1 ron Poa) ‘ Per ail ceneate \persoetee ween an pane eet pend 4 48 ee on } the! | eae eT REE Ug 444 eer ee ¢ rhe she eee ene) . is pees 1? ’ Lint ; mn ; : tele beter erat epeiecaie OT Lae. mua 4 68h08 ES " 309% eyet ‘ yee why ‘she r Tae pe lense ' : fyoat ee * sue 8 ” ; as a 0ee om ak eee , “ih aianet ie ‘ } 4 Pre j pinta ir! ' . Perory rrr ‘ po bauete . : > } aT : ’ 7 . s ? 5 ‘ 1 f aa , ‘ te ee ’ pe eee , ‘ . H Pr ea rs Pe ae, inswb fade f A opt whe eet eke . a re agendas " erie ‘ Hedth OP ponerse pd 7 geen siannan’ eee ye peelta tae pore ae rag plead OPT ef ips aibareee Ee Lae ‘ snahet ppt ol nee oe yeaa a shat At Nt Fini aiatat : Gk NERAL ZOOLOGY De ee Oy $$$ ' ¥ SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY : by GEORGE SHAW, M.D. FE. R.S.&e. WITH PLATES from the first Authorities and most select specimens _ : i Ong caved forcreipally Sy 2 bel Cyl Sa eeeh ah tan + Gamay CL , ME HEATH. 4 V-OL.I. Part 1. MAMMALIA. London Printed for G. Kearsley, Fleet Street 1800, “EB 19 -J-6 Cake Len GENERAL ZOOLOGY. “VOLUME I.——PART I. MAMMALIA. LONDON. PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITE-FRIARS. eee 1800. ADVERTISEMENT. IN the course of this work will be comprised the whole of what is termed Zoology, or the History of the Animal World. It will commence with Quadru- peds, and will proceed, in systematic order, through all the remaining branches, viz. Birds, Amphibia, Fishes, Insects, Vermes, Testaceous Animals, Zoo- phytes, &c. The number of volumes will probably amount to ten or twelve. | The Linnean arrangement, with some occasional variations, will in general be pursued, as on the whole the most eligible ; though his arrangement of Quadrupeds may to many appear, at first sight, not quite so easy and natural as that of Mr. Pennant. MAMMALIA ; OR, VIVIPAROUS QUADRUPEDS. Mawmmatias, or Viviparous Quadrupeds, are distributed by Linneus into seven orders, viz. Primates, Bruta, Fere, Glires, Pecora, Bellue, Cete. The Primates are remarkable for a nearer ap- proach to the human form than. is exhibited in the other quadrupeds. ‘The Bats, however, which are by Linneus ranked in this order, differ greatly from the rest. ‘The principal character of the Primates consists in the teeth, which, except in the Bats, strongly resemble the human. The Bruta have no front or cutting-teeth, ei- ther in the upper or under jaw: their feet are armed with strong claws; their pace is, in gene- * So named from being provided with mamma; or teats, for the purpose of suckling their young; which circumstance sufficiently distinguishes them from all other animals. Some naturalists have called them wiviparous quadrupeds ; as producing perfectly-formed living young; in opposition to what were formerly termed ov¢parous or egg-producing quadrupeds, as Tortoises, Lizards, &e. &c. v1 ral, somewhat slow, and their food is principally vegetable. The Fere have generally six cutting-teeth of a somewhat conical shape, both in the upper and under jaw: these are succeeded by strong and sharp fangs, or canine-teeth ; and the grinders are formed into conical or pointed processes. This tribe is predacious, livmg principally on the flesh of other animals: the coat are armed with sharp claws. The Glires are Siraiili with two remarkably large and long fore-teeth both above and below; but have ho canine, or sharp lateral teeth: their feet aré provided with claws, and their @eneral. pace is more or less salient or leaping : their food is vegetable ; consisting of roots, barks, fruits, &c. The Peeota; among which are comprised what. are commonly termed cattle, have no front teeth in the upper jaw, but several, viz. six or eight, in the lower: their feet are furnished with cloven or divided hoofs: their food is entirely vegetable, and they possess the remarkable power of rumi- nation, or throwing up again into the mouth the food they have first swallowed, in order that it may be still farther