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SOU Me tans H ‘ \ 1 on ie enit : ' ‘ ea ey P Noah “ 2 4 , , : ra ys eye iy ed : ’ NS it ath a Hin ah Rie fe 0 7 d Paiangirgl’ act Beany peor iene the y bli Tae Mec iheenarae? ee ce pi eat ia seri Nini ie PesdAroh el tgs 8 tateatie Wand He i eh on ay pie f feel U 4 cr rn 268 08 a eat oe H ed gree ttm i Fle bach oat Ho iPad ees Petes ae oh ve ore rae fees Les es hs Hid poesia ee! GUM nap eerie | pa Dear : a nD Rt * tetas a é ‘ : te Teatanonhe | TENGE Bie i ' 7 ? : fn me ani £ : Laut ‘id Hay dente cl ; a Heim isso eh sian 1 ) ps jer pas GE alien 4): okt fab da cH FM; i j ae : Wate 1) a J A ~ ' ‘ J CUrhi tne *, id hits pbs hae * 4 SAT She ’ et Rimraht WP APAE nny TeDFIAG ha F her 7 ieee ty : els Det tne es er, " ra a mie At ne a ' Lae a ay Tanger ae a nd ta F why iA er he we canite adh fe APE) i one rate a fay ! 4 indie TA eae ot “abe Pe hinuiy ey ene eT ie } Tee . htnciket ts WEST, fl PT Arte oH iy hh ie nuit PY Senet Tepe eat nes Ts? ania th Tea reli k pa Feat} At 4 A bees peny a ar Lh a Ma a8 oh ' ¢ » Ar bi e roy" ‘. » 3 “ eed i ” - onal} ‘ee Sey ey ; pee SL PhS tr il a fasts teas lai Ayld : A cer, ee ee ee Mee iby 62 i pak ‘vate shh eae ae i rout va SNiruass eee ey : f j SR 4 "Y ‘ ’ ied ~ 2 ia ow a ogee RM Rie awa ot SMart b, ae ty DURE hd PR ee gaa ba jf tH Hae sii ; a Pr es eee Bary 0 UL ABR Eh: that aye Heat, cette Fsains sails fib ea El a a: ! ty Dd on oF eA Jee pCO Pan tee” oh Grete ht PA ea fas ain ny vu ve sn ‘ ver ; , Wate i hatien “ aura ‘ ae ee ity eta Bie a nahi hin Cae vat : + ‘si r y sine Nae aay vit | oY ty Come Ohta AS Ue ety Brea vt ey 4 ‘ + Jeu H oe ‘i i Par h en aes 4 non Ties ros Saber vas fe i Hs NBN ines eae ety Ey oh Had tv eaten HVA bP DA, sth deere oh Reh ‘ iin x Ye} ny ay PUT 1h Pit hte +) tel Pa ‘ayticte ha hai | les gare J , 4 vies Oe ar ty Ppa ats kite canes aa Bot ‘i , es : won wrik haha eit ry a" pay bay : 1° s be \: “ fi : ) at Pann Ay) Rien ‘ Nt ded te Lib ‘i oy Beas ba ne Tie | , xT : hi ae \ vir Pha Va (rept pate \j Wath 1 : P ‘ ThA ' j One } 4 : i : j ey nih} tal Hy i, ae nl oH Phy he ie CAL Ff MTD ieUe 44 ve hl) en j hs. b= 7 i ee ' fy ine , ' rt ‘ oy ' BP il. par PINS et die oe ie weds Be ae : a ; y . " fh 7, age ie Chey pihgeae tr Heat, : rey, my oe has viride | M4 "ae ie Aa oe Fb iy & if Fat (i He ak rs , : aa PD a inten Hg ; ar Dal , ‘ i oa he nu) : 4 ‘} Oe re i, Pha Asse ate oa ay ii US PR ve ty cake ' a] 1 a x i AS ‘ 1) x vay Ss % rc Th \\ ticle ‘ye amie | SysvEMaric NATURAL Hisrory Pi com meneced by te late GEORGE SHAW, M.D.E.R.S.&e. WITH PLATES 7 ~ from the first Authorities and most select specimens Bee cal C. She amie : Truganteit. ftw cgpatly VY _ MS GRIFFITH. You.X. Part 1. AVE Sy by JF. St ephens , EARS A # Printed for G Wilke, J.Walker, I&A,Arch, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, ae & Hrown, E. Jeffery, Sherwood,Neeley & Jones, Law& Whittaker, Baldwin, att Cradock & Joy, R. Scholev, J. Black & Son, W. Lowe, J. Booth, R.Fenner . S. Bagster, J.Robinson. Rodwell & Martin, Walker & Edwards, & J. Harper. 1817. ~ | Cn Pa. Lids seta eS Yo = ‘ ; Nags * ea? L eS. —~e¥S 26-)-O GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME X.——PART I. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR G, WILKIE; J. WALKER; J. AND &. ARCH; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; E. JEFFERY ; SHERWOOD, NEELEY, AND JONES; LAW AND WHITTAKER}; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; R. SCHOLEY; J. BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH; R. FENNER; S. BAGSTER; J. ROBINSON; RODWELL AND MARTIN; WALKER AND EDWARDS; AND J. HARPER. 1817. Pea MAG a oe es 4 f “ eae , yf pie aca ex pale ie "e fs es . Lax Reeap nore: anhowaatatn eerie tieg 4 ; ‘ ti ty # ‘ OCS ANC toe Pike *. Ee ieeunis.s samenenion heeprenrenpeere * ore ie i » i a WW : eRe SS Fn FS nt ie Pa EL Be We READ, 6 > CE 4 = - @ / ‘ $ t " yi Ys a ret 4 Tie * Ry ». ¥ a eh vin. & Rs a ais ay 4 3 es ae a rh . i 3 ; sy * , « vi . i ~ : FE oi * ; BE ., ; oo 5 a2 [ 2 i es Eves ae yes ie Riu ve Pd ret armen be: hd Y # ‘i Le EY ih, my a2 5 . ‘ a ai at a) . oy ROA Eek CEVLR O07 SR i 2 Re CORD OAK! The as: Ad -paswat } ae L p¥adenoR 8. VOU ee * i es 2 ‘ ard & Rik yee Ait 2 SAAR GO ARAL eee r * i : rl ha! \ en ; ’ " 4 Os A 4 % INDEX TO VOL. X.—PART I. A quarinis CIN- CLUS. Mont. p. 313 Butcher haa least. Ed- wards. : .. 68 CAPRIMULGUS . » 140 ——acutus . 168 —___——_—_——— Africanus 157 albicollis 155 —— America- nus eae . 163 America- nus. Wils. .. . . 164 —— Asiaticus 156 — brachyp- terus “- 150 — Brasilia- nus ms *., 16h v.X. PI CaprimuLeus Brasilien- sis. Briss. : ‘p- 162 Brasiliensts major nevius. Briss. 142 Carolinen- SIS fe i - 149 Carolinen- sis. Wils. ; . 150 Cayanus 159 Cayanen- sis. Gmel. 5 - 159 Europeeus 146 forficatus 167 gracilis 145 grandis 142 griseus 161 Guiana 148 Jamaicen- sis . . 144 b Vi CarrimuLsus Indicus p. 158 - macrodip- terus ; - 169 megace- plalus - 141 novee Hol- landize 170 CHAI popetue 164 rufus 163 rufus. Vier. 150 semitor - quatus ‘ - 160 — strigoides 143 torquatus 162 —— Virginia- nus 153 vittatus 152 m—m———— VOCLFEYUS. Wis. i : Cat-bird. Catesby. Chuck-wills-widow, Wits, 151 CINCLUS 312 Europeus . 313 CoLius : ; 1 Capensis 2 Capitis Bone Spet. Briss, . 2 - erythropus.Gmel. 6 Indicus 3 leuconotus . Panayensis . Senegalensis . INDEX. -Cotius Senegalensis cris~ tatus. Briss. « (pes striatus 3 viridis . 4 CoLy 3 1 Cape : ! 2 —— green . 4 —— Indian ‘ ‘ 3 —— Panayan . . 7 —— Senegal . 5 —— striated ‘ 3 ——- white-backed 6 Crow, rock. Pen. » 265 CyPsELuUS 7 Cayanensis . 75 melba 74 Sinensis 74 vulgaris 72, Daw, blue and green. Ed- wards. |. 4 - 247 ; | Ficedula Carolinensis cine- rea. Briss. : Pune Pensylvanica auro- capilla. Briss. 199 Flycatcher, Cat, Lath. 272 GLAREOLA ie hes —_—— Austriaca 136 —— neevia - 139 : Senegalensis 138 INDEX. Vil GOATSUCKER . p. 140 American 163 banded 152 Bombay . 156 Bombay. Lath. . oi 157 Brasilian . 161 Carolina 149 — crested . 170 European 146 fork-tailed 167 gold-collar- ed ‘ ‘ ~ 162 ——eracile . 145 ——- ereat 142 great-headed , 141 grey ~~ 161 Guiana 148 Jamaica . 144. Indian 158 Leona 169 long-winged. Wils. ; - 164 nocturnal, Pets : - 146 ——_—_———. Popetue . 164 —_—. rufous - 163 sharp-tailed 7 168 — -- short-winged 150 ———~ strigoid 143 Virginia . 153 white-collar- ed : ; - 160 —— white-neck- ed ; ? - 159 GOATSUCKER, white- throated p. 155 Hirunpbo ‘ wae 7 acuta - 131 ————— alba. Briss. 84 ah alpestris. Pall. Q5 ——s ambrosiaca 100 Americana. Briss. , 122 ———— Americana. Gmel., : 127 Americana.Wils. 88 apos Carolinen- sis, Briss, : . 4108 apos Dominicen- sis. Briss. i - 98 — Aoonalaschken- — sis, Lath, ‘ 117 ~apus. lin. . = 72 ————— bicolor 105 bicolor. Wils. 106 Borbonica . 116 cerulea. Vieil. 108 Capensis . 92 Carolinensis. Briss. : «129 Cayanensis. Briss. ; - 96 Cayunensis, Gmel, ; x eZ5 caudacuta . 133 chalybea . 96 110 ———-—— cristata - @4 Dauurica . 95 domestica.Briss, 84 cinerea : i006 Vill INDEX, Hirunvo Dominicensis p.123 || Hrrunpo rufa : p. 88 erythrocephala 128 rufifrons . Ql fasciata 2d rupestris 103 francica 115 rustica 84 ——_—_—— freti Hudsonis. rusticd, sive Briss. : ; - 108 agrestis. Briss. 118 - fuciphaga 111 Savignii - 90 fulva 126 Senegalensis Q3 fusca . 133 | —_ Sinensis.Gmel. 74 gularis 99g || ———— subis. Lin. 108 Javanica .° 101 || —— . Tahitica 125 Indica 127 tapera oA 22 leucogaster 106 torquata . 124 -—_—_-—- leucoptera 120 Velox oe QT ee leucorrhoa 98 || ——-—— violacea. Gmel. 108 major Hispant- Unalaskensis 117 ca. Briss. F Saga urbica 118 - Martinicana. ‘ ‘ Briss. : 131 || Hoopoe-hen. Edwards. 9) — melba. Lin. F4 Ne: _—— montana 102 || Lanius faustus. Lin. 271 ——- nigra 98 infaustus. Gmel. 266 Sone Pacifica eine oe infaustus minor. palustris . 101 Gmel. 266 —- Panayana 95 macrourus. Lin, 5 pelasgia = 128 Peruviana 122 || Loxia coltus, Lin, 2 Perwoiana. Briss. i : 110 || Manacus. Briss. 27 Perwotana ma- alba fronte. jor. Briss. ; - 122 Briss. aide Platensis 126 albo-capillus. Pratincola. Lin. 136 Briss. 24 + +____"purpurea .-. 108 aurantius. ——_——— riparia 104 Briss. . 22 riparia Senega- — aurocapillus. lensis. Briss, Briss. : 22 Manacus cristatus griseus. Briss. e e p. a cristatus niger. Briss. 2 — cristatus ruber, Briss. 2 i — cristatus rufus. Briss. ‘ ; gutture aibo. ——= Briss: p ’ — ruber. Briss. —— rubro-capillus, Briss. : ——— superbus. Pall. torquatus. Briss. MANAKIN : . black and yel- low. Edwards. black-capped —— black-crown- ed ‘ ‘ — black-throat- ed — ‘ A : blue-backed ceerulean ———--—— cinereous ——_————_ collared ——_———— crested. Pen. crimson- throated ‘ ————— crimson- | vented , : —— Desmaretian —— gold-breast- ed : : —- gold-headed ————=——=—= grey : INDEX. 13 14 1] ea i 27 22 15 2) MANAKIN, little a eS long-tailed 15 nt tua miacatototl 34 it enn military 16 orange-bel- hed ; me 33 Papuan 20 aa Peruvian 10 eS Sy Pieicitul 290 —_———-— purple 1] ———--_—. red and black 22 pene uae rock : 9 ——__—_—— speckled 30 cence spotted 32 —— striped-head- ed 29 supercilious 34 —— superb . 14 —————-—- tuneful . 32 —————. white-capped 24 —— white-eared. Lath. 310 ——-——— white-faced 12 ————_—_—— white-fronted 26 ———-— white-headed 25 —— white-throat- ed ‘ . 26 ———— yellow . 11 Martin : . 118 common. Pen. 98 great American. Edwards. : « “108 purple. Catesby. 108 -—— sand : 104, Merula Amboynensis. Briss. A 204 x INDEX. % p- 193 —— Americanacinerea. Merula Americana. Briss. i Briss. : . 283 aquatica. Briss. 313 —— Bengalensis. Briss, ‘ 271 _— Borbonica. Briss. 301 —— Capitis Bone Sper. Briss, pie a2 20 cerulea. Briss. 224 cristata Capttis Bone Speu. Briss. 208 Dominicensts. Briss. ? co OAD _ fusca Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. « 229 Indica. Briss.. 264 ——- Inidica cinerea. Briss. ; 207 Jamaicensis. Briss. i < 229 Madagascariensis. Briss, - 260 Madagascariensis aurea. Briss. 231 — Madagascariensis cinerea. Briss. 236 olivacea Capitis Bone Spe. Briss. . 189 ‘olivacea Domini- censis. Briss. 220 — olivacea Indica. Briss. ai 238 iene OSCHs HESS: «274 ——— saxatilis, Briss. 265 ——— saxatilis minor. 266 Briss. Merula Senegalensis. Briss. : p. 221 ——— solitaria. Briss. | 280. 303 — solitaria Philip- pensis. Briss. . 281 — Surinamensis. Briss. F . 261 — torquata. Briss. 227 — torquata Capitas Bone Spei. Briss. . 25% — viridis Angolensis. Briss. ; . 246 — viridis longicauda . Senegalensis. Briss. 247 Mimus. Briss. rae —— major. Briss. 212 —— varius. Briss. 215 Motacilla aurocapilla. Lin. : - 199 Muscicapa Carolinensis. Lin. a) e 272 —————-—. Virginiana fuse ca. Briss. 4» 0 ee Night Hawk. Wils. 164 wae Jar, Bewick. . 146 Ouzel, Penrith. Pen. 313 eum Water. Pen. Pr he Parus ‘ 336 ——— Afer BF Pa lgete 3 ——-— alpinus x 68 ———— Americanus . 43 Parus amatorius.Gmel. p. — amorosus — ater ——— atricapillus 438 atricapillus. Briss, ——— barbatus, Briss. biarmicus : — bicolor ; ——— ceruleus : ——— Capensis. ; — Carolinensts crista- tus, Briss. deine : ——- caudatus . —-~—— cela : ‘ — coccineus. Gmel. ——-— cristatus ; ——— cyanus” - : Hudsonicus ., ———. Indicus “ ——— ignotus. Gmel. ——— Japonicus ° ——— Konjaescik : eth. Lathan -<. ——— longicaudus. Briss. — macrocephalus ——— major. : ——— Malabaricus . —~-— Narboniensis . — nove Zealandize palustris . ——— palustris, var. Lath, pendulinus : ———— peregrinus . ———— polonicus sive pen- dulinus. Briss. : ——— sabyensis. Gmel. -——— Sibiricus 2 INDEX. X1 42 || Parus Sinensis p. 59 42 Strémei 70 57 || ——— Virginianus . 50 52 57 |i PIPRA : ; 8 62 — albifrons Ame 82 62 || ——-— atricapilla 2 428 65 || ——-— aureola sin 2S 40 || ——-— cerulea ae A8 || ——— Capensis | FSS ——— caudata 15 65 || ————— cinerea 35 59 || ——-~— cristata gow dd 50 || ——-— Desmaretii . 18 AO || —_-—erythrocephala 23 64 || ——-— grisea © a er 39 || ——— gularis sah 7 53 || ———— gutturalls A 46 || ———hemorrhoa . 16 70 || ——— leucocapilla. Gmel. 24 55 || ——--— leucocephala 25 45 || ———— leucocilla ag SDA 44 || ———- leucotis. Gmel. 310 59 || -——-—— manacus 0 DT 51 || ——-— miacatototl 34 37 || ———— militaris « «16 Ag || ——-— minuta ov SE 6s || ———— musica 32 A7 || ———-—— neevia Soe 56 || ———nigricollis © . 21 55 || —-—— Papuensis =. 20 66 || ——-— pareola . 14 46 || ——— pectoralis evict uals ——-— Peruviana «2 UO 66 || ——— Picicitli sue 39 || ———— punctata 380 44 —~ rubetra Pmauie | Xil INDEX. Prera rupicola p- 9 || SWALLow +p. 77 serena . 26 || ——— aculeated 128 ——— striata a 120. ambergris . 100 superba . 14] - American, superciliosa . 34 Catesby. | sD S — torquata ee Aoonalasckan 117 ash-bellied, 110 PRATINCOLE 135 bank. Wils. 104 — Austrian 136 barn . 88 —— collared. - black - 98 Lath. Ao SG black and white 105 —— Coromandel. Brasilian 122 Lath. ; - 136 brown (133 —— Madras. —— brown-collared 124 Lath, ‘ + 136 Canada. Lath. 108 —— Maldivian. Cape »~ 92 Lath. : 136 — chalybeate 96 Senegal 138 chimney. Wils. 129. spotted 139 common . 84 crag : 102 Pye, green, of Ceylon. ———— crested . Q4 — Edwards. 2.53 Dauurian . 95 ————— esculent 111 Robin. Wils. ‘276 fulvous _ . 126 wood, Wils. 179 green-blue 106 , ——grey-rumped 115 Sparrow, solitary. Ed- grey, with white wards. 224 belly. Staunton. 111 Java 101 Shrike, rock. Lath. . 265 marsh . 101 white-wreathed. needle-tailed 131 Lath. . 271 New Holland 132 Otaheite 126 Stare, Ceylonese. Lath. 201 Panayan -.. 95 Peruvian . 122 Sturnus, Cinclus. Lin. 313 purple 108 Zeylanicus.Gmel. 200 = red-fronted gl INDEX. SWALLow, red-headed p, 128 rock - 103 rufous-bellied. Lath, =.,.<88 : rufous-headed 127 rufous-rumped 126 St. Domingo 123 sand 104. Savigny’s 90 ————- sharp-tailed 131 . Senegal 93 —_—__——- swift 07 ———— violet. Lath. 108 wheat 116 — white. Briss. 84 white-bellied 121 white-rumped 98 ————— white-throated 99 white-winged 120 window, Pen, 118 SwiFT Soran’ . Chinese 74. common 72 greatest. Ed- » wards, 75 -white-bellied . 75 . white-collared 75 THRUSH 171 ———— Abyssinian 269 African 229 ————— alarum 306 Amboyna 204 American 193 ———- ant - 808 Aoonalascka 188 ——-—————-<- ash-coloured 207 & Kill TurusH, ash-headed p, 226 —————- ash-rumped 264 ———--—-—-_ Asiatic 239 mae ———— Harred-tail 209 sree bay 241 ———— black and scar- let : , 273 —— black-bird 225 black-breasted 285 black-browed 206 black-cheeked 231 ————- black-chinned 286 black-crested 311 ——-—— black-crowned 297 Sea black-eyed 295 —. black-faced 202 —. black-headed 268 ——- black-necked 288 ———— black-throated 294 eacees black-winged 308 — blue . ‘224 ou blue-headed 234 ————- Bourbon 301 —— Brasilian 216 brown 177 brown, Indian. Edwards. 271 brownish . 182 brunet 216 buff-winged 279 Cape 298 aed cat 272 Cayenne 190 Ceylon 253 Ceylon, Lath. 254 ae Chanting 205 Chili 233 chiming 270 X1V INDEX. Turusu, Chinese p- 218 | Turusy, long-billed p. 302 cinerascent 2/1 | —— long-tailed 267 cinereous 936 || ————- lunulated 106 ——————— crescent 289 || ———— Madagascar 260 ——_-——— crying 271 || ——-—— Malabar 305 —_——— dark 203 || ———— margined 195 ——-———. dilute 208 || ——-——— Mauritian . 256 a Dominican 262 | —— maxillary . 206 — Duama 194 || ———— mimic. Catesby. 212 a dubious . 204 || ———— Mindanao . 250 ——_—— Ethiopian 232 || -—— minute 242 — ferruginous 191 || ———— Missel = 2 — Fieldfare . 186 mocking . 212 ——-——- fly-catching 296 mocking, lesser. — fox-coloured. Edwards. : 212 Pen. ; ROL musician 982 frivolous . 269 New Holland 290 —— fuscous 176° New York 198 es engi 262 _ New Zealand 219 —— gilded ‘ 248 |= DUR 293 eA glossy D247 olive » 189 golden-crown- —_—— orange-headed. ed - 199 Lath. mag 1) ———+ green . 249 orange-bel- —— , grey AT lied “7 . 254 — Guiana rs ves Pacific . 278 — guttural . 256 Pagoda . 804 — harmonic . 217 pale 208 ——-—— hermit 281 palm 244 — hermit. Wils. 177 pensive . 280 -—_——— Hispaniola 220 Philippine 223 ———— hoary-crown- pigeon 245 ed : 206 Port Jackson 193 o— Hudsonian 259 prasine 2 "236 = Indian 238 punctated . 202 ——-——. Jamaica . 179 || ———— reed ‘209 —~-—— Labrador 250 |} red-breasted 276 —__——- red-legged 283 Se FETS little 177 TuHrusH, red-necked p, 278 red-tailed red-wing restless - ring rock rock, lesser rose-coloured rufous rufous-rump- rufous-winged Lath. Sandwich Senegal shining rufous-tailed St. Domingo. short-winged - solitary song songster sooty sordid ——— speckled spectacle splendent spotted ————— Surat / Surinam tawny Theuca ——— thick-billed — Tripoli varied. Pen, ————. violet ewes volatile INDEX. Turusu, Warbler p- 300 | water 183 |} ——-—— Whidah 203 white-backed 227 || -—————— white-browed 205 white-browed, 266 var. Lath. 274. white-chinned 219 —— white-chinned. Lath. ; : 201 white-eared 300 || ————- white-fronted 280 || ————— white-headed ————. white-rumped 212 || ——-—— white-tailed 202 wood 221 || ——-—— yellow 246 || —— yellow-bellied 221 — yellow-bellied, 303 Lath. : 174. — yellow-breast- 257 ed ; : : 195 — yellow-crown- 238 ed : 307 — yellow-fronted 235 246 || TitTMousE 192 — alpine 287 — amorous 261: azure 181 — bearded 215 || ————— black-breasted 222 — black-capt. 201 Wils. 192 || ————-— blue . 251 ||} ————— Canada : 290 || ~——--— Cape 197 185 258 284 233 263 229 193 310 210 258 243 230 179 255 240 217 237, 200 252 36 69 42 39 62 54 “52 40 52. 48 XV1 INDEX. Titmouse, Chinese p. 59 || Turpusalapi . p.284— Cole Pe eee | albifrons 210 ————- creeping . 43 —— Amboinensis 204. ——=—— crested » 64 || ———— Americanus 193 crested. Wils. 65 Aoonalaschke 188 crimson-rump- aquaticus . 185° ed ; RAG arada . 282 gold-headed, arcuatus . 289 black. Edwards. 23 arundinaceus 200: great soo 7, Asiaticus 239 —-—— great-headed 51 ater. Gmel. 294 Guiana 50 atricapillus 268 ———— Hudson's Bay 53 aurantius, Gmel, 229 Japan 55 aurantius var. | — Indian ie: 9) Gmel. : 193 — Knjaescik 45 auratus 248 — Languedoc 68 auritus 310 — Latham’s 44 aurocapillus 199 — long-tailed 59 Australis 219 ———-— Malabar 49 badius - . 198 —_—-— marsh 7 66 bambla - 308 mountain: Albin. 06 Barbaricus 188 ——— New Zealand 47 bicolor 243 ——— Norway he Borbonicus . 301 —~——— penduline . 66 Boubil 205 ——__——_—— Siberian 44 brachypterus 221 Stromian. Pen. 70 Brasiliensis 216 toupet oenOS Cafer 208 — Virginian . 650 Campanella 270 Canadensis, Tringa fusca. Lin. . 138 Briss. 276 canorus ama TuRpvus ; Az cantans, Gmel, 282 Abyssinianus . 260 cantor ee OT geneus. - «247 Capensis 216 fEthiopicus . 232 Carolinensis. Africanus 195 Briss. “i . gt INDEX. Turvvus Cayanensis. Gmel. p. 190 Cayanus 190 —— chrysogaster 254 —— cinclus. Lin. 313 cinereus 207 ——— cinnamomeus 285 — cirrhatus 311 _eitrinus. Lath. 253 Cochinsinensis 286 Coluca «2201 columbinus . 245 coraya ~ 299 =crassirostris . 222 cureus 233 cyanocephalus 234 cyanus - 224 dilutus . 208 - Dominicanus 262 Dominicensis.Lin, 212 Duama 104 dubius » 204 eremita é~ 9281 erythropterus | 280 felivox 272 flavus ae 255 — flavifrons - 252 formicivorus 308 frivolus 260 —— fuliginosus 195 fuscatus rstpenn WA 8) fuscescens 182 ——— fuscipes 279 fuscus. Gmel, 177 gilvus 7 O1t ——— Ginginianus . 262 XVil TURDUS griseus p. 241 Guianensis 178 gularis. Lath. 313 gutturalis ~ 250 harmonicus D7 Hispaniolensis 220 Hudsonicus . 259 Jamaicensis . 179 iliacus . 183 — iliacus Carolinen- sis. Briss, ; on 197 -———--— _Indicus 238 ——— infaustus 205 inquietus . 263 ——— jugularis - 204 Labradorus 250 ——— leucocephalus 258 —— leucogaster . 258 leucogenus 229 ——— leucophrys, Lath. 263 ———- leucotis 206 ——-— leucurus— 230 ——— lineatus 307 lividus. Wils. 272, -— longirostris . 302 lunulatus 196 ———— macrourus Ver Madagascariensis 260 major. Briss. 172 Malabaricus . 305 Malabaricus. Gmel. : - * 252 — -— Manillensis 280 ane Mauritianus 256 maxillaris — . 206 ———<~- melanophrys . 206 XVILi Turpus melanopis. | ~—Gmel, ty p. ———-— melanops ——— mellinus F ——-— melodes ‘ ——— Merula ; migratorius . ———— Mindanensis minor : ——— minor. Briss. ——— minutus OR ——— monacha ‘ ————~ Morio ——— Motacilla ——— Muscicola ; ——— musicus A ——— mustelinus é ——— mustelinus. Wils. ——=— Nevius : — nigerrimus. Gmel, — nigricollis : ——— nitens F — nitens var. Lath. ——— Noveboracensis ——-— nove Hollandiz — obscurus — ochrocephalus olivaceus : am Orientalis j ———-— orpheus orpheus var. Gmel. - Ourovang ; —me—= Pacificus % ——— Pagodarum . ——— pallidus . ——— Palmarum ‘ INDEX. 202 205 240 179 225 276 250 177 174 242 203 220 197 206 174 181 182 192 231 288 246 246 198 2900 203 200 189 264. 212 215 236 278 304 208 244, TuRDUS pectoralis p- 237 ———— perspicillatus 235 ——-— Philippensis 223 ——— Phcenicurus . 300 ——— pilaris. . 186 — pilaris leucocepha- lus. Briss. . + . 186 —— pilaris n@vius. Briss. #2 0% “. 186 ——-— plumbeus ot 289 ——— poliocephalus 226 ——— polyglotius. Lin. 212 ——— prasinus *. 236 ——-—- punctatus 202 } ——--—— roseus \tey 274 ——— ruficauda . 3800 ruficollis 278 ——— rufifrons 219 mame TUfus ° 191 ——— Sandvicensis . 202 ——— Saui-jala 231 ——am—— Saxatilis . 266 ——— saxatilis. Gmel. 205 ——— Seleucis. Gmel, 274 ——— Senegalensis 221 ——_——- Shanhu . 202 ——— Sibiricus ~ 233 ———. Sinensis 218 ——~— solitarius - 803 ——— solitarius. Wils. 177 ——-— sordidus . 238 ——— speciosus 273 - splendens - 246 ——— Suratensis once Surinamus 261 —_—— tenebrosus - 207 ‘Turpus Thenca tinniens tintinabulus, Gmel. torquatus Tripolitanus violaceus virescens viridis. Gmel. INDEX, 9. X1X p. 215 306 270 227 201 251 240 240 TuRDUvs viscivorus _p. 172 volitans - 290 Ulietensis . 241 Zeylonus . 253 WATEROUZEL . pol? European 313 Whip-poor-Will, Wils. 164 Directions for placing the Plates in Vol. X. Part I. The Vignette represents the Splendent Thrush about one sixth the natural size: it is described in page 246. Plate to face page ee 2 | Plate 16 7 17 16 | 18 29 19 5i “ 20 57 21 62 22 72 | 23 84 || 24. 92 25 104 26 111 | 27 120 28 127 29 131 | to face page 136 © 152 146 186 212 227 230 235 244 267 274 286 204. 31a” ‘The Waterouzel, by mistake figured 30, should be placed as No. 29. oi PRS. PASSERES. COLTS. = OLY. . Generic Character. | Rostrum basi crassum, supra || Beak thickened at the base, convexum, subtus planius- above convex, beneath culum, integrum, apice strait and entire, tip of the deflexum. upper mandible curved downwards. Nares parv ad basin pennis || Nostrils small, placed at the subtectz. ; base of the beak, and near- ly hid by the feathers. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Feet simple, with three toes anticis, ad imum fissis, before, divided to their ori- uno postico versatilo. gin, and one behind, capa- | ble of being moved for- wards, Cauda cuneiformi, longa. Tail wedge-shaped and long. \ E are utterly ignorant respecting the habits of the birds comprehended in this genus, of which _ Linnzus knew but two; one of which he placea YE. P. I, 1 9 CAPE COLY. with Lanius, the other with Loxia: Brisson was the first that formed them into a distinct genus, in which he has been followed by subsequent writers. They are remarkable for being able to place the hind toe either backwards or forwards at pleasure. « CAPE COLY. _ (Colius capensis.) Co. rectricibus extimis externe albis, corpore cinereo subtus albido. Coly, with the outer edges of the exterior tail-feathers white body cinereous, beneath whitish. - Colius capensis. Gymel. Syst. Nat. 1. 842.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 1. 368.' 1. ° Loxia colius. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 301. 12. Colius Cap. Bon. Sp. Briss. 3. p. 304.1. t. 16. fr 2. Le Coliou du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. 0is.4s 404.—Buff, Pl. Enl. 282. f. 1. | Cape Coly. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 100. 1. Tuts species, which inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, is above ten inches in length: its beakis grey, with a black tip: head and neck reddish ash-colour: upper parts of the body ash-colour: breast pur- plish ;. under parts dirty white: under wing-coverts dusky black: upper tail-coverts purplish chesnut : tail wedge-shaped, and ash-coloured, the exterior feather white on the outer edge: legs grey: claws blackish ; size of a Chaffinch. psi tod 8% Ni ie nee UE “Lig ‘ y RY aR * CAPE COLY. RADIATED COLY. (Colius striatus.) Co. griseo-rufescens, subtus fusco transversim striatus, pectore griseo-rufo, abdomine rufo ; cauda viridt. Reddish-grey Coly, beneath transversely striated with fuscous ; with a rufous-grey breast, rufous abdomen, and green tail. Colius striatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 843.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 1. 369. 4. Le Coliou rayé. | Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 405. Radiated Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 102. 4. Tue radiated Coly is in length thirteen inches : beak above black, beneath whitish: upper parts of the plumage of a blossom-coloured grey: breast rufous grey, bellyrufous ; both striped transversely with brown: rump and tail-coverts inclining to grey: tail greenish, and very much wedge-shaped ; the two middle feathers being nearly nine inches in length. Found at the Cape of Good Hope. INDIAN COLY. (Colius indicus.) Co. cinereus subtus rufus, sincipite gulaque flavis, loris orbitisque nudis flavis. — Ash-coloured Coly, beneath rufous ; with the forehead and throat — yellow ; the lores and orbits naked and yellow. Colius indicus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 370. 7. Indian Coly. Lath. Syn. Sup. 147.7. 4 GREEN COLY. Turs species is above fourteen inches in length: the beak is black, with its base, and orbits of the _eyes, reddish yellow: crown of the head, and hind part of the neck, ash-coloured grey: forehead, chin, and lores, yellow : under part of the body pale ru- fous: back, wings, and tail, lead-coloured; the latter wedge-shaped and seven inches in length: legs red: claws black. Inhabits India. : PT EL OT ELE IS oe oe Ea EES GREEN COLY. (Colius viridis. ) Co. viridis nitens, sincipite palpebrisque, nigro-sericeis, remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus, Shining-green Coly, with the sinciput and eyelids silky black, _ quills and tail-feathers dusky. : Colius viridis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 369. 6. Green Coly. Lath. Syn. Sup. 147. Tas bird was communicated to Dr. Latham by Mr. Pennant. It is a native of New Holland, and is the size of the Redwing Thrush: its beak is black: forehead, and orbits of the eyes, covered with black, shining, velvety feathers: the entire plumage of a fine glossy green: quills and tail dusky; the latter wedge-shaped, and seven inches and a half in length; length above a foot, (. . WS} SENEGAL COLY. (Colius senegalensis.) Co. VINACEO-LTISESCENS, cauda cerulescente, es o puage occi« pite viridi nitente, Vinaceous-grey Coly, with a blue tail, crested head, and shining green occiput. Colius senegalensis. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 842.—Lath. Ind. Orn. eT, SOB: ON | ~ Lanius macrourus. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1. 134. 5. Colius senegalensis cristatus. Bris. 3. 300. 2. t. 16. f. 3.- Coliou huppé du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.4. 404. t. 18.— Buff. Pl. Ent, 282. f. 2. ' Senegal Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 101, 2. Lenetu twelve and a half inches: beak grey, with a black tip: head, neck, and breast, tinged with purplish; the feathers on the top, and hind parts of the former, green, and formed into a crest: rest of the upper parts pale grey: quills and tail grey brown, the latter inclining to blue: middle tail-feathers above eight inches in length; outer ones scarcely an inch, Native of Senegal. WHITE-BACKED COLY. (Colius leuconotus. ) Co. cristatus cinereus, subtus albus, dorso infimo uropygioque case taneo-purpureis, medio vitta longitudinali aiba. 3 Crested grey Coly, beneath white, with the lower part of the back and rump chesnut purple, with a longegEe white fas- cia in the middle. Colius erythropus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 842.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 369. 3. _White-backed Coly. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3.101. t. Al. THis species, which is figured and described by Dr. Latham, 1 is said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope: it is in length twelve inches: beak white, the upper mandible a pat with black : head ornamented with a large crest of a dusky brown colour: prevailing Beloit of the plumage above blueish ash; beneath, dirty white: lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, purple, with a white fascia running down the middle: vent white: tail long, and cuneiform ; the shafts chesnut: two outer feathers an inch and a half in length, and white on the exterior edge: legs red: claws dusky. MS iy, \ ven taAwe PANAYAN COLY. PANAYAN COLY. * (Colius panayensis.) Co. griseo-cinereus, capite cristato, pectore striis OL ak 2 nigris, abdomine caudaque rufis. Greyish ash-coloured Coly, with the head erecicd: the breast transversely striated with black ; abdomen and tail rufous. Colius Panayensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 843.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 369, 5 : Le Coliou de l’isle de Panay. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 406.—Son- ner. Voy. Ind. 3416. t. 740 ~ Panayan Coly. Lath..Gen. Syn. 3. 103. 5. Native of Panay: beak black: head greatly crested, and with the neck and upper parts of the body ash-coloured, with a-tinge of yellow: breast the same, but fasciated with transverse black lines: lower part of the belly and tail rufous; the latter cuneiform: legs flesh- colar. : PIPRA. MANAKIN. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, validum, basi || Beak short, strong, with the subtrigonum, apice subin- || . base somewhat triangular, curvum. || > and the point slightly curv- ed. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Feet simple, with three toes anticis*, uno postico. _before, and one behind. Ungues curvati, sepius com- || Nails curved, and generally pressi. | compressed. : Cauda brevis. — Tail short. - Tue birds included in this genus are noted for the brilliancy of their colours, and are very active, rarely continuing in the same attitude long: their flight is short, but quick: they frequent woods, assembling in flocks, and many of them sing de- lightfully : some species are said to build in hollows, composing their nests of very coarse materials. The Pipre at first sight greatly resemble the birds of the following genus (Parus), in which they were formerly placed by Linneus, but may be distinguished by their having the middle and outer toes connected at the base, which the Pari have. ) not. * Medio cum exteriore ad basin saltem connexo. & Head furnished with a flattened semicircular crest. ROCK MANAKIN. (Pipra rupicola. ) Pr. crista erecta margine purpurea, corpore croceo, nearer rec- tricum truncaits. Manakin with an erect crest with a purplish margin, saffron- coloured body, and truncated tail-coverts, Pipra rupicola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 338. 1.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 998.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 554. 1. Coq-de-roche, Briss. 4, 437. t.34.f. 1—Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 4, 432. f: 20.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 39. male. 747. female. Hoopoe Hen, Edwards. 264, (caput. ) | Crested Manakin, Pen. Gen. Birds. 64. f. 10. Rock Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.518. 1. Tue Crested or Rock Manakin is the size of a middle-sized Pigeon; being about a foot in length: beak yellowish; above an inch long: head with a flattened semicircular crest: pre- vailing colour of the plumage safiron-orange : quills part white, part brown; their coverts loose and fringed: upper tail-coverts long, slightly webbed, and truncated at the end: base of the ten inner tail-feathers orange, tips brown; outer feathers orange on the inner web at the base, the other part brown; all the feathers margined with orange: legs, and claws, yellow: female entirely brown, except the wing-coverts, which are rufous orange: slightly crested: young bird of a yel- lowish brown colour, or grey. ‘This elegant species is found in many parts of 10 _ PERUVIAN MANAKIN, South America in rocky situations, and builds its nest, in dark sequestered recesses, of dry bits of stick, laying two round white eggs: it is a shy bird. The female is said by Salerne to assume the plumage of the male in the ensuing moult after having ceased to lay, in the same manner as many of the gallinaceous kinds are known to do: both sexes are said to be a year belgre they arrive at their full plumage. PERUVIAN MANAKIN. (Pipra peruviana.) Pr. corpore croceo-rubro, tectricibus alarum mayortbus cinerets, remigibus caudaque nigris, tectricibus rectricum non truncatis. Manakin with a reddish saffron-coloured body ; the greater wing- coverts ash-coloured ; quills and tail black, the coverts of the latter not truncated. Pipra peruviana, Lath. Ind, Orn. 2, 555. 2. ; Le Goq-de-roche de Perou. Buff, Hist. Nat. Otis. 4. 437.— Buff. Pl, Enl. 745. Peruvian Manakin. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 519. 1. A. ‘Tuis species is rather larger than the preceding, which it very much resembles: its head is crested, but the crest is not so well defined: its prevailing colour has more inclination to red: secondary wing-coverts, and rump, cinereous: wings and tail black; the upper coverts of the latter not trun- cated at the tips, and of the former not fringed: in other respects it agrees with it. According to Buffon, it is a native of Peru. 1] Head without the semicircular crest. YELLOW MANAKIN. (Pipra rubetra.) Pr. crista lutea, corpore testaceo, remigibus rectricibusque testas Ce1S. , Manakin with a yellow crest, testaceous body, wings, and tail- feathers. . Pipra rubetra. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.339. 4.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1000.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 559. 17. Manacus cristatus rufus. Briss.4. 461. 11. Rubetra, ou Oiseau d’Amérique huppé. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ouzs. 4, 425. Yellow Manakin. Lath, Gen, Syn. 4. 529. 15. Tue Yellow Manakin inhabits Brasil and Cay- enne: it is in length four inches and a quarter : beak half an inch, and yellow: head with a yel- low crest: throat brown: prevailing colour of the plumage yellowish: quills and tail bright blue. PURPLE MANAKIN. ( Pipra cristata. ) Pi. crista lutea, corpore purpureo, cauda rubra. Manakin with a yellow crest, purple body, and red tail. Pipra cristata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 3—Gmel. S; ae Nat. 1. 999.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 559. 15. Manacus cristatus ruber, Briss. 4, 462. 12. Purple Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 528. 14. 19 WHITE-FACED MANAKIN. Lenetu three and a half frees: beak red: head crested, and of a beautiful yellow colour: rest of the body and wings of a fine purple: tail red. Inhabits Mexico and Brazil. _ WHITE-FACED MANAKIN. (Pipra albifrons. ) Px. crista alba, corpore rubro testaceo, dorso nigro, guiture albo nigro marginato, femoribus cerulescentibus. Manakin with a white crest; body beneath testaceous; back black ; throat white, margined with black; thighs blue. Pipra albifrons. \ Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 5.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1000.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560.21. | ' Le demi-fin 4 huppé et gorge blanches. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 335. Le Plumet blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 420. Le Manicup de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 707. 1. White-faced Manakin. Edwards. 344.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 530. 18.—531. 18. A. ABOVE five inches in te beak black : head with a white crest, composed of long pointed feathers: supercilia white; throat and between the eyes the same; surrounded with black all round from eye to eye: hind part of the neck, middle of the back, and wings, blackish ash-colour: rest of the body and tail orange, inclining to cin- namon colour: thighs dusky: legs reddish yellow. Buffon describes a variety of this bird, which he says is distinct, but there does not appear suf- ficient grounds to warrant the conclusion: its GREY MANAKIN. 13 principal marks of distinction are, that it has a longer crest than the former; and the beak is slightly curved in this, but pointed in the other: the colours are distributed over them exactly in the same manner ; but in this they are more bril- liant, and incline to ferruginous. It is found in Guiana. : GREY MANAKIN. ( Pipra grisea. ) Pr. cristata grisea subtus flavescens, sincipite luteo, tectricibus alarum minoribus flavescentibus, majoribus rubris. Grey, crested Manakin, yellowish beneath, with the sinciput yellow; the lesser wing-coverts yellowish, the greater ones black. ire 7 Pipra grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1000.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560. 20. ied Manacus cristatus griseus. Briss. 4. 463. 13. Le Manakin gris huppé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 427. Grey Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 530. 17. Native of America: above three inches in length: beak yellowish: head crested, and with the hind part of the neck, back, and rump, grey: forehead with a yellow spot: throat and fore-part of the neck, breast, belly, vent, and under tail- coverts, light yellow: greater wing-coverts red: quills and tail ash-coloured grey. 14 BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN. (Pipra pareola.) PI. crista sanguinea, corpore nigro, dorso ceruleo. Manakin with a blood-coloured crest, black body, and blue back. Pipra pareola. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 2.—Gmel. ee — 1. 999.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 555. 3. Manacus cristatus niger. Briss, 4.459. 10. t. 35.f¢ 1. Le Tije, ougrand Manakin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 411. t. 19- Pu 2 Le Manakin noir huppé. Buff. Pl. Enl. 687. f 2. Le Manakin verd huppé-de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl, 303. 2. foem. ? Blue-backed Manakin. Edwards. 261. f. 1.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 520. 2. Leneru four and a half inches: beak dusky: irides bright blue: head ornamented with a few elongated feathers of a bright crimson colour, which can be elevated at pleasure: back and lesser wing-coverts blue: the rest of the plumage black: legs red: size of the House Finch: female and young bird with the whole of the plumage (the crest excepted) green. This species inhabits Cuba. and part of South America. SUPERB MANAKINe. (Pipra superba.) Pi. aterrima, verticis mediis plumis longiusculis ex flammeo rubris, dorsi inter alas area lunata dilute cerulea, remigibus Pees bus fuscescentibus. LONG-TAILED MANAKIN. | 15 - Dark-coloured Manakin, with the crown ornamented with long flaming red feathers; the back between the wings with a pale’ blue lunated space ; primary quills brownish. Pipra superba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 999.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 556. 4. Manacus superbus. Pall. Spei. 1.8. ¢. 3.f. 1. Superb Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. 252. 1. Tuts bird appears to have a great affinity to the preceding, which it very much resembles: it is of the same size: its beak is black; and the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is the same: back pale blue: crown of the head with a bright red crest: primary quills brown: tail short: legs yel- lowish. May not this be a variety of Pipra pareola? LONG-TAILED MANAKIN. ( Pipra caudata.) Pr. ceruleo, vertice subcristato coccineo, alis nigris, rectricibus duabus intermedits elongato-acuminatis. Blue Manakin, with the crown ornamented with a crimson crest; wings black, with.the two middle tail-feathers elongate and acuminated. ; Pipra caudata. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 5.153.—Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. IT. lwii. 4. Long-tailed Manakin,. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 153.——Lath. Syn. Sup. BL 254, 7. _ Descrinep as the size of the blue-backed Ma- nakin, which it has somewhat the habit of; the prevailing colour being a fine blue, glossed with 16 - CRIMSON-VENTED MANAKIN. green about the neck: beak brown: the crown of the head crimson, and slightly crested: wings black: two middle tail-feathers nearly an inch longer than the rest: legs pale-coloured. «* MILITARY MANAKIN. (Pipra militaris.) - Pi. nigra, subtus alba, scapularibus olivaceis, fronte. wropygioque coccineis, rectricibus duabus intermediis elongatis. Black Manakin, beneath white, with the scapulars olive-coloured, forehead and rump scarlet, and the two middle tail-feathers elongated. Pipra militaris. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 20. p. 849. Military Manakin. Shaw. Nat. Misc. 20. 849. Tue Military Manakin is described as above by Dr. Shaw, in his Naturalist’s Miscellany. It is said to inhabit South America, and to have the same habits as the generality of the birds included 1 in the genus. CRIMSON-VENTED MANAKIN. (Pipra hemorrheea.) Pi, nigricans subtus alba, crisso macula coccinea. Dusky Manakin, beneath whitish, with a crimson spot on the vent. i Pipra hemorrhea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004.—Lath. Ind, * Orn, 2. 561. 24. : Crimson-vented Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 533. 21.] — NS DS Ss = S Tappan Hr Le Vy Uy yj Yy \ AM ’ } . ; \ —===— ——- ——sS ——S! — —————— ————— {rf MILITARY MANAIKIIN . CRIMSON-THROATED MANAKIN. D7 Tuis bird is in length three inches and three - quarters: beak pale: upper parts of the body dusky: under parts white, with a crimson spot on the vent: under tail-coverts white, and reaching nearly to the end of the tail, which is very short ; legs brown, CRIMSON-THROATED MANAKIN. (Pipra gularis, ) _ Pi. nigro-cerulea subtus coccinea abdomine albo. Black-blue Manakin, beneath crimson, with the. belly white. Pipra gularis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup, lvii. 5- Crimson-throated Manakin. Lath. Syn, Sup, IT, 254. 8. Tuis species is a native of Huaheine: it has the upper parts of the plumage blueish black: chin, throat, fore-parts of the neck, and vent, crimson: belly white: legs dusky: beak pale. This bird appears at first sight to be allied to the Crimson-vented Manakin, but upon a more accurate examination the dissimilarity is very evi- dent, not only in colour, but its inhabiting a dif- ferent country. Vv. XxX. P. I. Z 18 GOLD-BREASTED MANAKIN. -DESMARETS MANAKIN. (Pipra Desmaretii.) Pi. ce@ruleo-atra, nitens, ventre albido; crisso, gula, pectoreque coccinets. Shining blue-black Manakin, with a whitish belly, and scarlet vent, throat, and breast. Pipra Desmaretii. Leach. Zool. Misc. 1.94. pl. 41. Desmaretian Manakin. Leach. Zool, Misc. 1. 94. Tuis beautiful little species has all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful shining blue black : cheeks dusky: quills dusky blue above, and black beneath: throat, breast, vent, and under tail- coverts, crimson: belly with a. blackish longitu- dinal streak, bounded with pale yellow: sides dusky: beak and legs black: length about three inches and a half. a Discovered by M. A. Huey, in New Holland, where it is extremely scarce. | GOLD-BREASTED MANAKIN. (Pipra pectoralis.). P1. ceruleo-nigra, abdomine ferrugineo, lunula pectoris aurea. Blue-black Manakin, with a ferruginous abdomen, and golder lunule on the breast. Pipra pectoralis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. bit 6. Gold-breasted Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. Add. IT, 374. C/EERULEAN MANAKIN. 19 Tuts inhabits Brazil, and has the beak pale: head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body, fine blue black: breast with a lunulated yellow band, the horns pointing upwards: under parts of the body bright ferruginous: legs pale cinereous. CH RULEAN MANAKIN. (Pipra czerulea. ) Pr. supra cerulea subtus flavescens, vertice remigibus caudaque nigricantibus, Manakin above blue, beneath yellowish, with the crown of the head, quills, and tail dusky. Pipra cerulea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lvii. 3. Cerulean Manakin. Lath, Syn, Sup, II, 254. 6. Tue Cerulean Manakin is the size of P. punc- tata: the plumage of the upper parts of the body blueish: under parts of the body yellowish white : crown of the head, quills, and tail, dusky black : beak and legs brown. 20 BLACK-THROATED MANAKIN, PAPUAN MANAKIN. (Pipra papuensis. ) PI. nigro-wirescens subtus albida, pectore macula ovata fulva, rec- tricibus duabus intermediis brevioribus. Black-green Manakin, beneath whitish, with an ovate fulvous spot on the breast, the two middle tail-feathers shortest. Pipra papuensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2 bO. 23. | . : Le Manikor. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 431.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 707. Fe 2: Papuan Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 552. 20. _ Leners not quite three inches and a half: beak black and short: head, neck, body, wings, and tail, greenish black: breast with an oblong orange- coloured spot, reaching to the belly; rest of the under parts dirty white: the two middle tail- feathers shorter than the rest: legs dusky ash- colour. Inhabits New Guinea. BLACK-THROATED MANAKIN. ( Pipra nigricollis. ) Pi, nigro-ceerulescens, subtus alba, gula crissoque nigris. _ Black-blue Manakin, beneath white, with the throat and vent black. Pipra nigricellis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 561. 25.. Black-throated Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 533. 22. COLLARED MANAKIN. 91 Tue Black-throated Manakin is in length four inches: beak brown: throat and vent black: belly white: rest of the plumage blueish black: legs ‘brown. COLLARED MANAKIN. ( Pipra torquata. ) Pi. nigra, capite rubro, callo Eins aureo cincto, alis ceruleis, cauda nigra. Black Manakin, with a red head, neck with a golden collar, wings blue, tail black, Pipra torquata, Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1000,—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560. 18. Manacus torquatus. Briss. 4. 456. 8. Maizi de miacatototl. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 424. Collared Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 529. 16, Leneru about three and a half inches: beak yellowish: head bright red: throat and fore-part of the neck golden yellow, having the appearance of a collar: wing-coverts and quills deep blue; rest of the plumage black: legs pale yellow. Sup- posed to inhabit Brazil. 22 “RED AND BLACK MANAKIN. -(Pipra aureola.) Pi. nigra, capite pectorenue coccineis, remigibus antrG ‘sum macula alba. Black Manakin, with the head and breast crimson, font of the quills with a white spot, Pipra aureola. Lin, Syst. Nat: 1. 339. 7.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 1001.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 558. 11. Manacus ruber. Briss. 4. 452.6. t. 34..f. 3. Le Manakin rouge. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 4. 415.—Buff. Pl. Binl. BA, fo Ss) we , i Red and black Manakin. Edwards, 261. f. 2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 525. Q. B. capite collo inferiore pectore abdomine marginibusque alarum aurantits, remigibus intus macula alba. With the head, lower part of the neck, breast, belly, and margins of the wings orange-coloured ; bend of the wing with a white spot. | Pipra aureola, £. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 7.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 558. 11. wea Manacus aurantius.» Briss. 4. 454. 7. Le Manakin orangé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 417 — Buf. Pi. Enl. 302. f. 2. Black and yellow Manakin. Edwards. 83. nae 2. Tuts, which is the commonest of the genus, 1S in length three inches and three quarters: beak black: capistrum orange: head, neck, throat, and breast, crimson; the middle of the belly inclining to red: wings with a white spot, under parts of them yellow: ; rest of the body of a brilliant steel black: legs and claws red: in some specimens the forehead, chin, throat, and edge of the wing, are GOLD-HEADED MANAKIN. 23 _ yellow: female with the upper parts of the body olive, under parts olive yellow; and the head sur- rounded with a slight ring of red: young bird olive-coloured, with the head, throat, breast, and belly sprinkled with red spots. ‘There is a variety of this bird, which has the head, neck, breast, belly, and sides, orange: thighs orange and black mixed: bend of the wing dirty orange: wings with a white spot in the middle: rest of the plum- age black. Inhabits Guiana. . GOLD-HEADED MANAKIN. ( Pipra erythrocephala.) Pr. nigra, vertice armillisque fulvis, Black Manakin, with the top of the head and ring round the thighs fulvous, Pipra erythrocephala.. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 339. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1001.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 556. 7. Manacus.aurocapillus, Briss. 4. 448. 4. t. 34. f- 2. Le Manakin a téte d’or. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4, 418.—Buf. Pl. Enl. 34, f. 2. Gold-headed black Titmouse. Edwards. 21. Gold-headed Manakin, Penn. Gen. Birds. 64. t.10.f. 2.— Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 522. 5. B. vertice armillisque rubris. With the crown and garter red. Pipra erythrocephala. 8. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.339. 6.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 7. | Manacus rubro capillus, Briss. 4, 450. 5. Gold-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 523. 5. A. 24 WHITE-CAPPED MANAKIN. LenertH three inches and a quarter: beak dull yellow, nearly half an inch in length: cheeks, crown of the head, and nape of the neck, bright golden orange, with a ring of that colour round the legs, which are flesh-colour: rest of the plum- age, wings, and tail, of purplish black. There is a variety which differs in having the top of the head crimson, and thighs white, with a ring of crimson round the lower part: the rest of the body glossy black. Native of Brazil. | WHITE-CAPPED MANAKIN. (Pipra leucocilla.) Pi. atra, pileo albo. Black Manakin, with the top of the head white. Pipra leucocilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 9.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 8. ' -Pipra leucocapilla. -Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002. - Manacus albo-capillus.. Briss. 4. 446. 3. t. 35.f- 2. Le Manakin a téte blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4,418.—Buff. Pl, Enl. 34. f. 2. | White-capped Manakin. Edwards. 260.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 523. 6. . Lzss than P. erythrocephala: length rather more than three inches: beak grey brown: crown of the head white: remaining parts of the body of a brilliant blue black: thighs with occasionally a red garter: legs and claws reddish. | WHITE-HEADED MANAKIN. 25 There is great probability that this is not dis- tinct from the preceding species, as it is found in Brazil with it, frequenting woods: though, ac- cording to Linnzeus, this birdsings very well, whilst the preceding has only the chirp common to the genus. : WHITE-HEADED MANAKIN. _. (Pipra leucocephala.) PI, nigra, capite albo. Black Manakin, with a white head. Pipra leucocephala. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1001.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 557. 9. White-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 524. 7. Tue White-headed Manakin is a native of Su- rinam, and is the size of a Wagtail: beak rather strong; the base ornamented with a few strong bristles : the entire head white: rest of the body black. | 26 WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN. WHITE-FRONTED MANAKIN. (Pipra serena.) Pi. nigra, fronte alba, uropygio cyaneo, ventre fulvo. Black Manakin, with the forehead white, rump blue, and belly fulvous. Pipra serena. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 11.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 556. 5. Manacus alba fronte. Briss. 4. 457. 9. pl. 36. f. 2. Le Manakin varié. Buff: Hist. Nat, Ois. 4. 423. t. 191.f. 1. Manakin a front blanc de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl. 324. f. 1. White fronted Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 521. 3. Tuts inhabits the same countries as the gene- rality of the species of the genus: it is the size of a Wren: length three and a half inches: beak black: feathers on the forehead black at the base, blue in the middle, and white at the tips: those of the crown without the white; which makes it appear blue: belly, thighs, and vent, orange: rump blue: rest of the plumage of a shining blue black: legs black. | WHITE-THROATED MANAKIN. (Pipra gutturalis.) Pi, nigra, guiture albo. Black Manakin, with a white throat. Pipra gutturalis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 10.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2, 557. 10. BLACK-CAPPED MANAKIN. AT i Manacus gutture albo. Briss. 4, 444. 2. t. 36. fi 1. Le Manakin a gorge blanche. Buff: Hist. Nat, Ois. 4, 421.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 394. f. 1. White-throated Manakin, Lath, Gen. Syn, 4. 524. 8. Tue lower mandible of the beak of this bird white, the upper blackish: front part of the neck and throat white; rest of the plumage of a fine polished steel black; except some of the middle quills, which are more or less white on the inner webs: legs and claws red: inhabits the warmer parts of America: length about three inches and three quarters. BLACK-CAPPED MANAKIN. (Pipra manacus.) - Pi. nigra subtus alba, macula, cervicis alarumque alba. Black Manakin, beneath white, with a spot on a neck, and the wings, white. _ Pipra Manacus. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 12.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1002.— Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 556. 6. Manacus. Briss. 4, 442. 1. Le Casse-noisette. Buff: Hist, Nat. Ors. 4, 413. Manakin du Bresil. Buff. Pl, Enl. 302. f. 1. Manakin a téte noir de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 303. f. 1. (female ?). | ; Black-capped Manakin. Edw. 260. f: 1.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 521.4. _ Tue Black-capped Manakin is above four inches in length: beak black: crown, and_ back of the head, the same: chin, fore-part of the neck, and 28 BLACK-CROWNED MANAKIN. under parts of the body white, which colour passes’ round the neck, and forms a ring: wings with a large white spot: rest of the plumage dull black : legs orange: female? without the white spot on the wings. } 3 , Found on the borders of woods in Guiana; fre-. quenting the neighbourhood of ants nests, and are observed frequently to leap up, uttering a cry, similar to the crack of a nut, which they frequently repeat: they are not able to fly far at a time, but: they are very restless, and are seldom seen quite still. | -BLACK-CROWNED MANAKIN. (Pipra atricapilla.) Pi. cinerea subtus griseo-alba, tectricibus alarum majoribus remi- gibusque nigricantibus, vertice nigro. Ash-coloured Manakin; beneath grey white, with the greater wing-coverts and quills dusky, crown black. Pipra atricapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 561. 22. 3 L’Oiseau cendré de Guiane. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 430. Manakin cendré de Cayenne. - Buff. Pl. Enl. 687. f. 1. Black-crowned Manakin. . Lath. Gen. Syn. 4,532. 19. Tuis inhabits Guiana: beak black: upper parts of the body and tail pale ash-colour, the latter longer and more cuneiform than the rest of the genus: crown of the head black: forehead, cheeks, and all the under parts of the body greyish white : greater wing-coverts and quills dusky black, with grey edges: legs pale grey: length six inches. TA Whee \ AN Wh Nias’ Si Ts) ays Y ISON My STRIPED-HEADED MANARIN. AY. aN ra'beN¥, On STRIPED-HEADED MANAKIN. 29 PICICITLI MANAKIN. '( Pipra. Picicitli.) Py. cinerea, capite colloque atris, macula candente oculos ambiente, acumine in pectus usque procedente. Cinereous Manakin, with the head and neck dark-coloured ; a white spot round the eyes, egnie downwards to the breast in a point. - : ‘Pipra picicitli. Lath. hich: 2.559. 16. Picicitli Manakin. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 252. 2. Tuts small species is a native of Mexico, where it generally appears after the rainy season: its general colour is cinereous: the head and neck are black; the former with a large white spot on each side, including the eye, and reaching down- wards to the breast. It does not sing, and will not bear confinement: is said to be very good to eat. STRIPED-HEADED MANAKIN. (Pipra striata. ) Pi. cinereo-fusca subtus flavescens, vertice nigro. striis albis, loris remigibusque secundariis apice flavis, alula rectriceque extima apice albis. Grey-brown Manakin, yellowish beneath, top of the head black ; with white stripes; lores and secondary quills yellow. at the tips. Pipra striata. Gmel.. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 558. 13. igi Striped-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 526. f- 54.—Lath. Syn. Sup.188. we 30 SPECKLED MANAKIN. Descrisep by Dr. Latham, from a specimen in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, as follows: “length four inches and a half: beak brown: crown of the head and nape black, with a stripe of white down the shafts of each feather: hind part of the neck and back of a brownish ash- colour, inclining to olive near the ramp: between the beak and eye a deep yellow spot: the wing- coverts are brownish: the bastard wings tipped with white, and some of the outer coverts tipped with yellow, making an oblique band near the outer edge of the wing: the quills dusky; the third shorter in proportion than any of the others, being a quarter of an inch shorter than the second, though all the others are of the usual length: the under. parts of the bird are yellowish, growing very pale near the vent: under tail-coverts are buff-colour: the tail black; very short: the outer feather tipped with white: lege dusky.’ Supposed to inhabit Van Dieman’s Land. SPECKLED MANAKIN. (Pipra punctata. ) Pi. grisea fusco, undulata, vertice alisque nigris albo punctatis, tec- tricibus caude@ rubris. Grey Manakin, waved with brown, with the crown and wings black, spotted with white, tail-coverts red. Pipra punctata. Shaw. Nat. Misc. p. 111.—Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. lvi. 1. Speckled Manakin. Shaw. Nat. Misc.111.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 253. 4. Tuts variable species is a native of New Hol- land. In one specimen mentioned by Dr. Latham, LITTLE MANAKIN. 31 the bill was black: forehead, and between the beak and eye, yellowish: the top of the head and back of the neck black, marked with pale spots : back and wing-coverts brownish yellow, with the middle of each feather dark brown: the outer edge of the wing, quills, and tail black, with white spots: all the under parts of the body yellowish white, with a red tinge on the breast: rump crim- son; lower part of the back dullyellow: legs brown: another had only the top of the head black, spotted with white: hind part of the neck blue grey: forehead, and between the beak and eye, yellow- ish; the yellowish colour passing through the latter. LITTLE MANAKIN. (Pipra minuta.) Pi, grisea, capite nigro albo punctato, pectore flavescente lineis transversis nigris. Grey Manakin, with the head black, spotted with white ; breast yellowish, with transverse black lines. Pipra Minuta. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 1003.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 558. 12- Little Manakin, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 526. 10. Tuis little bird is the size of a Wren: head black, each feather spotted with white: back and wings grey: breast yellowish, undulated with black: tail brown, with pale margins: male marked with flesh-coloured spots on the fore-part of his head. Inhabits India. 39 TUNEFUL MANAKIN. SPOTTED MANAKIN. ( Pipra neevia. ) Pi. fusca subtus fulva, gula juguloque nigris, pectore_ fascia alarum bifida rectricibusque apice albis. Brown Manakin, beneath fulvous, with the throat and jugu- lum black; breast, bifid fascia on the wing, and quills white “at the tips. Pipra nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. . 55Q. 14. ' Fourmilier tacheté de Cayenne.. Buff. Pl. Enl. 823. f. 2. Spotted Manakin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 527. 12. Inuasits Cayenne: length four inches: beak dusky: throat and chin bincee ‘breast and upper part of the belly white: breast and sides spotted with black: upper parts of the body, quills, and tal brown: wings with two white bars: lower part of the back, some of the secondaries on their outer web, and tip of the tail, white: lower belly, thighs, and vent, orange: legs brown. os TUNEFUL MANAKIN. - (Pipra musica.) Pr nigricans, corpore subtus uropygtoque fulvis, gutture eeniae | nigris, vertice nuchaque ceruleis, fronte flava. Dusky Manakin, with the body beneath and rump Gilgaik, throat - and cheeks black, top of. the head and nucha blue, forehead yellow. Pipra musica, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2 562. 28. 7 ered! | - ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN. 33 L’Organiste. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 290.— Buff. Pl, Enl, 819, foas Tuneful Manakin, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 534. 25. Tuts active and agreeable bird is in length four mches: beak dusky: forehead yellow: crown and nape blue: upper part of the back, wings, and tail, dusky black: lower part of the back and rump orange: chin, cheeks, and throat black: breast, belly, vent, and thighs orange: legs dusky. The song of this bird is said to be the complete octave, which it repeats for a considerable length of time together note after note successively. It is common in St. Domingo, and like the Wood- peckers and Creepers, it shifts itself round the branches of the trees with such- rapidity that it is Not easily shot. ~ORANGE-BELLIED MANAKIN. ' (Pipra capensis. ) Pr. obscura, subtus Sulvo-flavescens. Obscure Manakin, beneath of a fulvous yellow-colour, i pracapensis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1004, ee. Ind, Orn, 2 561. 26. Orange-bellied Manakin, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 533. 23, Descrizepd by Dr. Latham, from a specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks. It is in length four inches: its beak is black: plumage on the upper parts of the body dusky: edge of the wing, and all beneath, pale yellowish orange: quills dusky, with pale margins: legs dusky. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. Von. P. I. Ss) 34: SUPERCILIOUS MANAKIN. sa superciliosa.) P1. castaneo-rufa subtus flavescens, supercilis albidis yen nigro marginatis, rectricibus albo maculatis. Chesnut red Manakin, beneath yellowish; supercilia whitish above, margined with black; quills spotted with white. Pipra superciliosa. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. II. lvi. 2. Supercilious Manakin. Lath, Syn. Sup. I. 253. 5. S1zz of Pipra punctata: beak brown: supercilia white, with a black stripe above: prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage pale reddish chesnut : under parts dirty yellowish white: quills brown: tail black ; the two middle feathers spotted on the sides, and the: others at the ends, with white: legs brown. Inhabits New Holland. MIACATOTOTL MANAKIN. (Pipra Miacatototl. ) Pi. nigra plumis candentibus oes, ventre pallente, alis cau- daque inferne cinereis. Black Manakin, varied with whitish feathers, with the belly palish : wings and tail beneath cinereous. Pipra Miacatototl. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 560. 19. Miacatototl Manakin. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 252. 3. DEscrIBED by Fernandez, who states, that it isa small bird, and is found sitting on the top of maize CINEREOUS MANAKIN. - 35 plants; that its belly is palish; rest of the body black; wings with a few white spots; under tail- coverts cinereous: is good food, and is fond of cool places. | CINEREOUS MANAKIN. (Pipra cinerea.) Pr. cinerea, abdomine cinereo-albido. Ash-coloured Manakin, with the abdomen of an ash-coloured white. | | Pipra cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1004.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 562. 27. Cinereous Manakin. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4, 533.24. Tue Cinereous Manakin is in length three inches and a half: prevailing colour of the plumage ash- colour; palest beneath: the belly very pale, in- clining to white. Country unknown. 36 PARUS. TITMOUSE. Generic Character. Rostrum validiusculum, in- || Beak strong, intire, a little tégerrimum, subcompres- || compressed, hard, with the sum, basi setis tectum, - base covered with reflected bristles. : Lingua truncata, setis termi- || Tongue truncated, the end nata. : terminated with bristles. . Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Feet simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Tue Titmice are noted for the peculiar elegant construction of their nests, which are composed of the softest materials; many of them are fastened to the extreme end of a small branch of a tree that projects over the water, by which contrivance they are well secured from the attacks of quadrupeds and reptiles. They are very prolific, even to a proverb, many of them laying near twenty eggs, which they attend with great solicitude, and pro- vide for their young with the most indefatigable industry: they are very lively and active little birds; are constantly in motion; and possess a great degree of strength. and courage, many of them venturing to attack birds above three times their own size; they will even pursue an Owl with fury, endeavouring to destroy its eyes: When they GREAT TITMOUSE. 37 mquer a bird they always pierce a hole in the skull and eat the brains, which they will also do, if they find one that has recently died: they are very partial to flesh, particularly fat, which they eat with the greatest avidity: their principal food - consists of insects, which they obtain in the spring by biting off the opening buds*, and in the summer by searching in cracks and crevices of trees. These birds are found over all parts of thu.old world, and many of them throughout the Ame- rican continent and West-Indian islands; also in New Zealand, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean. GREAT TITMOUSE. (Parus major.) Pa. viridi-olvvaceus subtus flavescens, capite nigro, temporibus albis, nucha lutea. | | Olive-green Titmouse, beneath yellowish, with the head black, temples white, and top of the neck yellowish. Parusmajor. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1,341. 3.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 265. —Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1008.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 562. 1— Briss. 3, 539. 1. 3 La grosse Mesange, ou Charbonniere. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 392. 17.—Buff. Pl. Enl.3.f. 1. Great Titmouse. Penn. Brit. Zool. 1. 162.—Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 425. A.—Albin. 1.46.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 636. 1.—Be- wick. Brit. Birds, 1. 237.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 2,—Don. Brit. Birds. 1.16.—Lewin. Brit. Birds, 3. 121.— Hayes. Brit. Birds. t, 33. % By doing which they are in fact beneficial, and not, as is generally supposed, detrimental to the horticulturist. 38 GREAT TITMOUSE. WeIGHT about ten drachms: length near six inches : beak black : irides dusky: head and throat black: cheeks white: back olive green: rump blueish grey: belly yellow, tinged with green, with a broad black stripe down the middle, reach- ing to the vent: quills dusky: wing-coverts blue- ish, the greater ones tipped with white: tail dusky; the outer feathers white on the exterior webs; the others margined with blueish grey: legs lead- colour: claws black: female with the ventral black stripe much less conspicuous than the male. This bird is found throughout Europe, and is said to have been found as far as the Cape of Good Hope. Its nest is composed of moss, and lined with hair; it is generally placed in the hole of a wall ora tree: it lays from six to eight eggs, which are white, spotted with rust-colour, so very like those of the Nuthatch, that they can scarcely be distinguished from them. They weigh about thirty grains: the young when hatched leave the nest, but remain in the immediate neighbourhood till the ensuing spring, when they separate in pairs, and establish a new colony: the young birds are said by Buffon to fly when they are about fifteen days old ; although they cannot see for several days after they are hatched: this species will build its nest — twice or thrice in a season, if the first nests have been destroyed: it will also lay its eggs in a hole of a rotten tree, without any appearance of a nest. The common note of this bird is a sort of chatter, but in the spring it assumes a greater variety, a shrill whistle, and a very singular noise, somewhat AZURE TITMOUSE. 39 like the whetting of a saw; which cease with in- cubation : its flesh is very bitter: it will live about five years, but is very seldom kept in confinement, as its song is not sufficiently varied to please. - Lewin mentions a curious variety of this bird, in which the two mandibles of the beak crossed each other like those of Crucirostra vulgaris: it was taken near Feversham in Kent. | ‘ ' AZURE TITMOUSE. (Parus cyanus.) Pa. dilute ceruleus subtus albus, uropygto et vertice cano-albidis, cervicis albe fascia lata, humeris tectricibusque caude ceruleis. Pale blue Titmouse, beneath white, with the rump and crown hoary white, with a band of that colour on the upper parts of the neck; shoulders and tail-coverts blue. Parus cyanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1007.—Lath, Ind. Ope Qe 563, 3. : Parus sabyensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1008. _ La grosse mesange bleue. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 455. Azure Titmouse. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 426. c,—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 538. 3.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 189. 3. Tuis beautiful species was first described by Aldrovandus: it is the size of P. major: beak blue black; the edges dirty white: forehead, erown, and cheeks, white: from the beak to the hind head, passing through the eye, is a blue stripe, with a pale band beneath: from the breast to the middle of the belly an irregular oblong blue mark; .rest of the under parts white: wings varied with white, lead-colour, and blue; the first 40 BLUE TITMOUSE. forming a stripe across the wing: quills brown: primaries with the imner edge white, the outer blue: tips of all white: back and rump pale blue: upper tail-coverts deep blue, with white tips: tail _ blue, with the outer edges of the feathers whitish, increasing in width to the exterior feather, which has the whole of the outer web white: legs and claws black: inhabits the northern parts of Europe in great abundance, particularly in the forests of Siberia and Russia: it is migratory, as it is only found in the neighbourhood of St. Petersburgh in the winter, most probably coming from the north: it twitters like the Sparrow, but is much more agreeable. BLUE TITMOUSE. (Parus ceruleus.) Pa. olwvaceo virescens subtus luteus, remigibus cerulescentibus, prumoribus margine exteriore albis, fronte alba, vertice ceruleo. Olive-green Titmouse, beneath yellowish, with the quills blue, the outer margin of the primaries white, forehead white, and crown blue. Parus ceruleus. Lyn. Syst. Nat, 1, 341. 5.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 267.—Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 1C08.—Briss. 3, 544. 2.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 566. 12. | 3 La Mesange bleue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 413.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 3. f- 2. Blue Titmouse. Penn. Brit. Zool, 1. 163.t. 57. f- 2.—Penn. Arct. Zool, 2.427. 8.—Albin. Birds. 1, 47.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 543. —10.—Bewich. Brit. Birds. 1. 239.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 1.— Mont. Sup.—Shaw. Nat. Misc. 138.—Don. Brit. Birds. 57.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 120. | BLUE TITMOUSE. 41 _ Turis elegant little bird is in length four inches and a half: its beak is dusky: irides dark hazel : forehead and cheeks white; that on the former in- clines backwards, and forms a line round the crown of the head (which is of a clear blue); behind this there is a circle of blue, surrounding the head, and joining at the base of the under mandible, where it is nearly black: from the beak, through the eyes, is a narrow black line: the back is yel- lowish green: quills black, with blueish edges: wing-coverts blue, edged with white: under parts of the body yellow: tail blue, the two middle feathers longest: female rather smaller than the male, has less blue on the head, and the colours in general are not so bright. This well known bird is an inhabitant of Europe: it is supposed to be very destructive to gardens and orchards, by plucking off the buds in search of insects, and their larvae that are lodged within; but whether it does more harm than good has never been correctly ascertained: it is fond of flesh of any description, either fresh or putrid, and will attack birds smaller than itself, and eat them to the bone: it is also fond of oats, which it takes between its claws and hammers with its beak till it breaks the shell: the nest is made in the hollows of trees, of moss lined with feathers and hair: the female lays seven or eight eggs, white, speckled with rust colour; she is very tena- cious of her nest, and will suffer herself to be taken rather than quit it; and upon that occasion will hiss like a snake, erect all her feathers, and 42 AMOROUS TITMOUSE. utter a noise like the spitting of a cat: if it is handled, it will bite very sharply: its note is far from pleasing, consisting only of a disagreeable shriek : before the young are hatched, if the nest is touched it will forsake it, idee ne if one of the eggs should be broken. AMOROUS TITMOUSE. (Parus amorosus. ) » Pa. ceruleo-nigricans, macula alarum loneiedinae rufo flavoque dimidiata. Dusky-blue Titmouse, with a longitudinal spot on the pater half red, half yellow. Parus amorosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 568. 17. Parus amatorius. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.1015. La Mesange amoureuse. uff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 456. Amorous Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 546. 15. Tuts species is called the Amorous on account of its disposition, as, when kept in confinement in pairs, nothing can exceed the fondness of the sexes for one another: it inhabits the northern parts of Asia: it is five inches and a quarter in length: weighs three drachms: its beak is above half an inch in length, and is black at the base, and orange at the tip: wing with a longitudinal fascia on the middle, half yellow, half rufous: rest of the plumage of a dark slate colour, verging on black. 43 CREEPING TITMOUSE. (Parus americanus.) PA. cerulescens, temporibus pectore dorsoque flavescentibus, hypo- chondrits purpurascentibus. Blue. Titmouse, with the temples, breast, and back yellowish, ‘sides of the body purplish. Parus americanus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. 4.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1007.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 571. 28. Ficedula carolinensis cinerea. Briss. 3. 522. 66. Creeping Titmouse. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 326.—Lath. Gen, Syn. m4. 558. 27. Tue Creeping Titmouse is found in various parts of North America: itis the size of the White- throat: the upper mandible of its beak is brown; the under one yellow: head blue: above and beneath the eye a white spot: upper part of the back yellowish green: rest of the upper parts dusky blue: quills blackish, within white, mar- gined with blueishash-colour: wing-coverts spotted with white, forming two bands of that colour on the wings: throat yellow: neck with a half collar of a black colour: breast bright yellow: belly white: sides sprinkled with reddish spots: tail dusky black: the two middle feathers blueish; the rest margined with the same; the two outer ones with a white spot towards the tip: legs yellowish: female variegated with black and brown. 44, SIBERIAN. TITMOUSE. (Parus sibiricus.) Pa. griseo-fuscus subtus albidus, abdomine rufo-griseo, collo in- Jertore medio nigro, hypochondriis rufescentibus, Grey-brown Titmouse, beneath whitish, with the abdomen red- dish grey, under part of the neck black in the maielitls rian chondria rufescent. Parus sibiricus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013 Doth, Ind. Orn. 2.571, 25. La Mesange 4 ceinture blanche. “ie Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 446. La Mesange de Siberie. Buff: Pl. Enl. 708. f. 3. " Sibirian Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 556. 23. ‘Tuts bird is in length five inches: beak black- ish: top of the head, and above the eye, grey brown: wings cinereous brown; quills edged with rufous grey: lower part of the back the same: throat and middle of the front of the neck and breast black, bordered on the sides, and with the breast white; from thence to the vent rufous grey: tail slightly wedge-shaped, nearly. two inches in length, and of a cinereous brown colour: the outer feathers edged with rufous grey: legs dusky. Inhabits Siberia. LATHAM’S TITMOUSE. (Parus Lathami,) Pa. cinereo-fuscus subtus fronteque albus, collo subtus pectoreque medio nigris, cauda longiore obscura. \ KNJAESCIK TITMOUSE. 45 Cinereous brown Titmouse, with the under parts and forehead white; neck beneath and middle of the breast black; tail long and dusky. . Parus sibiricus, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 571. 25. Siberian Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 556. 23. A. ConsIDERED by Dr. Latham as a variety of P. sibiricus, but it is evidently different, having a much longer tail, and without any rufous tinge on either the breast or the bottom of the back ; neither is the black on the chin and throat so broad: its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of the plumage pale cinereous: quills dusky, with hoary margins: forehead and under parts white: throat and middle of the breast black. Native place unknown. KNJAESCIK TITMOUSE. (Parus Knjaescik.) — Pa. albus, subtus macula continua, linea ocular: et collari lividis. White Titmouse, with a continued stripe beneath, line faroven the eyes, and the collar livid. Parus Knjaescik. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 572. 30. Knjaescik Titmouse. Lath. Syn, Sup. ITI. 256. 5. THE Knjaescik Titmouse inhabits the oak woods of Siberia, and is entirely white, with the excep- tion of a livid-coloured collar; a stripe of the same through the eyes, and a canted one on the under parts of the body. 46 CRIMSON-RUMPED TITM OUSE. ( Parus peregrinus, ) PA, uropygio coccineo, corpore cinereo subtus albo.- Titmouse with a crimson rump, cinereous body, beneath white. Parus peregrinus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 10.—Gmel. Syst. _ Nat. 1.1010,—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 564. 4. Parus coccineus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1017. Crimson-rumped Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 539. 4. Tux male of this bird has the beak whitish: the head, neck, and back, ash-colour: between the beak and eye, and under the latter, dusky: front of the neck and breast deep orange-colour: upper part of the wings black, with the bases of some of the feathers orange, forming a spot of that colour on them: under part pale yellow: rump orange- colour: vent whitish: tail black, all but the four middle feathers tipped with orange: female paler above, with the whole of the under parts dusky white: rump and spot on the wings orange, the latter palest : in other respects she resembles the male, except in having more of the tail- feathers tipped with orange. Native place unknown. INDIAN TITMOUSE. (Parus indicus.) Pa. cinereus subtus albidus, pectore abdomine crissoque ferrugi- neis, rostro pedibus alis caudaque nigro—fuscis. NEW ZEALAND TITMOUSE. 47 Ash-coloured Titmouse, beneath whitish, with the breast, abdo- men, and vent ferruginous ; beak, feet, wings, and tail, black- brown. Parus indicus. Gel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1015.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 572. 20. Indian Titmouse, Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 256. 4. Size of 'P. major: beak brown: forehead dusky: prevailing colour of the upper parts of the body ash-colour: wing-coverts dusky, with ash-coloured margins: quills dusky: chin and throat dirty white: breast, belly, and vent, ferruginous : tail dusky and sliguely forked: legs Poni Inhabits India. NEW ZEALAND TITMOUSE. \ (Parus nove Zealandiz.) Pa. cinereo-ruber subtus rufo griseus, superciliis albis, rectricibus duabus intermedius NBTEe, lateralibus medio macula quadrata alba. Reddish ash-coloured Titmouse, beneath reddish-grey, with the supercilia white, the two middle tail-feathers black, and the lateral ones with a square white spot in the middle. Parus nove Zealandiz. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 571. 27. ‘New Zealand Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 558. 26. Cattep Toe-Toe in New Zealand, where it is found: it is five inches in length: beak brown, with a dusky tip: forehead rufous: supercilia white: cheeks and sides of the head ash-colour: 48 CAPE TITMOUSE. upper parts of the body pale ash-coloured red, variegated with brown: quills pale brown: under parts of the body pale rufous grey: two middle tail-feathers black ; the others similar in colour to the back, with a square white spot about the mid- dle: legs dusky: claws black. | CAPE TITMOUSE. ( Parus capensis. ) Pa. cinereo-griseus, remigibus nigris albo marginatis, cauda nigra subtus alba. Ash-coloured grey Titmouse, with the quills black margined with white ; tail black, beneath white. Parus capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat..1.1011.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 570. 22, © La Mesange du Cap de Bonne Esperance. « Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 206. ¢. 115. Le petit Deuil. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 445. Cape Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 552. 19. Beak black: irides red: the head, neck, back, belly, and wing-coverts, pale ash-coloured grey : quills black, with white edges: tail black above, white beneath: legs black. ors Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; and makes a nest of a cottony substance, which is placed in the thickest shrubs: it is the shape of a short- necked bottle; the neck of the nest is narrow, and on the outside there is a sort of additional nest for the male, whilst the female is sitting. | - 49 - MALABAR TITMOUS Ee (Parus malabaricus. ) Pa. griseus, gula alis rectricibusque duabus intermedius nigris, corpore subtus uropygio macula alarum set hee tectricum late- ralium fulvis. d Grey Titmouse, with the throat, wings, and two middle tail- feathers black ; body beneath, rump, spot on the base of the wings, and sides of their coverts fulvous. Parus malabaricus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1012.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 564. 5. La Mesange de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 204. #114.f.1, Malabar Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.555. 22. Beak black: irides red: head, hind part of the neck, and back grey: wing-coverts black, some of the lower ones with a pale reddish spot: second- ary and greater quills black: the tertials half red, half black: the throat black: breast, belly, and vent, fulvous: -under tail-coverts pale rufous: two middle tail-feathers black, the rest pale red, with black tips: legs black: length of the bird near six inches: female not so brilliant in colour : all the under parts rufous yellow; in other re- i spects she resembles the male. Inhabits the Ma- labar coast. V.X.P.1 50 GUIANA TITMOUSE. (Parus Cela.) Pa. niger, rostro albo, macula alarum basique caude flavis. Black Titmouse, with a white beak, base of the tail and spot on the. wings yellow. Parus Cela. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 343. 14. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1 1015.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 568. 16. La Mesange noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 458. Guiana Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 546. 14. TuE whole plumage of this species black, with the exception of a spot on the wings, and one at the base of the tail, which are yellow: beak and Jegs white. Inhabits Guiana. F VIRGINIAN TITMOUSE. x ( Parus Virginianus.) Pa. fusco olivaceus subtus griseus, uropygio luteo. Olive-brown Titmouse, beneath. grey, with a luteous rump. _ Parus Virginianus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342. 9.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1010 —Briss. 3. 575, 14.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 567. 15. La Mesange a croupion jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ors. 5. 453. Virginian Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 325. —Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 546. 13. Tuis bird is five inches in length: the beak is blackish: the head and all the upper parts of the body are olive brown: rump of a beautiful yel- am) AG i« Uf; KG GU, Ute ad eG G Aa We Se ws GZ S eZ ie Aus f UG Aa WELG ats A ) S die ea Y he GREAT -HEADED TITMOUSE. GREAT-HEADED TITMOUSE. 51 low: under parts of the body grey: legs and claws brown: both sexes are similar. Inhabits Virginia. - GREAT-HEADED. TITMOUSE. ( Parus mactocepiaD Pa. niger, abdomine albido, pectore subfulvo, fronte maculaque © alarum albis, Black Titmouse, with the abdomen white, breast slightly fuilyous, forehead and spot on the wings white. Parus macrocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1013.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.571026. Great-headed Titmouse. Lath. Gen, Syn, 4, 557. 24, t. 55. Tuis singular looking bird is figured and thus described by Dr. Latham. ‘“ It is in length four inches and a half: beak small, pale, and furnished with a few weak bristles at the base: the head very full of feathers, appearing very dispropor- tionate to the size of the bird: the head, neck, and back, dusky black: on the forehead, just over the beak, a spot of white: on the wing a bar of white: the breast is orange ; the rest of the under parts buff yellow, with a mixture of black on the thighs: the tail is long and rounded in shape ; the colour of it black; the two outer feathers white, with the ends black, divided obliquely; the next white within near the tip: legs dusky brown: female is pale brown above ; all beneath yellow : 5a.” CANADA TITMOUSE. the beak and spot over it as in the salen quills dusky.” Dr. Latham also mentions a variety which has the breast of a beautiful crimson in lieu of orange: this species also varies in the tail; some having only the four middle tail-feathers black; the others white, with the outer edges and tips black. Found in Norfolk Island, and Queen Charlotte’s Bay, New Zealand, in which latter place it is called Mirro-Mirro. CANADA TITMOUSE. (Parus atricapillus.) _ Pa. pileo gulaque nigris, corpore cinereo subtus albo. Titmouse with the crown and throat black, body cinereous, beneath white. Parus atricapillus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1008.— Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.566. 10.—Briss. 3. 553. 6. t. 29. Fol. La Mesange 4a téte noire de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 408. , Black-capt Titmouse. Wilson. Amer. Orn. 1. 135. pl. 8.f04- Canada Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2, 328.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 548. 9. | : Leneru four and a half inches: upper parts of the head black: hind part of the neck, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts cinereous; greater coverts brown, with grey margins : : quills brown, fringed with whitish on the inner, and grey on the outer HUDSON’S BAY -TITMOUSE. 53 webs: rump pale cinereous: upper tail-coverts dirty white: tail brown, with grey margins: the two’ middle feathers cinereous: throat black: cheeks and all the under parts of the body white: legs and claws blackish. Native of the United States of North America; generally observed about autumn and winter amongst evergreens, on the seeds of which they feed: about the middle of ‘April they build their nests in the deserted hole of a Woodpecker or Squirrel, or digging one out with great labour: the female lays six white eggs, sprinkled with red; the first brood appears about the beginning of June, and the second towards the end of July. 7 The Hudson’s Bay Titmouse of Latham is sup- posed by Wilson to be only the young of this species, it agreeing tolerably well with the de- scription, and being found within the limits of the countries with the Black-capt Titmouse. — HUDSON’S BAY TITMOUSE. (Parus Hudsonicus. ) Pa. fusco rubescens, dorso cinereo, jugulo atro, fascia suboculare pectoreque albis, hypochondrits rufis. Fuscous red Titmouse, with an ash-coloured back, dark jugu- lum, fascia beneath the eye, and the breast white, sides rufous, Parus Hudsonicus. Philos. Transac. 62. 408.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1013.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 566. 11. Hudson’s Bay Titmouse. Philos, Transac. 62.408.—Pen. Arct, Zool, 2, 329.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 557. 24.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 190. 54 BLACK-BREASTED TITMOUSE. Drscrisep by Dr. Forster in the Philosophical Transactions. It is in length five inches: weighs half an ounce: beak black: head rusty brown: cheeks white: back cinereous green: wings brown; — quills margined with ash-colour: throat black, bounding the white on the cheeks: breast and belly white ; sides of the latter rust-coloured: rump _ rufous shite tail two inches and a half in length, of the same colour as the wings, and slightly rounded: legs black: both sexes are similar in colour, and eect the feathers long and loose, with their bases black. | It inhabits the settlements at Hudson’s Bay, where it braves the most severe weather: it frequents juniper bushes, and lays five eggs: it is called Peche-ke-ke-shish by the natives: in the winter it is seen in. small flocks, and feeds upon seeds and berries, but in the summer it feeds upon mosquitoes and other insects: it builds its nest in the juniper bushes, made of grass and lined with feathers: it has no song, but only a slight chirp. BLACK-BREASTED TITMOUSE. (Parus afer.) Pa. nigricans, genis nucha abdomineque albis, collo subtus pec- toreque nigris. Dusky Titmouse, with the cheeks, nucha, ies abdomen white, neck beneath and breast black. Parus afer. Gmel. Syst. Nat..1. 1010.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2 564. 7. 3 7 Black-breasted Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 539. 6. JAPAN TITMOUSE. 55 In length six inches: plumage above dusky : sides of the head, and orbits of the eye, white; neck on each side with a stripe of the same colour: hind head with a white spot: chin, throat, and breast, black: belly dirty white: quills brown: tail black: the outer web of the exterior feathers white; the next to it tipped with white: legs black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. De- scribed by Dr. Latham. JAPAN TITMOUSE. (Parus japonicus.) Pa, gula et capite nigris, nucha fascia alba vel lutea, dorso cine- reo, subtus alba, Titmouse with a black head and throat, white or yellowish -band on the nape, ash-coloured back, and under parts of the body white, Parus palustris, y. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 566. 9. Marsh Titmouse. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 542. 8. B. Taxen off the coast of Japan, and described as a variety of the Marsh Titmouse by Dr. Latham, which it is very much like, but differs chiefly in having a black chin and coloured nape; all the rest of the under parts of the body white: one sex has the whole head black, with a white band across the hind part: the other has the top of the head only black, with the nape yellowish. 56 MARSH TITMOUSE. ( Parus palustris. ) PA. capite nigro, dorso cinereo, temporibus albis. Titmouse with a black head, ash-coloured back, and tie temples. Parus palustris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 341. gi Fi: Faun. Suec. 2690.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1009.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 565. 9. La Nonette cendrée. Briss. 3. 555. 7. La Mesange de marais. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 403.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 3 f 3. , Le Mesange a4 gorge noire. Buff. Pl. Enl. 502. f. 1.- Marsh Titmouse. Pen, Brit. Zool. 1. 165. t. 57. f. 4—Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 427. 2.—Albin. Birds. 3. t. 38. f: 1.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 242.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 541. 8.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 189.—Mont. Brit, Birds. 1.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 119. Lerner not quite five inches: beak black : irides dark hazel: the crown of the head and part of the neck behind deep sooty black: cheeks dirty white: throat black, in some individuals spotted with white: breast, belly, and sides, dirty white : back ash-coloured: quills and tail dusky, lightest on their outer margins: legs dark lead-colour. Buffon describes a variety which differs in having the black spot on the throat much larger, and the colours much more brilliant: the female without the black on the head, which is nearly of the same colour as the upper parts of the body. ‘The Marsh Titmouse is fond of low wet ground, where old willow trees abound, in the hollows of which it often makes its nest. Mr. Montagu COLE TITMOUSE. COLE TITMOUSE. 57 says he has observed one excavating the decayed parts of that tree, carrying the chips in its beak to some distance, always working downwards, and making the bottom for the reception of the nest larger than the entrance: its nest is com- posed of moss and thistle down, intermixed oc- casionally with wool, and lined with down: the eges are five or six in number, spotted at the larger end with ey weight about twenty grains. This species is very fond of wasps, bees, and other insects; it will also eat flesh, like the greater Titmouse: it is said to lay up a store of seeds against the winter. It is found throughout Europe, and is more plentiful than the Cole Titmouse. COLE TITMOUSE. 7 (Parus ater.) Pa. dorso cinereo, capite nigro, occipite pectoreque albo. | _ Titmouse with an ash-coloured back, black head, white occiput and breast. Parus ater. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1. 341.7.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 268.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1009.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 564. 8. Parus atricapillus. Briss. 3. 551. 5. La petit Charbonniere. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 400. Colemouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 164. t. 57. f. 3.—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2, 327.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 540. 7.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 241.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 1.—Mont. Sup.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. t. 180.—Don. Brit. Birds. 4, t. 79. Tue Cole Titmouse weighs about two drachms and a quarter: length four inches and a quarter: 58 COLE TITMOUSE. beak dusky: irides hazel: crown of the head glossy black, with a white spot dividing it behind: cheeks white: throat and under side of the neck black: breast and belly of a yellowish white ; the sides more yellow: quills, back, rump, and tail, of a blueish grey colour; on the rump inclining to buff: smaller wing-coverts and secondaries tape, with white: legs and claws lead-colour. This is abundant in most parts of England, frequenting woods and gardens, but chiefly the former : it lives entirely on insects, and does not seem to be fond of flesh or grain, like many of the species :, its nest is placed in a hole in a tree or wall; it is constructed of moss and wool, and lined with hair: its eggs are six-or seven in number, white, spotted with rusty red, very similar to those _ of the preceding species, but the spots are more numerous. Dr. Latham appears to doubt shinier this and the Marsh Titmouse be distinct ; but they differ so essentially, that we must consider them dis- tinct : this species is much smaller; has the head of a glossy black; but the white spot behind the _ head is never found in the other; neither has it any white on the wing-coverts, which is. always to be met with in this, even in young birds. LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. 