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Printed for Leigh & Sotheby,
York Street,Covent Garden.

MDCCLXXXV.

"ae Dae ape tag

HE contents of the prefent volume, added to thofe of the
former ones, will, it is to be hoped, make good the pro-
mife made in the firft, viz. the giving ‘* a concife account of all
the Birds hitherto known ;”—to attain the knowledge of which,
every affiftance has been given to me by my various friends, and
no trifling labour beftowed by myfelf.

Enough has been mentioned, in a former Preface, of the nature
of this undertaking, which. will occafion very little to be added in
the prefent; a few things, however, feem neceflary to be here
mentioned, which are briefly the following.

The Reader will remark the occafional references made to the
Britifo Mufeum, as well as to that of Sir Afbton Lever :—but it
muft be obferved, that fuch references could relate to thofe Birds
only which were found there refpectively at the time when each
Genus was penned ; and will account for feveral others, now feen
in thofe repofitories, not to be foundin this work, which at firft
fight might appear to have been overlooked, though in reality
eccafioned merely by the additions made to each, fince the parti-
cular parts were written.

Thofe found in the private collections of feveral of my friends
have been referred to in their places; but, in refpect to thofe in
my own poffeffion, it is neceflary here to remark, that fuch are

Vou, III. a meant

Boe Ey Ba a-ak.

meant to be pointed out to the reader by the mark +- added be=
fore the trivial names in the margin.

‘In regard to Plates, fo neceffary an appendage to a work of
this nature, it might perhaps have been wifhed that they had
been executed in a more matterly ftile; but I have been led to
think, that where a juft reprefentation is only meant, the excellence
of the artift is lefs neceffary, and a correct outline the greateft
recommendation: on this confideration I have been induced to:
make the attempt, by etching the plates myfelf, from drawings
of my own, for the moft part taken from the fubjects themfelves.
How I have fucceeded in this matter, I will leave to the Public
to determine; all I dare fay on this head is, that they are pretty
accurate reprefentations, and perhaps will not be thought an
unacceptable addition to the text, efpecially as many of them are
of fubjeéts not to be found in any other work, being figures of
fuch as were difcovered by our navigators to the South Seas, and
thofe who have lately made refearches towards the North Pole.

I have, for the moft part, included the Birds which have lately:
come under infpection in one or other of the Genera of former
authors; but fome few have notwithftanding arifen, which could
not be reconciled to any Genus yet formed, wiz. the WatTTLE-
Birp *, Tryamov }, and SHEaTHBILt f. It muft likewife be
here owned, that here and there a Bird will be met with inter-
fperfed in thefe fheets, in refpect to the placing of which much
difficulty has occurred; but, having one or more ftrong leading

* Vol. I. p. 364. + Vol. UL. p. 724. t Vol, III. p. 268.
i characters,

Poo Re Eo A GE

characters, I have judged it more proper to place it at the heels
of the Genus it feemed to have moft relation to, rather than to
then the memory by creating a new one.

It may not be amifs here to mention, that having ftill much
matter remaining in manufcript, not only in addition to what has
already been publifhed, but alfo belonging to the prefent fheets,
which came too late to be brought into the proper place, it will
eccafion me hereafter to publifh fuch remainder by way of Ap-
pendix, as foon as a proper addition of materials, which I have
now in view before me, fhall have accrued, fufficient in confe-
quence, as well as in quantity, to merit attention. This, however,
will require fome time; but care fhall be taken that no unnecef-
fary delay fhall be made in bringing to view what further I have
to add on the fubject.

Having faid thus much, nothing will remain but to. conclude
with my moft grateful thanks for the favours of the Friends who
have affifted me in my purfuits, and of the Public in general who
have encouraged them—content, myfelf, with having made fome
fmall addition to the labours of former times, not without the
hopes of being found worth the notice of future writers in this
branch of Natural Hiftory, when the author of the prefent work
fhall be no more.

D ord,
HEA . JOHN LATHAM.

BIRDS,

iit

ae

ae

PLUXX.

Dp

COMO. >

é y Ws 2)

Botan 2) .S.

Orper VI. STRUTHIOUS.

Genus LVII. DODO.

N° 1. Hooded D. 3. Nazarene D.
2. Solitary D. -

ILL large, bending inwards at the middle of the upper
mandible, marked with two oblique ribs, and much hooked
at the end.
Noftrils placed obliquely near the edge, in the middle of the
bill.
Legs fhort, thick, feathered a little below the knees: toes,
three forward, one backward. ;

Didus Ineptus, Liz. Sy/t. i. p. 267.

Le Dronte, Brif. Orn. v. p. 15.— Buf. Oif- i. p. 480.—Bont. Ind. or. pl. in
P> 70+

Dod-eerfen, or Valgh-vogel, Herbert. Trav. p. 382. pl. in ps 333.

Dodo, Razz Syz. ps 37+ 3-—Will. Orn. po 153. pl. 27.—Edw. pl. 294.

HIS uncouth being is rather bigger than a Swan, and not
far fhort of three feet in length*. The bill is ftrong, large,

* See a painting in the Britifo Mufeum.
Vor. III. B ; and.

Ie
HOODED D.
PL. LXX.

DescRIPTioNn.

PLack AND
MAnneERS.

Dy Our Ds .-O:

and hooked at the end; the gape ftretches beyond the eyes; the
colour of it a very pale blue, except the end of the upper man-
dible, which is yellowifh, and a red fpot on the bend of it; the
end of the lower blackifh: irides white: the general colour of
the plumage is cinereous, and foft to the touch; the belly and
thighs whitifh: the head large, and feems as it were covered with,
a black hood or cowl: the wings are very fhort, and of a yellowith.
afh-colour: the tail feathers curled, ftand up on the rump, and
incline to yellow, like the wings: the legs have four toes, three
before and one behind; are very ftout, fhort, and yellowifh: claws
black.

This is che account from Edwards, and a painting of it is now
in the Britifh Mufeum. é

Herbert, in his Travels, feems to give an account as having
feen it, though his figure isa bad one. He fays, that it ‘* feldom.
“© weighs lefs than fifty pounds. The bill hooked, and bent down-
“ wards; the thré// or breathing-places in the midft;. from which
“© part to the end the colour is of a light green, mixed with pale
«© yellow: eyes round and bright: has fine down inftead of fea-
“ thers: the rain (like to a China-beard) is no more than three
*¢ or four fhort feathers: the head varioufly dreft, one half being
«© hooded with down of a dark colour, the other half naked, and
“© of a white hue, as if lawn were drawn over it: the legs thick
«© and black; and the talons great.” We likewife learn from him,
that ‘“ the pace is flow, and the body round and fat; by fome
‘* eaten as meat, but is more pleafurable to look than feed upon ;
“¢ andher. ftomach fo fiery that it can eafily digeft ftones; in that
«and fhape not a little refembling the Ofrich.”

This awkward figure inhabits the iflands of Mauritius (or

o1 the

D&I

D O D QO;

the Ife of France), and that of Bourbon *, in the Indian
OCCA.»

Le Solitaire, Buf. Oi/. i. p. 485.—-Leguat. Voy. io p. 98.—pl. in d*.

HIS is a large bird, and the male is faid to weigh fometimes

forty-five pounds: it has fome relation to the Zurkey, as the
bill and legs are like that bird’s; but the bill is more bent, and
it ftands higher on the legs. The neck is of a proportionable
length, and the eye black and lively: the head is not crefted, and
the general colour of the plumage is grey and brown mixed:
it has fearce any tail; and the baftard wing fwells out into a
round knob: the wings are too fhort for flight, and the hind
parts are rounded like a Horfe’s rump, being cloathed with fea-
thers, which may be termed covertts.

The females are covered with fometimes brown and fometimes
light yellow feathers, and appear very beautiful. This fex has
alfo a kind of wédow’s peak above the bill; and the feathers on
each fide of the breaft enlarge into two white tufts, fomewhat
refembling the bofom of a woman: the feathers of the thighs are
rounded at the end, like fhells; and, according to Leguai, the
bird has all together a noble and elegant gait.

This is an inhabitant of the De of Rodrigue, where it is not
uncommon ; but not met with in flocks, fcarcely more than two
being found together. It makes the neft in bye places, of leaves

© Thefe cannot be the only parts where they are found, and muft have been
imported into them from others, fince it is faid, that the Portuguefe, who firk
difcovered them, found neither /and dird nor quadruped in either. See Hift. des

OY. vol. v, ps 280.
B 2 of

2
SOLITARY D.

DESCRIPTION.

FemMAvtes

Prace ano
Manners.

3.
NAZARENE D.

DescRIPTION.

Pace AND
Manners.

DD Of DDG.

of the palm, a foot and a half in thicknefs; and lays one eee,
bigger than that of a Goofe. The male fits in his turn; and does
not fuffer any bird to approach within two hundred yards of the
{pot while the hen is fitting, which is feven weeks. The young
is fome months before it can fhift for itfelf; the old ones, in the
mean time, are affectionate to it, and faithful to each other after-
wards, though they occafionally may mix with others of their
kind. Ic is faid that a ftone is always found in the gizzard;
which perhaps, if the cafe be known, may turn out no more than
may be found in all granivorous birds, ferving merely to prove it
to be of that race. ‘The young birds, though timid, are ftupid
enough to fuffer the approach of any one; but when grown up,
are more fhy, and will not be tamed. Two of them were
fhipped from Bourbon, but foon died, as they refufed all fufte-
nance. ‘They are chafed in the winter-feafon, viz. from March
to September, being then fat, and the young birds are much
efteemed for the table.

L’Oifeau de Nazareth, Buf. Oi/. i. p. 485.—Cauche Madag.. p. 130.
Oifeau de Naufee, Id. ibid. ;

HIS is a large bird, bigger than a Swan, The billis a little
bent downwards, and large: inftead of feathers the whole
body is covered over with a black down but the wings are fea-
thered, and it has fome frizzled ones upon the rump, whicli
ferve inftead of a tail: the legs are long and {caly, and there are

three toes on each foot.
This was met with in the Se of France, and defcribed as above
by Fr. Cauche; who adds, that the female only lays. one egg,
which.

D O D O.

which is white, and as big as a penny loaf, and that there is
always found with it a white ftone of the fize of a Hen’s egg—
that it makes the neft of leaves and dry herbs, im the forefts, on
the ground; and that there is likewife found a grey ftone in the
gizzard of the young bird.

The three laft-defcribed birds feem to have much affinity to-
each other; if, on further obfervation, they do not prove the
fame {pecies, differing only in age or fex.

GENUS

BLACK O.
Paes LXXI.

BeEscriprion,

-

[64]

Genus LVI. OSTRICH.

N° x. Black Oftrich.

HE bill in this fpecies is ftrait, depreffed like that of a
Duck, and rounded at the end.

Wings fmall, in proportion to the fize of the body, and ufelefs
for flight.

Legs naked above the knee.

Toes two in number, and both placed forwards.

This and the following, with a third, which late obfervations
have proved to be of a far different family, were placed by Lin-
neus under one genus. From the very diffimilar characters, we
have thought right again to feparate them, according to Briffon,
who has thus done in his Ornithology.

Struthio Camelus, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 265.——-Scop. Ann, i. N° 160:
L’Autruche, Brif: Orn. v. p. 3. ple 1. f. 1.— Buf. Oif i. p. 398. pl. 29.—
Pl. Enl. 457. (the female).
Oftrich, Raié Syn. pe 36. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 149+ ple 25.— Albin iii. pl. 53.
—Gent. Mag. xviii. pl. in p. 580.
Black Oftrich, Browz. Iilufr. pl. 16. (the male).
Lev. Mu.

HIS is, without doubt, the largeft bird in the creation: it
is near eicht feet in length, and when ftanding upright is
from

ae s ee a
Black & Lite, Va /

OO Set Ry ihc Cts

from fix to eight feet in height *. It has a fimall head, not

much unlike that of a Goofe; the bill is alfo fomewhat fimilar,
but lefs depreffed, and four inches and a half in length, horn-
coloured, with a dufky tip: irides hazel; eyelids befet with
hairs: the head, and greateft part of the neck, are bare of fea-

thers, of a flefh-colour,, here and there befet with a few fcattered’

hairs: the lower parts of the neck and body are covered with
black feathers, which are fingularly loofe in their webs, and
totally unlike thofe of any other bird: the quill feathers, and

thofe of the tail, are of a perfect fnowy white, fome of them here

and there fringed or tipped with black, and are long-and beau-
tifully waved in fhape : on each wing are two fpurs, about an

inch in length; and on the breaft is a callous, bare, and hard.
fubftance, ferving the bird to reft on when it firft bends forwards.
to fit on the ground: the thighs and fides of the body are
naked: the legs are ftrong, of a greyifh brown, and furnifhed.
with two toes only,. the outer one of which is very fhort,. and.

without a claw.

The female differs from the male in having thofe feathers.

brown, which are black in the male.

This bird inhabits Africa, and the parts of 4fa adjoining to
it, with the feveral iflands in the neighbourhood, and is in very
great plenty about the Cape of Good Hope. The egg of this cor-

refponds well with the fize of the bird, being as bie as a chila’s.

bead, and white in colour +: the female is.fuppofed to lay fifty

* Two Offriches were fhewn in London in the year 17503 the male was ten feet

in height, and weighed three hundred weight and a quarter.—See Gent. Mage.

vol. xx. p. 536.
+ See a figure in Klein, Ov. pl. 1-.

or

FEMALE.

Pace anp:
Mannerss

O28 Fuk bee Ae

x

or more in a feafon; thefe the is faid to bury in the fand, and to
be hatched by the heat of the fun only, and that the young
run as foon as they come out of the egg: though others deny
this ; for Kolben fays, that the male and female fit on them by
turns, and that he has feen them hatching their eggs hundreds
of times, and as often driven them off, and took the eggs, to
feaft himfelf and his friends (and fome of them were near hatch-
ing); one of them proves a meal for three or four perfons, and
they are faid to be very good. The young, he fays, cannot run
at firft, but are fupplied by the old ones with gra/s and water,
and defended by them, till they can take care of themfelves, fo
furioufly as to render it dangerous to go near them at fuch
times. If the eggs be touched, the old ones will forfake them *.

This bird, as well as fize, is aifo endued with /frength in
proportion ; for inftances are recorded where one has borne two
men on its back, and has run along with them with the greatetft
ealeri=

The food of the Ofrich is of the vegetable kind, grafs, fruits,
grain, &c. befides which it is frequently obferved to fwallow
many foreign articles, as bits of iron, copper, gla/s, lead, and the
like ; but though this is often done with impunity, yet it is feen

* Buffon allows that the O/rzch fcarce ever lofes fight of the eggs; but that it
is only in the more zortherx parts that the female has occafion to fit on them ;
in the forrid zone, the fun alone being fully fufficient. This may-accoant for
the pofitive affertion of Ko/bex, that the O/rich hatches her own eggs, as well
as the opinion of others, who maintain the contrary.

+ Adanfon.—He thinks that their pace is fwifter than that of the fleeteft horfe.
Poy. Seneg. p. 87.—* Whilft I was here (at Vintain), I faw an Oftrich with a
man riding on it’s back, who was going down to the fort, it being a prefent to
the Governor.” Moore's Trav. into Africa, p. 318.

In

OFS ).0) GRy Ty CH.

in the end to prove fatal *, as it can by no means digeft them.
Some authors fay, that the young birds are pretty good food.

The natives catch them by following at a diftance for two or
three days, when the birds, fatigued by being perpetually har-
raffled, and wanting time to take food, are very eafily overtaken,
and knocked on the head with clubs: others conceal themfelves
in a fkin of one of thefe birds, and by that means approach near
enough to furprize them ; and it is not unufual to hunt them on
horfeback with dogs, and after overtaking them, the bunt/man ap-
proaches near enough to apply the hooked end of a ftaff round
the legs, which throwing them down, they are knocked on the
head +, or taken alive.

The ufes which the Ofrich is put to are various. The /Rins
are very thick, and are fubftituted for Jeather by the Arabians :
as to feathers, the value of them, and the purpofes they are put
to, need not be mentioned. The fat is of medicinal ufe among
the Arabians, for the pally and rheumatifm, and is alfo prefcribed
inwardly. The eggs ferve for drinkizy-caps, and other utenfils,
and are often fet in gold for that purpofe; they are very hard
and durable, and equal in appearance to the moft beautiful
ivory. In the Laff alfo, the fhells both of the Ofrich and Caffo-
wary ferve as a medicine §.

* Pitfield’s Mem. p. 226.

+ I remember to have feen a painting, which reprefented this method very
juftly.

} ‘* They have a method of putting the dead body of the Ofrich in motion,
** in fuch a manner, as to make the far diffolve into a kind of oil, which they
“ fell as a drug, and is called the fut of the Oftrich.” Pocock. Trav. is Pp: 209.—
Thevenot, in his Voyages, mentions the fame thing. t

§ See Faun. drab. Mater. Med. N° 6.

Vor. III. ¢ Genus

[ 10 ]

Genus LIX, CASSOWARY.

N° 1. Galeated Caffowary.

HIS genus has a ftraight deprefied bill, which is pointed
at the end.
At the top of the head an elevated horn or helmet: on the
middle of the neck, two carunculated pendent wattles.
Wings very fmall, without feathers, and ufelefs for flight.
Thighs bare of feathers above the knee.
Toes three in number, and ail placed forwards.

GALEATED Struthio cafuarius, Lin. Sy. i. p. 265. 2.—Frifch. pi. 105.
* ASSOWARY, Le Cafoar, Brif. Orn. v. p- to. ple i. f. 2.—Buf. Oi in p. 464.—P/.
Pi... LXXII. Enl. 313+ >
Emeu, Eme, or Caflowary, Raii Syn. p. 36.—Will. Orn. p. 151. pl. 25.—
Albin. ii, pl. 60.—F. F. Miller, pl. 14.—Gent. Mag. xlii. pl. in p.
4726
DescriPTION. HIS is a large bird, and not greatly inferior to an Ofrich

in bulk, though, from having a much fhorter neck, is not

aear fo tall: the length is about four feet, but from the bill to
the end of the claws five feet and a half. The bill is four inches
and a half long, grey brown, a little notched at the end, the gape
very wide: irides the colour of a topaz; eyelids befet with
hairs: the noftrils oblong, placed near the end of the bill: the
ears large and open: on the top of the head is a kind of helmet,
beginning

Pl. LXXT.

‘ ?
Ye Ll CG, Rees ‘|
Chon

g

AL Ne Aca Ke
fie Negi Gin
pals NW

wet t

ee
yee
4

CHAS 3S) 40 IW A OR. Yo.

beginning at the bafe of the bill, and reaching to the middle of
the crown ; this is three inches high, and one inch broad at the
bafe, but gradually grows thinner, fo as the upper part is not
more than a quarter of an inch thick; this is yellowifh at the
back, but blackifh on the fore part: the fides of the head are
naked, being, as well as the neck, covered only with a wrinkled
reddifh fkin, thinly befet with hairs, and tinged with a caft of
both blue and purple: on the lower part on each fide, forwards,
are placed two flefhy membranes, one inch and a half long, and
three quarters broad, part red part blue, and take rife about the
middle of the neck, where they are very flender: on the breaft is
a callous bare part, on which the bird refts its body when on the
ground: the body in general is covered with brownifh black
loofe-webbed feathers, two of which arife from one fhaft for the
moft part ; on the rump thefe feathers are fourteen inches long
at leaft, and hang downwards, in place of a tail, for the bird is
deftitute of one: the wing, or what is in the place of it, is not
furnifhed with feathers, having only five bare fhafts like the
quills of a Porcupine, the longeft ten or eleven inches, and of a
dufky colour; at the end of the laft joint a.kind of claw: the
legs have all the three toes placed forwards, and each furnifhed
with a claw, which is almoft ftraight, and pointed, the inner one
the longeft: the colour of the legs and toes greyifh brown :
claws black.

This fpecies inhabits the eafferm parts of Afia, towards the
South, being found in the Molucca iflands, thofe of Banda, Fava,
Sumatra, and parts correfponding, but no where in plenty, nor
ever met with beyond the limits of the torrid zone. It cannot
fly, but runs very faft. The egg is fmaller and longer: than

Vou. Il. (CA) thar:

PLACE AND
Manners.-

Ge Ale SieSiK Or Wir AG R Ye

that of the Ofrich, of a greenifh grey, inclining to afh-colour,
and marked with elevated * {mall deep green fpots. The bird
is very fierce in the wild ftate; grunts like an Hog; and kicks
with the legs like an Hor/e.

The food, in the ftate of nature, is no doubt vegetable ; for it
will eat dread, apples, and fuch like, when in confinement; all
which it fwallows whole, not bruifing it with the bill; and is faid
alfo to gorge ffones, iron, and any thing which is offered to it, in
difcriminately, like the Offrich.

* Linnaeus calls the fpots indented; Ova pun@is excavatis. See a figure- o,
the ege in Kista. Ow. pl. 20

[ 13 ]
Div. II. WATER BIRDS.

Orver VII. With CLOVEN FEET.

Genus LX. SPOONBILL.

N° x. White Sp. N° a, Rofeate Sp.
Var. A. Var. A. Scarlet Sp.
Var. B. 3. Dwarf Sp.

ILL long, broad, flat, and thin; the end widening into a
roundifh form, not unlike a fpoon.
Noftrils fmall, placed near the bafe.
Tongue fmall and pointed.
Feet femipalmated.

Platalea leucorodia, Lin. Syf.i. p. 231. 1.—Muf Adolph. ii. p. 26.—
Faun. Suec. 160.—Scop. Aun. i. pe 115.—Brua. Orn. 46.—Muller,
N° 170.

La Spatule, Brif, Orn. v. p. 352.—Buf. Oif. vii. p. 448. pl. 24.—
Pl. Enl. 405.

Pelicane or Spoon-bill, Raii Syx. 102. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 288. pl. 52.—
Kolb. Cape, ii. p. 142. pl. vii. f. 5.— Albin. ii. pl. 66.—-Bre Zool iio
App. pl. 9.—Ar&. Zool. po 441. Aw

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

IZE of the Heron, but fhorter in both neck and legs: length
two feet eight inches. The bill is fix inches and a half
long, very flat, and broadens out into the fhape of a fpoon at
the

Te
WHITE SP.

DEscrIPTioN.

14

S/P OO NB LL.

the extremity ; it is in colour various, in fome birds black, in
others brown, and is alfo feen fpotted ; from the bafe to two-
thirds of its length it is croffed with feveral indentations, the
rifing parts of which are dark-coloured : the tongue fhort, and
heart-fhaped : irides grey: the lore, round the eyes, and the
throat, the fkin is bare and black; that of the laft very dilata-
ble * : the whole plumage is white, though in fome fpecimens
the quills are tipped with black: the. legs are black, or of a
greyifh brown colour: between the toes a membrane, connetted
to the outer one as far ‘as the fecond, and to the inner as far as
the firft joint. —

This bird is found in various parts of the old continent, and
from the Ferro [es t, near Iceland, to the Cape of Good Hope t:
it frequents the neighbourhood of the fea, and has been met
with on the coafts of France ||; at Sevenbuys, near Leyden, once
in great plenty, annually breeding in a wood there §. The neft
is placed on high trees near the fea-fide. The female lays three
or four white eggs, powdered with a few pale red fpots, and of
the fize of thofe of an Hen. They are very noify during breed-
ing-time, like our Rooks; are feldom found high up the rivers,
chiefly frequenting the mouths of them. Their food is ff,
which they are faid not unfrequently to take from other birds **,
in the manner of the Bald Eagle; alfo mufcles, and. other /bel/
fp, being found in greateft numbers where thefe are plenty ;, and.
will alfo devour frogs and /uakes, and even. grafs and. weeds,

* Deconv. Ruf. i. p. 164. + Brunnich. 1 Kolben.
\{ This circumftance is mentioned as rare by Sa/erne, Orn. p. 317+
§ Ray, Willughby.—This wood is now deftroyed. Br. Zool.
** Worm. Mufe 330.
2 which:

SPOON-BILL

which grow in the water, as well as the roots of reeds *. Are
migratory, retiring to the warmer parts as the winter approaches :
rarely feen in England t+. ‘Their flefh is faid to have the flavour
of a Goofe, and is eaten by fome, and the young birds have
been thought good food {. By many authors they are called
Pelicans.

La Spatule blanche de I’Ifle de Lugon, Sox. Voy. p. 89. te 5%.

I ZE of the rofeate fpecies. Bill reddifh brown: general co-
lour of the plumage white; the feathers of the wings part
black, part white: legs reddith yellow.
Inhabits the Philippine Ilands.

La Spatule huppée de l’Ifle de Lugon, Son Voy. p.go. t. 52.

IZE of the laft, but differs in being entirely white, the quills
not excepted; it is alfo furnifhed with a long creft, compofed

of feathers whofe webs are very loofe, and feparated from one
another: the bill is rufous grey, with red edges: legs of a dull
pale red.

Found with the laft.

© Salerne.
+ A flock of them migrated into the marfhes, near Yarmouth, in Norfolk,

April 1774. Br. Zool.
t Before they can fly ; for Willughby talks of their being fhaken out of the

nef with a crook faftened to the end of a pole. See Orn. p. 289-

flatalea

To
Vare A.

DescrrrrTion.

Pract.

I

Var. B.

DEscripri0tze

Place.

16

Ze
ROSEATE SP.

DeEscRIPTION.

Pi. LXXII.

Vian A.
SCARLET SP.

Description,

SPOON-BILL

Platalea Ajaja, Liz. Sy/.i.-p. 231. 2.

La Spatule couleur de Rofe, Bri, Ora. v. pe 356. 2. pl. 30.—Pl. Ent.
165.

La Spatule, ou Palette, Pernet Voy. i. p. 184. pl. 2. f. 3.—Hift. de Loui/- i.
p. 116.

Bec a cuiller, Ferm. Surin. it. p. 153.—Bajon Cayenne, ii. ps 257°

Brafilian Spoon- bill, called Ajaja, Will. Orn. p. 289.—Raii Syn. p. 102. 3:
—RHarris, Coll. Voye ie p. 728-

HIS is a trifle lefs than the firft: length two feet three

inches. The bill fix * inches in length, and fhaped like
that of the former ; it is marked all round with a furrow parallel
to the edge, and is of a greyifh white, fomewhat tranfparent, fo as
to fhew the ramification of the blood-veffels belonging to it: the
forehead, between the bill and eyes, and throat, are bare and
whitith : the plumage is a fine rofe-colour, deepeft on the wings :
the legs are grey; and the claws blackifh; the toes furnifhed
with membranes, as in the white fpecies.

Platalea Ajaia, Lin. Syf. 1. p. 231. 2. B
Le Spatule rouge, Bri/. Orn. v- p. 359: 3«
Tlauhquechul, or Mexican Spoon-bill, /77//. Orn. p. 289. N° 2.—Raii Syn

Pp. 102. 2.
Scarlet Spoon-bill, Sloan. Fam. ii. p. 316.—Bancr. Guian. Pp. 170.

HIS is like the laft, but is wholly of a beautiful red
colour, with a collar of black at the lower part of the neck:

irides red, It is moft likely the laft-defcribed bird in full plu-

* The Hit. de la Loniy. fays 8.
mage.

PL. LXXTr.

Lae

Z)

Vi, OO77

Pioseniee

_—_

a iy ation Nr

SPOON-BILL.

mage. In this ftate has been fhot in Famaica, Guiana, Mexico,
and other parts. It is faid to be of a blackifh chefnut the firft
year, rofe-coloured the fecond, and of a deep {carlet the third.
It lives on the leffer kind of fifo; and, if like the white, alfo on
frogs, fnakes, and other reptiles.

Platalea pygmea, Lin. Sy. 1. p. 231. 3-—Mu/f. Adolph. ii. p. 26.—Bancrs
Guian. p. 171.

IZE of a Sparrow. The bill is black, longer than the

head, and flat at the end, not of a rounded form, as in the
others, but fpread out almoft at right angles, fo as to be nearly
of arhomboidal form ; the angles and tip of the upper mandible
are white: the tongue {mooth: the bedy is brown above, and
white beneath: the quills have white fhafts: the tail is rounded
in fhape, fhort, and of a brownifh white: the feet have four
toes, are cloven; the claws pointed. :

Bancrofi’s detcription varies fomewhat. He fays, that the
bill is flattifh, dilated, orbiculated, and flat at the point, and that

the toes are palmated.
inhabits Surinam and Guiana.

Vo. Ill. D GENUS

17

3.
DWARF Sp,

DEscRiIprion,.

PLace.

Te
HORNED SCR..

DescRiPTiIoON,

Pu. LXXIV.

ose nd

Genus LXI. SCREAMER.

N° x.. Horned Scr. N° 2. Crefted Scr.

ILL bending down at the point, with a horn, or with a
tuft of feathers erect near the bafe of it.
Noftrils oval.
Toes divided almoft to their origin, with a fmall membrane
between the bottoms of each.

Palamedea cornuta, Lin. Syf.i. p. 232. I+
Le Kamichy, Brif. Orn. ve ps 518. 1.—Buf Off. vii. p, 335. pl. 18.—
Pl. Exl. 4516 =
.Anhima, Raii Synz. p. 96. 7.—Will. Ora. p. 276. pl. 47%
Aigle d@’eau cornu, Defer. Surin. ii. p. 1436
Camoucle, Mem. fur Cayen. ii. p. 286. pl. 4.

S IZE of a Turkey : length three feet four inches. The bill

two inches and a quarter long, and black; the upper mandi-
ble a little gibbous at the bafe, the under fhutting beneath it,.
as in the gallinaceous tribe : the noftrils oval and pervious, and.
placed near the middle of the bill: from the crown of the head:
fprings a flender horn of more than three inches in length, and
pointed at the end: the irides are the colour of gold: the plu-
mage on the head, neck, and upper part of the body, is black,,
margined with grey on the firft, and downy : fome of the feathers.
round the neck are likewife edged with the fame: the under

5 parts:

P1. L XXtv.

Wa CF
Morn. Peeper 5)

SCREAMER.

parts of the wings are pale rufous, appearing on the fhoulders and
edges of them, when clofed: at the bend of the wing are two
ftrong, fharp, horny, yellow fpurs, one above another, the upper-
moft an inch and a half in length: the belly, thighs, and vent are
white : the tail eight inches and a half long, and black: the legs
ftout and dufky: the fore claws moderately bent; the hind one
nearly ftraight, not unlike that of a Lar, and one inch in length.

The female is faid to be like the mak.

They are obferved to be always met with in pairs, and if one
dies, the other mozrns to death for the lofs. They frequent
places near the water, make a large neft of mud, in the fhape
of an oven, upon the ground *, and lay two eggs, the fize of
thofe of a Goofe. The young are brought up in the neft till able
to fhift for themfelves: they have but one neft in a year, which
is in Fanuary or February, except the firft eggs are taken away, in
which cafe they make a fecond in 4pri] or May.. The young birds
are frequently catcu by the natives, though the colour of the flefh
is very dark; that of the old ones is tough, and ill tafted. By
fome authors this fpecies is faid to feed on crads and birds, fuch
as pigeons, poultry, and even to attack fheep and goats; but this
is denied by others, who fay that its principal food is reptiles. In
the ftomach of one which M. Bajon diffe€ted, there were only
found herbs and feeds of plants; however he adds, that the bird
has no gizzard. ‘This is a rare fpecies, is found in certain dif-
tricts in Cayenne, Guiana, Surinam, and other parts of South Ame-
rica, chiefly in the marfhes and wet favannas, and for the moft

* Authors differ. Bajon fays, that it makes the neft both in shickers, at fome
diftance from the ground, and often among the rujbes. Fermin tells us, that it
builds on high ¢rees. See Mem. fur Cay. and Defer. Surin.

D2 part

19

FEMALE.

PLAce AND
ManneERse

2.
CRESTED SCR.

DeserIPTION.

Sie FRoBa AS ME aR

part near the fea. Thefe fhould feem to be the birds mentioned
by Ulloa*, which are called by the inhabitants of Quito, Di/per-
tadores, or Awakeners, from their giving notice to others of the
approach of danger; as on hearing the leaft noife, or feeing any
one, though at a great diftance, they rife from the ground, and
make a loud chattering, like a Magpie, continuing the noife, and
hovering over the object which caufed the alarm, whereby the
reft of the birds, taking the hint, are able in time to efcape the
impending danger. This fcreaming noife, which fome authors
relate as being exceedingly loud and terrible +, has occafioned
Mr. Pennant to give the genus the name annexed to 1c. :

In the Hunterian Mu/feum is a fine fpecimen of this bird, brought

from Cayenne.

Palamedea criftata, Lia. Sjf.i. p. 232. 2.
Le Cariama, Bri/. Orn. p. 516. 1.— Buys Of. vii. ps 325.—Raii Syne
p. 96. 6.—Will. Orn. p. 276. pl. 51.

IZE of an Heron. The bill fhort, bent like that of a bird of
prey, and of a yellowifh brown: irides gold-colour: on the
forehead, juft above the bill, isa tuft of black feathers, variegated
with afh-colour : the head, neck, and body, are grey, mixed with
rufous and brown, moft inclining to the laft on the wings and
tail: the wings are not furnifhed with fpurs: the legs pretty long,

® Voy. vol. ii. p. 243.—Uloa makes their fize no bigger than that of a Cock.
He fays, that the head is adorned with a zuft of feathers. Perhaps he may mean

the next f{pecies.
+ Tersibili voce clamitans. Linnaeus.

SCREAMER. 21

of a dull yellow: claws brown; the hind toe placed high up, fo
as not to touch the ground in walking.

This bird inhabits Brafl. Linneus makes it to belong to the
Screamer genus, perhaps from its cry, for it is faid to be heard
far off, and is not unlike that of an hen Turkey. None of our later
writers feem to have feen it, all of them relying on Marcgrave
both for defcription and figure*. It is faid to feed on the fame
food as the Heroxz tribe: the flefh is good, and the bird by fome

kept tame.

PLACE AND
Manners.

*

* That referred to in W7l/ughby is copied from this author.

GENUS

Te
AMERICAN J.

DEscRIPTFONe

Pi. LXXV.

[ 22 ]

Gexus LXIb gas Bl RU)
1. American ir

I LL long and large, both mandibles bending upwards; the
upper triangular.
Noftrils fmall.
No tongue *,
Toes divided.

My@teria Americana, Zin. Sy/t. i. pe 232+

La Cicogne du Brefil, Bri/, Orn. v. p. 371+ 4-

Le Jabiru, Buf. Oi vii. p. 280. pl. 13.—Pl. El. 817.——-Raii Syn. p. 96%
4.—Will. Orn. p. 275. pl. 47 +.

Le Cicogne de la Guiane, Brif. Orn. v. ps 373

Jabiru-guacu, Nhandhu-apoa, Rai Syn. p. 96. 5.—Will. Orn. p. 276.

Touyouyou, Mem. fur Cayenne, vol. il. p. 263. pl. 3.

HIS bird in fize yields only to the Ofrich, and is in lengtht
not far from fix feet. The bill is thirteen inches long, ftout,
not unlike that of a Stork, and bends upwards; the colour is
black: the whole plumage is white, except the head, and about two-
thirds of the neck, which are bare of feathers, and of a blackifh
colour; the remainder is alfo bare, and of a fine red: on the

* Marcgrave.
+ By this reference is meant the 4é// at the bottom of the plate.—See alfo
Grew’s Muf. t. v. f. 1.

t Barrere fays fix feet in height as it ftands. See Fr. Eq. 133. Ae
ind=

j OR.
‘ Gee Spe

Se

fe

Frid oB lek Us

hind-head are a few greyifh feathers: the legs are ftrong, of a
great length, and covered with black fcales: wings and tail even
at the end.

This bird is found in all the favannas of Cayenne, Guiana, and
other parts of South America. It makes its neft in great trees,
which grow on the borders; lays two eggs, and brings up the
young in the neft till they can defcend to the earth. The food
is fife. The colour of the young birds is grey; the fecond year
it changes to rofe-colour, and the third pure white: they are faid
to be very voracious, taking great quantities of fi/b to fatisfy

them. In their nature are very wild. The fleth is good to eat,.

but that of young birds only, as the old ones are hard and oily.
M. Bajon is inclined to think that this bird is the American
Oftrich of authors *; and indeed, on canvafling matters, I cannot

with-hold my affent to the fame opinion, for many reafons : in the

firft place, there is no figure of that bird extant, writers referring

to that of Nieremberg +, whichis clearly the Cafowary: fecondlyy,
the very great fimilarity of names in the birds quoted by authors,

viz. Nhandbuguacu, for the Oftrich of America, by Marcgrave t ;

Fabiru-guacu, and Nhandbu-apoa ||, for a greater Fabiru; again,

Fabiru §, for a fmaller fpecies. Thefe names feem to run much
into one another; the laft is alfo, according to Barrere, called
Aouarou, by the inhabitants of Guiana. This author alfo likens

® Struthio Rhea, Lin. Syf. i. p. 266. 3.—Thouyou, Brif. Orz. v. p. 8.

Buf. Oi. i. 452.—Nhandugnacu, or American Oftrich, Raii Syn. p. 36. 2>-

Will. Ora. ps 150+
+ Hift. p. 118.—See the fame fig.in Aldrov. ili. p. 54%»
t if. Braf. p. 290. Pifon, Hift. Nat. N° 84.
Mareg. p. 200. §. Ibid.

23

PLACE anp
Manners.

cs)
+

JOA MB ET GROAU.

the Nhandbuguacu, or the fuppofed Oftrich of America, to a
Crane*.

It feems however to have gained univerfally the nathe’ of
Oftrich by the Europeans, but unfortunately fcarce any two have |
given the fame account: Marcgrave fays, it has three toes fur-
nifhed with claws forwards, and one without a claw behind;
Fermin, that it has only two toes, joined by a membrane +; but
Bajon X affures us that it has four, all placed as in the Heron genus.
However this be, we meet with birds called Offriches, on the
whole of the American continent, from Guiana to the mott fouthern
coaft of the continent ; at Rio Grande ||, about Buenos Ayres §,
and fo on to the coafts of Patagonia **: indeed many other voy-
agers have mentioned, but none defcribed the bird fufficient to
afcertain the fpecies. Dampier t+ alfo talks of Offriches being
found to the fouth of Bahia in great plenty, though not fo large’
as thofe of Africa, and found chiefly in the fouthern parts of Braff,
efpecially among the large favannas near the river Plate, and
from thence further fouth, as far as the ftreights of Magellan.

* Grus cinerea ferrivora; but adds, that it has fomewhat the appearance of an
Ofrich. He calls it likewife, in other places, an Heron.

t Defer. Surin. ti. p. 142.—He adds, that the bird has two fpurs on each
wing, like the Hedge-hog’s quills, but confeffes that he has never feen one. He
is right, however, in faying that it ftands from four to five feet in height.

t Mem. fur Cay.

{| Klein, p. 17-

§ Falk. Patag. p. 52.—Said to abound in this neighbourhood.

** See Falk. Pat. p. 52, 53, 101, 109, 126, where he mentions the methods
of taking them, and fays their name is Choigue. See alfo Wallis’s Voy.
P- 373°

++ Vol. iii, part. p. 76.

The

T AWB eb RU:

The above fubject wants further elucidation; and it is to be
hoped, that future navigators will pay fome attention to it, and
ufe their endeavours to procure a fpecimen } which appears, from
the relations of the feveral voyagers, not to be attended with the
utmoft difficulty, ee

Vor. III. E Gen is

25

{ 26 9

Genus LXIll. BOAT-BILL,

Nex. Crefted B.
Var. A. Spotted B.
Var. B. Brown B.

HE bill in this genus is broad, with a keel along the mid-
dle, like a boat reverfed.
Noftrils fmall, lodged in a furrow.
Tongue fmall.
Toes divided.

7 Cancroma cochlearia, Lia. Syf. i. pe 233. N°
CRESTED B, La Cuilliere, Bri/: Ora. v. p. 506.
Le Savacou, Buf. Of vii. p. 443. pl. 23.—Pi. Enl. 38,
Boat-bill, Browz, Ilufir. p. gz. pl. 36+
Lev. Mia

Drccrrasiow, IZE of a fow/: length twenty-two inches. "Fhe bill is four
Pr. LXXVI. inches long, and of a fingular form, not unlike a boat with
the keel uppermoft, or, as fome think, like the bowls of two

fpoons, placed with the hollow parts together ; the upper mandi-

ble has a prominent ridge at the top, and on each fide of this a

Jong channel, at the bottom of which the noftrils are placed;

thefe are oval, and fituated obliquely ; the general colour of the

bill is dufky, or in fome fpecimens dark brown; the {kin be-

tween the under jaw capable of diftenfion: from the hind head

P| {prings

PLLXXVi:

———

BOAT-BILL

fprings a long black creft, the feathers which compofe it narrow,
and end ina point; the middle ones are fix inches in length, the
others leffen by degrees, the outer ones being not more than one
inch: between the bill and eye the fkin is bare and dufky; the
plumage on the forehead white; the reft of the bird of a pale
blueifh afh-colour: acrofs the lower part of the neck behind is a
tranfverfe band of brownifh black, which paffes forwards on each
fide towards the breaft, ending in a point, but does not encompafs
it: the fore part of the neck, and under parts, are blueifh white,
except the belly and thighs, which are rufous: the feathers
which hang over the breaft are loofe, like thofe of the Heron: the
tail is three inches and a half long, and the wings, when clofed,
reach nearly to the end of it: the leg is three inches in
length; and the thigh, from its infertion to the knee, four; the
middle toe two inches and a half; the bare part above the knee
one inch and a half: the colour of the bare parts yellowifh
brown; claws black: the toes are connected at the bafe by a
membrane, which, as in the Umbre, is deepeft in the outer one.

This defcription is taken from a fine fpecimen now in the
Leverian Mufeum.

La Cuilliere tachetée, Brif, Orn. v. p. 508. A.

HIS differs from the laft, in being varied with {pots of
brown.

E 2 Cancroma

fe
Var. A.
SPOTTED B.

28

Io
Var. B,
BROWN B,

DeEscRIPTION.

B © Agr - Bit Wa |,

Cancroma cancrophaga, Lin. Sy. i. p. 233. 2.
La Cuilliere brune, Brif. Orn. ve N° 509. 2.—Buf. Of. vii. Pp. 44300
Pl. Enl. 869.
Tamatia, Radi Sym. p. 116. 12.—Will.. Orn. p. 318, pl. 78.
Lev. Muf.

i ZE of the laft. Head and creft the fame: the upper parts,

inftead of afh-colour, are of a pale rufous brown: the tail
rufous afh: the under parts wholly of a cream-colour: bill and
lees yellow brown.

I find thefe birds vary much: in the firft place, the crefts are
by no means of equal lengths ; fince the cimereous one, mentioned
by Buffon, had a fhorter creft than the drows fort ; whereas in
thofe which came under my infpeétion, it was juft the contrary ;
and in one fpecimen the creft was fcarcely manifeft: the bills
too vary in colour; fome are black, others brown, and in one
which I faw it appeared to have been yellow. If I may be al-
lowed a conjecture, it is, that the eizereous, or firft-defcribed, is
the male, the plain brown one the female, and the {potted variety
of Briffon a young male; and that the crefts of both are equal,
when in an adult ftate. In the P/. Enl. 1 obferve a patch of
crey in the middle of the greater wing coverts, which is not im
any fpecimen that I have feen. The figure referred to in Brows
is not good, being too fhort and fquat; that in Hi#. des Oi/. much
worfe, though the bill and creft are well expreffed: both thofe
in the PZ. Eni. are fufficiently expreffive ; and it is to be hoped,
that our reprefentation will likewife give a juft idea of fo curious

a bird.
This

BVO AUT Et LE, 29

his fpecies, for I refer all that has been treated of above to Pac? AnD
ene only, inhabits Cayenne, Guzana, and Brafil, and chiefly fre- AUN ERE:
quents fuch parts as are near the water: in {uch places it perches
on the trees which hang over the ftreams, and, like the Kings-
fijber, drops down on the fifh which fwim beneath. It has been
thought to live on crabs likewife, whence the Linnean name ;
but this 1s not clear, though it cannot be denied; yet we are cer-
tain that #/@ is the moft common if not the only food.

Ie
TUFTED U.

DEscRIPTION.

Pi. LXXVII.

ie sor

Genus LXIV. UMBR E.

N° 1. Tufted Umbre.

ILL ftrong, thick, compreffed, the upper mandible ap-
pearing to be compofed of feveral pieces.

Noftrils linear, and placed obliquely.

Toes divided, furnifhed with a flight membrane at the bafe.

L’Ombrette, Brif Orn. v. p. 503.—Buf. Oi/. vile p. 440.
— du Senegal, P/. Exl: 796.
The Umbre, Brown. IMufr. p. go ple 35<

SIZE of a Crow: length twenty inches. The bill is three

inches and a half in length, and compreffed on the fides;
along each fide of the upper mandible 1s a furrow, running
lengthwife, about one-eighth of an inch from the ridge, beginning
at the bafe, and finifhing about half an inch before it comes to
the point of the bill, which is fomewhat bent downwards ; at the
bafe of it are the noftrils, which are a mere flit, placed at a fharp
angle with the furrow, and about half an inch in length; the |
under mandible is lefs deep at the bafe than the upper, grows
fmaller towards the end, is there a little truncated, and when
clofed, fhuts in beneath the upper one; the colour of both
brown: from the hind head fprings a creft of loofe feathers»
exceeding full, and four inches in length; this, as well as the

. whole

PI. LXX VIL

e Tay, Ys °

U M BRE.

whole body, is of an uniform brown colour, moft like that of
Umber, but rather paleft beneath, and the neck feathers paleft
down the fhafts: the wings and tail are even; the laft is barred
with three or four bars of deeper brown, and tipped for about an
inch with the fame: the legs are long, and the thighs bare for
two-thirds of the length; the colour of both dufky: between
each toe is a membrane, about a quarter of an inch deep between
the middle and outer, and fomewhat lefs between that and the
inner: the claws are fmall and bent.

I fufpeé the bird figured in the P/. Enluminées to be a female,
as there does not appear the leaft rudiment of acreft. The tail
_ inthis bird is of a paler brown, and croffed with five narrow

bars of darker brown, with the tip of this laft colour. That de-
fcribed by Briffow is alfo without a creft. The bird figured in
Brown's work, gives a falfe idea ; it there appears a heavy, fquat
uncouth figure, the legs much too fhort, and the membrane
between the toes nearly as much webbed as in a Duck.

At Sir Fafeph Banks's is a moft perfect fpecimen of the male,

which came from the Cage of Good Hope. Bujfon’s bird came from.

Senegal.

GENUS

gi

N° i.

2.
3°

te3w J

Genus LXV. HERON.

Crowned H.
Demoifelle H.
Sibirian Crane.
Indian Cr.
Var. A.

. Common Cr.
Var. A. Japan Cr.
. Hooping Cr.

. Brown Cr.

. Gigantic Cr.

- White Stork.

. American St.

. Black St.

. Collared H.

Night H.

. Jamaica Night H.
. Caledonian N. H.
. Cayenne N. H.

. Bittern.

Var. A.

. Greater B.

Var. A.

. Rufous B.
. Swabian B,
. Rayed B.

N° 22

23.

. Zigzag B.
Brafilian B.
. Tiger B.
. Lineated B.
. Yellow B.
. Little B.
. Minute B.
- Senegal B.
. Green H.
Var. A,
Var. B.
. Spotted H.
. Gardenian H.
. Cinereous H.
» New Guinea H,
. Philippine H.
. Squaiotta H.
- Chefnut H.
- Red-legeed H.
Var. A.
. Squacco H.
Var. A.
. Caftaneous H.
. Ferruginous H.
. Dwarf H.
43. Cinnamon

HE R O N, 33
N° 43. Cinnamon H. N° 61. Snowy H.
44. Malacca H. 62. Sacred H.
45. Blue H. Var. A.
Var. A. 63. Little White H.
Var. B. Var. A.
Var. C. Var. B.
46. Yellow-crowned Hz 64. Black H.
47- Louifiane H. 65. Crefted Purple H.
48. Striated H. 66. Purple H.
49. Wattled H. 67. Mexican H.
50. Common H. 68. Cracra H.
41. Great H. 69. Violet H.
52. Red-fhouldered H. 70. Agami H.
53. Rufty-crownedH. ~ 71. Cocoi H.
54. Afh-coloured H. 72. Rufous H.
55. Streaked H. 73. Chinefe H.
56. Reddifh Egret. 74. Johanna H.
57- Demi Egr. 75. Dry H.
58. Great Eger. 76. Houhou H.
59. Little Eger. 77. Pondicherry H.
60. Great White H. 78. Coromandel H.

Var. A. Black-crefted H.

HE charaéters of this genus are:

A long, ftrong, fharp-pointed bill.

Noftrils linear.
Tongue pointed.

Toes connected by a membrane, as far as the firft joint:

. Scolopaceous H.

the

middle claw of fome of the fpecies pectinated.

‘VoL, III, F

Ardea

34

Te
CROWNED H.

DescriIPTiONe
Maue.

Female.

Ea Ry Or IN.

Ardea Pavonina, Lin. Sy. i. p. 233. 1.

L’Oifeau Royal, Bri/, Ora. v. p. 511. 1. pl. 41. (the female )—Buf, Oi,
“vil. p. 317. pl. 16.—P/. Eni. 265. (the-male).

Balearic Crane, Raii Syn. p. 95. 3.—/Vill. Oru. p. 275. pl. 48.—Sloaz. Jam.
Pp. 314.

Peacock, Kolb. Cape, ii p. 245. pl. 7. f. be

Crowned African Crane, Edw. pl. 192.

Crown Bird, Voy. to Guinea, p. 252. pl. 11

"Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

FiIS is as large as the common Heron; the length two feet
nine inches. ‘The bill is two inches and a half long, ftrait,-and
of a brownifh colour: irides grey: the crown of the head covered
with foft black feathers, like velvet ; on the hind part is a tuft
compofed of hair, or rather briftles, arifing near each other at the
bafe, and fpreading out on all fides in a globular form; this is
four inches in Jength, and of a reddifh brown colour: the fides
of the head are bare of feathers, being covered only by a flefhy
membrane, of a reddifh colour at the lower part, and in fhape
not unlike a kidney: on each fide of the throat hangs a kind of
wattle: the general colour of the bird, blueifh afh. The feathers
on the fore part of the neck are very long, and hang over the
breaft : wing coverts white; the greater ones incline to rufous,
and thofe fartheft from the body to black: the greater quills
and tail are black, and the fecondaries chefnut: the legs, and
the bare part above the knee, are dufky.
The female is black, where the male is blue afh: and the
wattles on the throat are wanting: the long feathers on the breaft
are alfo lefs confpicuous,

This

PL oi ORO) BIN:

This beautiful fpecies is an inhabitant of Africa, particularly
the Coaft of Guinea*, as far as Cape Verd; at this laft place they
are faid to be wonderfully tame, and will often come into the
court-yards to feed with the poultry.

Why the name of Balearic Crane has been given to this bird,
is not well afcertained, as it is certainly not met with in the Ba-
learic Iflands + at this day. Thefe birds are often kept in our
menageries, and, with fhelrer of nights, often live a good while.
Their chief food fuppofed to be worms, and fuch other things as
the Heron tribe ufually feed on; alfo vegetables of all kinds.
Often fleeps on one leg ; runs very faft; and is faid not only to
fly-well, but to fuftain it for a long time together. The flefh of
this bird is faid to be very tought.

Ardea Virgo, Lin. Sy/Pe i. Pp. 234. 26
La Grue de Numidie, ou Demoifelle, Bri, Orn. v. p. 388. 12.—-Buf. Oi/.
Vil. p. 313- pl. 15-—P/. Exl. 241.
Numidian Crane, 4/6iz iii. pl. 83.
Demoifelle of Numidia, Edw. pl. 134.
Br. Mu. Lev. Muf:

IZE of the Crane: length three feet three inches. The bill
ftrait ; two inches and a half long; ereenifh at the bafe, then
yellowifh, with the tip red: irides crimfon. The crown of the

head is afh-colour; the reft of the head, the upper part of the

* Common about the whole country of 4rdra; afew at and about Acra; and
feveral at Whidah.—Bo/man.
+ Majorca and Minorca.

$ Kolben
vee F 2 neck

35

PLACE anp
Manners

2.
+ DEMOISELLE
Hi.

DEscRIPTION.’

PLAcE AND
Manners.

Fu ER OM IN.

neck behind, and all the under parts, tothe breaft, black ; on the
Jaft, the feathers are long, and hang downwards: the back, rump,
and tail, and all the under part from the breaft, are of a blueith
afh-colour: behind each eye fprings a tuft of long white feathers,
which decline downwards, and hang in an elegant manner: the
quills and tail are black at the ends: the legs black.

This fpecies is found in many parts of Africa and Afa. In the
firft, has been met with on the Coaf of Guinea*; but is moft plenti-
ful about Bildulgerid (the ancient Numidia), and Tripoli; from
thence along the coafts of the Mediterranean Sea; and pretty com-
mon in £gypt}. They are alfo at Aleppo t, and in the fouthern
plain about the Black and Cafpian Seas; and are feen frequent
beyond Lake Baikal, about the rivers Se/enga and Argun, but never
venture to the northward |. In all places found to prefer marfhes
and neighbourhood of rivers, as the food is fifh, like moft of the
Heron genus.

It is frequently kept in menageries, being endowed with great
gentlenefs of manners, added to its being an elegant bird.
At various times puts itfelf into ftrange and uncouth attitudes,
and efpecially thofe which imitate dancing: and Key/ler mentions
one in the Great Duke’s Gallery, at Florence, which had been
taught to dance to a certain tune, when played or fung to it§,
The name this bird is known by in the eaft is Kurkz, or Querky.
Sometimes will breed in confinement: one is recorded to have

© Hift des Oif. + Haffelg. p. 287-

t Rufel. Alep. p. 69 | Mr. Pexaant.

§ See Trav. vol. ii. ps 34.—Called by Pococke, the Dancing Bird. See his
Trav. Vol. ii, Pe 207¢

lived

H E R O N ‘

lived twenty-four years at Ver/ailles, which had been raifed
there*.

Grus Leucogeranos, Pall. Trav. ile p. 714. 30+ t. 1.— Georgi Reife, p. 1716
Sibirian Crane, Ar@. Zool. p. 455.

HIS is a very large fpecies, being four feet fix inches high,
when ftanding erect. The bill fhaped like that of a crane,
but bigger, and of a red colour; the mandibles ferrated at the
edges near the tip: the face naked beyond the eyes; rugofe, of a
red colour, and fprinkled with numerous rufous tubercles : irides
white: the plumage white as fnow, except the ten firft greater
quills, with the coverts of them, which are black: the fcapulars
fhorter than in the Crane: tail pretty even, confifting of twelve
feathers: legs long, red.

In old birds the hind part of the neck is yellowifh: young
birds of the firft year are wholly of an oker colour; with the
face, bill, and legs of a greenifh brown.

This fpecies inhabits the vaft marfhes and lakes in Szdiria,
efpecially thofe about the [/ him, and along the rivers Od and
Irtifa. Makes the neft among the reeds, feldom acceffible by
man, upon rifing green grafly tufts, made up of herbs and grafs
heaped together: lays two afh-coloured eggs of the fize of thofe
of a Goo/e, and {potted with brown.

Thefe are fhy birds, and always upon their guard againft an
enemy; having a centinel to warn them of an approach: on the
leaft alarm cry aloud, not unlike the Swaz, and fly off direlly.

® Hift. des Oif,

if The

37

3°
SIBIRIAN CR.

DEscrRIPTION.

PLACE awp
Manners:

38

Ae
INDIAN
CRANE,

DescRiIPTIONe

Pe Ei ha Ola.

The fportfman finds, in courfe, much difficulty in approaching them
within gunfhot; for, as they ftand near five feet high from the
ground, they are enabled to efpy him at a great diftance. Some-
times indeed he approaches them under cover of a /talking-.
horfe, or other object ; at other times a fmall dog will divert their
attention, as they will without fear attack the dog, while his
mafter gets within reach. In breeding-time, however, they are
more bold, as they will defend their young even againft men, fo
as to make it dangerous to come near their haunts. The male
and female faid to guard the neft alternate.

The more northern parts are thofe of the fummer refidence,
and to which they come in fpring; departing fouth in au-
tumn, probably winter about the Ca/pian Sea, and parts beyond.
Fly always in pairs*. A bird fimilar to this, if not the fame,
we often fee depicted in Chinefe hangings. I rather think this, as
I have more than once met with it in fome drawings of Chine/e
birds.

The food is frogs, fmall jib, lizards, and fuch-like. The
Ruffians know it by the name of Sterchi; and if the bird hinted
at as Chinefe be the fame, it is called by them Tzew-ting-ba.

Ardea Antigone, Lin. Sy. i. pe 235.6
La Grue des Indes Orientales, Brif. Ora. Vv. Pp. 378. 7-
Greater Indian Crane, Edw. 45-

HIS is a larger bird than the common Crane, being in height
five feet. The bill is of a greenifh yellow,-dufky at the up:
irides of a bright reddifh hazel: crown of the head bare and

* Decouv. Ruff. il. pe 145.
white;

Hy Ey Be Oo:

white; on each fide of the head, about the ears, is a bare white
fpot; the reft of the head, and a {mail part of the neck, covered with
a fine red fkin, and is alfo deftitute of feathers: the plumage of
the bird is afh-colour, lightet about the neck: the quills are
black: tail and fecondaries afh-colour; thofe neareft the body are
pointed at the ends, longer than the quills, and hang over them:
the legs, and bare fpace above the knee, are red: the claws white ;
the middle and outer toe conneéted by a membrane as far as the
firft joint.

This fpecies inhabits the Eaft Indies, alfo the Mongolian De-
farts; from whence it migrates into that part of the Ruffian domi-
nions which lies beyond Lake Baikal, keeping chiefly within
the plains below the rivers Ozou and Argun, which is the weftern

extremity of the Gobean Plain*.

La Grue a Collier, Buf. Oz/ vil. p. 307.— PI. Enl. 865.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mus. ,

SIZE very large: length four feet three inches and a half.

Bill long and black: the head, and neck for above half its
length, are almoft naked, being covered with a reddifh white
down; round the middle of the neck is a collar of red: the lower
part of the neck, and the reft of the body, of a blueifh afh-colour :
on the rump is a tuft of flowing feathers, which hang over the
ends of the wings and tail, as in the common Crane: the tail is
black: the legs dufky.

Inhabits the Ea/t Indies.

* Mr. Pennant.
Ardea

39

PiaceE AND
MANNERS

4e
Var. A.

DEscRIPTION.

Pace.

490

5.
COMMON
CRANE.

Destriprion.

Piacek ann
Manners,

FUE RON,

Ardea Grus, Line Syf. i. p. 234. 4.—Faun. Suece 1610—Scop. Ann. ic
N° 122.—-Brun. p. 156.— Muller, p. 22.—Kram. El. p. 345.—Frifehe
pl. 194.

La Grue, Brif. Orn. v. ps 375. 6.—Buf. Oif. vii. p. 287. pl. 14.—Ple
Enl. 769-

The Crane, Razz Syn. p.g5. A. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 274. pl. 48.—Kolben, Hift.
Cap. il. p. 141-—Albin. ii. pl. 65.—Br. Zool. app. p. 629, ple O—
Ar. Zool. Po 453.

Lev. Mu/.

HIS is a large bird, not unfrequently weighing ten pounds,

and meafures more than five feet in length. The bill is almoft
four inches and a quarter long, and of a greenifh black: the fore-
head, to the middle of the crown, covered with black down or
hairs; the hind part bare and red, with a few fcattered hairs :
on the nape, below this, is a bare fpace of two inches, and of an
afh-colour: the fides of the head, behind the eyes, and the hind
part of the neck, are white: between the bill and eyes, the
cheeks beneath them, and the fore part of the neck, are of a
blackifh afh-colour: the lower part of the neck, and the reft of
the body, fine afh-colour, deepeft on the tail coverts: the greater
wing coverts are blackifh; and thofe fartheft from the body,
with the baftard wing, and quills, black: from the pinion of
each wing fprings an elegant tuft of loofe feathers, curled at the
ends, which may be ereéted at will, but in a quiefcent ftate hang
over and cover the tail: the legs are black.

This fpecies feems far fpread, being met with in great flocks
throughout northern Earope, and Afia; in Sweden, Ruffia through-
out, and Sidiria as far as the river Anadyr, migrating even to the
arctic circle. In Kamt/chatka only feen on the fouthern promon-

9 tory ;

H E RO N.

tory *; are migratory, returning northward to breed in the
fpring, and generally choofing the fame places which had been
occupied by them the feafon before +. In the winter inhabiting
the warmer regions, fuch as Egypt {, Aleppo ||, India, &c.: alfo
met with at the Cape of Good Hope, changing place with the
feafon. In their migrations frequently fly fo high as not to be
vifible; their paffing only being known by the noife they make,
being louder than any other bird §. In France they are feen
{pring and autumn; but for the moft part are mere paflengers.
We are told that they frequented the marfhes of Lincolnfhire
and Cambridgefbire, in vaft flocks, formerly ; but the cafe is
altered, as of late none have been met with, except, a few years
fince, a fingle bird fhot near Cambridge.

We are told that they make the neft in the marfhes, and lay
two blueifh eges. The young birds are thought very good
food. They feed on reptiles of all kinds, and in turn on green
corn; of which laft they are faid to make fo great havock, as to
ruin the farmers, wherever the flocks of thefe depredators
alight.

* Ar&. Zool.—One of the reafons fuppofed to be, the want of frogs, toads, and
Jerpents; none being found in Kamt/chatka.—Hift. of Kamt/ch.——They have
however plenty of /zards.

+ Amex. Acad. iv. pe 589.

{ Id. note (m.)—Willughby met with them at Rome in the winter feafon.

|| Ruf: Akp. p. 69.

§ Suppofed to arife from the fingular conformation of the wind-pipe, which,
“* entering far into the breaft-bone, which has a great cavity to receive it, and
being there thrice reflected, goes out again at the fame hole, and fo turns down
to the lungs.”——-/Vi/]. Orn. p. 274+ pl. 48.—The above ftructure is not very
unlike that of the Parragua Phea/ant, See vol. ii. part 2. p. 722. of this Work.

Wor. IIT: G Le

42

Se
Var. A.
JAPAN. CR.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE.

6

HOOPING CR.

DESCRIFTION.

EE Re: Omani.

Le Grue du Japon, Brif. Orn. v. p. 381. 9.

S IZE and fhape of the laft. Bill and lees dull green: the

upper part of the head covered with a red fkin, fprinkled
with a few briftly feathers: fore part of the neck black: the
hind part of the reft of the plumage in general white, except
the greater quills, which are black : fome of the fecondaries are
pointed at the ends, and fo long as almoft to reach the end of
the tail.

Inhabits Fapan. I obferve this bird to be frequent in Chinefe
paintings and paper-hangings; as alfo reprefented in china ware:
in all thefe the loofe feathers which hang over the tail are
black.

Ardea Americana, Liz. Sy/?. i. p. 234. 5.