reduced or comminuted by ‘the teeth. This remarkable process is assisted by the peculiar structure of the stomach, which, in. these animals, is divided into four cavities, each having its peculiar office. The Bellue have obtuse front-teeth; the feet are furnished with hoofs, in some whole or round- Se To race p.VIL.oF the Introduction. EN oe in 7 \M ae dee , ST) tA Ae > er Se ’ ; London 1800 Feb). Published by 6.Kearsley, Fleet Street. " ‘ ie Mulow Sculp. i | Vil ed; in others obscurely lobed or subdivided: their food is vegetable. The Cete consist of the Whales, which, though resembling fishes as to general form or outline, are real Mammalia in disguise; having similar bones, lungs, teats, &c. &c. Their teeth are fre- quently less osseous than in other Mammalia. They feed on soft marine animals and vegetables, and swim chiefly by means of their pectoral or breast fins, in which are inclosed the bones of the fore-feet. Their tail is horizontal, and they are furnished with breathing-holes on the top of the head, through which they occasionally spout the water. The teeth forming a principal. mark of is tinction in the Linnzan arrangement of Quadru- peds, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the position of these organs. ‘This will readily be ob- tained from an inspection of the annexed plate, in which, as the principal example, are repre- sented the human teeth. __ | The front-teeth are termed cutting-teeth, dentes primores, or incisores, The single, and more sharply formed teeth on each side of these are called canine-teeth, dentes canini, or laniarii. The remaining teeth are termed grinders, or grinding- teeth, dentes molares. The general history of Quadrupeds has been so often detailed in the various works on Natural History, that a fresh publication on the subject must of necessity labour under peculiar disadvan- tages. The valuable works of the Count de Buf- viil fon and Mr. Pennant have diffused such a degree of information on these subjects, that it does not seem an. easy task to improve upon their plan — otherwise than by the introduction of the Linnzan method of arrangement, the rectification of errors relative to synonyms, the addition of proper spe- cific characters, and the introduction of new species; more particularly those which have been lately introduced to the knowledge of European naturalists from the vast island of Australasia or New Holland, and which seem to exceed in sin- gularity of form and character’ those of every other region of the globe. Of the generic and specific characters, but more particularly the latter, it should be observed, that implicit faith is not always to be placed in them. They are highly useful in a general view, but should merely be regarded in that light, and can- not be considered as in every instance strictly and absolutely exact. It is farther to be observed, that the English specific characters in the present work are commonly so rendered as to be some- what fuller. or more particular than the Latin ; from which it will also be perceived, that they oc- casionally vary a little. This was necessary, in order to accommodate them to the purpose of ge- neral readers. | With respect to figures, those highly import- ant accompaniments to a work of this kind, no care has been spared to give such as convey the clearest and most accurate ideas of the animals themselves. Where Buffon’s figures were judged 1x unexceptionable, they have been admitted : others are introduced from publications of the first re- spectability, from original drawings, or from those rich repositories of science, the British and Leverian Museums. . The talents of the engraver to whose care they have been committed are too well known to re- quire particular commendation. The remaining volumes will be published in re- gular order, and with as much dispatch as is con- sistent with the accuracy required in a systematic work on Natural History. ERRATA.