59 CHINESE TITMOUSE. (Parus sinensis. ) Pa. ferrugineo-fuscus, capite collogue diluiioribus ; remigibus cau- daque Sfuscis nigro-marginatis. Rusty-brown Titmouse, with the head. and neck paler, with the quills and tail brown, margined with black. Parus sinensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.21.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 570.24. Chinese Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 555. 21, Inuazits China: length near four inches: beak short, and black: prevailing colour of the plumage rust-coloured brown, head and neck palest : quills brown, with black edges: tail the same, rather Jong: legs red. LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. -(Parus caudatus.) Pa. albo roseo nigroque longitudinaliter varius, vertice albo, cauda longiore. Titmouse varied longitudinally with white, rose-colour, and black, with a white crown, and long tail. Parus caudatus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 342.11.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 83.1. f. 83.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1010.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2 569. 20. iN Parus longicaudus. Briss. 3. 570. 13. La Mesange a longue queue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 457. t. 19. —Buff. Pl. Eni, 502. f. 3. Long-tailed Titmouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. 9. 166.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 428. G.— Albin. Birds. 2. 57. f.1.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 550.— Lath. Syn, Sup. 190.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 243.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 1—Mont. Sup.—Don. EERE Birds. 1. PNG i ise Brit. Birds, 3.t. 121. 60 LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. Tus most elegant and beautiful species has a short and thick beak of a black colour: irides hazel; orbits of the eyes yellow: top of the head white, variegated with grey: through each eye there is a broad black band, which extends back- wards, and unites on the hind head, from whence it passes down the back to the rump; which, with the rest of the back, belly, sides, and vent, is of a dull rose-colour: sides of the head, throat, and under part of the neck white, mixed with grey : wing-coverts black: quills dusky, with pale mar- gins: tail composed of twelve feathers of un- equal length; the two middle ones being three inches and two lines, the next on each side three inches and a half, the third three inches and a quarter, the fourth three inches, the fifth two inches seven lines, and the outer one one inch and three quarters; the four middle feathers are en- tirely black, the next has a slight white spot on the outer web near the tip, and the others are tip- ped and obliquely marked with white on the ex- terior webs: legs and claws black: some specimens have the whole of the upper part of the neck black: | the under parts greyish white, except the vent and » sides, which are purplish; and an obscure dusky band across the breast: this is one of the smallest of the genus, measuring only ‘five inches and a quarter, of which the tail includes upwards of three inches: weight near two drachms. The nest of this singular species is generally fixed firmly 1 in the fork of some bush, or branch of a tree: it is of along oval form, with a small hole LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE. 61 at the side as an entrance: the outside is com- posed of moss, wool, and dry grass, curiously and firmly woven together with wool, and lined with an immense quantity of feathers: it takes four or five weeks to complete its habitation. The female lays about a dozen eggs at one brood, and not, as is generally} supposed, upwards of twenty: they - weigh about twelve grains; are white, sprinkled with rust-coloured spots at the larger end. This bird is found in Italy and the northern countries of Europe, and frequents low situations, especially where the trees are covered with moss and lichen: it is very common in orchards and gardens, injuring the trees in the same manner as the rest of the genus, by plucking off the buds to search for insects; it flies very swiftly, and from its slender shape it seems like a dart flying through the air: it is an active, restless creature, running up and down the branches of trees with the great- est facility, and flying backwards and forwards. In the spring it is said to sing very prettily, though at other times it has but a shrill call. The young birds remain with the parents during the winter, and in the night they assemble and go to rest on a branch of a tree, and are huddled together so close as to appear like a ball of down: many smail birds are observed to do the same. 62 BEARDED TITMOUSE. (Parus biarmicus.) Pa. rufus vertice cano, capite edd crisso eS cauda corpore longiore. Rufous Titmouse, with a hoary crown, head heats and vent — black ; tail longer than the body. Parus biarmicus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. $42, 12.—Lin, Faun. Succ. 84.—Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 1011.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 570. 23. Parus barbatus. Briss. 3. 567. 12. La Mesange barbue, ou la Moustache. Buff. Hist. ‘Nat. Ois. 5. 518. 18.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 618. f. 1. 2. Least Butcher Bird. Edwards. 55. Bearded Titmouse. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1.167.—Pen. Arct. Zool. - 2, 428, H.—Albin. Birds. 1. 48.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 552. 20. —Lath, Syn. Sup. 190.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 246.—Mont. Brit. Birds.1.— Mont. Sup.— Don. Brit. Birds. 1.¢,1.—Lewin. ae Birds: 3. oY22. * Tuts elegant bird is about six inches sil a quarter in length, of which the tail makes one half: the beak is near half an inch long, of an orange colour, which changes after death toa dingy yellow: irides yellow: head pale ash-colour: be- neath the eye is a tuft of loose black feathers, ending in a point downwards: hind part of the neck and back light rufous orange: scapulars whitish: quills dusky; the inner webs of the pri- maries white; the edges of the secondaries and the greater coverts the same colour as the back : throat white: breast cinereous flesh-colour ; belly, sides, and thighs, like the back, but paler : vent and BEARDED TITMOUSE . we BEARDED TITMOUSE. 63 under tail-coverts black: tail about three inches long, very much wedge-shaped, and of the same colour as the back; the three outer feathers more or less tipped with white; black towards the base: legs black. The female differs in having no black under the eye and vent: the head is light ferru- ginous, sprinkled with black: between the beak and eye a dusky spot 5 7 poe a few black marks on the back, * 43 Of the history of this species there is very little known, although it is found in this country the whole year, and breeds with us: it is very abun- dant in the marshes between London and Erith, amongst the reedy tracks near Cowbit in Lanca- shire, and also in similar situations in Gloucester- shire; it is likewise found near Winchelsea in Sussex, at Exeter in Devonshire, and in some part of Scotland. The nest of this bird is not at all known, unless, as Colonel Montagu observes, it is so like the Reed Wren’s as not to be distinguished from it: various authors have attempted to give a description of it, but their accounts are so different, that there is no certainty respecting it; whilst others have undoubtedly mistaken that of the Reed Wren for it: the most plausible conjecture that can be advanced to account for the above is, that the bird builds only in reedy places, that are quite inaccessible on account of their swampiness. This species is common in Denmark, Sweden, and the reedy banks of the rivers that fall into the Caspian Sea; and Buffon supposes that they were first introduced into this country from a pair hav- - 64: CRESTED TITMOUSE. ing escaped from the Countess of Albemarle, but it is only from the circumstance above mentioned | that the nests are never found : it feeds on seeds and insects. CRESTED TITMOUSE. (Parus cristatus.) PA. griseo rufescens cristatus, collari nigro, ventre albo. Reddish-grey crested Titmouse, with a black collar, and white belly. Parus cristatus. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 340. 2.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 266.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1005.—Briss. 3. =. &.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 567. 14. La Mesange huppée. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 447 — Buff. Pl. Enl. 502. f. 2. Crested Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 427. ¥.—Albin. Birds. 2. 57.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 545. 12.—Don. Brit. Birds, 2. t. 26.—Mont. Brit. Birds, 1.—Mont. Sup. Weicut two drachms and a half: length near five inches: beak dusky: irides hazel: forehead and crown white, with black undulated lines: hind head crested, and black: cheeks dirty white, with black spots: throat and chin black, with a line of black passing to the hind head, beneath the white of the cheeks: ears with an irregular black spot: upper parts of the body greenish brown: wings and tail rufous grey: breast and belly pale buf: sides tinged with rufous : ly lead-colour. This bird is a solitary species, being only found in the darkest: recesses of gloomy forests; particu- TOUPET TITMOUSE. 65 larly those that abound with evergreens. It is common over most parts of Europe, but has never been taken in England ; but is not uncommon in the north of Scotland atone the pines in the forest of Glenmore: it never mixes with other birds, not even with its own species in any num- ber: is said to be very prolific, and to lay white eggs, with red spots; but its nest is unknown. TOUPET TITMOUSE. (Parus bicolor.) Pa. capite cristaio fronte nigro, corpore cinereo subtus ex albido rufescente. Titmouse with a crested head, black. forehead, ash-coloured ‘body, and ofa reddish white colour beneath. Parus bicolor. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.544. 1.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1005.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 567.13. Parus carolinensis cristatus. Briss. 3. 561. 9. La Mesange huppé de la Caroline. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois, 4.451. Crested Titmouse. Wilson. Amer. Orn. 1.137. pl. 8. f. 5. Toupet Titmouse. Pen. Arct. Zool. 1, 324.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 544. 11. | | Lewneru six inches: beak black: middle of the forehead with a black spot: head with a long - pointed crest, of a deep ash-colour: all the upper parts of the body deep grey: quills edged with “rufous grey: under parts reddish-white, deepest on the sides: tail similar to the quills, and slightly forked: legs lead-colour: female similar to the male, but not so bright in colour. 1. 5. 2 1. 6 66 PENDULINE TITMOUSE. This species has a very singular flight, frequently folding up its wings: it is very abundant in many parts of the United States of America: it builds its nest in hollow trees early in May, laying six pure white eggs, sprinkled with extremely small red spots, near the larger end: it generally feeds on insects, but when captured and confined in a cage it will eat hemp-seed, cherry-stones, apple- seeds, and similar substances, if broken in small pieces : it soon becomes very familiar, but if placed in a wooden cage soon effects its escape. PENDULINE TITMOUSE. (Parus pendulinus. ) Pa. capite subferrugineo, fascia oculurt nigra, remigibus rectrici- busque fuscis margine utroque ferrugineo. Titmouse with a subferruginous head, black fascia beneath the eye, quills and tail-feathers brown, margined on each side with rust-colour. Parus pendulinus. Ln. Syst. Nat. 1.342. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1014e—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 568. 18. Parus polonicus, sive pendulinus. Briss. 3. 565. 11. t. 29.f. 2. Mesange de Pologne, Remiz. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 423.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 618.f. 3. Mountain Titmouse. Albin. Birds. 3. 57. male and female: Penduline Titmouse. Coxe’s Travels, 1.218.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 547. 16. In size equal to the Blue Titmouse: beak ash- coloured: front of the head whitish ; hind part and neck ash-coloured: forehead black, which PENDULINE TITMOUSE. 67 colour is continued under the eyes: upper part of the back and scapulars rufous grey: lower parts and rump grey: upper lesser wing-coverts brown, with rufous tips: greater ones blackish, with ches- nut edges, and pale rufous tips: quills brown, with white margins: throat and front of the neck pale ash-colour: rest of the under parts pale rufous: tail similar to the quills: legs reddish grey: claws blackish: length four inches and a half: ; . These birds are noted for the singularity of their nests, which are wonderfully constructed for the purpose of security against the attacks of quadru- peds or reptiles, of the down of the willow, poplar and thistle, which they twist into a close compact | body, and strengthen with fibres and roots of plants, lining the whole with the fine materials: it is generally suspended on the extreme end of a weak branch that projects over some water; the entrance is the only place that is left uncovered, and is on one side, and generally on that which is opposite the water: they are often seen in the -marshes about Bologna: and the peasants that in- habit the parts where they are abundant are very superstitious in respect to bird and nest: indeed the former is reckoned almost as a sacred animal, in the same way that the Redbreast is in many parts of England: the female generally lays four or five eggs, white and almost transparent; and often has two broods in the year, about May and August. It is found in Poland, Italy, and other parts of Europe, and Siberia. | 68 LANGUEDOC TITMOUSE. (Parus narboniensis. ) Pa. rufo griseis, vertice cano, alis caudaque nigricantibus rufo margtnatis, remigibus primoribus margine albis. Reddish-grey Titmouse, with the crown hoary ; wings and tail - dusky, with rufous margins; primary quills edged with white. Parus narboniensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1014.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 508. 1g. pa La penduline. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois, 4. 453. Mesange de Languedoc. Buff. Pl. Enl. 708. fo 1- La pendulino, ou Canari sauvage. Hist. Prov. 1. 517. Languedoc Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 547. 17. Tuts species is almost as remarkable as the preceding in respect to its nest, which is fixed on a forked twig of the poplar, and is composed of the downy parts of the flower of that tree: it is only open on one side, and there is a kind of por- tico erected over the entrance, as a security from the wind and weather, which projects nearly an inch from the sides: the nest is about the size and © shape of an Ostrich’s egg. The bird is found in Languedoc: it is four inches in length: the beak is black, the upper mandible edged with yellow- ish: top of the head grey: upper parts of the body rufous grey : upper wing-coverts blackish, edged with rufous: greater quills blackish, with whitish edges: secondaries the same as the upper coverts, but the tips paler: under parts of the body pale rufous grey: tail black, with rufous edges: legs lead-colour. | 69 ALPINE TITMOUSE, (Parus alpinus.) Pa. niger subtus rufescens nigro maculata, linea alba a bast rostri ad cervicem decurrente. Black Titmouse, beneath rufescent, spotted with black, with a white line running from the base of the beak to the top of the neck, . Parus alpinus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1012.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 569. 21. Alpine Titmouse. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 256. 3. _ Tus bird is found in Persia: it is the size of the Long-tailed Titmouse: the feathers on the upper parts of the body are black, with ash-co- loured edges: from the base of the beak to the nape of the neck there is a white line: quills black: under parts of the body. pale rufous, with black spots : tail black, slightly forked, and marked with a wedge-shaped white spot: hind claw very long in proportion to the rest. 70 NORWAY TITMOUSE. (Parus Strémei.) Pa. viridiflavescens, pectore rufo maculato, abdomine ceruleo, cauda forficata, rectricibus duabus exterioribus extus albis. Yellowish-green Titmouse, with the breast spotted with rufous; abdomen blue; tail forked, with the two exterior feathers white on their outer webs. Parus Strémei. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 563.2. Parus ignotus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1006. Stromian Titmouse. Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 426. Be Norway Titmouse. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 537. 2. Tus species inhabits Norway: its beak is black above and yellow beneath: the neck and all the upper parts of the body yellow green: breast yel- low, spotted with chesnut: belly blue: vent yel- lowish: tail similar in colour to the back, and forked; the two outer feathers white on the exte- rior web: legs black: hind claw very long. : “4 CYPSELUS. SWIFT. Generic Character. Rostrum basi glabrum, et tri- || Beak smooth, and triangular angulari, versus apicem an- at the base, narrow towards gusiatum, utrinque com-|| the tip, and compressed on pressum; mandibula infe- || both sides; the upper man- riore apicem recurvata. dible recurved at the point. Rictus capite amplior. Gape very wide. Pedes simplices, digitis om- || Fect simple, with all the toes nibus anticis ad imum fissis, divided from their origin, and placed forwards. Tue birds comprised in this genus are remark- able for the shortness of their legs, which are co- vered with feathers to the toes; and likewise for having all the latter placed forwards, and composed of two phalanges only, which enables them to ad- here very firmly to the perpendicular sides of walls, and such like places, which they frequent: they _ feed on insects, which they take during flight, not settling on the ground to collect them, like many birds, from the great difficulty they have in rising. They are found throughout both continents. 72 COMNON SWIFT. . (Cypselus vulgaris. ) Cy. nigricans, gula alba. Dusky Swift, with a white throat. Hirundo Apus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 344. 6.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 272.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1020.—Briss,. 2. 512. 15.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 6, 643. Le grand Martinet. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 643.—Buff. Pl. Enl. Ba, File Swift, or Deviling. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1, 171. t. 5'7.—Pen, Arct.. Zool. 2. 354.—Albin. Birds. 2. 55.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 259.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.584, 34.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 126. —Mont. Brit. Birds, 2. Tus singular and well-known bird weighs scarcely one ounce: itisinlength about eight inches, and expands upwards’ of ee beak black : irides hazel: chin white: ihe rest of the plumage sooty black, with a greenish tinge : the wings are very long in proportion to the size of the body: tail forked: legs and claws black: female less than the male, the white on her throat less dis- tinct, and the general colour of her plumage more inclined to brown. : -TheCommon Swift is a summer inhabitant of this island: it arrives at the beginning of May, and de- parts about the middle of August: it builds its nest in the holes and crevices of high towers, or lofty steeples; it is constructed of dried grass, silk or linen threads, pieces of muslin, feathers, and such like, which the bird collects-on the. wing, picking them up from the ground with great dexterity: it Mnoffath COMMON SWIFT. COMMON SWIFT. ya lays only two white, oblong eggs; and during the period of incubation, the male is continually flying backwards and forwards, uttering a loud scream- ing note, which is all it possesses: it is supposed to return to the same nest, year after year: it feeds on flies and other winged insects ; and as it is apt to catch at any thing during flight, it may be easily caught by tying an insect to a thread, and letting it fly, when the Swift will most proba- bly dart at and swallow it. Buffon observes, that the boys in the isle of Zante will take five or six dozen in a day, by getting on an elevated place, and throwing up a hook baited with a feather. In very-warm or sultry weather these birds re- tire to their holes during the day, but in the morn- ings and evenings they assemble together, and play about amongst the most elevated trees or towers in the neighbourhood, with the most varied and amusing flight, uttering their screaming noise, which most persons are not displeased with, as it takes place only inthe most serene settled weather: at other times they are almost continually on wing, even remaining so above eighteen hours; but if they should accidentally fall upon a piece of level ground, they experience great difficulty in rising, owing to the shortness of their legs, and the great length of their wings. They are said to inhabit the greater part of the old continent, even as far as the Cape of Good _ Hope, and the most remote parts of Asia; but are not found in any part of North America: travellers who have mentioned its being observed there, having mistaken the Purple Swallow for this bird. 14: CHINESE SWIFT. (Cypselus sinensis.) Cy. fuscus subtus griseo-rufescens, pileo rufo, gula orbitisque albis. Fuscous Swift, beneath greyish red, with the top of the head rufous; the throat and orbits white. | “Hirundo sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 583. 35. Le Grand Martinet de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 199. Chinese Swift. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 586. 35. Tue Chinese Swift was first described by Sonne- rat, in his Voyage to India: it is nearly a foot in length: beak and irides blue grey: top of the head pale rufous: hind parts of the head, back, wings, and tail, brown: orbits of the eye white: super- cilia brown, which colour passes backwards, and blends into that of the hind part of the neck: throat white: breast and belly pale rufous grey: legs short, and of a blue grey colour: wings long: tail forked, and as long as the wings. Inhabits China. | : WHITE-BELLIED SWIFT. ( Cypselus melba.) Cy. griseo-fuscus, gula abdomineque albis. Greyish-brown Swift, with the throat and abdomen white. Hirundo Melba. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1.345. 11.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1023.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 582. 33. Hirundo major hispanica. Briss. 2. 504, 11. WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. 7) Le grand Martinet a ventre blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 660. Greatest Martin, or Swift. Edwards. 1. 27. White-bellied Swift. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 586. 36. _ Tue White-bellied Swift is in length eight inches and a half: beak slightly bent, and. black: irides brown: neck witha grey brown collar, variegated with dusky: upper parts of the body grey brown, with a reddish green gloss in certain positions : throat, breast, and belly, white: sides dusky, varie- gated with white; vent and under tail-coverts like the back: legs flesh-colour. Found amongst the mountains of Spain: also on the borders of the Rhone, at Malta, Aleppo, and other mountainous countries of those climates: it is not very common; lives on the same food as the common Swift: it flies high; and breeds in holes of the rocks, about the latter end of April, in the mountains of Savoy and Tyrol, after re- maining amongst the ponds and marshes for fifteen | or twenty days from its arrival in those parts. WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. (Cypselus cayanensis.) Cy. violaceo-nigricans, capite nigro, gutture fascia oculari bifida Semoribusque albis. Violet-black Swift, with a black head, the throat, bifid fascia near the eyes, and thighs white. Hirundo cayanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 583. 34.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1024. Le Martinet 4 collier Blane, Bug Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 671.—Buff- Pl. Enl. 725. f. 2. White-collared Swift. Lath, Gen, Syn, 4. 587. aes 76 WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT. Heap and beak black: upper parts of the body black, with a violet tinge: greater wing-coverts, nearest the body, brown, margined with white: quills black : chin and throat white, which colour passes round the neck, and forms a collar: between the beak and eye is a divaricating white streak, part of which goes above and part beneath the eye: sides of the lower belly and top of the thighs white: tail black and forked: legs black: length five inches and a half. | | : This species builds its nest in the shape of a large truncated cone: it is composed of the down of the dogs-bane, well twisted together ; and is divided into two chambers by a partition running obliquely down the middle, and spreading over that part of the nest where the eggs are situated ; there is also a sort of plug made of the same down as the nest, to fill up the entrance so as to exclude | the atmospheric air: it is said to build this singu- lar nest in the houses at Cayenne, where the bird — is found. | 77 HIRUNDO. SWALLOW. Generic Character. Rostrum minimum, incur- || Beak small, bent downwards, yum, subulatum, basi de- poited, and depressed at pressum. the base. | Rictus capite amplior. Gape extremely wide. Pedes simplices, digitis tri- || /eet simple, with three toes bus anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Cauda plerisque forficata. || Tail generally forked. Bod Tun migration of the Swallow tribe has been a subject that has engaged the attention of natural- ists from the earliest ages, and has given rise to a vast number of hypotheses, some of which are ab- surd in the extreme*. Pliny, and the generality of the ancient naturalists, favoured the idea that they remained (without feathers) in the holes and recesses of rocks and mountains during the winter, and that the vernal sun called them forth from their hiding places. But more modern naturalists, amongst whom the first was Olaus Magnus, Archbishop of Upsal, believed that they were often found in clusters, at the bottom of lakes and rivers, and that they crept down the “ An anonymous writer on the migrations of birds has as- serted, that Swallows retire to the moon in the winter ! 78 SWALLOW. reeds in the autumn to those situations: Linnzus, - Klein, Pontoppidan, Barrington, and others, were of the same opinion, as far as regards the Chimney Swallow, but differed in respect to the Martins ; Klein imagining that the Sand Martins remained torpid in their holes; Barrington that the Martins remained. concealed in old towers, and other se- cluded retreats. ey | The appearance of Swallows late in the autumn, as well as the accidental circumstance of their being found in a state of torpidity, has no doubt given rise to both the above opinions. It is most probable that those birds mentioned as having been seen under such circumstances were in too weak a state to encounter the fatigues of a long journey, at the time when the general migration took place. It is most probably the case, that many of them may get into holes of rocks, and other recesses of a similar nature, to shelter them- selves from the inclemency of the season, and may have sunk into a state of torpidity from cold and hunger ; and that others may have crept amongst the weeds at the sides of ponds and rivers, and have been overwhelmed by the increase of the water occasioned by the heavy rains that occur in the autumn, and only having been immersed: a short time, may have been restored to animation when brought into the sunshine, or before a fire. There are several instances on record of their having been seen very late in the autumn, as men- tioned by Montagu, Bewick, Forster, and others: the former relates, that he has observed them as SWALLOW. 793 late as the 5th November, 1805*; and Forster says he has frequently |seen them after the 19th October: and that they have been taken in a tor- pid state during the winter there can be no doubt, from the many eminent naturalists that have as- serted the fact. . - But that the greatest number of each species migrate is so well established by a multitude of observers, that there does not appear to be any reason to doubt the fact, especially when it is considered that they are generally eighteen or twenty hours on the wing daily, during their stay in this country; and that they fly with greater -celerity than the swiftest quadruped can run. We have an instance on record of a famous race- horse, that went at the surprising velocity of a mile in a minute, but only for the space of one second; but allowing the Swallow to go merely at the rate of half a mile in the minute, for the space of eighteen or twenty hours, it will have gone over in that time between five and six hun- dred miles, so that it would be able to cross any part of the sea between this island.and the conti- nent; a circumstance that has been doubted by many. ‘The fact of their appearing in several parts of Africa (particularly at Senegal, as noticed by Adanson), when they disappear in Europe, and vice versa, tends to give additional seule: to the theory of migration. * I found a Swallow (Hirundo rustica), at Hertford on the 27th December, 1814, which, to all appearance, had not been dead any great length of time, as it had not contracted any bad smell, and in other respects was in good condition. 80 SWALLOW. | If these birds were to remain torpid in the winter, would there not be annual proofs of it in almost every county? Whereas we have but few — accounts of their being taken in that state, and innumerable narrations from mariners and others who have observed them to settle on their ships, whilst out at sea: and would not they appear much earlier in forward years than in backward, and vice versa? ‘The contrary appears to be the case; Mr. Forster observes, that he has seen them as early as the second of April, when the thermometer was below the freezing point; and - at other times, when there has been a fortnight of mild weather in the same month, not a sp Swallow has made its appearance. It is the opinion of most modern naturalists that the generality of these birds migrate, but that a few may occasionally remain behind, from being too weak to undertake the journey. The various species do not appear or disappear at the same time. The Sand Martin generally arrives first, about a week after the Chimney Swallow is seen, and in a few days the House Martin makes its appearance. It is a singular fact, that Swallows and other migrative birds always return to the same places they left in the autumn, which has been proved by many experiments, particularly by Frisch, who tied threads round their legs, stained with water colours, for the purpose of ascertaining whether they went under water during the winter, and in the ensuing spring, upon ieee some of the Swallows tha were in the vicinity of his house, ee SWALLOW, Si he captured many with the threads still round their legs, and with the colours almost as bright as at first; thus proving that they returned to the same places, and they did not retire beneath the water. These birds are always very much reduced in number when they return in the spring, proba- bly from many of them being exhausted by fa- tigue in crossing the sea, and being eepreaneny drowned. Bewick relates the following experiments, which were communicated to him by Sir John ‘Tre- velyan, and performed by Mr. Pearson; which are well deserving the attention of naturalists. — Five or six of these birds were taken about the latter end of August, 1784, in a bat-fowling net, at night; they were put separately into small cages, and fed with.Nightingale’s food. In about a week or ten days they took the food of themselves: they were then put all together into a deep cage, four feet long, with gravel at the bottom ; a broad shallow pan with water was placed in it, in which they sometimes washed themselves, and seemed much strengthened by it. One day Mr. Pearson. ob- served that they went into the water with unusual eagerness, hurrying in and out again repeatedly, with such swiftness as if they had been sud- denly seized with a frenzy. Being anxious to see the result, he left them to themselves about half an hour, and on going to the cage again found them all huddled together in a corner, appa- rently dead; the cage was then placed at a proper distance from the fire, when two of them 7. Pe I. 6 82 SWALLOW? only recovered, and were as healthy as before— the rest died; the two remaining ones were al- lowed to wash themselves occasionally for a short time only, but their feet soon after became swelled and inflamed, which was attributed to their perch- ing, and they died about Christmas, Thus the first year’s experiments were in some measure lost. Not discouraged by the failure of this, Mr. Pear- son determined to make a second trial the suc- ceeding year, from a strong desire of being con- vinced of the truth respecting their going into a state of torpidity. Accordingly the next season having taken some more birds, he put them into the cage, and in every respect pursued the same methods as with the last; but to guard their feet from the bad effects of the damp and cold, he covered the perches with flannel, and had the pleasure to observe that the birds throve extremely well. They sang their song through the winter, and soon after Christmas began to moult, which they got through without any difficulty, and lived three or four years, regularly moulting every year at the usual time. On the renewal of their fea- thers, it appeared that their tails were forked ex- actly the same as in those birds which return hither in the spring, and in every respect their ap- pearance was thesame. These birds were exhibited to the Society for promoting Natural History, on the 14th Feb. 1786, at the time when they were in a deep moult, during a severe frost, when the snow was on the ground. They died at last in the ~ summer, from neglect during a long illness which Ce SWALLOW. 5 Mr. Pearson had; who concludes this interesting account with the following words. Jan. 20, 1797— I have now in my house, No. 21, Great Newport Street, Long-Acre, four Swallows in moult, in as perfect health as any birds ever nappies to be in when moulting.”’ The general Sand of the birds of this genus con- sists of insects, which they capture while on the wing; and from their amazing quick flight must be endowed with a wonderful keen sight, to enable them to distinguish such small objects: they usually have two broods in the year ; some will occasionally have three: their nests are made of mud, rendered firm by’a mixture of hair, twigs, and such like ma- terials: they are fond of flying over the surface of rivers and brooks, and sipping the water, without staying their flight: many of them warn small birds of the approach of Hawks and other birds of prey, by setting up aloudscream. They are found throughout the whole world. COMMON SWALLOW. (Hirundo rustica.) Hi. nigro-cerulescens subtus albida, fronte gulaque castaneis, rec- trictbus duabus intermediis exceptis, macula alba notatis. Black-blue Swallow, beneath whitish, with the forehead and _ throat chesnut, all but the two middle tail-feathers marked | with an oval white spot. Hirundo rustica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 343. 1.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 270.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1015.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 572.1. —Turt. Brit. Faun. 1. 48. 132. Hirundo domestica. Briss. 2. 486. 1é« oe Hirondelle de cheminée. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6.591. t.25.f. 1. —— Bug Pl, Enlis4g fol. . ee Chimney, or Common Swallow. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 168. t. 58. —Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 330.—Albin. Birds. 45.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 2.— Mont. Sup.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 561.—Lath. Syn, Sup. 192. —Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. Pl, 123. 8. Tota nivea, Entirely of a snowy white colour. Hirundo alba, Briss. 2. 489. A White Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 563. Tue Common or Chimney Swallow is rather more than six inches in length: -its beak is black : irides hazel: forehead and chin chesnut red : top of the head and all the upper parts of the body black, glossed with purplish blue: quills in some positions of a greenish brown, in others of a blue black : upper part of the breast black ; lower part and belly white: tail greatly forked, with all but the two middle feathers marked with a white oval spot on their inner webs, near the tips: legs short, COMMON SWALLOW. COMMON SWALLOW. 85 and dusky: female with the outcr tail-feathers much shorter than in the male: in other respects she is similar : young bird without the white spots on its tail, which is not forked. The Swallow is an inhabitant of the greatest part of the old world, retiring from us to the south on the approach of winter, and arriving here again in the spring: it is not, as asserted by many, a native of North America; the mistake having arisen through H. pelasgia being called the Chim- ney Swallow in those parts, and travellers and others having mentioned the bird by name, with- out giving a description of it; and others having mistaken the Barn Swallow for this bird, which differs in colour and manners, and must conse- quently be a distinct species. Every person must have observed the elegant and varied flight of this bird, during the summer months, when it is almost continually on the wing, performing its various evolutions, and searching for its food, which it takes flying, with its mouth wide open : it is observed, on the capture of an in- sect, to make a noise similar to the shutting of a watch-case, by rapidly closing its mandibles. The nest of this bird is composed of mud, ren- derea tough by a mixture of hair and straw, lined with feathers, and fixed firmly about three or four feet from the top of a chimney, on the inside: its eggs are four or five in number, and white, speckled with red: it generally has two broods in the year: the nestlings are sometimes dislodged from their nest:and fall down ; and when that is the case, the 86 COMMON SWALLOW. old ones will frequently continue to supply them _ with provisions until they are able to climb up to the nest again. They are usually capable of fly- ing some days before they can procure their food, and at that time the old birds are observed to cap- ture and fiy towards them with it in their beaks, and meeting at an angle to deliver it up to them with such celerity as scarcely to be observed. It is a common practice for persons to shoot at these harmless birds, for the sole purpose of ren- dering themselves good shots! as they are ex- tremely difficult to shoot, in consequence of their uncertain and versatile flight; which is particu- larly to be observed in the intervals of showers during the summer, as at that time. their food is — ines in abundance. They are likewise very fond of skimming along the surface of the water, and dipping themselves into it. These birds will often build their nests in other places than chimneys, as mentioned by many au- thors: they have been known to fix it between the handles of a pair of garden shears; and in the body of an owl, that happened to hang dead from the rafter of an old barn: they likewise have con- structed it behind an old picture that was situated in a room near Bath; they used to enter by a hole in the window, and continued to do the same for three seasons till the room was repaired, and they could no longer gain admittance. For some time before these birds depart from this part of the world they forsake houses, and roost on trees, preferring the dead, leafless branches; COMMON SWALLOW. 87 and within a day or two of retiring they assemble in vast flocks on house-tops, the leads of churches,and on trees, especially by the water side, which latter circumstance may have induced many persons to think they went into the water: many of them are observed to stay behind for some time atter the general flight, but they are only the young and weak birds, that are incapable of uncertaking the journey at that time; but most probably the few that are obliged to remain behind perish in the ~ ensuing winter through a want of food. They generally make their first appearance in the early part of April, and occasionally thousands die for want of food, should the weather prove cold after their arrival. It has been observed by Colonel Montagu, that all the Swallows in his neigh- bourhood disappeared of a sudden, in the month of April, when the thermometer was at 42; but in a day or two he discovered them collected to- gether by hundreds in a valley, close to the sea- side, near a large sheltered pool. This species is sometimes found entirely of a snowy white colour, and is described by Brisson _ as distinct on that account. 88 BARN SWALLOW. (Hirundo rufa.) Hi. ce@ruleo-chalybea, fronte gulaque castaneis, abdomine dilute castaneo, fascia pectorali purpurea, rectricibus, duabus interme- diis exceptis, macula alba oblonga notatis. — Steel-blue Swallow, with the forehead and throat chesnut, the abdomen pale chesnut, breast with a purple band, all but the | two middle tail-feathers, with an oblong white spot. Hirundo rufa. Viel. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 1. 60.—Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1. 1018?—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 574. 5? a - Hirundo Americana. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 34. L’Hirondelle rousse. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 60. Pl. 30. L’Hirondelle a ventre roux de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 6. 607 ?— Buff. Pl. Enl. 724. f.1. female? _ Barn Swallow. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5.34. Pl. 38. 1. male. 2. fe-. male. Rufous-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 566. 5? Tue Barn Swallow is seven inches in length, and thirteen in expanse: its beak is black: irides hazel: lores black: the upper part of the head, neck, back, rump, and _tail-coverts . steel-blue ; breast with a band of the same: forehead and. chin deep chesnut: belly, vent, and under part of the wings, light chesnut: wings and tail dusky black, with green reflections; the latter very much forked, and with all but the two middle feathers with an oblong white spot, similar to the Common European Swallow: legs dark purple: female with the belly and vent rufous white, and the outer tail-feathers shorter than in the male, Inhabits America. BARN SWALLOW. 89 This species has. been confounded by most writers with the Common Swallow, which it very much resembles, but differs in having the under parts of the body chesnut-colour, instead of white ; and it builds its nest in barns, sheds, or other outhouses, on beams or rafters, and not in chim- neys, as that bird does: its nest occupies about a ~ week in building, and is commenced early in May: it is in the shape of an inverted cone, with a per- pendicular section cut off, on that side by which it adheres to the wood; at the top there is a ridge, that seems to be intended for the old birds to perch on while tending their nestlings; it is formed of mud, mixed with fine hay, and disposed in regu- lar strata from side to side, and is about an inch in thickness; within there is a quantity of hay, which is profusely lined with goose feathers: its eggs are extremely transparent; white, sprinkled with reddish brown, and are five in number: it has generally two broods in the season, the first about the middle of June, and the second about the tenth of August. _ These birds appear to live in great harmony, as twenty or thirty pair often build in the same barn, and several of their nests are within a few inches of each other, and no symptoms of quarrelling ever take place amongst them. When the young birds first leave the nest they are observed to fly about within doors, for some days before they venture out; which when they do they are conducted by the old ones to the sides of rivers, and similar places, where the food G0 SAVIGNY’S SWALLOW. is most abundant, and they are fed by them in the same manner as the European Swallow does its young: these birds are easily tamed, and soon become very gentle and familiar, and in the course of a short time, when confined in a room, will begin to employ themselves in catching flies, and will call out to their companions as they pass by the window. Their song is a sprightly warble, and is sometimes continued for a length of time. The Barn Swallows arrive near Philadelphia the latter end of March, or the beginning of April: about the middle of August they begin to assemble and make preparations for departing, and by the middle of September there is scarcely a single cne to be seen: they are most abundant to the east of the Alleghany Mountains, and extend as far north as the river St. Lawrence; and are observed in great numbers in Florida, during the months of September and October, passing to the south. L’Hirondelle 4 ventre roux of Buffon has very much the aspect of the female of this species. SAVIGNY’S SWALLOW. . (Hirundo Savignii.) Hi. cerulescens, fronte, gula, genis, abdomineque fulvis, fascia pectoralt cerulescente, cauda maxime forficata. Blue Swallow, with the forehead, throat, cheeks, and abdomen fulvous; breast with a blue band; tail very much forked. RED-FRONTED SWALLOW. 91 Fieurep in plate 4. of l’Histoire Naturelle d’? Aigypt, by Mons. Savigny, but the letter-press not having made its appearance in this country, I have named it after that celebrated naturalist : by the figure, it seems to have all the upper parts, and a band on the breast, of a beautiful blue; with the forehead, throat, cheeks, abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts bright fulvous; quills dark fus- cous; tail with the outer feathers very much elon- gated, and forked. Native of Egypt. RED-FRONTED SWALLOW. ( Hirundo rufifrons.) Hi. cerulescens, fronte rufescente, abdomine tectrictbusque caude infertoris albis. Blueish Swallow, with the forehead reddish; abdomen, and under tail-coverts, white. L’Hirondelle 4 front roux. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afri. 5.154. Pl. 245. f. 2. Tuts species has the beak and feet black: the head, back of the neck, shoulders, wings, back, tail, and its upper coverts, with the throat and breast, of a shining blue-black : the under parts of the body, from the breast to the tail-coverts, of a pure white: the forehead red: eyes brown: the tail of the male is very much forked, of the female not quite so much; in other respects she resembles the male. Inhabits the southern parts of Africa, arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in the spring, and retiring northward in the autumn. 92 CAPE SWALLOW. (Hirundo capensis. ) Ht. nigro cerulescens, subtus rufescens, rectricibus lateralibus macula alba. ; wen ii Black-blue Swallow, beneath reddish, with the lateral tail- feathers marked with a white spot. Hirundo capensis. Gel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1019. foém.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 574. 6. foem. 3 L’Hirondelle a capuchon roux. Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. 608. female. : ? . L’Hirondelle a téte rousse. Buff. Pl. Enl. 723. f. 2. female, L’Hirondelle rousseline. Le Vail. Ois. @ Afri, 5. 152. Pl. 245. J 1. male, | Cape Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 566. 6. Tue male of this bird is described by Le Vaillant. It has the forehead and upper part of the head black: the upper parts of the body blue-black, similar to the Chimney Swallow: the occiput, back of the neck, rump, throat, and under parts of the body, are red: the wings and tail are dusky ; the latter is very much forked, and has a white spot on the inner web of all but the two middle, and the outer feathers, on each side: it is in length seven inches: the female has the top of the head, ~ cheeks, and nape rufous, varied with blackish : the upper parts of the body blue-black, but not so brilliant as the male: quills brown, edged with lighter brown: throat brown and white, mixed : rest of the under parts: of the body. yellowish LO CAPE SWALLOW. SENEGAL SWALLOW. | 93 white, with longitudinal dusky streaks: tail dusky, and similar to the male. This species is very abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, and. builds its nest of mud in the houses of that place, laying six brown eggs, sprinkled with small brown spots. SENEGAL SWALLOW. (Hirundo senegalensis. ) Hr, nigra ceruleo-nitens, subtus uropygioque rufa, remigibus rec- tricibusque nigris. Black Swallow, shining with blue; beneath and rump rufous ; quills and tail-feathers black. Hirundo senegalensis. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1. 345. 8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 575. 7.—Briss. 2. 496. 5. t. A5.f. 1. 3 La grande Hirondelle 4 ventre roux du Senegal. Buff: Hist. _ Nat, Ois. 6. 610.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 310. | Senegal Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 567.7 Tuis is one of the largest species in the genus, ~ being eight inches and a half in length: beak dusky : ae rufous white: top of the head, upper parts of the-body and neck, shining steel- black : rump and all the under parts rufous: quills and tail black, the latter greatly forked. Inhabits Senegal. 94 CRESTED SWALLOW. (Hirundo cristata.) Hi. capite cristato, corpore supra griseo-nitente, subtus griseo an alis caudaque cerulescentibus. Swallow with a crest, the body above shining grey, beneath greyish white, with the wings and tail blueish. L’Hirondelle huppée. Le Vail. Ois, d’Afri. 5. 159. Pl. 247. male. Tuis species of Swallow is remarkable for hav- ing a crest, which is similar in appearance to that of the Crested Lark; it consists of five or six feathers, which are of the same colour as the rest — of the head: the upper parts of the body are of a shining grey colour; the wings and tail are dark- est, and shine with a blue gloss in some positions: the throat, front of the neck, and upper part of the breast, are of the same colour as the upper parts of the body, but variegated with whitish : the lower part of the breast, the sides, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, are greyish white: the feet and beak are lead-coloured: the eyes are brown. 7 ” PANAYAN SWALLOW. (Hirunde panayana.) Hi. nigro-sericea subtus alba, fronte gulaque ferrugineo-flavis gula lunula nigra marginata, Silky-black Swallow, beneath white, with the forehead and throat rusty yellow, the latter margined:with a black crescent. Hirundo panayana. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1018.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 574. 4, L’Hirondelle d’Antigue, Sonner. Voy. Ind, 118. 76. L’Hirondelle 4 gorge couleur de rouille. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 607. Panayan Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 565. A. Beak black: forehead with a rusty yellow spot : all the upper parts of the body and collar round the neck of a silky black: lesser wing-coverts witha violet gloss: throat rusty yellow: under parts of the body white: tail-feathers of a shining black colour: legs black. Inhabits the isle of Panay. DAURIAN SWALLOW, (Hirundo daurica.) Hi. carulea subtus alba, temporibus uropygioque ferrugineis, rec- trice extuma longissima macula alba intus notata. Blue Swallow, beneath white, with the temples and rump rust- coloured; the outer tail-feather very long, and marked with a white spot within. Hirundo daurica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1024.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 5706. 13. Hirundo alpestris. Pall. It. 2. 709. 19. Daurian Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 570, 13. OG . _ CHALYBEATE SWALLOW. Tuts species builds amongst the rocks and de- serted buildings of Siberia: its nest is of an hemi- spherical shape, and is composed of clay, with a long canal for its entrance: it is a large spe- cies, exceeding the Chimney Swallow in size: the crown is deep purple black: temples ferruginous : lower part of the beak, and the rump, the same: upper part of the back, base of the.wings, and tail-coverts, purple black: the tail black, and greatly forked; the outer feather very long, and marked witha white spot on the inner web: under parts of the body dirty white, with the shafts of the feathers dusky: legs brown: the patch on the temples frequently extends round the neck, producing a sort of collar. be. | CHALYBEATE SWALLOW. (Hirundo chalybea.) Hi. nigro-chalybea subtus fusco grisea, rectricibus nigris. Steel-black Swallow, beneath grey brown, with black tail-fea- thers. he ue Hirundo chalybea.. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.1026.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 578. 2). chia Hirundo cayanensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 495. 4. t. 46. f- 1. , Hirondelle de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 675.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 545. f. 2. Chalybeate Swallow. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 574. 22 Tus species is said to be abundant at Cayenne the whole year: it is six inches in length: beak ' SWIFT SWALLOW. 97 stout and brown: upper parts of the plumage black, with a steel gloss: quills and tail obscure black, the latter forked: under parts white: legs brown: it lays its eggs in the hollows of trees without any nest : fond of perching on dead trees, SWIFT SWALLOW. (Hirundo Velox.) | ‘Hi. nigra, capite alis caudaque ceruleo nitente, | Black Swallow, with the head, wings, and tail, shining with blue. | Le Martinet vélocifére. Le Vaill. Ois.d’ Afric. 5. 147. pl. 244. J 2xone. Tuer velocity with which this species flies is wonderful, going, according to Le Vaillant, at the rate of one hundred toises in the space of five se- conds; which rapidity, if continued for one minute without alteration, would enable the bird to travel the distance of half a league in that time. The whole plumage of this bird is black, chang- ing to blue on the top of the head, the wings, and the tail; which latter is much forked, and is nearly two inches shorter than the wings, when the bird is at rest: the eyes are reddish: the feet and beak are brown. This species inhabits the ee and builds in trees in the country of Auteniquois, and the Cape of Good Hope: it is small, measuring only four inches in length. | ¥. x. P. 1. i 98 BLACK SWALLOW. ( Hirundo nigra.) H1. tota nigra, alis longissimis, cauda forficata, Swallow entirely of a black colour; wings very long; tail forked. Hirundo nigra. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2, 577.17.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1025.— Viel. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 1. 64. Hirundo apos dominicensis. Briss. 2. 514. 16. ¢. 46.f. 3. Le petit Martinet noire. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 668. - L’Hirondelle noire. Vieil. Ois. del’ Amer. Sept. 1. 64. Black Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 572. 17. _ Tue Black Swallow inhabits St. Domingo and Cayenne: it is nearly six inches in length, and is entirely black: its tail is greatly forked, and the wings exceed it by one inch and a half: it. builds its nest in a hole in the ground, which it forms by its own labour; it is nearly six inches in length, with a very small entrance. WHITE-RUMPED SWALLOW. (Hirundo leucorhoa.) . Hr. nigricans, pennis interioribus alarum apice, uropygioque albis. Dusky Swallow, with the tips of the inner wing-teathere and the rump white. Le Martinet a croupion blanc. Le Vail. Ois, d? Afri. 5. 146. pl. 244. f. 1. male. Tus bird is very abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, and builds its nest against houses, in the WHITE-THROATED SWALLOW. 99 crevices of rocks, or holes in the wall, and lays four white eggs: its whole body is dusky black, except the tips af the interior webs of the lesser wing-feathers, and the base of the rump, which are white: the eyes are yellowish brown: female not quite so dark as the male. WHITE-THROATED SWALLOW. (Hirundo gularis. ) FH. brunnea, subtus albida, fascia pectorali, lateribusque brunneis, gula alba, cauda maxime forficata. * : Brown Swallow, beneath whitish, with a band on the breast, and the sides of the body brown; throat white; tail greatly forked. Le Martinet a gorge blanc. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afri. 5. 143. pl. 243. ans tg Tue head, the back and sides of the neck, the back, rump, wing, and tail-coverts, the upper part of the tail, and the wing-quills, of an earth brown colour, varying according to the position to greyish: the quills and tail are darkest, with the outer edges of the former light-coloured, and the inner webs white towards their tips: the tail is very much forked: the throat is pure white: the lower part of the neck, and part of the breast, with a fascia, similar in colour to the upper parts of the body; sides of the body the same: abdo- men dirty white: the under tail-coverts brownish | 100 AMBERGRIS SWALLOW. black and white mixed: the feathers at the bend of the wing are dingy white: the beak is brownish black: the irides yellow brown: the legs and toes covered with small plain brown feathers: the fe- male differs in haying the colours of the plumage | less brilliant. This species is extremely abundant throughout ‘the southern parts of Africa: it builds in crevices of rocks, and lays four pure white eggs. AMBERGRIS SWALLOW. (Hirundo ambrosiaca.) HI. griseo-fisca, subtus dilutior, cauda maxime forficata. Grey-brown Swallow, beneath paler, with the tail greatly forked. Hirundo ambrosiaca. - Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 575. 9. Hirundo riparia senegalensis, Briss. Orn. 2. 508. 13. pl. 45. SJ. 4. L’Hirondelle ambrée, Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. 612. Ambergris Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 568. 9. Tue Ambergris Swallow receives its appella- tion from its smelling very strongly of the sub- stance of that name when recent: it inhabits Senegal, and measures five inches and a half in length: its beak is dusky black: the whole of the plumage is of a grey brown colour, darkest on the. head and wing-quills, and palest on the under parts of the body: tail much forked: female? beneath greyish white. 101 MARSH SWALLOW. (Hirundo palustris.) Hi. griseo-brunnea, subtus grisea, pennis alarum caudaque rufo marginatis. Grey-brown Swallow, beneath grey, with the feathers of the wings and tail margined with rufous. L’Hirondelle de Marais, ou la Brunet. Le Vail. Ois, d’ Afri. 5.158. pl. 246. f. 2, male. Tus bird frequents the borders of rivers and marshes in the southern parts of Africa: the pre- vailing colour of its body is grey brown; the wings are dark brown, with the margins of the feathers rufous: the tail is short, forked, and of the same colour as the wings: the eyes are bright yellow brown: the feet and beak are dusky black. JAVA SWALLOW. (Hirundo javanica.) Hi. ceruleo-nigricans nitidus, subtus cinerascens, fronte, gula, juguloque ferrugineis, rectrictbus lateralibus apice macula alba. Shining blue-black Swallow, beneath ash-coloured, with the _ forehead, throat, and jugulum ferruginous; the lateral tail- feathers with a white spot at their tips. Hirundo javanica. Mas. Carls. +. 100.—Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. loi. 3. Javan Swallow. Lath. Syn. sipi IT, 259. 6. " 102 CRAG SWALLOW. Tis species inhabits Java, and constructs its nest in holes on the ground: it is less than the common Swallow: its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of the body- shinee blue black : the quills black: the forehead, cecal and fore- part of the neck, are rust-coloured: the rest of the under parts and the rump pale cinereous: wings longer than the tail, which is black and not forked, an has all but the two middle feathers with a white spot near the tip. CRAG SWALLOW. (Hirundo montana. ) Hi. cinerea subtus rufescens, rectricibus duabus intermedius ex- ceptis, latere interiore macula ovata alba, Ash-eoloured Swallow, beneath reddish, with all but the two middle tail-feathers with an oval white spot on their inner webs. Hirundo montana, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 120s haih, Ind. Orn. 2. 576. 12. L’Hirondelle grise des rochers. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. lee Crag Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 570.12. Tue Crag Swallow is five inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the upper parts of the plumage mouse-coloured: the under parts rufous, the sides inclining to brown: quills and tail grey brown, all but the two middle, and the outermost: one on each side, with a white spot on the inner web: legs downy, and of a brown colour: claws black. Inhabits the rocks about Savoy, also in ROCK SWALLOW. 103 the mountains of Auvergne, and Dauphiné, and Gibraltar: it arrives at the former place in the middle of April, and retires the middle of August. SII ROCK SWALLOW. (Hirundo rupestris.) Hit. murina subtus albida, remigibus caudaque nigricantibus, rec- tricibus latere interiore macula oval alba. Mouse-coloured Swallow, beneath whitish, with the quills and tail dusky, the lateral tail-feathers with an oval white spot on the inner web. | Hirundo rupestris, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1019.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 576. 11. Rock Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 569. 11. _ Size of the Ambergris Swallow: length about five inches and a half: beak black: upper parts of the plumage the same as the Sand Martin, of a pale mouse-colour: the wings and tail darkest ; the latter very slightly forked, and each feather with a white spot on the inner web: under parts of the body whitish: legs black, not feathered : builds in the cavities of rocks a nest of mud:and clay; and inhabits Carniola. 104 SAND MARTIN. ‘(Hirundo riparia.) Hi. murina, gula abdomineque albis. ? Mouse-coloured Swallow, with the throat and iiien white. Hirundo riparia. Lin, Syst. Nat: 1. 344. 4.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 273.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1019.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 575. 10. —Briss. Orn, 2. 506. 12.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 46. L’Hirondelle de rivage. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 632.—Buff. ’ Pl. Enl..543.f. 2. se ia A Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 46. pl. 38. f. 4. ; : oes: Sand Martin. Pen. Brit.’Zool. 1. 170.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 332.— Albin, Birds. 2. 56, B.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 568. 10.— Bewick, Brit. Birds. 1, 260.—Mont. — Tha 1.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 2. 125. THE Sand or Bank Martin is near five inches in length: its beak is dusky: irides hazel: super- cilia whitish: head, neck, breast, and back, mouse- coloured brown: wings the same, with their in-— terior feathers singularly notched at the tip: throat, fore-part of the neck, belly, and vent, white: tail brown; the outer feather slightly mar- gined with white: legs dusky, slightly feathered behind. This species is common. to Europe and pets rica, arriving in this country first of the Swallow tribe: it is the scarcest and most local with us, but is extremely abundant in America: its nest is placed on the high sand-bank of a river, quarry, or gravel-pit, at a few feet from the surface, and i,” i iy We ) ue SAND MARTIN. Ll ung Sof BLACK AND WHITE SWALLOW. 105 often extends two or three feet in a horizontal direction: several of these holes are often within a few inches of each other, and extend for a con- siderable distance: at the extremity of this hole its nest is placed; it is composed of fine dry grass, lined with a few downy feathers, on which the eggs, which are pure white and very transparent, are placed; they are mostly five in number: the young are hatched late in May: it occasionally has two broods in the season, and will not always take the pains to make a hole for its nest, but will sometimes lay its eggs. in a analy of a quarry, or a hole in a tree. The manners of this species are similar to those of the common Martin, with which bird it often associates, and flies over the water in pursuit of insects: it has a low muttering voice. In some parts of America they are so numerous amongst the quarries and sand-banks as to appear like swarms of bees round their hives. BLACK AND WHITE SWALLOW. (Hirundo bicolor.) Hi. supra nigra, ceruleo viridi versicolore, subtus nivea, Swallow above black, changing to blue and green; beneath snow white, Hirundo bicolor. Vieil, Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 1. 61. L’Hirondelle bicolor. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 61. pl. 31, 106 GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. Tur male of this species has all the upper parts - of the body of a beautiful shining black, changing to brilliant blue and green, according to the posi- tion with respect to the light: the tail and wings are of a deep black, and the latter, in a state of rest, reach about six lines beyond the tip of the tail: the beak and irides are black: the legs and feet are brown: all the under parts of the body are of a snowy white colour: the female differs in having the black less brilliant: the young bird has the upper parts of the body dusky: the feathers of the wing and tail, with those of the rump, are edged with dingy white. Inhabits va- tious parts of North America, and is know at Hud- son’s Bay by the name of Shasywine peshew. GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. (Hirundo leucogaster. ) H1. supra viridi-cerulea, subtus alba, Swallow, above green blue, beneath white. Hirundo bicolor, Wails. Amer. Orn, 5, 44. Green-blue or White-bellicd Swallow. Wals. Amer. Orn. 5. 44. pl. 38. f. 3. Tuis is in length five inches and three quarters, and in expanse about twelve: its beak and eyes are black: the upper parts of the body are of a. light glossy green blue: wings brown black, with slight green reflections : tail rather forked, the two exterior feathers being about a quarter of:an GREEN-BLUE SWALLOW. 107 inch longer than the middle ones, and all of an uniform brown black: lores black: all the under parts of the body pure white: wings, when closed, extend about one quarter of an inch beyond the tail: legs naked,-short, and strong, and, as well as the feet, of a dark purplish flesh-colour: claws stout: female with less of the greenish gloss than the male, and ail the colours: less brilliant ; in other respects the same. The White-bellied or Green-blue Swallow has generally been confounded by European writers with the common Martin, but separated by Wilson in his American Ornithology with great propriety from that species, from’ which it differs in not being of a dark .cerulean black above, and white on the rump: it arrives in Pensylvania a few days later than the Barn Swallow, and often takes pos- session of the boxes that are put up for the Purple Swallow: its nest consists of fine loose dry grass, lined with large downy feathers, rising above its surface, and so placed as to curl inwards, and completely conceal the eggs, which are four or five in number, and pure white in colour: the bird has generally two broods in the season, and will sometimes build in a hollow tree: it is a very quarrelsome species, and is continually fighting: they are extremely numerous in some parts of North America: Wilson mentions one hundred and two being brought down by one discharge from a gun, in the low lands of Long Island! 108 PURPLE SWALLOW. (Hirundo purpurea.) H1. violacea ceruleo-nitens, alis, caudaque nigricantibus. Feemi- na, gula, pectoreque cinereo-fuscis, abdomine albo. Violet. Swallow, with a shining blue tinge, and the wings and tail dusky. Female with the throat and breast grey brown, abdomen white. Hirundo purpurea, Lin. Syst. Nat.1. 344. 5. mas.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Beet mas.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.578. 22.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 5 sree i ate Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.1026. mas, Hirundo subis. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 344.7. fem.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1021. foem. _ Hirundo cerulea, Viel. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 57. Hirundo apos carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 2.515. 17. mas. Hirundo freti Hudsonis. Briss. App. Orn. 56. 18. foem. Hirondelle bleue de la Caroline ou Louisiane. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 674. mas.— Buff. Pl, Enl. 722. mas. L’Hirondelle bleue, Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 1. 57. t. 26. mas, ¢. 27. foem. | Le Martinet coleur de pourpre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 676. mas, Hirondelle de la baie d’Hudson. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 677? _ foem. Great American Martin. Edwards. 2. 120. foem. Purple Martin, Catesby. Carol. 1. pl. 51. male-—Wailson. Amer. Orn. 5. 58. pl. 39.f. 1. male. f. 2. female, Violet Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 574. 21. male, Canada Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 575, 24. female. Purple Swallow. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4, 575.23. male.—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2, 333. male. Tus bird al been so frequently described under different names, that it has caused great PURPLE SWALLOW. 109 confusion in consequence. The male is eight inches in length, and sixteen in expanse: his whole body (with the exception of the lores, which are black, and the wings and tail, which are of a brownish black) is of a rich purplish blue, glossed with violet: the tail is very much forked, and is bordered with dusky blue: beak strong and dusky: irides dark hazei: legs dark dirty purple: female with the upper parts of the body of a dusky brown, slightly glossed with blue and violet: chin and breast grey brown: belly and vent dirty white, with obscure dusky and yellow stains: wings and tail dusky brown. This species of Swallow is an inhabitant of North America, where it is very abundant: it arrives on the southern frontiers of the United States late in February or early in March, reaches Pensylvania the beginning of April, and advances as far as Hudson’s Bay by the middle of May: it retires in the month of August. The Americans are extremely partial to this bird, and fit up boxes for their reception: éven the Indians fix up gourds and calabashes for the same purpose; in these they build their nests, which are composed of dry leaves, straw, hay, and great quantities of feathers: their eggs are very small, and four in number: they have two broods; the first comes forward in May, and the second in July: the male assists the female during incubation, and takes her place, uttering at that time a peculiar soft and tender song: if there should not happen to be a box fitted up for them, they will build against houses, sign- 110 ASH-BELLIED SWALLOW. posts, or dove-cots; and if they take possession of the latter place, no pigeon dare set a foot on that tier where their nest is situated, or the Martins would soon despatch it. From these’ birds flying so much like the Swifts it has been said by travellers that bird ins habited North America, but that is not the fact : they are very fond of wasps, bees, and large beetles; and will attack crows, hawks, and eagles, with great spirit and audacity, like the common Martin: their note, pewo peuo peuo, is very loud and musical, but is generally succeeded by others lower and guttural. | ASH-BELLIED SWALLOW. (Hirundo cinerea.) Hi. nigra nitens subtus cinerea, rectricibus.margine griseo-flavi- Aceraahs Shining-black Swallow, beneath cinereous, with the edge of the quills yellowish grey. Hirundo cinerea. Gwmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1026: —Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 578. 20. : Hirundo peruviana,,, Briss. 2. 498. 6. La petit Hirondelle noire a ventre cendré. Buff. Hist. Nat. ~ Otis. 6. 673. Ash-bellied Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 573. 20. nastier’ five inches in length: irides dark brown: upper parts of the plaka (the quills and _ tail excepted, which are dark ash-colour, and mar- =| beens NK Ia Ave Ds Mullin y ; SS AY SSS SSS Ss SeSoou ee! ZY SAOLS - Hirundo peruviana major. Briss. 2. 408. 7. Le Martinet noir et blanc a ceinture grise. Buff; Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 670. Peruvian Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 573, 19. ST. DOMINGO SWALLOW. 123 Tur Peruvian Swallow has the head, throat, and neck, grey: breast with an ash-coloured fascia: upper wing-coverts, quills, and tail, pale grey, edged with yellowish grey: beak, back, rump, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and claws, black: under parts of the body pure white. Native of Peru. | ST. DOMINGO SWALLOW. (Hirundo dominicensis. ) H1. nigro-chalybea, abdomine albo, rectricibus nigricantibus. Steel-black Swallow, with a white abdomen, and dusky tail- feathers. | Hirundo dominicensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1025.—Briss, 2. 493. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 577. 18.—Vieil. Ois. de ?’ Amer. Sept. 1. 59. Le grand Martinet noire a ventre blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 669. Hirondelle d’Amerique. Buff. Pl. Enl. 545. fo 1. L’Hirondelle 4 ventre blanc. Vveil. O1s. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 59. pl. 28. male. 29. female. St. Domingo Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 573. 18. Inwasirs the southern parts of North America, and also many of the West-India islands, particu- larly St. Domingo: it is the size of Hirundo rustica, and measures seven inches in length: its beak is black: its legs and claws are brown: the whole bird, with the exception of the belly, and under tail-coverts, which are white, is of a beautiful shining steel blue: its tail is very slightly forked ; and, with the wings, is dusky: female with the 124 ? BROWN-COLLARED SWALLOW. forehead and throat brown: the abdomen white, spotted with brown: the quills dusky brown: in other respects similar to the male. | BROWN-COLLARED SWALLOW. (Hirundo torquata.) Hit. fusca subtus alba, fascia pectorali_femoribusque,fuscis, Brown Swallow, beneath white, with a band on the breast and thighs brown. | Hirundo torquata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1022.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 579. 24. Hirondelle brune et blanche a ceinture brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 680. Hirondelle brun a collier du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Pl. Enls 723. fo 1. . L’Hirondelle fauve. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afric. 5.156. pl. 246. f. 1? male. Brown-collared Swallow. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 577. 26. Beak dusky; between which and the eye there is a white spot: upper parts of the body, thighs, and band on the breast, brown: under parts white: tail not forked. Inhabits the — of Good Hope. | Le Vaillant mentions a bird that appears to be a variety of this species: it has the upper part of the head, the neck, the shoulders, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and the tail itself of a reddish yellow colour, but the feathers of the latter, with the exception of the outer one on each side, and the two middle ones, have each an oval white spot OTAHEITE SWALLOW. 125 on the inner webs: the tail is even: the throat, the front of the neck, and the upper part of the breast, are light brown ; and the rest of the under parts of the body are greyish white: its eyes, feet, and beak, are brown. ! » It is found at the Cape of Hope, builds its nest against houses, and lays five yellowish white eggs, slightly spotted with brown. OTAHEITE SWALLOW. (Hirundo tahitica. ) Hi. fusco-nigricans, corpore supra ceruleo-nitente, fronte colloque subdtus purpureo-fulvis, cauda subforficata nigra. Dusky-brown Swallow, with the body above of a shining blue, forehead and neck beneath brownish purple, and black slightly forked tail. Hirundo tahitica. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1016.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 573.2. Otaheite Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 568, pl. in front. 2. pt. 1. “ Brak black: irides brown: colour of the body brown black, with a shining blueish gloss: from the chin to. the upper part of the breast it is of a fulvous purple: the rest of the parts beneath are of a sooty brown; the vent palest: tail a little forked; above black; beneath the same, but paler: the length two inches and a quarter: legs black: length five inches.”? Described as above by Dr. Latham, and figured in the frontispiece to the third volume of his General Synopsis. It in- habits the mountainous parts of Otaheite. 126 FULVOUS SWALLOW. (Hirundo fulva.) Hr. nigra ceruleo-nitens, subtus albicans, gula Sas fronte, uro# pygioque rufo~ferrugineis. Black Swallow, with a gloss of blue; beneath whitish; inde yel- low; forehead and rump reddish brown. Hirundo fulva. Viel. Otis. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 62. L’Hirondelle fauve. Vietl. Ois. de 1’ Amer, Sept. 1. 62. pl. 32. DescriseD by Mons. Vieillot in his splendid work on the North American birds: it has the upper parts of the body of a shining blue black: the forehead and rump are rodaaae brown: the upper part of the neck, and the sides of the body; are red: the quills and tail are dark brown, with all their feathers margined with whitish grey: the throat is yellow: the breast greyish brown: the middle of the belly, and under tail-coverts, are of a dingy white: the feet and beak are black: the bird is five inches in length. In some individuals the whole of the under parts of the body are yellow. It is an inhabitant of the southern parts of North America. _ RUFOUS-RUMPED SWALLOW. (Hirundo platensis. ) Hi. fuscoenigricans virtdi nitens subtus albida, uropygio crissogue YUPUS x \\\\ bin Nir Wi) RUFOUS -HEADED SWALLOW. RUFOUS-HEADED SWALLOW. 127 Dusky-brown Swallow, tinged with green, beneath whitish, with the rump and vent rufous. Hirondo americana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1017.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2581..20. L’Hirondelle 4 croupion et queue quarrée. Buffs Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 698. Rufous-rumped Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 582. 31. In length six inches and a half: throat some- times rufous: upper parts of the body dusky brown, with a slight tinge of blue and green: quills white on their inner margins: under parts _of the body dirty white: rump and vent rufous, variegated with white: tail not forked. Inhabits the borders of the river Plate, in South America. RUFOUS-HEADED SWALLOW. » (Hirundo indica.) Hi. fusca, pileo-rufo, corpore subtus albido. Brown Swallow, with the top of the head rufous, and under ' ” parts-of the body whitish. Hirundo indica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1025.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 577. 16. | Rufous-headed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 571. 16. t 56. Descrizep and figured by Dr. Latham as below. ‘* Length four inches: beak dusky brown: the whole top of the head, even with the eyes, rufous, inclining to-brown: the upper parts of the neck, wings, body, and tail, brown; the last forked in shape: the under parts dusky white: some of the 128 ACULEATED SWALLOW. wing-coverts edged with white: the quills exceed the tail in length: legs dusky. Inhabits the East Indies.”’ RED-HEADED SWALLOW. (Hirundo erythrocephala.) Ht. nigricans supra albo marginata subtus alba, capite rubro, alis caudaque fuscis. Dusky Swallow, with the fonthor above margined with white; the under parts of the body white; head red; wings and tail _ fuscous. Hirundo erythrocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 1024.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.577.114. * Red-headed Swallow. Lov Gen. Syn. 4.571. 14. Sarp to inhabit India: is one of the smallest of the genus: the beak is flat, and dusky: the head red: back dusky, with all the® feathers fringed with white: tail-coverts pale brown: wings and tail dusky, the latter slightly forked : ae parts of the ba white. ie ACULEATED SWALLOW. e (Hirundo pelasgia.) Hi. supra nigricans, subtus griseo- sbrunnea, rectricibus equate aptce nudo subulatis. Swallow above dusky, beneath grey brown, with the tail-feathers equal, and their tips naked, ane armed with an awl-shaped point, ACULEATED SWALLOW. 129 Hirundo pelasgia. Lin. Syst. Nat.1.345. 10,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1023.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 581. 20.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 5 48.—Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer, Sept. 1. 63. Hirundo carolinensis. Briss. 2. 501. 9. Hirondelle de la Careline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 700. L’Hirendelle brune acutipenne de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 699. L’Hirondelle 4 queue pointue de la Louisiane. Buff. Pl. Enl. 720.J. 2. | Hirondelle acutipenne de Cayenne. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 6. 701.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 726. f 1. L'Hirondelle acutipenne,: Vieil. Ois. del’ Amer. Sept. 1. 63. p. 33. American Swallow. Catesb. Carol. Appen. t. 8. Chimney Swallow. Wils, Amer. Orn. 5, 48. pl. 39.f. 1. Aculeated Swallow. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.335. pl. 18.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 583. 32.— Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 258, 2. Hirunpo pelasgia is in length four inches and ‘a half; and is entirely of deep sooty brown, ex- cept the chin and supercilia, which are dusky whitish : beak extremely short, and black: eyes black, surrounded with a bare blackish skin or orbit: legs covered with a loose purplish skin ; thighs naked, and of the same tint: feet extremely muscular, the three fore toes nearly of a length, claws, very sharp: the wings when closed extend one inch and a half beyond the tip of the tail, which is slightly rounded, and consists of ten fea- thers, scarcely longer than their coverts; their shafts extend beyond the vanes, are sharp pointed, strong, and very elastic, and of a deep black co- lour: the shafts of the wing-quills are also re- markably strong: the female can scarcely be dis- tinguished from the male by her plumage. The two varieties of this bird mentioned by Buffon 7X. P. I, 9 130 ACULEATED SWALLOW. appear to be merely the young in their immature plumage : one has the throat and fore-part of the neck dirty white, spotted with greenish brown: the other is blueish brown; has the rump grey, and the throat and fore-part of the neck rufous grey. This species arrives in Pennsylvania late in April or early in May, and builds its nest in high chimneys that are seldom used; but in those parts of America that are inhabited with Indians, and where there are no chimneys, they construct it inl hollow trees: it is of a singular construction, and is formed of very small twigs, fastened together with a strong adhesive gummy substance, which is said to be secreted by two glands, situated on each side of the hinder part of the head, and to be mixed with the saliva*. With this substance, which be- comes as hard as the twigs themselves, the whole nest, which is small and shallow, is thickly covered: it is attached by one side or edge to the wall, and is totally destitute of the soft lining. with which those of the other Swallows are so plentifully sup- plied: its eggs are four in number, and of a pure white: it has two broods in the season. ‘The young are fed at intervals during the night: and the nest is frequently detached from the sides of the chimney, by the heavy rains, and is preci- pitated to the bottom: the eggs, if there be any, are destroyed ; but if there be young, they will scramble up to the upper part, by clinging to the * Wilson’s American Ornithology, vol. &, page 64. is SHLARP-TALLED SWALLOW. SHARP-TAILED SWALLOW. 131 wall with their strong muscular feet, and in this situation continue to be fed by the old ones for a week or more. | This bird is easily distinguished from the other Swallows by its peculiarity of flight, frequently shooting swiftly in various directions, without any apparent motion of its wings, and uttering the sounds ¢sip tsip tsip tsee tsee in a hurried manner. In roosting, the thorny extremities of its tail are thrown out for its support. It never alights but in hollow trees and chimneys, and is always most gay and active during wet and gloomy weather, and is the earliest abroad in the morning and - latest out in the evening of any of the North American Swallows. It departs from Pennsylva- nia, the first or second week in September, towards the south. ene nr cae SHARP-TAILED SWALLOW. (Hirundo acuta.) Ht. nigra subtus fusca, gula grisea, rectricibus apice nudo subu- latis, iS Black Swallow, beneath brown, with the throat grey, and the tail-feathers naked and sharp-pointed at their tips. Hirundo acuta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1023.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 581. 31. : 3 Hirundo martinicana. Briss. 2. 499. 8.7. 45. f. 2. L’Hirondelle noire acutipenne de la Martinique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 702.—Buff: Pl. Enl. 544. f: 1. Sharp-tailed Swallow. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 584. 33. 1$2 NEW-HOLLAND SWALLOW. Turs singular little bird is scarcely three inches and three quarters in length: it is black above: the beak and legs are brown: the throat is brown- ish grey: the under parts of the body generally dull brown; sometimes reddish brown: and the ends of the tail- feathers are pointed as in H. pe- lasgia. NEW-HOLLAND SWALLOW. ohne pacifica. ) Hi. obscura, gula et uropygio caruleo-albidis rectricibus apice acutis. Obscure Swallow, with the throat and rump of a blueish white, the tail-feathers pointed at their tips. Hirundo pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. IT. loti. 2. New-Holland Swallow. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 259. 4. Tuts bird has a very great affinity to the follow- ing, but it wants the needle-shaped processes at the tips of the tail-feathers: it is of the same size: the prevailing colour is dusky brown, but without any tinge of green on the wings and tail: the throat and rump are blueish white. Inhabits New Holland. 13 NEEDLE-TAILED SWALLOW. (Hirundo caudacuta. ) W11. obscura viridi-nitens, fronte gulaque albida, rectricibus apice ‘subulatis, Obscure shining green Swallew, with the forehead and throat whitish, and the tail-feathers awl-shaped at the tips. Hirando caudacuta, Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. II, boii. 1. Needle-tailed Swallow. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 259. 3. Discoverep in New South Wales; double the size of the Aculeated Swallow: the prevailing colour of the plumage is dusky, with a green gloss on the wings and tail: the forehead is white: the throat very pale dusky, inclining to whitish : inner wing-coverts variegated with white: the feathers of the tail pointed, and armed with sharp needle- like processes. Very abundant in February, and feeds on large insects, particularly locusts. BROWN SWALLOW. (Hirundo fusca. ) Hi. fusca, alis. caudaque viridi-fuscis, gula, crisso, et tectricibus caude inferioribus ailbis, rectricibus apice nudis subulatis. Brown Swallow, with the wings and tail green brown ; the throat, vent, and under tail-coverts white, and the feathers of the latter naked and awl-shaped at the tips. 7 Tuer is a specimen of this bird in the British Museum, which appears to be distinct from H. 134 — BROWN SWALLOW. caudacuta; it being much larger, and differing in other particulars from that bird: its length is six inches and a half, breadth about twenty: its beak and legs are dusky: the forehead is pale: the prevailing colour of the plumage is dusky brown, the head and neck deepest, and tinged with green : middle of the back light brown: quills and tail deep brown green; the greater quills black on the outer edges: under parts of the body dark brown: throat and chin whitish: vent and under tail-coverts white. Native place unknown. 133 GLAREOLA. PRATINCOLE. Generic Character. Rostrum basi rectiusculum, || Beak straight at the base, validum, versus. apicem strong, compressed, and in- compressum, apice incur- curved towards the tip. vum. | Nares lineares oblique. Nos¢rils lear and placed ob- liquely. | Rictus amplus. Gape very wide. Pedes tetradactyli, digitis basi || /eet with four toes, connected membrana coanexis. together by a membrane at , ~ the base. Cauda forficata, rectricibus || Tail forked, consisting of | duodecin. - twelve feathers. Tue only species of this genus known to Lin- - neeus was placed by him amongst the Hirundines, but many subsequent writers have transferred it from thence and placed it among the water birds, to which it has not the least affinity, except in having rather long legs, which are bare of feathers a little above the knee; whereas it has the entire habit of the Swallow tribe, especially in the shape of the wings and tail; and like them it resorts to rivers and such like places in search of insects, on which it feeds, and for the purpose of building its nest. 136 AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE. (Glareola austriaca.) GL, griseo-fusca subtus rufo-alba, linea gulari incurvata nigra, rectricibus quatuor exterioribus basi albis. Grey brown Pratincole, beneath reddish white, with an in- curved black line ‘on the throat, and the base of the four outer tail-feathers white. | Hirundo Pratincola. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1. 345. 12.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 605. 1. . Glareola austriaca. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.753. 1. Glareola. Briss. Orn. 5. p. 141. t. 12. f. 1. La Perdrix de mer. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 544. — Buf. Fi, Enl. 882.—Sonner. Voy. Ind. 216. : Austrian Pratincole. Lath. Gen, Syn, 5. odo, pl. 85.—-Lin. Lrans. 9. 198.—Mont. Orn. Dict, Suppl. _ La Perdrix de mer a collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 546. Collared Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.223. — Maldivian Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 224. Coromandel Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 224, | Madras Pratincole. Lath, Gen. Syn. 5. 225. Tuts variable bird is the size of a Blackbird, being in length about ten inches: beak short and black; the base of the under mandible and corners of the mouth bright red: upper parts of the plum- age grey brown; the crown and the back of the neck with a rufous tinge; the back and scapulars with a slight green bronzed reflection: wings very long, with their primary quills dusky brown; the secondaries paler, tipped with white; the tertials and coverts like the scapulars: under parts of the body, rump, and tail-coverts, white: Ui ‘/}} Yiy fff ip ay AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE . AUSTRIAN PRATINCOLE. — 137 throat and lower part of the breast yellowish: from the lower part of the eye, passing beneath the throat, is a black line: under parts of the neck, and upper parts of the breast, rufous brown: under wing-coverts bright rust-colour and black : feathers of the sides rust-coloured: tail greatly forked, and tipped with grey on the inner webs, the outer web of the exterior feathers white: legs and feet rufous brown: claws dusky. The variety called the Collared Pratincole, by Dr. Latham, is rather less, and has the forehead black, with a white spot on each side near the eye; the throat and fore-part of the neck white, surrounded with a brown collar or line: rest of the under parts whitish. The Maldivian variety differs in having the throat white surrounded with a band, and all the feathers spotted with black on their shafts. The next, called the Coromandel Pratincole, is rather paler than either of the pre- ceding on the upper parts; the throat is rufous brown, with a black collar; the feathers at the base of the tail are whitish, and at their tips brown, with a dirty grey spot at the apex; breast rufous white. The last distinct variety has the top of the head deep brown; the neck, back, and | wing-coverts dirty rufous grey; quills brown; two middle tail-feathers the same, all the rest tipped with white, and the outer ones white half way from the base: breast and belly pale brown. _ This bird appears to be pretty generally dif- fused, being found throughout the greatest part of the old continent, and is most abundant in the -138 SENEGAL PRATINCOLE. deserts towards the Caspian Sea, appearing in great flocks: it is not uncommon in-Germany, where it frequents the borders of the Rhine near Strasburgh, and lives on worms and aquatic in- sects; it is also occasionally seen in France, and is said to have been once taken near Liverpool, and likewise in the Isle of Unst, by Mr. Bullock, whereas it has never been observed on the con- tinent to go far beyond the 53d degree to the north: this bird lays seven oblong eggs, and is a restless noisy eae SENEGAL PRATINCOLE. (Glareola senegalensis.) GL. rostro epee Juscis, corpore fusco immaculato, Pratincole with the beak and feet brown, body fuscous without spots. Glareola senegalensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 696. Lath Ind. Orn. 2. 754. 2.—Briss. 5. 148. 4. Tringa fusca. Lan. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. 22. | La Perdrix de mer brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 544. «- Senegal Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 225. 2. Tur Senegal Pratincole is- nine inches and a half in length: beak nearly one inch, and brown: prevailing colour of the plumage brown; legs the same: tail much forked. Native of Senegal. May not this eventually prove to be merely SPOTTED PRATINCOLE. 139 the young of the preceding, as the Coromandel variety of that bird has been identified at Se- negal? — | SPOTTED PRATINCOLE. - (Glareola neevia. ) Gu. macula fuscis et albicantibus varia supra fusca subtus rufa, abdomine imo basique caude candicantibus, Pratincole above fuscous, beneath rufous, variegated with white and brown spots, with the lower part of the abdomen and base of the tail whitish. | Glareola nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 696.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 754, 3.—Briss. 5. 147. 3. La Giarole. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 545. Spotted Pratincole. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 225. 3. Tuts species inhabits Germany, and is the same size as the others: its beak is black: its head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the belly are spotted with brown and white; the upper parts of the body the same, but the spots not so distinct : the secondary quills are black and ash-coloured, mixed ; the rest are all black: the lower part of the belly, sides, and vent reddish white, spotted with black. 140 CAPRIMULGUS. GOATSUCKER. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, basi dilatatum || Beak short, at the base di- et sepius setis divergenti- bus instructum, versus api- cem utrinque compressum lated, and often furnished with divergent sete, to- wards the apex on each aduncum : mandibula infe- side compressed and. hooked : recurved at the point. rior apice recurvata. under mandible Gape very deep. Legs short, with three toes Rictus amplissimus. Pedes breves, digitis tribus / before, connected at their base by a membrane, one behind. Wings very long. anticis, basi membrana con- nexis, uno postico. Ale longissime. Tue birds of this genus are readily distinguished by their immense wide gape, which in many of the species reaches beyond the eyes: they do not build a nest, but lay their eggs, which are gene- rally two in number, on the bare ground; neither are they ever seen in society, but appear to be all of a solitary disposition: their food consists of large insects, which their wide mouth is well cal- culated to entrap, and most of them take their prey flying: there is but one species found on the European continent, and the greater part of them are natives of America. 141 GREAT-HEADED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus megacephalus.) Ca, cinereus maculis stritsque pallidis, abdomine ferrugineo, remigibus rectricibusque albo maculatis. Ash-coloured Goatsucker, with pale spots and stripes; abdomen ferruginous; quills and tail-feathers spotted with white. Caprimulgus megacephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. loiii. 