. Drongolong, Levail. Afr.iv. 72. pl. 174. 65. THIS is more slender than the last, particularly the tail, which is as long asthe body, and greatly forked, the two middle feathers * Dr. Buchanan.—Levaillant says it has twelve, and that it has a small curled crest over the nostrils, independent of the bristles. + I have seen two other varieties: in one the breast, and inside of the ridge of the wing, near the shoulder, was clouded with white; the second had the belly of a slate-colour. + Grakles. § It is called, in the Philippine Islands, Bali-cassio. SHRIKE. 63 being two inches and a quarter shorter than the outer, producing a more considerable fork—the number in all twelve; the bill and legs are lead-colour ; plumage in general black, with a bright blue gloss. Inhabits India. 66.—BRONZED SHRIKE. Drongo bronzé, Levail. Afr.iv. 75. pl.176. SIZE of the second species. Bill and legs black ; general colour of the plumage above black, with a most brilliant changeable blue gloss, like bronze, in some lights appearing green; belly, sides, and under tail coverts dull black grey ; under parts of the wings and tail black ; the last forked; the hairs about the nostrils point forwards, and there is a large oval patch of black under the eye. Inhabits Bengal. I observe some of these among some drawings from India, said to be found in Hindustan, and named Bujunga. 67.—RAJAH SHRIKE. LENGTH eleven or twelve inches. General colour of the plumage brownish black, inclining most to red-brown on the wings ; the body is very stout for the size; bill black, crooked at the tip, and furnished with several stout bristles from the base of the upper mandible, arising among the feathers; nostrils conspicuous ; tail four inches and a half long, but the feathers seem unequal in length; those which lie uppermost the shortest : hence we may suppose the shape to be forked ; the wings reach very little beyond the base; legs dusky black, stout. From the drawings of Lord Mountnorris ; called Banga rajah. 64 SHRIKE. 68.—W HISKERED SHRIKE. Le Drongo moustache, Levail. Afr. iv: 63. pl. 169. SIZE of the common Thrush. At the base of the bill, above and beneath, long bristles, some standing erect, others pointing downwards, and are double at the ends; bill and legs black; eyes bright chestnut; plumage black, with a greenish gloss; wing coverts, quills, and tail umber-colour, with a tinge of black; tail forked, but not greatly so. One, in Mr. Bullock’s collection, had the outer ridge of the wing coverts, and some of the coverts themselves, edged or tipped with white. The female is one-fourth smaller, but the plumage the same; lower belly and vent spotted with white. Inhabits Africa, found in Caffre-Land ; has a ery lke Ghi- err-gret. On dissection nothing but bees and smooth caterpillars were found in the stomach. 69——_DRONGRI SHRIKE. Le Drongri, Levail. Afr.iv. 65. pl. 170. THIS is about the size of the last, Bill and legs lead-colour ; plumage wholly of a silvery grey; tail much forked, and consists of twelve feathers, the inner webs darker than the outer. Inhabits Ceylon ; feeds on bees and insects. A.—Drongri 4 ventre blanc, Levail. Afr.iv. 66. pl. 171. This seems a variety of the last, and differs in having all the under parts, from chin to vent, white; tail much forked, as in the other. Inhabits Batavia, with the above. SHRIKE. 65 With the above is another, which is probably the female; size the same. Forehead pale greyish white, with a little mixture of dusky rufous; upper parts of the bird pale rufous brown, beneath sandy grey; belly paler; rump and vent as the back, but lighter coloured ; all the under parts crossed with fine triangular lines of black ; wings wholly dusky; the feathers edged with rufous; tail cuneiform, but less so than in the other bird; the two middle feathers dark brown, the others dark, with rufous edges; legs brown. Inhabits India; from the collection of Lady Clive ; communicated to me by General Davies, 70.—BLACK-EYED SHRIKE. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill dusky black, bent at the tip, and bristly ; crown of the head, and all above fine rufous, melining to orange; cheeks, and all the under parts white; from the forehead springs a broad streak of black, which passes through the eye, and reaches to the hindhead ; wings black brown, the edges of the feathers paler; tail two inches and a half long, cuneiform, pale rufous brown, edged with a paler colour; on the edge of the wing, near the bend, a small patch of white; legs black. Inhabits Malacca. 71.—CHINESE SHRIKE. Lanius Schach, Ind. Orn.i. 75. Osb. Voy. 227. Gm. Lin.i. 303. Shaw's Zool. vii. 324. Chinese Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 173. SIZE of the Tyrant Shrike. Forehead yellowish ; head, and neck behind grey; neck before testaceous white; back and belly YOL. II. K 66 SHRIKE. pale testaceous; quills black, the prime ones white at the base, the secondaries white at the tips. Inhabits China, where it is called Schach. 72.—BLUE-GREEN SHRIKE. LENGTH seven inches. Bill stout, curved, black, with a double notch in the upper mandible ;. plumage wholly blue, glossed with green, but not brilliant; tail two inches long, even at the end; the wings reach about half way from the base; legs black. Taken from the drawings of Mr. Dent; probably from India, but this by no means certain. 73.—YELLOW-BROWED SHRIKE. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill dusky black; crown of the head, and sides greenish ash-colour; from the nostrils a fine yellow streak passes over the eye, and finishes nm a point on each side of the nape; under the eye a small yellow spot, and behind this, in the direction of the jaw, a larger one of dirty white ; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail olive green; beneath yellow, more deep on the chin and throat; quills dusky; legs brown. Inhabits Africa ?—In the collection of Mr. Bullock. 74.—BLACK-HEADED SHRIKE.—PL. XIX. Lanius melanocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Gm. Lin.i. 309. Shaw's Zool. vil. 320. Black-headed Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 165. pl. 6. LENGTH six inches. Bill black; crown of the head, sides, and throat, shining black; upper part of the body olive, paler REX perils rie / y “f DLs a Puen th othe LZ SHRIKE, 67 beneath ; rump dusky; quills and secondaries the same, the edges of the latter olive; tail rounded, olive-coloured at the base, afterwards black, the ends of all the feathers yellow, the outer one most so, lessening by degrees to those of the middle, which are yellow only at the tips; legs dusky. Inhabits the Sandwich Isles, in the South Seas. 78.—BUFF-RUMPED SHRIKE. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill horn-colour ; crown, nape, and beginning of the back pale, ferrugmous-chestnut ; back and wings brown; rump buff-colour; wing coverts, and lesser quills margined with pale tawny; greater quills brown, about the middle marked with tawny white on the outer web, forming a spot when the wing is closed; the four middle tail feathers deep brown, with a pale fringe at the tips; the rest.of the feathers more or less sullied white on the outer margins and tips; under parts of the beilys from the chin, sullied white; legs black. _ Inhabits Meatat in the collection of Mr. Bullock. In one specimen there was an obscure, brown spot behind the under jaw, and the tail feathers darker coloured. 76.—ROBUST SHRIKE. Lanius robustus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xviii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 311. Robust Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.8. p.74. THIS is a large species, being full twenty-one inches long. Bill strong, and black; plumage in general that of the Cimereous Shrike; K2 68 SHRIKE. but the head, and the whole of the neck, as far as the breast, are black ; under parts much the same as those of the above, but very pale, approachmg to white; quills black; tail the colour of the body, crossed near the end with a broad black bar, but the very end of it is nearly white; legs lead-colour. Inhabits New-Holland ; from its size seems to approach greatly to the Falcon Genus. 77.—ERECT SHRIKE. Lanius erectus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xx. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 329. Erect Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 74. SIZE uncertain. Bill dusky; both mandibles curved towards each other, of a moderate size, without any perceivable notch , the head, hind part, and sides of the neck black; the crown very full of feathers, which, when erected, gives the appearance of a crest of conspicuous height; plumage in general pale green above, beneath for the most part, inclining to yellow on the breast and belly; the tail rather long; and dusky, some of the outer feathers very pale; quills dusky. Inhabits New-Holland; native name Bennong. 78.—BARE-EYED SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, curved as in other Shrikes, but no notch at the tip; the base half enlarged and swelling, colour pale rufous, the end black ; eye surrounded with a bare space of the same colour, continued from the gape, and ending in a point beyond the eye; the head, even with the jaw, black, passmg down SMRIKE. 69 on each side of the neck, and ending in a point; neck behind, back, and scapulars pale blue-grey; all beneath, from the chin, white ; wings and tail black, the last even; the quills reaching to about the middle; legs brown. Native place uncertain; only met with among the drawings of Mr. Dent, but supposed to have been from India. 79.—CROWNED SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill dusky black ; head, and sides of the neck, to the back, black; from the middle of the crown a yellowish streak passes, above the eye, to the hindhead, encircling the whole as a crown; all the under parts of the body dusky white; chin plain, the rest streaked here and there with black ; wings dusky, marked on the coverts with yellow, and the rest of the wing feathers edged with yellow; rump yellow; tail black, rounded, or nearly even; legs dusky. Native place uncertain. 80.—BROWN-STREAKED SHRIKE. SIZE of the Missel Thrush; length twelve inches. Bill stout, yellow horn-colour, on each side of the nostrils some weak _ bristles 5 general plumage above reddish brown, the feathers marked with dusky down the shafts; sides of the head and chin very pale buft- brown; behind the eye a longish brown patch; breast and belly dusky white, crossed with some dusky brown, short marks; lower belly, and vent plain; wings plain, the ten outer quills. largely dashed with rufous in the middle; tail cuneiform, the two middle 70 SHRIKE, feathers seven inches and a half long, and the exterior three inches ; all but the two middle ones paler at the ends, and a slender, narrow, curved brown spot, corresponding with the tip; legs stout, dusky, Tnhabits New-Holland ? 81.—CLOUDED SHRIKE. Lanius torquatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xviii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 329. Clouded Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p.73. SIZE uncertain. Bill large and bluish; lore ferruginous; head, neck behind, and sides beneath the eye, brown; back and wings the same; under parts of the body much like the upper, but clouded with white; tail longish; legs dusky. Inhabits New-Holland. 82.—_SOLITARY SHRIKE. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch and a half, pale lead- colour, stout, much curved at the point; irides brown; between the bill and eye a ferruginous patch; all the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, deep brown; beneath dusky white, curving round the neck, as a collar, but not meeting behind; beneath, close to the eye, a dusky bluish crescent, half surrounding it; legs deep brown, or black. Inhabits New-Holland; isa rare and solitary bird, and its haunts and manners but little known; except that it feeds on worms and insects; of the latter is often observed to seize and destroy strong and crustaceous ones, for which purpose, the bill appears to be well adapted. It seems to bear some affinity to the Clouded Shrike.— From the drawings of Mr. Francillon. SHRIKE. 71 83.—NEW-HOLLAND SHRIKE. BILL short, bent at the end; plumage above brown; beneath pale yellow ash-colour, almost surrounding the neck as a collar; before the eye and about the nostrils very pale; tail four inches long, even at the end; the three outer feathers marked within at the tips with pale buff; the first quill is half the length, the next reaches to within three-fourths of the third, the rest as usual; legs brown, the outer toe united to the middle one at the base; the wings reach to about one-third on the tail. Inhabits New-Holland. 84.—GLOSSY SHRIKE. LENGTH seven inches. Bill moderately stout, hooked at the end, black; nostrils round; plumage in general glossy black ; tail nearly even at the end; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland. 85.—PACIFIC SHRIKE. Lanius pacificus, Ind. Orn.i. 75. Gm. Lin.i. 306. Shaw's Zool. vii. 381. Pacific Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 164. LENGTH eight inches. Bill three quarters of an inch long, slightly curved, emarginated, and dusky; plumage in general black; head and neck glossed with green; the feathers of both narrow; belly, quills, and tail dusky; the last even at the end, and three 72 SHRIKE. meches in length; Jegs black, on the shins three oblique segments ; toes divided to the bottom, the middle and hind ones yery long. Inhabits one, or more of the Islands of the South Sea. Place uncertain. 86.—FRONTAL SHRIKE.—P1t. XX. Lanius frontatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xviii. Shaw's Zool. vii. 312. Pie-griesche, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.lix. Frontal Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p.75. pl.122. THE bill in this bird is very large, and strong, with a sharp process in the middle of both mandibles, colour nearly black; the head and neck are black, the first crested ; from the eye to the back of the head a white streak; and from the nostrils, continuing on the sides of the jaw,. another, ending on the side of the neck ; body fine olive-green above, beneath fine yellow; quills brown; tail the same, the feathers more or less tipped with white; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland. A.—In this variety the upper white streak goes on to the nostrils, but the under only to the lower jaw; the yellow beneath the body very pale; the whole outer web, and end of the exterior tail feather white, the second tipped with white, the third the same, but only just at the tip, the next blackish; the two middle ones, and outer webs of the others ash-colour; quills the same, reaching to the middle of the tail; bill and legs dusky horn-colour. Inhabits New South Wales, seen chiefly at Port Jackson, but generally in the winter, or the cold months; frequents watery places, and has been observed to feed on the seeds of reeds, in the marshy or wet grounds.—A fine specimen in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. PIXXX. Srorn End « Merch. SHRIKE, 73 87.—-TABUAN SHRIKE. Lanius tabuensis, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Gin. Lin.i. 306. Shaw’s Zool. vi. 321. Tabuan Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 164. LENGTH eight inches and three quarters. Bill one inch long, brown, not much curved, with a small notch; top of the head greenish brown; body above olive-brown; sides of the head much darker; throat and breast ash-colour; paler down the shafts of the feathers; belly pale yellowish brown, vent dusky; outer edge of the wings, and greater quills black; the second quills black-brown, margined with dusky white; tail brown; legs the same. Inhabits the Friendly Isles, in the South Seas. The specimen, from which the above description was taken, brought from Ton- gotaboo. 88.— BRIMSTONE SHRIKE. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch and three quarters long, stout, rather strait, except at the tip, which is hooked, colour dusky ; top of the head dusky black; the rest of the upper parts olive-brown ; all beneath brimstone-colour, but dull; vent nearly white; tail four mches long, even at the end, all but the two middle feathers margined within the tip with white; the first quill very little more than half the length of the adjoining; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland. VOR. Il. L 74 SHRIKE. 89.—WEEBONG SHRIKE. Lanius flavigaster, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xix. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 312. Yellow-bellied Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 75. SIZE of the Cinereous Shrike. Bill rather strong, and black; head crested, and the whole of it below the eyes very full of feathers, and black ; upper parts of the body and tail rusty brown, with some reflections of green on the latter; chin white; breast and belly yellow ; quills dusky; tail somewhat cuneiform; legs black. In the female the head is ash-colour, streaked with dusky; and the belly very pale rufous; crest ash-colour; chin white, with a black crescent beneath it. Inhabits New-Holland, where it is called Weebong, but not common; is a bold and fierce species, driving all the smaller birds from its haunts. A.—In a smaller variety, only seven inches long, the bill and legs are black; the yellow surrounds the neck under the black at the nape, with a bar of black on the throat, above the breast; the upper parts are olive-green, the under golden yellow; quills dusky, the first only half the length of the next; tail even at the end, dusky, the end pale ash-colour; the wings reach to about half the length of it; this and the Brimstone species seem to bear great aflinity to each other. 90.—BLACK-FACED SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, bluish horn-colour ; plumage above ash-colour, beneath, to the breast, the same; belly, sides, ‘and vent ferruginous; face, as far as the eyes, black ; tail even at the end, and the wings reach to about three-fourths of its length ; legs slender, black. Inhabits New South Wales. st oH SHRIKE. 91.—MUSTACHOE SHRIKE. Lanius mystaceus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xix; Shaw’s Zool. vii. 298. Nat. Mise, 11, 869. Pie-griesche ronge a Plastron blanc, Levail. Ois. ii. p.5d. pl. 65. Mustachoe Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup.u. 76, NEARLY the size of a Blackbird; length tén inches and a half or eleven inches, of which the tail occupies full half. Bill and legs dusky ; head, hind part of the neck, back, scapulars, and wings in general, brown black ; throat, and under parts of the body, fine red, growing paler, inclining to yellow at the vent, not unlike in colour to those parts in the Barbary Shrike, to which bird it also approaches in size and shape of the bill; across the breast is a broad bar of white, and a whisker of white on each side of the under jaw, arising at the gape; the tail greatly cuneiform in shape, the two middle feathers being five inches long, the outer only one inch and three quarters, the intermediate ones lessening in equal proportions; the feathers of the tail ten in number, of a lively plain red, paler beneath ; two of the middle quills have the outer webs red, forming a streak ; and the wings, when closed, reach a very little way beyond the base of the tail. Tnhabits one of the Isles of the South Seas. In some specimens the streak on the wing is white instead of red, probably owing to difference of sex. 92.—TUFTED SHRIKE. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill black, one inch long, stout, with a deep notch near the tip; general colour of the plumage glossy black, the feathers of the crown long, tufted, and capable of being L2 76 SHRIKE. erected as a crest; on the outer edge of the wing a few mottlings of white, and the edges of some of the feathers are white also; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches and a half in length, the outer only three inches and a half; the wings reach to about one-third ; legs stout, brown; claws black. | Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. Lambert. 93.—W HITE-EARED SHRIKE. LENGTH seven or eight inches. Bill dusky black, without any notch, and bent at the tip; irides reddish; head, and part of the neck black; the feathers of the crown very long, and forming a sort of tuit or crest; on the sides, behind the eye, a large kidney-shaped patch of white; from the gape a second, of a pale ash-colour, in the direction of the lower jaw; lower part of the neck behind, and back pale greenish olive; all beneath the body yellow, or brimstone, passing on each side of the neck beneath the black; wings and tail pale ash-colour ; legs black. One, supposed to differ in sex, had the white behind the eye less in size, and the cinereous patch on the lower jaw wholly wanting; the colours of the plumage also are less bright. Inhabits New-Holland, and there called Tattanan. 94.—BLACK-TOPPED SHRIKE. Lanius atricapillus, Ind. Orn.i. 73: Gm. Lin.i. 8303. Merrem. Ic. Fasc. ii. t.x. Shaw’s Zool. vil. 336. Tyrannus atricapillus, Vieill. Am.i. p.78. pl.48? Batara, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.lvii. SIZE of a Goldfinch; length about five inches. Crown, nape of the neck, shoulders, and wings black; wing coverts, and second SHRIKE. 77 quills margined with white; the upper parts of the body mouse- colour; beneath bluish ash-colour; tail cuneiform, all except the two middle feathers tipped with white. Inhabits Surinam, and is probably the same bird mentioned by Vieillot, as above referred to. 95.—BLACK-CAPPED SHRIKE. Lanius pileatus, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 335. Black-capped Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.54. LENGTH six inches. Bill one inch, hooked at the tip, dusky ; the head much crested, some of the feathers three quarters of an inch Jong; head, and fore part of the neck, to the middle of the belly, black ; the upper parts of the body greyish ash-colour; between the wings mottled with brown; wing coverts tipped with white, giving the appearance of being barred; outer edge of the second quills white; upper tail coverts and tail tipped with white; on the outer feathers two white spots; legs black. One with the above, supposed to be the female, had the crown smooth, and blackish; chin and throat ash-colour; the upper part of the body much like the other; between the shoulders mottled with white; tail as in the male, but the outer margins white. Both these were brought from Cayenne. 96.—SPOTTED SHRIKE. Lanius nevius, Ind. Orn.i. 81. Gm. Lin.i. 808, Shaw's Zool. vii. 325. punctatus, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 327. Zool. Misc. t. xvii. Le Tachet, Levail. Afr.ii. 113. pl.77. f.1. Batara, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. \viii. Spotted Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 190. LENGTH about six inches. Bill black; upper parts of the body wholly black, except a few of the feathers at the beginning of the 78 SHRIKE. back, and upper wing coverts, which are tipped with white; on éach of the wing coverts an oblong white spot at the end, forming a regular series on the wing; under wing coverts white; quills and secondaries edged with white; the tail greatly rounded at the end, black, all the feathers tipped with white; on the exterior a white spot on the outer web, about the middle; the under parts of the body ash-colour; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne. M. Levaillant observes, that the white ends of the tail feathers occupy more space as they are more outward. One of these, in the collection of Lord Stanley, had only the three outer tail feathers tipped with white; a similar one, in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, had no part of the back marked with white, and the twe middie tail feathers of one plain black. 97.—PIED SHRIKE. Lanius doliatus, Ind. Orn.i. 80. Lin.i. 186. Gm. Lin. i. 809. Mus. Ad. Fr.ii. p. 12. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 325. Zool. Misc. t. xvi. Lanius cayanensis striatus, Bris.ii. 187. t.293. Id. 8vo.i. 210. Batara, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.1viii. Pie-griesche de Cayenne, P/. enl. 297. 2. Black and White Butcher-Bird, Edw. pl. 226. Hist. Guian. 154. Pied Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 190, LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill dusky, with bristles at the base ; head somewhat crested, the feathers being longer, white with black ends, appearing at a distance striped white and black; plumage in general barred across black and white, each feather having two bars of each ; under parts paler; quills black, with five or six white spots on each margin; tail black, transversely spotted with white ; legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne and Berbice, at the latter called Kwakwarra. SHRIKE. 79 98.—LINEATED SHRIKE. Lanius lineatus, Lineated Shrike, Zool. Misc. t.6? LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch long, black, remarkably stout, as in the Pied Barbet, and curved at the tip; the whole plumage black, crossed with numerous fine lines of white throughout, but mostly narrow, and closer on the crown; the quills have only the outer webs spotted with white, and eight or ten of the greater coverts marked in the same manner; under parts of the body transversely marked black and white, as the upper, but the black lines being more narrow, give the parts a whitish appearance, barred with black ; tail cuneiform, blackish, crossed with twelve or more curved, fine white lines on each side of the shaft; the wings, when closed, reach one-fourth on the tail; legs stout, one inch long, and dusky. Tnhabits Berbice, and other parts in the neighbourhood of Surmam; called there Kwakwarra; said to be a male.—In the collection of Mr. M‘Leay, where I observed the three last described; all of them are marked with. the same name, as if varieties of one another, but on attending to them accurately, [ am of opinion that they are all distinct species. 99.—SOUTH AMERICAN SHRIKE. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill stout, dusky, under mandible yellowish; plumage above rufous, mixed with black; crown darker, and plain; beneath barred cinereous and black : quills margined with black, and fringed outwardly with rufous ; tail three inches and a quarter long, rounded at the end, crossed with about twelve obsolete bars of deeper ash; the outer feather half: an inch 80 SHRIKE. shorter than the middle ones; the wings reach to the base; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne ; said to be a female. A.—A Shrike, very much like the last, is in the possession of Lord Stanley, eight inches or more long. Bill one inch and three quarters from the gape, stout, dusky black, with a notch at the tip; head and neck, for the most part, black ; chin, and sides of the neck marked with waved, dusky white, transverse lines; feathers of the nape elongated, and form a short kind of crest of fine rufous, or chestnut brown; the hid part of the neck also ferruginous chestnut; back and rump ferruginous brown, with obsolete, dark waved lines; wing coverts marked with concentric rufous-brown and black curves, the last at the ends of the feathers; quills fine ferruginous brown without, and on the inner webs dusky; all beneath, from the breast, barred dusky white, and dusky, three or four bars on each feather; tail rounded, three inches long, cinereous grey, with eight or ten dusky black bars on each feather; upper tail coverts barred also with the same; legs dusky. Inhabits South America; is probably a variety, or differs m sex from the last described. 100.—GREY SHRIKE. Lanius Nengeta, Ind. Orn.i. 68. Lin.i. 185. Gm. Lin.i. 298. Shaw's Zool. vii. 287. Cotinga cinerea, Bris. ii. 353. Id. 8vo.i. 256. Guirarou Nheengeta, Raii, 166. Will.170. Id. Orn. 235. Buf-iv. 459. Grey Pye of Brazil, Edw. 318. Grey Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 183. Id. Sup. p.53. Aret. Zool.ii. 240. A. SIZE of the Thrush; length nine or ten inches. Bill dusky, beset with bristles at the base; irides sapphire-coloured ; from the SHRIKE. 8} gape, through the eye, a black streak ; plumage on the upper parts dark brownish ash-colour, beneath cinereous white; in the middle of the wing a few white feathers; quills and tail nearly black, all the feathers of the latter, except the two middle, obliquely tipped with white; legs dark ash-colour. Inhabits Surmam, and Brazil; by some thought allied to the Great Shrike,* by others ranked with the Chatterers ;+ said to be commen at Guiana, and to frequent watery places in great numbers, which at intervals set up a great cry altogether, by this circumstance pointing out to the traveller, in the immense forests of that country, a certain direction where to find water to allay his thirst; and this part of its manners seems to belong to the Chatterer genus, yet the figure m Edwards accords most with the Skrike. I do not therefore think it improbable, that the synonyms here drawn together mto one, may properly belong to two species. | Mr. Pennant observes, that it inhabits Russia, but is more frequent in Siberia, where it lives in the forests the whole winter ; is taken and tamed by the fowlers, and kept by the Russians for the diversion it affords im the manner of killing its prey, being the same as before mentioned under the great Cinereous species, from which, however, it should seem to differ specifically, and to be a larger, and stouter bird. A.—Lanius ardosiacus, Vieill. Am.i. p. 81. pl. 51. This is grey above and white beneath, with a broad band on each side of the head ; wings marked with white ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers black, the outer ones white. Inhabits America, especially in Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana; makes a nest of dry bents and small roots, lined with wool and moss. * Linneurc—Edwards + Brisson—Buffon, VOL. IL. M $2 SHRIKE, 101.—LOUISIANE SHRIKE. Lanius Ludovicianus, Ind. Orn.i. 69. Lin.i. 134. Gm. Lin.i. 298. Bris. ii. 162. t.15. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 202. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 294. Lanius Americanus, Gm. Lin.i. 308. Black-crowned Shrike, Arct. Zool. 11. No. 128. Louisiane Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 162. SMALLER. than the Cinereous Shrike. Bill, legs, crown, and sides of the head, back, and wing coverts black, marked with a small spot of white, and a larger one of the same on the ridge of the wing; throat, cheeks, and vent white; breast and belly tinged with ash-colour; tail long, the two middle feathers black, the others marked with white at the ends, increasing to the exterior ones, in which the black almost vanishes. Inhabits North America; found in Louisiana. We suspect that these last may be varieties of each other, if not belonging to the Cinereous species. 102.—AMERICAN SHRIKE. Lanius Americanus, JZnd. Orn.i. 69. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 801. Pie-griesche de la Louisiane, Pl. enl. 397. LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill and legs pale: lead-colour; plumage in general rufous-brown above, and pale yellow beneath ; crown of the head pale grey; chin white; behind the eye a whitish streak; quills and tail black, the feathers of the latter tipped with white. Inhabits Louisiana. SHRIKE. 83 103.—BRAZILIAN SHRIKE. Lanius Pitangua, Ind. Orn.i. 78. Lin.i. 186: Gm. Lin.i. 393, Shaw's Zool. vii. 300. Pitangua-guacu, Raii,165. Will. 146. t.38. Id. Orn. p. 198. Tyrannus Braziliensis, Bris.ii. 401. t.36. - Id. Svo, i. 269. Platyrhingue, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.|xvi. Bentaveo, Cuiriri, Tyran du Brazil, Bufii. 579. t,27. Pl. ent. 212. Bientaye ou Puitaga, Voy. d’Azara.ii. No. 200. Brazilian Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 187. SIZE of 2 Blackbird ; length nine inches. Bill very thick, more than one inch and a half long, and pale brown, with bristles at the base; plumage above brown, the feathers margined with yellow; beneath the body fine yellow; base of the feathers of the crown fine orange; on each side of the head, from the nostrils, a white stripe passes over the eye to the hindhead; beneath, and behind each eye a deep brown spot; throat white; on the upper tail coverts a few spots of brown; quills brown, the inner edges rufous; tail brown, the feathers margined outwardly with rufous; under parts of the bedy olive grey ; legs blackish. Inhabits Brazil; called Pitangua, from its note, which sounds like the word Pouitenge; said to make the nest on trees, m the shape of an oven, and closed at top, and to lay two eggs; both sexes nearly alike. * M. Temminck forms a genus of this by the name of Platyrhinque,; and joins with it our Great-billed, and Broad-billed Tody. * M. Vieillot. 84 SHRIKE. 104.—YELLOW-BELLIED SHRIKE. Lanius sulphuratus, Ind. Orn.i. 79, Lin.i. 187. Gm. Lin.i. 304. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 309. Vieill. Am.i. p.77. pl. 47. Lanius Cayanensis luteus, Bris.ii. 176. t.16. 4. Id. Svo.i. 206. Gerin. t.58. 1. - Le Neinei, Voy. d’ Azara,ii. No. 199. Becarde a ventre jaune, Bufii. 312. ~Pl. enl. 296. Gobe-mouche, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.lxvii. Yellow-bellied Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 188, SIZE of the Redwing; length eight inches and a quarter. Bill blackish, an mech and a quarter long, bristly at the base; top of the head black ; forehead white, passing through the eye on each side; under this a black streak, beginning at the under mandible, and continuing beneath the eye, almost to the hindhead; plumage brown above, and sulphur-coloured beneath; the base of the feathers of the crown of this last colour, but seen only when the feathers are lifted up; throat, and fore part of the neck white; wing coverts brown, edged with rufous; quills and tail much the same, but the feathers of the last are margined with rufous on both sides; legs grey. Inhabits Cayenne. There seems much aftinity between this and the last bird, but the very great disparity of the bills must prevent their being wnited imto one species, although they may coincide im some of the markings of plumage; they likewise differ in the make of the body, the former being by much the more robust, and the tail longer in proportion. One of the above is in Mr. M‘Leay’s collection, brought from Berbice, and named Itiki; M. Vieillot is of opinion, that this bird and the Yellow-bellied Jay form but one species; we have formerly had similar doubts in respect to this last, and the Brazilian Shrike, as mentioned under the article Yellow-bellied Jay. Our Shrike is called at Cayenne, Tictivie, from its cry; chiefly found in the SHRIKE. 85) Savannas, never in great woods, but often in high trees thin in foliage, from which it darts on insects ; feeds also on caterpillars; common every where in the warmer parts of South America, but not seen farther north than St. Domingo, and Porto Rico. M.’Temminck ranks this with the Flycatchers. 105.—CAYENNE SHRIKE. Lanius Cayanus, Ind. Orn.i. 80, Lin.i. 187. Gm. Lin.i, 304. Bris. 158. t. 14. 1. Td. 8yo.i. 201. Shaw’s Zool.vu. 297. Becarde, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p.lix. Rie-griesche de Cayenne, Becarde. Pl. enl. 304. Buf.i. 311. Le Distingue a tete noire, Voy. d’ Azara, i. 207. Cayenne Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 189. - SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eight inches and a half. Bill red, beset with bristles at the base, the tip black; the whole plumage fine light grey, except the head, quills, and tail, which are black; legs ash-colour; both sexes nearly alike. Inhabits Cayenne; comes into Paraguay in September, and departs in December or January; flies high, swift, and to long distances; keeps for the most part in deep woods, and perches on high trees. A.—Lanius Cayanensis nevius, Bris.ii. 160. Id. 8vo.i. 262. Pie-griesche tachetée de Cayenne, PI. enl. 377. Spotted Cayenne Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 189. - This differs in having a Jongitudinal black streak down the middle of each grey feather, otherwise like the former. B.—Spotted Cayenne Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.54. In this the forehead is pale buff-colour; on the ears a rufous spot; body pale grey.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. 86 SHRIKE. 106.—RUSTY SHRIKE. » Lanius rubiginosus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xviii. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 313. ferrugineus, Act. d’ Hist. Nat. de Paris, v.i. pl. 1. p.911. Rusty Shrike, Gen, Syn. Sup. ii. p.75. IN this bird the upper parts of the body are full rust-colour, the under pale yellowish red; quills blackish within; forehead a trifle crested, and rust-colour ; hindhead and cheeks spotted. Inhabits Cayenne. A bird five inches and a half long, in Mr. Bullock’s collection, was deep rust-brown above, fine ferruginous beneath; sides of the head and chin obsoletely streaked rufous and brewn; wings and tail like the rest of the upper parts; legs pale brown. 107.—FULVOUS SHRIKE. LENGTH nearly eight inches. Bill one inch and a quarter, stout, depressed at the base, and almost strait, except at the tip, where it curves downwards, colour pale brown; nostrils almost covered with hairy feathers; head large; that and the neck cinereous, with pale streaks on the forehead and crown, and still paler on the chin and threat; on the hind part of the neck a tinge of olive green; the rest of the plumage ferrugmous, or dull fulvous; but the tail and under parts of the body, as also the under wing coverts, are paler than aboye, though bright; quills brown, with the outer margins fulvous; legs brown; claws hooked ; the wings reach about one- third on the tail, which is three inches im Jength. Inhabits Brazil; in the collection of Lord Stanley. I have observed a bird very similar to this, if not the same, differmg only in the size of the head and bill, both of which are smaller in proportion; perhaps this may be a young bird, or differing im sex. SHRIKE. 87 108.—BARRED SHRIKE. LENGTH. five inches and a half. Bill stout, black; head and neck black, the crown plain, the rest marked with dull white streaks ; from thence to the vent finely barred with black and white; back, wings, and tail fine ferruginous, a little mottled on the rump with dusky; tail cuneiform ; legs brown. The female has the crown of the head ferruginous instead of black, in other respects like the male, but the barred parts are less distinct. Inhabits South America.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock. 109.—CRESTED SHRIKE. Lanius Canadensis, Ind. Orn.i. 72. Lin.i. 184. Gm. Lin.i. 298. Bris.ii. 171. t. 18. f.3. Id. 8vo.i. 205. Gerin. t.62. £.2. Shaw's Zool. vii. 314. Pie-griesche huppeé de Canada, Buf.i. 316. Pl. enl. 479. 2. Crested Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 182. Arct. Zool.i1. 129. SIZE of the Red-backed Shnike; length 6in. Bill deep brown; at the nostrils and gape some black bristles; top of the head rufous, and the feathers long enough to form a crest; sides blackish, marked with dirty white spots; hind part of the head and back rufous brown; throat, fore part of the neck, and breast pale rufous, with longitu- dinal brown spots; belly, sides, thighs, and beneath the tail, pale ash-colour ; wing coyerts blackish, margined with white; quills and tail the same; legs blackish. Inhabits Canada. 88 SHRIKE. A.—Le Rousset, Levail. Afr. ii. 115. pl.77. f.2. Tyran a huppe rousse, Vieill Am.i. p.79. pl.49. This is a trifle smaller. Bill and legs dirty horn-colour; top of the head bright glowimg rufous; cheeks and throat light black, varied: with rufous white, or rather spotted on the jaws, passing to the hindhead, almost like a collar; lore whitish; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail rufous, but not so bright as the crown, and paler; quills dusky, margined with rufous; tail bright rufous, somewhat cuneiform, and the wings reach to the middle of it. Inhabits Cayenne. Mr. Levaillant supposes it to be a young bird. The under parts are indeed rufous, but very pale, especially on the throat, fore part of the neck, and breast, the varied parts of which are dusky white. Itis said to be most common about bushes and shrubs, feeding near the bottom, and rarely seen m other situations ; one answering to this description in the collection of Mr. Bullock. B.—In the collection of Lord Stanley is one, which appears to be a further variety. It agrees in many points with the general description, but the wing coverts are obliquely tipped with white, forming streaks on the wing ; the tail two inches long, cuneiform, and black ; the outer feather shortest by half an inch; all of them marked with a white spot at the end, deepest at the outer ones, the exterior web of which last has a long white space about the middle of it; the wings reach to about half way on the tail; the under parts of the body pale rufous ash-colour. SHRIKE. £9 110.—RED SHRIKE. Lanius ruber, Ind. Orr.i. 78. Gm. Lin.i. 308. Buner. Guian. 154. Shaw's Zool. vii. 326. Red Shrike, Gen. Syn,i. 192. SIZE uncertain. Bull straitish, with a tooth on each side, near the point; nose naked; tongue appearing lacerated; the bedy of a bright red colour, ornamented with spots like eyes on the wings and tail, the ends of which are black. Jnhabits Surmam.—From the description of Dr. Bancroft. 111.—BERBICEAN SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill asin the Pied Shrike, and black; plumage in general fine rufous, paler beneath; sides of the head brown and dusky white, in perpendicular streaks; tail rounded, the wings reach to about half the length of it; the outer quill is the shortest, and the third longest of all; legs black. Inhabits Berbice; m the collection of Mr. M‘Leay, and called Kwakwarra,* a female. I have not ventured to join this with the Red Shrike, however similar it may be in colour, for there is no appearance of eye spots on the wings or tail. 112.—CHESTNUT-CROWNED SHRIKE. LENGTH five inches. Bill dusky, bent at the end; crown chestnut; plumage in general olive green, paler beneath; wings * The Pied and Lineated species are so called, which probably is a common name for several kinds, VOL, II. N 90 SHRIKE. black, the feathers more or less margined with pale rufous; tail rounded at the end, only three quarters of an inch in length, colour pale rufous; the quills reach rather beyond the base; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne.—In the collection of H. Brogden, Esq. 113.—GREY-HEADED SHRIKE. Tanagra Guianensis, Ind. Orn.i. 427. Gm. Lin.i. 893. Le Verderoux, Buf. iv. 272. Batara, Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. viii. Le Sourcirou, Levazl. Ois. ii. 111. pl. 76. f.2. Le Lindo vert, a front roux, Voy.d’ Azara, iii. No. 97. Grey-headed Tanager, Gen. Syn. iii. 231. SIZE of a Sparrow, but shorter; length under six inches. Bill brown or black, made like that of a Shrike, having a notch near the point ; forehead deep rufous, with a streak of the same over the eye to the nape; head and cheeks slate-colour; plumage in general above the body olive green; beneath, as far as the breast, the same, but paler, afterwards dusky white to the vent ; tail even at the end, and the wings reach a little beyond the rump; edges of both quills and tail feathers greenish yellow; legs brown. Inhabits Guiana, but not common; from the appearance of the figure of the bird in M. Leyaillant’s plate, added to his opmion, it is here placed as a Shrike. 114.—WHITE-SHOULDERED SHRIKE. Lanius varius, Ind. Orn.i. 78. Gm. Lin.i. 307. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 334. White-shouldered Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 190. BILL black, upper parts of the body cinereous brown; forehead and cheeks somewhat mottled with a paler colour ; throat and breast SHRIKE, 91 buff-colour; belly, thighs, and vent dirty brownish white ; axillary feathers, and scapulars white, forming a large spot on the shoulder 5 quills and tail brown; legs black. Tnhabits Brazil. 115.—TYRANT SHRIKE, Lanius Tyrannus, Ind. Orn.i. 81. Lin.i. 136. Gm. Lin, i. 302. Vieill, Am.i. 76. pl. 46. Borowsk. Nat.ii. t.4. Bartr. Trav. 287. Shaw's Zool. vii, 304, t. 41. Muscicapa Tyrannus, Bris. ii. 391. Id. 8vo.i, 267. Le Titiri, ou Pipiri, Tyran, Buf.iv. 572. Pl. enl. 537, Le Suiriri, proprement dit, Voy. d’ Azara, iii, No, 197. Pica Americana cristata, J’risch. t. 62. Turdus corona rubra, Klein. p. 69. 25. Lanius Tyrannus, Tyrant Flycatcher, Am. Orn. v.2. pl.13. f. 1. Tyrant Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 184. Id. Sup. i. 73s SIZE of a Thrush; length eight mches, breadth fourteen, Bill blackish brown, with bristles at the base; irides brown; upper part of the plumage grey brown, the under white; breast inclming to ash-colour ; top of the head nearly black; the base of the feathers in the middle orange, but seldom visible, except the bird erects them, when the orange streak appears; tail brown, margined with rufous ; legs black brown. The female differs principally in the head, the base of the feathers being there yellow instead of orange; the colours, too, in general not quite so deep, and the bird a trifle less in size. Tnhabits Virginia. d A.—Tyrannus Dominicensis, Bris.ii, t.382. Jd. 8vo.i. 267. Gm. Lin.i. 302. St. Domingo Tyrant, Gen. Syn.i. 185. A. This seems to differ chiefly in the tail, the feathers of it having the outer edges and tips brownish white; indeed M. Brisson does not N 2 92 SHRIKE. mention the yellow on the head, but in specimens received, both from Jamaica and Cayenne, I observe that circumstance, and therefore suppose it to be the same species. B.—Lanius Carolinensis, Gm. Lin.i: 302. Vieill. Am.i. p. 78. pl. 44. Le Tyran de la Caroline, Buf. iv. 577. Gobe-mouche de la Caroline, Pi. enl. 676. Tyrant of Carolina, Gen. Syn.i. 186. 37. B. Catesb. Car.i. p.55. Aret. Zool, ii. No. 263. This seems to have the colours both above and beneath more defined, and differs chiefly from the tail feathers being tipped with white; the bill, too, seems less in proportion. In the female, the crimson streak on the crown is less con- spicuous. In the Carolina Tyrant Shrike, from Mr. Abbot, all the tail feathers have white ends, and the outer web of the exterior white. Male and female, according to Mr. Abbot, are much alike. C,—Tyran de la Louisiane, Buf. iv. 579. Louisiane Tyrant, Gen. Syn.i. 186. 37. C. In this the upper parts of the body are lead-colour; greater coverts and quills margined with white; tail the same, the outer web of the outer feather white, the others tipped with the same; all the under parts white; legs lead-colour; on the crown a crimson spot. I have little doubt of the four last being varieties of each other, or in different periods of growth; they inhabit various parts of America, as far north as Lake George, and Champlain, to the extreme southern places on the Continent, and likewise several of the West India Islands; those of Carolma, according to Catesby, frequent the red cedars, rarely in woeds, but often in hedge rows and fences of fields, and, for the most part, within two hundred yards SHRIKE. G3 of each other; they agree well enough together, but as soon as a Crow, or even an Eagle, appears, all within reach are said to join together, and attack the enemy at once, never desisting till he retires to some distance. ' ~ Mr. Abbot, however, gives an account somewhat different; for one of these having built its nest on the outside of a lofty pine in Georgia, whilst he was considermg how to obtain the eggs, a Crow — settled on the branch, and began to break and suck them, and displace the nest, appearing all the while unconcerned, notwithstand- ing both the cock and hen continued flying at, and stnking with their bills; but as soon as the Crow had completed the robbery it departed. This bird is known m Georgia by the name of Bee- Martin; arrives the 8th of April, and is soon scattered in pairs all ever the country; in the summer two or three pairs inhabit the side of a pond; the nest composed of wool, and dried stalks of flowers, lined with fine fibres of roots and horse hair; the eggs reddish white, or blush-colour, generally five, marked from the larger end to the middle with irregular ferruginous purple spots, and others of hehe brown, several of them confluent. In St. Domingo these birds are called Titiri, or Quicquiri, from the cry, which resembles these words; the first called Black-headed, or Great-billed Pipivi, the second Yellow-headed Pipiri, or Pipiri of Passage. They are said to differ in manners; the first, though im plenty, seldom seen but in pairs; the second in great troops, about the month of August, when they are very fat, and killed in great numbers for the table, as their flesh is thought good. From their ferocious manner, especially whilst the hen is sitting, they have been called by some King Birds. They have no song; build twice in a season; feed on bees in quantity, and numerous other insects, also on berries. Young birds have not the orange head the first season. * * Amer. Orn. 94 SHRIKE, 116—MAGPIE SHRIKE. Lanius picatus, Ind. Orn.i. 78, Gm. Lin.i. 302. Leverianus, Gm. Lin, i, 302. Mus. Lev.t. p.241. Shaw's Zool. vii. 288: t.38. La Pie Pie-griesche, Levail, ii, 83. pl.60. Daud. ii. 246, Tangara, Tem, Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxx. Magpie Shrike; Gen. Syn.i. 192, Id. Sup. 54. Id. Sup. ii. 70. SIZE of a Song Thrush; length ten inches. Bill strong, black, with a very slight notch near the tip; head, neck, and middle of the breast glossy black ; back, shoulders, and lesser wing coverts, belly, sides, thighs, and vent white; greater wing coverts, and second quills black, margined with white; greater quills wholly black; tail long, and cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches and a half im length, the outer only two; all of them tipped with white, which occupies most space on the outer feathers; legs stout, and black. Inhabits South America. On a label tied to the leg of one brought from Cayenne, was written, Vale Savane, which probably meant the name of the bird; from the mixture of black and white in the plumage, it gives the idea of a small Magpie. 117.—BLACK SHRIKE. Lanius niger, Ind. Orn.i. 73. Gm. Lin.i. 301. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 319. Black Shrike, Gen. Syn.i. 187. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, like that of the Tyrant, but stouter in proportion, less compressed, and hooked at the tip, base beset with bristles; general colour of the plumage glossy black; tail somewhat cuneiform ; legs black. SHRIKE. 95. Inhabits the internal parts of Jamaica, whence I received two specimens, by the name of Black Loggerhead; one of them had the outer edge of the second quills brown; probably differing in sex. 118.—ORANGE SHRIKE. Lanius aurantius, Ind. Orn.i, 79. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 336. Orange Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 57. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch, black ; top of the head and sides, parallel with the under jaw, and the nape black ; upper part of the neck and body yellow; beneath the same, but less bright; chin and breast inclining to rufous; wing coverts brown; quills and tail the same, but darker ; legs horn-colour. Inhabits Cayenne. A.—In one of these, which I esteem as a variety, the head and chin are black; bill stout, black; the rest of the body golden yellow, but the breast and rump deeper, and incline to erange; at the inner joint of the wing a spot of white; wings and tail black brown, the latter three inches in length ; legs slender, brown. Inhabits Cayenne.—Taken from the drawings of General Davies, and probably differs from the other in sex. 119.—NORTHERN SHRIKE. Lanius septentrionalis, Ind. Orn.i. 76. Gm. Lin.i. 306. Shaw's Zool. vii. 331. Vieill. Am. i. 82. Northern Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 165. LENGTH near eight inches. Bill black, not much— bent; nostrils round and small; at the base of the upper mandible five or 9G SHRIKE. six bristles; plumage brown above ; chin and breast cinereous; belly and vent inclining to brown; tail two inches long, the four middle feathers plain brown, the webs of the rest white at the tips; legs short, lead-colour. A specimen was brought from the northern parts of America. 120._NOOTKA SHRIKE. Lanius Nootka, Ind. Orn.i. 80. Gin. Lin.i. 309. Shaw’s Zool.vii. 335, Wieill. Am. i. 82. Nootka Shrike, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.5d. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill black; crown, lower part of the neck behind, and back black ; over the eye a white line, quite to the nape; beneath that one of black; from this to the chin wholly white; a narrow circle of white encircles the neck ; lesser wing coverts black, the greater white, more or less dashed with black down the shafts; prime quills dusky, edged with yellowish brown ; secondaries black, edged and tipped with white; tail black, a little rounded, the four outer feathers on each side tipped with white ; rump cmereous, the feathers edged with grey; legs black, Inhabits Nootka Sound, in North America. 121.—UNIFORM SHRIKE. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill brownish horn-colour ; plumage above olive brown, beneath pale olive green; wings and tail as the upper parts ; legs brown. In the collection of Mr. Bullock; I cannot refer it to any species before deseribed. We have inspected two dried specimens, in both of which a space round the eye seemed bare; but whether owing to accident, or naturally so, cannot be determined. SHRIKE. 97 122.—_SUPERB SHRIKE. Lanius superbus, Shaw’s Zool. vil. 293. pl. 39. Le Bec de Fer, Levail. Afr. ii. 121. pl. 79. Sparactes, (Illiger), Tem. Man.i. p. lix. THIS is somewhat stouter than a Blackbird, and above nine inches long. Bill one inch, prodigiously strong, the inner edge of the upper mandible a little undulated, inclining downwards at the end, colour iron grey; nostrils at the base, covered with a few bristles ; tongue small, triangular, fixed to the bottom of the throat; plumage in general black; on the forehead an erect crest of several unequal feathers, inclining forwards over the bill, the longest one inch and a half, hollowed out in a channel, several of the others very short; the chin and throat are deep red, with a mixture of yellow, and the feathers rather stiff; across the middle of the belly a broad band of fine yellow, interspersed with a few streaks of red, and on the sides a few black dots; rump and upper tail coverts greenish yellow; second quills outwardly fringed with white, and on the exterior edge of the quills a mixture of white; tail three inches long, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; legs bluish ; claws black. We are indebted to M. Levaillant for an account of this singular bird, which he thinks approaching to the Barbet Genus, but more properly placed in that of the Shrike, from the toes being situated three before and two behind. M. Levaillant has only seen two specimens, one in his own possession, and was informed that. they were inhabitants of some of the South Sea Isles. M. Temminck joins M. Illiger in separating this bird from the Shrikes, and forming a new Genus, under the name of Sparactes, YOL, II. 10) — ie) a Oo — OO oman * With uneven Tails. Red and Blue Maccaw A Var. Red, Yellow, & Blue M. Patagoman M: Military M. Red and Yellow M. Blue and Yellow M. A: Blue M. Hyacinthine E. Parrot M. Black M. Obscure Parrot Noble Parrot 2 Brasilian Green M. 3 Blue-crowned M. Gingi P. A. Var: 5 Japonese P. Banded P. Tabuan P. Scarlet and Green P. A Var. IBY Wars Amboina Red P. Blue-headed P. A Var. Bauer’s P. Azure-headed P. Barnard’s P. Scarlet-breasted P. ’ 95 Javan P. Red-breasted P. A Ovange-breasted \P. B_ Blue-bellied P. C Ditto Var. Black-crowned P. Papuan Lory PARROT. A Var. B Var. C Var. D Var. | 29 Long-tailed Scarlet. L. 30 Indian L. A Var. } 31 Molucca L. 32 Jay-winged L. _ 33 Van-Diemen’s P. A Var. ‘ 34 Pennantian P. A Var. B Var. 35 Sulphur-headed P. 36 Gueby L. A Blue-headed L. B Violet L. 37 Red-hooded P. 38 Blue-necked L. 39. Variegated L. 40. Ground P. 41 Nonpareil P. 42 Brown’s P. 43 Black L. 44 Lory P. 45 Crested Red. P. 46 Yellow-headed P. 47° Angola Yellow P. 48 Jonquil P. 49. Crimson and Yellow P. 50 Chlorotic P. 51 Yellow Maccaw P. 52: Gelden P: 03. Pale P. 54 Brasilian Yellow P. A Cayenne Yellow P. B Mexican Yellow P. GENUS. VI.—PARROF. 55: Carolina P. A» Orange-headed P. b §6 Hlhinois P. 57 Crimson-vented P. 58. Emerald P- F A Buff-fronted P. | 60 Brown-throated P. A. Brown-frented, P. 61 Long-tailed Green P. A Guiana Green P. 62 Jaguilma P. | 63 Pavouane P. A Var. 64 Varied-winged P. 65 Lace-winged P- 66 Great-billed P. 67 Dubious P. 68 Black-necked P. /69 Alexandrine P. A Futtehghur P. 70 Rose-ringed P. } A Bracelet P. B Double-rmged P. 71 Blue-collaredP. 72, Mustachoe P. A Bearded P. B Var. 73 Whiskered ‘P. 74 Blossom-headed P. A Rose-headed Ring P. B Bornean P. C.Malaeca Pi f D. Var: : 75 Yellow-collared P. 76 Racket-tailed P. 77 Yellow-winged P. 78 Wave-breasted P. 59 Red and Blue-headed P. 79 Wave-headed P. 80 Scaly-breasted’ P. 81 Wilson’s P- 82 Long-billed P- 83 Red-winged P. 84 Grey-breasted P. 85 Horned P. 86 New Caledonian P. 87 Red-rumped P. SS Crested P. 89 Society P. 90 Red-shouldered P. 91 Sanguine P. 92 White-collared P. 93 Golden-crowned P. 94 Lineated P. 95 Undulated P. 96 Pacific P. A Var. B Var. C Var. D Var: 97 Crimson-fronted P. A Var. B Var: C Var. 98 Varied P. 99 Red-topped P. 100 Yellow-cheeked P. 101 Red-faced P. 102 Crimson-crowned P. 103 Buenos Ayres P. 104 Turcosine P. 105 Orange-bellied P. 106 Rose-fronted P. 107 Prasine P. 108 Abyssinian P. 109 Blue-banded P. A Var. 110 Otaheite P. A Sparmann’s P. 111 Blue-crested P: 112 Solitary P. 113 Chiripepé P. 114- Widow P. PARROT. | 115 Orange-winged P. | 116 Perégrine P. 117 Palm P. 118 Small P. 119 Pygmy P. 120 Agile P. A Red-bar P- 121 Buff-crowned P. 122 Modest P. 123 Spotted P. 124 Azure-bellied P. ** With even Tails. 