—PART I. Page 14, 1. 3,in the synonyms, for Gen read Gesn. 36, 1. 5, after brown place a comma. 70, l. §, for Lemurmurinus read Lemur murinus, 72, 1. 20, instead of a commaafter on/y one place a period. 74, 1. 10, for limbs of the tail read Jimbs, with the tail. 78, in the specific character of Antigua Monkey, 1. 2, for barbatii read barbatis, and for prehensils read prehensili, 67, |. 8. for other read of the. , 137, in the English specific character for abtuse read obtuse. 342, 1. 7, for perspillatus read perspicillatus 177, 1. 27, for Myrecophaga read Myrmecophaga. 267, in the Latin specific character, for tedradactylis read i ap 227, 1. 14, for 1563 read 1653. 235, |. 18, for the read their. 235, 1. 14, for it latitude read in latitude. he SORT EN PRPs VOL. I.—PART. I. Avr GENUS Page 1 great . ° 2 —— long-armed ws, o/s Barbary. ee Get PIE : ‘a Alpinus’s . i aie Baboon,common . ._— 16 -vatiegated,. - 17 ~———— ribbed-nose_. 20 — hog-faced By eee —— wood . Ni aa ———“ ¢inetcou .. 2 3 yellow . Oe broad-toothed .| 24 erened ps 26 ———— little : 2 dog-faced «) 28 dog-tailed mee ——— wrinkled he — brown. : 24 | pig-tailed ae lion-tailed 5 ere ETT EET TT TT Monkey, leonine hare-lipped purple-faced Palatine | Diana long-nosed yellowith green - white-eyelid white-nose mustache Talapoin Negro egret red : Chinese bonneted varied proboscis Cochinchina vaulting tawny xi CONTENTS. Monkey, Goat p- 58 || Bar GENus full-bottom -. 549 | common ——— bay : 59 long-eared —— annulated - eo ~ Noctule — fox-tailed 61 horse-shoe ———. striated 62 Serotine ——_— red-tailed . 0 ee Barbastelle ——— silky . . 64 || —— Pipistrelle . ——— great-eared 68 || —— lasiopter : —— far p «| 66 rough-tailed ——— Philippine 67 Molucca . ——-— preacher yo || —— striped —— royal Tt New York: ——-— four-fingered 73 bearded ——— horned 74 slouch-eared —— fearful - Ss pe slender-tailed ——— weeper “6 Senegal ——— capucin 76 bull-dog —— squirrel 77 | —— Peruvian . ——— Antigua 78 || ——cordated . naked-tailed 8 Keats our Ant-EaTER GENUS 166 le ' : —— great Serotine — great 167 : omddie alas atvay® — three-toed . 170 ae ida ——_—__——— little CO ere ogame Wr ee mena? Baboon, common — aculeated 175 F didnt gas oe ae ; || ——-—_ ribbed-nose ARMADILLO GENUS 186 || ——-— hog-faced — three-banded 188 || ——-— wood . six-banded 189 || ———— cinereous seven-banded nine-banded twelve-banded 192 eighteen-banded 195 ——— yellow . _———- _ broad-toothed brown . ——— pigetailed Cy CONTENTS. x11 Baboon, crested p. 26 || Manis Genus p- 179 ——— little ; arn, — long-tailed 189 dog-faced ei, 28 short-tailed 184 — lion-tailed ae |) broad-tailed 183 ——— dog-tailed 32 || ——— Megatherium 162 wrinkled Mev He MyrMECOPHAGA GENUS 166 BRADYPUS GENUS 149 | | PLATYPUS GENUS 2.28 CoLuGo GENuS Pry flying 115 || RHINOCEROS GENUS 198 single-horned 198 Dasypus GENUS 186 -—- two-horned 202 Sumatran 207 Duck-bill oe me EIR SLOTH GENUS 149 GALEOPITHECUS GENUS 115 — three-toed > 149 ——— two-toed 156 LEMUR GENUS . So || ———-——_ ursine 159 slow 81 — loris 93 || SImra GENUS, . ; I Indri 94 | —-—potio . 95 || Sukotyro . . 2247 woolly 96 ruffed 98 || TrRicHECHUS GENUS 233 flocky . -', 99 ring-tailed 103 || VESPERTILIO GENUS 122 eee heart-marked 104 oor tarsier 105 || WALRUS GENUS 233 murine 106 arctic » 233 —— whitish + t68 Indian 239 long-fingered 109 whale-tailed 240 round-tailed 244 Miacauco. » . - 80 Guiana 245 LON ASN CISH TA oS y ¢ a et Wa OG hy Bi Fghy, © t 4 Se wot ™ Directions jor placing the Plates in vol. I. part I. The Vignette to part I. represents the Platypus or Duck-bill in different views.—Plate containing the outline of the Skull to © front p. vii of the Introduction. Plate 1 to face page 1 Plate 36 to face page 104 2 5 37. ——_ 1106 3 7) ee! 4 10 39 120 ie 12 40 123 6 —-—__12 Atl 139 a 13 42 140 8 14 43 143 9 16 re ad, 10 17 45 ———— 148 II 20 46 . 156 12 22 47 159 13 24 48 ———— 162 14. 