3. Great-headed Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 203. 5. Tuis singular species inhabits New South Wales: it has a remarkable large head and neck, the former having a set of feathers in front similar to a crest: its beak is pale brown: irides yellow: the prevailing colour of its plumage dusky brown, varied and streaked with whitish and rust-colour : the quills alternately barred and spotted with black and white: the breast is pale ferruginous : the belly cinereous: tail rounded at the end, and similar to the wings in markings: legs pale yel- lowish brown: length of the bird about two feet and a half. | GREAT GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus grandis.) Ca. nigricante albo flavescenteque variegatus-subtus albo nigroque varius, area oculorum flavescente, pedibus albis. Goatsucker above variegated with dusky, white, and yellow; beneath with black and white; space round the eyes uel lowish; feet white, Caprimulgus grandis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. gee Ind. Orn. 2. 583. 1. Caprimulgus brasiliensis major nevius. Briss, 2.485. 70. 7. Le grand Tbijau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 544. Le grand Crapaud volant de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. cue Grand Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 590. 1. THERE was a magnificent specimen of this bird in the late Leverian museum, which came from Cayenne: it is described as the size of a small Buzzard, its length being nearly two feet: beak covered with hairs to the tip: gape about three inches wide: upper parts of the plumage cream- colour, dotted with brown; and the shafts of the feathers the same: inner parts of the scapulars whitish: wings very long, reaching almost to the end of the eal, which is nearly half the length of the bird, and rounded at the end: quills deep- brown, banded with white on each web, and with their shafts black: under parts of the body cream-colour; the breast sometimes brownish: tail brown, with whitish bars: legs brown, covered with feathers to the toes: middle claw not ser- STRIGOID GOATSUCKER. 148 rated. This species frequents hollow decayed trees that grow near the water, and only appears of an evening. | STRIGOID GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus strigoides.) Ca. ferrugineo-fuscus, supra striis maculisque obscuris, sublus lineis fuscis, fasciis tectricum tribus pallidis, supercilits albis. Rusty-brown Goatsucker above striated with obscure spots; beneath striped with brown lines, with three pale bars on the - wing-coverts ; supercilia white. Caprimulgus strigoides. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup, lviit. 2. Strigoid Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. LI. 262. 4. Tue prevailing colour of the plumage of this bird is dusky brown above, variegated with obscure spots and stripes of the same: wing-coverts with three oblique mottled bands: quills brown, with the outer margins spotted with pale brown: su- percilia whitish: sides. of the head, and streak through the eyes, pale brown: under parts of the body similar to the upper, but striped with narrow brown streaks: tail slightly forked: legs yellowish: beak black. Native of New South Wales. 144 JAMAICA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Jamaicensis.) Ca. ferrugineus nigro striatus, alis albo varilegatis, remigibus Suscis maculis albis, rectricibus fasciis nigris. Ferruginous Goatsucker striped with black, with the wings variegated with white; quills fuscous, with white Spots 5 tail- - feathers with black bands. : Caprimulgus Jamaicensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1029.—Lath, Ind. O1s, 2. 584. 2. Guira guerea. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois, 6. 536. : Jamaica Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 591. 2. pl. 57. Lenetu near eighteen inches: beak black, and much curved at the tip: nostrils covered with | short feathers: eyes surrounded with a circle of- feathers similar to an owl: irides reddish yellow : upper part of the head, neck, and body ferru-. ginous, with the shafts of the feathers black, giving — the bird a mottled appearance: wing-coverts brown near the body; the others ferruginous and brown, mixed and spotted with black, with a few of the inner ones variegated with white: quills dark brown, with eight or nine white spots on their outer edges: tail ash-coloured, sprinkled with black, and barred with black brown: legs strong, feathered to the toes, which are yellow: claws black; the middle one not serrated. In- habits J nee is very scarce. 145 GRACILE GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus gracilis.) Ca. cinereo fusco albogue varius, subtus albidus striis maculis- que ferrugineo-flavis, cauda integra. Ash-coloured Goatsucker varied with brown and white ; beneath whitish, with stripes and spots of a rusty yellow; tail entire. Caprimulgus gracilis, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lviii. 4. Gracile Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 263. 6. Tuts is a large species: its beak is pale brown: irides yellow: the plumage mottled, and streaked in a similar manner to the common Goatsucker ; with all the under parts from the chin whitish, variegated with ferruginous yellow: legs yellow: it has a very slender appearance, which is height- ened by its long tail. Itisa native of New South ~ Wales, and is called Poo-book. VOL. xe P. I. 10 146 EUROPEAN. GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Europeus.) Ca. niger cinereo fusco ferrugineo alboque varius, subtus albo- rufescens fascits fuscis. Goatsucker varied with black, cinereous, brown, rust-colour, and white; beneath reddish white, with brown bands. Caprimulgus Europeus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.346. 1.—Lin, Faun. Suec. 274.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. ¥. 1027. —Briss, 2. bn: t.44.—-> Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 584. 5. L’Engoulevent. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 6, 512. Le Crapaud-volant. Buff. Pl. Enl. 193.. ‘Nocturnal Goatsucker. Pen. :Brit. Zool.'2. 173. t. 59» Night Jar. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 262. European Goatsucker. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.437. A.— Albin. Birds. 1. pl. 10.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 598. 5—Lath. Syn. Sup. 194.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 1.—Mont. Sup.—Don. Brit: Birds. 8. 67.— White Selb. 62. 94.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 127. Tue Common or European Goatsucker has its plumage beautifully variegated with black, brown, ferruginous, and white, sprinkled and dashed with cinereous ; the under parts ferruginous brown, - undulated with numerous darker bands: legs very short, and feathered below the knee; the middle claw serrated on the inner edge : he male has a large oval white spot on the inner web of the three first quill-feathers, and at the tip of the two outer tail-feathers: the female is destitute of the white spots, but nesemiies the male in other respects. This solitary bird is the only one of the genus that inhabits Europe, and with us it is only a (o55 oS < > = J a < EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER. EUROPEAN GOATSUCKER. 147 summer visitant, appearing about the middle of May, and retiring the latter end of September or beginning of October*. In common with its kind, it is fond of perching lengthwise on the branch of a tree: it likewise does not make a nest, but lays two oblong oval eggs, of a whitish colour, and elegantly marbled with light brown and’ cinereous, on the bare ground among fern, heath, or long grass, generally near some wood, where it conceals itself during the day; and it has been observed to shift its eggs to a more secure place when they have been disturbed. This species makes a most singular noise, which has been compared to that of a large spin- ning wheel, and which it has been observed to utter while perched with its head lowermost, and has on that account been called the wheel bird: it has also a plaintive note or squeak, which it emits during flight, and is supposed to be a call to its female, as it has been remarked to utter it when in pursuit of her. The food of this bird consists of the larger insects, such as Melolontha vulgaris, and solstitialis, and the large bodied lepidopterous insects, for Latham mentions having taken six of the former and four or five of the latter out of the stomach of one on dissection : its. large gaping mouth appears to be well calculated to capture these insects, few of which ever escape it. It lives in woods, and comes out of a morning and evening in search of food, retiring in the day tig One was observed by Montagu as late as the 8th of Noveme ber, 1805, in Devonshire. 148 GUIANA GOATSUCKER. to the darkest recesses, although it has been ob- served, during very gloomy weather, to fly about in the day, on only when it has been disturbed. It is found in every part of Europe, but not very abundant any where; also in parts of Asia and Africa, having been obser ved throughout Siberia - and Kamtschatka. In England it is known by many names, such as Dorr-hawk, Churn-owl, Goat-owl, and Night-hawk, which have been ap- ‘plied from its habits: the term Goatsucker had its rise from the ridiculous supposition of the an- cients, that it used to suck the teats of goats! but it requires no great reasoning to prove the phy- sical impossibility of its Besmg able to perforin such a feat. : GUIANA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus guianensis.) Ca. fulous maculis difformibus striisque rufis notatus, sub gula, lunula alba, Fulvous Goatsucker, irregularly striped, and spotted with rufous ; beneath the throat a white crescent. ; Caprimulgus guianensis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 1030.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 586. 8. Le Montvoyau de la Guiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 6. 549. - Tette-chevre roux de la Guiane. Buff. Pl, Eni. 743. Guiana Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. ma Gi: In length about nine inches: beak covered with bristles: the dias colour of the plumage ful- CAROLINA GOATSUCKER. 149 vous, mixed with rufous, in irregular striae, those of the top of the head and hind part of the neck longitudinal; on the upper part of the back ob- -lique, and variegated with irregular shaped spots of a greyish tint on the rest of the upper parts of the body: quills black; some of them with a white spot towards their tips: under parts of the body similar in colour to the upper, but the strize are placed transversely: from the gape, reaching be- neath the throat,-is a white beard: tail dusky, rather longer than the wings. This species is said to repeat the word mont- voy-au very clearly: it is a native of Guiana. EE AP ee a er TEE CAROLINA GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus carolinensis. ) Ca. griseo nigricanteque undulatus, subtus griseo-rufescens lineolis nigricantibus, rectricibus tribus exterioribus latere interiore G16. : Goatsucker waved-with grey and dusky; beneath reddish grey with dusky lines; the three exterior tail-feathers white on the inner web. | . Caprimulgus carolinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1028.— Briss. 2, 475, 2..—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 584. 4. ; Engoulevent de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 532. Carolina Goatsucker. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4592. 4. Tuis species has received the name of rain bird in America, from the circumstance of its only making its appearance in the evening, or during 150 ! SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. aay weather: it is the size of the common Goate sucker: length rather more than eleven inches > beak dlasky,, the upper mandible armed with bris- tles: the upper parts of the plumage with alter- nate zigzag lines of dusky and grey: wings spot- ted, and varied with longitudinal yellowish and dusky streaks: quills barred with dusky and grey; and with the outer webs spotted with yellow; the three first with a large white spot on the inner web: the sides of the head, and all the under parts of the body, reddish grey, marked with longitu. dinal dusky lines: from the gape along the jaw, on each side, a white stripe, beneath which are a few yellowish spots: crown of the head with a few grey dashes: tail grey, crossed with dusky bands and lines: legs brown: claws black. Inha- bits Virginia and Carolina: lays its eggs, which are similar to those of ie Lapwing, on the bare ground, sealia SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. © (Caprimulgus brachypterus.) CA. griseo nigricanteque undulatus, subtus griseo-rufescens fascits saturatioribus, gula albida, alis rufo nigroque pareaey, TeCe tricibus nigro Wie Goatsucker waved with grey and biackish; beneath reddish grey, with dark fascia; throat whitish; wings variegated with red and black, and the tail-feathers barred with black, Caprimulgus rufus, Veeil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 1. 57. Caprimulgus carolinensis. Wals, Amer. Orn. 6. 95. ¢ SHORT-WINGED GOATSUCKER. 15] L’Engoulevent roux. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 1. 57. pl. 25, ‘Chuck-wills-widow. Wals. Amer. Orn. 6. 95. pl. 54. f. 2, Short-winged Goatsucker. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. pl. 18. THis is twelve inches in length: its beak is yellowish, tipped with black: mouth strongly - bristled: cheeks and chin rust-coloured, varied with black: over the eye a line of whitish spots: head andback deep brown, powdered with cream- colour and bright ferruginous, and marked with long zigzag streaks of black; scapulars spotted ‘with deep black and cream-colour, and varied with whitish: nape of the neck with long fea- thers, and streaked with yellowish brown: quills barred with black and bright rust: tail round- ed, one inch longer than the wings; the four middle feathers powdered with ferruginous, and elegantly marked with zigzag and herring bone black figures: exterior edge of the outer feathers barred like the wings; their interior webs are white two-thirds of their length, and marbled with black and white at their bases: throat with a whitish band: breast black, powdered with rust- colour: legs feathered in front to the feet, which are of a dirty flesh-colour: the inner edge of the middle claw is greatly serrated : the female wants the white on the outer tail-feathers, which are of a brownish cast. This is a solitary species: it arrives in Georgia in March, and in Virginia in April: it lays two ‘eggs in the woods, without any nest; they are of a dull olive-colour, sprinkled with darker specks, are oval in shape, and about the size of those of a 152 BANDED GOATSUCKER.. Pigeon: in the evening this bird begins to utter its note, which is similar to the words chuck-wills- widow, and is continued for two or three hours it then remains silent till near day-break, when it . again commences till the sun has risen; the last syllable is pronounced the strongest: during the day it is silent: in September it departs: it is greatly troubled with vermin. Pennant has peered this species, but has not described it. BANDED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus vittatus.) Ca. albidus, dorso ceruleo nebuloso, vertice fusciaque nuche ni- | gris, remigibus rectricibusque ferrugineo fuscts. Whitish Goatsucker, with the back clouded with blue; bar on the crown and nape of the neck black; quills and tail-feathers rusty brown. Caprimulgus vittatus. Lath. ioe Orn. Sup. lviii. 1. Banded Goatsucker. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 262. 3. pl. 136. Tus Banded Goatsucker is a native of New Holland: its beak is black: irides orange: head dirty flesh- colour; neck and under parts of the body the same, but tinged with rust-colour: be- neath the eyes, and wings, and the sides of the neck, variegated with dusky lines and spots: nape of the neck with a black band, which is bifurcated about the middle of each side of the neck: crown of the head and back of the neck black, meeting on each side over the eye: back and wings dusky — > ined aaa Ss YAW Sh SV Sn BANDED GOATSUCKER. ’ VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER. « + #e5S blue, sprinkled with black : quills blackish, varied and edged with ferruginous: tail slightly forked, and dusky, the webs spotted on each side with ferruginous: legs reddish. VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus virginianus.)} Ca. fusco-nigricante rufescente cinereoque varius, subtus albidus Jasciis nigricantibus, gula maris lunula alba. ~ Geatsucker varied with dusky brown, reddish, and cinereous; beneath whitish, with dusky bands; throat of the male with _ a white crescent. sae €aprimulgus virginianus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1028.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 585. 6.—Vieil, Ois. de ? Amer, Sept, 1. 55. Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Amer. Orn. 5.71. pl. 41. 1. male. 2.female. | | Le Whip poor Will. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 6. 534. L’Engoulevent criard. Vier. Ois. de ? Amer, Sept. 1. 55. pl. 23. Virginia Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 595. 6.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 194. 6. - 'Turs species is in length eight inches: its beak is garnished on the sides with bristles: the whole. of the upper parts of the body are of a dull brown, slightly mixed with ‘ash-colour, variegated, and banded transversely with rufous brown, and very prettily sprinkled with grey: quills dusky; the ‘five first marked with a white spot on both the webs, the first quill excepted, which has it only on the inner one: above the eyes, and behind the 154 VIRGINIAN GOATSUCKEBR. neck, a few orange spots; beneath the eyes grey brown: chin of the male with a triangular white spot, varied with orange on-the lower parts : under parts of the body reddish white, barred with dusky: tail similar to the wings; the two outer feathers with a white spot near the end: legs flesh-colour : female with a rufous white spot on the chin, and without the white on the quills and tail-feathers. This species of Goatsucker, which is known in the United States of America by the name of Whip-poor-will, arrives in Virginia about the latter end of April: it does not make a nest; but lays its eggs, which are two in number, and not much unlike those of the Popetue Goatsucker, except in being rather darker in colour, on the bare ground in May: its food consists of the larger moths, grasshoppers, and such-like insects, which it does not always catch while on the wing, but will frequently sit upon a post or rail, and leap up after them, as they fly by: it begins its note, from whence its American name is taken, about sunset, and continues it nearly till sunrise, with- out intermission; and very often five or six may be heard at once: it is said to be very good for food: it departs in September towards the south. 155 WHITE-THROATED GOATSUCKER. ( Caprimulgus albicollis.) Ca, rufo-fuscus albo nigricanteque varius, subtus fusco nigrican- teque transversim lineatus, gula macula triangulart alba. Red-brown Goatsucker, varied with black and white ; beneath transversely striped with dusky and brown; throat with a triangular white spot. Caprimulgus albicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1030.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 585. 7. White-throated Goatsucker. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4, 596. 7. Descrisep by Dr. Latham from the collection of Major Davies: it is in “ length ten inches and a quarter: beak brown with a black tip: nostrils rather prominent: plumage rufous brown dotted with black: head streaked with black; upper part of the body the same, but more obscure: the scapulars and most of the outer wing-coverts have a black band near the end, and the tips yellowish buff: lesser quills spotted with rufous cream- colour on the outer web; the greater dusky black, crossed about the middle with a white bar: tail somewhat cuneiform; the four middle feathers like the back, and crossed with dusky bars; the next on each side white; the last but one white on the inner web, and dusky black on the outer, but near the base is a white spot; the outer feathers dusky black, but white on the inner web near the base: the under parts are pale brown crossed with dusky lines: on the throat is a large . 156 BOMBAY GOATSUCKER. triangular white mark, each feather of which is fringed with dusky: legs brown: middle toe very long, and greatly serrated. Supposed to come from Cayenne.” BOMBAY GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Asiaticus. ) Ca. cinerascens, nigro ferrugineoque nebulosus, pectore Sascus cinereis, maxillart maculaque gule pallidis. Ash-coloured Goatsucker, clouded with black and ferruginous ; breast with an ash-coloured band ; with the throat and fascia ’ on each side of the under jaw white. Caprimulgus Asiaticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 588. 16. Bombay Goatsucker. Lath, Syn. Sup. 195. 16. - Descrizep by Dr. Latham from a ‘specimen belonging to Sir Joseph Banks, as the “ size of the Virginia Goatsucker: length eight inches and a half: beak dusky.: general colour of the plumage not unlike that of the Siberian Owl, being a beau- tiful mixture of pale ash-colour mottled with black and ferruginous: the top of the head is pale ash- colour, mottled with dusky down the middle of the crown: on each side of the under jaw is a pale streak, and on the throat a whitish spot: the breast crossed with numerous cinereous bars: be- tween the legs pale rufous: the quills are dusky, barred with rufous; the first the shortest; four of the greater quills have a spot of white on the inner . AFRICAN GOATSUCKER. 157 web: the tail marked the same as the quills, but the two middle feathers are likewise mottled as the back; the two outer ones on each side have the ends white for about an inch, but the white extends higher up on the outer webs: the middle toe is greatly pectinated. Inhabits Bombay, in the East Indies.’’ AFRICAN GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus Africanus.) CA. cinerascens, nigro ferrugineoque varius, striga vertical nigri- eante, gula, alba, lateribus colli aurantiis. | Ash-coloured Goatsucker, varied with black and ferruginous ; the crown of the head with a dusky stripe; throat white ; sides of the neck orange. L’ Engoulevent Acollier. Le Vail, Ois.d’ Afriq. 1. 186. pl. 49. Bombay Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. — IT. a0e: iL. Descrisep by Le Vaillant, who tells us it is the size of C. europeus: it has great affinity to the preceding, but differs in having the white on the throat spreading out on the sides of the neck to bright orange: the female is much smaller, has the throat rufous white, but is destitute of the orange mark on the sides of the throat, and re- sembles C. asiaticus more than the male: she has a rufous spot on the tail, which is white in the. male. - Le Vaillant observes that this species is well. 158 INDIAN GOATSUCKER. known on the borders of the river Gamtoo, in Hottinquas, inward from the Cape of Good Hope; that they pair in September, and lay two, white eggs, which they place on the ground, like all others of the genus, and should they be disturbed will remove them to a safer place; the male assists the female during incubation; they feed on the larger beetles, and make a most horrid yell in the evenings and mornings, and sometimes through- out the night. INDIAN GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus indicus. ) CA. cinerascens, nigro transversim lineatus, genis pectore alisque Serrugineo maculatis, rectricibus cinerascentibus nigro,fasctatis ; extima ferrugineo nigroque varia. ) Ash-coloured Goatsucker, transversely striped with black, with the cheeks, breast, and wings spotted with rust-colour ; tail- feathers ash-coloured, with black bands, the outer easiness varied with ferruginous and black. Caprimulgus indicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 588. 17. Indian Goatsucker. Lath. Syn, Sup. 196. 17. DescriBep by Dr. Latham as having the ‘* crown and back whitish ash-colour, elegantly marked “with minute dusky lines: cheeks, breast, wing- coverts, and secondaries, beautifully marked in the same manner with lines and large spots of rust: prime quills dusky: middle feathers of the WHITE-NECKED GOATSUCKER, 159 tail light ash, crossed with a few black bars; out- most feathers rusty and black. Inhabits India.”’ WHITE-NECKED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus cayanus.) Ca. rufo griseoque varius nigro undulato-lineatus, gula fasciaque alarum albis, temporibus rufis striis quinque nigris. Goatsucker varied with rufous and grey, and undulated black lines, with the throat and band on the wing white ; temples rufous, with five black stripes, Caprimulgus cayanus. Lath, Ind, Orn, 2. 587, 12. Caprimulgus cayanensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1031. L’Engoulevent de Cayenne, Buff: Hist, Nat. Ois. 6. 545.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 760. | White-necked Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 590. 12.” Inuasirs the plantations of Cayenne, where it is rather abundant: it is in length near eight inches: its beak is black: irides yellow: head and hind part of the neck grey, with a rufous tinge, and striped with black, the latter most distinct: each side of the head marked with five black bars: back rufous, with black fascia: wing- coverts mixed with grey and black: wings with a white bar; quills black, the five first with a spot of white : ‘dioat and fore part of the neck white : breast and upper part of the belly like the wing- coverts, but marked with greater regularity, and sprinkled with white: lower belly and thighs whitish, spotted with black: two middle tail- 160 WHITE-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. feathers grey, with five or six dusky bands; the’ rest black, with white borders, the most outward ones with the deepest border: legs dirty yellow brown. This bird is said to have a note similar to the croaking of a toad, and at times another sort of noise similar to the barking of a dog. WHITE-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus semitorquatus. ) Ca. nigricans rufo griseoque MCLE collo PN ee alba. | Dusky Goatsucker, spotted with rufous and grey, the elonoutt : beneath with a white lunule, Caprimulgus semitorquatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 1031.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 586. 11. Le petit Engoulevent de Cayenne. Buff Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 540.—Buff- Pl. Enl. 734. rt White-collared Goatsucker. - Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 599. 11. Tue White-collared Goatsucker is the size of a Swallow: the prevailing colour of its plumage is’ dusky; spotted with rufous and grey: the under inclined to brown, with a half collar of white on the fore-part of the neck: length eight inches. Inhabits rapenne. 161 GREY GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus griseus. ) CA. griseus, alis nigricantibus gre? Susciatis, rectricibus fascirs Suscis. Grey Goatsucker, with the wings dusky barred with grey, the tail-feathers barred with brown. . Caprimulgus griseus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 1029.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 584.3, ~ . ; L’Engoulevent gris. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 6. 548. Grey Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 592. 3. Tus species inhabits Cayenne: it is in length thirteen inches: its beak is brown above and yellowish beneath: the prevailing colour of its plumage is grey: the wings are nearly the length of the tail, are dusky black in colour, with pale ash-coloured bands: tail brownish grey, barred with brown. _ BRASILIAN. GOATSUCKER. _(Caprimulgus Brasilianus.) . CA, nigricans, flavescente varius punctulis albis, subtus albo nigro- que varius, area oculorum flavescente-alba. Dusky Goatsucker, varied with white and yellowish spots ; | _ beneath varied with black and white ; space round the eyes _ yellowish white. Caprimulgus brasilianus. Gel. Syst Nat.1.1031.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 586. 10. Caprimulgus. brasilianus nevius. Briss. 2. 483. 6. Brasilian Goatsucker, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 598. 10. YX. P. t. i] 162 GOLD-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. Tue beak and eyes dusky, surrounded with a yellowish white ring: prevailing colour of the plumage above blackish, varied with small white and yellow spots: the under parts variegated with black and white: wings the length of the tail: legs white. Inhabits Brasil. GOLD-COLLARED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus torquatus.) Ca. cinereo-fuscus maculis obscure flavis. et albicantibus varius, collo torque aureo, rectricibus binis intermediis longioribus. Grey-brown Goatsucker, varied with obscure yellow and whitish spots ; collar round the neck gold-coloured ; the two interme- diate tail-feathers very long. | Caprimulgus torquatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1032.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 587. 15. Caprimulgus brasiliensis. Briss. 2.481. 5. Gold-collared Goatsucker. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 601. 15. Tuis small species is the size of a Lark: its_ eyes are black: the prevailing colour of its plum- age ash-coloured brown, varied with dull yellow spots; about the neck with whitish ones: nape with a fine gold-coloured ring: the two middle tail- feathers eight inches in length, the other shorter : wings very long: legs dusky: claws black; the middle one serrated. Inhabits Brasil. : 163 AMERICAN GOATSUCKER. -(Caprimulgus Americanus.) Ca, corpore toto griseo nigro et xerampelino, variegatus, naribus cylindraceis. Goatsucker with the whole body varied with grey, black, and russet-colour ; nostrils cylindrical and prominent. Caprimulgus americanus. Jin. Syst. Nat. 1. 346, 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1032.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 587. 14. - L’Engoulevent 4 lunettes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 543. American Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 600, 14. Tus species appears to be but little known: its beak is black, surrounded on the sides with bristles ; the nostrils very prominent: the plumage varied with grey, black, and yellow brown: the wings and tail palest: legs and claws grey. Inhabits Jamaica. | RUFOUS GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus rufus. ) Ga, rufus nigro-varius, tectricibus alarum corporeque subtus fas- cis nigricantibus, remigibus rufo nigroque, tectricibus nigro fasciatis.. Rufous Goatsucker, varied with black ; wing-coverts and under parts of the body barred with black, the quills with rufous and black, and the tail-feathers with black. Caprimulgus rufus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1030.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 586. Q. L’Engoulevent roux de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6. 550. Crapaud-volant, ou Tette- chevre de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl, 935. / Rufous Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 597. 8 164 POPETUE GOATSUCKER. _ Tue Rufous Goatsucker is near eleven inches in length: its beak is pale brown: irides yellow: prevailing colour of the plumage rufous, varied with different. tints of black, and sprinkled with white: the upper parts of the body with the shafts of the feathers of the latter colour: quills barred with rufous and black: throat and under parts of the body transversely undulated with black, the lines increasing in width towards the belly, the upper parts of which incline to black, the lower to rufous: tail barred with black: legs flesh- colour. Inhabits Cayenne. POPETUE GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus popetue.) Ca. fusco-nigricans, albo rufoque varius, subtus albidus fascius nigricantibus, alis nigris, macula alba, cauda_forficata. Brown-black Goatsucker, varied with white and rufous; beneath whitish with dusky fascize; wings black, with a white spot; tail forked. Caprimulgus popetue. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 56. Caprimulgus americanus. Wilson. Amer. Orn. 5.-65. Whip poor Will. Edwards. pl. 63: (with bristles added to the edges of the beak.) Long-winged Goatsucker. Pen. Ane, Zool. p. 434, Night-Hawk. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 65. ‘pl. 40. fo 1. male, 7. 2. female. ‘a L'Engoulevent popetue. Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 1. 56. pl. 24. _ Iris rather surprising that European naturalists should. generally have confounded this with the POPETUE GOATSUCKER: 165 Virginian Goatsucker, to which it has not the least affinity, and from which it differs mate- rially : in the first place this species has no bristles on the edges of the upper mandible, which most of the species possess; and in the next place the tail is greatly forked, whereas in the Virginian species it is rounded. Edwards, in his sixty-third plate, has given a tolerably correct figure of the bird, but he has ornamented its gape with bristles: Pennant has described it after him, but has figured. theshort-winged Goatsucker,or Chuck-wills-widow, instead of this bird. Vieillot and Wilson have described and figured it as distinct, by which they have given an example of their accuracy. ‘The former of those authors thus describes it: the beak is black; the upper parts of the head and shoulders brown black, spotted with white and reddish; which colours are repeated on the upper wing-coverts, the secondary wing-quills, and the middle feathers of the tail, which are likewise spotted with pale creaim-colour: the primary quills are entirely black, with the exception of the third, fourth, and fifth, which have a large white spot _ towards the middle, and which appears to be transparent when the bird has got to a certain elevation: on the breast and under parts of the body the colours are placed transversely: the lateral tail-feathers are black, barred with reddish white: the tail itself is forked: the feet are brown: it is in length eight inches and three quarters: the male has a white spot on the throat, and likewise on most of the tail-feathers, of which 166 POPETUE GOATSUCKER. the female is destitute: in other respects chi SEXeS are similar. This species inhabits the whole of the United States: it makes its appearance in Pensylvania the last week in April: about the middle of May the female Jays her eggs, which are two in num- ber, in a dry place on the bare ground, generally where the country is open: both ends of the eggs are nearly the same in shape; they are dirty blueish black, with dark brown ‘spots:-the male is very attentive to the female during incubation, and guards her very carefully, and if any one approaches he flies off in an opposite direction, and utters a loud scream: the favourite time of these birds for making their appearance is in the evening (but during gloomy weather they are seen at all times of the day), when they are all life and activity: even in the hottest and clearest weather. they may be observed basking themselves in the sun: they are very fond of perching lengthwise on the branches of trees: they feed on large insects: -in August they are seen bys! hundreds - moving towards.the south. 167 FORK-TAILED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus forficatus. ) Ca. cauda farficata, corpore nigro fusco- rufo alboque varia, mandibula superiore medio crenata. Goatsucker with a forked tail; the body varied with black, fuscous, rufous, and white; the upper mandible crenated in the middle. . ' Caprimulgus forficatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lia. 5. Engoulevent a queue fourche. Le Vail. Ois. 1. 178. t. 47. 48. Fork-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 264. 7. ‘Tue length of this species is upwards of twenty- six inches: its beak is black, and it has a groove in the upper mandible, into which the lower one fits when shut: the plumage is similar to that of the European Goatsucker, and is composed of a mixture of black, brown, rufous, and white: its tail is much forked, and is extremely long in pro- portion to the size of the bird: its legs are yellow. _ Le Vaillant discovered this species in a decayed hollow tree, which had fallen by the borders of the river of Lions, in the Great Namaqua, in the interior of the Cape of Good Hope: its note is very similar to that of the European species. 168 SHARP-TAILED GOATSUCKER. (Caprimulgus acutus.) Ca. nigricante fasciatus supra griseus subtus rufus, capite-col- loque rufo-fuscis, rectricibus aptce subulatis. ; Dusky Goatsucker, banded with grey above, and rufous beneath ; with the head and neck reddish brown; tail-feathers ‘awl- shaped at the tip. Caprimulgus acutus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1031.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 587. 13. : L’Engoulevent acutipenne de la Guiane. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ovs. 6. 547.— Buff. Pl. Enb. 732. _ es ‘Sharp-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 600. 13.—Lath. Syn, Sup. 195. : ‘pad Tus species is in length seven inches and a half: its beak is black: the top of its head and neck. transversely striped with rufous brown and dusky; sides of the former inclined to rufous: back grey, with transverse black stripes: tail. larger than the wings, pale rufous, spotted ‘with . black, and barred at the tip with black, the upper . edge of the bar being whitish: tips of the feathers awl-shaped: legs black. Native of Guiana. 169 LEONA GOATSUCKER. ° (Caprimulgus-macrodipterus.) | Ca. griseo varius, alis rufo fuscoque maculatis, penna utringue humerali longissima, Goatsucker varied with grey; the wings spotted with red and brown; and each shoulder armed with a very long feather.’ Caprimulgus macrodipterus. , the legs are brown: the length of the bird is eleven inches. At inhabits the sista of-Good Hope. - WHITE-TAILED THRUSH. Feats: leucurus.) Pw: niger, uropysio _femoribus pie x a basi Ne si sy ateant albis. Black Thrush, with the rump, thighs, and tail, ae the base nearly towards the tip, white. * Turdus pes Gmel. Syst. ae 1. 820. — Lith. Tad. Orn. 1. 344. ! White- led ‘Thrush. Lath, Gen. Sin: 3. 49. ae 38. Te species is a native of Spain: it is less than the Blackbird: length eight inches: beak lead- coloured: prevailing colour of the plumage black: trump, thighs, and tail, white, the tips of the fea- thers of the latter excepted, which are black for about half an inch, and the two middle ones for about an inch and a half’: legs and claws yellowish. we SST PA) SS wy \\ i\ \\ \yy\ Wh Bag REO | ever RASS SN PME WSSN \ ae eu ~ S35 SSS a4 WHITE-TALLED THRUSH. BLACK-CHEEKED THRUSH. (Turdus Saui-jala. ) Tu. splendide niger marginibus pennarum citrines, gutture re- migibus rectricibusque nigris. Splendid black Thrush, ath the margins of the op pale yellow; the throat, quills, and tail, black. Turdus Saui-jala. Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 356. 105. Turdus nigerrimus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821. Merula madagascariensis aurea, Briss. Orn. 2. 247. 18. pl. 24. 5 ie | Merle doré de Hrd ecear, Buff. Hist. Nat. Os. 3. 398.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 539. f. 2. Black-cheeked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syne3 75. 98. Turis bird has the name of Sauwz-jala, in Madagas- car: its length is five inches and three quarters : its beak and legs are black: the prevailing colour of the plumage is velvet black, with the feathers edged with yellow: the sides of the head, throat, quills, and tail, shining black; the latter very short. ETHIOPIAN THRUSH. (Turdus ZEthiopicus, ) Tu. niger corpore subtus fasciague alarum albis, Black Thrush, with the body beneath, and band on | the’ wings, white. * | Turdus Aithiopicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. §24.—Lath. Ind. Ci 1. 357. 110. ; a" Le Merle noire et blanc & Abissinic! Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3 406.—Le Boubou.—Le Vail, Ois. d’ Afriq. 2. 73. pl. 68.f. 1. 2. Ethiopian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 78. 103.—Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 180. 9. : | | . Tuis is a solitary retired species, always prefer- ring the thickest parts of the woods to make its habitation : its beak and legs are black: the under parts of the body and stripe across the wings white: the rest of the plumage plain black: the size of the bird is about that of the Redwing: the female is less than the male, and is brownish in those parts where the male is black; the under parts of her body are entirely fib ie, the throat, which is rufous, excepted: the band on the wings is slightly inclined to that colour. Itis ; abundant over great part of Africa: the male has a note similar to the word Boubow, and the female Cou-i: the latter lays four or five eggs. -WHITE-BROWED THRUSH. © ( Turdus sibiricus.) Tu. niger, supercilis alis subtus crissoque albis, . Black Thrush, with the supercilia, wings beneath, and yent 333. 20. White-browed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 26. rdus sibiricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 815.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. Mucu less than the Red-necked Thrush: the beak is yellow; and the entire plumage, with the exception of a stripe over the eyes and the sides under the wings, which are white, is black: this bird has a fine song, and is found in the northern woods of Russia. | CHILI THRUSH... (Turdus curzeus.) Tu. ater nitens, rostro substriato, cauda cunetformt. Shining black Thrush, with the beak slightly striated, and the tail wedge-shaped. Turdus cureus. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 818.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. ' 342. 53. Chili Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 178. 6. - B34 BLUE-HEADED THRUSH. Tue Chili Thrush is the size of a Blackbird : its beak is black: the plumage entirely of a beautiful glossy black: the tail long, and slightly wedged. It is extremely abundant in Chili: it sings well, and will imitate other birds: it feeds on seeds and worms, and will attack other birds and pick out their brains: its nest is made of twigs mixed with dirt and lined with hair: it lays three blueish white eggs, = | a BLUE-HEADED THRUSH. _ (Turdus cyanocephalus.) | Tu. supra fuscus subtus flavescens, vertice saturate ceruleo, rec: tricibus margine albo maculatis. re Thrush above fuscous, beneath yellowish, with the crown of the head dark blue; the margin of the tail-feathers with white e spots. Bae Wc Turdus cyanocephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. aliit. 17. ‘Blue-headed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 185. 26. Inuasits New South Wales: it is the size of the Song Thrush: its beak is blue, with a black tip: the crown of the head is deep blue: the back, wings, and tail, are brown: the under parts of the. body yellowish white: the sides sprinkled with - narrow black lines: quills dark brown, with white tips: all the tail-feathers with triangular white spots on their outer margins: legs blue. SPECTACLE THRUSH. SPECTACLE THRUSH. (Turdus perspicillatus.) Tu. griseo-viridis, subtus flavescente-albus, capite colloque cinereis, sincipite lunulaque sub oculis nigris. Grey-green Thrush, beneath yellowish white, with the head and neck ash-coloured ; the forehead and crescent reund the eyes black. : : Turdus perspicillatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 349. 79. : Le Merle de la Chine. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3.368.—Buff: Pl. Eni. 604. “ Spectacle Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 61, 71. Tuis singular looking bird, of which we have given a figure, is rather larger than the Blackbird: it is in length eight inches and a half: its beak is dusky: the head and neck ash-coloured, inclining to brown towards the breast: forehead and circle surrounding each eye black, appearing like a pair of spectacles: upper parts of the body greenish grey: breast and belly dirty yellowish white: the middle tail-feathers greenish brown ; the side ones much darker: tail slightly negget: ies yellow. Inhabits China. -PRASINE. THRUSH. (Turdus prasinus.) Tu. cinereo-ceruleus subtus flavescens, macula aurium ovata nigra. Ciner eous-blue Thrush, beneath yellowish, with an oval black spot on the ears, ee Turdus prasinus. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. «lt. 9. Prasine Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 183. 18. Founp during the summer in New South Wales: it is the size of Tu. musicus: its beak is dusky: the prevailing colour of its plumage pale blue: ears with an oval black patch beneath: wing- coverts spotted with, and the inner webs of the quills, black : chin white: under parts of the body pale yellow: tail black: legs dusky yellow. - CINEREOUS THRUSH. (Turdus Ourovang.) Tu. cinereo-nigricans, capite collo pectore dorso tectricibusque alarum olvvucets, abdomine flavescente. Dusky-cinereous Thrush, with the head, neck, breast, back, and wing-coverts olive, and abdomen yellowish. - Turdus Urovang. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 351. 85. Merula madagascariensis cinerea. Briss, 2,291. 41.¢.25.f. 2. YELLOW-BREASTED THRUSH. eeT L’Ourovang, ou Merle cendré de Madagascar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 380.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 557. f. 2. Cinereous Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 76. CatLtep Ourovang at Madagascar, where it is found : it is in length eight inches and a half: the beak is tipped with brown: the crown of the head inclines to greenish black: the prevailing colour of the plumage is ash-colour: the greater wing- eoverts, quills, and tail, are dark ash-colour: the head, neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, with an olive green tinge: the belly and vent yellowish: legs brown. YELLOW-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus pectoralis.) Tu. fuscus, collo inferiore pectoreque rufescente-flavis. — Brown Thrush, with the neck beneath and breast of a reddish yellow. Turdus pectoralis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 357. 112. Le petit Merle brun 4 gorge rousse de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s. 3. 403.— Buff. Pl. Enl, 644. f. 2. Yellow-breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 78. 105. Tus is in length five inches: its beak is of a dusky cinereous: the chin, throat, and breast, rufous yellow: the prevailing colour of the plumage above brown, with a paler mixture on the back: the legs greenish yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. 938 SORDID THRUSH. (Turdus sordidus. ) Tu. cinereo-virescens, alis caudaque nigris, macula rentiginm alba, rectricibus exterioribus apice albis. ° Grey-green Thrush, with the wings and tail black, a white spot _ on the quills, and the outer tail-feathers with the tips whitex Turdus sordidus. Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. «lia, 20. Sordid Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 186. 29. Inuazits New Holland: beak pale blue: pre- vailing colour of the plumage greenish ash: wings and tail black, the former with a long white streak on the quills, and the tips of all but the two middle feathers of the latter white. ~~ INDIAN THRUSH. (Turdus, indicus.) Tu. viridi-olivaceus, remigibus intus fuscis, extus flacicantibus. Olive-green Thrush, with the wingsquills brown internally, and yellowish outwardly. Turdus indicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 351. 80. | Merula olivacea indica. Briss, 2. 208.45. te SL ufc: 2. 7 Merle olive des Indes. Buf. Hist. Nat, Ois. 3. 384.—By uff. Pi, “Tl, 504, 7 1. Indian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 66. 81. ASIATIC THRUSH. 939 Tue upper parts of the body of this bird are deep olive green: the wing-quills are brown on the inner, and olive green on the outer webs, with two thirds of the edge from the base yellowish: the under parts of the body are of the same colour as the upper, but pale, and inclined to yellow: the tail olive green: the legs and beak dusky: length ‘of the bird about eight inches. Inhabits the East Indies. ASIATIC THRUSH. (Turdus Asiaticus.) Tu. niger subtus flavus, fascia alarum duplict alba. Black Thrush, beneath yellow, with a double bar on the wings. Turdus asiaticus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. aliv, 24, Asiatic Thrush, Lath, Syn. Sup. IT. 188. 33. -. SuPPoseD to inhabit China: it is described by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the collection of the late General Davies: it is near six inches in length: its beak and legs are black: the top of the head, including the eyes and all the upper parts of the body and wings, are black, with the primaries edged with yellow, and the secondaries with white, forming a bar on the wings when _ closed: edges of some of the greater coverts slightly tipped with white: all the lower parts of the body yellow: tail dusky, with a tinge of olive green. 240 YELLOW-BELLIED. THRUSH. (Turdus mellinus. ) Tu. fusco-virescens, subtus albus, abdomine flavo, supercilits albis, capite, cerviceque nigris. Brown-green Thrush, beneath white, with the abdomen. yellow ; supercilia white ; head and neck black. Turdus mellinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. aliv, 22. Yellow-bellied Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 187. 32. Tuts, according to Dr. Latham, is the size of the Missel Thrush: ‘‘ its beak is pale red: the head, hind part of the neck, and sides of the breast, dusky black: back and wing-coverts green- ish brown: breast and belly olive yellow: chin, fore-part of the neck, and vent, white: quills olive brown, the lesser ones barred with black: tail olive above and pale beneath: at the back of he neck are transverse black marks, and between that . and the sides of the breast a few sagittal marks : legs pale red. Inhabits New South Wales, ap- fearing in the spring and sentine in the au- tumn.’ 241 BAY THRUSH. (Turdus ulietensis. ) Tu. rufo-fuscus, alis cauda worn de ir hapa a rostro in- '- carnato, cauda rotundata. Red-brown Thrush, with the wings, tail, and feet, dusky ; beak flesh-colour, and tail rounded. Turdus ulietensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. eda a Ind. Orn. 1. 335. 3. ‘Bay Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn 3. 35. 31. Tue Bay Thrush. is a large species: it is a native of Ulietea: length eight inches and a half: beak reddish pearl-colour: prevailing colour of the plumage rufous brown: quills with dusky margins: tail rounded at the tip and dusky: legs dusky black. a ee ee GREY THRUSH. (Turdus griseus. ) Tu. griseus, subtus griseo-rubescens, vertice cerviceque albidis. Grey Thrush, beneath reddish grey, with the crown and back of the neck whitish. Turdus griseus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 824.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 352. Ol. Le Merle gris de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2, 193. Grey Thrush, Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 67. 83. Vv. X. Po I. 16 949 MINUTE THRUSH. ~ Tuis is less than the Blackbird: its beak is yel- lowish white: the top of the head and hind part of the neck dirty white: the throat, fore-part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, deep grey : breast, belly, thighs, and vent, pale reddish grey: legs yellowish. This is a native of the Coromandel coast: it feeds on insects. MINUTE THRUSH. (Turdus minutus.) Tu. supra fusco-ferrugineus, subtus ferrugineo-cinereus, gula ale bida, alis et cauda nigro ferrugineoque notatis. Thrush above brown rust-coloured ; beneath rusty ash, aks the throat white ; the wings and tail spotted with black and fer- ruginous. Turdus minutus. Mus. Carls. far. 3. pl. 68.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 303. 136. . Minute Thrush. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 181, 10. One of the smallest birds of the genus, measur- ing only four inches in length; its beak is brown: the prevailing colour of the plumage brownish rust-coloured: two or three of the primaries dusky, and others black, with the middle part fer- ruginous: some of the secondaries with their tips of that colour, and many of them wholly so: the under parts of the body ferruginous ash: the chin whitish: tail ferruginous, the four middle feathers, which are black, excepted. Native place unknown. 243 WHITE-RUMPED THRUSH. (Turdus bicolor.) To. viridi-fuscus, abdomine uropygioque albis. Green-brown Thrush, with the abdomen and rump white. Turdus bicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. — 350. 84.— Daud, Orn. 2.311. Le Merle brun du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.3. 378. _ White-rumped Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 75.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 11. 179. 8.—Thunb. Trav. 2, pl. 48. Stourne Spreo, Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afriq. 2. 88. Tus is in length ten inches: the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, with a beautiful dull green reflection: the wings reach to about the middle of the tail: the belly and rump are white. | Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it is known by the name of Spreuw: it is a shy bird: it makes its nest in holes on the borders of rivers, or.in old ruined buildings and hollow trees: its eges are greenish, spotted with brown, and are five or six in number: it feeds principally on in- sects, but will do great damage to vineyards by feeding on the ripe grapes, by which their flesh becomes extremely delicate, QA4, PALM THRUSH. (Turdus Palmarum.) Tu. viridi-olivaceus, subtus subcinereus, sincipite pileo genisque nigris maculis utringue tribus albis. Olive-green Thrush, beneath pale ash; with the forehead, crown of the head, and cheeks, black, with three white spots. Turdus dalmndrain. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.295. 19.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.. 1, 824.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 1. 356. 108.— Vieil..Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 16. | Le Palmiste. Briss. Orn. 2. 301. 47. pl. 29. f. 1. Le Merle Palmiste. Vieil. Ois. de l’Amer. Sept. 2. 16. pl, oF 70. young. - Palm Thrush. Lath. Gen. Sule 3. 76. 101. 0 Tuts beautiful species is a native of Cayenne, St. Domingo, and Surinam: the crown and back parts of the head are black, with three white stripes, one on the forehead, another above the eye, and the third at the bottom of the black below: the upper parts of the neck brown: the back, rump, scapulars, wing and tail-coverts, of 2 beautiful olive _ green, with which colour the edges of the quills and outer webs of the tail-feathers are bordered : the throat and lower part of the neck white, get- ting gradually darkened to grey towards the vent : all but the two middle tail-feathers brown on the inner webs: length six inches and a half: beak and legs black: female differs in having the back part of the neck black, and the throat and under parts of the body greyish : the young bird has the \\"\"\ \\ \ SANG Eig PALM JUHRUSH. 244: PIGEON THRUSH: Q45 head and lower parts of the body grey: from the gape to the hind head a white stripe: the upper parts of the body dull green: beak and _ feet brown. PIGEON THRUSH. (Turdus columbinus.) Tu. viridis nitens, corpore toto versicolore. Shining green Thrush, with the whole body changeable. Turdus columbinus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1, 836.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 348. 70. | Le Merle des columbiers. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3.381. _ Pigeon Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 64. 77. Tuis receives its name from the circumstance of its building in pigeon-houses : it is nearly the size of the Song Thrush, but varies in that respect : the entire plumage is green, with various reflections according to the light: some birds have the rump and vent whitish: it inhabits the Philippine Isles. 246 SHINING THRUSH. (Turdus nitens.) Tu. viridis, macula tectPidicn alarum violacea nitida. Green Thrush, with a shining violet spot on the wing-coverts. Turdus nitens. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 294. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 818.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 66. | Merula viridis angolensis. Briss. 2.311. 53. t. 30.f0 2. Shining Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 56. 60. | Tus elegant bird is a native of the southern parts of Africa: it is in length nine inches: its beak is black: the plumage is entirely of a bril- liant glossy green colour, some of the lesser wing- coverts excepted, which are of a bright steel blue, forming a spot of that colour on the front of the wing: legs black. SPLENDENT THRUSH. (Turdus splendens.) Tu. violaceo-splendens, dorso aie olivaceo-nitentibus his ma- culis atris. Shining violet Thrush, with the back and wings shining olive- green ; the latter with pure black spots. Turdus splendens. Leach. Zool, Misc. 2. 30. pl. laat. Turdus nitens. B. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 347. 66. GLOSSY THRUSH. 944 Le Merle vert d’ Angola. Buff: Pl. Enl. 561.—Buff. Hist. Nat. Oe. 3.372, | Blue and green Daw. Edwards, 320. Shining Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 56. 60. A. Tus most splendid bird is generally admitted to be distinct from the Shining Thrush, than which it is less abundant. It inhabits the same places as that species: the upper parts of the head, neck, body, and tail, are of a shining olive green, with a tinge of blue on the back: wings sprinkled with dark black spots: throat blue: fore-part of the neck blue green : breast, belly, thighs, and feathers covering the ears, violet: vent olive yellow: legs black, GLOSSY THRUSH. * (Turdus zeneus,) | Tu. viridis nitens, capite nigro-eneo, abdomine cupreo, uropysio rectricibusque duabus intermediis purpurea splendenitibus, cauda longissima cunetform?. Shining green Thrush, with the head of a brassy black; abdo- men coppery; rump and two middle tail-feathers most splen- did purple ; tail long and wedge-shaped. .Turdus eneus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 818,—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 347. 67. Merula viridis longicauda senegalensis. Priss. 2.313. 54.t, 31. Pe 1, | “Merle a longue queue du Senegal. - Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. 369. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 220. Glossy Thrush. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 51. 61. 948 GILDED THRUSH. Lencru eighteen inches, of which the tail makes eleven: the beak and legs black: the head inclin- ing to blackish, with a tinge of gold: the preyail- ing colour of the plumage glossy green, which varies according to the light: rump and two mid- dle tail-feathers incline to purple: the belly and thighs glossed with copper: the tailmuch wedged, the outer feathers being very short. Inhabits Se- negal. ! GILDED TIIRUSH. (Turdus auratus.) Tu. viridis auratus, capite collo corporeque subtus violaceis, cauda Sasciaque alarum ceruleis. Golden green Thr ush, with the head, neck, and body beneath, violet; the tail and stripe on the wings blue. Turdus auratus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 810.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 347. 08. Le Merle violet du royaume deJuida. Buff, Hist, Nat. Ois. 3. 573.—Buff. Pil. Enl. 540. ; Gilded Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 57. 62.. Inuasits Whidah: it is the size of the Black- bird: the beak is brown: irides yellow: the head, neck, and under parts of the body, are violet : the back and wings are of a gilded green, with a blue band on the inner edge of the latter: the upper tail-coverts and tail blue: legs reddish brown. GREEN THRUSH- (Turdus virescens.) Tu. griseo-viridis, corpore subtus superciliis maculaque subocu- lari albis, gula grisea albo maculata, pectore lateribusque albis. Grey-green Thrush, with the body beneath, supercilia, and spot under the eye, white; the throat grey, spotted with white ; and the breast and sides of the body white. Turdus viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 351. 87. 7 Green Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 65. 79. Lenetu seven inches: beak black, the tip brown, and the lower mandible yellowish: super- cilia white: head, neck, and upper parts of the body, greyish green: quills part brown, part grey: throat grey, spotted with white: cheeks with a white spot: breast and sides pale rufous: belly and vent white: thighs variegated with cinereous and white: legs and claws yellowish. Supposed to inhabit China: sings well. bo Cr © MINDANAO THRUSH. ~* (Turdus. mindanensis. ) Tu. ceruleo-chalybeus, corpore subtus strigaque longitudinal: alarum albis. | Steel-blue Thrush, with the body beneath, and longitudinal _ stripe on the wings, white. Turdus mindanensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 822.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 353. 05. Le Merle de Mindanao. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3.387.—Buf,. “Pls Binl, 627.7. ss a Mindanao Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6Q. 87. Tue Mindanao Thrush was discovered by Son- nerat: its length is seven inches: its beak is lead- coloured: upper parts of the body, with the head, neck, and tail, polished steel blue: near the edge of the wing is a longitudinal white stripe; the greater coverts, part of the secondary quills, the breast, and under parts of the body, white: ‘tail. slightly wedged: legs brown: some specimens have the tips of the quills varied with changeable green. LABRADOR THRUSH. (Turdus Labradorus.) Tu. atro-nitens ceruleo viridique varians, rostro pedibusque nigris. Glossy black, varying with blue and green, with the beak and feet black. VIOLET THRUSH. 95] Turdus labradorus, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 832.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 342. 54. Labrador Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 206.—Lath, Gen. Syn. - 3.46. 48. Ir is in length eight inches and a half: its beak is black: the prevailing colour of the plumage is a glossy black, with a tinge of blue and green: tail long: legs black: hind toes long: claws stout. Inhabits Labrador. VIOLET THRUSH. (Turdus violaceus. ) Tu. violaceo-nitens, pennis capitis colli pectoris tectrictbusque alarum ceruleo-chalybeis, macula alarum femoribusque intus albus. Shining violet Thrush, with the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and wing-coverts, steel blue; spot on the wings, and thighs internally white. Turdus violaceus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 829.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.347. 69. Le Merle bleu de la Chine. Sonner, Voy. Ind. 2. eer 108, Violet Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 57. 68. Turis inhabits China: it is the size of the Gilded Thrush: its beak and legs are black: irides red: the entire plumage is of a changeable violet blue: the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and wing- coverts, have at the end a changeable violet blue band, which has the lustre of polished metal: on the wing-coverts are two feathers with a white 952 YELLOW-FRONTED THRUSH. band: the thighs are white on the inside, and deep blue without. YELLOW-FRONTED THRUSH. (Turdus Malabaricus. ) Tu. viridis nitens, frontle flava, gutture negro, maxilla inferiore striga cerulea, tectricibus alarum carulescentibus. _Shining-green Thrush, with a yellow forehead, black throat, a blue stripe beneath the under mandible, and blueish wing- coverts. Turdus malabaricus, Cmal. Syst. Nat. 1. 837. — Lark. Tai Orn. 1. 349. 77. Le petit Merle de la cote de Malabar; Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 192. ie Yellow-fronted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 60. 69. Tue beak of this bird is black: irides yellow: the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a fine glossy green: the wing-coverts are of a change- able light blue: the forehead yellow: the throat black: at the lower mandible of the beak is a streak of ultramarine: legs black: female smaller: the general colour of her plumage green, inclining to yellow on the belly: the throat light blue. In- habits the Malabar coast. 253 CEYLON THRUSH. (Turdus Zeylonus. ) Tu. viridis, subtus luteus, linea oculari utrinque in pectus nigrum ducta. Green Thrush, beneath yellow, with a black line on each side beneath the eyes, reaching forward to the breast. ‘ Turdus Zeylonus. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1. 297. 28.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 837.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 1, 349. 80. Turdus citrinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 350. 83.—(young °) Merula torquata Capitis Bonz Spei. Briss. 2, 299. 46. ¢. 30. J. 1. | ; Le Bacbakiri, Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afri. 2. 65. t. 67. fc 1. 2» Le Plastron noire de Ceylon. Buff Hist. Nat. O1s. 3. 374.—— Buff. Ply Enl, 272. Green Pye of Ceylon. Edwards, 321. Orange-headed Thrush, Lath. Syn. Sup. 145, 129. (young). Ceylon Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 62, 72.—Lath, Syn. Sup. IT, 179. 7. Not quite so large as a Blackbird, being only seven inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the crown is greyish olive: upper parts of the body fine olive green: supercilia white: from the nostrils, passing through the eye, and reach- ing forwards to the breast, is a black line, forming a crescent on the breast: the chin, throat, belly, vent, and thighs, are yellow: tail wedged in shape; the two middle feathers like the back, the others black, with yellow tips: legs blackish: female with the colours less brilliant, and the crescent on the breast dusky. The orange-headed Thrush B54 ORANGE-BELLIED THRUSH. of Latham appears to be the young of this bird, from which it only differs in wanting the black crescent, and in having a few whitish spots on the wing-coverts. Inhabits Ceylon and the Cape of. Good Hope, where it is known by the name of Bacbakiri, Couit-couit, and Jentje-bibi, from some of its notes resembling those words: it is often found in the gardens: the sexes are generally observed toge- ther: they make their nest among thick bushes: their eggs are four or five in number; and the male assists his partner during incubation: the young remain with their parents till the following spring. ORANGE-BELLIED THRUSH. (Turdus chrysogaster. ) Tu. viridis fulvo-splendens, subtus fulvus nitidus, remigibus qui- busdam extus albis. Green Thrush, shining with fulvous, tserieait bright f ulvous ; many of the quills bordered with white. Turdus chrysogaster. Gel. Syst. Nal. 1. 835.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 350. 81. : : Merle a ventre orangé du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 377.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 358. L’Oranbleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3.377. var. Merle du Cap de Bonne Espérance. Buff. Pl. Enl, 221. var. Ceylon Thrush. female. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 62. 72.? Orange-bellied Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 63. 73. In length eight inches: beak brown: the head, chin, throat, upper parts of the body, wings, and YELLOW THRUSH. 955 tail, green, with an orange reflection, according to the position with respect to the light: the under parts, from the throat to the vent, bright orange: a few of the quills with the outer webs white: the legs brown: it varies in having the margins of the feathers deep blue, on the upper parts of the body: the female Ceylon Thrush of Latham is referrible to this, from which it only differs in having the throat grey, the breast and belly greenish yellow, and the upper parts of the body with more orange in them. It is a native of Senegal, : YELLOW THRUSH. (Turdus flavus.) Tu. fulvus, orbitis albis, fascia sub oculari nigra. Fulvous Thrush, with the orbits white, and a black stripe be- neath the eyes. , Turdus flavus, Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 830.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 350. 82. Merle jaune de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 193. Yellow Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 63.74. Ar first sight this species looks like the Golden Oriole, but from which it differs in many respects when examined : it is the size of that bird: its beak is red: irides grey: the prevailing colour of the plumage deep yellow, palest beneath: all the fea- thers have their shafts white, with which colour 250 GUTTURAL THRUSH. the eyes are also surrounded: there is a black line reaching from the base of the upper mandible to the ears: its legs are yellowish red. It inhabits China. | GUTTURAL THRUSH. (Turdus gutturalis. ) Tu. viridis subtus luteus, capite nigro, gula alba. Green Thrush, beneath yellowish, with the head black, and throat white. Bi Turdus gutturalis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. ali. 6. Guttural Thrush. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 182, 15. Common at Port Jackson, in New. Holland, during the winter: it much resembles the Ceylon Thrush in shape: its beak and legs are black: head, neck, and upper parts of the breast, black : the nape yellowish: chin white: back and wings green : lower breast, belly, and vent, yellow. Hh MAURITIAN THRUSH. _ : ( Turdus mauritianus. ) Tu. toto corpore virescente-ceeruleo, pennis cant colloque lon- gioribus angustis. Thrush with the whole body ofa greenish blue, and the feathers of the head and neck long and narrow. SONGSTER THRUSH. Q5'7 Turdus mauritianus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.822.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 340. 75. Le Merle vert de l’isle de France. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 388.—Buff. Pil. Enl. 648. f. 2. Mauritius Thrush. Lath.-Gen. Syn. 3. 69. 88. Ir is in length seven inches: the. beak is. cine- reous: the feathers of the head and neck long and narrow: the legs lead-coloured : all the rest of the body of a ian green blue. Found in the Isle of France. SONGSTER THRUSH. (Turdus Cantor.) Tu. virescente-ater ceruleo violaceoque nitens remigibus caudaque nNIgris. Greenish-black Thrush, with a blue and violet tinge; the quills and tail black. | Turdus Cantor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1,837.—Lath. Ind. Orn. }. 348, 74. | Le petit Merle de l’isle de Panay. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 115. t. 73. Songster Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 59. 67. Tnis species is noted for its agreeable song: it often builds in pigeon-houses; and is seen by thou- sands together in the Philippine Isles: its irides are red: head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, greenish black, with a tinge of blue and violet: feathers of the head and neck long and narrow, as in many others of the scnus: quills and tail black. Ve, Ke Prod ; 17 258 WHIDAH THRUSH. (Turdus leucogaster. ) Tu. violaceus, abdomine albo, remigibus nigricantibus. Violet Thrush, with the abdomen white, and the quills dusky, Turdus leucogaster. - Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 819.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 348. 71. Merle violet 4 ventre blanc de Juida. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 402.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 648.f.1. Whidah Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 58. 64, Tuts species is less than a Lark, being only six inches and a half in length: the beak is cinereous: the prevailing colour of the plumage is violet, the belly, which is white, excepted: the quills are dusky: the legs are cinereous. Inhabits Whidah. WHITE-HEADED THRUSH. ( Turdus leucocephalus. ) Tu. cinereo-griseus, capite colloque albis, alis caudaque viridie cupreis remigibus nigris, macula alarum alba. _ Ash-coloured grey Thrush, with the head and neck white; wings and tail coppery green; quills black; and spot on the wings white. i) Turdus leucocephalus. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 829.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 348. 73. Le Merle dominiquain de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 191. White-headed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 348. 78. HUDSONIAN THRUSH. 959 Beax dusky, tinged with red: irides bright yel- low: hind part of the neck, back, and rump, ash- coloured grey; the two latter palest : wing-coverts _ and lesser quills copper green, glossed with violet: primary and secondary quills black: wing-coverts with a few white spots: head and neck white: the feathers long and narrow: breast and belly similar to the back: tail like the wing-coverts, with its under-coverts white: legs yellow: female with the head grey, and the gloss on the wings less brilliant. Inhabits China: HUDSONIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Hudsonicus. ) Tu. ceruleo-cinereus, vertice nucha tectricibus alarum uropygio- que pallide-castanco marginatis, cauda cinerea rotundata. Ash-coloured blue Thrush, with the crown, nape, wing-coverts, and rump, margined with pale chesnut ; the tail rounded and ash-coloured. 3 Turdus hudsonicus. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 818.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 362. 131.—Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 17. Le Merle blueatre. Veil. Ois, de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 17. Hudsonian Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 204.—Lath. Sup. 143. 124. ) Innasits Hudson’s Bay. Length about seven inches and a half: beak black: prevailing colour of the plumage deep blueish ash, with the feathers of the crown of the head, the nape, wing-coverts, 260 MADAGASCAR THRUSH. and primary wing quills, and rump, margined with pale chesnut: tail rounded at the tip, per deep cinereous ; its coverts pale chesnut: the legs are black. MADAGASCAR THRUSH. ' (Turdus madagascariensis. ) Tu. fuscus, subtus albus, pectare lateribusque rufescentibus, ma- cula alarum rufo-aurea, rectricibus duobus intermediis latera- liumque marginibus viridi-auratis, extimis margine exteriore albis. Brown Thrush, beneath white, with the breast and sides reddish; a reddish gold spot on the wings; the two middle tail-fea- thers, and the edges of the outer ones, ‘green gold; the outermost one with the exterior margin white. Turdus madagascariensis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 823.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 352. 94. Merula madagascariensis. Briss. 2: 274, 33.t. 25. f- 1. Le Tauombé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3..386.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 557.f. 1. ) Madagascar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 68. 86. Beak black: head, neck, back, and scapulars, brown: quills dusky; from the second to the sixth part white, part violet, on the outer webs: the secondaries black, mixed with green and violet, and some of the inner ones glossed with gilded rufous: rump green brown: breast and sides rufous brown: belly, thighs, and vent, white: _ the two middle tail-feathers green gold; the rest the same, with the inner margins dusky: the out- most feathers white on the outer edge; the two SURINAM THRUSH. 261 next margined with white: tail slightly forked : legs black.. Inhabits Madagascar. Length above seven inches. | SURINAM THRUSH. (Turdus Surinamus. ) Tu. ater nitens, vertice uropygio maculaque lateral pectoris luteis. Shining-black Thrush, with the crown of the head, rump, and ~ spot on the sides of the breast, yellow, Turdus surinamus. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 297. 27.—Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1. 836.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 356. 107. Merula surinamensis. Briss. Orn. Supp. 46. 13. pl. 3.f. 1. Merle de Surinam. Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. 399. Surmam Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.76. 100. Leneru six inches and a half: beak dusky: crown of the head bright yellow: the prevailing colour of the plumage velvet black: lesser wing- coverts white: quills blackish, all but the two outer _ ones, yellow on their inner webs at the base: on each side of the breast a pale yellowish spot: rump fulvous yellow: legs brown. Found at Surinam. 262 DOMINICAN THRUSH. (Turdus Dominicanus. ) Tu. fuscus violaceo-chalybeo variegatus, capite corporeque sub- tus fuscescente-albis, Brown Thrush, variegated with shining violet, with the head _and body beneath brownish white. Turdus dominicanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 836.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 1, 348. 72. Merle dominiquain des Philippines. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 396.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 627. f. 2. ’ Dominican Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 58. 65. Discoverep by M. Sonnerat in the Philippine Islands: it is in length six inches: beak pale brown: upper parts of the plumage brown, varied with bright violet colour: the head and all the under parts of the body are brownish white : the base of the tail with a polished steel gloss; the tip greenish : legs pale brown: wings very long. GINGI THRUSH. (Turdus ginginianus.) Tu. griseus, capite nigro cristato, alis virescenti-nigris, remigi- bus primoribus basi caudaque apice rufis, supra oculos fascia nuda flava. Grey Thrush, with a black crested head; wings greenish black ; the primary quills at the base and the tip of the tail rufous; above the eyes a naked yellow band. ! RESTLESS THRUSH. 263 Turdus ginginianus. | Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 362. 133. Le petit Martin de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 194. Gingi Thrush. Lath. Sup. 144. 126. DescrisepD by Monsieur Sonnerat, who dis- covered it on the Coromandel coast: it is the size of the Song Thrush : its beak and legs are yel- low: the irides red: head black, slightly crested: the neck, back, rump, and belly, are grey: the primary quills are rufous at the base, and black at the tips: the secondaries and wing-coverts greenish: the under tail-coverts pale rufous: the tail-feathers black, with rufous tips; the most outward feather the deepest in colour: the eyes are placed in a naked yellow space, which begins at the base of the beak, and reaches to the sides of the head. RESTLESS THRUSH. (Turdus inquietus.) Tu. corpore supra nigro subtus albo, rostro pedibusque nigris. Thrush with the body above black, beneath white, with the beak and feet black. : Turdus leucophrys, Lath. Ind. Orn. ee, alo. 27. female. White-browed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. [1.—App. 373. female. Turdus inquietus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup, xl. 2. Restless Thrush. Lath. ge Sup. II, 181. 11; THE Tee uilices Thrush inhabits New Holland: it is the size of the common Song Thrush; and 264 - ASH-RUMPED THRUSH. is in length eight inches: the beak is black: the entire plumage on the upper parts of the body is black, of which colour the legs are: all the under parts are white. The White-browed Thrush of - Latham appears to be the opposite sex of this bird, from which it only differs in having the eye- brow, and a spot on the lower wing-coverts, white. * ASH-RUMPED THRUSH. (Turdus Orientalis.) Tu. niger, subtus albus, uropygio cinereo, fascia per oculos nigra, rectricibus nigris, tribus extimis apice albis. _ Black Thrush, beneath white, with the rump ash-coloured; stripe through the eyes black; tail-feathers black, the three outer ones with white tips. Turdus orientalis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821.—Lath. Ind, Orn. - 1,355. 104. | Merula indica. Briss. 3. 248. 10.t. 31. f- 3. Merle des Indes. Buff. Hist. Nat: Ois. 3. 397.—Buff. Pl. Eni. 973. f. 2. Ash-rumped Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 74.97. Tuts Thrush is in length six inches and a half; the beak, upper parts of the head and body, streak from the beak through the eyes, and the neck, black: the lower parts of the back and rump ci- nereous: wing-coverts dusky chesnut; the greater ones edged with white: quills dusky ; the prima- ries with white bars to their inner webs, and the ~ ROCK THRUSH. — 265 ° secondaries to both: the sides of the head and all the under parts white: thighs grey: the tail black; the three outer feathers with white tips: legs. dusky. Inhabits the East Indies. ROCK THRUSHe- (Turdus infaustus. ) Tu. nigricante fusco rufescenteque varius, capite cinereo rufes- cente maculato, rectricibus lateralibus rujis. Thrush varied with dusky, brown, and reddish, with the head spotted with cinereous red, and the lateral tail-feathers rufous. Turdus infaustus. Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 335. 32. Lanius infaustus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 310. Turdus saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 833. Merula sexatilis. Briss. 2. 238. 13. Merle de roche. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 3.351. Rock Crow. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 252. f. Rock Shrike. Lath. Gen. Syn. 1.176.—Shaw. Gen. Zool. 7, 302. Rock Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 54. 57. Tuts bird has a pale brown beak: the upper parts of the plumage are dark brown, with many of the feathers edged with ash-coloured white: chin white: throat similar to the upper parts, but pale: fore-part of the neck and all the under parts of the body dirty orange colour, undulated with white and brown: rump rust-coloured, and margined with ci- nereous white: the tail-feathers dirty orange, the two middle ones excepted, which are brown, and edged with that colour: legs dusky. 266 LESSER ROCK THRUSH. It has been buffeted about from genus to, genis, by various authors, but it certainly claims a place in the present in preference: it has an agree- - able note of its own, and can imitate that of others: it makes its nest among holes in rocks, hiding it with great art, and laying three or four eggs: it feeds on worms and insects, upon which it also rears its young : it is a sly bird. Found in many parts of Europe, from Italy to Russia: it will learn to speak as well as a Starling. tit LESSER ROCK THRUSH. ~ (Turdus saxatilis.) Tu. capite ceruleo, cauda ferruginea. Thrush with a blue head, and ferruginous tail. Turdus saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 294. 14.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1, 336. 33. Lanius infaustus minor. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 310. 25, B. Merula saxatilis minor. Briss. 2.240.14. Merle de roche. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s. 3. 351. ¢. 23.—Buff. Pl, Enl, 562. Lesser aes Shrike. Lath. Gen, Syn. 1. 177. 27. A. ie ceavie leds than the Fieldfare: its head, dain sail neck, blueish ash-colour, varied with rufous and brown: spots: the lower part of the back is ash-coloured and white; the rest of it and the rump ‘blackish; variegated with grey blue and rufous: the under parts of the body and tail si- milar to those of the former species. Inhabits va- rious parts of Europe, particularly Austria, where } ZS oe = Sd LONG-TAILED THRUSH. 267 it arrives in May, and disappears in September: it builds among stones; and lays five blue-green egos: it feeds on insects. LONG-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus macrourus. ) Tv. nigro-cerulescens, ventre ae uropyoio rectricibusque tribus - extimis albis. Black-blue Thrush, with the belly rufous; rump, and three outer tail-feathers, white. Turdus macrourus. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 820. — Lath. Ind, Git, 1. 354. 100. Le Globe mouche 4 longue queue de Gingi. eaaner, Voy. Ind. 2. 196.? Long-tailed Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn, 3, 72. 93. pl. 39. _ Tuts remarkable species is nearly one foot in length, of which the tail measures more than half, the two. middle feathers. being six inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the head, neck, back, and wing-coverts, are shining purplish black: the quills obscure dusky black: the rump white: all the under parts of the plumage rusty orange: tail wedged, the four middle feathers entirely black; the rust on each side, with their tips white; and the three outer ones wholly of the latter colour: legs pale yellow: claws black. Found at Pulo-Condore. This and the Amboyna Thrush frequently throw up the tail with a flirt- ing motion, similar to the Magpie. 268 BLACK-HEADED THRUSH. (Turdus atricapillus.) Tu. nigricans, capite atro, abdomine uropygioque rufis, macula alarum alba. Dusky Thrush, with a dark-coloured head, rufous belly and rump, and white spot on the wings. Turdus atricapillus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 295. 16 Ginel:. Syst. Nat. 1. 822.—Briss, Orn. Sup. 47. t. 3.f. 2.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 353. 96. Merle a téte noire du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. 388.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 392. Black-headed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 70. 89. Tue beak, head, and upper part of the neck, are black: the back and scapulars dark brown: the wing-coverts brown, some edged with rufous, and some with white: quills brown; the two first white on the inner edge at the base, the seven next on both webs, forming a white spot on the wings when closed: rump and upper tail-coverts rufous: under parts of the body dull rufous: the sides varied with dusky transverse lines: tail dusky, the feathers tipped with white, with the exception of the two middle ones: legs brown: claws black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. | 269 FRIVOLOUS THRUSH. (Turdus frivolus. ) Tu. fuscus subtus rufo-albidus, fronte cinereo alboque varia. Brown Thrush, beneath reddish white, with the forehead varied with white and cinereous,. Turdus frivolus. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. «litt. 19. Frivolous Thrush, Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 186. 28. Tue Frivolous Thrush inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson: its beak is black: the upper parts of its plumage are brown: the forehead and front of the crown of the head varied with ash-colour and white: quills light brown: under parts of the body white, inclining to rufous on the sides of the neck and breast, and to yellow under the wings: tail dark brown, and short: legs Jead-colour. ABYSSINIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Abyssinicus. ) Tu. fuscus, remigibus caudaque saturatioribus, gutture fuscescente, ‘corpore subtus fulvo. Brown Thrush, with the quills and tail davies: throat pibsesiehe and body beneath fulvous, Turdus abyssinicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 824.—Lath. Ind. Orn. Oe 357, 11h, Le Merle brun d’ Abissinie. . Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 3. 407. Abyssinian Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 2. 78. 104. 270 CHIMING THRUSH. Tue Abyssinian Thrush is said to feed on palm- tree flowers, and also to eat grapes, when in sea- son: it is the size of the Aithiopian ‘Thrush: the upper parts of its plumage are brown; the quills - and tail deepest, and edged with pale: the throat is pale brown; and the under parts of the body fulvous yellow: the legs are black. CHIMING THRUSH. (Turdus Campanella.) Tw. Juscus, sublus uropygioque rufo-fulvus, gula alba, pileo ge- nisque albis nigro-maculatis, superciliis strigaque pone oculos nigris, Brown Thrush, beneath and rump reddish orange; with the throat white ; top of the head and cheek white, spotted with black ; supercilia and stripe behind the eyes black. Turdus Campanella. Lath. Ind, Orn. t. 359. 121. Turdus tintinnabulatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826. Le Carilloneus. Buff. Pl. Enl. 700. f. 2.—Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 478. Chiming Thrush. rigale Gen. 82 ye 3, 83. 114. Ir is described to be ar inches in length: the upper mandible is black, and the lower white: the top and sides of the head are white, sprinkled with black: above the eye is a broad streak of black, and a narrower one behind the eye; joining the former at its lowest part: the back, wings, and tail, are brown; the first darkest in colour: the wing-coverts are spotted with white: CRYING THRUSH. O71 the chin is white: the breast flesh-colour, spotted with black: the rump, belly, and vent, are rufous orange: the thighs are ash-coloured: the legs dusky. The habits of this species are rather singular : it assembles in small flocks of six or eight, and utters a remarkable note, which gives the idea of a chime of: three bells, which is often continued for hours together: it is not very abundant, and is found in Cayenne and Guiana, among the thickest forests: it does not associate with any other birds of the genus, although it eats the same food. CRYING THRUSH. (Turdus canorus.) Tu. griseus subtus ferrugineus, linea alba pone oculos, cauda ro- tundata,. Grey Thrush, beneath ferruginous, with a white line behind tHe eyes, and rounded tail. Turdus canorus, Lin, Syst, Nat. 1. 293. 8.—Gmel. ie Nat. 1, 811.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 336. 34. nee faustus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 138. 26. —Gmel. Syst Nat. 1. 311. Merula bengalensis.. Briss. 2. 260. 25. Le Baniahbou de Bengale. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.379. Brown Indian Thrush. Edwards. Birds. 184. White-wreathed Shrike, - Lath. Gen. Syn. 1. 178. 28 — Shaw. Gen. Zool. 7. 328. Crying Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 35. $2. Pee. CAT THRUSH. Leneru nine inches and a half: beak yellow: the upper parts of the plumage brown: the quills dusky brown, with pale edges: eyes surrounded with a slender white line, reaching a short dis- tance down the neck: irides yellow: under parts of the body pale grey brown: tail dusky : legs reddish: the female ferruginous, three of the quills. and three of the tail-feathers excepted, which are nearly all white: it feeds on rice and insects, has a very powerful note, and is an inha- bitant of Bengal and China. / : CAT THRUSH. ~ (Turdus felivox.) Tu. fusous subtus cinereus, capite nigro, crisso rubro. Brown Thrush, beneath ash-coloured, with the head black, and vent red. Turdus felivox. Vieil, Ois. de l’Amer. Sept. 2. 10. Turdus lividus. Wails. Amer. Orn, 2. 90. Muscipapa carolinensis, Lan. Syst. Nat. 1.326. 18.—Gumel. Syst. - Nat. 1. 946.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 483. 64. Muscicana Virginiana fusca. Briss, Orn. 2, 365. 5 Le Moucherolle de Virginie. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. A, 562. Cat Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 272.—Lath. Gen. Sy, 3. 353. 54. “ Cat Bird. ‘ Catesby. Car. 1. pl. 66. he” Le Merle Cat Bird, Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 10. ol. 67- Cat Thrush. Wils. Amer. Orn, 2. 90. ty 14. f5 3. Lenetu eight inches: beak black: the upper parts of the body and wings deep brown: the BLACK AND SCARLET THRUSH. 273 crown of the head black: the under parts of the body cinereous: the vent and under tail-coverts dull red: tail blackish: legs brown. At the latter end of February this species arrives in Georgia from the south, and in Pensylvania about April: it is fond of building in low thickets of briers and brambles, where it perches and utters its cry, which is precisely like that of a young kitten: it is extremely numerous in the United States, but is much hated by the inhabitants: it is very fond of ripe fruit of all sorts, especially strawberries and cherries: its nest is made of dry leaves, weeds, twigs, and dry grass, well lined with fibrous roots: its eggs are of an unspotted green blue, and are four or five in number: it has gene- rally two and often three broods in the year, BLACK AND SCARLET ‘THRUSH. i: (Turdus speciosus. ) Tu. ater, abdomine dorso postico tectricibus alarum intermediis maculis tribus remigium rectricibusque lateralibus coccineis, Dark-coloured Thrush, with the abdomen, upper parts of the back, middle wing-coverts, the spots on the quills, and the lateral tail-feathers, scarlet. Turdus speciosus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 363, 135. Black and Scarlet Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. 146. 128. Descrisep by Latham as the “ size of the Song- Thrush: length eight inches and a half: beak’ V. X. Po 1. | 18 DT 4A: ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. dusky black, a little bent at the tip: the head, neck, upper parts of the back, lesser wing-coverts, prime and second quills, and two middle tail-fea- thers, black: the under parts of the body, from the throat, the lower part of the back, the middle wing-coverts, and the rest of the tail-feathers, a rich deep scarlet: there are also three spots of the same near the tips of three of the second quills: the tail is rounded in shape: the legs black. Inhabits India.” --— ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. . € (Turdus roseus.) Tu. subincarnatus, capite alis caudaque nigris, occipite cristato. Flesh-coloured Thrush, with the head, wings, and tail, black; hind head crested. . Turdus roseus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 294..15.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 219.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 819.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 344. 69. Turdus Seleucis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 837. Merula rosea, Briss, 2, 250. 20. Merle couleur de rose. - Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 3. 348. f2 22.— | Buff: Pl. Enl. 251. Ye Rose-coloured Thrush. Pen. Brit. Zool. App. 5. t. 5.—Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 344. c.—Lewin, Brit. Birds. 2. 64.—Edwards. 1. 20.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 91.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 50.— Lath, Syn. Sup. 142.—Mont. Brit. ae 2.—Mont. Sup.— Shaw. Nat. Misc. 6. 231. } : Tus ee species of Thrush is rather less — than the Blackbird: length near eight cupsade \ Miia (dee! NY Wye NN \\ Wait ( } ite hi? 4 \l is 4 allie Mya ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. 26 ROSE-COLOURED THRUSH. O75 beak slightly bent, of a flesh-colour, with the base dusky: irides pale: head crested, and, with the neck, wings, and tail, black, glossed with blue, purple, and green, according to the position with respect to the light: the back, rump, breast, belly, and lesser wing-coverts, pale rose-colour, with a few irregular dark spots: legs pale red: claws brown, and much crooked: female rather paler. | This is met with in many parts of Europe, and has also been observed in Asia, even to India: it is abundant about Aleppo, towards the latter end of summer, where it pursues the locusts: it is also seen in flocks every year in the south of Russia: it also occasionally visits England, but so rarely as scarcely to be admitted into the British list : there are but few instances on record of its having been taken, except about Ormskirk in Lancashire, _ where one or two are said to be: taken almost every season. It is frequent in France, especially about Burgundy, in its passage to other parts. 270 RED-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus migratorius. ) Tu. griseus, abdomine rufo, palpebris albis, rectrice extima apice antertore alba. Grey Thrush, with a red abdomen, white eyelids, and the outer tail-feather tipped with white on the inner web. Turdus migratorius. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 292. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 811.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 330. 12\—Wils, Amer. Orn. 1, 35.—Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 2. 5 Turdus canadensis. Briss. 2. 225. 9. ; La Litorne de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. 307. Grive du Canada. Buff. Pl. Enl. 556, 1. La Grive erratique. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 5. pl. 60. 61. (young). Robin. Wiis. Amer. Orn. 1. 35, pl. 2. f. 2. Red-breasted Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 196.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 26. 12. Tuts is a large species, being ten inches in length: its beak is yellow at the base, and brown at the tip: orbits white: the upper parts of the body olive brown: the lower parts rufous, with many of the feathers tipped with whitish on the breast and belly: the throat whitish, sprinkled with black dashes: tail black, bordered with olive brown: legs brown: female-with the whole of the upper parts of the body pale brown, the wings and tail darkest : the throat white, varied with blackish lines: the breast and belly reddish white, with a few brown spots: tail tipped with white, the two middle feathers excepted: the young bird has all RED-BREASTED THRUSH. 