La Grue d’Amerique, Brif. Orn. v. p. 382. 10.—Pl. Exl, 889.

blanche, Buf. Oif. vii. p. 308.

Hooping Crane, Care/>. Car.i. pl. 75.—Edw. p. 1320—Ard. Zool. N° 330.

ENGTH four feet fix inches; and to the end of the claws
five feet feven inches. Bill fix inches, toothed at the edges
near the end, and of a yellow brown colour: the top of the
head, and under the eyes, covered with a red fkin, befet with
black hairs, which are placed fo thick next the bill as to appear
nearly black; this ends in a point nearly beneath the ears: be-
hind the crown, on the nape, is a triangular black mark: the
general colour of the plumage white ; except the bend of the wing,
which is of a pale rofe-colour; the nine firft quills are black ;
the tenth black and white; and the reft white: the legs, and
bare

He i Re Ov N.

bare part of the thighs, black: on the rump the feathers are
tufted, and hang curved downwards, as in the common Crane.

This is an American fpecies, often feen at the mouths of the
Savanna, Aratamaba, and other rivers nearer St. duguftine: in
fpring going to the north to breed, like the common Crane, and
returning, like that bird, to the fouth in autumn. In the fum-
mer are found in Hud/on’s Bay, at which place they arrive in
May, and retire in September; and are chiefly met with in un-
frequented places, in the neighbourhood of lakes, where they
breed. The neft is made on the ground, compofed of grafs and
feathers. They lay two white eggs, like thofe of the Swan, and
fit twenty days: the young are at firft yellow, changing to
white by degrees. Thefe birds have a loud long note, which
may be heard at a great diftance: the food is chiefly worms
and infects, which it fearches for at the bottoms of ponds. The
natives af Hud/on’s Bay call it Wapaw-uchechauk *.

Ardea Canadenfis, Lin. Sy/?. i. p. 234. 3.

La Grue de la Baye d’Hudfon, Bri/. Orz. v. p. 385. 110

brune, Buf. O7/. vii. p. 310.

Blue Crane, PAil. Tranf. vol. Ixii. p. 409.

Brown and afh-coloured Crane, Edw. pl. 133.—4r&. Zool. N° 340.
Lev. Muf.

ENGTH three feet three inches: weight feven pounds and
ahalf. Bill three inches and three quarters, and dufky;

* For the vernacular name of this, as well as many other birds of North Ame-
rita, as alfo the manners of many fpecies, I am indebted to the obfervations

of Mr. Hutchins, of the Hud/on’s Bay Company, an intelligent and communicative
Naturalift.

G 2 but

43

Prace anpD
Manners.

fe
BROWN CR.

DESCRIPTION.

44

Prace awp
MANNERS»

Wika Ra OF N.

but the tip of the under mandible is pale flefh-colour: the top
of the head covered with a red fkin thinly befet with hairs: cheeks.
and throat whitifh: the hind head and neck are cinereous: the
upper part of the back, fcapulars, and wing coverts, pale ru--
fous, margined with brown; the lower and rump cinereous : the
breaft, belly, thighs, and fides, afh-colour, changing to white at
the vent: the greater wing covert fartheft from the body, black-
ifh brown; thofe neareft the body grey, forming a band on
the wing: the greater quills dark brown, with white thafts;
the fecondaries pale rufous: fome of thefe laft are long and
narrow, and reach beyond the greater quills: the tail of a deep
afh-colour: legs and bare part of the thighs black.

Scarce any difference between the ma/e and female.

This is likewife a fpecies peculiar to America; migrating at the
different feafons, as the former. Seen by Kalm fo early as the 7th
of February, paffing over New Ferfey and Pen/ylvania; but he fays
they are feen in much fewer numbers than formerly. Come into
the parts about Hud/on’s Bay in May: lay two eggs, and have the
fame manners as the laft: will alfo eat corn, and at times do da-
mage by eating the maize*. ‘The flefh is thought good by
many. Called at Severn River the Blue Crane, by the natives
Samak-uchechauk.

This is probably Willughby’s Indian Crane + ; which he fays is
Jefs than the common one, but the bill larger in proportion: the
top of the head red, fet with long hairs: the body afh-colour;
and the tail fhort, being hid by the feathers. Ray fuppofes-it
tobe the Toquilcoyorl of Hernandez, which is a Mexican {peciest.

* Ar&. Zool. t Orn. p. 275.
T Sy. ps g5. 2—See alfo la Grue du Mexique, Brif. v. p. 3806
Argul,

HERO N.

Argill, or Hurgill, Lves’s Voy. p. 183.

HE bird here quoted feems to be of the Heron tribe, and is

a very large fpecies; from tip to tip of the wings meafuring
fourteen feet ten inches; and from the tip of the bill to the claws,
feven feet and a half: the bill fixteen inches round at the bale,
of different colours, and nearly of a triangular fhape: the fea-
thers of the back and wings very ftrong, and of an iron-colour;
thofe of the breaft long: over the belly a great deal of down, of
a dirty white: the legs and half the thighs naked; the naked
parts-full three feet in length.

This monfter, as Jves terms it, inhabits Bengal, and is alfo
found at Calcutta ; at the laft place called Hurgill, or Argill. It
majeftically ftalks along before one, and appears at firft like a
naked Indian. The common opinion is, that the “fouls of the
Bramins poflefs thefe birds.. * On opening one of thefe, a Terapin,
or land Tortoife, ten inches long, was found in its craw, and a
large male 4/ack cat was found intire in its ftomach *.”

I have fcarce a doubt of the above being the fame as a fpecies
remarked by Mr. Smeathman in Africa, while refident there ; an
adult one of which will often meafure full 7 feet, when ftanding
erect. He defcribes the plumage much the fame as in Mr. Ives’s
bird; adding, that the gape is monftroufly wide: the head covered

with white down, thinly difperfed, appearing not unlike a grey-.

headed man: on the middle of the neck before, a long, conic

* In Sumatra is faid to be a great variety of the Stor kind ; fome of a pro-
digious fize, and otherwife curious; as the Boorong Cambing and Booring-oadlar.
—See Marfa. Sumatr. p. 98.

membrane,

45

8.
GIGANTIC CR,

DESCRIPTION:

PLacE AND
Manners.

Ey Ey Ry OFCN.

membrane, like a bladder, fprinkled very thinly with fhort down,
rifing or falling as the animal moves the beak, and always ap-
pearing inflated.

Thefe birds are met with in companies; and when feen at a
diftance, near the mouths of rivers, coming towards an obferver,
which they do with the wings extended, may well be taken for
canoes, upon the furface of a fmooth fea: when on the fand
banks, for men and women picking up fhell-fifh or other things on
the beach.

One of thefe, a young bird, about five feet in height, was
brought up tame, and prefented to the Chief of the Bananas,
where Mr. Smeathman lived; and being accuftomed to be fed in
the great hall, foon became familiar; duly attending that place
at dinner-time, placing itfelf behind its matfter’s chair, frequently
before any of the guefts entered. The fervants were obliged to
watch it narrowly, and to defend the provifions with /witches in
their hands; but, notwithftanding this, it would frequently
{natch off fomewhat or other, and was known once to have pur-
loined a whole boiled fowl, which it fwallowed in an inftant. Its
courage is not equal to its voracity; for a child of eight or ten
years old foon puts it to flight with a /witch, though at firft it
feems to ftand upon its defence, by threatening with its enor-
mous bill, widely extended, and crying out with a loud hoarfe
voice, like a bear or ¢iger. It is an enemy to {mall guadrupeds,
as well as dirds and reptiles, and deftroys fowls and chickens,
though it dare not attack a hen with her young openly: it preys
alfo on rats, young kittens, and the like; and has been known to
{wallow a cat whole: a bone of a /hin of beef being broken afun-
der, ferves it but for two morfels.

The

Hy EP Re OF N:

The individual above mentioned ufed to fly about the ifland,
and rooft very high among the /i/k cotton trees ; from whence, at
two or three miles diftance, it could fpy the dinner carrying
acrofs the yard; when, darting from its ftation, it would enter
promifcuoufly with the women who carried in the difhes. When
fitting, it was obferved to reft itfelf on the whole length of the
hind part of the leg. It fometimes ftood near, for half an hour
after dinner, with the head turning alternately, as if liftening to
the converfation; and during this time would every three or
four minutes void the excrements, which were liquid, and whitifh;
and took care always to do this on his legs, by wheeling the
back parts round over one or the other, and this regularly on
different legs ; for if he had muted on the left leg laft, he would
be fure to do the fame on the right the next time; never making
any miftake.—As to the reft of its manners, fuch as incubation,
&c. my friend is filent..

Ardea Ciconia, Liz, Syf. i. pe 235. 7-—Faun. Suece 162.—Scops Aun. in
N° 123.—Brua. N° 154.—Muller, p. 22-
La Cicogne blanche, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 365. ple 32.—P/. Exl, 866.—Buf.
Oy. vii. p. 253 pl. 12.
White Stork, Raii Syn. ps 97. A. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 286. pl. 52.— Albin. ii.
pl. 64.—<4r&. Zool. p. 455+
Br. Muf. Lev, Muf.

IZE of a Turkey, or larger: length three feet three inches.
Bill feven inches and three quarters; the colour of it a fine
red: the plumage is wholly white, except the orbits of the eyes,
which are bare and blackifh: fome of the fcapulars, the greater
7 coverts,

4]

9.
+ WHITE
STORK,

DESCRIPTION,

48

PLACE AND
MAanneERse

Hy Ep RY OUN:

coverts, and quills, are black: the fkin, legs, and bare part of
the thighs, are red *.

Male and female much alike.

This familiar fpecies inhabits in turn the various parts of the
old continent ; but avoiding alike the extremes of heat and
cold, being never met with between the tropics, nor fcarce ever
feen more north than Sweden, or in Ruffia beyond 50 degrees.
It never frequents S7biria, though fometimes feen in Bucharia,
where it makes its neft; tending towards the fouth in autumn, to
winter in Egypt. It has fcarce ever been met with in England F ;
though it is well known, that in Lorrain and Alface, in France, as
well as in Holland, they every where build onthe tops of the houfes,
and the good-natured inhabitants provide boxes for them to make
their nefts in; this they not only do, but are particularly careful
that the birds fuffer no injury, refenting it as done to them-
felves. At Bagdad Ives faw a neft of thefe, June 13, on a dome
of a decayed mofque; and fays that hundreds are to be feen on
every houfe, wall, and tree, quite’ tamet. At Per/epolis, or
Chilmanar, in Perfia, the remains of the pillars ferve them to
build on, ‘ every pillar having a neft of them||.”. They are com-
mon at Aleppo §; and in plenty at Seville ** in Spain, Thought

to

“ The bill and legs are fometimes brown. Sa/erue.—Such a variety I recol-
lect to have feen in the collection of that well-informed naturalift, Marmaduke
Tunfall, Efq; whofe liberal communications on Ornithology I beg leave to
acknowledge.

+ Two inftances only are on record: Willughby mentions one being fhot in
Norfolk; and Albin a fecond in Middlefex.

{ Ives’s Voy. p. 299; 307+ || Fryer’s Trav. p. 251. § Rufel Alep. p. 6g. -

©* In the winter feafon Storks are very numerous in Seville; almoft every tower

in

H E RO N.

to have two broods in a year; the firft towards the north, the
latter one in the warmer places. Are feen in vaft flocks during
their migrations. Shaw faw three flights of them leaving Egyp¢,
paffing over mount Carme/, towards the north-eaft, in the
middle of April, each of them half a mile in breadth, and they
were three hours paffing over*. Said to remain the whole year
in Fapan}, and, if 1 miftake not Haffelquift {, at Alexandria
hikewife.

The female makes a large neft, compofed of fticks; and lays
from two to four eggs, which are of a dirty yellowifh white, the
fize of thofe of a goofe, but a trifle longer. The young are
hatched in a month, and at firft are brown: the male and female
faid to watch them by turns, till they are fit to take care of
themfelves. The Stork fleeps on one leg, and {naps with its bill
in a fingular manner |. The food confifts of frogs, /uckes, and
other reptiles: hence the veneration of all feéts for this ufeful
bird, which frees them from thefe pefts; added to the flefh being

in the city is peopled with them, and they return annually to the fame nefis.
They deftroy all the vermin on the tops of the houfes, and peck up a great
number of fnakes; fo that they are welcome guefts to the inhabitants, and
looked upon with particular veneration.—Dillon Trav. p. 308.

* Trav. p. 428.—Some perfons have fuppofed this to be the /éis of the an-
tients, with full as good reafon as any other bird. It is certain that the Egyp-
tians embalmed the bodies of birds ; and it is as certain that birds of the Stork
kind make a part of them. That in Edw. pl. 105, feems to be that of the Jéis
or Curlew genus.—Compare Pococke Trav. i. pl. 64. G.

+ Kempfer. f Voy. p. g-

| In doing this the head is turned backwards, the upper part of the bill
placed on the rump, and the under, fet into the quickeft motion, made to a&
on the other.—Zves’s Voy. p. 3076

Vo. III. H no

49

50 FIVE RY ON.

no temptation as a food, as it is allowed on all hands to be

unfavoury.
10. La Cigogne d’Amerique, Brif. Orn. ¥. p. 369. 3«
AMERICAN Le Maguari, Buf Oi/. vil. p. 275.
oe Ciconia Americana, American Stork, Raii Syz. p. 97. 3.—Will. Orne
p: 287.

DescriPTion. IZE of the laft. Bill nine inches long; the bafe half of a
yellowifh green, the reft of a blueifh afh-colour: irides filver-
coloured; orbits red; and between the bill and eyes a bare fkin
of the fame colour: the plumage in general is white: the feathers
on the lower part of the neck before, long and loofe: the tail is
white; but the feathers above it are black: the greater fcapu-
lars, greater coverts, and quills, are alfo black ; and thofe neareft
the body as long as the quills: the legs, and bare part of the

thighs, are red: claws broad and flat.
PLACE. This fpecies is found in the warmer parts of America, efpe-
cially Brafil, and is accounted good food: is faid to fnap with

the bill, like the common Stork.

Ile Ardea nigra, Lin. Sy/. is pe 235. 8.——Faun. Suec. 163.—Scop. Anne is
BLACK ST. N° 124.—Brun. N° 157.—Muller, p. 22.—Georgi Reifz, p. 171.
La Cicogne brune, Brif. Orn. v. p. 362. pl. 31.—P/. Exl. 399-
noire, Buf. Oi/. vil. p. 2716
Black Stork, Raii Syn. p. 97. A. 2.—Will. Oru. pe 286. pl. 52.— Abin, iii.
pl. 82.—4r&. Zool. p. 456.

DEescRIPTION, 1ZE of a fmall Turkey: length two feet nine inches. Bill
five inches and a half long, of a greenifh grey, with a

whitifh tip: the top of the head is brown, gloffed with violet

6 and

Ho R oO mM

and green: throat and neck brown, dotted with white, but the
lower part of the neck is gloffed with violet, and dotted with
grey brown*: back, wing coverts, and fcapulars, violet brown,
gloffed with green: rump plain brown: from the breaft to the
vent white: quills brown, gloffed with green and violet; thofe
neareft the body, narrow, and as long as the greater when the
wing is clofed: tail rounded in fhape: legs of a dull red: claws
broad and flat.

This fpecies inhabits many parts of Europe; but is lefs com-
mon than the qe, and like that migrates fouth in autumn. It
is not familiar with man; but retires to the thick forefts and
marfhes, at a diftance from habitations, in order to breed, being a
folitary bird. Is pretty common in Poland, Lithuania, Pruffa,
and Switzerland; and migrates much farther north than the
white fpecies. In the more temperate parts of Ruffia and Sibiria
not uncommon; and is plentiful all along the Dow. It perches
on trees, and makes the neft on them in the depths of forefts.
From its being lefs common, we hear of it among authors fel-
domer than the former: it is however ranked by authors among
thofe frequenting the Ca/pian Sea t+; and by Ruffel as a bird of
Aleppo. Like the White Stork, it feeds on reptiles and fifh: the
flefh is faid to be no better tafted.

* This is not conftant; fome birds have no fpot. Briffore
+ See Georgii—Dec. Ruff it p. 77.

gy

PLACE anp
Manners.

$2

12.
COLLARED H.

DEscrRIPTION.

Priace,

13.
+ NIGHT H,
Maue.

DescRIPTION,

HVE RON:

Le Heron noir a collier, Brif, Orn. v. p. 4406
Ardez congener, Raii Syn. p. 102. 19.
The bird akin to the Heron, Will. Orn. p. 282. pl. so.

IZE of a Curlew. Bill fhort*, yellow; marked at the end

and in the middle with a black fpot: plumage black, ex-
cept a ring of white round the neck: legs black.

Found about Bologna in Italy.

Ardea ny&ticorax, Lin. Sy. i. p. 235+.9.—Scop. Anni. p. 116.
Le Bihoreau, Brif. Orn. ve p. 493+ 45. pl. 39.—Bufi Oxf, viie p. 435.
pl. 22.—P/. Enl. 758.
Ardea Kwaka, N.C. Petr. xv. p. 452. t. 14.
Leffer afh-coloured Heron, or Night Raven, Raii Syn. p. 99+ 3.—Will. Orn
p: 279. pl. 49.——Aldin, ii. pl. 67.— Ar. Zool, N° 356.
Lev. Muf.

HIS elegant fpecies is in length twenty inches. The bill is

ftout, three inches and three quarters long; black, with the
bafe yellowifh: irides orange: lore, and round the eye, green: the
crown of the head is greenifh black, extending a little way down
the back part of the neck,’ and there ends in a point: from the
hind head fpring three very narrow feathers, near fix inches in
length, of a pure white, with dufky tips: the hind part of the
neck, and fides, are afh-colour: the upper part of the back dull

* In Willughby’s plate the bill is curved; not much lefs than in the bird called
dis, in pl. 49- therefore /u/pe that this bird does not belong to the Heron

genus.
green ».

Ee Be, Ry Or N-

green: the lower part, rump, wings, and tail, pale afh-colour :
the forehead, and reft of the body, white: legs yellowifh green:
claws dufky.

Ardea Grifea, Lin. Sy. i. p. 239. 22.
Le Heron gris, Brif; Orn. v. p. 412. 9.
Femelle du Bihoreau, P/. Ex/. 759.

GiZE of the laft. Bill the fame: lore white: crown of the

head brown and glofly: the upper parts of the body the fame,
but with a tinge of grey; the hind parts of the neck paleft, and
ftreaked with darker brown down the fhaft; and the lower part
of the back and rump almoft grey: over the eye, from the nof-
trils, is a whitifh ftreak, mixed with brown: the cheeks are ofa
mixed white and brown colour: the chin is white; but the fore
part of the neek is grey, marked with a yellowifh ftreak down
each fhaft; the feathers towards the bottom of the neck longer
than the others: the reft of the under parts grey, growing white
on the belly and vent: the wings are grey brown, ftreaked
with yellowifh white; fome of the greater coverts tipped with
white: the quills are cinereous grey; and the eighteen firft have
white tips: tail the fame colour; all, except the two middle fea-
thers, marked more or lefs with. white at the ends: legs grey
brown.

This bird is common both to Europe and America; but, except
in a fingle inftance, I do not hear of its having been met with in
England* : it is moft likely not met with fo far north as Sweden,

* One of thefe, a male, is in the Leverian Mufeum; which was fhot, not

many miles from London, in the month of May, 1782.
Or

53

13.
# NIGHT H.
FEMALE.

DESCRIPTION.

PLacE AND:
Mannersu.

54

14.
+ JAMAICA
NIGHT H.

DescRIPTION.

EH ER ho aN

or Linaezus would have mentioned it in his Fauna. Pretty com-
mon in Rafia, particularly on the river Don, where it builds on
trees: is met with alfo at 4frachan during fummer* : formerly
in plenty at Sevenbuys, near Leyden, along with the Spoon-dills and
other birds +; but the wood that grew there is now no more jf.
It migrates, like many of the fpecies, being found at 4/eppo; and
I have often feen figures of it in Chinefe drawings. In America
it is met with at New York and Rhode Ifland, and probably com-
mon to other parts of that continent. It is faid to make the
neft in the alders, and to lay three or four white eggs; but
fometimes builds among the rocks. The food confifts of frogs,
reptiles, and ji/b; and is faid not to be palatable food.

The Germans call it Nachtrab, or Night Raven, from its un-
couth, rough voice, like a perfon ftraining to vomit§. By the
Ruffians it is called Kwaka, from its cry.

ENGT H one foot eleven inches, Bill four inches long, and
dufky ; the upper mandible bends a trifle downwards at the
point; the colour dufky ; the ridge of the upper part blackith:
the irides pale ftraw-colour : between the eye, and round it,
bare and greenifh: the head is fomewhat crefted; the crown
dark brown; each feather is ftreaked down the middle
with ferruginous: neck the fame, but the colours duller and
paler: chin and throat white: neck feathers pretty loofe: the
* Dec. Ruff ite p» 146. + Willughby. t Brit. Zool,
|| I met with a fpecimen of the female, at Sir Jo/eph Banks’s, which came frem
China; but in this every feather of the wings was tipped with white, and the
{pots were more diftin& than in the European {pecies.—Said aifo by Pernetty to

have been met with in Falk/and’s Les. See Voy» aux Malouin. vol. ii. p. 26-
§ Willughby.

upper

Mm Be Re: Ov ON:

upper part of the back darker than the reft; the reft of the
back, and feapulars, yellowifh brown; fome of the laft tipped
with white: wing coverts like the back; but the lower order of
them much paler, giving the appearance of a broad bar: all the
coverts white down the fhaft, which fpreads out to the tip,
and forms a longifh triangular fpot : quills the colour of the leffer
coverts: the primaries and baftard wing tipped with white; the
fecondaries plain: breaft and belly white, ftreaked with obfcure
pale brown: vent white: legs brown.

This bird I received from Famaica, where it goes by the name

of Clucking Hen* : it frequents woods, contrary to the generality of

the genus, which haunt morafles: is a fcarce bird, and very fhy.
Has a great affinity to the female Night Heron, but is larger.

ENGTH twenty-two inches. Bill ftrait, fhaped like that
of the Night Heron, and black: between the eye and bill
bare, and green: irides yellow: from the nape behind fpring
three long feathers, as in the abovementioned bird: the crown of
the head is black: over the eye, between that and the creft, a
ftreak of white: the general colour of the plumage ferruginous,
inclining to brown; neck the paleft,; the feathers of it loofe on
the fore part: breaft, belly, and under parts, white: legs yellow:
elaws dufky.

Inhabits New Caledonia +.

* Dampier obferves, that there are many clocking Hens in the Bay of Campeachys
and elfewhere in the We? Indies, which make a noife like our brood Hens,
when they have chickens ; but does not determine the fpecies.

+ See Coor’s Voy. vol. ii. p. 111. pl. 50.—I do not find it there deferibed |

but Dr. For/fer was fo obliging as to fupply that defe&..
he

55

PLAcE.

1S.
CALEDONIAN
NIGHT H.

DescrirTion,

PLACE.

56

16.
CAYENNE
NIGHT H.

DEscRIPTION,

Pace.

17.
+ BITTERN.

DESCRIPTION.

He oR ON.

Le Bihoreau de Cayenne, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 439.—FPl. Enl. 899

HIS is as big as the European fpecies, but more flender, and
the legs longer: length twenty-one inches. The bill black:
the lore pale green: the crown of the head white; and a ftreak of
white from the noftrils paffes beneath the eye, towards the hind
head ; the reft of the head is black, which ends in a point on the
back part of the neck: from the back part of the head {prings
a creft, compofed of fix long feathers of unequal lengths; half of
them white, the reft black: the general colour of the reft of the
plumage a blueifh afh-colour, but darkeft on the back and wings,
which are marked with a blackifh ftreak down the middle of
each fhaft: the quills are black: it is high mounted on its legs;
and the thighs are bare a great way up: the colour of the bare
part and legs is yellowifh.
This is found at Cayenne.

Ardea ftellaris, Lin. Sy. i. p. 239. 21.—Scop. Ann. ic p. 125.—Brua. N°
155-—Muller, p. 22.—Kram. El. pl. 148.—Frifch. pl. 205.—Georgi
Reife, pe 1716

Le Butor, Brif. Orn. v. p. 444. 24. ple 37. fig. 1.—Buf. Of vii. p. 411.
pl. 21.—P/. Enl. 789. ;

Bittour, or Bittern, Raii Syn. p. 100. A. 11.—Will. Orn. p. 282. pl. 50.
52.—Albin,i. pl. 68.—Br. Zool. ii. N° 174.—Ar&. Zool. N° 3576

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

HIS is an elegant fpecies, and is fomewhat lefs than the He-~
ron: length two feet fix inches. The bill brown, beneath

inclining to green: irides yellow: the head feathers are long 5
and

H ER ON.

and thofe of the neck loofe and waving: the crown of the head
black; the lower jaw on each fide dufky: the plumage in ge-
_ heral is beautifully variegated; the ground a ferruginous yellow,
paleft beneath, marked with numerous bars, ftreaks, and zigzag
lines of black: the legs are pale green; claws long and flender ;
and the inner edge on the middle claw ferrated.

The female is lefs, darker coloured, and the feathers on the
head and neck lefs flowing than in the ma/e.

This is a common bird in our iflands, and we believe in moft
of the temperate parts of the continent: in fome of the colder
migratory*; with us it remains the whole year. Frequents
marfhy places, and efpecially where reeds grow, among which it
makes the neft, in April, which is chiefly compofed of a bed of
rufhes, &c. The female lays four or five eggs, of a pale greenifh
afh-colour; the young are hatched in twenty-five days. It is an
indolent bird, ftirring very little in the day, unlefs difturbed ;
though, if once roufed, is not difficult to fhoot, as it flies hea-
vily. In the evening, after fun-fet, is feen to foar aloft in a fpiral
afcent, till quite out of fight, and this chiefly in autumn, making
a fingular kind of noife: it has alfo another noife, like that of a

Jellowing Bull, beginning in February, and ceafing after breeding- -

time; but this is done while on the ground. If attacked by
dogs or men, defends itfelf well; and is faid to ftrike at the
eyes of the enemy. The food is frogs, mice, and other reptiles,
which it fwallows whole, as well as fifh; as I well remember to
have found two middle-fized trouts in the ftomach of one, per-
feétly whole. It is reckoned pretty good eating.

* For inftance Sweden.—Amen. Acad. iv. p. 588.

Vou. Tit, I Le

Femace.

PLACE AND
Manners.

57

58

U7.
Var. A.

DeEscrIPTION.

Place AND
MANNERS,

18.
GREATER B.

DEscripTIoN.

HER ON:

Le Butor de la Baye d’Hudfon, Brif. Orn. v. p. 449. 25.—Buf. Oi/ vii. p. 439.
Bittern from Hudfon’s Bay, Edw. pl. 136.—Phil. Tran/. vole Ixii. p. 410.

HIS is fmaller than the common Bittern, and is two feet three

inches in length: it is very like that in all refpects; but the
ground colour is darker, more inclined to brown, and the bill
longer than in our fpecies.

This inhabits Hudfon’s Bay, and appears a mere variety of
ours. It appears at Severn River the beginning of Fune, and
makes the neft in the fwamps, laying four cinereous green eggs.
The neft is compofed of water plants, placed on fome dry fpot
among the long grafs. The young are at firft black. Departs
in Odober. Said to be delicate eating. The natives call it
Mokohofue.

Le grand Butor, Brif Oru. v. p. 455+ 28.—Buf. Oi. vil. 422.
Greater fpeckled, or red Heron, Raii Syn. p. 100. 13.—Will. Ora. p. 2836

HIS is confiderably bigger than the common Bittern: length

three feet nine inches. Bill eight inches long, and yellow-
ifh: irides yellow: lore, and fpace round the eye, naked and yel-
low: feathers of the head black, and pretty long: the upper part
of the neck and body, wings and tail, cinereous brown: fides
of the neck rufous, marked with a ftreak of black: throat
and fore part of the neck white, dafhed with black, and rufous-
white ftreaks: feathers on the breaft long and pendent: the co-
lour of the under parts of the body rufous: fcapulars the fame,.
and very narrow: thighs white: legs brown.

Found

HEROQWN

Found in the marfhes of Italy, and in fome parts known by
the name of Ruffey*, Said alfo to inhabit Afrachan during the
fummer feafon +.

Ardea botaurus major, NW. C. Petre xv. p. 4820 N° 22. t. 24¢ (Gmelin. )

ENGTH four feet fix inches. Bill yellow: eye-lids naked, of
a yellowifh blue: irides faffron-colour: head black, and
crefted: temples yellow, partly dotted with black : head beneath
white: neck chefnut, marked with three narrow longitudinal
bands of black; the lower part chefnut, fpotted with black, and
black and white: back of a deep afh-colour; the feathers on
the loweft part long, broad, and red; the longeft white at the
ends: rump grey brown: under parts of the body black and red
mixed: wing coverts cinereous; fome of the feathers tipped
with yellowifh: edge of the wing ferruginous: quills and tail
black: thighs chefnut: legs reddith brown: claws pale brown;
middle one ferrated within.

This fpecies, if diftinét from the laft-defcribed, is found at
Afirachan in May, migrating from the fouth. It lays three
fmooth plain green eggs, the fize of thofe of a Hen; and is
found in the marfhes, where the other Herons refort.

* Aldrov. Av. iii. p. 408.—This author fufpeéts it to be a mixed breed between

the common Heron and Bittern.
+ Dec. Ruoff ii. p. 146.

12 Le

59

PLAcE.

18.
Var. A.

DeSscriPriow.

Priact.

60

19.
RUFOUS B.

DeEscripTion.

PLace.

20.
SWABIAN B.

DescRIprion.

Place.

Ei BE! RO ON,

Le Butor roux, Bri Orn. v. p. 458. 29.—Buf. Oj/. vii. p. 425.
Ardez ftellaris tertium genus Aldrov, Raiz Syx. p. 100. 12.
Aldrovandus’s 3d fort of Speckled Heron, Will. Orn. p. 283.
Quoimeau, Salerne Orn. p. 315+

TRIFLE bigger than the Swabian Bittern. Bill blackifh,
horn-coloured beneath: irides yellow: crown of the head
black ; the reft of the head, throat, and neck, ferruginous: back,
fcapulars, and rump, blackifh: from the breaft to the vent pale ru-
fous : wing coverts ferruginous and white, mixed: greater quills
blackifh, the lefler ones ferruginous: tail blackifh: legs brown.
This is faid to inhabit the neighbourhood of Bologna. Salerne
thinks it may probably prove the bird called Quozmeau, which is
not unfrequent about Sologue in France. This defcription was
from a young bird; and, if fo, it is fcarcely clear whether it was a
diftinct fpecies or not.

Le petit Butor, Bri Oru. v. ps 452- 26.— Buf. Oif vii. p. 423.

HIS is much lefs than the common Bittern. The irides

whitifh : bare fpace between the bill and eye yellow: the
head, and upper part of the neck, breaft, belly, fides, rump,
and tail coverts, are rufous, ftriated with brown: the back is
much the fame; but the ftriz are broader, and more numerous :
throat and fore part of the neck white: upper part of the thighs
brownifh white: quills pale brown, croffed with bars of deeper
brown: tail whitifh: legs pale yellow.

Inhabits the banks of the Danuée.

Le

wm Ee Re OL Ne

Le Butor rayé, Bri/: Ora. v. ps 454+ 27-
brun rayé, Buf. O/. vii. p. 424.

IZE of the laft. Bill brown, yellowifh beneath: lore naked
and yellow: all the upper parts of the body, the belly,
and vent, crofled with lines of brown, black, and pale rufous,
mixed irregularly, fo as at a diftance to appear wholly brown:
the fore part of the neck and breaft are whitifh: legs and claws

grey.
Found on the banks of the Dazude, with the laft.

Le petit Butor de Cayenne, Buf. O7/ vii. p. 430.—Pl. Enl. 763.

ENGTH thirteen inches. Bill brown; under mandible pale:
lore blueifh: the whole plumage is of a yellowifh or rufous
grey, croffed with narrow ftreaks of black brown; thefe are pretty
regular on the back, but elfewhere undulated, and in a zigzag
manner: the top of the head is black, and the feathers on the
neck exceeding ful), fo as to appear nearly of the fame fize as
the body: the fore part of the neck is paleft, and has fewer
brown markings than the upper part: and the belly and thighs
have only a few irregular zigzags: the legs are yellow.
This is a moft beautiful fpecies, and is found at Cayenne.

Ardea

61

21e

RAYED B.

DescripPTion.

Place,

22.
ZIGZAG B.

DEscripPTions

PLACE.

62

23.
BRASILIAN B.

DESCRIPTION.

PracE anpD
Mannigse

He ERO) b

Ardea Brafilienfis, Liz. Syf. i. p. 239. 230

Le Heron du Brefil, Brif. Oru. v. p. 441. 23.

L’Onoré de Bois, Buf. Oi/. Vii. pe 433¢

Soco, Raii Syn. pe 100. 14.—Will. Ora. p. 284. pl. 51.

Brafilian Bittern, Browz’s Ii. p. 88. pl. 34.—Gent. Mag. vol. xxxiv. p. 209.
pl. in do,

Clucking Hen, Brown Fam. p. 478.—Damp. Voy. iii. pt 1. p. 75?

ENGTAH two feet eight inches. Bill black: irides yellow:
the head and neck are brown, marked with fmall black fpots:
throat and fore part of the neck white, marked with longitudinal
black and brown fpots: the upper and under parts of the body, and
leffer wing coverts, are blackifh, fpotted all over with yellow;
but the greater coverts are plain: the quills and tail are blackifh:
the legs brown.

This is found in various parts of South America. A different
defcription is given of this bird in the Gent. Mag.*; which ob-
ferves, that it is a quarter lefs than in the common Heron. The bill
reddifh yellow: head and upper part of the body deep orange
red, finely barred with black: chin whitifh red: fore part of the
neck pale red, with oblong black fpots; the feathers long and
loofe: belly white, fpotted with yellow: thighs barred with
dufky: quills black, tipped with white: rump and tail coverts
dafhed with white, black, and yellow narrow lines: tail black,
croffed with a few white lines, and tipped with the fame: legs
dull ruft-colour.

A fecond differed in fome refpeéts. The long neck feathers
were white on their lower parts: breaft and fides white, marked

® The defcription likewife in Browa’s J//. differs not materially from this.
10 with

H ERO N.

with reoular rows of large black fpots: middle of the belly
white: quills like the other, and befides fpotted on the exterior
web with white: legs pale brown.

The above were probably male and female, and inhabit the
lakes and rivers of the hot parts of North America and new-ceded
ifles of the Weft Indies. Feed on fifh, yet are reckoned good
eating, efpecially the young birds. The fowlers watch in the
fedges, and fhoot them.

L’Onoré, Buf. O7/. vii. p. 4310—Pl. Enl. 790.
Heron Tigré, Fermin Surin. iis p» 151+
Lev. Mu/-

HIS is about two feet fix inches in length. The bill is

egreenifh : irides yellowifh: the top of the head black: the
throat and fides of the neck pale rufous, marked with regular
fpots of black ; and the neck feathers very long: the reft of the
plumage deep rufous, marked with black, like the fkin of a tiger:
the chin is white: the under parts much as the upper, but the
ground yellowifh white: vent plain white: the tail black, barred
with four narrow bars of white: legs green.

This inhabits Cayenne, Surinam, and other parts of South Aime-
rica, and does not appear to be a very rare fpecies, as I have met
with feveral. It lays feven or eight rounded whitifh eggs, fpotted
with green; making the neft on the ground. It hides itfelf in
the reeds, like our European Bittern, and frequents the fame kind

of places. It is a moft beautiful fpecies. It feems much allied
to the laft,

L’Onoré

63

24.
+ TIGER
BITTERN.

Description.

PLACE AND
MaAnwners..

64

256
LINEATED.-B.

DeEscCRIPTION.

PLACE AND
MANnNeERSe

26.
YELLOW B.

DESCRIPTIONe

FE R= OoNe

L’Onoré rayé, Buf. Oi/.-viie p. 432.—Pl. End. 860.
Lev. Muf.

HIS fpecies is rather larger than the laft: in length two feet
fix inches. The bill and lore are both blue; the laft bare the
whole breadth of the bafe of the mandibles: the upper parts of the
head and neck are bright rufous, crofled with numerous brown
lines: down the fore part paffes a ftreak of white, beginning at
the chin; this is bounded half way by dafhes of brown, and
the lower half mixed along with the white itfelf: the upper parts
of the body are croffed with fine waved lines of rufous, pale yel-
low, and brown: the under parts of the body dirty white: quills
and tail black: legs yellow. :
This frequents the banks of the rivers at Cayeune, with the laft:
moftly found fingle. Like our fpecies, when one is fhot it
makes great defence, throwing out the neck fuddenly, when it
can ftrike at the enemy with advantage, efpecially at the eyes.
One of thefe kept tame, was of fingular ufe in deftroying rats,
watching them with all the attention of the houfe cat, and even

with better fuccefs.

Le Butor du Brefil, Brif; Ora. v. p. 460. 30.

jaune du Brefil, Buf. Oif vii. p. 429.

Ardea bras. roftro ferrato, cinerez fimilis, Razi Syn. p. 101+ 16.
Brafilian Bittern, with a ferrated bill, Will. Ora. p. 285.

@IZE of a Duck: length two feet three inches. Bill four inches
and a half long, ferrated next the point; brown, with a pale
ereen bafe: irides golden: the head and hind part of the neck
are pale yellow, ftreaked with black : back brown, with yellowifh
ftreaks :

Bie Bo. Re? O. Na

ftreaks: throat white: the fore part of the neck, breaft, and
belly, are white, waved with brown; the laft edged with yellow:
quills black and green mixed, tipped with white: the tail like
the quills, but croffed with white lines: the legs of a dark grey.
_Inhabits Bra/f/, and is accounted good eating.

Ardea minuta, Lin. Syf. i, p. 240. 26. BimKram. El. p. 348.—Frifch.
pl. 206. 207.

Le Blongios, Brif- Orn. v. p. 498. 46.

Blongios de Suiffe, P/. Exl. 323.—Buf. O//. vil. p. 395.

Boo-onk, or Long-neck, Shaw Trav. pl. in p. 255.—Ruf: Alep. p. 7%o
pl. 10.—Edw. p. 275.

Little Bittern, Br. Zool. App. p. 663. pl. 8.—-4r&. Zool. N° 359.

: Lev. Muf.

HE fize of this bird fcarce exceeds that of aThrujb: length
fifteen inches. The bill is of a greenifh yellow; the upper
mandible black at the tip; the edges jagged: the top of the

head, the back, and tail, dull green: the neck very long; the

fore part of it, breaft, and thighs, buff-colour*: belly and vent
white: the hind part of the neck bare of feathers, but covered
by thofe growing on the fides of it: at the fetting-on of the
wing is a large cheinut fpot: the lefler wing coverts yellowifh
buff; the greater whitifh: the web of that next the back half
buff, half black: quills black: legs dufky: thighs feathered to
the knees: middle claw ferrated.

® Inthe P/. Exl. and Brifon’s defcription and figure, the upper part of the
belly is {potted with black.

Vou. Ill. K Ardea

PLACE.

27.
LITTLE B.
MALE.

DescRIPTION.

66

LITTLE B.

FEMALE.

DeEscriPTion.

Place aNnp
Manners.

28.

+ MINUTE B.

DEscRIPTION.

Hier, RaOwN,

Ardea minuta, Lia. Sy. i. p. 240. 26.
Le Blongios tacheté, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 497. 47.—Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 395
Little Brown Bittern, Edw. pl. 275. :

IZE of the former. The crown blackifh green: the feathers

on the upper part of the body brown, margined with pale
rufous; beneath, the fame, but paler, and the feathers more
deeply margined with rufous: forehead edged with chefnut = the
feathers on the fore part of the neck long, as in the other: belly
white: tail blackifh green, margined with fulvous at the ends :
legs greenifh.
- This and the former are by moft authors confidered as the
fame fpecies, of which the laft is fuppofed to be the female.
They have been found frequently in Switzerland, and met with
alfo in Arabia, but fcarce in other parts. We learn in the Bri-
tifh Zoology, that the male has been once fhot, perched on one
of the trees of the public walks in Shrew/bury ; and another killed
in 1773, near Chrifchurch in Hampfbire, now in the Mu/eum of
Mr. Tunftall. In France they are likewife rare, only now and
then one being met with by accident. We are told that they
are common on the river Coic, near Aleppo; and that they are ob-
ferved frequently to ftand with the neck ftretched ftrait up-
wards *.

G1ZE of a Thrujb in the body: length eleven inches and a haif.
Bill two inches long, greenifh, with a pale point: irides ftraw-

* Shaw.

colour :

HM By Re O; Ne

colour: crown of the head dark rufous chefnut: fides of the
neck rufous; the feathers pretty long, and meeting behind, where
it is nearly bare: chin and fore part of the neck white, with a
feries of feathers on each fide the white, of a pale ferruginous
colour; each feather marked with a blackifh line down the fhaft:
on the lower part of the neck the feathers are long and loofe;
fome of them nearly white, and hang over the breaft, which is
brownith black, this colour pafling upwards on each fide as a
crefcent to the back; but the feathers on each fide have whitifh
margins: the back is rufous chefnut, with pale yellow margins :
the firft and third order of wing coverts like the back, but plain ;
the middle ones ferruginous, with a dufky line down each fhaft :
quills black ; fome of the inner prime ones marked with chefnut
at the tips; fecondaries the fame, with fome few of them wholly
-chefnut: belly, thighs, and vent, white: tail black: legs green,
bare for three quarters of an inch above the knee.
Inhabits amaica, where it is a rare bird.

Le petit Butor du Senegal, Buf. O:/ vii. p. 426.
Petit Heron roux du Senegal, P/. El. 315.

LENGTH twelve inches. Bill rufous brown, yellow beneath:
upper part of the head, neck, and back, rufous: fore part of

the neck the fame, but very pale, and each feather marked with
a black ftreak down the fhaft; but the loofe feathers which hang
over the breaft are plain, and darker than the reft: down the
middle of the wing, from the fhoulder, reddith; the reft of the
wing, without and within, white; but fome of the inner quills are
Kaye the

PLAcE.

2Q-
SENEGAL B.

DeEscripTIoNn,

68

PLACE.

3°. :
+ GREEN H.

Descriprion.

FEMALE.

H E' RR O N.

the fame colour as the back: the under parts of the body and
tail are white: the legs yellow.
Inhabits Sevegal.

Ardea virefcens, Liz. Sy. i. p. 238. 20.
Le Crabier verd, Bri/: Orn. v. p. 486. 43. pl. 38. fig. 1. (male).
—— tacheté, Brif. Orn. v. p. 490. 44. pl. 38. fig. 2. (female).
Le Crabier verd, Buf. Oif. vii. p. 404. (male).
ea tacheté, fd. p. 405.—P/. Enl. 912. (female).
> Small Bittern, Cate/o. Car. i. pl. 8c.
Green Heron, 4r&. Zool. N° 349.
Br. Mf. Lev. Mu:

IZE of a fmall Fowl: length eighteen inches. The bill is
greenifh brown; the under mandible yellowifh next the bafe ;
between that and the eye bare and yellow: irides yellow: the
crown of the head of a blackifh gold green, mixed with a glofs
of copper in fome lights, and the feathers elongated, forming a
handfome creft: neck ferruginous bay: chin and throat white:
the reft of the neck before ftreaked with white: in the dire¢tion
of the under jaw, beneath it, a ferruginous ftreak: back, tail, and
wings, dufky brown, with a tinge of lead-colour: the leffer wing
coverts and prime quills the colour of the back, edged with buff-
colour: the middle and larger wing coverts gloffy dark green, with
ferruginous edges: the breaft and belly dufky : the feathers on the
lower part of the neck are narrow, and fall over the breaft; thofe
of the back the fame, covering the rump: the legs greenith.
The female has the crown dufky; the feathers of it fearcely
elongated: feathers of the neck pale brown, ftreaked with
white: back and. fcapulars brown; the laft marked with white

2 jut

Hy Ee Re OO} N:

juft at-the tip: all the wing coverts have a triangular white
fpot at the tip: the laft row of wing coverts are tipped like
the others, and margined with the fame: fecondary quills dufky
green, with pale edges ; the greater brown, gloffed with green,
and tipped with white: the under parts of the body pale ath-
colour : bill and legs as in the male.

Inhabits New York, and other parts of North America; as alfo
Famaica, ana other Weft India Iflands. 1 have received thefe from
both places, and obferve that the Famarce one is higheft co-
loured. Suppofed to breed in Carolina, as they are found there
only in fummer. It feeds on fmall ff, frogs, and crabs. Sits
with the head drawn in between the fhoulders for a long time
together, on a branch of a tree hanging over the water; from
whence it may poffibly dart on a fifh, in the fame manner as the

belted Kingfifoer * ; which likewife is known by the name of Crad-
catcher in Famaica,

Le Crabier gris a téte & queue vertes, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 408.
Crabier de Cayenne, P/. Ex/. 908.

SIZE of the laft. Bill black: the crown of the head crefted,

and coloured as inthat bird: general colour of the plumage
pale flate-colour: fore part of the neck white, marked with lon-
gitudinal ferruginous ftreaks: chin pure white: wing coverts
blackifh green, margined with rufous: tail fhort, of the fame
colour as the creft: legs yellow.

Found at Cayenne. This is moft certainly a mere variety of
the laft, if not of a different fex.
* Vol. i. ps-637. 27. Ac
Le

69

PLACE AND
MANNERS.

30.
Var. Ao

DESCRIPTIONe

PLACE.

DEscRIPTIONs»

Pace.

Eo
SPOTTED H.

DEscriPrTion,

PLACE.

HE RON.

Le Butor tacheté d’ Amerique, Brif. Ora. v. p. 464. 32.
L’Ecoilé, Buf. Oi vii. p. 428.
A fmall Bittern, Rast Syz. p. 189. 4.—Sloan Fam. p. 315-5. pl. 263. fig. 2.
Crab-catcher, Brown Fam. p. 478.
Grown Bittern, Caze/2. Car. i. pl. 78.
Lewis

DT ENGTH twenty inches, Bull greenifh black, beneath pale:

green: lore naked, and of the fame colour: irides gold-co-
lour: general colour of the plumage brown; paleft beneath:
wings {potted with white: tail of a blueifh afh-colour: legs
greenifh yellow.

This inhabits Jamaica, Carolina, and other parts of North
America. We believe it to be amere variety of the :firft-de-
{cribed, and a female of the Green; having received all of them
from Jamaica and North America. They certainly differ, as Briffon
has defcribed them; but by comparifon no one can fail of being
of the opinion here advanced.

Le Butor tacheté, ou le Powacre, Brif. Ora. v. p. 462. 31.——Buf. Oi. vii.
P+ 427.
Der Schwartze reiger, Fri/ch. ii. pl. 9.
IZE of a Crow: length eighteen inches and a quarter. Bill
brown; beneath greenifh yellow: lore naked, greenifh: gene-
ral colour brown, paleft beneath: the upper parts {potted with
white, except the lower part of the back, which is plain: quills
deep brown, marked with white at the tips: tail plain brown:
legs greenifh brown.

This frequents the marfhes; feeds on frogs and jib.
6 Le

FADE RYO) NG

Le Pouacre de Cayenne, Pl. Exl. 939.
Gardenian Heron, Ar&. Zool. N° 355?
Lev. My.

HIS is much like the laft, and of the fame fize: length
twenty-two inches. Bill ftrong, dufky: it differs in having the
cround of the plumage more inclined to black on the back: the
fore parts whitith, dafhed with brown.
This inhabits Cayenne, and has alfo been fent from South Ca-
rolina.

Le Heron cendré d’Amerique, Bri/: Orn. v. p. 406. 6.
Le Crabier cendré, Buf. Os. vii. p. got.

T RIFLE bigger than the laft. Bill two inches and a half
long, blue with a black tip: bare fpace between the bill and
eye blue: the head, and all the upper parts, are pale afh-colour :
the wing coverts mixed with black: the under parts of the body
are white: quills part black, part white: legs blueifh.
Inhabits America.

Le Crabier noir, Buf. Oz/ vii. p. 394.
Crabier de la Nouvelle Guinée, P/. Enl. 926.

ENGTH ten inches. Bill brown: between that and the
eye bare and greenifh: irides yellow: the. general colour of
the plumage black.
This fpecies is found at New Guinea.

qt

32.
GARDENIAN H.

Pace.

33:
CINEREOUS H.

“

DeEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

34.
NEW GUINEA
H.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE.

7%

35°
PHILIPPINE H,

DEscRIPTIONe

PLACE.

36.
SQUAIOTTA H.

DEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

HOE OR O:EN.

Le Crabier des Philippines, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 474: 38. pl. 37. fig. 2.
Le petit Crabier, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 395.—P/. Eul. 898.

IZE fmall: length eleven inches. Bill greenifh yellow:

between that and the eye bare, green: the top of the head,
and all the upper parts of the neck, rufous brown, moft inclining
to brown on the head: the back is croffed with tranfverfe rufous
and brown lines: the wings black, edged with rufous white:
quills and tail black: the fore part of the neck dirty rufous
white: belly, thighs, and vent, white: legs yellow.

Inhabits the Philippine Tes.

Le Crabier, Brif. Oru. v. p. 466. 33.
Caiot, Buf. Oi/. vii. p- 389.
Squaiotta, Raii Syn. p. 99: 9.—Will. Orn, p. 281. pl. 50.

=

ENGT =H about eighteen inches. The bill three inches and
three quarters, yellow, with a black tip: between the bill
and eye, bare and yellow: it has a tuft on the head confifting
of thirty feathers, the middle one white, the outer ones black:
befides thefe, the general colour of the plumage is a fine chefnut :
the fcapulars are long and narrow, and white at the bafe: legs
green.
Inhabits Italy, about Bologna, where it is called Sguaiotia,

Le

Ea Ey Re OD” Ne

Le Crabier marron, Brif Orn. v. p. 468. 34.
roux, Buf. Or/. vil. p. 3906

IZE of a Crow. The bill four inches in length, and brown:

irides pale yellow: the head and upper parts are chefnut : the
under parts of a dirty white: there is alfo a ftreak of pure
white down all the fore part of the neck and breatt, quite to
the belly: the wing-coverts incline to blue: the quills black:
tail chefnut*: legs red.

This is met with in Silefa; builds in high trees, and feeds
on fifh, infects, &c.

Le Crabier roux, Brif: Orn. v. p. 469+ 35-

-— marron, Buf. Oi/. vii. pe 390+

Ardea hematopus, feu Cirris, Raiz Sy. ps 99° 7—Will, Ortte ps 2816
pl. 50.

iZE of the Green Heron. Neck fhort: bill blue and green,
with a black tip: irides yellow, incireled with red: head
crefted; the colour yellow and black: throat, neck, and whole
body, faffron-colour, inclining to chefnut, paleft above : tail very
fhort: legs of a deep red, like thofe of a Pigeon: claws black.
Inhabits Jéaly, chiefly about Bologna.

© This colour fhould more properly be termed rufous, as Schwencfeld, who
firft mentioned it, calls it ardea rubra.—Hifi. des Oif.

Vor. Hl. EB Le

CHESNUT E.

DeEscriprion.

Prace.

38.
RED-LEGGED

°

DescriprioNe

Prace.

Uns

38.
Var. A.

DeEscrirTION.

39+
SQUACCO H.

Descriprion.

PLACE.

Ely eR On IN.

Le Crabier roux tacheté, Brif. Ora. v. p. 471«

IKE the laft, except the neck, which is {potted with black
on the fides; and the legs yellowith inftead of red.
This is a mere variety of the laft, if not a young bird.

- Ardea comata, Pall. Trav. iii. p. 715. N° 31.
Le Crabier jaune, Brif. Ora. v. p. 472+ 37+
Le Guacco, Buf. Ov. vil. p. 392.
Crabier de Mahon, Ibid. p. 393.—P/. Enl. 348.
Seuacco, Razz Sya. p. 99+ 8.—Will. Orn. p. 381. 8.
Lev. Muf.

IZE of the dlue Heron. Bill of a livid red, with a brown tip:

lore greenifh: irides yellow: crown of the head much creft-
ed, fix of the feathers hanging quite downto the back ; thefe are
narrow, white margined with black: the neck and breaft pale
ferruginous ; the feathers on the firft very long and loofe: back
ferruginous, inclining to violet, and furnifhed with long narrow
feathers, which reach beyond the wings when clofed, and fall
over them: wings, rump, tail, belly, and vent, white; the tail
pretty long: legs ftout, of a greenifh yellow; claw of the mid-
dle toe ferrated within.

This is an elegant f{pecies, and inhabits the bays of the Ca/pian
Sea, and the flow ftreams of the fouthern Defert. It is alfo met
with in Italy, about Bologna, where it is called Sguacco, and is
faid to be a bold and courageous bird.

Le

Pty Bo Re Op Ne

Le Crabier de la Cote de Coromandel, Buf. Oi/. vii. p» 393.—P2. Ent. gto.

ENGTH twenty-one inches. The bill is yellow: between
the bill and eyes bare and grey: the head not crefted: ge-
neral colour of the plumage white: the upper part of the head,
and hind part of the neck, inclining to rufous; as are the long
feathers which hang over the breaft; there is alfo a rufous tinge
on the back and wing coverts: the legs are yellow.

Inhabits the coaft of Coromandel. It feems to be a variety of
the laft, if not differing in fex.

In the Br. Mu/. is one anfwering in moft refpects to this,
except in having a creft compofed of feveral long feathers, ftriped
dufky and white, and reaching to the middle of the neck: the
feathers of the lower part of the back are narrow and long, and
reach beyond the tail: legs brown. I judge this to be a variety
of the male of the above-defcribed.

Ardea caftanea, N. C. Petr. xv. p. 4540 Qe te 15. (Gmelin. )
Ardea ralloides, Scop. Ann. i. N° 121.

ENGTH one foot ten inches and a half. Bill near three
inches long, black, the bafe of it livid: between the bill and

eye green: irides faffron-colour: creft reaching to the middle
of the neck: throat white: fides of the head yellowifh; neck
the fame, inclining to chefnut: back: rufous-chefnut, covered
with long narrow feathers: breaft, belly, wings, rump, thighs,
and tail, white, tinged with yellow in fome parts: the inner
webs of fome of the quills have a few fpots of black, and the
L2 tips

75

39°
Var. A.

DescrieTion,

Pace.

400
CASTANEOUS
H.

Description.

76

PLace.

Ale
FERRUGINOUS
H

DescripTIONe

Place.

Hi Ea Ray OF Ne

tips of the tail feathers are alfo marked with black: legs faffron-

colour: claws black, and much bent, except the hinder one.
This bird inhabits Rufia, about the River Doz, coming thereto

from the Black Sea, and Arabia* ; but does not ftray far inland.

- It builds in trees. It feems a mere variety of the Sguacco, if not

differing in fex. Scopoli obferves, that at a certain time of the
year it emits an agreeable fmell.

Ardea ferruginea, N.C. Petr. xv. p. 456. te 16.

L ENGTH twenty-one inches and a half. Bill ftrait, tharp ;

the bafe greenifh fiefh-colour, the end brownifh; the up-
per mandible fomewhat bent at the tip: between that and the
eyes, and over them, naked and green: irides faffron-colour:
feathers of the head, neck, and back, longifh, black tipped
with ferruginous ; thofe on the crown fomewhat elongated: chin
yellowifh white: wing coverts black brown; the outer ones have
ferruginous tips; thofe neareft the body varied with rufous and
white: quills black : rump, breaft, and belly variegated with fer-
ruginous, whitifh, einereous, and brown; thighs, with rufous and
cinereous white: the wings, when clofed, reach a trifle beyond
the tail: legs green.

This fpecies is found about the river Don, in the fummer
only ; as it is migratory, coming from the Black Sea, and de-
parting to it again in autumn. Feeds on fifh and infects. Fre-
quently met with along with the laft fpecies.

© Dece Ruff. ic 164.

Ardea

Hy Fes R* Oe N:

Ardea pumila, N. C. Petr. xiv. p. 502. pl. 14. I

Ngee nineteen inches and a half. Bill three inches,

black, with yellow edges; the lower mandible yellowifh
white, with a dufky bafe: lore and irides yellow: head, hind
part of the neck, and fides, white; fometimes rufous white, with
dull chefnut margins and white tips: throat white; from ‘it a
longitudinal ftripe of the fame colour paffes down the fore part
of the neck to the breaft, which with the belly is yellowifh white:
the fcapulars, leffer wing coverts, and back, are chefnut; the
other coverts mixed white and pale yellow: the two firft quills
are afh-colour on the outer webs, the reft only at the tips, ob-
fcurely fhaded with rufous and white: rump and tail white: legs
dufky : claws blackifh.

Inhabits the borders of the Ca/pian Sea.

Br. Mu/.

IZE of the Green Heron: length to rump * one foot. Bill

two inches and a half long, and yellow: general colour of
the plumage cinnamon-colour, verging to chefnut, much paler
on the under parts: chin and vent almoft white : down the mid-
dle of the fore part of the neck ftreaked with brown: on each
fide of the throat, under the jaw, a fmall patch of white: legs
yellow.

Inhabits China.

© The tail is wanting,

77

42.
DWARF H.
DESCRIPTION:

PLACE,

43°
CINNAMON H,

Descriprion.

Pracs.

78

44
MALACCA H.

DescripTion.

PLace.

45.
+ BLUE.

DESCRIPTION.

FeMAaLeE.

HAE RON.

Le Crabier blanc et brun, Buf. Oif vil. p. 394.
de Malac, P/. Exl. 9116

ENGTH nineteen inches. Bill dufky, with the fides near
the bafe yellow : between the bill and eye, and beyond, bare
and grey: the head and neck are ftreaked brown and white; the
whole of the feathers long, narrow, and loofe: the back is brown:
wings, under parts of the body, and tail, white: legs yellow.
This came from Malacca.

Ardea caerulea, Lin. Sy/?. i. ps 238. 176
Le Crabier bleu, Bri/. Ora. v. p. 484. 42.—-Buft Oi. vii. p. 398
Black, or blue Gaulding, Raii Syz. p. 189. 3-—Sloan Fam. p. 315+ ple 263.
f. 3-—Brown Fam. p. 478-
Blue Heron, Care/o. Car. pl. 76.—Ar&. Zool. N° 3516
Lev. Muf.

I ZE rather lefs than a Crow: weight fifteen ounces: length

near eighteen inches. Bill three inches ; colour blue, yellow-
ifh beneath: irides yellow: round the eye, and between that and
the bill, bare and yellowifh : the head feathers are fomewhat creft-
ed, and thofe of the breaft elongated: the general colour of the
plumage deep blue, inclining to lead-colour: head and neck
changeable purple ;the back covered with narrow, long, filky
feathers, hanging near four inches beyond the tail: legs green.

The female has the head and neck of a dull purple: chin
white, pafling in a ftreak half-way down the neck before ; the
lower part mixed white and black in ftreaks: the head is fearcely
crefted: the back lead-coloured ; and the long filky feathers of
it, fo confpicuous in the male, wholly wanting.

Inhabite

Ey, Ey) Re ON:

Inhabits America. Found in Carolina in fpring: in winter in-
habits amaica, and other iflands of the Wef Indies. It has alfo
been met with at Ofaheite, and other iflands of the South Seas,
where it is much refpected*.

Le Crabier bleu 4 Cou brun, Buf. O7/ vii. p. 3992
Heron bleuatre de Cayenne, P/, Exl. 3496

HE leneth of this bird is nineteen inches. The bill is deep
yellow : between the bill and eye bare and reddifh : head and
neck rufous brown: at the hind head fpring two long feathers,
which reach almoft two-thirds down the neck: the reft of the
body, wings, and tail, deep blue: legs brown.
This inhabits Cayenne.

GIZE of the laft: length eighteen inches. Bill two inches and
a half; colour yellow: the bare fkin between that and the eye
the fame: the irides alfo pale yellow: the head feathers loofe,
and fomewhat elongated at the back part: general colour of the
plumage pale blue green: chin and throat white: legs yellow:
claws black. -
Inhabits Queen Charlotte's Sound, where the natives call it Ma-

100K.

* <¢ So far are the Ovaheitaus from eating all kinds of birds, that they have
** a kind of fuperftitious regard for Herons and Kingfifbers, almoft like that
‘* which is paid to the Stork, the Rebin-red-breaft, Swallow, and other harmlefs
‘© familiar birds in Exgland.”—Forf?, Ob/. p. 207.—Parkinfon talks of a grey He-
ron being facred at Ethooa, p. 70.

7 Le

79

PLACE.

456
Var. A.

DEscripTion.

Pace.

45-
Var. B.
DescriIPrion.

PLAcE.

80

Ac

T°
Var,

DescRIPTION.

PLACE.

46.
YELLOW-

CROWNED H.

DESCRIPTION.

Ei Be Re ON.

Le Crabier du Brefil, Brif. Ora. v. p. 479+ 40c

— chalybe, Buf. Oi vil. p. 404.

Ardeola brafilienfis Marcgr. Raiz Syn. p. 108. 18.

A {mall brafilian Bittern of Marcgrave, Will, Oru. p. 285.

H1S is fcarce as big as a Pigeon: length fixteen inches. The
bill two inches and a half long, dufky, the under part
white : irides, and bare fkin round the eyes, yellow: the general
colour of the plumage is black, with a polifhed fteel glofs, mixed
with a little brown on the head, and brown and yellowifh on
the back, with the addition of afh-colour on the wing coverts :
all the under parts are white, variegated with cinereous and
pale yellow feathers: the quills are greenifh, with a white fpot
near the tips: the tail the fame, but not marked with white:
legs yellow.
This inhabits Brafi/, and is a ftately fpecies, walking erect: it
is by the natives called Cocoi.

Ardea violacea, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 238. 16.
Le Crabier de Bahama, Brif. Orn. v. p. 481. 41e
gris-de-fer, Buf. Oz/. vii. p. 399:
Ardea cerulea, Raii Synz. p. 189. 2.—Sloan. Fam. p. 314. pl. 264. fige 5.
Grey-crefted Gaulding, Brown Fam. p. 478.
Crefied Bittern, Carefo. Car. i. pl. 79.— Ara. Zool. N° 3526

LENGTH fifteen inches and a half: weight half a pound.
The bill near two inches and three quarters long, and black :
irides red; the bare fkin round them green: crown of the head
yellow, ending in a creft, which elongates into four or five white
feathers, the longeft near fix inches; the reft of the head is
blue black ; on each fide is a white ftreak from the corner of the
mouth,

ISU gi ROY OPI

mouth, tending towards the hind head: the back ftreaked black
and white; and from the lower part are long narrow feathers,
which hang over the tail, as in many of the Heron genus: the
whole of the under parts, from the chin to the vent, is of a dufky
blue: the quills are blueifh brown: tail dull blue: legs yel-
low: claws dufky.

This fpecies is. found in Carolina, im the rainy feafon; but at
the Bahama Iflands they breed among the rocks, in the bufhes
on the banks: at this Iaft place they are called Crab-catchers ;
and are in fo great plenty, that one may load a boat with the
young ones ina few hours; being fo far from fhy, that they
will fcarce get out of the way of thofe who mean to take them.
They are accounted pretty good eating.