25 .: Mcoomamaeroren ey | 15 28 50 ———— _ 169 16 30 51 ———— 170 | esau OF eS anne 18 38 oe 19 40 54 175 20 43 55 180 21 44 56 ———— 181 aye ears rs le 23 56 58 189 a4 59 ae 103 25 61 60 —————_ 1198 26 65 61 202 27 67 62 ———— 207 28 —-__-73 63. ——— aes 22 29 ———-_ 81 64 mee 210 30 g2 65 226 3° 93 66 ——_———_ 229 32 94 67 ———— 230 a 96 68 ee 2534 a 90 68* 234 3535-————_ 103 : CQ ee | 2d ‘ghinisiaos oh "- golRnbortnl 98 . sot oyeg soxt ct de otal of ali ‘ a ” j : ies x Tey an y , ) ' i 7 lou j 1 ; o cae 4 “ " 2 7 % ‘ \ ; L 2 és 7 \ f | \ x { dts) 2 ra y ‘ide thy a | Z 4 , ' < ‘ es ! y om ? Lage abe \ ORAN © TAN, Alam Buff te. 2800, Jaré1London.Pubtifhd by 6. Kearsley, Fleet Strec. QUADRUPEDS. PRIMATES. | SIMIA. APE. Linnean Gleneric Character. Dentes primores utrinque 4, || Front-teeth in each jaw 4, “approximati. placed near together. Laniarii solitarii, longiores, || Canzne-teeth solitary, longer hinc remoti. pe than the others, distant from the remaining teeth, or grinders. . Melares obtusi. | Grinders obtuse. Tus numerous race may be properly divided into four sections, viz. 1. Apes, or such as are destitute of a tail: 92 Baboons, or such as have very muscular bodies, and whose tails are com- monly short. 3. MJonkies, whose tails are, in ge- neral, long : and, lastly, Sapajous, or monkies, with what are termed prehensile tails, viz. such as can, at pleasure, be twisted round any object, so as to answer the purpose of an additional hand to the animal. ne 1 2 APE. Of the whole genus, or the monkey tribe in general, it may be observed, that the Baboons are commonly of a ferocious and sullen disposition. The larger Apes are also of a malignant temper, ex- cept the Oran Otan and the Gibbons. The Mon- kies, properly so called, are very various in their dispositions ; some of the smaller species are lively, harmless, and entertaining; while others are as remarkable for the mischievous malignity of their temper, and the capricious uncertainty of their manners. It may not be improper here to observe, that it is no easy task to determine with exact preci- sion the several species of this extensive genus ; since, exclusive of the varieties in point of colour, they are often so nearly allied as to make it difficult to give real distinctive characters. ‘To this must be added, the mutilations which occasionally oc- cur in the specimens preserved in museums, or exhibited in public, and which, of course, are liable to deceive an inexperienced eye, and even to embarrass the most expert and sagacious natu- ralist. To circumstances like these are owing the figure of the MJantegar, or tufted Ape, im the first and second editions of Mr. Pennant’s History of Quadrupeds. The figures in authors: are not always to be trusted: those in the Natural History of the Count de Buffon are, in general, good. ‘Those of Schreber are copied from them, and coloured, seemingly, from description. ORAN OTAN. Simia Satyrus. sis, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 33+ Homo Troglodytes. Gmel. p. 26. Tailless Ape, either chesnut-coloured or black, without callosities behind, and with the hair on the lower part of the arms reversed. Satyrus Indicus. Tulp. Obs. Med. p. 284. t. 14. é | Homo Sylvefiris. Orang-Otang. Bont. Fav. 84. t. 34. Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris. Zyson. anat. pygm. f. 1. 2. Jocko. Buff. 14. p. 43. t. and suppl. 7. t. 1. ex ed Allamand. Man of the Woods. Edwards pl. 213. Orang-Otang. Vosmaer. descr. Sc. t. 1. 