217 the upper parts of the plumage dark griseous, the lower pale, with a red tinge, with the lower parts of the breast, and upper parts of the belly, spotted with fuscous, as are also the sides of the throat, which is whitish: the sides of the body, beneath the wings, are rufous: it has very much the ap- pearance of the Fieldfare. - This bird is a native of the greatest part of North America, being found from Hudson’s Bay to Nootka-Sound on one hand, and as far as Georgia on the other: it is a very familiar bird, and is often kept by the Americans in confinement for its song, which is exceedingly fine, and is con-. tinued nearly without intermission during the months of April and May: its eggs are of a beau- tiful clear blue colour, and the nest is generally placed in a tree: it is fond of gum berries, of which it will eat such immense quantities in the autumn as to give its flesh a purple tinge; and that circumstance has tended very much to keep the bird from being extirpated in North America, _as they used to be shot by thousands for food, until a gentleman, that had great regard for the species, asserted that they were poisonous, in con- sequence of eating so many berries; and when the flesh appeared purple upon being opened, the inhabitants were afraid to eat them: its general food consists of insects and worms. _ PACIFIC THRUSH. (Turdus pacificus. ) ‘Tu. cinereus, conpore subtus genisque Suscescente-albis, loris ob- scuris, cauda nigra apice alba. Ash-coloured Thrush, with the body beneath and cheeks of a brownish white; lores obscure ; tail black, with a white tip. Turdus pacificus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 813.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 338. 41. Pacific Thrush. Lath, Gen. Syn, 3. 38. 39. Five inches and a half in length: beak dusky : sides of the head, beneath the eyes, brownish white: between the beak and eye a dusky streak: upper parts of the body cinereous; lower parts brownish white; the sides of the neck and breast with great inclination to brown: tail black, tipped with white. Native of the Friendly eae in the South Sea. RED-NECKED THRUSH. (Turdus ruficollis.) Tu. corpore ee fusco subtus albo, calla ice laterali- bus rufis. Thrush with the body above brown, beneath white ; the ae and lateral tail-feathers red. Turdus ruficollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 815.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 25. Redenecked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 25. BUFF-WINGED THRUSH. 279 DiscovereD by Pallas to inhabit the larch fo- rests beyond the Lake Baikal, in Siberia : the upper parts of the plumage, and two middle tail-fea- thers, are brown; the breast and abdomen white ; and the rest of the bird rufous. BUFF-WINGED THRUSH. - (Turdus fuscipes. ) Tu. cinereus subtus obscure rufus, pileo nigro, tectricibus alarum SJlavescente fasciatis. Ash-coloured Thrush, beneath dull rufous, with the top of the head black, and the wing-coverts barred with yellowish. Turdus fuscipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825.—Lath, Ind. Orn. -1, 359. 118. Buff-winged Thrush. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 81. 111. Tue Buff-winged Thrush Dr. Latham describes as follows: ‘* Length six inches and a half: beak one inch, stout, and notched at the tip: crown of the head black: the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, dark ash-colour: wing-co- verts barred with buff: quills brown: under parts of the body dull rufous: tail two inches and a half in length; shape of it somewhat cuneiform: legs brown. Supposed to come from Cayenne, as it was seen in a collection from that place.”’ 280 RUFOUS-WINGED THRUSH. (Turdus erythropterus.) _ Tu. ater, alts rufis, crisso rectricibusque lateralibus apice albis, cauda cuneiform. Dark-coloured Thrush, with rufous wings; the vent and tips of the lateral tail-feathers white ; tail wedge-shaped. Turdus erythropterus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 835.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 65. Le Podobé du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 368.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 354. Rufous-winged Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 55. 59. Tuis species has all the upper parts of the body black, with short rufous wings: the under parts are also black, the tips of the under tail-coverts, which are white, excepted: the tail is slightly wedged; and all the feathers but the two middle ones are tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal: in length ten inches. PENSIVE THRUSH. e (Turdus manillensis. ) Tu. fusco-cerulescens, subtus rufus albidoque maculatus, uropy- gio cerulescente, remigibus rectricibusque fusco-nigricantibus. Brownish-blue Thrush, beneath spotted with rufous and white; rump blueish ; quills and tail-feathers dusky black. -Turdus manillensis. Gel, Syst. Nat. 1, 833.—Lath. Ind. Orn. — 1,345.02. fh HERMIT THRUSH. | Oar Merula solitaria. Briss. 2.270. 31. ¢t. 23. fi 2. Merle ‘solitaire de Manille. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 363.— Buff. Pl. Eni. 636. male. 564, 2. female. Pensive Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3, 53, 55. Broucut from Manilla by Sonnerat: it is in length eight inches: its beak is brown: the head, hind part of the neck and back, ash-coloured blue: quills blackish: wing-coverts spotted with white and yellow: throat, fore-part of the neck, and upper part of the breast, spotted with yellow: the under parts of the body are orange, marked with - blue and white crescent-shaped spots: rump blue: tail blackish, margined with rufous: legs blackish: female wholly of a brownish. colour, with spots of deeper brown on the head, neck, and under parts, which are paler than the upper. HERMIT THRUSH. _ (Turdus Eremita,) Tu. fuscus, apicibus pennarum fascia nigricante albida terminatis, subtus sordide albo-rufescens fusco striatus, remigibus rectrici- busque griseo marginatis, Brown Thrush, with the tips of the feathers with a blackish bar terminated with white ; beneath dull reddish white, stri- ated with fuscous; quills and tail-feathers margined with grey. Turdus Eremita. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 833.—=Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 346. 63. Merula solitaria Philippensis, Briss. 2. 272. 32, 2,28.7., 1 Le Solitaire des Philippines. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois, 3. 364.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 339. Hermit Thrush. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 54. 56. 989 MUSICIAN THRUSH. Tuts very much resembles the Pensive Thrush : it is in length seven inches and a half: its beak is brown, with the base and orbits of the eyes whitish: the crown of the head is yellowish olive: the hind parts of the head and neck, with the back, are ' brown; each feather with a dusky band near the tip, which is whitish: the feathers of the sides of the head and under parts of the body are reddish white, edged with brown, and tipped with .dirty reddish white: the quills and tail are brown, edged with grey: the rump and lesser wing-coverts ash- coloured: legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. pete fate MUSICIAN THRUSH. (Turdus Arada.) Tu. rufo-fuscus nigricante transversim striatus, subtus albidus, sub oculis macula nigra albo-punctata, gents colloque inferiore rufo-fulvis. Reddish-brown Thrush, transversely striped with dusky; below whitish ; beneath the eyes a black spot, sprinkled with white; with the cheeks and lower parts of the neck reddish oragge- Turdus Arada. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 114. Turdus cantans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825. L’Arada. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s. 4, 480. Le Musicien de Cayenne. Buf. Pl. Enl. 706. f. 2. Musician Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 80, 109. Tuts amusing species is one of the most solitary of the genus, rarely frequenting the neighbour- RED-LEGGED THRUSH. 233 hood of inhabited places, but in deep forests, where it may be observed perched singly on a tree, uttering its song, which is most beautiful, and is so much admired among the Cayennese, that they have given it the name of musician : its length is four inches: beak black: upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, rufous brown, striated transversely with dusky: the chin, cheeks, and throat rufous orange, with a broad black patch, spot- ted with white, on each side of the neck, beneath the eye: the breast, belly, and vent, dirty white: legs yellowish : it feeds principally on ants: its song, which is thought superior, by many, to that of the Nightingale, consists of different tones and ac- cents, much resembling the flute, and sometimes a short whistle. ‘RED-LEGGED THRUSH. (Turdus plumbeus.) Tu. cerulescens, gula atro punctata, rectricibus quatuor exteriori- bus apice albis. Blueish Thrush, with the throat spotted with blackish, and the four outer tail-feathers white at their tips. Turdus plumbeus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 814.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 334. 29.—Lin. Syst. Nat, 1. 294. 12.—Vieil, Ois. de ? Amer. sept. 2, 2. Merula Americana cinerea. Briss. 2. 288. 40. La Grive cendrée d’Amerique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 314.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 560. 1.—Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 2. pl. 58. Red-legged Thrush. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 200.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 33. 29. | 284 WHITE-BACKED THRUSH. LeneTH ten inches: beak, eye lids, and irides, red: head and upper parts of the body deep cine- reous: quills blackish, edged with grey: throat white, spotted with black: all the rest ofthe under parts ash-coloured, but the colour towards the vent verges to white: between the beak and eye a spot of black: tail wedge-shaped ; the four outer feathers on each side tipped with white: legs red:. female much smaller than the male, similar in plumage, but rather duller in colour. Inhabits various parts of North America, parti- cularly Carolina. WHITE-BACKED THRUSH. (Turdus Alapi.) Tu. fuscus subtus cinereus, collo inferiore pectoreque nigris, tec- tricibus alarum albo punctatis, dorso macula alba. Brown Thrush, beneath ash-coloured, with the lower part of the neck and breast black, the wing-coverts spotted with white, and the back with a white patch. Turdus Alapi. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 826.—Lath. Tail Orn. 1. 359. 119. L’Alapi de Cayenne. Buff. Ha Nat. Ois, 4. 485.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 701. f. 2. | White-backed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 82. 112. A witTLe larger than the Buff-winged Thrush : length six inches: the beak dusky: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, black; the up- BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. 985 per. part of the head, neck, and back, olive brown; the latter with a white spot in the middle: wing- coverts sprinkled with white spots: wings deep ash-coloured brown: under parts of the body cine- reous: tail blackish: legs pale yellow: female without the white spot on the back: the colours of the upper parts of the body paler than in the male : the chin white: the under parts of the body and tips of the wing-coverts with a rufous tinge: the vent and under tail-coverts greyish ash-co- lour. This species is extremely numerous in the thick woods of Guiana: they feed on ants, are very active, and have only a quavering note, with- out any resemblance to a song. cm BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. (Turdus cinnamomeus.) Tu. testaceo-ruber, collo inferiore nigro albo marginato, iectrici- bus alarum nigris, minoribus albo mediis majoribusque rufo terminatis. : Testaceous-red Thrush, with the neck beneath black, margined with white ; the wing-coverts black, the lesser ones tipped with white, and the greater and middle ones with rufous. Turdus cinnamomeus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 825.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 358. 114, | ' Le Merle a cravate de Cayenne, Buf’. Hist. Nat. Ois.3.392.— Buff, Pl. Enl. 560. f. 2. Shy Black-breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 79. 107. - Less than Turdus iliacus: the beak and legs black : the chin, sides of the head, cheeks, throat, 286 BLACK-CHINNED THRUSH. and breast the same, edged with white, which colour is clouded with dusky on the breast: the upper parts of the body, quills, and tail, are testaceous red: — the wing-coverts are black ; the lesser ones tipped with white, and the middle and greater ones with rufous: the belly, thighs, and vent, pale cinna- mon-colour. Native of Cayenne. BLACK-CHINNED THRUSH. (Turdus cochinsinensis. ) Tu. viridis, loris gulaque nigris, sub gula lunula lata ee ad basin rostri utrinque macula cerulea, Green Thrush, with the lores and throat black; beneath the latter a broad yellow crescent; and at the base of the beak, on each side, a blue spot. Turdus cochinsinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 357. 113. Le Verdier de la Cochinchine. Buff: Fe Nat, Ois. 3, 409.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 643. f; 3. Black-chinned Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 79. 106. THE prevailing colour of this species isi CReen.; towards the tail and outer edges of the quills blue: the space between the beak and eyes, the chin, and throat, black ; that colour on the latter edged with yellow, sidhich forms a crescent on the breast: sides of the head, near the base of the beak, with two blue spots: beak and legs Boies Inhabits Cochin China. ) \\ \ iN NNN iN YY i \\\W , \ \\\ \ LZ Ss ( o agsoR BLACK-CHINNED THRUSH. 287 SURAT THRUSH. (Turdus suratensis. ) Tu. capite cristato colloque nigris, subtus griseus, dorso uropygio- gue flavescentibus, alis viridibus nitentibus, remigibus ee caudaque nigris. Thrush with a crest on the head, and the neck black, beneath grey, with the back and rump yellowish; wings shining with green; the primary quills and tail black. Turdus suratensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 338. 40. Le Merle huppé de Surate. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 194. Surat Thrush, Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 38. 38. Turpus suratensis is in length eight inches: its beak is rufous: irides red: the head and neck are black, with the feathers similar to those of the Pagoda Thrush, being very long and narrow, and forming a sort of crest: the back and rump are yellowish : wing-coverts and secondaries dark changeable green; the two of the latter nearest the body dirty grey: quills black: the breast, belly, and under tail-coverts, dirty grey: tail black: legs black. Inhabits Surat. BLACK-NECKED THRUSH. ( Turdus nigricollis.) Tou. fusco-ferrugineus, subtus fusco-albus, capite toto albo, collo remigibus caudaque nigris, secundariis apice albis. Brownish rust-coloured Thrush, beneath brown white, with the whole head white; the neck, quills, and tail, black; the secondaries tipped with white. Turuds nigricollis. Gmel. Syst..Nat. 1. 830.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 349. 76. : Black-necked Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 60. 68. Tuts beautiful species, which is supposed to inhabit China, is given on the authority of Dr. Latham, who thus describes it: ‘* Length nine | inches: beak dusky: irides brown: head, chin, and nape, white: at the base of the beak begins a yellowish streak, which passes beneath and takes in the eye, but does not appear above it: the neck is black: the upper part of the back, and scapulars ferruginous brown ; the lower of a dusky black, inclining to ferruginous on the rump: under parts of the body brown, except the breast and thighs, which are yellowish: all the quills are black, but the secondaries have white tips: tail cuneiform, of a deep lead-colour, almost black : legs dusky.” 289 CRESCENT THRUSH. (Turdus arcuatus, ) Tu. rifo-fuscus, corpore subtus superciliis lorisque albis, cervice '. gugulo pectoreque rubentibus, genis lunulaque sub gula nigris. Red-brown Thrush, with the body beneath, supercilia, and lores, white ; top of the neck, jugulum, and breast, reddish ; _ cheeks and crescent beneath the throat black. Turdus arcuatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 829.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 337. 36. Crescent Thrush. Lath, Gen, Syn. 3.37. 34. Tuts Thrush is in length eleven inches : its beak is lead-coloured, with a pale tip: supercilia white : cheeks black, passing in a crescent on the fore- part of the neck; on the middle of the black behind the eye a patch of loose white feathers : upper part of the body reddish brown: chin and lores white: hind parts: of the neck and breast _ reddish: abdomen reddish white: vent pure white: tail rounded at the end and long, with a black bar near the tip, and the tips white: legs lead co- loured: claws white. Inhabits China. Vv. Xe P, J. | J 19 290 VOLATILE THRUSH. (Turdus volitans,) ‘Tu. supra niger subtus albus, alis fuscis, capite colloque nigris. Thrush above black, beneath white, with the wings brown; head and neck black. ' Turdus volitans. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. «li. 10. Volatile Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 183. 19. Common in New Holland: length nine inches: beak, head, neck, upper parts of the body, and tail, black, the latter rather long: the under parts of the body white: legs dusky: very like the Rest- less Thrush: feeds on worms, which itvis said to entice out of the ground, } NEW HOLLAND THRUSH. (Turdus novee Hollandie.) Tu. ceerulescente-plumbeus, Jacie gula juguloque nigris, remigi- bus nigricantibus, rectricibus lateralibus apice albis. Blue ead coloured Thrush, with the face, throat, and jugulum black; quills dusky; lateral tail-feathers tipped with white. _ Turdus novee Hollandiz, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 814.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 337. 37- New Holland Thrush. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 37. 35. Founp in Adventure Bay, Van Diemen’s island : length seven inches: beak black : a: of the RUFOUS-NAPED THRUSH. 291 head, chin, and throat, black: the rest of the plumage pale blueish lead-colour: the quills and tail dusky, edged with lead-colour: all but the two middle tail-feathers tipped with white: legs black. | RUFOUS-NAPED THRUSH. (Turdus Coluca.) Tu. rufo-fuscus subtus cinereus, lunula nuche rufa, jugulo albo nigrogue vario, macula narium gulaque albis. Red-brown Thrush, beneath ash-coloured, with a rufous cres- cent on the nape; jugulum varied with black and white, with a spot on the nostrils, and the throat white. Turdus Coluca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827.—Luath. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 124. we Le Coluca. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 475.—Buff: Pl. Enl, 703. Sele Le Teteuca. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 475.—Buff, Pl. Enl. 821. (female ?) Rufous-naped Thrush, Lath, Gen. Syn. 3.85. 117. Turis is almost seven inches in length: its beak is blackish: the nape of its neck is rufous: the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, are rufous brown: lower part of the forehead with a white spot: the chin and throat of that colour; the latter sprinkled with black: the breast greyish brown: the belly, vent, and thighs, ash-coloured : tail short: legs reddish brown: it varies in having the nape of the neck rufous brown: female? with 292, BLACK-FACED THRUSH. the colour on the nape of the neck extending lower down, and the general colour of the plum- age darker. Inhabits Cayenne. BLACK-FACED THRUSH. — (Turdus Shanhu. ) Tu. viridi-fuscus, capite collo inferiore pectore abdomineque griseis, orbitis gula juguloque nigris, macula aurium alba. Green-brown Thrush, with the head, lower part of the neck, breast, and abdomen, grey ; orbits, throat, and jugulum, black ; spot behind the ear white. Turdus Shanhu. Gel. Syst. Nut. 1. 814.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 337. 38. tien | | . Turdus melanopis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 829. Black-faced Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 37. 36. Tue black-faced Thrush is called Shanhu in China; where it is abundant in the woods, and feeds on insects: it is the size of the Blackbird: beak dusky: round the eyes, chin, and throat, black : some individuals with the forehead of that colour: ears with a large white spot: head, lower ‘part of the neck, breast, and belly, grey: back. = wings green brown : legs brown. 293 NUN THRUSH. (Turdus Monacha. ) Tu. fusco-luteus, subtus lutescens, capite colloque inferiore ngris. Brownish-yellow Thrush, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck beneath black. : Turdus Monacha. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.357. 109.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 824, | | Le Moloxita, ou la Réligieuse d’Abissinie. Buff. Hist, Nat. O1s. 3. 406. Nun Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 77. 102. Tue Nun Thrush is the size of the Blackbird: its beak is reddish : the head is black, which colour is continued over the throat, and ends in a point on the breast: the general colour of the upper parts of the body is yellow, tinged with brown: the wing-coverts are brown, with yellow edges: the quills dusky, edged with light grey: the under parts of the body pale yellow: tail similar to the wing-coverts: legs ash-coloured. Found amongst precipices in the woods of Abyssinia, 294. BLACK-THROATED THRUSH. (Turdus jugularis. ) Tu. griseo-fuscus, subtus flavo-virescens maculis sparsis nigris, facie, gula, juguloque nigris, rufo marginatis. Grey-brown Thrush, beneath yellow green, sprinkled with black spots; with the face, throat, and Juguines, black, Pearginod with refous. Turdus ater. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 830.—Lath, Fuck Ora. Js 351. 86. Le Merle a gorge noire de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat- Ois. 3. 382.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 559. Blacks throated Thrush. Lath. Gen. Sz yn. 3. 65. 78. Tue Black-throated Thrush is seven inches and a half in length: beak black: the hind part of the neck, back, and wing-coverts, grey brown, varied with pure brown: the greater coverts and quills are dusky brown, ination with light grey: the forehead, the chin, throat, and as far as the breast, black, bordered with rufous: crown of this latter colour : under parts of the body and rump greenish yellow, varied with large black spots on the breast and belly: the tail the colour of the back, and rounded: all but the middle feathers edged with dusky: legs black. Inhabits St. Domingo. | BLACK -TEDROATED TIRORUSEL. ae N Se) Oo BLACK-EYED THRUSH. (Turdus melanops.) Tu. ferrugineo-fuscus, subtus cum vertice flavus, per oculos macula longitudinal nigra, intus ad imum macula parva flava, Ferruginous-brown Thrush, with the under parts and crown of the head yellow, with a longitudinal black spot through the eyes, which has a small yellow mark towards the tip. Turdus melanops. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. al. 3. Black-eyed Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 181. 12. Turs is a large species, measuring above eight inches in length: its beak and legs are brownish: the crown of the head yellow: the forehead varied with dusky: the nape of the neck, wings, and. tail, rusty brown, the two latter with yellow mar- gins: from the gape to the lower parts of the cheeks, and surrounding the eyes, runs a black streak, which is pointed behind, and has a small yellow spot near the tip: the under parts of the body are yellow. Inhabits New South Wales. 296 HOARY-CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus leucotis.) Tu. viridis subtus flavus, vertice canescente, jugulo pectoreque ~ nigris, macula aurium alba. Green Thrush, beneath yellow, with the crown hoary; the jugu- lum and breast black, and a spot on the ears white. Turdus leucotis. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. aliv. 26. White-eared Thrush. Lath, Syn. Sup. II.. App. 373. Tuis is the size of the preceding, and is sup- posed by many to be the female of that species; but it appears to differ too materially for that to be the case: the crown of the head and nape of the neck are fine blue grey: the chin and fore- part of the neck and breast black: ears with a white patch: lower part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, pale green: belly, thighs, and vent, yellow: length seven inches and a half: beak and legs black. Inhabits New South Wales. . FLYCATCHING THRUSH. (Turdus Muscicola.) Tu. capite collo superiore dorsoque nigris, corpore subtus albo, alis caudaque fuscis. ? Thrush with the head, upper part of the neck, and back, black ;. the body beneath white; the wings and tail brown. Turdus Muscicola, Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. «liz. 16. Flyeatching Thrush, Lath. Syn. Sup. If. 185. 25. BROWN-CROWNED THRUSH. 997: Lenertu ten inches: beak and legs brown: head, hind parts of the neck, and back, blueish black : wings and tail brown: chin and all the under parts of the body white: feeds on insects. Called Bana- will-will in New South Wales. BROWN-CROWNED THRUSH. (Turdus tenebrosus.) Tu. dorso alis gulaque nigris, corpore subtus albido, vertice fusco. Thrush with the back, wings, and tail, black ; the body beneath whitish ; the crown brown. Turdus tenebrosus. . Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. ali. 12. Brown-erowned Thrush. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 184, 21. Not uncommon at Port Jackson, in New South Wales: length about six inches: beak pale blue: crown of the head and sides of the body brown: back and wings black; the edges of the quills white: chin black; all the rest of the under Bae white : legs black. 298 CAPE THRUSH. (Turdus cafer.) Tu. nigricans subcristatus, capite nigro-violaceo, uropygto ventre- gue albis, crisso rubro. Dusky subcrested Thrush, with a violet bled head. white rump and belly, and red vent, Turdus cafer. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 295. 16.—Gmel. Syst. ee L.- 820.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 354. 99. Merula cristata Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. 2. 257. 23.t.20.f. 2. Merle huppé du Cap de Bonne Espérance. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s. 3. 301.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 563.f.1. Cape Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 72. 92. Tue Cape Thrush is in length eight inches: its beak and legs are blackish: head crested and black, with a tinge of violet: the upper parts of the plumage brown; the feathers edged with greyish: the quills brown, edged with grey: the fore-part of the neck and breast. violet-coloured brown: abdomen brown, the feathers with grey edges: thighs, rump, and lower part of the abdo- men, white: vent and under tail-coverts red: tail wedge-shaped, and brown, with the tip white: sometimes found with the upper parts of the body brownish ash-colour, streaked with pale brown: beneath grey white: the vent crimson: in other respects similar. Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 299 BARRED-TAIL THRUSH. (Turdus Coraya. ) Tu. rufo-fuscus, pileo lateribusque capitis et colli migris, gula jugulo strigisque sub oculis albis, cauda grisea fascis nigris, Red-brown Thrush, with the top and sides of the head and ‘neck black; the throat, jugulum, and stripes beneath the eyes, white; tail grey, with black bars. Turdus Coraya. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 825.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 358. 117. Le Coraya. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 484.—Buff. Pl, Enl. 701. ae | Barred-tail Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 81. 110. Tue length of this is six inches and a half: its beak is dusky, with the under mandible yel- lowish: the top and sides of the head and neck black, ending in a point on the latter: beneath the eye several short and narrow white streaks: the chin and throat white: breast with an ash- coloured tinge: upper parts of the body, wings, general colour of the breast, the belly and thighs red brown, the under parts palest: tail. slightly - wedged, and, with its under coverts, grey, varied with slender dusky bars. Native place unknown. 300 RED-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus Phoenicurus.) Tu. wirtdt-olvvaceus, fascia per oculos nigra, superciliis albis, collo- infertore pectore rectricibusque lateralibus rufis. Olive-green Thrush, with a stripe through the eyes black ; su- percilia white; lower part of the neck, breast, and lateral tail-feathers, rufous. : Turdus Phoenicurus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 816.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 23. : Red-tailed-Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 31. 23.: Mucu resembles the following. in many parts : : it is the same length: its beak is dusky: crown of the head dusky: super cilia white : through the eyes a.black streak : the upper parts of its plum- age are dusky‘olive green: the throat and breast are rufous: the quills and two middle tail-feathers are dusky reddish brown; the rest of the tail- feathers are rufous: the legs are black. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. RUFOUS-TAILED THRUSH. (Turdus ruficaudus. ) Tv. olivaceo-fuscus, subtus purpureo albus, rectricibus lateralibus a bast ad medium rufis. Olive-brown Thrush, beneath purplish white, with the lateral tail-feathers, from the base to the middle, rufous. BOURBON THRUSH. 301 Turdus ruficaudus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1..816.—Lath. Ind, Orn. AL 333. aS 7 Rufous-tailed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 30. 22. Native of the Cape of Good Hope: length seven inches: beak black: upper parts of the body olive brown : quills dusky: lower parts pale purplish white: upper tail-coverts rufous : tail like the wings, with all but the two middle feathers rufous for two-thirds of their length: legs black. BOURBON THRUSH. (Turdus Borbonicus.) Tu. cinereo-olivaceus, subtus flavicans, vertice nigro, rectricibus Suscis, fascits duabus saturatioribus. Cinereous-olive Thrush, beneath yellowish; crown of the head black ; tail-feathers brown, with two darker bars. Turdus borbonicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 821.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 355. 102. Merula borbonica. Briss. 2. 293. 42. t. 24.f, 3. Merle de l’isle de Bourbon. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3, 395. Bourbon Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.73. Q5e Size of a Lark: length about eight inches: beak and legs yellowish: crown black: sides of the head, neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing-coverts, greyish olive: greater wing-coverts brown, varied with pale rufous: quills brown, the lateral ones with reddish mar- gins : sides of the belly and body, with the vent, —- 802. LONG-BILLED THRUSH. yellow olive: middle of the former whitish: tail brown, with two transverse darker bands. In- habits the Isle of Bourbon. Sao a LONG-BILLED THRUSH. ( Turdus longirostris.) Tu. fusco-virescens, subtus flavus, supercilits rectricibusque extus Jlavescentibus. Greenish-brown Thrush, petcant yellow ; supercilia and edges of the tail-feathers yellowish. Turdus longirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 823. Laraie Ind. Orn. 1. 352. Q2. Long-billed Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 67. 84. Tue beak of this species is very long in pro- portion to the size of the bird, being above an inch and a half in length, and of a brownish fiesh-colour: the feathers on the head are short and pointed: the supercilia are pale yellowish: the upper parts of the body are pale olive brown : the wing-coverts and quills margined with pale yellow: the rump yellowish: all the under parts of the body pale yellow: the tail rounded; the two middle feathers brown, with pale tips; the others dusky yellow, with pale shafts: legs dusky flesh-colour : some specimens vary in having more pale buff on the wing-coverts, and in being mot- tled with dusky and buff. It inhabits the islands of Eimeo and New York. SOLITARY THRUSH. (Turdus solitarius. ) Tu. fuscus albido-punctatus, genis collo pectore alisque c@ruleo- adumbratis, rectricibus nigricantibus. Brown Thrush, spotted with white; with the cheeks, neck, breast, and wings, tinged with blue; and the tail-feathers dusky. - Turdus solitarius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 834.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 345. 61. Merula solitaria, Briss. 2. 268. 30. Le Merle solitaire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 358. Solitary Thrush. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 52. 54. Tue Solitary Thrush is much smaller than the Blackbird, and is in length between eight and nine inches: the maie~has a brown beak: the irides orange: the prevailing colour of his plum- age brown, varied with small whitish spots: the sides of the head, throat, neck, breast, and upper - wing-coverts, tinged with blue: quills plain brown: rump and under tail-coverts the same: the tail dusky: legs brown: the female has not the slightest tinge of blue on her plumage, and the - spots are more yellow than in the male, especially on the breast, where they are most numerous. Montagu has very erroneously supposed the Starling in its first year’s plumage to be this bird, and as such has figured it in his Supplement, and introduced this species of Thrush into the British Fauna, whereas it is perfectly unknown in these parts, being only found in the south of Europe: 804 PAGODA THRUSH. it frequents mountainous and rocky places, and is always seen alone, except in the breeding season, and even then no more than a pair are seen in the neighbourhood, from whence it has received the name of solitary. Like the Starling, it. pre- pares its nest in old ruined edifices, church towers, and other similar places, and lays five or six eggs: the young are readily reared, and. have a beauti- ful song when they grow up, which they will utter at candle-light, for which the natives of the Archi- pelago esteem it so much as to think it sacrilege to take the nest, or kill the bird. } : Its food consists principally of insects, grapes, and other fruit: it is said to be common in France, Italy, and the islands of the Mediterranean and Archipelago ; and is observed to change its abode with the seasons, coming into those parts where it usually breeds in April, and departing in August. PAGODA THRUSH. (Turdus Pagodarum.) Tu. cristatus griseus, capite corpore subtus remigibus caudaque nigris, abdomine albo lineato, crisso albo. Grey-crested Thrush, with the head, body beneath, quills, and tail, black ; abdomen lineated with white; vent white. -Turdus Pagodarum. Lath. Syst. Nat. 1. 816.—Lath. Ind.. Orn. 1. 332. 20. Le Martin Brame. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 189. Pagoda Thrush. Lath. Gen. Sy 3, 30. 20.—-Lath, Syn. Sup. 140. 20. MALABAR THRUSH. 305 Tue beak of this bird is black at the base, yel- low towards the tip: the irides are blue: the head is slightly crested, and black: the back, wing- coverts, and rump, are grey: the quills are black : the feathers of the throat, neck, breast, and ab- domen,,are long and narrow, and black im colour, with white shafts; those of the head are also of _that shape: the tail is of the same colour as the ‘quills, but its under coverts are white: the legs and claws are yellow. It is abundant among the Pagodas of Malabar and Coromandel, where it is known by the names of Martin Brame and Powee : it is often kept in cages, on account of its song. MALABAR THRUSH. (Turdus Malabaricus.) Tu. cinereo-fuscus, subtus rufo-fuscus, capite colloque albo-lineatis. Cinereous-brown Thrush, beneath rufous brown ; with the head and neck striped with white. _Turdus malabaricus. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.816.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 333. 21. Le Martin vieillard de la céte de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 105. | : Malabar Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 30. 21.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 140. _ Tue Malabar Thrush is not quite eight inches in length: its beak is black, with the tip tinged V. X. P. I. 20 506 ALARUM THRUSH. with yellow: the feathers of the head and neck are similar in shape to those of the Pagoda Thrush, and’ are of an ash-coloured grey,,.with the shafts white: the upper parts of the body are cinereous grey: quills black: the under parts of the body rufous brown: tail greyish ash: legs yellow. Inhabits Malabar; and, like the preceding, is kept in cages, and bears the name of Powee. As it only differs in wanting a crest, and in having the head of the same colour as the body, may it not be merely a variety, or young bird? ALARUM THRUSH. (Turdus tinniens.) Tu. fuscus, subtus albus, pectore nigricante nebuloso. Brown Thrush, beneath white, with the breast clouded with dusky. Turdus tinniens. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 125. : Le Grand Befroi. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4.470. pl. 22.— Buff Pl. Enl. 706. f. 1. Alarum Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 86. 118. Near seven inches in length: the beak is black above, and white below: the general colour of the _ plumage is brown above, and whitish beneath, with the breast mottled with dusky: the tail is mode-. rately long: the legs are pale plumbeous: the female is similar to the male, but larger in size. SPECKLED THRUSH. 307 This species receives its name from its loud and piercing cry, which is similar to the alarum ofa clock, and is continued about an hour, morn- ing and evening : it is said to be good for food ; and is common in Cay enne. i SPECKLED THRUSH. (Turdus lineatus.) Tu. fusco-olivaceus, subtus albus fusco punctatus, lateribus colli albo-lineatis, tectricibus alarum maculis rufis. Olive-brown Thrush, beneath white, spotted with brown; the sides of the neck striped with white ; the wing-coverts with rufous spots. . a : Tardus lineatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 828.—Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 361. 126. | Le petit Befroi. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois, 4, 472. -Fourmilier grivelé de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Ent. 823. fo... Speckled Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 87. 119. Tuts very much resembles the preceding species, but is considerably less, measuring not quite five inches and a half in length: its beak and legs are brown, the latter palest: the upper parts of the body olive brown: the chin, throat, breast, and belly, white; the two latter sprinkled with brownish spots: the sides of the neck marked with narrow white lines : the rump and vent pale clive brown: some of the wing-coverts spotted with pale rufous. Inhabits oo 308 BLACK-WINGED THRUSH. (Turdus Bambla.) Tu. nebulosus, supra rufo-fuscus, subtus cinerascens, alis NILTIS y Jascia alba, cauda nigricante brevi. Clouded Thrush, above reddish brown; beneath ash-coloured ; the wings black, with a white band; the tail short and dusky. Turdus Bambla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 827.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 1. 360. 122. Le Bambla. Buff. Hist. Nat. Otis. 4. 479.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 703. f, 2. | Black-winged Thrush, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 84. 115. Native of Cayenne: length seven inches and a half: beak black: the upper parts. of the plum- age rufous brown, varied: the wings black, with a white bar: the under parts pale cinereous, with dusky variegations : the tail short, and mash legs dusky brown. ANT THRUSH. ( Turdus formicivorus.) Tu. rufo-fuscus, subtus albidus, macula dorsal, collo inferiore pec- | toreque nigris, tectricibus alarum flavo maculatis, cauda rufa. | Red-brown Thrush, beneath whitish ; with a spot on the back, — the lower part of the neck and the breast black; the wing- | coverts spotted with yellow; the tail rufous. ANT THRUSH. 809 Turdus formicivorus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 828.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 361. 127. ‘ Le Palikour, ou Fourmilier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 473.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 700. f- 1. Ant Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 87. 120. _ Tue Ant Thrush is six inches in length: the beak is black: the irides reddish: orbits blue: the upper parts of the plumage reddish brown, edged with rufous, with a black spot on the back : wings black; most of the coverts tipped with rufous yellow, some of the lesser quills tipped with brown, and some edged with white: the chin, throat, and breast, are black, surrounded with a mixture of black and white from the nos- trils, passing on each side of the neck to the breast, and taking in the eye, under which it is broadest: the belly, thighs, and vent, ash-coloured: the tail short and rufous on the upper parts: the legs blueish. It varies in having the chin and throat nearly white, and the thighs rufous brown: in others the chin and throat are rufous, bounded with black. ) This bird feeds on ants: its nest is composed of moss, and its eggs are brown, marked with spots of a deeper colour at the larger end: it is a very lively bird. WHITE-EARED THRUSH. (Turdus auritus. ) Tu. rufo-olivaceus fusco varius, abdomine albo, gula juguloque nigris, vertice fasciaque pectorali rufo-fuscis, vitta aurium alba. , Reddish-olive Thrush, varied with brown, with the abdomen white, the throat and jugulum black, the crown and band on the breast reddish brown, ane a white spot on the ears. Turdus auritus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 827.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 360. 123. 3 Pipra leucotis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 1003. Le Fourmilier:a oreilles blanches. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 477. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 822. White-eared Manakin, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 527. 18, White-eared Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 84. 116. Nor quite five inches in length: the beak dusky: the top of the head rufous brown: the lower parts of the neck, back, wings, and tail, are varied ru- fous olive brown: the breast has a rufous brown collar, joining that colour on the head: the chin and throat are black: the feathers behind the eye white and elongated, giving the appearance of a streak : the belly, thighs, and vent, are white: the legs are dusky: the wings reach to the end of the tail: the female has a greenish bar passing from the gape through the eyes, beneath the white on the ear: the chin and throat are whitish, and the band on the breast is broader than in the male: in other respects the sexes are similar. It inhabits Cayenne, and feeds on ants. Sit BLACK-CRESTED THRUSH. (Turdus cirrhatus.) Tu. cristatus griseo-cinereus, pileo collo inferiore pectoreque nigris, gula albo-varia, tectricibus alarum apice, rectricibus margine et apice albis. Crested Thrush, of an ash-coloured grey, with the top of fe head, lower part of the neck, and breast, black; throat varied with white; the tips of the wing-coverts and tail-feathers, also. the margins of the latter, white. Turdus cirrhatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 826.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 1. 359. 120. | Le Fourmilier huppé. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s, 4. 476. Black-crested Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 83, 113. Tuis is one of the ant-eating species: it is in length six inches: irides black: the top of the head with long black feathers, forming a crest, which can be set up at the pleasure of the bird: the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a greyish cinereous: the wing-coverts tipped with white: the throat varied with black and white: fore-part of the neck and breast black: tail wedge-shaped, margined and tipped with white: female with a rufous tinge all over her body, and with the crest rufous: it sometimes varies in wanting the white tips to the wing-coverts. Inhabits Cayenne: 1s said to breed several times in the year, laying three eggs each time. 312 CINCLUS. WATEROUZEL. Generic Character. Rostrum basi plumosum, et || Beak downy, and rounded at rotundatum, gracile, rec- the base, slender, straight ; tum ; versus apicem paulo towards the tip rather com- compressum, et incurva- pressed and bent down; tum, marginibus subdenti- the margins slightly tooth- _ culatis. ed. Nares nude.- : Nostrils naked, Cauda brevis. Tail short. ) Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Fee¢ simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Turre being but one species of this genus known, it is unnecessary to mention its peculiar habits, as they will be found detailed at length i in the following pages, > WATER OUZEL. 313 EUROPEZAN WATEROUZELe (Cinclus Europzeus.) Tv. fusco-nigricans, genis gutture collo inferiore et pectore nivets, ventre supremo fusco rufescente, imo rectricibusque nigrican- tibus. Dusky-brown Thrush, with the cheeks, throat, lower part of the neck and breast, snowy white; the upper part of the breast brownish red, lower part and tail-feathers dusky. Turdus Cinclus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 343. 57. Sturnus Cinclus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 5:—Lin. Faun, Suec. 214.—Lin. Amen. Acad. 4. 594.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 803. Aquatilis Cinclus. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. Ind. Turdus gularis. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup, al. 1.2 Merula aquatica. Briss. 5. 252. 19. Le Merle d’eau. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 134. 11.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 940. i Penrith Ouzel. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 177. 2—Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup.—Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. App. Water Ouzel. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1.111.—Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 332. B.—Albin. Birds. 2. 39.—Lewin. Brit. Birds, 2. 63.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 48. 50.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 142. 50.—Bewick. Brit. - Birds. 2. 16.—Mont. Brit. Birds. 2.—Mont, Sup.—Mont. Sup. App—-Don. Brit. Birds. 1. 24. _ Tus most singular bird is rather less than the Blackbird : it is in length seven inches and a half: the beak is three quarters of an inch in length, nearly straight, and black; the upper mandible slightly turned down at the tip: irides hazel: upper part of the head and neck deep brown: the eyelids, chin, fore-part of the neck and breast, white, beneath which is a band of rufous brown : 314 EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. the rest of the upper parts, the belly, vent, and tail, are black: the feathers on the back and wings are edged with ash-colour: legs black: tail very short. Montagu describes the following interest- ing variety in the Appendix to the last volume of the Ornithological Dictionary: ‘* Length about seven inches: Weak and irides as usual: the upper parts of the head and neck are of a blueish black, with a slight mixture of brown, the middle of each feather being lighter than the margins: the back, scapulars, rump, and coverts of the wing, blueish black, dashed with hoary grey, the middle of the feathers being of the latter colour: the primary and secondary quills black, tipped with white: the tail wholly black: the throat, breast, and belly, white; the extremity of each feather marked with a black semicircular line, which gives those parts a pretty undulated appearance; these markings are fainter on the throat than on.the other parts, and not the least appearance of the rufous band on the lower breast usual in the species » vent and thighs blueish black, the former with a mixture of white, the latter with brown: the legs and toes black.”? The above was com- municated by Mr. John Wilson of Edinburgh, an acute ornithologist: it was shot at Roslin, near Edinburgh ; another similar variety has also been under his inspection. The Penrith Ouzel of Dr. Latham is referrible - to this species. It is said to be larger than the common Water Ouzel: the head and whole upper parts of the body dusky: chin and throat white, EUROPHZAN WATEROUZEL. 315 at the bottom of the last a bar of dusky: breast, belly, and thighs, white, with short black streaks pointing downwards, more numerous towards the lower belly and thighs: vent rusty yellow, crossed with bars of black: legs rusty yellow. ‘This was taken near Penrith by Miss Calvin, who gave it to Mr. Pennant. — | 4 From the habits of this bird being so singular, the following account of them, taken from the Ornithological Dictionary, cannot but be accept- able. ‘* A pair of these birds, which had for many years built under a small wooden bridge in Caer- marthenshire, we found had made a nest early in May. It was taken, but had no eggs, although the bird flew out of it at the time. In a fortnight after they had completed another nest in the same place, containing five eggs, which was taken; and in a month after we took a third nest under the same bridge, with four eggs, undoubtedly the work ,of the same bird, as no others were seen about that part. At the time the last nest was taken the female was sitting, and the instant she quitted her nest plunged into the water, and dis- appeared for a considerable’ time: at last she emerged at a great distance down the stream. At another time we found a nest of this bird in a steep projecting bank over a rivulet clothed with moss: the nest was so well adapted to the sur- rounding materials, that nothing but the old bird flying in with a fish in its beak would have led to a discovery. The young were nearly full feathered, but incapable of flight, and the moment the nest $16 EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. was disturbed they fluttered out and dropt into the water, and to our astonishment instantly vanished, but in a little time made their appearance at some distance down the stream, and it was with dif- ficulty two out of five were taken, as they dived on being approached. ‘The young birds which were taken shewed no inclination to dive in a tub > of water, but shewed great uneasiness by strug- gling on the surface. ‘They refused all food, and soon perished.” Their nest is very large, is formed of moss and water plants externally, and lined with oak-leaves within ; it resembles that of the Wren in shape, but is not so deep, and has a sort of covering, and is usually placed in a mossy bank over a rivulet: the eggs are of a semitransparent white, and are five or six in number; they weigh — more than a drachm. This is a retired, solitary bird, and is seldom seen, except on the banks of rapid and rocky rivers or streams in mountainous places, which it frequents for the sake of its food, living princi- pally on insects and small fish, which it procures by walking direct into the water, where it walks apparently without much exertion, although it is evident, from its specific gravity being less than that of water, that great exertion must be used: -while under water Colonel Montagu says he has frequently observed it tumbling about in a very extraordinary manner with its head downward, as if pecking something, and at the same time making great exertion with its legs and wings. It cannot EUROPEAN WATEROUZEL. B17 - swim on the surface of the water, but will often float with the stream and dive down for its prey: it has been taken with a line and hook which were baited to catch fish. Inhabits the whole of Europe, Italy excepted : its song is very harmonious, and is begun very early in the season, even during a hard frost: its flight is similar to that of the Kingsfisher. BND: OF “PARTI. \ ae ae | D DAVISON Donbard atecg! = ee } ; . Whitefriars, roses iy se ee i Bia is LOOLOGY OT SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY commenced by the late GEORGE SHAW, M.D.F.B.S.&e. WITH PLATES from the first Authorities and most select specimens d Gee Ongrave ; cans 5 on yf? M*® GRIFFITH. MN 2) Vor .X. Part h AVES. by 5.F. Stephens, F.L.S. Printed. far G-Wilkie, J.W:z alker, J.& A. Arch, Longman,Hurst,Rees,Orme, . & Brown, E. Jeffery, Sherwood, Neeley, & Jones, Law & Whittaker, Baldwin, Cradock, & Joy, R.Scholey, J.Black & Son, W.Lowe, J. Booth, R.Fenner, . S.Bagster, J.Robinson, Rodwell & Martin, Walker & Edwards, and J. -Harper. ie GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME X.——PART IT. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR G. WILKIE; J. WALKER; J. AND A, ARCH; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN; E. JEFFERY ; SHERWOOD, NEELEY, AND JONES; LAW AND WHITTAKER ; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; R.SCHOLEY; J, BLACK AND SON; W. LOWE; J. BOOTH; R. FENNER; S. BAGSTER; J. ROBINSON; RODWELL AND MARTIN; WALKER AND EDWARDS ; AND J. HARPER. 1817. t . . f ’ F ad a \ . \ ; ' ; > ‘ “ ’ i‘ . \ \ 4‘ , . i) ‘ a , ‘ , ¢ al vr . ’ . ¢ * \ mY 1 ‘ x q , . ‘ t + es ne ba i * ' j . ‘ . eae ma We ais y 4 ‘ « 3 Ae . . ‘ . ’ - a nes ‘ 4 fi = » ‘ be i Fwy ‘ ae: Ue y ee me ey tas ; 7 ‘ = ial ay) pen ro cy Sig Sale Pci x | sab da ae, VOL. X.—PART II. Aavupa : p. — Africana ———_—— agrestis — alpestris: —_ —— alpestris, var, Lath. : & a arborea , = arenaria , ——_—————. arvensis Calandra — Calandra, var. Lath. : : — Calandrilla. Bonelli. : : ——_—_— campestris — candida. Briss. : ; 501 534 527 530 | 522 506 515 502 513 512 515 539 502 510 | ALAUDA Capitis Bone Spet. Briss. - p. 510 cinerea 524 cristata - 533 cristata minor. Ray. , - 505 cristatella . 505 flava 522 ——— fulva - 516 Gingica . 523 Gorensis 520 —————— Ttalica - 509 Ludoviciana 529 —— magna. Lin, 493 Malabarica 531 ——— minor. Gmel. 527 Mongolica 516 Mosellana 523 VI ALAUDA mutabilis, Gmel, — j p. nemorosella. Gel. nigra. Briss. nove Seelan- die. Gmel. nove Zealan- dize. : obscura - Pensylvanica. Briss. : : petrosus. Mont. pratensis rubra ; cenemrnns PITA : ——_——_ rufa. Gmel. Senegalensis Senegalensis cristata. Briss. wa ————. sepiaria “9 Sibirica -. spinoletta, Lin. ‘Tartarica testacea trivialis. Lin. — undata : Vorginiana. ie DUIS. vulgaris. Briss. Yeltonensis AMPELIS ! A carnifex — csrunculata ———_——— Cayana : cinerea . 582 INDEX. AMPELIS coccinea. 511 Gmel. A p- 426 — Cotinga 429 505 || —— cristata 425 503 || —— cuprea » 426 — garrulus. Lin, 421 _—- garrulus, var. Lin. ; 423 532 || —— luteus - 428 536 {| -——— Maynana . 433 ——— phenicea . 431 517 || —— Pompadoura 430 536 | —— “superba - 436 540 || —— tersa A352 517 || ——-—— umbellata . 437- 519 | —— variegata A434 517 525 || Asilus. Ray. ° - 742 525 || Blue-bird. Catesby.- . . , 663 542 — red-bellied, Ed- 512 wards, : - 689 539 511 || BoMBYCILLA . 420 521 Bohemica. 421 542 || —— Carolinensis 422 535 Calendula Pensyloanica. 530 Briss. ne “61 502 | | 526 || Cardinalis. Briss. . 440 4 —.Americanus. | 424 Briss. 461 425 || — Canadensis. > | A35 Briss. : _» 462 : 428 Mexicanus. 427 . Briss. 405 INDEX. vii Cardinalis. purpurea. - Briss, p. 439 Cephalopterus ornatus. Geoff. 437 Certhia Pinus. Lin. . 737 | Chat, yellow-breasted. Wils. 356 CHATTERER.. 424 . American. Wils, 423 blue-breast- ed 4 - 432 —— Bohemian. Pen, ; a3 AZL Carolina. Catesby. 5 423 carunculated 435. crested AQ5 —_—-— cupreous 426 ————— grey A27 o_o grey. Lath. 430 ~—————— pompadour 430 purple- breasted homie 120 — purple- throated 428 ——-~——_—— red 425 red-winged 431 ——-—— silky + 433 | ————— superb 436 —————— umbrella’d 437 variegated 434 ——-——— yellow . 428 Cotinga alba, Briss. p. 435 Cayanensis. Briss. 4 - A426 ciner€o-purpurea. Briss. é 6430 Manaynensis. Briss. f - 433 . ‘nevia. Briss. . 434 —— purpurea. Briss, 430 rubra, Briss. 425 Creeper, black and white. Edwards. - 6389 Pine. Catesby. 737 yellow-throated. Catesby. : - 679 Curruca. Briss. . 581 albo et nigro varia. Briss. , - 648 — arundinacea. Briss. . 586 atricapilla, Briss. 648 cinerea sive cine- rarta. Briss, 597 Elote. Ray. 661 — garrula, Briss. 580 Jamaicensis. Briss. 584. ——— minor. Briss. IA5 nevia. Briss. 591 nevia Capitis — Bone Spei. Briss. . 615 rufa. Briss. 668 sepiaria. Briss. 661 sylvestris seu Lusa ciniola, Briss. 581 Vill INDEX, Cyanecula. Briss. p. 660 || Ficedula Jamaicensis. Gibraltariensis. _ Briss. : p. 667 Briss. ° . 660 Jamaicensis . major. Briss. 702 Emberiga flavifrons. — Ludoviciana. Sparrmann. - 458 Briss. ; bio FEB Madagascari- Fauvette, lesser. Bewick. 588 ensis major. Briss. . 371 - reed. Bewick. - 586 Madagascari- ensis minor. Briss. » 720 Ficedula, Briss. - 592 | — Martinicana. — Bengalensis, Briss. ; . 699 Briss. : - 688 Marylandica. — Borbonica. Briss. : - 682 Briss. ‘ . 601 | —— Pensyloanica. Canadensis. Briss. : 3730 Briss. ° «750 Pensyloanica Canadensis cinerea. Briss. - 652 cinerea, Briss. . 636 Pensylvanica Canadensis cinerea gutiure nigro. cinerea. minor. Briss. 651 Briss. é - 624 : Canadensis fus- —— Pensylvanica ca. Briss, ‘ 738 cinerea nevia. Briss. 636 —— Canadensis ic- a Pensylvanica terocephala. Briss. . 623 erythrocephala. Briss. 622 — Canadensis ma- — Pensylvanica jor. Briss. ‘ 735 erythrocephatos. Briss. 733 a Carolinensis. Pensylvanica Briss. af aaa kc gutture nigro. Briss. 740 ———— Dominicensis. Pensylvanica Briss, ; oo ¥5O icterocephala. Briss. 623 en Dominicensis —— Pensylvanica cinerea, Briss. OTD nevia. Briss. e735 ee Dominicensis minor. Briss. . 734 || Finch-cold. Edwards. 320 Dominicensis varia. Briss. . 639 || FivcaTcHER ©. 319 INDEX. 1X FLYCATCHER, African p. 405 ——— agile 415 —_———— American 362 ash-coloured 398 | — azure « 383 $e black 324 ———_——— black and white 323 : —— black-breast- ed - 360 ——black-cap 384 + +—— black-crown- ed : . 3868 meme Dlack-front- - ed : - 407 black-throat- ed green. Edwards. 7Al blue. Ed. 651 blue-headed 403 ——w— ee Bourbon 326 ene HDYOWN 302 ——— Canada . 350 een Cape » 330 ma Cayenne 358 ————— chattering 356 hci cinereous 363 aes Cinnamon 410 ao coach-whip 338 —— Cochin . 380 Wi i, collared 374 oe Coromandel 375 bare coronated 345 crested Se- negal =, ° - 325 =——— crimson-bel- lied ‘ 391 — desert Al4 | FLYCATCHER, dun _ p, 411 ————— dusky 405 hes dusky. Pen. 385 —— dwarf 346 Sao fan-tailed 340 —_——_ ——- ferrugineous 395 puree flammeous 372 green » 400 Leino green. Pen. 366 aa oreen black- capt. Wils. . - 366 green Indian. Edwards. : - 688 serene: grey + 843 ee grey-breast- ed , « 347 grey-necked 404 ——_——_——. griseous 387 golden-crown- ed. Edwards. . 636 te golden- throated ; - 376 golden-wing- ed, Edwards. ~ 624 —— Guava 335 ate hanging . 366 ommecees hooded 379 ooo hooded. Wils. 399 ded artn Indian 397 —— ————— Javan 400 ——_——— Latham’s 336 ——amememn Jegser crest- ed i » 881 ——_—.—- Leucomele 328 -———— little grey- blue. Edwards. 652 long-winged 382 x INDEX. FLYCATCHER, luteous p. 359 ——-———_— Madagascar 371 — Martinico 377 ————— melodious 360 ———————. mustachoe - 357 OS ae eiviutable 418 ome — nevous 338 so Ss oS anit 388 olive a G61 ——— olive-colour- ed. Edwards. 379 — orange- breasted 348 —— orange- rumped 406 passerine 337 ——_-—_—— Paradise 416 — -— particolour- ed Ay sea ——— petty 347 ————-— petechial 300 ——— Pewee. Wils. 385 ————— Philippine 339 — Pheby. Lath. <\ spear. 385 - pied 320 | — pied, var. > Lath. g a B22 ators — pileated . 399 —_—_-——-— purple- throated 303 ———_——— red-bellied 400 ————— red-eyed 3790 ———-—— red-faced 339 ot — red-throated. Edwards. 623 —————— red-vented 334 FLYCATCHER, rose- breasted : p. 412 Ors round-crest- ea : ~~~ ALD -———— rufous» . 389 - rufous-bel- lied A «> 888 rufous-front- ed 98 - 373 rufous-vent- ed ; . 367 rusty-throat- ed : - 393 ——— Sandwich 394 ——_——-— Senegal 333 — small Ameri- can. Wils. ‘ 2 862 - — Society -. 327 soft-tailed - 407 Seis solitary .- 349 ps southern 369 spotted 332 spotted yel- low j e855 ——— spotied yel- low. Edwards. - 738 ——— spotted wing- ed 4 - 890 streaked 336 BA a striped ..- 370 —_———— supercilious 386 | Surinam - 340 SS swallow- tail- ed : ieeA13 ———— tufted . 331 —-— Tyrant. Lath, j oe 843 INDEX. Xi FLYCATCHER, undulat- ed : . p. 324 —_——-—. variegated 322 ————— warbling 382 —————whiskered 352 ————— white-back- ed Zs o O28 white-front- ed ‘ .. 402 —— white-tailed 376 Se. WOO 378 ————— wreathed 344 ——— yellow-bel- lied 6 OA ‘eee — yellow-bel- lied. Lath. 358 a 25 yellow- breasted 364 yellow- crowned area. S04. yellow-eared 384 yellow-front- ed : Nunes | ~ yellow-head- ed : . 410 yellow-neck- ed ; romans eS) yellow-rump- ed : pe AOR yeilow-rump- ed, Edwards. 7h yellow-tailed. , Edwards. 362 —— yellow- throated 368 : yellow-throat- ed, Wils, 376 FLYCATCHER, yeliow- tufted p. 354 ycllow-vent- ed, Lath. 334 Garrulus Bohemicus, Ray. 421 - GOLD-CREST 957 common 7538 ruby-crown- ed 2 - 760 Gracula carunculata. Gmel. 6 e AGO Greenfinch, red-headed. Edwards. - 449 | Icterus Bengalensis. Briss. 491 Jacarini. Edwards. A75 Kruka. Pen. . « 580 Lanius garrulus, Lin. 421 Neugeta. B. Gmel. 427 LARK : 501 African . 534 black 511 Calandre 513 —— Cape 510 ———cinereous | aes ——. crested Wi is oes _——. crested. Pen. 505 —— dusky. Lath. . 503 —— dusky. Lewin. ~. 536 Xi LARK, ferruginous _—p. field Gingi Italian large. Catesby. —— lesser crested —— lesser field, Willough. Louisiane —— Malabar —— marsh ——= meadow —— Mongolian mutable. Lath. —— New Zealand — Pensylvanian. Ed- wards. —— Pipit — red ° ° rock rufous ~— rufous-backed sand ysea. Walconer. —— Senegal —— shore —— shore. Lath. —— Siberian a sky a ‘ =——— testaceous ——— Tit 4 : —— Tit, var. Pen. wae tree. Bewich. ; undated —— white. Lath. —— white-winged —— wood Yeltonian INDEX. 520 || Locustella avicula, Ray. p.595 527 : 523 || Luscinia. Briss. 1. 576 509 —. candida. Briss. 576 493 Madagascarien- 505 sis; Briss. ; . 579 527 529 || Manakin, blue. Edwards. 655 531 purple-breasted. 523 Pen. : - 429 539 516 || Merula Americana tor- ‘511 quata. Briss. . 403 532 wiridis Carolinen- sis. Briss. ee 517 af 542 || MoTAcILLA ; . 544 536 —— Acredula. 517 Lin. : 744 519 aequinoctialis. 516 Gmel. st . 606 515 || — estiva. Gmel, 750 536 ——— Afra . 561 525 — Africana. 530 || Gmel. . 615 522 || ———sseeenee alba . 545 525 — albicapilla. 502 Gmel. : . 642 521 albicollis. 540 Gmel. : . you 536 || ———__—- alpina. Gel. 487 527 w= Americana. 535 Lin. c . 611 503 — aquatica. 512 Gmel. Pont. 6 506 arundinacea. 526 Gmel. ° . 588 INDEX. Moraciuta asilus, Gmel. p- 693 atrata.Gmel, 677 = Te atricapilla 553 atricapilla. Lin. 648 — aurantia. Gel. : 2 S72 auricollis, ’ Gmel. : © F385 —— aurored. | Pall, ° - 605 —_ Awatcha. Gmel. : - 614 a — Sunanivora. Gmel. : - 729 Blackburnia. Gmel. 627 Boarula . 554. —— Boarula. var. Lath. : - 553 Bonariensis. Gmel. Beg Ae OS Borbonica. Gmel. 600 borealis, Gmel. 690 —_— cerulea, Lin. 652 —— czrulescens 558 cerulescens. Gmel, a 651 —e——— Cara. Lin. 659 —— —— Calendula. Lin. . - 761 = Calidris.Lin. 702 ———= Calliope. Gmel. 644 Xili MOTACILLA campestris. Gmel, : p. Camtschat- kensis. Gmel. cana, Gmel. 584 Canadensis. Lin. : —— Capensis Caprata. Lin. caryophylla- cea,Gmel, : Cayana. Lin. 655 chloroleuca. Gmel. chrysoce- phala.Gmel. . ° chrysoptera, Lin. ; . 624 cincta. Lin. 636 cinerea 550 en CMENER, RAY. 554 557 citrina. Gmel, 601 Coromandel- 625 EEE ———_—_—_._—. citreola ica. Gmel. oe COYONALA, Lin. @ @ m——= cristata, Gmel, 686 Curruca. Lin. : 580 cyane.Gmel, 655 Gmel. 754. = CY ANUS A. Gmel. 647 XIV. MoraciLLa cyanocepha- da. .Gmel, - p. a Dominica. Lin.. : cote dumetorum. Lin. _Erithracus. Lin. —— erythrogas- tra. Gmel. — ferrugined, Gmel. —_—-— fervida. Gmel,. 3... ° ———— Ficedula. Lin, —— flammea. Sparr. ____— flava ———_— — flava. Briss. — flava. var. Lath. — flavescens — flavescens. Gmel. —— fluvescens. war. Gmel... . ‘ ————_—— flavicauda. Gmel. ae Gmel. = —_—— flavifrons. Gmel. , ———_-__—_— fulva. Gmel. — flavicollis. —— fulicata. Lin, ( eemmeenal — fusca. Gmel. INDEX... MOoTAcILua fuscata. 684 Gmel. . : p. 609 ———— fuscescens. 612 Gimel. ; . 667 — fuscicollis, -~ 618-|| © Gmel. 680 Gibraitarien- 674 sis. Gmel. 673 -—— grisea. Gmel. 585° 672 —— Guianensis. Gmel. : 678° 643 Guiana. Lin, 691 - gularis. 635 Gmel, ; - 667 —— Hippolais. . 592 Lin.. ie - 746 a Gigundinas— 692 cea. Shaw. \ 613 560 || - hortensis. 554 Gmel, 581r° ——— Hottentotta. 559 Gmel, . - 573~ 559 -|| ==> Hudsonica 552 —_—_——icterocephala, ~~~ 619 Lin. - F eB incana. Gmel, 628~ 61g- Nise Indica . 563 oe Javensis. -- 553° 362 — Juncorum. Gmel. GOOF 679.|| —— leucomela. Gimel. . 326- 624. — leucorrhoa.-~- 726 —Gmel. 574 ', — lineaia.Gmel, 656 - 616 littorea.- ~~~ 685 || ° Gmel. 691 tz Moracriyua -hivida. “Gmel, PINE vp ——~ — longicauda. Gmel, : longipes. Gmel. — longirostris. GME wy, - — Ludoviciana, Gmel, Luscinia. Lin. ? - lutescens. Gimel, macroura. Gmel. ; - : maculata, Gmel, . : — maculosa, Gmel. 5 — madagasca- riensis, Gmel. madagasca- riensis. var. Gmel. — Maderxas Maderaspa- tana. Briss, . - : | Maderaspa- tana, Lin, - Maderaspa- tensis. Gmel. —-— Magellanica. Gmel, eee Gmel, ae —— Massiliensis. Gmel. ‘ i magna, 664 756 © 721 630 590 698 570 | XV MOoTACILLA maura, Pail. ° p. 640 — mauritiana, Gmel, : - 665 — melannce- phala. Gmel,. . 648 — —melanopa 558 — modularis. Lin.- : a G61 — montanella. Gmel, 626 ——$ ————— moschita. Gmel, . - 648 ——_——— multicolor. Gmel, . as . G41. ————-——— muUrind, Gmel. 617 a — nevi, Gmel. ; 501 —— — nigrirostris. ~ Gmel. AUN 28 RB Noveboracen- sis. Gmel. § . 681 ochrura. Gel. ; s 634 Gnanthe. Lin. : « 565 olavacea. Gmel. : « 590 . —— palmarum, Gels xsyow si’, 607 passerina. Gmel. : - 945 — Patagonica. - Gmel. : - 603 —— pensilis, ~Gmel, 620 XV1 MorAciLLa Pensylva- nica. Lin. p- 623 perspicillata. Gmel. . 631 — petechia. Lin. 733 Philippensis, Gmel. . 617 Phenicurus. Lin. 670 pileata.Gmel.569 —— pinguis. Gmel. 637 —— Protonota- rius. Gmel. 642 | ee Provincialis. Gmel. Sn PEF pusilla. White. F - 647 — Regulus. Lin. 758 Rubecula. Lin. : 711 Rubetra. Lin. ‘ . 706 Rubicola. Lin.. ; FQ —— rufa. Gmel, 668 —- ruficapilla. Gmel. - 699 | . ruficauda. | Gmel. 676 || salicaria. Lin. 586 Schaenobe- ~ nus. Lan. 583 ——_——— semitorquata. Gmel. 504 — Senegalensts. Lin. 634 || INDEX. MoraciLuyA sheltobrius- chka, Lepech. Pp. Sialis. Lin. Sibilatrix. Beckstein : > Sinensis. Gmel, , A —— Singalensis. Gmel. : Spinicauda. Gmel, stapazina. Gel. ‘ ! striata, Gmel. : subflava. Gmel. suecica. Lin. | Sunamisica. Gmel. — — superba. Shaw., A -— superciliosa. Gmel. , — sutoria. Giel. ‘ — Sybilla. Lan. —_——— Sylvia. Lin. — thoracica _ tirina. Gel. ; f ——— Tiphia. Lin. — Tithys. Lin. —— Trochilus. Lin. . - — Troglodytes. Lin. ; “a INDEX. MotTacinnua T'schecants- chia. Gmel.. _ Pp. 605 | ——_——. Tschutschen- sis. é - 548 —— umbria, Ginel. . » 637 | — undata. Gimel, j Seer 6178) varia. Lin. 639 »Velia. Lin. 687 — vermivora, Gmel. ‘ sma —— verna. Briss. 560 ft a - verens.Gmel, 740 ——————-— — Viridis e551 Zeylonica. Gmel. : - 688 MUuSscIcAPA - 319 Acadica 381 —— a Aédon . 360 ———- Afra. 355 —. agilis py: albicapilla, Viel. y sendy es albifrons 402 ———— altilogua 345 a - Americana, Briss. : So1B02 armillata 347 —— atra. Gmel. 385 ——_-——-— atricapilla 320 —— atricapilla “var. Lath. ; maui Uy Lo) audax .......... 364 ———————=—= auirantia . 348 ————————- auricomis 354 Vv. x P, If, Musercapa australis p. ances barbata’ . —_— barbata. Lath. — —bicolor , bicolor. Sparrman. Mech vee a Borbonica —— ———. Borbonicu. Briss, Borbonica- cristata. Briss. ceerulea —_—-—. Caledonica Cambaien- sis : : cana j es Canadensis Capensis. Lan, : - — Carolinensis cinerea. Briss, Jusca, Briss, ° -——- Carolinensis rubra. Briss. ‘ Cayanensis ——— Cayanensis rufa. Briss. ° —_——- cinerea pete — Carolinensis XVil 360 352 336 323 342 326 307 326 383 351 361 398 350 330 363 385 464 358 388 38S cinnamomea 410 ——-——-—- coccinigastra 391 Cochinsinen- sis ¢ 380 en COllaris 374 ——-——=——- comata.. 331 aaaaaee coronata, 412 b XVill MusciIcapa crepitans p. — cristata ore — cristata alba Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. : cristata Ca- pitis Bone Spei. Briss. cucullata — —__— cucullata. Wils. é ; — — cyanoce- phala : ‘ — — deserti . —dichroa . —__——_—_-—. erythrogas- tra : —__——-—. erythropis — ferox, Vare Gmel, : : +4. ferruginea ———__——— flabellifera INDEX. 338 || Muscicara Jamaicensis. 325 || Briss. p. 379 — Javanica 400 — Lathami 336 416 || ——___— leucomela 328 ——_——— leuconotus 328 416 || —————— leucura 376 379 || —————— littorea 691 | — Lucionensis 324 399 | — lutea 359 | — maculata 390 403 : —— Madagasca- Al4 riensis, = 371 342 | — Madagasca- “‘rlensis cinerea majors 40O Brissec eee ; 308 339 — Madagasca- riensis varia longicauda. 343 Briss. P - 418 395 || ———— malachura_ 407 340 || _——-——— Manillensis_ 368 —--_—_-—. flammea 372 — Martinicana 377 ae flava. Viel. 358 |) ee Martinicanu be eae MAVICOMIS® ) B52 cristata. Briss. 377 —_—_——_—_—. flavifrons 351 — Maritinicana ——-——— flavigastra 343 fusca. Briss. 396 — flaviventris 342 melanictera 364 forficata 413 ——— melanoce- fuliginosa 392 phala F228 Massiliensis 570 —— bay-breasted 714 CEnanthe . 565 | 7 belted. Pem 636 ———— pileata - 568 || ———-— bicoloured 605 XXVIil INDEX. WARBLER, black and white. Lath. ‘ p. 328 ———— black and yel- low ; : . 604 —— black-backed 634 — Blackburnian 627 black-cap . 648 — black-cap var. Lath. : - 650 black-cheeked 610 — black-headed. Pen, 2 7-862 black-jawed 731 — black-necked 704 gas black-poll . 645 2 - black red-tail 677 black-throated. Pen. 651 black-throated green. Wils. . - FAL bloody-sided 699 2 blue - 6063 ——-—— blue-green . 657 blue-grey . 651 ————— blue-headed 684 blue-mountain 736 ———— blue-striped 656 blue-tailed . 646 blue-throated 660 blue yellow- backed. Wils. - ge — bogrush - 583 Bourbon~ . 600 brown. Brown 704 —_—___—— brown-throated 667 ——_—__—. buff-faced . 701 —-—— cerulean . 652 | WARBLER, cerulean. Wils. - i p- 653 ———. Caffrarian 669 ——-— Cambaian . 705 Cape ee FOB — Cape May . 739 a Caspian 630 — Cayenne . 655 Ceylon. Pen. 688 — chaste 731 — chesnut-bellied 672 chesnut-sided. Wis. . 623 China . 689 — Cingalese 689 — citrine 601 — citron-bellied 619 — citron-bellied. Lath. 619 — —— Connecticut 732 a Coromandel 625 — crested 686 crimson-breast- ed ‘ - 7038 dark . 698 —— — Dartford 417 Dauurian 605 ——_———. dusky 609 — dusky. Pen. 687 WATE - 647 ——_-—— Epicurean . 5092 — Equatorial . 606 ———— Equinoctial 678 ———— ferruginous 607 — fig-eating 591 | en LAE — flame-coloured 692. 611 INDEX. RIX WARBLER, garden p. 581 || WARBLER, long-billed p. 603 gilt-throat 643 long-legged 721 ——— gold-bellied 726 long-legged. —————. golden-crown- Lath. SOR 52) ed ‘ . 636 —long-tailed . 756 —— golden-winged 624 || ——-——— Louisiane 713 ————. Grasset. Pen. 637 || —— Luzonian 630 ——-— Grasshopper 595 || ————— Madagascar 579 —_ great-tailed . 724 || ——--—-—- Madagascar. —— green | 740 |} = Lath, _ . 664 — green. Brown. 689° Magellanic . 590 green andwhite 734 || —— Maurice 665 green Indian 688 || ——-—— Mediterranean. 693 ——-——— greenish . 650 —_———— minute SiG 2e ——— grey-poll.. .. 628 ||) — moor 640 grey-redstart 673 || —— murine 617 grey-throated 685 || —— Nashville 622 —— grey-throated. _— New York 681 Pen. . 652 || ———— Nightingale 576 ————- grisly 585 olive inn FED —- Guiana red-tail 678 || —— olive-brown. Pen.685 al Geneva 691 — olive-coloured 590 Guzurat 92,5 || mm orange-bellied 726 ————— half-collared 594 || —--—— orange-headed 700 hang-nest . 702 || —— orange-thighed. hedge 661 Pen. ; - 682 Hemlock 727 || —— orange-throat- ———— hooded. Pen. 399 ed a ? vr FBS ———- Indigo 655 || ————— Palm 607 ——~——— Jamaica §. 612 — particoloured 716 . Kentucky 683 || ——-——- passerine 745 ———— lesser white- — Patagonian . 603 throat 590Q || ——— pensile 628 lesser wood = 744 |{ ———-——mem Persian 633 Leucomele, ~ Pettychap 746. Lath. 328 Him Philippine . 616 ———— livid 664, Pine 737 XXX WARBLER, Pine Swamp =~wpriyya2 pink-coloured 693 plumbeous . 646 Prothonotary 642 Quebec. Pen. 623 red-bellied . 687 red-breasted. 711 reddish-tail- ed ; ‘ ete 5 red-headed . 733 red-tail 674 red-throated. Lath. 623 reed 588 reed. Lath. . 583 ruby-throat 644 ———-—— ruddy 697 t——_ rufous 668 rufous and black 641 rufous-crowned. Lath, , - 648 rufous-tailed 676 ——-——— rufous-vented 696 oe TSA Y 2587 rusty-headed 690 ————- rusty-sided . 659 ——-—— St. Domingo 751 ————-— Sardinian, Lath. 648 —— Sedge 586 Senegal 634 — shore 691 — Siberian - 626 — simple . 584 sooty 616 INDEX. - spotted-yellow 733 WARBLER, spotted-yellow. Lath. } p. 681 Stone-chat . 709 — streaked . 658 sultry - 635 ———-— superb . 754 > Swallow . 613 — Sybil . 609 Sybil. Lath. . 708 Tailor | Pig) ———-—— Tennesee . 621 ————- terrene . 696 thorn-tailed 694 ———- Tithys ane 5 | umbrose; Lath. 637 undated . 620 undated, Lath. 609 Van Dieman 608 variable . 666 —_—--———. white-breasted 618 ——— white-chinned 703 ———— white-collared 695 ——_——— white-crowned 642 — white-eyed . 720 ———— white-poll . 639 — white-tailed 658 —— white-throat- SSE ———— wv. ad ed mere)! 74 white-winged. Lath. j MY Whin-chat . 706 Je wood - 748 worm-eating 730 ——-——= yellow ee, yellow-backed 611 ——-—-— yellow-bellied 619 ——-———- yellow-bellied 680 INDEX, -WarzBLER, yellow-breast- CBe ys : p. 682 ——— yellow-breasted. Pen. : - 680 yellow-browed 723 yellow-crowned 623 —— yellow-fronted. Pen. ‘ 625 3 yellow-poll, Lath. 750 yellow-rumped 715 —— wea. — yellow-rumped. Wals. a . 636 ———— yellow-tailed. Pen. Be ole : — yellow-throat- ed. ; - 679 yellow-vented 725 WaAXWING 420 ———— Bohemian 421 —_ Carolina 422 WHEATEAR -. | 564. ————— black-hood- | ed . : - 508 Cape 573 ————-———— grey, Pen. 565 ————-~ OFange- breasted 572 | — XXX1 WHEATEAR, Provence p. 570 red . 669 rufous 574 cman CR russet. Eid- wards 560 spotted 571 —— white-rump- ed 4 , A SOS Whip-Tom- Kelly, 345 WREN 702 Pen. 763 brown 764 —— European eth l Oe: golden-crested, Pen. 758 larger yellow. White. 748 reed. Lath. ruby-crowned. Pen. — willow, least. Bewick. 746 willow, yellow. Bewick, 748 wood. Lamb. 748 —— yellow. Edwards. 744 yellow, Pen. 742 Yellow-poll. Lath. 752 Yellow-throat, Maryland. Edwards. 082 Directions for placing the Plates in Vol. X. “Ean td: The Vignette represents the Brasilian Ramphopis about one fourth the natural size: it is described in page 440. Plate 30 to face page 320 || Plate 46 to face page 498 31 340 Ae 506 32, = a0 e 49 pe > 33 ———_—— 413 49 ——————_ 554 A eee 50 ————_---— 562. 5. a |e fe ee 36 ————-— 430 2 a ae 39 a ABS "53 +a GB6 CS) ge eee 54 ————_——_ 6094 390 —————-—-_ 437 5 ————_ 7090 40 ————_ 144 || 56 —————._ 717 41 —————-—- 457 57 —————_ 748 42 —————. 469 58 ———-— 754 48 ————-—_ 483 50 ——— 758 44 ——————_ 483 60 ee 763 7 E iriad abaya BIRDS. PASSERES. MUSCICAPA. FLYCATCHER. Generic Character. Rostrum subtrigonum, utrin- || Beak slightly _ triangular, que emarginatum, apice in- notched on each side to- curvo; vibrisse patentes wards the tip, and incurved; versus fauces. -’ at the base armed with bristles. Nares subrotundz. || Nostrils rounded. _Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || feet simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. T HE individuals forming this genus are amongst the most beautiful of the feathered tribes; they receive their name from their expertness in catch- ing flying insects, upon which they feed: they are found throughout both continents: some few feed on fruits. I have omitted many of the Lathamian spe- cies in the following descriptions, they having With, 11. ay 320 PIED FLYCATCHER. been formed into a genus, called Zyrannus by Vieillot, which not only takes in a number of Latham’s Muscicape, but also many Lanii that have been already described in this work. PIED FLYCATCHER. _ (Muscicapa atricapilla.) » Mu. nigra, subtus frontisque macula alarumque albis, rectricibus lateralibus extus albis. Black Flycatcher, with the under parts, forehead, and spot on the wings, white; the lateral tail-feathers also white. — Museicapa atricapilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 326. 9.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 935.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 467. 2. Rubetra anglicana. Briss. Orn. 3. 436. 27. Traquet d’Angleterre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 222. Cold Finch. Edw, Gl. 1, 30. — Pied Flycatcher. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 135.—Pen, Arct. Zool. 2. 391. B.— Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 88.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 324. 2.— Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pl. 22.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 195.— Mont. Brit. Birds. 1.—Mont. Sup.. Asout the size of a Linnet : the beak is black: irides hazel: forehead white: erown of the head, cheeks, taking in the eyes, and whole upper parts, black: the lesser wing-coverts and the greater — coverts of the primaries are dusky: the six first | quills wholly dusky, the rest white at the base, | increasing till the ‘three last feathers are wholly | white, except a spot of black near the point of | ae PIED FLYCATCHER . PIED FLYCATCHER. 321 the outer web: the under parts of the bird, from chin to tail, are white: the tail is dusky black ; the two exterior feathers white on their outer webs, and near the shaft on the inner webs, ex- cept at the point: the legs are black: the female has no white on the forehead: the whole upper parts are dusky brown; the under parts dirty white: in the wings the white is less conspicuous than in the male. These birds are subject to great variety: they are sometimes found mixed with grey on the upper parts, or spotted with white on the rump and upper tail-coverts; others have white on the exterior feathers of the tail; some have only the outer feathers marked with white ; there is another variety that has the white passing round the neck like a collar. 7 The young birds at first greatly resemble the female, and in their change of plumage the males have all the intermediate changes from brown to black. | It is found but rarely in this country, and ap- pears to be very local, only making its appearance in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire; in the former it is most common: it affects wild and uncultivated tracts of furze, and places where there are not many trees: its nest is constructed in the hole of a tree, and is composed of dry leaves mixed with broad pieces of bark, a little hay, and a few long hairs, with three or four feathers for a lining: its eggs are five in number, of a very pale blue, about the size and colour of 322 VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER. those of the Redstart, but paler : it is also found in Sweden, and the northern parts of Russia. VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa variegata. ) Mu. fusca, subtus fronte lateribus capitis lineaque longitudinali ab humero ad dorsum albis. Brown Flycatcher, with the under parts, the forehead, sides of the head, and longitudinal stripe from the shoulder to the back, white. Muscicapa variegata. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1.328. 21.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 4. 949.07) Muscicapa atricapilla. 0. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 468. 2 Pied Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.326. c. Dr. Latruam considers this species to be only a variety of the common Pied Flycatcher, but I cannot agree with him in that respect, as the country it inhabits is so very distant from those that that species frequents: it is the size of the White Wagtail: its prevailing colour is brown: the forehead, sides of the head, and all the under parts, and line from the shoulders to the middle | of the back, white; and the outer tail- feathers | white at their tips. Inhabits India. | 323 BLACK AND WHITE FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa bicolor. ) Mu. nigra corpore subtus fronte orbitis uropygio fascia alarum | rectricibusque apice albis. Black Flycatcher, with the body beneath, the forehead, auhits, rump, band on the wings, and tips of the tail-feathers, white. Muscicapa bicolor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 946.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 469. 4. ‘Le Gobe-mouche 4a ventre eile de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 542.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 506. f. 3. Le Gillit de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 4. 542,— Buff. Pl. Enl, 675.f. 1. | Black and white Flycatcher. Edwards. Gl. 348. f. 1. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 327. 4. Tue Black and White Flycatcher has the fore- head, orbits of the eyes, fore-part of the neck, rump, under parts of the body, bastard wing, and stripe on the greater coverts, white: the rest of the plumage, the white tips of the tail-feathers excepted, black. “The Gobe-mouche pie de Cay- enne of Buffon appears to be referrible to this species, only differing in having the rump black, and the tail of an uniform colour, without the white tips to the feathers: the female is of an uniform plain grey. Common in Guiana and Cayenne. — ? 324 BLACK FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa lucionensis,) Mu. violaceo-atra, subtus obscure grisea, macula alarum alba. Violet-black Flycatcher, beneath dull grey, with a white spot on the ears. ’ Muscicapa lucionensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942.—Lath. Ind. - Orn, 2. 476. 34. Gobe-mouche noir de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 58. pl. 27. J: 2. Black Flycatcher. Lath, Gen. Syn, 3.338. 26.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 172, Tuts species inhabits Madagascar, and the Phi- ‘lippine Islands: its beak is black : irides brownish: the head, throat, and all the upper parts of the plumage, black, with a violet gloss: on the wings a white spot: the under parts of the plumage, from the breast, dusky grey: legs black. UNDULATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa undulata.) Mu. albido fuscoque wndulatim vario, capite nigricante, alis ruyfoe Suseis. : Flycatcher varied with whitish and brown undulations, with the head dusky, and wings reddish brown. CRESTED SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. 325 Muscicapa undulata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.140.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.472. 10. Le Gobe-mouche de l’isle de France. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs, 4. 527. Undulated Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 333. 15. Tue male of the Undulated Flycatcher has its head dusky brown, the wings rufous: brown, and the rest of the plumage variegated with spots and waves of whitish and brown: the female has more white on her plumage, and has a slight mixture of rufous on the breast and belly, and the brown inclines to grey. Inhabits the Isle of France. CRESTED SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cristata.) - Mu. capite cristato guttureque nitente nigris, corpore supra badio, subtus cinereo, cauda elongata. Flyeatcher with a crested head, which, with the throat, is of a shining black ; body above chocolate- coloured, beneath grey- ish; tail rather long. Muscicapa cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.938.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.470. Q. Muscicapa senegalensis cristata, Briss. Orn. 2. 422. 33. pl. 39 Ff: 2. Gobe-mouche huppé du Senegal. Buff. Hust. Nat, O1s. 4. 530. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 572. f. 2. Crested Senegal Flycatcher. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 329. 6. Tus bird inhabits Senegal : it measures above eight inches in length: its beak is deep ash: 326 BOURBON FLYCATCHER. crown of the head crested, and with the throat and fore-part of the neck glossy black, changing to green: the whole upper parts of the body ches- nut-coloured: the greater wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with chesnut: breast and under parts of the body cinereous: tail much wedged and. long, of a purple chesnut colour: legs grey. BOURBON FLYCATCHER. (M ie borbonica.) Mu. cristata badia, subtus cinerea, capite nigro-virescente, rectyt- cibus pallide badis. Crested chocolate-coloured Flycatcher, beneath cinereous, with the head greenish black, and the tail-feathers pale choco- late. Muscicapa borbonica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.939.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.470. 10. Say Muscicapa borbonica cristata, Briss. Orn. 2. 420. 32. pl. 37. J 5: , Gobe-mouche parece de V'isle de Bourbon, Buff: Pl. Enl. 573. J: 1. male. : Bourbon Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 330. 7.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 171. cial ? Tus greatly resembles the preceding, but is not above two thirds the size, being only five inches and a quarter in length: its beak is grey: — head of the male greenish black, with a tinge of | violet; of the female grey: back, lesser wing- SOCIETY FLYCATCHER. 327 coverts, and tail, pale chesnut; middle coverts black, tipped with rufous; greater ones the same, with white tips: quills black, edged with chesnut : throat, under parts of the body, and rump, cine- reous: legs brown. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon. SOCIETY FLYCATCHER. | (Muscicapa nigra.) Mv. tota nigra, rostro, capite, interscapulio pedibusque atris. Flycatcher entirely black, with the beak, head, spot between the shoulders, and feet, darkest. Muscicapa nigra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 47+. 24. Society Flycatcher. Lath, Syn. Sup. 174. 84. Inuasits the Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean: it is in Jength six inches: beak stout and black: the whole plumage is black, but darkest on the head and between the shoulders: the legs are also black. ~ 328 WHITE-BACKED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa leuconotus. ) Mu. nigra, dorso albo, Semoribus albo nigroque annulatis, rectrici- bus albis apice nigris. Black Flycatcher, with a white back ; the thighs annulated with © black and white ; the tail-feathers white, with black tips. Muscicapa melanoleuca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 948.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 469. 6. 3 Black and white Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 457. 59. Very like the Leucomele Flycatcher: beak and irides black: the back white: the. thighs annu- lated with black and white: the rest of the bird black; the bases of the tail-feathers excepted, which are white: the female is brown where the male is black, and dirty grey where white. It frequents the banks of rivers in Georgia, and other parts of Circassia. LEUCOMELE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa leucomela.) Mu. ‘nig rl pileo nucha uropygio abdomine near eitapare maxime parte albis. Black Flycatcher, with te top of the head, the nape, rump, belly, and greatest part of the tail-feathers, white, Muscicapa Leucomela. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 469. 7. Motacilla leucomela. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 974. Leucomele Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 456. 58. LEUCOMELE FLYCATCHER. 329 RatHeR more than six inches in length: the beak, irides, and legs, dusky : the forehead, crown, nape of the neck, lower part of the breast, the belly, rump, and great portion of the tail, white : the rest of the plumage black: the two middle tail-feathers black ; the others white, with black tips: the female has the upper parts of her body grey brown; the under parts ash-colour: the throat and fore-part of the neck ash-coloured grey; and the eye-brows white. This bird inhabits rocky places about the banks of the Volga, where it constructs its nest in holes in the banks; it is composed of dry sticks; and the female is said to lay as many as ten eggs: it is a very bold bird: feeds on insects. $30 CAPE FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa torquata.) Mv. negra, subtus alba, pectore rufo, remigibus intimis apice albis. Black Flycatcher, beneath white, with the breast rufous; the. inner webs of the tail-feathers white. Muscicapa torquata. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 328. 17. male—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 945.—Briss. 3.379. 12. pl. 36. f. 4.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 468. 3. Muscicapa capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 16. female.— Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 045. female.—Briss. Orn. 2.372. 9. pl. 36. J. 3. female. Gobe-mouche a collier du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Buf. Pl. Enl. 572, 7.1. male. Gobe-mouche du Cap de Bonne Bigichaltect Buff. Pl, Enl. 572. J. 1. female. Cape Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 326. 8. Tur Cape Flycatcher is the size of the Pied one: its beak is dusky: its head, throat, back, wings, and tail, are black: the sides of its neck white, ending in a narrow collar behind: the- breast rufous: the belly, thighs, vent, and spot in the middle of the wing, white: legs brown: the female is brown on the upper parts of her body: the breast is black: the tail is tipped with white ; and the outer feather is nearly all white: the wing-coverts have a rufous bar across them : in other respects she is similar. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 331 FUFTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa comata.) Mu. nigra, capite cristato, subtus, uropygio, rectricumque inter- ' mediarum apice albo, crisso flavo. : Black Flycatcher, with the head crested; the under parts, rump, and the tips of the middle tail-feathers, white; the vent yellow. Muscicapa comata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. Q41.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 474. 25. Tufted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 334. 18. Tue Tufted Flycatcher is an inhabitant of Cey- lon: its beak is black: its head crested, and, with the cheeks and chin, black: the hinder parts of the neck, upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, the same; the two middle feathers of the latter with white tips: the legs ash-coloured: the sides of the neck, breast, belly, and rump, white : vent yellow. 332 SPOTTED FLYCATCHER, (Muscicapa Grisola.) Mu. subfusca subtus albicans, collo longitudinaliter -maculato, crisso rufescente. Brownish Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the neck longitudi- nally spotted, and the vent rufous. Muscicapa Grisola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 328. 20. Gitar Syst. Nat. 1. 949.—Briss. Orn. 2. 357. 1. pl. 35. f. 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 467. 1. Le Gobemouche. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 517. pl. 25. f. 2.—- Buff. Pl. Enl, 565. f. 1. Spotted Flycatcher. Pen. Brit. Zool, 1. 134.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 87.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 323. 1.—Mont. Brit, Birds. 1—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 196. Tus species is the size of a Titlark, being scarcely six inches in length: the beak is dusky : the irides hazel: the whole upper parts of the bird are brown; the head obscurely spotted with dusky: breast and belly dull white: the shafts of the feathers on the breast dusky: sides under the wings tinged with dull orange: legs short and black : both sexes nearly similar. These birds come to us late in the spring, ee depart in September : they frequent orchards and groves, particularly where cherries grow, of which they are very fond, and will destroy great quanti- ties, from whence they are called Cherry-suckers in many parts of Kent: their nest is formed of bents, moss, and such like materials, interwoven with spiders’ webs, and lined with feathers: the SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. $33 female lays four or five eggs, very similar to those of the Redbreast, but rather less, and the rust- coloured spots more distinct, and more generally dispersed : when the young birds leave the nest, they are led by the old ones to some neighbouring wood or grove where there are abundance of insects: their note is only a simple weak chirp, which is very seldom exerted, and never till after their young have left the nest. They are not very uncommon in many parts of this country, especially Cornwall and Devonshire, and are found in most parts of Europe and Siberia. SENEGAL FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa senegalensis. ) Mu. varia, superciliis albis, rectricibus extimis dimidiato-albis. Varied Flycatcher, with white eye-brows, and the outer tail- feathers half white. Muscicapa senegalensis. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 327. scams’ Syst. Nat. 1. 938.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 470. 8. Muscicapa senegalensis pectore rufo. Briss. Orn. 2. 374. 10. pl. 37.f. 2. Gobe-mouche a bandeau blanc du Senegal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 528.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 567. f. 1. Senegal Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 328. 5. _ Tuts is in length four inches and a quarter : its beak is black: the top of its head brown: from the head to the occiput is a white stripe: the hind 334 RED-VENTED FLYCATCHER. part of the neck and throat rufous white: back, rump, and scapulars, varied by blackish, white, and grey: upper tail-coverts black :- wing-coverts with a white band: quills brown, with grey edges: cheeks black: fore-part of the neck, belly, vent, and edge of the wing, white: breast pale rufous : thighs brown and white mixed: tail black; the four outer feathers tipped with white : legs black : female has ‘a black band on the breast : the upper parts of her plumage black, clouded with white, and only the two outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal. 3 RED-VENTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa hemorrhousa. ) Mu. Susco- -nebulosa, subtus alba, capite subcristato caudaque nigris, crisso rubro vel favo. Brown-clouded Flycatcher, beneath white ; the head slightly crested, which, with the tail, is black; vent red or yellow. Muscicapa hemorrhousa. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. Sabai aug Orn. 2. 475, 26. Yellow-vented Flycatcher. Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 335. 19.—Brown. Illust. Zool. 76. pl. 31. ee ae Red-vented Flycatcher. Brown. Illust, Zool. 78. pl. 31.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 335. 19. Tue Red and Yellow-vented Flycatchers of Brown appear to be the opposite sexes of the same bird, of which the following is the description : The red-vented is four inches and a half in length: GUAVA FLYCATCHER. 335 it has the beak blueish: the head slightly crested, and black: the neck and upper parts of the body varied with brown: the tail black: the breast and belly white; and the vent red. The yellow- vented, which may possibly prove the female, is the same length as the other: has a black beak and head, the latter of which is crested : the sides of the neck, breast, and belly, are white : the vent is yellow; and the tail is rather elongated, and dusky in colour, and has a white bar near the tip. Inhabits Java and Ceylon. GUAVA FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Psidii.) Mv. fusca, subtus alba, crisso flavescente, rostro, pe loris, pedibusque nigris, supercilits albis. Brown Flycatcher, beneath white, with the vent yellowish ; the beak, crown, lores, and feet, black ; eye-brows white. Muscicapa Psidii, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.941.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 475. 27. Petit Goiaver de Manille. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 59. pl. 28. Guava Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 335. 20. FReQquUENT on the guava trees, in the island of Manilla : it is rather less than the domestic Finch : its beak and legs are black: irides yellowish : eye- brows white: crown black: stripe from the base of the under jaw to the eye of that colour: the upper parts of the body umber-coloured : the quills and tail darkest: under parts of the body white : vent yellow. ; : V. XeP. di. 22 336 LATHAM’S FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Lathami.) Mv. fusca subtus alba, vertice genis maculaque gulari nigris. — Brown Flycatcher, beneath white, with the crown, cheeks, and spot on the throat, black. _ Muscicapa barbata. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. li. 7. : Black-cheeked Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 221. 18. Tuis is the size of the White Throat: the upper parts of the plumage are brown, the under yellow: the crown of the head and the cheeks black: the quills are dark brown, and some of them have yellow margins: the vent is white: the beak is black: legs lead-coloured: tail rather long. In- habits New Holland. STREAKED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa virgata.) Mu. subcristata fusca, subtus sordide alba, Jusco-striata, fascia alarum duplict rufa. Brown subcrested Flycatcher, with the under parts dull white, striped with brown, and a double rufous stripe on the wings. Muscicapa virgata. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 948.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 480. 76 ; Le Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 645.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 574. f. 3. | ) Streaked Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. 8. 360. 67. ‘PASSERINE FLYCATCHER. 337 Tue Streaked Flycatcher is found at Cayenne: it is four inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the crown of the head is ash-colour and yellowish, mixed; it has a slight crest : the upper parts of the body brown: the middle and greater wing-coverts are tipped with rufous, forming two bands of that colour on the wings: few of the secondaries have their edges whitish ; the rest of - the quills are edged with rufous: the under parts of the body are brownish white, varied with longi- tudinal brown streaks: legs brown. PASSERINE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa passerina.) Mu. nigricans subtus alba, cauda nigra. Dusky Flycatcher, with the under parts white, and tail black. Muscicapa passerina, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 490. 93. Passerine Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 175. Tue Passerine Flycatcher inhabits the island of Tanna: the upper parts of its plumage are dusky black; the under parts whitish : the tail is black. 338 NZVOUS FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa neevia. ) Mu. nigricans. subtus pallidior, dorso medio humerisque albo- nebulosis. Dusky Flycatcher, beneath paler, with the middle of the back and shoulders clouded with white.. Muscicapa nevia.. Gmmel. Syst. Nat. 1.944.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 479. 49. Nevous Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 343. 39. Accorpiné to Dr. Latham, this species is eight inches and three quarters in length: its beak and legs are black: the irides are pale cinereous: the eyelids black: the plumage above dusky black ; below pale dusky: middle of the back and shoul- ders marked with white: legs black. -Inhabits New Caledonia. | COACH-WHIP FLYCATCHER. _ (Muscicapa crepitans. ) Mu. cristata atra-cinerea, cauda subcuneiformt, gula striis trans- versis albis. -Dark-cinereous crested Flycatcher, with a wedge-shaped tail, and throat with transverse white stripes. Muscicapa crepitans. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 10. Coach-whip Flycatcher. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 222, 21. Tuis singular species has obtained the name of — Coach-whip Bird in New South Wales, from the peculiarity of its note, which has some resem- - RED-FACED FLYCATCHER. 339 blance to the noise made by that instrument : its irides are blueish: the prevailing colour of its plumage is of a dull slaty black: the crown of the head is slightly crested: the chin and throat _are varied with dusky white lines: the tail is wedge-shaped: its beak and legs are black : it is fond of honey. PHILIPPINE FLYCATCHER. {Muscicapa_philippensis. ) Mu. griseo-fusca, subtus albida, superciliis albis. Grey-brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish ; the eye- -brows white. Muscicapa philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 943.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 4. 476. 35. Le Moucherolle des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 565. Philippine Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 339. 29. Native of the Philippine Islands: it is about the size of the Nightingale: the plumage on its upper parts is grey brown; on the under whitish : the supercilia are white. nn RED-FACED FLYCATCHER. _ (Muscicapa er ae ) Mu, supra varia dt his alba, fronte rubra, sub alts rufa. Flycatcher varied above, and white beneath, with a red fore- head; beneath the wings red. Muscicapa erythropis. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 937. Red-faced Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 351. 50. 340 FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. Tue Red-faced Flycatcher is found in Siberia, - about the borders of the river Jenisei: it has all the upper parts of its body varied; the under parts white: under the wings rufous; and the fore-head red. SURINAM FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Surinama.) Mv. cauda rotundata apice alba, corpore nigro subtus albo. Flycatcher with a rounded white- Hpped tail; the body black ; beneath white, Muscicapa surinama, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. ae 5.—Gmel Syst. Nat. 1. 932.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 487.7 | Surinam Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. ai 69. Di SCRIBED by Limneus, but the size: is not mentioned: it has the upper parts of the body black, the under white; and the tail rounded, and tipped with white. Inhabits Surinam. : Bet dep satires a ern as eneiah ee FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flabellifera.) Mu. fusco-olivaceo, capite torqueque colli nigris, corpore subtus _ supercilits macula alarum rectricibusque lateralibus albis. Olive-brown Flycatcher, with the head and collar round the neck black ; the body beneath, eye-brows, spot on the wings, and outer tail-feathers, white. Muscicapa flabellifera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 943.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.477. 3g. si Fan-tailed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 340. 33. pl. 49. RS ASS INS = / Gay We Hl! FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER . BA et a re . FAN-TAILED FLYCATCHER. | 34] Tuts beautiful species, which is figured by Dr. Latham, is thus described by that celebrated or- nithologist: ‘“ Size of the Bearded Titmouse : length six inches and a half: beak black, a little bent, and furnished with bristles at the base: the irides hazel: the whole head, taking in the eyes, is black; this descends on the back part lower than the nape, from whence it passes forwards ina narrow collar to the throat: the chin, throat, and sides of the neck, except where this collar passes, are white; and over the eyes is a white streak like an eye-brow: the upper parts of the body are olive-brown, the quills darkest, and some of the wing-coverts tipped with white: the under parts yellowish rust-colour, growing whitish towards the vent: the tail is longer than the body, and cuneiform in. shape; the two middle feathers black, the other white: the legs dusky.” According to Dr. Forster’s account, it 1s very familiar, and will sit upon a person’s shoulder, and pick the flies off: it always flies with its tail spread, and is continually on the wing in pursuit of insects: it has no song, but only a sort of chirp. It is ‘called Diggo-wagh-wagh by the New Zealanders. 3 7 Dr. Latham mentions two varieties of this bird, one of which is darker in colour, and has the two middle tail-feathers of a sooty black, with white | shafts, the other margins and tips being whitish ; the others have the inner webs deep black, the shafts paler black, and the outer webs almost wholly grey. The other variety has only the $42 YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. outer tail-feathers white; the othen white, with the margins dusky. PARTI-COLOURED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa dichroa.) Mu. corpore supra cinereo subtus olivaceo, rectricibus ochraceis cinereisque. Flycatcher with the body above ash-coloured, beneath ochra- -ceous ; the tail-feathers ochraceous and grey. | - Muscicapa dichroa. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1, 949.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 490. OA. Muscicapa bicolor. Mus, Carls. fas. 2. pl. 46. Parti-coloured Flycatcher. Lath, Gen. Syn, Sup. II. 218.9. Tuis bird inhabits the southern parts of Africa: it is eight inches in length: the beak and legs are dusky: the prevailing colour of its plumage above is ash-coloured, and below of an ochraceous yellow : the margins of the wing-coverts are hoary : the tail is nearly the length of the body, and is yel- lowish and grey in colour. YELLOW-BELLIED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flaviventris.) Mu. Pesca subtus flavescens, macula aurium fusca. Reddish Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with a brown spot on the ears. GREY FLYCATCHER. B43 Muscicapa flaviventris. Veil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 70. Muscicapa ferox, 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 485. 72.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 934. Petit Tyran de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 571. f. 1. Le Moucherolle 4 ventre jaune. Vez. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 70. | Tyrant Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 858, A. Axovur six inches in length: the prevailing colour of its plumage deep reddish brown: the wing-coverts brown; the greater ones edged with whitish olive: ears with a brown spot: chin and breast whitish grey: lower part of the latter, belly, and vent, yellowish: beak and legs dusky. In- habits Cayenne. | oe Se GREY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flavigastra. ) Mu. cinerascens subtus flava,.remigibus rectricibusque obscuris. Ash-coloured Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the quills and tail-feathers obscure. Muscicapa flavigastra: Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 14. Grey Flycatcher, Lath. Syn. Sup, IT. 223,25. Innasits New South Wales: the beak black : the upper parts of the body and wings pale grey: the under parts yellow: the quills and tail dusky black: legs dirty flesh-colour. WREATHED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa sinensis.) Mu. virescente-grisea, subtus flavescens, rostro, capite, pedibusque nigris, gula alba, collo inferiore pectoreque griseis, superciliis albis. Greenish-grey Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with the beak, head, and feet, black; the throat white; the lower part of the neck and breast grey; and the eye-brows white. Muscicapa sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.475, 30. Ss Le Gobe-mouche verdatre de la Chine. Sonner, Voy. Ind. 2. 107. Wreathed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 336. 25. Tuis bird inhabits China: its beak is black: irides red: eye-brows white: head black: hind part of the neck, rump, wing-coverts, and tail, greenish grey: quills yellow green: fore-part of the neck and breast greyish: the belly and vent pale yellow: legs black: the white line over the eyes is continued to the hind head, giving the bird the appearance of a ring or wreath round that part, from whence it receives its name. CORONATED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa altiloqua. ) Mu. olivaceo-fusca, subtus albida, superciliis rufo-albis, alis cau- daque fuscis margine olivacets. Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath whitish; the. eye-brows red- dish white; the wings and tail fuscous, with olive margins. Muscicapa altiloqua. Vieil, Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 1.67. Le Moucherolle Altiloque. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 67. pl. 38. ° Tue head, neck, back, and rump of the male are olive brown: the wing-coverts and quills are edged with green; the tail the same ; the feathers dull brown above, and greyish beneath: from the | beak passing over the eyes and terminating on the hind head is a reddish white line: the colours of the feathers over the ears are brighter than on the back: the under parts of the body are pale white, irregularly spotted with pale yellowish: beak and feet brown: length five inches and a third: female with the markings less distinct, and the colours less brilliant. This species is a native of the southern provinces of North America, and is also found in many of the West India Islands, particularly Jamaica, where it is called Whip-Tom Kelly, from its note, which is similar to those words. 346 DWARF FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa pygmea.) Mu. fusco-cinerea, subtus flavescens, capite cerviceque rujis nigro- maculatis, sub oculis fascia pallida. Brown-grey Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck rufous, spotted with black; beneath the eyes a pale stripe. Muscicapa pygmea. Gel. Syst. Nal. 1. 933.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 488. 84. " Gobe-moucheron. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 554. Le petit Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 831. f 2. Dwarf Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 363. 15. Tuis is the smallest species of the genus, being scarcely three inches in length: its beak is rather long and dusky: beneath the eyes a pale streak : the head and hind part of the neck are rufous, spotted with black: the back and wing-coverts are bright ash, with pale greenish edges: the wings are black edged with grey: the scapulars and rump are pale ash: all the under parts pale straw- colour: tail short and black: legs flesh-colour. Inhabits various parts of South America. PETTY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa minuta.) Mu. olivaceo grisea, dorso supremo corporeque subtus viridi adum- bratis, striis alarum flavescentibus sparsis. Olive-grey Flycatcher, with the upper part of the back and under parts of the body varying to green, and a few sprinkled yellowish stripes on the wings. Muscicapa minuta, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933.— Lath. Ind. Orn. . 2. 488. 85. . Le Gobe-moucheron. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 553, Petty Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 364. 76. AxoutT three inches in length: the plumage on the upper parts deep olive grey, tinged with green- ish on the back; the wings blackish, slightly streaked with yellowish white: under parts of the body nearly similar to the upper: the breast slightly tinged with green: native of South America: not quite so large as the Golden-crested Wren. GREY-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa armillata.) Mv. grisea subtus rufo-fusca, pectore cinereo, rectricibus iribus extertoribus apice albis, Grey Flycatcher, with the under parts brownish red; the breast ash-coloured; and the three outer tail-feathers tripped with white. oad Muscicapa armillata. Vzeil. Ois, de l’ Amer. Sept. 1. 69. Le Moucherolle a bracelets, Viecil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 69. pl. 42. 348 - OBANGE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. Tuts bird has a dusky beak: a white stripe on each side the under mandible: orbits of the eye white: head, neck, back, rump, and middle tail- feathers, deep grey: quills and tail-feathers dusky, with grey edges; the three lateral ones of the tail more or less tipped with white: the belly and vent are brown: the thighs yellowish red: the feet are brown: the breast slate-colour: the throat and upper parts of the neck red: length six inches and a quarter. fake ORANGE-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa aurantia. ) Mu. rufo-virescens subtus alba, pectore aurantio, capite cerviceque olivaceo fuscis, remigibus nigris margine rufis. Reddish-green Flycatcher, beneath white, with the breast orange; the head. and nape olive-brown; the quills black, edged with rufous. | Ph Muscicapa aurantia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.932.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 489. 80. i Le Gobe-mouche roux A poitrine orangée de Cayenne, Bu/f. Hist. Nat. Ots. 4. 537.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 831.7. 1. Orange-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 361. 71. Nor quite five inches in length: beak dusky: head and hind part of the neck greenish brown: back rufous, tinged with green: quills black, edged with rufous: breast pale orange-colour; rest of SOLITARY FLYCATCHER. 349 the under parts white: tail rufous: legs pale. Inhabits Guiana, frequenting the environs of woods. SOLITARY FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa solitaria.) Mu. olivaceo-viridis, subtus alba, capite colloque c@eruleo-griseis, lateribus hypochondrusque flavis, alis caudaque fuscis margine olivaceo-viridibus. Olive-green Flycatcher, beneath white, with the head and neck blue green; the sides of the body and flanks yellow; the wings and tail brown, with greenish olive margins. Muscicapa solitaria. Wes, Amer, Orn. 2, 143. Solitary Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 143. pl. 14. Tuts bird is five inches in length: its cheeks and the upper parts of its head and neck are blue grey: the breast is cinereous: its sides and flanks are yellow: its back and tail-coverts olive green: wings dusky; the larger and middle coverts with white tips: the three secondary quills nearest the _ body edged with pale yellowish white; the rest of the quills bordered with pale light green: tail forked, and edged with light ‘green ; the middle of the feathers coloured like the wings: from the nostrils to the eye is a white stripe: belly and vent white: upper mandible of the beak black ; lower light blue: legs and feet light blue: irides hazel. It inhabits woods in North America, but is very rare. | pes) On cate CANADA FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Canadensis. ) Mu. cinerea subtus lutea, loris luteis, vertice nigro maculato. Cinereous Flycatcher, beneath yellowish; lores yellow; crown spotted with black. | . Muscicapa Canadensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.327. 13.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 937.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 484, 65.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 100. Muscicapa Canadensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 2. 406. 25. pl. 30. f4 : Canada Flycatcher, Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 273.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.354. 5.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 100. 24. Tue Canada Flycatcher is four inches and a half in length: its beak and legs are dusky: the crown of its head grey, spotted with black: cheeks with a black spot; space between the beak and eye yellow: upper parts of the plumage ash- coloured; the quills and tail grey brown, with grey edges: wing-coverts cinereous: under parts of the plumage yellow, varied with small black spots on the neck and upper part of the breast: under tail-coverts dirty white. Native of Canada and other parts of North America. 85r YELLOW-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Mavifrons.) Mu. flavo-olivacea, subtus fronteque flava, pone oculos lunula alba, alis caudaque fuscis. Yellow-olive Flycatcher, with the under parts and forehead yel- low; behind the eyes a white crescent; wings and tail brown. Muscicapa flavifrons. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.044.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.479. 48. Yellow*fronted Flycatcher. Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 342. 38. Lenetn five inches. and a half: beak three quarters of an inch, of a pale lead-colour: the upper parts of the body yellow olive: forehead and un- _der parts yellow: eye yellow; round the back part of it a half crescent of white: the wings are brown, edged with yellow: quills nearly black, edged with the same: tail olive-brown, with the end palest: legs pale blue. Found in the Island of Tanna. | OLIVE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Caledonica.) Mv. viridi-olivacea subtus flavo-albida, gula crissoque flavis, remi- gibus ferrugineis. | Olive-green Flycatcher, beneath yellowish white, with the throat and vent yellow, and quills rust-coloured. Muscicapa caledonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 944.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 478. 45. Olive Flycatcher, Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 342. 35. Ve X. P. II. ; 23 352 WHISKERED FLYCATCHER. “ Sizn of a Chaffinch: length six inches: ge- neral colour of the plumage olive green on the upper parts; yellowish white beneath: chin and vent yellow: quills ferruginous: legs dusky. In- habits New Caledonia:’’ described as above by Dr. Latham. WHISKERED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa barbata.) Mv. olivaceo-fusca, subtus uropygioque virescente-fiava, vertice aurantio. , Olive-brown Flycatcher, beneath and rump greenish yellow ; crown orange. | Muscicapa barbata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 933.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 488. 86. Le Barbichon de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl. 830. f. 1. 2.— Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 4. 534. i Whiskered Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 304. 77. Tue beak of this bird is armed with strong bristles at its base, which are rather larger than the beak itself: the upper parts of the plumage are deep olive brown, the crown of the head, which _is orange, excepted: the under parts are greenish yellow: the rump nearly yellow: legs brown: length about five inches: the female has the upper parts blackish brown tinged with green: the throat and upper part of the neck whitish: the lower YELLOW-NECKED FLYCATCHER. 353 part of the latter and breast brown, with yellowish edges: belly.and vent pale yellow: crown of the ‘head with an oblong yellow spot. The sexes of this species are generally found together: they build their nests on the naked branches of trees; it is about one foot in depth, and six inches in dia- ‘meter, with a hole on one side for an entrance. This bird is found in Cayenne: its note is a soft whistle. YELLOW-NECKED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flavicollis.) Mo. supra viridis, vertice areaque oculorum flavescentibus, facie nigra, gutture remigum rectricumque margine flavo, abdomine wirescente maculis tribus flavis vario. Flycatcher above green, with the crown and space round the eyes yellowish; the face black; the throat, quills, and tail- feathers, edged with yellow ; the abdomen greenish, varied with.three yellow spots. ‘ Muscicapa flavicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.476. 32. Mise ag Yellow-necked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 337.25. - Tue Yellow-necked Flycatcher is a native of China: it is in length six inches and a half: its beak and legs are reddish: the forehead and eye- brows are dusky black: from the gape to the eyes, ‘on each side, is a dusky stripe: orbits of the eyes 654. YELLOW-TUFTED FLYCATCHER. yellowish, ending in a point behind: upper parts of the body greenish: quills dusky, edged with yellow: top of the head pale yellow: fore-part of the neck yellow, with an inclination to red on the sides of the breast: belly pale green, with three yellow spots: tail greatly forked, dusky, edged with yellow; the two middle feathers with white tips. YELLOW-TUFTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa auricomis. ) © Mv. olivacea, vertice corpore ee eek aurium flavis, per _ oculos striga alba. . Olive Flycatcher, with the crown, under pate of the body, and. spot on the ears, yellow; through the eyes a white stripe, __ Muscicapa auricomis. Lath. Ind, Orn, Sup. alice 1. Yellow-tufted Flycatcher, Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 215. 4, Tuts species is called Darwang by the natives of New Holland: it is larger than Sylvia modularis: its beak and legs are black: the prevailing colour of its plumage is olive green on the upper parts, _ and yellow on the under; the crown is of this latter colour: from the gape passing through’ the © eyes, and reaching to a tuft of yellow feathers on — the ears, is a large patch of black: the outer tail- _ feathers are yellow. It is very abundant in New | South Wales: its nest is fixed upon a slender — SPOTTED YELLOW FLYCATCHER. 355 branch of a tree, to secure it from the attacks of those animals that would otherwise ‘Plunder’ it for sustenance. SPOTTED YELLOW FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa afra. ) Mu. sordide flavescens atro-maculata, vertice rufo atro striato, cauda alisque rufis, his margine fuscis. Pale Yellow Flycatcher, spotted with dusky ; the crown rufous, _ striped with black; the wings and tail rufous, with their mar- gins brown, Muscicapa afra, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 940,—Lath. Ind. Or'n. 2. 472.15. re Spotted Yellow Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 332. 12. ‘Descrisep by Dr. Latham as being “ eight inches in length: beak somewhat broad at the base, slightly curved at the tip, and bristly at the gape: the crown of the head rufous, streaked with black: wings and tail rufous, the first edged with rusty brown: quills dusky brown: the body of a dirty pale yellow, marked on the upper parts and the neck with irregular dusky spots: on the sides of the neck two or three dusky blotches, and from the corners of the mouth a streak of the same: the under parts are marked with irregular spots, for the most part placed transversely, but in the thighs lengthwise: legs dusky ash-coloured. From the Cape of Good Hope.” 356 CHATTERING FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa viridis. ) Mv. obscure viridis subtus lutea superciliis maculaque sub oculis candidis,.1mo ventre sordide albo, rectricibus fuscis. Dull-green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the eyebrows and spot below the eyes white; the upper part of the abdomen white; the quills fuscous. Muscicapa viridis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 936.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 482. 58. Pipra Polyglotta. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 90. Merula viridis Carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 315. 55. Le Merle vert de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ozs. 3. 396. Yellow-breasted Chat. Catesb, Carol. 1. 50.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 1. 90. pl. 6.f. 2. ; Chattering Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 266.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 350, 47. | Tuts remarkable species is about six inches in length: the whole of the upper parts of its body are of a rich deep olive green, the tips of the wings and the inner webs of the quills and tail- feathers excepted, which are dusky brown: the throat and breast are of a bright yellow; under the wings and the sides of the body the same: the belly and vent white: the forehead pale ash: lores black: from the nostrils a line of white ex- tends to the upper part of the eyes, which it nearly surrounds; another white spot is situated at the base of the under mandible: beak strong and | black: legs and feet pale blue: female with the spot between the beak and eyes dull brown, and those parts that are white on the cheeks. of the - male less pure. MUSTACHOE FLYCATCHER. B47 This bird abounds in most parts of North Ame- rica during the summer months: it arrives in Pensylvania in May, and departs to the south in August: its favourite residence is in close hazel or bramble thickets, or underwood, where it takes unbounded possession, and will not let any person approach without assaulting him with a variety of strange and uncouth notes, it having the faculty of mimicing almost any noise that it hears, and _which it will repeat during the whole night if the weather be fine. About the middle of May these birds begin to build their nests in a bramble or thick shrub, about four feet from the ground; it is composed of dry leaves with layers of grape vine bark, and lined with fibrous roots and dry grass: the female lays four flesh-coloured eggs, sprmkled with brown and dull red spots: the young are hatched in twelve days, and are able to fly by the second. week in June: the male is par- ticularly noisy during the time the female is sitting: their food consists of large coleopterous insects and whortle berries. MUSTACHOE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa mystacea.) Mv. virens subtus flava, tema a rictu oris sub oculis nigra. ' Green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with a stripe from the gape to the eyes black. Muscicapa mystacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. li. 8. Mustachoe Flycatcher. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 221. 1g. 358 - CAYENNE FLYCATCHER. _ - Tus spirited bird is found in New South Wales: its length is about eight inches and a half: its beak and legs are black: the prevailing colour of its plumage is bright green on the upper: parts, and greenish yellow on the under: from the gape to the hind head, passing beneath the eyes, is a broad black band, edged with yellow on the ae parts. CAYENNE FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cayanensis.) Mu _ fusca subtus lutea, superciliis albis, vertice subaurantio. ; Brown Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with white an and orange-coloured crown, “Muscicapa cayanensis. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 327: 12.—Gmel: sybe. Nat. 1. 937:—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2..484. 68. —Briss. Orn. 2. 404, 24. pl. 38. f 4. Muscicapa flava. Viel, Ors. de ? Amer. Sept. 14 en. | Gobe-mouche A ventre jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 550.— - Buff. Pl. Enl. 569. f. 2. , Le Moucherolle jaune.” Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 1. 69. pl- 41. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 359. 65, Cayenne Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 355. 58.—Lath. Sup. 173. Pars beautiful species is above seven inches in ‘length: its beak is dusky: the crown is brown yellow: from the beak to the hind head, passing over the. eyes, is a-white streak: between: the LUTEOUS FLYCATCHER. 359 gape and eye, and the latter and the ears, are two brown spots: all the upper parts of the body are brown, the feathers lighter on their margins: the wing-coverts and the upper ones of the tail are brown, their edges rufous: the chin is white, and the rest of the under parts bright yellow: quills and tail brown, edged with rufous. Inhabits Cayenne and St. Domingo. LUTEOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa lutea.) Mu. obscure flava tectricibus alarum remigibusque nigricante- nebulosis, cauda ad apicem nigricante, __ Dull-yellow Flycatcher, with the wing-coverts and quills clouded . with dusky ; the tail dusky at the tip. Muscicapa lutea. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 944.—Lath. Ind. Ob. 2. 478. 46. Luteous Flycatcher, Lath. Ind. Orn. 3.342. ** Leneru six inches: beak.three quarters of an inch, and lead-coloured; straight, rather stout, and a trifle bent et the tip; base hairy: irides the colour of the beak : general colour of the plumage like yellow oker, mottled with dusky on the wing- coverts and quills: the tail is one inch and three quarters long, and dusky for one-third next the tip: legs of a pale ash-colour: claws black. This species is common at Otaheite, where it is known by the name of Oo maméo pdda hou.”. Dr..Latham. 360 MELODIOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa Aédon. ) Mu. fusco-ferruginea subtus flavescenti-albida, cauda elongata, \ rectricibus intermediis subequalibus, extima ubringue longe bre- viore. . Rusty-brown Flycatcher, beneath yellowish, with an elongated tail, the two middle feathers of which are equal, and the outer ones shortened. 7 Muscicapa Aédon. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 478. 42. | Melodious Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. If, 215. 2. Tue Melodious Flycatcher is found in various parts of Siberia: it is the size of the Red Thrush : the upper parts of the body are rusty brown ; the under white: the tail is elongated, and grey brown in colour: the two middle feathers largest, and of equal length; the others much shorter: it has a beautiful song. _ BLACK-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa pectoralis. ) * Mv. flavo-virescens subtus flava, capite lateribus coll fasciaque pectoris nigris, gula jugulogue albis. Yellow-green Flycatcher, beneath yellow, with the head, sides of the neck, and band on oe breast, black ; the throat and jugulum. white, it CAMBAIAN FLYCATCHER. 361 Muscicapa pectoralis. Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. li. 11. Black-breasted Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 222. 22. ABOVE eight inches in length: its beak is brown: the top and sides of the head, nape, and sides of the neck, and collar round the lower part of the latter, black: the rest of the upper parts of the plumage greenish yellow: the chin and throat white: the belly and vent yellow: wings and tail black; the coverts of the former with yellow edges, and the latter tipped with that colour: legs black. Found in New South Wales in April. ~ CAMBAIAN FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa cambaiensis. ) Mu. nigra nitens, dorso viridi-flavescente, corpore subgus fulvo- flavo, tectricibus alarum fascia duplici alba, Shining black Flycatcher, with the back greenish yellow; the body beneath fulvous yellow; the wing-coverts with a double white stripe. Muscicapa cambaiensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 490. 97. Cambaian Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 219. 12. Tue Cambaian Flycatcher has a dusky beak: the upper parts of the body are black, with the back tinged with greenish yellow: wings with two white bars, formed by their coverts being tipped with that colour: under parts fulvous yel- low: legs-blueish. Inhabits Cambaia. AMERICAN FLYCATCiIER. (Muscicapa ruticilla.). Mv. nigra subtus alba, pectore macula alarum bast remigum rec- tricumque flavis. Black Flycatcher, with the under parts white; spot on ‘the - breast, base of the wings, quills, and tail-feathers, yellow. — Muscicapa ruticilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.236. 10.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 935.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 473, 22.—Vieil. Ors. de Amer. Sept. 1. 66.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 103. Muscicapa americana. Briss. Orn. 2. 383. 14, Motacilla flavicauda. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 997. female. Le Gobe-mouche d’Amerique. | Buff. Pl. Enl. 566. /. 1. 2. Le petit Noir-aurore. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 546. Le Moucherolle doré. Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 1. 66. pl. 35. male, 36. female. . : Smail American Redstart. Edwards. 80.—Catesby. Carol. 1. pl. 67. male. Yellow-tailed Flycatcher. Edwards. pl. 257. female. Yellow-tailed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 301. Biack-headed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2, 282. male. 301. young.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 427. 18. | ' Small American Redstart, or Flycatcher. Wails. Amer. Orn. 1. ~ 103. pl. 6. male.—5. 115. pl. 45. f. 2. young. Y Tus species is four inches ie three quarters in length: its beak is blackish: the head, neck, and — upper parts of the body, are black; as are likewise the wings, which have a broad orange stripe across their centre : the sides of the body and the tail are likewise orange, the two middle feathers, and the tips of the others of the latter excepted, which are black: the belly, sides, and vent, are pale CINEREOUS FLYCATCHER. 368 orange: the female has all the upper parts of the body brownish ash; the under parts white: the tail, wings, and sides of the body, pale yellow. It is found in most parts of North America, from Hudson’s Bay to the West Indies; appearing in ‘the former place in the summer, and the latter in the winter. It isa vivacious bird, and frequently utters the notes sic sic sdic, occasionally interrupt- ing it by one like weesy weesy weesy, while perched upon a leafless stem watching for its prey. . CINEREOUS FLYCATCHER. ° ( Muscicapa virens. ) Mu. fusco-virens subtus lutea, supercilits albis. Brown-green Flycatcher, beneath yellowish; the eye-brows white. te Muscicapa virens. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 327. 11.—Gmel. Syst. Nat.-1. 936.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 482. 57. Muscicapa carolinensis cinerea. Briss, Orn, 2. 368. 7. Le Gobe-mouche brun de la ape: Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 543. - | ; Cinereous Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2, 270.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 350. 47. THIs species migrates in Carolina, arriving there in the spring, and departing in the autumn : it is nearly six inches in length: the upper mandible of its beak is black, the lower yellow: the head and upper parts of its body are dark ash-colour : the wings and tail are brown, the former edged with white : under parts of the body white: legs black. - YELLOW-BREASTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa melanictera.) Mv. cinerea-fusca luteo varia, pectore luteo, capite nigro, remigi- bus rectricibusque obscuris flavescente marginatis. Grey-brown Flycatcher varied with yellowish; the breast yel- low; the head black; and the quills and tail-feathers edged with dull yellowish. Muscicapa melanictera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 941.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 475. 28. Yellow-breasted Flycateher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 336. 21. CautepD Malkala-kourla in Ceylon, where it is greatly esteemed on account of its melodious song: it is the size of the Goldfinch: its beak is ash- coloured: the whole head is black: the upper parts of the body and wing-coverts grey brown, varied with yellow: quills and tail dusky, fringed with pale yellow: breast yellow. YELLOW-CROWNED FLYCATCHER. ( Muscicapa audax. ) Mv. nigricans rufo undulata, subtus favicans, vertice flave, uro- pygio caudaque rufis. Dusky Flycatcher, undulated with rufous, with the under parts of the body yellowish, the crown yellow, and the myers and tail rufous. YELLOW-CROWNED FLYCATCHER. 365 Muscicapa audax. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 934.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.486. 74. | Le Gobe-mouche tacheté de Cayenne. Buff. Pl, Enl. 453.f. 2. Le Candee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 582. Yellow-crowned Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn, 3. 358, 64. _ ABuNDanT in Cayenne, where it affects the low branches of trees, and insnares the insects that frequent the water: it is rather a large spe- cies, being eight inches in length: its beak ‘is stout and black: the forehead, between the beak and eye, the chin and throat, white: crown yel- low: through the eye a dusky streak: the upper parts of the body dusky; the feathers with rufous brown margins ; wings the same: under parts of the body, from the breast, pale yellow, varied on the sides with long narrow streaks of dusky: middle of the belly and thighs plain: rump and tail rust-coloured: legs dusky blue: female with- out the yellow on the head : this is a very bold species. 360 HANGING FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa noveboracensis.) Mu. pallide viridis, cupite cinerascente, abdomine medio alba, macula varium lateribusque corporis flavis. | Pale-green Flycatcher, with the head ash-coloured ; the middle of the belly white; spot on the nostrils and aoe of the body, yellow. Muscicapa noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 947.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 489. 92. ® *Muscicapa pusilla. Wels, Amer. Orn. 3.103. - Green Flycatcher, Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.274. - Green black-capt Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn, 3. 103. pl. 26. f A. Hanging Flycatcher. Lath. Syn. Sup. 174. Bos. Tuis bird is a native of the most swampy parts of North America, particularly those towards the Gulf of Mexico: it has a very fine note: it is’ four inches and a half in length: the forehead, supercilia, and under parts of the body, are yel- low: the line over the eye is the brightest; and the colour of the cheeks, belly, and vent, darkest, the latter particularly, where it is tinged with olive: the upper parts of the body are olive green: the wings and tail dusky brown; the for- mer are very short: the legs and beak are flesh- coloured: the crown of the head is deep blue: the irides hazel : female without the black on the crown, but has that part olive yellow. This spe- cies appears to be very rare, by frequenting only. the almost inaccessible parts of North America: | RUFOUS-VENTED FLYCATCHER. 367 its nest is made excessively neat, and of the shape of an inverted cone: it is composed of bits of sticks, dry stalks, weeds, paper, and such like, woven together with skill, and lined with dry grass: this bird lays five pure white eggs, with | black spots at. the large end: it has two broods in. the year. ae & Gans RUFOUS-VENTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rufiventris.) Mv. nigro, abdomine crisso macula alarum basique cauda fulvo- - rufis. | ; | Black Flycatcher, with the abdomen, vent, spot on the wings, and base of the tail, yellowish red. _ Muscicapa rufiventris, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 473.21.—Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1. O4r. a ~ Le Gobe-mouche de l’isle de Bourbon, Buff. Pl. Enl. 572. f. 1. ———— ee ——~<“- age is olive green, with the under parts of the body darkest: the, throat is yellow: the fore-part of the neck and breast are tinged say polerany: the ise are gt ey. FLAMMEOUS FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa flammea.) Mu. nigra, dorso, tectricibus alarum minoribus, pectore, crisso, _remigum secundariarum margine, rectricumque apice, auraniiis. Black Flycatcher, with the back, lesser wing-coverts, breast, vent, edges of the secondary quills, and tips of the tail-fea- thers, orange-coloured. Muscicapa flammea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 474. 23 —Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 942. Flammeous Flycatcher. athe Gen Syn. 3, 338.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 371. 26... - Tue male of this bird is thus described by Dr. Latham. ‘Length six inches: the beak black, with a slight notch near the tip: the plumage © on the upper parts black: rump and upper tail- coverts a fine glowing orange: chin and sides of the head, beneath the eye, black: from the breast . to the vent orange: vent yellowish white: thighs black: tail very cuneiform in shape; the two mid- dle feathers three inches in length; the outer one but an inch and a half; colour black; the ends of all, except the four middle feathers, more or less orange-coloured: legs black.” The female. RUFOUS-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. 373 “‘ has the head and back ash-coloured: chin black: breast and rump orange; the rest of the under parts yellowish white: the wings black, with a bar of orange across the middle: the tail black above and yellow beneath. Inhabits India.” RUFOUS-FRONTED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa rufifrons. ) Mu. fusca, fronte dorso basique caud@ rufis, remigibus nigris, auribus pectoreque nigro maculatis, Brown Flycatcher, with the forehead, back, and base of the tail, rufous; the quills black; the ears and breast spotted - with black, Muscicapa rufifrons. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. l. 5. _ Rufous-frented Flycatcher. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 220. 16. _Tuts inhabits New South Wales in the summer: its beak and legs are pale brown: the crown, nape, and upper-part of the neck, wing-coverts, tip of the tail, belly, and vent, pale brown: the ears and _ breast are spotted with black; and on the middle of the neck is a large patch of that colour: the forehead, middle of the back, and base of the tail, are of a bright rufous colour: the chin, fore- part of the neck, and breast, dirty white: tail long, and wedge-shaped. } . 374 COLLARED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa collaris. ) Mv. cinerea, subtus alba, gutture fuscescente-badio, fascia subtus _transversa nigra, rostro, alis, caudaque nigris. Grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the throat of a brownish chocolate, with a transverse black fascia beneath; the beak, wings, and tail, black. Muscicapa collaris, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 471, 11. Muscicapa melanoptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 939. Muscicapa senegalensis torquata. Briss. Orn. 2. 370. 8. pl. 36. f. 1. Gobe-mouche a gorge brun du Senegal. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. “4. 533. Re 7 st Gobe-mouche a gorge rousse. Buff. Pl. Enl.'567.f. 3. Collared Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 330. 8. - Tus bird is in length near five inches: its beak is black: the head and. upper parts’ of the bedy ash-colour : wing-coverts with a white fascia : quills black, with grey margins: throat and fore- part of the neck brownish chesnut, with a trans- verse black line on the lower edge, forming ‘a sort of collar on the neck: breast and under parts of the body white: thighs varied with dusky and - white: tail black: the outer web of the exterior feather white; and the tips of the rest, the two - middle ones excepted, of that colour: legs grey: claws brown. Inhabits Senegal. COROMANDEL FLYCATCHER. ~ (Muscicapa Ponticeriana.) Mv. cinereo-grisea subtus alba, tectricibus alarum albo maculatis, _. rectricibus lateralibus griseo alboque dimidiatis, superciliis albis. Cinereous-grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the wing-co- _ verts spotted with white; the lateral tail-feathers ue grey _ and half white; supercilia white. Muscicapa Ponticeriana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 939.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 471..14. Le Gobe-mouche de Pondichery,. Sohver. Voy. Ind. 2, 198, Coromandel Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.331. 11. Tuts species is said to have a fine song: it is larger than the Domestic Finch:. its beak-and legs are black : the head is ash-coloured : the eye- brows are white: the hinder part of the neck, the back, wings, and tail, are ash-coloured grey: the wing-coverts have a white triangular spot at their tips: the fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, white: tail-feathers, the two middle ones excepted, grey half way from the base, with their tips white. Inhabits the Coromandel coast. 376 WHITE-TAILED FLYCATCHER. (Muscicapa leucura.) Mu. cinereo-grisea, subtus alba, rectricibus lateralibus nigro ale . ~ boque oblique dimidiatis. | Ash-coloured grey Flycatcher, beneath white, with the lateral tail-feathers half black and half white; the colours placed obliquely. Muscicapa leucura. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 939.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 471. 13. : 3 White-tailed Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 331. 10. Tuts species inhabits the Cape of Good Hope: it is in length four inches and a half: ‘its beak and ~ legs are black: the upper parts of the plumage ash- coloured grey; the under parts white: the outer tail-feathers all white; the middle ones black, and the intermediate ones obliquely tipped with white, till that colour vanishes on the middle feather. ~ GOLDEN-THROATED FLYCATCHER. | (Muscicapa ochroleuca. ) Mu. olivacea subtus albida, gula margineque alarum fuscis, remi- gibus rectricibusque olivaceo-viridibus. Olive Flycatcher, beneath whitish, with the throat and edges of the wings brown; the quills and tail olive green. Muscicapa ochroleuca.. Gmel. Syst. Nut. 1. 946.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 489. 89. 7 ; . Muscicapa sylvicola, Wals. Amer. Orn. 1. 117. Yellow-throated Flycatcher. Wils. Amer. Orn. 1, 117. Golden-throated Flycatcher. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. ae —Lath. Gen, Syn, Sup. 178. 80. MARTINICO FLYCATCHER. 377 Tus elegant species is a native of New York : the crown of its head, upper parts of the neck and body, are dirty olive green: the throat and margin of the wings splendid yellow: the primary quills and tail rich olive green: breast and belly white, tinged with yellow. ? _ MARTINICO FLYCATCHER. The young of this species differs so very ma- terially from the old as to have deceived one of the most acute ornithologists, the late Colonel Montagu, who has described it in the Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary, under the name of the Solitary Thrush; but as this bird was re- ceived from a distant part, and does not breed in the neighbourhood of the spot near which he re- sided, it is not very surprising that he should be deceived, as the specimen in question (which is now in the British Museum) has not much the appearance of the common Starling, otherwise than belonging to the genus where Colonel Mon- tagu should certainly have placed it, and not in Turdus, as described in the Ornithological Die- tionary. As the young bird may not be well known to all, the following account of it from the above work may not be unacceptable : its beak is dusky, and not tipped with yellow as in the ma-— ture bird: ‘“‘ The general colour of the plumage is brown, the upper parts and sides of the head, back, scapulars,. rump, and upper tail-coverts, plain, except the tips of the feathers on the back being paler, giving that part a slightly spotted appearance: the chin is sullied white: above and — COMMON STARLING. ASS behind the eyes the feathers are paler than those adjacent: from the beak to the eye dusky: the feathers on the throat and neck beneath are pale yellowish brown at their tips, whitish at their base, which gives that part a mottled appearance: the upper part of the breast plain brown, but rather paler than the back; the sides under the wings nearly the same: the lower breast and belly down to the vent mottled, or streaked with brown and white, the middle of the feathers being of the former colour: the under tail-coverts pale brown, with a rufous tinge: the quills and greater coverts of the wings are brown, margined with rufous: the tail is a little forked: the feathers are brown, their margins tinged with rufous: the legs are rather long in proportion, strong, and, with the toes and claws, are of a yellowish brown colour : the middle toe is closely connected to the outer as far as the first joint.” The Starling, like many other birds, has been found entirely of a white cast, with reddish legs and beak: it likewise occurs in all the stages be- tween that and the common appearance; also in having the ground colour cream-colour, spotted with pure white: again it has been observed with the upper parts of its plumage of a rufous ash, inclining to yellow, the breast being slightly spotted. This species constructs an artless nest in the old deserted habitation of a Woodpecker, 1 in the hollow ofa tree, naturally formed, or in old build- ings, pigeon-houses, and such like situations; it is Me 4236 COMMON STARLING made of dry grass or leaves, on which the eggs are placed ; they are of a light blue colour, and are four or five in number: many of these birds are taken during the winter in dovecotes, and by some they are accused of feeding on the eggs of the pigeons, but most probably without founda- tion: their usual food is insects, but in default of these they will eat grain and fruits; ina state of -domestication they > il readily eat meat of any kind, and will become extremely docile, imitat- ing the human voice, whistling, &c.; their na- tural note is a shrill whistle. In the. winter . these birds fly in large flocks, and associate not only with their own species, but will intrude themselves into the company of Crows, Pigeons, and Thrushes of the gregarious kinds: in the © evening they appear in the greatest numbers, as- sembling in marshy places, where they roost among the reeds: their flight is not undulated, but smooth and even, and they walk very easily in the manner of a Wagtail; but when many congregate they may be known by. their peculiar tumultuous and » disorderly flight, which is compared to a kind “a vortex, in which there is an uniform circular revolution, and at the same time a progressive advance. : The species is abundant cheoneHonl the old con- tinent from Norway to the Cape of Good Hope, and in this country it has been observed to migrate during very severe winters, retiring westward into Devonshire and Cornwall, and returning eastward as soon as the frost breaks up. 487 COLLARED STARLING. (Sturnus collaris.) St. fusco-nigricans, dorso maculato, uropygio albo vario, gula alba fusco maculata, remigibus caudaque apice fuscis. Brown-dusky Starling, with the back spotted, the rump varied with white, the throat white, spotted with brown, and the quills and tail tipped with brown. Sturnus collaris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. CU ee a Motacilla alpina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 957. La Fauvette des Alpes. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5, 156. pl. 10.— Buf, Pl.Enl. 668. f. 2. Alpine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 434. 25. Collared Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 8. 5. Tuis bird inhabits the southern Alps of Europe, particularly the lofty mountains of Auvergne and Dauphiny: it is in length six inches and a half: its beak and legs are brownish, with the base of the former yellowish: the upper parts of the body dusky, spotted with paler: rump varied with brown and white: quills blackish; the inner webs and tips edged with rufous: throat white, with brown spots: breast grey brown: belly brown, the sides darkest: tail brown, tipped with pale rufous: it is a solitary and retired species, seeking the most sequestered places: it feeds on insects and seeds, and is very shy. M. Meyer forms a genus for this species, by the name of Accentor. 488 CHILI STARLING. (Sturnus Loyca.) St. fusco alboque maculatus, pectore coccineo. Starling spotted with brown and white; the breast crimson. Sturnus Loyca, Molin. Chili. 325.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 804. —Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 12. Magellanic Starling. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 174. 2. Turis approaches very close to the Magellanic Starling, but is destitute of the crimson markings near the eyes and the lores.. The male has the breast crimson, and the rest of his body Variegated with brown and whitish: the female is pale grey, with the breast. tinged with dull crimson. ‘This — species is found in Chill: it constructs its nest in cavities in the ground ; .it lays three eggs, that are _ of a grey colour varied with brown: the natives are said to esteem it very much on account of its song, which they hold in great veneration: its plumage is also of value to them, as they form it into ornaments. MAGELLANIC STARLING. (Sturnus militaris.) Sr. griseus, pectore gulaque sanguineis cauda subfurcata., _ Grey Starling, with the breast and throat blood-coloured; the tail slightly forked. MAGELLANIC STARLING. 489 Sturnus militaris, Lin. Mont. 1771. p. 527.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 803.—Lath. Ind, Orn, 1. 323. 4.—Daud. Orn, 2. 305. Etourneau des terres Magellaniques. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ors. 3. 1906.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 113. | Magellanic Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. p.7. 4. Lenern eight inches and a half: its beak is dusky : the upper parts of its plumage are brown, the edges of the feathers being palest: between the beak and eye a spot of crimson: the sides of the neck are black: behind the eye is a white streak, and at the base of the under mandible is a. spot of that colour: the chin, fore-part of the neck, breast, bend of the wings, and upper. part of the belly, deep crimson: the sides of the body and thighs are black, the feathers bordered with cinereous: the vent, under tail-coverts, and tail, black; the latter slightly forked: legs brown: some specimens have a white line beginning at the nostrils and terminating on the hind head, but such have not the spot at the base of the under mandible; they may be immature birds. Native of the Falkland Islands: supposed to feed on insects. ! 490 PERSIAN STARLING. (Sturnus moritanicus. ) ST. cinereus, capitis parte inferiore gulaque cinereo alboque variis, ventre cano rufescente maculato, rostro apice nigro. Ash-coloured Starling, with the lower part of the head and the throat varied with grey and white, the belly hoary, spotted with rufous, and the beak black at the tip. Sturnus moritanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.804.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 325. 11. Te Etourneau more. Daud, Orn. 2. 302. Persian Starling. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 174. 1. Innasits the alpine parts of Persia: its nest is placed in holes and cavities of rocks: it is about the size of the Skylark: its beak is tipped with black: the prevailing colour of its plumage is cinereous: the fore-part of the head and the throat variegated with white, and the belly spotted with rufous. CAPE STARLING. (Sturnus capensis.) St. nigricans, capitis lateribus subtusque albus. Dusky Starling, with the sides of the head and the under parts of the body white. | | Sturnus capensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. ~ CONTRA STARLING. CONTRA STARLING. 491 1. 802.— Briss. Orn. 2. 446. 2. pl. 41. f2 3.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1, 322. 2. L’Etourneau pie du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. 3. 191.— Buff. Pl. Enl, 280. Cape Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.5. 2. Tue Cape Starling is the size of Sturnus vul- garis: its beak and legs are yellowish: the head, neck, back, wings, and tail, are black : from the base of the upper mandible arises a streak of white that surrounds the eyes, and increases in size so as to cover nearly the whole sides of the head, where it is produced into a stripe that reaches down each side of the neck, and meets the white on the breast: the belly, vent, and rump, are also white: the scapulars and edge of the wing are tipped with white. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CONTRA STARLING. (Sturnus contra.) bad St. fuscus, macula oculari, fascia alarum, abdomineque albis. Brown Starling, with a spot near the aaphe a band on the wing, and the abdomen white. Sturnus contra, Lin. he Nat, ¥. 290. A. —Gmel. Syst. "Nat. 1. 803. Sturnus capensis. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1.322. 2. Icterus bengalensis. Briss. Orn. 2. 94. 9. Black and white Indian Starling. Edwards, Glean. 2. 187. Contra Stare. Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 21.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 3. 5. 2. A. 499 DAUURIAN STARLING. Tue Contra Starling may possibly be only the, immature plumage of the preceding, which it greatly resembles, having, like that species, the head, neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars, black: a white line also is observed to arise from the beak, which inclines to the hind head: beneath the eye is a white spot, and round the upper part of the neck is a band of a dingy white: the upper wing-coverts are black, varie- gated with six white spots: the under parts of the body, from the breast to the vent, are white: the quills and tail are black: the legs yellowish brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and is known, by the name of Contra. | DAUURIAN: STARLING. (Sturnus Dauuricus. ) ST. corpore supra atro-violaceo, subtus cinerascente-ulbo, capite cerviceque cerulescente-canis, verticis litura violaceo atra. Starling with the body above dark violet, beneath greyish white, . with the head and top of the neck hoary blue, the crown with a dark violet stripe. a Sturnus Dauuricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 806.—Pall. Act. Ea 19778. 3. 198.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 13. Etourneau de la Daoure. Daud. Orn. 2. 302. Dauurian Stare. Lath, Syn. Sup. IT, 175. 3. Inuasits the willow plantations of Dauuria: it is in length six inches: its beak is black: irides CRESCENT STARLING. 493 brown: between the beak and eyes is a streak of white, and another over the eyes: the prevailing colour of the plumage is dark blue black: the head and nape are blueish white: the crown of the head in the male has a violet black stripe; in the female it is brown: the wing-coverts are black, tinged with green; the quills are black, the two nearest the body with white tips, and the rest tipped with white on their outer webs: the under parts of the body sullied white: the tail greenish black, its coverts violet: legs blue black. The eggs of this bird are of a ferruginous colour, tinged with blue; they are three in number. | CRESCENT STARLING. (Sturnus torquatus.) St. supra fusco rufescente nigricanteque varius, subtus flavus, fascia pectoralt curva nigra, rectricibus tribus lateralibus albis. Starling above brown, varied with rufous and dusky; beneath yellow, with a curved band on the breast black; the three - outer tail-feathers white. _ Sturnus ludovicianus. 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 322.3. Alauda magna. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 289. 11.—Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1. 801. Merula Americana torquata, Briss. Orn. 2. 242. 15. Le Merle a collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 376. Large Lark. Catesb. Carol. 1, pl. 33. Crescent Stare. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 192.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6. 3. 494, CRESCENT STARLING. Tuts bird, which appears specifically distinct from S. ludovicianus, is.in length eleven inches : its beak is dusky: the top of its head and neck are brown, with their sides pale grey; the crown is marked with a stripe of the latter colour; be- tween the beak and eye is a yellowish spot, and above each eye, pointing backwards, is a stripe of the same: the upper parts of its plumage are. brown, varied with red and dusky: the greater quills are plain brown, and the lesser ones are spotted with rufous, having the ground colour brown: all the under parts of the plumage are yellow, a crescent-shaped mark on the breast ex- cepted, which is deep black: the tail is brown, sprinkled with rufous on the outer margins; its under coverts are grey: legs and claws brown: the young are nearly destitute of the crescent on the breast. | Common in North America, where it is known by the name of the Meadow Lark, as it principally affects meadows, and rarely perches on trees: it is migratory and gregarious: its legs are pure _ white. | . LOUISIANE STARLING. (Sturnus ludovicianus. ) St. griseo fuscoque maculatus, subtus flavus, linea capitis super- ciliisque albis, gula nigra. Starling spotted with grey and brown; beneath yellow; with a line on the head and the eyebrows white; the throat black. Sturnus ludovicianus, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 290. 3.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 802.—Briss. Orn, 2. 449. 4. pl. 42. f. 1.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 323, 3. - Etourneau de la Louisiane. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 192.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 256. - Louisiane Starling. Pen, Arct. Zool. 2. 193.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 6. 3. | ‘Tur Louisiane Stare is common in some of the provinces of North America: it is in length nine inches and a half: its beak is whitish at the base and brown at the tip: the upper parts of its plum- age are varied with brown and reddish grey: its. head has three white stripes, one of them over each eye, and the other down the crown: edge of the wing yellow: the quills rufous grey, varied _ with brown on the outer webs: the cheeks, throat, fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, of a clear yellow; the fore-part of the neck being orna- mented with a fine patch of black, the ends of each of the feathers of which it is composed being tipped with grey: the sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, sullied white, sprinkled with a few Vv. X. P. Il. 32 496 GREEN STARLING. brownish spots: tail like the quills, with the inner edges of the four exterior feathers white: — and claws grey. OLIVE STARLING, (Sturnus olivaceus.) St. fusco-olivaceus, subtus flavescens, vitta oculari cerulea. Olive-brown Starling, beneath yellowish, with a stripe near the eyes blue. Sturnus olivaceus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. 10. Sturnus fuscus.. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 8056 Brown Stare. Osbeck. Voy. Chin. 2. 328.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 11. 10. Tuts bird is described by Osbeck: its beak is whitish red: the orbits and space round the eyes are bright blue: the whole body, wings, and tail, are pale olive brown, the belly palest, and sprinkled with yellowish: legs pale red. In- bans China. GREEN STARLING. (Sturnus viridis, ) Sr. viridis subtus caerulescens, macula sincipitis poneque oculos unica, scapulart duplict alba. Green Starling, beneath blueish, with a spot on the sone | SILK STARLING. 4.97 another beyond the eyes, and a double one on the scapulars white. 7 Sturnus viridis. Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 805.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 325. Q. ) Green Stare. Osbeck. Voy. Chin..2. 327.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 3. 10. 9. Described by Osbeck, in his Voyage to China, asva native of that country: it has a tuft of black and white feathers on the forehead and chin, with a white spot on the front of the crown, and another beyond the eyes: the upper parts of its plumage are green: the scapulars are adorned with two white spots: the wings green, with the outer webs and the shafts of the feathers white: the fore-part of the neck, breast, and belly, pale cerulean: the tail very similar to the wings, but the outer webs of the feathers are not white: legs grey blue. SILK STARLING. - (Sturnus sericeus.) St. pallide griseus, capite flavescente-albo, basi remigum albo, re migibus rectricibusque nigris. | Pale grey Starling, with the head yellowish-white, the base of the wing white, and the quills and -tail-feathers black. Sturnus sericeus. Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 805.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 324. 8. . Silk Starling. Brown. Ill. Zool, pl. 21.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 10. 8.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 137, 8. 498 WATTLED STARLING. Lencrtu about eight inches: beak and legs red- dish: the entire head and the fore-part of the neck yellowish white, the crown inclined to dusky: the upper parts of the body pale cinereous: wings glossy black: quills white at the base: the under — parts of the body of the same colour as the upper, but paler; the vent inclining to white: tail similar — in .colour to the wings, about two inches and. a half in length, and even at the end. The female is brown where the male is black: the crown is also black: the forehead varied with white and black, and the sides of the head and spot behind the eyes white: the wings incline to cinereous, and are very glossy: the rump is white: the tips of the tail-feathers white. Inhabits China. WATTLED STARLING. - (Sturnus carunculatus.) St. niger, dorso tectricibusque alarum_ ferrugineis, ad basin man- dibule inferioris palea duplici carunculata fulva. Black Starling, with the back and wing-coverts rust-coloured, — and at the base of the under mandibles of the beak a double — carunculated fulvous wattle. s Sturnus carunculatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 805.—Lath. Ind. | Orn, 1. 324. 6. Wattled Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 9. pl. 36. 6. Turse most curious birds aré described by Dr. Latham in the following manner. ‘‘ Size of our _ (( teas Seas ESSAY WATTLED STARLING. Male & Female COCKSCOMB STARLING. 499 Starling: length nearly ten inches: the beak rather long and somewhat bent; it is sharp at the tip, but a trifle flatted; the colour is black, tinged with blue towards the base: irides dull hazel: from the angle of the lower mandible springs a carunculated orange-coloured membrane, tending downwards like the wattle of a cock; this is about a quarter of an inch in size: the general colour of the plumage is dull black, but the back and wing- coverts are ferruginous: the legs are black. The female is wholly of a dull ferruginous brown: the bill and legs are the same as in the male, but the wattle is not so large, nor is it very conspicuous, except in old birds. This species is found in New Zealand, particularly in the southern island, where it is pretty common: it has a Wea piping voice, not worthy being called a song.”’ COCKSCOMB STARLING. (Sturnus gallinaceus. ) Sr. conereus, regione oculorum nuda, ad basin mandibule infe- riorts palea duplici, cristaque vertict me eenamcoca bifida erecta Suloa. Cinereous Starling, with the ‘space round the eyes naked, the - base of the under mandible with a double wattle, and the crown with a bifid, erect, membranaceous and fulvous crest. Sturnus gallinaceus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 324. 7. Gracula carunculata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 399. Cockscomb Stare. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3.9. 7. 500 COCKSCOMB STARLING. A very singular species: it is in length rather more than six inches: beak brown;. from its lower mandible depends a deep orange-coloured double wattle, above an inch in length; the crown of the head is also ornamented with two similar ex- crescences, one placed behind the other; the region of the eye is bare of feathers, and is of a yellow colour: the prevailing colour of the plumage is of a dirty slate, with the under parts of the body palest: the quills and tail black: legs pale yel-_ lowish brown, very long. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. er, Lid ALAUDA. LARK. Generic Character. Rostrumsubcylindricum,ma- || Beak subcylindrical, more or gis minusve crassum; basi less thickened; covered pennis minimis recumben- . with small recumbent fea- tibus tectum. thers at the base. Lingua bifida. Tongue cloven at the tip. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Feet simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Unguis posticus rectior, di- || Hinder claw straight, and - gito longior. longer than the toe. Larxs are distinguished from all other birds by the superior length of their hinder claws, which, in some of the species, are upwards of an inch in length, and totally incapacitates them from perch- ing on trees; consequently, they rest on the ground, where they all place their nests: some few that have shorter claws perch upon trees, but only on the larger branches. JTrom the situation of their nests they are greatly exposed to the at- tacks of predaceous animals of the weazel kind, &c. which destroy great numbers of the eggs and young: the Cuckow also frequently deposits its eggs in them. These are the only birds that sing during flight, 502 SKY-LARK. and there are few persons that have heard their song but must have admired the various modula-’ tions of their melodious strains, which may be heard when the performers are invisible from the great height to which they soar. ‘Their usual. food consists of insects and their larvee; they will also eat seeds, and in a state of oonaiement will eat bread, eggs, &c. SKY-LARK. ( Alauda arvensis. ) AL, migricante griseo rufescente et albido varia, subtus rufo-alba, rectricibus extimis duabus extrorsum longitudinaliter albis, in- termediis interiori latere Serrugineis. Lark varied with dusky grey, reddish and white, eee red- dish white, with the outer webs of the two exterior tail- feathers white, and the two middle ones with their edges fer- ruginous, | Alauda arvensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 287. 1 pes a Faun. Suec. 209.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 701 .—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 491. 1. Alauda vulgaris. Briss. Orn. 3.335. 1. L’Alouette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 1. pl. 1.—Buff- Pl. Enl. 363.f. 1. Skylark. Pen, Brit. Zool. 1. 136.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 394. A. — Albin, Birds. 1. pl. 41.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 368. 1.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 226.—Will. Ang. 203.—Lewin. Brit, Birds. 3. pl. 89.—Wale. Syn. pl. 189.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.—Mont. Sup.—Bewich. Brit. Birds, 1.178. B. toto luteo-alba. Entirely of a yellowish white colour. Alauda candida. Briss. Orn. 3. 339. pl. 19.f: 1. SKY-LARK. ‘ 503 Alouette blanche. Buff: Hist. Nat, Ovs. 5. 20. White Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 369. A. Y: fusco-nigra. Variety of a brown black. Alauda nigra. Briss. Orn. 3. 340. B. Alouette noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 22.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 650. f. 1. Dusky Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 370. 1. B. Tuts delightful singing bird is about seven inches in length: its beak is dusky; the base of the under mandible yellowish: the feathers on the top of the head are dusky, edged with rufous brown ; they are rather elongated, and may be set up like a crest; the back of the head is inclined to cine- reous: the feathers on the upper part of the body are reddish brown, with the middle darkest, and the edges pale: the under parts are dirty buff; the neck and breast are darkest, and streaked with dusky: quills brown, with the outer webs and the tips lightest: the tail is dusky brown, the two middle feathers darkest, with light rufous edges ; the outer feather is white on the exterior web and tip of the inner; the second that colour on the outer web only, and the next with a slight edging of white on the outer web: legs dusky; claws: dusky, the hind one very long and straight: the female differs in being much less than the male. This species is subject to considerable variety, some being found of a pure white, others of a light cream-colour; again mixed brown and white, with the belly white; and also of a dusky black, the hind part of the head, the beak, and legs, 504 ; _ SKYLARK. being dirty yellow, and some of the feathers on the under side being edged with white. | A very well known species, and one whose history most persons are acquainted with: it is very common throughout this country, and is almost universally diffused. over Europe; it is likewise found in many parts of Asia and Africa ; in Egypt they generally appear for a few days in the month of September: immense quantities of these birds are said to be taken in Germany, for which there is a duty paid at Leipsic, that at the _ rate of one half-penny per dozen amounts to about 12,000 crowns per annum, which may seem pro- digious, but from Michaelmas to Martinmas the fields are literally covered with them: they are likewise taken in great abundance in England and other parts of Europe. If the above account re- lative to the duty be correct, the enormous quan- tity of upwards of seventeen millions must be caught in one twelvemonth’s time! which appears too great a number for any person to appreciate ; and which is certainly too improbable to occur : no doubt Dr. Latham, from whose work the ac- count is extracted, must have been misinformed as to the sum. | . In the morning early these birds may be ob- served rising perpendicularly in the atmosphere to a great height, singing the whole time most delightfully, and increasing as they mount, till they are nearly imperceptible; upon their descent they fly in an ‘oblique direction, unless attracted by their mates, or alarmed by the sudden appear- LESSER-CRESTED LARK. 505 ance of a predaceous bird, when they fall like a stone: they are most abundant in the more open and highest cultivated situations abounding in corn, being but seldom seen in extensive moors at a distance from arable land: they place their nest -on the ground amongst grass or corn, between two clods of earth; it is composed of dried grass and other vegetable substances, lined with very fine dry grass: the female Jays four or five dirty white eggs, blotched and spotted with brown; she has generally two broods in the year. LESSER-CRESTED LARK. (Alauda cristatella. ) AL. éiapite cristato, corpore supra fusco subtus albicante, remigi- ' bus rectricibusqué fuscis, pedibus subrubris. Lark with a-crested head, the body above fuscous, beneath whitish, with the quills and tail-feathers ORR and feet red- dish. Alauda cristatella. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 26. Alauda nemorosa. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 797. Alauda cristata minor. Raii, Syn. p. 69. A. 5.—Briss. Orn. 8. 361. 9. Le Lulu, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 74.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 503. Pwr | Crested Lark. Pen. Brit, Zool. 1. 141. Lesser-crested Lark. Will. Ang. p. 207.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 391, 24.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3.9.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. 506 WOOD-LARK. OriGcInALLYy described by Aldrovandus, who tells us that it is not so brown as the Greater-crested Lark, and the tuft on the head is larger in propor- tion to the size of the bird, and that the legs are red: all other authors have given the above de- scription, from which it should appear that it can- not be a species, as it could not well have passed unnoticed so great a length of time as has elapsed since Aldrovandus wrote. Colonel Montagu appears to think that it is only an accidental variety of the Lesser Field Lark, as in Harmonia Ruralis that bird is figured for the one now under consideration ; and Dr. Latham received a specimen of that bird from Yorkshire under the name of Lesser-crested Lark. Dr. La- tham informs us that it is said to fly in flocks, contrary to the Greater-crested Lark, and that it is for the most part met with in woods and thickets, where it makes its nest: he also tells us that it is found in Italy, Austria, Poland, and Siberia; and according to Mr. Bolton is abundant in Yorkshire, but the latter fact cannot be substantiated, as it is shewn above, that he has mistaken the Lesser - Field Lark for this bird. | WOOD-LARK. (Alauda arborea.) AL. nigricante griseo rufescenteque varia, capite vitta annulari alba cincto. | Lark varied with dusky, grey, and reddish; the head with an annular stripe bordered with white. | ; i! Woon LARK: 47 WOOD-LARK. 507 Alauda arborea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 287. 3.—Lin. Faun, Suec. 211.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 793.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 492. 3.— Briss, Orn. 3. 340. pl. 20.f. 1. L’ Alouette de bois, ou le Cujelier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4, 25. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 660. f 2. Wood Lark, Pen. Brit. Zool. 137.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 395. B.—Albin. Birds. 1. pl. 42.—Will. Orn, 204.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 371. 3.—Lewin, Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 90.— Wale. Syn, 2. pl. 190.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 183.—Mont. Orn, Dict, 1.— Mont. Sup. hie In plumage this species greatly resembles the Skylark, but it is much less than that bird, and _ only measures six inches in length: its beak is dusky, with the base of the under mandible whitish: irides hazel: the feathers on the crown and upper parts of the body are dusky, edged with light reddish brown ; on the former they are elon- gated, and form a slight crest at the will of the bird: from the beak over the eye is a narrow yel- lowish white band-surrounding the crown of the head; the feathers over the ears are brown, be- neath which is another light band: quills dusky, slightly edged with brown: neck and breast yel- lowish white tinged with brown, and marked with dusky spots: tail short; the two middle feathers brown, the next dusky, and the four outer ones on each side black, with dirty white tips; tail- coverts very long and brown: legs yellowish flesh- colour: hind claws long, and slightly bent. _ This species can be easily distinguished from the Skylark during flight, as it does not mount in the air in a perpendicular manner, and continue hovering and singing in the same spot like that 508 WOOD-LARK. bird; but will often rise to a great height, and keep flying in large irregular circles, singing the whole time with little intermission, sometimes for an hour together: it will also sing when perched on a tree, even in the dead of winter, should the weather be fine: its song is more melodious than the Skylark’s, and is continued throughout the year, except during the months of June and July. This bird feeds on grain, seeds, and insects: it builds its nest very early, and the young are capa- ble of flying in April; the nest is placed under a tuft of high grass or furze, or in a low bush; it is . made of dry grass, lined with finer grass and a few hairs: the eggs are brown, varied with dusky and ash-colour, particularly at the larger end; they are mostly four in number, and are rather ews than those of the a it often has two broods in the year. It appears to be a general inhabitant of Europe, but is not so plentiful as the Skylark: in Devon- shire it is found more abundantly than in any other part of England, particularly in the winter season, when they are said to be excellent eating, and are very fat: it is rarely seen in greater flocks than six or seven. ITALIAN LARK. ( Alauda Italica.) AL, fusco-castanea subtus alba, capite vitta annulari albicante, rectrice extima alba, proxima apice alba. Chesnut brown Lark, beneath white; head with an annular whitish stripe; the outer tail-feather white, and the next at the tip white. Alauda Tialica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 793.—Briss. Orn, 3, 355. 47,—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 492. 4. Giarola, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.47. Italian Lark. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 373. 4. Tuts scarcely appears to be more than a variety of the young of the Wood Lark, except being much larger than that bird even when full grown: it was taken in Italy: its length is eight inches: its beak is red: the upper parts of the plumage are chesnut brown, with the feathers edged with pale reddish white, especially those of the hind head, which greatly inclines to. white: the breast, belly, and sides, are white: the outer tail-feather is white, the next has the tip white, and the rest of the tail is chesnut-brown with pale edges: legs flesh-coloured: claws whitish. 510 CAPE LARK. | (Alauda capensis. ) AL. rectricibus tribus lateralibus apice albis, gula lutea nigro mar= ginata, supercilius flavis. Lark with the three lateral tail-feathers white at the tips; the throat yellow, margined with black ; eyebrows yellow. Alauda capensis. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1, 288. 8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 498.10. . Alauda Capitis Bonz Spei. Briss. Orn. 3. 364. 11. pl. 10. f. 3. Cravate jaune, ou Calandre du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Fist. Nat. Ois. 5. pl. 54.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 504. f. 2. | Cape Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 384. 18. La Cravate jaune of Buffon is found at the Cape of Good Hope: it is eight inches in length: its beak is yellowish horn-colour: the upper parts of the plumage are brown, with the shafts of the feathers darkest: over the eye is a streak of yel- low, and one of brown beneath, passing to the ear: the chin and throat are orange; the rest of the under parts yellowish white: the four outer tail-feathers are tipped with white: the legs are dusky; the hind claws slightly bent: the male has the yellow on the throat bordered with black, and the stripe above the eye deep yellow: the breast varied with brown, grey, and pale yellow, and the belly and sides reddish yellow: the female sometimes has the breast spotted with brown. 511 BLACK LARK. Alauda tartarica.) AL. fusco-nigricans, pennis albido marginatis, remigibus rectrici- busque nigris. rR Dusky-brown Lark, with the feathers margined with white, and the quills and tail-feathers black. Alauda tartarica, Pall. It. 2. 707. 15. pl. c.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 795 —Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 496. 15. Alauda mutabilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 796. var.? Mutable Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.381. 14. var.? Black Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 380. 13.—Lath. Syn, Sup. 177. 15. Tuis equals the Starling in size: its beak is of a yellowish horn-colour, with the tip brown: the prevailing colour of its plumage is dusky black ; the edges of the feathers of the head and neck being dusky white, and of the upper parts of the body pure white: quills black: the two middle tail-feathers black, with pale edges, the next with the edge at the tip pale, and all the rest plain black: legs black; the hind claw nearly straight: the females and young are brown: the feathers on the upper parts of the body are bordered with grey, and of the under with whitish: the quills and two outer tail-feathers are edged with white: legs brown. Inhabits the arid deserts of Tartary: during the summer is found but sparingly, and singly; but upon the approach of winter it becomes gregarious, and frequents inhabited places. vx. P. i. 33 512 WHITE-WINGED LARK. A variety of this species frequents the country about Astrachan in the winter, and towards the spring retires to the most sequestered places near the Volga: it is rather smaller in size than the first described, but in other respects it approaches very near to that bird, having the whole plumage black, with the edges of the feathers on the hind part of the neck and back hoary: the quills and tail are tipped with brown, the latter slightly forked, and the outer feathers not brown at: the tip: legs and claws black: the female has the forehead hoary: the pinasage of the young in- clines to ferruginous. WHITE-WINGED LARK. ( Alauda Sibirica. ) Au. flavo-ferruginea subtus albida, jugulo ferrugineo vario, re- migibus secundariis maxima parte albis. Rusty-yellow Lark, beneath whitish, with the jugulum varied with ferruginous, and the greater part of the secondary quills white. Alauda sibirica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 799.—FPall, It. 2. 708. 15. Alauda Calandra, B.. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 497. 17. White-winged Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 353. Pientirut in the vicinity of the river Irtis, in Siberia, and is probably a variety of the preceding species: its size is the same as that bird: its beak Sees CALANDRE LARK. 513 is livid at the base, and brown at the tip: the crown of the head, the ears, lesser wing-coverts, and tail-coverts, of a yellowish rust-colour: the first primary quill wholly white, the next of that colour on the margin, and the greatest part of the secondaries the same: the under parts of the body sullied white, with the fore-part of the neck varied with rust-colour: legs grey. ‘CALANDRE LARK. (Alauda Calandra.) AL. rectrice extima exterius tota, secunda tertiaque apice, albis, fascia pectorali fusca. Lark with the whole of the outer web of the exterior tail-feather, and the second and third at the tip, white; breast with a fus- cous band. Alauda Calandra, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 0.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 800.— Briss. Orn. 3. 352. 6. pl. 20. ft 1.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 406. 17. Calandre Lark. Edwards. Birds. 268.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 382. 18.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 177. 15. Tuts species has been observed throughout the greatest part of Europe, and also in many parts of Asia, frequenting the deserts of Tartary, and the vast tracts of the Russian empire: Edwards af- firms that it is found in America, but that account is doubtful: in its native countries it is often con- fined for the sake of its song, which is greatly 514 CALANDRE LARK. esteemed by many, as it not only has a fine note of its own, but will imitate that of many other song birds, as the Goldfinch, Linnet, &c.: it con- structs its nest after the manner of the Skylark, on the ground, and lays four or five eggs. © It is rather more than seven inches in length: its beak is rather short, and is of a pale horn- colour: the upper parts of its body are variegated with brown and grey, the shafts of the feathers being of the former, and the edges of the latter colour: the quills are very dark, with their outer webs brown edged with whitish: the throat is white, bordered on the lower part with a black lunulated stripe, beneath which, towards the breast, the feathers are dirty white, varied with black: the belly is white, and the sides of the body and thighs reddish brown: the outer tail- feather is white on the outer and tip of the inner web; the next is bordered on the outer web with white, and is tipped with that colour; the third is edged with grey, and tipped with white; and the fourth is merely tipped with grey: the rest of the tail is black: the legs are pale grey: the male is rather larger than the female, and has his back of a darker black. ioe e. : 515 SAND LARK. (Alauda arenaria.) AL. rufescenti-gilva, nigro maculata, subtus alba, fascia pectorali maculari, medio interrupta, nigra, cauda nigra, rectricibus ba- teralibus oblique albis. Reddish ash-coloured Lark, spotted with black ; beneath white, with a black band on the breast, composed of spots, inter- rupted in the middle; tail black, the outer feathers white towards their tips. -Alauda calandrilla. Bonelli, Memoires de l’ Academie de Turin. Tuts bird has the upper parts of its body of a reddish grey, sprinkled with black: the under parts white, with an interrupted band on the breast composed of black spots: tail-feathers black, with the first obliquely tipped with white on the outer web; the second with the tip and outer margin aa of that colour; the third and fourth with only the outer web, towards the tip, white. Inhabits France. MONGOLIAN LARK. P (Alauda Mongolica.) AL. capite colloque ferrugineis, vitta annulart verticis marginals maculaque medio albis, gula macula nigra bifida, Lark with the head and neck ferruginous, with an annular stripe on the edge of the crown, and a spot in the middle white; throat with a bifid black spot. Alauda Mongolica. Pall. It. 3. 697. 19.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 799.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 497. 18. Mongolian Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 384. 16. Tue Mongolian Lark is much superior in size to the Calandre, and has a finer note: it inhabits the salt meadows, on the Chinese frontiers, be- tween the rivers Argun and Onon: its beak is stout as in the Black Lark: the head and neck are rust-coloured, with the crown of the former deepest in colour, encircled with white, and erna- mented with a distinct white spot in the middle: the throat is ornamented with a large divaricating patch of black. RUFOUS-BACKED LARK. (Alauda fulva.) AL. fusco-nigricans, cervice dorso scapularibusque rufo aurantiis, alis caudaque obscuris. Brown-black Lark, with the neck, back, and scapulars, reddish orange; the wings and tail obscure. RED LARK. 517 Alauda fixlva. Laih, Ind. Orn, 2. 492, 2 Alauda rufa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.792. L’ Alouette noire a dos fauve. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 23. L’ Alouette noire d’Encenada. Buff. Pl. Enl, 738. f. 2. Rufous-backed Lark. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 371. 2. Mucu smaller than the Sky-Lark, scarcely mea- suring five inches in length: the beak, legs, head, throat, fore-part of the neck, under parts of the body, and upper tail-coverts, are dusky brown: hinder part of the neck, the back, and scapulars, rufous orange: lesser and middle wing-coverts dusky, edged with fulvous: quills and tail deep dusky brown, the outer feathers of the latter edged with rufous. Inhabits Buenos Ayres. RED LARK. ( Alauda rubra. ) At. obscure fusca, subtus fulvo-rufescens maculis fuscis varia, genis nigricantibus, superciiis pallide rufis. Dull-brown Lark, beneath fulvous red, varied with fuscous spots; cheeks dusky ; eyebrows pale rufous, Alauda rubra. Gmel, Syst, Nat. 1. 794.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 494, 10. es Alauda pensylvanica, SBriss,-Sup. 4. Alouette 4 joues brunes de Pensylvanie. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs. «5. 58. | Lark from Pensylvania. Edwards. Birds. 297. Red Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool. 140.—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 270.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 376. 8.—Lewin. Brit, Birds. 3. 93.—Mont. Orn, Dict, 1.—Mont. Sup, App. Ss RED LARK; As large as the Sky-Lark: its beak is blackish: the upper parts of the body are dusky brown: a black stripe passes through the eyes, and a clay- coloured one is situated above it: the irides are _ dark: the under parts of the body are pale red-— dish brown, varied with dusky spots: legs dark brown: hind claw slightly curved. Common in North America, and is said to have been captured in England, but not upon good grounds, as Ame- rican animals have generally proved distinct to any found on the old continent, when they have been properly examined: it has been confounded with | some other species, as the two Waxwings and va- rious other birds have been confounded. Colonel Montagu describes as a species the fol- lowing, which he says was taken in Middlesex*, and which he considers to be the Red Lark: “ This species is rather superior in size to the Sky-lark: the beak is dusky above, whitish beneath, except at the point: irides hazel: the upper part of the head, hind part of the neck and back, rufous brown, each feather a little dusky in the middle: over the eye a pale ferruginous streak : chin and throat the same: the ear-coverts inclin- ing to dusky: from the beak under the eye a narrow dusky line: the sides of the neck and breast. ferruginous, with dusky spots: belly and under tail-coverts ferruginous white: greater quill- feathers dusky, slightly edged with yellowish white ; the rest of the quills deeply margined with rufous: some of the larger coverts the same, but * Which we doubt. | pit |\ os RUFOUS LARK. 519 those immediately impending the secondary quills have whitish tips, making a small bar across the wing; one row also of the smaller coverts is tipped with white, making another line of that colour across the superior part of the wing: the two middle feathers of the tail are dusky, deeply margined: with rufous brown; the outer feather is white, the next is white on the exterior web, and part of the inner web towards the tip: the shaft dusky; the rest are dusky: legs yellowish brown: hind claws as long as the toe, and some- what curved.” RUFOUS LARK. (Alauda rufa, ) AL. nigricans rufo nebulosa, corpore subtus gulaque albis, rec- tricibus duabus extimis albo marginatis, Dusky Lark, clouded with rufous, with the body beneath and the throat white, the two outer tail-feathers edged with white. Alauda rufa, Gel, Syst. Nat. 1. 798.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 48. 22. Variole. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 63. | Petite alouette de Buenos Ayres. Buff. Pl. Eni. 738. f. 1: Rufous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 388. 20. Tur Rufous Lark is five inches and upwards in length: its beak and legs are brownish: the crown of the head and upper parts of the plumage dusky, varied with rufous: the greater quills grey, the lesser brown, all bordered with rufous: the ~ 520 FERRUGINOUS LARK. fore-part of the neck rufous, darkened with black: the throat and all the under parts of the body dirty white: the tail-feathers brown,‘all edged with pale rufous but the two outer ones, which have white edges. Found in South America, in the vicinity of the Rio de Plata. FERRUGINOUS LARK. ( Alauda Gorensis.) AL. nigro-maculata ferrugineo-fusca subtus Jerruginea, abdomine albo, cauda nigricante, rectrictbus extimis oblique albis. Rusty-brown Lark spotted with black, beneath ferruginous ; the abdomen white; tail dusky, with the outer feathers ob- liquely marked with white. Alauda Gorensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. litt. 1. Ferruginous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 229. 5. Beak brown: the feathers on the crown of the head, nape, and upper part of the back, dusky, with rufous edges: back and rump ferruginous: quills with their margins pale: chin and under parts of the body rust-colour; the feathers on the throat and breast streaked with dusky: belly nearly white, with dusky spots: vent white: edges of the tail-feathers white; the outer feather with a triangular white spot on the tip, and the two middle feathers rusty brown: legs pale: locality unknown. ; a1 TESTACEOUS LARK. (Alauda testacea. ) Au, testacea subtus albida, vertice tectricibusque alarum nigro maculatis, rectricibus quatuor exterioribus testaceo-albis. Testaceous Lark, beneath whitish, with the crown and wing- -coverts spotted with black, and the four outer tail-feathers of a testaceous white. Alauda testacea. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1, 798.—Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 29. Testaceous Lark. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 393. 27. Dr. Latuam, on the authority of Mr. Pennant, describes this species as a native of Gibraltar: its “ beak is black: the upper parts of the body tes- taceous: crown of the head dashed with black: the wing-coverts marked with the same: the under parts of the body testaceous white: quills dusky ; the secondaries deeply margined with testaceous ; the edges of the greater pale: four of the middle tail-feathers. marked as the quills; the others tes- taceous white: legs yellow: hind claw a trifle in- curvated.” ; SIBERIAN LARK. (Alauda flava.) AL. rufa, griseo varia subtus alba, vertice nigro maculato, fascia pectorali suboculari lorisque nigris. Rufous Lark, varied with grey, beneath white, with the crown spotted with black, a’band on the breast and beneath the ' eyes, and the lores black. 3 Alauda flava. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 800. Alauda alpestris. 6. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 498. 21. La Ceinture de Prétre. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 61.—Buff. Pl. p. Eal, 6500/22: | Shore Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 387.19. A. Founp in Germany, Prussia, Russia, and Siberia, but not very abundant, particularly in the former places: its length is somewhat less than six inches: the beak is lead-coloured: the forehead, chin, throat, and sides of the head, are pale yellow: between the beak and eye is a spot of black, which passes beneath the eye, and unites with a larger spot near the ear: the top of the head and upper parts of the body are varied with rufous and grey brown: the crown is spotted with black: the quills are grey, edged with darker: the breast has a large spot of black; the rest of the under parts are whitish: the rump is slightly inclined to yel- low: the outer tail-feathers are edged with white, and the others with grey, with the middle of each nearly black: the legs are lead-coloured ; and the hind claw is almost straight. > er bo oa) GINGI LARK. (Alauda Gingica. ) AL. cinereo-fusca, capite cinereo, subtus vittaque per oculos nigra. Brown-ash Lark, with the head ash-coloured, the under parts of the body and stripe through the eyes black. _ Alauda Gingica. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 4906. 14. 7 La petit alouette grise de Gingi. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. 203. pi. 113.f. 2. 7 Gingi Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 380. 12. Native of the Coromandel Coast: it is four inches and a half in length: beak pale rufous grey: the head greyish ash: the upper parts of the plumage greyish brown: the whole of the under parts, and stripe through the eyes, black: the legs pale rufous grey. . MARSH LARK. ( Alauda Mosellana.) AL. rufa, fusco varia subtus rufescens, pectore fusco maculaio, fascis tribus subocularibus fuscts. - Red Lark, varied with brown, beneath rufescent, with the breast spotted with brown, and three stripes beneath the eyes brown. Alauda Mosellana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 794.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 495. 11. Le Rousseline, ou l’Alouette de marais. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 5. 60.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 661.7. 1. Marsh Lark. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 377. 9. 524 CINEREOUS LARK. Common in marshy places in many parts of Germany, particularly in Alsace, and the borders of the river Moselle, in the neighbourhood of Metz, in the autumn: it is said to be a very charming songster: its length is six inches and a quarter: the entire plumage inclines to rufous ; on the top of the head, and upper parts of the neck and body, varied with brown: beneath the eye are three stripes of brown: the sides of the head and throat pale rufous: the breast and thighs rufous, the former striped with brown; the rest of the under parts rufous white: tail dusky brown, with rufous edges: beak, legs, and claws, yel- lowish. 7 CINEREOUS LARK. ( Alauda cinerea. ) Av. cinerea, abdomine albo, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, rec~ trice extima extus apice alba. Cinereous Lark, with the abdomen white, the quills and tail brown, the outer feather of the latter tipped with white on the exterior edge. Alauda cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 798.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 499. 23. Cinereous Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 388. 21. Locairy unknown, but supposed to be from the Cape of Good Hope: it was described by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the late Leverian SENEGAL LARK. 595 Museum: it is six inches in length: the upper parts of its plumage cinereous: the under parts white :*the quills and tail dark brown; the outer feather of the latter white near the tip: legs dusky. SENEGAL LARK. ( Alauda Senegalensis. ) AL. fusco griseoque varia subius albida, collo inferiore fusco ma- culato, rectricibus duabus extimis extus rufo-albis. Lark varied with brown and grey, beneath whitish, with the lower part of the neck spotted with brown, and the two outer tail-feathers with their exterior webs reddish white. Alauda Senegalensis. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1.797.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 28. | Alauda Senegalensis cristata. Briss. Orn. 3. 362. 10. pl. 10. f. % Grisette, ou Cocheris du Sénégal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 79. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 504. f. 1. | Senegal Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 392. 26. Tue Senegal Lark is six inches and a half in length: its beak is horn-coloured: the feathers on the upper parts of the body are brown in the middle and grey at their edges, giving those parts a variegated appearance: the quills are grey brown, with grey borders on their outer webs, and rufous on their inner: the throat is whitish, spotted with brown; the rest of the under parts plain whitish: the sides of the body are tinged 526 YELTONIAN LARK. with rufous: the outer tail-feather is nearly all rufous; the next has the outer edge of that colour; and te others, with the exception of the two middle ones, which are grey, are plain brown: legs and claws grey. YELTONIAN LARK. (Alauda Yeltonensis. ) AL, nigra supra rufescente varia, sexta remigum margine exe’ teriore alba, rectricibus duabus intermediis rufis., | Black Lark, varied with rufous above, with the outer web of the sixth quill white, and the two middle tail-feathers rufous. Alauda Yeltonensis, Phil. Trans. Lvit. p. 350.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 496. 16. | Yeltonian Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II, 228. 3 Turs species is the size of a Starling: its beak is black at the base and pale at the tip: the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is black, with the head, back, and shoulders, varied with rufous: the outer web of the sixth quill-feather is white : the two middle tail-feathers are rufous; the rest are similar to the upper parts of the plumage: the hind claws nearly straight. Very abundant near the Volga. 2 | 527 p | FIELD LARKs (Alauda agrestis. ) At, rubro-fusca subtus maculata, gula abdomineque albis, jugulo pectoreque obscure flavescentibus. Red-brown Lark, spotted beneath, with the throat and abdomen white, the jugulum and breast dull yellowish. Alauda minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 793.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 494. 8. Lesser Field Lark. Will. Ang. p. 207. ‘Tree Lark. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 181.? | Field Lark. Pen. Brit. Zool, 139.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 305. D. - —Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 375.6.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 92.— Walc. Syn, 2. pl. 192.—Mont. Orn. Dict, 1.—Mont. Sup. THis species measures six inches and a half in length: its weight is five drams and three quar- ters: its beak is dusky above and whitish beneath: irides hazel: the upper parts of the plumage are of a light yellowish brown, with the middle of each feather dusky brown: the coverts of the wings are tipped with whitish: the rump is plain light brown: the throat and breast are of an ochra- ceous yellow, the feathers of the latter with their _ céntres dusky black: belly yellowish white: the outer tail-feathers white; the next slightly tipped with that colour; the rest dusky: legs yellowish brown; claws horn-colour; the hind one short and hooked. © This bird greatly resembles the Tit-lark, but the beak and legs will enable any one to dis- tinguish it with certainty: the present species ¥. XP. it. 34 528 FIELD LARK. having the beak much broader at the base than that bird, and having the legs yellowish brown, and not dusky; this has also the hind claw shorter and more curved. The manners of this bird also greatly resemble those of the Tit, but it is a soli- tary species, never associating in flocks as that bird is accustomed to do, but appearing to be thinly scattered over the more enclosed places, not being seen on the moors and downs, where the Tit-lark is most abundant. The nest of this bird is placed only amongst high grass in the most cul- tivated parts, where there are plenty of trees: it is composed of dry grass, fibrous roots, and a little moss, lined with fine grass and hair: its eggs are of a dirty blueish white, blotched and spotted with purplish brown: they are four in number. The song of this bird, which is only uttered during its descent from flight, is greatly superior to that of the Tit-lark, though somewhat similar. Its flight is very peculiar, mounting up in a flut- tering manner, and after some time descending to a neighbouring tree with motionless wing and expanded tail, and then pitching on the ground, warbling during its descent. It is found in the western and sanenenn parts of England, and in South Wales. 529 LOUISIANE LARK. ( Alauda ludoviciana. ) Au. fusco nigricans subtus fulva, jugulo pectoreque flavescente- griseis, pectore fusco maculato. Dusky-brown Lark, beneath fulvous, with the jugulum and breast yellowish-grey, the latter spotted with fuscous. Alauda ludoviciana, Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1.793.— Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 494. O. | La Farlouzanne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 38. Louisiane Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 376. 7. Larcer than Alauda agrestis, which it greatly resembles: it is seven inches in length: the upper parts of its body are varied with greenish and dusky brown: the wing-coverts and quills are blackish brown, bordered with paler brown: the throat, neck, and breast yellowish grey, the two latter spotted with brown; the rest of the under -parts fulvous: the outer tail-feather half brown, half white, the next tipped with the latter colour, and the rest of ioe tail plain brown.. Inhabits Louisiana. | 530 SHORE LARK. (Alauda alpestris.) _ AL. rectricibus dimidio interiore albis, gula flava, fascia aes lari pectoralique nigra. Lark with the inner half of the tail- feathers white, the throat yellow, and a band beneath the eyes and on the breast black. Alauda alpestris. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 289. 10.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 800.—Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 498. 21. Alauda virginiana. Briss. Orn. 3. 367. 12. Le Haussecol noir. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 55. , Shore Lark. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 278.—Catesb. Carol. 1. pl, 32. —Phil. Trans, Ux11. 398.+Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 385. 19. A very abundant species in North America, visiting the country about Albany in the early part of May, and retiring to the northern parts to breed: in the winter it makes its appearance in — Virginia and Carolina: it is called Snow-bird, or — Ortolan; the former from its being abundant in the winter, and the latter from its delicious flavour: during the winter many are captured by horse- | hair springes, which are placed in the snow: it feeds on grain, grass, and the buds of the birch : it is quite destitute of a song. The length of this species is six inches and a half: its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of its body are reddish brown, striped with dusky: the forehead and space round the eyes are of a clear yellow: from the beak, passing beneath the eye and on the sides of the neck, is a stripe of | “ ‘ | MALABAR LARK. , 53] black, which ends at a small distance below the ears: the throat and fore-part of the neck are pale yellow ; the latter is varied with a broad band of black: all the rest of the under parts are pale yellow: the tail-coverts are pale rust-colour: the _ tail itself and wings are similar in colour to the upper parts of the body, with their edges rather paler: claws black: the female differs slightly from the male, having the back grey, with the shafts of each feather darker brown than in him, and the crown is not black, but dusky. MALABAR LARK. (Alauda Malabarica.) AL. fusca pennis rufo marginatis, apice albo maculatis, collo rufescente maculis sagittatis nigris. Brown Lark, with the feathers edged with rufous and tipped with white, the neck reddish, spotted with black arrow-shaped marks. PORT Alauda malabarica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 795.—Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.405. 13. ' L’ Alouette huppée de la céte de Malabar. Sonner. Voy, Ind. 2. 203. pl. 113. f. 1. Malabar Lark. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.379. 11. Inuasits the Malabar coast: length above five inches and a half: the beak is black: the feathers on the crown of the head are brown, tipped with white: back and wing-coverts brown, edged with 532 NEW ZEALAND LARK. pale ‘rufous, and marked with a small white spot at the tip of each feather: quills dirty brown, edged with pale rufous: the neck pale rufous, with each feather black on the shafts: the throat and belly rufous white: the tail similar to the quills: legs pale rufous. ae NEW ZEALAND LARK. (Alauda nove Zelandiz. ) AL. obscura pennis cinerascente marginatis, abdomine, superciliis- que albis, fascia oculari nigra. Obscure Lark, with the feathers edged with greyish, the ab- domen and eyebrows white, and a black band near the eye. Alauda nove Zealandiz. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 497. 19. Alauda nove Seelandiz. Gumel. Syst. Nat.1.799. New Zealand Lark. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 384, 17. pl. 51. Saip by Dr. Latham to be *‘in length seven - inches and a half: beak half an inch, pale ash- colour, with the upper part black: the upper parts of the body are dusky, edged with pale ash- colour: above the. eye a white streak; through _ the eye one of mottled black: fore-part of the neck marked as the upper parts, but much paler: breast and belly white: vent pale cinereous: legs reddish ash-colour: claws black; hind one almost — | straight, and half an inch in length. Inhabits Charlotte Sound, and called Kogoo aroure.” \ ! { N X é a Pa. ~ 4 Ne NEW ZEALAND LARK. * 46 533 CRESTED LARK. ( Alauda cristata.) AL. rectricibus nigris, extimis duabus margine exteriore altis, capite cristato. Lark with black tail-feathers, the two outer of which are white on their exterior edges ; head crested. Alauda cristata, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 288. 6.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 796.—Briss. Orn..3. 357. 8.—Lath, Ind. Orn, 2, 499. 25. Le Cocheris, ou la grosse Alouette huppée. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 66.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 503.f. 1. Crested Lark. Will. Ang. 208.—Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 52.— Lath. Gen, Syn. 4, 389. 23. | * Larcer than the Sky-lark: length about seven inches: beak brown: irides hazel: head with the feathers on the crown much elongated and form- ing a crest, which is darker in colour than the rest of the plumage: the back ash-coloured, and spotted with brownish, but less than in the Sky-lark: the - rump scarcely spotted: the breast and belly yel- lowish white: the throat slightly spotted with dusky: tail rather short; the two outer feathers with their exterior edges white, tinged with red. Found in many parts of Europe, but not in England: it is a fine songster, but does not equal the Sky-lark: it delights in frequenting the banks of rivers and lakes: its nest is placed carelessly on the ground, if possible where junipers are abun- dant: its eggs, which are said to be deposited twice a year, are four or five in number. Q ees ross MQ es THORACIC WAGTAIL. - a INDIAN WAGTAIL. (Motacilla Indica.) Mo. griseo-virescens subtus flavescens, pectore lunulis duabus nigris confluentibus, rectricibus duabus extimis femoribus crissoque alais, : Greenish-grey Wagtail, beneath yellowish, with two black con- fluent lunules on the breast; the two outer tail-feathers, thighs, and vent, white. Motacilla Indica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 962.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. . 508. 7. ‘Le Percerducies grise des Indes. Sonner, Voy. Ind. 2. 207. Indian Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 399. 5. Innazits the East Indies: beak pale rufous: irides yellow: head, hind part of the neck, lesser wing-coverts, back, and rump, dirty greenish grey: the greater wing-coverts yellow; the secondary quills part brown, part yellow; the primaries dirty brown, with yellow margins: breast with two lunulated black bands, coalescing at their tips, and connected with a line of the same colour in the middle; the rest of the breast, throat, and belly, whitish yellow: thighs and vent white: the two middle tail-feathers greenish grey; the rest dusky brown; the two outer ones white: legs pale rufous. 564 VITIFLORA. WHEATEAR. Generic Character. Rostrum basi altius quam la- || Beak higher than broad, _ tum, rectum, inter nares straight, between the nos- angulosum, et ad apicem trils angulated, and bent ‘incurvatim. | down towards the tip. | Nares obovate, depressius- || Nostrils suboval and depress- cule. ed. | Pedes digitis tribus anticis, || Feet with three toes before, - uno postico; digitus ex- and one behind; .the outer terior medio basi subtus toe connected with the connexus, middle at the base. Tue birds belonging to this genus are of a very timid nature, retiring beneath stones and. turfs upon the appearance of the least danger, or even upon the motion of a cloud, which has devised a very easy method of capturing them, as mentioned in the account of V. Cinanthe, which is the only indigenous species: they all feed upon insects, and are of a solitary disposition: they have been separated from the modern genus Sylvia, and placed by themselves, agreeably to the excellent arrangement of the older naturalists, but whieh has been subverted, in many instances, by later writers. ae ie ne 565 WHITE-RUMPED WHEATEAR. ( Vitiflora (Enanthe.) V1. dorso cano, Sronte supercilis uropygio basique caude albis, per oculos fascia nigra. Wheatear with a hoary back; the forehead, eyebrows, rump, and base of the tail, white; and a band of black through the eyes, Vitiflora. Raw, Syn. 75. A. 1.—Briss. Orn. 3. 499. 33. Motacilla GEnanthe, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 15.—Lin, Faun. Suec. 254.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 906. Sylvia CEnanthe. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 529. 79. Le Cul-blanc, Vitrec, ou Motteux. Buff Hist. Nat, Ois. é. 237.—Buff, Pl. Enl. 554. f. 1, 2. Wheatear, Fallowsmich, or Whitetail. Pen, Brit. Zool, 1. 157. —Pen, Arct. Zool, 2,420. P.—Will. Ang. 133. pl, 41.—Albin. Birds. 1. pl, 55.—Edwards, Birds. pref. p. 12.—Lath. Gen. | Syn. 4. 465. 75.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 182.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 110.—Lin, Trans. 4. p. 17.—Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 241.— Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 9.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup— Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 229. B. fulvo albidoque varia, jugulo griseo maculato, rectricibus duabus intermediis toto nigris. Varied with fulvous and white, with the jugulum spotted with _grey, and the two middle tail-feathers entirely black. Vitiflora grisea. Briss, Orn. 3. 452. 34. pl. 21. f. 2. Motacilla Ginanthe. 8. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332.15. Sylvia Génanthe. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 530. Cul-blanc gris. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 244. Grey Wheatear. Pen. Brit, Zool. App.—Lath. Gen. Syn. A. 467. rae y. supra cinerea, griseo-fusco varia. Above ash-coloured, varied with grey brown. Vitiflora cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 454. 35. pl. 21.f. 3, Cul-blanc cendré. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 245. : Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 468. B $66 WHITE-RUMPED WHEATEAR. / Tus species of Wheatear is six inches and a half in length: its beak is black: irides hazel: from the beak, passing through the eyes, and end- ing on the ears, arises a black streak: the eye- brows are white, and join a spot of that colour on the forehead: the upper part of the head and back are hoary grey: the quills are dusky, edged with pale rust: wing-coverts black, tipped with rusty yellow: rump, upper and under tail-coverts, white; tail with its two middle feathers, with one inch, and the rest half an inch, black at their tips : under part of the neck buff-coloured: breast and belly yellowish white: legs and claws black: the female is rather heavier than the male, but’ her colours are not so beautiful; the white line over the eye and on the forehead is very obscure, as is also the black streak which passes through the eyes: the back is varied with grey and brown: the young bird resembles the female. There are several varieties of this species de- scribed by authors: the first is mentioned by Bris-- son, who observes that it has a mixture of whitish and fulvous on the upper parts, and that the lower part of the neck is varied with small grey spots : its two middle tail-feathers are entirely black; and its beak and legs brown. Mr. Pennant also men- tions one that approaches very near the last :.an- other described by Brisson has the, rump grey- brown, and the upper parts of the body varied with that colour and grey. ‘There is a white variety in the British Museum, which was killed on Dart- moor, by P. Ilbert, Esq. who sent: it to Montagu. WHITE-RUMPED WHEATEAR. 567 ‘These birds, which are very abundant in many parts of Britain, arrive in this country in March, the females generally appearing first: they con- tinue migrating till May, when the young are hatched. They are not gregarious, seldom more than a pair or two being seen together, except towards autumn, when they appear in small flocks of forty or fifty: the numbers that are taken in the neighbourhood of East Bourne, in Sussex, are really astonishing, when we consider that so few are ever seen together, generally amounting to -upwards of 1800 dozens in number annually; as many as 84 dozens are recorded to have been captured in one day on the South Downs by a single shepherd. They are caught in a singular manner, by placing two turfs on edge in the shape of a Roman T; at each end a small horse-hair noose is fastened to a stick, which the birds, either in search of food, or on the appearance of a hawk, or the motion of a cloud, get under for shelter, being very timid animals, and are certain to be en- tangled in the noose. Pennant informs us that they sold at the rate of six-pence per dozen: they cannot be had now for more than treble that sum, even in the height of the season. It used to be a common custom for the inhabitants in the vicinity of the traps to visit them, take out the bird, and leave a penny for the shepherd, but that is in a great measure abolished. Numbers of them are picked and sent up to the London poulterers, and others are potted, and are as much esteemed in England as the Ortolan is on the continent. They breed under shelter of a clod or turf, on 568 BLACK-HOODED WHEATEAR: heaths, or newly ploughed lands, or in old de- serted rabbit burrows; if the latter, the nest is ge- nerally placed very far within: it is composed of dry grass and moss, mixed with wool, rabbit. fur, &c. and lined with feathers, hair, or wool, and is very neatly put together: the eggs are five or six in number, of an uniform pale blue colour, and weigh about forty-three grains. _ The White-rump has a very pretty song, which is occasionally uttered on wing, especially during the breeding season, at which time it also dis- plays its tail in a very extraordinary manner: its food consists of insects; but in rainy seasons, when there are but few to be procured, it will feed upon worms. During the months of August and Sep- tember the migration of these birds commences, and they assemble in quantities on the Sussex and Dorset downs, preparatory to their departure, which is believed to take place in the night. They are found in most parts of Europe, and have been observed in the Isles of Orkney and Zetland, and on the continent still farther mare they likewise inhabit Asia. , BLACK-HOODED WHEATEAR. ( Vitiflora pileata.) Vi. capite rectricibus intermediis laterabusque apice nigwis, super- ciliis, fronte, mento, uropygio, abdomineque albis. Wheatear with the head, middle tail-feathers, and tips of the latenal ones, black ; the eyebrows, forehead, chin, rump, and abdomen, white. aoe - ie RED WHEATEAR. 569 Sylvia pileata, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531. 84. Motacilla pileata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Black-hooded Wheatear. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 471. 80. _ Descrisep by Dr. Latham, who informs us that it is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Schaap Wagter: it is the size of the White-rump: length six inches: beak black: head black, uniting on each side the neck with a deep crescent of ‘the same: the eyebrows are white: forehead and chin the same: the back and wing russet-brown: rump, belly, and tail, white, the whole of the two middle, and tips of the other, feathers of the latter excepted, which are black. It approaches near to the common species. RED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora rufa.) Vi. ferruginea, alis fuscis, area oculorum caudaque nigris, rec- tricibus extimis latere albis. Ferruginous Wheatear, with the wings brown, space round the eyes and the tail black, and the sides of the outer tail- feathers white. Vitiflora rufa. Briss, Om . 459. 37. Sylvia Stapazina. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 530. 80. Motacilla Stapazina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 966.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 331. 14. Cul-blanc roux, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 246. (Enanthe altera Aldrovandi. Razi. Syn. p. 76. 2. Stapazino. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 241. q.—Raii. Syn. 81. No, 13. var, : | Russet Wheatear. Edwards. Birds. pl. 31.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 468. 70. * ; 570 PROVENCE WHEATEAR. _ Taken at Gibraltar and near Bologna: about six inches in length: the male has the head, neck, back, and breast, of a faint dirty orange; the back darkest, and the breast palest: the lower part of the back has a crescent of black spots: the rump, lower part of the belly, and upper tail-coverts, are white: the chin, cheeks, and throat, black: the wings light brown: the two middle tail-feathers black; the rest white, edged with black: beak and legs black: the female differs in having the throat white. Willoughby describes a bird that has the wing-feathers half black, half yellow; the throat, breast, and belly, white; and the tail to- wards the base yellowish: in other respects it agrees very well with the above. It was taken near Nismes, PROVENCE WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora massiliensis,) * Vi. rufa, subtus rufo-alba, pectore nigricante maculata, vertice cerviceque rufo fuscescentibus, macula sub oculis cchroleuca, rectricibus duabus extimis totis albis. Rufous Wheatear, beneath reddish white, with the breast spotted with dusky ; the crown and nape reddish brown; spot beneath the eyes ochraceous white, and the two outer tail-feathers en- tirely white. ny Sylvia massiliensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531. 85. : Motacilla massiliensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Fist de Provence. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.5.194.—Buff’. Pl. Eni. — 654, f. 1. Provence Wheatear, Lath. Gen. Syn, 4.471. 81. SPOTTED WHEATEAR. 571 Tus bird receives the name of Fist from its cry, which is said to resemble that word: it is a timid species, hiding itself beneath a turf or stone when disturbed: its length is seven inches: beak dusky: top-of the head, and hind part of the neck, pale rufous brown; the tips of the feathers dusky: upper part of the back rufous: lesser wing-coverts and quills black, edged with rufous: beneath the eyes a yellowish white spot: neck and breast spotted with black: the rest of the under parts reddish white: tail slightly forked, dusky black; the two middle feathers edged with rufous, and the four next with white: the two outer ones en- tirely of the latter colour: legs yellowish. In- habits Provence. SPOTTED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora maculata.) | Vi. nigro-maculata supra Jusca subtus albida, orbitis ochroleucis, uropygto fusco, cauda nigra basi alba, rectricibus extimis ex- terius et apice albis. Black spotted Wheatear, above fuscous, beneath white; orbits yellowish white ; rump brown; tail black, with a white base, with the outer margin and tip of the exterior feather white. Sylvia maculata. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 532. 86. Motacilla maculata. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Pivote ortolane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 195.—-Buff. Pl. Enl. 654.7. 2. , | Spotted Wheatear, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 472. 82. O72 ORANGE-BREASTED WHEATEAR. _ Tue upper part of the plumage of this bird is brown, spotted with dusky black: the wing-coverts and quills black, edged with sullied white: pri- maries black: rump and upper tail-coverts brown : eyelids yellowish white: neck and breast spotted with black: under parts of the plumage dusky white: sides spotted with dusky: tail black, with the outer webs and tips of the exterior feathers, and the bases of the rest, white: legs yellowish. Inhabits Provence with the last, which it greatly resembles: it may possibly be a — oF that species. ORANGE-BREASTED WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora aurantia.) Vi. fusca, subtus aurantia, gutture albido infra nigro varto, tec- tricibus alarum majoribus caudeque albis, rectricibus Pas la-- teralibus apice albis. Brown Wheatear, beneath orange-coloured, with the throat whitish, varied with black beneath; the greater wing-coverts ‘ and tail white ; the feathers of the latter fuscous, the outer ~ ones tipped with white. Sylvia aurantia. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 531. 83. ~Motacilla aurantia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Motteux ou Cul-blanc brun-verdatre. Buf. Hist. Nat. O's. Bi. 248. Orange-breasted Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 470. 79. - Leners six inches: upper parts of the plumage dark brown, varied with greenish brown: the CAPE WHEATEAR.* $573 greater wing-coverts, upper and under tail-coverts, _ white: throat dirty white: fore-part of the neck the same, sprinkled with dirty black: breast orange, palest on the lower parts: all but the two middle tail-feathers with white tips; the rest of the tail brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CAPE WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora Hotentotta.) V1. fulvo fusca, gula abdomineque inferiore albidis, supertore uro- pygioque fulvis, tectricibus caude superioribus flavicantibus, cauda nigra basi alba, apice albida, Fulvous-brown Wheatear, with the throat and lower part of the belly white; the upper part and rump brown; the upper tail- coverts yellowish; the tail black, with a white base and whitish tip. ; ne Sylvia Hotentotta. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531. 82. ‘Motacilla Hotentotta. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 965. Grand Motteux ou Cul-blanc du Cap de Bonne Espérance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 248. | “e Cape Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 470. 78. Tue Cape Wheatear, as its name imports, is found at the Cape of Good Hope: it is eight inches in length: the crown of the head and the breast are varied with dark and pale brown: the upper parts of the plumage fulvous brown: rump with a pale fulvous band: upper tail-coverts white: wings brown, edged with yellowish: upper parts of the belly and sides fulvous; lower part of the 574 RUFOUS WHEATEAR. former dirty white: under tail-coverts yellowish : the base of the tail is white, the middle black, and the tip whitish, except of the two middle feathers, which are fulvous. RUFOUS WHEATEAR. (Vitiflora leucorrhoa.) Vi. rufo-fusca, subtus ochroleuca, uropysto letetielius basique caude albis. Red-brown Wheatear, beneath ss Nopiial white, with the rump, base, and coverts of the tail, white. a Sylvia leucorrhoa. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 531.81. Motacilla leucorrhoa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 966. ‘Motteux du Sénégal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 249. Cul-blane du Sénégal. Buff. Pl. Enl, 583.f. 2. Rufous Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.499. 77- Tuis bird is rather larger than the White-rumped Wheatear: it is a native of Senegal: length seven inches: beak black: the upper parts of the body are reddish brown’; the wing-coverts and quills are margined with rufous: the rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and base of the tail, are white: | the breast inclines to reddish, and the rest of the under parts are yellowish \ white: the legs are black: the tip a the tail is similar to the quills. \\ht AN! \\ \ t i MN \ i \ 7 \ Kt RUFOUS WHEAT-EAR . SYLVIA. WARBLER. Generic Character. * Rostrum gracile, rectum, cy- || Beak slender, straight, cylin- lindricum, mandibulis sub- drical, the mandibles nearly equalibus. _ equal. Nares obovate. Nostrils slightly oval. Pedes simplices, digitis tri- || Feet simple, with three toes bus anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. Tue Warblers, as they now stand, form one of the largest divisions of birds, which it is impossible _ to separate into genera on account of the great number of species, that are either not sufficiently well figured, or are merely known from descrip- tion; but it is to be hoped that some future or- nitholortss will undertake the laborious task of ‘separating the birds belonging to the genera Lus- ciniola, Ficedula, Curruca, and others, of the older authors; as the present genus consists of an hete- rogeneous assemblage of small birds, having a. few characters in common: many are noticed for - their charming songs: they perch on trees, and proceed upon the ground by leaps, and some are distinguished by their peculiar flight: their prin- cipal food is insects, but some few will eat berries and fruits: they are found in all parts of the globe. Vv. NTP. HH. 37 / 576 NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. (Sylvia Luscinia. ) Sy. rufo-cinerea subtus cinereo-alba, rectricibus fusco-rufis. Red-grey Warbler, beneath cinereous white, with the tail of a brownish-red. __ 7 Sylvia Luscinia. Scop. Ann. 1. 227.—Lathi Ind, Orn, 2. 506. 1. Motacilla Luscinia, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 328.—Lin. Faun, Suec. 244.—Gmel. Syst. Nat..1. 950.— Ray. Syn. er A, 2. Luscinia. Briss. Orn, 3. 397. 13. Rossignol. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 81. pl. 6. f2 aby. Pi, - Enl, 615.f. 2. Nightingale. Pen. Brit. Zool, 1, 145.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 416. _ A— Albin, Birds. 3. 53.— Albin. Song Birds. 67.—Will. Ang. 220. pl. 41.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 408. 1.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 180.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 233.—Lewin, Brit. Birds. 3. pl. GQ. —Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 229.—Don. Brit. Birds. 5. pl. 108.— Bewick, Brit, Birds. 1. 199.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup. ‘ one B. tota alba. Entirely white. : Luscinia candida. Briss. Orn. 3. 401. 8B. Rossignol blanc. Buff: Hist. Nat. Otis. §. 114. White Nightingale. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 412. Or all the Warblers this appears to be the greatest favourite, not on account of its plumage, which is extremely simple and elegant, but for the charming melody of its voice, which enlivens the solitary gloom of night to the bewildered tra- veller. It is the largest of the genus found in England: it is the size of a Skylark: its length is about six inches: beak brown: irides hazel: ied NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. 1 SY iL ¢ NIGHTINGALE WARBLER. ST _ the head and upper parts of the body pale tawny : the quills brown, their outer webs reddish brown: the under parts are grey brown: the tail deep tawny red: female rather less, but similar in colour. he. Notwithstanding this bird is common in this country, it never visits the northern parts, and but seldom occurs in the western counties of Devonshire and Cornwall, although it is plentiful . in the adjoining counties of Somersetshire and Dorsetshire, and the two former places are well wooded, and apparently equally calculated for its abode: its northern bounds appear to be about Doncaster, in Yorkshire; but on the continent it occurs in Sweden and Germany much farther north than many parts of Scotland. In Asia it extends even to Siberia and Kamtschatka: in the eastern.quarter of the globe it appears to be most — abundant, and appears at all times in India, Persia, China, and Japan, where it is greatly prized. In Aleppo these birds are tamed, and are let out for the evening for the Byspese of entertaining by their song. The males appear about the latter end of April, or the beginning of May; the females about a. week or ten days later: the male never quits the spot first resorted to, but entices the female with his song. Shortly after their arrival the nest is constructed; it is fixed in.a low bush or hedge, well covered with leaves, and is composed of dry leaves and grass, and lined with hair or down; it is often 578 NIGHTINGALE WARBLER: placed upon the ground amongst the same mate- rials with which it is composed: the eggs are four or five in number, of a greenish brown: the female alone performs the business of incubation, while the male amuses her with his delightful song; but as soon as the young are hatched he ceases, and assists the female in procuring food: when the | young are able to provide for themselves, the fe- — male, it is said, provides for a second brood, and the male recommences singing: they will often have three, and in hot countries four broods in the year; but Colonel Montagu doubts whether they have more than one, at least in this climate, unless the first be destroyed accidentally. They are very solitary birds, never uniting into flocks, and residing wholly in close woods and thickets, where les are seldom seen: their food consists principally of small worms, insects, and occasionally a few berries: they are often. taken for the sake of their song, and although very shy are easily captured, being taken ih snares Or twigs of birdlime. Young ones are frequently — brought up from the nest, and when well managed will sing all the year round, except during the time of moulting: of the superior melody of the song of these pide it is useless to give an account, as it must be known to all; it is sufficient to state that it is generally uttered in the still summer’s_ night, when all nature is silent. There are two. or three varieties mentioned ; one is much larger, and is said to sing even — better; another entirely white; and it has been | MADAGASCAR WARBLER. 579 found with the head, neck, wings, and tail, white ; the rest of the plumage pared brown and white _ mixed. MADAGASCAR WARBLER. (Sylvia Madagascariensis.) Sy. olivaceo-fusca, capite rufo, gula alba, -pectore rufescente, ab- domine rufo-fusco. Olive-brown Warbler, with a red head, white throat, reddish breast, and reddish-brown abdomen. Sylvia Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507. 2. Motacilla Madagascariensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 952. Luscinia Madagascariensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 401. 14. pl. 22. fi 1. Foudi-jala. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5, 116. Madagascar Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4.412. 2. Tue Madagascar Warbler is the size of the Nightingale: it is in length six inches and a half: its beak and legs are deep brown: the head is rufous: the coverts of the ears are brown: the upper parts of the body are olive-brown’: the throat is white: the breast pale rufous, and the belly olive-brown, with a tinge of reddish: the upper parts of the tail are olive-brown, and the lower olive. Inhabits Madagascar. "a 580 BABBLING WARBLER. | (Sylvia Curruca. ) Sy. supra fusca, subtus albida, reetricibus fuscis, extima margine _ tenuiorz alba. Warbler above brown, beneath whitish, with the tail-feathers brown, the outer one with the inner margin white. Sylvia Curruca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 500. 9. Motacilla Curruca. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.329.6.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 247.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 954. Curruca garrula, Briss. Orn. 3. 384. 7. Fauvette babillarde. Buff? Hist. Nat, Ois. 5.135 — Buff. PL Enl. 580.f. 3. Kruka. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 422. v. Babbling Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 417, 6. Tus is a very noisy and restless bird: it is abundant in gardens’in Pisa, where the natives call it Bianchetto: it is likewise abundant in other parts of Italy and France: its eggs are said by some to be greenish, with brown spots; but by. Linneus they are described as cinereous, sprinkled with ferruginous: its food consists of insects and their larvae. The bird is five inches in length: its beak is dusky: the crown of its head is grey: beneath the eye is a stripe of deep cinereous: the upper parts of the neck and body resemble the crown, but incline to brown: the quills are brown, margined with white on their inner edges, and with reddish grey on their outer: the primaries are edged with cinereous: the under parts of the body, and edge of the wing, are reddish white: GARDEN WARBLER. 581 the tail is brown, with grey edges; the outer web and tip of each side feather is white; the rest of the inner web ash-coloured, edged with white : tail slightly forked: legs brown. GARDEN WARBLER, (Sylvia hortensis.) Sy. griseo fusca, subtus rufo alba, superciliis albidis, remigibus cinereo fuscis, margine griseis, rectricibus fuscis, extima extus et versus apicem intus albida. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath reddish white, with the eyebrows whitish ; the quills grey-brown, edged with grey; the tail- feathers fuscous, the outer feather whitish on the outer web and towards the tip within. Sylvia hortensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507. 3. Motacilla hortensis. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 955. - Curruca. Briss. Orn. 3, 372. 2. . Fauvette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.117. pl. 7.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 579. f.1. Petty-chaps. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 413. 3.—Lath. Syn. Sup. I. 234. 2.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 100.—Walc, Syn. 2. pl. 230. — Mont. Orn, Dict, 2.—Mont. Sup.—Bewick. Brit. Birds, 1. 209. ? Tuis is in length six inches: weight about five drachms: beak dusky above; the base of the under mandible yellowish: irides hazel: orbits white: the prevailing colour of the upper parts of the plumage light brown, inclining to olive: quills dusky, edged with olive: beneath the ear a dash §82 ; GARDEN WARBLER. of cinereous: throat, neck, breast, and_ sides, dirty white; the two latter inclining to brown: belly and under tail-coverts white: tail similar to the wings: legs blueish brown: both Sexes are alike. _ This species is found in Sweden, Italy, Baia’: and other parts of Europe: in this country the males arrive about the last week in April, the females some days later: it frequents fields and gardens, and builds its nest in a thick bush, or on pea-sticks ; it is composed of dried fibres, wool, and a little moss, outwardly, the inside lined with horse-hair ; it is flimsily put together: the eggs — are generally four in number, of a dirty white, blotched with light brown, especially at the larger end, where there are also some spots of ash. The young remain in the nest till they are nearly feathered. The song of this bird is only inferior to that of the Nightingale, either in melody or variety : some of the notes are sweetly and softly drawn, others are quick, lively, loud, and piercing, reach- — ing the ear with pleasing harmony, like the whistle of the Blackbird; by some the song is thought superior to the Nightingale. Its general food consists of insects; but it will also feed on fruits, resorting, in the autumn particularly, to gardens with other birds of a like disposition, for the sake of the currants and other fruits. This was first discovered to be a native of Eng- land by Sir Ashton Lever, who took several in Lancashire; but since that time it has been ob- BOGRUSH WARBLER. 583 served in most of the southern counties, even to Devonshire: it is most abundant in Lincolnshire: according to Bewick, it occurs in Northumber- Jand. BOGRUSH WARBLER. (Sylvia Schaenobzenus.) Sy. testaceo-fusca, subtus pallide testacea capite maculato. Testaceous-brown Warbler, beneath ae testaceous, the head spotted, Sylvia Scheenobenus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 510. 10.—Scop. Ani» 1. 235. Sylvia aquatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 510. 11. var. Motacilla Schoenobeenus. ~ Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329. 4.—Lin. Faun, Suec. 246.—Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.953. Motacilla aquatica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 953. var. Curruca sylvestris seu Lusciniola, Briss. Orn. 3. 393. 11. Fauvette des bois ou Roussette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 139. Aquatic Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 419. 8. var. Reed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 418. 7. Bogrush Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 419. L. Sizz of Sylvia Hippolais: the beak dusky: the whole of the feathers on the upper parts of the body brown, edged with rufous; quills the same: the under parts of the plumage incline to rufous : the tail is entirely brown: the legs are whitish. The nest of this bird, which inhabits France, Italy, and Sweden, is composed of moss and wool, and lined with the latter: the eggs are plain sky- 584 SIMPLE WARBLER. ; blue, and are four or five in number: it has a pleasing song, which is uttered through the winter: both young and old birds are very tame, and the former are easily reared: it is a migrative species, wintering in the southern provinces of France. The Aquatic Warbler of Dr. Latham does not appear specifically distinct from the above, as it only differs in having the belly and rump whitish, a white spot near the outer angle of the eye, and a band of white at the base of the wing: it is found in the same situations as the former, and is called by the Italians, Grisato. SIMPLE WARBLER. (Sylvia campestris.) Sy. fusca, capite virescente-cinereo, rectricibus concoloribus, ab- domine albido. Brown Warbler, with the head greenish-ash ; the tail-feathers of the same colour ; the belly white. Sylvia campestris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544. 139. - Motacilla campestris. Gmel. Syst. Nat..1. 953.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329. 5. . ‘ Curruca jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. Sup. 100. . Habit-uni. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ozs. 5. 336. American Hedge Sparrow. Edwards. Birds. 122.f. 1. Simple Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 500. 134. Tue Simple Warbler is the size of Sylvia mo- dularis: its beak is black: the head and neck are 585 Ci GRISLY WARBLER. greenish ash-colour above: the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, are rufous brown; the under parts brownish white: legs brown. In- habits Jamaica. GRISLY WARBLER. (Sylvia grisea. ) Sy. cinerco grisea, vertice, rostro, gutture pectoreque nigris, stria oculart, recticum apice, abdomine crissoque albis, Cinereous-grey Warbler, with the crown, beak, throat, and breast, black; stripe through the eyes, tip of the tail-feathers, abdomen, and vent, white. Sylvia grisea, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 532. 88. Motacilla grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. Grifin de Cayenne.. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 3. 408. a Pi. Einl. 643, f..1. 2 Grisly Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 473. 84. Innapits Cayenne: length four inches and a half: the male has the beak black: the crown of the head dusky black: the upper parts of the body are ash-coloured grey, edged with grey: the wings and tail are the same, but bordered with white: through the eye a white stripe: the throat, fore- part of the neck, and breast, are black: the belly, thighs, and vent, are white: the legs are ash- coloured: the female has all the upper parts of her body deeper ash than the male, and those parts that are black in him are dusky in her. 586 SEDGE WARBLER. (Sylvia salicaria. ) Sy, cinerea, subtus alba, superciliis albis. Cinereous Warbler, beneath white, with white eyebrows. Sylvia salicaria, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 516. 26. Motacilla salicaria. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.330. 8.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 249.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 955. Curruca arundinacea. Briss. Orn. 3. 378. 5. Fauvette des roseaux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 142.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 581. f. 2. 3 ee Reed Fauvette. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 215. Sedge Bird, or Warbler. Pen, Brit. Zool. 1. 155.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 419. M.— Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 60.—Lath, Gen, Syn. 4,430. 21.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 180,21.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3 105.—Don. Brit. Birds. 2, 48. Mont: Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup. An elegant species: it is five inches and a half in length: its beak is dusky above, and whitish beneath: irides hazel: crown of the head and upper parts of the body yellowish brown: the crown and back spotted with dusky: wing-coverts dusky, edged with olive-brown ; quills the same: over the eyes a stripe of white: all the under parts yellowish white, the breast and sides darkest: tail similar to. the wings, and rounded ; its coverts tawny: legs dusky. : This bird greatly resembles the Reed Warbler, but the latter wants the white stripe over the eyes, and the feathers on the back and wing-coverts are not dusky: the eggs and nest greatly differ. RUSH WARBLER. 587 The Sedge Warbler is found where there are abundance of reeds and sedges, by the sides of rivers and marshes: the nest is sometimes fastened to two or three reeds, either on the ground or some distance up; it is also placed occasionally on a short tuft of the same, or in a low bush, or willow stump; it is composed of moss and dried stalks, lined with dried grass and a few hairs: the egos are five or six in number, of a light brown colour, varied with darker shades: the young will desert the nest if any one approaches it. The note of this bird is so varied, that it has obtained the name of the English Mock-bird, as during the breeding season it is singing continually, and imi- tating the song of the Skylark and Swallow, and even the chatter of the Domestic Finch; it also sings during the night, and if silent, a stone thrown into the bush where it is perched will cause it to begin singing instantly. RUSH WARBLER, (Sylvia juncorum.) Sy. fusca, subtus dilutior, cauda subfurcata. Brown Warbler, beneath palest, with the tail slightly forked. Sylvia juncorum. _ Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 511. 14- Motacilla juncorum. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.952. Passer Virginianus. Briss. Orn. 3. 101. 14. Little brown Sparrow. Catesb. Carol. 1. 35. Rush Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 415,323.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 420. 10. : 588 REED WARBLER. Tue Rush Warbler is less than S. modularis : it is scarcely five inches in length: the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, with the under parts palest: the tail is greatly forked: the beak and legs are brown. It is common near habita- tions in Virginia and Carolina, and feeds upon insects. : REED WARBLER. (Sylvia arundinacea. ) Sy. supra olivaceo-fusca subtus albida, loris et orbitis fusco-albes- centibus, angulo carpi subtus luteo-fulva, cauda subcuneata Susca. Warbler above olive-brown, beneath whitish, with the lores and orbits brownish-white ; the angle of the wings brownish-yel- low beneath ; the tail slightly wedged and brown. Sylvia arundinacea, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 510. 12. Motacilla arundinacea, Lightfoot. Phil. Trans. \xxv. p. 8.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992. Lesser Fauvette. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 212. Reed Wren, Phil. Trans. lxxv. p. 8. pl. 1.-—Lath. Syn. Sup. 184,.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 114. mee? Orn, Dict. 2.— Mont. Sup. Tue Reed Warbler is scarcely five inches and a half in length: its beak is broad at the: base ; it is dusky above and yellowish beneath: irides hazel: the upper parts of the plumage are plain olive-brown: from the beak to the eye is an ob- scure lightish streak; the eyelids are also light, REED WARBLER. | 589 but the eyebrows are like the rest of the head: _ the under parts of the body yellowish white; the throat, and down the middle of the belly, are lightest ; the sides incline to reddish brown: the quills and tail are dusky, edged with olive-brown ; the feathers of the latter are wedged: legs dusky brown: both sexes are similar. The nest of this bird is curiously suspended between three or four reeds, or upon some plant overhanging the water; it is fastened by means of dead grass, of which, and reeds, it is principally composed on the outside; the lining consists of the flowery tufts of the reeds, dead grass, and a few horse-hairs; it is very deep in proportion, which gives great security to the eggs, as the nest is perpetually swinging about with the wind, every gust forcing it nearly to the water. The eggs are four or five in number, rather larger than those of the Sedge Warbler, of a greenish white, blotched with dusky brown, particularly at the larger end. — About the latter end of April or the beginning of May this species makes its appearance, and is found during the summer in many parts of the eastern division of the kingdom, but has not been seen to the west as far as Wiltshire or Somerset- shire: it is very abundant near the river Coln, in Buckinghamshire, among the reeds: it is a very shy bird, and is difficult to meet with: its note is similar to that of the Sedge Warbler, with which it is often confounded. OLIVE-COLOURED WARBLER. (Sylvia olivacea. ) Sy. olwvacea, pectore abdomineque albis. Olive Warbler, with the breast and abdomen white. Sylvia olivacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 90.. Motacilla olivacea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. Olive-coloured Warbler. Brown. Ill. Zool. 33. pl. 14.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 473. 86. Size of Sylvia modularis: its beak is whitish, with a few yellow bristles at its base: the head and upper parts of the plumage are olive: the breast and belly white. Inhabits Ceylon. MAGELLANIC WARBLER. . (Sylvia Magellanica. ) Sy. flavo-fusca, nigro undulata, subtus cinereo-fleva nigricante transversim striata, cauda breviore nigra lineis transversis. Yellow-brown Warbler, waved with black, beneath cinereous yellow, transversely striped with dusky; the tail short, with black transverse stripes. Sylvia Magellanica. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 528.75. Motacilla Magellanica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 979. Magellanic Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 404. 72. “ Lenora four inches and a half: beak half an inch: visage somewhat prolonged: irides reddish: FIG-EATING WARBLER. 591 upper parts of the body yellow-brown, waved with black, with a mixture of red, especially on the sides over the wings: under parts cinereous yel- low, crossed with blackish: tail cuneiform, yel- lowish brown, mixed with red, and barred with black lines; it is very short, the longest feather _being only one inch: legs three quarters of an inch long, but stout, and of a yellow colour. In- habits Terra del Fuego.” Described by Dr. Latham from Sir Joseph Banks’s drawings. FIG-EATING WARBLER. (Sylvia nzevia.) Sy. rufo-fusca, flavicante cinereogue varia, subtus alba, pectore flavicante nigro maculato, remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus margine albis.. Red-brown Warbler, varied with yellow and cinereous; beneath _ white, with the breast yellowish, and spotted with black; the quills and tail dusky, margined with white. Sylvia nevia. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 517. 29. Motacilla nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 957. Curruca nevia. Briss. Orn. 3. 389. 9. Fauvette tachetée. Buff: Hist. Nat.Ois. 5, 149.—Buff. Pl, Enl. 581. f. 3. 7 Fig-eater. Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 26.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 433. 24. ‘Lenetu five inches and a half: beak and legs reddish: the upper parts of the body and wings reddish brown, varied with yellowish and cinere- Ve X. P. Il, 38 592 EPICUREAN WARBLER. ous: the quills dusky, edged with white: the breast yellowish, spotted with dusky; the rest of the under parts white: tail slightly. forked, the same colour as the wings. Common in the vicinity of Bologna, in Italy, in cow pastures: its nest 1s placed about twelve inches from the ground, on a shrub or bush; and, according to Buffon, it is very courageous in deine of its young, as it will sooner lose its life than they should be hurt. EPICUREAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Ficedula.) Sy. subfusca, subtus alba, pectore cinereo maculato. Brownish Warbler, beneath white, with the breast spotted with cinereous. Sylvia Ficedula, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 517. 28. Motacilla Ficedula. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 10.—Lin. dui: Suec. 251.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 956. Ficedula. Briss. Orn. 3. 369. 1. Becfigue. Buf, Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 187.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 668. Fok | Epicurean Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 419, K.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 432. 23. As its name imports, this species is greatly prized on the continent as a very great delicacy, particularly in the autumn, when it feeds upon, and commits great havoc on, figs and grapes: it is rather small, measuring only five inches in length: EPICUREAN WARBLER. 593 its beak and legs are dusky: the orbits of the eyes are reddish white: the upper parts of the plumage are grey brown: the greater wing-coverts are cinereous brown, tipped with white, forming a bar of that colour on the wings; the quills of which are cinereous brown, edged with greyish brown, the three nearest the body excepted, which have white edges: the under parts of the body grey white: the breast tinged with brown: the outer tail-feather on the exterior web is white, as is the next for two-thirds of its length: the rest of the tail is dusky, edged with grey brown: the female is paler in colour. Found on all parts of the con- tinent from Sweden to Greece, retiring to the southern parts on the approach of winter: they are so abundant in the islands of Cyprus and Candy, that 1000 or 1200 pots of them, filled with vinegar and sweet herbs, are exported from thence and sent to Italy annually. HALF-COLLARED WARBLER. (Sylvia semitorquata. ) Sy. fusca subtus dilute cinerea, vertice flavicante olwvaceo, stria pone oculos cinerea, tectricibus alarum remigibusque fuscis, rec- trictbus cinereus acutis, lateribus intus albis. Brown Warbler, beneath pale grey, with the crown olive yel- low ; stripe behind the eyes ash-coloured; the wing-coverts ~ and quills brown; the tail-feathers acute and cinereous, the outer ones white within. | Sylvia semitorquata. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 542. 129.—Vieil. Ois. de? Amer. Sept. 2. 43. : Motacilla semitorquata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier a demi-collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 316. La Fauvette 4 demi-collier. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 43. Half-collared Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 410. 311.—Lath.. Gen. Syn. 4. 494, 124. . . 7 Inuazits Louisiana: length four inches and a_ half: beak dusky above and whitish beneath: crown yellowish olive: behind the eyes a stripe of cinereous: upper parts of the plumage brown ; wing-coverts the same, edged with yellow: pri- maries and secondaries brown, the former edged with whitish, and the latter with olive, and tipped with white: the lower part of the neck with a yellow stripe like a half collar: under parts of the body pale cinereous, the belly inclining to yellow: tail ash-coloured; the four outer feathers edged with white on the inner margins, all the feathers pointed: legs dusky. 595 GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. (Sylvia Locustella. ) Sy. fusco-viridis maculis nigricantibus subtus flavescens, pectore saturatiore, cauda cuneata rectricibus apice mucronatis. Brown-green Warbler, spotted with dusky, beneath yellowish, with the breast darker; the tail wedged, the tips of the feathers pointed. h Sylvia Locustella. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 515. 25. Locustella avicula. Wall. Orn, 151.—Ray. Syn. 70. A. 7. La Locustelle. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 42. Fauvette tachetée. Buff. Pl. Enl. 581. f. 3. Grasshopper Warbler. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 156.—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 419. L.—White. Hist, Selb. 45.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 429. 20.?—Lath, Syn. Sup. IT, 240. 9.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. —Mont. Sup. Lrenetu rather more than six inches: beak dusky above, white beneath: irides dark hazel: the whole upper parts of the bird are olivaceous brown ; the middle of each feather dusky, except on the neck, which gives it a spotted appearance: quills dusky brown, the edges lighter and tinged with olive: eyelids, chin, throat, and belly, yel- lowish white: breast, sides, and thighs, inclining to brown, the two last faintly streaked with dusky: under tail-coverts very pale brown, marked down the shafts with long pointed dusky streaks: tail similar in colour to the quills, but greatly wedged ; the two middle feathers being two inches and a half long, and pointed at the tips; the outer feather only one inch and a quarter, and rounded 596 GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. at the tip, the intermediate ones decreasing in sharpness as they approach the sides: legs pale brown: claws light horn-colour; the hind claw short and crooked. | This species receives its name from its note, which greatly resembles that of the Mole Cricket*, or Field Crickett, and which is generally uttered about dusk ; further than that it is destitute of a song: it is a very local species, principally con- fined to the south-western counties of England, the south of Wales and Ireland; by Colonel Mon- tagu its eastern range is fixed in Hampshire, but many specimens have been taken at Coombe Wood, near London. ‘The males generally arive first, appearing about the second week in April, when they settle upon the highest sprigs of bushes and furze, and utter their singular note: the fe- males arrive about ten days after, when the males cease singing in the daytime: the nest is built in thick brambles or furze; it is like that of the | White-throat, composed of dried stalks and goose- grass, lined with fibrous roots, and of a flimsy con- | struction: the eggs are blueish white, and are not spotted: they weigh twenty-one grains. * Gryllotalpa vulgaris. Latreille. + Acheta campestris. Fabricius. 597 WHITE-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia cinerea.) Sy. supra cinerea, subtus alba, rectrice prima longitudinaliter di- midtato alba, secunda apice alba. Warbler above cinereous, beneath white, with the outer tail- feather longitudinally half white, the next tipped with white. Sylvia cinerea. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 514. 23. Motacilla Sylvia. Zin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 9.—Lin. Faun, Suec. 250.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 956. Parus cinereus. Briss. Orn. 3. 549. 4. Mesange cendrée. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 409. 3. B. supra rufo-cinerea, subtus rufo alba, gula alba. Above of a reddish ash, beneath reddish white, with the throat white. | Curruca cinerea sive cineraria. Briss. Orn. 3. 376. pl. 21.f. 1. Fauvette grise, ou la Grissette. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 132.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 579. f. 3. | Le Bouscarle de Provence. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 134.?— . Buff. Pl, Enl, 655. f. 2.? White-throat. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 160.—Pen,. Arct. Zool. 2. 422. s.—Will, Ang. 210.—Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 58.—Lewin. _ Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 104.—White. Hist. Selb. 103.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 428. 19.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1, 219.—Mont, Orn. Dict, 2. | Tue White-throat weighs about four drams, and is in length five inches and three quarters: its beak is dusky brown above, whitish beneath : irides yellowish: the whole of the upper parts cinereous brown, the wing-coverts darkest, edged with brown, and tinged with rufous: quills dusky, slightly edged with grey-brown: under parts of the plumage grey-brown, the thighs and breast 598 WHITE-THROATED WARBLER. darkest; the latter in some tinged with rosy: tail similar to the quills; its outer feather white, ex- cept the base of the inner web: legs pale brown: female like the male. A variety is mentioned by Colonel Montagu which has the irides paler yel- low; the whole of the upper parts rufous brown ; the coverts of the wings and quills next the body deeply margined with bright rufous; throat and belly silvery white; breast inclining to brown, darker on the sides; in other respects like the above. Dr. Latham also mentions a variety which is considered a distinct species by Buffon: it dif- fers from the first in being fulvous throughout: it was found in Provence. : This is a very common species in England: it is a bird of passage, arriving with others of this — genus in“the spring, when it enlivens the hedges with its song, which is attended with a peculiar motion of the wings: it is very shy: its nest is placed two or three feet from the ground; it is made of goose-grass, lined with fibres and moss, with a few long hairs, but is of a very flimsy con- struction: the eggs are four or five in number, of a greenish white colour, speckled with light brown or cinereous: during the spring the feathers on the head are generally erected, forming a slight crest: its principal food.consists of insects and berries, but in the autumn it will eat cherries and other ripe fruit ; and in France during that season it destroys the fig and olive: in the autumn it si from this part. §99 LESSER WHITE-THROAT. (Sylvia Sylviella.) ne D Sy. cinereo-fusca subtus sckande alba, rectricibus duabus inter- mediis brewtoribus subulatis. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath dull white, with the two middle tail-feathers short and awl-shaped. Sylvia Sylviella. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 515. 24. Lesser White-throat. Lath. Syn. Sup. 185. 152. pl. 113.— Lath. Syn, Sup. IT. 239. 8.—Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 86.— Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup. Tue Lesser White-throat was first described by Dr. Latham from specimens transmitted by Mr. Lightfoot, from Buckinghamshire, where they were taken near Bulstrode, during the months of May and June: it is less than the common White- throat: its length is five inches and a quarter: weight rather more than three drams: the beak is dusky: irides yellowish, with a tinge of pearl : the upper parts and sides of the head are dark ash-colour: the rest of the upper parts grey-brown: quills and tail dusky, edged with ash: under parts from throat to vent, including the tail-coverts, silvery white: the outer tail-feathers white, except at the very base of the inner web: legs dusky lead-colour: both sexes nearly similar. This bird builds in brambles and thickets: the nest is situated very near to the ground, and, like that of the White-throat, is very flimsily put to- gether; it is composed of goose-grass and wool, 600 BOURBON WARBLER. with a few hairs that scarcely serve the purpose of a lining: the eggs are four or five in number, of a blueish white, sprinkled at the larger end with brown and ash-colour; but occasionally the egg is nearly covered with spots. It does not appear to be plentiful in this coun- try: in the eastern parts, as about the fens of Lincolnshire, it is most abundant: in the north of Wiltshire it is not uncommon, where it generally arrives in the latter end of April: it maybe easily discovered by its shrill note, which is hardly worth being called a song; which, however, it so mo- dulates occasionally as to be very pleasing when close: it generally resides in the thickest bushes : it has never been seen as far west as Devonshire, or farther north than Lincolnshire: Dr. Latham says he received this species from Sweden, by the name of Motacilla Curruca. BOURBON WARBLER. (Sylvia Borbonica. ) Sy. griseo fusca, subtus flavicante sordide grisea, remigibus rec- Di Oe Juscis, margine griseo-fuscis. Grey-brown Warbler, beneath dirty yellowish grey ; ; the quills and tail brown, edged with grey-brown. Sylvia Borbonica. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 533. 95. Motacilla Borbonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 981. CITRINE WARBLER. si Ficedula Borbonica, Briss. Orn. 3. 510. 60. pl. 28. f. 3. Petit Simon. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 280. ) Figuier de isle de Bourbon. Buff. Pl. Enl. 705.f. 2. Bourbon Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 475. 92. Tue Bourbon Warbler flies in flocks: it feeds — on insects : its nest is formed in the spring, of dried plants, lined with hair: it lays three blue eggs: it is a native of Madagascar and the Isle of Bour- bon: it is the size of the White-eyed Warbler : its beak, legs, and upper parts of its body, are grey-brown: the quills and tail plain brown, edged with grey-brown: the under parts of the plumage dirty yellowish grey. CITRINE WARBLER. (Sylvia citrina. ) Sy. flava, supra atro-striata, genis, gutture pectoreque wey cauda nigra apice flava. Yellow Warbler, above striped with dusky, with the cheeks, throat, and breast, white; the tail black, tipped with yellow. Sylvia citrina. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 529, 76. Motacilla citrina. Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1.979. Citrine Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 464. 73. “¢ Siz— of a Wren: length three inches and a half: beak three quarters of an inch long, straight, and black: irides very pale blue: plumage above yellow, streaked with dusky: sides of the head, beneath the eye, fore-part of the neck, and breast, 602 ASIATIC WARBLER. ‘white: belly, thighs, vent, and rump, yellow: tail short, only half an inch long; colour of it black, with the ends of the feathers of a dull yellow: legs one inch long, dusky: claws large. Inhabits Dusky Bay, New Zealand.” Described by Dr. Latham from the same source as the Magellanic Warbler. ASIATIC WARBLER, (Sylvia Asiatica, ) Sy. fusca subtus flavicans, capite colloque nigris, loris gulaque albis, cauda elongata. Brown Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the head and neck black ; the lores and throat white; the tail elongated. Sylvia Asiatica. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 554. 174. ° Asiatic Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 247. 27. Tue Asiatic Warbler is a native of Guzurat, in India: its beak is dusky: the head and neck are black: the upper parts of the body brown: the lores and chin are white: the under parts of the plumage are yellowish; the breast is spotted with white: the tail is very long and wedged; the five outer feathers on each side pale at the tip from the middle: it varies in having the forehead, eye- brows, under parts and tips of the five outer tail- feathers, white. 603 LONG-BILLED WARBLER. ‘(Sylvia Kamtschatkensis. ) Sy, fusca, subtus dilutior, abdominis medio albo, fronte, genis, mentoque dilute-ferruginers. Brown Warbler, beneath paler, with the middle of the belly white ; the forehead, cheeks, and chin, pale ferruginous. Sylvia ] Kamtschatkensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 552. 162. Motacilla Camtschatkensis. “Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. Long-billed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 420. 0.—Lath, Syn. Sup. IT..245. 20. NatTIvE of Kamtschatka: the beak is rather elongated: the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are olive-brown: the forehead, cheeks, and chin, are pale rust-colour. PATAGONIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Patagonica.) Sy. conerea, mento, gula, superciliis rectricibusque extimis albis, alis Suscescente varis, tectricibus fascia fuscescente, remigibus margine fuscis. Cinereous Warbler, with the chin, throat, Prcbrowe: and outer tail-feathers, white; the wings varied with brownish, their coverts with a brownish band, and the quills edged with brown. Sylvia Patagonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 517. 30. Motacilla Patagonica.. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 958. Patagonian Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 434. 26. 604 BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. Tuts species inhabits the sea-coast of Terra.del Fuego: it measures nine inches in length: its beak, which varies very much in size, is black : the upper parts of the body are ash-coloured: the eyebrows, chin, and throat, are white: the wing- coverts are tipped with pale brown; the quills are dark ash, with brown edges: the under parts of the body are pale ash, striped with white: the tail-feathers are cinereous, the outer ones ex- cepted, which are white: the supposed female has fewer stripes of white on the breast. BLACK AND YELLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia Magnolia.) Sy. nigra subtus flava, fronte, loris, maculague aurium nigris, uropygio flavo, supercilits crissoque albis, cauda subfurcata. Black Warbler, beneath yellow, with the forehead, lores, and spot on the ears, black; the rump yellow, and the eyebrows and vent white; tail slightly forked. Sylvia Magnolia. Wals. Amer, Orn, 3. 63. Black and Yellow Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 63. pl. XXIII. jf: 2. Lenectu five inches: beak black: front, lores, and behind the ear, black: over the eye a white stripe, and immediately below another of the same: crown dark ash: back nearly black; shoulders slightly streaked with olive: rump yellow: tail- coverts deep black: inner webs of the lateral tail- DAUURIAN: WARBLER. 605 feathers white, with the tip black; the middle feathers entirely black: the under parts of the plumage rich yellow, spotted from the throat downwards with black streaks: vent white: tail slightly forked: wings black, crossed with two transverse white bars: legs brown. ‘This species inhabits the banks of the Miami, near its junction with the Ohio; it is also found on the Mississippi and in the vicinity of Philadelphia: it delights to sit on the highest branches of the trees. DAUURIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia aurorea. ) Sy. subtus fulva, vertice cerviceque canis, fronte maculaque alarum albidis, gutture atro, rectricibus fulvis, intermediis duabus nigris. Warbler beneath fulvous, with the crown and top of the neck hoary ; the forehead and spot on the wings white; the throat dusky; the tail-feathers fulvous, with the two middle ones black. re | Sylvia aurorea. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.527. 66. Motacilla aurorea. Pall. Trav. 3. 695. 15.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.976. Dauurian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 460. 64. FrEQuENTS the willows in the neighbourhood of the river Selinga, in Siberia, and on the confines of China: it is a very familiar and common species: it is the size of the Redstart: the forehead is 606 EQUATORIAL WARBLER. whitish: the crown of its head and the nape are hoary: the back and wings are black, the latter marked with a triangular white spot: the throat and fore-part of the neck are black: the under parts of the body are deep yellow; the tail is also yellow, the two middle feathers excepted, which are wholly black. EQUATORIAL WARBLER. (Sylvia Equinoctialis.) Sy. verescente fusca, subtus ochroleuca, gula pectoreque flavescen- tibus, remigibus, cauda pedibusque fuscis. Green-brown Warbler, beneath yellow white, with the throat and breast yellowish; the quills, tail, and feet, brown. Sylvia equinoctialis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.542, 127.—Vieil. Ois. del’ Amer. Sept. 2. 26. | Motacilla zequinoctialis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972. Figuier olive de Cayenne. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 315.— Buf. Pl, Ent, 685.f. 1. La Fauvette olive. Vieil. Ois. del Amer. Sept. 2 Paar pl. 81. Equatorial Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 493. 122. Tus bird is above five inches in length: its beak is black: the upper parts of the plumage are greenish brown: the quills and tail dusky | brown: the throat and breast pale yellow: the under parts of the body yellowish white: legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne and North America. 607 _ PALM WARBLER. (Sylvia Palmarum.) Sy. fusca, subtus sordide ochroleuca, abdomine flavescente, uropy- - gio olivaceo, rectricibus duabus extimis fascia intus prope apt- cem alba. Brown Warbler, beneath dull yellow white, with the belly yel- lowish; the rump olive, and the two outer tail-feathers Misi | a white stripe near the tip within. Syivia palmarum. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544. 136.—Vieil. Ois. de 2 Amer. Sept. 2. 21. Motacilla palmarum. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 951. La Fauvette Bimbelé. Viel. Ors. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 21. pi. 73. Bimbelé ou fausse Linotte. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 330. Palm Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 498. 131. Cattep Bimbelé by the negroes of St. Do- mingo: its length is five inches: the upper parts of its plumage are brown, the head deepest: wings and tail brown, with paler edges: rump and upper tail-coverts olive-green: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, yellowish white: belly and vent pale yellow: the two outer tail-feathers with a white band on the inner web near the tip. In- habits the island of St. Domingo, among palm- trees, where its nest is constructed: the female lays two or three eggs: their principal food con- sists of seeds and insects: it has scarcely any . song, but what little there is, is far from being unpleasant. Vv. X. P. Ii. 39 608 VAN DIEMANS WARBLER. (Sylvia canescens. ) Sy. fusco-canescens subtus alba, capite nigro, fronte albo striata, pectore crissogue strits nigris. Hoary-brown Warbler, whitish beneath, with the head black’; the forehead striped with white, and the breast and vent with black. i Sylvia canescens. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 553. 168. ~ Van Dieman’s Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 187. 153. DescriBep by Dr. Latham: “ Length six inches and a half: beak the length of the head, colour black: forehead marked with white striz: space over the eyes and the cheeks whitish: back brown, mixed with white: wings pale brown; the edges of most of the feathers fulvous on their outer margins, forming a spot of the same on the wings: tail shorter than the body, somewhat cuneiform in shape; the outer margin of the feathers, half way from the base, pale fulvous; the two outer ones on each side marked with a white spot within, at the tips: the under parts of the body white: the breast and vent striped longitudinally with white: legs black. Inhabits Van Dieman’s Land.” DUSKY WARBLER. (Sylvia fuscata. ) Sy. fusca, subtus grisea, cauda equali longa. Brown Warbler, beneath grey, the tail even and elongated. Sylvia fuscata. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 535. 101. Motacilla fuscata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier brun du Sénégal. Buff. Pl. Enl. 584. f. 1. Undated Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 471. 97: Leneru six inches: the beak dusky: the whole of the upper parts of the plumage brown; the quills and tail darkest; the latter even at the end, and much elongated: the- under parts of the plumage grey: legs yellow. Inhabits Senegal. SYBIL WARBLER. (Sylvia Sybilla.) Sy. nigricans, subtus alba, pectore rufo, macula alarum alba. Dusky Warbler, beneath white, with the breast red, and spot on the wings white. Sylvia Sybilla. “Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 523. 50. Motacilla Sybilla. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.337.44.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992. , Rubetra madagascariensis, Briss. Orn, 3. 439. 28. pl. 24. f. 4- Traquet de Madagascar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.231. Sybil Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 450. 47. 610 BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER. Larcer than S. rubicola: the head, neck, and. upper parts of the body, are black; the edges of the feathers of the back and wing-coverts tawny : the quills near the body have a white spot on them: the whole of the under parts white, with a stripe passing over the lower part of the neck like a half collar: the breast is reddish: the tail en- tirely black: it has much the appearance of the Stone Chat Warbler. Its native place is Mada- gascar. : | BLACK-CHEEKED WARBLER. _ (Sylvia chrysops.) Sy. rufo-fusca subtus alba, genis nigris, sub oculis striga flava. Red-brown Warbler, beneath white, with the cheeks black, and beneath the eyes a yellow stripe. Sylvia chrysops. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 5. Black-cheeked Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 248, 31. Larcer than the Domestic Finch: beak dusky: tongue jagged at the tip: the plumage above dusky brown: through the eye an irregular stripe of yellow: cheeks and sides of the head, surround- ing the eye, black: chin blue-grey: under parts of the body dirty white. Inhabits New South Wales. : 611 YELLOW-BACKED WARBLER, (Sylvia Americana. ) Sy. cinereo-cerulea, axillis olivaceo luteis, gula pectoreque flavis, abdomine tectricumque alarum apice albis, caude apice pallido. Grey-blue Warbler, with the axille of an olive yellow; the throat and breast yellow ; the abdomen and tips of the wing- coverts white ; and the tip of the tail pale. Sylvia americana, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 40. Sylvia torquata. Vieil. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2, 38. Motacilla americana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 960. | Yellow-backed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 36. La Fauvette a collier. Vieil. Ois, de l’ Amer. Sept. 2.38. pl. 99. Tue Yellow-backed Warbler inhabits America: its beak and legs are pale brown: the head, hind part of the neck, and back, cinereous blue: be- tween the shoulders olive yellow: tips of the wing- coverts white, exhibiting abar of that colour: throat and breast yellow: belly white: tip of the tail pale. FLAXEN WARBLER. (Sylvia subflava. ) Sy. fusca, subtus alba, cauda cunetformi. Brown Warbler, beneath white, with the tail wedged. Sylvia subflava. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 535, 102. Motacilla subflava. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier bloud du Sénégal. Buff: Pl. Enl. 584.f- 2. | Figuier 4 ventre gris du Sénégal. Buff: Pl. Enl. 584. f. 3. Flaxen Warbler. Lath.Gen, Syn. 4. 478. 98. 612 JAMAICA WARBLER. Lrneru not quite five inches: beak dusky: the upper parts of the plumage brown ; the rump palest : the tail short and wedge-shaped: the sides of the body pale red; the under parts white: legs yellow: the female has the under parts grey. In- habits Senegal. JAMAICA WARBLER. (Sylvia Dominica. ) Sy. cinerea subtus alba, macula ante oculos aie pone alba, infra nigra. Cinereous Warbler, beneath white, with a spot of yellow before the eyes, and one of white behind, the latter with a black one beneath. Sylvia dominica, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 538. 114. Motacilla dominica. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1,334. 26.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 980. - Ficedula dominicensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 520. 65. pl. 27. fs 3- Figuier cendre a gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 5. 300. Jamaica Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 485. 110. Tue length of this species is four inches and a half: its beak and legs are brown: the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous: between the beak and eye a streak of yellow; beneath the latter a spot of black, and behind it one of white: wing-coverts brown, with two bands of white: quills grey brown, edged with grey: throat and forepart of the neck yellow; from thence to the SWALLOW WARBLER. _ 613 vent white: sides of the breast sprinkled with small spots of dusky: tail like the quills, with a white spot near the tips of the inner webs. In- — habits the West Indies. | ; SWALLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia Hirundinacea.) Sy. corpore supra nigro, jugulo pectoreque coccinets, abdomine albo striga longitudinali nigra, crisso fulvo. Warbler with the body beneath black; the jugulum and breast crimson; the belly white, with a longitudinal black stripe ; the vent fulvous. Sylvia hirundinacea. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. 13. Motacilla hirundinacea. Nat. Misc. 4, pl. 114. Swallow Warbler. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 250. 39. Founp in New South Wales: the whole of the plumage above is black: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and the breast, crimson : the rest of the under parts white, divided down the middle with a broad black streak : vent and under tail-coverts orange. 614 AWATCHA WARBLER. (Sylvia Awatcha.) Sy. fusca, gula pectoreque albis nigro-maculatis, remigibus primo- vibus margine albis, rectricibus basi aurantiis. Brown Warbler, with the throat and breast spotted with black ; the primary quills edged with white, and the base of the tail- feathers orange. Sylvia Awatcha. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 553. 167. Motacilla Awatcha. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. Awatcha Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 422. T.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 184. 150. Tue Awatcha Warbler has the crown of the head, and upper parts of the neck and body, deep brown: from the nostrils to the eye an oblique stripe of white: throat white, its sides spotted with black: breast also white, sprinkled with spots of black: sides of the body rusty: middle of the belly and margins of the greater quills pure white: base of the five outer tail-feathers deep orange, tips brown: the two middle feathers rier: brown. Inhabits Kamtschatka. 615 AFRICAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Africana, ) » Sy. nigra, pennarum margine rufo-griseo, subtus rufo albida, ver- tice rufo nigricante maculato, guia stria utrinque pie Sate nigra, rectricibus fuscis rufo marginatis. Black Warbler, with the edges of the feathers red-grey, beneath reddish white; the crown of the head red, spotted with dusky ; the throat with a longitudinal black stripe on each side; and the tail-feathers brown, edged with red. Sylvia africana, Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 518. 32, Motacilla africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 958. Curruca nevia Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. Orn. 3. 390. 10. pl. WB: fe 2. | , » Fauvette tachetée du Cap de Bonne Espérance. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 160. African Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 436. 28. Tue African Warbler is rather more than seven inches in length: its beak is grey brown: the crown. of its head is rufous, and striped with dusky: the hind part of the neck, the back, and scapulars, are black, with rufous grey edges: the quills, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the same, but edged more deeply with rufous: the throat is ornamented with a longitudinal black streak on each side: the under parts of the body dirty rufous white; the sides sometimes dashed with dusky: the tail slightly wedged ; its four middle feathers brown, with reddish margins; the four outer ones rufous outwardly, with brown shafts: legs grey brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. fox) S) SOOTY WARBLER. (Sylvia fulicata.) Sy. nigro-violacea, crisso castaneo, macula tectricum alba. Violet-black Warbler, with the vent chem and i is on the wing-coverts white. Sylvia fulicata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 53. Motacilla fulicata. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 336. 39.—Gmel. “ee Nat. 1. 990. Rubetra philippensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 444. 31. pl. 23.f. 2. Traquet des Philippines. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 230.—Buff- Pl. Enl. 185. f. 1. Sooty Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 451. 49. LenetuH rather more than six inches: the beak and legs brown: the prevailing colour of the plumage violet black: the wings with a white bar: the under tail-coverts pale chesnut. In- habits the Philippine Islands. PHILIPPINE WARBLER. (Sylvia Philippensis.) Sy. violacea nigra, subtus rufescente alba, captte rufescente albo, collo sordide rubro, fascia pectoris cerulescente, rectricibus ex- timis extus rufo albis. Violet-black Warbler, beneath reddish white, with the head reddish white, the neck dull red, a blue band on the breast, and the exterior was, Hebi reddish white on the outer edges. MURINE WARBLER. 617 Sylvia philippensis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 525. 56. Motacilla philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Rubetra philippensis major. Briss. Orn, 3. 446. 32. pl. 22.f. 3. Grand Traquet des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 5. 230. —Buff. Pl. Enl. 185. f. 2. Traquet de Manille. Salern. Orn. 225. Philippine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 453. 52. Lenetu six inches and a quarter: beak dirty yel- low: head reddish white, inclining to yellow: back, _ wings, and tail, violet black ; wing-coverts with a stripe of white, and outer edge of the wing with another: some of the greater coverts have white tips, forming a third stripe of that colour: the neck dirty red: breast with a blueish band: belly and vent reddish white: the outer tail-feathers with rufous white margins on the exterior web: legs ferruginous. Inhabits the Philippine Isles. MURINE WARBLER. (Sylvia murina.) _ Sy. murina, capite, collo caudaque nigris, stria oculart, abdomine, rectricumque extimarum margine aldis. Mouse-coloured Warbler, with the head, neck, and tail, black ; stripe through the eye, abdomen and margins of the outer tail-feathers white. Sylvia murina. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 528. 73. Motacilla murma, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978. Murine Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 463. 70. 618 WHITE-BREASTED WARBLER. LocaLity unknown. “ Size of the Domestic Finch: head and neck black: the body and wings mouse-coloured: from the beak through the eye, passing down on each side of the neck, a white streak: the belly white, except the middle, which is black: the tail black; the outer feather rather shorter, and fringed with white.”—Dr. Latham. WHITE-BREASTED WARBLER. (Sylvia Dumetorum. ) Sy. cinereo-fusca, capite cerulescente, gula pectoreque albis. Grey-brown Warbler, with the head blue, and the throat and breast white. Sylvia dumetorum. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 522. 45. Motacilla dumetorum. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 334. -31.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 985. White-breasted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 447. 41. Tue White-breasted Warbler has all the upper parts of its body grey brown;, the throat and breast white, and the head blueish. It inhabits Russia. = 619 YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia flavescens. ) Sy. fusca, subtus flavescens, temporibus albidis, rectricubus remi gtbusque margine rufo-fuscis. Brown Warbler, beneath yellowish; the temples white ; the tail- feathers and quills edged with red-brown. Sylvia flavescens, Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 534. 98. Motacilla flavescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier 4 ventre jaune du Sénégal. Buff. Pl. Enl. 582. f. 3. Citron-bellied Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 477. 95. Lenetu above four inches: the beak and legs are dusky: the upper parts of its head and body are brown; the quills are dark brown, edged with reddish brown: the sides of the head are whitish: the under parts of the body pale yellow: the tail similar to the quills. Inhabits Senegal. CITRON-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia rufigastra.) Sy. olwvaceo-fusca subtus rufo-flavescens, remigibus rectricibusque Suscis. | Olive-brown Warbler, beneath reddish yellow; the quills and tail-feathers brown. ‘ Sylvia rufigastra. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 534. 99. Motacilla flavescens. B. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier du Sénégal. Bug Hist. Nat. Ots. 5. 282.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 582. f. 1. | L Citron-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.477. 95. A. 620 UNDATED WARBLER. _Pernaps a variety of the preceding, from which it differs in being smaller, in having the tail shorter, and the body beneath tinged with red: the sides of the head are not pale, as in the above-men- tioned. UNDATED WARBLER. (Sylvia undata.) Sy. nigra, pennarum margine rufo, subtus alba, uropygio rufo, cauda cunetformt, rectricibus remigibusque fuscis, margine rufo- albts. Black Warbler, the feathers edged with rufous; beneath white ; the rump rufous; the tail wedged, its feathers and the quills brown, margined with reddish white, Sylvia undata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 534. 100. Motacilla undata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 982. Figuier tacheté du Sénégal. Buff. Pl. Enl, 582. f. 2. Undated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 477. 