125 Crowned Cockatoo 126 Black C. 127 Grey C. 128 Banksian C. A Var. B Var. C Var. 129 Solander’s C. 130 Cook’s C. 131 Funereal C. A Var. B. Var. 132 Great White C. 133 Greater Red-crested C. 134 Red-vented C. 135 Long-nosed C. 136 Crested C. 137 Lesser Crested C. 138 Red and white P. 139 Rose-coloured C. 140 Ash-coloured P. A Red-winged ditto B Red & Ash-col. ditto. C Var. 141 Cinereous P. 142 Southern brown P. 143 Levaillant’s P. 144 Black P. 145 Vasa P. 146 Mascarine P. A Var. 147 Ash-brown P. 148 Hawk-headed P. A Mailed P. B Var. 149 Thecau P. 150 Crimson and blue-col- lared’ P. 151 Ruff-necked P. 152 Red-crowned P. 153 Robust P. 154 Varied P. 155 Sparrow P. 156° Chili P. 157 Blue-headed P. F 158 Little Dusky P. A Var. 159 Dusky. A Var. ' 160 Ceram Lory: A Noira L. B. Scarlet L. C. Var. 161 Purple-capped L. A Blue-capped L. 162 Rajah L. ' 163 Unicolor L: 164 Blue-tailed L. 165 Blue-fringed L. 166 Black-capped L. 167 Crimson L. , 168 Red L. 169 Grand L. A Var. 170 Cochin-China L. /171 Yellow-breasted L. _ 172 Paraguan P. 173 Red & Blue P. A Var. 174 Green & Red Chinese P. 175 Gnissled P. 176 Amboina P. 177 White-fronted P: A White-headed P. 100 B Ash-crowned P. 178 Gerini’s P. 179 White-crowned P. 180 Yellow-headed Amaz. P. A Yellow-crowned P. B Party-billed P. Ash-fronted P. Manilla Green P. Com. Amazon’s P. A Jamaica P. B Main P. C Blue-topped L. D West Indian Green L E Brazil. Yellow-fr. P. F Var. G Var. H Counterfeit P. Y ellow-shouldered P. Yellow-winged P. A Var. B Var. 186 Yellow-cheeked P. 187 Meally-green P. 188 Blue-fronted P. Autumnal P. | A Blue-faced P. B Red & White-faced P.) C Brazilian Green L. | Il 182 183 184 185 190 Pileated P. | PARROT. 191 Red-headed Amazon’s P. 192 New-Guinea Green P. 193 Eastern P. 194 Dufresne’s P. 195 Blue-cheeked P. 196 Amber P. 197 Festive P. 198 Crimson-winged P. 199 Red-banded P. 200 Crimson-banded P. 201 Paradise P, 202 Aurora P. 203 White-breasted P. A Var. 204 Hooded P, A Nenday P. 205 Senegal P. 206 Cowled P. 207 Red-throated P. 208 Red-fronted P. 209 Golden-winged P. 210 Red-headed Guinea P. 211 Mitred P. 212 Coffee-backed P. 213 Leona P. 214 Blue-rumped P. A Var. 215 Red-naped P. | 216 Red and Green Indian P. || 217 Vernal P. 218 Red-rumped P. 219 Sapphire-crowned P. A Philippine P. 220 Chestnut-crowned P. A Var. 21 Purpled-tailed P. 22 Grey-headed P.. -A Var. 223 Black-winged P. 224 Collared P. 225 Luzonian P. 226 Blue-faced P. 227 Blue-backed P. 228 Passerine P. 229 Blue-winged P. A Var. B Var. 230 Virescent P. 231 Short-tailed P. 232 Yellow-throated P. 233 Green P. 234 Cayenne P. 235 Gold-headed P. 236 Crested red and green P. 237 Crested Mexican P. 238 Blue-green P. 239 Nooffy P. 2 2 THE bill in this Genus is hooked from the base; the upper mandible moveable. Nostrils round, placed in the base of the bill, which in some species is furnished with a cere. Tongue broad, blunt at the end, except in a few, in which the tip of the tongue is bristly. Head large, crown flat. Legs short ; toes placed two before and two behind. Parrots are so well known, as to make a further general descrip- tion unnecessary. These birds are found every where within the Tropics, a few instances only excepted. In a state of nature, they PARROT. 101 live on fruits and seeds, but will eat flesh, and even fish* when kept tame. For the most part they make no nest; breeding like Owls in hollow trees.t At certain seasons fly in prodigious treops, but are observed to keepin pairs together, notwithstanding.+ ‘This Genus consists of an amazing variety; perhaps not so much owing to the mixture of species as may be supposed, uf the remark of M. Sonnerat be true; that, although the same species may be found at great distances on the Continent, owing to their shifting their quarters occasionally for food; yet in the Islands, each maintams certain species, which are peculiar to that alone, and not to others of the same group, though the distance from one to the other be very short; and their plumage seems to partake so much of each other as to induce us to suppose many of them related, though received from different parts of the world. In this, however, we may be deceived, as they are perpetually carried from one Continent to the cther for the sake of sale. This uncertainty of native place might prevent our following the otherwise judicious plan of Buffon, in arranging them according to the places they are supposed to inhabit, and we shall therefore merely divide them into those with uneven, and those with even tails, much after the manner of Linneus, giving the best account possible of each. * Dr. Forster speaking of the effect of a poisonous fish, observes, that a httle favourite Parrakeet died in consequence of eating a bit of it.—See Obs. p. 209. 7.—Voy. vol. ii. 238. as to flesh, most tame ones will eat it when dressed; but Sloane says, a great Maccaw fed on raw flesh chiefly, but would eat other things likewise.— [iste Jam. ix.. p-296. + Fermin mentions, that some of the larger sorts make nests, by gathering a quantity of rushes and small twigs, which they weave together, and fasten to the extreme branches of the highest trees.—Descrip. de Surinam, ii. 177. ~ M. Fermin observes, that at Surinam, about the time of coffee gathering, they are seen by thousands; of which above 100 have been killed in an hour, and the tongues of them cooked up-intoa dish, which was thought savoury.—Descrip..de Surinwn, ii. p. 177: 102 PARROT, 1.—RED AND BLUE MACCAW. Psittacus Macao, Ind. Orn.i. 82. ZLin.i. 189. Gm, Lin.i. 312. Seop. Ann.i. No.2. Borowsk. Nai.ii. 89. Axa Braziliensis, Bris.iv. 184. t.19. 1. Zd. 8vo.ii. 94, Gerin.i. 93, t.102. Buf. vi, 179. Pl.enl. 12. Descr. Surin. i. 173. Naturf. xix. 86. Psittacus maximus alter, Rati. p.29. Will. p.78. Klein. p. 24. Ara Macao, Levail. Perrog.i. p.3. pl.1.2. 3. Le Guacamayo rouge, Voy. d’ Azara,iv. No. 271. The other Maccaw of Aldrovand, Will. Engl. p. 11k. Scarlet Maccaw, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 386. pl. 53. Red and Blue Maccaw, Gen. Syn.i. 199, Edw, pl.158. Alb.i. pl. li. Baner, Guian. 136. Johnst. Av; pl.15. f.2. ; SIZE of a Fowl; length from two to three feet. The bill very strong,* the upper mandible white, the tip, and sides at the base black ; the under wholly black; irides pale hazel; cheeks bare of feathers, covered with a wrinkled whitish skin; head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and the upper part of the back fine bright red; rump pale blue, scapulars blue and green mixed; tail very long, and greatly cuneiform, the exterior feathers being shorter by at least twelve inches than the middle ones, which are red, with pale blue tips; the next on each side half blue, half red, and the four cuter ones vielet blue above, and dull red beneath ; Jegs dusky ; claws black. Inhabits Brazil, Guiana, and other parts of SouthAmerica, and we believe some of the Islands also; but becomes scarce, or wholly eradicated in proportion to the mcrease of mhabitants, These birds frequent the moist woods, especially these planted with the Maccaw plant,t on which it feeds, and of which there are large forests in the marshy, wet savannas; are chiefly seen in pairs, though sometimes met with in vast flights;$ are esteemed by the natives for * So as to be able to crack a peach stone with ease, + Borassus flabellifer, + Anson, mentioning a water-~fall in the Island of Quibo, says, “ while we were viewing it, there came in sight a prodigious flight of Maccaws, which heyering over this spot, and PARROT. 103 food, though not always with impunity, for they are said sometimes to feed on the Manchineel apple in defect of other fruits, which ren- ders their flesh very imjurious, if not poisonous. Maecaws make their nests in decayed trees, enlarging the holes with their bills if not suf- ficiently capacious, lining the inside with feathers. ‘The female lays two eggs, the size of those of the Pigeon, and spotted as in the Partridge ;* breeds twice in the year. The male and female sit by turns on the nest, as well as nurse and feed the young birds; observed to build from year to year on the same tree; when brought up young, they are easily tamed, but the old birds are quite docile. In the wild state their voice is rough and disagreeable, but may be taught many words, if attended to when young, and even then at intervals squall very much. This species is subject to fits when in confine- ment, yet on the whole is a long-lived bird; is known in America by the name of Gonzalo. This, and the blue and yellow species, are said to frequent the Sopucaya tree,} for the sake of its eatable kernels. I observe a slight variety, in which the pale part of the bill is yellow, not white; all the wing coverts, except a small part of the lesser ones next the bend of the wing yellow, with three or four spots of green; the rest of the wing blue; in another, the lesser wing coverts are crimson, below them a streak of green; the rest of the wing and outer tail feathers blue; the bare space round the eye very pale blue. ** often wheeling, and playing on the wing about it, afforded a most brilliant appearance, by ** the ghittering of the sun on their variegated plumage : so that some of the spectators can- “not refrain from a kind of transport, when they recount the complicated beauties which ** occurred in this extraordinary water-fall.”” Anson’s Voy. p. 218. * We are informed by a gentleman who kept a tame female Maccaw for many years, that it laid several eggs, entirely white, rather larger than those of a Pigeon, longer, and more tapering to the small end. + Lecythis ollaria, Lin. 104 PARROT. A.—This is about two feet in length, Bill stout, black, but less strong than in the Red and Blue species; space on the sides of the head flesh-colour, marked with fine curved lines of slender red feathers; irides pale blue-grey; head and body in general red; the nape, and back of the neck yellow; nostrils, just within the skin, a triangular dusky space; feathers of the back dark in the middle, and yellowish on the edges; those ef the wing coverts darker red on the margins, very dark in the middle, with white shafts; the rest of the wing blue; the lower part of the back, ramp, and upper tail coverts blue; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers fourteen inches long, the outer ones very short, the colour of them fine red, with the ends more or less blue, and pointed; legs dusky. Described from a living bird at Exeter Change, London, and is probably a variety of the Red and Blue Species, 2.—RED, YELLOW, AND BLUE MACCAW. Psittacus Aracanga, Ind. Orn.i. 83. Gm. Lin.i. 313. Raii, p.29; Will. p.73, Id. Engl.111. Levail. Perrog.i. p.7. pl. 2. Ara Jamaicensis, Bris.iv. 188. Jd, 8vo.11. p.95. Psittacus capite ceruleo, Klein. p. 24. Petit Ara rouge, Buf.vi. 180. Pl. enl. 641. Scarlet Maccaw, Shaw’s Zool. vill. 386. pl. 53. Red and Yellow Maccaw, Gen. Syn.i. 201. Alb.ii. pl.17. Brown. Jam. p.472. Baner. Guian. 156. A TRIFLE smaller than the former; length two feet nine inches. 311 and irides the same; nostrils placed in a naked white skin ; cheeks naked, and white; plumage in general scarlet ; rump pale blue; scapulars luteous, tipped with green; the eighteen first quills are violet-blue, the inner edge blackish ; the others green, variegated with blue and purplish chestnut; all the quills have black shafts, PARROT. 105 and are dull red beneath; tail cuneiform, as in the other; the two middle feathers pale blue, the next half red, half blue, the four outer ones blue, with a tinge of violet next the shaft, the whole dull red beneath ; legs brown. Mr. Bancroft says, it is peculiar to Guiana, and adds, that the pill is black; Brisson makes it a native of Brazil and Jamaica, and both suppose it to be distinct. ‘The Pl. enlum. give figures of both. In that of the first described, the bare space not only surrounds the eye, but extends to the base of the under jaw, but in the latter the eye alone is surrounded with it; in both the bill is black. Albin’s figure has a white space round the eye, but not seemingly bare of feathers; probably the two only differ in age. 3.—PATAGONIAN MACCAW. Le Patagon, Voy.d’ Azara,iv. No. 277. LENGTH seventeen inches and a half. Bill dusky; round the | eye bare, and whitish; general colour of the plumage greenish yellow; on the middle of the belly a large patch of red, and a lighter tint of the same on the thigh feathers ; quills deep blue, and the outer part of the wing coverts; the others, and under coverts greenish yellow; quills dusky, but bright; tail eight inches and three quarters long, deep green, towards the point blue; forehead dull violet; top and sides of the head greenish brown; fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast brown; legs pale olive. ‘Some of these birds are smaller than others, and are supposed to be females. Inhabits Buenos Ayres, from the 32d degree of latitude to the Patagonian Coast; feeds on the seeds of thistles, maize, &c.; lives in companies, roosts at night in holes of any kind; supposed to be a new species. VOL, II, 12 106 PARROT. 4.—MILITARY MACCAW. Psittacus militaris, Ind. Orn.i. 83. Lin.i. 189. Gm. Lin.i. 313. Ara militaire, Levail. Perrog.i. p.9. pl. 4. Le Maracana fardé, Voy. d’ Azara,iv. No. 274. Largest Guiana Parrot, Bancr. Guian. p. 158. Le grand Ara militaire, Levail. Perrog. pl. 6. Great Green Maccaw, Edw. pl. 318. Military Maccaw, Gen. Syn.i. 202. Id. Sup.58. Gent. Mag.xlii. pl. in p.505. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 395. SIZE of the former. Bill large, dusky; irides yellow; sides of the head bare, and flesh-coloured, traced over with several slender lines of black feathers; forehead red; the crown, neck, breast, and wings full green; middle of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts blue; quills, and part of the row of feathers next above them, fine sky blue; insides of the wings, and under the tail dirty orange- colour; tail cuneiform, as in the others, of a fine chestnut red, tipped with blue; legs dusky flesh-colour. I suspect this to be the bird mentioned above by Bancroft, as big as a Maccaw. The bill long, slender, and flesh-coloured ; plumage beautiful pea-green; the feathers at the top of the head, and upper edge of the wing red; tail long, composed of green, red, and purple feathers. Said to be frequent at Demerary, and often to speak distinctly; the name among the natives is Acushi. ) Mr. Edwards took his description from a living specimen. We have since seen a similar one, preserved on paper, at the late Taylor White’s, Esq. done by his daughter, in the manner described by Mr. Edwards, in‘ his History of Birds, and on Mr. White’s death, became part of the Leverian Collection. * Buffon will have it to be a Variety of his Ara-vert.—Hist. Ois.1i. p. 201. PLAX. PARROT. 107 5.—RED AND YELLOW MACCAW. Pt. XXI. LENGTH three feet at least. Bull two inches and a half, ina strait line from point to base, but taken circularly above three inches ; depth of both mandibles at the base two inches and a half; colour pale yellow oker ; sides of the head, including the eye, bare and pale, reaching quite to the under mandible; head, neck, back, wing coverts, and all beneath to the vent scarlet ; second quills, and some of the coverts above them fine deep yellow ; prime quills dusky rose coleur, paler towards the ends ; shafts of all the quills white ; lower part of the back, rump, upper and under tail coverts rose-coloured white; the tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers twenty inches long, the shortest or outer one six inches, the next eight, the third ten inches ; the six middle ones scarlet, the others pale buff red, growing pale yellowish white towards the ends, but the shafts of all are white; the quills when closed reach about six inches on the tail ; legs stout, pale brown. Inhabits Trinidad : brought from that Island by Lord Seaforth, and added to my Collection, but is said to be by no means common. I have never met with a second specimen. 6.—BLUE AND YELLOW MACCAW. Psittacus Ararauna, Ind. Orn.i. 83: Lin.i. 139. Gm. Lin.i. 318. Scop. Ann.i. No. 22. Borowsk Nat. ii. 83. t.5. A. Levaill. Perrog.i. p.9. pl. 3- Psitt. maxim. cyano-croceus, Raii, p.28. Jd.181. Sloan. Jam. ii. 296. Will.'72. Bris: iy. 193. pl. 20. Jd. 8vo. ii. 96. Klein. p. 24. Gerin. pl. 103. Johnse. Av. pl. 15. ele L’Ara bleu, Buf. vi. 191. pi. enl.36. Levaill. Perr, pl. 3. Deser. Surin. ii 174. Le Canindé, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 262. Blue and yellow Maccaw, Ararauna, Gen. Syn. i. 294. Will. Eng. 110. Id, 111. 4. pl. 15. Shaw's Zool, viii. 391 pl. 54. Edw. p. 159. Alb. ii. pl. 17. SIZE of the others; length various, according to the good or bad condition of the tail feathers. Bill black ; irides sea green ; forehead P2 108 PARROT. to the crown, and sides of the head dull green; the rest of the upper parts to the tail coverts fine blue ; cheeks and throat covered with a bare white skin, and marked with black limes, composed of very short feathers, which arise at the angles of the mouth, and pass beneath the eyes, towards the hindhead ; eyelids edged with black ; from the lower part of the neck to the vent the plumage is of a saffron- colour; and in some birds there is also a mixture of the same on the wing coverts ; the tail greatly cuneiform as in the other, blue above, the two middle feathers plain, the rest have the inner margins in- clining to violet; and near the base margined with blackish ; legs cinereous. Inhabits Jamaica, Guiana, Brazil, and Surmam. A.—Ara jamaicensis cyaneo-crocea, Bris. iv. 191. id 8vo. 11. 96. Brown. Jam. 272 Psittacus ceruleo-luteus, Klein. Av. 24. 2. Blue Maccaw. Gen. Syn.i. p. 205. 4. A. This is about two feet and a half in length, and like the last > the cheeks and chin covered with a white skin, but without the black feathery lines; it differs from the former also, in having the top of the head blue, instead of dull green, in other respects one description might serve. _ Ts said to inhabit the same places, but is less plentiful than the first, and’ never unites with it in society, the one. distinguished from the other from the cry, being totally different,—this appears to be opposite in sex, if not a young bird of the former. PARROT. 109. 7.—HYACINTHINE MACCAW. Psittacus Hyacinthinus, Ind. Orn. i. p. 84 ——--— Augustus, Mus. Lev. No. 2. t. lle Le Guacamayo bleu, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 273. Hyacinthine Maccaw, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 80, Nat. Mise. pl. 609. Shaw's Zool. viii. 393. - THIS rare species is the size of the blue Maccaw; length two feet four inches. Bill very large and black; cere at the base straw- colour ; the body very deep blue, inclining to violet; quills and tail violet-blue, with a tinge of green on the margins; orbits and chin covered with a naked, yellowish, skin; tail as in the blue Maccaw, but not more than half the length ; legs dusky ash-colour. Inhabits South America. Lord Orford was in possession of a living one of this species, and the only one known to exist; which, after death, was introduced into the Leverian Museum; but at that time not known from whence it came. Mr. Pennant gives an account of a similar one, in these words— “« The late Lord Orford had a Parrot, a true Maccaw, which he was certain came from the East Indies; it was as large as the Brazilian : the upper part blue; the breast below deep yellow.” This account was transmitted to Lord Barrington, in a letter from Lord Orford, August 28, 1788.—M. d’Azara found several pairs of the Hyacin- thine Maccaw between the 27 and 29 deg. of lat. of South America , but never more to the northward ; though he is assured, that they are also to be met with in lat. 333; and that they not only build in the holes of the trees, but likewise in holes made in the perpendicular banks of the rivers Parana and Uruguay. ‘The female differs only in being smaller: one of these, supposed a male, in Mr. Bullock’s Mu- seum, has the tail as Jong as the rest of the bird. 110 PARROT, 8.—PARROT MACCAW. Psittacus Makavouanna, Ind. Orn.i. 84. Gm. Lin. i. 314. Levail. Perr.i. p. 17. pl. 7. Perriche Ara, Buf. vi. 277. pl. enl. 864 Barrer. Fr. Eq. 145. Parrot Maccaw, Gen. Syn.1. 205. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 398. ACCORDING to M. Barrere, the length is eighteen inches. Bill black ; sides of the head, and round the eye to the chin bare and white ; top and sides of the head green, with a mixture of blue; the latter most predominant in a certain light ; upper parts of the bedy, wings, and tail dark green ; throat, fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast tnged with rufous; the rest of the under parts green, but paler than the back; lower parts of the belly and vent. red brown ; quills blue, bordered with green, and tipped with brown on the outer side; tail greatly cuneiform, the under parts of that and the wings dark green ; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana: called by the natives Makavou~ anna: said to be a bird of passage, and to frequent the moist Savan- nas, as the other Maccaws, and like them, feeding on the fruits of the palm : it pronounces the word “ Ara,” pretty distinctly. 9.—BLACK MACCAW. Psittacus ater, Ind. Orn.i. 84. Gm. Lin.i. 314. Ara noir, Buf. vi. 202. Ararauna, ou Machao, De Laet Descr. des Ind. Or. 490: Black Maccaw, Gen. Syn. i. 206. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 399. SIZE uncertain. Bill and eyes reddish ; the plumage in general black, but so blended with green, that in the sun it has a most splendid appearance ; legs yellow; although neither the size, nor PARROT. 111i shape of the tail are mentioned, yet from the name of Maccaw being given to it, the latter is probably cuneiform. Said by De Laet, to inhabit Guiana, but never approaching near habitations, keeping on the tops of dry and barren mountains, and rocks in the inland parts. 10.—OBSCURE PARROT. Psittacus obscurus, Ind. Orn.i, 84. Lin.i. 140. Gm. Lin.i. 314. Hasselq: It. 236. Id. Engl. 196. Obscure Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 206. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 400. SIZE of a Jay. Bill black, the feathers round the base of it black, rough, and beset with hairs; space round the eye white; irides yellow; crown variegated cinereous and black ; upper parts of the neck and wings black ; belly and thighs cinereous, marked with transverse hoary lines; tail wholly ash-coloured, cuneiform; legs tuberculated, black; toes the same; claws crooked, and black. Tnhabits Africa. The only one who has described this is Hasselquist, from whom Linneus had his account ;..as to that which the latter refers to in Brisson, it is quite a different species, and he mentions it as such in his last Mantissa.* 11.—NOBLE PARROT. Psittacus nobilis, Ind. Orn.i. 85. Lin.i. 140.° Gm. Lin.i. 314. Mus. Adolp. Fr. ii. p- 13. Noble Parrot, Gen. Syn:i. 207. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 491. SIZE of a Turtle. Face naked, white; the body wholly green ; bend of the wing scarlet; quills and tail green; the latter wedge- shaped. * Psit. mascarinus, Mantiss. 1771. p. 524. 112 PARROT. Besides the above synonyms, Linneus refers to several other authors, all of them corresponding with the Parrot of Amazons, and its varieties; the description above is from the Museum Adolphi. Said to inhabit Surinam, but according to Linneeus, Asia. 12.—BRAZILIAN GREEN MACCAW. Psittacus severus, Ind. Orn.i. 85. Lin.i, 140. Gm. Lin.i. 315. Scop. Ann.i, No.23. Borowsk. Nat. ii. p. 89. Ara Braziliensis viridis, Bris. vi. 198. Id. 8vo.i1. 98. Ara Braziliensis erythrochlora, Bris.iv. 202. Jd. 8yo.ii. 99. Gerin.i. 92. t.101. L’Ara vert, Buf. vi. 194. pl.8. Pl. enl. 383. -Ara Maracana, Levail. Perrog.i. p.19. pl.8. 9. Maracana, Rait, p.29. Will. p.74. Id. Engl. 112. 5. 6. Brazilian Green Maccaw, Gen. Syn.i. 208. Id. Sup. 58. Edw. pl. 229: Sloan. Jam: i. 297. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 397. SIZE of a Crow ; length seventeen inches. Bill black; on the cheeks a bare white skin, marked with some lines of black; irides golden yellow; the general colour of the plumage green; forehead chestnut purple ; on the lower jaw a stripe of the same; crown blue; blending itself by degrees with the green backwards; lower part of the thigh red ; edge of the wing, and under wing coverts crimson, the last paler ; some of the wing coverts and quills blue, and the outer edges of the last beneath dull red; legs brown. The female is said to be wholly green, with no markings of red about her, otherwise does not differ. Inhabits Guiana, Brazil, and Jamaica. I have ventured to join both quotations from Brisson, as they differ merely in having the forehead brown ; the crown blue green, and the green colour darker than in the other. Sloane says, they are common in the woods, and eaten as Pigeons, and when young may be tained and kept as Parrots; jarge flocks met with in Brazil in the maize-fields, where they do PARROT. 113 much damage. It has a piercing cry, and heard a long way off. Called in Brazil Aracan. In a collection from Cayenne was one, which appeared to be the female; this was grey, with the crown bluish; towards the rump yellowish ; neck before dusky ash-colour; breast and belly yellow green; between the legs crimson, approaching to chestnut; quills blue, fringed outwardly with green; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middie feathers eight inches long; all the feathers yellow green, with chestnut shafts; legs black. 13.—BLUE-CROWNED MACCAW. Le Maracana a téte bleue, Voy. d’Azara,iv. No. 278. LENGTH thirteen inches, Bill pale, with a dusky point; tongue black ; irides red, round the eye nearly white; plumage in general green, paler beneath; top of the head pale blue; the two middle tail feathers pale blue, and all, except these, margined within, and at the tips, with flesh-colour; legs dusky. One of these was found under the 24th degree of latitude, and appears to be new, if not allied to the Brazilian green Maccaw. 14.—GINGI PARROT. Psittacus Eupatria, Ind. Orn.i. 85. Lin.i. 140. Gm. Lin.i. 315. Psittaca Ginginiana, Bris. iy. 343. t.29. f.1. Id. 8vo. ii, 136. La grande Perruche a aisles rougeatres, Buf. vi. 156. pl. enl. 239. Perruche 4 Epaulettes rouges, Levail. pl. 73. Gingi Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 209. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 438. LENGTH twenty-one inches. Bill crimson; round the eyes a naked, reddish, skin; plumage above deep olive green; beneath VOL. II. Q . 114 PARROT. pale green, with a mixture of yellow; throat, and neck before, incliing to ash-colour; wing coverts nearest the body dull red, the others green; quills green, edged with black; tail thirteen inches long, cuneiform; the two middle feathers nine imches and_ three quarters longer than the two outer ones; colour green, with brown shafts ; the wings reach one-third on the tail ; legs reddish. Inhabits Gingi, in the East Indies, but is not common. A.—Length eighteen inches. Bill blood red, tip yellow; between the nostrils and the eye bare, narrow, and ash-coloured; plumage pale green, inclining to yellow beneath ; on the wing coverts a long oval streak of crimson ; at the hind part of which an obscure, narrow pale ring; tail very cuneiform; the two middle feathers eight inches long, the outer only two; colour green ; the two middle ones plain, the others with the inner webs greenish yellow ; legs yellow. Inhabits India.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, Bart. 15.—JAPONESE PARROT. Psittacus Japonicus, Ind. Orn.i. 86. Lin.i. 141. Gm. Lin.i. 315. Bris. iv. 362. Id. 8vo. 11. 171. Psitt. erythrochlor. macr. Rati, 34. Will.77. Id. Engl. 116, §. 2. La Perruche verte et rouge, Buf. vi. 159. Japonese Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 209. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 417. SIZE of the Alexandrine species. Bill and irides red ; plumage green; on each side of the head two blue spots, one before and the other behind the eye; throat ferruginous red; from this part the feathers are red at the tips, marked with longitudinal black lies ; scapulars blue ; wing coverts with black shafts ; the two first prime quills green, and the others deep blue, the shafts of all of them white ; the two middle tail feathers green, with white shafts ; the others red, with the shafts black. PY XXII. - Dali n , Yunrrolk. re, 4 TAL a4 Ny Am pid At PARROT. ; 115 Said to inhabit Japan.—Mr. Willughby suspects the reality of this species, as the description was merely taken from a painting sent from Japan ; and no one pretends to have seen the bird. 16.—BANDED PARROT. La Perruche Ara a bandeau rouge, Levaill. pl. 17. Banded Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 404. LENGTH eleven or twelve inches. Bill pale; plumage in general green; throat olive, the feathers edged with pale yellow; irom thence to the vent paler olive, with similar edgings to the feathers; thighs and under tail coverts rufous; across the forehead, at the base of the upper mandible, a narrowish purple-brown bar; slightly speckled with red’; legs pale. Inhabits Brazil: considered by Levaillant as a new species. 17.—TABUAN PARROT.—PL. XXII. Psittacus Tabuensis, Ind. Orn.i. 88. Gm. Lin.i. 317. atropurpureus, Pompadour Parrot, Lev. Mus. pl. in p. 142. Pompadour Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 409. Tabuan Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 214. pl.7. Cook’s last Voy.i. 335. LENGTH nineteen inches. Bill black; irides orange; forehead very dark purplish black; chin and throat dusky purple; at the base of the under mandible the feathers project a little over it, and are green; the rest of the head, neck, breast, and belly, very deep purplish crimson; back, rump, and wing coverts, fine rich deep green; on the lower part of the neck behind, between that and the back, a crescent of blue; the bastard wing and prime quills fine 116 PARROT. deep blue; secondaries green, fringed with blue; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers eight inches long, full blue, deeply margined with green, the ends blue; the outer ones six inches long, the intermediate in proportion, all of them deep blue; shafts of all black ; legs yellow. This beautiful species is found at Tongo Tabboo, and other Friendly Isles in the South Seas, but far from common. The female said to be mostly green; head, neck, and under parts olive brown; belly red, rump blue; tail above green, beneath dusky ; but this sex has not always the blue on the rump, for in a living specimen, in the possession of Mrs. King, December 1809, the rump was green, the same as the back, and that this was a female is certain, from the bird having laid three eggs since she had it: but in her bird the head, neck, and under parts are purplish crimson. This was brought from Fejee, or Bligh’s Islands, and was only sixteen inches in length. In another specimen the green was less brilliant, with some mixture of reddish; on the lower belly, thighs, and vent some reddish purple; this may probably be a young bird. In Cook’s last voyage these birds are said to be of an indifferent green on the back and wings, but surely this description must have been taken from specimens not in good condition, as the green is particularly vivid, and the purple, though deep, by no means sooty. 18.—SCARLET AND GREEN PARROT. Psittacus Tabuensis, Ind. Orn.i. p. 88. 19. B. r —— Zonarius, Zoned Parrot, Nat. Miscel. pl. 657. Grande Perruche a Collier, et Croupion bleues, Levail. Perr.i. 113. pl. 55. 56. Tabuan Parrot, Phill. Voy. pl. p. 153. Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 81. White's Voy. to Bot. Bay, pl. in p. 168. 169. Shaw's Zool. viii. 407. pl. 55. LENGTH twenty-four inches. Bill brown, upper mandible tinged with red; head, neck, and all beneath bright scarlet; back - PARROT. 117 and wings fine green; on the lower part of the neck behind, a crescent of blue; across the wing coverts an oblique narrow bar of Saxon green; tail long, and cuneiform, most of the feathers deep blue ; legs ash-colour. The female generally green on the fore part of the neck and breast, with an olive brown tinge, and here and there a patch of crimson ; belly and vent wholly crimson, but darker than in the male; rump bluish; tail green above, and dusky beneath. This species inhabits New-Holland, and called Wellat; its coincidence in the division of colours, although of different hues, has occasioned it to be thought by some as a variety only of the Tabuan; and we have indeed hesitated in this particular, although at the present moment are inclined to think the two birds distinct. We leave to others the propriety of joining them, or not, as may best suit their ideas, A.—Tabuan Parrot, White’s Journ. p|.168. 1692 In New-Holland is observed a Parrot similar to the last described, which may be ranked as a variety, as all the drawings which I have seen convey the idea of a tail even at the end; in several the pale vivid green streak on the wing is not conspicuous; the rump is blue, but the blue at the base of the neck behind is wanting. One of these, said to be a female, is green, with a pale blue rump; beneath, from the breast crimson; no crescent at the back of the neck ; wings and tail wholly green. ‘Fhe native name, as in the other, Wellat. 2 B.—In addition to the above is another of the usual size; length fifteen inches. Bill dusky ; general colour deep green ; between the bill and eye a clay-colour spot, reaching rather beyond the eye; 118 PARROT. forepart of the neck marked with dull red crescents, from the margins of the feathers bemg of that colour; the rest of the under parts fine crimson ; lower part of the back purplish blue; tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers deep green, the rest black ; legs black. This also inhabits New-Holland, and is probably a female, or young bird, in its progress towards perfection.—In the Collection of Gen. Davies. 19.—AMBOINA RED PARROT, Psittacus Amboinensis, Ind. Orn.i. 86. Lin.i, 141. Gm. Lin.i. 316. Bris.iv: 378. t.28, 2. Id. 8vo. 1. 146. Le Lori Perruche tricolor, Buf. vi. 138. Loro de Banda azul, Gabin. de Madrid, ii. p: 9. lam. 40. Perruche rouge d’Amboine, Pl. enl. 240. Amboine red Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 210: Shaw’s Zool. viii. 407. vare A LITTLE bigger than a Turtle; length fifteen inches and a half. Bill red, with a black tip; head, neck, and all beneath fine scarlet; back, rump, upper tail, lesser under wing coverts, and edge of the wing fine blue; under tail coverts violet in the middle, surrounded with red; greater quills deep green on the outer edges and tips; all of them blackish beneath, and within; the two middle tail feathers nine inches and a half long, violet brown; the rest shorten by degrees, are the'same on the outer edges, the inner blackish; the two exterior edged with red on the inner margins, and are shorter by four inches than the middle ones; legs and claws red, Inhabits Amboina, and seems much allied to the last. A variety of this, in a drawing, had the back and wings fine green; adjoining the band of the wing a few crescents of fine blue ; rump blue; probably a young bird. PARROT. 119 20.—BLUE-HEADED PARROT. Psittacus cyanocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 86. Lin.i. 141. Gm. Lin.i. 316. Bris.iv. 359. t.19. £.2. Id. S8vo.i. 140. Gerin.ii. t. 129. Perruche 4 téte bleue, Buf.vi. 145. Pl. enl. 192. Blue-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 211. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 427? LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Upper mandible yellow, with a pale cinereous tip; the lower plain ash-colour; eyes in a naked, yellowish skin ; plumage above green ; beneath yellow green ; forehead inclining to red; the head blue; throat violet, tending to ash-colour; sides of the neck luteous; neck behind, back, and scapulars green; lower part of the back, ramp, and upper tail coverts shining green; neck before yellow green, changing to yellow at the sides; beneath from the breast greenish yellow ; wing coverts green ; quills green, inner webs and tips deep ash, beneath paler ash-colour ; the shafts black, but that of the first feather whitish ; tail cuneiform ; the two middle feathers green, with bluish ends; the next the same, but yellow within; the four outer green without, and luteous within; all but the two middle ones tipped with yellow ; and the whole beneath yellowish ash-colour, with the shafts black above, and white beneath ; the outer feathers shorter than the two middle by four inches; legs bluish ; claws grey. Inhabits the East Indies. A.—A variety of this had no red on the forehead; a longish, dull, crimson spot on the wing coverts : this was called 'Twiah Totah* in India drawings. * Totah or Toto is general name for the Parrot tribe in India. 120 PARROT. 21.—BAUER’S PARROT. Psittacus Baueri, Lin. Trans. xviii. p. 118. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill pale; head and part of the neck black ; cheeks, throat, and feathers which fall over the lower man- dible, more or less ultramarie blue; neck behind dun yellow, nearly in shape of a crescent; general colour of the rest of the plumage above, fore part of the breast, and the two middle tail feathers green, deepest on the breast; from the last to the thighs yellow; thighs and vent pale green ; the second quills ultramarine blue ; primaries black, edged with grey; under wing eoverts verditer blue; the tail cuneiform, eight inches long ; the two middle feathers green with blue ends; the others the colour of verditer, or paler blue; legs dusky. Inhabits New-Holland.—The description taken from a specimen at Mr. Thompson’s, Little St. Martin’s Lane, London: one of these is also in the Linnean Museum; is said to have been brought from Memory Cove, on the South side of New-Holland. 21.—AZURE-HEADED PARROT. Psittacus Indicus, Ind. Orn.i. 86. Bris. app. 129. Id. 8vo. ii. 155. Alexandri, Lin.i. 142. Gm. Lin. i. 321. 14. ¢. Perruche 4 Epaulettes jaunes, Levaill. Per. i. 122. pl. 61. — atéte d’Azur, Buf. vi. 148. Blue-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. $27.37. D. Edw. pl. 292. Shaw's Zool. viii. 427. SIZE of a Pigeon. Bill red; eyes in a naked flesh-coloured skin ; irides orange ; head and throat fine blue ; rest of the plumage green, paler beneath ; quills cierous, edged with blue ; on the wing PARROT. 121 coverts a spot of yellow; tail greatly cuneiform; the two middle feathers thirteen inches long, above blue, beneath dull yellow; legs and claws ash-colour, | Tnhabits India. 23.—BARNARD’S PARROT. _ SIZE of the Pennantian species. Bill moderate in size, and pale horn-colour; forehead deep crimson ; the rest of the head pale green; across the hind part and nape a broad space of brown; back and wing coyerts deep blue; rump and upper tail coverts pale green ; across the wings a broad stripe of pale green; tail greatly cuneiform, and elongated ; the two middle feathers green, the others blue from the base to the middle, the end half pale blue, fading almost to white towards the ends; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland ; met with in the interior, but said to be very scarce,—In the Museum of the Linnean Society is a fine Barnard, Esq. specimen, presented by 24._SCARLET-BREASTED PARROT. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill red; forehead, to the middle of the crown, yellow; behind the yellow, on the crown, a shade of blue; chin and throat yellow, the latter bounded on the breast bya broad scarlet band; general colour of the rest of the plumage green; thighs mixed deep red and green ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers nine inches long, the outer ones only four; quills deep green, with bluish edges; shafts of the quills and tail nearly black, under part of the latter wholly dusky black; the wings reach to above half way on the tail; legs black. TInhabits New-Holland.—In the Linnean Museum, with the last named. YOL. Il, R 122 PARROT. 25.—JAVAN PARROT. Psittacus Osbeckii, Ind. Orn.i. 87. Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 182. — Javanicus, Osb. It.i. 101. Jd. Engl. 156. Gm. Lin.i. 321. Javan Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 287. 37. E Shaw’s Zool. viii. 426. A TRIFLE less than the last; upper mandible red ; lower pale yellow; cere black ; head every where covered with short pale blue feathers and pale yellow ; temples black ; all the other parts grass green, except the throat and breast, which are pale red ; five of the wing coverts are yellow, but the wings are light grey beneath ; tail yellowish ; legs greenish grey. Inhabits Java, where it is universally exposed to sale.—Mr. Osbeck thinks it to be a variety of the Alexandrine Parrot. It seems to have most aflinity with the Azure-headed species. 26.—RED-BREASTED PARROT. Psittacus hematodus, Ind. Orn.i. 87. Lin. Mant. 524. Gm. Lin. i. 316. — moluccensis variegatus, Spalowsck. Vog.i. f. 10. Psittaca amboinensis varia, Bris. iv. 364. Jd. 8vo. ii. 141. Perruche a face bleu d’Amboine, Buf. vi. 150. Pl. enl.61. Levail. Perr. i. 96; pl. 47. Red-breasted Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 212. Edw. pl. 232. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 415. Nat. Misc. 21, pl. 917. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill yellowish white; tongue ciliated at the end; cere yellowish; feathers round the bill, half the crown above, and the chin beneath deep blue; rest of the head, neck, and upper parts of the body green ; behind the neck a yellow ring ; fore part of the neck and breast fine orange-red, edged with deep blue ; upper part of the belly deep green, the lower yellow-green, marked PARROT. 123 with deeper ; edge of the wing yellow; under wing coverts red; tail four inches and three quarters im length, greatly cuneiform ; green above, beneath dirty green ; legs blackish. Inhabits Amboina.—M. Levaillant informs us, that a pair of these imported from Amboina, bred in the Menagerie of M. Van Blettem- berg, Governor of the Cape of Good Hope. The female made the nest, lining it with feathers from her breast, and laid two white eggs ; the young were hatched in nineteen days; they were at first covered with greyish down, and by degrees gained the green feathers, and the blue on the head, and the parents continued to feed them for six months. A.—Psittacus moluccanus, Gm. Lin.i. 316. 50. 6. Perruche des Moluques, Buf. vi. 150, Pl. enl. 753. — 4 téte bleue, Levail Perr. i. 51. pl. 24, 25, 26, 27. Blue-bellied Parrot, Shaw’s Zool.-viii. 413. Orange-breasted Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 212. 14. A. Length ten inches. Bill reddish white; head wholly blue; on the belly a spot of the same; breast red, mixed with yellow, but not edged with blue; the tails of this and the last, when perfect, are as long as the bodies. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. B.—Psittacus Nove Hollandie, Gm. Lin. i. 316. 50. y- Blue-bellied Parrot, Gen, Syn. i. 14. B. Brown Til. pl. 7. Phill. Bot. Bay, pl. in p- 152. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 413. pl. 59. Length fifteen inches. Bill reddish ; orbits black ; head and throat dark blue, with a mixture of lighter blue; hind head green ; towards the throat yellow green; back and wings green ; under wing coverts crimson ; quills dusky, crea yellow; breast red, mixed with 124 PARROT. yellow ; belly fine blue; thighs green and yellow; tail cuneiform, long; the two middle feathers green, the others the same, but bright yellow on the outer edges; legs dusky ; in some the thighs are dusky. Inhabits New-Holland—very numerous in Botany Bay—native name Goo-reel. Sir Tho.G. Cullum, Bart. informs me that one of these birds, brought | from New-Holland in 1794, is now alive at his sister’s, and that its food, during that space of time, has been bread and water only—boiling water is poured on some crumbs of bread, and after standing a little while, put into a piece of cloth and squeezed dry—now and then an almond* was given, but never any water. C.—Blue-bellied Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. 59: C. White's Journ. p. 140. This differs in having five or six spots of red, tipped with yellow on the scapulars, and the inner bend of the wing; and the blue at the nape bounded with reddish. This is also found in New-Holland, and both of them very nume- rous in the neighbourhood of Botany Bay, as well as elsewhere. Other deviations from the above varieties have also been noticed. * It may not be amiss to remark, that a Parrot from New-Holland, being very tame, was permitted to be at large now and then in a sitting room, and in this state finding a few bitter almonds within its reach, ate one or two, which caused its death. PARROT. 125 27.—BLACK CROWNED PARROT. Psittacus atricapillus, Ind. Orn.i. 88. Gm. Lin. i. 317. Ara moluccensis varia, Bris. iv. 197. Id. 8vo. ii. 97. Psittacus Loeri dictus, Sebui. t. 38. f. 4. Klein. p. 25. 16. La grande Perruche a bandeau noir, Buf. vi. 158. Seban Lory, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 459. Black-crowned Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 213. LENGTH fourteen inches. Upper part of the head black ; neck surrounded with a collar of green and red; back, rump, scapulars, wing and tail coverts, deep blue; throat, fore neck, and breast light red ; the rest beneath deep green, varied with red ; quills deep blue; tail greatly cuneiform, six inches and three quarters long, green; beneath red, and bordered with black. Inhabits the Molucca Islands.—Seba says, from Papua. 28.— PAPUAN LORY. Psittacus Papuensis, Ind. Orn. i. 88. Gm. Lin. 1.. 317, Petit Lori Papou, Sen. Voy. 175 t. 111. Levail. pl. 77. Papuan Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 215. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 440. pl: 64. SIZE of the Lory Parrakeet; length sixteen mches. Bill hooked, sharp, and red; head, neck, and breast, bright carmine red ; on the back of the head a blue spot; beneath two crescents of black ; wings green, short, the green colour extending across the middle of the back, forming there a large spot ; the rest of the back to the tail bright red, with a streak of blue down the middle ; on each side of the wing, just at the base, an oblong yellow spot; and just above each thigh a large one of the same colour; belly, and under tail 126 PARROT. coverts red ; tail cuneiform, and longer than the rest of the bird ; the two middle feathers green for two-thirds of the length, the rest half way from the base, green without, red within, and yellow to the end ; legs bright red. Inhabits Papua and New Guinea. A.—Ind. Orn. i. 88. 20.8 Gen. Syn. i. p. 215, 17. A. This varies in having the breast inclmed to purple ; across the belly a band of black, edged with green on the upper parts; the middle tail feather eleven inches long, the outer only three inches. In the Collection of Sir Joseph Banks. B.—Ind. Orn. i. p. 89. 21. y Gen. Syn.i. p. 215. 17. B. In this the hind part of the neck is blue-black ; general colour of the plumage scarlet ; on the middle of the back, between the wings, a small yellow spot ; between that and the rump blue, with a mixture of green ; sides of the body and thighs yellow ; wings green ; quills dusky. C.—Ind. Orn. i. p. 89. 20. . Gen. Syn. i. p. 216, 17. C. This wants the blue-black on the hind head ; middle of the belly green ; the yellow on the sides almost forms a crescent on the breast ; wings and tail in the others. The two last varieties are in the British Museum. In var. C. the colour of the back is uncertain, as that part was covered by the wings in the preserved specimen. D.—Length nine inches. Bill red ; top of the head blue ; body in general crimson ; middle of the back inclining to yellow; belly PARROT. ey 474 before the thighs yellow ; rump and vent blue ; upper and under tail coverts crimson; tail cuneiform, green ; the feathers sharp pointed, the ends, for two inches, yellowish ; legs lead colour. 29.—LONG-TAILED SCARLET LORY. Psittacus borneus, Ind. Orn.i. 89. Lin. 1. 141; Gm. Lin. i. 318. Psitt. coccin. bon. fortun; Insule, Bris. iv. 373. Jd. 8vo. ii. 144. Le Lori Perruche rouge, Buf. vi. 137. Perruche ecarlate, Levail. Perr. i. 89. pl. 44. Bornean Lory, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 460. pl. 67. Long-tailed scarlet Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 216. Edw. pl. 173. LENGTH eight inches and a half ; breadth thirteen inches and three quarters. Bill orange-coloured ; eye in a bare skin; plumage in general fine scarlet; except the inner bend of the wing, which is green; the greater coverts tipped with green, forming a bar on the wing; some of the wing feathers tipped with blue, the others with green; the tips of all the tail feathers green, and the two outer ones wholly of that colour above, beneath dull red; in shape it is cuneiform ; the two middle feathers longer by one inch and a half than the outer ones ; the under tail coverts are dull red, fringed with blue. In some specimens the neck and breast have a slight mixture of yellow; legs yellow ; but in some individuals black. Inhabits the East Indies, particularly Borneo.—In one lately met with, the tail was considerable elongated, so as to make the length of the bird at least eleven inches. 1298 PARROT, _ 30.—INDIAN LORY. Psittacus coccineus, Ind. Orn. i. 89. Nat. Misc. pl. 737. Psittaca indica coccinea, Bris. iv. 376. f. 25. Id. 8vo.ii. 145. Gm. Lin.i. 318. Lori Perruche violet and rouge, Buf. vi. 188. No.2. Levail. Perr, pl. 55. Perruche des Indes orientales, PJ. enl. 143. Indian Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 217. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 461. pl. 68. LENGTH ten inches and three quarters. Bill reddish; forehead, hind part of it and sides, the chin and throat scarlet; top of the head and hind part of the neck and breast violet blue; on each side of the neck a stripe of the same, joining the crown and neck behind ; fore part of the neck pale red, varied with brown and violet ; upper part of the back and scapulars brown, varied with red ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts full red; belly, sides, and thighs red, brown, and blue mixed ; wing coverts varied with red and brown, the first quills yellowish brown; within red ; the others red on both sides, the ends of all pale brown; tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers violet brown ; side ones the same, but crimson within; legs brown. This is Brisson’s description ; who says, it inhabits Amboina.— The account of Buffon is short, saying the length is ten inches ; general colour red, mixed with violet blue; sides, stomach, top of the head, the back, and tail violet blue; greater quills yellow; the rest of the plumage fine red; wing feathers margined with black. This description nearly coincides with the figure in the planches enluminées, in which the thighs also are red. A.—Length from ten to eleven inches. Bill pale, round the base blackish; the predominant colour of the head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body scarlet; across the crown to the eyes blue, at which place is a deep band of that colour ; the lower part of the PARROT. 129 breast, belly, thighs, vent, and tail blue ; with a patch or two of red on the sides under the wings, and a few markings of blue on the sides of the neck and breast; the whole of the wings Parrot-green, except the quills, which are black on the inner webs, and green without ; the inner webs of the prime ones have a long yellow spot one inch and a half from the ends; legs dusky. The above was in the collection of General Davies, and coincides with the others in most things, but differs in the wings, and may probably be of another sex. The last described was brought alive from India. 31.—MOLUCCA LORY. Psittacus ruber, Ind. Orn.i. 115. Gm. Lin. i. 335. Lori rouge dela Chine, Buf. vi, 134. Pl. enl. 519. Le Lori ecaillé, Levail. Perr. pl. 51. Lori de Gilolo, Son Voy. 177. pl. 112.* Scaly Lory, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 463. Molucca Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 274. LENGTH ten inches. Plumage for the most part red ; bill and irides the colour of orpiment; the eye placed in an oval of black, pointed before and behind; on the middle of the wing an ultrama- rime blue spot; and under wing coverts are also blue; quills black; end of the tail chestnut ; the shape somewhat cuneiform. Inhabits the Molucca Isles, and New Guinea. One of these, said io come from the Eastern Islands, had the legs ash-coloured ; claws white. * Sonnerat observes that all the Lories come from these parts ‘‘C’est improprement que * Jes ornithologistes ont designé les Loris par les noms de Loris des\ Philippines, des Indes * orientales, de la Chine, &c. les Oiseaux de cette espéce ne se trouvent qu’aux Moluques * & a la nouvelle Guinée, ceux qu’on voit ailleurs, en ont tous eté transportés.’’—Sonn. Voy. a la nouvelle Guinée. p, 177. -YOL, Il. s 180 PARROT. 32.—JAY-WINGED LORY. SIZE of the Blue-capped Lory. Bill yellow, inclining to red in the middle; top of the head, as far as the middle of the crown, black, the rest of it fine purple red; general colour of the plumage crimson red; at the bend of the wing mixed blue and black, as in the Jay; on the breast an obscure yellow crescent; quills dusky, some of them yellow on the middle of the inner webs; tail much rounded, or rather cuneiform, colour deep crimson, with the end brown, as in the Gueby Lory; legs dusky. Inhabits Van Diemen’s Land, at the southern extremity of New- Holland. In the collection of Mr. Harrison. 33.—VAN-DIEMEN’S PARROT. Psittacus flavigaster, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 116. 2. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, pale or nearly white ; forehead as far as the eye scarlet; the crown for nearly one inch and a half yellow, brighter before than behind, where it changes into greenish yellow ; below the eye an orange red streak ; cheeks and chin deep blue; the rest of the plumage, for the most part green, the. feathers edged with deeper green; rump and upper tail coverts edged deeply with yellow green; hind part and sides of the neck, breast, belly, and vent greenish yellow ; shoulders near the body almost black, from them a pale lilac band, one inch broad, and near four long; pinion and front of the wing half way fine blue; quills black-blue, edged with grey ; under wing coverts blue; tail cuneiform ; the two middle feathers brownish green, and pointed ; the others pale blue, with white tips, and each shorter than the other by about an inch ; legs black. PARROT. 13) Inhabits New-Holland, said to have been brought from Van- Diemen’s Land. In the collection of General Davies—In the female, the head and beneath are yellow, mixed with brown; fore- head and crown mixed with red; the cheeks are blue, as in the male. A.—Length fifteen inches. Plumage in general olive-green ; forehead, just over the bill, crimson ; round the base the chin and cheeks mixed with dull blue ; outer part of the wing blue; ends of the quills dusky ; on the inner webs of all but the three first a pale spet; tail cuneiform ; the four middle feathers dull dark olive; the others the same, ending in dull blue, and fringed at the tips with white ; the first quill three quarters of an inch shorter than the second ; the next four nearly equal ; under coverts frmged at the ends with red. This last was met with in the collection of Mr. Thompson, and appears an immature female bird.—I have observed a similar one also in the possession of Mr. de Fichtel. It appears to answer, in most respects, to the Psittacus flavigaster of M. Temminck, in the Lin. Trans.* but im the latter no mention is made of any blue on the the cheeks and. chin. 34.—PENNANTIAN PARROT. Psittacus Pennantii, Ind. Orn. i. 90. gloriosus, splendid Parrot, Nat. Mise. pl. 53. splendidus, Lev. Mus. pl. p. 27. Perruche a large Queue, Levail. Perr. ii. pl. 78. 79 young bird. Pennantian Parrot, Gen: Syn. Sup. p. 61, Id. Sup. i. 83. Phill. Voy. pl. in p. 154. White Journ. pl. in p. 174, 175. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 410. pl. 56. LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill yellowish horn-colour ; head, lower part of the back, and all the under parts of the body scarlet ; chm rich blue; upper part of the back and scapulars deep brown, * Vol. xii. p. 116. $2 132 PARROT. or black edged with scarlet ; lesser wing coverts pale bluish green ; ends and interior sides of the quills dusky, marked on the inner webs with a white spot; sides deep blue; tail very long; the middle feathers dusky ; the exterior and upper part of the interior sides blue, the others fine green; tips of all but the two middle ones white ; legs dusky. The female has the upper part of the neck and body greenish ; top of the head red, and a patch of the same under the eye; chin and throat blue; lower part of the neck and breast red, as also the ramp and neck ; middle of the belly dusky green ; tail dark, blue frmged with chestnut; shoulders blue; the rest of the wing the same, but darker. A.—Pennantian Parrot, Phill. Bot. Bay. pl. p. 154. Length sixteen inches. Bill horn-colour; head, neck, under parts, and rump crimson; back black, the feathers margined with red ; inner wing coverts black, the outer pale blue, making an oblique band on the wing; quills and tail dusky, edged with blue; the three outer tail feathers, from the middle to the tip, hoary blue; legs grey. Native name—Wellaat. B.—Psittacus elegans, Ind. Orn. i. 89. Gm. Lin.1, 318. Beautiful Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 217. Length fifteen inches. Bill yellowish brown; round the base below blue; head, neck, rump, and under parts crimson ; back brown; the feathers margined with dull red; and between the two colours a line of green ; beyond this the margins grow narrower ; and on the rump wholly red; shoulders pale blue, with a little mixture of red; wing coverts brown; many of the outer ones, and the bend of the PARROT. 133 wing pale blue; quills dusky, deeply edged with blue ; secondaries the same, margined as the back ; tail cuneiform, seven inches long, greenish brown, the two middle feathers green down the shafts, and blue on the outer margins, and, except the two middle ones, have the ends whitish; legs dusky. Another of these was only twelve inches long ; bill lead-colour, with a yellow pomt; head, neck, and breast dull crimson; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, green; quills dusky, edged with blue ; tail cuneiform, only four inches long; legs black. In one greatly similar the bill was pale; forehead pale red ; cheeks pale blue; nape, and neck to the breast buff colour ; part of the neck and all the back waved with dusky, but the ground of the back greenish ; wings blue; shoulders next the back black ; quills dusky ; from the breast to yent pale greenish ash-colour, with a few trans- verse crimson markings on the former, and a few red ones on the vent ; tail as the other, but shorter; legs pale ash-colour. This last is probably a young bird. 35.