Le Crabier roux 4 téte & queue vertes, Buf. O//. vii. p» 407.
Crabier de la Louifiane, P/. Exl. 909.—<Ar&. Zool. N° 350.

ENGTH fixteen inches. Bill dufky: lore pale yellow:
top of the head of a deep green, and lengthened into a creft
at the nape: the reft of the head.and neck rufous ; the fore part
of it white, marked with long rufous fpots: the back cinereous,
with a tinge of purple, and the feathers long and narrow: the
belly rufous brown : wing coverts dull green, with fulvous edges :
quills blackifh, many of them tipped with white: tail blackith
green: legs yellow: claws black.
Inhabits Louifiana.

Vor. III. M ee

St

PLACE AND
Manners.

47.
LOUISIANE H.

DEscRIRTION,

PLAcE.

82

8

48-
STRIATED H.

DEscrIPTION.

PLACE.

49
WATTLED H.

PL. LXXVIII.

DEscRIPrion,

Prace.

Hy EP Re ON:

Ardea ftriata, Lin. Syf. i. p. 19.
Heron of Guiana, Bancr. Guian. ps 1715

‘I ZE of the common Heron. Bill ftrait, compreffed, furrowed

on the fides: head flightly crefted ; crown black: hind part

of the neck and back hoary: fore part of the neck ferruginous :
wings brown: fecondaries black at the points.

This is Bancrof?’s defcription. Linneus fays, that the back in
his bird is hoary, and ftriated ; and that the fecondaries are white
on the margins, at the tip.

Inhabits Guiana and Surinam: faid alfo to be at Afrachan* in:
March.

QIZE of the Stork: length five feet fix inches. Bill red and
carunculated for one third next the bafe; the reft of its.
length dufky black : round the eye bare and red: irides pale red :
top of the head blue grey; the reft of the head and neck white:
under the chin are two. appendages like wattles, covered with
white feathers, as the reft of the neck: the back and wings are
blue grey: on the back hang fome long narrow feathers, as.
in many other Herons: the quills are black, and about even
with the tail: breaft, belly, and under parts, black: legs dufky.
blue grey.
Inhabits “rica, but is not a common bird. One of them met
with tame, in the Company’s gardens, at the Cape of Good Hope,.
from which a drawing was taken, now in the collection of Sir

F. Banks.
* Decouv. Ruff. ii. p. 146,
Ardea

PL.UXXVIL.

Sed Hoon,

Ei ERs (On Ne

Ardea major, Lin. Sy/t. i. pe 256. 12.—Scop. dan. i. N° 117.—Kram. El.
p- 346. N° 4.—Fri/ch. t. 199-

Le Heron hupé, Brif. Ora. v. p. 396. 2. pl. 35-—Buf. Oift vii. p. 342.—
Pl. Enl. 755.

Common Heron, Razz Syn. p. 98. A. 1.—Will.. Orn. 277. pl. 49.

Crefted Heron, Adin, i. pl. 67.—Br. Zool. N° i73.—Ar&. Zool. N° 3.43.

Ardea cinerea, Liz. Sy. i. p. 256. 11.—Faun. Suee. 165.—Scop. Ann. i,
N° 117.—Brun. p. 156.—Mauller, p. 22.—Frifeh. t. 1980.

Le Heron, Brif; Ora. v. p: 392. 1. pl. 34.— Buf. Ov vii. p. 342. pl. 19.
—PI. Enl. 787.

Common Heron, /dia, iii. ple 78.—Br. Zool. N° 173. pl. 61.—— 4rd. Zool.

N° 343- :
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf-
4% HIS isa beautiful though common fpecies.

The Male weighs about three pounds and a half: length
three feet three inches. Bill fix inches long, colour dufky, be-
neath at the bafe yellowifh: round the eye greenifh, and bare of
feathers ; irides yellow: forehead and crown white; fides of it
over the eye black: all the feathers of the crown long, two in
particular being eight inches in length ; on the whole forming a
mott elegant creft *: the neck white; the fore part of it marked
with a double row of black fpots: wing coverts blueifh grey;
outer edges of the wing white: baftard wing, and greater quills,
black: middle of the back almoft bare, covered by the fcapulars,
which are grey and white, of a loofe texture, long and narrow :

* Thefe are ufed as ornaments in the Ea/, and bear a confiderable price. We

believe that this appendage is found only in males of afull age, or perhaps very
old birds.

M 2 the

83

50.
+-COMMON EH,
Mate.

FEMALE.

DescrirTion,

FEMALE.

PraceE anp
Manners.

He oReOuaN:

' the feathers of the lower part of the neck before are alfo of the

fame texture, and hang loofe over the breaft: on each fide, under
the wing, a bed of black feathers: breaft and under parts white:
lees dirty green: inner edge of the middle claw ferrated.

The Female has little or no creft: the head grey: feathers
over the breaft fhort: fcapulars of not fo loofe a texture as in
the Male; but in other things much refembles that fex.

This fpecies is very common in thefe kingdoms; and frequently
found, except in breeding-time, difperfed throughout the marfhy
places, and edges of ftreams, where it may be feen motionlefs
for hours together, waiting the pafling of a f/b*, which it may
fnap up for food; in this interval the head is crouched between
the fhoulders, and the body frequently refting on one leg. ‘Befides
Fife, it will eat frogs, and at times feed on vegetables. In flying
it draws in the head between the fhoulders, the legs hanging
down. In breeding-time unite together in large focieties, and
build in the higheft trees}; making a neft of fticks, lined with a
few rufhes and wool, or feathers. The eggs are pale greenifh
blue, four or five in number. It may be brought up tame, if
taken young, but when old birds are captured, they fhortly pine
away, and will refufe nourifhment. Sometimes make the neft
in high cliffs over the fea.

Hleron-hawking was formerly a favourite diverfion, and a pe-

* They are great deftroyers of ff. We remember to have feen a ff of ten
inches long, taken out of the ftomach of one. Others are mentioned to have
Seventeen Carps at once found within them; and a tame one has been known
to eat fifty {mall Roaches and Dace, one cay with another.—Gzezt. Recreate
Svo. p. 32.

+ So many as eignty in one tree.—-Br. Zool.

8 nalty

Heer, RO) N;

nalty of twenty frillings incurred on taking zhe eggs; but now out
of efteem, as isin a great meafure their flefh, though rated at a
great price in former times, equal to that of a Peacock*.

There is fcarce a place, either in the old world or in the new,
where this bird has not been met with: witnefs the relations of
numberlefs voyagers; yet few talk of its migrations. Indeed
M. Ekmarck+ mentions the difappearing of the whole of the
Heron tribe from Sweden, in autumn: and this fpecies is faid
only to be feen in New York from May till Offoder f.

Ardea Herodias, Liz. Sy/f. i. p. 237. 15.—Scop. Anz. i, N° 118. -

Le Heron hupé de Virginie, Brif. Oru. v. p. 416+ 10+

Le grand Heron d’Amerique, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 385.

Largeft crefted Heron, Care/o. Car. App. pl. 10. fig. 1.—Ard. Zool. N° 341.

HIS is a very large fpecies: length more than five feet. Bulk
full eight inches long; colour of it brown, inclining to yellow

on the fides: the head is crefted; fome of the feathers which -

compofe it are five inches in length: between the bill and eye
bare, of a pale yellow: the neck and breaft are rufous; the fore
part of them fpotted with brown: all the upper parts of the
body, belly, tail, and legs, brown: quills black §.

* « At PRINCIPAL Feafts.—Item, it is thought in likewyze that Hearon-
sewys be bought for my Lordes own mees; fo that they be at xii4 a pece.”—
We likewife here fee the value, by the comparifon : a Goof felling for 34. or 44.
at molt: Partridges 2d. apiece: Woodcocks 1 d. or 13d. : Snipes three for a penny :
alfo that the Herons, Bytters, Pacocks, Fefaunts, and Curleavs, were all of equal
value.—WNorth Houf: Book, p. 104..

+ Amen, Acad. iv. p. 588. Tt Ara. Zool.

§ Scopoli fays, that the tail is black, and the vent rufous. Perhaps his bird is a
flight variety ?—Linvzaeus adds, that the thighs are rafous.

Enhabits

ce
wn

gt.
GREAT H.

Description,

86

PLACE.

52.
+ RED-SHOUL-
DERED H.

DESCRIPTION.

Pack.

Eee rer Ory Ne

Inhabits Virginia, frequenting the teas and rivers: feeds on
lizards, frogs, and ji/.

Ardea Hudfonias, Linz. Syf. i. p. 258.18.
Le Heron dela Baye de Hudfon, Brif, Orn. v. p. 407. 7.—Buf. Oi. Vii.
p- 386.
Afh-coloured Heron from North America, Edw. pl. 135.—<Ar& Zoole
N° 342.
Lev. Muf

‘HIS is alfo a large fpecies, though Jefs than the laft: length
three feet three inches. Bull five inches and a half long;

the upper mandible black; the under orange: the crown of the

head black, and crefted; the longeft feathers four inches in
length: between the bill and eye naked, of a greemifh yellow:
fides and under part of the head white: neck covered with
long flender feathers, marked with dufky bars on the hind part,
and before-with broad white dafhes down the middle of each
feather: the back-and. upper part of the body cinereous brown:
wing coverts paleft: inner edge of the wing reddifh: breaft
white, marked with long fpots of black: thighs reddifh brown:
belly and vent white: legs dufky: middle claw pectinated; hind
claw very long.

Inhabits North America, from New York to Hudfon’s Bay, fre-
quenting the inland lakes of the laft place in fummer. By fome
fuppofed to be the female of the laft*.

* Ard. Loole

Rufty-

HER ON,

Rofty-crowned Heron, 47. Zool. N° 358.
Lev. Muf.

IZE of the common Bittern. Head fmooth, flightly crefted:
bill feven inches long, flender, yellow: irides the fame: fore-
head dufky: throat white: creft and back part of the neck deep
ferruginous; on the fore part four ftreaks of black: feathers of
the breaft long and loofe: a dark line paffes from the breaft up-
wards to the back of the neck: back and wing coverts deep fer-
ruginous, marked with a few black fpots: quills dufky: tail
fhort, lead-coloured : belly and breaft dirty white, ftriped with
black : legs dirty yellow.
Inhabits North America.

Afh-coloured Heron, 4r&. Zool. N° 353-

ENGTH two feet one inch. Bill ftrong, black: cheeks
and chin whitifh: neck pale cinereous brown, ftreaked be-
fore with white: back, wings, and tail, cinereous, clouded round
each feather with dufky: feathers on the fides of the back long
and broad, hanging over the ends of the wings: belly white:
legs yellowifh.
Inhabits New York: arrives in\May; breeds, and leaves the

country in Odfober.

Streaked Heron, Ara. Zool. N°.354.
Lev. Muf.

ENGTH feventeen inches. - Bill two inches: crown dufky :

cheeks and hind part of the neck rufty and black: chin,
6 throat,,

87

53+
RUSTY-
CROWNED H,

Description,

PLACE.

54s
ASH-COLOUR-
ED H.

DEscriIPTion.

PLace.

B50
STREAKED E,

DEscRip TION,

of
[ve]

56.
REDDISH
EGRET.

DESCRIPTION.

Pace.

57:
DEMI EGRET.

DESCRIPTION.

H, E R ON.

throat, and fore part of the neck, white; the laft’ ftreaked with
black : wing coverts ftreaked black and pale buff-colour : outer
edge of the wing white: quills dufky: legs greenith.

Another of thefe, fuppofed to differ in fex, has a white line on
each jaw: fcapulars and greater wing coverts dufky, fpotted
with white at the ends.

Inhabits North America.

L’Aigrette roufle, Buf. Oi, vite p. 378.—Pl/. Enl. 902.—Ar&. Zobl.
N° 348.

ENGTH two feet. Bill yellowith, with a dufky point:
lore and reund the eye green: the head and neck are co-
vered with loofe long feathers of a rufty rufous colour: the long
narrow feathers of the back of the fame colour: the reft of the
body blackifh grey: legs black.
Inhabits Louifiana.

La Demi-Aigrette, Buf. O7/. vii. p. 378.
Heron bleuatre 4 ventre blanc de Cayenne, P/. En/. 350.

ENGTH fearcely two feet. Bill dufky yellow; between
that and the eye bare, and of the fame colour: the head and
neck, as far as the breaft, and the upper parts, wings, and tail,
are deep blue black: the under parts of the body, and thighs,
white: the legs yellowifh: at the hind head hang two long fea-
thers, of the fame colour with the head: and on the lower part of
the back are a few long narrow rufous feathers, which fall over

the tail, which is very fhort.
Inhabits

fi EB RY OO ON.

Inhabits Cayenne. I met with one of thefe in a collection
from that part: it was two feet in length: bill yellow; tip
black : creft long, and white: head and neck inclining to violet :
chin and throat mottled with rufous white: long feathers over
the rump grey: legs brown: in other things it anfwered to the
above defcription.

La grande Aigrette, Buf. Oi. vii. p. 377.—Pl. Enl. 925.—Ard. Zool.
Noe 346.
Guiratinga, Rai Syx. p. 101. 17?——Will. Orn. p. 285?

HIS is double the fize of the European Egret, and the head

is not crefted as in that fpecies. The bill is of a dirty yel~
low; with the top and end dufky: the whole plumage white :
the narrow feathers which {pring from the back are much longer
in this bird, and fuller, fo as to hang beyond the tail: the legs
are black.

This is found at Cayenne, Guiana, and other parts of South
America; alfo at St. Domingo and Louifiane: at the firft-named
_ place is frequent, among the #lets in the wet /avannas ; not on the
borders of /a/t-water rivers, nor the fea; but only near ftagnant
waters or rivers, where it can fhelter itfelf among the reeds. They
do not collect in flocks, and are very fhy, though not uncom-
mon. Bougainville* alfo met with Egrets in. Falkland Iflands,
and took them at firft for common Herons. Towards night they
made a harfh barking noife, not unlike that of the wo/f which
frequents thofe parts.

* Voy. p: 67.—It is moft likely to prove this, rather than the following, from
the fize.

Vor. III. N : Ardea

89

PLacz.

58.
GREAT EGRET.

DEscRIPTION.

PLace AND
Manners.

99

59

LITTLE
EGRET.

DESCRIPTION.»

Peace anp
Manners.

HE PROT IN:

Ardea Garzetta, Lin. Sy/?, i. p. 237. 13.—Kram. El. p. 346. 36
L’Aigrette, Brif, Ora. v. p» 431. 16.—Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 372. pl. 20.—Ple
Eni. go. ;
Ardea alba minor, feu Garzetta, Raii Syn. p. 99. 5.—Will. Orn. p. 280.
Egret, Br. Zool. App. pl. 7.—Ar&. Zool. N° 347.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

GIZE of a Fow/: length near a foot: weight one pound. Bill

black: irides pale yellow: the hind head crefted; two of
the feathers are five inches in length, and narrow, hanging down
behind in an elegant manner: between the bill and eye bare and
green: the whole plumage is of a pure white: there are alfo on
the back a fet of long loofe feathers, which cover and hang over
the rump: the legs are greenifh black: claws black,

This fpecies is almoft a general inhabitant, being found in all
the moderate and warm parts of the globe. Once in plenty in
thefe realms*, now extinét: at leaft one being fhot in Apgle-
Jea has been thought a rarity +}. In many parts of Europe and
Afia not uncommon. Found in Africa, Mes of Madaga/car and
Bourbon; alfo in great plenty in Siamf. On the American
continent are met with at New York and Long Ifland, fome of
the Weft India Ilands, and Cayenne §.

* No lefs than one thoufand were in the lift of the famous feaft of Archbifhop
Nevil.—Leland Lt.

+ Br. Zool. Apps p. 631.

t Seem to be the Crie] Herons mentioned by P. Yachard, which he fays {warm
in the trees, fo as to be taken for bloffoms at a diftance; the white mingled
with the green rendering it a pleafing fight.—Harris Coll. Voy. vol. ii p. [468].

§ Mem. fur Cay. ii. p. 257.—The author obferves, that the Egret i> flate-co-
loured for the firft year; grey, frotted with white, the fecond; and pure white
as {now the third, which it retains ever fter.

This

mo» RO Ne

This fpecies, like others of the Heron tribe, frequents marfhes

and banks of ftreams, and feeds on fd.

Ardea alba, Lin. Syf. i. p. 239. 24.—Faune Suece 166.—Scop. Ann. is
N° 126.—Kram. El, p. 346, 2.

Le Heron blanc, Brif. Orn. v. p. 428. 15.—Buf. Ov. vil. p. 365.— Pl.
Exi. 886.

Great white Gaulding, Sloan Fam. p. 314. pl. 266.—Brows Fam. p. 478.
—Raii Syn. p. 189. 3+

Great white Heron, Raii Syz. p. 99. A. 4.—Will. Orn. p. 279. pl. 49-—
Br. Zool. ii. N°-175.— Ara. Zool. N° 344.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

HIS fpecies meafures three feet fix inches in length, and is

of a fize proportionate. The bill is above fix inches long,
and yellow: irides pale yellow: the plumage wholly of a pure
white: legs black, inclining to green on the thighs.

This bird is very rarely found in Exgland*; but is fufficiently
common on the continent of Europe. Not very plenty in Sweden.
Found about the Ca/pian and Black Seas, the lakes of Great Tar-
tary, and the river Jrti/cb, and fometimes as high as lat. 53 +.
Alfo met with in the fouthern parts of America. Migrates north-
ward in fpring. Found at New York from Fune to Oéfoder ; at
other times found in Famaica t and Brafil§: found alfo by our
circumnavigators at New Zealand ||.

* One of them was fhot not many years ago in Cumberlanad.—Dr. Hey/ham.

+ Ar. Zool. é

{ Where it haunts fea mar/bes, falt ponds, &c. and feeds on fmall fifhes and
fith fry.—S/oane.

§ L’Heron blanc du Brefil, Brif. Orn. ve p» 434-—This is not fo long by fix
inches.

|] In Dufey Bay. Cooks Voy. i. p. 87.—— Forff, Voy. is p. 177%

N 2 Le

gt

Gos
+ GREAT
WHITE H.

DEScRIPTIONe

PLacE anp
Manwners.

§2

60.

Var. A.
BLACK CREST-
ED WHITE H.

DeEscriPrion.

PLAcE.

61.
SNOWY H.

DeEscRIPTION,

FEMALE.

PLACE.

62.
SACRED H.

DEscRIPTION.

Ei Ea RiOeN,.

Le Heron blanc a calotte noire, Buf. Oi/. vii. Pe 380.
hupé de Cayenne, P/. Enl. 907.

HIS meafures two feet in length; and the plumage is to-
tally white, except a patch of black on the top of the. head;
the hind part of which has a pendent creft, compofed of fix long
narrow feathers.
It is faid to frequent the rivers of Guiana, and is a rare f{pecies.

Ardea nivea, N. C. Petr. xv. p. 458. te 17.

HE length exceeds two feet. Bill ftout, ftrait, three inches
and a half long, and black: fkin round the eyes of a yel-
lowifh blue: plumage in general white: the head is fmooth, but
on the neck are fome feathers ftanding out; and thofe of the
lower part hanging over the breaft: back terminated with very
long narrow feathers of a yellowifh white: legs black: toes
faffron-colour: claws black.
The female is lefs, and the neck and back feathers fhorter.
This is found about the river Doz in fpring, coming from the
Black Sea*; and returns again to the fouth in autumn. It builds
the neft in high trees. I have feen a fpecimen of this bird

which came from China.

IZE of the little Egrer? length two feet three inches. Gene-
ral colour of the plumage white: bill four inches long, dufky
brown: on the middle of the crown a few obfcure dufky ftreaks

* Probably alfo from Egypt, Arabia; or Greece—Dec, Ruff i. p. 1646
down

HE RIO! N,

down the fthafts of fome of the feathers: feveral of thofe of
the back, wing, and tail coverts, marked im the fame manner:
fcapulars dafhed with black: greater quills more or lefs dufky
at the tips: the tail feathers marked with dufky down the fhafts,
from the tip, an inch and a half upwards; except the outer fea-
ther, which ts plain: legs yellow.

Inhabits Ofabeite, and the neighbouring ifles, where it is held
facred. :
In the collection of Sir Fofeph Banks.

ITH the above iis one not far different. The crown of a

plain white: fcapulars fome white, fome black; on the
fore part of the neck fome loofe long feathers, black and white
mixed, hanging over the breaft ; and fome others of the fame loofe
texture, and mixed colours, falling on the tail: the wing coverts
have likewife fome black feathers intermixed: the quills plain
white ; and the tail the fame, except one feather wholly black:
legs black.

Ardea Aquinottialis, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 240. 25.

Le Heron blanc de la Caroline, Bri/: Orz. v. p. 435. 18

Le Crabier blanc a bec rouge, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 401.

Little White Heron, Carefo. Car. i. pl. 77.— Ar. Zool. N° 345.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

HS meafures eighteen inches in length. The bill is two
inches and three quarters long, and red; as is the bare
fpace between the bill and eye: irides yellow: the plumage

univerfally white: legs green.
inhabits.

93

PLAceE.

6z.
Var. A.

DEsCRIPTIONe

63.
+ LITTLE
WHITE H.

DEScRIPTION,

ean

Puacek axp
Manners.

Bo
Var. A.

DEscriPTion.

PLace.

63.
Var. B,

DeEscRIPTION.

PLace.

64.
BLACK H.

DEscRIPTION.

Ea ER Ola Ne.

Tnhabits Careliza in {pring, and is believed to breed there.
Not feen in winter. Is common at New York, and I have alfo
received it from Famaica; but at-both thefe places the bill is
black, though in my fpecimen the lore was of a brownifh or
faded red colour. I obferve alfo that in fome fpecimens feveral
of the fecondaries have the ends brown.

Le petit Heron blanc, Bri/ Orn. v. p. 438. 20.
La Garzette blanche, Buf. O//. vii- p. 371.
Third fmall white Heron of Aldrovand, Will. Orz. p, 280.—Raii Syn.

P- 99- 6.

N this the bill is fmall, thick, and yellow: lore and irides the

fame: the top of the head and neck nearly of a faffron-colour;
breaft the fame, but paler: the reft of the plumage white: legs
faffron-colour.

Found at Bologna, in Italy.

Le Heron blanc du Mexique, Brif. Orn. v. p. 437+ 19-—Buf. O7/. vii. p. 406-
Ardea Mexic. minim. candidiff. Raii Syn. p. 102. 22.

IZE of a Pigeon, Bill and legs purple: lore yellow: the
whole plumage pure white.
Inhabits Mexico, where the natives call it Hoztzilaztatl.

Le Heron noir, Brif, Orn. Vv. pe 439+ 21.—-Buf. Os. vii. p. 368.

IZE of the common Heron. Bill black: general colour of the
plumage the fame, with a glofs of blue on the wings: the

fpace between the bill and eyes covered with a bare black fkin :
the

Ei aR On N,

the legs are black: the middle and outer toe connected at the
bafe by a membrane.
Inhabits Silefa.

Ardea purpurea, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 236. 10.
Le Heron pourpré hupé, Brif, Orn. v. p. 424. pl. 36. fig. 2.
Le Heron pourpré, Buf. Oif. vii. p. 369.—P/. Exl. 788

RATHER lefs than the common Heron:-length two feet ten
inches and a half. Bill fix inches, brown, with a dufky
point; beneath yellowifh: the top of the head is crefted with
narrow pointed black feathers, fome of them near five inches in
length: round the eyes bare and yellowifh: from the gape to the
hind head a narrow ftreak of black: chin white: the neck for
half the length is rufous, marked with three longitudinal black
lines, the reft-of the neck cinereous olive behind, rufous on the
fides, and rufous white before, where each feather is dafhed
with black, and is long and narrow, hanging over the breaft ; the
loweft of thefe are white at the ends: the upper parts of the body
are glofly olive: fome of the fcapulars long and narrow, ending in
a point, with rufous tips: the under parts are of a bright purplifh
chefnut, with a band of black from the middle of the breaft to
the vent: under tail coverts white, mixed with rufous, and
tipped with black : thighs rufous: edge of the wing the fame:
wing coverts bright dark olive, fome of them edged with rufous ;
the greater ones fartheft from the body dark afh-colour: quills

dark: tail cinereous olive: legs greenifh: claws dufky.
Inhabits the fouthern latitudes, towards and about the Ca/pian
and Black Seas; as alfo the lakes of Great Tartary, and the
6 river

95

Pace.

65.
CRESTED

* PURPLE H.

DEscRIPTION.

PLacE.

96

66.
PURPLE H.

Description.

PLACE.

67.
MEXICAN H.

DEscRIPTION.

Place.

68.
CRACRA H.

DescrIPTION.

Pet dd AR Os INE

river Irtifch; but not farther eaft in Sibiria; nor ever ventures
beyond 50 degrees north latitude *.

Le Heron pourpré, Bri/. Ora. v. p. 420. 12.— Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 360»

IZE of the common Heron, but has a longer-head and bill;

the upper mandible yellowifh green; the under yellowifh:
fpace between the bill and eye bare and yellowifh: the crown is
blackifh afh-colour: neck the fame, marked behind with fmall
blackifh lines ; the fore part fpotted with dull yellow: the upper
part of the body and wings purplifh chefnut: belly, fides, and
thighs, afh-colour, paleft near the vent: greater wing coverts
fartheft from the body blackifh brown: quills much the fame:
legs brown: outer and middle toe joined at the bafe.

Inhabits the banks of the Danube.

Le Heron pourpré du Mexique, Brif. Orn. v. p. 422. 136
Le Crabier pourpré, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 402.
Ardea Mexicana, feu Avis Xoxouquihoattli, Seba, i. pl. 64. fig. 2.
IZE of a Crow: length twelve inches. Crown of the head
black; the reft of it pale chefnut: general colour of the
bird purplifh chefnut, paleft beneath: quills and tail chefnut.
Inhabits Mexzco. ;

Le Crabier d’Amerique, Brif. Ora. v. p. 477+ 39+
Le Cracra, Buf. O7/. vil. p. 403-

\IZE ofa large Fow/. Bill black; beneath yellowifh brown:
irides of a golden yellow: the bare fkin round the eye pale

* Mr. Pennant
yellow:

_

HE R ON.

yellow: crown of the head blueifh afh-colour: the nape and hind
part of the neck brown, mixed with fillemot: the back and rump,
like the crown, mixed with dull green and rufous: the under
parts are white, fpotted with fillemot as far as the breaft; from
thence to the vent afh-colour: the leffer wing coverts are dull
green, with rufous edges; the greater and quills black, edged
with white: the tail ereenifh black: legs yellow: claws black.
This fpecies is found in Céi, and other parts of America, on

the banks of rivers at a diftance from the fea. It is called by

fome Cra-cra, from its cry, which it exhibits in its flight. ‘The
natives call it Faboutra. It is met with alfo at Martinico.

Heron de Ja Céte de Coromandel, P/. Ex/. 906.
Le Heron violet, Buf. Oi. vii. p. 370.

4 HIS is thirty-three inches in length. The bill is dufky
brown: the top of the head, the lower part of the neck, the
body, wings, and tail, of a blueifh black, eloffed with violet; the
reft of the head and neck white: the vent and under tail coverts
the fame: legs reddifh brown.
Inhabits the Coromandel coatt.

Le Héron Agami, Buf, Oz/. vii. p. 382.—P?. Eul. 859.

ENGTH thirty-one inches. Bill long, dufky: the crown

of the head blue black: the nape a light blue; from this
hang fix or eight long narrow feathers, the largeft almoft the
whole length of the neck: back, wings, and tail, deep blue: the
neck and under parts of the body rufous; but the lower half of
Vor. III. .@) the

97

Piace.

69.
VIOLET H.

Description.

PLaceE,

70:
AGAMI H.

DescripTIoON,

98

PLace.

70.
COCO! H.

DescRIPTION.

H ERO: N.

the neck and the fides of it are covered with loofe blue feathers,
hanging longer and loofe on the breaft: from the lower part of
the back are-long flender feathers, which hang loofe, and reach the
end of the tail: on the fides of the head, and juft above the eye,
the parts are white, paffing a little way in a line on each fide of
the neck: legs yellow.

This is a moft beautiful fpecies, and inhabits Cayenne. One of
thefe, which I fuppofe to be a female, is in the collection of
Colonel Davies. The bill is five inches and three quarters long,
and blackifh; the bafe of the under mandible pale: the crown,
creft, and hind part of the neck, blueifh afh-colour: chin white:
fides of the neck, as far as the middle, fine rufous; down the
middle of this a beautiful white and rufous line, bounded on
each fide with black: the breaft covered with long, loofe, black-
ifh feathers: thofe on the back part of the neck black, but
ftreaked down the middle of the fhaft with white: the upper
parts of the body, wings, and tail, fine green, like that of a
Duck’s head, and gloffy; the under parts deep rufous: quills
black: tail brown. I have never feen the male; but by Buffon’s
defcription it muft be ftill more beautiful than the female, and is
certainly the moft elegant of the genus.

Ardea Cocoi, Lin. Sy/t. 1. p. 237 14+

Le Heron hupé de Cayenne, Bri/. Oru. v. p. 400. 3.
Le Soco, Buf. Os/. vii. p. 379-

Cocoi, Raii Syz. p. 100. 15.—Will. Orn. p. 284. pl. §1-
Blue Heron, 4/diz. ili. pl. 79?

HIS is a large fpecies, in length above three feet. The bill

of a greenifh yellow: irides of a gold-colour: top of the
head

H. EF oR: ON.

head cinereous; the fides of the upper part black; the feathers
of the hind head are cinereous, very long and narrow, forming a
handfome creft, being about five inches and a half in length * :
between the bill and eye bare and cinereous: cheeks, throat, and
neck, white; the fore part of the laft marked with a double row
of longifh dufky fpots ; the feathers of the lower part very long,
and hang over the breaft: the reft of the bird fine pale afh-co-
lour: on the back the feathers are long and narrow, and hang
down behind, like many of this genus: the legs are afh-colour.

Inhabits Brafil and Cayenne. Said to be pretty good eating in
the rainy feafon, at which time it is fat.

Ardea rufa, Scop. Ann. i. N° 119.—Kram. El. p. 347. N° 6.

ESS than the common Heron. Bill feven inches long: from
the eye to the nape on each fide a black ftreak : head, neck,
belly, quills, and tail, black: breaft rufous: temples and thighs
ferruginous: lower part of the neck whitifh, marked with longi-
tudinal brownifh fpots: the upper part of the neck, the back,
and wings, cinereous brown: legs brown.

Inhabits the Aufrian dominions.

IZE fmall. Builllong, pale yellow: upper part of the plu-

mage brown, dafhed with a paler brown; under parts the
fame, but more dilute: quills and tail black: legs green.

Inhabits China, and called Soy-ie. The defcription taken from
a collection of Chinefe drawings.

* Only two of the feathers are of this lengthe—Willughby.
O2 SIZE

99

PLack.

72.
RUFOUS H.

DescRIPTION.

PLACE.

73:
CHINESE H.

DescripPrion.

Place.

100

fh
JOHANNA H.

Description.

Place.

75°
DRY H.

DescriPTioN.

Mate.

FEMALE.

Place.

By E RON.

IZE not mentioned. Bill yellowifh: between that and the

eye bare, and of a yellowifh green: on the crown a fhore
pendant black creft: plumage on the upper parts grey, the un-
der white: the feathers on the fore part of the neck long and
loofe, marked with longitudinal black fpots: quills all black : legs
brownifh: infide of the middle toe ferrated.

Inhabits the ifland of Fohanna. Taken from fome Chinese
drawings formerly in the poffeflion of the late Dr. Fothergill.

Le Heron hupé du Mexique, Brif. Oru. v. p. 418. 116

L’Hotti, Buf. Oi/ vii. p. 382.

Hoaétli, or Dry Bird, Raii Syx. p. 179. 8.—Will. Ora. p. 389. (the male.)
Hoatton, Will. Orn. p. 391» (the female.)

ENGTH two feet three inches. Bill five inches; black, the
fides of it yellow: irides yellow: eyelids red: the head

crefted and black: forehead from eye to eye white: between the
bill and eye bare and yellowifh: the upper parts of the neck and
body are greenifh black: wing coverts greenifh afh-colour: alt
the under parts of the body white: the quills and tail afh-co-
loured: legs yellow. 5

The female has the upper parts brown, mixed with white: the
under white, varied with brown: otherwife like the male.

Inhabits the lakes of Mexico, and breeds among the reeds :
it bites hard, and has a loud flat voice. The Spaniards call this
bird Martinete Pefcador*, but this muft be from its catching fifh,
for it cannot otherwife be called a Kingfifher.

® Kingsfifher.

FE R ON.

Le Heron cendré du Mexique, Brif. Ori. Vo Ps 504. 5.

Hohou, Buf. Oif. vii p. 384.

Xoxoukqui Hoaétli, Hoafton, feu ardea cinerea minor mexicana criftatas
Raii Syn. p. 102. 21.

ENGT H two feet three inches. Bill feven inches, black :
the fore part of the head is variegated with white and black,
the reft of the head purple; at the back part a creft of the fame
colour: the general colour of the bird cinereous: edges of the
wings white: wing coverts blue and afh-colour, mixed: the fe-
cond quills nearly of equal length with the prime ones: legs
variegated with brown, black, and yellowifh.
Inhabits the wet places of Mexico, but is {carce, being only
feen at intervals.
Buffon gives it the name Houhou, from its fuppofed cry being
like that word *.

Le Bec ouvert, Buf, Oif vii. p. 409.— Pi. Enl. 932.

HIS is a fingular fpecies, and mieafures in length fourteen

inches and a half. The bill is as long as in the Here tribe,
very thick and ftout at the bafe, for about one fourth of its length,
it then becomes flender, and finifhes in a point; the under man-
dible is lefs ftout, and gradually leffens to the end, but is curved
inward the whole length, fo that the mandibles only touch at the
bafes and tips, ftanding hollow from each other in the middle;
the colour of both is yellow, but towards the head dufky: the

“The fame name is alfo given by BuffoztoaCuchow. See Zgyptian Cuckow,
vol. i. p. 522. N° 16. of this work. -

{pace

LOL

> Genet
HOUHOU H.

DEscriIPTioN,

Place.

77:
PONDICHERRY
H,

DescRIPTION,

PLace.

78.
COROMANDEL
H.

DescRIPTION,

PLACE.

79-
SCOLOPACE-
OUS H.
DESCRIPTION.

ENS Ey Rye OriNe

ipace between the bill and eye, and round the laft, is quite co-
vered with feathers: the general colour of the bird is a dirty,
cinereous grey; but the quills are black, and greatly exceed the
tail in length: the legs are yellowifh, and teffellated their whole
length, as is the bare part of the thighs: the claws are fmall and
black, the middle claw not ferrated.

Inhabits Pondicherry, and other parts of the Eaft Indies.

Le Bec-ouvert des Indes, Son. Voy. Ind. vol. ii. p. 219 pl. 219-

IFFERS from the laft, in that the edge of the upper man-
dible is ferrated from the middle to the end, the toes united
at the bafe to the firft joint, and the wings reach only to the
tail: the head, rump, belly, and wing coverts, are white; thofe
of the head are fhort, narrow, and erect: the back, quills, and
tail, black : from the bafe of the bill to the eye, bare and black ;
this black bare fpace alfo extends round the throat; the bill is
rufous yellow: irides red: legs rufous yellow.
Found on the coatt of Coromandel, in September, Oéfober, and
November. Frequents, like the Heron, the borders of rivers and
ponds, for the fake of fifth and reptiles, which are its food.

Le Courlan, ou Courliri, Buf. Of vii. p. 442.—Pé, Enl. 848.

HIS is a large bird, almoft equalling an Heron in fize: the
length twenty-five inches. Bill four inches long, reddifh>
with a blueifh point; it is rather ftout at the bafe, and nearly
ftrait, but inclines downward towards the tip: on the upper
mandible is a long furrow two thirds of the length of the bill, °
in which the noftrils are placed, thefe feem to be a flit only:
round

WE R01 N. 103

round the eye bare * of feathers, and of a reddifh brown colour :
the plumage in general is brown, gloffed with a reddifh copper-
colour on the quills and tail: moft of the feathers of the upper
part have the edges paler than the reft of the feathers ; and thofe
of the neck and breaft are ftreaked with white down the fhaft :
the chin white: the naked parts of the thighs and legs are white:
the toes are not joined by a membrane at the bafe, but the mid-
dle claw is pectinated on the inner margin, where it rifes into an
edge.

This inhabits Cayenne, and is a doubtful fpecies, hanging be- Phace.
tween the Heron and Curlew, but feems moft allied to the

former.

© Not clear, it feems to be fo in the P/. Ex/.

GENUS

Grewvus LXVI. IBIS.

N* 1. Wood Ibis. N° 11. Black I.

z. Scarlet J. 12. Bay I.

3. Cayenne I. Var. A.

4. Mexican I. 13. Green I.

5. Black-faced I. 14. Gloffy I.

6. White-necked I. 15. White-headed I,
7 Grey I. 16. Bald I.

8. Brown I. 17. Manilla I.

9. White I. 18. Leffer I.
10. Egyptian I. 19. Crefted I.

ILL long, thick at the bafe, incurvated.
Face, and fometimes the whole head, naked.
Noftrils linear.
Tongue fhort.
Toes connected at the bafe by a membrane,

ra Fantalus loculator, Lin. Syf. i. p. 240. 1.
WOOD I. Le grand Courli d’Amerique, Brif. Orn. v. p. 335. 8-
Couricaca, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 276.—P/. Enl. 868.—Raii Syn. p. 103. 4o—
Will. Orn. p. 295 pl. 54.—Damp. Voy. iii. pl. in p. 96. fig. 2.
Wood Pelican, Catefo. Car. i. pl. 81.—Ar&. Zool. N° 360.

Description: IZE of a Goofe: length three feet. The bill is ftout, nine
inches in length, and bends downwards towards the tip; the

colour of it yellowifh brown: irides pale rufous: the fore part
8 of

Te Baal Ss.

of the head, and round the eyes, covered with a blue fkin: from
the head to the middle of the neck the fkin is alfo bare of fea-
thers, but rough and warty, and of a brown or blackifh colour:
beneath the jaw is a pouch holding at leaft half a pint: the
whole plumage of the bird is white, except the quills and tail,
which are black: the bare part of the thighs is four inches, the
legs above a foot long, the colour of both dufky: between the
toes a membrane.

The male and female are much alike.

Birds of this fpecies are found in Carolina, and in various parts
of South America, where they frequent the open favannas, which
are under water during the fummer; but retire from the firft in
November. They often fic on the tall Cypre/s-trees in numbers
together, refting their ponderous bills on their breafts: are
ftupid birds, and eafily fhot when once met with. They feed on
fifh and reptiles, but are accounted pretty good eating. Are
known at Brafil by the name of Curicaca, and are called by the
Portuguefe, Mafarino.

In the Mufeum of the late Dr. W. Hunter is a fine fpecimen,
which came from Cayenne. The bird referred to in Dampier was
met with at Sharks Bay, New Holland.

Vou. III. 12 Tantalus

10§

Place ane
Manners.

106

Zhe
4+ SCARLET I.

DEscripTion.

Femate.

PLACE AND
Manners.

PB) aos

Tantalus ruber, Liz. Sy/t. i. p. 241. N° 5.—Scop. Ann. i. N° 130.

Le Courly rouge du Brefil, Brif, Orz.v. p. 344.12. pl. 29. fig. 1. 2-
—Buf. Of. viil. p. 35.-—Pl. Enl. p. 81. (the old bird.)—P/. Enl. 80.
(one of the fecond year.)

Guara, Raii Syn. p. 104. 6.—Pernett. Voy. i. p. 183.

or Indian Curlew, Will. Orn. p. 296. pl. 54.—Sloan. Fam. p. 317°
Ne 8.—Harr. Call. Voy. i. p. 728.

Red Curlew, Care/o. Car. i. pl. 84.—Bancr. Guian. p. 172.

Scarlet Ibis, 4rd. Zool. N° 361.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

ENGTH twenty-one inches. Bill between fix and feven
inches long, and of a pale red: eyes black: the bafe of
the bill paffes a little way back on the forehead: the fides of
the head, quite beyond the eyes, are bare, and of a pale red:
the whole plumage is of a glowing fcarlet, except four of the
outer prime quills, which are of a gloffy blue black at the ends:
the fhafts of the quills and tail are white: legs pale red.
The female differs in the colours being fomewhat lefs lively.
This beautiful fpecies is met with in moft parts of America
within the tropics ; alfo pretty common in Eaf Florida, and afew
are feen in the fouth of Carolina ; in fome of the Weft India illands
in great plenty, efpecially the Bahamas. It generally frequents
the borders of the fea, and fides of the neighbouring rivers, and
lives on fimall fry of fifh, and infects, which it picks up when
the fea retires from the fhore. Thefe birds frequently perch on
the trees in great numbers, but lay their eggs on the ground *s
on a bed of leaves ; the eggs are of a greenifh colour : the young,

© Pernetty fays that the female lays her eggs on the honfe-tops, and the holes
of walls. —/ay. i. p. 183.

7 when

We Bel Ss

when hatched, are d/ack, in a little time after grey, but are nearly
white before they are able to fy; from this they change to red
by degrees }, but it is not till the third year that the red colour
is complete, and in many birds even at that time many of the
neck feathers are found mixed with brown. It is moftly feen in
numbers together, and the young birds and old ones keep in fe-
parate flocks: is frequently domefticated, in the parts where it
naturally inhabits, and I have alfo known it brought to England
for the fame purpofe. I have one now by me, which lived for
fome time among the poultry ; but it grew fickly, loft all the
brilliancy of plumage, and before it died faded to a dull rofe-
colour. By fome it is efteemed for food.

Le Courlis des Bois, Buf. Oif. viii. p, 42.
verd de Cayenne, P/. Enl, 820.

RATHER lefs than the laft: length twenty-two inches.
The bill bent, five inches and a half long, and dufky; the
bafe, and round the eye, bare, and of a dufky pale red: the ge-
neral colour of the plumage is black, with a greenifh glofs in
fome lights; the quills and tail deepeft : legs brownith yellow.
In fome birds the top of the head and nape have the middle
of each feather dafhed with deep black, without any reflection
of green, and the legs almoft black; at firft fight this may be
taken for the young bird of the Scarlet Ibis; but in the one here

+ Ulloa is faid to have met with large flights of Curlews within twenty or
thirty leagues of Fuan Fernandex ; thefe were moftly white, except the breaft and
upper part of the wings, which were of a rofe-colOur.—See ay. ii. p. 228. Mokt
likely they were this {pecies.

P 2 defcribed,

107

3.
CAYENNE I.

DEscRIPTIONo

108

PLace ano
MANNERS.

Ae
MEXICAN I.

DeEsCRIPTION.

PLace.

Se
BLACK-FACED

fs
PL. LXXIX.
DEseRIPTION-

Tibi ys:

defcribed, the legs are only eight inches in length, whereas in
the Scarlet Ibis they are twelve at leaft; in the firft they do not
reach to the end of the tail, but in the laft much beyond it.

This is met with at Cayenne, but not in numbers; always in
pairs: perches on the decayed trees which float down with the
ftream, in order to fifh, generally at fome diftance from the fea:
and is called by the people at Cayenne, Flammant des Bois.

Le Courly varié du Mexique, Brif. Orn. v. p. 333-7
L’Acalot, Buf. Oi/. viil. p. 45.

Acacalotl, Raii Synz. p. 104. S-

Acacalot], or Water Raven, Will. Orn. p. 2G6»

HIS is a large fpecies, being three feet in lengthe The
bill eight inches, and blueifh: irides red: between the bill
and eyes, and:round them, bare and reddifh: the head and neck
covered with dufky, white, and green feathers, with a few yel-
low ones intermixed: back and rump black, gloffed with green
and purple: breaft and belly brown, with a little mixture of red :.
the wing coverts are green ; and the quills and tail green bronzed.
with copper: legs black.
This inhabits Mexico, frequenting the lakes, and feeding on
fifo: it breeds in thofe places, and is accounted pretty good
food.

IZE large, not much inferior to the Wood Ibis : length twenty-
eight inches, breadth forty-nine inches and a half. Bill fix
inches, and black: tongue triangular, ciliated atthe back part:
irides reddifh: the whole face, quite beyond the eyes, is bare of
feathers,

lv

PT EXT

.

Black faced W4he5 :

a“

Tbe ls:

feathers, black, and warty, particularly round the eyelids: un-
der the chin hangs a loofe, wrinkled, bare fkin, forming a pouch:
the crown of the head is deep fulvous yellow, and the feathers
at the back part longifh: the reft of the neck and breaft pale
yellow: the back and fcapulars are cinereous, margined with
brown: acrofs the breaft a band of the fame: the middle of the
feathers of the back brown: the wing coverts blueifh afh-colour,
margined with brown: the quills, fides, thighs, vent, and tail,
are greenifh black; the laft confifts of twelve feathers, and is
rounded in fhape: the legs feven inches long, rough, naked but
a little way above the knee, and red: claws black.

This fpecies was found by Dr. Forffer on New Year’s Iland,
near Staten Land*. It builds the neft in inacceffible places in
the rocks. The fpecimen is’ in the collection of Sir Fo/.
Banks.

Le grand Courlis de Cayenne, Buf. Oy, viii. p. 47.
Courlis 4 Cou blanc, P/. Enl. 976.

HIS is much bigger than the common Curlew: length twenty-
feven inches. Bull black: the head and neck rufous white ;
‘the firft deepeft : between the bill and eyes bare: general colour
of the plumage brown, undulated with grey, and glofied with
green: the greater wing coverts white: legs red.
Inhabits Cayenne.

* See Fort. Voy, vol, ii. pe 5210.

109

Piacz,

6.
WHITE-NECK-
ED I.

DESCRIPTION.

Phace.

110
Te
GREY I.

DescRIPTION.

PLACE.

8.
BROWN I.

Descripvion,

Piace ano
ManneERse

T aBin lis.

Le petit Courly d’Amerique, Brif. Orz. v. p. 337. 9.
Le Matuitui des Rivages, Buf Oj/. viii. p. 46.
Matuitui, Will. Orn. p. 296%.

IZ of a Fowl. Bill reddifh brown: irides rufous: round

the bill and eyes bare and black: hind part of the head and
neck grey: the reft of the plumage whitifh: but the lower part
of the back and rump, quills, and tail, are greenifh black: legs
of a pale red: claws black.

Inhabits Bra/l.

Tantalus fufcus, Lin. Sy/f. i. ps 242+ 70

Le Courly brun du Brefil, Brif Orz. v. p. 341. 11.
——— a front rouge, Buf. O7/. viii. p. 42.

Brown Curlew, Caze/o. Car. i. pl. 83.—4ré. Zool. N° 362.

ENGTH near two feet. Bill fix inches: colour pale red,
as is the bare fkin between that and the eye: irides grey:
the head, neck and back, wings, and tail, are cinereous brown, the
two firft paleft: the lower part of the back, rump, and under
parts from the breaft, white: legs pale red: claws brown: the
fkin and fat are yellow.
Male and female alike.
Inhabits the warmer parts of America, Cayenne, Guiana, &c.

and is frequently met with in Carolina in the fummer, departing
to the fouth in winter. ‘This affociates with the White Ibis, but

is a much fcarcer bird.

* See a Xingsfi/her of this name in vol. i. p. 640. of this work.

Tantalus

Ty By TS.

Tantalus albus, Lia. Syf. i. p. 242. 6.

Le Courly blanc du Brefil, Brif, Ora. v. pe 339: 10.—Buf. O:/. vili. p. 41.
—P!. Enl. 915+

White Curlew, Cate/o. Car. i. pl. 82.—A4r&. Zool. N° 363.

IZE of the Whimbrel: \ength twenty-two inches. ‘The bill

is fix inches and a half long, and of a pale red: from the bill
round the eyes and chin bare, and of the fame colour: irides grey:
the reft of the body of a pure white: the ends of the four firft
quills are greenifh black : legs red.

Male and female much alike.

Thefe birds are met with in the low watery lands in Carolina,
in great numbers, about the latter end of fummer, and feed on
jife and water infeéis: they remain for.about fix weeks, and then
depart, returning every autumn, The fat and flefh of this bird
is faid to be as yellow as faffron: it is eaten by fome, but not
greatly efteemed.

Tantalus Ibis, Liz. Sy. i. p. 241. 4.—Hafelg. Foy. p. 248. N° 25.—Scop.
Ann. 1. N° 128. ?

LiIbis blanc, Brif, Orn v. p. 349. 14.—Buf. O//. viii. p. 14. pl. 1.—Pi.
Enl. 389.

Emfeefy, or Ox bird, Shaw's Trav. p. 255.

HIS is a large bird, fomewhat exceeding the Stork, and
meafures from thirty to forty inches in length. The bill is
feven inches long; the colour yellow, growing reddifh towards
the tip; it is lightly curved, and ends ina blunt point: the fore
part of the head, all round as far as the eyes, is naked and red-
difh: the kin under the throat is alfo bare and dilatable: the
plumage

Itt
9:
WHITE I.

Description.

PLaceE anp
MANNERS.

10. :
EGYPTIAN I,

DESCRIPTION.

E12

Te
BLACK I,
DEscriPrion.

PLace.

Po 'Bi: Te -S:

plumage reddifh white, moft inclining to red on the back and
wings: quills and tail black: the legs are long, and the thighs
bare for three parts of their length; the colour of them red:
the toes united as far as the firft joint. Haffelquit adds, that the
irides are whitifh, and the end of the bill, and the legs, black :
and that it is found in Lower Egypt in great plenty, in places
juft freed from the inundations of the Nile. It lives on frogs and
infefis: feen in gardens, morning and evening, and fometimes
in fo great plenty, that whole palm-trees are covered with them:
when at reft they fit quite erect, their tail touching the legs,
This author believes it to be the Zé7s recorded by the antients ;
firft, becaufe it is both common as well as peculiar to Egypt :
fecondly, as it eats /erpents as well as other things: and thirdly,
becaufe the urns, which contain the remains of embalmed birds,
found in the fepulchres along with the mummies, feem to contain
fuch as are of this fize.

I fufpect it to be the Em/ee/y or Ox Bird of Shaw. He defcribes
it as wholly white, except the bill and legs, which are of a fine
red : and fays it feeds in the meadows, with cattle: but the flefh is
unfavoury, and foon corrupts.

L’Ibis, Brif. Orn. v. p. 347+ 13+
— noir, Buf. Oi. vill. p. 17-
Ibis of Bellonius, Razi Syx. p. 98.—Will. Orn. p. 288. pl. 440

RATHER lefs than the Curlew. Bill red: the fore part of
the head and behind the eyes bare, and of the fame co-

lour: the general colour of the plumage black : ‘egs red.
The black Ibis, like the white, is an inhabitant of Egypt, and
the more ftriétly fo, as it is never found out of it, none being
met

i Boke Ss:

met with, except in the neighbourhood of Damietta*. It is by
fome fuppofed to be the fame with the white fpecies; which it
probably may, if we allow it to be the young one, as fome white
birds are black before they come to maturity of plumage ft: au-
thors have however been able to hand us down fo little concern-
ing it, that we fhall perhaps remain for a long time, before we
afcertain the circumftance.

Tantalus falcinellus, Lin. Sy. i. p. 241. 2.—-Brun. 167-—Muller, N° 178.
—Scop. Ann. i. N° 131.-—Kram. El. p. 350. 2.
Le Courly verd, Brif. Orn. v. pe 326» 4. pl. 27. fig. 2.—Buf. O//, viii-

P- 29.
Courlis d’Italie, P/. Exl. 819.
Falcinellus, or Sithe-bill, Radi Syn. p. 103. A. 3.—//ill. Orn. p. 295.

pl. 54:
Bay Ibis, Ard. Zool. p. 460. A.
Lev. Muf.

1ZE of our Curlew: length one foot nine inches. Bill near

four inches long, and brown: from the bill, all round the
eye, bare, and dufky green: the head and neck are chefnut, verg-
ing to brown on the head, where the feathers have pale edges :
the upper parts of the body are glofly green, appearing bronzed
in different lights: the breaft, belly, and under parts, are brown,
with a glofs of green gold on the breaft: quills and tail darker
than the back, and with very little glofs: legs dufky blue: be-
tween each toe a {mall membrane at the bafe.

* Circa Pelufium tantum nigra eft, cxteris omnibus locis candida.—Piia.

X. 30.
+ Inftanced in the Egret, Red bis, and many others.

Vor. III. Ox This

113

12.
BAY I.

DescrIPTION.

©

114

PLACE.

12.

Var. A.

DescriPTIONe

13%
GREEN I.

Descriprion.

1B Ss

This inhabits Jtaly, fome parts of Germany, and is alfo very
common about the Ca/pian and Black Seas, afcending up the ri-
vers to breed. Frequent in flocks about the lakes; but none feen
in Sibiria, though faid to be met with in Denmark*, where it is
called Ryle-Dom/neppe.

Le Courly marron, Bri/. Oru. v. p- 329. 5»

HE plumage in this is moftly of a gloffy chefnut, and the |
breaft has a green tinge. It is moft likely a variety of the
laft defcribed, and found on the fhores of the Dazube.

Numenius viridis, N.C. Petr. xv. p. 462, te 19. (Gmelin. )

IZE of the Curlew: length nineteen inches and a half. Bill

three inches and a half; much bent, fmooth, and of a lead-
coloured brown; the lower mandible flefh-colour at the fides,
and beneath : irides pale : between the bill and eyes black, rough,
and naked: under the chin the fkin is dilatable, forming a finall
pouch: above the eye a white fpot, beginning behind, and tend-
ing to the hind head: on the crown two or three irregular fpots
of the fame; excepting thefe fpots the head is blackifh, the fea-
thers margined with a pale colour: chin blackifh, marked with
fmall whitifh fpots: neck greyifh black; on the upper part be-
fore three tranf{verfe whitifh bands, with a fourth beneath them,
but lefs diftinc&t: back and tail green gold: rump, breaft, belly,,
and thighs, blackifh brown: wing coverts and quills deep fhiaing.
green, gloffed with blue: legs and claws deep black.

* Muller. Brunzich.
This

Ri BY B'S.

This has the fame haunts as the next fpecies, and feeds in the
fame manner, being often found together; but differs in not
foaring fo high, rather fkimming along the air, fomewhat in the
nature of the Swa//ow. It feems to have great affinity to the
Bay Ibis.

Numenius igneus, NV. C. Perr. xv. p» 460. te 18. (Gmelin).
Lev. Muf.

ENGTH almoft two feet. Bill five inches, fmooth, round-

ifh, much bent, green, fading to olive when dead: eye-lids
brown: irides olive: eyes placed in a white fpace: under the
chin a {mall dilatable pouch: head and neck black; the feathers
fringed with white: the reft of the body variegated with blackifh
blue, green, and vinaceous, and in general very gloffy ; hence the
bird, in flying, appears gilded when the fun fhines upon it:
quills green gold, and when clofed reach the end of the tail:
wing coverts next the body reddifh and blue mixed; the next
feries black, red, and green; the laft, and quills, green gold:
tail the fame, gloffed in different lights with red and violet: legs
very long, of a bright green: claws crooked, black.

This inhabits Rufia, chiefly the fhores of the Doz, and about
the Choper: lives on fifh and infects: flies in flocks, and builds
on trees. In the Leverian Mufeum is one of thefe, which was
thot in Cornwall,

(GEC Tantalus

15

PLacE AND
Manners.

14.
GLOSSY I.

DeEscripTION.

PLacE.

116

1G.
WHITE-HEAD-
ED I.

Descriprion,

Pract ano
Manners.

166
BALD I.

DeEscRIPTION.

ToB BS:

Tantalus leucocephalus, Zool. Ind. p. 20. t. 10.
White- headed Ibis, Ind. Zoo/. p. 11. pl. 10s

ARGER than our Curlew. Bill yellow, very long, and

thick at the bafe, and a little incurvated: noftrils very nar-
row, and placed near the head: all the fore part of the head,
quite behind the eyes, covered with a bare yellow fkin, which
feems a continuation of the bill; the reft of the head, neck, back,
belly, and fecondaries, white: acrofs the breaft a tranfverfe broad
band of black: the quills and wing coverts black: tail coverts
very long, and of a fine pink-colour; thefe fall over, and conceal
the tail: the legs and thighs very long, and of a dull flefh-colour :
the feet connected by webs as far as the firft joint.
This bird was taken in the [fle of Ceylon, and kept tame for
fome time at Coloméo: it made a {napping noife with the bill,
like a Stork; and, what was remarkable, its fine rofy feathers loft
their colour during the rainy feafon.

Courly a téte nue, Buf. Oi/. vill. p. 32.—P/. Ex/. 867.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

IZE of the common Curlew : length from twenty-fix to thirty-
one inches. Bill five inches and three quarters long, and of a
red colour: the head and part of the neck bare of feathers, and
tuberculated at the back part; the whole crown is red, the reft
white: fkin of the throat flaccid, dilatable, and bare of fea-
thers: irides brown: the plumage in general black, gloffed with:
green on the wing coverts ; the tips of them gloffed with coppen:.
the

Web vl ws:

the tail confifts of twelve feathers, and is feven inches long: the
wings reach almoft to the end of it: legs pale red.

The female {carcely differs, except in having the top of the
head more flat.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa.
Found near watery places. Not difficult to be tamed, as one was

kept for a time in the Company’s garden at the Cape.

Le Courly brun de I’Iile de Lugon, Son, Voy. p. 85. pl. 47.—Baf. Oi

Vill. p. 31.

IZE of our Curlew. Bill greenifh: eye encircled with a naked
greenifh fkin: irides bright red: general colour of the plu-
mage rufous brown: legs the colour of red lake.
Inhabits the ifland of Lugonia.

2

Tantalus minutus, Liz Sy/t. 1-Pp. 243. 3%
Leffer Ibis, Edw, pl. 356.

IZE of the Whimbrel, or lefs. Bill two inches and a half long,
blue at the bafe, black at the point: fides, between the bill
and eyes, and round them, bare: plumage on the upper parts of

the body and tail dufky brown: the feathers of the breaft loofe, —

and longer than the reft: rump and under parts white: legs
dark lead-colour: claws black.
Inhabits Surinam.

Liz

~ FEMALE.

Piace.

r7.
MANILLA I.

DESCRIPTION.

PLaces

18.
LESSER I.

DescripTion.

PLACE.

418

19-
CRESTED I.

DeEscriPTION.

PLACE,

PB 4S:

Le Courly hupé de Madagafcar, P/. Exl. 841.—Buf. Oi/. Vill. p. 336

“8 HIS is a moft beautiful fpecies: in length twenty inches.
The bill is four inches long, not greatly bent, and of a —
brownifh yellow: fides of the head, round the eyes, bare of fea-
thers, and of a pale colour: the head and part of the neck are
black ; the back part furnifhed with a tuft of very long feathers,
half of them white, half black; the reft of the neck and the
body are ferruginous: the whole wing dirty white: vent and
tail black : legs pale yellow brown.
This inhabits Madaga/car.

GENus

[119

Genus LXVI. CURLEW.

N° 1. Common C. N° 6. Whimbrel.
2. Madagafcar C. 7. Brafilian Wh.
3- Luzonian C. 8. Efquimaux C.
4. Otaheite C. g. Cape C.
5. White-headed C, 10. Pygmy C.

B ILL long, incurvated.
Face covered with feathers.
Noftrils linear, longitudinal near the bafe.
Tongue fhort, fharp-pointed.
Toes connected as far as the firft joint by a membrane.

Scolopax arquata, Ziz. Sy. i. p. 242. 3.—Faun. Suec. 168.—Brun. N° 158.
Muller, p. 22.—Kram. El. p. 350. i.—Frifch. t. 229.
Le Courly, Brif. Orn. v. p. 311. 1.—Buf. O7f viil. p. 19.—P/. Ex/. 818.
The Curlew, Raz Syn. p. 103. A. 1.—Will. Orn. p.294. pl. 54.—Albin, i.
pl. 79-—Br. Zool. N° 176. pl. 63.—Ar&. Zool. p. 462. A.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

HE common length of this bird is two feet, but it is apt to
vary much in fize. Bill feven inches, brown, near the end

black ; bafe of the under mandible flefh-colour: the feathers of

the head, neck, and wing coverts, pale brown, dafhed down the
middle with black: round the eye, on the fore part, white: back
white, ftreaked with black: breaft and belly white, marked
with narrow longifh lines of black: quills black, {potted on the

6 inner

To
+ COMMON C,.

DEeEscriIPTrioNs.

120

PLACE AND
ManneERse

VARIETY.

DEscRIPTION.

CAITR: gino Ne

inner webs with white: tail reddifh white, barred with black:
legs dufky blue.

Male and female much alike.

This fpecies is pretty common in England, where it is to be
met with at al] feafons: in the winter haunting the fea coa/ts and
fens; repairing in fummer to the mountains and more inland
parts, to breed. The female in April lays four eggs, of a pale
olive-colour, marked with brownifh fpets. The food, while in the
neighbourhood of the fea, confifts of worms, marine, cruftaceous,
and other infects; at other times it feeds on flugs and worms, which
it draws out of the earth morning and evening with its long bill.
It is often met with in large flocks, and flies rather fwiftly. It
is by many accounted good food, but is apt to have a rank
tafte*. It isalfo found in moft parts of Europe; but in general
retiring north to breed, and returning to the fouth as autumn
approaches. Met with in Italy and Greece, and perhaps much
farther to the fouth, as flocks are feen paffing over the ifland of
Malta {pring and autumn t. To the north it is found in plenty,
in all the plains and open marfhes, or heath grounds, of Rufia
and Sibiria ; alfo in Kamt/chatka, and in Europe as high as Lep-
mark and Iceland f.

HE Curlew is alfo found in America, but differs in fome
particulars; weighing from fourteen to eighteen ounces, and
twenty inches in length. ‘The bill is a trifle longer in propor-
tion: the ground colour of the plumage pale rufous brown:

® I believe only when on the /ea coa/fs ; feveral which I have tafted, killed
inland, were very good.
+ Hift. des Cif, t 4Ar&. Zool.
the

Gy U aR 3 obs GE W)

the crown of the head dufky black: the chin very pale: neck
dafhed with ftreaks of black: back and fcapulars black; the
feathers of the firft margined, and of the laft fpotted on the
edges with the ground colour: the wing coverts dafhed down
the fhafts with black, ending in a point: the three firft prime
quills black ;- the fourth barred within; the reft, on both fides the
ghafts, with black; as are the rump, tail coverts, and tail: the
under parts, from the breaft, very pale reddifh brown, or crearn-
colour: legs black.

I received a fpecimen of this from New York. Sir Aion
Lever is likewife in poffeffion of a fecond from Hud/on’s Bay,
where it is feen on the coafts and marfhes, the end of Adzy: when
the rivers are open, returns to the plains. It fcrapes a few {cat-
tered leaves together by way of neft, on which it lays as far as
three eggs, of a light blue fpotted with black: the young hatched
in Fuly. They retire again to the marfhes the middle of Auguft;
and leave the coaft on the appearance of winter. Our laft
voyagers met with the Curlew at Hervey’s Ifland in the South

Seas *.