90. Tuts greatly approaches the Yellow-bellied Warbler, and is even conjectured to be the male of that species by Buffon; but the cuneiform and elongated tail appear to remove it from that bird: it is found in the same country, Senegal: its length is four inches: its beak is black: the upper parts of its body are black, edged with rufous: the quills and tail are brown, edged with rufous white: rump plain deep rufous: under parts of the body white. 621 TENNESEE WARBLER. - (Sylvia peregrina.) Sy. oltvaceo-flava subtus alba, genis pileoque pallide ceruleis, superciliis flavis, cauda furcata, Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath white, with the cheeks and top of the head pale blueish, the eyebrows yellow, and the tail forked. } Sylvia peregrina. Wails. Amer. Orn. 3. 83. - Tennesee Warbler. Wals. Amer. Orn. 383. pl. xxv. f. 2. Tue back, lesser wing-coverts, rump, and tail- coverts of this bird, are of a rich yellow olive: wings deep dusky, broadly edged with yellow olive: cheeks and upper part of the head light blueish, tinged with olive: line from the nostrils over the eye pale yellow, fading to white: throat and breast pale cream-colour: belly and vent white: tail forked, olive, shaded with dusky: beak strong, the upper mandible dusky, the lower pale: irides hazel: legs purplish brown: the female less brilliant in colour. Inhabits the Tennesee country, in North America. | NASHVILLE WARBLER. +- (Sylvia leucogastra.) Sy. olvvaceo-flava cinereo variegatis, subtus, uropygio tectricibus= que caud@e flavis, ventre albo, vertice macults spadiceis, cauda subfurcata. - Olive-yellow Warbler, varied with ash, with the under parts, rump, and tail-coverts, yellow; the belly white; the crown with chesnut spots ; and the tail slightly forked. Sylvia ruficapilla, Wals. Amer. Orn. 3. 120. Nashville Warbler. Wals. Amer. Oru. 3, 120. pl. xxvil. f. 3. LencotuH four inches and a half: beak dusky ash: irides hazel: upper parts of the head and neck pale ash, inclining to olive: crown spotted with patches of deep chesnut: orbits of the eye pale yellow: back yellow-olive, slightly striped with ash: rump and tail-coverts rich yellow-olive: wings nearly black, broadly edged with olive: the under parts of the body bright yellow, except the middle of the belly, which is white: tail slightly forked, and dark olive: legs pale ash’: feet dirty yellow. Inhabits North America. 628 YELLOW-CROWNED WARBLER. (Sylvia icterocephala.) Sy. nigra, subtus albida, pileo luteo, fascia oculari nigra » duabuse que alaribus flavescente. Black Warbler, beneath white, with the crown yellow, a black stripe near the eye, and two yellowish ones on the wings. Sylvia icterocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 538, 113,.—V. a Ois. del Amer, Sept. 2. 31. Sylvia Pensylvanica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 540, 120.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 99. Motacilla icterocephala. Lin. Syst. Nut. 1. 334. 25.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 980. Motacilla Pensylvanica, Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 19.—Gmel. Syst. Nat..1. 971. 7 Ficedula Canadensis icterocephala, Briss. Orn, 3. 517. 64. pl. 17.569. | Ficedula Pensylvanica icterocephala. Briss. Orn. Sup. 105. 78. Figuier a téte jaune, de Canada. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 299. _ Figuier a poitrine rouge. Buff’. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 308. La Fauvette 4 téte jaune. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 31. pl. 0. Red-throated Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl. 301. Red-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 4g0. 116. Chesnut-sided Warbler. Wiis. Amer, Orn. 2. 9Q. XIV. fi 5. Quebec Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 408. 305.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4,484, 109. Leneru rather more than four inches: beak and legs dusky: the crown of the head yellow: between the beak and eye a spot of black, and beneath the latter a white mark: the hind part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the plumage, black, the feathers edged with yellowish green: Vv. X. P. Ile 40 G6I4 GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. the quills dusky, edged with olive green and whitish ; wings with two yellowish bands: throat and under parts of the body whitish: tail similar to the quills, with the inner webs of the three outer feathers yellowish white from the middle to the end: it has been found with the top of the breast and sides deep red, in other respects the same as the above. This inhabits the continent of North America, appearing in Canada and Pensylvania in April, and disappearing in the autumn: it frequents shrubs. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER. (Sylvia chrysoptera.) Sy. atro-cinerea subtus alba, vertice maculaque alarum flavis, gula nigra, rectricibus extimis albo-maculatis. Dark-grey Warbler, beneath white, with the crown and spot on the wings yellow, the throat black, and outer tail-featherts spotted with white. Sylvia chrysoptera, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 541. 123.—Vieil. O1s. del Amer. Sept. 2. 37—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 113. Sylvia flavifrons. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 527. 69. Motacilla chrysoptera. Lin. Syst. Nat, 1. 333. 20. —Gmel. cae Nat. 1. 971. Motacilla flavifrons, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. Ficedula Pensylvanica cinerea, gutture nigro. Briss. Orn. Sup. 109. 80. Figuier aux ailes dorées. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 311. La Fauvette chrysoptére. Véedl. Ois.de l Amer. Sept. 2. 37. pl. 97. Golden-winged Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl. 299. COROMANDEL WARBLER. 625 Yellow-fronted Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 404. 296.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 461. 67. ' Golden-winged Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 492. 118.—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 403. 295.—Wils, Amer. Orn. 2. 113. xv1.f. 6. Sizz of the Petty chaps: beak and legs black : the middle of the crown yellow: through the eyes a streak of black, bounded by white above: the upper parts of the body deep ash: the wing-coverts spotted with yellow: the chin, throat, and fore- part of the neck, black: the rest of the under parts white: quills and tail deep cinereous; the outer feather of the latter with a spot of white near the tip of the inner web: both sexes nearly similar. Inhabits Pensylvania. COROMANDEL WARBLER. (Sylvia Coromandelica.) - Sy. nigra, tectricibus alarum minoribus macula flavicante, reli- quis macula alba notatis, uropygio abdomineque rufescente, hoc nigro-fasciato. | Black Warbler, the lesser wing-coverts with a yellowish spot, the others with a white one; the rump and abdomen rufes- cent, the latter striped with black. | Sylvia Coromandelica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 55. Motacilla Coromandelica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Petit Traquet des Indes. Sonner. Voy. Ind, 2. 207. Coromandel Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 452. 51. Tus inhabits the Coromandel coast: its beak and legs are black: the irides are reddish yellow: 626 , SIBERIAN WARBLER. the head, neck, breast, lesser wing-coverts, quills, and tail, black, all but the two latter, with a yel- low spot on each feather: the middle and greater wing-coverts are edged with yellow, and spotted with white in the middle: the belly and rump are pale rufous, banded with irregular black stripes. ° SIBERIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Montanella.) Sy. subtestacea fusco-maculata, subtus dilute ochracea, vertice fusce nigro, supercilus gulaque ochraceis, auribus nigris.: Subtestaceous Warbler, spotted with brown; beneath pale ochra- ceous ; with the crown brown black; the eyebrows and throat ochraceous ; the ears black. Sylvia Montanella. ‘Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 526. 60. Motacilla Montanella. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Siberian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 456. 56. A native of the Dauurian Forests: rather larger than S. Rubetra: crown of the head dusky: eye- brows yellowish: coverts of the ears black, and situated in an area of grey: back testaceous, with brown spots: wings brown; the primaries edged — - with grey, and the secondaries with white: chin sometimes yellowish, at others white: the feathers on the throat with their bases brown: under parts. of the body pale ochraceous: tail pale cinereous, the two middle feathers, and the outer one, shorter than the rest. BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Blackburniz.) Sy. pileo atro, linea verticali et suboculari loris pectoreque medio fravis, fascia alarum crisso rectricibusque extimis tribus albis, per oculos vitta nigra. Warbler with a black crown, a vertical stripe, and another above the eye, the lores, and middle of the breast, yellow; a fascia on the wings, vent, and three outer tail-feathers, white; through the eyes a black stripe. Sylvia Blackburniz, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 70.—Vieil, Ois. de l? Amer. Sept. 2. 36.—Wails. Amer. Orn. 3. 64. Motacilla Blackburniz. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 977. La Fauvette Blackburniz. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 36. pl. 96. } : Blackburnian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 461.-67.*—Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 412. 317.—Wils. Amer..Orn. 3. 64, pl. XXIII. Fi 3. A native of New York: it is thus described by Dr. Latham: “ Crown intensely black, divided by a line of rich yellow: from the corner of the upper mandible another of the same; through the eye a black one, reaching beyond it, bounded beneath by a narrow yellow line: sides of the neck, throat, and middle of the breast, yellow : sides spotted with black: vent and thighs white: lesser wing-coverts black; the greater white ; primaries dusky; the middle tail-feathers dusky ; the three outer ones on each side white.” 628 GREY-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia incana. ) Sy. capite, colli lateribus tectricibusque caud@ superioribus griseis, gula aurantia, mento pectnegag flavis, subtus fasciaque alarum Diplia alba. Warbler with the head, sides of the neck, and upper tail-coverts, , grey; throat orange; chin and breast yellow; beneath, and double stripe on the wings, white. Sylvia incana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 527. 68.—Vieil. Ois. de i’ Amer, Sept. 2. 45. | Motacilla incana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. O76. La Fauvette 4 téte grise. Vieil. Ots. de P Amer. Sept. 2. 45. Grey-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 402. 291.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 461. 65. Tue Grey-poll Warbler inhabits New York : its head, the sides of its neck, and the upper tail- coverts, are grey: the wing-coverts have two white bars; the primary quills are dusky, edged with grey: the throat is orange: the chin and breast pale yellow: the belly whitish ash: the tail is similar to the wings. PENSILE WARBLER. (Sylvia pensilis.) Sy. grisea subtus flava, abdomine superciliisque albis, loris fiavo maculatis, tectricibus alarum faseiis alternis albis nigrisque. Grey Warbler, beneath yellow, with the abdomen and eyebrows PENSILE WARBLER. _ 629 white; the lores spotted with yellow, and the wing-coverts with alternate black and white bars, - Sylvia pensilis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. Al.——Vieil. Ois. de ?? Amer, Sept. 2. 20. Motacilla pensilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 960. Cou-jaune. Buf’. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 165.—Buf. Pl. Enl. 686. fil. La Favette 4 Cou-jaune. Vieil. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 20. pl. 72. Pensile Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 441. 37. Tus elegant little species receives its name from the singular manner in which its nest is sus- pended : it is composed of the small dry fibres of plants, roots, and decayed leaves; and is fastened by its top to the extremity of a branch that reaches over the water; the opening is at the bottom, and about midway up is a kind of partition, which de- scends to the bottom, which is lined with soft down, and upon which the eggs are placed: they are three or four in number, and the parents have often two, and sometimes three broods in the year. The following is the description of this industrious little creature: it is four inches and three quarters in length: its beak is dusky: the head is greyish black, getting paler towards the nape: the back of the neck and back are deep grey: the eye- brows and orbits are white: between the beak and eye a few yellow spots: wing-coverts barred with white and black: quills edged with grey: the throat, neck, and breast, yellow: the sides of the neck sprinkled with dusky, and of the body with black: belly white: tail dark grey, with the four outer feathers marked with large white spots: OT 630 LUZONIAN WARBLER. legs greenish grey. The song of the male is very — agreeable, and is continued all the year; the fe- mae is also said to possess a slight song: their food consists principally of insects. They are na- tives of St. Domingo. 3 i CASPIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia longirostris.) Sy. cinerea, subtus atra, rostro longo. Cinereous Warbler, beneath dusky ; the beak long. Sylvialongirostris. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 552, 164. Motacilla longirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978.—Gmel. It. 3. 98. pl. 19.f. 2. Caspian Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 245. 22. Innazits the mountains in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea: the beak is rather long: the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous; the under parts black. LUZONIAN WARBLER. . (Sylvia Caprata.) Sy. nigra, uropygio, crisso, maculaque tectricum alari albis. Black Warbler, with the rump, vent, and spot on the wing- coverts, white. Sylvia Caprata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 52. f a pT" Cay SPECTACLE WARBLER. 631 Motacilla Caprata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 33.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. Rubetra lucionensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 442. 30. pl. 24. f. 2. male. J. 3. female. Traquet de l’isle de Ligon, Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 5. 229.— Buff. Pl. Ent. 235. f. ¥. 2. Luzonian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 451. 48. ‘Tue male of this bird has the beak and legs dusky: the lesser wing-coverts nearest the body and the vent are white, and the rest of the plumage blackish brown: in some the rump 1s whitish: the female is brown above, and rufous beneath: her throat is whitish: the rump and upper tail-coverts are pale rufous, and the under dirty rufous: white: the tail is ao Inhabits the Isle of. Luzonia. SPECTACLE WARBLER. (Sylvia perspicillata. ) Sy. nigra, tectricibus alarum macula alba notatis, orbitis nudis flavicantibus rULOSIS. Black Warbler, with a white spot on the wing- -coverts; the orbits naked, rugged, and yellowish. Sylvia perspicillata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 524. 54. Motacilla perspicillata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 969. Clignot ou Traquet 4 lunette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 234. Spectacle Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 452. 50. Tuts is a very singular species, and is well marked by the following peculiarities: its eyes 632 AUTUMNAL WARBLER. are situated in a naked wrinkled space, resembling lichen, and which gives the bird the appearance of wearing spectacles: its irides are yellow, and the pupil blue: the general colour of its plumage is black: the wing-coverts have a white spot on them, and in some specimens the under tail- coverts are white: the tail itself is even at the end. Found about Montevideo, and other parts in the neighbourhood of the river Plata. AUTUMNAL WARBLER. (Sylvia autumnalis. ) Sy. olivaceo-viridis subtus alba, gula pectoreque sordide flavis, alis fasciitis duabus albis. ite Olive-green Warbler, beneath white, with the throat and breast dull yellow; the wings with two white stripes, Sylvia autumnalis, Wails. Amer. Orn. 3. 65. Autumnal Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 65. pl. xxi. fi 4. Scarce zy five inches in length: the upper man- dible of the beak brown; lower, and orbits of the eye, yellow: the upper parts of the plumage olive- green; the back streaked with dusky: wings dusky black, edged with olive, and crossed with two bars of white: primaries tipped with, and the three secondaries nearest the body edged with, white: chin and breast dull yellow: belly and vent white: legs dusky brown: feet and claws PERSIAN WARBLER. 633 yellow: tail-coverts ash, tipped with olive: tail black, edged with dull white: the three exterior feathers with a white mark near the tip. This bird passes through Pensylvania in October, when it is very abundant, though rare in the spring: it frequents marshy places amongst wil- lows: the male has a slight warble: about the first or second of November it retires. PERSIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Sunamisica.) Sy. cinereo-rufescens, mento gulaque nigris, pectore abdomineque rufescentibus, pennarum apice albo, crisso niveo, rectricibus in- termedits fuscis, lateralibus fulvis. Cinereous-red Warbler, with the chin and throat black; the breast and beily reddish, the tips of the feathers white; the vent pure white; the middle tail-feathers brown, and outer -ones fulvous. Sylvia sunamisica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 166. Motacilla sunamisica. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978.—Gmel. It. 4. 181. 182, Persian Warbler. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 246. 24. Tue prevailing colour of the Persian Warbler is reddish ash: the wing- coverts and quills are white on the outer margins and tips: the eyebrows are white: the chin and throat black: the breast and belly are pale rufous, the feathers tipped with white: the two middle tail-feathers are brown, the rest fulvous: the vent is white. This species is a native of the alpine parts of Persia. 634 BLACK-BACKED WARBLER. (Sylvia ochrura.) _ Sy. capite cinereo, cervice dorsoque antice atris, jugulo pectoreque splendide nigris, abdomine flavo. Warbler with a cinereous head; the top of the neck, and upper part of the back, dusky; the jugulum and breast shining black; the belly yellow. Sylvia ochrura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 105. Motacilla ochrura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978.—Gmel. It. 4. 178. Black-backed Warbler. © Lath. Syn. Sup. IT. 245. 23. Tue beak of this species is brown: the crown and nape are grey brown; the lower part of the latter and the back are black: the throat and breast are shining black; the belly is yellow: the rump and vent are grey and white mixed: the legs are dusky. It inhabits the mountainous parts of Persia. | SENEGAL WARBLER. (Sylvia Senegalensis.) Sy. fusca, remigibus interius rufis, rectricibus nigris apice albis. Brown Warbler, with the quills rufous within, and the tail-feathers black, tipped with white. | Sylvia senegalensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 526. 61. Motacilla senegalensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 22.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 974. | in Rubetra senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 449. 20. . Senegal Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.456. 57. . ' SULTRY WARBLER. 635 Tue Senegal Warbler is rather above five inches in length: its beak and legs are brown, as is the prevailing colour of the plumage: the quills are rufous, with brown edges: the tail is black, tipped _ with white, the two outer feathers excepted, which are entirely black. Inhabits Senegal. SULTRY WARBLER. (Sylvia fervida.) Sy. fusca, pennarum margine rufo, subtus ochroleuca, alarum ma- -culis duabus albis, cauda atra. Brown Warbler, with the feathers edged with rufous, beneath yellowish white; the wings with two white spots; the tail dusky. Sylvia fervida. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2, 525. 59. Motacilla fervida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Traquet du Sénégal. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 228.— Buff. PI. Enl, 583.f. 1. | Sultry Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 455. 55. ‘Tue beak and legs of this bird are black: the upper parts of its body, head, and neck, are deep brown: the wings are the same, but edged with rufous, and spotted with white, as in S. Rubetra: the under parts of the body are yellowish white, the breast inclining. to rufous: the tail is dusky, with pale edges, Inhabits Senegal. GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. | (Sylvia coronata.) Sy. supra nigro cinereoque varia, subtus alba, pileo uropygio hypochondriisque flavis, fascia oculari alis caudaque nigrican- tibus. Warbler varied above with black and grey, beneath white, with the crown, rump, and sides, yellowish ; a stripe on the eyes, wings, and tail, dusky. Sylvia coronata, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 538. 115.—Vieil. Ois. de 2 Amer. Sept. 2. 24.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 138. Motacilla coronata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 31.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 974. | Ficedula pensylvanica cinerea nevia. Briss. Orn. Sup. 110. 81. Figuier couronné d’or, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs. 5. 312. Figuier de Mississippi. Buff, Pl. Enl. 731. f. 2.2 La Fauvette couronnée. Vieil, Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 24, pl. 78. male. pl. 79. young. Golden-crowned Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl. 298. Yellow-rumped Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 138. XVII. fi 4 5.121. xiv. f 3. winter dress. ' Golden-crowned Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 403.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 486. 111. B. supercilits, orbitisque albis, pectore fascia spania’ , With the eyebrows and orbits white; breast with a vallon band, Sylvia cincta. a. Ind. Orn. 2. 539. 116. , Motacilla cincta. Lin. Syst, Nat. 1.334. 27.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 980. : Ficedula canadensis cinerea. Briss. Orn. 3. 524. 67. pl. 27. if 1. iS Figuier a ceinture. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 303. | ¢ Belted Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 408. 306.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 487. 112. y.corpore supra griseo-olwvacea, gula juguloque rufo Saeed waris, . . GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. 637 With the body above olive-grey, with the throat and fore-part of the neck red and grey mixed. Sylvia pinguis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 543, 132. Motacilla pinguis. _Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 973. Figuier grasset. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 319. Grasset Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 411. 314.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 496. 127. d gula pectoreque albis, fere impunctatts. With the throat and breast white, scarcely spotted. Sylvia umbria.. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518, 34. Motacilla umbria. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Fauvette ombrée de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs. 5. 162. Fauvette tachetée de la Louisiane. Buff. Pl. Enl. 709.f- 1. Dusky Warbler. Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 410. 309. Umbrose Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 437. 30. Tue four species of Warblers, designated By the names of Golden-crowned, Belted, Grasset, and Umbrose, by Dr. Latham, are said, by Mons. Vieillot, to form but one genuine species; and, as the differences are but trifling, he most probably is correct. Theusual appearance of this bird agrees tolerably well with the following description; after which the several varieties will be noticed. Its beak is dusky: the upper parts of its plumage are grey blue, spotted with black: the crown of the head, rump, and sides of the breast, yellow, the latter sprinkled with a few black spots: the cheeks and throat whitish: through the eyes a band of black: wing-coverts and quills dusky; the first with two bands of white, and the latter edged with grey: fore-part of the neck and upper part of the breast black, varied with grey blue: the rest of the under parts of the plumage are white ; the sides ‘slightly spotted with dusky: tail similar _ to the quills, with a spot of white at the tips of 638 GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. the inner webs of the three outer feathers: legs dusky. The first variety principally differs in 1 having a white line over the eyes, and their orbits being also of that colour: the fore-part of the neck and. breast are only spotted with blackish, and not, as in the former, a stripe of that colour varied with blue; the yellow on the sides of the breast is pro- duced into a slender band that encircles that part; and the plumage above is very deep grey blue, scarcely spotted with black. The next, or Grasset Warbler, has the body above greyish olive, sprinkled with black: the throat and fore-part of the neck are varied with pale rufous and ash-colour; in other respects it agrees with the first. The Umbrose Warbler is destitute of any par- ticular marks on the lower parts of the throat and breast, those parts being white, with one or two dusky spots: it likewise wants the stripe through the eyes, so conspicuous in the first described. All the above varieties are found in the United States, where they make their appearance in the. spring, and return in the autumn: they get very fat before their departure, when they are greatly prized as a delicacy. This species arrives in Pensylvania in Octibale where it remains three or four weeks, feeding on red cedar berries; it then leaves, departing to the south: about the middle of April it returns : it 1s a lively active bird, but has scarcely any note, having only a kind of chirp, which is frequently repeated: its nest and eggs are unknown. 639, WHITE-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia varia.) Sy. albo nigroque maculata, fasciis duabus alarum albis, cauda -furcata. ; Warbler spotted with black and iiss with two white bars on the wings, and the tail forked. 3 Sylvia varia. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 539. 118. Motacilla varia, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 333. 23.—-Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 979. . : Ficedula dominicensis varia. Briss. Orn. 3.529. 69. pl. 27.f. 5. Figuier varié de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 305. Black and White Creeper. Edwards. Glean. pl. 300. White-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2,402, 203.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 488, 114. Founp in many parts of North America and the West Indies: it is the size of the Blackcap: length nearly five inches: beak dusky: crown of the head white; the sides black, with two streaks of white: the back, rump, and throat, white, varied with large black spots: wing-coverts black, with two white bands: quills dusky, edged with grey: some of them nearest the body are nearly white: breast and sides white, spotted with black: belly » white: tail slightly forked, dusky, edged out- wardly with grey, and the exterior feathers nee on the inside: legs greenish brown, Vv. X. P. Ile 4}, 640 MOOR WARBLER. (Sylvia maura.) Sy. aira, subtus alba, uropygio lateribusque colli albis, jugulo in« tense ferrugineo, macula alarum basique caud@é albis. Dusky Warbler, beneath white, with the rump and sides of the neck white; the jugulum bright ferruginous ; a spot en the wings, and the base of the tail, white. Sylvia maura. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 526. 62. Motacilla maura. Pall. Trav. 2.708. 17.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 975. Moor Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 458. 60. First described by Pallas, who informs us that it is found amongst the birch-trees that are scat- tered in the forests of Ural, and in the fields be- tween the rivers Tobol and Irtisch, in Russia: it feeds on insects, and places its nest in the deserted habitation of a mouse or other quadruped, in holes of trees: it has a slight resemblance to the Whin Chat, which it equals in size: its head and neck are black, edged with paler: back and base of the wings the same, the latter with grey edges: wing- coverts with an oblique vellowish white stripe; wings brown: rump and base of the tail white: throat ferruginous: sides of the throat, and all the under parts of the body, white: tail black: the female and young have the head grey, varied with brown; the back the same, and the rest of the plumage much paler. Dr. Latham mentions a bird, which he considers a variety of the above: it RUFOUS AND BLACK WARBLER. 641 differs in having the plumage rufous brown on the upper parts: the eyebrows are rufous; the secondaries are edged with the latter colour; and the two middle tail-feathers are wholly black: it was found on the ice between Asia and America. RUFOUS AND BLACK WARBLER. (Sylvia multicolor.) Sy. nigra, pectore, colli lateribus, tectricum alarum majorum apices caudaque dimidiata rufis, abdomine crissoque albis. Black Warbler, with the breast, sides of the neck, tip of the greater wing-coverts, and half the tail, rufous; the abdomen and vent white. | Sylvia multicolor. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 541. 126. Motacilla multicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.972. Figuier noir. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 5. 314. Figuier noir et jaune de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 391.f. 2. Rufous and Black Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 493. 121. OccasionaLLy met with at Cayenne: it is five inches in length: its beak and legs are brown: the head, throat, and upper parts of the body and wings are black, the tips of the greater wing- coverts excepted, which are rufous, and form a band of that colour on the wings: the sides of the neck and breast are also rufous: the middle of the breast, belly, and vent, are white: the base half of the tail is rufous; the tip black. ew 642 WHITE-CROWNED WARBLER. — (Sylvia albicapilla.) Sy. nigra, subtus albida, gula, macula verticis oculorumque alba. Black Warbler, beneath whitish, with the throat, spot on the crown, and behind the eyes, white. Sylvia albicapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 532. 87. Motacilla albicapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. White-crowned Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 472. 83. ' Tue White-crowned Warbler inhabits China: its length is seven inches: its beak and legs are black: the whole of the upper parts of the plum- age are also black, with a white spot on the crown of the head, and another behind the eye: the chin is likewise white: the under parts of the body are sullied white. PROTONOTARY WARBLER. (Sylvia Protonotarius.) Sy. flava, uropygio cinereo, crisso albo, remigibus cinereo nigri= canteque warts rectricibus lateralibus intus albis. ' Yellow Warbler, with an ash-coloured rump, white vent, quills varied with cinereous and dusky, and the outer tail-feathers _ white within. Sylvia Protonotarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 542. 128.—Vieil. Otis. del’ Amer. Sept. 2. 27.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 72. Motacilla Protonotarius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 972+ GILT-THROAT WARBLER. 645 Figuier Protonotaire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 316. Figuier a ventre et téte jaunes. Buff. Pl. Enl. 704. f. 2.: La Fauvette Protonotaire. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2.27. pl. 83. Protonotary Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 410. 310.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 494. 123.—Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 242. 11.—Wils, Amer, Orn, 3.72. pl. XXIV. f. 3. Tuts .species, which has received the name of _ Protonotaire, is a native of Louisiana; but it is not common: it is about five inches in length: its beak is dusky: the head, neck, breast, and belly, are yellow: the vent is white: the back olive yel- low: rump cinereous: quills dusky and cinereous: tail with the bases of the inner webs of the three outer feathers white; the fourth feather with a white spot on the same part, and the rest of the feathers dusky black: legs black. GILT-THROAT WARBLER. (Sylvia ferruginea.) ~ Sy. supra cinerea, subtus albida, gula colloque ferrugineis. Warbler above ash-coloured, beneath whitish, with the throat » and neck rust-coloured. ‘Sylvia ferruginea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 526. 64. Motacilla ferruginea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. Gilt-throat Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 459. 63. Accorpine to Mr. Pennant, this bird inhabits the banks of the Tunguska river in Russia: it 644 RUBY-THROAT WARBLER. has the throat and neck of a rich ferruginous : the upper parts of the body cinereous, and the lower whitish. RUBY-THROAT WARBLER, (Sylvia Calliope.) Sy. fusco-ferruginea, subtus flavescente alba, gula cinnabarine albo nigroque marginata, loris nigris, superciliis albis. Rusty-brown Warbler, beneath yellowish white, with the throat vermillion, bordered with black and whi ite; the lores black, and the eyebrows white. Motacilla Calliope, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 97 7.—Pall. Trav. 3. 607. 17. | | Turdus Calliope. Lath. Ind. Gat. 1. 331. 14. Turdus Camtschatkensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 817. Kamtschatkan Thrush. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 28. 14.—Lath, Syn, Sup. 140. pl. in frontispiece. _ Ruby-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 463.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2, 343. E. : Lenetu about six inches: beak dusky, with a black tip: the upper parts of the plumage pale brown, similar to the Nightingale: spot between the beak and eye black, reaching rather below the latter: eyebrows white: the chin and throat of a beautiful pink or vermillion colour, bounded on each side with a black and white streak: the rest of the under parts yellowish white: tail similar to the upper parts of the plumage: legs dusky: claws black. Inhabits the eastern provinces of Siberia BLACK-POLL WARBLER. 645 and Kamtschatka: it is an excellent songster, and warbles during the night: it is fond of perching on the highest trees. | BLACK-POLL WARBLER. (Sylvia striata. ) Sy. nigro-striata, supra cinerea, subes alba, vertice nigro, genis nivets. Warbler striped with black; above ash- coloured ; beneath white ; crown black; cheeks snowy white: - Sylvia striata. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 527. 67.— Viel. Ois, del Amer. Sept. 2. 22.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 4. 40. Motacilla striata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 976. Black-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 401. 290.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 460. 65.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 243. 13.—Wils. Amer, Orn. 4. 40. pl. xx. f 3. male, 6. 101. pl. Liv. f. 4. female. La Fauvette rayée ou Le Sailor. Vieil. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 22. pl. 75. male. pl. 76. female. Tur male Black-poll Warbler has the crown black: the upper parts of its plumage cinereous, streaked with black: the wing-coverts and pri- mary quills dusky; the former with two bars of white; the secondaries are edged with white: the cheeks and throat are white, the latter streaked on each side with black: the breast and belly are dirty white, longitudinally streaked with black: the tail is dusky; the tips of the two outer feathers _ with a large white spot: the legs are whitish: the female wants the black crown; the double bar 646 BLUE-TAILED WARBLER: on the wing-coverts is not so distinct ; and the tail has a very minute white spot at the tip. This bird inhabits New York and Newfoundland. PLUMBEOUS WARBLER. (Sylvia plumbea.) Sy. plumbea subtus cinerea, remigibus rectricibusque obscuris. Lead-coloured Warbler, beneath ash-coloured, with the quills — and tail-feathers obscure. : Sylvia plumbea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2..553. 171. Plumbeous Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 188. 156. _ Locariry unknown: it is a small species, mea- suring. scarcely four inches in length: its beak is short, and is of a dusky brown colour: the upper parts of the plumage are very deep lead-colour : the quills and tail are dusky: the under parts of the body pale cinereous: legs deep brown. BLUE-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia cyanura. ) Sy. cinereo-flavescens, subtus superciliisque flavo-albis, alis cau- daque fuscis, uropygio rectricumque marginibus ceruleis. Ash-coloured yellow Warbler, with the under parts of the body DWARF WARBLER. 647 and the eyebrows yellowish white; the wings and tail brown ; the rump and tail-feathers edged with blue. Sylvia cyanura. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 527. 65. Motacilla cyanura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 976. Blue-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 459. 63. Common in the early winter months among the rivulets of Siberia: the upper parts of its plumage are cinereous yellow, tinged with green: the eye- brows, throat, and under parts of the body, are yellowish white: the sides of the breast are orange- coloured: the quills are brown, with their outer edges greenish yellow, and their inner yellow: the rump is blueish: the tail-feathers are slightly pointed, and are of a deep brown colour, with pale blue edges, appearing wholly of that colour when closed. DWARF WARBLER. (Sylvia pusilla.) Sy. fusca subtus pallida, cauda prope apicem fascia fusca, Brown Warbler, beneath paler, with a fuscous stripe towards the tip of the tail. Sylvia pusilla, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lvi. 16. Motacilla pusilla. White. Journ. pl. in p. 257. Dwarf Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 251. 42. Somewuat like the Superb Warbler: it has the upper part of its plumage brown, the under pale; with a band of brown towards the tip of the tail, which is even at the end: its beak and legs are black. It inhabits New South Wales. 648 BLACK-CAP WARBLER. | (Sylvia atricapilla.) Sy. testacea, subtus cinerea, pileo obscuro. Testaceous Warbler, beneath ash-coloured, with the top of the _ head obscure. Sylvia atricapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 508. 6. Sylvia melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 509. 7. var. male. Sylvia moschita. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 509. 8. var. female. Motacilla atricapilla, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 18.—Lin. Faun. Suec, 256.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 970. Motacilla melanocephala. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 970. var. Motacilla moschita. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 970. var. Curruca atricapilla. Briss. Orn. 3. 380. 6. Fauvette a tete noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.125, pl. 8. f. 1. Black-cap. Pen. Brit, Zool. 1. 148.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. F—Ray. Birds. 79. 8.— Will, Ang. 226.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. A415. 5.—Lewin. Brit, Birds. 3. pl. 110, —Mont. Orn. Dict, 1. —Bewick. Brit, Birds. 1, 217. Sardinian Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 236. 2. var. Rufous-crowned Warbler. Lath. Syn, Sup. IT. 236. 3. var. B. corpore toto albo nigroque vario. With the whole body varied with black and white, Curruca albo et nigro varia. Briss. Orn. 3. 383. Black-cap Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 416, A. y: supra nigricans, lateribus griscis, gula alba. Above dusky, with the sides grey and the throat white, La petite Columbaude. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 131. Blap-cap Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 416. B. Tue Black-cap Warbler weighs about four drachms and a half: length near six inches: beak brown: irides dark hazel: the male has the upper part of his head black: the hind part of the neck - BLACK-CAP WARBLER. «649 grey brown: back greyish brown, tinged with green: quills and tail dusky, margined with dull green: breast and upper parts of the belly light ash: legs lead-colour: the female is known by her head being dull rust-colour; she is also supe- rior in size: this species is variable: one has been found in Sardinia with a red band over the eyes, and another with a rufous crown; both are said to be rather smaller than the Black-cap: it has also occurred with its whole plumage varied with black and white: likewise with the upper parts deep dusky ; the throat white, and the sides grey. The song of this bird is very fine, and by many is thought as much of as that of the Nightingale, which has caused it to be called the Mock Night- _ ingale in Norfolk; it has not, however, quite so much compass as that bird: it is a migrative species, coming here early in the spring, and re- turning inSeptember: it is very partial to orchards and gardens; not but it affects woods and thick hedges: its nest is placed in a low bush or shrub; it is made of dried stalks, grass, and wool, and lined with fibrous roots and horse-hair; the out- side is sometimes covered with green moss: the female lays five pale reddish brown eggs, mottled with a deeper colour, and sprinkled with a few cinereous spots: during the period of incubation the male assists the female, and should any one approach the nest, shortly after the young are hatched, they will leap out and forsake it entirely. The Black-cap is very fond of berries of various 650 _ GREENISH WARBLER. ~ kinds, particularly those of the ivy, upon which it feeds upon its first arrival, if there be not a suf- ficient supply of insects, which are its principal food. : GREENISH WARBLER. (Sylvia virescens.) Sy. fusco-virescens, pileo nigricante, cervice cinereo, superciliis albis, alis caudaque nigricantibus, Brown-green Warbler, with the top of the head dusky, the nape ash-coloured, the eyebrows white, and the wings and. tail dusky. 7 Sylvia virescens. Vieil. Ois. del’ Amer. Sept. 2. 40. Sylvia atricapilla. 0. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 509. 6. Fauvette verdatre de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 5. 162. — Veil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 40. - Black-cap Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4, 417. C. _ Tus equals the Black-cap in size: its beak is dusky: eyebrows white: the top of the head dusky: the hind part of the neck is deep ash ; the sides and back pale brown, tinged with green: the wings and tail green-brown: throat white: rest of the under parts grey. Inhabits Louisiana. Te ee Oe BLUE-GREY WARBLER. (Sylvia cerulescens.) Sy. supra cerulea, subtus alba, jugulo nigro, alis caudaque nigri cantibus. , Warbler above blue, beneath white, with the jugulum black, and the wings and tail dusky. Sylvia cerulescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 520. 39.—Vieil. Ors. de LY’ Amer. Sept. 2. 25. Sylvia canadensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 539. 117.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2.115. Motacilla cerulescens. Gel. Syst. Nut. 1. 960. Motacilla canadensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.336. 42.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 991. Ficedula Canadensis cinerea minor. Briss. Orn. 3. 527. 68. pl. 27... Jf Oe | Figuier bleue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 304. Petit figuier cendré de Canada. Buff. Pl. Enl, 685. f. 2 Fauvette bleudtre de St. Domingue. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 164, La Fauvette bleuatre. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 25. pl. 80. ib Blue-grey Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 35. Blue Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl, 252. Black-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 309. 285.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 487. 110.—Wils, Amer. Orn. 2. 115. xv. fi 7. Tue Black-throated Warbler is four inches and a half in length: its beak is black: the upper parts of its body deep grey-blue: quills dusky black; the primaries with a white spot near the base, and edged with pale grey-blue: the sides of the head, the throat, and fore-part of the neck, are black: the belly and under parts whitish; the 652 CERULEAN WARBLER. sides spotted with black: the tail-feathers grey- blue; the three outer ones white at the base and tips within; the two next whitish at the tip: legs brownish: it varies in not having the sides sprinkled with black. Native of North America and the | West Indies: it is migratory. | E CHRULEAN WARBLER. (Sylvia ceerulea. ) Sy. supra cinerea aut cerulea, subtus alba, alis caudaque nigri« cantibus, remigibus lateralibus fere albis, Warbler above cinereous or blue, beneath white, with the wings and tail dusky, the outer feathers of the latter nearly white. Sylvia cerulea. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 540. 121.—Vieil. Ois, de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 30.—Wils, Amer. Orn. 2. 141. Sylvia cana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 543. 133. female. Motacilla cerulea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 337. 43.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992. , | Motacilla cana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 973. female. Ficedula pensylvanica cinerea. Briss. Orn. App. 107. 79. male, Figuier gris-de-fer. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 309. male. Figuier cendré 4 gorge cendrée.. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5: 319. female. ) | La Fauvette gris-de-fer. Vieil, Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 30. pl. 88. male. ‘ Little blue-grey Flycatcher. Edwards, Glean. pl. 302. male. Grey-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 411. 315. female, —Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 496. 128. female. Cerulean Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 405. 299. male.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 490. 117. male.—Wils. Amer, Orn. 2.141, XVI. fis. : of AZURE WARBLER. 653 ‘Tuts elegant species has the beak black, with the base of the under mandible reddish: eyelids white; from the beak to the hind head a stripe of black: the head and upper parts of the plumage blue-grey: wings grey-brown; the quills edged ‘with whitish within, and some of them with the outer edges and tips of that colour: the under parts of the body white: the eight middle tail- feathers dusky blue, the outer ones tipped with white. ‘The female has the plumage in general ash-coloured, the head and -upper parts deepest : the quills are edged with whitish: the outer tail- feather is nearly all white, the next so towards the tip, and the third slightly tipped with that colour. This bird is- migratory, arriving in Pen- sylvania in the spring, and retiring in the au- . tumn: its nest is very singularly constructed : it is cylindrical, and is placed between two branches of a tree; the top is open; its outside is com- posed of moss and lichen neatly put together, and the lining consists of horse-hair, AZURE WARBLER. (Sylvia azurea.) | Sy. cerulea subtus alba, lateribus pectoris ceruleo maculatis. Blue Warbler, beneath white, with the sides of the breast spotted with blue, ; Sylvia cerulea. Wals. Amer. Orn, 2. 141. Cerulean Warbler. Wils, Amer. Orn. 2. 141. pl. xvii. fe 5. 654 AZURE WARBLER. Founp during the summer in Pensylvania, fre- quenting the borders of streams and marshes: it is migratory, and retires very early in the autumn towards the south. It is thus described by the author of American Ornithology: ‘¢ It isin length four inches and a half: the front and upper part of the head are of a fine verditer blue; the hind head and back of the same colour, but not quite so brilliant: a few lateral streaks of black mark the upper part of the back: wings and tail edged with sky-blue; the three secondaries next the body edged with white; and the first and second rows of coverts also tipped with white: tail-coverts large, black, and broadly tipped with blue: lesser wing-coverts black, also broadly tipped with blue, so as to appear nearly wholly of that tint: sides of the breast spotted or streaked with blue: belly, chin, and throat, pure white: the tail is forked ; the five lateral feathers with a white spot on eat side, and the two middle slightly marked with the same: from the eye extends a line of dusky blue: from the nostrils, passing over the eye and reach- ing to the ears, is a white stripe: beak dusky above, and light blue beneath: legs and ae light blue.” 7 655 INDIGO WARBLER. (Sylvia Cyane.) Sy. supra tota cyanea subtus nivea, striga a rostro ad alas atra. Warbler entirely blue above, beneath snowy, with a dusky stripe _ on the sides of the neck from the beak to the wings. Sylvia Cyane. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 541. 122. , Motacilla Cyane. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 992.—Pall. It. 3. 697. 18. Indigo Warbler. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 243. 15. Tue prevailing colour of this bird’s plumage 1s deep blue on the upper parts, and white on the under: the sides of the neck are black: the outer tail-feathers are white. It inhabits the country between the rivers Onon and Argun, in Dauuria,— in the spring, but is not common. CAYENNE WARBLER. (Sylvia Cayana.) Sy. cerulea, capistro, humeris, alis caudaque nigris. Blue Warbler, with the capistrum, shoulders, wings, and tail, black. Sylvia cayana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 545. 143. Motacilla cayana. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 336. 40.—Gmel. Syst. «, Nat. 1. 990. Sylvia cayanensis cerulea. Briss, Orn. 3.533. 72. pl..28.f. 1. Pitpit bleu de Cayenne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 339.—Buff. Pl, Enl, 669. f. 2..f- 1. var. Blue Manakin, Edwards. Glean. 263. var. Cayenne Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 502. 138. Re. Pe TI. 49 656 BLUE-STRIPED WARBLER. Lenetu nearly five inches: beak dusky: fore- head, upper part of the back, wings, and tail, deep black: rest of the plumage blue: legs grey: it varies in having the throat black, and the head blue, in other respects the same: another variety has been observed with the head plain blue, and the rest of the plumage similar to the first de- scribed. Inhabits Guiana. BLUE-STRIPED WARBLER. (Sylvia lineata, ) - Sy. subtus cerulea, linea alba a pectore rh crissum producta, werticis macula longitudine fronteque ceruleis. Warbler beneath blue, with a white stripe from the breast to the vent, and the forehead and longitudinal spot on the crown blue. Sylvia lineata, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 546, 145. Motacilla lineata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 990. Pitpit 4 coéffe bleue. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5, 342. Blue-striped Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 504. 140. Tue Blue-striped Warbler inhabits Cayenne : its beak and legs are black: the forehead is of a deep bright blue, passing over each eye to the middle of the back: on the top of the head is a longitudinal blue spot: on the breast begins a white stripe that reaches to the vent, and increases in width as it passes backward: the rest of the under parts are blue. BLUE-GREEN WARBLER. (Sylvia rara.) Sy. ceruleo viridis subtus albidis, cauda alisque nigricantibus, rec- tricibus lateralibus extus albis, margine viridibus. Blue-green Warbler, beneath whitish, with the tail and wings dusky; the lateral tail-feathers white on their outer webs, and edged with green. Sylvia rara, Wils. Amer. Orn. 3.119. Blue-green Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 119. pl. XXVIL. fC 2. Tuts bird appears about Cumberland River in North America in Avril: it is four inches and a half in length: the upper parts are verditer, tinged with pale green, brightest on the forehead; lores, line over the eye, throat, and under parts, pale cream-colour: cheeks tinged with greenish : tail and wings dusky; the former marked on the three outer webs with white, and edged with greenish; and the greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with white: beak with the upper mandible dusky, the lower, and the legs, blue. STREAKED WARBLER. - (Sylvia sagittata.) Sy. nigro sagittato-striata, corpore supra fusco subtus albo, ver- tice nigro strits albis, per oculos vitta ferruginea. Warbler striped with black sagittal marks, with the body above fuscous, beneath white ; the crown black, striped with white ; through the eyes a ferruginous stripe. Sylvia sagittata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 3. Streaked Warbler. - Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 247. 29. -Turs fine songster is the size of Sylvia modu- laris: its beak is black: the upper parts of its body, wings, and tail, are dusky, spotted with blackish sagittal marks, and inclining to ferruginous on the rump: the crown of the head is black, and the under parts of the body are white; the former is marked with white sagittal spots, and the latter with black: from the nostrils, passing through the eyes, and reaching to the hind head, is a ferru- ginous streak: tail brown, the feathers loosely webbed: legs dusky. | WHITE-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia leucophea. ) Sy. fusca subtus albo-cerulescens, macula rem rectricibusque, duabus intermediis exceptis, albis. Brown Warbler, beneath whitish blue, with a spot on the RUSTY-SIDED WARBLER. 659 quills, and the tail-feathers white, the two middle ones ex- cepted. Sylvia leucophza. Lath, Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. 10. White-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, II. 249. 36. Tue White-tailed Warbler is an inhabitant of New Holland: it is brown above: the quills are black, with a patch of white across their middle: the under parts of the body are blueish white: the tail is greatly elongated, and has all but the two middle feathers white: legs lead-colour. RUSTY-SIDED WARBLER. (Sylvia lateralis.) Sy. griseo-cerulescens subtus albida, alis uropygio rectricsbusque lateralibus viridibus, loris nigris. Blue-grey Warbler, beneath white ; with the wings, rump, and lateral tail-feathers, green; the lores black. Sylvia lateralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. 12. Rusty-sided Warbler, Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 250. 38. Tuis bird is the size of a Wren: its beak is dusky: the greater part of its head and wings, the lower part of its back, and all but the two middle tail-feathers, green: the hind part of the neck, the upper part of the back, and two middle tail-feathers, are blue-grey: the sides of the body are rust-coloured ; the under parts are white: be- tween the beak and eye black: legs pale. It is found in New South Wales. _ 660 \ BLUE-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia Suecica.) Sy. pectore ferrugineo fascia cerulea, rectricibus fuscis versus - basin ferrugineus. Warbler with a.rust-coloured breast, striped with blue; the tail- feathers brown, rusty towards the base. Sylvia suecica, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 521. 43e Motacilla suecica. Lin. Syst. Nat.1.336.37.—Lin. Faun, Suec. 259.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 989. Cyanecula, Briss. Orn, 3. 413. 19. male. Cyanecula gibraltarensis: Briss. Orn. 3. 416. 20. female. La Gorge-blue. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.206. pl. 12.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 610. f. 1. male. f. 2. female. f, 3. young. Blue-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool, 2. 417. E.—Edwards, Birds. pl. 28. female.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 444. 30. 8. macula pectoris nivea. With a pure white pectoral spot. La Gorge-blue. Buff. Pl. Enl. 361. f. 2 Tuts beautiful species is nearly the size of the Red-breast: the upper parts of its plumage are greenish: the eyebrows white: the throat, and -fore-part of the neck, are of a bright azure blue ; beneath which is a black border, then red: the belly, thighs, and vent, are dusky white: the tail is brown, with the base of all but the two middle ~ feathers orange-red: the female has the throat white: across the neck a band of blue, edged with one of black beneath: in other respects she re- sembles the male: in some specimens of the male there is a beautiful silvery spot in the middle of HEDGE WARBLER. 661 the blue on the front of the neck: the young do not obtain the blue breast till some time after leaving the nest; that part is then spotted with brown, and, when confined, that colour disappears after the first moult. Common in many parts of Europe from Sweden to Gibraltar, but not found in Britain: it frequents marshy places, fixing its nest on willows: it is often eaten, and is esteemed very good: it has an agreeable song, which is often uttered in the night. HEDGE WARBLER. (Sylvia modularis. ) Sy. supra griseo-fusca, tectricibus alarum apice a pectore ceru- lescente-cinereo. Warbler above grey-brown, with the tips of the wing-coverts white ; the breast of a grey-blue. Sylvia modularis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 511. 13. Motacilla modularis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329. 3.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 245.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 952. Curruca Eliote. Razz. Syn. 79. 6. Curruca sepiaria, Briss. Orn. 3. 394. 12. Traine-buisson, Mouchet ou Fauvette d’hiver. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.151. 9.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 6. 5. f. 1. Hedge Sparrow, or Warbler. Albin. Birds. 3. 59.—Pen, Brit. Zool. 1.150.—Pen. Arct, Zool. 2. 418. H.—Lath, Gen, Syn. 4,419. 9.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 102.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 213. Tuis common bird is somewhat more than five inches in length: it weighs near six drams: its =~ 662 _ HEDGE WARBLER. beak is dusky: irides dark hazel: the prevailing - colour dusky brown; the feathers of the back and wings edged with reddish brown: the rump greenish brown: the cheeks, throat, and fore-part of the neck, dull blueish ash: the sides of the body and thighs pale tawny brown: the belly dirty white: the quills and tail dusky: the legs brown: the female has less cinereous about the head and breast. This bird has very little song, od what it has is only uttered in the winter season, when it con- _ tinually repeats the notes dt, tit, tittttt, which has occasioned it to be called Titling in some places : it remains with us throughout the whole year, but in France it is migratory, appearing in October, and returning to the north in the spring: it breeds very early, commencing its nest in March; it is - composed of green moss and wool, and lined» with hair; it is placed in a low thick bush or hedge, and is often selected by the Cuckow to deposit her eggs in. The female mostly lays four or five uniform pale blue eggs: its food is insects and worms, and it will frequently pick up crumbs, when there is a deficiency of the former. 663 BLUE WARBLER. (Sylvia Sialis.) Sy. supra cerulea, subtus tota rubra, abdomine albo. Warbler above blue, beneath entirely red, with a white belly. Sylvia Sialis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2,522. 44.—Vieil. Ois. de ae Sept. 2.40.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 1. 56. Motacilla Sialis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 336. 38.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 980. | Rubecula carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 423. | Rouge-gorge bleue de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ous. 5. 212.—Buf. Pl. Enl. 390. f. 1. 2.—Vieil. Ors. de 0 Amer. Sept..2..40..p/,101.. Blue Bird. Catesb, Carol. 1. pl. 47.—Wails, Amer. Orn. 1, 56. TEE, Jonas y's Blue Red-breast. Edwards. Birds. pl 24. Blue-backed Red-breast. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 398. 281. Blue Warbler. Lath Gen. Syn, 4. 446. 40. Tuis bird is nearly six inches in length: its beak is blackish: the upper parts of its plumage are of a fine blue: the throat, fore-part of the neck, breast, and sides, rufous; the breast some- times tinged with blue: the belly and under tail- coverts white: the female is less brilliant in co- lour, and has the upper parts varied with brown, _and the edges of the secondaries white. This migrative bird makes its appearance in Carolina and Virginia very early in the spring, in flocks: it feeds on insects, to procure which it frequents: fields of maize and marshy places: it often perches upon rails and posts, and jumps at 664 ' LIVID WARBLER. x an insect in the manner of a Flycatcher : it flies quick: it has only a slight plaintive note: its nest is placed in the hole of a tree, or wall. In the United States the inhabitants fix boxes for this species to nidificate in, as they are very partial to its melody. LIVID WARBLER. (Sylvia livida.) Sy. ceruleo grisea, crisso albo, rostro pedibusque plumbeis, remi- gibus nigricantibus margine albis, rectricibus nigris.; extimis duabus albis. Blue-grey Warbler, with a white vent; the beak and legs lead- colour ; the quills dusky, edged with white; the tail-feathers black, the two outer ones white. Sylvia livida. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 534. 97+ Motacilla livida. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 981. Figuier bleu de Madagascar. Buff. Pl. Enl. 705. f. 3. Madagascar Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 476. 94. Tue Madagascar Warbler is four inches and a half in length: the beak and legs are pale plum- beous: the upper parts of the body are deep blue- grey: the quills are dusky, edged with white: the tail rather long and black, the two outer feathers excepted, which are white: under parts of the body pale blue-grey, inclining to white towards the vent. Said to be the. male of the Maurice Warbler, but differs too aia ieainiss: for that to be the fact. 665 MAURICE WARBLER. (Sylvia Mauritiana.) Sy. ceruleo grisea, subtus alba, remigibus rectricibusque nigris, margine albis. Blue-grey Warbler, beneath white, with the quills and tail black, margined with white. Sylvia mauritiana. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 534. 96. Motacilla mauritiana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 981. - Figuier bleu, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 282. Figuier de l’isle de France. Buff. Pl. Enl. 705. f. 1. Maurice Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 476. 93. Tuis inhabits the Isle of France: its length is three inches and three quarters: the beak is dusky: the upper parts of its plumage are blue- grey: the quills and tail black, with white edges: the under parts of the plumage are white. BICOLOURED WARBLER. (Sylvia bicolor.) Sy. supra pallide-cerulea, subtus gilva. Warbler above pale blue, beneath grey. Sylvia bicolor. Vzedl. Ors. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 32. La Fauvette bicolor. Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 2. 32. pl. 90, bis. | 666 VARIABLE WARBLER. Tuts species has the whole of its upper parts pale blue; the quills and inner tail-feathers dark- est: the under parts are grey: its legs and beak are brown: it is in length four inches and a quarter. Inhabits North America. VARIABLE WARBLER. (Sylvia versicolora, ) Sy. fusco-nebulosa subtus albo-cerulescens, rectricibus duabus in- termediis fuscis, lateralibus rubris apice albis. | Clouded-brown Warbler, beneath blueish white, with the two middle tail-feathers brown, the, lateral ones red, tipped with white. Sylvia versicolora. Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. lot. 14. Variable Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 250. 40. Upper parts of the plumage brown, clouded with purplish red: below blueish white: the two middle tail-feathers brown; the rest purplish red, tipped with white: beak black: legs pale brown. Native of New South Wales. , .FERRUGINOUS WARBLER. (Sylvia gularis.) Sy. supra ferruginea subtus alba, gula, alis, caudaque nigris. Warbler above ferruginous, beneath white, with the throat, wings, and tail, black. Sylvia gularis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 552. 160. Motacilla gularis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.997. 171. Ferruginous Warbler.. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 244. 18. Tuts bird inhabits South America: it is en- tirely of a deep ferruginous above, with the wings and tail black: the under parts are white, the throat excepted, which is black. t BROWN-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia fuscescens, ) Sy. fuscescens, subtus nigricante et rufo-griseo varia, rostro, gula fasciaque oculari fusca. Brownish Warbler, beneath varied with dusky and reddish grey; the beak, throat, and stripe on the eye, brown. 7 Sylvia fuscescens. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 537. 109. Motacilla fuscescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 984. Ficedula jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 3,512. 61. Figuier brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 5. 292. Brown-throated Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.482, 105. Inuasits Jamaica: length five inches: beak and legs pale brown: the upper parts of the plum- 668 _ RUFOUS WARBLER. age, the quills, and tail, the same: from the beak, © passing through the eyes, a dull brown stripe: throat dull brown: rest of the under parts varied with dusky and rufous grey. RUFOUS WARBLER. (Sylvia rufa.) Sy. ru‘o-grisea, subtus rufescens, temporum stria longitudinal, remigibus rectrictbusque rufescentibus. : Reddish-grey Warbler, beneath reddish, with a longitudinal stripe on the temples, and the quills and tail-feathers reddish. Sylvia rufa, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 516. 27. Motacilla rufa. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 955. Curruca rufa. Briss. Orn. 3. 387. 8. Fauvette rousse. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 146. Rufous Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 43.1. 22. LencTH not quite five inches: the beak is grey- brown: the upper parts of the body are rufous grey ; the under parts are sometimes pale rufous, at others white: the cheeks are marked with a stripe of rufous: the quills and tail are reddish grey, edged with pale rufous: legs brown. This species inhabits France and Germany: it generally resorts to gardens, and fixes its nest, which is con- structed of dried herbs, and lined with hair, ona low bush or plant: its eggs are five in number, and are of a greenish white, sprinkled with a darker colour. 669 CAFFRARIAN WARBLER. 7 (Sylvia Caffra, ) Sy. olivacea, gula caudaque ferrugineis, supercilus albis. Olive Warbler, with the throat and tail ferruginous; the eye- brows white. Sylvia Caffra, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 514, 22. Motacilla Caffra, Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 527.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 907. Caffrarian Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn.4. 426. 17. Native of the Cape of Good Hope: the head and back are olive: the quills are brown: the eyebrows white: between the beak and eyes black: the breast and belly whitish: the throat, rump, and tail, ferruginous; the feathers of the latter tipped with brown, and even. 670 REDSTART WARBLER, (Sylvia Pheenicurus.) Sy. gula nigra, abdomine caudaque rufis, capite dorsoque cano, Warbler with a black throat, red belly and tail, and hoary head | and back, Sylvia Pheenicurus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.511. 15. t Motacilla Pheenicurus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.335. 34.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 257.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 987. Ruticilla. _ Raz. Syn. 78, A. 5.— Briss. Orn. 3. 403. 15. Rossignol de muraille. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 170. pl. 6. f. 2. —Buff. Pl. Enl, 331. f- 1. 2.—Buff. Hist. Prov. 1.501. - ania Redstart. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 146.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.416. B. ” —Will. Ang. 218.—Albin. Birds. 1. pl. 50.—Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 40.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 421. 11.—Lewin. Brit. - Birds. 3. pl. 108.—Don. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 82.—Bewich. Brit. _~ Birds, 1. 208.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2,.—Mont. Sup. Tue Redstart is five inches and a half in length: its beak and legs are black: irides hazel: fore- head white: crown of the head, hind part of the neck, and back, deep blueish grey: cheeks and throat black: the breast, sides, and rump, rusty red: quills and two middle tail-feathers brown ; the rest of the tail-feathers red: female light brown, with a dash of grey on the head and back: the chin is whitish: the red is not so bright as the male. : , The Redstart is far from a shy bird, as it will often build its nest and rear its young in some hole of a wall where persons are continually pass- ing, but upon being disturbed will immediately TITHYS WARBLER. 671 forsake the place: it is generally found near ha- bitations, in villages, and small towns: its nest, as before mentioned, is generally built in old ruinous walls, or hollow trees; it is composed chiefly of moss, and lined with hair and feathers; the eggs are five or six in number, of a fine blue, not much unlike those of the Hedge Warbler, but larger, and of a lighter cast. The young, at first, are speckled ak over. Its song is rather agreeable, and it ill imitate that of other birds in confinement, which, how- ever, but few individuals of this species will bear, unless they be brought up from the nest: it is migratory, appearing about the middle of April, and retiring the latter end of September or be- ginning of October; it is rarely seen farther to the north than Yorkshire, or to the west than Exeter. Its food consists of insects and worms: when _ perched, it has a peculiar method of wagging its tail. TITHYS WARBLER. (Sylvia Tithys.) Sy. remigibus nigricantibus, rectricibus rufis, intermedio pari nigro extrorsum rufescente. Warbler with dusky quills, and rufous tail-feathers; the two _middle ones black, outwardly rufous. Sylvia Tithys. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 512, 16.—Scop. Ann. 1. 233. Motacilla Tithys. Lin. Sa 1. 335. 34, B.—Gmel. Syst. ~ Nat. 1. 987. B. Redstart. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 423. c. Vv. X. P. Il. 43 672 CHESNUT-BELLIED WARBLER. Tue male of this species is greyish on the upper parts: his throat and breast are black: the belly is whitish between the thighs: the rest of the plumage varied with black and white: the female is entirely of a fuscous brown: both sexes have the two middle tail-feathers brown, and the rest brown at the tips: the vent and bases of the outer tail-feathers are red. Found in liebe its eggs are whitish. CHESNUT-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia erythrogastra.) Sy. subtus badia, capite nucha alarumque speculo albis, genis, temportbus, collo, interscapulio et alis aterrimis, uropygio cau- daque badiis. | Warbler beneath chesnut-coloured, with the head, nape, and spot on the wings, white; the cheeks, temples, neck, between the scapulars and the wings, dark ; the rump and tail chesnut. Sylvia erythrogastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 513. 18. Motacilla erythrogastra. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 975. Chesnut-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 424, 13. DiscovereD by Gueldenstaedt among the gra- velly hollows of the Caucasian mountains : its nest is placed between the branches ofthe sea- buckthorn: it is a migratory species, retiring to the south in the winter when its food becomes scarce: it is fond of the berries of the plant above . mentioned, and will feed on insects, like the rest GREY REDSTART WARBLER. 673 of the genus: the male has his beak black: the irides brown: the crown and nape are sullied white: the feathers at the base of the beak are deep black, as are those of the throat, cheeks, temples, neck, and between the wings: the mid- dle of the quills, from the third to the tenth, is white, forming a spot across them: the breast, belly, vent, rump, and tail, are deep chesnut: the knee is black: legs and claws the same: the fe- male has the rump and tail paler than the male; the tips of the two outer feathers, and the whole of the inner ones, are brown: the rest of the plumage is ash-coloured, palest beneath, with a tinge of rufous. | GREY REDSTART WARBLER. (Sylvia Gibraltariensis. ) Sy. cinerea, fronte, temporibus gulaque nigris, occipite abdomine- que inferiore albis, uropygio caudaque aurantiis, rectricibus tin- termediis fuscis. Cinereous Warbler, with the forehead, temples, and throat, black; the hind head and lower part of the belly white; the rump and tail orange, and the middle tail-feathers brown. Sylvia gibraltariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 513. 17. Motacilla gibraltariensis. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 987. Ruticilla gibraltariensis. Briss. Orn, 3. 407. 16. Rossignol de muraille de Gibraltar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.° 177. | | Grey Redstart. Edwards, Birds. pl. 29.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 417..c.—Lath. Gen. Syn, 4, 423. 12. 674 - RED-TAIL WARBLER. Inuwasits Gibraltar: size of the Redstart: beak dark brown: forehead, sides of the head, and throat, black: hind head white: top of the head, neck, back, wing-coverts, breast, and upper. part of the belly, blue-grey: lower part of the latter white: quills grey-brown, with white margins: rump and tail orange; all the tips of the feathers of the latter brown; the two middle feathers en- tirely brown: legs brown. RED-TAIL WARBLER. . (Sylvia Erithracus.) Sy. dorso remigibusque cinereis, abdomine rectricibusque rufis, ex- timis duabus cinereis. 7 Warbler with the back and quills ash-colour; the belly and tail- feathers rufous, the outer feathers cinereous. | Sylvia Erithracus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 513. 19. Motacilla Erithracus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 335. 35.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 258.—Gmmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 988. Pheenicurus torquatus. Briss. Orn. 3. 411.18. male. Pheenicurus, Briss. Orn. 3. 409. 17. female. Rouge-queue a collier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 5. 180. Red-tail. Ray. Syn. 78. 5. 2.—Will. Ang. 218. 7. 2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.425, 14. Lancer than the Redstart: beak dusky : éhel top of the head, hind part of the neck and back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, grey: rump rufous: greater wing-coverts and quills grey- brown, margined with rufous: throat and under REDDISH-TAILED WARBLER. 675 parts of the body whitish grey, irregularly varied with pale rufous: sides and under tail-coverts pale rufous; tail deep rufous, and somewhat forked: legs black: according to Buffon, the male has a large brown lunulated mark on the fore-part of the neck, with the concave part uppermost; he has also a small spot of that colour between the beak and eyes, and the two middie tail-feathers are also brown. This species inhabits the southern parts of Europe, frequenting woods and low bushy places: | its nest is placed within a short distance of the | ground; it is composed of moss without, and wool and feathers within: the eggs are white, va- ried with grey, and are five or sixinnumber. The bird is accounted very fine eating in the autumn, as it is then very fat: it feeds on worms, flies, and other insects: ifs song is very trifling. REDDISH-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia russeicauda.) Sy. griseo-fusca, rectricibus lateralibus rufis. Grey-brown Warbler, with the lateral tail-feathers red. Sylvia russeicauda. _ Viel. Ors. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 17- _ La Fauvette a queue rousse. Vzedl. O1s. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 17. pl. 7. Tus species has a very inieat affinity to Sylvia erithracus and S. ruficauda, but may be readily 676 RUFOUS-TAILED WARBLER. distinguished from the former by having the mid- dle tail-feathers of the same colour as the rest of the body, and from the latter by the same parts not being orange: it is about five inches and a half in length: its beak and feet are black. It inhabits North America, from Georgia to Hudson’s Bay: it is migratory, arriving at the latter place in April, and retiring to the south in the autumn. RUFOUS-TAILED WARBLER. © (Sylvia ruficauda. ) Sy. fusca subtus alba, dorsi colore in rufum vergente, tectricibus alarum caudaque rufis, gula alba, fusco maculata, pectore dilute Susco. Brown Warbler, beneath white, with the back inclining to rufous; the wing-coverts and tail rufous; the throat white, spotted with brown; the breast pale brown. Sylvia ruficauda. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 519. 37. Motacilla ruficauda. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Fauvette de Cayenne a queue rousse, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 163. | Rufous-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 439. 33. Inuazits Cayenne: it is five inches and a quarter in length: the upper parts of the plumage ' are brown, with the back inclining to rufous: the quills are edged with rufous: the wing-coverts and tail are entirely of that colour: the throat 1s BLACK RED-TAIL WARBLER. 677 white, edged with pale rufous, and dotted with brown: the breast is pale brown: the under tail- coverts are tinged with rufous: the rest of the under parts white. BLACK RED-TAIL WARBLER. (Sylvia atrata.) Sy. nigra, vertice plumbeo, remigibus atris; secundariis margine extertore albis, rectricibus rufis; intermediis duabus atris. Black Warbler, with the crown lead-colour; the quills dusky ; the outer margin of the secondaries white; the tail-feathers rufous, the two middle ones dusky. 7 Sylvia atrata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 514. 21. Motacilla atrata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 988. 162. Black Red-tail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 426. 16. Locatity unknown: the prevailing colour of its plumage is black: the top of the head lead- colour: the quills dusky: the outer edges of the secondaries bordered with white: the feathers of the back have dusky margins: the two middle tail-feathers are dusky, the others red: the bird ‘is about six inches in length. 678 GUIANA RED-TAIL WARBLER. (Sylvia Guianensis. ) Sy. grisea, subtus alba, alis caudaque longa rujis. Grey Warbler, beneath white, with the wings and elongated tail rufous. Sylvia guianensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 514. 20. Motacilla gujanensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 988. 161. Rouge-queue de la Guiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 186.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 686. f. 2. a Guiana Red-tail. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 426. 15. Turis inhabits Guiana: it is six inches and a half in length: its beak is pale: the upper parts of its body are grey: the wings and tail entirely rufous, the latter very long: the under parts of the body are white: the legs are pale flesh- coloured. ' EQUINOCTIAL WARBLER. (Sylvia lougura) Sy. fusco-testacea subtus alba, uropygio pallido, rectricibus s fasciis obsoletis. Testaceous-brown Warbler, beneath white, with the rump pale, and the tail-feathers obsoletely banded. Sylvia zquinoctialis, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 553. 169. Equinoctial Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 187. 154. ‘Ake i — F YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. 679 Tuts bird inhabits Christmas Island: it is as large as the Domestic Finch: its beak is dusky : the prevailing colour of its upper parts is testa- ceous brown, the rump palest: the quills and tail are brown, the latter slightly forked, and crossed with obsolete bars: the under parts of the body are white: it has a short but not unpleasing warble. YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia flavicollis. ) Sy. grisea, subtus alba, ad latera nigro-varid, fronte, fascia ocu- lari rectricibusque nigris, lateribus interiori latere albidis, ma- cula utrinque ad basin rostri guttureque flavis. Grey Warbler, beneath white, towards the sides varied with black ; the forehead, stripe through the eyes, and tail, black; the lateral feathers white on their inner webs; a spot on each side the base of the beak and the throat yellow. Sylvia flavicollis, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 518, 35.—Vieil. Ois. de v Amer. Sept. 2. 45.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 2. 64. Motacilla flavicollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Parus carolinensis griseus. Briss. Orn. 3. 563. 10. Mesan¢ge gris 4 gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots. 5, 454, La Fauvette gris 4 gorge jaune. Vveil. Ois. de? Amer. Sept. 2. A5. Yellow-throated Creeper. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 62. Yellow-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 400. 286,—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 437. 31.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 64. x11. f 6. ~ Tue Yellow-throated Warbler is five inches and a quarter in length: its beak is black; forehead 680 YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. the same, with a spot of yellow on each side near the base of the beak: from the beak, passing through the eyes, is a stripe of black: the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, are of a beauti- ful grey: the wing-coverts are brownish, and are _ marked with two white bars: the quills are also brownish, but paler than the coverts: the throat and fore-part of the neck are bright yellow, and are bounded by the streak that passes through the eyes: the rest of the under parts of the plumage are white, sprinkled on the sides with black: the tail is slightly forked, and has all but the two middle feathers whitish on the inner webs: the legs are brown: the female is destitute of the black and yellow markings on the head. This bird is very abundant in Carolina. . YELLOW-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia fuscicollis.) Sy. virescente fusca, pectore abdomineque flavis, cauda virescente, tectricibus alarum remigibusque fuscis, margine rufescentibus, Greenish-brown Warbler, with the breast and abdomen yellow ; the tail greenish; the wing-coverts and quills brown, with reddish margins, Sylvia fuscicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 520. 38. Motacilla fuscicollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 959. Fauvette de Cayenne a gorge brune et ventre jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 163. Yellow-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 440. 34. NEW YORK WARBLER. 681 * Native of Cayenne: the upper parts of its head and body are greenish brown: the wing-coverts ~ and quills brown, edged with pale rufous: throat greenish brown: breast and belly yellow, tinged with fulvous: tail-coverts greenish. NEW YORK WARBLER. (Sylvia Noveboracensis.) Sy. cinereo fuscoque varia, subtus flavicans nigro variegata, su- percilis albis. Cinereous Warbler, varied with fuscous; beneath yellowish, varied with black; the eyebrows white. Sylvia noveboracensis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 518.33.—Vieil. Ois. del Amer. Sept. 2. 26. ’ Motacilla noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 958. Fauvette tachetée dela Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.161. —Buff. Pl, Enl. 752. f. 1. ° La Fauvette brune. Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 26. pl. 82. Spotted Yellow Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 482. 106. female. New York Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 409. 308.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 436. 29. A souiTary species, inhabiting New York and Louisiana: it is five inches and three quarters in length: its beak is black: all the upper parts of the body are variegated with grey and deep brown: the eyebrows are white:.the under parts of its plumage are yellowish, striped with black, the streaks on the sides and breast broadest: legs pale 682 YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER. reddish brown: the female, which is that of the Yellow-spotted Warbler of Latham, is rather less than the male, and has the under parts whitish. YELLOW-BREASTED WARBLER. | (Sylvia Trichas.) Sy. olivacea, corpore subtus flavo, fascia ocular nigra. Olive Warbler, with the nen beneath hn yen o me and stripe through the eye black. Sylvia Trichas. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2..519. 36.— Vieil, Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 28. Turdus Trichas. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 293. 7.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 811. Ficedula marylandica, Briss. Orn. 3. 506. 58. Le Figuier aux joues noires. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 292. La Fauvette aux joues noires. Vieil. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 28. pl. 85. male. pl. 86. female. - Maryland Yellow-throat. Edwards. Glean., pl. 237. Yellow-breasted Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.283.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 438. 32. | ~ B. fascia transversa capitis alba, femoribus crissoque aurantiis. With a transverse white stripe on the head, and the thighs and vent orange. La Fauvette a poitrine jaune de la Louisiane. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 162.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 709. f. 2. | Orange-thighed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 284. | Yellow-breasted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 439. 32. A. THis elegant species, which inhabits various parts of North America, is subject to slight varia- . - = ; sys ° tions in its plumage: it is of a small size, only measuring five inches in length: its beak is brown: KENTUCKY WARBLER. - 683 the plumage above is deep olive-brown: the fore- head is black: the crown of the head reddish yellow: the quills are fringed with olive-yellow : the sides of the head are black: the throat and breast bright yellow: the belly and vent are yel- lowish white: the tail is similar to the quills: the legs are dull flesh-colour: it varies in having a transverse band of white on the top of the head, passing from eye to eye: the sides, thighs, and vent, are orange, the former palest: legs reddish: in other respects similar to the first. . The last is the male, according to Vieillot. KENTUCKY WARBLER. (Sylvia formosa.) Sy. olvvaceo-viridis subtus flava, vertice, lorisque nigris, supercilirs maculague infra oculos flavis, capite subcristato. - Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the crown and lores black; the eyebrows, and spot beneath the eye, yellow; the _ head slightly crested. Sylvia formosa. Was. Amer. Orn. 3. 85. Kentucky Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 85. pl. xxv.f. 3. Lenetu five inches and a half: head slightly crested: the crown deep black, towards the hind part spotted with light ash: upper parts of the body olive-green : tail nearly even at the end, and _of a rich olive-green: its inner webs, and those of the wings, dusky: the lores, and a stripe on each 684 BLUE-HEADED WARBLER. side of the neck, beneath the eye, black: the eye- brows, spot beneath the eye, and the under parts of the plumage, brilliant yellow: legs flesh-colour: the female has but little black on the crown, and is destitute of the spot beneath the eye. This bird is common in Kentucky and the Ten- nesee country, among lowand damp grounds, where it builds its nest on a tuft of grass, or in a low bush; it is composed of dry loose grass and weeds, and lined with hair: the eggs are four in number, pure white, with reddish spots. About April it arrives in Kentucky from the south, and remains there till the approach of cold weather, when it disappears ; it is a restless quarrelsome species. BLUE-HEADED WARBLER. (Sylvia cyanocephala.) 2 Sy. viridis, capite tectricubusque Wiorien superioribus carulers, gula cana, remigibus fuscis margine viridibus, Green Warbler, with the head and greater wing-coverts blue; the throat hoary; the quills brown, edged with green. Sylvia cyanocephala. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 546. 144, Motacilla ¢ so Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 990. 163. Sylvia viri Briss. Orn. 3. 531, 70. pl. 28. f. 4. Pitpit vert. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 338. Blue-headed Warbler. Lath, Gen, Syn, 4. 503. 139. Nor quite five inches long: beak brown: the. head, and upper wing-coverts, blue: the throat GREY-THROATED WARBLER. 6385 blue-grey: the rest of the body, and the greater coverts, bright green: the quills brown, with green margins: legs grey. Inhabits Cayenne. GREY-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia griseicollis.) — Sy. supra fusco-virescens, gula gilva, pectore hypochondriis tee- tricibusque caud@ inferioribus flavis, ventre rectricibusque late- ralibus albis. : Warbler above brown-green, with the throat grey; the breast, sides, and under tail-coverts, yellow; the belly and outer tail-feathers white. Sylvia griseicollis, Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 29. Sylvia fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2, 543. 131. young ? Motacilla fusca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.973. young? Figuier brun-olive. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 318. young. Olive-brown Warbler. Pen, Arct. Zool. 2,411. 313. young.— Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 495. 126. young. InHaBits Louisiana: the legs and beak are brown: between the latter and the eye is a spot of white: the eyelids are also white: the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are green- brown: the quills and wing-coverts are brown, edged with yellowish: the throat is whitish grey : the breast, sides, and under tail-coverts, are yel- low: the belly is white: the tail similar to the quills, with the outer feathers white: the young differs in having the throat, fore-part of the neck, 686 CRESTED WARBLER. and sides, whitish and grey, mixed: belly ‘yel- lowish white; and the middle tail- a tinged , with yellow. ij _ CRESTED ,WARBLER. {Sylvia Eatery ; Sy. supra fuscescente viridis, Cpe virescente grisea, capitis crista nigricante fusca, margine alba. — Warbler above brown-green, beneath green-grey, sith a dusky brown crest on the head, margined with: white. - Sylvia cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 541. 125. Motacilla cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.972. Figuier huppée de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 314.— Buff. Pl. Enl. 391.7. 1. Crested Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 493. 20. ¥ Tuer Crested Warbler is in length four inches: its beak is dusky. brown: the upper parts of its plumage are greenish brown; the under greenish grey: the feathers on the top of the head are blackish brown, edged with white, are much elon- gated, and may be Blovated at pleasure, and form a crest: legs yellowish brown. ‘This frequents the open parts of Guiana: it feeds on insects. Gh if, RZ YZ ) ON WP: OTe CRESTED WARBLER. 687 RED-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia Velia.) Sy. nigra viridi-ceruleo varia, ventre Suloo, uropygio viridi-aureo. Black Warbler, varied with green-blue, with the belly fulvous, and rump golden green. Sylvia Velia. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 540. 146. Motacilla Velia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 336. 41.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 991. _ Sylvia surinamensis caerulea. Briss. Orn. 3. 536, a Pitpit varié. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ors. 5. 341. Pitpit bleu de Surinam, Buff: Pl. Enl. 669. f 3; Red-bellied Blue-bird. Edwards, Birds. 1. pl. 22. Red-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 504. 141. Beak lead-colour; the under mandible whitish: the upper parts of the head, neck, and back, are black, variegated with blue-green; the greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail, are black, bordered with blue: the rump is of a golden green: the throat is violet, as is the fore-part of the neck, but the latter is varied with brown: the rest of the under parts is rufous: legs ash-coloured: i varies in having the forehead golden green; and also in having the belly and rump reddish. It is a native of Surinam and other parts of South America: it is greatly esteemed as food, and is considered as fine as the Ortolan. Ve X.- P. IIe / he 4 6SS8 GREEN INDIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Zeylonica.) Sy. viridis, subtus flavescens, alis nigris, fascis duabus albis. Green Warbler, beneath yellowish; wings black, with two white bars. Sylvia zeylonica. Lath. Ind..Orn, 2. 532. 91. Motacilla tiphia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 331. 13. male.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 963. Motacilla zeylonica, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. female. Ficedula bengalensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 484. 47. Le Figuier vert et jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 278. Ceylon Warbler. Brown. Ill. Zool. p. 36. pl. 15.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.474. 87.—Lath. Sup. 474. Green Indian Flycatcher. Edwards, Glean. 1. 15. male, pl. 79. female. . | | Green Indian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 474. 90. Leneru above four inches: beak dusky, with a yellowish base: the upper parts of the plumage olive-green; the rump palest: lesser wing-coverts deep brown: the middle and greater ones the same, tipped with white, forming two bars of that colour on the wings: quills and tail blackish, with yellow edges: cheeks and under parts of the body pale greenish yellow: legs dusky: the opposite sex differs in having. the crown and nape black, Inhabits Bengal and Ceylon. 689 CINGALESE WARBLER. (Sylvia Singalensis. ) _ Sy. variabili-viridis, gutture aurantio, pectore abdomineque flavis. Changeable-green Warbler, with the throat orange; the breast and abdomen yellow. Sylvia singalensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 533. 92. Motacilla singalensis. Gmel, Syst.. Nat. 1. 964. Green Warbler. Brown. Illust. Zool. 82. pl, 32. Cingalese Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 474. 88. Tuer Green or Cingalese Warbler inhabits Cey- lon: its length is four inches and a half: its beak is brown: the upper parts of its plumage are changeable green: the fore-part of the neck is orange: the breast and belly are yellow. CHINA WARBLER. (Sylvia Sinensis.) Sy. viridis, subtus incarnata, macula aurium striaque ab oculis ad nucham producta pallidis, cauda acuta. Green Warbler, beneath flesh-coloured, with a spot on the ears, _and stripe from the eyes to the nape, pale; tail pointed. Sylvia sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 533. 93. Motacilla sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 963. China Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 474. 89. Innasits China: length six inches: beak pale dusky red: the prevailing colour of the plumage 690 RUSTY-HEADED WARBLER. green: a spot on the ears, and a stripe from the eyes to the nape of the neck, pale: under parts of - the body flesh-coloured: legs dusky: tail greatly pointed. ; RUSTY-HEADED WARBLER. (Sylvia borealis. ) Sy. viridis, subtus flava, fronte, gula, temporibusque ferrugineis, cauda rotundata, rectricibus lateralibus apice albis. Green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the forehead, throat, and temples, rusty; the tail rounded, its outer feather tipped with white. hee Sylvia borealis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 522. 47. Motacilla borealis. G'mel. Syst. Nat. 1.986. Rusty-headed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 448. 44. Inuapits Kamischatka: length five inches: beak pale: forehead, throat, and temples, ferru- ginous: the upper parts of the body green, in- clining to olive: the tail rounded ; the tips of all but the two middle feathers white: the under parts of the body yellow: legs dusky. 