—SULPHUR-HEADED PARROT. SIZE of the Pennantian Parrot. Head, and beneath, pale sul- phur yellow ; forehead crimson ; cheeks blue as in the last mentioned ; body above pale green; the middle of the feathers brown ; shoulders blue; quills the same; tail cuneiform, blue, not differing from the Pen- nantian Parrot ; the two middle feathers green ; bill black, end pale. The female has the head and breast yellow, mixed with brown; forehead and crown mixed with red; blue on the cheeks, as in the male. Inhabits New South Wales. In the Museum of the Linnean Society. 134 PARROT. 36.—GUEBY LORY. Psittacus Guebiensis, Ind. Orn.i. 90, Gm. Lin.i. 318. Lori rouge and violet, Buf. vi. 135. Levail. Perr. i: 109. pl. 53. Petit Lori de Gueby, Son. Voy. 174. t. 109. PI. enl. 684. Gueby Lory, Gen. Syn. i. p. 219. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 162. HALF the size of the Amazon’s Parrot. Bill and irides fire- colour; head, throat, back, belly, and wing coverts carmine red ; quills black, with a transverse band across the whole breadth; tail red brown. Inhabits Gueby, not far from New Guinea. A.—Perruche a chaperon bleu, Levail. Perr. pl. 54. Blue-headed Lory, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 461. Size of the Lory Parrakeet. Length nine inches and a half. Bill dusky yellow ; irides yellow ; plumage, in general, fine glowing red, or carmine ; lower part of the neck and breast surrounded with a broad violet belt; on the belly a large patch of the same, but darker, with a little mixture of the same under the wings; wing coverts carmine red ; but the lower series and second quills red, with violet brown ends; hence, when the wing is expanded, appear two brown bands, with a red one between; greater quills fine brown; the base half way on the inner webs red ; the wings, when closed, reach three- fourths on the tail, which is moderately cuneiform; the colour fine reddish, or chestnut brown; the feathers rather pointed at the end ; legs pale brown. This last, which is in my own collection, is probably an adult, in full plumage: it had been in the possession of the late Right Hon. Lady Mary Scott, for some years, after which it died, and was pre- sented to me. I could not learn what changes it had undergone whilst with her: it did not articulate any words, but was the most docile and tame species I ever beheld. PARROT. 135 That figured by M. Sonnerat, and the one in the pl. enlum. are probably young birds, or females: they are little more than eight inches in length ; and I rather suspect this, from most of the feathers of the body in this bird having the margins violet brown; and the purple band on the fore part of the neck and middle of the belly both wanting ; and we know that many Parrots do not gain their full plumage under three or four years. B.—Psittacus janthinus, Gm. Lin. i. 319. Perroquet violet, Fermin. Surin. ii. 175. Violet Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 220, 21. A. Bill strong, black; irides gold colour ; head, and all above, fine crimson ; breast and belly violet ; the head appears as if divided from the body by a line of violet, which passes on each side to the violet on the breast, giving the appearance of the string of an apron ;* scapulars fine blue ; wings and tail green and red ; whether the latter is long or short not mentioned. This is said to inhabit the coasts of the Amazon’s Country, but it may be doubted, as some are of opinion that no species of Parrot is native of both the Old and New Continent; and that, even where Islands are at any distance from each other, they are not inhabited by the same sort of birds.+ * Semble former le Collier d’un Tablier de Cordonnier.— Fermin. + M.Sonnerat observes, that notwithstanding Parrots of the same species are found at great distances from each other, on the Continent, yet in the Islands each maintains a spe- cies peculiar to that alone, and not to others of the same group, however short the distance from one to the other.—Sonn. Voy. p. 74. 136 PARROT. 37.—RED-HOODED PARROT. Lori Perruche de la Mer Sud, Sonnini Buf. Red-hooded Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 466. LENGTH from seven to eight inches. Bill grey; plumage yellow olive ; head and breast red ;, quills and tail blue ; legs grey. Inhabits the the Islands of the South-Seas. 38.—BLUE-NECKED LORY. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill red, round the base a ring of black ; plumage im general crimson ; the eye placed in a bluish skin ; from the eye, on each side, a broad band of dusky blue, dividing the neck, passing to the wing, and finishing as a band on the back, between the wings; the feathers which compose this band are narrow, and wholly blue on the sides of the neck, but appearing chiefly as streaks on the back, the feathers being crimson, with a dash of blue at the ends ; the rest of the back crimson; under parts of the body the same, mixed with markings of a deeper colour, the ends of the feathers melining to chestnut ; wing coverts dusky black, and scarlet mixed ; scapulars dusky black, with crimson ends; the four first greater quills greenish, mclming to yellow; the shafts dusky white; the others the same at the ends; the mer webs more or less crimson from the base, on one or both margins, the more inward ones are nearly so, except at the ends, giving the whole of the wings a mixed appearance ; under wing coverts crimson; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers nearly five inches and a half long, dusky greenish black; the rest crimson on the inner webs and ends, and dusky greenish black on the outer; the exterior one three inches and a half in length, and wholly crimson at the tip; upper and under tail coverts crimson ; legs brown. Tn the collection of Lord Stanley. PARROT. 137 39.—VARIEGATED LORY. Psittacus variegatus, Ind. Orn.i. 90. Gm. Lin.i. 319. Variegated Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 220. Shaw's Zool. vin. 464. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky; plumage in general deep scarlet; lower part of the neck, the beginning of the back, and round the breast, also the belly and vent, fine purplish blue, inclinmg to black on the lower part of the belly; the upper part of the wings whelly red ; quills dusky at the ends, but yellow on the inner webs ; the wing when lifted up, appears beneath to have one-third from the shoulder red and yellow mixed; the middle yellow, and the ends dusky; the tail slightly cuneiform; the feathers green; inside near the base reddish ; the outer edge near the ends blue. Inhabits the East Indies; the three last have affinity with three mentioned by Pernetty.** 40.—GROUND PARROT. Psittacus formosus, Ind. Orn. i. 108. terrestris, or Ground Parrot, Mus. Lev. 249. t. 53. Nat. Mise. vi. pl. 228. Zool. of New-Holland. ix. pl. iii. Perruche ingambé, Levail. Perr.i. 66. pl. 32. Black-spotted Parrakeet of Wan-Diemen’s Land, D’Entrecast. Voy. ii. 47. pl. x. Ground Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 26. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 454. pl. 66. RATHER smaller than the Pennantian Parrot. Bill black; plumage in general green above, each feather banded with black and yellow ; crown and nape marked with numerous, longitudinal, black streaks; the forehead orange-colour, approaching to scarlet ; under * Voy. aux Malouines. Vol. i. p. 177. VOL, Il. T 138 PARROT. part of the body yellow, crossed with numerous, waved, blackish bands; under wing coverts cinereous grey, with a pale, broad, yellow stripe; tail cuneiform ; the two middle feathers green, with several oblique bars of black ; the others yellow, barred in the same manner ; all the feathers paler towards the ends, where they are without bars. This most elegant and beautiful species inhabits New-Holland ; found about New South Wales ; also at Van-Diemen’s Land, and other parts ; known by the name of Goolingnang ; it is sufliciently common, but rarely, if ever, seen, except on the ground, and parti- cularly m moist places; the legs and toes aremore slender than usual in the Genus, the claws less curved: is not known to perch in trees like other Parrots, but constantly seen to rise from among the grass, and to alight therein again, almost immediately. 41.—NONPAREIL PARROT. Psittacus eximius, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxi. Nat. Misc. pl. 93. N. Holl. Birds, pl. 2. Perruche omnicolore, Levail. Perr. i. 59. pl. 28, 29. Nonpareil Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 85. Shaw's Zool. viii. 411. pl. 57, 58. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill dusky horn-colour ; head, sides, fore part of the neck and breast, vent, and under tail coverts crimson ; lower part of the breast crimson and yellow mixed; belly yellow; towards the vent inclining te green; chin and feathers surrounding the lower mandible white; the middle of the nape black and dull green, with a few black spots; hind parts of the neck and hack as far as the middle, green, each feather marked with a large black spot, or rather, the feathers are black, with green margins; lower part of the back and rump pale green; shoulders black; lesser wing coverts pale blue, beneath deep blue; great quills dusky, with the outer margins deep blue; the secondaries edged pale green as the back ; all the greater quills except the outer one, and six or seven of the PARROT. 139 inner secondaries, marked with a transverse, pale yellow spot about the middle, on the inner web; tail blue, cuneiform ; the ends of all but the two middle feathers, nearly white ; legs dusky. Inhabits New-Holland, and is a common species ; called by some the Rose-Hill Parrot, being met with in that part. — 42.—BROWN’S PARROT. Psittacus Brownu, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 119. THIS is smaller than the nonpareil species, being only eleven inches in length. Bill dusky grey ; crown of the head full black, as far as the eyes ; on the cheeks a large patch of white, as in the non- pareil species ; on the upper parts of the body the feathers are black im the middle, with a margin of yellow ; rump, fore part of the neck, breast, and belly yellowish white, frmged with dusky or black ; shoulders and wing coverts blue; under wing coverts also blue; quills dusky, edged with blue; tail greatly cuneiform, blue; the two middle feathers deeper in colour, the others growing paler towards the ends, which are nearly white; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland, met with there by Mr. Brown, and pre- sented by him te the Museum of the Linnean Society. 43.—BLACK LORY. Psittacus nove Guinez, Ind. Orn.i. 91. Gm. Lin. i. 319. Lori dé la nouvelle Guinée, Son. Voy. 175. Forr. Voy. 133. Lori noir, Levail. Perr.i. 107, pl. 52. Black Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 221. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 451. SIZE of common Parrakeet. Bill blackish; eye in a brown bare skin ; irides blue, with an inner circle of red brown; plumage T2 140 PARROT. black with a blue tinge, having at once the softness of velvet, with a metalline gloss; tail long, cuneiform, but not in a great degree; it is black above, and dull red beneath ; Jegs blackish, Inhabits New Guinea. 44.—-LORY PARRAKEET. Psitt. ornatus, Ind. Orn.i. 91. Lin: i. 148. Gm. Lin. 1. 324. Bor. Nat. ii. 94. Psittaca indica, Bris. iv. 366. Id. 8vo.ii. 142. Avis paradis. orientalis, Sebai. pl. 60. f.2, 3. Klein. p. 64. La Perruche Lori des Indes, Buf. vi. 145. Pl. enl. 552. Petit Lori, Levail. Perr. i. 107. pl. 52. Variegated Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 416. pl. 60. Lory Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 221. Edw. pl. 144. LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale orange; cere brownish ; eyes in a bare ash-coloured skin; irides orange red ; upper part of the head fine black blue, behind a crimson crescent, the points towards the eyes; on each side the head, behind, and above the eyes, a fine blue spot ; and beyond this another larger, of a yellowish colour ; on the sides of the head, under the eyes, the throat, fore part of the neck, and breast scarlet, edged with blackish green; hind part of the neck, back, ramp, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts, belly, _ thighs, and sides green; on each side of the neck a longitudinal yellow stripe; the feathers on the middle of the back and sides of the belly tipped with yellow; quills green on the outer, and dark brown on the inner webs; tail three inches and a half long, cunei- form, the two middle feathers green, the others the same, the ends yellow, beneath reddish ; legs cinereous. Inhabits the East Indies.—Mr. Bancroft* mentions the Lory Parrakeet of Edwards, being in Guiana, and describes it as yellow * Hist. Guian. p. 162. PARROT. 141 green, with a long tail; hind part of the head and throat red, but the top and sides of the head blue. If we allow this bird to be the same, it must have been imported into Guiana; for, according to what has been before hinted, we cannot readily allow of two climates for the same Parrot.—In a set of drawings from China was one of these birds, under the name of Ue-Shek-uang. 45.—CRESTED RED PARRAKEET. Psittacus Bontii, Ind. Orn. i. 92. Rati. p. 34. Will. p. 81. Psitt. Javanicus, Gm. Lin.i. 319. Psitt. Javensis cristata coccinea, Bris.iv. 381. Jd. Svo. ii. 146. La Perruche huppée, Buf. vi. 160. Bontius’s small Parrakeet, Will. Engl. 120. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 453. Crested red Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 223. SIZE of a Lark. Bill grey, cere whitish; eyes black, placed in bare, silvery white skin ; head crested ; general colour of the plumage scarlet; throat grey; fore part of the neck and breast rose-colour ; scapulars and wing coverts red and green mixed; quills the same; the tail is long, and reaches ten inches beyond the wings when closed, the two middle feathers scarlet; the others rose-colour, tipped with blue, and have a mixture of green; itis also said, that when exposed to the sun, it represents a thousand varieties of shining colours, hardly to be expressed by a painter. Inhabits Java, found chiefly in the midland countries, roosting and building on the highest trees; is garrulous, and learns to pro- nounce some words if kept tame.—These birds fly in companies, and, like other Parrots, make a great noise. 142 PARROT. 46.—YELLOW-HEADED PARROT. Psittac. Jendaya, Ind. Orn. i. 98. Gm. Lin.i. 319. Psitt. braziliensis lutea, Bris. iv. 392, Jd. 8vo. 1. 152. Jendaya, Raz. 34. Will.78. Id. Engl. 116. Buf. vi. 262. Shaw's Zool. viii. 451. Yellow-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 224. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill black ; orbits naked, white; irides gold colour; plumage green above, yellow beneath ; head and neck yellow ; bottom of the belly green ; legs black. Inhabits Brazil, and called Jendaya.—Brisson has ranked this among his short-tailed Parrots; and Buffon with those having long ones ; it is, therefore, uncertain; as Marcgrave, from whom the description is copied, does not mention the circumstance. 47.—_ANGOLA YELLOW PARROT. Psittac. solstitialis, Ind. Orn. 1. 92. Lin.i. 141. Gm. Lin. i. 320. Shaw’s Zool. viii- 448. pl. 65. Psittacus aurantius, 7. F. Miller, ill. t. 5. croceus, Klein. av. p. 25. luteus cauda longa, Frisch. t. 53. Psittaca angolensis lutea, Bris.iv. 371. Id. 8yo. 11. 144. Perruche jaune, Buf. vi. 147. Angola Yellow Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 224. Alb. ui. pl. 13. — LENGTH eleven inches. Bill greenish ash-colour; eyes and base of the bill surrounded with a pale skin; irides dull yellow ; general plumage orange yellow; back and wing coverts marked with yellow green spots ; rump and upper tail coverts yellow green ; sides and thighs red; wing coverts nearest the body yellowish green, with orange yellow edges; those farthest from the body blue ; greater quills blue without, and yellowish green within ; the lesser PL XX, eG ; i aay fo - Songul LQOIVAKCE._) PARROT. 143 ones green; tail cuneiform ; the six middle feathers yellowish green, the three outside ones the same, the outer margins blue ; legs reddish. Inhabits Angola, and probably the East Indies.—Albin observes, that it learns to talk.—In Frisch, the skin round the eye is red. 48.—JONQUIL PARRAKEET.—Pt. XXIII. Psittacus Narcissus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxi. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 427. Jonquil Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 83. pl. 123. LENGTH ten inches. Bill flesh-colour; general plumage fine jonquil yellow, paler beneath ; crown of the head and cheeks crimson; and a large spot of the same at the bend of the wing, next the shoulder; round the neck, beneath the crimson, a collar of white, or very pale, changing to greenish at the hind head; tail cuneiform, and half as long again as the bird; the two middle feathers pale buff-colour ; the others more or less yellow, most so nearest the base ; quills pale yellow, paler within ; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits India,—a living specimen was in possession of Miss Hunter, of Greenwich: brought from the Ramghur Hills, in the Province of Bahar, in Bengal: known only by the common name of 'Toto.—General Davies. 49.—-CRIMSON AND YELLOW PARROT. SIZE of the Tabuan species. Bill deep orange, margined with black ; under mandible black ; head, neck, and under parts fine crimson ; quills white ; vent buff yellow, the feathers margined with crimson ; tail cuneiform, pale yellow. 144 PARROT. One supposed to be the female, had the head, neck, and under parts yellow ; the rest as in the male. Inhabits New-Holland. One of the latter was alive, and in the possession of Mrs. Bligh. 50.—CHLOROTIC PARROT. SIZE of the last; length fourteen inches or more. Bill pale ; irides hazel ; plumage on the head, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, pale greenish yellow, shafts of the feathers white; throat and breast pale red, growing deeper on the belly and vent, so as to appear quite red, but the feathers of the last margined with dull yellow at the ends, appearing like crescents ; rump tinged with red ; tail cuneiform, greenish yellow, with a light tinge of scarlet at the end; legs black. 7 Inhabits New South Wales, met with far to the southward : one was brought to England alive, and in the possession of Mrs. King. It was fed with wheat, of which it seemed very fond.—I suspect the two last described to be allied to each other, as is perhaps the sulphur Parrakeet of Shaw's Zoology :* said to be fifteen inches long ; colour uniformly pale, or sulphur yellow, deeper on the back ; and- to be described and figured by Levaillant from a specimen m the collection of Leyden. 51.-YELLOW MACCAW PARROT. — LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill and legs pale brown; the upper mandible large, and under very stout, as in the various Maccaws ; * Zool. Vol. viii. 428.—Dr. Shaw does not say the plate or vol. in Levaillant; but adds, that this author considers it to be a variety of the Rose-ringed Parrot. PARROT. 145 round the eye bare for some space; the whole of the plumage, quills, and tail fine yellow ; the last long and cuneiform, In another specimen there is a mixture of green in the feathers, and from this supposed to be a young bird. The above two specimens were brought from Cayenne, and in fine condition in Mr. Bullock’s Museum. 52.—-GOLDEN PARROT. Perroquet d’or, Levail. Per. pl. 188. Golden Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 548. LENGTH about eight inches. Bill pale; plumage entirely golden yellow ; edges of the shoulders tinged with rose-colour; legs pale. Supposed to inhabit Brazil. 53.—PALE PARRAKEPFT. Péittacus pallidus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxi. Nat. Mise. pl. 258. Pale Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 84. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 471. LENGTH eight inches. Bill and legs pale; general colour of the plumage pale yellow; the quills, more or less, dirty rose-coloured white, in some lights appearing to be tinged with green ; the tail cuneiform, but in a moderate degree. Inhabits New-Holland. VOL. I. U 146 PARROT. 54.—BRAZILIAN YELLOW PARROT. Psittacus luteus, Ind. Orn.i. 92. Bris.iv. 369. Id. 8vo.11. 143. Guarouba, Gm. Lin. i. 320. Buf.vi. 272: — flavus, Alis et cauda viridescentibus, Gerin. ii. pl. 122: Perruche Ara, Guaroba, Levail. Perr.i. p.42. pl. 18, 19. 20. Quijubatui, Ratz, 35. Will.78. Id. Engl. 117. §.4. Brazilian Yellow Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 225. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 449. THIS is about eleven inches in length. Bill grey; eyes black ; plumage in general fine yellow, except the greater quills, which are green; tail cuneiform, pretty long, and yellow. A.—Perruche jaune de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 525. This varies, in having a mixture of green on the back, wing coverts, and rump; tail feathers green, with yellow margins, the ends blue; the rest of the plumage fine yellow, or orange-colour. B.—Psittaca mexicana lutea, Bris.iv. 370. Jd. 8vo.11. 143. Avis Cocho, Psitt. Mexic. Species, Seba.i. t. 64, f. 2. Psittacus flavus maculatus fronte albida, Gerin.i. 95: t. 1112 Mexican Yellow Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 226, 28. A. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 450. Length eleven inches. Bill reddish; head pale red; neck orange red; back, rump, breast, belly, sides, thighs, upper and under tail coverts, light yellow; upper wing coverts varied with green, red, and orange; quills green; tail cuneiform, pale yellow. Inhabits Mexico; probably a variety of the Brazilian Species, which is found in Brazil, and the Amazon’s Country, but not at Cayenne. It is called Guiaruba, or Yellow Bird; is a solitary species ; does not learn to talk, but is not difficult to tame, and not common, Those with green feathers mixed with the yellow, are PARROT. 147 most likely young birds, if not differmg in sex, In one of these with a mixed plumage the tail was wholly yellow; I have observed one, in which the face inclined to red or orange; as to Var. B. it must rest on conjecture only, not haying seen such a bird, 55.—CAROLINA PARROT. Psittacus Carolinensis, Ind. Orn.i. 93. Lin.i. 141. Gm. Lin. i. 320. Scop. Ann. 1. No. 25. Bris.iv. 850. Id. 8vo.i. 138. Klein. p.25. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 445. Perriche a téte jaune, Buf. vi. 274. Perroquet, No.7, Fermin. Surin. il. 176. Carolina Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 227. Id. Sup. 59, Td. Sup.ii. 84; Cates. Car.i. pl. 2: Arct. Zool.ii. No, 132. Bartr. Trav. 286. Amer. Orn.iii. pl. 26. 1. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill yellowish white, and with the eyes surrounded by a naked, pale, ash-coloured skin; irides yellow ; fore part of the head orange, back part, nape, and throat yellow ; lower part of the neck behind, and all the upper and under parts of the bedy green; edge of the wing, at the bend, erange; wing coverts green, the lesser green beneath, the greater brown; quills brown within, yellow on the outside at the base, then green, with the tips inclining to blue; the secondaries green above, and all of them brown beneath; tail greatly cuneiform, green; legs hoary. Inhabits Guiana, migrating into Carolia and Virginia in autumn; is said to feed on corn, and kernels of fruits, particularly those of cypress and apples; comes into Carolina and Georgia in vast flights, doing great damage in orchards, by tearing in pieces the fruits for the sake of the seeds, the only part agreeable to their palate. Have been known to build the nest in Carolina, but the greater part retires south in breeding time, returning when the fruits are ripe. They are called in Georgia the Parrakeet.* Bartram observes, that * Mr, Abbot, U2 148 PARROT. they never reach so far north as Pensylvania, which is singular, being a bird of very rapid flight, and could easily perform the journey in 10 or 12 hours from North Carolina, which abounds in all sorts of the fruits they delight in.* Is easily made tame, if taken by means of the wing being broken, or any other accident, which does not affect its life. A.—Psittacus Ludovicianus, Gm. Lin.i. 347. viridis capite luteo, fronte rubra, Frisch. t.52. Klein. p.25. 14. Gerin. ii. t. 121. Papegai 4 téte aurore, Buf. vi. 247. Du Pratz. Voy.ii. 128. Perruche de la Caroline, P/. enl. 499. Orange-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 304. The plumage in this is said to be sea-green, but the head covered with yellow, which grows red towards the bill, and mixes, by degrees, with the green on the sides of the body. This is all the description given by Du Pratz, who relates much the same manners as have been mentioned in respect to the foregoing, and of which we suspect it to be a mere variety. 56.—ILLINOIS PARROT. Psittacus pertinax, Ind. Orn.i. 94. Lin.i. 149. Mus. Ad. Fred.i. p.14. Gm. Lin.i. 322. Bor. Nat.ii. 94. Spalowsck. Vog.ii. t.9. Psittacus viridis malis croceis, Klein. Av. 25. Frisch. t. 54. Psittica Illiniaca, Bris.ivy. 353. Id. 8vo.i. 138. Tui Aputejuba, Raitt, 34. Jd.181. Will.78. Id. Engl. 116.§. iv. Buf. vi. 369. pl.13. Pl. enl. 528. Perruche a front jaune, Levail. Perr.i. 70. pl.34.35. 36. 37. Yellow-faced Parrot, Edw. pl. 234. Illinois Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 228. Arct. Zool.ii. No.133. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 445. Length nine inches and a half. Bill pale ash-colour; eyes and upper mandible placed in a naked, ash-coloured skin ; irides deep * Bartr. Trav. PARROT. 149 orange; plumage in general green, inclining to yellow beneath ; forehead, cheeks, and throat fine orange; crown of the head deep green, mixed with yellow towards the hindhead; fore part of the neck cinereous green; on the belly a few orange spots; quills blue- green within, and the shafts blackish, the five next the body full green; tail much cuneated, green, some of the outer feathers with cinereous margins, and others with yellowish ones; the exterior shorter by one inch and three quarters; legs deep ash. Inhabits Brazil, Guiana, Cayenne, &c. where it is called W ood- Louse* Parrot, from its feeding on, and making the nest in the habitations of those insects, remaining the whole year at Guiana, but migrates from other parts, far northward, bemg very common on the banks of the Ohio, and the south shore of Lake Erie. Sometimes in the number of 500 in a flock, and living, among other things, en chestnuts, acorns, and wild peas; are very clamorous, and on the approach of any person, set up a horrible outcry all together. The flesh is accounted savoury by the French and Indians, who make it into soup. That figured in pl. enlum. is green above, and yellow beneath ; forehead and cheeks yellow, inclining to orange; no doubt either taken from a bird in higher plumage, or differing in sex. The Carolina and Illinois Parrot are by many supposed to be one and the same species, but differing merely from age or progress to maturity ; the female varies but little from the male, the yellow on the neck not descending so far down, and in her the vanes of the prime quills are brownish, instead of black , and the orange red on the head, and edges of the wing much narrower. * This insect belongs to the Genus Termes of Linneus ; called by the English in the West Indies, White, or Wood Ant: and in Africa, Vagvague, or Bugabug—the devasta- tion of which is too well known in the parts which they frequent. See Adans. Voy. to Seneg. Svo. 153, 179.—Bosman’s Guinea, 276, 493.—Sloane’s Jamaica, ii. 221. &c.—Also a curious memoir on the subject by Mr, Smeathman—Phil. Trans. V.1xxi. p. 139. 150 PARROT. Mr. Wilson* observes, that young birds of the preceding year are generally destitute of yellow on the head and neck, till the middle of March, being then wholly green, except from the cheeks, which are orange red in them as in full grown birds ; about the middle of March the yellow begins to appear in detached feathers among the green, varying in different individuals ; build in companies in hollow trees ; the favourite food said to be cockle burs—fond of large sycamores, roosting thirty or forty together im the hollow of one—are killed for food by the mhabitants, but their flesh is not well flavoured. As a proof of these birds being in very great numbers M. Levail- lant says, he has seen aboye 6000 skins of the Carolina species sent for sale to a dealer in feathers at Paris, for the purpose ef ornament- ing dresses, 57.—CRIMSON-VENTED PARROT. Psittacus erythropygius, Ind. Orn.i. 94. Gm. Lin. 1. 322. Crimson-vented Parrot, Gen. Syn. ic 229. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 443, SIZE large. Bill dusky ; head and neck yellow, the rest of the body palish green; tail cuneiform; vent crimson; quills, and end of the tail feathers blue. Supposed to come from the East Indies, or China. A specimen was in the Leverian Museum, but without any history ; we have, however, seen a drawing of this bird from China, and may fairly conclude it to be a native of Asia. * Amer. Orn PARROT. 151 58.—EMERALD PARROT. Psitt: smaragdinus, Ind. Orn. 1. 94. Gm. Lin. 1. 322. Perruche emeraude, Buf. vi. 262. Levail. Perr. i. 47. pl. 21. des terres magellaniques, Pl. enl. 85. Emerald Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 239. Id. Sup. p. 60. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 406. LENGTH. thirteen inches. Bill dusky ; plumage dusky green, except the lower part of the belly, vent, and tail, which are ferru- ginous chesnut ; tail pretty long, with a green tip; legs dusky. Inhabits the neighbourhood of the Straits of Magellan ; this, however, Buffon has doubt of; for, according to him,* no Parrot is met with in so high a latitude: perhaps in this he is guided by the supposition of their living on fruits and. succulent food only; but as it is well known that several of the Genus feed also on seeds and berries, the objection on this head must cease; besides, so many authors of veracity assert to the contrary, that the fact cannot be doubted: we are told, that two sorts were seen about Trinity Harbour in the South Seas, latitude 41.7. Dr. Forster met with two kinds at Dusky Bay, New Zealand, latitude 46. south, and large flocks as low as Port Famine, in the Straits of the Magellant latitude 53. 44. south, where their food must have been buds and berries, the forests being fre- quently bounded by mountains, covered with eternal snow. 59.—_RED AND BLUE-HEADED PARRAKERFT. Psitt. canicularis, Ind. Orn.i. 94. Lin.i. 142. Id. iii. app. 228. Gm. Lin. i. 323. Psitt. Brasiliensis fronte rubra, Bris. iv. 339. Id. Syo. 11. 134. La Perriche a front rouge, Buf. vi. 268. Pl. enl. 767. Levail. Perr. i. 79. pl. 40. Red and blue-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 242. Edw. pl. 176. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 455. SIZE of a Thrush ; length ten inches. Biull and cere pale ash- colour; eyes in a naked ash-coloured skin ; indes yellow orange ; * He confines them to 25 degrees on each side the equator, Hist. des Ois. ii. p. 82: + Barrington. Misc. 489. 491. Voy. V.i. p. 158. + Spilsb. Voy. Woods, in Damp. Voy.iy. 112. Hawksw. Coll. i. 38. besides other accounts more recent—Arct. Zool. ii. 244. 152 PARROT. forehead scarlet ; crown of the head fine blue, paler behind ; upper parts of the body deep green, beneath paler; prime quills blue on the outer webs ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers longer than the outer by more than three inches and a half; legs greenish flesh-colour. Inhabits the hotter parts of America. A.—Psittac. vertice ceruleo, fronte lutea, Gerin. ii. t. 127 ? Perruche a front jaune, Pl. enl. 838. Buff-fronted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 61. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 455. Length ten inches. Bill dusky ; forehead buff-colour; m some deeper, or yellew ; round the eye a patch of deep yellow, pointed behind ; crown bive, changing into greenish at the back part; sides of the head and throat, pale greenish ash ; general colour of the plumage as the upper parts; wings, and tail green ; breast inclining to yellow; second quills deep blue, forming a bar; prime quills blue, with green edges; tail cuneiform, the middle feathers five inches long, the outer two inches and three quarters, the ends of all bluish ; legs dusky red. In Linneeus’s bird the crown was green, probably differimg in sex. 60.—BROWN-THROATED PARRAKEET. Psittacus eruginosus, Ind. Orn.i. 95. Linsi. 142. Gm. Lin. i. 323. Psittaca martinicana, Bris. iv. 356. Id. 8vo.i1. 139. Perriche 4 Gorge brune, Buf.vi. 257. Brown-throated Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 243. Edw. pl.177. Shaw's Zool. vii. 455. LENGTH ten inches anda half. Bill, cere, and orbits ash- coloured ; irides hazel; plumage green above, yellow green beneath; crown of the head, from eye to eye, greenish blue; the feathers at the base of the bill, the cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck PARROT. 153 grey brown, with a tinge of yellow; tail green, shorter than the body, and yellowish beneath, in shape cuneiform; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Martinico, and different parts of North America; if the same with Bancroft’s bird, is found in Guiana, but in his, part of the quills was blue. I received one from Jamaica, in which the head is of the same green as the rest of the body, the secondaries next the body, and the inner sides of the prime quills blue. — A.—Psittacus plumbeus, Gm. Lin. i. 326. Brown-fronted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i, 243. 41. A. Length eleven inches and a half. Bill lead-colour; eye in a skin of the same; irides hazel; forehead brown; crown bluish; cheeks and chin brownish buff; throat deeper; rest of the body green, paler beneath ; tail cuneiform, more than half the length of the bird, side feathers short, colour as the body, with blue edges and tips; edges of the quills blue; legs lead-colour. Inhabits the Spanish Main, from whence it was brought alive. 61.—LONG-TAILED GREEN PARRAKEET. Psittacus rufirostris, Ind. Orn.i. 95. Lin.i. 142. Gm. Lin.i. 323. Mus. Ad. Fred. il, p. 18. Gerin. ii. t. 125. Psittaca, Bris.ivy. 319. Id. 8vo. ii. 129. Psittacus minor macrour. Rai, p.33. t.81. Will. 77. Sloane's Jam. 297. Brown’s Jam. 472. Sincialo, Buf. vi. 265. Pl. enl. 530. Levail. Perr.i, 83. pl.42. Shaw’s Zool: viii. 441. Tui, Rati, 34.1. Will.78. Id. Engi. 116. Long-tailed Green Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 230. Edw. pl. 175. _ SIZE of a Blackbird; length twelve inches and a half. Upper mandible blood red, with a black tip, the under black: cere, and bare skin round the eye, flesh-coloured ; irides orange; plumage VOL, Il. j >. « 154 PARROT. yellow green; edges of the quills yellowish; the two middle tail feathers longer than the outer by five inches, and plain green; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits various parts of America. A.—Psittacus Guianensis, Gm. Lie.i. 323. Psitt. Aquar. Lupiar. Insule, Bris.iv. 330. Id. 8vo.ii. 132. Shaw’s Zool.viii. 442. var. Ajuru-cotinga, Rai, p.33. Will. 76. Id. Engl. 115. 116. IL. Green Parrot of Guiana, Gen. Syn-i. 231. Bancr. Guian. 161. Bill flesh-coloured ; irides reddish ; near the pupil ash-coloured ; — the eye in an ash-coloured skin, a line in breadth; whole plumage green, in a variety of shades; tail cuneiform ; legs whitish. Inhabits Brazil and Guadaloupe. Bancroft observes, that it is the most numerous of all the Parrakeets in Guiana; also found in Terra Firma, and some of the Caribbee Islands; that the tail feathers are blue at the points. It is called Sinciale at St. Domingo, and noisy in its natural state, but readily learns to talk, whistle, and imitate the voices of animals; fly in troops, but when settled on a tree, fully clothed with leaves, are not easily distinguished ; are lively birds, and easily tamed; in their native haunts are accounted good food, being at times very fat, and not unsavoury. 62.—_ JAGUILMA PARRAKEET. Psittacus Jaguilma, Ind. Orn.i. 96. Gm. Lin.i. 324. Molin. Chil. 228. Id. Fr. Ed. 237. Jaguilma Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 85. Shaw’s Zool, vii. 442, SIZE of a Turtle. Plumage wholly green, but the tips of the quills are brown; orbits fulyous; tail cuneiform, very long. and PARROT. 155 Inhabits Chili, in South America; most frequent in the plains between 34 and 35 degrees of latitude; is very clamorous, and often flies in such large flocks as to obscure the light of the sun ; making great havock in the cultivated lands, feeding on the buds of trees and herbs; happily, their arrival is rarely till after harvest, for they will often tear up the plants with the bill quite to the roots. Multitudes are destroyed every year by the peasants on horseback, having a pole in their hands, when riding among a flock, settled on the ground, they knock down great numbers of the birds before they are able to escape ; the flesh is delicate, and preferred to every other. 63.—PAVOUANE PARROT. Psittacus Guianensis, Ind. Orn.i. 96. Gm. Lin. 1. 324. Bris.iv. 331. t.28.1. Jd. 8vo. 11. 133. La Perriche Pavouane, Buf. vi. 255. Pl. enl. 407. young. 167. adult. Perruche Ara, Pavouane, Levail. Perr.i. 35. pl. 14. 15. Le Maracana vert, Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No, 275. 276. Pavouane Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 232. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 402. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill whitish; round the eye bare, white ; irides fiery red ; plumage deep green, paler beneath; cheeks spotted with red; edge of the wing, and under lesser coverts scarlet, the adjoining fine yellow; quills like the back, beneath dull yellow, margins near the tips blackish; shafts of all of them, except ‘the three next the body, black; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches and a quarter long, the outer only three and a quarter; legs grey. Inhabits Guiana, as far as 25 degrees of latitude, but more plentiful towards the north ; often seen in great flocks, making a stunning noise. The young bird differs, in not having the sides of xe2 156 PARROT. the head and neck spotted with red, nor do these spots appear till the second or third year, but the under wing coverts are red in every stage, though paler. Very common at Cayenne; found also in the Caribbee Islands; will learn to talk plain, but though confined for a long time, rarely becomes familiar. Called at Guiana, Pavouane ; flies in numbers, and frequents savannas and woods; fond of the fruit of the coral, or red bean tree.* Is probably that mentioned by Bancroft, differmg from the green one, having the feathers of the head diversified with crimson spots. + A.—In the Leverian Museum I observed a slight variety, with the head dusky blue, as far as the middle of the crown; the under parts of the body inclining to olive; bill and legs lead-colour; the under wing coyerts crimson, but no yellow adjoining. This came from Cayenne, and was full 13 in. in length. 64.—VARIED-WINGED PARROT. Psittacus marginatus, Ind. Orn.i. 96. Gm. Lin:i. 324. ° Perruche de l’Isle de Lugon, Son. Voy. 80. pl. 43. Varied-winged Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 233. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 420. SIZE large. Bill large and flesh-coloured, round the base the feathers are bright green; irides white; top of the head blue; body above grass-green, beneath yellowish green ; lesser wing coverts black, margined with yellowish brown; greater coverts black, margined with blue, forming together a large spot of beautiful appearance ; quills and tail green, the latter cuneiform ; legs blackish. Inhabits the Island of Luzonia. * Erythrina Corallodendron, Lin. + Hist. Guiana, p. 162. PARROT. 157 65.—LACE-WINGED PARRAKEBPT. Psittacus olivaceus, Ind. Orn.i. 97. Gm. Lin.i. 326. ————— minor, Psittacula Lucionensis. Gerin. ii. t. 130. Perruche a Ailes chamarées, Buf.vi, 151. Pl. enl. 287. Levail. Perr.i. 120. pl. 60. ’ Lace-winged Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 244. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 421. var. LENGTH near twelve inches. Bill red; plumage in general olive brown; on the hindhead a blue spot; wings blue, green, and orange, the blue occupies the middle, the others the edges; tail cuneiform, one-third the length of the bird, and the wings reach to the middle of it, which is not common, bemg usually very short ; legs dusky. Inhabits Luzoma, with the last, to which it is probably related ; but this is uncertain, for want of more particular description. 66.—GREAT-BILLED PARROT. Psittaeus macrorynchos, Ind. Orn.i. 117. Gm. Lin.i. 338. Perroquet 4 Bec couleur de Sang, Buf. vi. 122. de la nouvelle Guinée, Pl. enl.713.. Levail..Perr.- pl: 83.. Great-billed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i.. 278. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 530. pl.79. pl. 921. Nat. Misc. xxi. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill blood-colour, very thick and broad, more so than in any other Parrot; head and neck fine green, with a gilded gloss ; beneath yellow, shaded with green; back blue green; wing coverts black, margined. and variegated with gilded yellow; quills dull blue ; tail green, benéath and at the end yellow - shape moderately cuneiform ; legs dusky. | Inhabits New-Guinea. 158 PARROT. 67.—DUBIOUS PARROT. Psittacus dubius, Ind. Orn. i. 97. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 465. Dubious Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 62. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs pale horn-colour; lore and space round the eye bare, and of the same colour; head and chin green; the whole neck pale rufous; upper parts of the bedy and wings green, beneath paler; outer edge of the bastard wing, and quills blue; tail cuneiform, but short, yellowish green, the four middle feathers pomted at the ends, where they are blue; the four outer ones tipped with brown. A specimen ef this is i the British Museum, but from whence uncertain. 68.—BLACK-NECKED PARROT. Psittacus nigricollis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxii. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 443. Black-necked: Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 90. SIZE of the Alexandrine Parrakeet, but with a shorter tail. Bill black; plumage in general green; forehead and orbits lemon- colour; chin, throat, and breast black; lore white, continuing ma white line on each side of the neck, between the green and the black; belly dusky green; quills and tail black; lesser quills wholly, and the edges of some others, blue; tail cuneiform, the outer margins of the feathers fringed with olive green ; tail black. Inhabits Brazil.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. PARROT. 159 69.—ALEXANDRINE PARRAKEET. Psitt. Alexandri, Ind. Orn. i. 97, Lin. i. 141. Gm. Lin. i. 321. Scop. Ann, No. 26. Bor. Nat. ii. 94. Spalowsck. Voy. iii, t. 8.* Psitt. cubicularis, Hasselq. It. ii. 35. Id Engl. 196. —— torquatus macrourus, Rai. 33, Will. 77. t.16. Id. Engl. p. 115. _ Grande Perruche a Collier rouge vif, Buf. vi. 141. Pl. enl. 642. Levail. ‘Perr. 1. 62. pl. 30. Perrocello, Olin. Uc. t. p. 24. Ring-Parrakeet, Edw. pl. 292. Alexandrine Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 284. Id. Sup. ii. p. 86. Shaw's Zool. viii. 423. LENGTH fiiteen inches. Bill red; plumage in general green, paler beneath ; throat black, passmg behind to meet a crescent of red at the back of the neck ; at the bend of the wing a purplish spot ; tail longer than the body, green fringed with blue, and pale yellow ‘beneath, in shape greatly cuneiform ; legs dusky. Inhabits the Southern parts of Asia, also the Island of Ceylon. Hasselquist says, that it lives in Zthiopia, and brought to Cairo for sale; has a shrill and piercing note, and will learn to articulate some words: its chief food said to be the seeds of the safflower.t— Sonnini affirms, that this species is brought in numbers from Nubia to Cairo; and that the Arabian name is Dourra. A.—Among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, done in India, is a variety, measuring in length twenty-one inches and a half; the tail being longer in proportion;+ in this the lower mandible is dusky ; eyelids broad, rough, crimson; at the base of the neck a crimson ring, met.on each side by a crescent of black, taking rise at * In Spalowski’s figure, the ring round the throat is very broad, with no red on the throat or breast. + Carthamus tinctorius Lin, + In one drawing the tail was of such a length as to measure in all two feet. 160 PARROT. the under jaw ; bend of the wing, and the coverts blue ; on the latter a long patch of crimson ; quills blue; tail very long and cuneiform; legs flesh-colour. The female has neither the rmg on the neck, nor any black on the chin, and the bare space round the eye narrower. - Inhabits India, met with at Futtehghur in February, known there by the name of Lehberry. These birds are sometimes in great numbers, and particularly fond of ripe fruits; and although beauti- ful, are for the most part accounted unwelcome guests, 70.—ROSE-RINGED PARRAKEET. Psittaca torquata, Bris. iv. 323. Id. 8vo. 1. 130. Gerin. ii. t. 123. La Perruche a Collier couleur de Rose, Buf. vi. 152. Pl. enl. 551, Levail. Perrog. i. 497. pl. 22, 23. Rose-ringed Parrakeet, Gen: Syn. i. 235. 37. A. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 425. IN this species the upper mandible is red, the under black ; irides yellow ; eyes placed in a flesh-coloured skin ; plumage pale green ; throat black ; round the neck a light rose-coloured collar, inclinmg to violet at the hind head; tail nine inches long, much cuneated, the two middle feathers exceeding the outer ones by seven inches; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Africa. These birds do not get the rmg round the neck the first year at least, as we have observed several to be quite plain in that part when first imported, and gained a narrow ring at the next year’s moult, growing wider and more conspicuous according to the age of the bird. This, or as some think the last, is supposed to be the Parrot men- tioned by Aldrovandus,* and well known to the Greeks and Romans ; and if so, cannot be a native of any part of America, as Brisson * Psitt. torquatus macrourus Antiquorum, Aldr. Av.i. p.678. tab. in 679. PARROT. 161 supposes, more especially as Parrots are not known to traverse far across the ocean, neither was America at all known at that period. A.—Psitt. Alexandri, Mus. Ad. Fr. ii. p. 14: Amen. Ac. iv. 236. Psittaca indica torquata, Bris.iv. 326. Id. 8vo. ii. 131. Gerin. ii. t. 124. Bracelet Parrakeet, A/b. i. p. 18. Purple-ringed Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 236—37. B. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 426. LENGTH seventeen inches. Bill and irides as in the others ; it differs in having the skin round the eyes brown; the crown of the head bluish green; the ring purple; and the fore part of the neck and breast pale rose-colour. Tnhabits the East Indies. B.—Psittaca borbonica torquata, Bris. iv. 328. t.27.1. Id. 8vo.n. 132. Perruche 4 double Collier, Buf. vi. 143. Pl. end. 215? Levail. Perr. 1.77. pl. 39. Double-ringed Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. 1. 236—37. C. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 425. LENGTH thirteen imches. Bill as in the others ; plumage above green, beneath yellow green; the rmg round the neck rose-colour, broadest before ; above this a little mixture of blue green ; under the throat a yellow stripe, which meets the rose-coloured ring ; on the sides of the neck above the ring, a narrow black stripe, passing to the lower mandible; tail green above, yellowish ash-colour beneath ; the two middle feathers longer than the outer ones by four inches. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon, and other parts of the same latitude both m Africa and Asia. 71 BLUE-COLLARED PARRAKEET. Psittac. Sonneratii, Ind. Orn. i. 98. Gm. Lin. i. 324. Perruche 4 Collier de Lucon, Son. Voy. 80. pl. 43. Blue-collared Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 234. “Shaw’s Zool. vii. 426. SIZE of the Alexandrine species. Bill and irides red; head, neck, and belly greyish green; on the neck a light blue band, forming VOL. Il. . Y 162 PARROT. a collar; wings and back grass green; at the beginning of each wing a large round crimson patch; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers grass green, much longer than the others, which are greyish green; legs dusky grey. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. It seems doubtful whether it is distinct in species, or only a variety of the former ones. 72.—MUSTACHOE PARRAKEET. Psitt. Pondicerianus, Ind. Orn.i. 99. Gm. Lin. i. 325. Perruche 4 Moustaches, Buf. vi. 149. Pl. enl. 517. a pointrine rose, Levail. Perr. 1. 64. pl. 31. Mustachoe Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i, 258. Shaw's Zool. viii. 436. pl. 63. THE general length of this bird is eleven or twelve inches; but on account of the tail, some specimens measure as far as thirteen. The bill is red, towards the end yellow ; under mandible nearly black ; the whole head, including the jaws, lilac grey; across the forehead, from eye to eye, a narrow black streak ; on each side a broad black stripe in the direction of the jaw, like a whisker,* rounded behind; throat and breast lilac, below it yellowish ; upper parts of the body green, inclining to yellow next the bend of the wing, and middle of the coverts; belly, thighs, and vent pale green ; quills and tail deep green, the two middle feathers of the latter longer than the outer ones by three inches and a quarter, beneath straw colour ; legs bluish. Tnhabits India—found about Futtehghur. One figured among General Hardwicke’s drawings, called Munnun-gowry; in Bengal, Madana, or Madaria. * From this circumstance is called by some the Jew Parrakeet. PARROT. 163. A.—Psitt. barbatus, Gm. Lin. i. 325. 73. 6. Bearded Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 238. 38. A. Length from bill to rump seven inches. Bill red; crown of the head green ; between the base of the bill and eyes chestnut; from the nostrils to the eye a line of brown; from under the chin springs a black streak on each side, appearing like a beard or whisker, half an inch bread; nape of the neck blossom-colour; the rest of the plumage green, paler beneath; quills dusky, edged with blue; legs dusky. The tail was wanting. Tn the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter, from whence unknown. B.—Size of the others. Bill black; head, neck, breast, and upper part of the belly fine red hlac, deeper on the crown and breast ; on each jaw a large patch of pale green, frmged on the upper part next the eye with black ; and beneath, on the throat, bounded deeply with black ; the back, wings, tail, thighs, and vent green; legs ash- colour.—In the collection of General Davies. 73.—WHISKERED PARRAKEEFT. Psitt. bimaculatus, Ind. Orn.i. p. 99. Mus. Carls. ii. t. 30. Bimaculated Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 457. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill red; forehead, chin, throat, sides of the head and neck pale orange; from each side of the lower mandible a long oval streak, composed of black mottled feathers, in the mamner of'a whisker ;: general colour of the plumage green, paler beneath ; across the wing coverts a streak of yellow orange; tail cuneiform, green ; legs LE Ragga AN place not mentioned. 164 PARROT. 74.—BLOSSOM-HEADED PARRAKEBRT. Psitt. Ginginianus, Ind. Orn.i. 99. Bris. iv. 346. t. 29. f.2. Id. Svo. ii. 136. Gerin. i. t. 132. Psitt. erythrocephalus, Gm. Lin. i. 325. Perruche a téte rouge, Buf. vi. 144. Pl. enl. 264. Blossom-head Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 239. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 434. pl. 62. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill reddish ; head red, with a shade of light blue, chiefly at the hind head; chin black, narrowing into a slender line from the corners of the mouth to the hind head ; beneath the black another line of pale green, both making a kind of collar ; the rest of the plumage green, inclining beneath to yellow; on the wing coverts a dull red spot; tail six inches and quarter long, green above, margined within with yellow, the outer feathers shorter than the middle by four inches; legs grey. Inhabits Gingi, in the East Indies. A.—Psitt. Bengalensis, Ind. Orn.i. 100. 50. 8: Bris. iv. 348. Id. 8vo, ii. 137. Gm. Lin. i. 325. Psitt. rodocephalus, Rose-headed Parrakeet, Lev. Mus. No. 4. pl. 9. Nat. Misc. V. 21. No. 877. Petite Perruche a téte rouge de Lucon, Son. Voy. 79. t. 42. ——— couleur de rose a longs brins, Buf. iv. 154. Perruche de Malabar, Pl. enl. 888. a Collier noir, Levail. Perr. i. 92. pl. 45. La Perruche Fridytutah, Levatl. Perr. pl. 74 ? Parrakeet from Bengal, Alb. in. pl. 14: Klezn. p. 25. Rose-headed ring Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 239. 39. A. Edw. pl. 233: LENGTH trom twelve to fourteen inches. Bill yellowish; under mandible black; irides yellow; cere brownish ; crown and cheeks. rose-colour; hind head blue; throat and rmg round the neck as in the last, also the blood-red spot on the wing ; tail blue above, and dull yellow beneath ; the two middle feathers eight inches longer PARROT. 165 than the outer ones, which measure only two inches and a half; colour olive green, frmged with blue; and all of them white for some length at the ends. The female has the whole head pale lilac blue, below this the neck is surrounded with a yellow collar; the rest of the bird green, but more dull than in the male, and the spot at the bend of the wing pale reddish brown ; bill and tail as in the male. Inhabits India—common at Futtehghur—breeds in the forests of Rohilcund—in various parts of Bengal—M. Sonnerat says, it is found in the Philippine Islands, in which the birds have the spot on the wings bright red. B.—Psitt. Borneus, Gm. Lin. i. 325. 74. y. Bornean Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 240. 39. B. LENGTH fifteen inches. The whole head the colour of peach- blossom, front greenish; from eye to eye, passing over the cere, a narrow black line ; from the lower mandible a streak of black, placed obliquely on each side of the neck, growing wider backwards ; from the nape wholly light green, except the middle of the wing coverts, which incline to yellow ; from the chin to the middle of the belly reddish blossom-colour, inclining to chestnut ; middle of the belly, thighs, and vent green ; tail greatly cuneiform, green, but the two middle feathers incline to blue. Inhabits the Isle of Borneo. C.—Psitt. Malaccensis, Gm. Lin. i. 325. 74, 6. Perruche 4 nuque et Joues rouges.. Levazl. Perr. pl. 72. Grande Perruche 4 longs brins de Malac, Buf. vi. 155. Pl. enl.. 887. Blossom-cheeked Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 437. Malacca Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 241.39. C. Id. Sup. p, 60. This is sixteen inches in length, and differs from var. A. in the green having a tinge of yellow; the whole head is not rose-coloured 166 PARROT. but only the region of the eyes, and the hind head ; the crown bemg green, and the rng on the neck wholly wanting ; tail as in the two last described, the middle feathers shooting out into twice the length of any of the others. Inhabits Malacca. One in the Leverian Museum, had the crown green ; sides of the head blossom-colour ; a bread, long, black patch on each side of the lower jaw, like a whisker; quills and tail blue on the margins, the two middle feathers of the latter srx_ inches longer ; none of the others more than three, the short ones cuneiform ; legs black. One of these among some Chinese drawmgs was. called Sin g-sie. B.—In another set of drawings from China, the crown was blue ; through the eyes a streak of black ; beneath this blossom-colour ; chin black ; in other things as the last described. The five last birds, with their reputed varieties, seem to run into. one another, so as to render it no easy matter te discriminate them satisfactorily. We have, therefore, left them to be accounted for on the faith of their describers, and to futurity, to identify the originality of each, and how far they may be connected with each. other. 75.—YELLOW-COLLARED PARRAKEET. Perruche 4 Collier jaune, Levail. Perr. pl. 75. 76. Yellow-collared Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 439. NEARLY the size of the Rose-headed. Bill yellowish; head violet blue, tinged in front with brown; neck surrounded with a jonquil yellow collar; rest of the plumage green, paler beneath ; lowest wing coverts tinged with blue; edges of the larger quill feathers with: pale yellow; taillong, green, the two middle feathers sky blue, deeply tipped with yellowish white ; legs dusky. ip eee iy SO aa 4, PLXXIV. Y) : Kp : Wy es kul GF; r90U. PARROT. 167 The female like the male, but with a pale violet head, without the brown in front, and the yellow collar less conspicuous. Inhabits India, and to be considered as a new species. 76.—RACKET-TAILED PARROT.—PL. XXIV. LENGTH eleven imches. Bill lead-colour, under mandible and tip black; plumage in general green, paler beneath; at the nape a deep crimson mark; beneath this, the rest of the neck behind purplish blossom-colour; across the back, between the wings, a ferrugmous clay-coloured crescent; lesser wing coverts inclining to blossom-colour; lesser quills purplish lilac without, and green within ; tail green, the two middle feathers exceed the others by two inches and a half, and as far as this excess takes place, are not webbed, but expand again at the ends, into an oval of about half an inch; all the other feathers green, one-third from the end dark ultramarine blue, but the ends, for seven-eighths of an inch beneath, verditer blue; legs black. Native place uncertain.—Description and figure taken from a specimen, in the possession of Mr. Latham, of Compton Street, London. 77.