Scolopax Madagafcarienfis, Liz. Sy. p. 242. 2.
Le Courly de Madagafcar, Bri, Orn. v. p. 321. 3. pl. 28.—P/. Exl. 198.

IZE of our Curlew. The bill much the fame, but very little
bent, except towards the tip: on the head, neck, and upper
parts, the feathers are chiefly brown, with grey margins: the
upper tail cOverts rufous grey, marked with fome tranfverfe
bands of grey, and others parallel to the margin: chin, belly,

* Cook's laft Voy. i. p. 2206
avior. TIT, R thighs,

PLace anv
Manners.

2.
MADAGASCAR

°

Descriprion.

122

Place.

3.
LUZONIAN C.

DESCRIPTION.»

PLAcE.

4.
OTAHEITE C.

DEscRIPTION.

Cry R On VE We.

thighs, and vent, white: breaft and fides yellowith, dafhed with
brown; the laft barred tranfverfely with the fame: the three
firft quills are plain black; the fourth fpotted on the inner web;
and the others on both webs; the fecondaries much the fame,
but the ground colour grey : tail grey, barred with brown: legs
red brown.

This inhabits Madaga/car, and feems very fimilar to our
fpecies.

Le Courlis tacheté de I’Ifle de Lucon, Sona. Yay. p. 85. pl. 48.—Buf. O16
Vili. ps 32.

HIS is much lefs than the common Curlew. The top of the

head black ; the reft of the head, neck, and breaft, white,.
marked with narrow longitudinal ftreaks of black: the belly,
with tranfverfe femicircular bands of the fame: wing coverts
and back the colour of amber; on the margin of every feather
from two to fix white fpots: greater quills black: tail vinaceous
grey, croffed with black lines.

Inhabits the ifland of Lugonia.

EARLY the fize of the common Curlew: length twenty
inches. Bill four inches long, moderately bent, and brown;

bafe reddifh: the head and neck pale reddifh white, marked with
numerous dufky lines, perpendicularly placed: crown of the head
brown: over the eye a pale ftreak : back dufky black, the feathers.
margined with pale reddifh white, appearing waved: the under
parts, from the breaft, of this laft colour, with a few mottled
2 marks.

PLEXXX.

Mute ane C, ys Cte

CU R Li E W.

marks over the thighs: the wing coverts reddifh white and dufky
mixed: quills dufky, with pale edges: tail of a dirty yellow;
the bafe half marked with irregular dufky fpots; the end half
barred acrofs with the fame: legs blue grey: claws black.

This inhabits O¢abeite, where it is known by the name of
Tevrea. In the collection of Sir Fo/eph Banks.

IZE and fhape of the common Curlew. Bill pretty long, and
red: the head and part of the neck white: the reft of the
plumage of a very deep blue, except the quills, which are black :
legs cinereous grey.
This was met with at the Cape of Good Hope. From the
drawings of Sir Fo/eph Banks.

Scolopax Phzopus, Liz. Sy/?. i. ps 243. 4.—Faun. Suec. p. 169.—Scop-
Ann. i, N° 132.—=Brun. N° 159.—Muller, p. 22.—=Kram. El. p. 350.
—Georgi Reife, 171.

Corlieu, ou petit Courly, Brif. Orn. v. p. 3172 2. pl. 27. fig. 1.— Buf. OY
Vill. p. 27.——P/. Enl. 842.

Whimbrel, Raii Syz. p. 103. A. 2.—Will. Orn. ps 294.—Edw» pl. 307.—
Br. Zool, ii. N° 177. pl. 64.—<Aré. Zool. p. 462. B,

Zev. Muf.
ENGTH feventeen inches; breadth twenty-nine: weight
fourteen ounces and a half. The bill three inches long,
black; the bafe of the under mandible pale red: the head, neck,
and breaft, pale brown, ftreaked with dufky brown: chin white :
the fides of the head are alfo fomewhat paler than the reft; and
between the bill and eye is a dufky ftreak : all the upper parts of
the body and wing coverts are pale brown, ftreaked with dufky,
R 2° each

Place.

5 °
WHITE-HEAD-
EDC.

PL. LXXX.
Description.

PLACE.

6.
4 WHIMBREL.

DescrRiPTIONe

Pract AND
Manners.

GanUigoR: ee EW

each feather being fo marked down the fhaft; befides which
many of them are margined or marked on the edge with pale
foots: the lower part of the back and rump are white: the
upper tail coverts white, barred with dufky: tail brown, croffed,
with feven or eight darker bars: quills dufky black, marked on
the inner webs with femicircular fpots of dufky white ; the fhafts:
white: belly, thighs, and vent, dufky white: legs black. Such
is the defcription of my fpecimen, which is the largeft we
have hitherto feen, the ufwal length being about fifteen inches ;.
though Mr. Pennant mentions one which meafured fixteen: in
this the bill was only two inches. Hence it feems to vary in @
creat degree in refpect to fize.

The Whimbrel has much the fame manners as the Curlew, but
is lefs common in England, and is migratory; at leaft paffes
from one part of the kingdom to another, according to the fea-
fon. In the neighbourhood of Spalding, in Lincolnfbire, it is met
with in vaft flocks, from April to May, on its paffage to the
north*, where it is faid to breed. It is alfo feen in fiocks about
the fame time on the Kenti/b coafts > and it may be that the ma-
jor part pafs elfewhere; yet many remain, as I had the fatif-
faction of receiving the one from which the above defcription
was taken, from our intelligent friend Mr. Boys of Sandwich.
This was Shot at Romuey in the month of Augu/t, where it is,
called a Fack +; with the affurance that. many of them ftay om
thofe coafts throughout the fummer, and breed thereabouts.

* Breeds in the heath of the Highland hills, near Inwercauld.—Flor. Scot. it
P: 32.—TYour in Scotl. 8vo. p- 108.—Br. Zool.

t Itis probably called the Yack Curlew, from. its being lefs in fize, though.
like in colour, to the common Cur/ew ; in the fame manner as two of our Snipes are.
aiftinguithed.

This

CUR ha Ee w,

- This bird is alfo found in America; but feems to differ much
in the fame manner as the Curlew of that country does from the’
European. one, being darker coloured.

Seolopax Guarauna, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 242. Te

Le Courly bran d’Amerique, Brif. Orn. v. ps 330. 6. °

Le Gouarona, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 44.

Guarauna, Raid Syz. p. 104. 7-—Will. Oru. p. 292. pl. 53.

IZE of the Whimbrel: length twenty-one inches. Bill four:
colour brown, with a yellow bafe: the head and neck are
brown; the feathers margined with whitifh: the back, and under
parts, from the breaft, of a chefnut brown: fcapulars, rump, upper
and under tail coverts, and tail, bright brown, gloffed with.
green: wing coverts the fame; but the greater ones, farthelt
from the body, are brown within: the quills are brown; the outer
edges gloffy green brown: legs grey brown: claws blackifh.
This is found at Brafil, Guiana, and other parts of South
Ameritas

Scolopax borealis, Efkimaux Curlew, Péil. Tran/. vol. Ixii. p. 411.— 4rd.
Zool. N° 364? ‘
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

, LITTLE more than half the fize of the Whimbrel: length:
thirteen inches ; breadth twenty-one. Bill two inches long,
bent, remarkably flender, and blackifh; the under mandible ru-
fous at the bafe: head pale, marked with longitudinal brown
lines : forehead deep brown, with pale fpots: neck, breatt, belly,
and vent, yellowifh white; the two firft dathed. with brown
flender

125°

ene
BRASILIAN WE.

DESCRIPTION

PLaceE.

8.
+ ESKIMAUX C.

Des grip Tions

126

PLacE aNB
Manners.

on
CAPE C.

DescRipTl0Ne

Co7U eR) ee Wa

flender lines: the feathered part of the thighs yellowith white,
fpotted with brown: fides under the wings rufous, tranfverfely
fafciated with brown: back deep brown, the feathers margined
with greyifh white: wings brown: fhafts of the prime quills
white : fecondaries and lefier coverts margined with grey: lower
coverts ferruginous, tranfverfely fafciated with brown: rump
brown, the feathers edged and fpotted with whitith: tail fhort,
brown, croffed with whitifh bands: legs blueifh black.

Inhabits the fens of Hud/on’s Bay. Appears near Albany the be-
ginning of May; going further north, and returning to Albany
in Auguft: it ftays there till September, when it departs for the
South. It lays four eggs, and appears in flocks, young and old
together, till their departure. Found in flocks in Nova Scotia in
OGiober and November. Feeds on the Black-berried Heath, and
may be heard at a {mall diftance, by a kind of whiftling note.

Met with alfo in Newfoundland : called there Curlew. The na-
tives of Hudfon’s Bay call it Wee-kee-me-nafe-/u. It is eftemed for
its delicacy of flavour. In the Briti/b Mufeum is one of thefe,
which came from Rio Faneiro in South America.

This is certainly a diftinct fpecies.

Lev. Muf,

ESS than the common Snipe. Bill long and bent, but lefs

fo than in the Curlew ; colour blackifh brown: the crown of

the head, hind part of the neck, and upper parts of the body;
are cinereous: the face, as far as the eyes, the chin, fore part of
the neck, rump, and belly, white: breaft cinereous, fpotted with
ferruginous: quills brown, with white fhafts: from the firft to
9 : the

CO Rae ie WwW. 127

the fourth plain; from the fifth to the ninth white on the outer
margins: the fecond coverts tipped with white: edge of the
wing white and grey mixed: legs black.
This bird inhabits the marfhes and other moift grounds of she Puacr.
Cape of Good Hope; and flies in flocks.

Pygmy Curlew, Gez. Birds, p. 64. pl. 116 TO.
PYGMY Cc.

SIZE of a Lark. Bill black; bent like that of the Curlew: Description.
head, back, and coverts of the wings, mixed with brown,

ferruginous, and white: primaries dufky, edged with white:

brealt, belly, and rump, white: tail dufky ; the exterior feathers.

edged with white: legs black.
Inhabits Holland. PLace,

GENuS

Genus LXVIII. SNIPE.

N° 1. Woodcock. N° 15. Cinereous G.
2. Little W. 16. Cambridge G.
3. Savanna W. 17. Jadreka Sn.
4. Great Snipe. 18. Greenfhank.
5. Cayenne Sn. 1g. Spotted Sn.
6. Common Sn. Var. A.
7. Finmark Sn, 20. Redfhank.
8. Jack Sn. Var, A. Chinefe R.
g. Cape Sn. 21. White R.
Var. A. 22. Semipalmated Sn. |
Var. B. 23. Stone Sn. |
Var. C. 24. Yellowfhanks. |
Var. D. 25. Nodding Sn.
ro. Madras Sn. 26. Black Sn. |
iz. White Indian Sn. 27. Red-breafted Sn.
12. American Godwit. 28. Brown Sn.
13. Red G. 29. Afh-coloured Sn.
Var. A. 30. Dufky Sn.
14. Common G. 31. Terek Sn.
Var. A. 32. Caurale Sn.

¥ ILL more than one inch and a half in length, flender, ftrait,
weak.
Noftrils linear, lodged in a furrow.
Tongue pointed, flender.

Toes divided, or flightly connected ; back toe fmall.
: - Scolopax

Se Ne We Dye:

Scolopax rufticola, Lin. Sy. i. p. 243. 6.—Faun. Suec. 170.— Scop. Ana. i.
Ne 134.—Brua. N° 164.—Muller, p. 23.—Kram. El. p. 351.—Frifche
pl. 226. 227.—Georgi Rei/e, ps 171.

La Becafle, Bri/. Ora. v. p. 292. 1.—Buf. Oy. vii. p. 462. pl. 25.—P/.
-Enl. 885.6

Woodcock, Raii Syz. p. 104. A. 1.—ill. Orn. p. 289. pl. 53.—Borla/.
Cornw. p. 245. pl. 24. fig. 12.— Albin, i. pl. 70.—Br. Zool. ii. N° 178.
pl. 65.—<4rd. Zool. p. 470.

Br. Mif. Lev. Muf.

ENGTAH fifteen inches. Bill three inches ; the upper man-
dible hangs over the lower: noftrils placed at the bafe ;
from thence is a furrow the whole length of the bill: forehead
cinereous: from the bill to the eyes a line of black: crown of
the head, and the upper parts.of the neck, back, and wing co-
verts, mixed and barred with ferruginous, black, and grey ;
crown of the head darkeft: the under eyelid white: the chin pale
afh-colour: fore part of the neck yellowifh, marked with dufky
minute dafhes: the under parts of the body dufky white, barred
with numerous dufky lines: quills dufky, marked on the outer
web with triangular rufous fpots, and the fame on the inner
web clofe to the fhaft: tail rounded, tipped with afh-colour,
and rufous on the outer web: legs pale flefh-coloured brown.
This bird inhabits England during the winter feafon, coming
in with the Redwings: thofe which are with us during that time,
fuppofed to come from Sweden, their appearance and difappear-
ance from thence coinciding: about the beginning of Oéfober
they are firft feen, but continue coming till December: do not
come in flights, but fingly, or at moft two together, and chiefly
Vor. III. S of

1,
+ WOODCOCK.

Description.

Place anp
Manners.

130

Sane TP ay

of evenings, or very mifty weather: in general proceed inland
immediately on their arrival; but fhould the wind be againft
them, and the paflage over difficult, take a day’s reft on the
firft land they make, and in this cafe have been met with fo fa-
tigued as to be taken by the hand. About the middle of March —
all tend towards the coafts for their departure; but if the wind
be not favourable for their flight, multitudes are collected toce-
ther, and the fportfman, availing himfelf of the circumftance,
finds plenty of fport. Though Woodcocks in general leave this
kingdom, yet a few are known every year to remain: Mr. Pennant
mentions that a few breed in Ca/e Wood near Tunbridge annually :
a brace of them were fhot in Chellenden Wood, by the game-
keeper to Horace Mann, efquire, May 1, 1769, and another brace
the day before; they were fitting on their young. A friend of
mine met with a female fitting on the eggs, and the male clofe at
hand; fhe was fo tame as to fuffer him to ftroke her without
rifing; this was in a wood near Farmngham, Kent: and about
three years fince, in the fame wood, a brace of old birds, with
five young ones in company, full fledged, were found ; three of the
youne were taken, and given to a lady in the neighbourhood ;
one of them foon died, and is now in my poffeffion: other in-
ftances alfo have been noticed by authors. They are ftupid birds,
and often taken in nets placed at the openings where they come
out of the woods and return to them of evenings, which they do
in particular paths ; they are alfo caught in./pringes placed on the
ground, or near it, fometimes by the legs, at other times by the
neck; for, as thefe birds will not walk over the leaft obftacle which
projects in their way, it is ufual to place a range of ftones, and
in the avenues between to fet fpringes, by which means many are
often

Se NG oP Es

often taken. Thefe birds are found alfo in the warmer parts of
Europe, as wellas Africa and Afia; in France, Italy, Greece, and
Barbary; on the Gold Coat, and that of Guinea; as well as in
China and Fapan: in thefe places inhabit the plains in the win-
ter, retiring in fummer to the fummit of the higheft mountains
to breed. To the north inhabit Sweden and Rufia throughout,
and Kamt/chatka, as well as Iceland; hence a general inhabitant of
the old continent, and its ifles. Few need be told that its flefh
is delicious, and much fought after; and, that nothing may
be loft, the entrails are not drawn out, being thought a necef-
fary appendage as fauce to the bird.

It makes an artlefs kind of neft on the ground, compofed of
a few dried fibres and leaves, generally againft an old ftump, or
great root of a tree: the eggs four or five in number, rather
bigger than thofe of a Pigeon, of a rufous grey, marked with
dufky blotches : the young run as foon as hatched, but, as they
cannot immediately provide for themfelves, the male and female
accompany them for fome time.

We have obferved three varieties: in the firft, the head-of a
pale red: body white: wings brown. The fecond, of a dun, or
rather cream-colour: and the laft, of a pure white. Specimens
of which may be feen in the Levertan Mufeum, and in the col-
lection of Mr. Tunjftall.

Little Woodcock, Ar. Zool p. 463.
Lev. Mu/.

ENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill two inches and a
half long, the under mandible much the fhorteft : forehead

cinereous: hind part black, with four tranfverfe yellowith bars :
Se) from

iI
Cs
)

VARIETIES:

2.
LITTLE WOOD-
COCK.

DEscRIPTION,

132

PLACE AND
Manners,

3s
SAVANNA
WOODCOCK.

DEscRIPTION,

Since IN tay ns

from the bill to the eye a dufky line: chin white: under fide of
the neck, breaft, belly, and thighs, of a dull yellow, paleft on
the belly: hind part of the neck black, edged with yellowifh
red: back, and leffer coverts, the fame; the reft of the coverts
marked with zigzags of black and dull red: primaries dufky :
inner coverts ruft-coloured: tail black, tipped with brown: legs
fhort, pale brown.

This fpecies is American, and appears in New York at the
end of April, or beginning of May; when they lay eight or more
eges, in fwampy woods: while the en is fitting, the male of an
evening often flies up perpendicular to a great height, and returns
ftrait down to the fame fpot, and from the moment of its de-
fcent begins an agreeable kind of whiftle, and continues it till
it alichts on the ground, and after ftaying a little time, repeats
the fame for feveral times together, and this fometimes even after
it is dark. Ic lays the eggs on the ground, or fome decayed ftump
of a tree, very clofe to it. Have been found in Carolina in September.
The fleth thought to be as excellent as that of the European f{pecies,

La Becaffe des Savanes, de Cayenne, P/. Ex/. 895.—Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 481.

H1S is one fourth lefs than the common Woodcock, but has the

bill longer in proportion ; colour of it brown: over the eye

is a black ftripe, and between the bill and eye another: the upper
parts of the plumage rufous, varied with black, fomewhat in the
manner of our Woodcock, but more diftinét: the under parts are
dufky white, and the black marks the fame; but thofe from the
breaft to the vent are tranfverfe blotches, not lines, as in the Wood-
cock. It feems a fpecies between our great Snipe and Woodcock,
but is moft alhed to the latter. The legs are brown.
ce This

Sen Not Tie bees

This inhabits the moift /avannas of Cayenne; in the rainy fea-
fon moves into the higheft fituation to breed. It makes the neft
on fome rifing ground, choofing a cavity, and lining it with
dried leaves: lays two eggs; and makes two nefts in a year, the
laft in Fuly: does not fancy the woods, like that of Europe, but
the marfhes only, like the Supe.

The flefh of thefe thought to be as good as the European
fpecies.

Scolopax media, Frifch. t. 228.
Great Snipe, Br. Zool. 11. N° 188.—Ar@. Zool. p. 470. B.
Lev. Mu.

IZE between the Woodcock and Snipe: weight eight ounces :
length fixteen inches. Bill four inches long, and like that of
the Woodcock : crown of the head black, divided down the mid-
dle by a pale ftripe: over and beneath each eye another of the
fame: the upper parts of the body very like the common Snipe:
beneath white: the feathers edged with dufky black on the
neck, breaft, and fides; and thofe of the belly fpotted with the
fame, but the middle of it is plain white: quills dufky: tail
reddifh, the two middle feathers plain, the others barred with
black: legs black.

This is a rare fpecies: a fine fpecimen of it has been fhot in
Lancafbire, now in the Leverian Mu/feum : faid alfo to have been
met with in Kent. It is found likewife in Germany, and inhabits
the Aréic region of Sibiria. I once faw this among a parcel of
birds from Cayenne, and have no reafon to fuppofe otherwife than
that it came from that part.

LENGTH

133

PLACE AND
Manners,

4:
GREAT SNIPE.

DEscrRiPTion.

Puace.

134

Bye
CAYENNE SN.

DeEscripTioNn.

PLaCE.

6.
+ COMMON
SNIPE.

DEscRriIPTION.

A

Sap Nl gee ek.

ENGTH thirteen inches. Bill ftrait, ftout, a trifle bent at
the end; colour dufky, reddifh at the bafe: plumage on
the upper part of the body pale cinereous brown, mottled with
pale buff-colour: greater wing coverts dirty white; fome of the
outer ones edged with brown: bafe of the quills white, the reft
of their length brown, and fome of the inner ones white at
the tips: baftard wing brown: under wing coverts mottled
dufky and white: all the under part of the neck and body white;
but the fore part of the firft a little mottled with dufky: rump
white: tail the fame as the reft of the upper parts, barred and
tipped with dufky: legs brown,
Inhabits Cayenne.

Scolopax Gallinago, Lin, Sy/t. i. p. 244. 7.—Faun. Suece 173.—-Scop. Anne ic
138.—Brun. 160. 161.—Muller, p. 23.—Kram. El. p. 352.—Frifche
pl. 229.—Georgi Reife, 182.

La Becaffine, Bri/. Orn. v. pe 298. 2. pl. 26. fig. 1.— Buf. Og. vii. p. 483.
pl. 26.—P/. Exl. 883,

Snipe or Snite, Raii Syn. pe 105. A. 2.—Will. Orn. p. 290. pl. §3.—Albin,
i. pl. 71.—Br. Zool. ii. p. 187. pl. 68.— Ard. Zool. N° 366.

Br. Mif. Lev. Muf

EIGHT four ounces: length near twelve inches. Bill
three inches long, colour dufky; flat at the end, and
rough: the head is divided by two black lines lengthwife, and
three of red; one of the laft pafling down the middle of the
head, and one above each eye: between the bill and eye isa
dufky line: chin white: neck varied with brown and red: the
fcapulars are beautifully marked with black and yellow: quills
dufky ;

Seo NL Bd Ee

dufky ; the edge of the firft, and tips of the fecondaries, white ;
and thofe next the back barred with black and pale red: breaft
and belly white: tail coverts long, of a reddifh brown, and al-
moft cover the tail, which confifts of fourteen feathers, black on
their lower part, then croffed with a bar of deep orange, another
narrow one of black, and the ends white or pale orange: the vent
of a dull yellow: legs pale green: toes divided to their origin.

We fcarce know of any bird which is fo univerfally fpread
over the furface of the globe as this fpecies ; being mentioned
by moft voyagers, as well as brought into Exgland from fuch
variety of places. It is feen throughout the old continent from
the arctic regions of Sibiria to the Cape of Good Hope, at which
laft place it is pretty common. It alfo inhabits the iflands of
Ceylon and Fapan. In America it is met with almoft without ex-
ception, particularly in South Carolina, where it {warms *. Ihave
alfo feen a fpecimen which came from Cayenne, and been in-
formed that it is likewife at Surinam. I have received it myfelf
from Jamaica. Said to be extremely common in Falkland
Iflands, even more fo than in England t.

With us it difappears as the {pring advances; but we have
juft reafon to fuppofe that the whole of them do not depart
England, the neft being frequently found in the fens and marfhes
in many parts of this kingdom{. The neft is compofed of dried
plants, with a few feathers. The eggs, four or five in number,

*

* Ar&. Zool.
t Penrofe Hi?. Faltland If. p- 36.—Boug. Voy.— Cook's laff Voy. i. p. 1516
t Both this and the Fack Sse are to be found the whole year through in
Cumberland. Dr. Heyfham.—In the fens of Lincolufhire, Wolmar Fore, Bodmyn
Dewns. Barring. Mife. p. 211.—TI have been informed that it breeds in feveral of
the iflets, called Ayres, of the river Thames.
9 oblong,

135

Place.

Manners.

=
Le)
oy

FINMARK SN.

DEeEscriPTIONé

Placer.

8.
+ JACK SNIPE.

DEscripTioON.

Si wNe aces,

oblong, of a dirty olive-colour, marked with dufky fpots. When
difturbed, in the breeding feafon, foars to a vaft height, making
a fingular bleating kind of noife; and when they defcend, dart
down with vaft rapidity. The male alfo (while his mate fits on
the eggs) often poifes himfelf on his wings, making fometimes a
whiftling, and fometimes a drumming noife*. They feed on
fmall worms, and other infects, which they find in the moitt
ground; as alfo on fmall fuails ; having found the laft whole
in the ftomachs of both this and the next fpecies. They are
dreffed without exenterating, as the Woodcock, and are accounted
delicate.

Scolopax gallinaria, Muller, p. 23. N° 183.
Finmark Snipe, 4rd. Zool. pe 471. D.
ERY like the common Swipe, and the bill tuberculated in
the fame manner; but differs in the head being entirely
grey: legs yellow.
Inhabits Finmark.

Scolopax Gallinula, Lin. Sy. i. p. 244. 8.— Scop. Ann.i, N° 139.—Brune
p- 163.—Muller, p. 23. N° 189.—Frifch. te 231.
La petite Becaffine, Bri/: Orn. v. p- 303. 3. pl. 26. fig. 2— Buf. O#/. vil.
p- 490.— Pl. Enl. 884.
Gid, Jack Snipe, or Judcock, Razi Syn. p. 105. A. 3.—Will. Ora. ps 291.
—Albin, iti..pl. 86.—Br. Zool. ii. N° 189. pl. 68.—Ara. Zool. N° 3676
Br. Mif. Lev. My.

HIS is half as big as the former, and weighs fcarce two
ounces: length eight inches and a half. Bill above an inch

© Br. Zool, ;
and

Sa NK) Te Pars.

and a half long, and black: crown of the head black, tinged
with ruft-colour: over each eye a yellow ftreak: neck varied
with white, brown, and pale red: fcapulars narrow, long, and of
a brown colour, margined with yellow: the rump of a glofly
blueifh purple: belly and vent white: greater quills dufky:
tail brown, with tawny edges, and confifts of twelve feathers:
legs cinereous green.

This f{pecies is either lefs common than the former, or not fo
well afcertained by the different voyagers ; as I cannot trace it
more fouth than Aleppo, where it is not uncommon ®*, and to the
north as far as lat. 80.274. Itis found both in Europe and
North America. 1 fufpect likewife, from a paflage in Fermin t,
that it inhabits Surinam. The manners are much like thofe of

the laft fpecies.

* Ruffel Alep. p. 65.

+ Phypps mentions a low flat ifle off Waygars, which * abounds with a fimall
Snipe, Gimilar to the Fack Snipein England.” See Voy. p. 53.

{ Hif. Surin. vol. ii. p. 189, 190.—He there talks of a large and a fmall
Snipe : the firft is rufous, black, and afh-colour, mixed: breaft and belly ath-
colour: it is {maller than the Partridge, and flies flowly, but runs quick. The
fmall one he defcribes much like ours; and fays, they are feen by thoufands on
the fea fhores ; that it muft be a bad markfman that does not kill fixty at once,
with fine fhot; and that he has killed eighty-five with a fingle charge. The
fiefh of both is accounted very delicate; but the laft is fo {mall that a man may

fafely eat twenty at a meal.

Vou. IU. x Scolopax

137

PLACE ane
Manners.

138

9:
CAPE SN,

Déscriprion.-

PLACE.

es
Var. A.
Pre LX.

DEscRIPTION.

Se NGC Pies

Scolopax Capenfis, Lin. Syf. i. p, 246. 14.
La Becafline du Cap de B. Efperance, Brif: Orn. App. p» 145. pl. 6.— Buf.
Oif. vii. p. 494.—Pl. Enl. 270.

IZE of our Swipe: length ten inches. Bill one inch and three
quarters ; colour of it reddifh brown: the crown of the head’
is afh-colour, croffed with ftreaks.of black: down the middle is.
a pale band from the bafe of the bill to the hind head: round the
eyes white, ending in.a-{treak behind: the under part is bounded
by a black line; the reft of the head and neck rufous: at the top
of the breaft a narrow band of black; from this all the under-
parts are dufky white: the upper part of the body, wings, and:
tail, are afh-colour, tranfverfely waved and croffed with black ;.
moft regular on the wing coverts,. each feather of which is-
marked with four or five yellowifh bars on the inner web, and as.
many round fpots of the fame on. the outer: the tail feathers.
are alfo. marked in the fame manner; the four middle feathers-
having bars of the yellowifh colour, and the four outer ones on:
each fide fpots, as in the quills: the inner edge of the wing, in:
the courfe of the fcapulars, ftreaked with white ;. legs dufky.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

HE top of the head, throat, and fore part-of the neck, are-
rufous chefnut: chin almoft white: the eye furrounded with.
black, and placed in a large bed of white, pointing to the hind’

head; the reft of the head, neck, and breaft, black: the back,.

rump, wing coverts, and fecond quills, dark olive green, ele--
gantly mottled and barred with dufky: feapulars white: the two.
7 . middle-

IPS). ©.0:@ Ee

D

Cope Snipe Wo

SING (ie) Pa:

middle tail feathers like the back; the others, and greater quills,
dufky black, marked with large orange fpots, five or fix on each
feather : belly, thighs, and vent, white: bill and legs pale brown.
The defcription and figure of this variety is taken from a
painting by the late Mr. Edwards, now in my poffeffion.

La Becafline de la Chine, Buf. O//. vii. p. 495.—P/. Eul. 881.

MALLER than the common Snipe: length ten inches. Bill

yellow, with a dufky tip: top of the head brown, mixed with
black: down the middle ef the crown, and over each eye, a ftripe
of white: the chin white: the reft of the head and neck mixed
grey and pale brown: the fore part of the neck is ftreaked per-
pendicularly; and the back part, and all round the bottom, tranf-
verfely: the upper part of the body and wings delicately mixed
and waved with blueifh grey, brown, pale rufous, and black :
breaft and under parts white: quills dufky, marked with oval
cream-coloured f{pots: tail blue grey and dufky mixed, with
three or four roundifh cream-coloured {pots on each feather, fur-
rounded with black: legs grey.

Inhabits China.

La Becafline de Madagafcar, Buf. Oi vii. p. 495.—-P/. Enl. 922.

ENGTH ten inches. Bill of a brownith red; ftrait, except
towards the end, where it bends a trifle downwards: round

the eye white, paffing a little way -down the neck on each fide;
above this a black ftreak: the chin white: reft of the head and
neck rufous: the lower part of the neck and back undulated
abee with

139

9
Var. B.
DescRiPTiONe

PLACE.

9.
Var. Cc,

Descriprion.

140

PLACE.

>
Var. Di

DescriPTION,

Puace.

Sie Nil Big:

with black and grey: wing coverts finely undulated black and
afh-colour: the fecond quills and tail are undulated grey and
black, with three or four oval fpots of a pale rufous, encircled
with black: the great quills are banded with rufous and black
alternately: the under part of the body white: legs the colour of
the bill.

Inhabits Madaga/car.

Rallus Benghalenfis, Liz. Sy/. i. p. 263. 8.

Le Chevalier de Bengale, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 209. 9.
—-— vert, Buf. Oi/. Vile po 520c.

Bengal Water Rail, diz, iii. pl. go.

I ZE of the laft: length eight inches and a half. Biull fhorter

than in the others; colour of it and the irides yellow:.
crown of the head white: round the eyes the fame, paffing
towards the hind head, and ending in a point: fides of the
head, throat, and neck, deep brown: upper part of the back,
the fcapulars, and wing coverts, green: lower part of the back
and rump, the upper tail coverts, and under parts of the body,
white: prime quills purple; the outer webs marked with five
orange fpots: the fecondaries are green, and as long as the
greater quills; the one neareft the body white: tail purple,
marked with orange fpots: legs of a greenifh yellow.

Inhabits Bengal. I have fcarce a doubt of this being a further
variety of the Cape fpecies,

SONG EB Ey:

a Beccafine de Madraft, Brif Orn. v.. p..308. 4.-—Baf. Oi/. vii..p. 496.
Partridge Snipe, Razz Syz. p. 193. pl. 1. fig. 2.

HIS has a pale rufous bill: the upper parts mixed with ful-
vous and blackifh:. down the middle of the crown a black-
ifh brown ftripe ; and on each fide of the head, behind the eye,
another: on the back are two black brown bands: the throat
and fore part of the neck fulvous, marked with blackith fpots:
the reft of the under parts white, except a band of black acrofs
the breaft : the quills and tail are variegated with black, ful-
vous, and grey: the hind toe of equal length with the fore ones.
Inhabits Madras.

La Beccafline blanche des Indes, Son. Fay. Ind. vol. ii. ps 218..

F ESS than ours. Bill black: the head white, tinged with
very pale dirty grey: through the eye a grey ftreak, reach-

I4E

10.
MADRAS SN,

DEscrirTion.

PLAC#e.

IT.
WHITE INDIAN.
SN.

DEscriIPrTion.

ing-almoft to the hind head: a little beneath the eye is another —

of the fame colour: throat white: neck and breaft dirty white,
marked with fpots and longitudinal ftreaks of dirty grey: the
back, rump, wing coverts, fecondaries, and tail, dirty grey,
croffed with waved bands of the colour of umber: the leffer wing

coverts are almoft white on the outer web; and the greater ones-
deep dirty grey: the belly and vent are white: the fides of the

belly croffed with pale dirty grey bands: legs black.
inhabits India.

i Scolopax-

Pracz,

142 So Nl Pa EB;

12. Scolopax fedoa, Lin. Sj/f. 1. p. 244+ Ge
AMERICAN La Barge roufle d’Amerique, Arif Oru. v. p. 2874 7.
SOOT: — de la Baye d’Hudfon, Buf, Oi/. vii. p. 507.
Greater American Godwit, Edw. pl. 137.—4ré. Zool, N° 371.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

<T) ES CRIPTION. IZE of our Godwit: length fixteen inches. Bill fiz inches
long; colour of it yellow, towards the point black: eyes
placed far back in the head: over the eye a white line: from
‘bill to eye a dufky line: beneath the throat white: head and neck
mottled with dufky and light brown: breaft barred with black :
belly brown: back and wing coverts varied with rufty brown and
dufky : quills ferruginous on the outer webs: tail barred light
brown and black: legs long, black, naked high above the knees :
the outer and middle toes conneéted to the firft joint.
PLAGE. Inhabits Hud/on’s Bay, where it is called a Curlew.

13. Scolopax Lapponica, Lin. Sy. i. p, 146. 15.—Faun. Suece 174.—Brunte
RED GODWIT. Ne 165.—Muller, N° 186.—Pbil. Tranf. vol. Ixii. p. 411.
La Barge rouffe, Bri/. Ora. v. p 281.5. pl. 25. fig. 1.—Buf. O. vii. p. 504.
—P!. Enl. goo.
Red-breafted Godwit, Edw. pl. 138.—Br. Zool. N° 181. pl. 77.—4r&.
Zool. N° 372.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

Descriprion. ENGTH eighteen inches: weight 12 ounces. Bill three
inches and three quarters, rather inclining upwards; colour

dufky, inclining to yellow next the head: the head, neck, breaft,

and upper part of the back, are ferruginous, ftreaked with black,

except the neck, which is plain: over the eyes a ftreak of a paler

colour :

S) NM EF PE,

colour: lower part of the back and rump rufous white; the fea--
thers dufky down the fhafts: the upper tail coverts are barred
rufous, white, and brown: the leffer wing coverts are brown,
fringed with white; the greater:ones plain, and of a darker brown;,
fome of them tipped with white, forming a bar on the wing:
greater quills black. on the outer webs, white towards the bafe

within: the fecondaries half white, half black: the tail of the

fame colours: legs black.
This fpecies feems- to be moft plentiful in America, being

found in numbers in the fens about Hud/on’s Bay, where they
breed, and then retire fouthward. The natives know it by the

name of Pu/quatifbifbue.. It now and then appears in. England,,

but is very rare*. It is however more plentiful on the continent.

Is found in Lapland+. Appears about the Ca/pian Sea in fprings.
but is never feen in Sidivia, nor in the north of AfZat. Itis faid.

to be a-fine-flavoured bird..

Lev. Mu.

T RIFLE bigger than the laft. The bill four inches and
a half in length, and turns much upwards; colour dufky,
with the bafe reddifh, and the point nearly black: the upper:
parts of the body plain brown: head and neck. cinereous: chin
nearly white: over the eye a pale ftreak: breaft mottled with

red: from thence to the vent white: tail as in the laft defcribed ::

legs dufky.

* The Br. Zool. mentions its being once fhot near Hul/; and Mr. Tunffal/ has
a {pecimen in his colle€tion which came out of Dor/etfhires

+ Linngus. 4. Ara. Zool, .
The

143

PLacey.

13.-
Var. As
DescRiPrians

144

Prace.

Ide,
COMMON
GODWIT.

Descriprion.

PLACE AND
Manners.

SNe te Phone

‘The above fpecimen came from Gibraltar, and appears to be
a variety: and I fufpeé it may alfo be a young bird, from the
want of fullnefs of colour on the breatt *.

Scolopax egocephala, Lin, Syf. i. p. 146. 16.
La grande Barge grife, Brif. Orn. v. p. 272. 3. pl. 24. fig. ze
a aboyeufe, Buf. O:/ vii. p. 501.—P/. Enl. 876.
Godwit, Yarwhelp, or Yarwip, Razi Syn. p. 105. A. 4.— Will. Ora. p. 2926
—Zlbin, ii. pl. 70.—Br. Zool. ii. N° 179.— 4rd. Zool. N° 373-
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

¥ ENGTH fixteen inches: weight twelve ounces. Bill four
inches long, bending a little upwards; the bafe half pale
purple, from thence to the end black; the under mandible fhort-
eft; from the bafe, paffing over the eye, a whitith ftreak: the
head, neck, and upper parts, reddifh brown, each feather marked
down the middle with a dark fpot: belly and vent white: the
fix prime quills are black; the inner edges reddifh brown; the
fhaft of the firft white, moft of the others brown; the outer
margins pale, and clouded with pale brown; the inner webs
whitifh, banded with greyifh brown: the tail feathers are white;
the two middle barred with brown; the others the fame on the
outer web, and the inner likewife towards the tips only: legs
dufky. In fome birds the rump is white, and the chin nearly fo.
This bird is found in England, at the fame time with the Rufs,
and taken with them promifcuoufly, a Stale-Bird being placed as
for the others; but the Gedwit continues with us the winter
through, walking on the open fands, like the Curlew, and feeds on

* This circumftance has alfo been obferved by Mr. Pennant, in the Br. Zool.
but thinks it may be mere variety.

infects.

> N IW &.

infects *. Tt is likewife met with in various parts of the conti-
nent of Europe and Afa,as well as in America.

La grande Barge rouffe, Brif, Orn. v. p. 284. 6.—Buf. O7, vii. p. 505.—
Pl. Exl. 916. :
Barbary Godwit, Shaw’s Trav. p. 255.

HIS bird is fifteen inches long, and has a bill like the laft.
It is dufky on the upper parts; the feathers edged with ru-
fous: over the eyes a ftreak of rufous white: the throat and
neck are rufous: lower part of the back and rump white,
marked with dufky fpots: upper tail coverts and tail barred
black and white: under parts from the breaft white: under tail
coverts and fides marked with tranfverfe black fpots: thighs
plain: fome of the outer wing coverts edged at the ends with
white: quills black, with the fhafts white; the three firft marked
with a tranfverfe white fpot one third from the end: fecondaries
edged and tipped with rufous: legs greenifh brown.
~ Said to inhabit England. It is probably a mere variety of the
Jaft. Ihave obferved them to vary much; and this feems to
differ in fex: at leaft there are two birds in the Leverian Mu-
eum, which were there placed as male and female, and an{wer to
the defcription of thefe laft birds: one of them has the breaft of
a pure white, the other pale rufous.

Cinereous Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. N° 180. pl. 66.

IZE of the Greenfhank. Bill two inches and a half long, but
thicker than in that bird: the head, neck, and back, va-

* Br. Zool.—I have feen them in the London markets, in the winter.

Voi. Ill. . U riegated

145

14.
Var. &.

DeEscRIPTION,.

Piace.

1S.
CINEREOUS G.

DeEscRIPTION,

Piace.

16.
CAMBRIDGE G.

DEscCRIPTION.

PLace.

17.
JADREKA SN.

DEscrirTION.

SHIN iP iE.

riegated with afh-colour and white: tail flightly barred with ci-

nereous: throat and breaft white; the laft marked with a few

afh-coloured fpots: legs long, flender, and afh-coloured.
A fpecimen fhot near Spalding in Lincolnfbire.

Cambridge Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. N° 185.

ARGER than the common Redfbank. Wiead, upper part of
the neck, and back, cinereous brown: lefler wing coverts
brown, edged with dull white, and barred with black: primaries
dufky, whitifh on their inner fides: fecondaries barred dufky
and white: under fide of the neck and breaft dirty white : belly
and vent white: tail barred cinereous and black: legs orange.
Shot near Cambridge. In the collection of the Rev. Mr.
Green,

Scolopax limofa, Lin. Sy/?.i. pe 245. 13.—Faun. Suee. 172.—Faun. Groen).
Ne 72.—Muller, N° 19¢.—Georgi Reife, 171+
La Barge, Brif. Orn. v. p. 262. 1.—Buf. Oif. vii.p. 500. pl. 27. —P/. Exh

874.
Stone Plover, Raji Syn. p. 195. A. 5.
Second fort of Godwit, Will, Ora. p. 293. ple 53.
Leffler Godwit, Br. Zool. ii. N° 182.
Jadreka, Olaf. Icel. ii. p. 201. t. 48.— Ar. Zool, N° 375-

ENGTH feventeen inches: weight nine ounces. Bill near
four inches long, dufky, the bafe yellowith: irides white : the
head and neck are cinereous : cheeks and chin white: back brown:
on the wings a line of white: rump and vent white: two middle
tail feathers black, the others white at the ends; which increafes.
on.

StoNG Te BIE:

on the outer feathers, fo as the exterior ones are white for nearly
the whole length: legs dufky.

This inhabits Iceland, Greenland, and Sweden. Migrates in
flocks in the fouth of Rufia. Seen about lake Bazkal; and is
{aid alfo to have been met with in England.

Scolopax glottis, Liz. Sy. i. pe 245. 10.—Faun. Suec. 171.—Scop. Anty is
N° 137.—Brun. 167.—Muller, p. 23.

La Barge grife, Bri. Orz. v. p. 267. 2. pl. 23. fige Ie

— variée, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 503-

Pluvialis major, Raii Syz. p. 106. A. 8.

Greater Plover of Androvand, W7/l. Ora. p. 106. pl. 55.—Svoan Fam. p.
317.9. pl. 268 ?—Raii Synz. p. 190. 6?

Green-legged Horfeman, 4/biz, ii. pl. 69.

Greenfhank, Br. Zool. N° 183.—Ar@. Zool. N° 379.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

IZE of the Redbank: length fourteen inches: weight fix ounces.
Bill two inches and a half long, black, and flender ; the upper
mandible is ftrait, but bends a trifle downwards at the tip; the
under curves in the fame manner upwards: the head, hind part
of the neck, and back, are pale afh-colour, marked down the
fhafts with brown; the laft colour deepeft on the back, and oc-
cupying moft of the middle feathers: over the eye is a ftreak of
white: fcapulars as the back: the lower part of the back, and
all the under parts from the breaft, white: quills dufky, marked
on the inner webs with white fpots; the five outer ones darkeft :
tail white, croffed with dufky bars : legs dufky green, pretty long :
the outer toe united to the middle one as far as the firft joint:

claws black.
Thefe birds are fometimes in tolerable plenty on our coatts,
Wii2 being

147

Priace.

18.
+ GREEN-
SHANK,

DescrRiIpTion.

Prace and
MannNerse

148

19.
SPOTTED
SNIPE.

DescRIPTION.

Prack.

oy Ni Tt (BA Ey.

being met with in {mall flocks in the winter feafon, as well as in
marfh lands in the neighbourhood of the fea. Sometimes fent up
to the London markets, where I have bought them, and thought
their flefh to be well flavoured. Their fummer refidence is no
doubt to the northward, fince they are met with in Sweden, and
other parts*, and are in plenty in Raffa and Sibiria. Inhabits
alfo the province of New Yorkt. Sloane calls his bird a Curlew,
but fays the bill is ftrait; and no doubt means this very fpecies :
that it is in Famaica is certain, as I have received it from
thences iy. Pee)

Scolopax totanus, Liz. Sy. i. pe 245. 12:—Brun. N° 157.—Muller, 187.
—Georgi Reife, 171+

Totanus alter, Radi Syn. p. 106. 11.—Will. Orn. p. 2996

Barker, d/éia, ii. pl. 71?

Spotted Redfhank, Br. Zool. N° 186.

\IZE of the Greenfhank. The head of a pale afh-colour,
marked with oblong ftreaks of black: back dufky, varied
with triangular white fpots: wing coverts afh-coloured, fpot-
ted in the fame manner: quills dufky : breaft, belly, and thighs,
white; the firft thinly fpotted with black: the middle feathers of
the tail afh-coloured; the fide feathers whitifh, barred with
black : legs long, and of a bright red. .
Inhabits various parts of the continent of Ezrope; and has been
met with, though rarely, in Exgland,

* Sondmaer, Strom. 235+ + 4rd. Zool.

Spotted

oo ING Tk BE

Spotted Woodcock, Phil. Tran. vol. Ixii. p. 410.
Spotted Snipe, Ara. Zool. N° 374.
Lev. Muf.

F‘HIS is larger and longer than the Greenfhank: in length
near fixteen inches. The bill more than two inches long,
and brown: orbits, chin, and throat, white: from the bill to the
eye a line of white: cheeks and fore part of the neck white,
with fhort dufky ftreaks: crown and upper part of the neck
brown, ftreaked with white: wings black, marked with elegant
triangular {pots of white: breaft and belly white: legs long, and
in the living bird of a rich yellow ; fometimes red.

This is found in North America, and is common at Hud/on’s
Bay: comes into the neighbourhood of A/dany fort, the end of
April or beginning of Afay, and departs the end of September.
Frequents the banks of rivers, feeding on fmall fhell-fifh and
worms. On its return towards the fouth ftops at New York for
a time, but proceeds more fouthward, in order to pafs the winter..
The natives call this fpecies Sa-/a-/hew ; the Englifh, Yellow-legs.
This, and feveral other fpecies of Swipes and Sandpipers, are call-
ed, in North America, Humilities*.

My fpecimen feems ftronger marked; with lefs white about
the head than in the above, and the fpots on the wings very dif-
tinét; but the prime quills are dufky, and not fpotted: the bill
is two inches and a quarter long, brown, fhaped exactly as that
of the Greenfhank: the legs yellowifh brown. I received this
from Hud/on’s Bay, and efteem it as differing in fex only from the
laft defcribed,

* Ar&. Zool.

Scolopax

149

1Q-
t- Var. A.

DeEscRIPTION.

PLACE AND
Mawwners.

150

20.
+ REDSHANK.

BescrIPrTion.

PLacE AND
ManneERSe

SaoNG LT Petes

Scolopax calidris, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 245. 11-—Muller, N° 186.—Kram. El.
P+ 353-—Frifch. il. 240.

—totanus, Faun. Suec. 167.

Le Chevalier, Bri/: Orn. v. p. 188. 4. pl. 17. fig. 1.

aux pieds rouges, Buf. O// vii. p. 513.

Redfhank, or Pool-Snip2, Rai Syn. p. 107. A. 1.—Will, Ora. ps 299.—
Albin, iii. pl. 87.—Br. Zool. N° 184. pl. 65.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

ENGTH twelve inches. Bill almoft two; bafe reddifh; end

dufky black: irides reddifh hazel: head and hind part of
the neck dufky afh-colour: back and fcaptlars glofly greenifh
brown: wing coverts afh-colour, mixed with dufky and brown,
and marked with whitifh fpots: ends of all the fecondaries, ex-
cept the two inner ones, white for an inch at the tip: quills
dufky ; four or five of the inner ones more or lefs tipped with
white, with dufky, margins: over the eye a ftreak of white; and
between the bill and eye a dufky mark: chin and fore part of
the neck marked with fhort dufky ftreaks: the under parts from
the breaft, and the lower part of the back and rump, white,
marked with minute dufky fpecks: tail coverts and tail croffed
with numerous bars of black, twelve or thirteen on each feather:
legs orange: claws black. In fome birds both the rump and
belly are of a pure white.

The Redfbank is pretty common in this kingdom, but grows
fearcer towards the north. It breeds, like many others of this
genus, in the marfhes ; and lays four whitifh eggs, tinged with
olive, and marked with irregular black fpots, moft numerous at
the large end. When difturbed it has the actions of a Lapwing,
flying round its neft, which it is faid to do ina circular manner,

and

SpoNe Ay BE.

and this reoular, with the neft in the centre, be the circuit larger
or {maller; infomuch that an attentive obferver will often find it
out by this circumftance. It is common alfo in many parts
of Europe, as high as Finmark; and is likewife found in Sibiria* :
is indigenous alfo to the American continent.

ILL black; bare, reddifh, as in the Redbank : irides blue:
head, hind part of the neck, and back, ereyifh: chin, throat,
breaft, and belly, white; fides of the three firft marked. with
fmall dufky fpots: over the eyes a line of white: wings dufky:
the outer webs of the coverts and fecondaries barred with white
and black; fhaft of the outer quill white: rump and tail barred
black and white: legs orange red.
Inhabits the marfhes of China.
Dr. Fothergill.

From the drawings of the late

Scolopax candida, Lia. Sy/. i. p. 247. 18.
Le Chevalier-blanc, Brif, Orz. v. p. 207. 8.— Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 519>
White Redfhank, Zaw. pl. 139.

IZE of the Redbank: length eleven inches. Bill almoft two,
of an orange-colour, with the tip black: the upper part of
the head, neck, back, fcapulars, lefler wing, and upper tail co-
verts, are white, varied with tranfverfe rufous grey ftreaks: fore
part of the head, throat, and from thence to the vent, as alfo
the rump, pure white: greater wing coverts dirty white: prime
quills grey: fecondaries and tail white, fpotted tranfverfely with
rufous grey: legs orange.
* ArG, Zool.
This.

Ca]
eat
tow

206
Var. A.
CHINESE
REDSHANKE.,

DEscRIPTION.»

PLACE.

21.
WHITE
REDSHANK.

DeEscrIPTioNn,

152

Prace.

22.
SEMIPALMAT-
ED SN.

DescRIPTION.

Pace.

G30
STONE SN.
DEsCRIPTION:

PLACE.

24.
YELLOW-
SHANKS.

DescRIPTION.

SVN oy) Pir ae.

This was met with at Hud/on’s Bay; and, on our further ac-

quaintance with it, is not unlikely to prove a mere variety of the
Redfhank.

Semipalmated Snipe, .4r&. Zool, N° 380.

ENGTH fourteen inches. Bill two inches long, dufky:
head and neck ftreaked black and white: breaft white,
marked with round black fpots: belly and fides white; the latt
crofted with tranfverfe bars of brown: back and wing coverts
cinereous, with great fagittal fpots of black: primaries dufky,
croffed with a white bar: fecondaries white : the middle feathers
of the tail cinereous, barred with black; outmoft white: legs.
dufky: toes femipalmated.
Inhabits New York.

Stone Snipe, 4r@. Zool. N° 376.

WICE the fize of a Swipe. Bill black: head, neck, breatft,
back, fcapulars, and greater coverts, fpotted black and white :
rump and tail barred with the fame: primaries dufky: legs long
and yellow. 4
Obferved in autumn, feeding on the fands on the lower part
of Chateaux Bay, and are called Stone Curlews. Are perpetually
nodding their heads.

Yellowfhanks, 4r&. Zool. N° 378.

ENGTH eleven inches. Bill flender, black, a little bent
at the end: head, hind part of the neck, back, and greater
6 wing

Spe Ne Ty Pais

wing coverts, dirty white, {potted with black: leffer coverts plain
brown: primaries dufky: breaft and fore part of the neck fpot-
ted black and white: belly and tail coverts white: tail barred
brown and white: legs yellow.

Appears in the province of New York in autumn.

Nodding Snipe, Arc#.-Zaol. N° 370-

IZE of the common Snipe. Bill fender, long, black: crown
and upper part of the back dufky, ftreaked with red: cheeks
cinereous, ftreaked with black: neck and breaft cinereous, mixed
with ruft-colour, and marked with obfcure dark fpots: belly
white : thighs fpotted with black : lefler wing coverts afh-colour-
ed; greater dufky, edged with brown: quills dufky; the fecon-
daries tipped with white: lower part of the back white, fpotted
with black: tail barred black and white; tip reddifh: legs greene
ifh: the toes bordered by a narrow plain membrane.
Obferved in Chateaux Bay, on the coaft of Labrador, in Septem-
ber, Are perpetually nodding their heads.

Black Snipe, 4r@. Zool. N° 381.

ILL and legs red: plumage moft intenfely black.
Obferved by S¢e//er in the iflands towards America.

Red-breafted Snipe, Ard. Zool, N° 368.

1ZE of the common Snipe. Bill like that bird; above two inches
long: head, neck, and fcapulars, varied with black, afh-
colour, and red: fore part of the neck and breaft ferruginous,
Vou. Il, x thinly

PLACE.

PALS
NODDING SN.

Descriprion.

PLACE

26.
BLACK SN.

DESCRIPTION:
PLACE.

276
RED-BREASTED
SN.

DESCRIPTION. -

154

PLACE.

: 28.
BROWN SN.

DescriPT10Ne

Prackr.

29.
ASH-COLOUR-
ED SN.
DEscRIPTION.

SHIN oluene nes.

thinly footted with black: coverts and fecondaries dark cinere~
ous; the laft tipped with white: back and rump white, concealed
by the feapulars: tail barred dufky and white: legs dark green:
middle and outer toe connected by a {mall web.

Inhabits the coafts of New York.

Erown Snipe, dr&. Zool, N° 369.
Lev. Mu/f.

QIZE of the laft: length eleven inches. Bill two inches and
a half long, and brown: between the bafe of it and the eye
a white bar; and above the eye a {peck of white : the head, neck,
and fcapulars, of a fine uniform cinereous brown, marked in a few
places with black; fides of the head and fore part of the neck
paleft: wing coverts and prime quills dark brown; fhaft of the
firft quill white: fecondaries pale brown, edged with white:
back white: rump and tail barred black and white: breaft mottled
white and brown: belly white: legs dark brown: hind toe placed
high up, and pretty long.
Found with the former.

ENGTH eleven inches. Bill more than an inch and a
half long, ftrait, except at the tip, where it is a trifle bent;
colour black: upper part of the head, neck, and body, afh-co-
Jour: between the bill and eye a whitifh mark: chin and fore
part of the neck white, mottled a little with brown on the
throat: breaft and fides of the body. afh-colour: middle of the

belly white: legs yellowith green.
Inhabits

St Ni Th By By 153

Inhabits Ezmeo and Palmerften Wes. In the collection of Sir Piace.
Fofeph Banks.

Scolopax fufca, Liz. Sy/f. i. p. 243. 5. 30.

La Barge brune, Bri/. Ora. v. p. 276. 4. pl. 23. fig. 2—Buf. Of. vii. DUSKY SN,
p> 508.—P/. En. 875.

Dufky Snipe, 4rd. Zool. p--471. 6.

ENGTH almoft twelve inches. Billtwoinches andonethird, Descrirriox.

a little bent downwards at the point; colour black; the bafe
of the lower mandible pale: plumage on the upper part of the
body dufky black; the edges of the feathers whitifh: crown
darkeft, and plain: fcapulars and leffer wing coverts marked with
whitith fpots on the margins: lower part of the back and rump
white: cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck, deep afh-colour :
from thence to the vent the fame, but growing lighter as it ap-
proaches the laft, and here and there mixed and edged with
white: quills brown, paleft within, and {potted with grey on the
outer margin, and fome of the fecondaries on both webs: the
two middle tail feathers dufky brown, marked with tranf{verfe
whitifh ftreaks; the others brown, croffed inthe fame manner with
white: legs brown.

Breeds within the 4réic circle. Migrates into Rufia and Si- PLacze
biria.
i
Scolopax cinerea, NV. C, Petr. vol. xix. 6. t. 19. (F« Gueldenftaedt.) 316
Terek Avofet, Ara. Zool. p. 502. TEREK SN.

ENGTH nine inches. The bill’ bends upwards from the Descrierzon:
bafe, and a little downwards at the tip, and is nearly two
X 2 inches

PLACE AND
Manners,

32.
CAURALE SN.

DxscriPTiIoN.

Se Ne Es

inches in length; colour of it black: irides brown: the plumage
on theupper parts is wholly cinereous; the middle of each fea-
ther brown, which is in ftreaks on the head and neck, on the back
oblong, and on the rump tranfverfe : the under parts white ; but
the throat and breaft ftreaked with afh-colour: wings afh-co-
lour, croffed with a bar of white: quills brown; the fhaft of
the firft white, the fecond cinereous: fecondaries tipped with
white: the two middle tail feathers are cinereous; the reft
the fame, varied with whitifh, but not banded: legs reddifi
brown: toes fomewhat palmated at the bafe: claws blackihh.

Male and female alike.

This inhabits, during the fummer, the neighbourhood of the
Cafpian Sea, particularly about the mouth of the river Zerek,
where it breeds. Met with in flocks in the marfhes, efpecially
on the borders of falt lakes, and feeds on infects. This feems
not perfectly confonant to any genus: feems a link between the
Snipe and Avofet: but, in our opinion, the bill turning down-
wards at the point, feems to forbid the placing it with the lat~
ter; though the feet being palmated gives it great affinity.

Le Caurale,ou petit Paon des Rofes, Buf. Oif viii. p. 169. pl. 14.—Pl,
Enl. 782.
Lev. Muf.

HIS is a moft beautiful fpecies: is about the fize of the
Whimbrel, and meafures fifteen inches in length. The bill is
near two inches long, of a yellowifh green, and bends a very trifle
downwards: the head and fides below the eyes are black: over
the eye is a ftreak of white; and the black is bounded beneath
by white, paffing from the chin and throat to the hind head; in
the

Sy INGE Oe iE.

the middle of this white, on each fide, in the direction of the
jaw, is a black flender line: the neck and breaft are rufous,
ftriated tran{verfely with flender black lines: back the fame, but
more grey, croffed with broad bars of black: fcapulars grey,
banded with white: the wings are cream-colour, mottled with
black near the fhoulder, and beautifully banded with rufous red ;
in the middle, and at fome diftance from the end of the quills, in
both places accompanied with black: the tail is grey, mottled
and ftriated acrofs with black interrupted bands; and near the end
croffed with a broad bar of black, bounded above with rufous
red: the belly, thighs, and vent, are white: legs yellow, and ra-
ther fhort for the fize of the bird.

This inhabits the interior parts of Guiana, but is not common,
It frequents the fides of rivers: is a folitary bird, and known by
a kind of plaintive whiftle, which the natives imitate, in order to
decoy the bird within reach. The fpecimen in the Leverian
Mufeum is a moft perfect and fine-coloured one. I have feen
three or four others, which were lefs brilliant in their plumage.
Hence we may fufpect thatthe male may differ from the female
merely by this circumftance ; and that Sir 4bton Lever’s bird
is a male. The inhabitants of Guiana give this fpecies the name
of Paon des Rofes. One which came under my infpe&tion had a
Jabel affixed, with the name of /e Pard,

GENUS

157

Place anp
Manners.

=
He OO on

=

12.

13.
. White-winged S,
. Selninger S.

. Waved S.

. Uniform S.

. Dufky S.

14
15
16
17
18

19.

Am PH LH w

[ 158

Genus IxXIX.

Ruff.

. Lapwing.

. Greater D°.

. Red-legged Sandpiper.
. Cayenne S.

. Louifiane S.

Var. A.

. Goa S.

. Senegal S.
. Gambet S.
. Swifs S.

. Grey S.

Var. A.
Green S.
Var. A.
Var. B.
Wood S.

Freckled S.

N° 20.

21.

SANDPIPER.

Grifled S.
Striated S.
Var. A.

. Afh-coloured S.
. Common S.

. Spotted S.

. New York S.

. Streaked S.

- Boreal S.

. Newfoundland S,
. Variegated S. ~
a eurres

Var. A.
Red-necked S.

. Little S.

. Dunlin.
apediss

. Southern S.
. Knot.

. Turnftone.

Var. A.
Var. B.
Var. C.

HE bill in this genus is ftrait, flender, and an inch and a

half long, or under.

Noftrils fmall,

Tongue

SAN DEPT PR: BOR, 15
Tongue flender.
Toes divided, or very flightly connected at the bafe by a mem-
brane: hind toe weak.
Tringa pugnax, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 147. 1.—Faun. Suece 175.—-Scop. Anns ic a
Ne 140.—Brun. 168. 169.—Kram. ps 352.—Frifth. t. 232. 235.— + RUFF,

Georgi Reife, p. 172.
Le Combattant, ou Paon de Mer, Brif. Orn. v. p. 240. 18. pl. 22. fig. 1. 2.
—Buf. Of. vil. p. 521. pl. 29. 30.—PI. Exl. 305. 306.
Roffe, Raii Syn. p. 107. A- 3.—Will. Orn. p. 302. pl. 56.
Ruff and Reeve, J/biz, i. pl. 72. 73.—Br. Zool. N° 192. pl. 69.—Ard@. Zool.
P- 479. A.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf,
ENGTH one foot. Bill more than one inch, yellowifh; Description.
in fome black: the whole face covered with numerous
yellow pimples: irides hazel: the back part of the head, and
the neck, are furnifhed with very long feathers, ftanding out
in a remarkable manner, not unlike the raf worn by our an-
ceftors ; a portion of this fet of feathers ftands up over each
eye, imitating ears: the ruff is of as many different colours
as there are birds who wear it, no two being alike; in general it
is barred with black, yet I have feen many white, or of one plain
colour ; and I obferve, that of whatever colour the ruff may be,
the Greaft is very little different; and the tranfverfe markings on
the upper parts of the plumage fomewhat correfpond: the ground
colour, however, is moftly brown ; the feathers in general barred
with black, and many of them marked with concentric circles of
black : quills dufky : lower belly, vent, and upper tail coverts,
white; the laft pretty long: the four-middle tail feathers barred
9 not

S

FemaLe.

PLACE AND
Manners.

S AON DEP EP ER.

not unlike the back; the others plain brown: the legs in all
are dull yellow: claws black.

The female, or Reeve, wants the ruff on the neck, and is lefs
than the male. General colour brown: the middle of each fea-
ther dufky, in fome parts almoft black; the edges of the fea-
thers very pale: primaries dufky or black: fecondaries barred
rufous brown and black: belly, vent, and upper tail coverts,
white: tail dufky: legs as in the male.

The male bird does not gain the ruff till the fecond feafon,
being till then like the female; as he alfo is from the end of
June till the feafon of love commences, when nature clothes him
with the ruff, and the red pimples break out on the face ; but after
the time of incubation the long feathers fall off, and the caruncles
fhrink in under the fkin, fo as not to be difcerned.

Thefe birds inhabit the north of Europe in fummer, as far as.
Iceland, as well as the northern marfhes of Raffa and Sibiria.
They arrive in England in the fpring, chiefly in Lincolnfhire *, the
ifle of Ely, and the Eaft Riding of Yorkfhire. The males are in
much greater number than the females; hence the continual
battles for the fake of poffeffion. The male chufes a ftand on fome
dry bank near a fplafh of water, running round a particular {pot
fo often as to make a bare circular path: the moment a female
appears, all the males within a given diftance begin fighting, at
which time the fowlers catch them, by means of nets, in great
numbers +. They are alfo caught by means of Stale Birds, but

® Chiefly in the Hef Fen. Tour in Scotl.