691 SHORE WARBLER. (Sylvia littorea. ) Sy. supra obscure viridis, subtus ochroleuca, remigibus rectricibus que nigricantibus. Warbler above dull green, beneath yellcw-white, with the quills and tail-feathers dusky. Sylvia littorea, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 552. 163. Motacilla littorea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 977. Shore Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. II. 245. 21. Tuis inhabits the shores of the Caspian Sea: it lives on worms: its plumage is dull green above, with dusky quills and tail: the under parts yel- lowish white. GUIRA WARBLER. (Sylvia Guira.) Sy. viridis, subtus luten, genis gulaque nigris linea lutea cinctis. Green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the cheeks and throat black, bounded with a yellow line. - Sylvia Guira. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2, 547. 147. Motacilla Guira. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.335, 36.—Gimel. Syst. Nat. . 1. 988. | Tanagra nigricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 894. Sylvia brasiliensis viridis. Briss. Orn. 3. 533.71. Guira-beraba. Buff? Hist. Nat. Ovs. 5. 342. Tangara 4 gorge noire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 263.— Buf. Pirie Eail, 720). 70 1. Guira-guiau-beraba. Edwards. Glean. 351. f. 2. Black-throated Tanager. Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 237. 33. Guira Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 505. 142.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 316. 692 FLAME-COLOURED’ WARBLER. Lenertu five inches: the upper mandible of the beak black; the lower flesh-coloured: the head and throat are black: the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, are olive-green: the rump is orange, and the upper tail-coverts are yellow: the supercilia are yellow, and join a line of that colour that passes down the sides of the neck, and separates the black of the head and throat from the colour on the lower part of the neck, which is fine orange: from thence to the vent yellow: legs dusky: the quills are tipped with brown. In- habits Guiana and Brasil. | FLAME-COLOURED WARBLER. (Sylvia flammea.) Sy. supra flammea subius grisea, alis caudaque nigris. Warbler above flame-colour, beneath grey, with the wings and tail black, Sylvia flammea. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. lwi. 15. Motacilla flammea. Muse. Carls. 4. pl. 98. Flame-coloured Warbler. Lath, Syn. Sup. II. 251. 41. Tus splendid species is a native of Java, where it is found among the palm trees: it is the size of a Wren: the head, neck, and back, are of a most beautiful pale orange, or flame-colour: the beak, irides, legs, wings, and tail, are black: the belly _ is pale grey: the tongue is ciliated at the tip. 693 PINK-COLOURED WARBLER. / (Sylvia caryophyllacea.) Sy. dilute caryophyllacea, rostro pedibusque rubescentibus. Pale-pink Warbler, with the beak and feet reddish, Sylvia caryophyllacea. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 532. 89. Motacilla caryophyllacea, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 964. Pink-coloured Warbler. Brown. Illust. Zool. 84. pl. 33. Gen. Syn. 4. 473. 85. Lath. Tue Pink Warbler is described in the Illustra- tions of Zoology by Mr. Brown, and is stated to _be a native of Ceylon : it is the size of the Willow Wren: its beak is reddish: the prevailing colour of its plumage is pale pink; the wings and tail tinged with dusky ; and the legs red. MEDITERRANEAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Mediterranea. ) Sy, fusco-virescens, subtus ferruginea, collo subtus pectoreque Sulvis. Brown-green Warbler, beneath ferruginous, with the neck be- neath and breast fulvous. Sylvia Mediterranea, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 156. Motacilla asilus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 996. 168. 0. Mediterranean Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 244. 17. 694 THORN-TAILED WARBLER. InwABITS Spain: its beak is somewhat curved at the tip: its plumage is greenish brown above, and ferruginous beneath: the fore-part of the neck and the breast are fulvous. THORN-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia spinicauda. ) Sy. spadicea, subtus alba, vertice flavo-maculato, facie superciliis- que flavis, cauda cuneiforma, rectricibus apice nudis subulatis. Chesnut Warbler, beneath white; with the crown spotted with yellow; the face and eyebrows yellow; the tail wedge-shaped, its feathers at the tip naked and awl-shaped. Sylvia spinicauda, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 528. 74. Motacilla spinicauda. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 978. Thorn-tailed Warbler, Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 463. 71. pl. 52. A very singular species, described and figured — by Dr. Latham; who informs us that it is the ** size of a Sparrow: length (the appendage of the tail included) more than six inches: beak three quarters of an inch, straight, except the very tip: base of the under mandible white: the head and upper part of the body dusky reddish brown, mottled with yellow on the crown: between the beak and eye yellow, passing in a streak over the eye to the hind head, where it is rufous: the wing-coverts are rufous, mixed with brown, ex- cept the shoulder, which is white: the under parts of the body, from chin to vent, are white NS QQ N MES WO SQ SAN AIK Sx ws \ \ Ny . Ay SS MA QAG A THORN-TAILED WARBLER . OF WHITE-COLLARED WARBLER. 695 also: the greater coverts and quills brown, with pale margins: the tail is cuneiform in shape, and of a very singular construction; for the end of each feather, for about one third of its length, is almost bare of webs, ending ina point; the four middle feathers are ferruginous; the other red- dish brown, with the ends white: the legs are brown, one inch in length. Inhabits Terra del Fuego.” WHITE-COLLARED WARBLER. (Sylvia Tschecantschia. ) Sy. supra nigricans, subius ferruginea, capite atro, nucha albi- cante, torque maculaque alarum oblonga albis, dorso nigro. Warbler above dusky, beneath ferruginous; with the head dusky; the nape whitish ; the collar, and oblong spot on the wings, ' white; back black, Sylvia Tschecantschia. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 552. 161. Motacilla Tschecantschia. G'mel. Syst. Nat. 1. 997.—Lepech. Trav. 2. 186. ' White-collareé Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 245. 19. Inuasits Siberia: the plumage above is dusky: the head is black: the nape of the neck whitish ; beneath which is a white collar: the back is black: the wings are ornamented with an oblong white spot: the under parts of the body are ferruginous. 696 TERRENE WARBLER. (Sylvia inornata. ) Sy. flavo-fuscescens subtus flava, remigibus nigris, cauda apice pallida, Yellow-brown Warbler, beneath yellow, with’ the quills black, and the tip of the tail pale. Sylvia inornata, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 4 Terrene Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. If. 248. 30. Break and legs black: the prevailing colour of the plumage of a greenish yellow, tinged with brown; the under parts palest: quills dull black: tips of the tail-feathers cinereous: common at Port Jackson, New South Wales: its habits agree very much with the Wagtails, as it is but seldom seen perching, but generally on the ground, and takes but short flights at a time. RUFOUS*VENTED WARBLER. _ (Sylvia rufiventris.) Sy. cinereo-fusca, abdomine rufo, jugulo albo, lunula pectoris cerulea. Cinereous-brown Waibler, with a red belly, white ake and a blue crescent on the breast. Sylvia rufiventris. Lath. Ind. Orn, Sup. hv. 6 Rufous-vented Warbler. _ Lath. Gen. Syn. Sia IT, 248. 32. bor RUDDY WARBLER. 697 Native of New South Wales: somewhat like the Blue-throated Warbler, which it more than equals in size: beak dusky: tongue ciliated at the tip: upper parts of the plumage slaty grey: breast with a lunulated blue stripe, extending from the colour on the shoulders: chin and fore-part of the neck white: breast, and all the rest of the under parts, rufous: tail even at the end: legs like the beak. RUDDY WARBLER. (Sylvia rubricata.) _ Sy. cinereo-fusca, subtus toto ferrugineo-rubra, alis caudaque fuscis. a 3 Grey-brown Warbler, beneath entirely rusty red, with the wings and tail brown. Sylvia rubricata. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. 8. Ruddy Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 249. 34. Beak dusky: irides hazel: the upper parts of the plumage brownish cinereous: the under parts ferruginous, inclining to yellow: wings and tail brown, the latter rounded: legs yellow. Native of New South Wales: it is rather larger than the Redbreast. 896 DARK WARBLER. (Sylvia magna. ) Sy. fusca, cervice dorsoque dilutiort, subtus rufescens, gula al- bida, remigibus rectricibusque dimidiato-rufis, extimis extus albis. Brown Warbler, with the top»of the neck and back palest; the under parts rufescent; the throat whitish; the quills and tail- feathers half red; the outer web of the exterior tail-feather white. Sylvia magna, Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 525. 57. Motacilla magna, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 968. Grand Traguet. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 232. Dark Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 453, 53. Locatiry unknown: length seven inches and a half: the head brown, varied with darker brown: upper part of the neck and body pale brown: wing- coverts and outer edge of the quills brown; the inner edge of the latter half brown, half rufous : throat whitish, mixed with brown: breast of the latter colour: under parts of the body pale rufous: tail similar to the quills, with the outer web ase the exterior feathers white. 699 BLOODY-SIDE WARBLER. (Sylvia ruficapilla.) Sy. olivacea, subius flava, gutture pectoreque maculis rufis varus, vertice rufo, tectricibus alarum, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, margine olvvaceis. Olive Piadiax, beneath yellow, with the throat and breast varied with rufous spots; the crown red; the wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers, brown, edged with olive. Sylvia ruficapilla. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 540. 119. -Motacilla ruficapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 971. Ficedula martinicana. Briss. Orn. 3. 490. 50. pl. 22. f. 4. Figuier a téte rousse. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 306. Bloody-side Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 405. 208.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 489. 115. Tur Bloody-side Warbler is found in Martinico: it is a trifle more than four inches in length: its beak is brown: the crown is rufous: the upper parts of the neck and body are olive-green: the wing-coverts and quills are brown, edged with olive-green: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, are yellow, marked with longitudinal ru- fous spots: belly and vent yellow: tail brown, edged with olive; the two outer feathers yellowish within: legs grey: it has a very agreeable and melodious note, scarcely worth the name of a song. 700 ORANGE-HEADED WARBLER. (Sylvia chrysocephala. ) Sy. spadicea subtus alba, capite colloque auraniiis, fascia supra infraque oculos fusca, tectricibus alarum albis nigrisque, rec- tricibus nigris, margine flavescentibus. Chesnut- sdldured Warbier, beneath white, with the Bald and neck orange; a brown stripe above and another beneath the eye; the wing-coverts black and white; the tail-feathers black, edged with yellowish. | Sylvia chrysocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 541. 124. Motacilla chrysocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.971. Figuier orangé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 313. Figuier étranger. Buff. Pl. Enl. 58. f. 3. Orange-headed Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 492. 119. Tur Orange-headed Warbler is of very. rare occurrence, and is a native of Guiana: its beak 1s black: the top and sides of the head, the front, and sides of the neck, orange: the eyebrows brown: the upper part of the body and the quills reddish brown: wing-coverts varied with black and white: beneath the eye a pale brown streak : breast and belly pale yellow: tail black, edged with yellow: legs yellow. a BUFF-FACED WARBLER. (Sylvia lutescens,) Sy. ferrugineo-fusca, subtus rufo-alba, fronte, mentoque atro lutes- centibus, macula aurium rubra, pectore atro-maculato. Rusty-brown Warbler, beneath reddish white, with the forehead and chin dirty yellow, a red spot on the ears, and the breast spotted with dusky. Sylvia lutescens, Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 523. 48. Motacilla lutescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. -Buff-faced Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 448. 45. Locaxtity unknown: described by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks: ‘* Beak dusky: forehead and chin dusky buff-colour: on the ears a patch of dusky red: upper parts of the body and tail-coverts ferru- ginous brown: under parts reddish white, mottled across the breast with dusky: legs pale brown.”’ 702 HANG-NEST WARBLER. (Sylvia Calidris.) Sy. supra fusco-virescens, subtus flava, linea oculari subocularique nigra. , Warbler above brown-green, beneath fulvous, with a black line through the eyes and another beneath. Sylvia Calidris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 543. 134. Motacilla Calidris, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 329. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.950, 2: Ficedula jamaicensis major. Briss. Orn. Sup. 101. Grand Figuier de la Jamaique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 320. American Nightingale. Edwards. Birds. 121. f. 2. Hang-nest Warbler. Lath. Gen, Syn. 4. 297. 129. Tue upper mandible of the beak of this bird is dusky; the under pale flesh-colour: the upper parts of its plumage are greenish brown; the rump palest: the wing-coverts are edged with yellowish, and the quills are rufous on the inner webs: through and beneath the eyes a dusky line: the sides of the head and under parts of the body dirty orange: the tai! greenish brown, all but the two middle feathers rufous within, and the tips pale green-brown: legs dusky. Inhabits Jamaica. 703 WHITE-CHINNED WARBLER. (Sylvia Bonariensis.) Sy. nigra, gutture hypochondriisque ferrugineis, facie, mento, ab- dominis medio rectricibusque extimis albis.. Black Warbler, with the throat and sides rusty ; the face, chin, middle of the belly, and outer tail-feathers, white. Sylvia bonariensis. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 543. 135. Motacilla bonariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.951. Demi-fin noir et roux. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 328. White-chinned Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 497. 130. Inuapits Buenos Ayres: length scarcely six inches: the beak dusky: irides chesnut: the upper parts of the body deep black: space between the beak and eyes white: chin, middle of the belly, and outer tail-feathers, white: throat, fore-part of the neck, and sides of the body, beneath the wings, ferruginous. CRIMSON-BREASTED WARBLER. (Sylvia rubricollis. ) Sy. cerulea subtus alba, jugulo pectoreque cocctneo-rubris. Blue Warbler, beneath white, with the jugulum and breast red- crimson. Sylvia rubricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lv. 11. Crimson-breasted Warbler. Lath, Syn. Sup. I. 250. 37. V. X. P. Il. 45 704 BLACK-NECKED WARBLER. Tue Crimson-breasted Warbler is blue on the upper parts, and white on the under: the fore- part of its neck and the breast are fine crimson ;_ and the beak and legs are brown. It is a native of New South Wales. BLACK-NECKED WARBLER. (Sylvia nigricollis,) Sy. subcristata supra pallide grisea subtus incarnata, pileo cervice remigibus rectricibusque nigris. — Slightly crested Warbler, above pale grey, beneath flesh-colour, with the top of the head and neck, the quills, and tail-feathers, black. Sylvia nigricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 553. 170. Black-necked Warbler. Lath. aa Sup. 187. 155. Innasits India: the beak is yellow, with the base blue: the feathers on the crown of the head are elongated and black, and are capable of being erected into a crest: the hind part of the neck is also black: the back and wing-coverts are light erey: the greater quills and tail are black: the sides of the neck, breast, and es reddish white: legs yellow. 705 CAMBAIAN WARBLER. (Sylvia Cambaiensis. ) Sy. fusco-nigricans subtus nigra nitida, abdomine imo crissoque rufo-ferrugineis, tectricibus alarum albis. Dusky-brown Warbler, beneath shining black, with the lower part of the belly and the vent dull red; the wing-coverts white. : | zs Sylvia Cambaiensis, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 554. 172. Cambaian Warbler. Lath, Syn. Sup, II. 246. 25. Beak black: plumage above dusky brown: wing-coverts white: under parts glossy black; lower part of the belly and vent dull red: tail three inches long, and even at the end: legs brown. Inhabits Guzurat. ; 706 WHIN-CHAT WARBLER. (Sylvia Rubetra.) Sy. nigricans, superciliis albis, macula alarum alba, gula ake que flavescente. Dusky Warbler, with white eyebrows, a white spot on aie wings, and the throat and breast yellowish. Sylvia Rubetra. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 525. 58. Motacilla Rubetra. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 332. 16,—Lin, ee Suec. 255.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 967. Rubetra major sive Rubicola. Briss. Orn. 3. 432, 26. oh 24. Jo 1. oe ts CEnanthe secunda, et Ficedula tertia Aldrovandis. Wall. Orn. 232, 234.—Ray. 76. 77. : Grand Traquet ou Tarier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 224.—Buf,. Pl. Enl, 678. f. 2. Whin-chat. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 158.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 421. R.—Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 39.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 454. 54. ' —Don. Brit. Birds. 2. pl. 60.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 109. —Walc, Syn. 2, pl. 140.—Mont. Orn, Dict. 2.— Bewich. Brit. Birds. 1, 231. Lenetu five inches: beak black: irides dark hazel: crown of the head, cheeks, hind part of the neck, back, and upper tail-coverts, black, each feather edged with rufous brown, giving the bird a pretty spotted appearance: from the upper mandible a broad white streak passes over the eye on each side to the back of the head, where it almost meets; from the chin another white streak . passes down each side of the neck: wing-coverts and quills dusky black, slightly edged with rufous brown: on the wing, near the shoulder, is a large WHIN-CHAT WARBLER. 707 ~ patch of white, and another smaller near the bas- tard wing: throat and breast light rust-colour ; sides the same, but not so bright: belly and under tail-coverts white, tinged with ferruginous: tail short, the feathers white for two-thirds from the base; the rest blackish, except the middle feathers, bP are wholly of the latter colour: legs black. The colours of the female are paler; the white streak over the eye, and the spots on the wings, are much less conspicuous; and the cheeks, in- stead of being black, are like the rest of the head. This bird appears with us about the middle of _ April: its manners are similar to those of. the Stone-chat ; but, unlike that bird, it leaves us in the winter, at least that is the case with some counties: in Kent it is seen all the year: it fre- quents furzy places, where it breeds: its nest is artfully concealed on the ground; it is constructed of dried grass and stalks, with a little moss ex- ternally, sid lined with fine dried grass: its eggs are six in number, entirely blue: it feeds on worms and insects, and, like the Flycatcher, it will sit upon the upper sprig of a furze or bush, dart after the flies, and return to the same place again: in the autumn this species grows very. fat, and is said to be as great a delicacy as the Ortolan. This is not so common as the Stone-chat; but it occurs, though sparingly,in most parts of Europe: it is most common with us in the eastern parts. 708 CAPE WARBLER. (Sylvia Sperata.) Sy. fusco-viridis subtus uropygioque rufo-grisea, rectricibts dua- bus intermediis nigricantibus, lateribus fusco-fulvo — di- ~ midiatis. Brown-green Warbler, with the under parts and rump aldies _ grey; the two middle tail-feathers dusky, and the outer ones obliquely half brown and fulvous. Sylvia Sperata, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 523. 51. Le Traquet du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 233. CH Sybil Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 450. 47. A. Peruaps but a variety of the Sybil Warbler: length six inches: the beak black: the upper parts of the head, neck, and body, greenish brown: the wing-coverts and quills brown, edged with paler: the rump rufous: under parts grey, tinged with rufous: tail slightly forked: the two middle feathers dusky brown; the rest obliquely brown and fulvous: another bird from the same part had the whole of the upper parts blackish brown, the throat white, and the breast rufous. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. | em my NA Hy “adil th) Kh! ee 2 pb TN 1 Ma STONECHAT WARBLER. 709 STONE-CHAT WARBLER. (Sylvia Rubicola. ) Sy. grisea, subtus rufescens, jugulo fascia alba, loris nigris. Grey Warbler, beneath reddish, with a white stripe on the jugu- - lun, the lores black. Sylvia Rubicola. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 523. 4g. Motacilla Rubicola. Lin. Sys, Nat, 1. 382. the Syst. - Nat, 1, 969. Rubetra. Briss. Orn. 3. 428. 25. pl. 23. f. 1. male. Traquet. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 215, pl. 13. qe Pi. Lith 678./. 1. Stone Smith, Stone Chatter, Moor Tidling, or Stone- chat: Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 159.—Will. Ang. 235. pl. 41.—Albin. Birds. 3. pl. 52.— Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 39.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 448. 46.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 108.—Don, Brit. Birds. » 4. pl. 92.—Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 239.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2— :; Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 233. A soLiTary species, weighing about five drams: length five inches and a quarter: beak’ black: irides dusky : the head and throat black; on each side the neck, immediately above the wings, is a large white spot: the back and wing-coverts are of a fine velvet black; the feathers edged with tawny: the quills are dusky, the lesser ones edged on their outer webs with bright ferruginous: the coverts black, slightly tipped and edged with rusty brown, except some of the larger ones near the body, which are of a pure white, forming a large conspicuous spot on the wing: the lower part of the rump and tail-coverts white: the breast deep 710 STONE-CHAT WARBLER. ferruginous ; belly lighter: tail black, slightly tipped and edged with pale brown: the legs black: the female has no black on the head, which is of the same dusky colour as the back ; on the throat is an obscure dusky spot; and the white on the wings is wanting: the male has the head varied with black and rufous the first year. It appears that a partial migration takes place with this species, as it is not so abundant in the winter as in the summer: it is a solitary species, chiefly confined to dreary moors and commons, where it sits on the uppermost sprays of" furze and brambles: it builds its nest at the roots of bushes, or beneath stones; it is formed of moss and bents, lined with hair and feathers ; 5 and the parent birds use such art to decoy any person away, that it is rarely found, except by chance: its - eggs are blue, faintly spotted with rufous at the larger end; they are five in number: it is a very early breeder, eggs being often found in the nest by the middle of April: the flight of this bird is low, and it is almost continually on the wing, flying from bush to bush, alighting only for a few se- conds. The note is compared by Buffon to the word owistrata frequently repeated; but Dr. La- tham compares it to the clicking of two stones together, from whence it is probable its name is derived. It is common in many parts of Europe ; aad Buffon asserts that it departs south in September. 711 RED-BREAST WARBLER. (Sylvia Rubecula.) Sy. grisca, gula pectoreque ferruginets. Grey Warbler, with the throat and breast ferruginous. Sylvia Rubecula. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 520. 42. Motacilla Rubecula. Lin, Syst. Nat. 1. 337. 45.—Lin, Faun, Suec. 260.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 993.—Scop. Ann, 1. 231.— Rai, Syn. 78. A. 3.—Briss. Orn, 3. 418. 21. Rouge-gorge. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 196. pl. 11.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 361. f. 1.—Buff. Hist. Prov. 1. 508. Red-breast. Pen. Brit. Zool. 147.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.417. D. —Albin, Birds. 1. pl. 51.—Will. Ang. 219. pl. 39.—Hayes. Brit, Birds. pl. 40.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 442. 38.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 107.—Don. Brit. Birds. 5. pl. 123.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 204.—Mont. Orn. Dict, 2.—Mont. Sup. Tuis quarrelsome but favourite bird is so well known, that the following short description will suffice: the upper parts are yellowish brown, tinged with ash: forehead, and from chin to breast, deep rufous orange: belly and vent whitish :. legs and beak dusky: both sexes are alike: the young do not possess the red feathers on the breast for two or three months after leaving the nest; during that time the breast is spotted with rust-colour. It has been found totally white. The Red-breast is generally observed to be most numerous in the winter, which has made many conjecture that it is a migrative species, but the fact has never been correctly ascertained : Scopoli asserts that it is migratory in Carniola: Buffon 712 RED-BREAST WARBLER. also allows it to migrate, and states that its de- parture takes place singly, and not in flocks. Its familiarity during the winter must be known to all: during that season it will enter houses that have the windows open, and pick up the crumbs beneath the table, when it often falls a victim to the cat: it will also follow the gardener while he is at work, closely attending his heels for the sake of the worms that are dug up. It sings through- out the winter, except in very severe weather. About the beginning of April it prepares its nest in some mossy bank, bush, or out-house ; it 1S composed of dried leaves, mixed with hair and moss, and lined with feathers: the eggs are of a dirty white, spotted with rust-colour and. cinere- ous; they are from five to seven in number. During the period of incubation the male sits at a little distance and utters his delightful song: he will pursue any small birds, not excepting even his own species, that approach near. It is a general inhabitant of Europe, being found from Sweden to Italy; and from its familiarity it has obtained a peculiar name in many countries. ~ About Bornholm it is called Tommi-liden, in Nor- way Peter Ronsmad, in Germany Thomas Gierdet, and with us Robin Red-breast and Ruddock. 713 LOUISIANE WARBLER. (Sylvia Ludoviciana.) Sy. olivacea, gutture pectoreque rubro-maculato flavis, abdomine _ ochroleuco, alarum fasciis duabus, rectricibusque duabus ex- timis intus ad apicem albis. Olive Warbler, with the throat and breast yellow, spotted with - red; the abdomen yellowish white ; the wings with two bands, and the two outer tail-feathers white towards the tip within, Sylvia ludoviciana, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 535. 105. Motacilla ludoviciana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 983. Ficedula ludoviciana. Briss. Orn. 3. 500. 55. pl. 26.f. 4. Figuier 4 gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 288. Louisiane Warbler, Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 407. 303. —Lath. Gen. — Syn. 4. 480. 101. | LeneTu four inches and a quarter: beak brown, with the lower mandible grey: the plumage on the upper parts of the body olive-green: wings with two white stripes: the quills dusky brown, with blue-grey edges, and their inner webs white: the fore-part of the neck and breast yellow, the latter spotted with red: the rest of the under parts yellowish white: the two outer tail-feathers tipped with white on their inner webs, and the next with a small oval spot at the tip: legs cinereous: the female has the breast plain. It inhabits Ue America. 714 BAY-BREASTED WARBLER. (Sylvia castanea.) Sy. griseo-flavescens, gula, pectore hypochondrtisque pallide cas- taneis, Sronte, genis, superciliis, strigaque Pa oculos, NISTIS, | fascia alarum duplici alba. Greyish-yellow Warbler, with the throat, breast, and sides, pale chesnut ; the forehead, cheeks, eyebrows, and stripe through the eyes, black; and a double white stripe on the wings. Sylvia castanea. Wils, Amer. Orn, 2. 97. Bay-breasted Warbler. Wails. Amer. Orn. 2. 97. pl. xiv. f. 4. Tue Bay-breasted Warbler is a very scarce species, at least in Pensylvania, through which place it passes during the month of May, in its passage to the north: it soon disappears, and is not seen again till the autumn, when very few, in proportion to those seen in the spring, are ob- served: it is an active, restless bird, and feeds upon insects: the nest and eggs are unknown. The length of it is five inches: the beak is black: the irides hazel: the throat, breast, and sides of the body, pale chesnut: the forehead, cheeks, eye- brows, and stripe through the eye, black: the crown deep chesnut :. towards the nape yellowish: hind head and back greyish buff-colour, striped with black : wings brownish black, crossed with two bars of white: tail forked, dusky black, with cinereous margins, the three outer feathers marked with a white spot on their inner webs: beneath the eye is a broad oblong spot of yellowish white : « YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER. 715 the legs and feet dark ash: the female has less of the bay colour on the breast; the black on the forehead is of a brownish tinge. YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER: (Sylvia maculosa. ) Sy. olivacea nigro-maculata, capite remigibusque cinereis, abdo- mine, crisso alarumque fasciis duabus albis, gula, uropygio pec- toreque nigro-maculato flavis. Olive Warbler, spotted with black, with the head and quills cinereous ; the belly, vent, and two bars on the wings, white; the throat, rump, and breast yellow, the latter spotted with black. | Sylvia maculosa. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 536. 108.— Viel. Os. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 33. Motacilla maculosa. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 984. Ficedula pensylvanica nevia. Briss. Orn. 3. 502. 56. Figuier 4 téte cendrée. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 291.—Vieil. Ois. del Amer. Sept. 2. 33. pl. 93. | Yellow-rumped Flycatcher. Edwards, Glean. pl. 255. Yellow-rumped Warbler, Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 400. 288.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 481. 104.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 182. : Tue Yellow-rumped Warbler is five inches in length: its beak is brown: the top and sides of the head are cinereous: the hind part of the neck and back are olive-green, spotted with dusky: the wing-coverts have two white stripes; the quills are deep ash, edged with white: the throat and rump are plain yellow: the breast is also yellow, 716 PARTICOLOURED WARBLER. but is ornamented with spots of black: the belly and vent are white: the tail-feathers are dusky, with the middle of their inner webs white; but | the two middle ones are totally black: legs brown. Inhabits North America: its nest is composed of grass and feathers, -_ its eggs are four in number. PARTICOLOURED WARBLER. (Sylvia discolor.) mY. olivaceo-viridis subtus flava, lateribus capitis colli hypochon- driisque nigro-maculatis, remigibus Baas ld nigrican- tibus. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the sides of the head, neck, and body, spotted with black; the quills and tail dusky. Sylvia discolor. Vieil. Ois. de I? Amer. Sept. 2. 37. La Fauvette discolor. Vieil. Ois. de l Amer. Sept. 2. 37. pl. 98. Tar shade see of this bird above is olive- green: the quills and tail are dusky; the lateral feathers of the last white: the under parts of the body are yellow, as are also the eyebrows: beneath © the eye are two large blackish spots: the sides of the neck, breast, and body, are likewise orna- mented with a few dusky spots. Native of North America. . ‘ ID ay oat S SN a \ » ay DN — DARTFORD WARBLER. | 1TH: 717 DARTFORD WARBLER. ( Sylvia Dartfordiensis.) Sy. spadicea, subtus ferruginea, abdominis medio, remigum mar- gine, alis spurts, et rectricum extimarum exteriori latere albis, palpebris rubris. Chesnut-coloured Warbler, beneath ferruginous, with the mid- dle of the belly, the edges of the quills, bastard wing, and the outer margin of the exterior tail-feather, white; eyelids red. : Sylvia provincialis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 517. 31. Motacilla provincialis, Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 958. Pitchou de Provence. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 158.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 655. f. 1. Dartford Warbler. Pen. Brit, Zool. 1.161. pl. 56.—Lath. Gen. . Syn. 4, 435. 27.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 181. 27.—Lath. Syn. Sup. IT, 241. 10.—Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 10.— Lewin. Brit, Birds. 3. pl. 106.—Mont, Orn. Dict, 2.—Mont. Sup.—Mont. Lin. Trans. 7. 280. and 9. 191.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. 203. Tuts singular Warbier is rather larger than the Wren: its length is five inches and a half: beak black, at the base of the upper mandible whitish : irides and eyelids yellow: the whole upper parts - are of a dusky brown: cheeks dark ash: throat, neck, and breast, deep ferruginous; sides the same, but not so bright: middle of the belly white: quills dusky; the outer webs slightly edged with dark cinereous, those next the body and the coverts with dark ferruginous brown: at the bend of the wing, beneath the alula spuriare, is a spot of white: the tail is greatly wedged: the 718 DARTFORD WARBLER. outer feather is tipped with white, and edged with the same on the exterior web; the next slightly tipped with white; the rest of the tail dusky; the middle feathers edged. with ash-colour, and up- wards of two inches in length: legs yellowish: the female and young birds are of a much lighter colour, and are without the rufous breast. This interesting species was first taken near Dartford, in Kent, and from that circumstance the name is derived; but until the late Colonel Montagu was so fortunate as to detect it in the south of Devon and Cornwall, nothiag was known of its habits, which have been very fully described in the Linnean Society’s ‘Transactions by that gentleman. He first observed it near Penryn, in Cornwall, frequenting the furzy hills, from the month of September till Christmas, when a fall of snow suddenly drove the birds away. A few years . afterwards he discovered a nest and young, which latter he reared till they arrived at maturity: the nest was composed of dry vegetable stalks, parti- cularly goose-grass, mixed with tender branches of furze, not sufficiently hardened to become prickly ; they are put together in a very loose manner, and sparingly mixed with wool; the lining consists of a few stalks of carex: the whole nest is so slight, that it can be seen through in all directions: the eggs are tinged with green, and are speckled all over with olivaceous brown and cinereous; the markings becoming more dense, and forming a zone at the larger end: the young con- sume an amazing quantity of provisions, as Colonel DARTFORD WARBLER. 719 Montagu weighed a pair, and found them two drams and a quarter each; at that time they ate about one dram and a quarter each, or above half their weight daily, which is almost incredible ; ‘their growth is in proportion: during the day they are very active, and are continually uttering the note cha, twice or thrice repeated: the males begin to sing upon the first appearance of the red feathers on the breast: the song somewhat resembles that of the Stone-chat. ‘This bird ap- pears to have two broods in the year: it has a singular manner of flying in short jerks, owing to its short wing and long tail, which latter is thrown up when on the wing: this is a very shy bird, concealing itself amongst the thickest furze on the slightest alarm: its food consists of insects. It is found throughout Devonshire and Cornwall, and has been taken in several places in the neigh- ~bourhood of London; it also occurs in France, where it is said to frequent cabbages, not only for — the sake of food, but for protection in the night, but the latter circumstance is most likely erro- neous. V. Xe P. II. ‘LO 720 WHITE-EYED WARBLER. (Sylvia Madagascariensis.) ~ Sy. Cities ceies subtus albida, gula crissoque flavis, palpebris albis. Greenish Warbler, beneath whitish, with the throat and vent yellow, the palpebrz white. | Sylvia madagascariensis, Lath. Ind. Orns 2. 533. 94. Motacilla madagascariensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 981. Motacilla mederaspatana. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 334, 28. Ficedula madagascariensis minor. Briss. Orn, 3. 498. 54. pl. - 98: fi 2. 2 7 Le Cheric. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.279. White-eyed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 475. 91. Turis. inhabits the Isles of France and Mada- gascar, and also Madras: it is a solitary species, rarely appearing near inhabited places: it is not quite four inches in length: its beak is grey- brown: the orbits of the eyes are white: the head and upper parts of the body are olive-green: the throat and vent are yellow, the intermediate parts being whitish: the quills are pale brown, edged with olive: the two middle tail-feathers are olive- green, the rest brown, with olive margins: legs cinereous. ; LONG-LEGGED WARBLER. (Sylvia longipes.) Sy. dilute viridis, subtus cinerea, arcu infra oculari albo, fronte, temporibus, gents, collique lateribus cinereis, crisso virescente, cauda brevissima. Pale-green Warbler, beneath cinereous; with an arch beneath the eyes white; the forehead, temples, cheeks, and sides of the neck, ash-coloured; the vent greenish; the tail very short. Sylvia longipes. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 529. 77. Motacilla longipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 979. Long-legged Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 405. 74.—Lath, Syn. Sup. 181. 74. Descrisep by Dr. Latham from a drawing of Sir Joseph Banks’s: “ Length four inches and a © half: beak three quarters of an inch, straight, black: irides blueish ash-colour: upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, of an elegant pale green: forehead, sides of the head, under the eye, and sides of the neck, ash-colour: above the eye a semicircular white mark: the under parts are . very pale ash-colour: thighs and vent greenish: tail not longer than in the Citrine Warbler: legs above one inch long, and flesh-coloured: toes and claws rather stout. This inhabits Dusky Bay, New Zealand, and is named there E -Teetee tee poinom.” It varies in being brownish instead of green. 122 MINUTE WARBLER. (Sylvia minima.) Sy, pallide fusca subtus albida, rostro caudaque brevissima flaves- centibus. Pale-brown Warbler, beneath whitish, with the beak and tail ‘ yellowish, the latter very short. Sidi minima. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 529. 78. Long-legged Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. 181. 74. A. A veRY small species, measuring only three inches in length: its beak and legs are yellowish: the prevailing colour of its plumage is brownish ; the under parts inclining to dusky white. It in- habits Van, Dieman’s Land. | I PINE SWAMP WARBLER. - (Sylvia palustris.) - Sy. oltvaceo-viridis ceruleo nitente, subtus flavicans, gula atra,. superciliis albis, rectricibus tribus exterioribus intus macula alba, remigibus macula triangularis alba. | Olive-green Warbler, glossed with blue; beneath yellowish, with the throat dusky; eyebrows white; the three ‘outer tail- — feathers with a white spot on their inner webs;. the quill with a triangular whitish spot. Sylvia leucoptera. Wails. Amer. Orn. 5. 100. Pine Swamp Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5, 100. pl. xLut.f. 4. YELLOW-BROWED. WARBLER. 723 ‘Tuts active species frequents the deep pine and hemlock forests of North America, amongst moss and swamps: it is in length five inches and a half: beak black: the upper parts of. its plumage deep olive-green, glossed with blue, particularly on the edges of the tail and head: wings dusky, but so broadly edged with olive-green as to appear wholly of the latter colour; immediately below the greater coverts there is a triangular spot of yellowish white: the three exterior tail-feathers have each a spot of white on their inner webs; the tail itself is slightly forked: from the nostrils, over the eyes, extends a fine line of white, and the lower eyelid is touched with the same tint: lores blackish: sides of the neck and coverts of the ears olive- green: the entire lower parts of the colour of yellow ochre, with a tinge of greenish: throat dusky: legs long, and flesh-coloured: both sexes are similar in plumage. | YELLOW-BROWED WARBLER. (Sylvia superciliosa.) Sy. supra virescens, subtus pallida, verticis stria pallida, super- cilis flavis. Warbler above greenish, beneath pale, with a pale stripe on the crown, and the eyebrows yellow. | Sylvia superciliosa. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 526. 63. Motacilla superciliosa. Gel, Syst. Nut. 1. 975. Yellow-browed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 409. 61. 724. .GREAT-TAILED WARBLER. Tus species has a pale streak on the crown of the head: the eyebrows are yellow: the upper parts of the body are greenish, and the lower pale. It inhabits Russia. - GREAT-TAILED WARBLER. (Sylvia macroura.) Sy, fusca, subtus ochroleuca nigricante-maculata, superciliis albis, cauda magna cunéiformi. Brown Warbler, beneath yellow-white, spotted with dusky; eye- brows white ; the tail wedge-shaped and large. Sylvia macroura, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 140. Motacilla macroura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 953. Petite fauvette tachetée du Cap de Bonne Espérance. Buff. Mist, Nat. Ois.5.161.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 752. f- 2. Great-tailed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 500. 135. Tus bird receives its name from the great length of its tail, which is above half the length of its body: it is less than S. Curruca: length six inches: beak brown: the plumage of the upper parts of the body brown: the under parts yellowish white, sprinkled on the breast and sides with dusky: the chin and throat are also dashed with minute dusky markings: from the nostrils a white stripe passes above each eye: the tail is wedged : ‘the legs are reddish. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. YELLOW-VENTED WARBLER. (Sylvia anilis.) Sy. fuscescens subtus albida, crisso flavo, iridibus rubris. Brownish Warbler, beneath whitish, with the vent yellow, and irides red, Sylvia anilis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lo. 2. Yellow-vented Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 247. 28. Tus species inhabits New South Wales in the summer: the beak and legs are brown: the upper parts of its plumage are pale brown; the under dirty white: the vent yellow: irides red. GUZURAT WARBLER. (Sylvia Guzurata.) Sy. virescens, subtus alba, vertice spadiceo, remigibus caudaque Suscis. :, Greenish Warbler, beneath white, with the crown chesnut, and the quills and tail brown. Sylvia Guzurata, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 554. 173. Guzurat Warbler. Lath. Syn. Sup, II. 246. 26. Native of Guzurat: length four inches and a half: beak and legs pale brown: crown chesnut: upper parts of the body dull green: under parts white: quills and tail brown; the latter rounded; both edged with green, ~I GOLD-BELLIED WARBLER. (Sylvia chrysogastra.) Sy. cinereo-fusca, corpore subtus uropygioque flavo, loris nigris. Cinereous-brown Warbler, with the body beneath and rump yellow ; the lores black. Sylvia flavigastra. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. liv. 7. Gold-bellied Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II, 249. 33. Size of the Rufous-vented Warbler: beak and legs dusky black: upper parts of the body slate- colour, darkest on the wings and tail: rump and all the under parts yellow; the throat and fore-part of the neck brightest : between the beak and eye, and orbit of the latter, black. Found in New South Wales. ORANGE-BELLIED WARBLER, (Sylvia fulva.) Sy. olivaceo-fusca, subtus flava, rectricibus remigibusque fuscis margine olivaceis, primoribus margine dilute grisets. Olive-brown Warbler, beneath yellow, with the tail-feathers and quills brown, edged with olive; the edges of the primaries pale grey. Sylvia fulva. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 542. 130.— Vieul. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 46. Motacilla fulva. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 973. HEMLOCK WARBLER. 727 Figuier a gorge jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.5. 317. La Fauvette a gorge jaune. Viezl. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 46, Orange-bellied Warbler, Pen. Arct. Zool. 2, 410, 312.—Lath, Ind, Orn. 4. 495. 125. Tue Orange-bellied Warbler has the upper mandible of its beak brown, and the lower whitish: the head and upper parts of its body are olive- brown: the quills are brown; the primaries edged with pale grey, and the secondaries with olive; the outer quill is white: the throat and under parts of the neck are yellow: the breast is brownish: the rest of the under parts rufous, the vent in- - clining to yellow: the tail-feathers are brown, with olive edges: legs yellowish brown. Inhabits Louisiana. HEMLOCK WARBLER. (Sylvia Parus. ) Sy. nigricans subtus flavescens, superciliis, lateribus colli, pectori= busque flavis, alarum fasciis duabus albis, rectricibusque tribus extertoribus apice extus albis. Dusky Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the eyebrows, sides of the neck, and breast, yellow; wings with two white stripes, and the three outer tail-feathers white at the tips of their ex- terior webs, Sylvia Parus. Wals. Amer. Orn. 5. 114. Hemlock Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5,114. pl. XLIv. fi 3. Tuis species has very much the habits of the birds of the Titmouse genus, darting after flies ' ? e s 728 BANANA WARBLER. and other insects, as well as lodging on the branches of trees after the manner of those birds: it is peculiar to the great Pine Swamp of Pensylvania, and appears to be very rare, as the male only is known, which is thus described by Wilson: “ Length five inches and a half: beak black above, paler below: upper parts of the plumage black, thinly streaked with yellow-olive: head above yellow, dotted with black: line from the nostril over the eye, sides of the neck, and whole breast, rich yellow: belly paler, streaked with dusky: round the breast some small streaks of blackish: wings black; their greater coverts, and next. superior row, broadly tipped with white, forming two broad bars across the wings: primaries edged with olive, tertials with white: tail-coverts black, tipped with olive; tail slightly forked, and edged with olive ; the three exterior feathers altogether white on their inner vanes: legs and feet dirty yellow: irides dark hazel.” BANANA WARBLER. (Sylvia bananivora.) Sy. atro grisea, subtus flavescens, crisso flavo griseoque varto, gula cinerea, rectricum apice, alarum macula superciliisque albis, loris nigris. ; Dusky-grey Warbler, beneath yellowish; the vent varied with yellow and grey; the throat grey; the tips of the tail-feathers, spot on the wings, and eyebrows, white; lores black. © BANANA WARBLER. 729 Sylvia bananivora. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544, 137. Motacilla bananivora. Gmel. Syst. Nat..1. 951. Bananiote. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 332. ; Banana Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4.498. 132. Sap to feed on the fruit of the banana tree, and also on oranges and other fruits, as well as seeds and insects: it is found in St. Domingo: length scarcely four inches: beak black: the upper parts of the plumage very dark grey; the bend of the wings yellow: the wing-coverts brown, with a white spot: eyebrows white: from the beak, passing through the eyes to the hind head, a black streak: throat greyish ash: breast, belly, and rump, pale yellow: sides, thighs, and vent, that colour, and grey mixed: tail grey brown, tipped with white: legs cinereous. The nest of this species is fixed on the low branches amongst bananas. 730 ~WORM-EATING WARBLER. (Sylvia vermivora.) Sy. olivacea, capite, guiture pectoreque fulvis, fascia oculari et arcu superciliart nigris, linca supra oculi flavicante, crisso cinereo. Olive Warbler, with the head, throat, and sees brown; stripe through the eyes and superciliary arch black; a line above the eye yellowish; the vent ash-coloured. Sylvia vermivora, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 544. 138.—Vieil. Ois. de 2? Amer. Sept. 2.43.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 3. 74. Motacilla vermivora. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.951. Ficedula pensylvanica. Briss, Orn. Sup. 102. 76. Demi-fin mangeur de vers. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 325. La Fauvette vermivore. Vietl. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 43. Worm-eater. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 406. 300.—Edwards. Birds. 305.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 499. 133.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 3. 74. pl. XXIV. f. 4. TueE food of this species consists principally of worms, from whence it takes its name: its beak is dusky, with the lower mandible flesh-coloured : the eyebrows are yellowish, with an arch of black above: from the beak to the hind head, passing | through the eyes, is a black stripe: the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, dark olive- green: the upper parts of the head, throat, and breast, reddish yellow; the belly and vent white: - the under tail-coverts cinereous: legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Pensylvania, appearing for a short time in the month of July, and again in the autumn. CHASTE WARBLER. (Sylvia casta.) | ‘Sy. fusco-ferruginea, subtus flavescens, ge cer ma nebuloso, superciliis obscurts. Rusty-brown Warbler, beneath yellowish, itt the breast _ clouded with blue ; the eyebrows dull brown. Sylvia casta, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. bv. 9. Chaste Warbler. Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 249. 35. Founp in New Holland: the plumage above rusty brown: over the eye an irregular dusky brown streak: the under parts of the body yel- lowish white; the breast clouded with pale blue, and the sides with ferruginous: tail dull pale yel- low, sprinkled with brown spots. BLACK-JAWED WARBLER. (Sylvia nigrirostris.) Sy. fusco-olivacea subtus alba, pectore rufo nigro-striato, loris gu- laque rufo-flavis, striga maxillari nigricante, rectrice extima toto, sequenteque apice alba. Olive-brown Warbler, beneath white, with the breast rufous, striped with black ; the lores and throat reddish yellow, max- illary stripe dusky ; the whole of the outer tail-feather, and tip of the next, white. Sylvia nigrirostris. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 522. 46. Motacilla nigrirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 986. Black-jawed Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 447. 43. “dbl EY CONNECTICUT WARBLER. DrscriBep by Dr. Latham from a specimen in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks as follows: ** Length seven inches: beak black, and pale at the base: plumage above olive-brown; middle of each feather darkest: from the base of the beak to the eye rufous yellow; throat the same: on each side of the jaw a blackish streak: breast rufous, dashed perpendicularly with blackish: belly white; the sides dashed with dusky black: wing-coverts dark olive-brown, with reddish white tips: quills still darker, with yellowish edges: tail even, but the feathers pointed at the ends; outer feathers white; the end of the second white, the rest brown: legs pale yellow brown.” Locality unknown. CONNECTICUT WARBLER. (Sylvia agilis.) Sy. olivaceo-flava, subtus flava, gula cinerea, remigibus Justis mar- gine olwacets, orbitis albis. Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath yellow, with the throat cinere- ous; the quills brown, edged with olive, and the orbits white. Sylvia agilis. Wils, Amer. Orn. 5. 64. Connecticut Warbler. Wils, Amer. Orn. 5. 64. pl. xxtx. fi 4. Leneru five inches and three aedeceene upper parts of the body rich olive yellow: wings dusky brown, edged with olive: throat dirty white, or pale ash: upper parts of the breast dull greenish RED-HEADED WARBLER. "33 yellow; lower part and belly pure rich yellow: round the eye a narrow ring of yellowish white: upper mandible of the beak pale brown, lower whitish : irides dark hazel: legs long and slender, of a pale flesh-colour: a bird, supposed by Wilson to be the female, had the throat dull buff. In- habits Connecticut and Philadelphia: nest and eges unknown. RED-HEADED WARBLER. (Sylvia petechia.) Sy. olivacea, subtus flava, rubro guttata, pileo rubro. Olive Warbler, beneath yellow, spotted with red; top of the head red, Sylvia petechia. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 535. 103.—Vieil. Ozs. de ? Amer. Sept. 2.32. Wils, Amer. Orn. 4. 17. Motacilla petechia. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 334. 30.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 983. Ficedula pensylvanica erythrocephalos. Briss. Orn. 3. 488. 49. Figuier a téte rouge de Pensylvanie. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 286. La Fauvette a téte rouge de Pensylvanie. Viezl. Ois. del’ Amer. Sept. 2. 32. pl. Q1. Yellow Redpole. Edwards. Glean. 256.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. ¥7. pl. EXVILG A. Red-headed Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 401. 289.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 470. 99. ’ Tuts bird inhabits Pensylvania, where it makes its first appearance in March, and retires in the autumn: it frequents bushy places, and is-a soli- 734 GREEN AND WHITE WARBLER. tary species: the male has its beak black: the crown of the head red: the upper parts of the body olive-green: the wings and tail dusky, with yellow edges: the under parts of the plumage are bright yellow, sprinkled on the breast and belly with red: the legs are dusky: the female has her colours less brilliant. | whieh GREEN AND WHITE WARBLER. (Sylvia chloroleuca.) Sy. olivacea, subtus ochroleuca, capite cinereo, olivaceo vario, tec- tricibus alarum majoribus repicigiousgue Suscis, margine fant cante viridibus. Olive Warbler, beneath whitish yellow; the head asieolated varied with olive; the greater wing-coverts and tail-feathers brown, edged with yellowish green. Sylvia chloroleuca. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 536. 106. Motacilla chloroleuca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 984. Ficedula dominicensis minor. Briss. Orn. 3. 496. 53. pl. 26. J: 2. 3 Figuier vert et blanc. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 280. - Green and White Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 480. 102. Innapits St. Domingo: length about four inches and a half: beak and legs grey-brown: the head and upper parts of the neck ash-coloured, varied with olive: the plumage above olive-green: the greater coverts and quills brown, with yellowish ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER. 139 green edges: the under parts yellowish green: tail deep olive; the inner webs of all but the two middle feathers varied with yellow: female duller in colour. a ORANGE-THROATED WARBLER. (Sylvia auricollis.) Sy. olzvacea, subtus aurantia, abdomine flavescente, crisso albido, tectricibus alarum majoribus rectricibusque intermediis cinereis, lateribus intus albis, extus apiceque nigris. Olive Warbler, beneath orange-coloured, with the SP raed yellowish; the vent white; the greater wing-coverts and mid- dle tail-feathers ash ; the lateral ones white within, and out- wardly tipped with black. Sylvia auricollis, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 536. 107.—Vieil. Ois. de LP Amer, Sept. 2. 46. Motacilla auricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 984. Ficedula canadensis major. Briss. Orn. 3. 508. 59. pl. 26.f. 1. Figuier a gorge orangée. Buff. Hist. Nat. O1s. 5. 290. La Fauvette A gorge orangée. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 46. Orange-throated Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.408. 304.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 481. 103. | Tue Orange-throated Warbler is upwards of five inches in length: the upper mandible of the beak brown, the lower whitish: the plumage above olive-green; the rump inclining to grey: the greater coverts ash-coloured ; quills brown, with ash-coloured edges: the throat, fore-part of the neck, and breast, orange: belly pale yellow: vent Vv. X. P.O AT 736 BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER. and thighs yellowish white: the two middle tail- feathers ash-coloured; the rest black, with the bases of their inner webs white: legs grey. In- habits Canada. BLUE MOUNTAIN WARBLER. . (Sylvia montana.) Sy. olivaceo-flava, subtus dilute flava, fronte, genis, mento, lateri~ _ busque colli avis, cauda rotundata; rectricibus duobus laterali- bus apice interne aldis. ‘. Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath pale yellow, with ite forehead, . cheeks, throat, chin, and sides of the neck,. yellow; tai! _ reunded, its two outer feathers white at the tip within. Sylvia montana. Was. Amer. Orn. 5,113. Blue Mountain Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 5. 113. pl. xiv. vay Tue male of this bird is four inches and three quarters in length: the upper parts rich olive- yellow: front, cheeks, and chin, and sides of the neck, yellow: breast and belly pale yellow, streaked with blackish: vent plain dull yellow: wings black;. first and second row of coverts broadly tipped with pale yellowish white; tertials the same: the rest of the quills edged with whitish: tail rounded,. black, edged with pale olive; the two exterior feathers, on each side, white on their inner vanes. from the middle to the tips, and on their outer edges: legs and feet purple-brown: beak. dark. PINE WARBLER. 737 brown: irides dark hazel: female unknown. In- habits the Blue Mountains: it has but a feeble song: it is very active, and darts after flies with great rapidity. PINE WARBLER. (Sylvia Pinas.) Sy. olvacea subtus flava, loris nigris, alis ceruleis fasciis duabus albis. Olive Warbler, beneath yellow, with the lores black, and wings blue, with two white bands. Sylvia Pinus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 537. 111.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 3.25.?—Vieil. Ors. de l’ Amer, Sept. 2. 44. Sylvia pusilla. Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. 17. Certhia Pinus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.187. 16.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 478. Parrus americanus, Briss. Orn. 3. 576. 15. Le Figuier des sapins. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 5. 296.—Vieil. Ois, de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 44. Pine Creeper. Catesb. Carol. 1. p. 46, pl. 46.—Edwards. Glean. pl. 277. f. 2.—Wils. Amer. Orn, 3. 25. pl. X1x.f. 4.2? Blue Yellow-backed Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 4. 17. pl. XXVIII. jf.3. Pine Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 412. 318.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4, 483. 107. FREQUENT among pine trees, in Carolina, in the summer, and in Pensylvania from April to Sep- tember “eparting to the south in the latter month: its length is nearly five inches: its beak and legs are brown: the head, hind part of the neck, back, 7138 SPOTTED YELLOW WARBLER. and rump, olive: upper wing-coverts : brown, tipped with white, and forming two bars of that colour on the wings: quills brown: through the eye a black streak: the throat, neck, and breast, yellow: belly and vent white: tail brown, slightly forked: the outer webs of the exterior feathers white: the female is entirely brown. This bird has very much the manner of a Creeper, running up and down the decayed trunks of trees in search of insects and their larve. | S8POTTED. YELLOW WARBLER- (Sylvia tigrina. ) Sy. fusca, pennarum margine olivaceo, subtus uropygioque flava, abdomine inferiori sordide ochroleuco, litura aurium rufa, rec- tricum remigumque margine olivaceo. Brown Warbler, with the edges of the feathers olive; the under parts.and rump yellow; the lower belly dirty yellow-white ; spot on the ears rufous; the tail-feathers and:quills. edged with olive. ! Sylvia tigrina. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 537. 110.—Vieil. Ois. de VY Amer. Sept, 2. 34. Motacilla tigrina. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 985. Ficedula canadensis fusca, Briss. Orn. 3. 515. 63. pl. 27.f- 4. Figuier tacheté de jaune. Buff. Hist, Nat. Ois. 5. 293. La Fauvette tigrée, Vieil. Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2..34. pl. 94. Spotted Yellow Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl. 257. Spotted ¥ellow Warbler. Pen, Arct, Zool. 2,407. 302.—Lath.. Gen. Syn, 4.482. 106. CAPE MAY WARBLER. 739 Lenetu four inches and a half: beak dusky: the upper parts of the plumage brown, the feathers edged with greenish: spot on the ears rufous: the greater wing-coverts with a white fascia: the quills edged with olive-green: the throat, fore-part of the neck, upper part of the belly, the sides, and rump, yellow; the neck and breast spotted with dusky: the lower part of the belly, thighs, and under. tail-coverts, dirty yellowish white: tail similar to the quills, with the two outer feathers whitish on the inner webs near the tips; it is slightly forked: legs brown. Inhabits North America and the West Indies. CAPE MAY WARBLER. (Sylvia maritima. ) Sy. olivaceo-flava, subtus ochroleuca, superciliis, mento, lateribus- que collt flavis, fascia alarum alba, rectricibus tribus exterioribus intus macula alba, cauda_ furcata. macs tt Olive-yellow Warbler, beneath yellowish white, with the eye- brows, chin, and sides of the neck, yellow; a white bar on the wings; the three outer tail-feathers with a spot of white within, and the tail forked. Sylvia maritima. Wis, Amer, Orn. 6. 100. Cape May Warbler. MWils. Amer. Orn. 6. 100. pl, Liv. f- 3. Tue Cape May Warbler is five inches and a half in length: its beak and legs are black: the upper parts of the head deep black: line from 740 GREEN WARBLER. the nostrils, over the eye, chin, and sides of the neck, rich yellow: ears orange: at each angle of the eye is a’ spot of black: hind head, back, rump, and tail-coverts, yellow olive, thickly streaked with black: the exterior edges of several of the greater wing-coverts are pure white, forming a broad bar on the wings; rest of the wing dusky, slightly edged with dark olive-yellow: the sides beneath the wings are also of the latter colour, striped with black: belly and vent yellowish white: tail forked; the feathers dusky black, edged with olive- yellow; the three outer ones on each side marked on their inner vanes with a spot of white: the yellow on the throat and sides of the neck reaches nearly all round it, in the manner of a collar, and is very bright. It inhabits swamps on the Cape May coast. GREEN WARBLER. (Sylvia virens.) Sy. olwvacea, gutture nigro, pectore, colli capitisque latertbus flavis, abdomine, crisso alarumque fasctis duabus albis. Olive Warbler, with a black throat; the breast and sides of the » head and neck yellow; the abdomen, vent, and two bars on the wings, white. Sylvia virens, Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 537. 112.—Vieil. Os. de 2 Amer. Sept. 2. 33.—Wails, Amer. Orn. 2. 137. Motacilla virens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 985. Ficedula pensylvanica gutture nigro. Briss. Orn. App. 104. 77° GREEN WARBLER. 741 Figuier a cravatte noire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 298. La Fauyette acravatte noire, Vieil, Ozs. del’ Amer. Sept. 2. 33. pl. 92. Black-throated Green Flycatcher. Edwards. Glean. pl. 300. Black-throated Green Warbler. Wils. Amer. Orn. 2. 137. XVII. Sf. 3. Green Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2,404. 297.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 484. 108. ; Beak black: the upper parts of the plumage olive-green: the sides of the head and neck bright yellow: wing-coverts olive-green, with the mid- dle and greater ones tipped with white, forming two bars of that colour on the wings: quills cine- reous, edged with white: throat, and fore-part of the neck, black: the upper part of the breast yel- low; the lower part, belly, and vent, white: the sides of the body varied with black and white: the tail ash-colour; the three outer feathers with a tinge of white on the inner web: legs brown. This arrives in Pensylvania in the month of April, in its passage northwards, and returns in Sep- tember. 742 ’ YELLOW WARBLER. (Sylvia Trochilus.) Sy. cenereo-virens, alis subtus rectricibusque flavescentibus, super- cilits luteis. Grey-green Warbler, with the wings beneath and quills yel- lowish, the eyebrows yellow. Sylvia Trochilus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 550. 155. Motacilla Trochilus. Zin. Syst. Nat. 1. 338. 49.—Lin. Faun. Suec. 264.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 995. Asilus. Briss. Orn. 3. 479. 45.—Rait. Syn. 80. A. gene Ang. 228. ! Le Pouillot. Buff. Hist. Nat. on. 5. 344. Yellow Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 151.—Pen, Arct. Zool. 2. 319.—White. Hist. Selb. p. 28. and 55.—Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 38.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 512. 147.—Lath. Syn. Sup. II, 238. 7.—Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pl. 14.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3, pl. 113.—Mont. Orn. Dict, 2.—Mont. Sup.—Bewick. Birds. 1. 222. ' Tue Willow or Yellow Warbler weighs rather more than two drams and a half: its length is five inches and a quarter: the beak is dusky above and yellowish beneath: irides hazel: the whole of the upper parts of the plumage are of a greenish yellow-brown: the quills are dusky brown, edged with yellow; their coverts are yellow: the under parts of the plumage are white, tinged with yel- low: on the breast are a few yellow streaks: thighs yellow: tail similar to the quills, slightly edged with yellow: over the eye a faint yellow streak : legs light brown: the female can scarcely be dis- YELLOW WARBLER. 743 tinguished from the male, except in being rather paler. | This species greatly resembles the Pettychap Warbler, from which it may be readily known by its superior size: it also approaches the Wood Warbler, which is known by its white belly and tail-coverts: it is very abundant in some places, affecting wooded and enclosed situations, where willows abound: it arrives here early in April, and soon commences its song, which is simple, and similar to the words twit, twit, and is uttered while running up and down the branches of trees in search of insects: in the beginning of May it makes an oval nest with a small opening at the top, composed of moss and dried grass, lined with feathers, and placed in the hollow of a ditch or low bush: the eggs are six or seven in number, white, spotted towards the larger end with fer- ruginous; some are sprinkled all over with that colour: it disappears in the autumn, and is abun- dant in many parts of Europe as well as England. LESSER WOOD WARBLER, (Sylvia acredula.) Sy, supra fusco-virens, subtus flava, ae pecloreque albo-flaves- centibus. Warbler above brown-green, beneath yellow, with the throat and breast yellowish white. & Sylvia Trochilus. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 550. 155. Sylvia pusilla. Veil. Otis. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 39. Motacilla acredula, Lin, Syst. Nat. 1.338. 49. B. Ficedula Carolinensis, Briss. Orn, 3. 486. 48. Le Figuier brune et jaune. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ots, 5. 295.? Yellow Titmouse. Catesb, Carol. 1. pl. 63. La Fauvette naine. Vieil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 2. 39. pl. 100. Yellow Wren. Edwards. Glean. pl. 278. f. 2.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2.420. n.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 513. Tur plumage on the upper parts of this species is very similar to that of the Yellow Warbler, but is more inclined to brown; beneath it is olive- green: in other respects it agrees with that species. Buffon describes a’bird which approaches very near to this, only differing in being somewhat larger: the upper parts are olive-green; the under yellow: found with the former. It is a native of North America, Jamaica, and other of the West India islands: it feeds on insects. ~J = wn PASSERINE WARBLER. (Sylvia passerina. ) Sy. cinerea, subtus griseo allay superciliis albidis, remigibus cau- daque atris. Cinereous Warbler, beneath greyish white, with the eyebrows white ; the quills and tail dark-coloured. Sylvia passerina. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 508. 5. Motacilla passerina. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 954. Curruca minor. Briss. Orn. 3.374.3. — Passerinette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5.123.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 579. je2e Passerine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 414. 4. _Lenetu rather more than five inches: beak brown: irides red-brown: the upper parts of the plumage pale cinereous: eyebrows white: the under parts of the body pale greyish white: quills and tail dusky: legs lead-colour. ‘This species makes its nest in a low bush close to the ground: it is constructed of dry grass and herbs, and lined with finer materials: the eggs are of a dingy white, varied with two shades of green, especially at the larger end; they are four in number. The note is very trifling, consisting only of a chirp. It is a native of many parts of Europe, but does not occur in England. PETTYCHAP WARBLER. (Sylvia Hippolais. ) Sy. virescente-cinerea, subius flavescens, abdomine albido, super-. ciluis albidis. - Greenish-ash Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the belly whitish, eyebrows white. Sylvia Hippolais. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 507. 4. Motacilla Hippolais. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 330. 7.—Lin. Faun. Suec, 248.—Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1. 954. Least Willow Wren. Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1, 223. Lesser Pettychaps. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 413.3. * Pettychaps. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1. 149.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. G.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4, 413. 3. *—Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 236. 4. Lewin, Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 101.—Mont. Orn, Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup. ‘Tue Lesser Pettychap Warbler weighs scarcely two drams: its length is about four inches and a half: it is the smallest bird found in England, the Golden-crested Wren excepted: it greatly resem- bles the Yellow Wren; its principal marks of dis- tinction from which consist in the prevailing colour being scarcely tinged with yellow, and in haying the legs dusky: both sexes are the same in plumage. | Common in many parts of Europe: with us it is the earliest species of Warbler that arrives, being often heard in the beginning of March, and to- wards the latter end of that month appearing in great numbers; next to the Wryneck it is the first migrative bird that appears: upon its arrival PETTYCHAP WARBLER. 747 it commences singing, and prepares its nest, which is composed of dry leaves and coarse dry grass externally, and fine downy feathers within; its shape is oval; it is generally placed on or near the ground, in a tuft of grass or low bush: the eggs are six in number, white, sprinkled with purplish red at the larger end, and one or two ‘spots at the sides. ‘The note of this bird, which is continually repeated, is extremely simple, and not at all interesting, except from its being the harbinger of spring: it has a resemblance to the words chip chop chop, chip chop, or, according to some, chiff chaff: it is continued throughout the summer. This is avery hardy bird, and is greatly diffused over England, being found in all places where the woods and hedges afford it shelter: it often remains here till the latter end of Octo- ber, and even through the winter, as it has been seen by Colonel Montagu in Devonshire in the months of December and January, but the season was extremely mild, the thermometer being but once below the freezing point. WOOD WARBLER. (Sylvia Sylvicola.) Sy. virescens subtus flavescens, supercilits, luteis, abdomine crisso- que niveis. : Greenish Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the eyebrows yel- low, and the belly and vent snow white. | Sylvia sylvicola, Lin. Trans. 4.° 35.—Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. bia. 1. Motacilla Sibilatrix. Naturf. 27. 47. 4. a Regulus non cristatus major. Will. 164.—Briss. Orn. 3, 482. a. Yellow Willow Wren. Bewich. Brit. Birds. 1. 220. Larger Yellow Wren. White. Selb. 55. Wood Wren, Lin. Trans. 2. 245. pl. 24.—Lin. Trans, 4. 35. pl. 2. f. 1. egg.—Lath. Syn, Sup. II. 237. 6.—Mont. Orn. Dict. 2.— Mont. Sup. Described by Mr. Lamb as a new species of | Warbler in the second volume of the Linnean Transactions, though noticed before by Mr. White, in his Natural History of Selborne; but as it has been again described by Colonel Montagu in the fourth volume of the former work, the description _ there given will be repeated. ‘* This species weighs about two drams, forty grains: the length five inches and a quarter: the beak is dusky: irides hazel: the upper parts of the head, back, scapulars, and upper coverts of the tail, are of a lively yellow-green: over the eye is a bright brimstone-coloured stroke: the cheeks and throat yellow: the upper part of the breast white, tinged with yellow; the lower part, belly, and under tail- FZ b CL, EE; j} AUP 4 YELLOW WARBLER . “WOOD WARBLER. 749 coverts, pure white: the quill-feathers are dusky, edged on their exterior webs with yellow-green ; the tail very little forked, coloured like the wing- feathers, except the two outermost, which want the yellow margins: the legs are of a yellowish brown. The female caught on the nest weighed three drams:” her plumage corresponds with that of the male. This is a migrative species, the males arriving towards the latter end of April, ten days or-a fort- night before the females; they both depart in Sep- tember. It is not a rare bird, as it appears to occur in all parts of England, in places congenial to its habits: it seems most partial to oak and _ beech woods, where it may be found by its pecu- liar note, which is compared by Colonel Montagu to the word twee, drawn out to some length, and repeated five or six times successively, terminat- ing with the same notes delivered in a hurried manner, at which time it shakes its wings; the latter only takes place during the incubating sea- son, after which it is not so vociferous. It makes its nest on the ground, beneath the shades of trees or bushes, constructing it of dry grass with a few dead leaves, anda little moss externally, and lined with finer moss and a few long hairs: it is oval, and differs-materially from those of the Yellow Willow Warbler and Pettychap Warbler, as those birds line the nest with feathers: the eggs weigh from eighteen to twenty-two grains; they are white, sprinkled with rust-coloured spots, in some parts confluent ; they are six in number. 7350 YELLOW-POLL WARBLER, This bird appears to have remained in obscurity from its great similarity to the Yellow Willow Warbler, and to the Pettychap Warbler, both of which approach very near to this in size and colour. It differs from the former in having the plumage more vivid in colour, and in the belly and under tail-coverts being pure white, whereas in that bird they are tinged with yellow; and from the latter in its superior size: its manner and habits are likewise different. It is found in Germany, where it is also migra- tive. 7 YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. ~ (Sylvia eestiva. ) Sy. viridi-olivacea subtus flava, gutture pectore hypochondrusque — maculis rufescentibus, rectricibus lateralibus intus flavescentibus. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellow, with the throat, breast, and sides, spotted with reddish, and the outer tail-feathers yellow within, : Sylvia zstiva. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 551. 157.—Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 35. ; Sylvia albicollis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 535. 104. Motacilla estiva. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 996. Motacilla albicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.983. Ficedula canadensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 492. 51. pl. 26.f. 3. Ficedula dominicensis. Briss. Orn. 3. 494. 52. pl. 26. f- 5. Le Figuier tacheté. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 285.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 58. f. 2. Figuier a gorge blanc. Buff Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 287. YELLOW-POLL WARBLER. 751 La Fauvette tachetée. Vieil. Ois. de ? Amer. Sept. 2. 35. pl. 95. St. Domingo Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4,479. 100. Yellow-poll Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 292.—Lath. Gen, Syn. 4,515, 148.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 183. _Lenetu nearly five inches: beak blackish: irides blue: the upper parts of the body are olive- green: the under parts and the head fine yellow : the neck, breast, and sides, longitudinally spotted with reddish: the quills and tail are brown, edged with olive-creen ; the two middle feathers of the latter entirely dark brown; the outer ones yellow within: legs blackish: one sex has the top of the head greyish. Common in many parts of America and the West Indies: it appears in Canada and Hudson’s Bay i in the summer, and retires in the autumn to the south: it breeds in the latter place, and its nest is constructed amongst willows; it is com- posed of moss, hair, grass, and feathers, well woven together; it is placed at various heights from the ground: the female lays from three to five white eggs, sprinkled with rusty spots: it has a very agreeable note. V. SP... 48 OLIVE WARBLER. (Sylvia Carolinensis.) Sy. virtdi-olevacea subtus flavescens, remigibus caudaque fuscis, rectricibus flavo marginatis. Olive-green Warbler, beneath yellowish, with the quills and tail brown, the feathers of the latter edged with yellow. Sylvia carolinensis. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 158. Le Figuier de la Caroline. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 285.—Buff. Pl. Enl, 58. f. 1. Yellow-poll. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 515. 148. var.—Lath. Syn. Sup. 183. Olive Warbler. Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 307. Tuts species approaches very near to the Yel- low-poll Warbler, differing only in having the whole of the upper parts brown, the forehead and under parts of the body excepted, which are of a pure immaculate yellow: it inhabits the same parts as that bird, and is considered to be a variety of it by Dr. Latham. 758 WHITE-WINGED WARBLER. (Sylvia leucoptera.) Sy. viridi-flava, subtus lutea, tectricibus alarum superioribus apice albis, cauda viridis. Green-yellow Warbler, beneath yellow, with the tip of the upper wing-coverts white; the tail green. Sylvia leucoptera, Viedl, Ois. de l’ Amer. Sept. 2. 28. La Fauvette leucoptére. Viel. Ois. de Amer. Sept. 2. 28. pl. 84. Lenertu four inches and a half: beak black; its sides white: the whole of the upper parts of the body yellowish green, inclining to brown; the upper wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a bar of that colour on the wing; the bend of which, with the cheeks, throat, and under parts of the body, are fine yellow: the tail is dark green: the legs are black. It is an inhabitant of North Ame- rica: it somewhat resembles the Pine Warbler. TAILOR WARBLER. (Sylvia sutoria.) Sy. tota flava. Warbler entirely yellow. Sylvia sutoria. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 551. 159. | _ Motacilla sutoria. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 997-—Zool. Ind. p. 17. Tailor Warbler. Lath. Gen. Syn, 4. 515. 149.——-Ind, Zool. pl. 8. 754: SUPERB WARBLER. Tuts dextrous Warbler is only three inches in length, and weighs but ninety grains: it is en- tirely of a light yellow colour. It inhabits India, and is remarkable for the construction of its nest, which is extremely curious: it is composed of two leaves; the one generally dead, which it fixes at the end of a branch, to the side of a living one, — by sewing both together with slender fibres; the lining is composed of feathers and soft vegetable down: the nest and birds taken together are so buoyant, that the leaves of the slenderest twigs are generally chosen for the purpose, as the nest then becomes less likely to be attacked by predaceous animals; occasionally two living leaves are sewn. together: its eggs are pure white. | SUPERB WARBLER, (Sylvia cyanea.) — Sy. nigro-cyanea subtus alba, capite nigro-sericeo tumido, sinci- pite genis lunulaque cervicis ceruleo-nitidis, fascia per oculos = nigra. Black-blue Warbler, beneath white, with the head swelled, and of asilky black ; the hind part of the head, cheeks, and lunule on the top of the neck, of a shining blue ; stripe through the eyes black. Sylvia cyanea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 142. Motacilla cyanea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 991. Motacilla superba. « Shaw. Nat. Misc. ‘vol. 1. | Superb Warbler. Lath, Gen. pay 4A. 501. id pl. 13—Shaw, ‘Nat. Misc. 1. pl. 10. : BO SUPERB WARBLER. ri SUPERB WARBLER. 755 Tuts highly elegant species is thus described by Dr. Latham, who has also given a figure of it. « The length of this beautiful species is five inches and a half: the beak is black: the feathers of the head are long, and stand erect like a full crest; from the forehead to the crown they are of a nn blue; from thence to the nape black like velvet: through the eyes from the beak a line of black: beneath the eye springs a tuft of the same blue feathers; beneath these, and on the chin, it is of a deep blue, almost black, and feeling like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and across the back part of the head a band of the same; the whole giving the head a greater appearance of bulk than is natural: the hind part of the neck, and upper parts of the body and tail, deep blue black; the under pure white: wings dusky; shafts of the quills chesnut: the tail two inches and a quarter long,and cuneiform ; the two outer feathers very short: legs dusky brown; claws black.’’ Inhabits Van Dieman’s Land: it varies slightly in its markings, par ticularly about the head, where the blue patches often become confluent: some have the shafts of the quills blackish instead of chesnut. ‘This bird forms the type of the genus Malurus of Vieillot, possessing the following cha- racters. Beak very slender, straight, entire, and short; the base ciliated: legs very slender: the - outer toes united to the second at the base: wings stout: tail very long and slender. 756 LONG-TAILED WARBLER. | (Sylvia longicauda.) Sy. olivacea, vertice-rufescente, remigibus olivaceo fuscts, rectrict- bus longis angustis, intermediis longioribus. Olive Warbler, with the crown reddish ; the quills olive-brown ; the tail-feathers long and narrow, the middle ones very long. Sylvia longicauda. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 545. 141. Motacilla longicauda. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 954. Petit figuier 4 longue queue de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 206. | : Long-tailed Warbler. Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 501. 136. DescrIBeD by Sonnerat, who tells us that it is abundant among the trees that adorn the shrub- beries of the Chinese: that it is very tame, and has an agreeable note: the top of its head is pale rufous: the hind part of the neck, back, rump, wing-coverts, and tail, are pale olive-green: the quills are olive-brown: the tail is long and slender, and is composed of very narrow feathers; the two middle ones are as long as the body. 757 REGULUS. GOLD-CREST. Generic Character. Rostrum tenue, breve, rec- || Beak slender, short, straight, tum, lateratim subcom- |} compressed at the sides, pressum. Nares pennis duabus recum- || Nostrils covered with two bentibus tecte. recumbent feathers. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || Feet simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico. before, and one behind. | ‘4 7 t HE genus Regulus was first established by Ray, but by Linneus and his followers it was placed amongst the birds belonging to kindred genera under the name of Motacilla: the indivi- duals composing this genus subsist upon insects, worms, and seeds. 758 COMMON GOLD-CREST. (Regulus vulgaris.) Rx. virescens, remigibus secundariis exteriori margine flavis, media albis, vertice luteo. Greenish Gold-crest, with the exterior edges of the secondary quills yellow; the middle white; the crown yellow. Regulus cristatus. Ray. Syn. Be 79. 4. 9.—Briss. Orn. 3. 579. 17. Motacilla Regulus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 338. 48. —Lin, Faun, Suec. 262.—Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 905. | Sylvia Regulus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 548. 152. Roitelet, Poul, Souci. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. p. 363. pl. 16. S.2.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 651. 3.—Buff. Hist. Prov. 1. 509. Golden-crested Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 153.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 321.—Will. Ang. p. 227.—Edwards. pl. 254. 1.—Albin, Birds. 1. pl. 53.— Hayes. Brit. Birds. pl. 38.—Lath, Gen. Syn. 4. 508. 145.—Lewin. Brit. Birds. 3. 112.—Walc. Syn. 2. 243. —Don. Brit. Birds. 1. pl. 4.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1—Shaw. Nat. Misc, pl. 165.—Mont, Orn. Dict. 2.—Mont. Sup. Tuts elegant species is the smallest bird found in Europe, measuring scarcely three inches and a half in length, and the body, when stripped of its feathers, but little more than an inch: its weight is between seventy and eighty grains: its beak is black: irides hazel: the crown of the head is | ornamented with a crest composed of a double series of feathers arising from each side, and nearly meeting at their points; the exterior are black, the interior bright yellow; between which, on the crown, the feathers are shorter, and of a fine deep orange: the forehead, chin, and round the eyes, Pm ——— COMMON GOLDCREST. ee GR 4 COMMON. GOLD-CREST. 759 whitish: the hind part of the head, neck, and back, greenish: quills dusky, edged with green ; at the base of the secondaries is. a black bar, above which the coverts are tipped with white, forming a narrow bar of that colour; and above that the _ lesser coverts are. black, tipped with white, re- sembling two obscure bars: the plumage beneath brownish white; the belly lightest, and tinged. with yellow: the tail slightly forked; its feathers dusky, edged with yellowish green: the female had the head less crested, and the crown bright yellow instead of orange: the young do not attain the crest. till autumn. - There is a beautiful white variety of this species in the British Museum, which was captured 1 in Devonshire. Montagu has given a very pleasing account ns the manners of this species in the introduction to - his Ornithological Dictionary, of which the fol- lowing is an abridgement. A nest containing ten young birds was placed in a small basket near the window of Colonel Montagu’s study, for the pur- pose of enticing the old “hitds, who soon made their appearance, and became very familiar; the female attending upon the young, even when the nest was placed far in the room, or held in the hand: the male constantly accompanied the fe- male as far as the window-frame, but would not . venture within the room; he never uttered any note except the female was out of sight, and then only a slight chirp: the female repeated her visits every two or three minutes, for full sixteen hours daily, each time loaded with food, which the 760 RUBY-CROWNED GOLD-CREST. young devoured in great quantities, considering their diminutive size, Conia iene, above their own weight in four days. The nest is composed of green moss, interwoven with wool, and lined with a profusion of small feathers, which completely conceal the eggs: it is often placed among the branches of ivy, or beneath the thick stem of the fir: the eggs weigh about nine or ten grains, are from seven to ten in number, and are of a brownish white colour, darker at the larger end. , The song of this species is repeated at intervals during the day, in the spring, but is discontinued when it has young: it is a very active species, and braves the severest winters: it delights in woody countries, particularly where fir abounds: in all parts of England it is very abundant, as it is likewise in Europe and the rest of the old con- tinent, but does not occur in America: its food consists of insects, small worms, and seeds. RUBY-CROWNED GOLD-CREST. (Regulus Calendulus.) RE, cinereo-virens, linea verticalt rubini colore abdomine alisque subtus flavescentibus. Brown-green Gold-crest, with a ruby red stripe on the cr own ; the body and wings beneath yellowish. Regulus Calendulus. Vieil. Ois. de ?.Amer. Sept. = RUBY-CROWNED GOLD-CREST. 761 Motacilla Calendula. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 337. 47.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 994. Sylvia Calendula. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 549. 154. Calendula Pensylvanica, Briss. Orn. 3. 584. 18. Roitelet rubis. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 5. 373. Ruby-crowned Wren. Pen, Arct. Zool. 2. 413. 300.—Edwards. Glean, pl. 254. f. 2.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 511. 146.—Wils. Amer. Orn. Tuts greatly resembles the former species, but is nevertheless very distinct: it is much larger than that bird, measuring above four inches and a half in length: its beak is dusky: the upper parts of the plumage are of a brown olive, the rump being palest: the wings are adorned with two yellowish stripes, and the head with a spot of a bright ruby-red colour: the under parts of _ the body are yellowish white, the breast greatly inclining to yellow: the quills and tail resemble those of the former species: the female is desti- tute of the red on the head: it varies in having the hind part of the head striped with crimson. Inhabits North America: its habits are similar to those of the European species, with which it has been confounded by many. 762 TROGLODYTES. WREN. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, integrum, || Beak slender, entire, the man- mandibulz zquales. | dibles equal. Al@ breves rotundate. | Wings short and rounded. Pedes simplices, digitis tribus || [eet simple, with three toes anticis, uno postico: before, and one behind. Cauda ascendens. Tail bent upwards. Tus genus, like the preceding, was established by the older ornithologists, but by the moderns placed with the rest of the Warblers: there are but two species, one of which is an inhabitant of the old continent, the other of the new; they both feed on insects, worms, and small seeds. 4 WREN. EUROPEAN ne 763 EUROPEAN WREN. (Troglodytes Europzus.) Tr. griseus, alis nigro cinereoque undulatis. Grey Wren, with the wings undulated with black and grey. Motacilla Troglodytes. Lin. Syst. Nat, 1.337. 46.—Lin, Faun. Suec. 261.——Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 993. Sylvia Troglodytes. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 547. 148. Troglodytes. Ray. Syn. 80. A. 11.—Wils. 164. 42. Regulus. Briss. Orn, 3. 425. 24. Troglodytes, Roitelet, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 4. 352. pl. 16. t 1.—Buff. Pl. Enl. 651. f. 1.—Buff. Hist. Prov. 1. 510. Wren. Pen. Brit. Zool. 1, 154.—Pen. Arct. Zool. 2. 322.— Albin. Birds. 1. pl. 53. B.—Hayes. Brit. Birds. 3. pl. 111.— Walc, Syn. 2. 242.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 506. 143.—Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1, 227.— Mont. Orn, Dict. 2. Troglodytes Europzus. Leach. Lenertu four inches and a quarter: beak dusky brown, and nearly straight: irides dark hazel: the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, deep reddish brown, obscurely marked with transverse dusky lines: the eyebrows pale-coloured: the quills and tail dusky brown, the latter crossed with undulated dusky black lines, the former spotted with. light brown: the plumage beneath light. rufous brown, the sides and thighs with darker lines: the under tail-coverts spotted with dusky and white: legs pale brown. This bird is found throughout Europe, and, like the Gold-crest, defies the severest winters, approaching, during that season, the habitations of man: it commences building its nest very early 764 BROWN WREN. in the spring; it is constructed with very great art, but, unlike other birds, this does not begin at the bottom of the nest, but traces the outlines first: it is of an oval shape, and is composed of various materials according to the substance with which it is in contact; if it be built against a tree covered with white moss, it is made of that ma- terial; if with green, that is the substance chosen: it is invariably lined with feathers, and has a hole near the top for an cutrance. The eggs are seven or cight in number, white, slightly marked with reddish spots at the larger end. ‘The song of this bird is greatly esteemed, being a pleasing but short warble; it is continued throughout the year: its tail is generally carried erect. : BROWN WREN. (Troglodytes furvus.) Tr. fuscus, dorso, alis caudaque lineis atris. Brown Wren, the back, wings, and tail, with black stripes. Motacilla furva. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 994. 168. Sylvia furva. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 548. 151. Brown Warbler. Brown. Illust. Zool. 68. pl. 18.—Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 508. 144. Tur Brown Wren is four inches and a half in length: its beak is slightly bent, and of a yel- BROWN WREN. 765 lowish brown colour: the prevailing colour of its plumage is brown, the belly palest: the back, wings, and tail, are striped with dusky bars: legs yellow brown. Inhabits Surinam, and other parts of America. END OF VOL, X. te On the First of July will be mibbeheds Price 6s. sels ‘ 7s. 6d. coloured, = ees No. XV. MALACOSTRACA PODOPHTHALMA BRITANNIE:; OR DESCRIPTIONS OF BRITISH CRABS, LOBSTERS, &c. | BY WM. ELFORD LEACH, M.D.F.R.S.—LS., &c. ine ILLUSTRATED WITH HIGHLY FINISHED FIGURES OF ALL THE SPECIES, BY JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S., &c. This work will be completed in nineteen numbers, and will form one quarto volume. A few copies are printed on extra royal paper, price 10s. 6d. each number. No. XVI. will be — published on the first of September, 1817. 7. Devison, Lembard-street, Whitefriare. London. i i rr is ee ea aa fi > af : P| hg by reas ey an et | ra rf. jon thee ata bh a, Ts a NG ie 4 oe 4 =} i sav, i “ i i y if - , fi ay mene 7 rial! ie i é, ‘ ig NN cit ‘M se ee fe em ee: r) ; iy ae oy M a ‘ d . oe Pts At tas ok ce SANE es Bete ‘oka , : HN ‘i 1X, eee ‘ } nies tye oy a Ba fy ; oe ts oe : i my a : me he Hep hay io ce ao . you pens Pan Nee ai hihaw ag ye ae i ee a ae u : tie i ae onan rH? j ies 7 f , hs te atl ae pontine ‘ ne Me earn ae bette ) A a Be nerd oe we . ) ree, +1 Pe ri 4a 2 thine, i Sry fic pi ae. wo & “4 mt stele icv f aN te ys ee kau bitialebes eh hay So . Bay: “wh eae Ee) ie ¢ hg | SM ait we ee 844, HEMEVETUA ual , reeate Sey iets aoa eethe MrKe at - oh £y x P Sot ga ged ees J er . 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