—Y ELLOW-WINGED PARRAKEET. Psittacus virescens, Ind. Orn.i. 100. . Gm. Lin. i. 326. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 458: cayanensis, Bris.iv. 334. t.27.2. Id. 8vo.ii. 133. Perriche 4 ailes variées, Buf.vi. 259. Levail. Perr.t« 115. pl.s57. — a tache souci, Levail. Perr.i. 117. pl.58. 59. Petite Perruche verte de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 359. Le Maracana aux ailes jaunes, Voy. d’ Azara, ii. No. 282. Yellow-winged Partakeet, Gen.Syn.i. 244. LESS than a Blackbird; length eight inches and a quarter. Bill and cere whitish; plumage greenish, paler beneath; greater 168 PARROT. wing coverts next the body, with the base, and inner weks white; the outer, and tips yellow; those farthest from the body greenish blue beneath ; the nearest pale brimstone, the outer bluish green; the first five quills green on the outer edges and tips, but black within, with white margins; the nearest seven white, the outer webs and tips yellow ; most of the others have the outer webs and tips yellow, the inner yellowish white; the four next the body green, and when the wing is closed, appears a broad yellowish stripe, dividing it in the middle; tail cuneiform, four inches long, green, with the inner margins yellowish; legs grey. The female differs in having the colours less vivid. Common at Cayenne, and fly in numbers together, are not shy, but frequently setile in the midst of mhabited places; are fond of the buds of the immortal, or coral tree,** and settle on it when in flower, and as this tree is planted near habitations, opportunities occur of shooting them readily, but those which are not wounded soon return, and continue their depredations ; they learn to speak readily, if kept tame. Found also at Paraguay, but is there rare. 78.—WAVE-BREASTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus versicolor, Ind. Orn. i. 101. Gm. Lin.i. 327. Perruche a Gorge tachetée, P/. ent. 144. Buf.vi. 258. Levail. Perr.i. p.38. pl. 16. Salern. Orn. t.8. 2. Ferm. Surin. ii. 177. No.2. Wave-breasted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 245. Shaw’s Zool. vit. 403, SIZE of the last. Bill black; irides yellow; plumage in general beautiful shining green; above the bill slaty blue, beneath it sky blue; throat brown, each feather margmed with aurora’ yellow, giving the appearance of waves; fold of the wing fire-colour; the rest of the wing blue; middle ef the belly lilac, veined with brown : * Erythrina Corallodendron, Lin. PARROT. 169 tail cuneiform, but shorter than in many Parrakeets; the upper surface green, the under red brown ; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne, and according to Fermin, likewise at Surinam, but not common. One in my own collection, came from Cayenne. In the collection of Mr. Woodford was one, seemingly a young bird ; crown blue; the rest of the head, neck, breast, and under parts brownish ash-colour; fore part of the neck and breast margined with. whitish ; back, wing coverts, and thighs green ; rump tawny brown ; tail green, changing to chestnut at the ends ; bill and legs dusky. 79.—W AVE-HEADED PARRAKEBRT. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs brown; forehead brown ; the rest of the head, neck, and breast pale brown, waved with buff- colour ; round the eye somewhat bare; on each jaw a blue green patch, and a trifle of mixture of the same round the neck ; body above and wing coverts green; quills blue on the outer web; belly green, with a mixture of blue on the sides and vent; under wing coverts scarlet; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers four inches and a half long, the exterior two and three quarters, above chestnut red, beneath dusky ; quills dusky, the outer webs fine blue. Said to inhabit Africa—in Mr. Bullock’s Museum—has somewhat the appearance of the scaly-breasted, but is certainly a distinct species. 80.—SCALY-BREASTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus squammosus, Ind. Orn.i. 101. Scaly-breasted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 246. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 405. Var. Nat. Mise. pl. 1061. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill and legs brown; forehead blue green ; top of the head and nape fine deep purplish brown ; YOL. II. Z 170 PARROT: round the eye, and the base. of the lower mandible chocolate, with a mixture of green ;. on the ears a pale dull patch of buff ; beneath from the chm brown, the feathers margined all round with whitish, buat on the breast with pale yellowish buff; upper part of the back and wings green, lower part and rump sanguineous; belly and vent paler green than above; on the middle of the belly a large patch of blood-colour; bend of the wing crimson ; under. wing coverts pale green ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches long, the outmost scarcely three, ail of them fine reddish chestnut, margined outwardly with green, the shafts dusky, or black. Inhabits South America. A fine specimen from Berbice, in the collection of Mr. Mac Leay, from which the above description is taken, and is known there by the name of Boeretingting. It was also in the collection of General Davies, from Cayenne. On comparing the description of the two last birds so many things appear similar, as to lead us to think that they are varieties of each other; but the wave- breasted is a smaller bird; however, in my specimen the lower half of the back and rump are of a brownish red, which does not appear in the pl. enlum. or in Buffon’s account of the bird. 81.—WILSON’S PARRAKEET. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill very long and hooked, and the upper mandible measuring almost two inches, the under three quarters, colour dusky ; plumage in general greenish.ash, inclining te brown, and clouded here and there with orange, as in the cross- bill, but the edges of the feathers of the back dun colour ; all the under parts of the body mixed yellow and dull orange ; rump dull red; under wing coverts dull yellow; thighs brown ; the quills reach almost to the end of the tail, which is somewhat, but not greatly, cuneiform ; both quills and tail are brown, the former marked on the imner webs with five or six whitish bars; legs dusky ; toes very long. PARROT. 171 Inhabits New South Wales. I met with a fine specimen of it in the collection of Thomas Wilson, Esq. 82.—LONG-BILLED PARRAKEET. LENGTH above twelve inches. Bill very long and curved, thick half way from the base, but tapering quite to a point at the tip, and under mandible truncated at the end, colour of both dusky ; head and neck dull green ; sides under the eyes, chin and throat pale crimson ; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail dusky ; breast yellowish ; belly, thighs, and vent more or less crimson; tail cunei- form; legs brewn.. One of these was in possession of Governor Hunter, who brought it from Norfolk Island; from the bill it seems related to the other, but the tail is cuneiform im a much greater degree, without any bars across it. 83.—RED-WINGED PARRAKEET. Psittacus incarnatus, Ind. Orn.i. 101. Gm. Lin. i. 327. Psittaca Indica, Bris.vi. 341. Jd. 8yo.ii. 135. Perruche a gorge rouge, Buf. vi. 157. Levail. Perr.i. 94, pl.46. Red-winged Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 246. Edw. pl. 236. ‘Shaw’s Zool. viii. 456. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill flesh-colour; cere and space round the eye whitish ; irides deep hazel; plumage in general green, paler beneath; chin fine scarlet; wing coverts fine reddish- colour ; tail four inches and a half long, much cuneated ; legs pale flesh-colour. Inhabits the East Indies. Z2 172 PARROT. 84.—GREY-BREASTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus murinus, Ind. Orn.i. 101. Gm. Lin. i. 327. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 456. Perruche a Joues grises, Levail. Perr.i. 229. pl. 67. ——souris, Buf.vi. 148. Pernet. Voy.1. 314. Levail. Perr.i. 75. pl.38. Pl. enl. 768. - Grey-breasted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 247. LENGTH ten inches. Bill light grey; face, throat, and breast rat-grey ; rest of the body olive green, except the quills, which are deep green; tail cuneiform, five inches long; legs grey; in some the outer coverts are blue. Pernetty, mm his Voyage to Falkland Islands, met with it at Monte Video, in Buenos Ayres, South America, where the sailors bought them in cages, but whether natives of the spot was uncertain. They were tame and gentle, easily learned to speak, and articulate well. It was the common opinion that this bird lived but one year inacage. Those which Pernetty mentions, were the size of a ‘Thrush. Bill flesh-colour ; plumage green, except the neck, breast, and small part of the belly, which were silvery grey; tail very long. 85.—HORNED PARROT.—PL. XXV. Psittacus bisetis, Ind. Orn.i. 102. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 452. cornutus, Gm. Lin.i. 327. Horned Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 248. pl. 8. Cook’s Voy. ii. pl. in p. 110. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill bluish at the base, and black at the tip; irides golden yellow; round the eye ash-colour; forehead, crown, nape, and region of the ears deep scarlet, mixed with black; sides of the head yellowish orange ; lower mandible surrounded with deep black shining feathers, pointing forwards; from the crown PLXXV. 3 Storied / Vp PARROT. 173 spring two slender dusky feathers, one inch and a half long, and tipped with crimson; hind part of the neck, and rump yellowish ; the rest of the body green; wing coverts green outwardly, but the seven inner webs and tips are dusky; quills black, margined with blue; tail cuneiform, six inches long, of the same blue colour as the quills, but green without next the base; near the ends and tips of the feathers almost white; the under part of the quills and tail sooty black; Jegs dusky black. Inhabits New Caledonia, and called there Kere or Keghe. It is probably a very scarce species, as we have only known two to have reached England,—one brought home by Sir Jos. Banks, the other drawn from a second specimen by General Davies; in the latter the yellow passed quite round the nape. 86—-NEW-CALEDONIAN PARROT. Psittacus Caledonicus, Ind. Orn. i. 102. Gm. Lin. i. 328, Caledonian Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 248. LENGTH ten inches. Bill bluish, tip pale; feathers round the upper mandible crimson, round the lower and chin blue; crown greenish yellow; upper parts of the body olive green, beneath olive yellow; quills outwardly pale blue; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers six inches long, the outer only three, colour olive green; the outer edges of the four exterior ones pale blue, ends of all whitish ; legs dusky blue. Inhabits New Caledonia; thought to differ from the former in sex, and, if so, it is probably the female. 174 PARROT. 87.—RED-RUMPED PARROT. Psittacus Zealandicus, Jnd. Orn.i. 102: Gm. Lin.i. 328. Red-rumped Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 249. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 422: LENGTH fifteen inches. Bill stout, moderately hooked, the upper mandible not angulated ; base of both blue, tip of the upper black ; forehead very dark purple; crown greenish chestnut; sides of the head pale green; from the base of the bill a crimson streak, passing through the eye, and a little beyond; hind part of the head and neck, upper parts of the body, and wing coverts, dark green ; at the hind part of the neck a few pale yellow feathers, and on the middle of the back a mixture of pale ferruginous brown ; rump crimson, with a chestnut tinge; under parts of the body cinereous green: greater quills brown, the edges bluish; secondaries, and bastard wing dusky, edged with green, and pale rusty brown tips ; tail cuneiform, seven inches long, the outer feathers three inches and a quarter, colour bluish, but the two middle ones have green margins; shafts deep chestnut; legs black. Inhabits New Zealand.—From a specimen at Sir Jos. Banks's. 88.—CRESTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus nove Hollandiz. Ind. Orn. i. 102. Gm. Lin. i. 323. Crested Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 250. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 452. THIS is twelve inches long. Bill pale, stout, and much curved ; crown, sides, and throat yellow; behind the eye, just within’ the yellow, a crimson spot, and behind this the yellow is paler; from the crown of the head spring six slender feathers, forming a crest,* two of them are near three inches long, the four others shorter ; * Jn some drawings 10 or more appear, so we may suppose them to differ in this circumstance: PARROT. 175 plumage on the upper parts of the body clive brown, beneath paler ; on the wing a large square patch of white, placed obliquely; tail cuneiform, plain dusky buff, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the next four, the outer three and a quarter; legs dusky. The female, in size, is the same. Head and body as im the former, but inclined to chestnut; a trifie paler on the sides, and crested in the same manner; on the rump some slender transverse grey lines; tail crossed with numerous bars of the same, in some as far as 20 or 30, the outer feather white the whole length on the exterior web; on the wing the same oblique bar of white as in the male. ; Tnhabits New South Wales; first seen at Sir Jos. Banks’s. We have heard of others, but it appears to be a scarce species. 89.—SOCIETY PARROT. Psittacus Ulietanus, Ind. Orn.i. 103, Gm. Lin.i. 328. Society Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 250. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 457. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill deep blue, end black ; head black brown, taking in the eye, and the nape, and bending forwards over the base of the under mandible; upper parts of the body deep olive brown, the feathers margined with dusky, producing a waved appearance; rump deep, dull crimson, margined with dusky; upper tail coverts as the back; chin dusky; the rest of the under parts olive yellow, the feathers margined with dusky, as im the upper, but paler; quills and tail dusky, the latter cuneiform in shape, inclining to cinereous brown, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the outer three and a half; legs black. Inhabits Ulietea, one of the Society Isles, in the South Seas. 176 PARROT. s 90.—RED-SHOULDERED PARRAKEET. Psittacus discolor, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxi. La Perruche Latham, Levail. pl. 62. and Perr. Banks, Jd. pl. 50 ? Red-shouldered Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p.90. Phill. Voy. p. 269. White's Journal. pl. p. 263. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 466. LENGTH ten inches. Bill half an inch long, brownish horn- colour; on the forehead a bright scarlet list half an inch broad ; at the base of the bill, below the scarlet, bright yellow to the eye; on the crown a purplish blue spet, about the size of a sixpence ; cheeks bluish verditer-colour ; round the Jower mandible a narrow scarlet list, and under the chin for one inch edged with a narrow tinge of yellow, especially beneath the chin and throat; spreading on each side of the neck as it descends towards the shoulders, at least three- fourths towards the neck behind ; this yellow belt is variegated with bright scarlet; the general colour of the bird is deep Parrot green ; the prime quills black brown, edged with bright yellow ; scapulars next the back, half pink half green ; bastard wing blue-black ; front of the upper wing coverts bright mazarme blue ; bend of the wing blood-red ; under parts from the throat bright yellow; tail greatly cuneiform, chestnut-red at the base, and dull blue at the end ; the two middle feathers are five inches long, the outmost scarcely two; legs brown, or horn-colour. Inhabits New South Wales. A variety of this has the forehead and chin deep scarlet, but this colour does not quite reach to the eye; tail ferraginous at the base, and blue towards the end, as in the former. In a pair of these at Mr. Harrison’s, one sex has the sanguine mark at the bend of the wing, mottled with blue-black ; front, throat, and down the middle of the neck to the breast crimson ; on the breast a mixture of crimson ; bastard wing and outer coverts blue ; PARROT. 177 the two middle tail feathers chestnut, the others the same for half the length, the remainder brown. In the other bird only the front and chin are crimson, and the ends of side feathers of the tail blue; crown bluish, under tail coverts in both crimson. 91.—SANGUINE PARRAKEBRT. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill brown, general colour of the body and wings green ; crown dusky brown, a little streaked at the nape with fillemot, and ending on each side with a patch of the same ; under the eyes, from the bill, fine chestnut, growing broader on the ears ; jaws green ; round the lower part of the neck a mixture of blue as a collar ; on the lower part of the back a patch of blood-red, and a larger one of the same on the belly ; quills dusky, outer webs chiefly blue; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches long, the outer three ; colour above olive yellow, beneath chestnut-red ; legs brown. TInhabits South America. In the collection of Mr. Bullock, and marked as a female. 92.—W HITE-COLLARED PARROT. Psittacus semicollaris, Ind. Orn.i. 103. Psitt. multicolor, Gm. Lin. i. 328. White-collared Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 251. Gen. of Birds. p.59. pl. 2. SIZE not mentioned. Bill red; head, cheeks, and chin blue; neck, back, and wings green; the neck half surrounded with a white collar, passing over the upper part towards the throat ; upper VOL, Il. AA 178 PARROT. part of the breast fine red, the lower yellow; belly blue; thighs yellow and blue ; tail cuneiform, yellow beneath. Inhabits the Isles of the East Indies. 93.—-GOLDEN-CROWNED PARRAKEET. Psitt. Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn.i. 103. Bris. iv. 337. Id. 8vo. ii. 184. Psitt. aureus, Gm. Lin. i. 329. Gerin. 11. t. 126. La Perriche couronnée d’or, Buf. vi. 271. Levail. Perr. i. 81. pl. 41: Le Maracana a front orangé, Voy. d’ Azaraiv. 280. : Golden-crowned Parrakeet, Gen..Syn.i. 251. Edw. pl. 235. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 453. SIZE of the Ring Parrakeet. Bull black; round the eye a bluish flesh-coloured skin; cere the same ; irides bright orange ; general colour of the plumage green, inclining to yellow beneath ; crown of the head orange; throat yellowish green, with a mixture of dull red; some of the quills with blue edges ; on the wing coverts a bar of blue ; tail cuneiform, the outer feathers short ; legs reddish. Inhabits Brazil. Edwards, who first noticed this species, says, it was a female, and lived in England for fourteen years, during which it laid five or six eggs: said to be common in Paraguay, and extends to 28 degrees of latitude. It lives in troops, and sometimes seen in great numbers in plantations, where it is destructive to the fruits. 94.—LINEATED PARROT. Psittacus lineatus, Ind. Orni. 104. Lin. Syst. Nat. iii. app. 233. Gm. Lin. i. 329. Lineated Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 252. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 459, SIZE of a Dove. General colour green, paler beneath ; quills brown, the inner margins very pale, appearing as if striped with narrow lines ; tail cuneiform, a little longer than the body. Native place uncertain. PLXXVL. A ys, rdubale a ge VOU. PARROT. 179 95.—UNDULATED PARROT.—PL. XXVI. Psittacus undulatus, Undulated Parrot, Nat. Misc. pl. 673. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 469. LENGTH seven inches. Bill short, stout, brown, with a pale point ; head and neck bufi-colour, crossed with numerous transverse lines of brown ; on the lower jaw a patch of blue, the size of a pea; back and wing coverts pale chocolate brown, with darker markings, but some of the second quills have a tinge of green; the lower row of coverts are green, with pale edges; greater quills brown within, margined with green; breast, belly, thighs, and rump pale green ; tail greatly cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, pointed, the colour verditer-blue, the next one inch and three quarters, the outer one very short, all of them green, with a band of yellowish buff near the tip, half an inch broad ; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland. In the collection of Gen. Davies.—A fine specimen is also in that of Mr. Harrison. Supposed to be fond of grapes, as a large flock was once seen in a vineyard, and one of them shot.—In the Museum of the Linnean Society. 96.—PACIFIC PARROT. Psittacus pacificus, Ind. Orn:i. 104. Gm. Lin. i. 329. Pacific Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 252. Id. Sup. ii. 87. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill silvery blue, end black; in some the forehead and half the crown, in others the forehead only, deep crimson ; behind the eye a spot of the same, as also a patch on each side of the vent; plumage otherwise dark green, paler beneath ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches and a half long, the Aa2 180 PARROT. outer two and a half, these are above green, beneath ash-colour ; outer edge of the wing, to the middle of the quills, deep blue, ends of them dusky; legs brown. Inhabits Otaheite, but not peculiar to that Island. A.—One found at Dusky Bay, New Zealand, wants the red on each side of the vent, and the tail shorter in proportion, Called there Kugha-arecku. B.—Another variety with the rump red, otherwise like the first. C.—This variety had the forehead only red; crown of the head yellow; in other particulars like the first mentioned. Inhabits New Caledonia. All of them are valued for the few #6 feathers ** they possess, and hence the estimation set on feathers of this colour brought from other Islands, as mentioned by various - voyagers. D.—Psitt. nove Zealandie, Mus. Carls. fac. ii. t. 28. Pacific Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 87. Var. De Size of the others. Bill black; general colour of the plumage green, paler beneath ; forehead and crown, and a spot under the eye, crimson ; sides of the vent crimson; legs black. Inhabits New Zealand. * Dr. Forster says they were common among the Bananas, and often k- >t tame.—Voy.1. 272. PARROT. 18] 97.—CRIMSON-FRONTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus australis, Ind. Orn. 1. 104. — concinnus, Nat. Mise. ii. t. 87: Perruche 4 bandeau rouge, Levail. Perr.i. 99. pl. 4: La Maracana a téte rouge, Voy. d’Azara,iv. No, 284 ? Pacific Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 87. Shaw’s Zocl. viii. 419. Phill, Bot. Bay. pl. p- 115. Crimson-fronted Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 87. Nat. Misc. i. t. 87. SIZE of the Pacific Parrot; length nine inches. Bill brown, tip red; plumage deep brown; forehead to the crown, and base of the bill all round, fine crimson; from the eye on each side descends a patch of the same; hind part of the crown, and back of the neck half way fine blue, with here and there a yellow streak ; shoulders of the wings yellow; legs dusky. In the Waturalist’s Miscellany the forehead only is crimson, and a streak of the same below the eye ; the shoulders are not yellow. A.—This varies, in having the crimson patch below the eye much larger, and a ring of yellow round the neck, at the bottom of the blue nape. B.—In this the lower part of the neck behind is reddish, instead of yellow; shoulders, across the wings, tinged and mixed with red ; sides of the breast reddish; the whole nape olive brown ; tail red at the base within.—Ini the possession of General Davies. C.—Length nine or ten inches. Bill black, tip red ; irides light orange ; ears crimson; neck behind olive buff; body, wings, and tail green, paler beneath ; under wing coverts green; tail cuneiform, all but the two middle feathers reddish within at the base, for two-thirds of the length; legs dusky. 182 PARROT, 98.—VARIED PARROT. Psittacus multicolor, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 119. THIS is about ten inches and a half long. Bill black; plumage m general emerald green; on the forehead yellow; across the crown chestnut; on the rump three shades of colour, first pale green, then deeper, and lastly reddish or chestnut ; belly, thighs, and vent yellow or orange; on the edge of the wing bright orange; quills edged with deep blue; under wing coverts blue; tail very cunei- form, the two middle. feathers five inches long, the shortest two; colour green, with bluish ends; on the two outmost a bar of black about the middle, on the third a patch of white, and the end of that next to the middle one white. A specimen of this is in the Museum of the Linnean Society. Met with at Spencer’s Gulf, on the south side of New-Holland. 99.—RED-TOPPED PARROT. Psittacus verticalis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxii. Red-topped Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 369. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 418. LENGTH. eighteen inches. Bill large, blue, the point black ; plumage in general dark green, beneath paler; forehead and middle of the crown crimson; quills deep blue; tail long, greenish brown above, brown beneath; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland; found at Port Jackson. It appears to comcide with Variety A. of the Pacific Parrot, but is of nearly twice the size. PARROT. 183 100.—YELLOW-CHEEKED PARROT. Psittacus icterotis, Lin. Trans. xiii. 120. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill small, cinereous; top of the head, nape, neck, and all the under parts of the body pale red, shaded on the sides with greenish yellow; cheeks bright yellow; plumage in general brown, edged with green; outer edge of the wing, and base of the quills light blue; tail cuneiform, the four middle feathers, and base of the others, light green, but these latter are sky blue the rest of their length, with the ends white; legs long. Inhabits New-Holland, chiefly about Port Jackson, on the eastern coast.—In the cabinet of M. 'Temminck. 101.—RED-FACED PARROT. Le Perroquet Geoffroy, Levail. Perr. pl. 112. 113. Red-masked Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 544. LENGTH ten inches. Upper mandible orange red, point black, the under horn-colour ; forehead to the eye, cheeks, and chin scarlet, the feathers rather roughly placed; crown of the head to the eye, and nape for one inch and a quarter, fine purplish bloom-colour, as in the Orleans plumb; on the upper part of the wing, near the bend, a transverse patch of bright verditer blue, three quarters of an inch long; under wing coverts blue; the rest of the bird, and the tail, which is cuneiform, deep Parrot green, rather paler on the throat and belly; legs brown. The female, or one supposed to be so, was of the same length. Bill brownish horn-colour; from the forehead to the eye, the cheeks, and chin umber brown ; crown of the head, to the eye, and nape 184 PARROT. for one inch and a quarter, bright chestnut; the rest of the bird deep Parrot green; tail inclining to yellow; on the shoulder a narrow, long, rufous patch ; legs brown. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the possession of Mr. Latham, of Compton Street, London, 102.—CRIMSON-CROWNED PARRAKEET. Crimson-crowned Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 419. var. ? LENGTH seven inches. Bill pale; top of the head crimson, taking im the eye, and ending beneath in a point; general colour of the plumage green; outer edge of the wing, the whole way, and the quills blue; imside of the quills pale yellow; tail cuneiform, green, outwardly blue; legs ash-colour. From the drawings of Mr. Dent, but without mention made of the place it was brought from. % 103.—BUENOS AYRES PARROT. LENGTH six or seven inches. Bill pale yellow; top of the head light cinereous grey, or dull blossom-colour; the rest of the upper parts green; tail the same, but darker; beneath the chin, throat, breast, and belly, pale rufous white; vent and under. tail coverts pale green; quills deep blue; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Buenos Ayres.—Lord Seaforth. We have placed this bird among the longer tailed Parrots, as some of the feathers of that part, especially the two middle ones, appear to have been mutilated at the ends. PARROT. 185 104.—TURCOSINE PARRAKEERT. Psittacus.pulchellus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p.xxi. Nat. Misc. pl. 96. Lin. Trans. xiu. p. 122. La Perruche Edwards, Levail. p. 68. Turcosine Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 89. Shaw's Zool. vin. 470. SIZE of the Crested Parrakeet. Bill black ; the upper part of the plumage green ; head pale blue, but vivid; hmdhead brownish, inclining to chestnut at the back part; the whole of the wing fine blue, but the coverts are paler, and brighter than the rest; greater quills deep blue, with the ends black ; at the inner bend of the wing a long crimson patch, and the whole bird to a degree brilliant; the tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers green, the two next green, with a little yellow at the tips, this last colour increases in all the others to the two outermost, which are wholly yellow; legs pale brown. TInhabits New South Wales, but is a rare bird; observed not to fly far ata time, andenever seen but in pairs, and more often on the ground than on trees*—hence is called the Ground Parrot. Tn the collection of Lord-Stanley is one, which probably may be the female ; the length seven inches and three quarters. Bill dusky ; head, neck, and back olive green; belly and vent pale dusky yellow; wings blue, as in the other sex; under wing coverts dusky, with a bluish gloss; tail as m the male, the two middle feathers dusky greenish blue, the others marked with pale yee the wings reach half way on the tail. This last also was from New-Holland. * This is the case also with the Ground Parrot. VOL. Il, Bs 186 PARROT. 105.—_ORANGE-BELLIED PARROT. Psittacus chrysogaster, Ind. Orn. i. 97. Orange-bellied Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. 62. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 468. LENGTH seven inches and a half; breadth twelve. Bill yellowish green; head, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing coverts dull green; the greater rich blue on the exterior sides ; the interior dusky, marked with a white spot; lower belly orange ; tail green, the ends of the four outer feathers yellow; legs greenish. Supposed to inhabit New-Holland.—Communicated by Mr. Pennant. It seems to bear aftinity with the foregoing; probably a young bird. 106.—ROSE-FRONTED PARROT. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill dusky, pale flesh-colour; forehead, and round the bill above, obscure rosy buff; cheeks and chin dusky pale green; plumage above full green, beneath yellow green; rump and under wing coverts blue green; quills dusky, edged outwardly with green ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers nearly five inches long, and project one inch and three quarters beyond the adjoining ones, which are two inches and three quarters long, the rest graduate in proportion to the outmost, which is only one inch and a half; the two middle are chiefly blue, with pale tips, the others green, the inner webs more or less yellow; quills long, and reach to where the two middle feathers extend beyond the others ; legs brown, claws pale. In the collection of Lord Stanley. PARROT. 187 107. PRASINE PARROT. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill brownish flesh-colour ; plumage above green, beneath grass green; quills deep blue, with green edges; bastard wing wholly blue; irides dark ; orbits dull white; legs pale. In the same collection with the last.—The tail is deep green, cuneiform, two inches and a half long, but much mutilated, from haying been kept in a cage. 108.—ABYSSINIAN PARRAKEET. Psittacus Taranta, Abyssinian Parrrakeet, Salt’s Trav. App. xlvi. and p. ly. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill deep crimson; forehead fine scarlet, passing in a fine streak, surrounding the eyelids; general colour of the plumage green, paler beneath; lesser wing coverts, and outer ridge of the wing, as far as the back, the greater, and second quills black, with a bluish gloss m some lights, forming a broad space down the middle of the wing; under wing coverts the same; greater quills blackish or dusky, lightly frmged outwardly with green; tail slightly cuneiform, pale green, the two middle feathers ending, for three quarters of an inch, in black; but im the others forming a bar near the end, farthest off on the outer feathers, the ends ofall pomted ; the upper tail coverts reach near three-fourths on the tail; legs dusky. A specimen among Mr. Salt’s birds; said to be the only sort seen in Abyssinia; most numerous about the Pass of Taranta, i March and October. Bs2 188 PARROT. 109.—BLUE-BANDED PARRAKEET. Psittacus venustus, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 121, LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill short and bent, the upper mandible black, the under horn-colour; on the forehead to the eye adeep blue band, one-eighth of an inch broad, with a very narrow border of green above and below, as well as to the nostrils ; cheeks dull bluish green above and below; upper wing coverts from the top of the wing, bend of the same, and for one inch and a quarter in breadth, and two in length, rich mazarine blue; quills black ; head, neck, back, scapulars, and upper tail coverts dull yellowish olive green; throat, breast, and belly dullish pea green, growing yellow towards the thighs; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers dull greenish grey, tipped with yellow; the two next dull blue on the outer, and blackish on the inner webs, the tips yellow; the two adjoming dull blue on the outer, and blackish on the imner webs, the tips yellow; the following blackish for half the length, the rest yellow ; the outer one yellow for nearly the whole of the length; under tail coverts, vent, and sides below the thighs yellow. Inhabits New South Wales. In the collection of Gen. Davies. The blue-banded Parrot, said also to come from Van Diemen’s Land ; the male answermg to my description; the female more dusky than the other, the front only pale blue ; wings as the male: no chestnut on the axille ; beneath from the breast yellow ; tail as the male. One of these in the Linnean Museum, brought from King George’s Sound, on the South East Coast. A.—Length seven inches. Bill black; crown of the head yel- lowish brown; across the forehead, from eye to eye, a narrow band of deep blue, paler behind; the rest of the upper parts olive green, PARROT. 189 inclining to yellow on the crown, beneath paler, more approaching to greenish ; belly and vent incline to orange; wing coverts fine blue, with light chestnut, the rest of the wing black ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers blue green, and others blue at the base, the rest of the length pale yellow; legs dusky blue. In the collection of M. de Fichtel, 110.—OTAHEITE PARRAKEET. Psittacus Taitianus, Ind. Orn.i. 105.. Gm. Lin. i. 329. Porphyrio, Nat. Mise. t. 7. Petite Perruche de Taiti, Arimanon, Pl. enl. 455.2. Buf. vi. 175. Levail. pl. 65. Otaheitan blue Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 255. Shaw's Zool. vii. 473- THIS is only six inches im length. Bill red ; tongue longish, at the tip a pencil of short white bristles ; the feathers of the head elongated, and forming a short crest ; the whole plumage fine blue, except the throat and fore part of the neck, which are white ; tail cuneiform ; legs red. Some of these have the throat and fore neck dusky white; such may be young birds, if not differing in sex. Tnhabits the Isle of Otaheite in the South Seas, where it is very common, perpetually fluttermg about, making a screaming noise; often seen in great numbers together, feeding on bananas. As these birds live only on fruits, they do not bear confinement in a cage, for they refuse solid food. It is called Arimanon, or Cocoa Bird, as it frequents those trees. A.—Psittacus cyaneus, Mus. Carls. fase. ii. t. 27. Perruche Sparrman, Levail. Perrog.i. p, 128. pl. 66. Size of the former. Bill pale, with a brown tip; plumage throughout deep glossy blue; legs black. Inhabits Otaheite with the other, of which it may be esteemed a mere variety. 190 PARROT. 111.—BLUE-CRESTED PARRAKEET. Psittacus pipilans, Ind. Orn. i. 105. Gm. Lin. i. 329. porphyrocephalus, Nat. Misc.1. pl. 1. Perruche fringillaire, Levail. Perr.i. 134. pl. 71. Blue-crested Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 254. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 472. pl. 69. SIZE of the Guinea Parrakeet; length six inches and a half. Bill orange; forehead pale green; crown pale, but bright and glossy blue; the feathers narrow, pointed, and sufticiently long to form a crest when erected; sides of the head, above the eye, green; beneath the eye, the chin, and throat crimson; upper parts of the body, wings, and tail bright green; quills dusky, with green edges; middle of the belly crimson; sides of it, and thighs déep purple; the tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a half long, the outer three quarters of an inch shorter; the two middle green, with yellow ends, the others yellowish, with the margins and ends green, and pointed ; legs dusky. Tn some specimens the red on the throat grows narrower, and forms a stripe on the breast, which im such birds is brown; and: the thighs, in a few, green instead of purple. It is probable that the above distinctions are those of sex. Tnhabits the Sandwich Isles, in the South Seas, and is a most beautiful species. 112. SOLITARY PARROT. Psittacus solitarius, Ind. Orn. Sup: p. xxiii. La Perruche Phigi, Levail. Perr. pl. 64. Phigy Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 472? Solitary Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 65. SIZE of a Starling; length seven inches. Bill yellow, changing to reddish at the point, where it is bent and sharp; irides fulvous; PARROT. 191 top of the head, as far as the eye on each side, deep purplish blue, almost black, ending on the nape in a point; back part of the neck green; beginning of the back, under wing coverts, and all beneath, from the chin to the thighs, crimson, deeper on the parts before ; thighs and vent deep blue, or purplish black, much hke the crown ; wings deep green; lower part of the back, rump, and tail paler green, the last slightly cuneiform: but the singularity of this bird is, in having all the feathers of the head, hind neck, and beginning of the back elongated, distant, and pomted, like the hackles of a cock ; legs yellow. Inhabits the Island of Fejee, in the Pacific Ocean, whence it is brought into Tongo-taboo, and Otaheite, for the sake of the red feathers in the plumage. Now and then seen alive in the latter Island .** The manners are solitary.t This bird much resembles the blue- crested species, but is superior in size. One in Lord Stanley’s collection had the under tail coverts fine green; tail rounded; a large oval space of pale red on the inner web of each feather, farther from the base as they are more inwards, approaching to near a quarter of an inch of the tip on the two middle feathers. 113.—CHIRIPEPE PARRAKEET. Le Chiripepé Voy. d’ Azara, iv. No, 281]. LENGTH nine inches and three quarters; breadth fourteen inches. Bill dusky; eye surrounded with a naked whitish skin; irides rufous; general colour of the plumage deep green; fore part ef the neck carmelite grey ; at the lower part of the breast, and on the belly, * At Oteheite, and the Friendly Isles, Parrots: in general are called Kakao, and the ° Parrakeets, Hainga.—-Cook’s last Voyage, App. w t+ Mr. Anderson’s MS. 192 PARROT. two red spots; on the front a narrow chocolate-coloured band ; tail red, mixed with yellow, almost wholly red beneath; outer edge of the wing sky blue ; legs dusky. Inhabits Paraguay: some call it the Chiripepé, others Aribaya ; the first on account of its cry; male and female alike; generally seen in flocks, though not to be found beyond 27 degrees of latitude ; fly quick ; makes the nest in holes of trees, Jays three eggs, 114. WIDOW PARRAKEET. La jeune Veuve, Voy. d’Azara,iv. No. 282. LENGTH ten inches, extent sixteen. Bill dusky; forehead and neck before pearly grey, with a paler border; breast the same, mixed with grey ; top of the head, hind part of the neck, back, and upper wing coyerts green, having a tinge of brown on the back ; quills and upper coverts blue, tmged with violet ; beneath yellowish green ; — under side and end of the tail feathers yellow, and the four middle ones bluish green above; legs dusky olive. Inhabits Buenos Ayres, where it is called Cotorra, but at Para- guay, Young Widow ; learns to talk, and articulates distinctly; seen in flocks at both the above places ; does not lay the eggs in hollow trees, but makes a nest on the branches, with thorny twigs, three feet in diameter, within soft grass, with an entrance on one side ; lays three or four eggs. The family remains long together, and many of them make their nests so near each other, as to touch; others say, that one nest serves several females : male and female resemble each other, and the young do not greatly differ. PARROT. 193 115.—ORANGE-WINGED PARRAKEEBRT. Psittacus pyrrhopterus, Ind. Orn, Sup. xxii. Orange-winged Parrakeet, Gen: Syn. Sup.90. Shaw's Zool. viii. 470. LENGTH seven or eight inches. Bill pale; plumage above dark grey ; the erown inclining to blue; cheeks, beneath the eye, pale ash-colour; quills very dark ; shoulders of the wings, and all beneath orange ; legs red. Supposed to inhabit Brazil, being brought into England by a ship trading to the South Sea whale fishery —Gen. Davies. 116.—PEREGRINE PARRAKEET. Psitt. peregrinus, Ind. Qrn.i. 105. - Peregrine Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 62. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 469. LARGER than the Guinea Parrakeet; length eight inches. Bill red; general colour ef the plumage green, inclining beneath to yellow ; middle of the wing coverts pale brown, forming a broad band down the wing ; tail cuneiform, shert; legs pale red. Said to inhabit the South Seas. Met with at the late Mr. Boddam’s. 117.—PALM PARROT. fPsittac. Palmarum, Jnd. Orn.i. 105. Gm. Lin. i. 329. Palm Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 253. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 468. LENGTH eight inches. Bill red; plumage in general green, paler beneath; thighs and vent inclined to yellow ; tail cuneiform, VOL. Il. Cxc 194 PARROT. towards the end yellowish; quills edged and tipped with dusky black ; legs red. Inhabits the Isle of Tanna, in the South Seas, frequenting the palm trees. 118.—_SMALEL PARROT. Psittacus pusillus, Ind. Orn.i. 106. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 471. Perruche a face rouge, Levail. Perrogq. i. 124. pl. 62. Small Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 88. White's Journal. pl. p. 262. SIZE of the Guinea Parrakeet. Bill dusky, base surrounded with crimson ; body olive green, paler beneath ; tail the same, shape cuneiform, the inner webs of the feathers crimson at the base; legs blue. Inhabits New South Wales; in some the base of the tail is yel- lowish instead of red; found in great numbers about Sydney Cove ; has the brush-like tongue, well adapted to extract honey from the flowers of the trees, with which almost every part of the country abounds. This species is pretty common. A.—M. Bechstem mentions a variety having the whole face crimson ; upper part of the body green, paler beneath ; each feather of the tail crimson within ; the end yellowish, at the bend of the wing a red spot: this probably differs in sex. We have also seen a variety with the lower part of the neck behind brown. 119.—PYGMY PARRAKEET. Psittacus pygemeus, Ind. Orn.i. 106. Gm. Lin. i. 320. Shaw's Zool. vin. 473. Pyemy Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 256. LENGTH six inches. Bill whitish; cere dusky; plumage wholly bright green; insides of the quills dusky; tail cuneiform, PARROT. 195 the tips of the feathers gréenish yellow ; legs lead-colour. Inhabits several of the Islands of the South Seas. The specimen above described said to have come from Otaheite. 120.—AGILE PARROT. Psittacus agilis, Ind. Orn.1. 106. Lin. i. 143. Gm. Lin. i. 330. Borowsk. ii. 92. Psittacus Cayanensis, Bris. vi. 237. Id. 8yo. 1. 109. Little Green Parrot, Edw. pl. 168. Aurora Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii, 508—the young bird. Agile Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 297. LENGTH ten inches and a half.** Bill ash-colour; irides dark hazel ; round the eye bare, and ash-coloured ; the plumage in general dark green, lighter beneath; quills blue, the inner webs and tips black ; one of the greater wing coverts red, falling over the quills ; tail slightly cuneiform, the two middle feathers green, the three next on each side red for three-fourths of the length, the ends green; the two outer ones marked the same with red, but only on the inner webs, the outer bluish, all beneath green; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Cayenne and other parts of South America, and is one of those known by the name of Criq. A.—Le Petit Perroquet, Levail. pl. 105. Red-bar Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 510. Size of the Agile Parrot. Bill dull grey; plumage above fine gveen, beneath yellowish green, with a bluish tinge on the back and shoulders; lowest order of wing coverts scarlet; the larger quills dusky, edged outwardly with blue; tail green, all but the two middle * Edwards’s figure is eight inches and a half. Brisson’s twoinches more. Linneus calls it the size of a Hawfinch. Cack) 196 PARROT. feathers red on the inner webs, from the base to two-thirds of the length; legs as the bill. Inhabits Brazil. According to M. Levaillant, the Agile Parrot is no other than a young bird, probably that of the Aouro-couraou, or Brazilian yellow- fronted Species, a variety of the Amazon’s Parrot; but in opposition to this sentiment, the Agile Parrot has the tail cuneiform, though in a slight degree; besides which, Mr. Edwards kept one alive for some years, without change of plumage. 121.—BUFF-CROWNED PARROT. SIZE small. Bill blue, with a black point; crown buff-colour, front crimson; general colour otherwise chiefly green; quills brown ; toward the base blue; tail cuneiform ; legs brown. Tnhabits one of the Islands of the South Seas.—Mr. Bullock. 122.—MODEST PARROT. LENGTH six inches. Bill lead-colour, round the eye bare, and whitish; plumage in general deep green, paler beneath ; outer edge of the wing blackish; place of the bastard wing crimson ; greater quills dusky, margined outwardly with deep blue; tail slightly cuneiform, the inner webs of the feathers next the base crimson ; legs dusky. Native place uncertain.—From the drawings of Mr. Dent. PARROT. 197 123.—SPOTTED PARROT. BILL red; irides pearl-colour; general colour of the plumage green; breast and belly waved with yellow; under wing coverts red ; tail cuneiform. The female green; lower part of the neck behind waved with yellow ; beneath as in the male, but the colours less defined. — Inhabits New-Holland.—A. specimen in the Museum of the Linnean Society. 124A ZURE-BELLIED PARROT. Psittacus cyanogaster, Sabiosicca, Maxim. Trav.i. 228. PLUMAGE beautiful dark green; on the belly an azure blue spot; tail rather long. Inhabits Brazil; has a remarkably varying note, and is frequently kept in houses, on account of its voice. 198 PARROT. ** WITH EVEN TAILS. 125.—CROWNED COCKATOO. Psittacus coronatus, Ind. Orn. i. 106. Lin.i. 143. Gm. Lin.i. 330. Cockatoo of Guiana, Bancr. Guian. p. 160. Crowned Cockatoo, Gen. Syn.i. 259. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 481. SIZE of the White Cockatoo. Forehead yellow; from the top of the head a crest arises, in the manner of other Cockatoos; of a scarlet colour, tipped with hght blue, and may be erected or depressed at will; body and tail green, the outer feathers of the latter blue on the exterior margins; vent feathers red, tipped with blue. Bancroft says, it is less than a common Parrot. Bill short, and chestnut-coloured ; head, cheeks, and neck, covered with long, loose, dull red feathers, variegated with whitish bars; those on the top of the head one inch and a half long, which, as well as those on the cheeks and neck, may be erected at pleasure; body and wings green; tail short, some of the feathers green, others dull red. These appear to be the same bird, though the description varies a little. 126.—BLACK COCKATOO. Psittacus Gigas, Ind. Orn. i. 107. Shaw’s Zool.viii. 474. pl. 71. aterrimus, Gm. Lin.i. 330. Ara noir, Levail. Perr. i. p.33. pl. 12. 13. Black Cockatoo, Gen. Syn.i. 260. Edw. pl. 316. SIZE uncertain, but large; general colour of the plumage black, with a large crest on the head, rather paler than the rest; bill dusky Pine ay Hes ye Hy 2 we Have Lipo. PARROT. 199 brown; eye dark; sides of the head, from the eye to the under mandible, bare, wrinkled, and red ; legs brown black. Inhabits Ceylon; if we may judge from the size of the head in Edwards’s plate, this bird should be as large as the Red and blue Maccaw. ; 127.—_GREY COCKATOO. L’ Ara gris 4 trompe, Levail. Perri. p. 30. pl. 11. SIZE very large. Bill in proportion, and black ; the tongue hollowed out at the tip; general colour of the plumage grey, not very dark ; before the eyes bare; tail long, rounded at the end, by no means cuneiform ; legs black. According to M. Levaillant, it inhabits the Old Continent, but the precise place not mentioned ; it is observed, that the shape of the tongue enables it to penetrate into the substance of the fruits, when taking them for food. This may be related to the Black Cockatoo, but the fact of its bemg so, not ascertained. 128.—BANKSIAN COCKATOO.—PL. XXVII. Psittacus Banksii, Ind. Orn. i. 197. — magnificus, Nat. Mise. pl. 50. Banksian Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 63. pl. 109. Parkins. Voy. p. 144. Cook’s Vas: i. p.18. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 476. SIZE of the Red and blue Maccaw; length twenty-two inches. Bill very large, and horn-coloured, with a black tip; plumage in general black, the feathers of the head long, so as to. admit of being erected as a crest, but in a quiescent. state le flat on the crown; near 200 PARROT. the tip of each a pale buff-coloured spot; the wing coverts are also marked near the tips in the same manner; the feathers of the upper part of the breast and vent are margined with buff-colour, and the lower part of the breast and belly barred with the same; tail long, somewhat rounded at the end, the two middle feathers black, the others the same at the base and ends, but the middle, for more than one-third, fine crimson, incliing to orange outwardly, and crossed with five or six black bars, about one-third of an inch in breadth, somewhat irregular, especially the outer ones, in which the bars are broken and mottled; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland. Sir Jos. Banks first brought this with him into England, on his return from his Voyage round the World. A.—Banksian Cockatoo, Ind. Orn.i. 107. 8. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 91. A. White's Journ. pl. p. 139. This is a trifle smaller; length twenty inches. Bill lead-colour ; head moderately crested, black, the feathers varied with yellow; throat and neck yellow; sides of the head mixed white and black ; body and wings black ; two middle tail feathers black, the others with the base and ends black, the middle crimson, banded with black, as in the former, and is found in the same places. B.—In this, neither the throat nor the neck are marked with yellow, but the black plumage in general is sprinkled with dots of yellow; the tail as in the others, crimson, barred with black. C€.—This seems a compound between the two former, being both spotted on the wing, and waved with buff on the under parts; the tail above with the same bars of black, on a crimson ground, but beneath buff-colour, instead of crimson. PARROT. 201 129.—SOLANDER’S COCKATOO. Psitt. Solandri, Lin. Trans. xii. p. 113. LENGTH twenty inches. The bill lead-colour, enlarged, and swelling, or rounded at the sides ; head, neck, and under parts brown, tinged with yellow, chiefly about the ears; wings and tail greenish black, the latter more inclined to black, with a large space of crimson in the middle of all but the two internal feathers, crossed with five narrow black bands. Inhabits New-Holland, and at first appearance might be taken for a further Variety, on account of the markings on the lateral tail feathers, were it not for the shape of the bill, in which it most resembles the following. 130.—COOK’S COCKATOO. Psittacus Banks, Ind. Orn. i. 107. y. Cookii, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 113. Banksian Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. p. 91. B. Phil. Voy. pl. in p. 267. var. Crimson-tailed Cockatoo, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 477. THIS is twenty-three inches in Jength. Bill lead-colour, enlarged and swelling at the sides; head feathers long, so as to be capable of erection at the will of the bird, and on the fore part covering the base of the bill; head, neck, and under parts duli brown, margined on the crown and nape with olive; body above, wings, and tail glossy black; all but the two middle feathers of the last deep crimson in the middle, but not banded with black as in the Banksian Species. Inhabits New South Wales, chiefly on the eastern coast, in the neighbourhood of Port Jackson ; said to feed on fruits, also the roots VOL II. Dv 202 PARROT. of bulbous-rooted plants. In general, the crimson portion of the tail occupies about one-third, but m some specimens, the red part reaches to very near the base, as well as extending much more to the ends of the feathers. 131.—FUNEREAL COCKATOO. Psittacus funereus, Ind. Orn. i. Sup. p. xxii. Nat. Misc. vi. p. 186: Banksian Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. i. Sup. ii. 91: C, Shaw's Zool. vii. 477. LENGTH twenty-three inches. Bill lead-colour; head feathers elongated, but in a less degree than im either of the former ones ; head, neck, and under parts black, inclining to brown; back, wings, and tail black; all but the two middle feathers of the last are buff- coloured in the middle instead of crimson, marked with numerous black spots, mstead of bands ; legs black. Inhabits New South Wales, and is there called Karratt. A.—This differs in having a large yellow patch under each eye ; Bill and legs pale; the middle of all but the two interior feathers of the tail buff-colour as in the last, dotted with black, and reaching nearly to the base. Inhabits New South Wales, and said not to be common. B.—In this the yellow patch beneath the eye is composed of pale streaked feathers ; the side tail feathers deep buff-yellow in the middle, mottled with brown; fore part of the neck and breast, marked with pale yellow buff crescents. We have, as far as our own obseryations have led us, advanced what is here penned, concerning the bird usually known by the name PARROT. 203 of Banksian Cockatoo, and with due attention to what M. Tem- minck has said on the subject, we do not hesitate still to confess our uncertainty in respect to them. It should appear, from the different make and shape, as well as colour of the bill in the Banksian and Cook’s Cockatoos, that these two are most probably distinct, but how far the others mentioned as varieties, of one or the other, are really so, or young ones in imperfect plumage, yet remains in uncertainty ; nor have we suflicient grounds for ascertaming that the Funereal one does not belong to one of the former, although we have here set it down for a distinct species. It must be remarked, that individuals of all of them vary much in size. 132.—GREAT WHITE COCKATOO. Psittacus cristatus, Ind. Orn.i. 103. Lin.i. 143. Gm. Lin. i. 331. Bor. Nat. ii. 90. t.5. B. Raitt, p.30. Will.75.t. 15. Id. Engl. 112. §1. pl. 15. Klein, 24. 6. Gabin de Madrid. i. p. 5. Lam. 38. Johnst. av. pl. 15. f. 4. Cacatua, Bris. iv. 204. t. 81. Id. 8vo. ii. 99. Kakatoés 4 huppe blanche, Buf. vi. 92. Pl. enl. 263. Broad-crested Cockatoo, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 478. pl. 72. Great white Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. i. 256. SIZE of a Fowl; length eighteen inches. Bill blackish ; cere black ; irides very dark ; space round the eyes naked, white; general colour of plumage quite white, except the greater quills and side feathers of the tail, which are brimstone-coloured for half way within, next the base; on the head a large folded crest five inches in length, but the crown itself is quite bare; the feathers of the neck, too, are loose and flowing, so that when the bird erects the crest, the head appears of a large size ; legs black. Inhabits the Molucea Islands, and perhaps Sumatra, there called Kaykay. i 204 PARROT. 133.—GREATER RED-CRESTED COCKATOO. Psittacus rosaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 103. Moluccensis, Gm. Lin. i. 331. Cacatua rubro-cristata, Bris. iv. 209. Id.8vo.ii. 101. Gerin. t. 118. Kakatoés 4 huppe-rouge, Buf. vi. 95. Pl. enl. 498. Greater red-crested Cockatoo, Gen. Syn.i. 257. Edw. t. 160. Bor. Nat. ii. t. 5. B, Wood’s Zoogr.i. p. 421. pl. 19. LENGTH seventeen inches, and larger than the last. Bill blue black; cere black ; bare skin round the eye greyish ; irides dull red; general colour of the plumage white, with a light rose-coloured tinge ; the crest is very large, some of the feathers being six inches and a half long; the under part of the crest is red; side tail feathers, from the base to the middle, of a brimstone colour on the inner webs; legs lead-colour. Inhabits the Molucca Isles. It seems much allied to the last described. 134.—RED-VENTED COCKATOO. Psittacus Philippinarum, Ind. Orn. i. 103. Gm. Lin. i. 131. Cacatua minor, Bris. iv. 212. t. 22. f.1. Id. 8vo. ii. 102. Gerin. t. 119. Petit Kakatoés 4 bec couleur de Chair, Buf. vi. 96. Pl. enl. 121. Red-yented Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. i. 258. Brown. Ill. p.10. pl. 5. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 481. SIZE of the grey Parrot; length thirteen inches. Bill white, base cmereous ; cere greenish; orbits yellowish red; plumage chiefly white ; the head crested, the longest feather measurmg one inch and a half; these are sulphur-coloured at the base, and white at the ends ; some of the under ones pale red, but do not appear unless the crest is erected ; the two middle tail feathers white, side ones the same, but the mner webs from the base to the middle are sulphur-coloured ; under tail coyerts red, tipped with white; legs hoary lead-colour. Inhabits the Philippme Isles. PARROT: 205 135.—LONG-NOSED COCKATOO. Psittacus nasicus, Lin. Trans. xiii. p. 115. LENGTH. fifteen inches and a quarter. Bill ash-colour; upper mandible of a great length, but not much curved, the-under short and rounded ; on the forehead the feathers are elongated as in the last bird, but smaller; the general colour of the plumage is pure white, but the whole face or front of the head is rose-colour, as far as the eyes; the vent and under tail coverts are reddish yellow, as are also - the feathers of the tail at the base ; the legs ash-colour. Inhabits New South Wales.—Mr. Brown brought a specimen of this from Port Phillip, on the South Coast of New-Holland. 136—CRESTED COCKATOO. Psittacus galeritus, Ind. Orn. i. 109. Great Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 479. €rested Cockatoo, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 92. White's Journal. pl. p. 537. SIZE of a dunghill Cock ; length two feet three inches. Bill black ; plumage in general white; orbits covered with feathers; those of the forehead elongated into a crest, are ten or twelve in number, brimstone-coloured, seven inches in length, and pointed at the ends; behind this the crown is bare ; tail even at the end, eight inches long, sulphur-coloured at the base ; legs dusky. Tnhabits New South Wales. Some conjecture this to be a variety of the following, but it differs in having the space round the eyes well covered with feathers, and the whole bird of twice the size. It is often met with in vast flocks, making a horrible noise. 206 PARROT. 137,—LESSER CRESTED COCKATOO. Psittacus sulphureus, Ind. Orn. i. 109. Gm. Ein. i. 330. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 480. pl. 73. —~—— albus galeritus, Frisch. t. 50. Cacatua luteo-cristata, Bris. iv. 206. Id. Svo. ii. 100. Gerin. t. 117. Kakatoeha. orientalis, Seba. i. t. 59: 1. Klein. p. 25. 5. Kakatoés a huppe jaune, Buf. vi. 93. Pl. enl. 14. Crested Parrot, or Cockatoo, Albin. iii, pl. 12. Lesser white Cockatoo, Gen. Syn.i. 258. Edw. pl. 317. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half. Bill and cere blackish; eye im a naked white skin; irides reddish; general colour of the plumage white, inclined to brimstone beneath; on the head a pomted crest of a sulphur-colour; beneath the eye a sulphur-coloured spot, and the lower half of the side tail feathers of the Jast named colour, on the inner webs ; the quills the same, for two-thirds of their length from the base; legs black. Inhabits the Molucca Isles. Buffon observes, that there are two sorts of this bird, the one much larger than the other, but whether he could mean the precedmg may be doubted, as it is scarcely probable that it ever came under his inspection. ‘This lesser species is very docile, more so, we believe, than any other; all of them are long-lived, but whether to the extent mentioned by Gerimi,* has not been ascertamed by any other author. The small specimen. is very common in China, but if mdigenous thereto, is not certain: it is called there Ying-Mu, and Ying-Vos, which signifies the bird that talks other men’s words. * In Gerini’s Work it is averred that it lives at least 33-years.—See Orn.i. p. 96. PARROT. 207 138.—RED AND WHITE PARROT. Psittacus erythroleucos, Ind. Orn.i. 109. Lin.i. 144. Gm. Lin.i. 332. Rati, p. 31. Will. 76. Id. Engl. 114.8. Bor. Nat, ii. p.90.5. Shaw’s Zool. viii, 484. Cacatua alis et cauda rubris, Bris.iv. 214. Jd. Svo.ii. 102. Kakatoés a ailes et Queue rouges, Buf. vi. 96. Red and White Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 260. SIZE of a large Fowl; length seventeen inches. Bill black; head, throat, neck, back, sides, thighs, scapulars, upper and lower wing coverts, dirty white, or pale ash-colour ; lower part of the back, rump, and lower tail coverts, quills, and tail, vermilion red; legs blackish. Aldrovandus is the first who mentions this species, but not the place it inhabits: he adds, that it is only inferior in size to the Maceaw, and that it has a shortish tail. We learn from the late Dr. Hill, that Lord Petre was in possession of a similar bird, that the general plumage was pale silvery grey, almost white, not having any tinge of dusky Jead-colour, or bluish ; lower part of the back, rump, and larger wing feathers beautiful scarlet; tail short, the colour of the body, and hardly reaching beyond the tips of the wings. We have never seen this bird, nor the figure of it on paper. 139.—ROSE-COLOURED COCKATOO. THIS is about the size of the Ash-coloured Parrot. The bill moderate in size, and yellowish; head, neck, and beneath the body fine deep rose-colour ; the feathers of the head elongated, full, forming a spacious crest, and those which compose it are paler than those on the rest of the body ; the remaining part of the plumage light grey ; 908 PARROT. the tail of a moderate length, even at the end, and somewhat paler ; legs black. Inhabits New-Holland, where it is rare. In the Museum of the Linnean Society is a fine and perfect specimen, and the only one which has come under our observation. Another is also said to be in the Museum at Paris, from which the figure in a periodical work, now in progress at that place, is taken, It is a beautiful species, 140.—ASH-COLOURED PARROT. Psittacus erithacus, Ind. Orn.i. 109. Lin. i. 141. Mus. Ad. Fred.i. 14: Gm. Lin.i. 332. Scop. dnn.i. No.30. Kram. p. 332. Psitt. cinereus, seu subceeruleus, Rati, p. 31. Will. 76. Id. Engl. 114. Sloan. Jam. 297. Brown’s Jam. 474. Frisch. t.51. Klein. 25.13. Gerin. t.112. Johnst. av. pl. 15. f. 7. Psitt. guineensis cinereus, Bris. iv. 310. Id. 8vo. 11. 126. Perroquet cendre, ou Jaco, Buf. vi. 100. Pl. enl. 311. Levail. pl. 99.—103. Daud. i. p. 92. pl. 4. Sceleton. Uschgraver Papagey, Wirs. Voy. t. 43. Ash-coloured Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 261. Alb.i. pl. 12. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 486. SIZE of asmall Pigeon; length twenty inches. Bill black; cere and skin round the eye, meally and white; irides yellowish white; plumage cinereous, the feathers on the head, neck, and under parts with hoary edges ; those of the rump and lower belly hoary, with cinereous edges; tail bright red, shafts of the feathers blackish ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits various parts of Africa; talks quite as well as the Green Parrot, and much less noisy; chiefly imported into England from Guinea, and is a well-known species: said to sometimes live to one hundred years. PARROT. 209 A.—Psitt. guineennsis alis rubris, Bris. iv. 312. A. Ind. Orn. i. 110. 6. Red-winged ash-coloured Parrot, Gen. Syn. 1. 262° A. This differs in having the wings marked with red. B.—Psitt. guineensis rubro varius, Bris.iv. 313. B. Ind. Orn.i. 110. y. Gerin. t. 113. Red and ash-coloured Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 262. B. Edw. pl. 163. This has many red feathers mixed throughout with the grey. C.—Psitt. ruber, Scop.i. p. 82. Ind. Orn.i. 110. Gen, Syn. i. 262. C. In this the head is ash-coloured ; cheeks naked ; on the breast two brown feathers ; prime quills cinereous brown; the colour of the rest of the plumage not mentioned,* only that the tail was red. Added to these, a friend of mine had a bird of the first description, in which two feathers on the middle of the breast were crimson, and which had not varied for several years. It is not unusual for female Parrots to lay eggs in this country, but not bemg impregnated, no account is taken of them; and the circumstance of their breeding here is of course very rare;+ but we are told, that at Marmande, in France, a male and female produced young ones for five or six years together. The eggs were generally four, of which never more than three were good. The nest was made in a cask, which had one end knocked out, and filled with saw-dust; proper accommodation being made for entrance, so that the male might sit by his mate: if any one entered the chamber * Probably red, from its being called Psittacus ruber. + A wonderfully fine talking Parrot of this sort, long in possession of King Henry the 8th, is mentioned by authors ; and another belong to Cardinal Ascanius, at Rome, which could recite the Apostle’s creed. VOL. II. Es 210 : PARROT. wherein they were, not having boots on, he was sure to have his legs severely bitten by the male, who was particularly jealous if any one approached the female. P. Labat also mentions a pair which hatched young ones at Paris. 141.—CINEREOUS PARROT. Psittacus cinereus, Ind. Orn.i. 110. Gm. Lin.i. 333. Bris.iv. 313, Id. 8vo. it. 127, Maracana, Razz, p. 29. Will. p. 73. Id. Engl. 112.5. Cinereous Parrot. Gen. Syn. i. 263. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 486. MARCGRAVE, whose short description we are constrained to follow, says, it is altogether like a Parrot, but bigger; all its feathers bluish-grey ; that it cries like a Parrot, and loves fruit, especially that called Murucuja.* . Said to inhabit Brazil, but this may be doubted, as we know not any of this colour in America; it is more probable, that it was originally imported from Guinea, along with the Negro slaves. Dr. Bancroft remarks, that although Parrots are very numerous, and of different species in Guiana, none of them are destitute of green feathers.+ Whether this may be a variety of the Ash-coloured Parrot, I am unable to determine, having never met with such a bird, nor can I reconcile its feeding on the Murucuja, which, I believe, is only found in South America, and the West Indies. Wy Passiflora Murucuja Lin. + Hist. Guiana. PARROT. 211 142._SOUTHERN BROWN PARROT. Psittacus Nestor, Ind. Orn. i. 110. Meridionalis, Gm. Lin. i. 333. Australis, Mus. Lev. pl. in p. 87. Southern brown Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 264. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 522. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill very large, and hooked, blue- black ; round the eyes a bare flesh-coloured skin; top of the head pale ash-colour; round the lower mandible, throat, fore part and sides of the neck, chestnut red, the middle of the feathers paler; ever the eyes rusty yellow; hindhead, and back of the neck deep ash-colour and pale mixed; back, wings, and tail greenish ash- colour, somewhat glossed with copper; the margins of the feathers darker; from the breast to the vent chestnut red, deeper on the margins; the tail is of the same colour beneath, and pretty even at the end, at which part all the feathers are brown, and the tips of the shafts stand out in a point; inner webs of the quills barred beneath ; legs black. , Inhabits New Zealand. 143.—LEVAILLANT’S PARROT. Psittacus Levaillanti, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxiii. Le Perroquet a franges souci, Levail. pl. 130. 131. Damask Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 523. _ Levaillant’s Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 95. Nat. Mise. xxi. pl. 909. THIS is nearly the size of the Ash-coloured Parrot; length twelve inches. Bill Jarge, whitish; back part of the orbit of the eye bare and dusky; head, neck, and breast olivaceous grey brown, or rather olive yellow, and grey brown mixed; belly, rump, upper tail E £2 212 PARROT, coverts, and vent bright glossy sea green; beginning of the back, and wings greenish brown, the ends of the feathers glossed with deep green ; under wing coverts the same; greater quills and tail brown ; edges of the shoulders, bastard wing, and thighs orange, or marigold colour; the upper tail coverts reach half-way on the tail, and the orange of the thighs half way on the shins; the quills, when closed, nearly reach to the end of the tail; legs dusky. The female differs in the colours being less bright. Inhabits the eastern parts of Africa, m the deep forests, rarely advancing so far south as the Cape of Good Hope; feeds on fruits, very fond of the wild cherry; breeds in the hollows of trees, or in that of a rock; the female lays four eggs, on a kind of nest made of dry leaves, moss, or decayed wood; the young covered at first with greyish white down ; gain the complete plumage in about six weeks, and at the end of two months begin to feed and shift for themselves. In the rainy season these birds change their quarters, passing into higher latitudes; they are to be met with frequently at Koks Kraal River, at which place numbers of them come to drink. A fine specimen in the coliection of Lord Stanley. 144.—BLACK PARROT. Psittacus niger, Ind. Orn.i. 111. Gm. Lin. i. 336. Klein. p.25. Gerin. ii. t. 128. Bris. iv. 317. Id. 8vo. 11. 129. Le Vasa, ou Perroquet noir, Buf. vii. 119. pl.iv. Pl. enl. 500. Petit Vasa, Levail. Perr. pl. 82. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 529. Black Parrot of Madagascar, Gen. Syn. i. 264. Edw. pl. 5. LENGTH thirteen inches and a half. Bill and cere light flesh- colour; eyes in a bare white skin; inides dark brown; the whole head and body dusky bluish black, except the upper part of the wings, which is dark ash-colour ; tail five inches and a half long; legs dull flesh-colour ; claws black. PARROT. 213 Inhabits Madagascar. That described by Edwards, had three or four white feathers in each wing. It may be observed, that in this bird the bill is much smaller, and the tail longer than is usual in any of the genus. 145.——VASA PARROT. Le grand Vasa, Levail. Perr. pl. 81. Wasa Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 528. LENGTH twenty-one inches. Bill large, whitish; plumage wholly black, with a cast of grey or brown, in different lights ; tail somewhat long ; orbits naked, nearly white ; legs black. Said to inhabit the southern parts of Africa. Described from a specimen in the cabinet of M. de Breukelvaart, of Amsterdam. 146.—MASCARINE PARROT. Psittacus mascarinus, Ind. Orn.i. 111. Lin. Mant. 1771. p.524. Gin. Lin. i. 333. Bris. iv. 315. Id. 8vo. ii. 128. Mascarin, Buf. vi. 120. pl. 5. Pl. enl. 35. Levail. Perr. pl. 139. Mascarine Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 265. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 528. LARGER than the ash-coloured species; length thirteen inches and ahalf. Bill and cere reddish ; base of the bill surrounded with black, for halfan inch in breadth; orbits bare, light red ; irides red; top of the head, and hind part of the neck, pale ash ; back, rump, forepart of the neck, breast, belly, sides, scapulars, upper and under wing and tail coverts, and greater quills, deep ash; tail the same, in shape rounded ; legs pale flesh-colour. 214 PARROT. Linnzus says, it inhabits Mascarin. . Buffon derives his name from the bird having a sort of mask round the bill; and Brisson described it from a caged bird, but knew not from whence it came. A.—In the Leverian Museum, was one, which appeared to be a variety. It had the mask in front; ground colour of the plumage , the same as in the other, but irregularly sprinkled throughout with white feathers; the tail part white, part brown, but not regular ; some of the quill and tail feathers wholly white, but the opposites, which should have answered them, were white and brown. It ap- peared as a particular, and beautiful variety. 147.—ASH-BROWN PARROT. Psittacus fuscus, Ind. Orn.i. 111. Gm. Lin.i. 333. Bris.iv.814. Id. 8vo. ii. 128. Brown Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 266. LENGTH thirteen inches. The whole of the plumage plain brownish ash-colour. Brisson saw this bird alive at Paris, but knew not whence it came. Buffon mentions one, the size of the last, but it had neither the black mask, nor was the base of the tail white, and which we apprehend may be this very bird, but whether distinct in species, or a variety, we will not venture to affirm. PARROT. 215 148.—HAWK-HEADED PARROT. Psittacus accipitrinus, Ind, Orn.i. 111. Lin. i. 148. Gm. Lin.i. 345. Gerin, pl. 120. Borowsk. Nat, ii. 93. Psittacus varius Indicus, Bris. iv. 300. Jd. 8vo. ii. 123. — elegans Clusii, Rati, p.33. 11. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 482. Perroquet varié, Buf. vi. 117. Hawk-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 266. Edw. pl.165. SIZE of a small Pigeon. Length twelve inches; _ bill and cere blackish ; round the eyes the same, and bare; irides deep yellow, or hazel; head, cheeks, and throat brown, each feather marked with a paler streak down the middle; neck, breast, and belly, purple, the feathers edged with blue; back, rump, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts fine green; sides and under lesser wing coverts yellow green ; the greater blue black ; prime quills black, the outer edges and tips blue ; secondaries green ; tail somewhat rounded, five inches and a quarter long, and green; all except the two middle feathers blue at the tips ; legs dark lead-colour. Inhabits the East Indies—When this bird is provoked, it sets up the feathers round the neck like a ruff. A.—Papegai maillé, Buff, vi. 239. pl.12. Pl. enl. 526. Mailed Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. p. 267, A. Tn this the top of the head and round the face covered with narrow long white feathers, striped with blackish ; hind head and sides of the neck fine red brown, edged with blue; breast and stomach shaded with the same, and glossed with green; upper parts of the body, and tail glossy green; quills and under the tail brown; the feathers of the last edged with violet-blue. | 216 PARROT. This is found in Guiana, where, according to Buffon, it was naturalized from the East Indies, and is observed to have a sharp and shrill cry, different from all other Parrots of the American Continent ; and when irritated, is said to set up the feathers round the head like a ruff. B.—Perroquet varié, Fermin. Surin. ii. 176. This is probably the same bird, or a slight variety. M. Fermin briefly describes it with the feathers of the neck variegated ; a deep reddish colour, tipped with elegant blue; belly the same, but sprinkled with brown; back green ; quills bluish ; tail wholly green. Inhabits Surinam, and has the same faculty of setting up the feathers round the head as a ruff or crest, especially when angry, 149.—THECAU PARROT. Psittacus cyanolyseos, Ind. Orn. i. 127. Molin. Chil. (Fr. ed.) 235. Thecau Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 94. SIZE of a common Pigeon. Round the neck a fine blue collar; head, wings, and tail green, spotted with yellow; back, throat, and belly yellow ; tail of a moderate length, and even at the end. Inhabits Chih, where it is called Thecau; is a numerous species, and flies in vast troops, domg much injury to the corn; said to have a centinel on the watch, so as to make it difficult to shoot ; breeds in the holes of rocks, and lays two white eggs, chusing the most maccessible places. The natives let themselves down from the top of these rocks by ropes, to take the eggs and young birds, which are thought excellent as a dish for the table; and the birds, though robbed of the contents of the nest, will lay again, as far as four times. ‘This bird is easily tamed, and speaks well. PARROT. 217 150.—CRIMSON AND BLUE-COLLARED PARROT. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill stout, brown; head brown, mixed with greyish white; the crown white; upper parts of the neck, body, wings, and tail fine green; at the lower part of the neck behind, a crescent of deep crimson, each feather margined with glossy blue ; this band passes forwards on each side to the breast, which, as well as all the under parts, is of the same colour as the band, but paler, and without gloss; and indeed, the belly may rather be called blue and rufous, than erimson; quills black ; tail rounded, dusky ; the three outer feathers margined with blue; legs brown. Tnhabits Cayenne, from which place we have seen three specimens, one in the Leverian collection, a second at Gen. Davies’s, and a third in My own possession. There seems great affinity between several of the last numbers, but I will not be positive of their being varieties—perhaps at different periods of age. 151.—RUFF-NECKED PARROT. Psittacus violaceus, Ind. Orn.i. 112. Gm. Lin.i. 337. Psitt. Aquar. Lupiarum insule, Bris. iv. 302. Id. 8vo. ii. 124. Perroquet de la Guadaloupe, Du Terir. Antil. ii. 250. t. p. 246. Criq a téte violette, Buf. vi. 233. Ruff-necked Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 268. SIZE of a Fowl. Bill and eyes bordered with flesh-colour ; head, neck, and belly violet, with a slight mixture of green and blue, and changeable like the breast of a Pigeon; back brownish green; greater quills black, the others yellow-green and red; on the wing coverts two spots, in shape and colour of roses. VOL, Il. Fr 218 PARROT. The above described from Du Tertre, who met with it at Guadaloupe; and he adds, that it erects the feathers as a ruff round the head, in which it seems to admire itself, as a Peacock when it spreads the tail: it must have been very plentiful, as this author mentions their being fat at certain seasons, and much coveted for food ; and also, that they are remarkably tame, for a pair having made a nest in a large tree, not far from his habitation, the male and female alternately came there for food, and afterwards brought their young, as soon as able to fly. How far this may also belong to the three last described, we must leave others to determine. 152.—RED-CROWNED PARROT.— Pt. XXVIII. Psittacus galeatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxiii. Red-crowned Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 369. pl. 140. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 523. SIZE of the Grey Parrot. Length thirteen inches ; the bill yel- lowish ; plumage dusky, slightly glossed with green, margins of the feathers very pale ; on the head very full, so as to enable the bird to erect them as a crest at will; the whole of these are deep scarlet, except the chin, which is dusky ; under parts of the body paler than above, undulated with a mixture of reddish and green, arising from the margins of the feathers being of those colours ; but not very con- spicuous, except towards the bottom of the belly, where the red predominates; quills and tail plam dusky; the latter nearly even in length, and appearmg somewhat undulated with darker in a strong light; legs dusky. The female is above much like the other, but the feathers more conspicuously barred with paler colour, especially the quills and tail, in which the bars are six or seven in number; the head tufted with loose feathers asin the former, but of the same colour as the back ; chin dusky green; breast and belly barred across beautifully with red, yellow, and brown, growing more dull towards the vent. Pl SVT. ¥ POSS — VED. Ve Bo porn HOnEOT. 219 Besides the above was one at Mr. Thompson’s, St. Martin’s-lane, in which only part of the head had the red crest, seemingly in an intermediate state between the two former, and may fairly be supposed a young bird, not yet in adult plumage. Inhabits New South Wales. In Mr. Bullock’s elegant Museum were the two sexes above described, in fine condition, they are also in that of the Linnean Society. 153.—ROBUST PARROT. Psittacus robustus, Ind. Orn.i. 112. Gm. Lin.i. 344. Robust Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 296. THIS is of a stout, robust make, as large as a middle-sized Pigeon. Length twelve inches ;_ bill strong and white; round the upper mandible the feathers are blackish ; the whole head greenish grey; the crown streaked with dusky down the middle of each feather ; neck and body green, paler beneath; rump and upper tail coverts very pale green; wing coverts dusky black, the feathers tinged with green on the margins; quills brown; on the bend of the wing a spot of crimson, and on the outer edge, about the middle, it is crimson also; tail even at the end, and brown like the quills; legs dusky. 154.—VARIED PARROT. Psittacus varius, Ind. Orn.i. 112. Gm. Lin.i. 337. Maert. Phys. Arb.i. 2. p. 48. Varied Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 93. THIS is a little more than five inches long. Bill and Jegs yel- lowish ; general colour of the plumage varied brown and blue ; cheeks, chin, and throat whitish; quills and tail dull brown, with the outer margins blue. Inhabits South America. 220 PARROT. 155—SPARROW PARROT. Psittacus fringillarius, Ind. Orn. i. 112. Gm. Lin. i. 337. Maert. i. 2. p: Aq. Fringillaceous Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 555. Sparrow Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 98. SIZE of a Sparrow; length six inches. Bill and legs pale yellow ; general colour of the plumage pale green; head blue; cheeks, chin, throat, and a spot on the belly, pale ferruginous ; the belly itself violet ; tail feathers marked on the insides and tips with yellow. Inhabits South America. 156.—CHILI PARROT. Psittacus choreeus, Ind. Orn. i. 112. Molin. Chil. 238; Td. Fr. ed; 237. Chili Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 93. MOLINA gives but a short description of this bird: he says, that it is fine green above, and cinereous grey on the belly, that the orbits are flesh-coloured, and the tail of a moderate length. Inhabits Chili, has much the same manners as the Jaguilma Parrot, flymg in troops, and making great havoc on the buds of trees and herbs. PARROT, 291 157.—BLUE-HEADED PARROT. Psittacus menstruus, Ind. Orn.i. 113. Lin. i. 148. Gm, Lin. i. 345, Scop. Ann.i. No. 33. Psitt. guian. cyanoceph. Bris. iv. 247. Id. 8yo. ii. 112. Perroquet 4 camail bleu, Leva. pl. 115. Papegai a téte et Gorge bleue, Buf. vi. 243. PI. enl. 384. Le Siy, Voy. d’ Azara. iv. No. 287. Blue-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 301. Edw. pl. 314. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 540. SIZE of the Ash-coloured species. Bill dusky, with a red spot on each side of the upper mandible; eyes im a dark flesh-coloured skin; head, neck, and part of the breast ultramarme blue, mixed with a little purple on the last; on each side of the head a black or dusky spot; back, belly, thighs, and wings fine green; wing coverts yellow green, inclining to gold-colour ; inner coverts greenish ; under tail coverts fine scarlet; the two middle tail feathers green, those on the sides the same, but gradually become more blue as they advance outwards; legs grey. Male and female much alike. Inhabits Guiana, but not common, nor much sought after, as it does not learn to speak; common at Paraguay, in numerous flocks ; is not fond of oranges, but makes great destruction among the maize fields; the note similar to the word Siy; common in Brazil, where it is called Maitacca. In one of these which came under my inspection, the length was eleven inches, It had no dusky spot on the sides of the head ; above the breast a mixture of red; the side tail feathers, for three- fourths from the base of the inner web, crimson; the rest of the length and outer web blue, but the four middle feathers green, with blue ends. This is found at Berbice, and there called Barizi. The flesh is much esteemed for food. 222 PARROT. 158.—LITTLE DUSKY PARROT. Psittacus purpureus, Ind. Orn. i. 129. Gin. Linzi. 346. infuscatus, Nat. Misc. No. 789. — Perroquet violet, Barrer. Fr. eq. 144, Papegai violet, Buf. vi. 244. Pl. enl. 408. Femelle du Perroquet 4 Camail bleu, Levail. pl. 115. Little dusky Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 892. Edw. pl. 315. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 564. IN this the bill is dusky, with an orange-coloured spot on the sides; top and sides of the head, below the eyes, black, glossed with blue on the crown; eyes dark, in a light blue skin; round the throat, and hind part of the head, a ring, marked with dusky spots on a fillemot ground; hind part of the neck, back, ramp, and wing coyerts dark brown black; quills fine blue; tail dark blue when closed, but the inner webs of the side feathers are reddish, except the tips, which are blue; breast, belly, and thighs purplish; legs dusky. 2 Inhabits Surinam, also Guiana; but is not. much sought after, from not having the faculty of learning words; is called by the French Perroquet violet. M. Levaillant supposes this to be the female of the Blue-headed Species. A.—In the Leverian Museum was seen a variety, if not a female. The colour of the plumage an irregular mixture of black, blue, and brown; about the head the violet predominated ; on the breast, and under parts the brown, which inclined to chestnut; not the least trace of the dusky and fillemot ring conspicuous, otherwise much like that figured by Edwards. PARROT. 295 159.—DUSKY PARROT. Psittacus sordidus, Ind. Orn.i. 127. Lin. i. 148. Gm. Lin.i. 343. — nove Hispanie, Bris. iv. 303. Id. 8vo. 1. 124. Le Papegai brun, Buf. vi. 246. Dusky Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 304. Edw. pl. 167. SIZE of a small Pigeon ; length ten inches. Bill yellowish at the base, and black in the middle of the upper mandible, the rest of it red ; cere blackish ; orbits naked, pale cinereous ; irides dark hazel ; top of the head dusky ; sides and behind greenish; throat blue ; back dusky; rump and tail greenish ; under tail coverts fine red ; beneath from throat to vent cinereous brown ; wing coverts and lesser quills green, but some of the latter with yellowish borders; greater quills green; tail a little rounded, the outer edge blue; legs lead- colour; claws black. Inhabits New Spain, but not common. A.—Length ten inches. Bill wholly dusky red; crown and sides blue, with a mixture of green; the rest of the neck green, mixed with blue on the throat and breast ; back bright olive green; breast and beneath the same, but paler; many of the feathers of it obsoletely barred, near the end, with a pale reddish tinge; quills green; tail even, green, the outer margins of the three outer feathers fine blue, and dull red for more than half way from the base; under tail coverts fine red; legs dusky. A specimen of this is in the collection of Lord Stanley. 224 PARROT. 160.—CERAM LORY. Psittacus garrulus, Ind. Orn.i. 112. Lin. i. 144. Gm. Lin. i. 333. Mus. Ad. Fred. u. p. 14. Bor. Nat. ii. p. 91. j Psitt. ruber, remig. rectr. intus purpureis, Jt. Wgoth. 137. Lorius Ceramensis, Bris. iv. 215. Id. 8yo. ii. 103. Psitt. rufus, femor. alisq. viridibus, Frisch. t.45. Klein. p. 25. 8. Lory de Ceram, Buf. vi. 129. Var.2. Raii, p. 151. Perroquet Lori-Nouara, Levail. Perr. pl. 96. Purple Parrot, Charl. ex. p. 75. Id. Onom. p. 67. Ceram Lory, Gen. Syn, i. 269. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 536. Nat. Misc. 925. LENGTH from ten to eleven inches. Bill orange ; cere and bare space round the eye ash-coloured ; irides deep yellow; plumage in general scarlet, except the lesser and under wing coverts, which are mixed with green and yellow; the wings are first yellow, then green, the bastard wings violet; greater quills dark green, beneath hoary, inside scarlet, with cinereous tips; the two middle tail feathers are first green, then dull red, and tipped with green; the next on each side red for three-fourths of the length, afterwards green; the four outer ones first scarlet, then violet, with deep green tips; the lower part of the thigh feathers, or garter, green; legs brown. Inhabits the Isle of Ceram, and the rest of the Moluccas. A.—Psittacus garrulus Lin. i. 144. 25. 8. Gm. Lin. i. 333. 25. B. Aurore, Lin. Ed. x. No, 22. Psitt. coccin. alis ex virid. and nigro variis, Will.78. Rati. p.31. Klein, av. p, 17. t. 4. A. Varieté de Noira, Buf. vi. 129. Pappagello, Zinnan. Uov. 92. t. 15. f. 82. Noira Lory. Gen. Syn.i. 270. 76. A. Size of a Blackbird. Bill and irides yellow; body scarlet; ridge of the wing yellow ; wing coyerts green; quills black, with the outer PARROT. 225 webs green, beneath dusky; lower half of the tail yellow, from thence to the end green; round the knees a garter of green; legs black. B.—Lorius Moluccensis, Ind. Orn. i. 114. 96. y. Gm. Lin. i. 334. Bris. iv. 219. t. 23. Is Id. 8vo. ii. 103. Gerin. t.106. Bor. Nat. ii. 91. Loira Noira des Moluques, Buf. vi. 127. Pl. enl. 216. Scarlet Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 270. 76. B. Edw. pl. 172. Size of the others. Bill orange; cere and orbits ash-coloured ; body fine scarlet, except a few yellow spots on the back between the wings; shoulders yellow, then green, afterwards green with yellow tips ; greater quills dark green, inclining to blue; the two middle tail feathers deep green, but near the shafts a dull red tinge, half way down; side feathers half red, half green, and the two outmost with a violet tinge on the outer edge; beneath all are reddish yellow; round the knee a blue garter; legs brown. C.—This variety has many of the wing coverts tipped with blue ; and no garter round the knee, otherwise like the others. I observed this in the collection of the late Dr. Hunter—called in China, Ty-pawn. 161.—PURPLE-CAPPED LORY. Psittacus Domicella, Ind. Orn.i. 114. Lin.i. 145. Gm. Lin. i. 334. Borowsck. Nat. u. p.92. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 538. pl. 81. Psitt. rufus, vertice nigric. alis virid. Gerin. t. 104 Frisch. t. 44. Klein. p. 24. Lorius orient. indicus, Bris. iv. 222.t.24.f.1. Id. 8vo. ii. 104. Perroquet Lori a Collier jaune, Levail. p. 25. Lori des Indes 4 Collier, Buf. vi. 130. Pl. enl. 84: Second black-capped Lory, Edw. pl. 171. Purple-capped Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 271. LENGTH near eleven inches. Bill red; cere and round the eyes ash-colour; irides orange; top of the head purplish black ; VOR Il. Ge 226 PARROT. neck, body and tail scarlet, the last tipped with green; on the breast an obscure yellow crescent; upper wing coverts green, the under blue; edge of the wing blue and green mixed ; garter blue; legs blackish. Inhabits the East Indies. A.—Lorius torquatus, Bris. iv. 230. Id. 8vo. ii. 106. Gm. Lin. i. 334. Psittacus capite cyaneo, collari luteo, K/etn. p. 25. 17. Lory a Collier des Ind. or. Buf. vi 131. Pl. enl. 119.—Male. Laurey from the Brazils, A/b.i. pl. 13. Blue-capped Lory, Gen. Syn. i. 271. 77. A. Bill yellowish ; round the eyes black ; irides yellow; upper part of the head shining blue ; neck, throat, back, scapulars, breast, and upper part of the belly scarlet ; the neck encircled with a yellow ring ; lower part of the back, rump, and lower part of the belly white and rose-coloured mixed ; wing coverts green, mixed with yellow ; quills fine blue; lesser quills yellowish green; tail purple, with a tinge of red brown ; legs cinereous. This inhabits the East Indies with the other, from which it probably differs in sex ; both of them speak distinctly, and learn quickly any thing they are taught, but are tender birds, and conse- quently sell for a good price, owing to the difficulty of bringing them to this kingdom. One of these in some India drawings, was called Tootau Gustoory. 162.—RAJAH LORY. Lory Rhadia, Levail. Perr. pl. 94. Raja Lory, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 537. pl. 82. SIZE of the Purple-capped Lory. Bill pale yellowish white; general colour of the plumage vivid scarlet; wings wholly golden PARROT. 227 yellow; on the top of the head a spot of the same colour, and across the breast a broad bar; thighs also yellow; legs blackish. Inhabits the Moluccas, and there called Rhadia, and is a rare species. 163.—UNICOLOR LORY. Le Perroquet Lori unicolor, Levail. pl. 125. Unicolor Lory, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 538. SIZE and habit of the Ceram Lory. Billred; plumage entirely scarlet, more inclined to crimson on the back and wing coverts, the tips alone inclining to purple; legs and feet dusky, or brownish purple. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. 164.—_BLUE-TAILED LORY. Perroquet Lori 4 Queue bleue, Levail. pl. 97. Blue-tailed Lory, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 538. SIZE and habit of the Collared Lory. Bill red; colour of the plumage deep scarlet; scapulars, and some of the larger wing coverts fine blue, the rest edged with blue; larger quill feathers black, slightly edged with blue; tail blue above and beneath, short. Tnhabits Borneo, and there not uncommon. 165.—BLUE-FRINGED LORY. Lori a franges bleues, Levail. pl. 93. Blue-fringed Lory, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 589. Nat. Mise. 22. pl. 937. SIZE nearly that of the Black-capped Lory. Bill yellow; plumage deep scarlet; the larger quills edged, and the smaller deeply Ge2 228 PARROT. tipped with black; bastard wing the same; middle wing coverts fine blue, forming an oblique bar on the wing; insides of the thighs slightly marked with blue; tail longish, rounded at the end, purplish brown ; legs dusky. Inhabits the Molucca Islands; not uncommon in the Cabinets of Holland, but has not yet appeared in this kingdom, to our knowledge. 166.—BLACK-CAPPED LORY. Psittacus Lory, Ind. Orn.i. 115. Gm. Lin. i. 835. Bor. Nat. ii. 92. Lorius Philippensis. Bris. iv. 225. Id. 8vo. it. 105. Psitt. coccin. coerul. ac virid. vertice nigro, Gerin.i. t. 105. Lori tricolor des Philippines, Buf. vi. 131. Pl. enl. 168. Perroquet Lori 4 Scapulaire bleue, Levail. pl. 123. 124. First Black-capped Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 273. Edw. pl.170. Nat. Mise. pl.633. Shaw's Zool. vil. 534. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill orange; cere and orbits ash- coloured ; irides fine orange; crown black, with a blue tinge; neck, greater part of the body, rump, and upper tail coverts scarlet ; between the neck and back a patch of blue, and another on the lower part of the breast, mixing among the red feathers; wing coverts green; quills green, some of them edged with yellow; garter, vent, and under tail coverts blue; the two middle tail feathers half red, half green, the others much the same, with the outer margins violet; legs blackish. Said to inhabit the Philippine Islands. M.Sonnerat found it in the Isle of Yolo, which most probably is its natural abode. It is a familiar species, but seldom makes amends for the trouble of bringing it to Europe, as it rarely survives long in the colder regions. I have observed a slight variety, in which the blue on the breast is a continued large space; from beneath the nape to the back, deep violet indigo, joining below with the belly, thighs, and vent, which PARROT. 229 are of the same colour; under wing coverts scarlet; on the rump several violet blue spots; in other things it resembles the first described. 167.—CRIMSON LORY. Psittacus puniceus, Ind. Orn.i. 115. Gm. Lin. i. 335. Lorius Amboinensis, Bris. iv. 231. Jd. S8vo.11. 107. Lori cramoisi d’Amboine, Buf. vi. 133. Pl. enl. 518. Blue-breasted Parrot, Brown. Til. pl. 6. Crimson Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 273. Shavw’s Zool. viii. 464, LENGTH eleven inches; somewhat bigger than the other Lories. Bill dull red; cere and orbits blackish; irides orange; plumage in general dull crimson; breast, belly, sides, thighs, under tail, and lesser under wing coverts deep violet; greater under wing coverts blackish brown; prime quills dull red within, and beneath blackish brown ; tail even at the end, deep scarlet, tipped with pale dirty red ; legs brown. Inhabits Amboina, and other Motucca Islands; it sometimes varies in haying the bill black, and the end of the tail orange yellow. 168.—RED LORY. Psittacus Moluccensis,. Ind. Orn. i. 116. Gm. Lin.i. 385. 101. 6. Molucea Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 274. 80. A. LENGTH nine inches. Bill red; cere and orbits bluish ; plumage in general deep red; scapulars, lower belly, and vent, glossy light blue, as are also two or three of the feathers of the thighs; greater wing coverts blue at the ends; quills red, but the secondaries have 230 PARROT. the ends dark blue, and the primaries greenish black; bastard wing dusky black ; tail dull red, with dusky margins. This was brought from the East Indies. 169.—GRAND LORY. Psittacus grandis, Ind. Orn.i. 116. Gm. Lin.i. 335. Le grand Lori de la Nouv. Guinee, Buf. vi. 135. Pl. enl. 683. Levail. p. 126. 127. 128. Purper rood Loeri, Vosm. Monog. 1769. p. 20. t.7. Grand Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 275. | Shaw’s Zool. viii. 533. THIS is the largest of the Lories, being thirteen inches in length. Bill black; bead and neck fine red; the lower part of the neck, next the back, violet blue; breast richly clouded with red, blue, violet, and green, the mixture of green and red going on to the belly; quills, and edge of the wing, from the shoulder, sky blue; the rest of the plumage deep red; base half of the tail red, the rest yellow ; legs ash-colour. This was brought from Ceylon, according to M. Vosmaer.* A.—Differs, in havmg the upper parts of the body brown and green, here and there mixed with a little clouded blue ; between the wings blue and green mixed; part of the breast and belly blue ; vent the same, with a mixture of greenish ; thighs deep cheat the feathers margined with paler chestnut; tail the same, with pale tips ; legs dusky. In the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter. * He says it is bigger than the Ash-coloured Parrot, and less than the Amazon’s. PARROT. 931 170.—COCHIN-CHINA LORY. Psittacus Cochinsinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 116. Cochin-China Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 65. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 532. BILL yellow; crown of the head, part of the neck, breast, back, thighs, and vent, fine mazarine blue; nape scarlet, bounded below with blue; forehead, chin, throat, breast, middle of the belly, and wing coverts scarlet ; across the last a bar of black; the rest of the wing and tail black; legs black. Inhabits Cochin-China.—Lady Impey. 171—YELLOW-BREASTED LORY. Psittacus Guineensis, Ind. Orn.i. 116: Gm. Lin.1. 336. Miller. Til. t. 29. Yellow-breasted Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 276. Shaw’s Zool, viii. 541. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black; cere white; throat, and round the eye the same; above the eye a patch of yellow; the rest of the head and neck crimson; breast yellow ; under the wings, belly, thighs, vent, and under the tail white; tip of the last red; legs dusky. Inhabits Guinea. The back and upper part of the tail could not be seen in the print from which the above was taken, being the only voucher for our description of the bird. 232 PARROT. 172.— PARAGUAN LORY. Psittacus Paraguanus, Ind. Orn.i. 117. - Gm. Lin. i. 836. Lorius Brasiliensis, Brzs. iv. 229. Jd. 8yo. ii. 106. Paragua, Rati. p. 33. Will. 76, Id. Engl. 115. Buf.vi. 248. Mareg. Hist. Brazil. p. 207. Paraguan Lory, Gen. Syn.i. 277 Shaw’s Zool. viii. 532. SIZE of the Amazon’s Parrot. Bill cinereous ; irides red; head, hind part of the neck, lower belly, thighs and under tail coverts black; back, rump, and upper tail coverts, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, upper part of the belly and sides scarlet; scapulars, upper and under wing coverts, quills, and tail black. This, according to Marcgrave, is found in Brazil, but probably may have an African origi, as hinted in respect to the cinereous Parrot. 173.—RED AND BLUE PARROT. Psittacus cceruleocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 117: Lin.i. 145. Gm. Lin. i. 336. — guianensis ceruleus, Bris.iv. 304. Id. 8vo. ii. 124. — versicolor, Rati, p. 316. Will. p. 75. Id Engl. 114. 6. Criq rouge and bleu, Buf. vi. 226. Red and blue Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 277. SIZE of the Dusky Parrot; length nime inches. Bill blackish ; orbits bare and whitish ; irides yellow ; head, throat, neck, and breast blue; on the crown a yellow spot; upper part of the back pale blue ; the lower, sides, and rump yellow; belly green; thighs greenish white ; wings and tail rose-colour, the coverts of the first mixed green, yellow, and rose-colour, of the tail green; legs reddish grey. PARROT. 233 Aldrovandus, from whom others have taken their descriptions, does not say where it is found; but Brisson, mistaking it for the Perroquet violet of Barrere, which inhabits Guiana, makes it of course a native of that country. A.—In Spalowsckhi's Vog.3. t.'7,—the orbits and base of the bill are white; head, neck, and breast blue; the rest of the plumage green, except the vent, and two-thirds of the tail next the base, which are crimson. 174.—GREEN AND RED CHINESE PARROT. Psittacus Sinensis, Ind. Orn.i. 117, Gm. Lin.i. 337. Bris.iv. 291. Id. 8vo.ii. 120. Grand Perroquet vert de la nouv. Guinée, Son. Voy. 174, t. 108. Perroquet vert de la Chine, Buf. vi. 116. Pi. enl. 514. Red-sided Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 490. Green and red Chinese Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 278. Edw. pl. 231. SIZE large, Bill red above, with a yellowish tip, the under mandible black ; orbits, and place of the cere, covered with feathers; irides orange; plumage wholly green, except the sides to the thighs, and under the wing coverts, which are fine deep crimson; edge of the wing, and some of the greater coverts and quills blue; tail dark green, mixed with blue above, and brown beneath; legs black. Inhabits the southern provinces of China, and Amboina, but is not common; Buffon received it from the Moluccas, and New Guinea ; and Sonnerat fixes it as a native of the last named place. VOL. Il. Hua 234. PARROT. 175.—GRISLED PARROT. Psittacus nasutus, Ind. Orn.i. 118. Grande Perruche de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii; 212. Grisled Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 64. THE bill im this is as large as the head, and red; irides bluish ; head and breast pale greenish grey ; hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail grass green; lesser wing coverts yellow; legs grey. Inhabits China. From the size of the head and bill it might be suspected to belong to the great-billed species before mentioned ; but the latter has the tail cuneiform; whereas, in the grisled one it is even at the end; therefore, unless Sonnerat should have made some mistake in this particular, I cannot agree with him in opinion. 176.—AMBOINA PARROT, Psittacus gramineus, Ind. Orn.i, 118. Gm. Lin. i. 338. Perroquet a Calotte bleue,: Levail. Perr. p. 121. Grand Perroquet vert 4 téte bleue, Buf. vi. 221. Pl. enl. 862. Blue-capped Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 520. Amboina Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 579. LENGTH sixteen inches. Bill pale red; forehead and crown blue; from the nostrils to the eye a narrow black streak ; the rest of the plumage grass green, with a great mixture of blue on the quills 5 under parts of the body olive green; tail short, green above, and dull yellow beneath ; legs lead-colour. | Inhabits Amboina. PARROT, 255 177.—_WHITE-FRONTED PARROT. Psittacus leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 118. Lin. 147. Gm. Lin. i. 338. — Borowsck. Nat. ii. p. 93. Psittacus Martinicanus, Bris. iv. 242. Id.8vo, 11. 110. Amazone & téte blanche, Buf. vi. 212. pl. 9. Perroquet a face rouge, Levail. Perr. i. 107, 108, 109. — a front blane, Pl. enl. 335. White-headed Parrot, Edw. pl. 166. White-fronted Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 279. LENGTH eleven or twelve inches. Bill flesh-colour ; cere and orbits white; irides dark hazel; plumage in general green; the feathers fringed with brown, more conspicuous on the fore parts; forehead white ; crown of the head blue, with a few red spots ; cheeks throat, and neck before scarlet; belly green, with a mixture of red, in some ferruginons ; greater quills blue, beneath blackish ; tail green, the two middle feathers wholly so; the three others on each side red, for three-fourths from the base; the others the same, but outwardly bluish; legs deep brown. Inhabits Martinico, and other parts m the same latitude. A.—Psittacus leucocephalus, Ind. Orn.i. 118. 111. 6. Raii, 31, & 181, Will. 75: Martinic. gutture-rubro, Bris. iv. 244. Jd. Svo.ii. 111. Gm. Lin.i. 338. 30. B. Spalowsck. Vog. iii. t. 6. Psitt. viridis fronte alba, Frisch. t. 46. Klein. p. 25. 9. L’ Amazone a téte blanche, Buf. vi. 212. var. Pl. enl. 549. White-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 280. A. Will. Engl. 113. 5. This differs from the last in being a trifle bigger; it wants the blue behind the white on the crown; the belly inclines to purple instead of red, and those feathers which in the other have red in them, in this, have a portion of yellow likewise. In other things one description might serve. H u2 236 PARROT. B.—Psitt. Martinic., cyanoceph. Bris.iv. 251. Id. 8vo. ii. 112. Papegai 4 ventre pourpré, Buff. vi. 242. Pl. enl. 548. Ash-crowned Parrot, Gen, Syn.i. 281. 88. C. Length eleven inches. Bill, cere, and orbits white; plumage in general green, most of the feathers with blackish margins ; forehead white; top of the head cinereous blue; under the eyes the same; bend of the wing white ; bastard wing and feathers adjacent blue ; quills black, some of them margined with blue, and others with green; the two middle tail feathers green, the next yellow on the inside half-way down from the base, near the shaft reddish, the end green; the next three red like the last, but on both sides; the outer one red, with the end yellowish green, and the exterior margin blue; legs grey. TInhabits Martinico. 178.—GERINIS PARROT. Psittacus Gerini, Ind. Orn.i. 119. Gerin. Orn. i. pl. 109. White-faced Amazon’s Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 500 ? Gerini’s Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 93. SIZE of the last. Bill and legs pale; head for the most part white ; body green; lesser wing coverts, some of the middle quills, and tail feathers red. Inhabits Brazil. 179.—W HITE-CROWNED PARROT. Psittacus albifrons, Ind. Orn.i. 119. Mus. Carls. fase. iii. t. 52. White-crowned Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 281. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 519. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill pale yellow; cere and orbits cinereous ; forehead to the middle of the crown white, the rest PARROT. 237 of the head above pale blue; on each side of the head, between the bill and eye, a red spot, surrounding the eye; plumage in general full green, with blackish margins, paler beneath; bastard wing and part of the quills adjoming red ; greater quills biue; tail rounded, green ; base crimson, shafts of the feathers chestnut ; legs ash-colour. Where it inhabits is not said. Some suppose it the male of the white-fronted. 180.—YELLOW-HEADED AMAZON'S PARROT. Psittacus amazonicus, Ind. Orn.1. 119: Bris. iv. 270. t.26, Id..8yo. ii.- 117. Psitt. ochrocephalus. Gm. Lin.i. 339. — poikilorynchos Aldrov, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 491. L’ Amazone a téte jaune, Buf: vi. 208. Le Perroquet a téte jaune, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 285. Yellow-headed Amazon’s Parrot, Gen. Syn: i. 282. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill ash-coloured, with a red base ; irides yellow ; top of the head lively bright yellow ; throat, neck, and wing coverts green; breast and belly yellowish green; ridge of the wing bright red ; quills varied with green, black, violet blue, and red; tail yellow green, the two outer feathers red on the inner webs at the base; legs grey. Inhabits Brazil, where it is common among the Mangrove trees, on the banks of the rivers, and there it builds its nest: known by the name of Curica. A,—L’ Amazone a téte jaune, Var. 1. Buff, vi. 209.. Perroquet vert et rouge, Pl. enl. 312. Yellow-crowned Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 282. 89. A: Length about fifteen inches. It chiefly differs from the preceding in having only a small portion of yellow on the forehead, instead of ears PARROT. ne whole crown; the green colour Jess bright, and inclining to yellow; on the wimg a little red, as in the other, and a shade of yellow under the tail. M. Buffon observes, that this is known at Guiana by the name of Bastard, or Half Amazon, supposing it to spring from a cross breed with another Parrot; one in the Leverian Museum had the forehead and sides, as far as the ears, yellow, otherwise did not differ. I observed likewise another, in which the yellow on the forehead was mixed with green; the ridge of the wing also of a mixed red colour, and a line of black just round the base of the bill. B.—Psitt. major poikilorynchos, Bris.iv. 270. Id. 8vo.ii.-116. Ravi. Syn. p.30. Will. p. 74. L’ Amazone a téte jaune, Var. 2. Buf. vi. 210. Party-billed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 283.B. Will. Engl. p.113. Length eighteen inches.* This seems to vary from the others chiefly in the bill, the upper mandible of which is bluish green, and yellow oker on the sides; tip crossed with a white spot; the under lead-colour round about, and yellow in the middle.t 181.—ASH-FRONTED PARROT. Psittacus Barbadensis, Bris.iv. 236. Id. 8vo.ii. 108. Gm. Lin-i. 339. Psitt. virid. et luteus capite cinereo, Klein. p. 25. Green and yellow Parrot from Barbadoes, Alb. ii. pl. 11. Ash-fronted Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 284. SIZE of a large Pigeon. Bill horn-colour; cere and orbits cinereous; forehead pale ash-colour; top of the head, cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck yellow; lesser wing coverts and thighs the * Willughby. t Idem. PARROT, 239 same; greater wing coverts, farthest from the body, fine blue; outer edge of the prime quills violet, and of some of the others red from the base to the middle, the rest of the length blue; secondaries green; tail the same, the two middle feathers a trifle the longest; legs cinereous. TInhabits Barbadoes. 182.—_MANILLA GREEN PARROT. Psittacus Lucionensis, Ind. Orn.i. 120. Bris. iv. 295, t.22. 2. Id. 8vo.ii. 121. Gin. Lin.i. 339. Manilla green Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 296. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill scarlet, with a white tip; cere reddish ; general colour of the plumage green, inclining to yellow ; hindhead, lower part of the back, and rump blue green; on the scapulars a little mixture of blue and rufous; quills brown on the inner, and yellow on the outer edge; the third and fourth the longest; tail near five inches long, green, beneath yellowish, the two middle feathers exceed the others by one inch; legs ash-colour. Inhabits the Island of Luzonia. 183—COMMON AMAZON’S PARROT. Psittacus estivus, Ind. Orn. i, 121. Lin.i. 146. Gm. Lin.i. 340. amazonicus, Bris, iv. 256. Id. 8vo. ii. 114. Spalowsck. Vog. il. t. 13. Gerin. t. 107 ? Psitt. virid. capite croceo, fronte cyanea, Klein. p. 25. Frisch. t. 47. Ajurucurau, Raii, p. 32. Will. p.76. Id. Engl. p.115. Perroquet Amazone, Aourou-couraou, Buf. vi. 215. Pl. enl. 547. Levail. Perr. pl. 84—89. Common Amazon’s Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 284. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 493. pl. 74. LENGTH ten inches. Bill blackish ; irides gold-colour; fore- head and between the eyes bluish; the rest of the head yellow; 240 PARROT. throat yellow, the feathers edged with bluish green ; the rest of the bedy light green, mclining to yellow on the back and belly; ridge of the wing red ; upper wing coverts green; quills varied with green, black, violet-blue, and red; tail green, the feathers frmged with black, red, and blue; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Guiana and Brazil.—We have seen one of these, having the crown of the head white instead of yellow, but with the same plumage. A.—Psitt. Jamaic. icteroceph. Bris. iv. 233. Id. 8vo.ii. 107. Gm. Lin. i. 340. B. -—= viridis melanorynchos, Rati, 30.4. Will. p.76. Id. Engl.113. § IV. Jamaica Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 285, 91. A. Brown. Jam. 473. Length thirteen inches. Bill black; irides deep saffron-colour ; forehead and throat blue green; the rest of the head and_ breast yellow; body above green, beneath yellow; edge of the wing, and under tail coverts red; greater quills green, within black, beneath red near the ends; tail yellow-green. Inhabits Jamaica. B.—Psitt. amazon. Jamaic. Bris. iv. 276: Jd. 8vo. ii. 117. Gm. Lin. i. 340. 32. y. Gerin. t. 108. Bor. Nat. ii. p. 93. Psitt. viridis alar. costa super. rubente, Radi. p. 30.2. Id. 181.6. Will. 74. t. 16. Id. Engl: 112. § II: Sloan. Jam. 297. Main Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 285, 91. B. Length twelve inches. Upper mandible red, black in the middle, and at the tip, with a bluish base; the under white; cere ash-colour ; orbits white ; irides reddish; plumage above green, tipped with black; beneath yellow green; forehead sky blue ; crown yellow ; cheeks and throat the same, but deeper ; edge of the wmg yellow and red mixed ; lesser wing coverts fine red ; all the others green ; PARROT. 241 greater quills black, edged with green; the lower part of the five middle ones red, the rest green, edged with yellow; tail green, near the tip yellowish, the inner base of the four outside feathers red ; all the shafts black; the two middle ones rather longer than the others ; legs hoary. Inhabits Guiana, the Amazon’s Country, Brazil, and Mexico; at the last place called by the Spaniards, Catharina; according to Brown it is also found in Jamaica. C.—Psitt. Brazil. cyanoceph, Bris. iv. 234. . Id. 8vo. ii. .108. Gm. Lin, i. 349. 6. Ajuru-curuca, Rati, 33.3. Will.'76. Id. Engl, 115. §. ix. Aourou-couraou, Var,3. Buf. vi. 219. Blue-topped Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 286. 91. C. Size of the Ash-coloured Parrot. Bill cimereous, with a black tip; plumage in general green; upper part of the head blue, mixed with black, in the middle of which is a yellow spot; beneath each eye a spot of the same; throat blue; greater quills marked with red, yellow, and violet at the end; legs bluish ash. Inhabits Brazil. D.—Psitt. Amazon. varius, Bris. iv. 287. t. 26.2. Jd. 8vo.11. 128. Gm. Lin.i. 340. «. Gerin. t. 115. Ind. Orn.i. 122. «. Ajurucurau, No. 2. Rati,33. Will. 76. Id. Engl. 115. §. ix. Aourou-couraou, Var. 4.° Buf. vi. 219. Psitt, major virid. mac. luteis et rubris, Frisch. t. 19. Klein. 