+ By placing a clap-net, fourteen yards long and four broad, over night, forty-
four birds have been caught at one pull, the morning following ; and in all fix
dozen in the courfe of the morning.—A fowler has caught between forty and

fifty dozen in one feafon.—Zr. Zool.
in

SeAGN, DP IP EAR:

in much lefs quantity. It is ufual to fat thefe birds for the
table by means of dread and milk, mixed with hemp-feed, and
fometimes boiled wheat, to thefe by many /wgar is added;
which laft in a fortnight’s time will caufe them to be one lump
of fat, when they will fetch from two fhillings to half a crown
each. The Reeve lays four eggs in atuft of grafs, the beginning of
May; they are white, marked with large rufty fpots: and the
young are hatched in about a month. It is not known for cer-
tain where this fpecies pafs the winter, and perhaps it may be
fome time before we do; for, as the bird has the characteriftic
marks of the Ruf only in breeding-time, it may poffibly pafs
unheeded among the feveral others of this genus. In the Leve-
rian Mufeum is a variety of the female, being wholly white, ex-
cept the wings, which have much the fame marking as ufual,

except of a very pale colour.
e)

Tringa vanellus, Liz. Sy/t. i. p. 248. 2.—Faun. Suec. 176.—Scop. Ann. iv
N° 141.—Brun. N° 170.—Muller, N° 192.—Kram. El. p. 353.—
Frifch. ii. 213.-—Olin. Uc. pl. in p. 21.-—Georgi Reifz, p. 172.

Le Vanneau, Brif. Orn. v. p. 94-1. pl. 8. fig. 1.—Buf. O7 viii. p. 48.
pl. 4.—P/. Enl. 242.

Lapwing, or Baftard Plover, Raiz Syn. p. 110. A. 1.—Will. Ora. 307.
pl. §7.—Albin, i. pl. 74.—Br. Zool, N° 190.—Ar&. Zool. p. 480. D.

Lev. My.

ENGTH thirteen inches and a half: weight eight ounces.
Bill one inch or more, and black: irides hazel: the crown

of the head is gloffy greenifh black; at the back part fprings a
creft compofed of narrow feathers, fome of which are four inches
in length, and turn upwards at the ends: round the eye and the
Vot. Ill. Y fides

161

Ze
+ LAPWING,

DEscRIPTIONe

162

PLAcE AND
Manners.

SPAN, DD) IR hy ely 1 Seales

fides of the neck white: beneath the eye a ftreak of black: fore
part of the neck, as far as the breaft, black; hind part white and
brown: the back and wings green; the firft gloffed with purple,
the laft with blue: quills black; the four firft have a white {pot
at the tip: the bafe half of the fecondaries white: breaft and
belly white: upper tail coverts and vent pale rufous: tail white,
for half way next the bafe; the end half black; the outer feathers
almoft wholly white: legs brownifh red.

Male and female alike, but the laft is rather fmaller.

This fpecies is pretty common in England, where it remains
the whole year. They lay-their eggs on the ground, fcraping
together a little dried grafs for a bed; they are four in number,
of a dirty olive, fpotted with black. The hen fits about three
weeks: the young run within two or three days after they are
hatched. The female has great addrefs in decoying the curious
impertinent from the neft or young, ufing many ftratagems of
deceit ; flying over the head of any one with great noife: is faid
to be moft clamorous when fartheft from the neft; and will even
feign to run along the ground, as if lame, in order to decoy.
Towards winter both young and old collec in flocks of four or
five hundred, or more, and are feen on our heaths; and in fome
places are taken in nets, for the ufe of the table*. Their eggs are
alfo thought-a delicacy, and fetch a good price +.

Thefe are alfo common in moft parts of Europe, as far as

* In the provinces of Brie and Champaign, in France, are feen in vaft flocks
of thoufands, and decoyed into the nets by the playing of a mirror, with the
addition of fome ftuffed birds, with here and there a live one intermixed.
Hiff. des Oi/,

+ Three fhillings per dozen.—Br. Zoo/.

6 Iceland ;

SVAN) Dice PER.

Iceland ; and on the continent. -Change place according to the
feafon; being met with in the winter in Perfic and Egypt. We
have alfo feen a fpecimen from China. The chief food of the
bird in its wild ftate is worms, which it draws out of the ground
morning and evening. It is frequently kept in gardens, of which
it is a ufeful inhabitant, freeing them from worms and flugs, and
in time becoming tolerably familiar. I have feen this bird ap-
proach a worm caft, turn it afide, and after making two or three
turns about, by way of giving motion to the ground, the worm
came out, and the watchful bird feizing hold of it drew it
forth. During frofty and hard weather, this pretty gardener will
feed on bits of pudding, meat, and fuch like; but ever forfaking
thefe when worms can be had, its moft efteemed foed.

Le grand Vanneau de Bologne, Bri: Oru v. p. 110. 5-

IGGER than a Lapwing. Bill yellowith, with the tip black:
head and hind part of the neck chefnut: back, wings, fca-
pulars, and rump, black: throat, fore part of the neck, and
breaft, white, marked with ferruginous fpots: belly, fides, and
thighs, white: quills and tail black: legs the colour of yellow
oker.
Inhabits Italy, about Bologua, where it is called Ginocchiella.

Tringa erythropus, Scop. ua. i. 146,

IGGER than the Raf. Bill black: forehead rufous white:
the upper parts of the body and wings cinereous brown: the
fecond quills white; the firft feven prime ones black: belly foot-
2 colour :

163

Gi
GREATER LAP-
WING.

DESCRIPTION

PLAcs.

4.
RED-LEGGED
SANDPIPER.

DEscrRiPTION,

164

(xc
CAYENNE S.

DeEscRIPTION.

PLace.

6.
LOUISIANE S.

. DESCRIPTION,

SH AEN DSP Ol PPB R.

colour: rump and tail rufous white, the laft croffed with a black
band at the tip: the thighs naked for the greateft part of their
length: legs red.

Native place uncertain.

Le Vanneau armé de Cayenne, Buf. Os. viii. p.66.—P/. Enl. 336.
Vanneau, Defer. Surin. il. p. 193-

ESS than our Lapwing : length eight inches and a half. The
bill is red, three quarters of an inch long, with the tip black:
the forehead and throat are black: the middle of the crown afh-
colour: hind head brown; from it {pring five or fix blackifh
long feathers, forming a creft not unlike that of the Lapwing: the
neck is dufky white: on the breaft a broad band of black: belly
and vent white: the back of a greenifh purple: the outfide of
the wing, for fome way from the fhoulder, white; near the bend
a fhort, brown, fharp fpur, rather bent: the bafe half of the tail
is white; the end half black; the tip fringed with white: legs
reddifh: toes of moderate length: claws black.
Inhabits Cayenne. Met with commonly in the marfhy /avaunas,
and lives on infects.

Le Vanneau armé de Ia Louifiane, Brif. Orn. v. p. 114. 7. pl. 8. fige 2—
Buf. Oi. vii. p. 65.—Pl. El. 835.
Armed Sandpiper, Ard. Zool. N° 395.

IZE of the Lapwing: length eleven inches. Bill orange; at
the bafe of it a naked fkin of the fame colour, which rifes up

on the forehead, takes in the eyes, and hangs on each fide of the
mandible like a wa¢t/e: the top of the head is black : the reft of
the

SA NUD-POT PBR.

the upper parts grey brown: the under yellowifh white: at the
bend of the wing a fharp fpur: quills chiefly black, mixed more
or lefs with grey: tail yellowifh white, tipped with black: legs
red: claws black.

Inhabits Louifana.

Parra Dominica, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. Z5Q. Fe
Le Vanneau armé de St. Domingue, Bri/: Orn. v. p. 118. 8.

IZE of the laft. Bill yellow, the bafe of it furrounded with a
yellow fkin, as in that bird: the head and upper parts pale
yellow: the under yellowifh white, inclining to rofe-colour: tail
as the back, but the fide feathers incline to rofe-colour on the
inner webs: legs yellow.
Inhabits feveral of the warmer parts of America and St. Domingo.

Vanneau armé de Goa, P/. Ex/. 807-
——__——— des Indes, Buf. Oi/. vili. p. 64.

ENGT H thirteen inches. Bill dufky : head and neck black:

before the eye, and round it, carunculated and red: from the
back part of the eye a ftripe of white, paffing down on each fide
the neck, and communicating with the breaft, which, as well as
the under parts of the body, is white: the back and wing coverts
are rufous brown: greater coverts white: quills black: the bafe
ef the tail for one third is white, the middle black, and the end
brown: legs yellow: it has four toes, all of a moderate length:
on the fore part of the wing, near the joint, is a fhort fharp fpur.

This came from Goa.

Parra

Pract.

6.
Var. A.

DeEscriPTiom.

PLAcE.

GOAS.

Descriprion.,

Place.

166

8.
SENEGAL S.

DescRIPTION.

PLACE.

S Ay ND Pave ER.

Parra Senegalla, Liz. Syf. i. p. 259. 2-
Le Vanneau armé du Senegal, Brif. Orn. v. p. 111. 6. pl. 10. fig. 2.—=
Buf, Oif, viii. p. 62.—Ple Enl. 362.

GIZE of the Lapwing: length twelve inches. Bill yellowifh
green, with the tip black: the forehead covered with a yel-
low fkin, as in the Louifiane fpecies, but not taking in the eye:
the forehead is white : chin and throat black: the head and upper
parts of the neck, body, and leffer wing coverts, grey brown: the
under parts the fame, but paler: lower part of the belly, upper
and under tail coverts, dirty white: the greater wing coverts the
fame: quills black, more or lefs white at the bottom: at the
bend of the wing a black fpur: tail, half way from the bafe,
dirty white; the reft of the length black, with pale rufous tips.

This fpecies inhabits Senegal.

Tt was perhaps thefe that interrupted Mr. Adan/on’s fhootine,
as they alarmed all the birds within hearing by their cries. The
Negroes called them Uett Uett; the French, Squallers; becaufe,
as foon as they fee a man, they fet up a loud {creaming, on which
all other birds take the hint, and fly off. He fays that they
always fly in pairs, and have a {pur on each wing *.

© See Voy. 8v0. p. 77+

Tiinga

SANDPIPER,

Tringa gambetta, Lin. Syf. i, p. 248. 3.— Faun Succ. 177. — Scop.
Anni. 142,

Tringa variegata, Brun. N° 181.— Muller, N° 2046

Le Chevalier rouge, Brif. Ora. v. p. 192. 4

La Gambette, P/, En/. 845.

Gambetta, Raii Syx. p. 107. 2.—Will. Orn. p. 3006

Red-legged Horfeman, 4/biz, i. pl. 68.

Gambet, Br. Zool. N° 198. pl. 70.—Ar&. Zool. N° 394.

IZE of the Greenfbank: length twelve inches. Bill of a reddith
colour, with a black tip: the irides yellowifh green: head,
back, and breaft, cinereous brown, fpotted with dull yellow:
wing coverts and fcapulars cinereous, edged with dull yellow:
prime quills dufky ; fhaft of the firft white: tail ele bordered
with yellow: legs yellow.

This inhabits Exgland, but is not common: has been fhot on
the coaft of Lincolnfbire. Known in France; but is there a rare
bird. Has a note not unlike the whiftle of a Woodcock; and the
flefh is efteemed. [nhabits Scandinavia and Iceland; called in
the laft Sie/kr. It has alfo been taken in the Frozen Sea, between

Afia and America.

Tringa Helvetica, Zin. Sy. i. p. 250. 12.—Phil. Tranf: vol. Ixii. p. 412+
Vanneau de Suiffe, Brif: Ora. vy. p. 106. 4. pl. 10. fig. 1.—Buf. Oi/- vib.
p- 60.—PI.. El. 853.
Swifs Sandpiper, Ard. Zool. N° 396.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf,

IZE of the Lapwing: length eleven inches. Bill one inch
and a quarter, and black, fwelling at the point: forehead
and neck white; the feathers of the laft dafhed with brown down

the -

167

Oe
GAMBET S,

DEscriPrion.

Pace AND
Manners.

10.
SWISS S.

Descrirrion.

163

PLACE.

11.
GREY S.

DEscRIPTION.

S-A N DPT Pe EIR.

the fhafts: hind part of the head fpotted with black and white:
cheeks, fore part of the neck, breaft, and belly, black: thighs
and vent white: back and wing coverts white, fpotted with

-black: prime quills black: tail white, croffed with narrow

bars of black, which are leaft in number on the outer fea-
thers: legs black: hind toe fmall. The bird defcribed in the -
Philofophical Tranfaétions had a mixture of white lunated fpots
with the black on the under parts; which Dr. Forjfer fufpects
may prove the young bird.

This fpecies inhabits the coafts of Conneéticut and Hudfon’s
Bay: vifits the laft in fpring ; and feeds on berries, infects, and
worms. Common throughout the fouth of Ruffa, and Sidiria:
fuppofed to breed in the arétic flats of the laft. It is alfo found
in France and Switzerland; but never many of them together.

Tringa fquatarola, Lin. Sy/t. i. p. 252. 23.—Faun. Suec. 186.—Scop. Ann. io
N° 144.—Brun. N° 176.—Muller, p. 25.—Georgi Reife, p. 172.

Le Vanneau gris, Brif. Orn. v. p. 100. 2. pl. g. fig. 1.—P/. End. 854.

Le Vanneau pluvier, Buf. Oi/ viii. p. 68.

Grey Plover, Raii Synz. p. 111. A. 3.—Will. Orn. p. 309. ple 57.—Brows
Fam. p. 478.—Albin, i. pl. 76.

Grey Sandpiper, Br. Zool. N° 191.—Ar&. Zool. N° 393+

Lev. Mu.

IZE of the Golden Plover: weight feven ounces: length
twelve inches. Bill one inch and a quarter in length, black:
the head, back, and wing coverts, black, edged with greenifh afh-
colour, with fome white: cheeks and throat white, marked with
oblong dufky fpots: belly and thighs white: outer webs of the
quills black; the lower part of the inner webs of the four firft
white :

SyAUN DD P LP ER.

white: rump white: tail barred black and white *: legs dirty
green: back toe fmall.

This is now and then feen on the coafts of England, in the winter
time, in fmall flocks. Found in Carolina in great numbers. Alfo
common in Szbiria ; appearing there in autumn in great flocks,
coming from the extreme north, where they breed f.

Tringa varia, Lin Sy/f. i. p. 252. 21.
Le Vanneau varié, Brif. Orz. v. p. 103. 3. pl. g. fig. 2—P/. Exl. 923.

IZE of the laft. Bill black: the head, hind part of the neck,

back, and fcapulars, are brown; the feathers fpotted and
margined with white: rump the fame, but the fpots are yellow-
ifh : upper tail coverts white, edged with grey and pale yellow:
throat white: fore part of the neck grey brown; margins of the
feathers white: from thence to the vent white: the wing coverts
like the back; fome of the outer greater ones dufky, margined
at the ends with white: baftard wing dufky: quills the fame;
from the fifth to the ninth edged with white at the tips; the
others incline to grey brown, edged outwardly with white; the
fix inner ones fpotted on the margins with white: the tail feathers
barred with brown and white; the outer one all white, except a
brown longitudinal ftreak on the outer web: legs black.

* Linneus obferves, that the outer feather has but one black bar, the others

feveral.
+ ArG. Zool.

Vor. III. Z, Tringa

169

Piace?

Tieap
Var. A.

Descrierion.

170

12:
4+- GREEN S.

DescriIPTION,

PLaceE.

STAGNTD PT PEARS

Tringa ochropus, Liz. Sy. i. p. 250. 13.—Fauny Succ, 180.—Mullers,
p» 25.—Brun. N° 183.—Frifch. il. 239.

Le Beccafleau, ou Cul blanc, Brif, Orn. v. p. 177. 1. pl. 16. fig. Buf
Of, vil. p. 534.—Pl. Enl. 843.

Tringa of Aldrovand, Raii Syx. p. 108. A. 7.—Will. Ora. p. 300. pl. 56s.
(Cinclus Belloniz.)

Tringa tertia Aldrov. Raii Syz. p. 109. 8.— Will. Orn. 301. pl. 56.

Green Sandpiper, Br. Zool, N° 201.—<Ard. Zool. N° 389,

Lev. Muf.

ENGT FE ten inches. Bill one inch and a half long, black:

top of the head and hind part of the neck dufky afh-colour =
over the eye a pale ftreak ; and between the bill and eye dufky:
back and wings greenifh glofly brown; the edges of the feathers.
fpotted. with dirty white: chin white: fore part of the neck
dufky white, marked with dark ftreaks: from thence to the vent
white; as are the upper and lower tail coverts: quills and outer
edge of the wing plain dufky brown: fecondaries nearly as long
as the quills: under the wings dufky, the feathers barred with
white, the bars meeting obliquely, and forming the fhape of the
letter V: the tail is white, the feathers more or lefs barred with
dufky ; the outer one leaft of all: the legs are of a greenifh lead-
colour, flender: the outer and middle toes united at the bafe by:
a membrane.

This bird is common to many parts of Europe, and is for
the moft part a folitary fpecies. It frequents frefh waters and
ftreams. Is very plenty in the watery places of Ruffia and Sibz-
via; and is found as far as Iceland. It is alfo in England, though
rather fcarce; and I am not clear that it is feen, except in the
winter feafon, having never heard of the circumftance : nor is it

7 ever

SAN DP di PER

ver met with in greater numbers than four or five together. Is
found alfo in America. This has a muficsy kind of fmell, not un-
like fome of the Petre] genus.

Tringa littorea, Liz. Sy. i. p. 251. N° 17.—Faune Succes N° 185.——2run.
N° 177. 178.—Muller, N° 200.

Le Chevalier cendré, Bri/. Orn. v. ps 203. 7. pl. 17. fig. 2.

— varié, Buf. Oif. vil. p. 517.—Pl. Exl. 3000

Mr. Oldham’s white Heron, A/bin, ui. pl. 89.

Shore Sandpiper, 4rd. Zool. p. 481. F.

HIS differs not materially from the other. The fpots on the
back are ferruginous inftead of white: the fhaft of the firft
quill is white, as in that bird; and the fecondaries have white
tips: the legs are brown.
This bird is faid to migrate from Szeden into England at the
approach of winter *.
Brunnich mentions a further variety, wherein the firft quill has
a black fhaft, and the fpots on the back and wings lefs: and ob-
ferves, that they differ in age and fex.

ENGTHi ten inches. Bill one inch and a quarter long, and
black: head and hind part of the neck pale afh-colour:
through the eye a dufky ftreak : forehead white: over the eye a
line of the fame: back and wings cinereous, marked with whitifh
{pots, not very confpicuous: fides of the head, and under parts,
dirty white; acrofs the breaft verging to afh-colour: quills
dufky: tail the fame; all but the two middle feathers barred with
white on the outer webs: legs dufky green.
* Amen. Acad. iv. p. 590.
Z2 Inhabits

U7

12.
Var. A,

Description,

Pracel

S12.
Var. B.

DESCRIPTION.

172

PLACE.

13.
WOOD S.

DeEscripTiON.

PLACEe

146
WHITE-WING-
ED S.

DescRIPTION.

Prace.

VARIETIES.

STAN NPD ei RvR:

Inhabits King George's Sound. In the collection of Sir Fo/fepas
Banks.

Tringa glareola, Faun. Suec. N° 184.
Wood Sandpiper, 4r&. Zool. p. 482. G.

HIS is faid to equal a Starling in fize. Back brown, dotted
with white: rump and belly white: quills brown; the fhaft
of the firft white: fecondaries white at the tips: tait banded
brown and white; the outer feathers leaft brown in them.
Inhabits the moift woods of Sweden.

A TRIFLE bigger than the Purre: length eight inches and a
half. Bill one inch, cinereous: irides dufky brown: over

the eye a pale ftreak: the head, hind part of the neck, back, and
wings, are brownifh black : leffer wing coverts dufky black: from
the bend of the wing an oblique ftreak pafles over the wing co-
verts; the greater ones mixed ferruginous and black: quills
black, and reach almoft to the end of the tail: the throat, breaft,
belly, and rump, are rufous: vent dirty yellow: the two middle
tail feathers deep blackifh brown; the others barred black and
rufous; the outer feathers only on the exterior webs: legs dufky
green.

This inhabits Otabeite, near the rivers, and is called Torowé.
Alfo met with at Eimeo, or York Ife, and is there called Te-te.

This bird varies. In one fpecimen which came under my view,
the-crown of the head was dufky: the line over the eye ferrugi-
nous ; and a tinge of the fame was vifible throughout the whole
of the plumage : bill and legs yellowifh.

6 Ta

PLL XXXa,

SHAGN | DP th Pony R.

Tn another all the Ieffer wing coverts were white: four of the
middle tail feathers plain; the others barred as ufual: but all
had the ftreak over the eye.

Tringa maritima, Brun, N° 182,.—Muller, N° 206.—Leems Lap. N° 254.
Selninger Sandpiper, Ara. Zool. p. 480. C.

IZE of a Starling. Upper parts varied with grey and black:
middle of the back tinged with violet: fore part of the neck
dufky : under part of the body white: tail dufky : the four outer
feathers fhorteft, and edged with white: legs ‘yellow.
Inhabits Norway and Iceland. Lives about the fea fhores, and
emits a piping note.

Tringa undata, Brux. Ora: p. 55. N° 183-.
Waved Sandpiper, 4r@. Zool. p. 481. E.

GENERAL colour dufky, undulated with luteous and white:

wing coverts and fecondaries tipped with white: rump

white: tail cinereous, and margined with black at the tip: the
firft prime quill has a white fhaft.
Inhabits Denmark and Norway.

Tringa roftro brevi nigro, tota diluté cinerea, Muller, N° 205.

Uniform Sandpiper, Ar@. Zool. p. 482. H.

HIS fpecies has a fhort black bill; and the whole of the
plumage of an uniform pale ath-colour.
Inhabits Iceland.

Tringa

173

Pri. LXXXIL.

Te.
SELNINGER S.

DEscRIPTION.

PLaceE.

16.
WAVED 8.

DescrIPTion.

PLACE.

17.
UNIFORM S.

DescripTiON.

PEACE.

174

18.
DUSKY S.

DESCRIPTION.

PLace.

1Q.
FRECKLED S.

DEscRIPTION.

Si.oy ND Pa Pi Ee

Tringa calidris, Lin. SyfPe is Po 252. 19s
La Manbeche, Bri; Ora. v. p. 226. 14. pl. 20. figs 1—Bufi Oi, vii.
p> $29. pl. 31.

IZE of the Redbank: length nine inches and a quarter. Bill

one inch and a half, and black, with the bafe pale: the
plumage on the upper parts is brownifh black, the feathers mar-
gined with pale chefnut: the rump cinereous brown, tranfverfely
ftreaked with black, the margins of the feathers white : the under
parts of the body chefnut*: fides tranfverfely ftreaked with pale
chefnut and white: tail greyifh brown; all except the two mid-

dle feathers margined with white: legs brown: the outer and _

middle toe united to the firft joint.

This fpecies is fpoken of by authors as a bird of both France
and Germany ; but is not, as we hear of, in England. It frequents
the fea fhores, picking up the food there: further than this the
manners are unknown. We have feen one quite correfponding
with the above defcription, except that the under parts were
white: this came from Gibraltar.

La Manbeche tachetée, Bri/: Orn v. p. 229. 15. pl. 21. fig. 1.—Buf. OY.
vil. p. 531.—P/. Ext. 365.
Freckled Sandpiper, Ara. Zool. p. 480. B.

VEN TRIFLE lefs than the Red/bank: length nine inches. Bill

dufky: the upper parts of the body afh-colour, {potted
with red and black; the laft gloffed with violet: beneath reddifh

© Linneus calls it olive.

white,

ean

SANDPIPER.

white;. varied with dufky and chefnut fpots: the two middle tail
feathers cinereous, edged with white; the reft the fame, but
darker: the outer feathers marked lengthways on the exterior
web with a white line: legs greenifh.

Inhabits France, the north of Rufia, and Sibiria.

La Manbeche grife, Bri: Ora. v. p. 233. 16. pls 21. figs 2.—Buf. O7f vile.
P. 531-—P/. Enl. 366.

IZE of the freckled Sandpiper: length nine inches and a

quarter. Bill more than one inch, and black: the plumage
above is grey, the feathers. with paler edges; but thofe of the
upper part of the back and fcapulars plain grey; of the rump:
pale grey, marked with a double brown band parallel to the
margin, which is white: the under parts are white; but the fea-
thers of the neck, breaft, and fides, marked with a waved brown.
band parallel to the edge; and thofe of the belly with a longitu-
dinal brown line near the end: quills brown, edged with a paler
colour ; the ten firft with white fhafts: the fecondaries grey ; and
the five next the body marked with a brown band parallel to the
margin: tail grey, with white margins; and parallel to them a
deep grey band: the legs black.

Inhabits Europe: found among its congenera on the fea
coatts..

Trings

175

Piacz.

20.6
GRISLED S..

DEscRIPTIONS

Place,

176

; 21.
STRIATED S.

DescrIPTion.

PLace AND
Manners,

5 A N DPT BE R:

Tringa ftriata, Lin, Sy. 1. p. 248. 5.—Muller, N° 194.—Faun. Groenl.
N° 73.

Le' Chevalier rayé, Bri/: Orn. v. p. 196. 5. pl. 19. fig. 1.—Buf. Oi. vii.
p- 516.—P/. Enl. 827.

Striated Sandpiper, 4r@. Zool. N° 383.

IZE of a Starling : length ten inches and three quarters. Bill

one inch and a half long; the bafe half red, the end black: the
upper part of the body undulated with dufky and cinereous: fore
part of the neck dufky: breaft and belly white: primaries and
fecondaries black, the laft tipped with white : tertials white, with
a ftripe of black: tail black: the feathers on the fide cinereous,
edged with white: legs orange.

Linneus fays, the rump and tail are white; the laft fafciated with
brown: and that the under parts are white, marked with both
longitudinal and tranfverfe ftripes : poffibly this may differ in fex,
if the fame bird. neice

This inhabits the colder parts of Europe; being found in Sweden
and Norway. Is found, but lefs frequent, in Ruffia and Sibi-
via, though it is met with even in Iceland and Greenland : in the
Jaft place the winter throughout; running backwards and forwards
on the fhore, according as the waves approach or recede, feeding
on fuch infects as are left on the beach. Often fkims along the
furface of the water, like a Swallow, catching infects ; rifing and
falling with the waves, but ever avoiding coming in contact with
them. In breeding-time retires within fhore, and lays from four
to fix eggs, a little bigger than thofe of the Starling, marked
with pale obfcure fpots. Twitters like the Swa//ow. Is not a very

thy

SANDPIPER.

thy bird: often caught in fnares; and the flefh is accounted good
food. ‘The feathers ufed for ftuffing, like other feathers,

Le Chevalier tacheté, Brif, Orz. ¥. pe 2005 Go

H1S is fmaller than the laft. The upper parts of the head,

neck, and back, are blackifh; margined with rufous grey:
fcapulars the fame, but barred with grey on the fides: lower part
of the back and rump white: fore part, as far as the breaft, mixed
black and white; verging to rufous on the fides: breaft and
belly white, marked with minute black fpots: lower belly plain
white: wing coverts grey brown; fome of them croffed at the
end with rufous grey and black: quills dufky; within hoary ;
fhaft of the firft white: upper and under tail coverts, the fides,
and tail, barred black and white. This feems much allied to the
laft, though varying fomewhat in defcription; Briffon’s two fi-
gures feem to differ not fufficiently to fotm two diftiné& f{pe=
cies,

Tringa cinerea, Brun. N° 179.—Muller, N° 202.=Frifeh; t. 237.
~ Ath-coloured Sandpiper; Br. Zool. ii: p. 194.—-Ara. Zool. N° 386:

ENGTH ten inches: weight five ounces. The head is afh-
colour, fpotted with black: neck the fame, marked with
dufky ftreaks : back and wing coverts finely varied with concen-
tric femicircles of black, afh-colour, and white: coverts of the
tail barred black and white: tail cinereous, edged with white:
breaft and belly white; the firft {potted with black: legs dufky
green : toes bordered with a narrow finely-fcolloped membrane.
Yor. III. Aa This

177

24%

Var. A.
Descriptigg:

' ASH-COLOUR:
ED S.

DEscrIPTIOR.

= 17 g

PLAcE.

236

DEscrIPTION.

PiacE anpD
Manners.

SEAGN ID BP I PREIR?

’ This fpecies is feen on the fhores of Fiiné/bire, in the winter
time, in vaft flocks. Suppofed to breed in Denmark. It alfo in~
habits America. Seen in great numbers on Seal Zlands, near Cha-
teaux Bay. Breeds at Hud/on’s Bay, continuing the whole fum-
mer*; and is there called Sa/qua pi/qua nifbifh.

Tringa hypoleucos, Liz. Syf. i. pe 250. 14.—Faun. Suece 182.—Scop.
dan. i. N° 143.—Brun. N° 574.—Muller, p. 25.—Kram. El. p. 353-
La Guignette, Brif. Ora. v. p. 183. 2. pl. 16. fig. 2.— Buf. O//. vii. p. 540.
Petite Alouette de Mer, Pi. Enl. 850.
Sandpiper, Raiz Syz. p. 108. A. 6.— Will, Orn. p. 301. ple 55.— Bre.
Zool. ii. N° 204. pl. 71.—ArG. Zool. N° 388.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

IZE of the Purre: length feven inches and a half: weight

two ounces. Bill brown: irides hazel: the plumage on the
upper parts very glofly: the head brown, ftreaked with black :
over each eye a white ftreak: neck dull afh-colour: back and
wings greenifh brown, croffed with dufky narrow lines: the breaft
and under parts white: quills brown; the firft plain; on the nine
following a white fpot on ‘the inner web: tail rounded, of a
greenifh glofly brown ; the four middle feathers croffed with fine
blackifh lines ; the two next on each fide the fame, with the tips
white ; the laft but one fpotted white on the edges; and the outer
one white, marked on the inner web with brown bars: legs
greenifh brown.

This fpecies is not uncommon with us in the fummer feafon,

* 4r&. Zal, + Scopoli adds, that the toes are {emipalmated.

but

SANDPIPER.

but none are feen late in autumn. They breed with us, and the
eges are five in number; the female lays them in fome conveni-
ent hole in the bank of the river which fhe frequents : the colour
of them dirty yellowifh white, with numerous dufky markings,
moftly round; and a few large ones of a paler colour, moft at
the large end. The bird is known at fome diftance by its piping
note, which it frequently emits, and often flirts up its tail.

It is frequently met with alfo in France, into which it comes
in May, and departs in September. It is alfo found in the northern
latitudes of Sibiria, as far as Kamt/chatka; and is alfo not uncom-
mon in America, inhabiting Chateaux Bay to the north. The
American {pecies differs very little, except in the colour of the
legs, which are yellowith.

One of thefe, which came under my infpection from Cayeune,
had fewer fpots on the back: a white bar acrofs the wings:
quills and tail brown: beneath wholly white, except here and
there a little dufky mottling on the breaft: the legs very pale.

Tringa macularia, Liz. Sy/. i. p. 249. 7.

La Grive d’Eau, Bri/. Oru. v. N° 20.—Buf. Oi. viil. p. 140.

Spotted Tringa, Edw. pl. 277. fig. 2.

Spotted Sandpiper, Br. Zool. iie N° 196.—4r&. Zool. N° 385:
Lev. Muf.

ENGTH near eight inches: fize of a Thrwh. Bill dufky,
towards the bafe reddifh: over the eye a white ftreak: the
upper parts of the bird greenifh brown: head marked with fmall
longifh dufky fpots: thefe increafe on the neck to the back,
where they are much larger: the rump plain: the fhoulders and
wings marked with the fame colour; but the fpots are tranfverfe :
Aa2 the

179

24.
+ SPOTTED S. —

DESCRIPTION«

180

FEMALE.

PLack AND
Manners.

25.
NEW YORK S.

DescriPTion.

Prace.

26.

STREAKED S.

DEscriPTion.

Prace,

SANDPIPER:

the under fide of the body is white, marked with dufky fpots:
the two middle tail feathers greenifh brown; the others white,
croffed with dufky lines: legs dufky flefh-colour.

The female differs in not having the under parts of the body
fpotted.

This fpecies inhabits America, from Penfylvania to Hudfon’s
Bay, where it arrives in May; and after breeding there, departs
again in September. Is known there by the name of Chechifha-
Joifo. It has alfo been met with in England; the bird from
whence Mr. Edwards took his figure and defcription being thot
in Effex.

New York Sandpiper, 4r@. Zool. N° 387.

HE leffer wing coverts are dufky, edged with white: the
back dufky ; the edges of the feathers cinereous : fecondaries
the fame : tail coverts barred black and white: under fide of the
neck and body white: the breaft {potted with brown: fides be-
neath the wings ftreaked with the fame: tail cinereous.
Inhabits the province of New York.

IZE of the common Snipe. Bill one inch and a quarter long,
dufky : head and neck white, marked with numerous longi-
tudinal dufky ftreaks : back dufky, the feathers edged with white :
fcapulars dufky, margined and mottled with ferruginous: lower
part of the back and tail dufky afh-colour: wing coverts afh-colour:
quills dufky : upper tail coverts, and all the under parts, white :
fides {potted with dufky: legs dufky, with a tinge of yellow.
Inhabits Sandwich Sound.

10 SIZE

SAND PIP ER:

IZE uncertain. Bill fhort, ftout, and a little fwelling at the
point; colour dufky brown, with a black tip: the upper part
of the plumage cinereous, mottled on the fides of the neck
with a paler colour, which comes forward on the breaft: over the
eye a ftreak of white: chin, under parts of the body, and upper
tail coverts, white: quills and tail dufky : legs deep brown.
Inhabits King George’s Sound.
IZE uncertain. Bill black: upper part of the neck and body
dufky black, the feathers edged with ferruginous : beneath ci-
nereous white: baftard wing, quills, and tail, black: legs cine-
reous.
Inhabits Newfoundland. From the drawings of Sir Fo/feph
Banks.

Lev. Muf.

SIZE of the Purre. Bill one inch and a half long, and dufky:
upper parts of the head, neck, and body, variegated with

brown, black, and rufous: forehead and throat pale: fore part

of the neck and breaft dirty white, longitudinally ftreaked with

black; acrofs the breaft a dufky mottled bar: fides of the body.

much the fame: middle of the belly and thighs white: tail fhort,

brown; the inner coverts white on the inner webs: legs dufky.

Inhabits King George’s Sound.

Tringa

181
27.
BOREAL S.
DEscRipTion.
Puace.

28.
NEWFOUND-
LAND S.

Descriprion.

PLace.

29.
VARIEGATED
S.

DEscRIPTION.

PLace.

182

30.
+ PURRE.

DescripTion.

PLACE AND
MaANNERSe

SiACN DEP Per pR:

Tringa cinclus, Liz. Spf. i. p. 2516 18.—Georgi Reife, p. 1726
L’ Alouette de Mer, Bri/. Ora. v.-p. 211. 10. pl. 19. fig. 1.—Buf. Of. vii.
p: 548.—P/. Enl. 851.
Stint, or Ox Eye, Razz Syn. p. 110. A. 13.—Will. Orn. p. 305-
Leaft Snipe, Radi Syn. p. 190. 11.—Sloan Fam, p.320. 14. pl. 265+ de
Wagtail, Kolb. Cape, ii. p. 152 ?—Brown Fam. p. 477.
Sanderling, Albin, iil. pl. 88.
Purre, Br. Zool. N° 2c6. pl. 71.—4r&. Zool. p. 390-
Lev. Muf.

ENGTAH feven inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quar-
ter, black: the head and hind part of the neck are pale afh-
colour, ftreaked with dufky: from bill to eye a white line: back
and wing coverts brownifh afh-colour; greater coverts darker,
tipped with white: fore part of the neck, breaft, and belly,
white; the firft mixed with brown: tail cinereous; the two
middle feathers darkeft, the others edged with white: legs dufky
green.

This fpecies is common to moft parts of Europe; and, if the
bird meant by Kolben, at the Cape of Good Hope: is alfo common
in America, at New York; from thence as far as amaica, and
other Weft India Iflands, and Cayenne. It only frequents thefe
kingdoms in winter; when they may be feen on the coafts in vaft
flocks, flying in large circles, alternately taking in the water and -
land: are fhot fometimes in great numbers, and thought very
good to eat. Formerly known by the name of Stints ; in fome
parts called Ox-dirds. I have much fufpicion that thefe breed on
the coafts of Kent, as I had fome birds fent to me by Mr. Boys of
Sandwich, thot at Romuey in the month of Augu/?, which {carcely-

differed

SoAWNED PT RE OR:

differed from the defcription, except in having the margins of the
feathers on the upper parts of a pale ferruginous colour.

L’Alouette de Mer a collier, Bri, Orn. v. p. 216. 11. pl, 19. fig. 2.
Le Cincle, Buf..Oz/- vii. p. 553.—Pl. Enl. 852.
Lev. Mufe

ESS thanthe Purre: length fix inches and three quarters.

Bill black; on the upper parts of the head, neck, and body,
the feathers are dufky or black in the middle, with pale rufous
or whitifh margins: throat and fore part of the neck white, mi-
nutely dafhed with brown down the fhafts: breaft and fides
brown, edged with white: the reft of the under parts white:
the wing coverts are grey brown, dafhed down the fhafts with a
deeper colour, the edges pale; fome of the greater ones white at

the tips: the quills brown; the nine firft have the end half of

the fhafts white; the others more or lefs edged with white: the
tail feathers are grey; the two middle ones brown on the inner
‘webs; the others white within, and have the fhafts white: the
legs are brown.

This bird has much affinity with the Purre, and is often found
in company with that bird: probably a fexual difference, or that

of age,

Tringa ruficollis, Pal/. Tr. iii. p. 700.

IZE of the Purre. The bill is fhorter than the head: the

crown and hind part of the neck ftriated ferruginous and
black: fore part of the neck, as far as the breaft, deep ferrugi-
nous: the reft not unlike the Purre: legs black.

This

183

30.
Var. A,

DeEscCRIPTION=

3Ie
RED-NECKED
Pes.

DEscRIPTIONs

184

PLACE.

32.
LITTLE S.

Description.

Puace.

SANDPIPER.

This is pfetty common about the falt lakes of the province of
Dauria, in {pring. It is gregarious, and often found in company
with other f{pecies,

Tringa pufilla, Liz. Syf. i. p. 252. 20.
La petite Alouette de Merde St. Domingue, Brif: Ora. v. p. 222. ple 2g-

fig. 2.
Little Sandpiper, Br. Zool. ii. N° 207.—Gen. Birds; p. 65+ ple 12—4ré¥<
Zool, N° 397.

IZE of a Hedge Sparrow: length five inches and eight lines.

Bill brown, with a black tip: the head and all the upper parts
brown, edged with black and pale rufty brown: greater wing co-
verts and all the quills dufky, tipped with white: tail dufky 3
breaft and belly white : legs black.

This bird is found in Exgland, though not very frequent. The
Britife Zoology mentions one having been fhot near Cambridge in
September.

It is alfo met with in Sz. Domingo, but differs in the white on
the under parts being tinged with rufous; the three outer tail
feathers having white fhafts; and the rump a little mottled.
Our circumnavigators found it in Nootka Sound. It is likewife
met with in the northern parts of Europe ; and is both in Iceland
and Greenland.

Tinga

SANDPIPER.

Tringa Alpina, Lin. Syf. i. p. 429. 11.—Faun. Suec. N° 181.—Brun
N° 167 ? 173.—Muller, 197.— Frifch. t. 241.—Faun. Groenl. N° 77.
La Becafline d’Angleterre, Bri/. Orn. vs ps 309. 5.
La Brunette, Buf. Oz vil. p. 493.
Dunlin, Raii Syn. p. 109. A. 12.— Will. Orn. p. 305.—Brs Zool. ii. N® 205.
‘—ArG. Zool. N° 391.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

IZE of the Jack Swipe. Bill black, rather {welling out at the

end: the upper parts of the plumage ferruginous, marked with
large fpots of black, and a little white: wing coverts brownifh
afh-colour: throat, fore part of the neck, and breaft, white,
ftreaked with dufky: belly, thighs, and vent, white; the firft
irregularly marked with black in the middle: the tail has the
two middle feathers brown, marked with rufous ; the others very
pale brown: legs black: toes divided to their origin.

This fpecies inhabits the northern parts of England: has been
met with on the York/bire coaft, and on the fhores of Fiint/bire,
both in May and Auguft*. Said to lay four dirty white eggs,
blotched with brown round the-thicker end; with a few leffer
ones at the fmaller. It is alfo found in Greenland, Iceland, Scan-
dinavia, the alps of Siiria; and in its migration the coafts of
the Ca/pian Sea.

* Br. Zool.

Vor. Ill. Bb Tringa

33°
DUNLIN.

DEscRIPTION,»

PLACE aND
Manners.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE AND
Manners.

SANDPIPER.

Tringa Icelandica, Liz. Sy/. i. Addend,

Tringa ferruginea, Brun. N° 180.—Muller, N° 203.

Scolopax fubarquata, N.C. Petr. xix. p. 471. t. 18+ :
Red Sandpiper, Br. Zool. ii. N° 202. pl. 72.— Ara. Zool. N° 392+
Aberdeen D°, Br. Zool. 203¢

LENGTH from eight to ten inches. Bill brown, one inch

and a half long, and a little bent downwards: head, hind
part of the neck, and beginning of the back, dufky, marked with
red: fore part of the neck and breaft cinereous, mixed with ruft-
colour, and obfcurely {potted with black: leffer wing coverts ci-
nereous: quills dufky: fecondaries tipped with white: the two
middle tail feathers dufky ; the others cinereous: legs long and
black.

Linneus likens his bird to the Woodcock on the upper part; and
fays, that the under parts are rufo-ferruginous : rump whitifh, un-
dulated with black: and that the fhafts of the quills and tail.
feathers are white. The Aberdeen Sandpiper has the breaft reddifh
brown, mixed with dufky: belly and vent white: elfe little dif-
fering in defcription from the Red, of which it is fuppofed to be
the female, or a young bird.

The Ked Sandpiper has appeared in great flocks on the coafts
of Effex, on the eftate of Col. Schutz: the Aberdeen one in
Scotland. They have alfo been met with on the coalts of New
York, Labrador, and Nootka Sound; and are alfo found in Ice-
lend. Inthe fummer frequent the neighbourhood of the Ca/-
pian Sea; alfo the river Don; but particularly about the mouth
of the Choper. It is perpetually running up and down on the
fandy banks, picking up infects and fmall worms, on which

it feeds.
Lev.

SUARING DP ly BER.

Lev. Mu/.

ENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch and a half long, and

black: crown of the head ftreaked with brown: the upper
part of the neck, back, and wings, afh-colour, mottled with
brown, and fparingly {potted with buff-colour, moft nume-
rous on the fcapulars: throat, fore part of the neck, and breaft,
pale rufous: belly dirty white: rump the fame, croffed with
dufky bars: quills and tail dufky; the laft paleft: the upper tail
coverts very long, almoft reaching to the end of the tail: legs
black.
- Inhabits Cayenne.

Tringa canutus, Liz. Sy. i. p. 251. 15.—F aun. Suec. 183.—Brun. N° 182.

Le Canut, Brif. Ora. v. p. 258. 21.—Buf. OV. viii. p. 142.
The Knot, Raii Syx» p. 108. A. 5.—Wil], Orn. p. 302. pl. 56.—Edw.
pl. 276.—Br. Zool. ti. N° 193.—Flor. Scot. p. 34. ple 3rd. Zool.

Ne 384. ;

: Lev. Mu/f.

EIGHT four ounces and a half: length nine inches, or
more. Bill one inch and a quarter; colour dufky afh:
irides hazel: from the bill to the eye a dufky line; over the eye
a white one: the top of the head, neck, back, and wings, afh-
colour: lower order of coverts tipped with white, and edged a
little way up with the fame, making a bar acrofs the wing:
ereater quills darker, with white fhafts: lower part of the back
and tail coverts dark afh-colour, mixed with white, forming
fpots like crefcents: tail afh-coloured: the under part, from the
throat to the vent, white, with {mall dufky {pots on the throat and
breaft: the fides under the wings, the belly, thighs, and vent,
Bibo2 croffed

187

35°
SOUTHERN S.

DEscriPTion.

PLACE.

36.
KNOT.

Description,

x88

PLACE AND
Manners.

TURNSTONE.

DESCRIPTION,

SANDPLPER,

croffed with dufky lines: ridge of the wing white: legs blueifh
alh-colour.

Thefe birds vary. That in the Britifh Zoology has the fore=
head, chin, and fore part of the neck, cinereous brown: back —
and feapulars brown; the feathers margined with afh-colour <
tail afh-colour; the outer feather on each fide white: toes di-
vided to the bottom. We have alfo feen other inconfiderable
varieties.

Thefe birds frequent the coafts of Lincolnfhire in great num-
bers, and are caught in nets by means of Séale Birds; fourteen
dozen have thus been taken at once™: the feafon, from Auguft
to Vovember. In general difappear with the firft frofts; yet
Edwards’s bird was bought in the London markets in the hard
froft 1740, which did not commence till Chriffmas 1739. Are
fatted as the Ruffs, and are by fome even preferred to thofe
birds }.

This fpecies has alfo been obferved about Lake Bazkal; and
Mir. Pennant mentions a fpecimen which came from New York.

Tringa interpres, Lin. Syf. i. p. 248. 4.—Faun. Suec. N° 178.—Brute
N° 175.—Muller, N° 193-

Le Coulon-chaud, Brif Orn. v. p. 132. 1.—P/, Exl. 856+

Le Tourne-pierre, Buf. Oxf. vill. p. 130. pl. 10.

Turnflone, or Sea Dotterel, Raid Syx, p. 112. Ae 5.—Will. Orn. ps 31 Te
pl. 58. (bad figure).—Edw. pl. 141.

Hebridal Sandpiper, Br. Zos/. ii. N° 200.—Flor. Scot. N° 152. pl. 3.—
Ar&. Zool. N° 382.

Lev. Mu.

SIZE of a Thrufh: length eight inches and a quarter. Bill
nearly one inch; colour black, and turns a trifle upwards:

* Br. Zool. + They were fatted with dread and milk. Willughby.
forehead;

SAIN DP I PIER.

forehead, throat, and belly, white: breaft black: neck furround-
ed with a black collar; from thence another bounds the fides of
the neck, and paffes over the forehead: head and lower part of the
neck behind white; the firft ftreaked with dufky lines: back fer-

ruginous mixed with black: coverts of the tail white, croffed with

a black bar: tail black; tipped with white: coverts of the wings
cinereous brown; the lower order edged with white : primaries
and fecondaries black; the ends of the laft white : tertials ferru-
ginous and black : legs rather fhort, and of a full orange.

Male and female much alike.

In Edwards’s bird the lower part of the back and rump are
white. In that defcribed by Wi//ughby no mention is made of
any white on the forehead or chin; and the middle of the back
is white: yet in other things it fcarcely differs.

Thefe birds appear in flocks on the weftern fhores of England,
about Penzance and Cornwall, and Aberdaren in Merionethfire,
three or four in company ; alfo frequent on the fhores of Norfolk,
and in Shropfhire. Are met with likewife in America. Appears in
Hudfon's Bay in May, and departs in September. Makes a flight
neft on the dry ground, and lays four olive-coloured eggs, {potted
with black, and hatches early. The young feen the middle of
Fuly. ‘The natives call it Gega-wa/bue.

The name of Turnffone has arifen from the method of fearching
for infects, by turning up the ftones they lurk under with their
bills, which are ftout for that purpofe.

Priaga

PLace anpb
Mawnnerse

190

37°
Var. A.

DescriPTIONe

PLACE,

a5

37
Var. B.

DESCRIPTION.

“Sy/AENG D: Bla PoE aR:

Tringa morinella, Lin. Sy/. i. p. 249. 6.
Le Coulon-chaud cendré, Brif: Orn. v. p. 137. 2. pl. 116 figs 26
Turnftone, or Sea Dotterel, Carefo. Car. pl. 72.—Br. Zool. ii. N° 199s

IZE of the other. The upper part of the head and neck, back,

wings, and fcapulars, are greyifh brown; the feathers of the
laft pale on the edges: two of the fcapulars white: forehead, chin,
and throat, white : fore part of the neck and breaft deep brown,
variegated with white on the fides: lower part of the back, rump,
belly, thighs, and under the tail, white: upper tail coverts part
white, part brown: quills brown, with white fhafts ; fome of them
edged with white ; and the bafe of all, from the fourth, white ;
increafing to the nineteenth, which, with the reft, is wholly
white: the tail, half way from the bafe, is white; the two
middle feathers brown from thence to the end, with the tips
white ; the four on each fide the fame, but the brown part nar-
rower, as the feathers are more outward ; the exterior feather
wholly white, except a brown fpot on the inner web: legs red.

The laft defcribed is moft certainly a mere variety of the
others. The few which I have feen feem to vary much: hence
the difagreement of the authors who have defcribed them,

The above is found in Scotland, and its iflands, as well as in
North America.

Coulon-chaud de Cayenne, P/. En/. 340.

ILL formed _as in the others; colour dull yellow; tip black:
plumage on all the upper parts mottled brown and white;
the patches largeft on the back: chin, throat, fore part of the
neck,

SrA ND Pil PIECR:

neck, and all the under parts, white: on the wings a bar of white
obliquely placed, and a fecond acrofs the greater coverts:, the
prime quills and tail dufky black ; fecondaries edged with white:
legs red.

Caulon-chaud gris de Cayenne, P/, Ex/. 857.

ILL black: upper parts not much unlike the laft: fides of

the head mixed with more white: under the eye a dufky
ftreak : forehead, chin, and throat, nearly white: breaft mottled
with fmaller fpots: from thence all the under parts are white :
wings and tail as in the other; the margins and tips of the laft
white: legs dufky.

Both the above are defcribed from the Planches Enluminées.
Whether the bafes of the quills and tail are white, cannot be af-
certained. Both inhabit Cayenne; and it is very probable that
they are mere varieties of the Turn/tone firft defcribed.

GaNUS

1gt

37°
Var. C.

DeEscriprion.

PLace.

IN@ar.

onl

10.
it.
12.

[ x92. ]

Genus LXX. PLOVER.

Golden PI.
Var. A.

. Ruddy PI.
. Long-legged Pl,
. Sanderling.

Var. A.

. Alwargrim Pl.
» Noify Pl.

Var. A.

. Collared Pl.
. Ringed Pl.

Var. A.

. Alexandrine Pl.

Var. A.

Var. B.

Var. C.

New Zealand Pl.
Gregarious Pl.
Afiatic Pl.

No 13:
14,

15.
16.

17

18.

19.
20.

21.
22.
23:
24.
25.
26.

Mongolian Pi.
Dotterel.

Var. A.

Var. B.
Black-crowned PI.
Dufky Pl.
Fulvous Pl.

Var. A.
White-bellied Pl.
Red-necked PI.
Spur-winged PI.
Var. A.

Var. B.

Hooded PI.
Wreathed PI.
Wattled Pl.
Black-headed PI.
Cream-coloured PI.
Coromandel Pl.

ILL ftrait, for the moft part not longer than the head*.
Noftrils linear.
Toes three in number, all placed forwards.

® The /ong-legged, N° 3, is an exception, as the bill is nearly of twice that

Jength.
end,

8

The two laft fpecies likewife differ in the bills, being curved at the

The

Beri OO ER.

The birds of this genus feem to run much into one another
in refpe& to plumage, fo as to make it quite uncertain where to
draw the fpecific line; and we are perfuaded that, on a further in-
vetigation of the individuals, many which are here placed as
diftin&t, will turn out to be varieties only.

Charadrius pluvialis, Liz. Syf. i. p. 254. 7.—Faua. Suece 190.—Brun,
N° 187.—Kram. El. p. 354. 1.—Frifth. t. 217.

Le Pluvier doré, Brif. Ora. v. p. 43. 1+ pl. 4. fig. 1.—Buf. Oif viii. p. 816
pl. 5-—P/. Exl. 904.

Le petit Pluvier doré, Brif: Orn. v. p. 47. N° z.

Green Plover, Raii Syx. p. 111. A. 2. 190. 9.—Will. Orn. 308. pl. 57.—
Sloan. Fam. p. 318. 10. pl. 269. 1.—d/bin, i. pl. 75—Br. Zool.
N° 208. pl. 721—4ré. Zool. N° 399.

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill one inch, dufky : irides

dull red: the upper part of the plumage dufky, fpotted
with greenifh yellow: round the eyes and the chin almoft white:
fides of the head, the neck, and fides of the body, the fame as
the upper parts, but much paler: middle of the belly dufky
white: the greater quills are dufky: tail barred dufky and dull
yellow: legs black.

Individuals of this fpecies vary in colour: in fome the belly is
black, in others black and white; and the fmall claw is fome-
times obferved in lieu of an hind toe.

The male and female differ very little. In young birds the fpots
are not of a full yellow colour, inclining more to grey.

This elegant fpecies inhabits Exgland the whole year, and
breeds on feveral of our unfrequented mountains; is very com-

Vor. Ill. Cec mon

Ye
GOLDEN ?L,

DEscripTions

194

qe
Var. A,

Description,

Boe OM) eR,

mon on thofe of the [le of Rum, and the loftier Hebrides*. Alfo
on the Grampian, and all the heathy hills of the iflands and
highlands of Scotland}. They make a fhrill whiftling noife, and
may be inticed within gun-fhot by a fkilful imitator of their
voice. The eggs are four in number, two inches and one eighth
in length, more pointed in fhape than thofe of the Lapwing ; of a
pale cinereous olive, blotched with blackifh fpots. On the con-

. tinent they are met with in Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Iceland,

and other northern parts: to the fouth as far as Aleppo t ; and, if
the fpecies be not miftaken, in the ifland of Batavia§, as well
as in China: our laft voyagers met with them at Owbyhee||, and
York Iflands, in the South Seas, but of a fmaller fize.

In America met with on the coaft of Labrador, and Hudfon’s
Bay]; from thence to New York, as low as Carolina ; migrating
from one to the other according to the feafons: and, if the fol-
lowing be admitted as a variety, at the ifland of Saint Domingo,

e

and in Cayenne**.

Le Pluvier doré de Saint Domingue, Brif Orn. v. p. 48. pl. 6. fig. 1.

I1ZE of the laft: length nine inches and three quarters. Bill
the fame: the feathers round the bafe of it and the throat
rufous white: the plumage on all the upper parts dufky, marked:

* Br. Zool. t+ Flor. Scot. i. p. 356 1 Rufél, p. 71. § Hawkef.
Voy. iii. p. 782. | Elis Nar. ii. p.!95.——Alfo at Tongataboo.—Cook’s laft
Vigei. P. 334+

‘Nq Mr. Hutchins defcribed to us a-bird which we fufpec to be this, or very
like it, called by the natives Wupufkapethayifp.

** One from the laft place, in the colleGtion of Colonel Davies, meafures near
twelve inches in length.

5 ‘ /. opvith.

Be it) OF Ve Ey Re

with yellowith fpots: upper tail coverts brown, ftreaked tranf-

verfely with pale yellow: fore part of the neck and breaft pale

grey, the feathers edged with pale yellow: belly, fides, and thighs,

white: prime quills brown, with white fhafts : tail brown, the fea-

thers {potted on the margins with yellowifh white: legs grey.
Inhabits Saint Domingo.

Ruddy Plover, Ard. Zool. N° 404.

ILL ftrait, one inch long, and black: head, neck, breaft,
fcapulars, wing coverts, and thofe of the tail, of a ruddy co-
lour, {potted with black, and powdered with white: in the fca-
pulars and wing coverts the black prevails: the outer webs of the
four firft quills are brown; the inner white, tipped with brown:
the upper part of the others white; the lower brown: the two
middle tail feathers are brown, edged with ruft; the others of a
dirty white: legs black: toes divided to their origin.
Inhabits Hud/on’s Bay, where it is known by the name of J@/-

chaychekifrawe/bifb.

Charadrius himantopus, Lin. Syf.i. p. 255. 11-—Ha/elg. Iter. 253. N° 29.
—Scop. Ann.i. N° 148.

L’Echaffe, Brif. Orn. v. p. 33. i. pl. 3- fig. 1.— Buf, Off. viii. p. 114.
pl. 8.—PI. Enl. 878.”

Himantopus, Raiz Syn. p.
P- 297. pl. 54+

Long legs, Rati Syx. p.190.7-—Sloan Fam. ii. p. 316. 6, pl. 267.

Long-legged Plover, Br. Zool. N° 209.—Flor. Scot. 1. SPo3 5 pl. 4.—4ré.
Zool, N° 405.

106. g. Dp. 193. pl. 1. fig. 1-—-Will. Orn.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

195

PLACE.

2.
RUDDY PL.
DEscRIPTIONe

PLacE.

3.
+ LONG-
LEGGED PL.

HIS is a fingular bird, on account of its great length Ol apucceie ron:

legs: it meafures, from the end of the bill to that of the tail,
Chea thirteen

PLACEs.

Pet (On Ve), Re

thirteen inches, but to the claws nearly one foot anda half. The
bill is two inches and a half long, flender, and black: irides
red: the forehead, round the eye, and all the under parts, are
white: the crown of the head, back, and wings, gloffy black:
the hind part of the neck marked with dufky fpots: rump whites
tail the fame, inclining to grey; the outer feather quite white:
legs red: the outer and middle toes conneéted at the bafe.

This is now and then met with in England, but is far from
common. Sir R. Siddald mentions two being fhot in Scotland;
the Britifb Zoology, one*killed near Oxford; and Mr. White of
Fleet-ftreet is in poffeffion of another, which was fhot out of a
flock of fix or feven, in Frencham ponds, in Hampfoire. ‘The
plumage of this bird was wholly white, except the wings, and
the back as far as the rump, which are black: bill and legs as
the other. We believe this to differ in fex merely ; the more fo,
as two birds, anfwering to the above defcriptions, are placed in
the Leverian Mufeum as male and female.

It is common in Egypt, and is found in the marfhes there in
Oéfober ; the food faid to be chiefly fies. It is likewife plentiful
about the falt lakes, and often on the fhores of the Ca/pian {ea,.
as well as the rivers which empty themfelves into it; and in the
fouthern defarts of Independent Tartary: we have alfo feen it in
Chinefe paintings; and it is known to be at Madras, in the Ea/t
Indies *.

In the warmer parts of America it is fufficiently plentiful; and
is. feen as far north as Conneéticut. We have received. it from:
Jamaica, where Sloane tells us it is not uncommon. The fpe-

© Ray.—It is there defcribed under the name of Rea-legged Cranes

cimens

Bee OF Viv Et Re

eimens: from this. place, as well as thofe from the Eaft Indies,
differ, in having not only the crown, but all the hind part of the
neck, black; and meafure fifteen inches in length*.

Charadrius calidris, Lins. Sy/?. i. p. 255. 9.—Georgi Reife, ps 172.
Tringa arenaria, Liz. Sy/?. is p. 251. 16?
Ta petite Maubeche grife, Bri. Orn. v. p. 236. 17. pl. 20. fig. 20
La Sanderling, Buf. O7/. vii. p. 532.
Sanderling, or Curwillet, Raii Syz. p.409. A. 11.—Will. Orn. p. 303.—=
Albin, ii. pl. 74.—Br. Zool. N° 212. pl. 73.—<ArG. Zool. N° 403%
Lev. Mu.

ENGTH eight inches: weight one ounce and three

quarters: body flender. ~ Bill one inch long, and black: the
fore part of the head, fides under the eyes, and beneath, from
chin to vent, white: through the eyes a greyifh ftreak: the up-
per part of the head, neck, and body, ftreaked with black: back
and {capulars brownith grey, edged with dirty white: wing coverts
and quills dufky : tail afh-colour, with pale margins: legs black,

The female is paler in fome parts than the male.

This fpecies is found in flocks on the fea-coafts of Cornwall,
and has alfo been fhot in Lancafbire. Not frequent on the con-
tinent, except in the neighbourhood of Lake Baikal; but ts more
plenty in North America, as it abounds in the Seal I/lands on the
coatt of Labrador. .

IZE of a. Swipe. Bilf one inch long, black: upper parts
- brownifh afh-colour, mixed with brown, and ftreaked with

® This is thecafe with the Mexican one; fee l’Echafle du Mexique, Brie
Orn, v» pe 362.

ie black.:

197

4.
SANDERLING.

DEscRiPTION,

Fema.e.

PLACE AND
Manners,

4e
Var. A,
DESCRIPTION;

PLACE.

5s
ALWARGRIM

©

DESCRIPTION.

FEMALE.

PLACE AND
MANNERS.

PY Le OV VO E.R:

black: forehead and under parts cinereous white: leffer and

middle wing coverts black, fringed with afh-colour ; the greater

cinereous, with whitifh edges : quills and tail dufky: legs black.
Inhabits Newfoundland, and is gregarious.

Charadrius apricarius, Liz. Spf. i. p. 254. 6.—Faun. Suec. N° 189.—=
Brun. N° 186.—Muller, N° 212.—Faus. Groen]. N° 79.-—Georgi
Rife; Pp. 172.

Le Pluvier doré de la Baye de Hudfon, Brif. Orne v. pe 51. 4e

Le Pluvier doré & gorge noire, Buf. Oy, viii. p. 85.

Spotted Plover, Edw. pl. 140.——Baner. Guian. p. 173.

Alwargrim Plover, Ard. Zool. N° 398.

Lev. Muy.

IZE of the Golden Plover. Bill one inch long, and black:

eyes large: irides brown: eyelids black: the plumage on all
the upper parts is black, {potted with orange: at the bafe of the
upper mandible the feathers are black: the forehead between the
eyes white, which paffes over each eye in a line, down the fides of
the neck, to the breaft, uniting to form a-band of the fame acrofs
the latter: all the fore parts of the neck, breaft, and under parts,
are likewife black, except where the white band croffes: the vent
fpotted with white: fecondaries, quills, and tail, barred brown
and black: legs black.

The male differs in having the temples black ; but in the female
they are dufky or brown.

This inhabits the northern parts of bane Sweden, Danae
the Ile of Oeland*, Iceland, and Greenland. In the laft it 1s found,

'* Known there by the name of A/wargrim, and is faid to frequent Be barren
heaths.—Faun, Suec-

though

Be O VE R.

though not in plenty, in all the fouthern lakes, feeding on mol-
lafca, and the buds of black-berried heath: it arrives in fpring ;
and after breeding retires fouthward. Jt is alfo found in all the
arctic parts of Rufia and Sibiria.. In America, at Hudfon’s Bay, it
is well known by the name of Hawk’s Eye. Comes to New York
in May ; breeds there, departing. in collected flocks the end of
Ofober. It is probably met with alfo in Guiana, where Bancroft
fays it is feen in vaft flocks near the mouths of rivers. The flefh
is thought to be delicious..

Charadrius vociferus, Liz. Sy/f. i. ps 253. Je
Le Pluvier a collier de Virginie, Brif. Ora. v. p. 68. 93
~ Kildir, Buf. Oi. viii. p. 96.
Chattering Plover, or Kill-deer, Cate/o. Car. i. ple 715
Noify Plover, 474. Zool. N° 4c0.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf,

EZE of a Swipe: length nine inches.and three quarters. Bill

above an inch long, and black: eyelids red: eyes black: the
forehead is white: between the eyes, acrofs the head, a bar of
black, paffling on each fide to the hind head: the chin and fore
part of the neck is white; at the lower part of the neck the white
encircles it like a ring, and is accompanied by a bar of black all
round: onthe breaft is another black bar; and, except thefe, all
the under parts are white: the hind:part of the head, neck, and
upper part of the body and wings, are dufky brown: rump rufty
orange; the feathers very long: fome of the feathers which fall
over the greater quills fringed with white; the laft black; a
few of the outer ones have white fhafts: tail the colour of the

~ rump,

199

6.
+ NOISY PL..

Descriprion.

200

PEACE aND
ManwnERS.

6.
Var. Aw

DEscriPTiONe

BLO a EK.

rump, much rounded in fhape; near the end barred with black ;
the tip white: legs pale yellow.

Male and female much alike.

This fpecies is confined to America ; and is found at New York,
Virginia, and Carolina: remains in Virginia throughout the year;
is there called Kiéll-deer, from the note refembling that word.
Migrates to New York in fpring, where it breeds, and lays three
or four eggs: returns fouth in autumn.

This is a very clamorous, reftlefs {pecies ; and, like the Fay in
England, fets up its cry the moment any one approaches, to the
entire difappointment of thofe who carry a gun.

Charadrius torquatus, Zz. Sy. i. p. 255. 8.
Le Pluvier a collier de Saint Domingue, Bri/. Orr. v. p. 70. to. pl. 6:
fig. 2——P/. Enl. 286.

1ZE of the laft, but is an inch fhorter. The bill is blue grey,
with a black tip: the forehead white, paffing through the
eyes on each fide, and ending at fome diftance behind them:
behind the white on the forehead, between the eyes, is a black
fpot: the reft of the head grey brown, edged with rufous: the
chin, throat, and fore part of the neck, white, paffing round the.
aft as acollar: beneath this is a collar of black, broad on the
fore part: the reft of the under parts white, except a bar of
black mixed with white on the breaft: the back and fcapulars
grey brown, Jike the head: the rump and upper tail coverts
rufous: the four middle tail feathers brown, with rufous tips;
the others rufous, except the outer one, which is white ; and all,
except the two middle ones, croffed with a black bar near the ends:
fome of the wing coverts are edged with rufous, and others with
white :

BE -OOW ER.

white: greater quills black on the outer webs, and marked with
white on the fhafts near the ends: legs blue grey.
Inhabits Saznt Domingo.

Le Pluvier 4 Collier de la Jamaique, Bri Orn. v. p. 75. Ue

Larger grey Snipe with a white neck, Brown Fam. p. 477.

Greate Snipe, Raii Syz. pe 190. 10.—Sloan. Fam. p. 318. ple 265. fig. 30
(bad figure.)

IZE a little fmaller than the woi/y Plover : length eight in-

ches. Bill one inch, black: irides orange: the upper part
of the head, neck, body, and wings, are dull brown: throat,
fore part of the neck, belly, thighs, and vent, white ; at the lower
part of the neck the white paffes round as a collar: breaft fpot-
ted black and white: quills dull brown: tail whitith, varied
with rufous and blackifh: legs white, the joints dufky: claws
black.

Inhabits Famaica, where it frequents the banks of rivers.

Charadrius hiaticula, Lin. Sy, i. pe 253+ t-—-Faun. Suec. 187.—Scope
Ann. i. N° 147.—Brun. N° 184.—Muller, N° 209.—Kram. El, ps 354. 2.
—Frifch. t. 214.—Georgi Reifes p. 172.—F aun. Groenl. N° 78.

Le petit Pluvier a Collier, Brif; Orn. v. p. 63. 8 pl. 5. fig. z.—P/.
Eni. 92.

Le Pluvier a Collier, Buf Oz/ viii. p. go. pl. 6.

Sea Lark, Raii Synz. p. 112. A. 6. 190. 13.—Will. Orn. p. 310 ple §7.—
Sloan. Fam. p. 319- 13. pl. 269. fig. 2.— Albin. i. pl. 80.

Ringed Plover, Br. Zool. N° 211.—ArG. Zool. N° 401.

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

ENGT H from fix to feven inches and upwards. Bill oranges
the end half black; irides hazel* the bafe of the upper
Vou. Ill, Dd mandible,

40%

PLACE.

Fis
COLLARED PL,

DescrRipTione

PLACES

8.
+- RINGED PL.

DescrIPTION,

202

Mate.

Place aNp
Manners.

Bel: HOS View ix.

mandible, and from thence through the eyes, and behind them
to the ears, black : forehead white: behind this, from eye to eye,
black: the reft of the head pale brown: chin and throat white,
paffing round the neck in a broad collar: beneath this, on the
lower part of the neck, is a fecond of black, encircling the
neck behind, but growing narrow as it pafles backward: breaft
and all the under parts white : back and wing coverts pale brown:
quills dufky, mixed with fome white on the inner webs: the two
middle feathers of the tail greyifh brown, growing almoft black
towards the ends; the three next on each fide the fame, with the
tips white; the laft but one is white, with a brown band: the
outer one white, marked with a {pot only: legs orange-colour :
claws black.

In the male the white on the forehead takes up more {pace

than in the female, there is a greater portion of white in the
wings, and the plumage inclines more to afh-colour.

Thefe birds migrate into Exgland in the fpring, and depart in
autumn: frequent our fhores during the fummer. They lay
four eggs, an inch and a half in length, of a pale afh-colour,
{potted and blotched with black, leaft fo at the {mall end: thefe
they lay on the ground, under fome fhelter, but make no neft.
They run very faft, fometimes taking fhort flights, twittering loud
at the fame time, then alight and run again, and if much difturbed,
either fly quite off, or creep into fome hole till the danger is
over.

Found alfo in feveral parts of the continent, and in Greenland,
as well as in various parts of America, in the fouthern as well as
the northern extremes. Vifits Hud/on’s Bay the middle of June,

and departs in September. Has the fame manners there as in
England.

Bet t@ PV Ee aR;

England. Is a folitary bird; and obferved, on any one’s ap-
proaching near the neft, to ufe many ftratagems to decoy the
perfon from it, by drawing off his attention. Called at Hudfon’s

Bay, Kifqua the napi fhifh.

IZE of the laft: length fix inches and a half. Bill black :

forehead, and- before as far as the breaft, white, paffing round
the lower part of the neck as a collar: the reft of the plumage
pale dufky afh-colour: the end half of the tail dufky black, the
tip fringed with rufous: legs pale.

Inhabits Cayenne. I have alfo feen this pale-coloured variety
brought from Owbybee, and have one of the fame which came
from Hudfon’s Bay. We believe it to be a variety only of the
_ laft; and feems to be at leaft as plentiful on the American conti-
nent as the dark-coloured one.

Charadrius Alexandrinus, Liz. Sy. i. p. 253. 2—Hafelg. It. p. 256.
N° 30.—Muller, N° 210.— Brun. App. p» 77+
Le Pluvier 4 Collier, Brif; Ora. v. p. 60. pl. 5. fig. 1.

IZE of a Lark. Bill black: forehead white, paffling back-

wards in a ftreak over the eye: from the bafe of the bill a
ftreak of black runs through the eye, and reaches behind to the
ears: the top of the head, the back, and wings, brown: round
the neck a collar of white*: belly white: the quills blackifh
grey; the firft has a white fhaft; from the fifth to the eighth
each feather has an oblong white fpot on the outer web: fecon-
daries and larger coverts tipped with white: the four middle tail

* Briffen’s bird has a black collar beneath the white one.

Dd2 feathers

8.
+ Var. A.

DEscripTion,

Place.

9-
ALEXANDRINE
PL.

Descriprion,

204 Pay TS Opa Nay Ey AR

feathers are dufky brown; the two next on each fide dirty white,
tipped with brown; and the two exterior ones white*: fhape of
the tail much rounded: legs black.
PLACE. Inhabits Egypt, on the canal. of the Nile. Feeds on infects -

and fmall Frogs. Found alfo in the diocefe of Drontheim, and
Norway, and common about the falt lakes between the rivers
Argun and Oxon, but not obferved elfewhere in the Ruffian do-
minions.

. Charadrius Agyptius, Zin. Sy. i. pe 254. 4.—Hafelg. Iver. p. 256. 31.
Var. A. :
es IZE of a Thrufh. Irides black: from the forehead a line of
white paffes over the eye to the hind head: the crown, fides

of the head, and middle of the back, black : on the breaft a band
of black, pafling backwards, and ending in a point on the back:
breaft, fides of the belly, thtghs, and vent, yellowifh white:
throat and middle of the belly white: fides of the back and
fhoulders hoary: quills white, croffed with a band of black in
the middle and tip: tail even at the end; colour of the feathers
hoary ; near the ends a bar of black, the tips white: legs blue:
claws black.
Prnce. Inhabits the funny plains of Egypt, and feeds on infects.

9: Lev. Muf.
Var. B,

DescrirTion.

ENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill half black, half
orange: crown black: over the eyes a white ftreak, pafling

* The cight middle feathers are brown, blackifh near the ends, and white at the
tips; the two outer ones white: on the outer web of the exterior feather a brown
fpot, and on the inner web of the laft but one a few dufky fpots.—Briffon.

on

Bek Ov Bo Rs

on each fide backwards to the hind head as a wreath; this is again
bounded by black: all the upper parts pale brown: chin white:
fore part of the neck dufky white: on the breaft a bar of black:
belly and vent white: quills dufky black; fome of the inner

ones have the margins white: tail white, croffed with a bar of -

black, an inch broad, near the end; the tip white: legs long
and red.

In the Leverian Mufeum it is called the red-eyed Plover; one
of thefe is alfo in the collection of Sir Fofeph Banks, brought
from the Cape of Good Hope. It is the opinion of fome, that the
five laft defcribed are mere varieties* ; which we cannot abfolutely
deny ; but, till the circumftance can be more fully afcertained, we
have fuffered them to ftand as above. The following may, we

think, fafely be admitted as a further variety of the Alexandrine
fpecies.

Petit Pluvie a collier de L’ifle de Lugon, Sox. Vay. p. 84. te 46.

IZE of the Alexandrine Plover. Bill black: irides yellow:

on the forehead is a fpot of white: from thence beyond the
eye, and the fides, black; this laft is bounded by a brown line,
paffing from behind one eye to the other acrofs the head: the
hind head and nape, back, and wings, brown, the colour of um-
ber: tail black, tipped with white: the throat, fore part of the
neck, and belly, white; which is continued on each fide below
the nape, fo as nearly to furround the neck: below this is a
collar of black, pafling quite round the neck: legs blackith.

This bird is found in the marfhy places of the ifle of Lu-
gonia, efpecially fuch as are enriched by the dung of cattle

° Buffon.

9 that

205

Qe
Vises Ce

DeEscRIPTIONs

PLACE AND
Manners.

206

10.
NEW-ZEALAND
PL.

DescRIPTION.

Pi. LXXXIII.

PLace.

IIe
GREGARIOUS
Pi.
DEscRIPTION.

Po OC, WiGk RB

that feed there, which, by fertilifing the fpot, perhaps may con=
tribute to increafe the produce of infects, which are its food.

A TRIFLE bigger than the Ringed Plover: length eight
inches. Bill one inch long, red, with a black tip: irides
blue grey: eye-lids red: the fore part of the head, taking in the
eye, chin, and throat, black, paffing backwards in a collar at the
hind head; all the back part of the head, behind the eye, green-
ifh afh-colour; thefe two colours divided by white: the plumage
on the upper parts of the body the fame colour as the back
of the head: quills and tail dufky: the laft order of coverts
white for fome part of their length, forming a bar on the wing:
the under parts of the body white: legs red.
Inhabits Queen Charlotte's Sound. Known there by the name
of Doodooroa-atioo.

In the collection of Sir Fofeph Banks.

Charadrius Gregarius, Pall. Trav. i. p. 456.

IZE of a Lapwing. Billin fhape and fize the fame as in
that bird: crown of the head brown, mottled with white:
forehead white, paffing in a ftreak over each eye to the hind
head: through the eyes a black ftreak: body afh-colour, fome-
what approaching to that of a Zurtle: the chin whitifh: at the
lower part of the breaft a large crefcent of black; behind it a
dirty rufous one ; from thence to the vent white: tail even at
the end, white, croffed with a black band, which is not con{pi-
8 cuous

PEEL XXXL .

CN

7

aN
—ACMAIN

)

Pek OP Ve Ei Re

cuous in the fide feathers: legs furnifhed with an imperfect
back toe. *

This frequents the fields about the Volga, faick, and Samara,
in flocks, and is pretty plentiful ; but not feen farther north than
54 degrees. Is called by fome the Hen of the Steppes *.

Charadrius Afiaticus, Pall. Trav. ii. p. 715.

LITTLE bigger than the Ringed Plover. Bill as in that
bird: crown of the head, the back, and wings, greyifh afh-
coloured brown: forehead, eye-brows, fides of the head, and
chin, white: from thence to the middle of the neck ferruginous,
bounded by a tranfverfe band of brown: the reft of the under
parts white: tail brown, the feathers whitifh on the edges, and
tipped with black: legs red.
Inhabits the falt lakes of the fouthern defarts of Tartary ; and
is a rare and folitary bird.

Charadrius Mongolus, Pall. Tr. ili. p. 700. 29.

IZE of the Dotterel. Forehead white; crown black: from
the bill arifes a ftreak of Elack, which grows wider, and en-
circles the throat, which is white; beyond this the fore part of
the neck is ferruginous: breaft the fame, but paler: belly white:

back cinereous brown.
Inhabits the falt lakes on the confines of the Mongolian coun-

trv, in tolerable plenty. Is a folitary fpecies.
® Ruffia, vol. iv. pe 282-—Dee, Ruff ile ps 170
Charadrius

207

Place.

V2.
ASIATIC PL.

Description,

Poace.

13h

MONGOLIAN
pis

DEscriPTION.

PLace.

208

14.
+ DOTTEREL.

DeEscRIPTION.

FEMALE.

PLacE AND
Manners.

Pry Oy vee mE OR

Charadrius Morinellus, Lin, Syf. i. p. 249. §.—Faun, Suec. N° 188.—
Brun. N° 185.—Muller, N° 211.
Le petit Pluvier, ou le Guignard, Bri/. Orn. v. p- 54. 5. pl. 4. fig. 2.——
Buf. Ov. viii. p. 87.—P. Enl. 832.
The Dotterel, Raii Syz. p. 111. A. 4.—IVill. Orn. ps 309. ple 55. 57.—
Albin, ii, pl. 62.—Br. Zool. N° 210. pl. 73.—Ara. Zool. p. 487. Av
Lev. Mus.
ENGTH from nine to ten inches: weight four ounces.
Bill lefs than an inch long, and black: the forehead is dufky
and grey mixed; the back part of it dull black: over the eye is
a white band, which bends downwards, and paffes to the hind
head: fides of the head, and throat, white: the hind part of the
neck, the back, and wings, greyifh brown, the feathers margined
with pale ferruginous; but thofe of the lower part of the back
and rump incline to grey: fore part of the neck cinereous olive,
mixed with a little white next the throat; the lower part of the
neck is bounded with a line of black, beneath it another of white:
the breaft and fides of a pale dull orange: middle of the belly
black ; lower part of the belly and thighs rufous white: the
greater quills are brown; the outer edge and fhaft of the firft
white: tail olive brown; near the end a bar of dufky; the tip
white ; the two outer feathers margined with white: legs black.

The female differs in being a trifle bigger; having the black
on.the belly mixed with white, and a white line on the breaft ;
the white over the eye narrower ; and the colour in general more
dull.

Thefe birds are common in fome parts of England; in others
not known. Found in tolerable plenty in Cambridgefbire, Lin-
colnfoire, and Derbyfhire. Are migratory, appearing in flocks of

: eight

PoE O V ER.

eight or ten, the latter end of April, and ftay all May and Fune,
when they get very fat, and are much efteemed for the table.
In April and September taken on the Wilifbire and Berkfbire
downs: in the beginning of the firft month are feen on the fea
fide at Meales in Lancajbire, continuing there about three weeks ;
from thence remove northward to Leyton Haws, where they ftay
about a fortnight *; and at the fame time are in plenty about
Holdernejs, and upon the York/hire woulds +. It is very probable
that they breed in the mountains of Cumberland and Weftmoreland,
as they appear there in May, and are not obferved there after the
breeding feafon {.

They are common in the northern parts of Europe, where we
may fuppofe they likewife breed. Linneus fays, that they are
very frequent in Dalecarlia, and the Lapland alps; and that they
vifit Sweden in May. Known to breed in the northern parts of
Ruffia and Sibiria; appearing fouthward only in their migrations.
They are ftupid birds, and are eafily enticed into a net, or de-
ftroyed by the gun.

Le Guignard d’Angleterre, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 58. 6.
Dottrel, A/bin, ii. pl. 63.

HIS varies little from the laft defcribed. Irides white: the
crown of the head varied with white, greyifh brown, and
pale yellow: fore part of the neck, breaft, belly, fides, and thighs,
pale yellow and white mixed : the two middle tail feathers brown ;
the others white: legs greenifh.
* Br. Zool. + Mr. Tun/feall.

{ Ten or twelve were fhot on the top of Skiddaw, in the month of Fuze lal.
Dr. Hey/fobam.—Breed on feveral of the Highland hills. Flore Scot.

Vot. III. Bee Charadrius

209

Place.

T4o
Var. A.

Description.

210

14.
Var. B.

DeEscRIPTION,

PLAGE.

1 Ss
BLACK-
CROWNED PL.

- DESCRIPTION.

Puacek.

PPT OF Vien Es Re

Charadrius tataricus, Pal/. Trav. ii. p. 714. 32.™

IZE of a Mifel Thrufh. Top of the head black, the fea-
thers edged with white : over the eye a white ftreak, paffing
to the hind head, where it is pretty broad: the hind part of the
neck is dark afh-colour; the fore part the fame, but paler :
fides of the head and chin white, dotted with black: acrofs the
throat a tranf{verfe collar of black: the breaft ferruginous, with a
band of black; from thence to the vent white: wings brown;
the edges of fome of the feathers yellowifh: tail feathers much
the fame, with the ends black.
Inhabits the falt lakes of the fouthern defarts of Tartary, with
the laft defcribed.

. Black-crowned Plover, 4rd. Zool, N° 402.
Lev. Muf.

ENGTH ten inches. Bill an inch long, red, with the end
black: forehead black : crown the fame, furrounded with a
circle of white: throat white: neck and breaft very light afh-
coloured brown, divided from the belly by a dufky tranfverfe
ftroke: belly and vent white: back, fcapulars, and wing coverts,
cinereous brown: primaries dufky ; towards the bottoms white :
tail white at the bafe; black towards the end; the tip white:
lees very long; naked an inch above the knees; and of a blood
red : toes very fhort.
Inhabits the province of New York. Has much the habit of
the European Dotterel.

BIGGER

BOW ER.

IGGER than a Swipe. Bill black: forehead pale reddifh

white: plumage on the upper part of the bird dufky ; the
feathers with pale edges: chin and fore part of the neck dufky
white: lower part of the neck, breaft, and under parts, dufky
yellow oker-colour, with a tinge of red: the neck marked with
pale and dufky ftreaks, and tranfverfely mottled on the fides
with narrow lines: quills dufky: legs blueifh: claws black.

Inhabits New Zealand. Found at Dufky Bay. The name
given it by the natives Hapoho-éra. From the collection of Sir
Fofeph Banks.

ESS than the Lapwing: length twelve inches and a half.
Bill dufky : irides blueifh black: the plumage above, from the
crown of the head to the rump, black ; the feathers margined with
fulvous yellow: the forehead and throat dufky white: breaft
fulvous, fpotted with black: the reft of the under parts dufky
white, {potted with black: the wing coverts are black, fpotted
with fuivous ; the lower order brown black, tipped with white :
quills brownifh black; the fhafts white: tail the fame colour,
croffed with whitifh bands: legs blue: claws black, and blunt.
Inhabits the fhores and marfhy places of Otabeite. Communi=
cated by Dr. Forfter.

Lev. Muf.

ENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, dark brown; the
noftrils pervious : the plumage on the upper parts of the body
brown; each feather margined with a golden yellow: the under
part of the body white, except the breaft, which is of a dufky
Ee 2 pale

po 3
16.
DUSKY PL.

Descriptions

PLace.

U7
FULVOUS PL.

DescripPTion.

PLace.

17
Var. A.

DESCRIPTION:

“212

PLace,

18.
WHITE-BEL-
LIED PL.

DescrIPTION.

Place,

19.
RED-NECKED
PL.

DescripPrion.

PLAcE.

BY OU AVE EE OR:

pale brown : quills brown; the end half of the fhafts white: the
fecondaries as long as the quills, and both of them reach to the
end of the tail, and hide it : the tail is two inches long,, brown,
and marked with obfcure pale brown fpots on each fide of: the
webs : legs about two inches long, and of a pale yellow.

Native place uncertain. It feems clearly to correfpond with
the laft ; but is confiderably lefs in fize.

Lev. Muf.

J] LENGTH fix inches. Bill one inch: the plumage on the

upper parts dirty brown: the forehead white: above and
beneath the eye a ftreak of the fame: under parts white: fecon-
daries and prime quills equal in length; fome of the firft white
from the bafe for half the length; the fhafts white: fix of the
middle tail feathers brown; the outer of thefe is white juft at
the tip and bafe; the three exterior ones white ; the laft but one
has a brown fpot on the inner web near the tip; and the third
is black at the end: legs pale blue.

Native place uncertain.

IZE of the Purre. The bill flefh-coloured; the end black;

irides orange: head and neck black: on each fide of the
neck a large fquare chefnut fpot, the fize of a filver penny,
almoft meeting together at the back part: the upper part of the
plumage afh-colour, with a little mixture of white about the
baftard wing: the breaft and under parts white: quills and tail
dufky : legs flefh-colour.

Inhabits the South Seas. Found in Adventure Bay, Van Die-

men’s Land.
Charadrius,

Pale ON Vig) Baya Re

Charadrius {pinofus, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 256. 12.—Hafelg. Iter. p. 260. 261.
Le Pluvier armé du Senegal, Bri/. Orz. v. p. 86. pl. 7. fig. 2.—P/. Ex. 801.
Le Pluvier a aigrette, Buf. Oj/. viii. p. 99.

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/f.

IZE of the Golden Plover: length twelve inches. Bill above

an inch long, and black: irides red: the crown of the head
and throat are black, paffing a little way down the neck before:
the hind head. a little crefted: the back part of the neck, and
upper part of the body, and fcapulars, grey: fides of the head,
and all.the under part, from throat to vent, yellowifh white,
except a crefcent of black on the breaft, the convex part up-
permoft: the lefler wing coverts are black; the middle ones
as the back; the greater yellowifh white ; but fome of the outer
ones, and the nine outer greater quills, are black; the ten next
half white half black ; the two following yellowifh white; and
the four next the body grey: on the fore part of the wing, juft
within the bend, is a fpur half an inch in length, a little bent,
and black: tail yellowifh white, tipped with black, deepeft on
the two middle feathers: legs black.

This fpecies inhabits the marfhy places of lower Egyp/, in the
month of September ; is alfo found in other parts of that neigh-
bourhood. It goes there by the name of Dominican, the necl:
being black, with white fides, not unaptly refembling the fame
part of the habit of that order *.

* Hafelquif.

Charadrius

213
206
SPUR-WINGED
Pie

DESCRIPTION.

PLace.

DESCRIPTION.

FEMALE.

Pace.

Bee OT VOCE RE

Charadrius fpinofus, Liz. Sy. i. p. 256.12. B.

Le Pluvier hupé de Perfe, Brif: Orz. v. p. 84. 14.—Buf. Os viii. p. 98.
Black-breafted Indian Plover, Edw. pl. 47. (male).

Spur-winged Plover, Edw. pl. 280. (female).

ENGTH eleven inches and a half: breadth twenty-three

inches: weight four ounces. Bill a little more than one
inch, and black: top of the head gloffy black: hind head a little -
crefted : cheeks, hind head, and fides of the neck, white: upper
part of the neck, back, fcapulars, rump, and upper tail coverts,
chefnut brown: throat and fore part of the neck black: breaft
and upper part of the belly the fame; the firft gloffed with
violet: the lower part of the belly and vent white: wing coverts
like the back; but thofe fartheft from the body, and fecondaries,
brownifh chefnut, tipped with white: greater quills black: the
tail four inches long; even at the end; white for two-thirds of
the length; the reft black: legs deep brown.

The other (fuppofed to be the female) is the fize of a Lap-
wing. Bill and creft the fame: it differs chiefly in having the
whole of the neck white: the black on the throat only reaching
for an inch down: breaft and upper part of the belly black :
outer tail feathers tipped with white. Both of them have a fpur
on the bend of the wing.

Thefe inhabit Ruffic; and are very frequent near Aleppo, about
the river Coic*.

* Rufél, p. 72. ple 11.—In the plate the bird feems to have a back toe, or at
leaft a fpur; though the text mentions only three toes in all. The having a
minute fpur is not uncommon in the Plover genus ; the fpecimen in the Britip

Mu/feum is furnifhed with a fmall one.
6 Le

Bi Ea) Ou Vie eRe

Le Pluvier armé de Cayenne, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 102.—P/. Enl, 833.

ENGTH about nine inches. Bill one inch; colour dufky:

the back part of the head, and nape of the neck, are white,
mixed with grey: the fore part and fides black, paffing back to
the nape, and occupying all the hind part of the neck ; and then
- comes forward on the fore part, above the breaft: between this
and the chin it is white: the middle of the back and wings is
rufous grey: near the bend of the wing a fharp bent fpur: {ca-
pulars and quills black: the under parts, from the breaft, white:
the bafe half of the tail is white, the reft black : legs yellowith.

This inhabits Cayenne.

¢

Le Pluvier coiffé, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 100.
————=— du Senegal, P/. Eu/l. 834.

ENGTH ten inches andahalf. Bill yellow, red towards
the end, and black at the tip: the forehead covered with a
carunculated yellow membrane, paffing round the eyes: the head,
and a little way on the neck, black: the hind head furnifhed with
a few fhort pointed feathers, hanging like a fmall creft; under
this the hind head is white: the upper parts of the body are ru-
fous grey: all the under parts white, with a few dufky dafhes
down the fore part of the neck: the quills and end of the tail
black ; the laft fhort: legs red.
This is found at Senegal.

Le

915

20.

Var. B.
DeEscrIPTION.

PLace.

21.
HOODED PL,

DEscRIPTION.

Place.

22.
WREATHED
PL.

DEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

23.
WATTLED PL.

DEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

Me loiah Calcd Olea \SA Unt as See

Le Pluvier couronne, Buf. Oi/- viii. p. 101:
Pluvier du Cap de Bonne Efperance, P/. En/. 800.

HIS is twelve inches in length. The bill is reddith, towards
the point dufky: the head even with the eye, and chin, are
black: round the crown runs a lift of white, encircling the head
like a wreath: the hind part of the neck, and upper part of the
body, are brown, with a glofs of greenifh purple in fome lights s
this is likewife feen on the breaft, which is marked with a few
fpots of black: the neck, as far as the breaft, is grey: the belly
white; as are the greater coverts: the tail white, with a broad
band of black near the end: quills black : legs ruft-colour.
This comes from the Cape of Good Hope. .

Le Pluvier 4 lambeaux, Buf. O7/ viii. p. 102.
Pluvier de la Cote de Malabar, P/. Ex/. 880.

IZE of the Golden Plover: length nine inches and a half.
The bill is yellow: on the forehead a naked bare fkin, hang-
ing down in a pointed flap on each fide of the jaw: crown of the
head black: through the eye a white ftreak: the neck and upper
parts of the body yellowifh grey, deepeft on the back: the under
parts, from the breaft, white: acrofs the greater wing coverts a
band of white: quills black: the tail is like the back, croffed
with a black bar at the end; and the tips and outfides of fome
of the outer feathers white : legs pale yellow.
This is met with on the coaft of Malabar.

By TO Ve Ba R:

Le Pluvian, Buf. Oi/ viii. p. 104.—P/. Enl, 918»

ENGTH feveninches. Bill black; one inchlong: the upper

part of the head, taking in the eyes, is black: the forehead
yellowith, paffing over each eye in a broad ftreak: the hind part
of the neck and back are black: the wings, rump, and tail,
egreyifh afh-colour: the quills black, mottled with white on the
outer part of the wing: all the tail feathers except the two mid-
dle ones marked with black near the ends ; the very tips white :
the under parts, from the chin, pale rufous, deepeft on the breaft,
where it is mottled with tranfverfe dufky markings; and towards
the vent nearly white: legs cinereous grey: claws black.

Native place not mentioned.

Le Courvite, Buf. Oif- viil. p. 128.—P/. Enl. 795.

ENGTHeten inches. Bill three quarters of an inch; flender,
bent at the tip, not unlike that of the Pratincole: plumage
in general cream-colour, paleft beneath: behind the eyes a patch
of black ; through them a pale ftreak, paffing to the hind head,
and dividing the black: quills black: tail the fame as the upper
parts, marked with black near the tip: legs yellowifh white.
The above was killed in France: it was obferved to run with
great fwiftnefs.

Le Courvite de la Coromandel, P/. Enl. 892.

IZE of the other. Top of the head, and fore parts as far as
the breaft, reddifh chefnut: chin whitifh: behind the eye a
Vor. Ill. F f white

a7

24.
BLACK-HEAD-
ED PE. *
Description.

208
CREAM.CO-
LOURED PL.

DESCRIPTION»

PLace.

26.
COROMANDEL
PL.

DeEscRIPTION.

218

Placer.

Pa Omi Mapes

white ftreak, and through the eye a black one, paffing to the hind
head, the white entering a little way into the black at the back
part: behind the neck, the back, wings, and tail, brown: upper
part of the belly dufky: the reft of the parts beneath, the rump,
upper tail coverts, and tip of the tail, white: quills black: legs
yellowifh white.

From the coaft of Coromandel. The two laft differ much from
the Plovers in the fhape of the bill; but have fo great an affinity
to them on account of the toes, which are only three in number,
and all placed forward, that they cannot with propriety be placed
in any other genus.

GENUS

fy m " i

PL . UXXXaV.

Yes Ae ELD ee}

dU

Cf.
St

e

[ 219 ]

Genus LXXI. OISTER-CATCHER.

N° x. Pied Oifter-catcher.

ILL long, compreffed, cuneated at the end.
Noftrils linear.
Tongue fearce a third of the length of the bill.
Toes three in number, all placed forwards; the exterior
joined to the middle by a ftrong membrane.

Hematopus oftralegus, Liz Syf. i. p. 257¢ 1.—Faune Suece 192.—Brun. 1.
189.—Muller, p. 27. N° 215. ; +PIED OISTER-
Scolopax Pica, Scop. Ann. i. N° 135. CATCHER.
L’Hutrier, Bri/: Orn. v. ps 38. pl. 3- fig. 2—Buf. Of viii. p. 119. pl. g. Px, LXXXIV-
—P). Enl. 929.
Sea-pie, Raii Synz. p. 105. 7-—Will. Ora. p. 297.—Albin, i. pl. 78.
Pied Oifter-catcher, Br. Zool, p. 213-—Cate/. Car. i. pl. 85.—Ara. Zool.
N° 406.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mur

IZE of a Crow: length fixteen inches and a quarter: weight —Descrrerion.
feventeen ounces. Bill above three inches in length; ftrait,
compreffed on the fides, and in old birds blunt at the end; the
colour of it and the eye-lids orange: irides a glowing crimfon :
the head and neck are black, except a {mall fpot of white under
the eye-lid, and a crefcent of the fame acrofs the throat: the
leffer wing coverts, fcapulars, and upper part of the back, are
black: the middle coverts the fame, tipped with white: the
greater white: the quills are black, marked more or lefs with
Ff 2 white

220

PLACE AND
Manners.

OISTER-CATC HER.

white within: the lower part of the back, rump, breaft, and un-
der parts, are white: tail white half way from the bafe, the end
half black : legs dirty red: claws black.

Birds have been feen with the end half of the bill black ; and
in others the white under the eye-lid and chin are both wanting:
the laft is alfo not unfrequently met with white, mottled with
black.

The Oifter-catcher is pretty common in England; moft fo on
the weftern fhores ;, feeding on fhel/-fi/h, and in particular oifers
and Jimpets. On obferving any one of the firft, which gapes wide
enough for the infertion of its bill, it thrufts it in, and takes out
the inhabitant: it will alfo force the Jimpets from their adhe-
fion to the rocks with fufficient eafe. In turn feeds on marine
infecis and worms. In winter we often fee thefe birds in confi-
derable flocks; but they do not depart from us. In the fummer
are met with only in pairs, though chiefly in the neighbourhood
of the fea or falt rivers. The female lays four or five eggs, on the
bare ground, on the fhore, above high-water mark : they are of a
greenifh grey, blotched. with black. The young are faid to be
hatched in about three weeks. Thefe birds are pretty wild
when in flocks, yet are eafily brought up tame, if taken young:
1 have known them to be thus kept for a long time, frequenting
the ponds and ditches during the day, attending the ducks and
other poultry to fhelter of nights, and not unfrequently to come
up of themfelves as the evening approaches. Are known ia fome
parts of England by the name of Sea-Pze, or Olive.

This fpecies feems a general inhabitant; being found: in moft
parts of the old continent, and univerfally in the neighbourhood
of the fea. It is alfo fufficiently plenty throughout America,

from.

OISTER-CATCHER. 221

from New-York to the Bahama Iflands *, as well as Cayenne and
Surinam +. Dampier met with it on the coaft of New Holland f,
and Kempfer at Japan §; our late circumnavigators, at Van Die-
men’s Land, Terra del Fuego||, and New Zealand**: but in the
laft-named places, as well as in fome others}, the plumage is
wholly black.

* Ar&. Zool.—-Catefo. Car. 1. 85.—Park. Voy. p. 144. :

+ Deferip. Surin. it. p. 167. t Foy. iii. pl. in 123.—Cook’s laft Voy. i. 110.
§ Kemp. Fap. i. p. 113. || Fort. Voy. i. p. 453.—Park. Voy. p. 488.

** Hawke/w. Voy. ii. p. 333-—Co0k’s laf? Voy. i. pe 151.—I]d. ii. p. 378-

tt in the ifland of Curacoa.—Feuill. Ob/. 1725. p- 285

Genus

\)
i

I.
AUSTRIAN PR.

Descriprion.

Pi. LXXXV.

[ 222 j ie

Genus LXXI] PRATINCOLE.

N° i. Avuftrian Pr. Var. D. Madras Pr.
_ Var. A. Collared Pr. N° 2. Senegal Pr.
Var. B. Maldivian Pr. 3. Spotted Pr.

Var. C. Coromandel Pr.

ILL hhort, ftrong, ftrait, hooked at the end: gape wide.
Noftrils, near the bafe, linear, oblique.
Toes long, flender, connected by a membrane at the bafe.
Tail forked; confifting of twelve feathers.

Hirundo Pratincola, Lin. Sy. i. p. 345. 12.—Kram. El. p. 381. a at
the end.
La Perdrix de Mer, Bri; Orn. v. p. 4 1 pl. 12. fig. ones Or Vile
p- 544.—PI. Enl. 882.
Hirundo marina Aldrov. Raii Syz. p. 72.
Sea Swallow of Aldrovandus, Will. Orn. p. 214.
Lev. My

IZE of a Blackbird: length nine inches and a quarter. Bill
ten lines and a half long, curved at the end; the bafe of it
red, the reft black: the upper parts of the bird are of a greyifh

-brown: chin and throat white, furrounded with a black line,

which begins at the hinder angle of the eye, and bounds the
whole of the white parts all round: the under parts are rufous
grey, growing paler towards the vent: the upper tail coverts are
alfo of this laft colour: the quills and tail are dufky ; the laft
much forked in fhape, and tipped with grey on the inner web ;

6 the

PL.LXXXV.

We

Fe

AP ab

PiRVAGI TN, C/O1k E.

the outer web of the exterior feather white the whole of its
length: the legs and bare fpace above the knees are blood
red.

This bird inhabits Germany, particularly the borders of the
Rhine, near Stra/burgh, and lives on worms and aquatic infects.
Tt is alfo at times feen in fome of the provinces of France,
efpecially Lorraine; but is in the greateft plenty in the deferts
towards the Ca/pian Sea, frequenting the dry plains in great
flocks. It is common alfo throughout the whole defert of the
independent Tartars, as far as the rivers Kamy/chlofska and Irti/h,
but not farther into Sibirie, the plains fit for it being there at
an end; and in general it is not obferved beyond 53 deg. to the
northward*.

La Perdrix de Mer a collier, Brif. Orn. v. p. 145. 2.—-Buf. Oi/. vii.
p> 546. : y

ESS than the other. Bill dufky : the plumage on the upper

parts grey brown: on each fide of the head is a white {pot
near the eyes: the fpace between the two fpots, or forehead, is
black: throat and fore part of the neck white, furrounded by a
brown line like a collar: the breaft and under parts are whitifh:
the quills dufky : the tail like the back: legs blackifh.

It makes the neft on the fandy fhores of rivers; and is always
found in the neighbourhood of {treams. Inhabits Germany, and
is faid to lay as far as fevenoblong eggs. Is a noify, reftlefs
bird,

* Mr. Pennant.

Perdrix

Pace.

Te
Var. A.
COLLARED PR.

DeEscripTion,

PLace.

1
12
a

Th
Var. B.
MALDIVIAN-PR.
DescrRiPpTIONn,.

PrLace.

I.
Var. C.
COROMANDEL
PR.

DEscRIPTION.

Var. D.
MADRAS PR.

DEscRIPTION.

PURVAY TIN (CO VERE:

Perdrix de Mer, Sov. Voy. p. 216¢

ry HIS is nine inches tn length. The bill black: irides red
brown: the head and upper parts of the body the colour of
umber: under wing coverts red brown: throat white, furrounded
with a black band, and each feather has a longitudinal black line;
the quills and tail are black: the rump, belly, and vent, white.
This was taken at open fea, in the latitude of the Maldivia
Ifles. It lived a month on flies, and bread foaked in water. Mr.
Sonnerat mentions two other {pecies.

HE fecond has the head and upper parts paler: throat

rufous white, encircled with a black band: quills blackifh
brown: beneath the wings bright chefnut: tail forked; the fea-
thers white half way from the bafe, and brown the reft of their
length, with a fpot of dirty grey at the end: rump and upper
tail coverts white, occupying more fpace than in the former:
breaft rufous white: belly and vent white: irides reddifh: bill
and legs black.

Found on the coaft of Coromandel.

HE third is lefs than the others. The wings reach beyond

the end of the tail: top of the head deep brown: neck,
back, and wing coverts dirty rufous grey: quills brown: under
wing coverts pale red brown: upper tail coverts white, but this
takes up lefs fpace than in the others: the two middle tail feathers
are brown; the others the fame, with a curved white mark at the
ends; the outer ones half white from the bafe, and brown the

reft

PRATINCOLE.

reft of their lenoth: breaft and belly pale brown: thighs and
vent white: bill and legs black: irides red brown.

This alfo is found about Madras, and other parts on the coaft
of Coromandel.

Tringa fufca, Lin, Sy. i. p. 252. 22.
La Perdrix de Mer du Senegal, Bri/. Oru. v. p. 148. 4»
brune, Buf. Oi/. vii. p. 544+

ENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill eleven lines long,
and brown: general colour of the plumage brown: tail
forked as in the others: legs brown.
Inhabits Senegaé.

La Perdrix de Mer tachetée, Brif Ora. v. Pp» 147+ 3-

La Giarole, Buf. O7/f vii. p. 545.

Gallinula melampus, Rotknuffel, Raid Syn. p. 109. 9.—Will. Orn. ps 304.
pl. 56. (fig. bad.)

IZE of the others. The bill is black: the head, neck, breatft,

and upper part of the belly, are {potted brown and white:
the upper parts of the body brown, but the fpots lefs diftiné :
the lower part of the belly, fides, and vent, rufous white, fpotted
with black: the quills are black: the fecond quills black and
afh-colour: tail whitith, tipped with black: legs and bare fpace
above the knees of this laft colour.

Inhabits Germany.

GENUS

GQ

Vor, Ill. G

to
i)
Ui

PLACE.

Ze
SENEGAL PR,
DEscripTioNe

PLace.

ie
SPOTTED PR.’

DESCRIPTION.

Praces

ING Hr

fb ND

Is
6
as
8
9
10

fi e384

Genus LXXIII.

Water Rail.

WN

Var. A. Virginian R.

. Clapper R.
. Troglodyte R.
. Philippine R.

Var. A.
Var. B.
Var. C.
Banded R.

. Brown R.
Red-breafted R.
. Cape R.

. Blue-necked R.
. Ceylon R.

R

II.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1076
18.
19.

20.
21.

22.

tics

Pacific R.
Tabuan R.

‘Black R.

Sandwich R.
Otaheite R.
Dufky R.
Long-billed R.
Variegated R.
Cayenne R.
Var. A.
Jamaica R.
Little R.
Var. A.
Barbary R.

ILL flender, a little comprefied, and flightly incurvated.

Noftrils fmall.
Tongue rough at the end.
Body much comprefied.
Tail very fhort.

Ral ss

POON eas

Rallus aquaticus, Liz, Sy/. i. p. 262. 2.—Faun. Suec. N° 195.— Scop. Ann. i.
Ne 155.—Brux. N° 193.—Muller, N° 219.—Kram. El. p. 349. 2.

Le Rale d’Eau, Brif. Orz. v. ps 1510 1. pl. 12. fig. 2—Buf. Oxf. viii.
p- 154. ple 13-——-P/. Eel. 749.

Gallinula ferica Gefneri, Razi Syz. p. 114. 4?

Veivet Runner, Wzil. Orz.-p. 315 ?

Water Rail, Bilcock, or Brook-ouzel, Razz Syz. p. 113. A. 2. 190. 12.—=
Will, Orn. p. 314. pl. 58.—Sloan Fam, p. 321. 16.— Albin, i- pl. 77.—
Br. Zool. ii. N° 214. pl. 756

Br.Muf. Lev. Mu.

ENGTH twelve inches: breadth fixteen: weight four ounces
and ahalf. Bill an inch and three quarters; colour dufky
black, at the bafe reddifh: irides red: all the upper parts are olive
brown’; the middle of each feather black: the under parts, from the
chin to the middle of the belly, afh-colour*: the lower belly,
thighs, and vent, the fame, with rufous edges: fides of the body
tranfverfely barred with black and white: quills dufky : under tail
coverts.white: tail fhort, and black; the tips of the two middle
feathers ferruginous; the others the fame on the margins: legs
dufky red: toes long, and divided to the bottom.

This fpecies is fufficiently common in this kingdom; but in
the northern parts of it is only feen in winter.

The ege is more than an inch and a half in length; of a
pale yellowith colour, marked all over with dufky brown {pots,
of nearly the fame fize, but irregular.

It is found chiefly on the edges of ponds and rivulets well fur-
nifhed with cover, under which it may run for fhelter on the ap-

* Briffon obferves, that in fome birds the feathers on the fore part of the neck

are margined with white: fuch J have feen, but fuppofe them to be young birds.
Gg2 pearance

224

I.
4+-WATERRAIL;

DEscrRIPTION.

PLAcE AND
Mawnwers,

228

te
Var. A.
VIRGINIAN R.!

DESCRIPTION.

Praces

(RY A

pearance of an enemy; it rather trufts to its legs than its wings,
as it runs very faft and flies but ill, and during flight the legs
hang down: it will alfo frequently take to the water, where it
fwims tolerably well; and often feen to run on the furface, if
there be any weeds to bear it up. This bird is alfo found in
plenty on the continent of Europe, Sweden, Norway, and Rufia
throughout: likewife in the weftern part of Sidiria. On the
continent is migratory, being feen fpring and autumn pafling
over the ifland of Malta; and has been met with at fea fifty
leagues diftant from the coaft of Portugal *.

Rallus Virginianus, Zia. Sy/?. i. p. 263. 10.
Le Rale de Penfilvanie, Bri/. Orz. vi. Suppl. p. 138:-
American Water Rail, Edw. pl. 279.
Virginian Rail, 4rd. Zool. N° 408.
Lev. Mu/.

IZE of the laft. Bill dufky, with the point black; the under-
mandible reddifh at the bafe +: irides red: crown dufky:
fides afh-coloured: from the bill, over each eye, a ftreak of white:
chin the fame: hind part of the neck, back, and tail, brown
ftreaked with black; fore part of the neck and breaft brownifh
orange: lower part of the belly, fides, and thighs, barred dufky
and white: vent white, orange, and black, mixed: the wing co-
verts reddifh brown: ridge of the wings white: quills and_tail
dufky : legs dark flefh-colour.
Inhabits Pen/ylvania, 5
* Hift. des Oif:
+ Edwards mentions a fmall degree of baldnefs on the forehead; but I could
never find it in any which have come under my infpection.
Clapper:

Rea ob B

Clapper Rail, 4+. Zool, N° 407:
Lewe Muf.

ARGER than our Rai/: length from fourteen to fixteen
inches. Bill two inches long; colour dufky brown: crown,
and all the upper parts of the bird, olive brown, the feathers
edged with pale afh-colour : cheeks afh-colour: chin white: fore
part of the neck and breaft yellowifh brown: fides over the thighs
barred afh-colour and white: legs brown.
Inhabits New York from May to Offeber. Lays in Fune. Is
called there the Meadow Clapper*..

Lev. Muf

IZE of a {mall Fow/: length feventeen inches. Bill reddith

brown, two inches long, and a trifle bent: irides dirty yel-
low :. the feathers of the crown, neck, back, breaft, and belly,
are brown, margined with rufous grey: cheeks and throat cine-
reous: over the eye a ftreak of the fame: the wings are very
fhort; the coverts the fame colour as the back : the baftard wing
furnifhed with a fpine, which is half an inch long, ftrait, pointed,
and lies hid among the feathers: quills brown, marked. with

tranfverfe ferruginous fpots on each margin: vent and fides.

brown: tail four inches long; brown, margined with rufous
grey: legs reddifh brown:

That in the Leverian Mufeum has the upper parts of a deep
chefnut, the feathers dafhed with black down the fhafts: the un-

der parts cinereous, verging to chefnut on the breaft: quills,

& ArG. Lode

lower:

‘229

2.
4+- CLAPPER B..

Description.

Pracgs-

3°
TROGLODYTE
R.

DEscriPTions-

PLACE AND
Manners.

Ae
PHILIPPINE R.

DESCRIPTION.

UUs) Neem | niet 15

lower order of coverts, and tail, barred chefnut and black: legs
ftout, brown.

Thefe inhabit New Zealaid, particularly in Dufky Bay, where
they are numerous, and are called Water Hens; and indeed, ata
diftance, appear not unlike Fow/s. They run fwiftly, and feratch
on the ground like our poultry : from the fhortnefs of their wings
are unable to fly, nor do they ever take to the water: chiefly
met with on a fea-beach, and the fkirts of woods, where they
pick up worms, &c. their chief food. Are often found under the
roots of trees; and will frequently run into holes, and hide un-
der the bufhes: faid to cry againft rain. Are very tame, info-
much as to fuffer themfelves to be knocked down with a ftick.
‘Were efteemed as good food by our people, but thought to be
beft when fkinned: the fat is high-coloured, inclining to
orange™.

They are found alfo in Charlotte Sound, and on the neighbour-
ing iflands, but in very {mall numbers.

Rallus Philippenfis, Zi. Sy/?. i. p. 263. 7.

Le Rale des Philippines, Bri. Orz. v. p. 163. 4. pl. 14. fige nm Pl.
Enl. 774. ! .

Le Tiklin, ou Rale des Philippines, Buf. Oy. viii. p. 160.

QIZE of the firft fpecies: length eleven inches. Bill thirteen

lines and a half long; colour grey: the upper parts of the
head, neck, and body, are dufky, the feathers edged with rufous
grey; fome of the fcapulars fpotted with white: over each eye a
white ftreak, tending to the hind head; beneath this a broader

es * Dre Forfer.

one,

IIE OO ALS

Vhalefpene Gel Var.A.

Re AOR

one, paffing through the eyes backwards: throat dirty white:
fore part of the neck rufous grey, marked with tranfverfe in-
diftincét brownifh bands: breaft, belly, fides, and thighs, barred
grey and brown; leaft fo on-the belly, where it is almoft white :
wings marked with white and chefnut fpots: greater coverts
barred with chefnut: quills brown, the two firft marked on the
outer edge of each web with white, and towards the fhaft with
chefnut; the reft only with the laft colour: tail dufky, edged
with rufous grey; all but the two middle feathers {potted on the
inner web with chefnut: legs grey.
Inhabits the Philippine iflands, where it is called Tzklin.

Lev. Mu:

-ENGTH ten inches. Bill an inch and a quarter, and
brown : noftrils in a long furrow: the head and fides, taking
in the eye and nape, ferruginous chefnut: from bafe of bill over
the eye paffes a pale ftreak almoft to the hind head: the upper
part of the body brown, but each feather marked with a black
and white tranfverfe {tripe near the end, giving the appearance
of black and white ftripes on a brown ground: the hind part of
the neck appears ftriated, but on the back more like fpots, and
more white than black: the rump is plain: the under parts from
the chin, and down the middle to the breaft, afh-colour; but the
neck on the fides, the breaft and belly, are_ftriated with black
and white: vent pale ferruginous brown: the wing coverts not
to be diftinguifhed in markings from the back: quills fpotted
brown and white: the tail is very little longer than the wings:
the legs are flefh-colour: claws brown.

Inhabits O¢cheiie.
: 2 THE

231

PLace.

he
Var. A.
DEscripTion,

PL. LXXAVI.

PLACE,

232

4.
Var. B.
DESCRIPTION.

PLace.
4e
Var. C.

DESCRIPTION»

PLACE.

me A he

HE head in this variety is paler, and the ftreak over the eye

grey: the hind part of the neck tranfverfely ftriated brown
and white: the middle of the back, and fcapulars, white, with a
very little mixture of brown on the firft: wing coverts olive
brown, tranfverfely blotched with white ; fecond quills white on
the inner webs, on the outer olive brown; the greater quills olive
brown, marked with large ferruginous fpots; the firft wholly
white, the fecond white within: tail even with the end of the
quills, barred olive brown and white: all the under parts white:
bill and legs pale yellow brown.

Inhabits Zoxgataboo. In the collection of Sir Fofeph Banks.

Rallus firiatus, Liz. Syf. i. p. 262. 5.
Le Rale rayé des Philippines, Bri/: Ora. v. p. 167. 5. pl. 14. fig. 2
Le Tiklin rayé, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 161.

(7 FIIS is in length eight inches and a quarter. Bill above an
inch and a quarter long, and horn-colour: crown of the head
dufky and chefnut mixed: hind part of the neck plain chefnut ;
the lower part of it, the back, and feapulars, dufky brown, marked
with whitifh fpots: rump and upper tail coverts the fame, but
paler: on the wing coverts a few tranfverfe white ftreaks: throat
rufous white: cheeks, fore part of the neck, breaft, and upper
part of the belly, afh-colour, with an olive tinge: the lower
part of the belly, fides, and thighs, barred dufky and white: —
quills deep brown, barred with rufous white on the outer, and
with white on the inner webs: tail dufky brown barred with
white: legs grey brown.

Inhabits the Philippine Ifles.

Rallus

Re AY eB

Rallus torquatus, Lin. Sy/. 1. p. 262. 6.
Le Rale a collier des Philippines, Brif Orn. V. pe 170. Ge ple 15. fige Yo
Le Tiklin a collier, Buf. Of. viii. p. 162.

IGGER than the Land Rail: length twelve inches. Bill
more than an inch and a half in length, grey brown: the
plumage on the upper parts brown tinged with olive: cheeks
and throat dirty black: from the bafe of the bill a ftreak of
white paffes under each eye, and finifhes fome way behind ic:
the under part, from chin to vent, tranfverfely ftreaked with black
and white, except juft above the breaft, where a band of chefnut
three quarters of an inch broad encircles it as a collar: thighs
barred brown and white: the quills have the outer margins paler ;
the three firft banded with white on the inner webs, and the fix
following with rufous chefnut: tail brown: legs the colour of
the bill.
This fpecies inhabits the Philippine Tes.

Rallus fufcus, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 2620 4.

Le Rale brun des Philippines, Brif. Oru. Vo p. 1730 7- pl. 15. fig. Ze
—PI. Enl. 773.

Le Tiklin brun, Buf. Oz/ viii. p. 161.

ENGTH feven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch long,
and brown: the plumage on the upper parts is brown: be-
neath reddifh brown, paleft on the throat: lower part of the
belly inclining to grey: beneath the tail barred with black and
white: legs yellow.
Found at the Philippine Iles, with the four laft defcribed ; all
of which go by the general name of Zzk/in,
Vor. Il. Hh SIZE

233

Go
BANDED R.

DestrirTion.

Place.

6.
BROWN R.

DeEscriPTion:

Puacr.

Deana: IZE of our Rail: length nine inches. Bill pale: plumage
ED R. above dufky: over the eye a pale line: hind part and fides
Description. of the neck, and the breaft, ferruginous: under parts of the body
afh-colour; fides of it barred acrofs with white narrow lines:

legs yellow.

In the colleétion of MZ. Tunftall, Efquire.

8. Rallus Capenfis, Lin. Sy/?. Mantif: 1771. p. 5256
CAPER, The Rail, Browz Ill. p. 94. pl. 38?

Duscriprion, EARLY the fize of the Crake Gallinule. Bill black: head,
neck, back, and upper part of the breaft, ferruginous: lower
part of the breaft, belly, thighs, and vent, quills and tail, undu-
lated with black and white : two middle tail feathers ferruginous :

legs of a deep blood red.
PLaces Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; and, if the fame as in Brown’s
work, alfo met with at Ceylon. The bill and legs in his plate

are painted brown.

ENGTH feven inches anda half. Bill an inch and a half,
colour red; the upper ridge and end dufky: all the upper
Description. parts of the head, neck, and body, reddifh brown: chin, fore part
of the neck, and breaft, pale blue: from thence to the vent
white, tranfverfely ftreaked on the fides with black, as in the

common Water-Rail: vent white: legs red.
PLACE, Inhabits the Cape of Goed Hope, From the drawings of Sir

Fofeph Banks.

Q.
BLUE NECKED
R.

Rail,

BY AP OD) Ge

Rail, Browz Ji]. p. 96. pl. 37.

ARGER than the common Rail. Bill red: head dufky:
neck, back, and tail, ferruginous; the laft pretty long: wing

coverts as the back: prime quills black: fore part of the neck,

breaft, and belly, reddifh, clouded with brown: legs red.
Inhabits the ifland of Ceylon.

IZE of ours. Bill blood red, tip pale brown: irides red:
head brown: over the eyes a whitifh ftreak: nape ferrugi-
nous: throat white: breaft blueifh afh-colour: back and rump
black, fprinkled with fmall white fpots, but not numerous:
wings fhort, wholly of a deep black, variegated with interrupted
white fafciz: quills brown: tail very fhort, black, fpotted with
white, {carcely to be diftinguifhed from the reft of the feathers:
belly, fides, and vent, whitifh: legs flefh-colour: claws pale.
Inhabits Osabeite, and the neighbouring ifles.

ENGTH fix inches and a half. Bill black: eyelids and
irides red: general colour of the plumage brownith black :
beneath dufky: legs reddifh brown.
Inhabits Tengo Laboo*, Orabeite, and the neighbouring ifles in
the South Seas.
This varies in having the plumage more inclined to brown:
the vent white, tranfverfely barred with black lines: legs red.
Inhabits the ifland of Zanna. Sir Fofeph Banks.

© Cook's laff Voys to 358.
H h 2 Bre

235

10.
CEYLON R.

DESCRIPTION»

Prace.

II.
PACIFIC R.

DeEscrIPrion?

PLace.

12.
TABUAN R.

DEsCRIPTION.

PLAceE.

236

13.
BLACK R.

DescrirTion.

Prace.

14.
SANDWICH R.

DescripTion,

Place.

15.
OTAHEITE R.

Descriprione

-PRACE.

Br. Muf:

IZE of the Spotted Gallinule : length nine inches. Bill yellow
at the bafe; the tip brown: general colour of the plumage
dufky black, deepeft on the head: legs brown; in fome birds

red.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa.

IZE fimall. Bill dufky afh-colour: general colour of the
plumage pale ferruginous; the feathers on the upper parts
darkeft in the middle: tail fhort, hid by the upper coverts:
legs dufky flefh-colour.
Inhabits Sandwich Des. Was alfo found on the ifland of Taz-
na*; but the plumage is darker on the upper parts; and the bill
and legs yellowifh, Sir Fo/eph Banks.

ENGTH fix inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, black :

the head, neck, and all the under parts of the body, dark
afh-colour ; paleft on the chin: the upper parts, and wing co-
verts, deep red brown: quills dufky, edged with white: edge
of the wing, and the firft quill feather, white: tail an inch and
a half long, rounded in fhape, and black: legs dufky yellow :
claws black.

Inhabits Osaheite, and the Friendly Iles. Sir Fofeph Banks.

* In Cook’s laft Voy. i. p. 151. mention is made of a fandy-coloured Plover
at New Zealand; perhaps this fpecies?

Bev.

Lev. Mur

ENGTH fix inches. Bill fcarcely one inch;. colour dufky
black; edges of the mandibles yellowifh: all the upper
parts of the plumage deep brown, with a ferruginous tinge, and
ftreaked with black: beneath ferruginous brown: legs two inches
long, red brown.
Inhabits the Sandwich Iflands,

Le Rale 4 long bec de Cayenne, Buf. O7/ viii. p. 163.—P/. Enl. 849.

ARGER than our Razi/: length nine inches anda half. Bill
long in proportion, and rather ftout; the colour of it ferru-
ginous, with a dufky point: the upper parts of the body of a
faint afh-colour, each feather dafhed with a dufky ftreak down
the middle: the chin is nearly white: from thence all the under
parts are of a ferruginous white, ftriated on the fides of the body
as in our Rail: legs pale ftraw-colour. }
Inhabits Cayenne.

Le Rale tacheté de Cayenne, Buf. Oif viii. p. 165.—P/. Enl. 7750

ENGTH eleven inches. Bill one inch and a half, and yel-
lowifh : the back part of the head is dufky: the chin white :
the reft of the head, neck, and body, fpotted irregularly with

black and white, and ftreaked tranfverfely on the fides of the -

body, as in the common Rail: the wing coverts are brown dafhed
with white ; the reft of the wing brown: tail dufky, fome of the
middle feathers edged with white: legs yellow.

Inhabits Cayenne,
he

237

16.
DUSKY R.

DescriPrion.

Pace.

176
LONG-BILLED
R.

DEscRiIPTION:

Place

18.
VARIEGATED
R.

DeEscRiPTIONs

Place

238

19-
CAYENNE R.

DESCRIPTION.

19s
Var. A.

DeEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

Rei A 1 Ta

Le Kiolo, Buf. Oi. vill. p. 164.
Le Rafle de Cayenne, P/. En/l. 368.
Lev. Mu.

ENGTH near eight inches. The bill brown: the crown

of the head is rufous: from thence all the upper parts are

olive brown: beneath rufous as far as the thighs, which are the

fame as the upper part: the vent pale: from the gape a broad

blackifh ftreak paffing through the eyes, and beneath them: the
quills are black: the legs reddifh brown.

Le Rale a ventre roux de Cayenne, P/. Enl. 753.

HIS is only feven inches in length: and the upper parts are

of a deeper brown: the crown chefnut; the chin and vent
rufous white; and the broad ftreak through the eye ts blue grey:
the under parts are rufous, but much deeper than in the laft
bird, and that colour pafies on to the vent and thighs; but the
infides, and the lower parts of the laft, are dufky. It is probable
that this differs from the other only in fex.

Both thefe inhabit Cayewze. I have met with one of the laft
meafuring very little more than fix inches: they therefore differ
much as to fize.

Thefe birds are common alfo at Guiana, where they are known
by the name of Kiolo; arifing, no doubt, from their cry, which
is not unlike that word. Thefe birds may be heard making a
noife, or rather calling, in the evening juft at fun-fet, calling one
another together, in order to pafs the night; being difperfed
fingly among the thick bufhes in the day-time. They make the

neft

Re Ay TA Le

neft between the forks of the fhrubs, near the ground, of a reddifh
kind of plant, making a cover at the top !mpenetrable to the rain.

Le Rale de la Jamaique, Bri, Orz. vi. Suppl. p. 140.
—Bidi-Bidi, Buf. O//. viii. p. 166.
Leaft Water Hen, Edw. pl. 278.—Brown Fam. p. 479.

IZE fmall: length fix inches. The bill is black, with the
bafe reddifh: head and throat black: the upper parts of the
head, neck, and back, rufous brown, croffed with blackifh ftreaks:
fore part of the neck and breaft blueifh afh-colour: belly,
fides, and thighs, barred white and brown: wing coverts brown,
fpotted with white: quills rufous brown, barred with black ; the
fecondaries fpotted with white: tail as the greater quills, marked
with a few fpots of white: legs brown.
Inhabits famaica, where it is called Brdi-Bidi.

Le petit Rale de Cayenne, Buf. Oi/. viii. p..167.—P/. Enl. 847.

Tis is the fmalleft of its race yet known: length five inches.
- The bill is brown: the upper parts of the body the fame;
darkeft on the back and fcapulars, which are ftreaked with white :
the wing coverts black, fpotted with white: fides of the body
undulated black and white, as in our Rai/: over the eye a ftreak
of white: the under parts are pale dufky yellow, almoft white on
the chin and throat, and verging to afh-colour on the belly:
quills brown: tail barred black and white: legs pale yellow.
Inhabits Cayenne.

5 Lev.

239

20.
JAMAICA R..

DescrRiIPTioN.

PLace..

21.
LITTLE R,
DEscriPrion.

PLaces.

240

2I-

+ Var. A.

DescripTION.

PLAcz.

22.
BARBARY R.

DESCRIPTION.

Prace.

Leve Mufa

ENGTH five inches and a half. Bill brown; under man-

dible yellow: upper parts of the plumage brown, marked
with many ftriated bands of white on the back and wing coverts *
the chin and fore part of the neck, as far as the breaft, dirty
white: the middle of the neck behind rufous; fides of it afh-
colour: belly, fides of the body, and vent, undulated black and
white: quills and tail cinereous brown: legs yellow.

This laft I received from Famaica; and have alfo feen the fame
from Cayenne. It is clearly a mere variety or fexual difference
from the Little Rail; and we have our fufpicion alfo, that it does
not effentially differ from the Famaica {pecies.