25. West India green Parrot, Gen. Syn.i, 287. 91.D. Edw. pl. 162. Size of the last. Bill and cere cinereous; orbits flesh-colour; irides orange; forehead blue; crown pale yellow, mixed with a little blue; cheeks and throat yellow; rest of the plumage green; behind the neck a little mixed with yellow, and on the back with red likewise; shoulders red, mixed with yellow; quills black, with green VOL. Il. Ter 242 PARROT. or blue edges; the fowr middle tail feathers green, with yellowish ends, the three next on each side red at the base within, edged yellow, with a deep green spot; the outer one the same, with the outer edge blue; legs grey. Inhabits the Amazon’s Country, and Brazil. E.——Psitt. Amazon. fronte lutea, Bris.iv. 261. Jd. 8vo.ii. 114. Gm. Lin.i. 341. Ind. Orn. i. 122. 2. Aourou-couraou, Var.5. Buf. vi. 221. Aourou Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 508. pl. 76. Brazilian yellow-fronted Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 287. 91. E. This is in most things like the others. Plumage in general green; forehead pale yellow; crown and cheeks the same, but darker; from the base of the bill, above the eyes, a blue stripe; throat feathers yellow, with blue tips; hind part of the head and neck green, edged with black, and a mixture of blue; ridge of the wing orange; quills and tail much like the others; under tail coverts yellowish; the legs hoary. Inhabits the Amazon’s Country, and Brazil. One of these, in the Leverian Collection, had the tail chiefly green, with yellowish ends, all but the two middle feathers with the base red, then green, and all these with a red spot between the green and yellow, about the middle of each feather; the outer one with the exterior edge orange the whole length. F.—Psittacus estivus, Ind. Orn. 1. 122. 117. 7. Length fourteen inches. Bill, cere, and orbits as in the first ; also the head, neck, and body; but the feathers of the last are duller green, edged with brown; middle of the belly and thighs pale yellow brown; garter yellow; on six of the middle quills a large PARROT. 943 patch of crimson on the outer webs, occupymg most space on the exterior feathers ; ends of all the quills blue; tail green, with the end yellow orange; the five outer feathers yellow at the base within, then crimson for half the length; the outer margins green, but the outmost of all margined with blue; legs brown. A similar one to this had all the inner bend of the wing red, otherwise not differing. This came from Berbice, by the name of Koellou. G.—Psaitt. viridis collo favo, Gerin. t.110. Ind. Orn.i. 123. 117.3. Spalowsck. Vog. ii. t. 12. This appears to be a further variety; size of the others. Plumage green; head and neck yellow; shoulders, a patch on the quills, and base of the tail feathers red. H.—Perroquet Amazone varié, P/. enl. 120. Psittac. varii coloris, Will. p.72? Ind. Orn.i. 123. 117. 4. Counterfeit Parrot, Will. Engl. p.110. Gen. Syn.i. 295. Authors talk of a Parrot, which seems referable to this Species : it is variegated with several colours, and made up by art. M. Pernetty says,* that such are frequently met with on the isle of St. Catharine, and coasts of Brazil. The whole plumage, especially the head and neck, back, and belly, varied with jonquil, citron, carmine, crimson, &c. intermixed with green, and a lively blue, chiefly about the ears; and that the natives caused this change, from plucking out the feathers while young, and putting in something poisonous, which made them thus to change colour,+ but how far this account may be founded in truth requires further observation. * Voy. aux Malouines.i. 177. ; + See Will. Orn. Engl. 110, 12 244 PARROT. 184.—YELLOW-SHOULDERED PARROT. Psittacus luteolus, Ind. Orn. i. 123. luteus, Gm. Lin.i. 341. Yellow-shouldered Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 288. (Shaw’s Zool. viii. 499. ——= LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky, tip black; crown of the head, including the eye, light blue; from the bill to the eye, and the chin yellow; body in general, and wings green; the feathers on the upper parts edged with brown ; shoulders tinged with yellow; on the greater wing coverts a patch of orange; greater quills dusky ; belly and vent very pale green; tail green, but some of the feathers are red within at the base; legs dusky. From South America. 185.—YELLOW-WINGED PARROT. Psittacus ochropterus, Ind. Orn. i. 123. Gm. Lin.i. 341. — Amazon. gutture luteo, Bris. iy. 287. Jd. 8vo. ii. 119. viridis alius, capite luteo, Frisch. t.48. Klein. p. 25. Le Crik 4 téte et gorge jaune, Buf. vi. 222. Yellow-headed Creature,* Bancr. Guian. 159. Yellow-winged Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 289. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill and orbits whitish ; cere hoary; inides yellow; plumage in general green, margined with black on the neck behind, and back; crown, cheeks, throat, and neck before yellow; hindhead yellow green; thighs and ridge of the wing * It may be wondered why the name Creature should be applied to a Parrot, but Dr. Bancroft explains this. He says, that they are distinguished by two names, viz.—Parrots, properly so called, and Creatures; the first are docile, and will learn to talk, the others less docile, and have an habit of nodding, when any attempt is made to handle them : acustom of which they can never be divested, though they are often taught to speak distinctly. PARROT. . 945 yellow ; lesser wing coverts next the body red, with yellow edges, the others yellow; rest of the coverts green; greater quills black, some having blue and green edges; four of the middle ones red at the base within for three-fourths of their length; the four middle tail feathers are green with yellowish ends; the three next on each side red half-way from the base; the rest yellowish green, with a deep. green spot between the two colours; all of them margined with green outwardly; the outmost the same, the exterior edges blue; legs hoary. Inhabits Guiana with the last.. Buffon expatiates on the sensi- bility of this species, from the notes of a friend, who kept one alive ; it was of a very uncertain temper ; for if chastised for biting rather hard, &c. it persisted in the offence, and never was to be reclaimed, but from the most gentle usage; was impatient in a cage, biting to pieces every thing within reach, and always silent and dull, except when at liberty. It chattered then continually, and had much to say, as it remembered every thing ; yet with all this caprice, the bird was very fond of children. In the time of moulting, which lasted for nearly three months, it appeared dejected and uneasy ; it was chiefly fed on hemp-seed, nuts, and fruits of all kinds, but preferred meat, when allowed to have it, though from too frequent use of the last, it became dull and heavy, and lost its feathers.* We believe the above account will include the manners of most Parrots in confinement, and the circumstance of the loss of plumage from the use of animal food, we have been frequently witnesses to, and this appeared to arise from the irritation produced in the skin, which induced the birds to be continually picking and fretting the parts, to allay the uneasy sensation. It has been remarked, that Parrots have the habit of retaining the food in the pouch or cheek for. some time, whence they have been thought to chew the cud.t+ * Birds in hot climates do not moult all at once, asin the colder regions, but the feathers fall off by degrees, as the leaves of evergreen trees. + See Pitfield’s Memoirs, p. 201. 346 PARROT. A.—Size of the other, and much the same in plumage, but besides the yellow parts, it has an irregular mixture of yellow feathers among the green on the wing coverts, breast, and belly; no yellow on the ridge of the wing, nor are the lesser wing coverts, next the body, red. B.—In another, the plumage in general is green; forehead pale blue; middle of the crown green ; just round the eye red; hindhead, round the back part of the eye, the chin, and a crescent on each side of the lower part of the throat yellow; ridge of the wing, and base of the quills red; ends of all the quills blue. 186.—YELLOW-CHEEKED PARROT. Le Perroquet Criq de Cayenne, Buf. vi. 228. PI. enl. 839. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill pale lead-colour ; round the eye bare and whitish; irides red; plumage fine green; paler beneath ; above the eyes tinged with blue; below them, on the jaw, a large yellow patch, beginning at the base of the bill ; on the outer edge of the wing a trace of red, from the base of two or three of the quills bemg of that colour; the remainder blue to the ends, but they are for the most part black with blue ends ; tail even, three inches long, the two middle feathers green, plain; the rest marked on the mner webs with an oblong spot of red, taking up most space, as the feathers are more outward. Inhabits Cayenne, and is one of those known by the name of Criq. The Agile species passes also under this name. PARROT. 247 187.—MEALY GREEN PARROT. Psittacus pulverulentus, Ind. Orn. i. 123. Gm. Lin.i. 341. ——— major albicans, capite luteo, Barrer. Fr. Eq. 144? Munier, ou Crik poudré, Buf. vi. 225. Pl. enl. 861. Levail. Perr. pl. 92. Mealy green Parrot, Gen, Syn. i. 291. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 511. THIS is said almost to equal the Maccaw in size, and the biggest of the Parrot kindin America. Bill whitish horn-colour : plumage green, but appearing as if powdered all over with meal; on the head isa yellow spot; the feathers on the hind part of the neck slightly edged with brown; under parts of the body paler than above, and without the mealy appearance; on the wings a large red spot ; quills outwardly black ; end of the tail yellowish green. Inhabits Cayenne and Brazil, where it is called Juru, and much admired for its size, singularity of colour, and gentleness of disposi- tion, added to its talking well. 188.—BLUE-FRONTED PARROT. Psittacus Havanensis, Jnd. Orn.i. 124. Gm. Lin. i. 342. ° mama Havanna Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 531. Blue-fronted Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 291. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill whitish, tip black; cere and orbits ash-colour; plumage mostly green, the feathers tipped with black on the upper parts, and with bluish beneath ; forepart of the head, throat, and neck, cinereous blue, inclining to violet, and edged with shining green; the rest of the head, hind part of the neck, back, and rump, green, the feathers tipped with black; on 248 . PARROT. the breast a large red spot ;* the under tail coverts yellowish green ; quills black ; the outer edge of some green, the others blue, and some of the middle ones red within, next the base, forming a red spot; tail green, with the end yellowish; the two middle feathers plain, and two next on each side blackish at the base, the fourth and fifth red within at the bottom, the outmost the same mixed with blue; legs grey. Inhabits Havannah, and probably common to Mexico,. but Buffon says, it is not found in Guiana, He adds, that the red on the belly is the colour of lilac, waved with green, and a yellow spot on the lower part of it. Authors differ in respect to the size; M. Brisson’s said to be as large as a Crow, and fifteen inches long, but that of Buffon measured only twelve inches, 189.— AUTUMNAL PARROT. Psittacus autumnalis, Ind. Orn.i: 124. Lin.i. 147. Gm. Lin. i. 345. Psitt. Americanus, Bris. iv. 298. Id. 8vo.ii. 121. Gerin. t. 135. Crik a téte bleue, Buf. vi 232. Var. 2. Le Perroquet 4 Joues oranges, Levail. p. 111. Lesser green Parrot, Edw pl. 164. Bancr. Guian. 160. Autumnal Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 293.B. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 516. SIZE of a middling Pigeon. Bill whitish, with dusky edges; round the eye a bare white space; irides gold-colour; forehead scarlet; crown blue; on each cheek, under the eye, an orange spot ; rest of the plumage green, paler beneath; upper ridge of the wing yellow; side tail feathers red outwardly at the base. Inhabits Guiana. * See Pl. enl. 360. PARROT. 249 A.—Crik a téte bleue, Buf. vi. 230. Gm. Lin. i. 346. 37. 6. Le Perroquet bouquet, Levail. Perr. pl. 135. Blue-headed Creature, Bancr. Guian. 158. Blue-faced Parrot. Gen. Syn.i. 293. Edw. pl. 230. Shaw's Zool. vii. 518. Size of a Pullet. Bill horn-colour, with an orange spot on each side of the upper mandible; irides orange; fore part of the head, quite behind the eye, and throat blue; below the throat, to the breast, red ; the rest of the body green, but the prime quills are blue, and some red, with blue tips; tail green half way, beneath yellow green; side feathers red on the outer webs; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Guiana. B.—Crik a téte bleue, Buf. vi. 231. Var.1. Ind. Orn.i. 124. y. Cocho, Ferm. Hist. N. Hisp. p.38. Red and white-faced Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 293. 96. A. This differs in havimg the head varied with red and whitish, instead of red and blue, otherwise absolutely the same; the Spaniards call both this, and the Var. B. of the Amazon’s Parrot—Catharina. C.—Psittacus Braziliensis, Lin. 1.147. Gm. Lin.i. 344. Ind. Orn.i. 125. 6. Psitt. Brazil. fronte rubra, Bris. iv. 254. Jd.8vo.ii. 113. variegat. Braziliensis, Gerin. t. 116. Crik a téte bleue, Bufvi. 232. Var. 3. Perroquet 4 Joues bleues, Levail. pl. 106. Brazilian green Parrot. Gen. Syn.i. 294. 96.C. Edw. pl.161. Baner. Guian. 160. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 514. pl. 77. Size of a tame Pigeon. Bill flesh-colour; forehead and throat red ; under and behind each eye blue; crown of the head yellowish green; most of the body green; lower edge of the wing red; part VOL, II. KK 250 PARROT. of the quills blue; middle tail feathers green, outmost but one red, the outer blue, the whole tipped with fine yellow; legs brownish ash-colour. Inhabits Brazil and Guiana. We observed one, m which all the tail feathers were crimson, except the exterior, which was blue, but the whole of them with the ends yellow. 190.—PILEATED PARROT. Psittacus pileatus, Ind. Orn.i. 125. Scop. Ann.i. No. 32. ° Pileated Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 94. SIZE of a Missel Thrush. Bull horn-colour, with a brown base; forehead and crown red; cheeks naked; general colour of the plumage green; quills and tail blue on the outer edges, the last yellow at the end; rump yellow-green. M. Scopoli suspects it to be a Variety of the Golden-crowned Parrakeet, but does not mention the shape of the tail. 191.—RED-HEADED AMAZON’S PARROT. Psittacus Tarabe, Ind. Orn.i. 125. Gm. Lin.i. 344. Raii. p. 33. 5. —~—— Braziliens. erythroceph. Bris.iv. 240. Id. 8vo. ii. 109. Le Maracana A téte rouge, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 284, Buf. vi. 211. Red-headed Amazon’s Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 295. BIGGER than the Ceram Lory. Bill cinereous; plumage in general green; head, throat, neck before, breast, and lesser wing coverts red ; legs cmereous. Inhabits Brazil, but not Guiana. M. d’Azara has seen several, both wild and tame, but they appeared to be a stupid race. PARROT. 951 192.—NEW-GUINEA GREEN PARROT. Psittacus viridis, Ind. Orn: i. 125. Gm. Lin.i. 344, Grand Perroquet de la nouv. Guinée, Son. Voy. 74. t. 108. New-Guinea green Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 296. SIZE of the common Amazon’s Parrot. Upper mandible the colour of orpiment; the under black ; inides fire colour; plumage in general light grass green; greater quills digo blue; the lesser carmine red beneath. Inhabits New Guinea. 193.—EASTERN PARROT. Psittacus orientalis, Ind. Orn.i. 125. Eastern Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 64. SIZE of the Amazon’s Parrot. Bill red, with a yellow tip; plumage in general green; ridge of the wing and prime quills pale blue; towards the end of the tail black and blue, the end yellow ; legs yellow. Inhabits India—Lady Impey. 194.—DUFRESNE’S PARROT. Perroquet Dufresne, Levail. Perr. pl. 91. Dufresne’s Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 513. SIZE of the Mealy green Parrot. Plumage in general full green; just above the base of the upper mandible, from eye to eye, an orange-yellow bar; cheeks and sides of the neck tinged with blue ; ridge of the wings, the outer edges, and tips of the larger quills deep blue; the inner marked in the middle with a broad orange bar ; bill pale brown; legs ash-colour. ; Inhabits Cayenne. K x2 252 PARROT. 195.—BLUE-CHEEKED PARROT. Psittacus adscitus, Ind. Orn.i. 126. Blue-cheeked Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 64. LENGTH eleven imches and a half. Bill, and crown of the head straw-colour ; cheeks fine light blue; upper part of the back black, streaked with yellow; the lower pale yellow; scapulars black; wing coverts and quills rich deep blue, tinged with green; breast and belly green; vent red; exterior feathers of the tail blue, tinged and marked near the shafts with rows of small dark spots; the middle ones duller green; legs dusky. Native place uncertain.—Communicated by the late Mr. Pennant. 196.——AMBER PARROT. Psittacus Batavensis, Ind. Orn.i. 126. Amber Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 65. BILL dusky ; fore part of the head crimson ; the back of it and nape dusky; the rest of the neck crimson, marked with yellow streaks; belly the same, but paler; wings and tail green ; thighs red ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Batavia.—Lady Impey. 197.—FESTIVE PARROT. Psittacus festivus, Ind. Orn.i. 126. Lin.i. 147. Gm. Lin.i. 344: Tavoua, ou Tahua, Buf. vi. 240. Pl. enl. 840. Levail. Perr. pl. 129. Festive Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 298. Shaw’s Zool, vi. 521. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill lead-colour, with a black tip ; cere greyish black; irides saffron-colour ; from eye to eye just over PARROT, 953 the forehead, the feathers are purplish chestnut ; from the base of the upper mandible springs a stripe of pale blue, passing through the eye to the hind head, but vanishes before it reaches the back part; crown of the head green, with a very little mixture of blue; on the throat a blue spot; the rest of the plumage plain green, paler beneath, except from the middle of the back to the rump, which is very bright, though deep crimson ; tail coverts and tail green; the exterior edge of the outer feather of the latter blue; bastard wing deep blue; greater quills almost black, with the outer edges fringed with blue; the rest of the wings green; legs light ash-colour. In a quiescent state the crimson of the rump being covered by the wings, is not visible. — Inhabits Guiana, where it is rare, but sometimes is seen near inhabited places: the natives call it Tavoua; is in great esteem from its talking better than either the Guinea or Ash-coloured, but is said to be an ungrateful and mischievous bird, as it bites every one who attempts to stroke it, like the Yellow-winged Parrot. Its looks are lively, but shy, and it is more agile and playful than any other species. This account is given by Buffon, but I am clear it will not suit every individual, and that the same disposition does not pervade the whole of its kind, as I had one in my collection, which, during the many years it lived in England, was perfectly tame and familiar. 198.—CRIMSON-WINGED PARROT. Psittacus erythropterus, Ind. Orn.i. 126. Gin. Lin. i. 343. Black-shouldered Parrot, Nat. Misc. pl. 653. Crimson-winged Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 299. Id. Sup. 60. LENGTH twelveinches. Bill brownish red, and rather elongated; crown, cheeks, and ridge of the wings fine green ; upper part of the back black, the lower rich blue; tail coverts pale green; beneath 954 PARROT. from chin to tail yellow-green ; wing coverts deep rich scarlet, sur- rounded with black ; quills black, edged with dull green; tail rounded in shape, yet scarcely to be called cuneiform; the middle feathers dull green, with yellowish ends, the outmost like those of the win gs, and others more or less marked with red ; legs dusky. The female differs in having a green back, and the wing coverts green, except a few of the greater, which are scarlet ; some of the outer tail feathers red on the inner webs. Inhabits New South Wales. Fine specimens of both sexes in the Museum of the Linnean Society. 199.—RED-BANDED PARROT. Psittacus Dominicensis, Ind. Orn. i. 126. Gm. Lin. i. 348. Papegai 4 bandeau rouge, Buf. vi. 241 PI. enl. 792. Red-banded Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 300, LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill pale flesh-colour; on the forehead from one eye to the other a band of red; plumage in general green, rather dark, marked as it were with scales of black on the neck and back; stomach reddish; quills blue; legs ash- colour. Inhabits Guiana, as also Paraguay. One of these, in my pos- session, when alive, had the eye surrounded with a naked white skin ; the irides hazel; the band does not cover the whole forehead, but only just over the bill. 200.—CRIMSON-BANDED PARROT. LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale red ; plumage chiefly olive, or yellow green; forehead crimson, passing on each side and sur- rounding the eye; below on the ears a crimson spot; edge of the PARROT. 255 wing within crimson; the outer as far as the middle the same, but broader, occupyimg one-third of the breadth of the wing ; greater quills deep violet-purple, margimed outwardly with green ; tail rounded, olive-green ; above the knees a mixture of crimson, as a garter; legs brownish flesh-colour. From the drawings of Mr. Woodford. 201.—PARADISE PARROT. Psittacus Paradisi, Ind. Orn.i. 127. Lin.i. 147. Gm. Lin. i. 342. Keir. p: 25. Nat. Misc. pi. 1001: Psitt. luteus Ins. Cube, Bris.iv. 308. Id. Svo. ii. 125. Papegai de Paradis de Cuba, Buf. vi. 237. Pl. enl. 336. Perroquet jaune ecaillé de rouge, Levail. Perr. pl. 137. Cuba Parrot, Brown Jam. 473. Cates. Car.i. t. 10. Paradise Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 300. Shaw's Zool. vii. 501. pl. 75. LENGTH twelve inches and ahalf. Bill white; irides red; round the eyes bare and white; plumage yellow, with the margins of the feathers orange-red; throat, fore part of the neck, and belly bright red; greater quills white; the two middle tail feathers yellow ; the others red for two-thirds of the length, the remaining part yellow ; legs white. Inhabits the Island of Cuba. 202.—AURORA PARROT. Psittacus Aurora, Ind. Orn.i. 127 Lin. Mant. (1771) 524. Gm. Lin. i. 324. Psitt. luteus, Bris. iv. 306. Id. 8vo. ii. 125. Perroquet jaune, Pl. enl. 13. Orn. de Salern. 69, t.7. f, 2. L’ Amazone jaune, Buf. vi. 214. pl. 10. Levail. pl. 90. Aurora Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 301. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 502. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill and cere white; eyelids and irides red; the whole plumage fine yellow, except the edge of the wing 256 PARROT. which is fine red; under the wings the yellow is very pale; all the prime quills, except two or three of the first, are red on the outer edge, in the middle; tail rounded, the four outer feathers red from the base to the mide on the inner webs; legs white. Inhabits Mexico, or probably Brazil, as M. Salerne mentions one that spoke the Portuguese tongue distinctly, and was very tame. 203.—W HITE-BREASTED PARROT. Psittacus melanocephalus, Ind. Orn. i. 128. Lin.i. 149. Gm. Lin. i. 346. Mus: Adolp. Fr.i. p. 45. — Mexicanus, pectore albo, Bris.iv. 297. Id. 8vo. ii. 122. atricapillus, Mill. Illust. t.4. A. Le Maipoun, Buf. vi. 250. Pl. enl. 527. Levail. pl. 119, 120. White-breasted Parrot, Gen. Syn. i. 305. Edw. pl. 169. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 542. SIZE of a Turtle; length nine inches. Bill, cere, and orbits dusky flesh-colour; top of the head black; under the eye from the gape a green mark; cheeks, throat, and forepart of the neck yellow, behind orange; back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail coverts green; breast and upper part of the belly white ; the lower, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts orange; quills blue outwardly, within and beneath black; the first of the lesser quills green, edged with yellow ; the others green ; tail short, rounded, green ; legs cmereous brown. A.—The bill in this variety is blackish; the black crown, and the green mark between the bill and eye the same ; sides of the head and throat olive-yellow ; about the ears dusky; back part of the neck rose-colour, inclining to brown; breast and belly pale ash-colour; sides of the body, thighs, and vent yellowish orange- brown; quills blue, edges fringed with green. A specimen of this last was in the Leverian Museum. PARROT. 257 This species inhabits Mexico, Guiana, and the Caraccas, in South America; commonly found in woods, and does not often approach inhabited places ; has no note beyond a shrill whistle, which is often repeated in flight. Observed in small numbers together, but are restless and quarrelsome, and if any one is taken, it for the most part refuses food, and at last is starved to death. In general, Parrots, even the most stubborn in nature, are to be subdued by means of smoke of tobacco, but this is only put into bad humour by the attempt ; who- ever, therefore, would have these birds, must tram them up young ; and this is scarcely worth labour, if not for the sake of variety ; for they do not learn to talk. 204.—HOODED PARROT. Psittacus Caica, Ind. Orn. i. 128. Gm. Lin.i. 347. Buf. vi. 253. Le Caica Barraband, Levail. Perr. pl. 134. Var. Perruche a téte noire, Caica, Buf. vi. 253. Pl. enl. 744. Levail. pl. 133. Hooded Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 306. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 542. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill red; plumage of the head black, giving the appearance of a hood, out of which the eye appears, within an angulated white skin ; round the back of the neck fulvous, but the chin and forepart yellowish ; the rest of the body for the most part green ; but when the wing is closed, seems to be divided longitudinally, as the outer edge of the wing is all the way blue; tail longer than in the last, the feathers pointed at the ends, the shape rather hollowed out in the middle; the general colour green, with the end blue ; legs red. Inhabits Cayenne: comes there every year in small flocks in September and October, making but short stay: is called there Caica. It may be observed that this and the last differ much from other Parrots, both in make of body, being thick, short necked, and more VOL. Il. Lye 258 PARROT. robust; and are likewise of a heavy, dull nature. Buffon adds, that the feathers seem closer set, appearing as if artificially fastened to the body, especially on the breast and under parts. A.—Le Nenday, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 279. In this the head is black, having on the middle of the crown a tinge of red; neck before pale blue; thighs scarlet; tail above half yellowish, half blue, beneath dusky ; quills dusky at the tips; ‘greater coverts green, changing into blue at the ends; lesser and middle ones, and rest of the body yellowish green ; bill and space round the eye black; legs olive. Two of these were taken at Yaguarou, in Paraguay, and sent into Spain: they had the action and cry of the Hooded Parrot, but the irides were red. Supposed to be a variety of that bird. 205.—SENEGAL PARROT. Psittacus Senegalus, Ind. Orn.i. 128. Lin. i. 149. Gm. Lin. i. 347. Bris. iv. 400. t. 24.2, Jd. 8vo. ii. 153. Perroquet 4 téte grise, Buf. vi. 123. Pl. enl. 288. Levail. pl. 116, 117. Senegal Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 307. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 544. SIZE of a Blackbird; length eight inches. Bill. ash-coloured ; cere and orbits blackish ; irides fine yellow ; plumage above green, passing forwards to the breast ; head elegant ash-colour ;* quills and bastard wing the same, with the outer edges green; under parts of the body orange, deeper on the sides; tail deep ash-colour, margins greenish; legs reddish ash-colour. * In the head of one I observed a slight reddish fringe on the edges of the feathers, scarcely perceivable on first inspection. PARROT. 259 Inhabits Senegal, where they are seen to fly five or six together, and perch on the tops of trees, which are here and there scattered in the burning sandy plains: the cry is sharp and disagreeable : they keep close together in pairs, so that two are often shot at once, and sometimes the whole little flock: they are said to talk very well. In the Leverian Museum was one of these, differimg from the former, having here and there a yellow feather on the back; and the head cinereous brown: probably this was a young bird. Le Maire* says, there is a larger sort, with yellow on the back, which does not talk. 206.—COW LED PARROT. LENGTH about seven inches. Bill pale dirty brown; round the eye bare; head and neck black, continuing lower on the throat before ; round the lower part of the neck a broad, pale, orange brown ring; the feathers margined with a darker colour, appearing waved ; back, wings, tail, belly, and thighs pale green; quills dusky black ; lower belly and vent yellowish white ; legs black. Inhabits South America; brought from the Island of Trinadad. It seems to approach greatly to the Hooded Species, and is of a stout make, but on comparison, differs in several particulars : it is smaller, the bill not red; chin and throat wholly black all round, and the tail feathers, although pomted, are equal in length; legs black, not red. * Voy. de la Maire, 1605. p. 107: L 12 260 PARROT. 207.—RED-THROATED PARROT. Psittacus colarius,. Ind. Orn. i, 128. Lin. i. 149. Gm. Lin.i. 3472 Psitt. Jamaicensis gutture rubro,. Bris..iv. 241. Id. 8yo. ii. 110.: ——- minor collo miniaceo, An Xaxabes Oviedi? Rai, p. 181. 8.. Sassabé, Buff. vi. 245. Common Parrot of Jamaica. Sloan. Fam. 297. Red-throated Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 303. SIZE of a Pigeon. Head, neck behind, back, rump, scapulars, upper and under wing coverts, breast, belly, sides, upper and under tail coverts green; throat and forepart of the neck fine red; quills black, edged with green ; tail green. Inhabits Jamaica. 208.—RED-FRONTED PARROT. Psittacus Tuipara, Ind. Ornii. 129: Gm. Lin. i. 348.. Psittac. Brazil. erythroceph. Bris.iv. 383. Id.8vo.i1. 147. Tuipara, Rati. Syn. 35. Will. p.78. Id. Engl. 117. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 555. Red-fronted Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 308. SIZE ‘of a Lark. Bill flesh-colour; plumage pale green; on the forehead a red spot, in shape of a crescent; on the middle of each wing a spot of yellow; tail very short; legs grey. Inhabits Brazil; said to build in ant-heaps, left by the ants, which are found in trees.* | * Will. Orn. p. 117. PARROT. 261 209.—GOLDEN-WINGED PARRAKEET. Psittacus chrysopterus, Ind. Orn.i. 129. Lin.i. 149. Gm. Lin.i. 348. Psittac. alis deauratis, Bris. App. p.130. Id. 8vo. ii. 155. Perruche a ailes dor, Buf. vi. 170. Golden-winged Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 309. Edw. pl. 293.2. Shaw's Zool. viii. 545. A TRIFLE bigger than the last. Bill* and orbits whitish ; plumage green, paler beneath ; the four first quills blue on the outer, and brown on the inner edge; the four next orange above, and luteous beneath, as are some of the greater coverts adjoining, making an orange spot; legs pale flesh-colour. Inhabits the East Indies. 210.—RED-HEADED GUINEA PARRAKEET. Psittacus pullarius, Ind. Orn.i: 129. Lin.i. 149. Mus. Ad. Fred.ii. p. 15, Gm. Lin.i. 348. Scop. Ann.i. No. 34. Bor. Nat. ii. 95. Spalowsck. Vog.i. t.2.3. Nat. Mise. pi. 35. Psitt. Guineensis, Bris: iv. 387. Jd. 8vo.1i. 148. Gerin. t. 133. Phil. Trans. xviii. 153. pl. in p. 149. Psitt. pusillus viridis, Raii, p.31. Klein. p.25. Frisch. t.54.. minor Amer. versicolor, Seb. Thes.i1. t. 40. f. 1. Perruche a téte rouge de Guinée, Buff. vi. 167. pl.7. Pl. enl. 60. Indianische Spatz, Wirs. Vog..t. 12. Red-headed Guinea Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.-i. 309. Shaw’s Zool..viii.. 549. pl..84.. Alb. il. pl. 15. Edw. pl..237.. SIZE of a Lark; length five inches and a half. Bill red, with a pale tip; cere and orbits ash-colour; irides bluish; plumage green, paler beneath; fore part of the head and throat red; ridge of the wing and rump blue, but the upper tail coverts are green; base of * In the Leverian Museum was one of these, with the bill remarkably long and hooked, but as we have not seen a similar specimen, cannot say whether or not it was a peculiarity. 262 PARROT. the side tail feathers red, then a bar of black, and the end green, the two middle ones wholly green; legs grey. The female is marked much the same, but the colours less vivid, and the red on the face much paler; ridge of the wing yellow. Inhabits Guinea, and there very common; found also in Athiopia, the East Indies, and the Isle of Java; are afioctondie to each other, and usually kept in pajrs in one cage; the male is ever obliging to his mate, will hull the seeds for her with his bill, and present them to her in this state, and each seems unhappy at a moment’s separation ; if one is sick, the other is melancholy, and if death ensues, the sorrowful relict rarely long survives.**» These are exported from Africa in great numbers, but few in proportion survive the passage, yet they will often live many years after. They are kept for their beauty, for they have no song, only a noise, which is far from agreeable, 211—MITRED PARROT. Psittacus mitratus, Maxim. Trav.i. 229. 245. LENGTH seven inches, eight lines. Head, neck, and eyes scarlet; body bright green, with dark blue quill feathers; tail short. Inhabits Brazil, there called Camutanga, and in some parts Schaiia, from its note; they fly in pairs with loud cries, over the highest trees, and often in great numbers. 212.—COFFEE-BACKED PARROT. New Species of Parrot, Maxim. Trav.i. 240. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Round the eye a naked vermilion kind of skin ; tail short, green; breast, belly, and * We have, however, known that single birds will often live in a cage for many years. PARROT. 263 sides inclining to blue; back dark coffee-colour; rump almost entirely black; two middle tail feathers green, the lower half red, the others beautiful, with broad black tips. Inhabits Brazil; classed in the Berlin Museum as Pstftacus melanonotus. The chief character of this species, only to be dis- tinguished in a fresh state, is a naked, vermilion-coloured skin round the eye. e eye ; 213.—LEONA PARRAKEERT, _ LENGTH five inches. The upper mandible from the base half way black, the rest pale, the under wholly pale; body in general and wings green; crown and nape pale greenish blue; sides of the head, including the eye, the chin and throat fine pale grey ; round the neck, above the breast, a pale orange yellow collar, bounded on the upper part behind, with an irregular bar of black; the lower part of the back pale blue; rump and upper tail coverts deep blue ; tail rounded, the two middle feathers wholly green, the rest crimson for two-thirds from the base, then a bar of black, and finally green ; legs dusky. Inhabits Africa, Sierra Leone. In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. 214.—BLUE-RUMPED PARRAKEET. Psittacus Malaccensis, Ind. Orn.i. 130.. Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 212, Blue-rumped Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 66. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 554. SIZE of the last. Bill violet grey; irides red; forehead blue ; head, neck, and upper part of the breast grass green; rump blue ; 264 PARROT. wing coverts pale green ; second quills deep green; the prime ones blue on the outer webs to the middle, the rest deep green; under wing coyerts crimson; tail deep green, yellowish beneath; legs brown. Inhabits Malacca. A.—Length nine inches. Bill reddish ; plumage mostly green ; outer edge of the wing crimson ; rump pale blue; legs brown ; tail uncertain as to length or shape, being much worn at the end. A specimen of this in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, was supposed to be a female of the blue-rumped. It is to be suspected, that not only the outer edge of the wings, but the under wing coverts also may be crimson ; but the bird being fixed in a case, prevented our ascertain- ing this circumstance. 215.—RED-NAPED PARROT. Psittacus cervicalis, Ind. Orn.i. 130. Nat. Misc. pl. 913. Le Perroquet Langlois, Levail. pl. 136. Red-naped Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup.i. p. 66. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 543. SIZE ofa small Pigeon. Bill red; general colour of the plumage green; on the forehead, over the eye, crimson; at the back of the head a crescent of the same; throat, forepart of the neck, and breast also crimson ; tail plain green; legs browu. In the collection of General Davies. Native place uncertain. 216.—RED AND GREEN INDIAN PARROT. Psittacus Asiaticus, Ind. Orn.i. 130. Indicus, Gm. Lin.i. 349. Bris.iv. 390. Jd. 8vo.11. 149. Gerin. t. 134. Asiatic Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 553. ? Red and Green Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 311. Edw. t. 6. SIZE of the Guinea Parrakeet. Biull bright orange; orbits pale flesh-colour ; top of the head red, or deep orange; the rest of the PARROT. 265° plumage green, paler beneath ; the lower half of the rump and upper tail coverts red like the head ; inside of the quills and under the tail bluish green ; Jegs flesh-colour. Tnhabits the East Indies, 217.—VERNAL PARROT. Psittaeus vernalis, Ind. Orn.i. 130. Mus. Carls. fasc. ti. t. 29. Vernal Parrot, Gen. Syn. Sup. i. p. 95. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill reddish; plumage in general pale green; wing coverts deeper; quills grass green; rump sanguineous; tail the same above, beneath blue; legs pale. Native place uncertain. 218.—RED-RUMPED PARRAKEBRT. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill red; plumage in general green; head and neck inclining to brownish yellow ; crown of the head pale reddish chestnut, deeper on the forehead, with a tinge of orange at the nape; breast, belly, and vent pale green ; lower part of the back, and upper tail coverts, deep red or sanguimeous; quills black, the outer webs green; beneath on the inner webs fine pale greenish blue ; under part of the tail feathers of this last colour ; quills and tail even in length; legs pale brown. Inhabits the Island of Ceylon. In the collection of Mr. Comyns. Probably related to the Vernal, or last described; and not a little imclining to the following, to both of which it seems somewhat allied. VOL, Il. Mm 266 PARROT, 219—SAPPHIRE-CROWNED PARRAKEET. Psittacus Galgulus, Ind. Orn.i. Lin.i. 150. Mus. Ad. Fr. ii. p. 16. Ameen. ac. iv. 236. Gm. Lin.i. 349. Osb. It. 101. Bor. Nat.ii. 95. Spalowsck. Vog. ii. t. 6. Lin. Trans. xii. p. 182. Psittacula Malaccensis, Bris. iv. 386. Jd. 8vo. ii. 148: Petite Perruche de Lucgon, Son. Voy. 76. pl. 33—lower fig. Perruche a téte bleuede Perou, Buf. vi. 162. Pl. enl. 190. 2. Sapphire-crowned Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i.312. Edw. pl.293. 1. Shaw’s Zool. yiii. 550, RATHER less than the Guinea Parrakeet ; length under five mches. Bill grey; plumage green, paler beneath; top of the head blue; above the breast an oval red spot; on the neck behind, near the back, a transverse stripe of yeliow ; upper tail coverts red; legs grey. Inhabits Sumatra, Java, and Luconia : as to its being a native of Peru, as the Pl. enl. says, it may be justly doubted; the circumstance which gave rise to the assertion, might be from its having been brought from thence as a caged bird.—In Edwards’s figure is a yellow spot in the middle of the back. A.—Psitt. Phihppensis, Bris. iv. 892. t.30. 1. Jd. 8vo.ii. 150. Gm. Lin. i. 349. Perruche des Philippiues, Coulacissi, Buf. vi. 169. Pl. enl. 520. Philippine Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 311. Shaw's Zool. vin. 550. Length five inches. Bill red; plumage green, brighter beneath ; forehead, throat, and fore part of the neck red ; head yellow green ; beneath the hind head a transverse orange band; rump and tail coverts red; greater quills blackish, with deep green edges; tail rounded, and nearly hid by the red upper coverts; legs red. The female differs, in having no red on the throat, and fore part of the neck, nor the orange mark beneath the hind head; but instead of these, a blue-green spot on each side between the eye and bill. PARROT, 967 Inhabits the Philippine Islands, particularly Luconia, in the neighbourheod of Manilla, there called Coulacissi: it often sleeps ‘suspended by one foot ; and is fond of the fresh juice of the cocoa- tree called Callou.* : In the collection of the late Sir A. Lever, were two birds, probably male and female; one answers to the description above, but the yellow on the back is scarcely visible: tail green; the upper coverts crimson, and as long as the tail itself: the other bird mostly green ; on the throat a yellow spot; the tail and its coverts as in the former ; bill and legs pale. Osbeck+ met with this species at Java, where it is called Parkiki. When in a cage it whistles very seldom, and commonly grows quite sullen ; will feed on boiled rice, one having been fed with it in the passage from Java to Gottenburgh. Toreen saw some at Queda,+ with a blue spot on the head ; but the general colour was green, and the throat and upper side of the tail appeared red; bill black. He adds, we observed, that ‘their nests were *‘ remarkable for their exceeding fine texture, but did not see the “ birds ; if they had a different construction, the monkies would be “ very mischievous to them, but now before they can get to the *‘ opening, the lowest part breaks in pieces, and the visitor falls to *« ground without any danger to the young birds.”|| The one found in Java, said to be only four inches and a half long; the wing beneath blue, excepting an exterior margin of black, the outer larger half of the quills beg black, the interior blue; hence, the extremity of the wings is also black.§ It is called in Jaya Silindit and Silinditun. * This is a whitish liquor that flows from the ends of the branches when the fruit is fresh cut off. The Indians fasten a hollow cane to that part of the branch, that they may collect this liquor, whichis very agreeable before it runs into fermentation, tasting much like cider. Hist. des Ois. + Voy. vol. i, 155. + In the Straits of Malacca. || I suspect that these nests were not those of the Parrot Genus, but rather of one of the Gros-beak kind. § Lin. Trans. M m2 - 268 PARROT. 220.—CHESTNUT-CROWNED PARRAKEET. Psittacus Anaca, Ind. Orn.i. 131. Gm. Lin.i. 349. Brasiliensis fuscus, Bris. iv. 403. Id. 8vo. ii. 153: Anaca, Rati, 358. Will. 78. Id. Engl. 107. ch. 4. No.8. Chestnut-crowned Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i.314. Shaw's Zool. viii. 554. SIZE of a Lark. Bill and orbits brown; crown of the head chestnut ; throat cimereous; neck behind, back, rump, sides, thighs, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts green; on the last a pale brown spot; foreparts of the neck, breast, belly, and under tail coverts rufous brown; edge of the wing red; quills green, with sea- green ends; secondaries green; tail hight brown ; legs blackish. Inhabits Brazil and Guiana, at the last rather common. A.—In the British Museum is a specimen, with a deep chestnut spot on the back; no red on the edge of the wing; tail itself green, the upper coverts only being brown, and the under pale brown. 221.—PURPLE-TAILED PARRAKEET. Psittacus purpuratus, Ind. Orn.i. 132. Gm. Lin.i. 350. porphyurus, Nat. Misc. i. pl. 16. Purple-tailed Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 315. Id. Sup.ii. 95. Shaw's Zool. viii. 547. LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale yellow; crown ash-colour ; behind the neck the same, but paler; middle of the back and wings green; beneath the body paler; lower part of the back and ramp deep blue; edge of the wing, and tip of the bastard wing blue; scapulars brown ; sides over the thighs yellowish; the two middle tail feathers green tipped with black ; the others deep purplish crim- PARROT. 969 son fringed with black ; the ends of all of them nearly square ; the coverts very long, so as to hide the purple tail feathers, when much closed ; legs ash-colour. Tnhabits Cayenne—several brought from thence differed in size ; some had the purple tail feathers green for one-fourth from the tip, and the two middle ones dashed with purple down the shafts. 222.—GREY-HEADED PARROT. Psittacus canus, Ind. Orn.i. 132. Gm. Linzi. 350. — Madagascariensis, Bris.iv. 394, t.30. f.2. Id. 8vo. ii, 151. Perruche a téte grise de Madag. Buf.vi. 171. Pl. enl. 791. 2. Grey-headed Parrot, Gen. Syn.i. 315. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 550. Nat. Misc. pl. 425. SIZE of a House-Sparrow. Length five inches three-quarters ; bill grey; plumage green, beneath yellow-green; head, throat, and forepart of the neck grey, inclining to green; tail rounded, with a bar of black near the end; legs-hoary. The female hasa plain green head, otherwise like the male. Inhabits Madagascar, and probably the Isle of Mauritius. * A.—Length four inches and a half. Bill small, the upper man- dible crimson, the lower black; plumage dusky green, brighter on the wing coverts, beneath paler; quills darker, approaching to olive ; tail much rounded, and crossed with a dusky black bar near the end ; or what appears as such, from each feather having a black crescent, forming a bar when the tail is spread; from the base to the black bar the feathers incline to yellow ; legs pale ash-colour. A drawing of this is among others im the collection of Mr. Dent, probably taken frem a small specimen of the female. In the collec- tion of Mr. Bullock is a fine and perfeet specimen. * If thesame with that mentioned by M.St. Pienre, whosays, a Green Parrakeet “with a grey head, as large asa Sparrow, and not to be tamed.—See Voyage to the Mauritius, English Edition, 1775. 970 PARROT. 223. BLACK-WINGED PARRAKEET. Psittacus melanopterus, Ind. Orn.i. 132. Gm. Lin. i. 350. Nat. Mise. pl. 132. Peruche a ailes varieés de Batavie, Buf.vi. 172. Pl. enl. 791. Petite Perruche de Lucon, Son. Voy. 78. t. 41. Perruche Javane, Levail.i. p.131. pl. 69. Black-winged Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 316, Brown Ill. pl.8. Shaw's Zool. viii, 548. pl. 83. 5 LENGTH six inches. Bill brown; front and hindpart of the head, yellowish green; crown, cheeks, breast, belly and thighs, pale bluish green; back, wing coverts, and quills black ; second quills pale yellow, tipped with blue; tail coverts dark green ; upper part of the tail fine lilac, the two middle feathers plain, the others marked with a bar of black near the end ; the tips of all the feathers like wedges, or lozenge-shaped ; under tail coverts as long as the tail; legs dusky. M. Sonnerat says, that the irides are reddish yellow, as well as the bill; but in his engraving of the bird, he makes all the tail feathers crosed with a black bar, which is not the fact. Inhabits Batavia and Luzonia. 224.—-COLLARED PARRAKEET. Psittacus torquatus, Ind. Orn. i. 133. Gm. Lin.i. 351. Petite Perruche a Collier, Son. Voy.77. t. 39. Buf. vi. 173. Collared Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 817. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 551. SIZE of the Guinea Parrakeet. Bill and irides blackish grey ; plumage green, paler beneath, and tinged with yellow ; at the back of the head a broad band of light yellow, striped transversely with black ; tail short, ending ina point; that and the wings equal in length ; legs dark grey. PARROT. Q71 The female differs in having the hindhead sky-blue, instead yellow, but transversely marked with black, as in the male. ' Inhabits the Philippine Islands, particularly Luzonia. M. Sonnerat* remarks, that it is only kept for its plumage, as it never learns to talk. : 225.—LUZONIAN PARRAKEET. Psitt. minor, Ind. Orn. i. 133. Gm. Lin.i. 351. Petite Perruche de Luzon a Ailes noires, Buf. vi. 174. Son. Voy. 77. t. 40. Luzonian Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 318. Shaw’s Zool. vii, 553. SMALLER than the last. Bill and irides yellow; general colour of the plumage green; belly light yellowish green; top of the head bright red ; breast blue; greater quills black ; upper tail coverts red; legs yellow. In the female the feathers surroundmg the upper part of the bill are red, and a spot of yellow on the upper part of the neck ; breast red, otherwise like the male. Inhabits the Isle of Luzonia—like the Sapphire-crowned, said to be fond of the juice which oozes from the branches of the cocoa- tree, when fresh cut; it likewise sleeps on the perch, suspended by one foot, with the head downwards; but whether there may be any relation between the two species is not certain. 226.—BLUE-FACED PARRAKEBPT. LENGTH five inches. Bill and legs pale red; plumage green ; face, including the eyes and chin, pale blue; beneath this the throat is crimson red ; greater quills pale blue; secondaries the same, but * Voy. a la Nouvelle Guinée, p. 77. 272 PARROT. crimson more than half way from the base, forming a spot on the wing; tail green, a little rounded, the end for more than one-third yellow. A second of these had the whole face, chin, and throat blue; under the eye, on each jaw, a pale blue patch ; wings and tail as m the other, but the yellow at the end of the latter occupies less space, and the interior webs of some of the imner feathers are pale blue. In a third, the whole front is crimson; nape and neck behind pale blue ; the patch on the jaws red; tail wholly green, the end not yellow. From the drawings of Mr, Woodford. 297. BLUE-BACKED PARROT. LENGTH five inches. Bill pale; plumage green; the greater wing coverts deep blue, forming an oblique large spot on the wing ; the lower half of the back, for an inch or more, deep blue ; several of the middle feathers margined with orange; feathers of the rump dusky, with green margins ; upper tail coverts orange ; legs dusky. Inhabits Brazil ; brought from thence by Governor King, and communicated by General Davies. It seems to approach in general markings to the Passerme, or following species, but differs m bemg larger, and having the space round the eye wholly covered with feathers ; independent of the situation of the blue, which, instead of being on the rump, is only a large patch on the back below the middle. PARROT. 273 228.—PASSERINE PARROT. Psittacus passerinus, Ind. Orn.i. 133. Lin.i. 150. Mus. Ad. Fr.i, p. 14. [d. ii. p- 16... Gin. Lin.i. 342 Bor. Nat. ii. 95. Psitt. Brazil. Uropygio cyaneo, Bris.iv. 384. Id. 8vo.ii. 147. Tuiete, Raii. p. 34. Will. p.78. Id. Engl. 116. § IV. No. 6. Le Perroquet nain, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 188. Short-tailed yellowish green Parrakeet, Baner. Guian: 162. Passerine Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 556. Little blue and green Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 319. Edw. pl. 235. SIZE of a House-Sparrow ; length four inches. Bill, cere, and orbits orange; plumage green; rump and upper tail coverts blue ; lesser wing coverts green, the greater blue; greater quills green ; beneath the wing chiefly greenish ash-colour ; tail much rounded, the feathers sharp at the ends; legs orange. Tnhabits Brazil aud Guiana. _Buffon’s bird had the quills edged with blue. According to Linnzus, the quills are blue beneath. It is found in Paraguay in troops of ten or twenty; is easily tamed ; sometimes makes use of a deserted nest of the Fournier,* to rear the young. 229. BLUE-WINGED PARRAKEET. Psittacus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 182. Gm. Lin.i. 350. Perruche a ailes bleues, Buf. vi. 173. Petite Perruche du Cap. de B. Esp. Pl. enl. 455, 1. Cape Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 556. Nat. Misc. xxi. No. 893. Blue-winged Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 317. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill reddish; plumage green, except some of the wing feathers, which are blue ; tail even at the end ; legs reddish. * Rufous Bee-eater, Gen. Syn. il, p. 683. VOL, Ll. Nw Q74 PARROT, A specimen of this was sent to M. Buffon from the Cape of Good Hope, but without a certainty of its being a native there, or any of its manners. A.—In one of these which came under my inspection, the whole of the under wing coverts was deep blue, but whether it was the case with M. Bufton’s bird is not mentioned. This was brought likewise from the Cape of Good Hope. B.—A similar one, among the drawings of Lady Impey, had a blue spot on the lower part of the neck, in addition to the other mark- ings; legs yellow. Tnhabits India. 230.—VIRESCENT PARAKEET. SIZE small. Bill pale ash-colour, the tip white ; general colour of the plumage green; cheeks brilliant pea-green ; breast and belly pale green, curving from the breast, just above the wings, as a cres- cent; wings deep green, down the middle deep blue ; prime quills and tail bright green. Native place uncertain—described from a specimen in the posses- sion of Mr. Latham, of Compton-street. It seems, in some things, to coincide with the Passerme; in others, with the Blue-winged Parrakeet. 231.—SHORT-TAILED PARRAKEET. LENGTH to the rump four inches ; bill three-quarters of an meh; the colour of dirty box ; the upper mandible more strait than usual in PARROT. 275 the genus, elongated at the point, but very little bent, the under reaching to about half the length; plumage in general fine light grass green, inclining to brown on the wing coverts; rump dusky crimson ; tail scarcely half an inch long; from the base to the middle blue, the rest white; legs pale brown. We found the above among the drawings of Mr. Woodford, but without any history annexed; it becomes, therefore, an uncertainty, whether the tail is only of this length, or the rudiment of a new one, the former having been lost by accident. 232.—_YELLOW-THROATED PARRAKEET. Psitt; Toui, Ind. Orn.i. 184. Gm. Lin.i. 351. ——- gutture luteo, Bris. iv. 396. t.30. f.3. Id. 8vo. 1. 151. Petite Perr. 4 Gorge jaune, Toui, Buf. vi. 280. Pl. enl. 190. 1. Yellow-throated Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.1. 319. LENGTH seven inches. Bill light grey ; general colour of the plumage green, paler beneath ; hid part of the neck inclining to yellow; under the throat a small, round, pale orange spot; on the middle of the wing coverts one of chestnut, glossed with gold and green, making a broad band on the wing; greater coverts and quills grass-green ; lesser coverts and secondaries yellow-green ; shafts of all the quills black ; inner edges of the tail feathers yellow green ; legs grey. Native place uncertain. One, similar to the above, was bare, and pale round the eye; at the base of the mandible a few orange feathers ; wing coverts mostly brown, forming a large patch on the wing ; most of the back feathers fringed with brown; the lower order of wing coverts black at the ends; the outer webs of the greater quills bluish. Nw 2 276 PARROT. 233.-GREEN PARRAKEET. Psitt. Tirica, Ind. Orn.i. 134. Gm. Lin.i. 851. Raii. 34.3. Will. 78. Id, Engl., , 116. Buf. vi. 281. Psitt. Braziliensis, Bris.iv. 382. Id. 8vo. ii. 147. La petite Jaseuse, PJ. enl. 837. Tirica Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 552. Green Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 320. Brown Jam. 473. BIGGER than the Guinea Parrakeet. Bill flesh-colour ; eyes black ; plumage wholly green; paler beneath ; legs bluish. It is probable that both these last mhabit the Philippine Isles, and are related to each other; perhaps differing in sex. In both the bills are red, and in both there isa spot on the chin, though not equally large. The Toui is said to have a glossy chestnut spot on the wing, but this is not represented in the plate referred to by Button ; on the contrary, the Tirica, which is said to be wholly green, such a kind of mark is sufficiently conspicuous. Sonnerat met with one in the Philippine Isles, which he com- pares to the Tui-tirica of Marcgrave. In the Pl. enlum. one of these birds has the tail feathers rounded at the ends, in the other they are rather sharp. 234.—CAYENNE PARRAKEEBT. Psittacus Sosové, Ind. Orn.i. 134. Gm. Lin. i. 352. Pettite Perruche de Cayenne, Sosové. Buf. vi. 280. Pl. enl. 456, 2. Sosové Parrot, Shaw’s Zool. vill. 552. Cayenne Parrakeet, Gen. Syn. i. 520. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill grey; plumage wholly green, except a light yellow spot on the wings, and another on the tail coverts; legs grey. ~ PARROT. Dina. Inhabits Guiana, where it is common, especially towards Oyapoc, and the Amazon’s River; often kept tame, and speaks pretty well ; the natural voice is like the squeaking of Punch at a puppet-show ; but when taught to articulate, it is always chattering.—The vernacu- lar name is Sosove. 235.—GOLD-HEADED PARRAKEET. Psitt. Tui, Ind. Orn. i. 134. Gm. Lin. i. 352. Levail. pl. 70. Psitt. Brazil. icterocephalus, ‘Bris. iv. 898. Id. Svo. ii. 152. Tui Spec. 4ta. Rati, p. 34. Will. 78. Id.‘ Engl. 116. - Levail. Perr. i. 133. pl. 70. Toui a téte d’or, Buf. vi. 284. Petite Perruche de St. Thomas, Pl. enl. 456. 1. Tui Parrakeet, Shaw’s Zool, viii. 547. Gold-headed Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 321. SIZE ofa Starling. Bill black ; eyes large and blackish ; orbits yellow ; forehead orange; the rest of the bird green, paler beneath. Inhabits Brazil.—That figured in the Pl. enlum. came from the Island of St. Thomas, but the bill there is red, and the orange-colour on the head paler yellow; said to be common at Cayenne. 236.—CRESTED RED AND GREEN PARRAKEET. Psitt. erythrochloros, Ind. Orn.i. 134. Gm. Lin.i. 352. Psittaca cristata, Bris.iv, 404. Id. 8vo.ii. 154. Raii. 34.4. Will. 78. Id. Engl. 116. § III. Crested red and green Parrakeet, Gen. Syn.i. 325. Shaw's Zool. viii. 551. SIZE of a Blackbird. Irides red; on the top of the head a red crest of six feathers, three greater and three smaller ; the body green ; wings and tail red; the last rather short. This bird has the faculty of raising or depressing the crest at will. Native place uncertain. 278 PARROT. 237.