Barbary Water Hen, Shaw’s Trav. p. 255-

ESS thana Plover. Bill an inch anda half long, and black :
belly and breaft dark brown, or rufty: back the fame, but
much darker: wings fpotted with white: rump variegated above
with black and white ftreaks, below white: legs dark brown.
Inhabits Barbary. From the length of bill, in proportion to
the fize of the bird, and from no barenefs of the forehead being
mentioned, I fufpect this rather to belong to the genus under
which it is now placed, than to that of the Gallinule referred to
by the author.

GENUS

R o4r

Genus LXXIV. JACANA.

N° x. Chefnut J. N° 6. Luzonian J.
2. Black J. 7. African J.
3. Brafilian J. 8. Chinefe J.
4. Green J. g. Faithful J.

5. Variable J.

HIS genus has a flender, fharp-pointed bill, thickeft to-
wards the end; the bafe carunculated.
Noftrils fubovated, placed in the middle of the bill.
Wings armed on the front with one or more fharp fhort fpurs.
Toes four on each foot, very long, and furnifhed with long
ftrait pointed claws.

Parra Jacana, Lin. Sy/f. i. pe 259. 3¢
Le Chirurgien brun, Brif, Orz. v. p. 125. 4. pl. 11+ fig. To
Le Jacana, Buf. Ov. viii. p. 185. pl. 16.—P/. Ex]. 322-
Gallinula Brafilienfis, 4ta. Marcgr. Raiz Syz. p. 115. Ile
Yohualquachili, Raiz Synz. p. 178. 5.
The fourth Brafitian Water Hen of Marcgrave, Will. Orz. p. 318.
Le Chevalier, Ferm. Surin. ii. ps 193.
Spur-winged Water Hen, Edw. pl. 357.

Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

Y.
+ CHESNUT J.

IZE of the Water Rail: length nearly teninches. Bill aninch Description.
and a quarter, and of an orange-colour: on the forehead is amem-

branous flap half an inch long, and nearly the fame in breadth;

on each fide of the head is another of the fame, about a quarter

=sVor- il: Crate of

242

Pract anp
MANNERS.

2. >
BLACK J;

DescriPTION.

J 2&0 ac N A.

of an inch in breadth ; and thefe together furround the bafe of the.
bill: the head, throat, neck, breaft, and under parts, are black :
in fome the belly is mixed with white: back, wing coverts, and
fcapulars, fine chefnut; the outer angle of the “wing mixed with
black : on the fhoulder a ftrong, fharp, yellow fpine, a quarter of
an inch in length: quills olive yellow, with the ends for one
third, and the tips, margined with dufky; the outer one the
whole way on the outer edge: tail rounded; the two middle
feathers chefnut and brown mixed, with the ends black; the
others the fame, but no mixture of brown: the legs greenith afh-
colour.

This fpecies inhabits Brafl, Guiana, and Surinam; but is
equally common at St. Domingo, where they frequent the marfhy
places, fides of ponds, and ftreams, and wade quite up to the
thighs in the water. Generally feen in pairs, and when feparated
call each other continually, till they join again. Are very fhy,
and moft common in the rainy feafons in May and November.
Are at all times very noify; their cry fharp and fhrill, and may
be heard a great way off. This, as well as the other fpecies, is
called by the French, Chirurgien. ‘The flefh is accounted pretty
good.

Le Chirurgien noir, Brif. Ora. ve p. 124+ 3.—Buf. O7/. viiie p. 1890
Gallinula tertia fpec. Marcgr. Raii Syn. p. 115. 10.
The third Brafilian Water Hen of Marcgrave, Will. Orn. p. 318.

O1ZE of the other. Bill faffron-colour: on the forehead a
membrane of a rufous colour: head, throat, neck, back, and
rump, black: breaft, belly, thighs, and under tail coverts,
brown :

JN CAN A.

brown: quills green, tipped with brown: tail black: on the fore
part of the wing a yellow fpur: legs afh-colour.
Inhabits Braf/.

Le Jacana armé, ou le Chirurgien, Brif; Ora, v. pe 123. 20
Le Jacana-peca, Buf. O//- viii. p. 190.°
Aguapecaca, Raii Syn. p. 115+ 9-—Will. Orn. p. 317.

IZE of the firft fpecies. The colour of the plumage wholly
greenifh black: on the fore part of the wing a fharp yellow
fpur: and the legs and toes long, as in the others.

Inhabits Brafil, Cayenne, and Guiana, where it is called Agua-
pecaca. The manners like that of the Che/aut one; but now
and then twenty or thirty are feen together: fkulk among the
flags in the watery places, and feed on fith and aquatic infects,
wading fome way in the water after them. ©

Le Jacana, Brif. Orz v. p» 121. I.

— vert, Buf Os/. viii. p. 189.

Gallinula Brafilienfis, Facana ditta, Raiz Sym p. 115. 8
Brafilian Water Hen, called Facana, Will. Orn. p. 317+ ple 5Q5

IZE of a Pigeon. Bill more than an inch long; the colour
half red half yellow: the fore part of the head covered with
a round membrane the colour of a turcoife: the head, throat,
neck, and breaft, blackifh green, gloffed with violet: back,
rump, fcapulars, coverts of the wings and tail, belly, and thighs,
blackifh green: quills and tail much the fame: under tail co-
verts white: legs yellowifh green: toes very long; the middle
one two inches and a half in length: claws alfo long and yellow.
i None

243
Prace.

3.
BRASILIAN J.

2

Description.

Prace ann
Manners.

A.
GREEN }.

Description.

244

PLACK.

cle:
VARIABLE J.

DeEseRi Prion,

WaRiETyY.

J Ak AUN: A;

None of the authors above referred to mention the fpur on
the wing; but we may conclude that, as it is feen in all the -
‘others, this is not without it.

Inhabits Bra/fil,

Parra variabilis, Liz. Sy/t. i. p- 260. 46

Le Chirurgien varie, Bri, Orn. v. p. 129+ Se

Le Jacana varié, Buf. Oi. viii. p. 192+

— du Brefil, P/. Enl. 846.

Spur-winged Water Hen, Edw. pl. 48.—Bancr. Guiana. po 073
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/f-

ENGTH nine inches. Bill fourteen lines long, orange
yellow: on the forehead a flap of red fkin, laying back oa
the head, and divided at the hind part: crown of the head brown,
‘marked with fpots of a darker colour: hind part of the neck the
fame, but very deep: above the eye a line of white, paffing
down on each fide the neck; accompanying this a black one,
which fprings from the bill, and paffes through the eye: fides of
the head, throat, fore part of the neck, breaft, belly, thighs, and
under tail coverts, white, with a few reddifh fpots on the fides of
the belly and bafe of the thighs: on the fore part of the wing
a yellow fpur: fcapulars pale brown: leffer wing coverts purpliffi
chefnut ; the middle ones brown; the greater black: the four
quills next the body are brown; all the others green, margined
with black at the ends; and the outer one the whole length, on
the outer web: legs furnifhed with long toes as in all the
others ; calour of them blueifh ath.
One of thefe, which came under my infpection in a collection
from Cayenne, was xather fmaller: had the upper parts much
paler:

je AU CUAY NO A:

paler: over the eye a ftreak of white, paffing no further, and not
accompanied by a black one: hind part of the neck dufky black:
it had only a rudiment of a fpur: and the red caruncle on the
forehead was lefs, and laid back on the forehead. I conjecture
this to differ either in fex or age from the other.

The fpecies above-mentioned inhabits Brafil; and is faid to be
plentiful about Carthagena, in South America.

Le Chirurgien de l’Ifle de Lucon, Sox. Voy. p. 82. tab. 45.

ATHER lefs than a Lapwing. Bill of a greyifh colour,
- ftrait, and a little enlarged at the end: top of the head deep
brown: over the eye a ftripe of white, pafling down on each
fide the neck, and changing into pale yellow behind the eye:
through the eye another {tripe of an afh-colour accompanies the
firft quite down to the wing: the back is brown: the under
parts, from chin to vent, white, except a large fpot of brown on
the breaft: at the bend of the wing is a fharp fpur: the leffer
wing coverts are white, the others pale brown, tranfverfely barred
with black: the fecond quills white; the prime ones black:
from the three laft of thefe arife three naked fhafts, two inches
long, and ending in a launce-fhaped feathered point; they fpring
from the middle of the fhaft of the feather to which they belong,
the fhaft appearing as divided or branching into two at that
part: the toes and claws are very long, as in the others, and of a.
dufky black.
This is found in the ifland of Manilla; chiefly frequenting the
low moift places, borders of the fea, lakes, and’ rivers; and has
the manners ufual to others of this genus.

Bry.

245

Piac®&

6.
LUZONIAN J.
Descriprion.

Places

246

AFRICAN J.
Pi. LXXXVIL.

DescriIPTION.

*

Place.

8.
CHINESE J.

DescriPrTioNe

PLACE.

9:
FAITHFUL J.
DescripTion.

Fora Ch AG NY Ue :

Br. Muf;

ENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill dufky, of a pale
brownifh horn-colour at the tip: forehead bare: the upper
parts of the plumage of a very pale cinnamon-colour: chin and
throat white : breaft of a tawny yellow, mottled and barred, on
the fides of it and the neck, with black: the under parts from
thence like the back, but darker: greater quills black: on the
inner part of the bend of the wing a fhort blunt fpur: through
the eye, paffing to the hind part of the neck, quite to the back,
black : legs greenifh black : toes and claws very long, as in the
variable Ffacana: hind claw an inch and a half in length.
Inhabits Africa.

- ENGTH twenty-one inches. Bill dufky: crown of the
head, forehead, and all beneath, as far as the breaft, pale
cinereous cream-colour: back part of the head black, of the neck
yellow, divided from the white before by a line of black on each
fide: the body vinaceous red: wing coverts white: quills black:
tail long: legs and toes long, and of a greenifh colour.
Suppofed to inhabit China: feen by me among fome fine
drawings done in that country, and appears a very large fpecies.

Parra chavaria, Lin. Sy/?. i. p. 260. 5.

IZE of a dunghill Cock, and ftands a foot and a half from the
ground. The bill is conic, a little bent, and of a dirty white
colour ; the upper mandible asin the Cock: noftrils oblong, per-
6 vious ;

Pl. IXXXvil.

can fe

JaAvic RA ON’ As

vious: on both fides, at the bafe of the bill, is a red membrane,
which extends to the temples; in the middle of this are placed
the eyes: the irides are brown: the hind head is furnifhed with
about a dozen blackifh feathers, three inches in length, which
form acreft; thefe hang downwards: the reft of the neck, which
is pretty long, is covered with a thick black down; but under
the bill and temples it is of a pure white: the body is brown: the
wings and tail blackifh, clouded with grey; the laft fhort: on
the bend of the wing two or three fpurs half an inch in length :
belly black, but lefs deep: the thighs are half way bare of fea-
thers: knee joints thick and {welling: legs very long, ftrong,
and of a yellowifh red colour: toes alfo fo long as to entangle
the one in the other in walking.

This bird inhabits the lakes, &c. near the river Cinu, about
thirty leagues from Carthagena, in South America, and is faid to
feed on vegetables. Its gait is folemn and flow; but it flies eafily
and fwiftly. It cannot run, unlefs affifted by the wings at the
fame time. When any part of the fkin is touched by the hand a
crackling is felt, though it is very downy beneath the feathers ; and
indeed this down adheres fo clofely as to enable the bird at times
to fwim. The voice is clear and loud, but far from agreeable.
The natives, who keep poultry in great numbers, have one of
thefe tame, which goes along with the flock about the neigh-
bourhood to feed during the day, when this faithful fhepherd de-
fends them againft birds of prey ; being able, by means of the
fpurs on the wings, to drive off birds as big as the Carrio
Vulture, and even that bird itfelf. It is fo far of the greateft
ufe, as it never deferts the charge committed to its care, bringing

then

247

PLACE aNnD
Manwers.

248

J eA BG SAAN = "A;

them all home fafe at night. It is fo tame as to fuffer itfelf to be
handled by a grown perfon; but will not permit children to at-
tempt the fame.—For the above account we are indebted to Li#-

a@us, who feems to be the only one who has given any account
of this wonderful bird.

GENUS

{ 249 ]

Gewus EXXV.. G AL LIN, ULE:

N° x, Crake G. N°’ 13. Red-tailed G.

Var. A. Var. A.
Var. B. Var. B.

2. Carthagena G. 14. Brown G.

3. Cayenne G. Var. A.

4. Black-bellied G. 15. Yellow-breafted G.

5. Madras G. 16. Soree G.

6. Purple G. 17. Grinetta G.

7. Martinico G. 18. Spotted G.

8. Favourite G. 1g. Speckled G. :

g. Crowing G. 20. Yellow-legged G.

10 Black-headed G. a1. Piping G.

11. Green G, 22. Crefted G.

12. Common G.

HE bill is thick at the bafe, and flopes to the point: the

bafe of the upper mandible reachi
where it becomes membranaceous,
Body compreffed.
Wings fhort and concave.
Tail fhort.
Toes divided to their origin.

Vou. Ill. Kk

ng far upon the forehead,

Rallus
-

250

He
+ CRAKE G.

Descriprion.

PLace AND
Manners.

GUA GL LE AaN UU ae

Rallus Crex, Lin. Sy/. i. pe 261. 1.—Faun. Suc. 194.—-Scop. Anne i
No 154.—Brun. N° 192.—Muller, N° 218.—Kram. El. p. 349. 1—
Frifch. t. 211.—Georgi Reifz, p. 172.

Le Rale de Genet, ou Roi des Cailles, Brif Orz. v. p. 159. pl. 13. fig. 2
—Buf. Oy. viii. p. 146. pl. 12.—P/, Exl. 750.

La Poule-Sultane rouffatre, Bri, Orn v. p. 533. 5.

Daker Hen, or Rail, Rati Syn. p. 58. A. 8.—Will. Orn. p. 170¢ ce 29.—=
Albin, i. pl. 32.

Land Hen, Will. Orn. p. 316.

Crake Gallinule, Br. Zool. N° 216. pl. 75.—4ré&. Zool. N° 412.

Br. Muff. Lev. Muf-

ENGTH nine inches and a half: weight from fix to eight
ounces. Bill one inch, colour greyifh brown: irides hazel:
the plumage on the upper parts pale rufous brown, each feather
dafhed down the middle with black: the under parts the fame,
but paler, and not fpotted: chin very pale: belly yellowith white:
on the fides a few bars of the fame: legs the colour of the bill.
This is avery plentiful bird in fome parts of thefe realms;
particularly fo in Ireland, where it is probable they pafs the win-
ter. Are alfo found in moft of the Hebrides and Orknies. Ap-
pear at Anglefea in Wales about the 20th of “April; fuppofed to
have come from Ireland. Few places in England are deftitute of
them in fummer: are found alfo in Scotland and the Orknies* ;
but no where what may be called common ; and it is faid that
wherever Quails are in plenty, the Crake abounds + ; at leaft it is
fo obferved in the temperate parts of Rufia and_ Sidiria, where

* Flora Scot. “+ Hence called the King of the Quails.

10 they

G Aes ae ABU 2s A.

they are fuficiently common *. Are found on the continent as
far as Norway: inhabit alfo Germany, France, Italy, and Greece ;
and are feen, if we miftake not the fpecies, fpring and autumn at
Aleppo +; but only on their paffage north and fouth. This bird is
faid to lay ten or twelve eggs, an inch and a half in length, and
not very unlike thofe of the Miffel Thru/d, of a reddifh cinereous
white, marked with ferruginous blotches, with a few indiftiné&
ones of a pale reddith afh-colour: thefe it lays among the thickeft
grafs, on a bed made of mofs or dry grafs. The young are co-
vered with a black down, and very foon find the ufe of their legs.
The old ones run faft, but fiy awkwardly, with the legs hanging
down. ‘The ufual note is not unlike the noife made by drawing
one’s nail over the teeth of a Comb; and is compared to the word
Criék, Crék, Crék, which it often repeats ; whence it is called in
fome parts the Corn Crake. ‘The food is grain and feeds of many
kinds, as alfo infects. On their firft arrival in England are fo
lean as to weigh lefs than fv ounces; but before their departure
have been known to exceed ezght, and are fo fat that we have more
than once feen it exude through the fkin like oil, foon after the
bird was killed. Their flefh is reckoned an exquifite morfel.

SIZE of the Crake Gallinule. Bill larger than in that bird, and
black : the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, fine ru-
fous brown: the under much paler: quills and tail darkeft: the
chin and vent reddifh white: legs dufky red.
I received this from Famaica.

* Particularly fo about the Steppes of Sy/ran, as well as other deferts, where
they make a great noife of nights ; and are known by the names of Dergun and
Koraftel.—Dec. Ruff. i. 470.

+ Ruf, Alp. p. 64. :
Kk 2 Lev.

251

1
+ Var. A.

DEscRIPTIONs

PLACE.

Ie
Var. B.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE.

2.
CARTHAGENA
G. ;
DESCRIPTION.

Place.

3.
CAYENNE G.

Descriprion.

PLAcE.

CAE ET Nw ieee

Lev. Muf-

ESS than the others. Bill longer than in the firft : plumage
like that of the Crake on the upper parts of the body: wing
coverts and under parts rufty brown: legs dufky.
Suppofed to have come from China, as we have feen fuch a
one in fome paintings done in that part of the world.

Fulica Carthagena, Lin. Sy/?. i. p. 258. 6

GIZE of the Coot. Bare place on the forehead blue: the body
wholly of a rufous colour.
Inhabits Carthagena.

La grande Poule-d’Eau de Cayenne, Buf. Os. viii. p. 182.—P/. Enl. 3526
Lev. Mu

ENGTH eighteen inches. Bill yellow, with a dufky tip:
the chin, fides of the head, and a little way on the fore part of
the neck, greyifh white: head, neck, tail, lower belly, and thighs,
dufky grey brown: back and wing coverts dull olive: breatft,
upper part of the belly, and quills, bright reddifh rufous colour:
legs red.
The young birds are wholly grey, not having any red about
them till after the firft moult.
Inhabits Guiana and Cayenne, where it is pretty common in the
marfhy places, and lives on fmall fifh and infects.

LENGTH

SN it AE tg i

G A-L-E I N- ULE.

ENGTH feventeen inches. Bill two inches and a half; bafe
red; end yellow: crown brown: hind part of the neck ci-
nereous brown: back greenifh brown: quills the fame, with ru-
fous margins: chin white: fore part of the neck and breaft
bright rufous: belly, thighs, vent, and rump, black: fides and
under wing coverts tran{verfely barred with rufous and black :
legs red, and pretty long.
~ Suppofed to inhabit Cayenne, as it was among others from that
place.

La Poule-Sultane de Madraft, Bri/. Orn. v. p. 543. 10.
L’Angoli, Buf. OY. viii. p. 205.
Madras Rail-Hen, Razi Syx. p. 194. pl. 1. fig. 4.

IZE ofa Duck. ‘The bill and legs pretty long: forehead bare
and white *: the plumage on the upper parts of a fine afh-
colour: fides of the head, and under parts, white: acrofs the
lower part of the neck black fpots in the fhape of crefcents :
quills afh-colour, edged with black: the tail is fhort.
Found in the neighbourhood of Madras, where it is called
Boollu-cory. It is alfo at Malabar, and known there by the name
of Caunangoly.

® This is not mentioned in Ray’s dcesiption; nor does it appear in the very
bad figure in the plate.

Fulica

253

de
BLACK-BEL-
LIED G.

DEscriPTION.

PLace.

Se
MADRAS G.

DEscriIPTION:

PLacs,

254

6.
4- PURPLE G.

DeEscRIPTION.

FeMALeE.

PLACE AND
Mannerse

GAUL LEN U be.

Fulica porphyrio, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 258. 5.—Scop. Aun. i. N° 152,
La Poule-Sultane, Brif. Orn. v. p. 522. I+ pl. 42. fig. 1.— Buf. O7/. vii,
p. 194. pl. 17.
La Taléve de Madagafcar, P/. Enl. 810.
Porphyrio, Rai Syn. p. 116. 13. 14.—Will. Orn. p. 318.
_ Purple Water Hen, Edw. pl. 87.—Albin, iii. pl. 11 *.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

IZE of a Fow/: length one foot five inches. Bill very ftout

at the bafe, compreffed on the fides, and above an inch and a
half in length; colour a deep red: irides fulvous: the forehead
bare and red: the head and hind part of the neck are glofly
violet: cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck, violet blue:
back, rump, and fcapulars, dull green, but glofly: quills the
fame, but brown within: the tail nearly the fame, and rounded
in fhape: legs very ftout, and the colour of the bill.

The female is {maller than the male.

This bird is more or lefs common in all the warmer parts of
the globe. On the coafts of Barbary they abound, as well as in
fome of the iflands of the Mediterranean. In Sicily they are bred
in plenty, and kept for their beauty; but whether indigenous
there we are not certain. - It is frequently met with in various
parts of the fouth of Rufia, and weftern parts of Sidiria, among
reedy places; and in the neighbourhood of the Ca/pian Sea not
uncommon: but in the cultivated rice-grounds of Ghilar in
Perfia, in great plenty and in high plumage. The female makes
the neft among the reeds in the middle of March; lays three
or four eggs, and fits from three to four weeks. That it is com-

* Toes plaeed falfely, two before and two behind
mon

Pi. LXXXVIL. RaSh es

- Martinito Gallnule ,

GALLUIN ULE.

mon in China the paper-hangings from thence will every where
teftify. Is aifo met with in the Ea/? Indies, the iflands of Fava,
Madagafear, and many others. Our late navigators faw them at
Tongataboo in vaft numbers, as well as in the ifland of Tanna *,
and other parts. It is alfo common in the fouthern parts or
America.

In refpect to its manners, it is a very docile bird, being eafily
tamed +, and feeding with the poultry, fcratching the ground
with the foot as the Cock and Hen. It will feed on many things,
fuch as fruit, roots of plants, and grain; but will eat 7/2 with
avidity, dipping them into the water before it fwallows them:
will frequently ftand on one leg, and lift the food to its mouth
with the other, like a Parrot. A pair of thefe, kept in an aviary
in France, made a neft of fmall fticks, mixed with a quantity
of ftraw, and laid fix white eggs, perfectly round; but the hen
was carelefs of them, and they came to nothing. The fleth is
faid to be exquifite in tafte f.

Fulica Martinica, Lin. Syf. i. p. 259. 7.
La petite Poule-Sultane, Brif, Orn. v. p. 526. 2. pl. 42. fig. 2.——Buf
| O*; viii. p. 206.
Lev. Miu.

ESS than the common Gallinule, and the body more flender :

length about twelve inches. Bill thirteen lines long, yellow,

with a red bafe: forehead bald and blue: irides red: the plu-

* Forft. Voy. i. 448. ii. 358.—Cook’s laft Voy. i. 226. 334.
+ In Dec. Ruf. ii. p. 240, this is denied ; obferving, that it will fooner lofe
its life than its liberty. } Id.
; mage

7s
+- MARTINICO
G.

Pi. LXXXVIII.

DESCRIPTION.

266

PLAcE aND
Manners.

8.
FAVOURITE G.

DESCRIPTION.

PLAcE.

G- AW 11 NU lee:

mage is in general of a fine glofly green; but the head, neck,
and under parts, are of a changeable blue: the vent white: quills
and tail dufky, edged with green: legs yellow: toes very long,
and flender. That defcribed by Briffon differs from the above in
having the bare part of the forehead and legs red; and is faid to
inhabit the Laff Indies as well as America.

I have feen many of thefe birds, both from Cayenne and the |
Weft India Dlands, all of which anfwered to our defcription, ex-
cept one, which had the upper parts of the plumage blue green,
tinged with brown: the crown of the head brown: beneath
white; a little mottled with black in the middle of the belly,
and greatly fo acrofs the lower part of the neck, juft above the
breaft: chin quite white: legs brown. This feems by defcrip-
tion to differ greatly ; but on comparifon of fize, fhape of bill,
and legs, I am inclined to fuppofe it of a different fex only, if not

-a young bird.

Thefe have been brought alive to England; but not fo tame as
to be at large. Such as have come under our infpection were
content to live on rice, bread, lettuce, and other fuch food, and
feemed to bear confinement tolerably well.

La Favorite de Cayenne, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 207.—P/. Enl. 897-
Lev. Muf.
ENGTH twelve inches. Bill yellow: upper parts of the
plumage deep blue: fides of the head and neck paler: fore
part of the neck blueifh white: belly, thighs, and rump, white :
quills and tail brown, the laft darkeft : legs long, yellow: hind
toe very long.

Inhabits Cayenne.
L’Acinthi,

G A Ey Is Tc Ns Uh BR.

L’Acintli, Buf. O/f viii. p. 208.
Quachilto, Raji Syn. p. 116. 14.—Will. Orn. p. 319.

HE bill of this is pale: irides fulvous: the plumage of a
dark purple colour, with fome white feathers intermixed :
the legs greenifh yellow.
This inhabits Mexico: is a marth bird, feeding on fifh, and
thought to be not ill-tafted meat. Itis called by fome Yacacinth,
and is faid to imitate the crowing of a Cock.

La Poule-Sultane a téte noire, Brif, Orn. v. p. 5263 A. I.

HIS is wholly blue, except the head and neck, which are
black: and there is a broad bare fpace on the top of the
head.

The female is {aid to have a deep fulvous crown*: the upper
parts of the body the fame, ftreaked with white on the fcapulars :
the wings greenifh, with a fulvous tinge: quills greenith blue.

Inhabits America.

La Poule-Sultane verte, Brif, Orn. v. p. 529. 3-—Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 204.

LENGTH eleven inches and a half. Bill of a greenifh yel-
low, as is the bare part of the forehead: the upper parts of
the body are of a dull green; the under white: legs of a greyith
yellow: claws grey.
Inhabits the Eaft Indies.

* Hift. des Oif. Vili. Pp. 209s (i). —From Feuillé O2/. (edit. 1725+) p. 283.
Vor. III. Ll Fulica

250

ge
CROWING G.

DeEscripPrion.

PLaceE.

10.
BLACK-HEAD-
ED G.

DEscriPTION:

PLACE.

ho
GREEN G.
DesCRIPTION.

Place.

12.
+ COMMON G.

DeEscriPTioN.

Place ann
Manners.

G) Ay By lo Ty No Us aos

Folica chloropus, Liz. Syf. i. p. 258. 4.—Scop. Ann. i. N° 153.—Brusy
Ora. N° 191.—Muller, pe 27.— Kram. El, p. 358. 2.—Frifch. ii. 209-

ia Poule d’Eau, Brif. Orn. vi. p. 3.1. pl 1. fig. 1,.2.—Buf. Oi. viii
p: 171. pl. 15.—P/. Exl. 877.

Common Water-Hen, or More-Hen, Raii Syn. p. 113. A. 1. p. 190. 15.—=

Will. Orn. p. 312: pl. 58:—Albin, ii. pl. 72. iii. pl. gt.
Common Gallinule, Br. Zool, Ne 217. pl. 77.—Ar&. Zool, N° 411.
Br. Mu. Lew. Mf.

‘HE length of this well-known fpecies is fourteen inches : the
weight fifteen ounces. Bill red, with a greenifh tip; at the

bafe of it a red bare membrane, fpreading fome way on the fore-

head : irides red: colour of the plumage footy black above, with-
a tinge of olive; beneath cinereous: outer edge of the wing, and.

under tail coverts, white :: above the knee, at the commencement

of the bare part, a circle or garter of red: the reft of the bare

fpace, and legs, are greenifh: the toes Mat and broad.

The female is lefs,. the colours paler, and the throat fome-
times * white.

This is a common fpecies in England; frequenting every.
where the borders of rivers and ponds, where weeds grow. It

makes a neft upon fome low ftump or fhrub by the water fide, .
compofed of herbaceous matter ;. and lays feven eggs, almoft two:
inches in length, of a yellowifh white, marked with irregular
reddifh brown fpots, which are not numerous; with a few minute-
ones interfperfed; and breeds twice in the feafon. It flies awk--
wardly, with its legs hanging down, and not far at a. times.
though it runs pretty faft; and will now and then, notwithftand--

* Not always; for in fome it is only grey, and in others like the reft of the-
neck,

9 ing

GAIL Li NiIU Ly EB

ing it is not web-footed, fwim, which it feems to do tolerabiy
well.

It is pretty common on the continent, though in fome parts
more fcarce than in others. Is alfo an inhabitant of America,
from New York to Carolina; and is recorded as a native of 7a-
maica*, and other iflands in the Weft Indies. Is faid to feed on
plants and fmall fith. The flefh is for the moft part pretty good.

Red-tailed Water-Hen, Ind. Zool. p. 10. pl. go
Rallus Phenicurus, Zool. Ind. p. 19. pl. 9.
IZE of the common Gallinule: \ength nine inches: weight
feven ounces and a quarter. The bill yellowifh green; at
the bafe reddifh: forehead bare, and flefh-coloured: the plu-
mage above is black: the forehead, round the eyes, and under
parts, white: the quills black, marked with large fpots of a
blueifh caft: the vent and tail ferruginous red: legs dirty green,
tinged with red: toes long. a
This fpecies inhabits Ceylon, where it is pretty frequent, and
called Kalu-.terencka; and feems to be one of the kinds we fo
often fee figured in Chinefe paintings.

La Poule-Sultane brune, Buf. Oif viii. p. 204.
——-———= de la Chine, P/. Ez/. 896.

ENGTH fifteen or fixteen inches. The crown and upper
parts of the plumage dufky afh-colour: forehead and under
parts white: belly and vent rufous: the quills and tail are
black: the legs yellow: toes long.
Inhabits China.

* Sloane. Brown,

Ele IN

259.

13. .
RED-TAILED G,

DeEscrirTion:

PLace.

13.
Var. A,

DescriPTIoNn.

PLAcz,

260

13.
+ Var. B.

DeEscriPTIon.

Piace.

T4o
BROWN G.

DeEscRIPTION.

GA TL ttN<U Lye:

NX my poffeffion is another variety, of the fame length as the

firft. The crown and upper parts, quills and tail, a full
gloffy black : forehead, and under parts as far as the vent, white:
the laft red: legs flender and yellow: toes long *.

This laft came either from the Cape of Good Hope, or Mada-
gafcar, and was attempted to be brought to England alive, as it
was tolerably familiar; but it died in the paffage.

Koléen mentions a Water Hen as common at the Capet, and
merely fays that it is ‘ black, and of the fize of the common
European Water Hen.” It may perhaps prove one of the va=
rieties of this fpecies.

Folica fufca, Liz. Sy?. 1. p. 257. b.

La petite Poule d’Eau, Brif. Orz. vi. p. 6. 25

La Poulette d’Eau, Buf. O7/. vili. p. 177.

Another green-footed Water-Hen of Bellonius, Will. Orn. p. 314»
Aldrovandus’s Italian Ratl, Raii Syz. p. 116. 15.—Will. Orn. p. 31g»

HIS is lefs than the common Gallinule: length one foot. Bill
one inch, olive green: irides red: eyelids white: the plumage
above is olive brown: throat, and fore part of the neck, deep
afh-colour, with a tinge of olive: breaft, belly, and thighs, afh-
colour, the feathers margined with white at the tips: under tail.
coverts black: bend of the wing white: quills dufky brown; the

* Thefe birds no doubt vary much in colour. I have met with them in two:

different fets of Chize/e drawings, in both of which the forehead was of a deep.
red: the bill and legs green: quills and tail dufky black.
+ Kolb. Cape, vol. ile p. 140: i
outer

*
b

elm: eh Sites

GAME is i Now eB.

outer one edged with white: the tail is olive brown; the outer
feather white, and a little rounded in fhape: legs olive brown:
garter round the knee yellow.

This inhabits France, and is a folitary bird; frequenting the
fame places with the common Gallinules, but not mixing with that
fpecies: it feeds on the fame food as that bird, and the flefh
is much like it in the tafte.

In all probability this is the fame with A/drovandus’s Italian
Rail, which is taken in the neighbourhood of Venice with great
ceremony : feveral perfons wading among the marfhy places, and
driving them from the bufhes and places where they lurk, while
others being ready with Hawks, let them off as foon as-they take
wing. ‘They are faid to have been much efteemed at the time of
the above-mentioned author. _

La grande Poule-d’Eau, Bri/. Orn. vi. p. g+ 3+

—, ou Porzane, Buf. O7/. vill. p. 178.

Gallina chloropus altera Aldrov. Razi Synz. p. 114. 3.

The other green-footed WatereHen of A/drovand, Will. Orn. p. 313.

ee

ARGER than the laft: length eighteen inches. Bill two
inches long; the bafe, and moft part of the under mandible,
yellow ; the reft of the length black: bare part on the forehead
yellow: the head and neck are blackifh: the upper parts of the
Body and wings chefnut: breaft, belly, and fides, dull afh-colour,
edged with white: lower belly and vent white: the thighs afh-
colour, croffed with indiftinét lines of white: tail rounded in
_fhape; the colour chefnut, except the two outer feathers, which
are white: legs green.
The female differs only in being paler in colour.
: Yellow--

Piack.

14.
Var. A.

DeEscRIPTION.

FEMAabs.

06%

1G
“YELLOW-

BREASTED G.

DESCRIPTIONs

PLACE.

16.
4- SORE G.

DescripTrion.

PLACE AND
Manners.

GAL LIN U LB:

Yellow-breafted Gallinule, 4r4. Zool. N° 410¢

IZE fmaller than a Quail. Crown and hind part of the
neck dark olivaceous brown, fpotted with white: back plain
brown: fcapulars edged with yellowifh white: breaft dirty yel-
low: legs brown.
Inhabits the province of New York.

Rallus Carolinus, Liz. Sy/. i. p. 263. 9.

La Poule-Sultane dela Baye d’Hudfon, Bri, Ora. v. p. 541. 9.

Le Rale de Virginie, Buf. Oi/. vill. p. 165-

Little American Water-Hen, Edw. pl. 144.

Soree, Cate. Car.i. pl. 70.—Burnab. Trav. p. 16. 42.— Ara. Zool, N° 409»
Lev. Mu/.

HIS fpecies is the fize of a Quail, but ftands higher on its
legs: length from feven to eight inches. Bill an inch long,
and yellow: over the forehead fomewhat bare: irides red: the
crown, and the upper parts of the bird, are dull brown, fpotted
with black: the whole face, round the bill, the chin, and part of
the neck before, black : fides of the head, the neck, and breaft,
blueifh afh-colour: belly and fides dufky white; the laft tranf
verfely barred with black: the wing coverts are the colour of the
back, but plain; fcapulars edged with white: outer edge of
the wing white: quills and tail brown: legs dufky green.
Thefe inhabit /irginia, at certain feafons, in vaft plenty. Bur-
naby * mentions catching one hundred dozen of Sorufes in one

* Burnab. Trav. p. 42, alfo p. 16.—He here calls them more delicious than
the Oriolan.
night,

Ge Avast Ni Uh) Es

night, by the Pamunky Indians in King William’s Country. ‘ The
** manner of taking thefe birds is remarkable. The Sorus is not
* known to be in Virginia, except for about fix weeks from the
*« Jatter end of September: at that time they are found in the
*« marfhes in prodigious numbers, feeding on the wild oats. At
“ firft they are exceeding lean, but in a fhort time grow fo fat as
“ to be unable to fly: in this ftate they lie upon the reeds, and
“the Indians go out in canoes, and knock them on the head
“© with their paddles. They are rather bigger than a Lark, and
** are delicious eating. During the time of their continuing in
“ feafon you meet with them at the tables of moft of the Planters,

breakfaft, dinner, and /upper.”

La Poule-Sultane tachetée, Brif, Orn. v. p: 538. 8-

La Grinette, Buf. O/. vill. p. 179.

Poliopus, Gailinula minor A/drov. Raii Syn.-p. 114. 5.

A fmall Water Hen, called Grinetta, Will. Orn. p. 315+ pl. 58
Small Water Hen, Adin, ii. pl. 73.

ESS than the Water Rail: length nine inches and three quar-

ters. Bill ten lines long; colour of it and the irides yel-
lowifh green: forehead bare and yellow: the feathers of the
head and upper parts black, with rufous margins; thofe of the
back have the margins likewife fringed with white: over the eye
a white ftreak: the throat blueifh afh-colour: fore part of the
neck and breaft the fame, with an olive tinge, and fpotted with
black: belly and thighs pale rufous: fides tranfverfely barred
black and white : wing coverts rufous, marked with tranfverfe,

waved, or zigzag lines: quills dufky brown, edged outwardly with.

white: tail the fame, but the two middle feathers white on both:
margins, .

263

17.
GRINETTA G;

Descriptions.

PLACE.

18.
+SPOTTED G.

DeEscRIPTION,

@ AVE! Del aN Ur eee

margins, and rounded in fhape*: legs dirty green: toes very
long.

This fpecies inhabits Italy, about Bologua, and known by the
name of Grinetta, and at Milan called Gillerdine. This has much
affinity, if not the fame, with the following fpecies.

RaJlus porzana, Lin. Sy/t. i. p. 262+ 3.—Scop. Ann. i. N° 144.—Frifch.

t. 211.
Le petit Rale d’Eau, ou le Marouette, Brif: Ora. v. B: 155. pl. 13. fig. 1—
Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 157-—Pl. Ex]. 751.
Gallinula ochra, Wynkernel, Radi Syn. p. 115 7.—Will. Ora. P. 316.
Spotted Gallinule, Br. Zool, N° 215.

Lev. Muf.

HIS is much fmaller than the Crake, and meafures in

length lefs than nine inches: breadth near fifteen: weight
four ounces. The bill three quarters of an inch long, and of a
ereenifh yellow: irides reddifh hazel: the head is brown, dafhed
with black: over the eyes a ftreak of pale grey: hind part of the
neck and fides cinereous brown, marked with {mall white fpots:
back and wing coverts olive brown, dafhed with black, and
fpotted with white on the edges of the feathers: greater coverts
blotched and barred with white: fides of the head, beneath the
eyes, the chin, and fore part of the neck, pale grey, dotted with
brown: breaft brown, fpotted with white: fides under the wings
irregularly barred with white: belly cinereous and white mixed ;
down the middle dirty white: vent and under tail coverts yellow-
ifh white: legs pale green.

Willughby obferves, that the tail when {pread out is concave, and not even,
as in other birds, and is a peculiar characteriftic.

This

Cam urin U LB

_ This bird haunts the fame places as the common Gallinule, but
is not very frequent in this kingdom: we have not been able to
trace it farther north than Cumberland, where it is known to
breed* ; and one of them, in company with its mate, was fhot
near Dartford in Kent, the fartheft fouth we have heard of it.
It is fuppofed to be migratory here as well as in France and
Italy, where it is found early in fpring, and is not uncommon.
We likewife find it in the fouthern reedy grounds of Ruffia, and
the weft of Sibiriz +; but we believe no where fo plentiful as the
common fpecies. It is a folitary bird, except in breeding-time;
fkulks among the rufhes and reeds, and builds among the latter :
the neft is compofed of rufhes matted together in form of a boat,
like which it is as it were moored, by faftening one end toa
reed, to prevent its being carried away by the water. The fe-
male lays feven or eight eggs; the young run as foon as hatched,
and are wholly black. Buffon mentions one of this fpecies that
was kept tame, and was obferved to ftand in water for a long
time together, if not difturbed : it was fed with bread and hemp-
feed f.

A {fpecies analogous to this, if not the fame, is alfo found at
Hudfon’s Bay ; it is much fmaller, meafuring in length only eight
inches, breadth fourteen, and weighs fcarce three ounces; it
comes there in May, and is feen in plenty along the coafts of the
bay, and about rivers, brooks, and lakes. Lays ten or twelve

white eggs, in a bufh or grafs: departs in Offoder. Known.

there by the name of Paupakapatefew §.

* Dr. Heyfoam. + Mr. Pennant. 4 Hift. des Oi. ~~ § Mr. Hutebins.

«X Vor. III. Mm La

al
29.

PLace ano
Manners.

5

266

19,
SPECKLED G,

Descriprion,.

PLACE.

20,
YELLOW-
LEGGED G.

Description.

Peace.

GALLINULE.

La Poule-Sultane mouchetée, Brif, Orn. v. pe 536. 7+
Matkneltzel, Matkern, Raii Syx. p. 109, 10.—Wil]. Ora. pe 304. pl. 566

IZE of the Crake Gallinule: \ength eleven inches. Bill of a
dull yellow: forehead bare, and of the fame colour: the up-
per parts of the plumage rufous brown, marked with black and
white fpots on the wings: fides of the head, throat, and fore
part of the neck, white: from thence to the vent brown: the two
middle tail feathers are black, tipped with white; the others
brown: legs grey.
This frequents the marfhes of Germany. It is called Matkuelt-
zel, and Matkera.

La Poule-Sultane rouffe, Brif. Orn. v. p. 534. 6.

La Smirring, Buf Of. viii. p. 180.

Gallinula ochropus major, Rai Syn. p. 115. 6.

The Water-Hen, called Ochropus, Will, Orn. -p. 316.

SIZE of the common Gallinule. Bill yellow, with the end

black: edges of the eyelids faffron-colour: forehead bare,
and of a pale yellow: the reft of the head, and upper parts of
the bird, rufous, fpotted with black: fides of the head and under
parts white: leffer wing coverts fpotted with dufky, and a little
brown; the edges reddifh near the tips; the outer greater ones
the fame; but thofe near the body white: quills black: tail
rufous, {potted with black: legs of a pale yellow*.

Inhabits Germany, where it is called Schmirring.

® There is a figure in Ge/ner, fee Ic. 1030—Av» 507. but it feems to want
the back toe,

La

GAGs Er ON, Un BE,

La Poule-Sultane brune, Brif Orn. v. p. 531+
La Glout, Buf. Oz. viii. p. 181.

HE bill in this fpecies is black: the forehead bare, and of

a yellowifh green: the plumage on the upper parts brown:
fides of the head, and under parts, white; and there is a little
mixture of the fame on the wing coverts : quills and tail brown:
legs yellowifh grey: claws grey.

Inhabits Germany, and frequents the banks of rivers and ponds,
like moft of the genus. It is known about Stra/burg by the
name of G/utt, and has a fhrill kind of note not unlike that of a
{mall flute or fife.

Br. Muf.

IZE of the Coot: length eighteen inches. Bill as in that

bird : forehead and crown bare, and of a reddifh colour, rifing
at the back part into a knob, not unlike that on the head of the
Guinea Pintado: the head and neck afh-colour: chin mottled
with white: body and wings greenifh afh-colour; outer edge of
the laft pale: under parts of the body pale afh: middle of the
belly white: legs very ftout and brown.

Suppofed to have come from China.

Mm 2 GENUS

267

216
PIPING G.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE ANB
Manners.

220
CRESTED G.

DESCRIPTION.

Poacn.

1
WHITE SH.
_ Pi. LXXXIX.

DEscriPTion.

Genus LXXVI. SHEATH-BILL*.
N° 1. White Sheath-bill,

ILL ftrong, thick, a little convex; the top of the upper
mandible covered with a corneous fheath.
Noftrils fmall, juft appearing beyond the fheath.
Tongue round above, flat beneath, and pointed at the end.
At the bend of the wing a blunt knob.
Legs ftout, gallinaceous, bare a little way above the knee;
toes edged with a thick membrane, the middle one connected to
the outer as far as the firft joint; claws channelled beneath.

IZE of a large Pigeon: length from fifteen to eighteen

inches. Bill black at the bafe; over the noftrils a horny ap-
pendage, which covers them, except juft on the fore part; and de-
fcends fo low on each fide, as to hang over part of the under
mandible; this is moveable, and may be raifed upwards, or de-
preffed fo as to lay flat on the bill: round the bafe, between that
and the eyes, and round them, the parts are bare, and covered
only with warty excrefcences, of a white, or pale orange-colour ;
over the eye a brown or blackifh one, larger than the reft:
irides dull lead-colour: the plumage is all over as white as fnow :
at the bend of the wing is a blunt blackifh knob: the legs are
bare a little way above the knees, and are two inches long, ftout,

© Genera of Birds, Pp. 43¢

and

Pl. LX X XTX.

WhierDheah bU?,

Va

i
;
=

Sis oe ero < Tin) he

and of a reddifh colour: claws black. In young birds the tu-
bercles round the eyes are very fmall, or wholly wanting.

Thefe inhabit New Zealand, and feveral other parts explored
by our late circumnavigators; and are apt to vary in regard to
the colour of their extremities, as well as fize, in the different
places in which they have been feen. In thofe from Kerguelen’s
Land fome had brown legs, with the toes black; and others the
legs white, or a pale blue. In one met with at Staaten Land the

legs were black ; and the bill in fome fpecimens of a pale brown.

Thefe birds haunt the fea fhores in flocks, and feed on Shelf
Fifh and carrion*. In refpect to their being ufed for food, our
voyagers differ greatly: fome of them put it in competition with
the Duck+; while others tell us that itis worfe than carrion; for it
had fuch a horrid offenfive fell, that they could not venture to
tafte the flefh, and that at a time when they were not eafily dif-
eufted=: we may therefore venture to conclude, that thofe who
praifed it as a delicacy were at leaft very hungry.

* Forft. Voy. is 5182 +4 Cook's laff Voy. i. p. 88. JF Fort. Voy, ii. p. 205

ORDER

265

PLace anp
Manners.

L 270 |]

Orver VIII. With PINNATED FEET.

Genus LXXVII PHALAROPE.

N° x. Red Ph. N° 3. Plain Ph.
Var. A. 4. Brown Ph.
2. Grey Ph. §. Barred Ph.
ILL ftrait.

Noftrils minute.
Body and legs in every refpect like the Sandpiper.
Toes furnifhed with broad and generally fcolloped membranes.

Ie Tringa hyperborea, Lin. Sy. i. p. 249. 9-—Faun. Suec. N° 179 (laft de-
RED PH. {cribed).—Muller, N° 196.—Faun. Groenl. N° 75.
Tur Mate. Le Phalarope cendré, Bri/. Oru. vi. p. 15. 2.—-Buf. Oi, viii. p. 224.
Phalarope de Siberie, P/. Enl. 766.
Larus fidipes alter noftras, Raid Syx. p. 132. A. 7.
Small cloven-footed Gull, Wil. Orn. p. 355.
Cock Coot-footed Tringa, Edw. pl. 143.
Red Phalarope, Br. Zool. N° 219. pl. 76.—Ar&. Zool. N° 413¢
Lev. Mu.

DescrIPTION. IZE of the Purre: length eight inches. Bill one inch, and
black: the top of the head, hind part of the neck, and back,
are afh-colour, furrounding the neck at the lower part: from the

bafe of the bill, paffing through the eyes, to the hind head, isa
dufky

PHALAROPE,

dufky ftripe: behind each eye is a rufous one, paffing on the fides
of the neck, and joining the laft behind: the rump and upper tail
coverts are banded dufky and white: all the under parts of the
body white, the under wing coverts croffed with black lines: the
upper coverts are afh-colour; the greater incline to brown, and
are tipped with white, forming a band on the wings: fcapulars
margined with rufous: quills dufky; fome of the fecondaries
tipped with white: tail dufky: legs lead-colour.

Tringa fulicaria, Lin. Sy/?. i. ps 249+ 10.—= Faun. Groenl. N° 76.
Le Phalarope rouffatre, Brif. Orz. vi. p. 20. 4.

—— rouge, Buf. Oi/. vill. p. 225.

Red Coot-footed Tringa, Edw pl. 142.

IZE of the laft. Bill the fame: head, throat, hind part of

the neck and back, fcapulars, and upper tail coverts, black,
with rufous margins : over the eyes a pale rufous ftreak: rump
white, fpotted with dufky: the under part, from the throat,
dufky red : wings and tail as in the laft defcribed.

Thefe two birds are undoubtedly male and female; and are
rare in England ; their having once been fhot in York/bire is on
record. More common on the continent. Found in Sidiria, and
in the neighbourhood of the Ca/pian Sea; alfo in Scandinavia.
Met with in Hudfon’s Bay; and found by our eircumnavigators
between Afia and America. Come into Greenland in April, and
depart in September. Generally found in pairs; and are obferved
while fwimming to be continually dipping their bills in the water
after infects; for it cannot dive, nor fwim but very imperfeétly.
‘They come into Hud/on’s Bay the beginning of Zune, and lay four

eggs,

ont

i.
RED PH.

FEMALE:

DEscRIPTION.

PLacE and
ManneER&o

272°

Te
VaARe A.
PLaTE IN FRON-=
TISPIECE.

DEscrRiPTi0Ne

PLACE.

2.
+ GREY PH.

DescripTion,

Bott eA LAA RYO) Pes

egos, the middle of that month, on a dry fpot; the young fly in
Auguft; departs in September. Known there by the name of
Occumufbifich.

ENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an
inch, and black: the plumage on all the upper parts dufky
brown, alittle clouded: chin white: the breaft the colour of the
upper parts, but paler: belly and vent white: on each fide of
the neck is an irregular large fpot, of a deep ferruginous red co-
lour: the greater wing coverts tipped with white, forming a bar
on the wing: quills black: tail cinereous, the two middle fea-
thers darkeft: legs dufky: the toes furnifhed with a lobated
membrane like the Red Phalarope, which it much refembles.
Found between 4fa and America, from lat. 66 to 69. In the
collection of Sir ‘Fofeph Banks.

Tringa lobata, Lin. Sy. i. p- 249. 8.—Faun. Suec. 179.—Brun. N° 171.—=
Muller, N° 195.—Faun. Groenl. N° 75.—N. C. Petr. vol. xiv. 3-
tab. 13. fig. 3?

Le Phalarope, Bri/: Ora. vi. p. 18. 16

——-- 4 feftons dentelés, Buf. O//. viil. p. 226.

Grey Coot-footed Tringa, Edw. pl. 308.—Phil. Tran/. vol. 1. pl. 6.

Grey Phalarope, Br. Zool. N° 218. pl. 76.—4rd. Zool. N° 412.

Lev. Mus.

Base black, flatted near the tip: forehead white: crown

dufky : hind part of the neck light grey: back, rump, and
fcapulars, deep dove-colour, marked with dufky fpots; edges of
the fcapulars yellow: coverts and prime quills dufky ; the firft
edged with white: breaft and belly white: tail dufky, edged
, 9 with

—_——

PaHCAGEV AMR: OF POE.

with afh-colour: legs black: toes fcalloped: the margins of the
membranes finely ferrated.

In my collection is a fpecimen, which differs fomewhat. The
whole top of the head, fides, chin, and neck, are white: the hind
part of the head and neck dufky: the prime quills plain; the
fecondaries margined with white: the fcalloped membranes yel-
lowifh. I fufpect it to be a young bird, not yet come to its full
plumage.

Inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Iceland and Greenland ;
is feen alfo in England, but rarely. Frequent throughout Sidiria,
in the neighbourhood of the lakes and rivers, efpecially in au-
tumn. Alfo met with among the ice between 4fa and America.
If the fame with that in the Philofophical Tranfaétions, it frequents
the fale marfhes, and flies in flocks about the borders of the
Cafpian Sea.

Plain Phalarope, 4r@. Zool. N° 415.

ILL black, flender, dilated at the end: crown dufky and
dull yellow: acrofs each eye a‘black line: cheeks and fore
part of the neck clay-colour: breaft and belly white: back and
tertials dufky, edged with dull yellow: wing coverts, primaries,
and tail, cinereous; the laft edged like the tertials: legs yellow-
ifh: toes bordered with a plain or unfcalloped membrane.
Taken in the Frozen Sea, lat. 693, long. 1913.

Vor. Il. Noa Le

273

VARIETY.

PLaceE AND
Manners.

3.
PLAIN PH.

DescRIPTION.

PLACE.

374

4.
BROWN PH.

DescripTION.

PLACE.

Se
BARRED PH.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE:

P BOALAAR OPTES

Le Phalarope brun, Brif. Ora. vi. p. 18. N® 3.
Coot-footed Tringa, E¢w. pl 46.
Brown Phalarope, Ar&. Zool. N° 414.

IZE of the other. Bill flender, a trifle bent at the end, and
black : crown of the head black : the colour of the upper parts
not unlike thofe of the Purre: fore part of the neck afh-colour,
with a flight bloffom-coloured tinge: the reft of the under parts
white: legs black: the toes furnifhed with a fcalloped membrane
on the fides.
Inhabits America. One of the above flew on board a fhip on
the coaft of Maryland.

ENGT H feven inches and a half. Bill one inch, black:
_the feathers on the upper parts of the bird brown, edged with
white: under parts white, tranfverfely barred with dufky: quills
dufky, with the ends brown, and the margins and tips very pale:
tail the fame, fpotted on both webs with white: legs dufky.
Inhabits Chrifmas Ifland, In the collection of Sir Fofepb
Banks. :

GENUS

W275 4

Genus. LXXVIII. GO! Ont:

N° 1. Common Coot. N° 4. Mexican C.
2. Greater C, 5. Cinereous C.
3. Crefted C.

ILL ftrong, thick, floping to the point; the bafe of the
upper mandible rifing far up into the forehead: both man-
dibles of equal length.
Noftrils incline to oval, narrow, fhort.
Body compreffed: wings fhort.
Tail fhort. i
Toes long, furnifhed with broad fcalloped membranes.
This laft diftinétion in the toes will ferve to feparate the above
genus from the Gal/inule, both being ranked under one (Fusica)
by Linneus: as in the laft, the toes are quite plain.

Folica atra, Lin. Syf.i. p. 257. 2.—Faun. Suec. 193.—Scop. Aun. i. N° ¥49.
—Brun. 190.—Muller, N° 216.—Kram, El. p. 357. ts—Frifch, te 208.
—Georgi Reifé, p. 172.

La Foulque, ou Morelle, Brif; Orz. vi. p. 23. 1. pl. 2. fig. 2.—Buf. O:/.

Vili. pe 211. ple 18.—P/. Exl, 197.

The Coot, Raii Syn. p. 116. A. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 319. pl. §9:-— Albin, ic

pl. 83.—Br. Zool. N° 220. pl. 77.—Ar&. Zool. N° 416.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu/.

IZE of a fmall Fow/: length fifteen inches: weight from
twenty-four to twenty-eight ounces. The bill is an inch and
one third long, of a greenifh white: the forehead bare |as far
Nia as

To
+ COMMON C.

DESCRIPTION,

276

PLACE.

CHL OM OF OT.

as the crown, and covered with a white fkin*: the head, neck,

and back, are black; the laft inclining to afh-colour: the breaft,

belly, and vent, afh-colour: outer edge of the wing white: at-
the beginning of the naked part above the knee a circle or garter

of yellow: the colour-of the legs yellowifh green: toes furnifhed

on each fide with a fcalloped broad membrane.

No difference obferved between the fexes.

The Coot is pretty common throughout England at all feafons;
fometimes met with many together in winter; but in breeding-
time chiefly in pairs about the borders of ponds well covered
with weeds, rufhes, &c. and both fwims and dives well. It
makes a very large neft of weeds well matted together, lining it
within with grafs, 8cc. and lays as far as fourteen or fifteen eggs T,
two inches and a quarter long, of a pale brownifh white, regu-
larly peppered with chocolate-coloured fpots, fome of them very
minute, the biggeft only an eighth of an inch in fize, moft {potted
at the largeft end: the young take to the water very foon after
hatching. This fpecies is not fo numerous as might be expected ;
for we find that vaft numbers fall a prey while young to the
Buzzards, which frequent the marfhes. The food is {mall fd
and water infects ; but will fometimes eat the roots of the dulrufh,
and with it feed the young; is faid likewife to eat grain.
We believe this fpecies to extend throughout the old continents
and perhaps the new alfo. Authors record it as inhabiting
Greenland, Sweden, Norway, Ruffia, Sibiria, Perfia, and China,

* Briffon {ays red ; but it is only fo in the feafon of incubation. I have never
yet feen it of a fu//red.

+ As far as eighteen or twenty, Hift. des Oi/f—And further, that if the firft fetis
taken away, it will lay ten or twelve more for a fecond hatch.

and

CoO Oo...

and many of the intermediate parts. It is alfo met with in ¥a-
maica, Carolina, and other parts of North America. The Indians
about Niagara drefs their fkins, and ufe them for pouches. Called
in Carolina, Flufterers *.

A Coot has been once fhot, at Spalding in Lincolnfbire, which
was white, except a few feathers in the wings and about the
head +.

We do not find the Coot efteemed as food; but remember
once to have tafted fome young ones which were fkinned and put
into a pie, which was thought very good.

Fulica aterrima, Liz. Syf. i. p. 258. 3.—Scop. Ann. 1, N° 150.

La grande Foulque, ou la Macroule, Bri/. Orn. vi. p. 28. 2. pl. 2. fig. 2.—
Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 220.

Fulica major, or greater Coot,, Raii Sym. p. 117. 2.—Will. Orne p. 239+
pl. 51.—Br. Zool. N° 221.

HIS is of a larger fize than the laft, but differs not in the
colour of the plumage, except that it is blacker. Briffon
diftinguifhes the two by the colours of the bare part of the fore-
head, which is in this white; and the garters, which are of a
Geep redupe
This bird is faid to be found in Lancajbire and Scotland. It
fhould feem to be a mere variety of the former, did not authors
join in advancing the contrary. They are more plentiful on the
continent, being found in Rufia and the weffern part of Szbiria
very common; and are alfo in plenty at Sologue and the neigh-

* Ar. Zool. + Br. Zool.

t This can be no diftinétion, as birds differ in the colour of thefe parts ac-

cording to the feafon.
bouring

Ze
GREATER C.

DeEscripTion-

Pract

be
~s
Se

a
CRESTED
COOT.

PL. XC.
DESCRIPTION.

PLAce.

Ao
MEXICAN C.

DEscRIPTION.

PLACE.

Ge O.. O) TF.

bouring parts, where they call it Fudelle. The people eat them
on maigre days, and the flefh is much efteemed *.

La grande Foulque a créte, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 222.
Foulque de Madagafcar, P/. Exl. 797.

HIS is ftill larger than the greater fpecies, being eighteen

inches in length. Bill red at the bafe, and whitith the reft
of its length: the whole crown bare, of a deep red, and rifing
into a bifid detached membrane like a creft, as in fome of the
Yacana {pecies: the whole plumage blue black: legs dufky, and
fhaped like thofe of the common fpecies.

Inhabits Madagajcar, and I make no doubt China alfo ; as one
feen by me in fome Chinefe drawings anfwered to the above de-
{eription. The garter above the knee was of three colours, red,
green, and yellow; and the name of the bird Tzing Kye.

La Foulque du Mexique, Brzf Ora. vi. p. 31 3.
Yohoalcoachillin, Raii Syx. pe 117+ 3+

IZE of the greater Coot. Bill redt, with a yellow tip: fore-
head bare and red: head, neck, breaft, belly, thighs, under
wing and tail coverts, purple: back, rump, and wing coverts,
pale green, varied with blue and fulvous: quills pale green,
Inhabits Mexico.

* Salerne Orn. p. 357- + Ray fays it is avbite.

[Pil Maes

LEE =

Co .

Felted
ae a

aires 2
He yep

ional
ete

nits

ENhoe 7 T. 279

Lev. Muf. Se
CINEREOUS C.

MALLER than the common Coot. Bill pale green: bare Description.
place over the forehead fmaller than in that fpecies, and
white: plumage above dufky afh-colour; beneath the fame, but
paler: chin dufky white: down the middle of the belly the fame :
legs blue black; the membranes on each fide of the toes much
narrower than in any other of the fpecies.
Said to inhabit North America. Pine

GENUS

[ 280 ]j

Genus LXXIX.. G R E B E.

N° 1. Crefted Gr. N° 7. Red-necked Gr.
2. Tippet Gr. 8. Black-breafted Gr.
3. Cayenne Gr, g- Louifiane Gr.
4. Eared Gr. zo. Little Gr.
Var. A. Var. A.
5. Dufky Gr. a1. White-winged Gr.
6. Horned Gr. 12. Black-chin Gr.
Var. A, 13. Pied-bill Gr.

HE bill in this genus is ftrong, flender, and fharp-
pointed.
Noftrils linear.
Space between the bill and eye [or re] bare of feathers.
Tongue flightly cloven at the end.
Body depreffed: feathers thick fet, compact, and very fmooth
.and gloffy.
Wings fhort. No tail.
Legs placed far behind *, much compreffed, and doubly at the
‘back part.
Toes furnifhed on each fide with a broad plain membrane.
This genus is placed by Linneus, with the Guillemot and Di-
ver, under the general name of Colymbus, without even a divifion ;
but they differ materially from one another in many particulars,

* From the legs being as it were placed in the vent, fome of the genus have
been called,.by the lower clafs, by the very vulgar name of Ar/e-foot.
more

GREsBE

more efpecially in the /egs : in the Greves they are not webbed;
the Guillemots, though web-footed, have only three toes, all
placed forwards; and the Divers have three toes before and one
behind *,

Colymbus criftatus, Lin. Syf. i. p. 222. 7.—= Faun. Suec. N° 151.—Scofp.
Ann. i, N° 99.—Brun. 135.—Muller, N° 57.—Frifch. tab. 183.

La Grebe huppée, Brif. Orn. vi. p. 38. 2. pl. 4.—Buf. Off. viii. p. 233.—
Pl. Enl. 944¢

La Grebe cornue, Brif, Orn. vi. p» 45. 4. ple 5. fig. 1.—Buf. O/ viii.
P- 233. ple 19.—P/. Ent, 400.

Colymbus major criftatus & cornutus, Raii Syz. p. 124. A. 2.

Greater crefted and horned Ducker, Wil/. Orn. p. 340. § 4. 5. pl. 61.—
Plott. Hift. Staff. pe 229. pl. 22.—Albing i. pl. 81. ii. pl. 75.

Great crefted Grebe, Br. Zool. N° 223.—Ar&. Zool p. 493» Av

Br. Muf. Lev. Myf.

{ZE of a Duck: length twenty-three inches: breadth twenty-

three and a half. Bill two inches and a half long, of a reddifh
flefh-colour; tip brown: lore and irides crimfon: head greatly
enlarged with feathers, fo as to make it appear unnatural; thefe
feathers are much elongated on each fide of the hind head, ap-
pearing like ears, and from thence rounded like a ruff to the
under jaw; the colour black, except the middle of the laft, which
is bright ferruginous: the hind part of the neck, upper parts of
the body, and wings, are brown: fides of the head, round the
eyes, and under parts, from chin to vent, filvery white: in
many birds a mixture of pale ferruginous acrofs the breaft: on
the wings an oblique white bar: the inner ridge of the wing is
alfo white: legs dufky.

* See Brif. Orn. vol. vi. p. 33. 70. 104.—Gen. of Birds, pe 46. 516
Vor. Ii. Oo The

ass"

I.
+CRESTED GR.

Description.

232

FEMaLgs.

Younc Bigps.

PLACE AND
MANNERS.

GRE B E
The female is faid to differ in having the head lefs tufted; in

other things it much refembles the male *.