—CRESTED MEXICAN PARRAKEET. Psitt. Mexicanus, Ind. Orn.i. 185. Gm. Lin. 1. 352. i cristatus, Bris.iv. 405. Id. 8vo.11. 154. Geri. t: 131. Psitt. collo rubro, plumis in capite purpureis, Klein. p. 25. Avis de Cocho, Psittaci species, vario colore, Seba i. 94: t. 59. 2. SIZE of the last; length seven inches. Bill yellow; forehead purple, and crested; orbits blue; throat yellow; neck red; hind head, back, rump, scapulars, breast, belly, sides, and upper and under tail coverts deep red ; thighs light blue ; wing coverts elegant light purple; quills green, with white edges; tail fine deep red ; legs purplish-ash. Inhabits Mexico. 238.—BLUE-GREEN PARROT. Psittacus incertus, blue-green Parrot, Nat. Misc. pl. 769. LENGTH seven inches. Bill red; plumage in general blue- green ; scapulars and shoulder beneath red; quills beneath black ; tail yellow ; legs pale brown. A bird of this kind was alive, in the possession of Lady Read, for nine years, but from whence it came was uncertain. 239.—NOOFFY PARROT. BEING unwilling to pass over what may, on our further acquaint- ance, prove to be a new species, I think right to mention a Blue Parrot, met with by Capt. Lyons in his African Travels;* but of * Travels into Northern Africa, p. 157. PARROT. 279 which we are told little more than that such a bird exists; for neither the size, nor any other particular concerning it, is recorded, except that the traders from Soudan bring them for sale, among other things, and that they come originally from Nooffy, and not found to the east of that place—that they sell at astonishing prices, some as high as twenty dollars—and are carried by the Negresses, who soon teach them to speak. 280 TOUCAN. GENUS VII.—TOUCAN. 1 Toco Toucan 8 Pavonine Toucan 13. Janeiro Toucan 2 Yellow-throated Toucan 9 Green Toucan 14 Black-billed Toucan 3 Yellow-breasted Toucan |} 10 Smooth-billed Toucan 15 Blue Toucan 4 Brazilian Toucan 11 Aracari Toucan 16 Blue-throated Toucan 5 Red-billed Toucan A.—Jacquin’s Toucan 17 Blue-eared Toucan 6 Preacher Toucan 12 Piperine Toucan 18 White-cheeked Toucan 7 Collared Toucan THE bill in this genus is disproportionably large, convex, carinated on the top, and bending at the end; hollow, very light, and serrated at the edges;* nostrils small and round, placed close to the head, and in many species quite hid in the feathers. Tongue long and narrow, feathered at the edges. Tail consisting of ten feathers. None of this Genus have been found, except in South Ame- rica, and within the Tropics only, being very impatient of cold. The food, in ther natural state, consists of fruits only, especially those of the palm kind. They are generally met with in small flocks of eight or ten, and keep moving from place to place, in quest of food, gomg northward, or southward as the fruits ripen, but are not strictly migratory. They make the nest in hollows of trees, abandoned by the Woodpeckers, and not formed by themselves, as some think; the structure of the bill not allowing of the efforts te make, or even to enlarge, a hole in the tenderest wood, as it yields to * These serratures do not correspond inthe two mandibles, nor are they similar on the opposite sides of the same mandible; the whole is unequal and irregular, contrary to the rest of the productions of nature in general, nor is the use of these serrated edges manifest, being placed directly opposite to the intention of retaining whatever is meant to be held in the bill. There is, however, one species, in which the edges of the bill is smooth. Om a ast i 4 Me Wiese: PLXXIX. TOUCAN. 281 to the least pressure of the finger.* They lay two eggs, but whether they breed more than once in a year is not certain, though it is most probable, as they are pretty numerous; are easily tamed, if brought up young, and in this state become very familiar. The third, fourth, and sixth species have been brought alive to England, and seemed to suffer merely from the coldness of the climate, for every sort of food appeared to satisfy them. Fruits of all kinds, bread, and even flesh and fish without distinction ; but whatever they took was swallowed whole,+ first taking itin the bill, then giving the morsel a toss up- wards, immediately caught it again, and gulphed it down, without even the slightest compression. We do not hear of any of these being used for food, as their flesh has the report of being ill tasted.—The word Toucan, some suppose, takes its rise from the circumstance of the tongue being feathered ; Toucan, in the Brazilian language, signify- img a feather ;¢ others derive it from the cry of the bird, which has been thought to resemble the word Toucaraca. || 1.—TOCO TOUCAN.—PL. XXIX. Ramphastos Toco, Ind. Orn.i. 135. Gm. Lin. i. 356. Toucan, seu Pica Bressilica, Gesn. Av. p. 726. Le Toco; Buf. vii. 117. pl. 6. Pl. enl. 82. Levail. pl. 7. 8. Le Toucan proprement dit, Voy. d’ Azara. iii. No. 50. Tem. man. ed. 2. anal. p. Ixxvi. Tle Toco, Ger. Syn. i. 325. pl. ix. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 361. pl. 46. LENGTH twenty inches, or more. Bill seven inches and a half long; the base of both mandibles black, the rest of the under one * We much doubt their ability of defending themselves from the attacks of Monkies, mentioned by Albin, viz. that they “so settle in the nest as to put the bill out at the hole, “and give the Monkies such an unwelcome reception, that they presently withdraw, and “glad they escape so.”—Albin, v.ii. p. 24. The whole of the cavity of the bill eonsists of a delicate net-work of bony matter, and on these bony partitions a great number of blood- vessels aredistinctly ramified in the living animal—hence, Dr. Troil concludes, this structure to be an admirable contrivance of nature, to increase the delicacy of the organ of smell.— Lin. Trans. vy. xi. p. 288. By others supposed to form part of the air cells, so conspicuous in birds in general. + Hist. des Ois. vii. p. 111. + Id. p. 110. || Pernetty Voy. p. 180. VOL. I. 0 0 282 TOUCAN. reddish yellow quite to the end; the upper reddish yellow for two- thirds of the length, from thence to the end black ; from the base to the middle transversely wrinkled; round the eye a naked orange- coloured skin ; eyelids blue; plumage on the head, hind part of the neck, back, rump, wings and tail, breast and belly deep. black ; upper tail coverts white; the under fine red ; throat and forepart of the neck white, with a little mixture of yellow; between this and the black on the breast, an intermediate space of red ; wings short, not reaching to one-third on the tail; legs black. Inhabits Cayenne.—In young birds the sides of the bill are transversely wrinkled the whole of the length. 2.—YELLOW-THROATED TOUCAN. Ramphastos dicolorus, Ind. Orn.i. 135. Lin.i. 152. Gm. Lin. i. 356. Tucana Cayanensis gutture luteo, Bris, iv. 411. pl. 31.1. Jd. 8vo. ii. 157. Le Tucai, Voy. d’Azara. iii. No. 51. Toucan a Gorge jaune, Buf. vii. 118. Pl. enl. 269. Red-breasted Toucan, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 365. Yellow-throated Toucan, Gen, Syn. i. 325. LENGTH. seventeen inches. Bill three inches and a quarter long, and one and a half thick at the base, broadest at the lower mandible; both of them curve downwards, and are black at the base, the rest of the bill olive-green, mclining to yellow in some parts, the edges red, serrated, but not deeply; nostrils at the base, hid in the feathers ; upper part of the head and body greenish black ; cheeks and throat brimstone-colour ; forepart of the neck orange, surrounded with brimstone ; breast, upper part of the belly, upper and under tail coverts fine red; thighs greenish black ; bottom of the belly and sides blackish; quills and tail greenish black, the last even at the end; legs black. TOUCAN. 283 Tnhabits various parts of South America; met with in Paraguay, where the skins of the throat are sewed together to form ornaments, by the natives. These parts are also in requisition by the Europeans, for making muffs. 3.—YELLOW-BREASTED TOUCAN. Ramphastos Tucanus, Ind. Orn. i. 186. Lin.i. 151. Gm. Lin. i. 355. Bor. Nat. ii. 97. t. 6. Tucana Brasiliensis gutture Iuteo, Bris.iv. 419. t. 32.1. Id. 8vo.ii. 160. Gerin. t. 203. Toucan Surinam. niger ex albo, flavo, rubro mixtus, Petiv. Guz. t. 44. 13: Toucan a gorge jaune du Bresil, Buf. vi. 119. Pl. enl. 307. Red-breasted Toucan, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 365. Yellow-breasted Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 326. Edw. pl. 329. Shaw's Zool. viii. 362. LENGTH nineteen inches. Bill four inches and a half, black, with a grey base. It differs from the last, as the cheeks, throat, and neck before are orange ; on the breast a crimson band; the under tail coverts crimson, the upper brimstone ; legs and claws lead-colour. Mr. Edwards described his bird from one living at Lord Spencer’s, but in that the bill differed, for the upper mandible was green, with three long, triangular, orange spots on each side; the upper ridge yellow, the under blue, shaded with green in the middle, the ends of both red; upper tail coverts white. One im possession of Mr. Mac Leay, from Berbice, had the chin and throat white; a crimson band across the breast, and the vent crimson ; but the rump was sulphur-coloured. The name given to this was Boeradi. In the same collection another, in which the chin and throat were yellow ; the middle of the latter fine orange; under the eye white ; round the eye bare; the bar on the breast, ramp, and vent all crimson; tail seven imches, somewhat round at the end; the wings reach one- fourth beyond the rump. This bird had the name of Siroe attached to it. 0 02 984. TOUCAN. 4.—BRASILIAN TOUCAN. Ramphastos piscivorus,* Ind. Orn.i. 136. Lin.i. 151. Gm. Lin. i. 355. Tucana Brasiliensis gutture albo, Bris.iv. 413. Id. 8vo.ii. 158. Xochitenacatl tertia, Rati. Syn. 178. Toucan, or Brasilian Pye, Edw, pl. 164. Bancr. Guian. 163. Brasilian Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 327. Nat. Misc. pl. 183. Gent, Mag. xlii. pl. in p.505. Shaw's Zool. vi. 363. THIS bird is twenty-one inchesin length, of which the bill is six, and two inches thick at the base. The upper mandible is pale yellow green; the under fine blue; the edges of both serrated, and of an orange-colour, with the poimts scarlet ; irides hazel, surrounded with a bare greenish yellow skin; the plumage in general of the upper parts is black; sides of the head, throat, and breast, cream- colour; belly black; between the two, on the breast, a fine red crescent; upper tail coverts white, the under pale red; legs light blue. Mr. Edwards, from whom the above description was taken, saw this bird alive at Mr. Concannan’s; and remarks, that after death the bill faded much, and the space round the eyes turned black; it was said to have been brought from the Spanish Main. Bancroft says, that the base of the upper mandible is yellow, of the under purple, and the sides of both scarlet; the head black, with two white spots near the upper mandible; the whole plumage black, except the breast, which is white, and a crescent of red thereon. * Fish-eating Toucan.—Linneus no doubt gave it this name from the authority of old authors, aud might have thought himself justified so to do, when he saw one of the species feed on fish in a cage; but the swallowing of fish in a state of confinement cannot be a proof of its doing so when at large, any more than in Parrots, who will eat both flesh and fish, when kept tame; indeed, there is one circumstance which may give rise to the conjecture, which is, that Toucans are frequently met with near water; but it is the fruits growing in such places, and not the fish, which entice them. TOUCAN. 285 5.—RED-BILLED TOUCAN. Ramph. erythrorynchos, Ind. Orn.i. 136. Gm. Lin.i. 355. Tucanus Cayanensis gutture albo, Bris.iv. 416. pl. 31,2. Jd. 8vo. 11. 159. Toucan 4 gorge blanche, Tocan, Pl. enl. 262. Buf. yu. 121. Grosser Toucan, Wirsing Vog. t. 42. Red-beaked Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 328. Edw. pl. 238. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 367. pl. 47. Nat. Misc. pl. 183. SIZE of the last, but the bill rather shorter, the base yellow ; top of the upper mandible the same, but the whole of the under, and the lower part of the upper one are red ; near the base a trans- verse black mark, dividing the red from the yellow ; on the bill and round it at the base, isa black list, in which the nostrils are; the eyes placed in a naked bluish skin; and between the bill and eye a white spot ; the cheeks, forepart of the neck, and throat, white; on the breast a crescent of crimson; upper tail coverts brimstone-colour, the under crimson ; legs lead-colour. These four last birds inhabit Cayenne, Guiana, or Brazil, and not unlikely may be either varieties of the same species, or in differ- ent stages of growth; and if so, most probably the two with yellow breasts may be males, and those with white females. 286 TOUCAN. 6.—PREACHER TOUCAN. Ramphastos picatus, Ind. Orn. i, 187. Lin. i. 152. Gm. Lin.i. 356. Tucana, Bris.iv. 408. Id. 8vo. ii. 156. Pica Brasilica Aldr. Rati, 44, 1. Will. p. 88. t.20. Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 9. * Nasutus simpliciter, Klein. Av. p.38, 1. Toucan a ventre rouge, Buf. vii. 122. Brasilian Pye, or Toucan, Ald. ii. pl. 25.¢ Will. Engl. 128. pl. 20. Aldrovandine Toucan, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 366. Preacher Toucan, Gen. Syn. i. p.329. LENGTH twenty inches; bill six, and near two thick at the base ; it is mostly yellowish green, and reddish at the tip; nostrils at the base, but not covered with feathers; the head, neck, throat, upper part of the back, and scapulars, glossy black, with a tinge of green; the lower part of the back, rump, upper tail, and wing coverts the same, inclining to ash-colour; the breast fine orange; + belly, sides, thighs, and lower tail coverts, bright red; beneath the wings black; quills as the back, but more dull; tail even at the end, greenish black, tipped with red; beneath black ; legs black. * In this figure the tail is not tipped with red. + The toes are placed three before and one behind, no doubt by mistake. + The yellow part from the throat to the thigh is taken off by the natives, and either sold by them, or made present of asa rarity. Pernetty mentions fifty of these being pre-_ sented toa Captain of aship. There are many sorts at the Isle of St. Catherine, on the coast of Brazil, some of which have light blue irides, surrounded with a circle of white, and others black. The bill of some is green, with a circle of black, and two white spots at the root; that of others is black, but red within, with a yellow green circle near the head. The cry is Toucaraca, whence the name.—Pernett. Voy. p. 180. TOUCAN. 287 Inhabits Guiana and Brazil; has obtained the name of Preacher* from the noise it makes with the tongue ; it feeds generally on fruits, but is easily tamed, and in that state will eat almost any thing that is offered to it.t One which Albin observed in England, seemed more fond of grapes than any other fruit; for being plucked from the stalk, and tossed to it, the bird would most dexterously catch them in the air, before they fell to the ground. This author adds, that the flesh of the whole body was of a deep violet. § 7.—COLLARED TOUCAN. Ramphast. torquatus, Ind. Orn.i. 137. Gm. Lin. i. 354. Tucana Mexicana torquata, Bris.iv. 421. Id. 8vo. 11. 161, Cochitenacatl, Fern. Hist. N. Hisp. 46. ch. i. 60. Le Cochicat, Buf. vii. 124. Collared Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 330. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 396. LENGTH eighteen inches; bill seven. Upper mandible whitish, the lower black; irides reddish yellow; head and neck behind black ; at the back part of the neck a collar of red; beyond this the neck is also black; the fore part of it whitish, marked with spots of red, and slender lines of black; the back, wings, and tail, are black ; the belly green; lower part of the belly and under tail coverts red ; thighs purple ; legs greenish ash. This inhabits Mexico, near the sea shore. * This name has been given from its custom of perching at the top of a tree, above its companions, whilst they are asleep, and making a noise resembling ill-articulated sounds ; moving to the right and left, in order to keep the birds of prey from seizing the others.—= Ulloa’s Voy. Engl. Ed. 8vo. i. p. 56. + Thevet, who is the first that mentioned this bird, says that it feeds on pepper, of which it often swallows so much, as to be obliged to reject part of it again ; but it is well known that no pepper, usually so called, grows in South America, therefore it most likely is capsicum, which is called pepper there, and in the West Indies. ~ Dr. Plott mentions one that was found within two miles of Oxford, in 1644, which we suspect to be a bird escaped from confinement in a cage.—Hist. of Oxfordsh. p. 178. § This has been observed in most of the species. 288 TOUCAN. 8.—PAVONINE TOUCAN. Ramphastos Pavoninus, Ind. Orn. i. 137. Gin. Lin. i. 353. Tucana Mexicana viridis, Bris. iv. 423. Id.8vo. ii. 161. Xochitenacatl, Fern. H. N. Hisp. p. 31: c. 187. Hochicat, Buf. vn. 125. Pavonine Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 331. Shaw's Zool. viii. 370. SIZE of the Yellow-throated species. Bill almost four inches long. Colour yellow and black mixed; the whole plumage green, mixed with some feathers of a reddish colour; and others like those of a Peacock, here and there interspersed among the rest; legs black. _ Inhabits the hotter parts of Mexico, near the sea. Both these last are supposed to feed on fish, but this circumstance, as before said, is by no means ascertained. 9.—GREEN TOUCAN. Ramphastos viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 188. Lin. i. 150. Gm. Lin.i. 353. Nut. Mise. pl. 717. Tucana Cayanensis viridis, Bris. iv. 423. t.33.2. Id. 8vo. i. 162. Toucan verd de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 727. 728. Buf. vii. 127. Aracari, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. anal. p. 1xxv.. Yellow-breasted Toucan, Edw. pl. 329. Green Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 131. Shaw's Zool. viii. 370. pl. 48. THIS is not much bigger than a Blackbird; length fourteen inches. Bill three inches; the upper mandible yellow at the top, and red on the sides, between these a line of black ; the lower man- dible black; at the base red, with a tinge of red about the nostrils ; the edges of both serrated ; the serratures white; orbits naked, yellow; irides yellow; the head, throat, and neck before fine black; neck behind, back, scapulars, upper wing and tail coverts, and thighs dull green ; rump bright red ; the lower part of the neck before, and TOUCAN. 289 the rest of the under parts pale yellow; quills blackish, edged out- wardly with dull green; tail the same, cuneiform; the two middle feathers four inches and a half long, and exceed the outer ones by two inches and a half, beneath ash-colour; the wings reach only to the base ; legs lead-colour. The female has the bill much like that of the male, but is only two inches and three quarters long; the head, throat, and neck before fine deep chestnut, which in the male are black, and separated from the sulphur-colour by a small transverse black band ; otherwise like the male. Inhabits Cayenne. 10.—SMOOTH-BILLED TOUCAN. Ramphastos glaber, Ind. Orn.i. 138. Smooth-billed Toucan, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 67. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 375. SIZE of the Green Toucan; length twelve inches. Bill one inch and three quarters long, and one inch thick at the base; the upper mandible yellowish brown, the lower black, the edges not serrated ; nostrils naked; eyes placed in a bare skin; the head and neck are chestnut, the top of the head darkest; upper parts of the body dark green ; rump crimson; lower part of the neck, the breast, and belly pale greenish yellow: thighs green, dusky within ; legs brown. I have seen two of these from Cayenne ; they bear much resem- blance to the females of the Green Toucan, and might be placed as varieties of that bird, did not the total want of serratures, as well as the size, forbid the supposition. VOL, Il. Pe 290 TOUCAN. 11.—ARACARI TOUCAN. Ramphastos Aracari, Ind. Orn.i. 138. Lin.i. 151. Gm. Lin.1. 354. Tucana Bresiliensis viridis, Bris.iv. 426. t. 33.2. Id. 8vo. ii. 162: Gerin. iu. 61. t. 204. Bor. Nat. 1. 98. Aracaril, Raii. p. 44. Will. p. 96. t.22: Id. Engl: 140: t. 26. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxy. Grigri, Buf. vii. 126. Tocan, Gabin. de Madrid, ii. p: 27. lam. 48. Toucan verd du Bresil, P/. endl. 166. Der kleine Toucan, Wirsing. Vog. t. 41. Aracari Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 332. Nat. Misc. pl. 198. Shaw’s Zool, viii. 371. pl. 49. LENGTH nearly sixteen inches and three quarters. Bill four mches and a quarter long, and sixteen lines thick at the base, tip hooked ; the upper mandible white, marked above with a black stripe the whole length; the lower wholly black, the edges deeply serrated; irides yellow; eye ina naked yellowish skin; the head, throat, and neck black ; on each side of the head a small chest- nut spot, just above the ears ; the upper part of the back, scapulars, and wing coverts bright red ; breast, belly, and sides brimstone, with a mixture of red on the upper part of the breast; on the belly a bright red band, eight lines broad; the thighs and under tail coverts, olive- green, regularly mixed with red and deep yellow ; quills blackish, edged with dull green; tail cuneiform; the outer feathers shorter than the middle ones by above three inches and a half; the colour dull green above, and paler beneath ; legs bluish green. Inhabits Brazil, Surmam, and Cayenne : at the first named place called Arassaris. A.—Ramphastos Aracari, Lin. Syst.i. 151. Linneus describes this variety from Jacquin, as follows: the upper part and tip of the upper mandible are black, whitish on the sides, TOUCAN. 291 with a white arch at the root ; the lower one black; the head, wings, and tail black ; breast and belly yellow and crimson, with a black roundish mark near the middle of the breast, and a transverse one on the beginning of the belly ; the rump crimson ; thighs rufous. That such varieties do occur is certain, as I have seen some without the red band on the breast, and the bill of the others plain dusky. In two of these, sent over as of opposite sexes, the difference was merely in the one bemg brown where the other was black ; the yellow in the several parts of a deeper hue, and the feathers at the base of the thighs edged with reddish colour ; which of the two was the male not noticed. 12.—PIPERINE TOUCAN. Ramphastos piperivorus, Ind. Orn.i. 138. Lin. i. 150. Gm. Lin. i. 353. Bor. Nat. ii. 92. 2. Tucana Cayanensis torquata, Bris. iv. 429. t.32.2. Id. 8vo. ii. 163. Koulik, Buf. vii. 128. Toucan a Collier, Pl. enl. 577. Male.—Toucan a ventre gris, 729.—Female. Aracari, Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xxv. Green Toucan, Edw. pl. 330.—Male. Piperine Toucan, Gen. Syn. i. 334. Id. Sup. p. 67. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 372. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill two inches and three quarters long, and near one inch thick at the base, the edges much serrated ; the base is red, the rest black to the end; the red on the under mandible reaching half way ; orbits naked, flesh-coloured, or bluish ; the head, neck, breast, and middle of the belly are black, with a steely gloss; on each side of the head, near the ear, is a golden yellow spot ; at the lower part of the neck behind, an orange crescent; the back, rump, upper tail coverts, and the lower part of the belly olive- green; thighs the same, mixed with chestnut; under tail coverts Pipi 292 TOUCAN. crimson; quills brown, with greenish edges; the tail cuneiform, green above, and brown beneath ; the feathers tipped with chestnut ; legs lead-colour. The female differs in having the hind part of the neck brown, which in the male is black ; the whole of the under parts grey, from the chin to the vent; the collar at the back part of the neck is very pale; but im other things resembling the male. Inhabits Cayenne, called Koulik, from its cry, said to feed on pepper; hence, Linnzus named it the Pepper-eater. 13.—JANEIRO TOUCAN.—PL. XXX. Piperine Toucan, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 67. THE bill in this bird is horn-colour, with a black bar across both mandibles near the end; the ridge of the upper tor nearly the whole length from the base black, and two bars of the same from the edge, not far from the base; round the eye bare and greyish; the head, neck, and under parts of the body fine deep cinnamon colour; on the ear a yellow spot; between the legs the same; vent crimson ;_ back, wings, and tail green; the last rounded, pretty long, and tipped with brown ; the quills scarcely reach to the base; legs dusky. Inhabits South America: met with at Rio Janeiro.—Sir Joseph Banks. It seems to coincide in some points with the female of the Piperime Species. PI. XXX. aa —— is 4 ee. CO, GPL J TOUCAN. 293 14.—BLACK BILLED TOUCAN. Ramphastos luteus, Ind. Orn. i. 189. Gm. Linzi. 356. Tucana lutea, Bris. iv. 432. Jd. 8vo.11. 164. Alia Xochitenacatl, Will. 298. Id. Engl. p. 386. Aracari 4 Bec noir, Buff. vii. 180. Black-billed Toucan, Gen. Syn.i, 385. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 373. SIZE of a Pigeon. Bill black, thick, and bent ; irides yellow ; general colour of the body yellowish white ; on each side of the neck from the bill to the breast, a longitudinal stripe of black ; lesser wing coverts yellow; the middle and greater coverts, scapulars and quills, varied with white and black ; tail the same colour; legs brown. Inhabits Mexico. 15.—BLUE TOUCAN. Ramphastos ceeruleus, Ind. Orn.i. 139. Gm. Lin. i. 357. Tucana cerulea, Bris.iv. 433. Id. 8vo. i. 165. L’Aracari bleu, Buf. vii. 131. Xochitenacatl, Fern. Hist. 47. C. 146.* Johnst. 126. 157. t.56. Nierembd. p: 209. Blue Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 335. Shaw’s Zool. vii. 374. THIS is said to be the size of a Pigeon ; the colour wholly blue, mixed with ash-colour. Bill large, and longer than the body ; irides © reddish yellow. Inhabits the shores of Mexico, hence thought to feed on fish. * Fernandez observes, that vast flocks of birds, whose bills are bigger than the whole body, and the plumage variegated with yellow, red, white, and blue, come at certain sea- sons into the Province of Honduras; whence it is likely that some of the species, at least, are migratory ; for he must mean one or other of this Genus.— Fernand. Hist. p. 17. ch. xv. 294 TOUCAN. 16.—BLUE-THROATED TOUCAN. Ramphastos dubius, Ind. Orn.i. 1389. Gm. Lin. i. 357. Blue-throated Toucan, Gen. Syn.i. 336. Shaw’s Zool. viii. 374. IN a list of birds in the collection of the late Baron de Faugeres, of Montpelier, is one named, Toucan a Gorge bleue, with this addition—‘‘ Ce Toucan n’est decrit par aucun Auteur.’—I do not find a Toucan having a blue throat, in any writer, and must, therefore, conclude it to be a new species ; resting for the present on the authority before named. 17.—BLUE-EARED TOUCAN. SIZE of the Common Roller; length twelve inches. Bill five inches long, stout, and flat on the top; on the sides channeled with two indentures towards the tip, and ending in a curve; the colour chestnut, with the edge black ; under mandible wholly black, except at the base, where it is pale; plumage fine green; eyes placed in a triangular blackish space ; chin white; behind the eyes a patch of glossy blue; legs black. The quills reach only to the base of the tail. A specimen of this is in Mr. Bullock’s Museum, said to have been brought from Peru. 18.—WHITE-CHEEKED TOUCAN. Ramphastos Indicus, Miller’s Plates, t. 57. Indian Toucan, Shaw’s Zool. vill. 377. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill less than in others of the Genus ; from the base to the middle red, the rest black ; base surrounded TOUCAN. 295 with a narrow ring of black ; cheeks white; orbits bare, pale blue; crown of the head and upper tail coverts red; belly white; thighs and vent yellow; the rest of the plumage glossy, greenish black ; legs black. Said to inhabit India, which seems incorrect, as none of this Genus have hitherto been found in that quarter of the world. 296 MOTMOT. GENUS VIII.—MOTMOT. 1 Brazilian Motmot BENE ey A.—Variegated Motmot | 2 Paraguan Motmot THE bill in this Genus is pretty strong, slightly incurvated, and indented* on the edges. Nostrils covered with feathers. Tongue long, narrow, feathered on the sides. Tail cuneiform. Toes placed three before and one behind, the forward ones greatly united. This has been by Linnzeus joined to the Toucan, having many things in common with it, but the situation of the toes bemg placed in a different manner from that Genus, makes a separation necessary ; as all authors, except Linneus, have thought right to do.—It will be observed too, that the edges of the bill are differently irregular, but by no means serrated as in the Toucan Genus.—There appear to be but two species of the Motmot, and even the second may, by some, be esteemed only as a Variety. BRASILIAN MOTMOT.—Pt. XXXI. Momotus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn. i. 110. Ramphastos Momota, Lin. i. 152. Gm. Lin. i. 357. Bor. Nat. ii. p. 98. Momotus, Bris. iv. 465. t.35.3. Id. 8vo. ii. 175. Prionites Motmot, Tem. Man. Ed. 2d. p. 1. Momot, Razz, p. 164. Will. p. 298. Id. Engl. 386. Ispidee seu Meropi affinis, Guira Guainumbi, Raii. p. 49. Will. 103. t. 24. Id. Engl. p- 148. pl. 24: Le Houtou, ou Motmot, Buf. vi. 430. t. 20. Pl. enl. 370. Brasilian saw-billed Roller, Edw. pl. 328. Brasilian Motmot, Gen. Syn.i. 338. pl. x. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 42. pl. 3. Nat. Misc. pl. S61. THIS bird is nearly the size of a Magpie, and eighteen inches * This may be properly called indented, as it will be found different from any of the Toucans, the edges of whose bills are serrated. PI. XXXL. wilinw NMotno€ D IVC ¢ G Tah mn i Mig) MOTMOT. 297 in length. The bill one inch and three quarters long, with indenta- tions on the edges to the number of twelve or thirteen; above it is dusky, at the base flesh-coloured, and furnished with a few bristles : irides yellow ; tongue long, feathered on the sides as im the Toucan Genus : the feathers on the upper part and sides of the bill are black, passing through the eyes and below them, ending im a point ; middle of the crown black ; between that and the bill blue green ; hid head blue; so that the crown appears to be surrounded with blue; below this the colour is chestnut ; neck behind, back, scapulars, and rump green ; quills bluish, with the ends dusky ; under part of the body greenish buff-colour ; on the breast three or four narrow black feathers, forming a spot; tail ten inches and a half long, and cuneiform, the feathers, twelve in number, the two middle ones three inches and a half longer than the next,** and the exterior one very short, the six middle are green, with blue ends, and four of them tipped with black ; the others wholly green, with dusky ends; legs brown. Inhabits Brazil, Cayenne, Mexico, and other parts of South America : said to live on insects; is solitary, frequenting thick forests ; more frequently seen on the ground singly, or on a low branch ofa tree, taking short flights, and when disturbed, has a cry imitating the word Houtou. A.—Momotus varius, Bris.iy. 469. Gm. Lin. i. 357. Yayauhquitotl. Rati, 167. Will. 298. Id. Engl. 386. Variegated Motmot, Gen. Syn. i. 340. A. This is said to be as big as a Stare, and parti-coloured of green, * In Edwards’s Plate, and in the description of various authors, the two middle tail feathers are bare of webs for one inch and a half, at least, near the ends. I have seen such, and believe it to be a frequent occurrence, but by no means natural to the bird, as it is not observed in young specimens. Neither Buffon nor Brisson describe theirs as incomplete; and in my own collecton is one every way perfect. In the Leverian Collection were two, in both of which the webs were bare in part at the usual place, on one side only, but on the opposite sides of the web in each. It may, therefore, be accidental, or owing to some cir- cumstance attached to the manners, not hitherto known,—be this as it may, it is only seen an old ied. Qa 298 MOTMOT. fulvous, blue, and grey. Tail the same as in the other, adorned at the tip with blue, and black vanes. One probably similar to this, if not the same, was in the possession of the late Mr. Thompson, of Little St. Martin’s Lane, London: it was twenty inches long ; bill ove inch and three quarters long, formed as usual ; nostrils oblong, not prominent, placed close to the edge of the bill, in a reddish space ; colour yellow, curved, toward the end black, with a white tip; crown of the head, includmg the eyes, cinereous green; between the bill and eyes a rufous spot; neck, breast, back, and wing coverts deep rufous; beneath from the breast and the rest of the wing dusky blue- black ; tail cuneiform, formed not unlike that of the Magpie, dusky bluish black ; legs black. B.—Length of the last. Bill as before described ; crown of the head wholly rufous or rust-colour, but no blue in any part; from the nostrils to the eyes black, passmg beneath, and ending bluntly, not in a port as in the first ; on the breast a streak or two of black ; the plumage otherwise not unlike the one usually seen in cabinets ; webs of the tail complete. In another, the head is as in the usual one; forehead pale blue, with a black streak through the eye, pomted behind; chin and throat tawny ; a few streaks of black on the breast; webs of the tail bare, for half an meh. These two latter no doubt differ only in sex or age; the last described is certainly an older bird; and I learn from a person who has kept them alive, that the bareness of part of the tail began by degrees, small portions falling off without apparent cause, and the common opinion is, that it always so happened in old specimens. MOTMOT. 299 2.—PARAGUAN MOTMOT. Le Tutu, Voy. d’ Azara, in. No. 52. THIS bird is fourteen inches and a half long, eighteen and a half wide. The bill strong, bent the whole of the length, and indented on the edges as the others ; the length one inch and a half; nostrils placed obliquely ; top of the head reddish ; sides of it above the eyes black ; plumage on the upper parts of the body in general green ; one part of the wings inclining to blue, the other to deep violet; upper part of the breast reddish ; on the fore part of the neck a patch of black, the rest green; lower half of the breast, under part of the body, and under wang coverts blue; under part of the tail and wings silvery. This is the description of M. Azara, who supposes it to be a variety of the common Motmot; but his annotator, M. Sonnimi, esteems it as distinct. Inhabits Paraguay, and is not unfrequently seen tame, when it is chiefly kept on fruits, bread, and raw meat: in a state of nature feeds on various things, not only fruits of all kinds, but sometimes even small birds, and mice ; likewise the eggs of other birds, robbing the nests of the owners for that purpose: the cry sometimes may be compared to the word Tututu, at other times to Huuu. 300 CHANNEL-BILL. GENUS IX.—CHANNEL-BILL. Bit large, convex, cultrated, furrowed, or channelled on the sides, and bent at the tip. Nostrils round, naked, placed at the base. Tongue cartilaginous. Tail consisting of ten feathers. Toes placed two before and two behind. At present we are acquainted with only one species, for we ee esteem the second described as a variety, than distinct. At first sight it gives a strong idea of the Hornbill, and has been by some made a species thereof ; but the situation of the toes gives it a claim to rank as a Genus apart. AUSTRALASIAN CHANNEL-BILL.—PLt. XXXII... Scythrops Nove Hollandie, Ind. Orn.i. 141. Encycl. Britan. vol. 17. pl. 449. Tem. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. Ixxv. Psittaceous Hornbill, Phil. Bot. Bay, pl. p. 165. Anomalous Hornbill, White's Journal, pl. p. 142. Australasian Channel-Bill, Shaw’s Zool. vii. 378. pl. 50. Channel-Bill, Gen. Syn. Sup. u. 96. pl. 124. SIZE of a Crow; total length twenty-seven inches. That of the bill about four; this is very stout at the base, curving the whole of its length, and the upper mandible hooked at the point; above it is ridged, narrow, and channelled on the sides at the base, the nostrils placed close to the setting on of the feathers; these are round, and strrounded with a naked red skin, continuing on each side between them and the eye, and quite round it, but the bare parts are most IPL SOCK a — Z = g = ¥ > =— t Wipe Vili Cee IY). Ee CHANNEL-BILL. 301 considerable above; the tongue is pointed, near three-fourths of the length of the bill; irides hazel, and the pupil uncommonly clear ; the head, neck, and under parts of the body are ash coloured grey ; back and wings bluish ash-colour, each feather tipped with black ; quills darker, but grow paler with, near the base; the first quill is shorter than the second, by near four inches, and the second full one inch shorter than the third, which is the longest of all, and the wings, when closed, reach full three-fourths on the tail—this is cuneiform, deep ash-colour; the two middle feathers eleven inches long, the outer less than eight; near the ends of all a bar of black, which takes up most space in the middle ones, the tips of all for about one inch white ; the margins of the inner webs from the middle to the base, in al] but the two middle feathers, are barred black and white; thighs and vent barred the same, but paler; legs short, from heel to the toe joint two inches ; toes of the same length, and placed two before and two behind as in the Toucan; colour bluish black. The distinc- tion of sexes not ascertained. This bird inhabits New-Holland, and there called Goe re a gang, but is not very common. It first appears about Port Jackson, in October, chiefly seen in the morning and evening, sometimes seven or eight are together, but more often m pairs; both on the wing, and when perched, they make a loud, screaming noise, like that of a Cock and Hen, when a Hawk, or other bird of prey, is in sight.— Probably only come to this part of New Holland to breed, for they depart elsewhere in January; but their winter residence is by no means certain. In the crop and the gizzard the seeds of the red gum, and peppermint trees, have been found, and which is believed to be their principal food; they are supposed to swallow them whole, as the pericarpium or capsule has been found in the stomach: exuviz of beetles have also been seen, but not in quantity. The tail, which is nearly the length of the body, is sometimes displayed like a fan, and gives the bird in flight, or when sitting, a majestic appearance, The natives know very little of its habits or haunts; however, they con- 302 CHANNEL-BILL. sider its appearance as an indication of wind, and blowing weather, and that its frightful scream is through fear, as it is not a bird of very active, or quick flight. It is not easily tamed, for Mr. White observes, that he kept a wounded one alive for two days, during which time it would eat nething, but bit every thing that approached it very severely. A.—Length two feet. Billan inch and three-quarters long, per- fectly smooth every where, without any appearance of groove or channel, but curved at the tip; head and neck pale ash; crown mottled with brown; body and wings above cinereous brown; end of each feather reddish buff, with a bar of black a little within ; greater quills glossy black, with white ends; tail asin the other, but the black bar much broader, and the outer feather serrated with white on outer web; all the under parts of the body pale ash-colour, barred with dusky brown ; thighs the same; legs white, like those of some chickens ; thigh feathers reach some way over the joint. Inhabits New-Holland. A fine specimen in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden, of Clapham. This seems to vary much from the first description, but from the inferior size, the want of channels on the bill, and difference of plumage, it may be considered as opposite in sex, if not a young bird. é HORN-BILL. 303 GENUS X.—HORN-BILL. i Rhinoceros H. S Gingi H. 18 Ridged H. 2 Crescent H. 9 Indian H. 19 Narakarac H. 3 Helmet H. 10 Pied H. 20 Angola H. 4 Bifronted H. A: Var. 21 Crowned H. 5 Concave H. 11 Grey H. 22 ~Black-billed H. A. Var. 12 Green-winged H. ; 23 Red-billed H. B. Indian H. 13 Abyssinian H. 24 Yellow-billed H. 6 Flat-crowned H. 14 Panayan H. 25 White H. 7 Unicorn H. A. Manilla H. 26 Ceylon H. A. Malabar Pied H. 15 Indented H. 27 ~=Crimsen H. B. Coromandel Pied H. || 16 Wreathed H. C. Var. 17. New-Holland H. Tuts Genus has a great, bending bill; in many, a large protu- berance, resembling another bill, on the upper mandible. Nostrils small, round, placed behind the base. Tongue small, short.* Legs scaly, toes three before and one behind, the middle one connected with the outer as far as the third joint, and to the inner as far as the first. Birds of this Genus seem to hold the same place in the old Conti- nent, as the Toucans do in the new, the latter being found in America only. Perhaps the same kind of food may be usual to both; and if so, the greater part of their diet consists of fruits. As to their eating fish, + it seems not to be fully proved, though many authors assert the circumstance. This must be determined by future observations. We must not depend on the depraved state of appetite often found in birds when in confinement, perhaps consented to from necessity rather than choice, for want of obtaining that which is better adapted to their palate. * Scarcely one inch long in one species.——PAil. Trans. 23. p. 1394. + Tlat they do eat fish by choice, seems manifest, from several observations below mentioned. 304 HORN-BILL. 1.—RHINOCEROS HORN-BILL. Buceros Rhinoceros, Ind. Orn.i. 141. Lin.i. 153. Gm. Lin. i. 360. Klein. Av. p, 38.2. Hist. Sumatra, p.99. Bont. Jav. |x. t. 64. Olear. Mus. t. 15. f. 4. Besl. Mus. t.20. Rati. Syn. p.40. 8. Will. p. 86. t.17. (thehead) Lin. Trans. xu. p. 175, Hydrocorax Indicus, Bris.iv. 57]. Id. 8vo. 11. 205. Bor. Nat. p. 98.-t. 7. Calao Rhinoceros, Buf. vii. IG1. Pl. enl. 934. (the head) Levail. Am. & Ind. i. ple dee. Horned Indian Raven, Rhinoceros Bird, Will. Engl. 127. t.17. Edw. pl. 281. B. (the head) Rhinoceros Hornbill, Gen. Syn.i. 342. Id. Sup. p.69.. Nat. Misc.ii. pl.41. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 8. pl. 1. THIS is the largest of its race, and measures three feet four inches from the point of the bill to that of the tail; expanse of the wimg nearly three feet ; the size, that of a small Turkey. The bill is m some specimens a foot in length, and two inches and a half thick at the base, the upper mandible red, inclining to yellow at the tip, the lower pale yellow, except at the base, where it is black; on the top of the upper an appendage as large as the bill itself, turning upwards, contrary to the true bill, which inclines downwards ; this curved horn is eight inches in Jength, four in breadth, varied white and black, marked longitudinally, with a black line on each side; the edges of the mandibles jagged or dentated ; nostrils at the base of the bill; irides red ; eyelids furnished with dusky hairs; plumage of the head, neck, back, breast, and upper part of the belly black, the lower and rump dirty white; vent mixed black and white; tail twelve inches long, white, with a broad black bar in the middle ; legs and claws dull grey brown. A specimen, in the collection of the late Sir A. Lever, was larger, bemg four feet in length; extent of wing much the same; it varied m wanting the black line on the bill. According to Mr. Marsden, there is no appearance of a horn on the upper mandible of the young bird, and at that period the irides are whitish. HORN-BILL. 305 The bird figured by M. Levaillant has the whole plumage black, with a gloss of blue, except the ends of all the tail feathers, which are white for nearly a quarter of the length. The tail is rounded at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach some inches beyond the base. It is probable that the above differences may constitute the two sexes. _ This bird inhabits Java and Sumatra, as well as several parts of India, and the Philippine Islands. It is called by the Dutch, at Batavia—Dubble-Bek and Rhenoster-Vogel ; by the Javanese— Rangkok and Jongrang. © Said to feed on flesh and carrion. It is tamed without much difficulty, and in this state, as well as when at large, will chace rats and mice; and after pressing them flat with the bill, swallows them whole, first tossmg them in the air, and catching them in the mouth ; will also follow the hunters, to partake of the entrails of the beasts which they kill. The flesh is sometimes eaten with boiled rice; and by some thought good. The natives call it Engang. 2.—CRESCENT HORN-BILL. Buceros Africanus, Ind, Orn.i. p. 143: Gm. Lin.i. 359. Bris. iv. 570.3. Id. 8vo. ii. 204. Le Brac, ou Calao d’Afrique, Buf. vii. 154. Labat Afr. oce. iv. 160.161. fig. imp. Mus. Besl. t.9. No. 7. Calao 4 Casque en croissant, Levail. Am. § Ind. i. 35. pl. 13. Rhinoceros bird, 2d Var. Will. Orn. pl. 17. Crescent Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 7. African Horn-bill, Gen: Syn. i. p. 348.5, Shaw's Zool. viii. p- 6. THE bill of this bird nearly resembles that of the Rhinoceros Horn-bill; and the top im like manner has an appendage two-thirds the length of the upper mandible, in shape nearly that of a crescent, being hollowed above and convex beneath, where it is united to the bill; it tends to a blunt point at each end, but more rounded at the VOL, If. Rr 306 HORN-BILL. back part; the whole is dull yellow, with the base dusky black ; round the eyes are several stiff hairs; colour of the plumage on the head, body, and wings black, with a gloss of blue or green indifferent lights ; and the hind head has the feathers elongated, into a sort of crest ; the lower belly, thighs, and vent are dirty rufous white, and the feathers softer than in the black parts; the tail occupies half the length of the bird, white, with a broad bar of black, crossing it about the middle, and the shape of the end rounded ; the legs are scaly and brown. . A specimen of the above was brought from Java to Amsterdam ; it is also said to be met with in Borneo, in the forests, uniting in great flocks, to feed on carcasses. We may suppose the bill to vary, as m others of the Genus; for in the collection of the late Sir A. Lever, I observed one, in which the helmet did not turn up to meet at the end as in Levaillant’s figure ; and if we conjecture right in respect to that quoted from Willughby, itis probable, that the curvature is greater or less according to the age of the bird. I suspect too, that the plumage varies in the different sexes, asin the Rhinoceros Horn-bill; for it appears, that in some, every part of the plumage, except the tail, is black; while in others, the under parts from the breast are white. I therefore should not be surprised if, on our further acquaintance, these two may prove to be one and the same bird. M. Levaillant seems not well to comprehend what bird it can be, which is called by Labat, the Brac, except he means the Rhino- ceros bird, in one or other stages of growth: yet it may belong to some species yet larger; as Labat says, the bill, cluding the head, measures full eighteen inches ; whereas the bill of the Rhinoceros, in no instance we have seen, is more than twelve. Mr. Barrow met with a specimen of this in the Kaffer country, far from the Cape of Good Hope, and calls it a curious and rare bird. HORN-BILL. 307 3.—HELMET HORN-BILL. Buceros galeatus, Ind. Orn. i. 142. Id. Sup. p. xxii. Gm. Lin.1. 360. Calao a Casque rond, Buf. vii. 159. Pl. enl. 932. Galeated Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 24. Helmet Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. 344. Id. Sup.u. 370. Edw. pl. 281. f. C. THE bill of this bird is nearly strait, or very little curved, and eight inches in length, as far as the real mandibles reach ; of a conical shape ; the upper one is contmued above ito a gibbosity, almost square, making the bill at this part four inches and a half deep ;_ this gibbosity is rounded behind, almost flat in front, and is there an inch thick, as may be seen through the general horny red covering, which envelopes the sides of the upper mandible, as far as the bony front, which to the end of the bill is yellowish white; the nostrils appear just above the eyes, in a hollow, behind the base of the gibbous helmet; and between this and the eye springs a wrinkle ridge, passing quite across transversely to the front; the edges of both mandibles are smooth.—As to the plumage of this bird, the head, breast, and wings are black ; belly, thighs, and vent white; the tail long, cuneiform, white, with a broad bar of black near the end of each feather; the total length from the point of the bill to the end of the tail is four feet, of which the tail is two, for the two middle feathers are two feet long, the two next on each side twenty-one inches, the three outer twelve inches; the wings reach about three inches on the tail; the legs stout, scaly, and black. Inhabits the East Indies. If I conjecture right, this bird may have some powerful enemy to oppose; as the bony, thick front seems capable of great resistance, and in a specimen in my possession seems to have suffered thereby, for the horny part is beaten off in several places.* I have seen this bony front made into the lid of a * M. Leyvaillant is of opinion, that this bird should not be ranked with the Horn-bills, froma the bill being of so great solidity, not seen in others of the Genus, and rather thinks it to belong to some water bird;—Levail. Am. & Ind. i. p. 59. Rr2 308 HORN-BILL. snuff-box, in a gentleman’s possession. A complete specimen of the bird is in the British Museum. 4.—BIFRONTED HORN-BILL. Buceros bicornis, Ind. Orn. 1. 142. Lin. Syst. i. 153. Gm. Lin. i» 358. Amen. Ac. iv. 237. Borowsk. Nat. 1. p. 99. 2. Hydrocorax Philippensis, Bris.iv. 568. Id. 8vo. ii. 203. Rhinoceros avis, prima varietas, Well. Orn. t. 17? Calao avis, Petiv. Gaz. t. 31. f.1. dd. t.28. £6. Bufi vii. p. 157. Levail. Am. & Ind. i. p. 21. pl. 7. 8. Bifid-casqued Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 16. Philippine Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. p. 345. 3. SIZE of Hen-Turkey, but more slender; from the top of the head to the end of the tail thirty-six inches. The bill is twelve inches long, from the point to the hind part of the helmet; but the gape only nine inches, the deepest part six; the helmet alone six inches, which, on the fore part, is prolonged into horns; the back flat, and covered with a black skin. The colour of the whole that of yellow oker; the eyelids have long black hairs, and the feathers of the hind head of length sufficient to form a crest; the plumage of the head, neck, breast, wings, and tail, for the most part black, except a large patch of white in the the middle of the second quills; the tail is twelve inches long, consists of ten feathers, and ‘cuneiform in shape ; the two middle ones are wholly black, the others black also, except the middle for about one-fourth of the length, which is white, the white part occupying more space as the feather is outward ; the legs are dusky. In the bird described by Brisson, the breast, belly, sides, and vent, are whitish ; the tail consists of twelve feathers, the ten middle ones of which are black; the outer one ‘on each side white; legs greenish. M. Levaillant met with only one specimen, which came from Borneo. M. Brisson’s bird inhabited the Philippine Isles. HORN-BILL. 309 5.—CONCAVE HORN-BILL. Calao a casque concave, Levail. Ois: de? Am. & Ind. i. p. 13. pl. 5. Calao, vel Cagao, Phil. Trans. xxiii. p. 1394. * Bifid-casqued Hornbill, (var.) Shaw's Zool. vii. p. 17. Philippine Horn-bill, (var. A.) Gen. Syn.i. p. 345. THE length of this is thirty-six inches; the bill ten; edges of the mandibles dentated; gape seven inches, it is broader than that of the Rhinoceros Horn-bill ; the helmet rounded on the sides, and the back part blunt, taking the shape of the hind head; at top it is hollowed out into a sort of channel; the front scoops out into a semi- circle, but does not project into two horns as in the last described ; both mandibles are serrated on their edges, the lower half of the base of the upper, and the whole of that of the lower one black, ex- cepting which, the general colour is that of yellow oker, but at the point it inclines to red; the eyelids, as in most of the genus, are furnished with strong bristles; the feathers on the crown, sides, and round the eyes, and the chin, black; from this to the middle of the neck yellow rufous, those on the nape longer than the others; the rest of the body and wings black; but the lower belly, thighs, vent, and the whole of the tail (which is rounded at the end) dirty white ; the legs black. A.—In the third and fourth plates of Leyaillant is another figure of this bird, in which the whole of the body, wings, and tail, are black. Whether this is a variety, or merely of a different sex, is yet to be determmed. In a drawing of one, in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, the feathers of themeck are not rufous, but. pure white. This is said to have been brought from the Eastern Islands. * Described by the Rev. J. G. Camel, a resident in the Philippine Islands. 310 _HORN-BILL. B.—Buceros Hydrocorax, Ind. Orn.i. 144. Lin. Syst. i. 153. Gm. Lin. i. 359. Bris. iv. 566. t. 45. Jd. 8vo. ii. 203. Borowsk. Nat. ii. p. 100. Corvus Indicus Bontii, Rat Syn. p. 40.7. Will. Orn. p. 86. t. 17. lower figure? Id. Engl. p. 126? Corvus torquatus, &c. Klein. Av. p.58. II? Calao des Moluques, Buf. vii. p. 147. Pl. enl. 283. Calao roux, Levail. Amer. & Ind.i. p. 17. pl. 6. Bontian Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 31. Indian Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. p. 351. Id. Sup. ii. 100. This is two feet four inches long ; the bill two inches thick at the base, five in length, and bends a little downwards; both mandibles dentated at the edges; on the top an additional excrescence, flat above, rounded behind, and projects over the back part of the head, where it is whitish; but the rest of it, as well the bill, is ash-colour; the cheeks and throat are black; beneath this a dirty grey arched bar ; the rest of the neck pale chestnut ; back, scapulars, wing coverts, and rump, brown; breast, belly, and sides, blackish, mixed with grey; thighs yellow brown ; beyond this pale yellow ; quills black ; tail eight inches long, dirty cinereous white ; legs grey brown; claws black. This no doubt is a young bird of the Concave Horn-bill; but that described and figured by Levaillant, is perhaps still younger; the bill itself is unformed and thin, as well asthe helmet, which seems rather ridged on the top than flat; the general distribution of colours does not seem greatly to differ; we may, however, observe, that the parts which are brown in the other, in this incline to ash-colour, and the chestnut parts to rufous ; the bill is horn-colour, and the legs rufous. Inhabits the Molucca Islands. A specimen has been received from Batavia. Said to be found in the Philippine Isles. HORN-BILL. 311 6.—FLAT-CROWNED HORN-BILL. Le Calao 4 Casque plat, Levail. Afr. v. exxvil. pl. 240. OF this bird only the bill and head have come under observation ; the bill is about six inches long from the point to the angles of the mouth, moderately arched, and pointed at the tip; the sides of the mandibles a little dentated on the edges, formed somewhat in the shape of that of the Indian Horn-bill. |The colour deep vermilion ; _the helmet, or appendage, tends towards a pointed shape on the forepart, is rounded behind, and quite flat above ; it is five imches long, and two broad; in shape altogether not ill resembling a heater used in ironing linen ; nostrils placed at the base, between the bill and junction of the helmet ; the head small in proportion to the bill. One of these was added to the collection of M. Levaillant, by M. Fayol, but from whence it was brought by no means ascertained. M. L. thinks it may possibly be a Bill of the Indian one in its most complete state, or, at least, of the concave species. 7.—UNICORN HORN-BILL. Calao Unicorne, Levail. ois. de ! Am. & Ind. i. p. 27. pl. 9.10. Buceros Malabaricus 8. Ind. Orn:i. p. 143. THIS is about thirty inches in length; the bill is large, being nie inches long, and almost five in thickness, taking in the helmet, which alone is two inches and a half; the edges of the mandibles are toothed ; the helmet proceeds forward, curving over the point of the true bill, and tending to a point in like manner, and sometimes approaches near to the end of it ; it is undulated three or four times on the sides, otherwise the sides are flat and smooth; the base of the 312 HORN-BILL. bill is black, as is the base of the helmet at the back part, and for one-fourth of its length from the base to the point, but not on the lower edges; the colour otherwise dirty yellow ; the general colour of the plumage is black on the head, neck, wings, and back ; but the space round the eyes is wrinkled and bare, the eyelids furnished with long hairs; irides reddish brown ; the hindhead elongated into a sort of crest; round the chin and base of the under mandible is a naked, wrinkled, white skin ; all the under parts of the body from the breast, are white; the three first prime quills are white for the most part, and the three outer feathers on each side of the tail are also white, but the rest are black; the shape is rounded at the end, and the wings reach about one-third thereon ; the legs are black. This bird is said to inhabit various parts of India, but is also frequent m Ceylon throughout, where the mhabitants keep them tame, to destroy rats and mice ; in this, surpassing the domestic cat. It is averred, that the female does not differ from the male in external appearance, except in being smaller, and the helmet not so large, and Jess pointed : it frequents the forests, and builds in hollow trunks of trees, laying four dirty white eggs; it feeds on insects, and their larvae, small lizards, and frogs. A.