The young birds differ exceedingly at different ftages of life:
at firft they are perfectly downy, and ftriped, efpecially down the
neck, with black: after this, when about half grown, the ftripes
on the neck are lefs diftiné, being rather mottled than ftriped ;
and the under part, though white, is clouded with dufky +; at
this period a fullnefs round the head is obferved: as the bird ad-
vances {till further towards perfection the brown and white ap-
pear clear and diftinét, the head becomes much tufted, and the
horns are a little elongated. But we have great reafon to believe
that the bird does not obtain the, full and perfect creft till the
fecond year at leaft.

The above are fufficiently common in fome parts of Bice)
breeding in the meres of Shrop/bire and Chefhire, and in the eaft
fen of Lincolnfbire, where they are called Gaunts; in fome parts
known by the name of Ceargoofe. The female lays four white
eggs the fize of thofe of a Pigeon: the neft is of a large fize, and
formed of dogbean, ftalks of water-lilly, pond-weed, and water-
violet, floating independent among the reeds and flags ; the water
penetrates it, and the bird fits «nd hatches in that condition.
The food of the old bird is fmall #/2, which it gets by diving, and
at times will eat vegetables f. It feeds the young with {mall eels ;

* In one fhewn to us at Mr. Boddam’s as a female, the ruff was white, and
fmaller than in the male: the tufts on the top of the head were fhorter, and
white alfo, the head having na rufous tinge about it.—We /u/pe# the above to
be a bird in incomplete plumage.

+ See Brunnich, p. 42. N° 139, ;

t Dr. Hey/bam mentions one of the Tippet Grebes being fhot near Carlife,
which had half-digefted wegerab/es, and a great number of feathers, in its flomach.

and

Gir’ FE) Bt ES

and will carry them, when tired, on its back: is feldom or never
feen on land: is a quick diver, and difficult to be fhot, as it
darts down on the leaft appearance of danger; and feldom flies
farther than the end of the lake it frequents *.

Colymbus urinator, Liz. Syf. i. p. 223. 9.—Scop. Aun. i. N° 102 f+
La Grebe, Brif: Orn. vi. p. 34. 10 pl. 3. figs 1o—Buf. Os. viii. po 227.—
Pl. Enl. 941. ;
Colymbus major, Raii Synz. p. 125. 6.
Greater Loon, or Arfe-foot, Wil]. Orne p. 339+
Dobchick, Edw. pl. 360. fig. 2.
Tippet Grebe} Br. Zool, N° 222. pl. 78.
Lev. Muf.

U THORS inform us that this is fomewhat lefs than the

great crefted Grebe ; and that it wants both the creft and ruff,

fo confpicuous in that bird. The fides of the neck are ftriped

downwards from the head with narrow lines of black and white:
in other refpeéts the colours and marks agree.

It is faid to be rather fcarce in Exgland, but has been fhot on
Rofterne-mere in Chefhire. Are common in the winter time on the
lake of Geneva, appearing in flocks of ten or twelve, and are
killed for the fake of their beautiful fkins; the under fides of them,
being dreffed with the feathers on, are made into muffs and tippets :

* Br. Zool.

+ Scopoli defcribes two birds: in one the upper parts are brown: belly and
under fide of the wings white. The other ({uppofed to be of a different fex)
larger; but differs in having a white throat, a rufous neck, and two black
fireaks produced downwards from each eye.

Oo 2 each

233

By
TIPPET GR.

Descrirrion.

Piace anp
Manners.

284

3.
CAYENNE GR.

DeEscRIPTIONe

GOR? E BE;

each bird fells for about fourteen fhillings*. It is alfo mentioned
as a common bird in the lakes of Sidiria ; but not feen in Rufia +.

It is with fome reluctance that we pen our doubts concerning
the identity of this as a fpecies, at leaft as being diftin& from the
great crefted Grebe, in contradiction to what former authors
have recorded on the fubject. It is certain that the laft-named bird
varies exceedingly at different periods of life, from what has been
faid above; and we are likewife as certain that the birds which
have been pointed out to us as the Geneva Grebes, have been no
other than young ones of the great creffed, not having yet at-
tained the creft ; and whoever will compare Briffon’s three fi-
gures of the birds in queftion}, will find (the creft excepted) that
they all exactly coincide, allowing for their different periods of
age. We have been further led into this opinion from the cir-
cuniftance of a large flock of them, which appeared in various
parts of the fhores of the Thames, from Gravefend to Greenwich,
laft winter, many of which were killed and came under our in-
fpection: among them we found the greateft variety about the
head, from being perfectly without a-creft, to the moft complete
one, with all the intermediate ftages above mentioned.

Le grand Grebe, Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 242.
Grebe de Cayenne, P/. Ex/. 404. fig. 1-

Ty HIS is nineteen inches and a half in length. The bill is
dufky ; the under mandible yellow at the bafe: head, and
upper parts of the neck and body, dufky brown: fore parts, as far

* Br. Zool. + Mr. Pennant.
t Bri. vol. vi. pl. 3. fig. te pl. 4. and pl. 5. fig. 16
6 as

GRE BE, 285

as the breaft, and fides, rufous: the laft mixed with brown: breaft
and upper part of the belly white; the lower part, and vent,
brown: legs dufky.
Inhabits Cayenne. Puack.

Colymbus auritus, Lia. Syft.i, p. 222. 8.—Faua. Suec. 152.—Scop. Ann ie
N° 100.— Brun. 136. 137-—Muller, pe 20.
La Grebe a oreilles, Bri/. Orn. vi. p. 54. 6.
Le petit Grebe huppé, Buf. O//. viii. p. 235.
Eared Dobchick, Edw. pl. 96. fig. 2.
——- Grebe, Br. Zool. N° 224. pl. 79.—Ar&. Zool. p. 499. B-
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

4.
+ EARED GR.

I ZE ofa Teal: length twelve inches. Bill one inch, black; Deserirtron.
bending a little upwards at the point; the colour of the bafe
reddifh: lore and irides crimfon: the head is very full of fea-
thers, and of a dufky black: the neck and under parts of the
body the fame*: from behind each eye fprings a tuft of orange-
coloured feathers, growing broader, and almoft meeting behind:
the breaft and under parts are filvery white: fides of the body
ferruginous chefnut: legs black.
The female differs in having the head lefs full of feathers than FEMaLe.
the male.
This is found in the northern parts of Europe, the temperate PLacke
and northern parts of Sidiria, and in Iceland. Said alfo by Bou-
gainville to be met with in Falkland Iflands, where it was named the
Diver with Speftacles f.

® In fome birds the fore part of the neck is mottled with white.
t See Boug. Voy. p, 61.

La

286
4.
Var. A.

Description.

Se
+ DUSKY GR.

DEscRIPTION:

GiRe a) Bae:

Ta petite Grebe huppée, Brif. Ora. iii. pl. 3. fig. 2.
Colymbus nigricans, Scop. dun. ie N° 101?
Afh-coloured Loon, Rai Syz. p. 124?—Will. Orn. p. 340. pl. 61?

ODY the fize of a Lapwing: length eleven inches. Bill an

inch and a quarter, black: head rather full of feathers, and
elongated into two fhort tufts, one on each fide the hind head:
colour of the head, neck, and upper parts, fine brown: fides of
the head, and fore part of the neck, white, the laft marked with
chefnut fpots ; the white of the throat paffes far back below the
hind head on each fide, and under this the brown advances to-
wards the fore part: the breaft, belly, thighs, and fides, white ;
the laft marked with chefnut and brown fpots: wing coverts
brown; fome of thofe next the body, and part of the fecond
quills, white: legs clive brown.

This feems to partake both of the laft as well as of the follow-
ing {pecies ; but we hefitate not to pronounce it the former in one
of its progreflive ftages towards perfection, as it varies much lke
the crefted /pecies at the different periods of age.

La petite Grebe, Brif, Orn. vi. p. 56. 7.—Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 232.—Pl,
Eul. 942.
Black and white Dobchick, Edw. pl. 96. fig. 1.
Dufky Grebe, Br. Zool. N° 225.—Ar&. Zool. N° 420.
Lev. Muf.

GIZE of a fmall Zeal: length eleven inches. Bill thirteen
Ne

lines long, colour black, with the fides red: lore and irides
red: above, the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, are
dufky brown: ridge of the wing white: fecondaries tipped with
the

PL. Xe.

Arpad Gale

Nowe

GoORGeE BoE.

the fame: forehead, and beneath, from chin to vent, white:
breaft very gloffy : at the throat the white pafles backwards al-
moft to the hind head, and the brown comes forward on each
fide on the middle of the neck: on the thighs a few black {pots :
legs flefh-colour tinged with purple.

In fome birds the whole neck is afh-coloured ; and others are
fpotted between the legs with black.

This fpecies inhabits the fens of Lincolubire. Mr. Edwards
mentions his having had feveral out of the London markets, from
which place we have likewife received a f{pecimen.

Eared or Horned Dobchick, Edw. pl, 49.
Horned Grebe, 4ré. Zool, N° 417.
Lev. Mu.

IZE of a Teal: weight one pound: length one foot:
breadth fixteen inches. Bill one inch, dufky: head very full of
feathers, and of a gloffy deep green, nearly black: through each
eye a ftreak of yellow feathers, elongated into a tuft as it pafles
to the hind head: upper part of the neck and back dufky brown:
fore part of the neck and breaft dark orange red: leffer wing co-
verts cinereous ; the greater and quills black ; middle ones white :
belly glofly white: legs cinereous blue before, pale behind.
Inhabits Hudjon’s Bay. Firft appears in May, about the frefh
waters. Lays from two to four white eggs, in June, among the
aquatic plants ; faid to cover them when abroad. Retires fouth
in autumn ; appears then at New York, ftaying till fpring, when
it returns to the worth. For its vaft quicknefs in diving it is
called the Water Witch. Known at Hud/on’s Bay by the name of

Seek cep.
La

287

PLaceg.

ye
HORNED GR.
Pi. XCI.

DeEscriPTioNe

PLacEt AND
MAnNeERSe

6.
Var. A.

DEscriPTION.

Prace.

We
RED-NECKED
GR.

DescriPTION,

Place.

GR. E Back.

La petite Grebe cornue. Bri, Orn. vi. p. 50. 5.—Buf. Oi/. viii. p. 237.
Grebe d’Efclavonie, P/. Exl. 404. fig. 2.

HE head of this bird is much tufted, and black : behind the
eyes a {tripe of loofe rufous yellow feathers: the hind part
of the neck, and upper parts of the body and wings, dufky black :
on the quills a patch of white: fore parts, from the chin to the
breaft, and fides, chefnut: breaft, belly, and thighs, refplendent
white: legs lead-colour.
Said to inhabit Sclavonia, and feems to be a mere variety of
the laft fpecies.

Le Grebe a joues grifes, ou le Jougris, Buf. Oxf viii. p. 241.—P/. Enl. 9316
Red-necked Grebe, dré. Zool. p. agg. C.

HE crown, hind part of the neck, back, and wings, are dufky
brown: fecondaries white: cheeks and throat the fame; the
firft marked with a few brown ftreaks: under fide of the neck
bright ferruginous: belly white: legs dufky.
This fpecies was fent to Mr. Pennant from Copenhagen, and
fuppofed to inhabit Denmark or Norway ; it is alfo found, though
very rarely, towards the Ca/pian Sea. That mentioned by Buf-
fon was feventeen inches in length ; had the breaft mottled with
ferruginous; and a white fpot on the quills: in other things it
exactly coincided with the above defcription.

GER? Et BY Ee

La Grebe de I’Ifle de St. Thomas, Brif. Orz. vi. p. 58. 8.
Le Grebe Duc-laart, Buf. O/. viii. p. 240.

IZE of afmall Fow/. Bill one inch long, black, with a pale tip :
irides white: the head and upper parts are dull brown: between
the bill and eye is a white fpot: the under parts are white, except a
large {pot of biack on the breaft ; and the belly, fides, and thighs,
{potted with grey : the wing coverts are pale rufous: legs dufky.
This inhabits the ifle of S¢. Thomas, and is called Duc-laart.

Le Grebe de la Louifiane, Buf. Oi/ vill. p. 240.—P/. Enl. 943.

Louifiane Grebe, 4rd. Zool. N° 419.

HE bill in this fpecies is flightly bent at the point: the upper

parts of the head and body deep brown: fides of the neck
and body, quite to the rump, ruft-coloured: middle of the
breaft dufky white: from the bafe of the neck to the thighs,
marked with large tranfverfe black fpots: legs dufky.
Inhabits Louzfiane.

Colymbus auritus, Lin. Sy. i. ps 223. 8. y.—Faun. Suec. p. 184.—Frifch.
t. 184.

La Grebe de la riviere, ou le Caftagneux, Brif. Oru. vie p. 59. 9-—Buf
O/,. viii. p. 244. pl. 20.—P/. Exl. 905.

Didapper, Dipper, Dobchick, &c. Rati Syn. p. 125. Ae 3.—Will. Orn.
P- 340. pl. 61. f

Little Grebe, Br. Zoo]. N° 226.

: Br. Muf. Lev. Mu:

ENGTH ten inches: breadth fixteen: weight fix ounces
and a half. Bill not quite an inch long, and reddifh brown :

irides reddifh hazel: all the upper parts * of the head, neck, and

* The colour on the upper parts in fome varieties is almoft black; fee La
Grebe de Riviere noiraftre, Brif, Ora, vi. p. 62. A.
Vor. Il. Pp body,

289

8.
BLACK-BREAST-
ED GR.

DESCRIPTION.

PLACE.

9.
LOUISIANE GR.

DEscRIPTION»

Prace.

10.
+ LITTLE GR.

DE£scriprion.

299

PvLacE anD
Manners.

10.

Var. A

DESCRIPTION

Gr R! BE. BE:

body, reddifh brown; very pale on the rump: fides of the head
and fore part of the neck yellowifh grey *: chin the fame, but
paler: breaft and belly white, mottled with afh-colour and red :
thighs and vent grey: legs dirty green. Male and female much
alike, and both vary according to the age, as in other fpecies.

This f{pecies frequents the fame places with the other Grebes,
but is infinitely more common, few frefh waters being without it.
It makes a large neft, a foot or more in thicknefs, in the water,
compofed of grafs and other water plants, and lays five or fix
dirty yellowifh white eggs ; the neft is fo placed in the water that
it is conftantly kept wet, which feems effential to the hatching
of the young brood both of this and other fpecies of the genus.
The food is fib, water infeéis, and plants. It is an admirable
diver, and feems to make way under the water at a very great rate,
arifing at an inconceivable diftance from the place it plunges in
at ; for the moft part, confiderably beyond the length of gunfhott.
We believe this bird to be pretty frequent on the old continent ;
it is likewife found common at Hud/on’s Bay in America, where it
is called Difbifbet feekeept. In England called by the various
names of Didapper, Dipper, Loon, and Debchick.

Le Caftagneux des Philippines, Buf Oi/ vi. p. 246.—PI. En/. 945.

HIS is rather larger than the /its/e Grebe, and differs from
it in a few particulars. The upper parts are brown, as in that

* In old birds the cheeks are of a bright bay.

+ If the poflibility of fying under water be allowed, no bird of this kingdom
claims the epithet more than the /itrle Grebe. By fome it is faid to be able to
ftay under water for a quarter of an hour.—Salerue Oru. Pp» 377+

} Mr. Hurchins.

bird,

ties

—

Gaps Ap Be

bird, but tinged with purple; and the cheeks and fides of the
neck incline to rufous: in other things it refembles the abovelaid,
of which it appears to be a mere variety.

Inhabits the Pdilippine Ifands.

Colymbus Dominicus, Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 223. 10.

La Grebe de Riviere de St, Domingue, Brifi Ors. vi. p. 64. 11. ple 5.
fig. 2.

Le Caftagneux de St. Domingue, Buf. O// vill. p. 248.

Le Plongeon, Defer. de Surin. ii. p. 155.

Twopenny Chick, Hughes Barb. po 72,

ESS than the Wttle Grebe: length fcarcely eight inches. Bill
thirteen lines, colour black: plumage of all the upper part
dufky: fides of the head, chin, and fore part of the neck, dufky
grey: breaft, belly, fides, and thighs, filvery grey, marked with
fmall brown fpots: quills greyifh white, more or lefs marked
with greyifh brown onthe outer webs and tips: legs brown.
Inhabits the ifland of S#. Domingo. I received one of thefe
from Famaica, of an uniform dufky lead-colour, except the mid-
dle of the belly, which had a large patch of white: the quills
were as in the above-defcribed: this moft likely differs merely in
fex. We have likewife feen a third, which had the belly wholly
brown, but differed from the firft-defcribed in no other particu-
lar: this came from Cayenne, where it is known by the name of
Soccové. It is called at Famaica, as well as in Barbadoes, the Two-
penny Chick. It is likewife an inhabitant of Surinam, where Mr.
Fermin * mentions another to exift, fmaller than this, wholly cc-

* Hift. de Surin. ii. p. 155.
Pp 2 vered

Le)
~

Prace.

1h.
+ WHITE-

-WINGED GR.

DescrzipTions

Phace.

iw)
So
we

12.
BLACK CHIN
GR.

DESCRIPTION,

PLace.

13
+ PIED-BILL
GR.

DESCRIPTION.

FematLe.

Pp aa
XS LACE.

GREBE,

vered with cottomy white feathers; the bill yellow, and the lees

fhort. He tells us that it is only feen in the /favannas, near {mall

ponds, and feeds on the leffer fyb. It is moft likely that the
laft is the young of the others, and not a diftinct {pecies.

Black-chin Grebe, Br. Zool. N° 227. pl. 79.

ATHER larger than the /ittle Grebe. Chin black: fore part
of the neck ferruginous ; hind part mixed with dufky: belly
cinereous and filver intermixed.
Inhabits Tzrée, one of the Hebrides.

Colymbus podiceps, Lin. Syf. i. p. 223. IIe

La Grebe de Riviere de la Caroline, Bri/. Orz. vi. p. 63. 10.

Le Caftagneux a bec cerclé, Buf. Ov villi. p. 247.

Pied-bill Dobchick, Caref). Car. i. pl. 91.—Ar&. Zool. N° 418. pl. 22.
Lev. My.

ENGTH fourteen inches. Bill ftrong, a little bent, not
unlike that of the common Poultry; colour olive, with a
dufky bafe, and croffed through the middle of both mandibles
with a bar of black: noftrils very wide: irides white: chin and
throat of a gloffy black, bounded with white: upper part of the
neck and back dufky: cheeks and under parts of the neck pale
brown : breaft and belly filvery, the firft mottled with afh-colour:
wings brown; ends of the fecondaries white: toes furnifhed with
a broad membrane.
The female wants the black bar on the bill, and has the chin
and throat of the fame colour with the reft of the neck.
Inhabits from New York to South Carolina; is called in the
firft the Hen-beaked Wigeon, or Water Witch.
in the autumn, and goes away in April.

Arrives there late

ORDER

LSS

e293,

Orpetr IX. WEB-FOOT ED:

*W.17 BY Eb ON )G. LEGS.

Genus EXXX.: AVOSET:.

N° 1. Scooping Av. N° 3. White Av.
2. American Av.

ILE long, flender, very thin, and bending confiderably
B upwards.

Noftrils narrow and pervious.

Tongue fhort.

Feet palmated; the webs deeply femilunated between each
toe. Back toe very fmall.

Recurviroftra Avocetta, Lin. Syf. i. p. 256.—Faun, Suec. 191.—Amen. a

Acad. iv. 591.—Scop. Ann. 1. N° 129.—Brun. N° 188.—Muller, N°z14. + SCOOPING

—Kram. El. p. 348.—Georgi Reife, ps 172. Ve
L’Avocette, Brif; Orz. vi. p. 538. pl. 47. fig. 2.—Buf. Oi/ vill. p. 466.

pl. 48.—P/. Exl. 353.
Avofetta, Raiz Syn. p. 117. A. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 3216 pl..60.—Albin, i.

pl. 101.—Br, Zool. N° 228. pl. 80.—4r@. Zool. p. 503. B.

Br. Mif. Lev. Myf.

ry. HIS bird is the fize of the Lapwing in the body, but has pDescarprion
very long legs: length eighteen inches. ‘The bill is three
inches and a-half long, end fingular in fhape; flender, very flat,
and.

Place AND
MANNERS»

FoR EHNY) W CON Shale Said

and turns up towards the end, where it finifhes in a fharp point ;
the neftrils narrow and pervious: irides hazel: the top of the
head, taking in the eyes, is black, paffing fome way down the
neck, and ending in a point: above and beneath the eye a fpot of
white: the remainder of the head and neck, and all the under
parts, are white: the back, major part of the fcapulars, outer
part of the wing, and leffer quills and tail, are of the fame co-
lour; but the inner fcapulars, and all down the middle of the
wing coverts, and outer webs and ends of the greater quills, are
black: the legs very long, and of a pale blue; and the thighs
naked for a great part of their length: the toes are webbed, the
webs deeply indented; the hind toe fmall, and placed too high
up to be of ufe.

The male and female much alike.

This fpecies is frequent, in the winter, on the fea-fhores of this
kingdom: in Gloucefterfbire, at the Severn’s mouth, the eaftern
coafts of Suffolk and Norfolk, and fometimes on the lakes of Shrop-
foire*, Alfo common, at the fame feafon, on the fhores of Kent}.
In the breeding feafon are found in the fens in vaft numbers ;
near Fofdike Wafb in Lincolufbire, in the fens of Cambridgefbire and
Suffolk, and other fimilar places. They lay two eggs, the fize
of thofe of a Pigeon, an inch and three quarters in length, of a
cinereous grey, whimfically marked with deep brownifh black
patches, of irregular fizes and fhapes, befides fome under mark-
ings of a dufky hue. They are faid to feed on worms and in-
fe€tst, which they fcoop out of the foft mud with their bills, the

* Br. Zool.
+ Mr. Boys twice met with them at Sandwich, fo early as the month of O@ober.
J On the Sea-Flea and Locu/t, the Cancer pulex, and locufta. Liz.

traces

PIPeEXCH:

PAS VG) @) eS. y Ey an

traces of which may be obferved in the places where they frequent.
Often feen to wade, as far as their legs will let them, into the wa-
ter, and will alfo occafionally fwim, but always clofe to the edge
of the fhore.

It is alfo feen in various parts of the continent of Europe. Found
in Rufiia, Denmark, and Sweden*, but not in plenty; alfo met
with in Szbzria, but more frequent about the falt lakes of the Zar-
tarian Defart, and about the Ca/pian Sea+. Found on the coafts
of Picardy in France, in April and November ; alio at Orleans, but
very rare. In breeding time in fuch plenty on the coafts of Bas
Poiéiou, that the peafants take their eggs by thoufands in order to
feaft on them. We have not been able to trace thefe birds further
fouth in Europe than Italy, where they have been long noticed as

inhabitants.

Avofetta, Damp. Voy. iii. pl. in p. 123. fig. 3.
American Avofet, 4rd. Zool. N° 421. pl. 21.
Lev. Mu.

H1S is larger than the Scooping Avofet, and exceeds it fome-
what in length; being in height, as it ftands, from the head
to the ground, fourteen inches. The bill is made like that of the
common fpecies||, the colour black: the forehead dufky white:

* Chiefly in the ifle of Ocland, and in Gothland.—Faun. Suec.

+ 4rd. Zool. t Salern. Orn. p. 359.

|| The fpecimen in the Leverian Mufeum has the bill three inches and three
quarters in length, but is blunt at the end, as if it had been broken of ; and
in another, in the collection of Mr. Boddam, we obferved the fame circumftence,
with a ftronger appearance of being injured; from which we judge that thefe
birds had originally the bills ending in a point, as in the common Avofer.—
Dampier’s figure is {carce worth bringing as a voucher, being a very bad one;
bat in that the bill is pointed at the end.

8 the

255

2's
AMERICAN AY.
Pi. XCIL.

. DEscriprion.

PLACE.

WHITE AV.

DESCRIPTION.

- PLACE.

A WV CHOLES EA Ty

the head, neck, and upper part of the breaft, of a deep cream-
colour, paleft under the chin: lower parts of the neck behind
white: back black: the under parts from the breaft pure white:
the firft and third order of wing coverts, with the outer part of
the wing between, and the greater quills, are black: the middle
coverts, and fome of the fecondaries, white; feveral of the laft
tinged with afh-colour: the legs and thighs together are above
eight inches in length, colour dufky: feet femi-palmated, the
webs bordering the toes for a confiderable way ; the hind toe
placed very high up, and fhort.

Inhabits North America; and was found by Dampier in Shark’s
Bay, on the coaft of New Helland.

Scolopax alba, Liz. Sy/?. i. p. 1476 176

La Barge blanche, Bri. Orz. v. p. 290. 8.—Buf. Oif, vil. p. 508.—=
Pl. Enl. 875.
White Godwirt, Edw. pl. 139:

1ZE of the Red Godwit : length fourteen inches and a quarter.
Bill more than three inches in length, and turns greatly up-
wards, as inthe Scooping Avofet; the colour of it orange, with
the point black: general colour of the plumage white, except
the under wing coverts, which are pale brown: the edge of the
wing the whole length, the greater quills, and tail, white, with a
tinge of yellow: the wings exceed the tail a trifle in length: the

legs are pretty long, and of a deep brown: the toes divided.
The above was fent from Hud/on’s Bay, and, from the figure,
has every appearance of an Avofet: however, in Edwards’s plate
the toes appear cloven to the bottom; a circumftance feeming to
overturn

AGEs ONS VES 0 Tr,

overturn the fuppofition, and only to be authenticated when
other fpecimens fhall have come under the eye of the well-in-
formed naturalift *.

* Mr. Pennant obferves, with great propriety, the probabifity of its being a

variety of the American {pecies.— rad. Zool.
é

Vor. It. Q@q Genus

we

I.
ITALIAN C.

DeiScRIPTION.

PLACE.

f 29844

Ginn Uso ee OO RY bE Re

N° i. Italian C.

AS 1 LL fhort, ftraic.
JF Legs long: thighs fhort: feet palmated, and furnifhed
with a back toe.

Le Coureur, Brif. Orz. vi. p. 542.
Vrochilus, or Corrira, Raid Syze 118. 3.—Will. Orn. p. 321. pl. 60.

HIS bird is faid to be lefs than the 4vo/ef, and the legs not

fo long in proportion. The bill fhorter, ftrait, yellow, with
a black tip: irides of two colours, firft white, furrounded with
chefnut: the head, and all the upper parts of the body and wings,
are ferruginous: the under parts white: the two middle tail fea-
thers are white, tipped with black: the others fuppofed to be
black ; toes webbed, as in the Jvo/et.

his bird is faid to inhabit J¢a/y, and to run very faft; whence
the name given to it. Aldrovandus* is the only one who has
feen the bird; and it is from him alone that the fucceeding
authors have all had the defcription and figure,

* Aw. tom iii. p. 288. fig. in p. 289.

GENWS

L—————————

PI.XCin.

= SS

Ted Flame G0.

L299) |

Genus LXXXIl. FLAMINGO,

N° i. Red Flamingo.

HE bill in this genus is thick, large, bending in the mid-

A dle, forming a fharp angle; the higher part of the upper
mandible carinated ; the lower comprefled; the edges of the
upper mandible fharply denticulated; of the lower, tran{verfely

fulcated.
Noftrils covered above with a thin plate, pervious, linearly

longitudinal.
Tongue cartilaginous, and pointed at the end; the middle

mufcular; bafe glandular; on the upper part aculeated.
Neck very long.

Legs and thighs of a great length.
Feet webbed ; the webs extend as far as the claws, but are

deeply femilunated.
Back toe very {mall.

Phznicopterus ruber, Lin. Syf. i. p. 230.—Scop. Ann. i. N° 114.

Le Flammant, Bri/: Orz. vi. p. 533+ ple 47. fig. t-Buf. Os/. vill. ps 475.
pl. 39.—P/. Enl. 63.

Phenicopterus, Flammant, Ravs Syz. p. 117. 2.—Will. Orn. p. 320. pl. 608
—Ar&. Zool. N° 422.

Flamingo, Raii Syn. p. 190. 1-—Sloan. Fam. p. 321+ 17.—Catefb. Car. i.
pl. 73. 74.—Albin, ii. pl. 77.—Kolb. Cap. ii. p. 137.—Phil. Tranf.
vol. xxix. N° 350. pl. 2. p. 523s—Grew Muf. p. 67.— Brown
Fam. p. 480.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

HIS fingular bird is fearce fo big as a Goofe; but has the

neck and legs in a greater difproportion to the body than any

err other

Te
~~ RED FL.
Pu. XCIII.

Descriprion,

300

Younc,

FA uM TaN iGO:

other bird: the length, from the end of the bill to that of the tail,
is four feet two or three inches; but to the end of the claws fome-
times meafures more than fix feet. The bill is four inches and a
quarter long, and of a conftruction different from that of any other
bird; the upper mandible very thin and flat, and fomewhat move-
able; the under thick; both of them bending downwards from the
middle: the noftrils are linear, and placed in a blackifh membrane:
the end of the bill, as far as the bend, is black, from thence to the
bafe reddith yellow ; round the bafe, quite to the eye, covered
with a flefh-coloured cere: the neck is flender, and of a great
length: the tongue large, flefhy, filling the cavity -of the bill;
furnifhed with twelve or more hooked papiile on each fide, turn-
ing backwards; the tip a fharp cartilaginous fubftance. The
bird, when in full plumage, is wholly of a moft beautiful deep fcar-
let *, except the quills, which are black: from the bafe of the
thigh to the claws meafures thirty-two inches, of which the
feathered part takes up no more than three inches; the bare part
above the knee thirteen inches; and from thence to the claws
fixteen: the colour of the bare parts is red; and the toes
are furnifhed with a web, as in the Duck genus, but is deeply in-
dented.
Thefe birds do not gain their full plumage till the third year.
In the firft they are of a greyifh white for the moft part; the fe-
cond of a clearer white, tinged with red, or rather rofe-colour,
but the wings and fcapulars are red; in the third year a general
slowing /carlet manifefts itfelf throughout: the bill and legs
alfo keep pace with the gradation of colour in the plumage,

© Thofe of Africa faid to be deepeft coloured.

thefe

Besa ML Ny Gro: :

thefe parts changing to their colours by degrees, as the bird ap-
proaches to an adult ftate.

Flamingoes prefer a warm climate: in the old continent not
often met with beyond 40 degrees north or fouth. Every where
feen on the African coatt and adjacent ifles, quite to the Cape of
Good Hope*; and now andthen on the coafts of Spain}, Italy,
and thofe of France lying in the Mediterranean Sea; being at
times met with at Mar/eilles, and for fome way up the Khone.
In fome feafons frequent J/eppo { and parts adjacent. Seen alfo
on the Perfian fide of the Ca/pian Sea, and from thence along the
weftern coaft, as far as the Wolga ; though this at uncertain times,
and chiefly in confiderable flocks, coming from the worth-eaft,
moftly in Oéfober and November ; but fo foon as the wind changes
they totally difappear §. They breed in the Cape Verd ifles, par-
ticularly in that of Sa/||. The neft is of a Gingular conftruction,
made of mud, in fhape of an hillock, with a cavity at top; in this
the female lays generally two white eges**, of the fize of thofe
of a Goofe, but more elongated. The hillock is of fuch an height
as to admit of the bird’s fitting on it conveniently, or rather
ftanding, as the legs are placed one on each fide at full length jf.
The young cannot fly till full grown, but run very faft.

* In Zee Coow river. —Phil. Tranf.
to Mauritius, p. 66.

+ About Valencia, in the lake Albufere.—Dillon Trav. p. 374.

t Ruf. Alep. p. 69- § Decouv. Ruff. ii. p. 248. —

\| Damp. Voy. i. p. 70.

*” They never lay more than #hree, and feldom fewer.—P3il. Tranf-

+t Sometimes will lay the eggs on a projeéting part of a low reck, if it be
placed fufficiently convenient fo as to admit of the legs being placed one on each
fide.—Lina. i

Flamingoes

Once plenty in the le of France.—Voy,

301

PLace AND
Manners.

Be LAM DL NG Ge Or

Flaimingoes for the moft part keep together in flocks; and now
and then are feen in great numbers together, except in breeding-
time. Dampier mentions having, with two more in company,
killed fourteen at once; but this was effected by fecreting them-
felves, for they are very fhy birds, and will by no means fuffer
any one to approach openly near enough to fhoot them*. Kol-
ben obferves that they are very numerous at the Cape, keeping in
the day on the borders of the Jakes and rivers, and lodging them-
felves of nights in the long gra/s on the hills. They are like-
wife common to various places in the warmer parts of America,
frequenting the fame latitudes as in other quarters of the world ;
being met with in Peru and Chili, Cayenne t, and the coaft of
Brofil, as well as the various iflands of the Weft Indies. Sloane
found them in Jamaica; but particularly at the Bahama iflands,
and that of Cuba, where they breed. When feen at a dif-
tance they appear as a regiment of foldiers, being ranged along-
fide one another on the borders of the rivers fearching for
food, which chiefly confifts of fmall fifh f, or the eges of them,
and of water-infeffs, which they fearch after by plunging in
the bill and part of the head, from time to time trampling
with their feet to muddy the water, that their prey may be raifed
from the bottom. In feeding are faid to twift the neck fh fuch a
manner that the upper part of the bill is applied to the ground § :
during this one of them is faid to ftand centinel, and the moment

* Davies talks of the gunner difguifing himfelf in an Ox’s hide, and by this
means getting within gun-fhot.—Hif?. Barbad. p. 88:

t+ Called there by the name of Tocco.

t Small /rell-fjh. —Gefner.

§ Linneus, Briffine

Be eA Vibe ENG GeO.

he founds the alarrn the whole flock take wing. This bird, when
at reft, ftands on one leg, the other being drawn up clofe to the
body, with the head placed under the wing on that fide of the
body it ftands on.

The flefh of thefe birds is efteemed pretty good meat, and
the young thought by fome equal to that of the Pertridge* ; but
the greateft dainty is the tovgue, which was efteemed by the
ancients an exquifite morfel +. Are fometimes caught young, and
brought up tame ; but are ever impatient of cold: and in this
ftate will feldom live a great while, gradually lofing their co-
lour, flefh, and appetite, and dying for want of that food which
in a ftate of nature at large they were abundantly fupplied

with.

* Commonly fat, and accounted delicate.—Davies Hiff. Barbad. p. 88.——
The inhabitants of Provence always throw away the flefh, as it tafles fifhy; and
only make ufe of the feathers as ornaments to other birds at particular enter
tainments.—Dillon Trav. p. 374. extr.

+ See Plin. 1. x. cap. 48.—Martial fays thus of it, Lib. xiii. ep. 71.

‘¢ Dat mihi penna rubens nomen, fed lingua gulofis
Nofira fapit: quid fi garrula lingua foret ?”

Ae Wil eke

393

beso4 i)

FOW 1 TH SHO Ra i eG ss:

Genus LXXXIII. ALBATROSS,

N° 1. Wandering A. N? 3. Yellow-nofed A.
2. Chocolate A. 4. Sooty A.

ILL ftrong, bending in the middle, and hooked at the end
of the upper mandible; that of the lower abrupt; the
lower part inclining downwards.
Noftrils opening forwards, and covered with a large convex
guard.
Tongue fcarcely perceivable, only the rudiment of one.
Toes three in number, all placed forwards.

; Ie Diomedea exulans, Liz. Syf. i. p, 214. Ie
-+- WANDERING L’Albatros, Bri/. Ora. vi. p. 126.—Bufe Oif. ix. ps 339. ple 24. — Pl.
A. Enl. 237.
Man of War Bird, din, iii. pl. 81. (the head.)
Tchaiki, Hi. Kamt/chat. p. 154+
Albatrofs, Eda. pl. 88.—Pall. Spic. Fafe. v. p. 28.
Wandering Albatrofs, 4rd. Zool. p. 506.
Br. Muf. Lev. Muy.

Description. F2IGGERthana Swan: length from three feet fix inches to
four feet: the general extent is ten feet from wing to wing;

but many of our voyagers mention them as greatly exceeding
thefe

A Ee al Re Ole Ss

thefe dimenfions *: weight from twelve to twenty-eight pounds.
The bill dirty yellow: crown of the head pale cinereous brown :
the reft of the body for the moft part white, croffed with blackifh
lines on the back and wings, and with fpots in the fame direction
towards the rump: the greater quills are black: the tail dufky
lead-colour, and rounded in fhape: legs flefh-colour.

The young birds are faid to be brown; as they advance have
more or lefs a mixture of white; but do not become of the co-
lour of the above-defcribed till mature age.

lbatroffes are very frequent in many parts without the tropics,
both to the northward as well as fouth ; not being by any means
confined to the laft, as has been by fome imagined 7. Indeed
they are in great plenty in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good
Hope, as all voyagers can teftify; and not only thefe but other
forts alfo, and from thence in every temperate fouthern latitude,
as far towards the pole as has yet been exploded.
' Thefe birds are alfo often feen in vaft flocks in Kamtfcbatka,
and adjacent iflands, about the end of June, where they are
called Great Gulls; but it is chiefly in the bay of Pen/chinenfi, the
whole inner fea of Kamt/chatka, the Kurile ifles, and that of Be-
ring ; for on the eafterm coatts of the firft they are {carce, a fingle
ftraggler only appearing now and then. Their chief motive for

* Above ten fect. For/?. Vay. i. p. 87-—Ten feet two inches called an
enormous fize. Haw/ke/. Voy. iii. p. 627.—Eleven feet feven inches. Parkinf:
Foy. p. 82.—Eleven feet. Cook’s Journal, p. 77.—Twelve feet. MS. at Sir
Tofeph Banks’s.—One at Sir Afbton Lever’s is {aid to have expanded thirteen feet.
—And ves even mentions one fhot off the Cape of Gocd Hope, which meafured as
far as /eventeen feet and a half from wing to wing. See Voy. p. 5.

t+ Buf. Of. ix. p. 339.

$ Seldom below 30 degrees: never in the torrid zone. For/?. Voy. i. p. 482.
Vor. Ill. Rey . frequenting

3°5

PLack ano
Manners.

306

AL Box TF RvO Gs:

frequenting thefe places feems to be plenty of food; and their
arrival is a fure prefage of fhoals of fith following. At their firft
coming are very lean, but foon grow immenfely fat. Are very
voracious birds, and will often {wallow a Salmon of four or five
pounds weight; but as they cannot take the whole of it into
their ftomach at once, part of the tail end will often remain out
of the mouth ; and the natives, finding the bird in this fituation,
make no difficult matter of knocking it on the head on the fpot.
Before the middle of Auguft they migrate elfewhere. They are
often taken by means of a hook baited with a f/h*; but it is not for
the fake of their flefh that they are valued, it being hard and unfa-
voury t, but on account of the inteftines, a particular part of
which they blow up as a d/adder, to ferve as floats to buoy up
their nets in fifhing. Of the bones they make sobacco-pipes,
needle-cafes, and other ufeful-things ¢. When caught they defend
themfelves ftoutly with the bill. Their cry is harfh and difa-
greeable, not unlike the braying of an A/s§. The breeding
places of the A/batro/s, if at all in the zorthern hemifphere, have
not yet been pointed out; but we are certain of their multiply-
ing in the fouthern, viz. Patagonia || and Falkland Ifands**: to

* Forfler mentions nine being caught with a line and hook baited with a bit
of fheep’s Jhin —Voy. i. p. 87.—Cook’s Voy. i. p. 84.

+ Yet they were eaten by our voyagers.—As foon as caught they were tkinned,
and foaked in falt-water till next morning ; then parboiled, and the liquor being
thrown away, ftewed with frefh-water till tender; and being ferved up with fa-
voury fauce, they were much commended.—Hawhe/. Voy. iii. p. 66.

t The New Zealand women wear pieces of the down in the holes of their ears,
by way of ornament.—Forf. Voy. i. p. 141.—Jd. Ob/. p. 310.—Hawkef-
Voy. iil. pe 456.

§ Orrather like a ¢rumpet, fuch as the children buy at fairs, —C/ayton.

|) 4r&. Zool. ** Clayton. !
6 this

A Gaps AT RR ©)..8 ‘8.

this laft place they come about the end of September or beginning
of Oéober, among other birds, in great abundance*. ‘The nefts
are made on the ground with earth +, are round in fhape, a foot
in height, indented at top. The egg larger than that of a Goof,
four inches and a half long, white, marked with dull fpots at the
bigger end; and is thought to be good food, the white never
growing hard with boiling. While the female is fitting the male
is conftantly on the wing, and fupplies her with food: during
this time are fo tame as to fuffer themfelves to be fhoved off
the neft while their eggs are taken from them; but their chief
deftruction arifes from the Hawk {, which, the moment the female
gets off the neft, darts thereon, and flies away with the ege.
The Albatrofs itfelf likewife has its enemy, being greatly perfe-
cuted while on the wing by the dark grey Gull, called Skua.
This bird attacks it on all fides, but particularly endeavours to
get beneath, which is only prevented by the firft fettling on the
water ||; and indeed they do not frequently fly at a great dif-
tance from the furface, except obliged fo to do by hich winds §,
or other caufes, As foon as the young are able to remove from
the neft, the Peaguins take poffeffion, and hatch their young in
turn. It is probable that they pafs from one part of the globe to
another according to the feafon; being now and then met with,

* A part of New Zealand is called Albatro/s Point, from this circumftance.—
Parkinf. Voy. p. 113-

+ With /edges, in form of a hayecock, three feet in height.—4r4. Zool.

f Of two forts. Pexrofee—One of which is our New Zealand Falcon, vol. i:
P57

ll Forft. Voy. i. p. 118.—Hiff. des Oif.

§ Sometimes foars above the clouds.— Aman. Acad. v. p. 75.

Ricti2: by

308

2.
CHOCOLATE A.

DescriPTion.

PLace.

A Baas ba) RE EO)/ aS) a!

by different voyagers, at various times, in intermediate places *,
The food is fuppofed to be chiefly fmall marine animals, efpe-
cially of the Mollu/ce or Blubder clafs ¢, as wellas Flying Fifh f.

Deep brown, or chocolate Albatrofs, Cook’s Voy. ii. p. 116. 150 |]
Lev. Mus.

IZE larger than the Sooty Albatrofs. The bill in this bird of

a yellowifh white: irides brown: fore part of the head, round
the eye, chin, and throat, white: the plumage in general of a
fine deep chocolate-colour; the neck and under parts paleft:
the inner ridge of the wing, and under wing coverts, white ; and
the belly inclines much to white: the tail is fhort, rounded in
fhape; that and the wings equal in length: the legs blueifh
white: claws white. :

This bird varies in having more or lefs white about the head,
and in a greater or lefs degree of purity. Seen in the South Seas,
in lat. 37, the end of December.

* Seen between fix and feven hundred leagues from land, in the middle of the
fouthern ocean.—For/?. OJ/. p. 211. Met with at the Sandwich Tlands.—Ellis
Narr. ii. p. 149. Alfo in lat. 26. 31. N. onthe 4th of 4ril—Id. p. 193.—=
Of Fapan and Feffo, in Ofober 1771.—Cook’s laff Voy. vol. iii. p. 391. ——Lat.
33. S. May 5.—Ofbeck Voy. i. pe 109.

+ For. Yoy.i. p. 118.

1 Amen. Acad. v. p. 75.—Ar&. Zool. N° 507+

|| As few of the voyagers have thought worth while to defcribe the birds to
which they have given names, we cannot always be clear of the {pecies meant :
are therefore not quite certain it was the one here defcribed.—Chocolate Alba-
trofs alfo mentibned by Forffer; but were not obferved by him, except among
the ice.—Voy. i. p. 258.——Perhaps the 4/batro/s with a white beak.—Park.

Voy. p. 83. 84?
Br:

Pl. XCIV.

=
Yellow HOLE « Wat 70.

Ae Ip Be Ae Te OR OCS S?

Br. Mu/:

Pana three feet: breadth feven. The bill four inches
long, hooked at the end, but not very ftout; the colour of
it is black, except the upper ridge, which is yellow the whole
length, quite to the tip, where it is hooked; the bafe of the un-
der mandible is alfo yellow: irides brown: the head is grey:
between the bill and eyes is an obfcure black fpot; juft over the
eye a dufky one: the hind part of the neck dufky, the lower
part white: back, fcapulars, and wings, dufky blue black: rump,
and under part of the body, white: the tail dufky: the legs are pale
yellowith white ; the fore part of them, and the webs, dufky.
This fpecies is met with in the fouthern hemifphere, from 30
to 60 degrees, all round the pole*. The fpecimen-from whence
the above defcription was drawn up, was taken off the Cape of
Good Hope. Inhabits the South Seas without the ¢ropics. Fly
about five or fix feet above the furface of the water.

Sooty, or brown Albatrofs, Forft. Voy. i. p» ot-
Albatrofs with a white eye-brow, Cook’s Foy. i. p. 38 T. |

IZE of a Goofe: length near three feet. Bill black: irides
pale yellow: at each angle of the eye a nictitating membrane -
general colour of the plumage brown: the head and tail inclin-

* One was caught in lat. 57. 30. S. in the month of February

+ Perhaps the dlack-billed Albatro/s of Park. Voy. p. 84?—In Farft. Voy. i,
P- gI. it is called the leaft of the A/éatrofes ; and therefore may prove the {maller
one with a d/ack face, met with off Kerguelen’s Land in the month of Decemser.
Cook's laft Voy. i. ps 87.

Ing

329

3.
YELLOW-
NOSED A.
PL. XCLV.

DESCRIPTION.

Place.

Ae
SOOTY A.

DeEscRIPTION.

310

PLace.

ADE BAG Ty Re Or St Ss

ing to black or /oo¢-colour: for a fmall fpace above, behind, and
beneath the eye, the feathers are white, but not on the fore part
of it: quills and tail dark brown, nearly black; the fhafts of
both white; the laft pointed in fhape: legs pale brownifh lead-
colour: claws black.

This fpecies was firft met with in lat 47. fouth*, but was
afterwards obferved throughout the Southern Ocean within the
antar@ic circle. It was called by our failors the Quaker, from its
brown plumage.

* Firft met with about the time of firft falling in with the ice.—Cooh’s
Voy. 1. Pp 380 ;

GENUS

EEE

Loud

Genus LXXXIV. A ai a KS

Nomen Great A. IN? 7.) GreltedyAr.
2. Tufted A. 8. Dufky A.
3. Puffin A. 9- Perroquet A.
Warn cA" 10, Ancient A.
4. Labrador A. Ur bettlepAS
§- Razor-bill A. 12. Flat-billed A.

6. Black-billed A.

ILL ftrong, thick, convex, compreffed on the fides *.
Noftrils linear, placed parallel to the edge of the bill.
Tongue almotft as long as the bill.
Toes three in number, all placed forwards.

Alca impennis, Liz. Sy/t. i. p. 210. 3.—F aun. Suec. N° 140.—Brun, N° 105,
— Muller, p. 17-—Faun. Groenl. N° 52.

Le grand Pingoin, Brif, Orz. vi. p. 85. 1. pl. 7-—Buf. O. ix. p. 393.
pl. 29.—P/. Exl. 367.

Penguin, or Goifugel, Raii Syz. p. 118. 1.—Will. Orn. p. 322. pl. 65.—
Edw. pl. 147-

Great Auk, Br. Zool. ii. N° 229. pl. 81.—Ar&. Zool. N° 424.

Lev. Muf. :

IZE of a Goofe: length three feet. Bill four inches and a
quarter, covered great part of the way with downy fhort fea-
thers, the colour of it black, and croffed with feveral furrows :
the colour of the plumage of the head, neck, and upper part of

* The laft fpecies excepted, which is depreffed ; yet, anfwering in other par-
ticulars, may ftill be admitted at the heels of this genus.
the

Te
GREAT A,

DEscriPTIOoN>

PLACE AND
Manners.

AML ROE a Re

the body, wings, and tail, is black; the reft white; and there is
a large oval {pot of the laft, occupying moft of the fpace between
the bill and eye: the fecond quills are tipped with white,
forming an oblong ftripe on the wings; which are fo fmall as to
be uilelefs for flight, being little more than four inches in
length to the firft joint: legs black.

In Mr. Lunftall’s Mufeum is one of thefe with only two or three
furrows on the bill, and the oval fpace between the bill and eye
fpeckled black and white.- This is probably a young bird.

This bird is fometimes feen on the ifle of St. Kilda, appear-
ing there the beginning of May, and retiring in June. It lays
one large egg, clofe to the fea mark, fix inches long, white, irre-
gularly marked with purplifh lines, and blotched at the larger
end with black or ferruginous fpots ; and it is faid, that if the egg
be taken away the bird will not lay a fecond. It hatches late, as
the young in Auguf? are only covered with grey down. It is
feldom to be met with beyond foundings. Sometimes frequents
the coafts of Norway, the Ferroe Ifles, Iceland, Greenland, and
Newfoundland*. Feeds much on the lamp-fifh, fatber-lajber, and.
other fifh of that fize. The young birds eat ro/e-root }, and other
plants. ‘The old ones are very rarely feen on fhore, though the
young are not unfrequently met with: is a very fhy bird; walks
ill, but dives well, and is taken in the manner ufed for the Razor-
dill and Puffin. The fkin between the jaws is blown into a bladder,
and ufed for the darts of the Greenlanders, as is alfo that of fome
other birds ft. The fkin of the body fuppofed to be ufed by the
Ejkimaux Indians for garments |.

* Ar. Zool.—Br. Zool. + Rhodiola rofea. Liz.

} Faun. Groen. \| 4r&. Zool.
Alca

IED CONE

AWKS.

7. Sifted. sath 2... rroguel. Leh, ig ish Y: sty 1 Ge Bil

A U K. 313

Alca cirrhata, Pail. Spic. v. pe 7. pl. rand Se 2s

Le Macareux de Kamtfchatka, Buf. Oi/. ix. p. 368.—P/ Exl. 761. TUFTED A.

Tufted Auk, 472. Zool. N° 432. Pi. XCV. Fic. 1,
Lev. Mu.

HIS is fomewhat bigger than the common Puffin: length Descerrrion.

nineteen inches. Bill an inch and three quarters in length,
the fame in depth at the bafe, and croffed with three furrows :
the colours much as in the common Pufin: the forehead, fides of
the head, and chin, are white: irides yellowifh brown: over
each eye arifes a tuft of feathers four inches or more in length,
which falls elegantly on each fide of the neck, reaching almoft to
the back ; thefe are white as far as they are attached to the head,
but afterwards of a fine buff yellow: the reft of the plumage is
black, paleft on the under parts, and inclining to afh-colour: the
fhafts of the quills are white: tail very fhort, confifting of fix-
teen feathers: legs of a brownifh orange: claws black.

The female {carcely differs, except in being lefs * ; the bill croffed
only with two furrows, inftead of three; and the tuft {maller.

This fpecies is found at Kamt/chatka, and the neighbouring — Prace awn
iflands. Our laft voyagers firft met with it a little to the fouth MHOSSPSIESS,
of Cape Hermogenes, and after that daily, fometimes in large
flocks}. Pallas { remarks, that the Kamé/chatkan girls imitate
the tufts of thefe birds, which nature has fupplied them with, by
placing a fimilar ftrip of the white fkin of the Glutton behind
each ear, hanging down behind by way of ornament; and isa
well-received prefent from a lover to his miftre/s. The bills both

* Some of thefe which we have feen meafured only fourteen inches and a half.

+ Cook’s laf Voy. vol. iis ps 411. t Spic. Zool,
Vou. ill. Sins of

314

3:
«- PUFFIN A.

DEscRIPTION.

A UK:

of this and the common Puffin were formerly held by the natives
as a charm, and worn by the priefts as amu/ets; indeed at the
prefent thefe have been feen fixed round their head-dreffes, but
fuppofed now to be only efteemed as mere ornaments: the
fkins are however made ufe of for cloathing, being fewed toge-
ther. It is called in Kamt/chatka, Muechagatka; and in Ofchotka,
Igilma*, The manners of this coincide with the laft, and like
that it burrows under ground, lining the neft with feathers and
fea-plants. Lays one white egg, the end of May or beginning of
Fune, which alone is thought fit to be eaten, the flefh of the bird
itfelf being infipid and hard. It feeds on crabs, fhrimps, and
Joell-fifo, which laft it forces from the rocks with its ftrong bill f.

Alca Arica, Lin. Syft.i. pe 2116 4.—Faun. Suec. N° 141.—Brun. N° 103.
—Muller, N° 140.—Frifch, te 192+

Le Macareux, Brif- Ora. vi. p. 81. ple 6. fig. 2-—Buf. Oi/. ix. p. 358
pl. 26.—P/. Exl. 275

Ipatka, Hift. Kamt/. p- 153.

Puflin, Raii Syn. p. 120. A. 5.—Will. Oru. p. 325. pl. 65.—Hif?. Groenl. ii.
pl. 1.—Albia, ii. ple 78, 79.-—Edw. pl. 358. fig. 1.—Br. Zool. ii.
N° 232.—<4r&. Zool. N° 427.—Tour in Wales, pl. 20.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

IZE of a Zeal: length twelve inches: breadth twenty-one:
weight twelve ounces. The bill is an inch and a quarter
long, and of a fingular fhape, much compreffed on the fides, and
near an inch and a half deep at the bafe; from whence both
mandibles tend to a point, which is a little curved; acrofs the
upper are four oblique furrows ; on the under three: half of the

* Hift, Kamt/ch. p. 183. + Ar&. Zool.
bill

A U K.

bill next the point is red; that next the bafe blue grey; and at
the bafe is a fort of rifing cere, full of minute holes: the noftrils
are a long and narrow flit on each fide, near the edge of the upper
mandible, and parallel to it: the irides are grey: the edges of
the eye-lids crimfon; on the upper, a callous protuberance, tri-
angular in fhape; on the under, an oblong one of the fame tex-
ture: the top of the head, hind part of the neck, and all the
upper parts of the plumage, are black, pafling round the throat
in a collar: the fides of the head, chin, and all the parts beneath,
are of the pureft white: the legs are orange: in fome birds there
is a great portion of a dufky mixture on the cheeks, and a patch
of the fame on each fide of the under jaw.

Male and female much alike.

They vary exceedingly, in regard to the bill, according to their
age: in the firft year it is fmall, weak, deftitute of any furrow,
and of a dufky colour: in the fecond, larger, ftronger, and lighter
coloured, with a faint veftige of a furrow at the bafe; but thofe
of more advanced years are of vivid colours, and great ftrength :
hence thefe birds are fuppofed not to be perfect, or at leaft not
to breed, till the third year, efpecially as not a fingle one has
ever been obferved at Prieftholm which had not the bill of an
uniform growth *,

This fpecies frequents feveral parts of the coafts of England; a
few about the rocks at Dover, and the neighbourhood; great
numbers about the Need/es, in the [le of Wight, Beachy Head, and
other parts; but no where in fuch plenty as at Priefholm Tle,
where they are feen in flocks innumerable. They come to that

* See Tour in Wales, p. 252 ; and figures of the different growths of the 4///in
pl. 20.—Compare the Aca Deleta of Brunnich and Muller—Pall. Spic. ii. p. 22-
Sa! 6 place

315

Prace AND
Manners.

A U K.

place from the sth to the roth of April; but quit the place
again, and return, twice or thrice before they fettle to burrow,
which they do the firft week in May, when many of them dif-
lodge the Raddits from their holes, by which they fave themfelves
the trouble of forming one of their own: in the laft cafe, they are
fo intent on what they are about, as to fuffer themfelves to be
taken by the hand. It has been obferved that this tafk falls
chiefly to the fhare of the males, and that thefe laft alfo affift
in incubation: this has been proved on diffection. The female
lays one white egg: the young are hatched the beginning of July:
and about the eleventh of Auguf they all go off, to a fingle bird,
and fo completely as to defert the young ones that are late
hatched ; leaving them a prey to the Peregrine Falcon, who watches
at the mouth of the holes for them as they, through hunger, are
compelled to come out. Notwithftanding the neglect of the
young at this time, no bird is more attentive to them in general,
as they will fuffer themfelves to be taken by the hand, and ufe
every means of defence in their power to fave them; and, if laid
hold of by the wings, will give themfelves moft cruel bites on
any part of the body they can reach, as if actuated by defpair ;
and when releafed, inftead of flying away, will often hurry again
into the burrow to their young*.

The food of thefe birds is /prats, the fmaller kind of crabs,
and fea-weeds: they are exceflively rank, yet the young are pre-
ferved with fpices, and pickled, and by fome people much ad-
mired +.

* Ar&. Zool.

+ Are potted at St. Kilda and elfewhere, and fent to London as rarities. The

bones are taken out, and the flefh wrapped in the fkin ; are eaten with vinegar,
and taflé like baked Herring.
They

A U K.

They are alfo common in Jreland; on the ifland Skerries, three
leagues N. N. W. of Holyhead ; and in the S. Stack, near Holy-
head, they breed in plenty*. Inhabit Iceland and Greenland; and
breed in the extreme part of the iflands, efpecially on the weft
part of Di/co, and the ifland Orpik/auk. Found in the Ferree ifles,
and there called Lunda. In the Farn Ifles called Coulter-nebd, from
the fhape of the bill: it goes alfo by various other names; fuch
as Guldenbead, Bottle-nofe, and Helegug, in Wales; at Scarborough
Mullet ; and Cornwall, Pope +. !

In America are {aid to frequent Carolina in winter; and have
been met with in Sandwich Sound by our late voyagers: the na-
tives ornament the fore parts and collar of their Seal-/Rin jackets
with the beaks of them; and thofe of doonalafbka wear gowns of
their fkins, along with thofe of other birds.

On the coaft of Kamt/chatka and the Kuril/cbi iflands they are
common, even on the Pen/chinfki Bay, almoft as far as Ochotka:
the nations of the two firft wear the bills about their necks.
fattened to ftraps; and, according to the fuperftition of thefe
people, their Shaman or Prief mutt put them on with a proper
ceremony, in order to procure good fortune f.

FL ENGTH fixteen inches. The bill two inches long, much
of the fame colour with the laft, but not fo deep at the
bafe: crown of the head, as far as the nape, afh-colour: fides of

* <¢ Which come in a furprifing manner, in a flock, in the compafs of a night ;
and, when their feafon comes, depart in the fame manner.”—J74/. topog. Brit.
N° Io. p. Io.

+ Will. Ora i Ai. Kamtfch.

6. : che

ie}
~
“I

3°
Var. A.

DescRIPTIONs

PLACE

4.
LABRADOR A.

DEscRIPTION:

PLACE.

A U K.

the head white: throat, neck, and all the upper parts of the
body, wings, and tail, black: breaft and under parts white: legs
orange. :

The other fex has the bill more flender: the crown of the
head brown black: fides of the head white, paffing backwards
almoft to the nape: thighs afh-coloured: the reft as in the laft-
defcribed.

This was met with at Bird [/land, between Afa and America.

In the collection of Sir Fo/eph Banks.

Labrador Auk, 4r&. Zool. N° 428.
Br. My.

IZE of the Puffin: length near twelve inches. The bill near
an inch and a quarter in length, much carinated at top, a little
convex, but more narrow than in any of the 4vk genus; the up-
per mandible is dufky red; the lower whitifh, marked with a
black fpot, and has an angle as in the Gu//: place of the noftrils
covered with a dufky fkin; the noftrils themfelves a flit near
the edge: all the upper parts of the plumage are black: the
fides of the head dufky white: throat dufky: the under parts
white: wings and tail dufky; the laft very fhort: legs red.
A fpecimen of this is in the Briti/a Mu/feum, fuppofed to come
from the coaft of Labrador.

Alca

A U K.

Alca torda, Lin. Syf. 1. p. 210. 1.—Faun. Suec. N° 139.—Scop. Aun. i.
N° 94.—Brun. N° 100.—Muller, p. 16.

Le Pingoin, Brif. Orn. vi. p. 89. 2. pl. 8. fig. 1.—Buf. Oi. ix. p. 390.
pl. 27-—P/. Enl. 1003. 1004.

Razor-bill, Auk, or Murre, Raii Syn. p. 119. As 3.—Will. Ora. p. 323+
pl. 64 —Albin, 3. pl. g5.—Edw. pl. 353. fig. 2.-—Br. Zool. ii
N° 230. pl. 82.—Ard. Zool. N° 425.

Br. Muf. Lev. Muf.

ENGTH eighteen inches: breadth twenty-feven. Bill two

inches long, black, curved at the point; the feathers coming
greatly forwards at the bafe, and croffed with four tranfverfe grooves,
one of which is white, forming an oblique band on both mandi-
bles: infide of the mouth yellow: from the bafe of the forehead
to the eye a narrow line of white: the reft of the head, chins
throat, back part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, black : un-
der parts from the breaft white: the greater wing coverts tipped
with white, forming a band on the wings: legs black.

Thefe birds, like the Auk, recognife their old breeding-places
before they fettle thereon to breed: appear firft the beginning of
February, but do not fettle on their breeding-places with an in-
tent to lay till the beginning of May, when they are met with
on moft of the high craggy coafts of England; where our mer-
cilefs fhooters go to try the ufe of the gun, too frequently leaving
many hundreds of thefe andthe Guillemots, after being maimed,
to die by flow degrees at the foot of the rocks; for they are fo
ftupid as to fuffer themfelves to be fhot at one after another.
They are called by fome, Parrot-billed Willocks ; and lay one egg
en the bare rock, which they fo fix by cement” to the furface,

*® See Ar&. Zool. p. Glo.

319

5.
+ RAZOR-BILL,

Description,

Prace AND
Manners.

6.
+ BLACK-BIL-
LED A.

DescriPrron,

A U K.

,

that it refts fecure from rolling off, yet if difturbed by human
hand can never be replaced with certainty: if this be taken away
it will lay another, and even a third, fhould the fecond be alfo
taken. The colour of the egg is dufky white, marked with many
irregular blackith fpots.

Thefe eggs the natives are fond of, and run the greateft rifk
in procuring them, being lowered frem above by ropes. Some-
times two perfons, having a rope tied to each of their middles,
the one takes faft hold, while the other lowers himfelf as conve-
nience ferves; but the weight of the lower one fometimes exceed-
ing the uncertain hold of his companion, they both fall, and pe-
rifh together.

We find thefe birds in the north of Europe, alfo in Iceland,
Greenland, and on the coaft of Ladrador.. In Europe they extend

along the White Sea into the Arctic Afiatic fhores, and from —

thence to Kamt/chatka and the gulph of Ochotka. Is the only one
which reaches the inland Ba/tic; being found there on the Car/s-
zar Ifles, near Gothland, and the ifle of Bondon off Angermania*.

Alca Pica, Lin. Syf. is p. 210. N° 2.—Faun. Groenl. N° 51.
Alca unifulcata, Brun. N° 102,—Muller, N° 138.
Le petit Pingoin, Brif: Orn. vi. p. 92. t. 8. fig. 2.— Buf. Oy, ix. p. 396.
Mergus Bellonii, Utamania dita, Radi Syz. p. 119. 2.—/Will. Ora. p. 324:
pl. 64.
Black-billed Auk, Br. Zool. ii. N? 231.—Ard&. Zool. N° 426.
Br. Muf. Lev. Mu.

HIS weighs eighteen ounces: is in length fifteen inches :
breadth twenty-four. ‘The bill is not above half the breadth

* See Hift. Kamifeh. p. 153.—Ara. Zool.
of

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