—Buceros Malabaricus, y. Ind. Orn.i. 144. Calao des Philippines, Buf. vii. pl. 8. Pl. enl. 873. Calao unicorne dans le 2d Age, Levail. Am..& Ind. i. pl. 11. 32. Pied Horn-bill var. Gen. Syn.i. p. 350. 2d paragr. In respect to the plumage of this bird the same description will serve, as of the last; but it differs essentially in'the bill, which is much shorter, and in particular the helmet; this is flat.on. the sides, and channelled as in the other, but the farther end, though sharp edged, not forming a point; at this part, however, it is dusky black, not indeed so much as represented in the Pl. enlum. 873, which.is painted. ef a deep black. We learn from Levaillant, that this is the state of a HORN-BILL. 313 bird arrived at five or six months of its age, and that it does not get the full pointed horn till three years at least, and in some old birds, the horn almost equals the true bill in length; the young bird at first is covered with greyish down, acquiring by degrees the black plumage, and the bill, whilst very young, has only the knob elevated at the base, and declining downwards for more than half the length, where it blends itself with the bill, and becomes part thereof.—See Levail. pl. 12. B.—Buceros Malabaricus, y Ind. Orn.i. p. 144. Calao dela Cote de Coromandel, Son. Voy. ii. 215. pl. 121. Pied Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 69. The chief difference in this from the variety A. is in the bill, which is said to be white, and the appendage above it of an oval shape, rounded at both ends as well as the sides; the base is black ; from thence to the middle white, forming a kind of crescent, the end half black ; between the bill and eye bare and black, and under the throat, from eye to eye, a bare white space; as to plumage, it scarcely seems to differ, except that the two middle tail feathers are black at the base, and white for the rest of their length; the others wholly white. This variety in the tail is a httle smgular; but perhaps that of the bill more so; and I suspect that the painter employed, has not been quite so precise in his draught as such subjects require. In a bird from Bengal, in the Museum of the late Chas. Boddam, Esq. the two middle tail feathers were black, the others white; the quills white at the ends: it was called Cherry Deanish, or Bird of Knowledge. . In another all the tail feathers were black, the ends only white, and two patches of white at the base of the under jaw. This was from India, and there called Master of Rice. Is said to feed on rice and fruits. VOL. II. Ss 314 HORN-BILL. C.—Among my collection of drawings is one not greatly differmg in the bill from the last described, but the appendage ‘on the top, although oval in shape, is wholly black, not divided in the middle by a white crescent. The whole plumage above pale grey brown, beneath from the chin white; behind the eye a large dusky patch ; quills dusky, with brown ends, and some few tipped with white; tail long, and rounded at the end, in colour like the upper parts of the body, and the wings scarcely reach to the base of it; legs dusky. I am at a loss to conjecture concerning this, further than to suppose it may be allied to the last, considermg how much these birds vary from the difference of sex or age. I observed too, among the drawings of Gen. Davies, one of these, im which the appendage on the top of the bill was round on the fore part, but ending in a projecting point behind. A drawing of this was taken from one in a Natural History Museum, at Bath. 8.—GINGI HORN-BILL, Buceros Ginginianus, Ind. Orn.i. 146. Calao de Gingi, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 214. pl. 121. Levail. Ois. Am. § Ind. i. p. 43. pl. 15. Gingi Horn-bill, Gen. Syn: Sup. p.71. 13, Shaw’s Zool. vi. p. 36. THIS is two feet in length, the bill between three‘and four inches long, and furnished with a helmet on the top, for about two-thirds of its length ; this appendage points forward, and is sharp at the end, appearing not unlike a smaller bill on the top of the larger ;. the edges of both mandibles jagged; the colour of the bill for the most part, and of the helmet wholly, is black, but the top of the upper mandible, from the base of the helmet to the end, is white; and the whole of the under half ‘of the lower of the-same colour ; the eyelids, as in others, have some long hairs; and the feathers of the hind head elongated into a sort of crest; the colour of the plumage on the HORN-BILL. 315 head, neck, back, and wings cinereous grey ; from the gape of the bill a broad band of black passes beneath the eye, and. a little beyond it; the breast and: belly white; the tail eleven inches long, and cuneiform; the two middle feathers dirty rufous grey, with the ends black ; the others black for three-fourths, then brown, and the tips white; legs black. In Levaillant’s figure, a trace of white passes above the eye, but no appearance of the black beneath it; the two middle tail feathers exceed the others by two inches, and are pointed at the ends ; in other things they do not much differ. This species inhabits Gingi, and no doubt in many of the neigh- bouring places. 9.—INDIAN HORN-BILL. SIZE of the last; total length twenty-two inches. That of the bill from the gape three inches; depth at the base one inch and a quarter, owing to a small protuberance on the top, whieh is black, and about one inch long from the forehead ; both mandibles bend downwards, and the edges of both are smooth; the general colour pale ash, the tip and under part paler; round the eye bare and dusky ; the plumage for the most part is light greenish grey, but from the breast to the vent white; the head is furnished with a full crest; the wings darker than the body; quills black, tipped with white; tail nine inches long, moderately cuneiform, the feathers dark ash, towards the ends black, the tips, for half an inch, white; but the two middle ones are ten inches long, of a dark grey throughout, rather pointed at the ends, and exceed the others by nearly two inches; and. this excess is darker coloured than the rest; legs blue- grey. $s2 316 HORN-BILL. Inhabits India; called at Hindustan, Dhunais.**—Sir J. Anstru- ther. In a second drawing I observe, that the two middle tail feathers are pale grey the whole of their length; the crest less full, and the base of the bill, as well as the appendage at the top, black. In another drawing of one, said to be complete, the head is without any crest; the two middle tail feathers, as in the first, are marked the same as in the others; legs black. Probably all these form but one Species, and the last mentioned may be the female. 10.--PIED HORN-BILL.—P . XXXIII. Buceros Malabaricus, Ind. Orn.i. 143. Gm. Lin.i. 359. Nat. Misc. pl. 809. Calao de Malabar, Buf. vii. 149. pl. 8. Edw. t. 281. D.—The Bill. Calao a Bec blanc, Levail. Am. & Ind.i. p.39. pl. 14. Unicorn Horn-bill. White-beaked Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 8. 18. Pied Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. p.349. pl. 11. THIS is thirty inches long, from the angles of the mouth to the point of the tail. Bill five inches, and both mandibles curve down- wards; on the upper a gibbosity four inches and a half in length, rounded on the top, and tending to a sharp edge in front; this appen- dage passes backwards beyond the eyes, where it is blunt, the fore part of it black ; which colour continues obliquely downwards and backwards, quite to the part where it joins the true bill, a small part of which is black also; independent of this, the whole is white or pale yellow; the nostrils are near the base, between the appendage and the bill; the eyes in the base of the bill, surrounded with a bare, * Probably the same with one mentioned in the Asiatic Researches,, vol. 4. by the name of Dhanésa, or Indian Buceros, which is said to feed on the Nux vomica.* It is also added, that the fat is highly esteemed by the natives. Mem. my Var. B. of the Unicorn Horn-bill is called Cherry Deanish. ® Strychnos Vux vomica, Lin. HORN-BILL: 317 dirty yellow* skin, and on the upper eylid are ten or more stiff bristles ; the plumage is mostly black, and the feathers at the hind head elongated; but the under parts from the breast, the belly, thighs and vent, are white ; the first quill is black, pointed, and shorter than the rest, the others black, with the ends for one inch and half white, but the three or four next the body wholly black ; the tail consists of ten feathers, and is rounded at the end; the two middle ones black, the others the same, with the ends for one inch and a half white ; legs little more than four inches long, the mner toe shortest, the outer eonnected to the middle as far as the first joiut; the wings reach beyond the base of the tail. The above description taken from a perfect specimen in the collection of Gen. Davies, which came from the East Indies.— Levaillant’s bird was brought from Chandernagore, and by him esteemed a new species, not hitherto noticed. I have no doubt of its being the same as my bird, though it may differ in some particulars, It was only twenty-four inches long from the tip of the bill to that of the tail; the colour of the bill is compared to ivory. It seems to differ from the Unicorn Horn-bill, in not having the white chin; and in the tail of the latter, the whole of the feathers are white, except the two middle, which are black, otherwise it might be taken for a specimen of that bird, with the bill in its second stage of increase. Is found in Java, by the name of Klinglingang. A.—Bill three inches long ; on the top of the upper mandible a gibbous appendage three quarters of an inch deep, and two anda half long, on the fore part dusky, behind white; the fore part also of the upper mandible, the base, and edges are yellowish white ; the under mandible white, three-fourths of the length, with an oblique streak of black, the base rufous red; round the eye a bare, white, wrinkled space, pointed behind; beneath this a small one of white, in the direction of and behind the lower jaw; the plumage is mostly black ; * In a drawing of Gen. Hardwicke’s, the colour was pale blue. 318 HORN-BILL. belly, thighs, and vent white; the feathers of the hind head long, _ and hang over the neck ; tail seven inches long, cuneiform, the two middle feathers wholly black, the others black, with white ends; legs. brown. Inhabits India.—-The size is uncertain ; in the drawing from whence this description is taken, the length is eighteen inches only ; but another, among the drawings of Gen. Hardwicke, was said to be twenty-six inches in length, and extent of the wing thirty-four. 11.—GREY HORN-BILL. Buceros griseus, Ind. Orn. i. 147. Grey Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.72. Shaw's Zool. viii. p. 40. SIZE uncertain. Bill yellow, at the base a spot of black, round which, and at the corners of the eyes, are tufts of hairs; behind the eye a naked blue skin; on the upper part of the bill a process, which slopes on the fore part, is abrupt behind, and only reaches the forehead; crown of the head black; the rest of the head, neck, breast, and back grey; wings partly grey, partly black; ends of the quills white; tail long, the middle feathers black, the lower part of the side ones the same, the rest of the length white. Inhabits India.—Communicated by the late Mr. Pennant. 12.—GREEN-WINGED HORN-BILL. Buceros viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 147. Le Calao violet, Levail. Am. et Ind.i. p.53. pl. 19. Violaceous Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 19. Green-winged Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.73. Shaw's Zool. vil. p: 40. SIZE between the Unicorn and White-billed Species. The bill is five inches long, and curved, two inches thick at the base, somewhat blunt at the point; the helmet-like appendage stands two HORN-BILL. 319 inches high from the bill, and occupies more than half the length ; it is fat on the sides, where it has two shallow channels; the fore part divided by a. strait line, the hinder flat, and covered with a black skin; on the fore part the colour is black, half way from the middle, to near the point; the base of both mandibles, as well as the appendage, and the gape under the eye, is red, and on the under are two alternate red and black bands; independent of these, the whole is yellowish, and the edges serrated; the eyes are large, brown, and placed in a naked black space; the plumage of the head, neck, and upper parts purplish black, varying to green in some lights; under the wings black and white mixed ; belly, thighs, vent, ends of the greater quills, and the three outer tail feathers white; the four middle ones like the back, and a little longer than the others; legs and claws black. Inhabits Ceylon, and the whole Coast of Coromandel. One brought to the Cape of Good Hope, was kept tame in a menagerie, and observed to be affable towards the keeper, but so ferocious to the rest of the birds im the aviary, as to completely keep them in awe, however much larger than himself; yet with all this audacity, he would not suffer any quarrels among others, and always interfered between the combatants, ending the conflict by beating both parties. He was fed indiscriminately with flesh, raw or cooked, and was equally fond of boiled grain. 13.—ABYSSINIAN HORN-BILL. Buceros Abyssinicus, Ind. Orn.1. 143. Id. Sup. xxiii. Gm. Lin.i. 358. Meyer. Ueb. der Neuest. Zool. Entd. s. 117. Calao d’Abyssinie, Buf. vii. 155. Pl. enl. 779. Erkoom Abba Gumba, Bruce’s Abyss. ii. p. 102. Id. App. pl. x. t. p. 169. Le Calao caroncule, Levail. Afr. 230. 231. 232. No.5: p. 109. Abyssinian Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. 347. Id. Sup.ii. p.99. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 21. THIS is not much inferior to a Turkey in size, and in length three feet two inches. The bill black, nine inches long, slightly 320 HORN-BILL. bent, and compressed on the sides; both mandibles channelled within, blunt at the tips, and white on the edges; on the top of the upper is a semicircular prominence, two inches and a half in diameter, and fifteen lines broad at the base; this excrescence is of the same substance as the bill, but so very thin, as to give way to the pressure of the fingers; the height of the bill and helmet is nearly three inches and three quarters; on each side of the upper mandible a reddish space ; eye surrounded with a naked, violet-brown skin, extending on the throat, and part of the neck before; the plumage wholly black, except the greater quills, which are white; the second quills, and part of the wing coverts, deep tawny brown; legs five inches and a half long, thick, stout, and blackish. One in Mr. Bullock’s Museum was three feet and a half long; on the fore part of the eyelids several short, stiff, curved bristles, like eye-lashes, the same beneath, but shorter, and none on the back part; the tail even, and the quills reach one-third on it; legs scaly black. In Mr. Bruce’s drawings, as well as in his description, the bird appears to have a wattle under the throat, like the Turkey, changing at times to a full red; total length three feet ten inches; in the other sex the wattle is blue. The nest is made in large trees, and for the most part said to be built near churches; it is covered as in the Magpie’s, but four times as large as that of an Eagle, placing it firm on the trunk, the entrance on the east side; the young are numerous, sometimes eighteen in number; is much inclined to run on the ground, but will sometimes fly well, and to a great distance ;_ part of its food a a great beetle, which is found in plenty in the Teff-fields of Abyssinia, where the bird is sufficiently common. Is called in Amhara, Erkoom ; in Tigré, Abba-gumba; and in Sennara, Tier el Naciba, or Bird of Destiny. When full grown, it is the biggest of all this Genus, though not so long as the Rhinoceros Species, on account of the length of the tail of the last; however, the bill is of an extraordinary size; that of the adult more than one foot. The helmet open before, and HORN-BILL. 321 channelled on the sides, but in the one described it is closed on the fore part. When complete, the plumage is deep black, with a brown tinge on the wing coverts ; prime quills fulvous white, or Isabella-colour ; tail square at the end, and the wings reach one-fourth thereon; the helmet dark horn-coleur, and the mandibles, which are blackish, have beneath the helmet a square, reddish patch; the indentures on the sides more or less shew the difference of age. Young birds, in which the helmet is not complete, have the plumage dusky brown, instead of black, and the quills rufous white. 14.—PANAYAN HORN-BILL. Buceros Panayensis, Ind. Orn.i. 144. Gm. Lin. i. 360. Calao abec ciselé de Panay, Son. Voy. 122. t. 82. 83: Levail. Ois. Am. et Ind.i. p. 47. pl. 16.17.18. Buf. vii. p.145. Pl. enl. 780. 781. Furrowed Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 33. Panayan Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. p. 353. SIZE of the Raven. The bill very long, arched, toothed on the edges, pointed at the end, and compressed on the sides, which are ridged transversely from the base to two-thirds of its length, the ridges are brown, and the furrowed parts between the colour of orpiment; the rest of the bill smooth and brown; on the top is an appendage, flattened on the sides, sharp at the top, and cut to a sharp angle before; the eye surrounded with a naked, brown skin, and the eyelids furnished with stiff bristles; irides whitish; plumage on the head, neck, wings, and back greenish black, changing into blue in different lights; the under parts much the same, but inclining to dusky ; feathers of the nape elongated; the tail consists of ten feathers, two-thirds from the base rufous yellow, and one-third to the end black; legs lead-colour; the middle toe united with the outer to the third articulation, but with the inner only as far as the first. VOL. Il. er 322 HORN-BILL. The female differs in the head‘ and neck being white; except a triangular, large, greenish black spot, from beneath each eye, passmg under the chin; the belly, thighs, and vent rufous, or Bet Oro smm: the tail whitish, ending in black, as in the male. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. A.—Buceros Manillensis, Ind. Orn.i. 145. Gm. Lin. i. 361. Calao de Manille, Buf. vii. 144. Pl. enl. 891. Calao a bec ciselé, dans son jeune age, Levail. Am. et Ind. pl. 18. Manilla Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. i. p. 354. The length of this bird is twenty inches. The bill two inches and a half; less curved than in the last, and not toothed on the edges; the upper mandible carinated at top, being furnished with a slight prominence, which swells out but very little, and the sides of the bill are smooth; the colour of the whole pale reddish yellow; the head and neck are yellowish white, waved with brown; on each side of the head, on the jaw, a dusky mark; the upper part of the body and wings blackish brown, and some of the quills have whitish edges; the under parts of the body are dirty white; the tail brown, like the wings, but crossed about the middle with a rufous white band, of two inches in breadth. This inhabits Manilla with the others, and supposed to. be the Panayan Horn-bill, in the younger stages of its growth.. M. Le- vaillant observes, that the bill and helmet are pale brown; the plumage on the under parts of the body very soft and downy ; the tail feathers tipped with rufous white, which is also seen. in that figured in the planches enluminées. a 4 SE a hi: ‘ae PL XXXIV. Witte Hey bil, HORN-BILL. 323 15.—INDENTED HORN-BILL. Buceros undulatus, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 26. Lin. ‘Trans. xiii. p. 175. Le Calaoa Casque festoné, Levail. Am. & Ind. i. p. 56. pl. 20. 21. Undulated Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 26. LENGTH thirty inches. Bill five inches long and two thick, of a yellowish white, with the base brownish; it is much bent, and the edges smooth ; the helmet small, only rising five or six lines above the bill, and is as it were festooned, or indented black and brown; the eyes, which have the lids beset with hairs, are in a naked bluish wrinkled skin, which surrounds the base of both mandibles as well as the throat ; the feathers of the hind head are elongated, so as to shew as a crest; the general colour of the plumage black, with a gloss of blue, especially on the wings and back, excepting a square patch of red brown at the lower part of the neck behind ; the tail rounded at the end, about the length of the body, and rufous white ; legs pale brown. The female is smaller, and differs chiefly in wanting the red brown patch at the back of the neck, This is recorded as a new species, sent to Mr. Temminck, of Am- sterdam, from Batavia; but the native place uncertain. Tnhabits also Java, called there Goge, or Bobosan. 16.—WREATHED HORN-BILL.—P . XXXIV. Buceros plicatus, Ind. Orn. i. 146. Buceros obseurus, Gm.: Lin. i. 362. Le Calao Javan, ou Calao annuaire, Levail. Afr. v. 125. pl. 239. Calao of Waigion, D’ Entrecast. Voy. 8vo.9. 304. pl. xi. Indian Raven,. Will. pl: 17 & 78. The Bill.—Damp. Voy. iii. 165. pl. 3. Javan Horn-bill, Shaw’s$ Zool: viii. p: 28. Wreathed Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. 858. Id. Sup: p.70. Id. Sup. 2d. 371. THIS is nearly the size of a Raven; length thirty inches. -Bill four inches deep at the base, much arched downwards, and dentated Tr2 324 HORN-BILL. on the edges; colour pale brown, towards the point yellowish ; on the top, at the base, begms an appendage, which in old subjects is an inch in height, and divided into several segments ; round the eye a bluish, wrinkled skin ; the throat is also naked ; on the eyelids a few long hairs; the rest of the head, beyond the eyes, pale rufous brown, the feathers elongated, so as to form a sort of a crest ; round the neck paler, inclming to buff-colour; body in general and wings black, with a greenish gloss; tail cuneiform, dirty white; legs deep blue, or black. The female differs, having the head and neck equally black with the rest of the plumage, in other respects is like the male. The young bird is destitute of the appendage on the top of the bill, and the edges of it quite smooth ; the bare space round the eye and chin paler in colour; and the plumage much as in the adult. On consulting the various authors who have given figures of these birds, or the bill, we find the wreathed appendage to consist of from five to seven indentations. In Dampier, there are seven ; in Wil- lughby the same; in D’Entrecasteaux, only five. This species is by some supposed to be peculiar to Java, but Dampier met with it at Ceram, and others at Ceylon, and elsewhere ; hence, we may suppose it to be a native of several places in India. Some have thought that the name of Year’s bird may have taken rise from the time of its appearance, at a particular season; but it seems rather to have originated from the annual increase in number of the folds of the bill, and that those in which they are most numerous are the oldest birds. A fine and complete specimen, supposed a female, is in the Museum of the India-House, in London. In this the bill has five folds on the top, and of a box-colour; round the eye bare, as well as a pouch under the throat; the head tufted at the back part ; plumage wholly fine glossy black, except the tail, which is entirely white ; legs dusky black. This last was brought from Java. HORN-BILL. 225 17.—NEW-HOLLAND HORN-BILL. Buceros Orientalis, Ind. Orn. i. 147. New-Holland Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. Sup. p.72. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 41. LESS than a Jay. Bill convex, carinated, very gibbous at the base, and covered with a naked skin; nostrils small, pervious, placed one-third from the base, about which are several short bristles; region of the ears naked, wrinkled, cinereous; plumage in general dusky above, and white beneath; shafts of the wing and tail feathers white beneath ; toes divided to the bottom. Inhabits New-Holland.—Communicated by Mr. Pennant. The ends of the quills and tail had been clipped with scissars, it therefore could not be ascertained of what colour they were. 18.—RIDGED HORN-BILL. SIZE uncertain. Bill large, stout, and yellowish; the upper mandible elevated into a high ridge, blunt, and rounded behind, where it finishes over the eyes; from thence it is carinated, and declining in an arch to the point; diameter of the bill at the thickest part full three-fifths of the length of the whole; this elevated portion differs from that seen in others, as it does not appear as an appendage, but forming one piece with the upper mandible, having only a dusky line running from the eye on each side, one-third on the bill; the the head, neck, back, and wings are black, but the ends of the prime quills, all the under parts from the breast, and the whole of the tail are white, the last cuneiform; legs black. Described from a drawing in the collection of General Davies, taken from a specimen brought from some part of India. In the 326 -HORN-BILL. colour of the plumage it does not greatly differ from some of the preceding, but the singular shape of the bill prevents our placing it otherwise than as a distinct specics. 19.—NARAKARAC HORN-BILL. SIZE and length uncertain. Bill pale blue and black, witha notch near the tip; the upper mandible formed as in the Ridged Species, being elevated into a high ridge, and finishing over the eyes; head, neck, and under parts black; back, lesser wing coverts, and the two middle tail feathers fine ferruginous; the other feathers of the tail lead-colour; quills deep brown; legs formed as in others of the Genus, and black-brown. Inhabits Madagascar, and is called there by the Muljacks, Narakarac.—Mr. Thompson. 20.—ANGOLA HORN-BILL. Le Calao longibande, Levail. Afr.v. p. 115. pl. 233. Striped-tailed Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 34. THIS is about the size of a Magpie; length twenty-one inches. Bill, from the pomt to the gape, three inches and a half; it is stout at the base, curved much in the same manneras in many others of the Genus, and dentated on the edges; on the top runs a ridge, about three-fourths of the length from the base, but little elevated from the bill, not more than a quarter of an inch, and for ‘some part of the length has the appearance of being separated; round the eye and under the chin bare, the upper eye-lid furnished with twelve or fourteen cartilagimous substances, like hairs, a quarter of an inch long, HORN-BILL. 327 and channelled at top; the colour of the bill in general dull yellow, the edges, and a quarter of: the way from the point, dull red 5 plumage in general full black, with a gloss of brown in some lights ; beneath, from the breast, white, but the feathers over the thighs are black; the four middle tail feathers black ;: the two next, on each side, white; the outmost again black, giving them the appearance of five longitudinal stripes of black and white; in shape slightly cuneiform, or much rounded at the end; legs moderate in size, and black. Said to inhabit Africa; three of them were brought from Angola: one in the Cabinet of M. Temminck, at Amsterdam; a second in the possession of M. Levaillant; and the third sold to some unknown person. M. Levaillant did not meet with it in any of his journies at the Cape. One of these, in the collection of Lord Stanley, had the bill black half way from the point: the rest yellow, or pale orange, with two black stripes, one in the direction of the nostrils, the other near the ridge; the two outmost feathers but one of the tail with the ends white on the inner web, for an inch and a half, and on the outer for an inch ; the rest of the length black. 21.—CROWNED HORN-BILL. Le Calao couronne, Levail. Afr. v. 117. pl. 234, 235. . Crowned Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool, viii. p. 35. THIS appears to be a new species; in size a trifle smaller than the last, but not: far different in colour. The bill too, is not unlike that of the Angola Horn-bill, having a crest or ridge: for two-thirds of the length at top, but like that, not much elevated; it is jagged on the edges, colour of the whole that of vermilion; irides Isabella yellow; general colour of the plumage black, beneath from the 328 HORN-BILL. breast white ; tail long, cuneiform, the feathers black, ends of the three outer ones white ; from behind each eye rises a white streak, or line, surrounding the head as a wreath below the nape. The female is like the male, but wants the white wreath. Young birds are dusky black, where the adult is of a full colour, and the white seems somewhat sullied. This species is found on the East of the South of Africa, from the two Rivers called Great and Little Saumache (Klyn Brac and Groot Brac), as far as the Caftre Country; frequents deep forests, and perches upon large trees, especially dead ones; found in great flocks; feeds on insects and carrion; will mix by hundreds with the Ravens and Vultures, to feast on a dead beast, as M. Levaillant instanced once in respect to an elephant he had killed. The female lays about four white eggs, in a large hole of a tree; she has two kinds of cry, the one, cri cri cri qui qui qui, made during flight ; the other a graver one, like the word Cou, when perched. 22.—BLACK-BILLED HORN-BILL. Buceros nasutus, Ind. Orn.i. 145. Lin. Syst. 154. Gm. Lin. i. 361. Borowsk. ii. p- 100. Hydrocorax Senegalensis melanorynchos, Bris. iv. 573. t. 46.1. Id. Svo. 11. 206. Le Tock, Buf. vii. 141. Pl. enl. 890. Le Calao Nasique, Levail. Afr. v. p. 120. pl. 236. 237. Crotophage, Forsk. Faun. Arab. p. 2. 4. Senegal Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 30. Black-billed Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. 354. THIS is not much bigger than a Magpie; length twenty inches. The bill one inch thick at the base, and four inches in length, bending downwards in a considerable curve, the edges of both mandibles dentated, and on each side of the upper, beneath the nostrils, a long stripe of yellow; on the under four or five oblique HORN-BILL. 329 “whitish stripes; the plumage on the upper parts of the body is dirty grey, with the edges of the feathers of the back and wings whitish ; and on each side of the head a dirty white stripe, from the nostrils, passing over the eye to the hind head, at which part the feathers are elongated into a sort of crest; the under parts of the body, from the breast, are dirty white ; quills black, edged with grey ; tail seven inches and a quarter long, rounded at the end, and consists of twelve feathers; the two middle are dirty grey, the others white half way from the base, the end half blackish, with the tips white; legs and claws black. In a young bird the plumage does not differ materially, but the bill instead of black, has the greater part yellowish; the under parts too, are dirty white ; the tail in the coloured print has the two middle feathers black, the others pale brown, with white ends; legs brown. Inhabits Senegal. 23.—RED-BILLED HORN-BILL. Buceros nasutus, 8. Ind. Orn.i. 145. : Hydrocorax Senegalensis erythrorynchos, Bris. iv. 575. t. 46, f.2. Id. Svo. ii. 207. Tock, Calao 4 bec rouge, Buf. vii. 141. Pl. enl. 260. Le Toc, Levail. Afr.v. p. 122. pl. 238. Crow, Ives Voy. p. 240. Senegal Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 30. Red-billed Horn-bill, Gen. Syn.i. 355. SIZE of the former, but a trifle shorter; length not exceeding twenty inches. The bill partly the same, but red, and less arched ; and the indentures of the mandible less conspicuous; head and throat dirty white, with the shafts of the feathers black; on the crown a longitudinal blackish stripe, reaching to the hind head, and the feathers elongated, and tufted, forming a sort of crest; the rest of the head, neck, and under parts of the body dirty white; back, rump, VOL. Il. Uv 330 HORN-BILL. scapulars, and upper tail coverts dirty grey ; wing coverts blackish, © the middle of each feather dirty white; prime quills blackish, secon- daries grey ; tail near seven inches long, rather cuneiform, the two middle feathers dirty grey, the rest blackish, with the ends white ; legs red-brown ; claws black. The young bird has the bill orange, without indented edges, and the white in the plumage dirty.—The.one described by Brisson, is the young bird.—Such is the description of the two, which Linnzeus thought to be male and female ; but Buffon supposes them to differ only from the age, the last described being the adult bird. This and the Black-billed inhabit Senegal and other parts of Africa, and are both called Tock ; are tame while young, suffering themselves to be taken with the hand, but when mature are very shy; the young soon become familiar, yet are so stupid as not to feed themselves, requiring the food to be put into their mouths. In their wild state they subsist on fruits, but when domesticated eat bread, or almost any thing that is offered to them. - The black-billed is, no doubt, the bird described by M. Forskal, who says, the bill is twice as long as the head, and bends downwards, with a spot of white at the base of the upper mandible; on the lower three or four whitish, curved ridges; that the head and neck are grey-brown ; belly white; and the rest of the bird grey ; spotted with white; quills tipped with white, the prime ones. cimereous, secondaries black ; tail feathers ten in number, as long as the body, even at the end, black tipped with white, except the two middle, which are wholly brown, &c. M. Forskal adds, that it mmhabits Arabia, and is called there Tullek and Dymlddi. Feeds on serpents. HORN-BILL. 331 24.-YELLOW-BILLED HORN-BILL. SIZE of a Magpie. Bill yellow, curved, and smooth above; edges serrated, the inner black; plumage in general grey; on the fore part of the neck a wattle or caruncle; wing coverts marked with white spots; under parts of the body white, but on the fore part of the neck the white feathers are dusky or black, giving a striped appearance; tail cuneiform, the four middle feathers black, the rest barred black and white alternate, three bars of each; quills twenty- one in number, three of them white at the ends, legs black. One, supposed to be a young bird, had a smaller bill, and more inclined to orange; legs in both black. This was brought from Abyssinia, by Mr. Salt; whether it is distinct, or allied to the Red-billed Species, does not seem to be certain. 25.—WHITE HORN-BILL. Buceros albus, Ind. Orn.i. 146. Gm. Lin.i. 361. White Toucan, Hawkesw. Voy.i. 123. White Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. i. 357. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 29. THIS is said to be of the size of a Goose, wholly as white as snow, except the bill and legs, which are black; the beak curved, and of so great a length and thickness, that it was not easy to conceive how the muscles of the neck, which was one foot long, and as small as that of a Crane, could support it. This bird was caught between the Island of Tinian, and Pulo- timoen, and kept alive four months on board, fed with biscuit, after which it died. Although in the description it is called a Toucan, it is more probably a Horn-bill, as none of the ‘Toucan Genus are known to _ exist, except in South America. Uuv2 332 HORN-BILL. 26.—CEYLON HORN-BILL. Le Calao-Gingala, Levail. Am. et Ind. t. 65. pl. 28. Gingala Horn-bill, Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 37. THIS is said not to exceed a Magpie in size, but the bill is strong, and large in proportion,—three inches long, and one inch and a half deep at the base, at least; the edges of the mandibles dentated ; nostrils half concealed in the feathers; eyelids furnished with hairs; the colour of the bill half brown, half white, divided longitudinally im both mandibles, so as to appear alternately striped brown and white; the feathers of the hidhead elongated; the crown, nape, and all the upper parts of the bird are dusky brown, with a blue-grey tinge; wings of this last colour, the feathers margined at the ends with black, appearig hike scales; under wing coverts, and inner webs of the great quills, white; the face, throat, and fore part of the neck, as far as the breast, greyish white; belly the same, but deeper, verging to cinereous-grey ; under tail coverts, and lower part of the thighs, chestnut brown; the tail, which is longer than the body, is cuneiform, and the feathers pointed at the ends; the two middle ones the colour of the wings, the others the same, with white ends, and the outmost entirely white on the outer web; legs brown. Inhabits Ceylon; one specimen was killed im the woods near Colombo.— Manners unknown. 27.—CRIMSON HORN-BILL. Buceros ruber, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxiii. Crimson Horn-bill, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 100. Shaw’s Zool. vii. p. 39. pl.2. SIZE uncertain. The bill is longer from the gape to the tip, than backwards to the hindhead; the colour dusky, except at the HORN-BILL. 330 base, where it is surrounded with white, and at this division the nostrils are placed ; it is stout, running to a point, and a trifle curved for one-third of the length; the head seems full of feathers, and a trifle crested ; the upper part, even with the eyes, and between them and the bill black; the rest of the plumage fine crimson; across the shoulders a band of white; the tail is cuneiform, pretty long, and the quills reach just beyond the base of it; legs dusky. I met with this bird among some drawings belonging to Mr. Smith, most of which were of Indian Birds, and have been greatly at a loss where to place it, for if the drawing be exact, it approaches nearest, in the shape of the bill, to the Wreathed Species, supposing the Segment on the top to be smoothed off, but in this case, it curves much more towards the tip. It seems a curious, and singular bird, but I have not met with any one who has seen an original specimen. Dr. Shaw’s engraving is taken from Mr. Smith’s drawing. BDL BEEF-EATER. GENUS XI.—BEEF-EATER. 1. African Beef-Eater. \| 2. Striped Béef-Eater. BIL strong, thick, strait, nearly square ; upper mandible a little protuberant ; on the lower a large angle. Toes three before and one behind, the middle connected to the outer one, as far as the first joint. 1.—AFRICAN BEEF-EATER.—PL. XXXV. Buphaga AGucanst Ind. Orn. i. 147. Lin.i. 154. Gm. Lin. i. 362. Bor. Nat. 11. 100. Daud. ii. 295. pl. 22. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. p. hi. Pic-beeuf, Bris. 1. 437. t.42.2. Id. 8vo.i. 279. Buf. iii. 175. pl. 14. PI. end. 293. Levail. Afr. ii: 198. pl. 97. African Ox-pecker, Shaw’s Zool. viil. p. 50. pl. 6. Beef-eater, Gen. Syn. i. 359. pl. 12. Id. Sup. ii. 102. Nat. Misc. pl. 541. SIZE of a Song Thrush, but appears more slender; length eight mches and a half. Bill yellowish, towards the end red, m shape nearly square, and about ten lines in length; base of the under mandible bare far backwards, indes red; plumage above greyish brown; rump, and all beneath dirty pale yellow; tail three inches and a half long,* cuneiform, composed of twelve feathers, all of them pointed at the ends; the two middle ones grey-brown, the others the same, but rufous on the inner margins, and tawny beneath; the wings, when closed, reach one-third on the tail; legs and claws brown.—The female is rather less, and the bill of a duller yellow. Inhabits Senegal, and parts within the Cape of Good Hope, in the country of the Great Namaquas, near Caffraria. Said to be very * In the Collection of the late Gen. Davies, one of these had the tail four inches long. if a ‘ Vidddia Taf aces. BEEF-EATER. 51515) fond of the larvee of insects inclosed under the skin of the backs of oxen, &c. alighting in troops of a dozen or more, and picking them out with the bill, in the same manner as the Magpie does the ticks from the sheep; this is effected by the strength of it, as both mandibles incline to each other at the point, and the bird is enabled to extract the delicious morsel* without much difficulty, scarcely to be eradicated by the common efforts of human industry, and the beasts seem to submit to this treatment with satisfaction, for were it not for this relief, multitudes of oxen, antelopes, and others, would perish, from the numbers of larve in their hides, which not only irritate them: beyond measure, but draw away the whole of their nourishment. Independent of the above mode of obtaining food, the Beef-eater will feed on various other insects; has a sharp kind of cry, but by no means approaching te what may be termed a song. 2.—STRIPED BEEF-EATER. SIZE of the former. Bill, in shape and colour, the same; plumage reddish pale ash-colour, striped with blue-grey ; the tail cuneiform, consisting of twelve feathers ; the quills, when. closed, reach to about the base; from the bottom of the greater quills, to three-fourths of the length, red brown; legs stout, dusky. A specimen of this is in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, and seems to belong to this'Genus; and, if not the common.one in any of its progressive stages to perfection, is probably a distinct, species, * Oestrus Bovis, and others.—See Valisn. Op.—Reaum. et De Geer Insectes.—Wern. Verm, itest.—and.aboye all, a most excellent Essay, with figures, on the Genus Oestrus, by Mr. Clark, in the third volume of Linn. Transactions. 306 ANI. GENUS XII.—ANI. 1, Lesser Ani. | 3. Variegated Ani. 2. Greater Ani. | 4, Walking Ani. — THIS Genus has the bill greatly compressed, and arched on the top, in shape half oval. Top cultrated. Nostrils round. Tongue flat, pointed at the end. Tail consisting of ten feathers. Toes placed two before and two behind. 1.—LESSER ANI.—Pu. XXXVI. Crotophaga Ani, Ind. Orn.i. 448. Lin.i. 154. Gm. Lin.i. 362. Bor. Nat. it. 101. t. 8. Bris. iv. 177. t. 18. £2. Jd.8vo.i. 92. Gerin. ii. 53. t. 190. Monedula toto nigra major, Sloan Jam. 298. pl. 256.1. Brown Jam. 474. Klein. Av. 64. Id. 55. Psittaco congener, Ani, Razz, 35. & 185. Will. 81. Id. Engi. 120. Cacalolotl, Rati. 168. 27? Ani, Bout de Petun, Buf. vi. 420. Pl. enl. 102. f.2. Tem. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxxvi. L’Anno, Voy. d’Azara, iv. No. 263. Razor-billed Blackbird, Catesb. Car. App. pl. 3* Chattering Crow, Damp. Voy. ii. p. 73. Lesser Ani, Gen. Syn. i. 360. pl. 13. SIZE of a Blackbird; length thirteen inches. Bill one inch long, brownish black; at the base some black bristles, which turn forwards; there are also some long hairs on the eyelids, like eye- lashes; the plumage in general is black ; the feathers of the nape, neck behind, and wing coverts margined with steely dull purple ; quills and tail violet black ; the last six inches long, greatly cunei- form, and in certain lights appears undulated with numerous trans- verse, darker-coloured bars; the second quills have also somewhat of the same appearance ; legs black, and scaly. * The toes in this plate are placed three before and one behind, no doubt by mistake. PL XXXVI. AN ES X ~ QS ANI. 337 The female does not differ externally from the male. This is no doubt the Chattermg Crow, or Cacao Walk, of Sloane and Dampier, and is common in Jamaica. The latter voyager met with them in Brazil, under the name of Mackeraw. Said to be common also in Paraguay, but not to reach 28 degrees of South latitude.—These birds likewise inhabit Saint Domingo, and other Islands of the West Indies, and we believe Cayenne, and most other parts of South America: are known at Berbice, by the name of Hoeje. They have the singularity of many laying in the same nest,* to make which, they all unite in concert, and after depositing their eggs, sit close to each other in order to hatch them ; and it is further said, that when the young come forth, the parents, without distinction, do the best to feed the whole flock ; the nest is of course sometimes of a large size, composed of dry twigs, lined with leaves; and it is observed, that when the sitting birds leave the nest, they cover the eggs with leaves, to continue the warmth during their absence ; for the most part they have two broods in a year, and even three, in case of accident to the former ones. The eggs are about the size of those of a Pigeon, sea-green, spotted at the ends, but for the most part appear whitish at first sight, bemg covered with a film or crust of that colour. The food consists of worms, insects, fruits, and grain, and they will frequently perch on the backs of beasts, to pick off the ticks. Both this and the following species have the same manners, and are gregarious, being seen from ten to twenty in a flock, whether in breeding time or not; are not difficult to be shot, being less wild than many other birds, but chatter incessantly at the sight of a man, although they do not fly to a great distance ; in this instance, like the Jay, are the * Ils pondent et couvent jusqu’a cinquante ensemble dans le meme Nid, Bris. + M. d’Azara remarks, that this outer crust is easily removed by the point of a knife, and that the children and others make pretty designs, like engravings, thereon, the green colour appearing beneath. VOL Il. X x 338 ANI. means of hindering the intent of sportsmen in respect to other game, without making amends in their own flesh, which is rank and unsavoury; the only use we find any part of them put to, is their bills, which are held by some as an antidote against poison, but the negro girls are said to make with the birds love-potions. We are told, that if these birds are brought up tame from the nest, they will learn to articulate words, in the manner of the Parrot. 2.—GREATER ANI. Crotophaga major, Ind. Orn.i. 148. Bris. iv. 180. t. 18. f.2. Id. 8vo. ii. 93. Gm. Ein.i. 363. Gerin. i. t.191. Ani des Paletuviers, Buf. vi. 423. pl. 19. Salern. Orn. 73. 10. Grand Bout de petun, Pl. enl. 102. f. 1. L’Anno-guazu, Voy. d’Azara. iv. No. 265: American Keel-bill, Shaw’s Zool. viii. 380. pl. 51. Greater Ani, Gen. Syn.i. 362. THIS, though appearing at first sight greatly similar to the former, differs from it materially; it is about nineteen inches in length, and larger in the bedy. The bill black, from gape to point one ich and three quarters; it is channelled on the sides, and high ridged at the base, but lessens again to the point, which is a little curved, and in this differs from the Lesser Species; asin that bird, the whole of the top. of the upper mandible is semicircular, from base to tip, and nearly regular the whole way ; the irides are green; the crown depressed; plumage in general fine glossy steel blue; feathers of the neck, back, and wing coverts edged with fine glossy green; breast the same, but more obscure; those of the head and neck more narrow than the rest; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers ten inches long, the outer seven and a half, the colour fine glossy steel blue; quills the same, glossed with green, and when closed, reach more than half way on it; legs black. | ANI. 339 This inhabits Brazil; m the neighbourhood of Rio Janeiro; not uncommon also in the warmer parts of America, and adjacent Islands; having the same general manners as the former; except in frequenting the salt marshes, near the coasts; for the most part seen im company with the Lesser one, and like that; many females; frequently from eight to ten, laying their eggs in the same nest; the eggs, too, are blue-green, and covered with a filmy, tartarous crust externally. Both these birds are said to be easily made tame, and learn to talk like Parrots. One of them, in the collection of Mr. M‘Leay, which came from Berbice, was named. Koroebo. 3.—VARIEGATED ANT. Crotophaga varia, Ind. Orn.i. 149, Crotophagus varius Indicus, Gerin: ii. 54. t. 192. Variegated Ani, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 103. SIZE of the Lesser Ani; length eleven inches. Bill black, somewhat weaker than in the last named; head, fore part of the neck, and breast black ; the middle and greater wing coverts, and tail the same; the rest of the plumage fulvous, inclining to rufous; legs yellow brown. A specimen of this is said to have been kept alive for some time at Versailles, where it went by the name of Indian Pie; and a drawing of it sent to Florence, from which M. Gerini copied his figure.— Native place unknown. 4.—W ALKING ANT. Crotophaga ambulatoria, Ind. Orn.i. 149. Lin.i. 155. Gm. Lin.i. 363. Borowsk. Nat.i. 102. Walking Ani, Gen. Syn. i. 363: THIS is said to differ in nothing from the others, except in‘the situation of the toes, being placed three before, and one behind. Kx 2 340 ANI. Inhabits Surmam. This must rest solely on the authority of Linnzus, as we have not met with any one who has seen such a bird, and it is much to be suspected, that this able Naturalist may have been deceived, either by a false drawing, or by a specimen itself having been put into attitude by some one unacquainted with the natural character, as was the case in respect to that figured in Catesby’s Work, above mentioned. wee a i ae Oita vit SRI ae ! Nihari Asya Fak ree \ ese Dyin ai, taal Davy hy a, ey) eee Rh an PA. XXXVI. hes If Vif, platie-cat PLANTAIN-EATER. 341 GENUS XIII.—PLANTAIN-EATER. 1. Violet Plantain-Eater. \| 2. Touraco Plantain-Eater. BiLi stout, triangular, the upper mandible elevated at the base and bending at the tip; both the mandibles dentated on the edges. Nostrils rounded at the ends, oval, placed in the middle of the bill. Tongue short, thick, stout. Toes placed three before and one behind. 1.—VIOLET PLANTAIN-EATER.—P.t. XXXVIIT. Musophaga violacea, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxiv. Sch. d. Berl. Gesell. ix. s.16. taf.i. Tem: Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. 1xxii. Royal Cuckow, Lever. Mus. pl. in p. 167. Violet Plantain-eater, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 104. pl. 125. Shaw’s Zool. viii. p. 47. pl. 4. and 5. THIS curious, and hitherto little known bird, is nineteen inches Jong. The bill from gape to tip one inch and a half; in shape very singular, especially the upper mandible, being nearly triangular, losing its attachment at the hind part, where it is elevated, and hangs over the crown. The colour yellow, growing red towards the end ; the edges of both mandibles dentated, more deeply so forwards, and the under one shorter. The tongue formed not unlike that of the Parrot; eyelids purple, irides brown ; the top of the head purple, Lore violet; beneath the eye a streak of white, passing far backwards, neck, breast, and belly violet ;* wings the same, but the prime quills * In my copy of the Berlin Transactions, these parts are coloured pale brown, though in the text they are said to be violet. 342 PLANTAIN-EATER. are fine purple in the middle; tail long,* cuneiform, obtuse, coloured as the quills; legs very strong, dusky black. This beautiful bird is found on the Plains near the borders of Rivers in the Province of Acra in Guinea, and is said to live princi- pally on fruits of the Plantain,} it is very rare, for with every pains taken by M. Isert, he could only obtain one specimen. I have ventured to joi this with the Royal Cuckow of the Leve- rian Museum, as it seems to agree, except in the disposition of the toes, which in the engraving are placed two before and two behind ; this, however, may be reconciled by supposing the bird capable of placmg them in two: different positions at will, a circumstance observed also in the Touraco, and some other birds; however, the assertion of M. Isert, that the toes were situated as his figure repre- sents, ought to have weight, as he took his description from a fresh killed bird. A drawing, said to have been taken from a specimen im the Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever, has some time’ since been shewn tome, which appears to be this bird. The length full two feet ; breadth three ; bill-in shape like the foregoing, covered with a cere as far as the nostrils, the upper mandible having a notch near the tip; length of the bill. one inch and a half;. depth one inch; diameter at the base three quarters of an mch; it differs from the first described in being attached. at the back part, and not elevated from. the base; the head at top is:ssomewhat crested, dusky ; round the eye black ; chin pale flesh-colour;. hind part of the neck and back pale: dusky blue; the under parts of the body pale yellowish brown ; thighs and vent rufous; tail cuneiform, dusky. blue ;. base of two or more of the outer feathers: white, across allia: broad. black bar near the ends. the outer quill shortest, the eighth longest. of all, and * M. Isert says the tail has only nine feathers ; this might be the case in his specimen, but as we know of no bird in which the tail feathers are not even in number, we may sus- pect that it originally had ten, or even more, when’ incomplete feather. + Musa Paradisiaca et Sapientum. PLANTAIN-EATER. 343 the wing, when closed, reaches some way on the tail; legs stout, brown; toes three before and one behind, the inner toe joined to the middle one as far as the first jomt, and to the outer one rather lower. Said to inhabit some part of Africa. 2.—TOURACO PLANTAIN-EATER. Cuculus Persa, Ind. Orn.i. 222. Lin.i. 171. Gm. Lin.i. 419. Scop. Ann.i. No. 49. Bor. Nat. ii. 180. t. 15. B. Cuculus Guineensis eristatus viridis, Bris.iv. 152. Jd. 8vo. ii. 84. ex Africa, sive Cuculus Rex, Gerin. t. 73. Opeethus Africanus, African Touraco, Gen. Zool. 1x. p. 63. pl. 15. Crown Bird from Mexico, Albin. 11. pl. 19. Touraco Cuckow, Gen. Syn.ii. 545. Id. Sup.ii. 1386. Klein. p.36. Edw. pl. 7. NEARLY the size of a Magpie; length seventeen inches and a half. Bill shortish, the upper mandible bent, reddish brown; the nostrils concealed with feathers; irides hazel brown; eyelids sur- rounded with red caruncles; the head, neck, and upper parts, the breast, part of the belly, and the sides covered with soft, silky, fine green feathers; lesser wing coverts the same; the feathers on the crown lengthened into a crest, to be erected at will; the tip of this crest reddish; on each side of the head a black stripe, broadest in the middle, arising at the corners of the mouth, passing through the eyes to the hindhead; above and beneath this is a narrow white line ; lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail coverts, scapulars, and greater wing coverts, bluish purple; lower part of the belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts, blackish; greater quills crimson, with the outer edges and tips margined with black ; tail bluish purple, six inches and a half long, and nearly even at the end; the legs are cinereous. Inhabits various parts of Africa. M. Levaillant observes, that numbers are in the country of Hottniqua, to the east of the Cape of 344 PLANTAIN-EATER. Good Hope, but difficult to be shot, perching only at the extremities of the highest branches of trees, out of gunshot, rarely suffering any one to approach ; it feeds on fruits only; is easily caught alive, by snares baited with those in season, and esteemed good food, and when fricasseed, thought to be superior to the Pintado or Partridge. Mr. Barrow met with it about the forests of Kakaberg, as well as in Kaffer-Land. A.—Touraco d’ Abyssinie, Buf. vi. 301. This differs in having a blackish crest, hanging behind as a lock; forehead, throat, and round the neck grass green; breast, and upper part of the back the same, with a tinge of olive, varying to purplish brown; wing coverts, and second quills green; the greater crimson, edged with black. Inhabits Abyssinia. In a sketch of one of these, by Mr. Salt, - the tail was long, and the wings reach only to the base; round the eye bare and red, carunculated. This was from 'Taranta. 1 have seen several of these birds alive in England, and observe the eye to be uncommonly brilliant, the crest always erect, and the bird in general very lively; one of them had not the white stripes above and beneath the eyes, but obtained them after the first moult, and the crest became of one green colour. In this climate it will subsist on grapes, apples, oranges, or any other fruits. Scopoli mentions the variation of colour, and that it has a notch at the end of the upper mandible, as in the Shrike ; this has escaped my observation. That in the pl. endwm. is white round the eye, with a streak behind it; the crest tipped with white, and half erect; the middle quills alone red; thighs, vent, and legs black ; such an one is among Mr. Woodford’s drawings, and the toes placed three before and one behind, but this is no singularity, as one I particularly observed alive, had the faculty of placing the toes in both situ- ations. PLANTAIN-EATER. 345 One of these, in the collection of General Davies, was seventeen inches in length; the tail equal to seven. The crest fringed with black; general colour of the plumage glossy olive green, the colours more bright than in birds of this kd in common, and the crimson spot on the wing more brilliant and fiery. This came from the Cape of Good Hope. In Schmid’s Abildungen der Vogel,* is an engraving of the Violet, or first Species, in which the bill appears to pass farther backwards on the crown, than in any other figure of it which we have seen ; and we are not informed, whether it has been taken from a real specimen, or from any former drawing of the bird; and we have further to observe, that the toes are placed three before and one behind, as in that of M. Isert, in the Berlin Transactions. The account given is very short, merely descriptive, as to the colours of the plumage ; and we are sorry to find, that nothing new has been added concerning so rare a bird. * P.d6.. pl. 44. END OF VOL. II, JACOB AND JOHNSON, PRINTERS, WINCHESTER. Direetions for placing the Plates. Plate 18. 19. 20. 21. ——=sD Oo eS MALABAR SHRIKE, to face Black-headed Shrike. = - Frontal Shrike - - - Red and yellow Maccaw - - Tabuan Parrot = = C Jonquil Parrakeet - - - Racket-tailed Parrot - = Horned Parrot - = = 3 Undulated Parrot - = es Banksian Cockatoo - = Ms Red-crowned Parrot - = = Toco Toucan - = x 5 Janeiro Toucan = = - Brazilian Motmot - - - Australasian Channel-Bill - - Pied Horn-Bill - - - Wreathed Horn-Bill - - African Beef-Eater - - - Lesser Ani - - - = Violet Plantain-Eater - = oh ak ai re Wat ae eee ¥ : a . Ties fs iy pula Wai i) Ae Bea hides i i nN a ey 1 a ba) oY er oman : ; Wey ; : , ‘a j i i A Dyke ' re x NT i ' ee, i j - Ps } P ; \ if i ¥ i ‘ Ie ho i i i i ~~ i i 7 A) y . ¥ : rm it Sie OPA DG SAINE " SOK