2. Orang-Otang. Camper kort beright, Sc. Amst. 1778. Great Ape. Pennant Quadr. ed. 3. p. 80. pl. 36. .ecaudata, ferruginea, lacertorum pilis rever- Or these singular animals, the species which has most excited the attention of mankind is, the Oran Otan, or, as it is sometimes called, the Satyr, great Ape, or Man of the woods. It is a native of the warmer parts of Africa and India, as well as of some of the Indian islands, where it resides principally in woods, and is supposed to feed, like most others of this genus, on fruits. The Oran Otan appears to admit of considerable variety in point of colour, size, and proportions; and there is reason to believe, that, in reality, there may be two.or three kinds, which, though nearly ap- proximated as to general similitude, are yet spe- cifically distinct. ‘The specimens imported into Europe have rarely exceeded the height of two or three feet, and were supposed to be young ani- mals; but it is said that the full-grown ones are, at least, six feet in height. The general colour A ORAN OTAN. seems to be dusky or brown; in some ferruginous or reddish brown, and in others coal-black, with the skin itself white. The face is bare; the ears, hands, and feet nearly similar to the human, and the whole appearance such as to exhibit the most striking approximation to the human figure. The likeness however, is only a general one, and the structure of the hands and Wet, when exa- mined with anatomical exactness, seems to prove, in the opinion of those most capable of judging with accuracy on the subject, that the animal was principally designed by nature for the quadrupedal manner of walking, and not for an upright pos- ture, which is only occasionally assumed, and which, in those exhibited to the public, is, perhaps, rather owmg to instruction than truly natural. The Count de Buffon, indeed, makes it one of the distinctive characters of the real or proper apes (among which the oran otan is the chief), to walk erect on two legs only; and it must be granted, that these animals support an upright position much more easily and readily than most other quadru- peds, and may probably be very often seen in this attitude even in a state of nature. The manners of the Oran Otan, when in tenis vity, are gentle, and perfectly void of that dis- gusting ferocity so conspicuous in some of the larger baboons and monkies. ‘The Oran Otan is mild and docile, and may be taught to perform, with dexterity, a variety of actions in domestic life. Thus it has been seen to sit at table, and, in its manner of feeding and general behaviour, to N Ney Wile ph SSNs BLACK ORAN- O TAN. from Tyson. L606, Jan% 1 London, Publijn a by 6 Kearsley, Fleet Strevt, ORAN OTAN. a imitate the company in which it was placed: to pour out tea, and drink it without aukwardness or constraint ; to prepare its bed with great exact- ness, and compose itself to sleep in a proper man- ner. Such are the actions recorded of one which was exhibited in London in the year 1738; and the Count de Buffon relates nearly similar parti- culars of that which he saw at Paris. Dr. Tyson, who, about the close of the last century, gave a very exact description of a young Oran Otan, then exhibited in the metropolis, assures us, that, in many of its actions, it seemed to display a very high degree of sagacity, and was of’ a disposition uncommonly gentle; Zhe most gentle and loving creature that could be. Thofe that he knew a ship- board he would come and embrace with the greatest tenderness, opening their bosoms, and clasping his hands about them; and, as I was informed, though there were Monkies aboard, yet it was observed he would never associate with them, and, as if nothing akin to them, would always avoid their company. But however docile and gentle when taken young, and instructed in its behaviour, it is said to be possessed of great ferocity in its native state, and is considered as a dangerous animal, capable of readily overpowering the strongest man. Its swiftness is equal to its strength, and for this-rea- son it is but rarely to be obtained in its full-grown state; the young alone being taken. A few years past, the hand of a supposed full-grown oran otan was brought from Sierra Leona, which, from its size, seemed to justify the idea of the stature to “nl . ORAN OTAN. _ which this species is supposed to grow: it was of a black colour, and, consequently, belo to the black variety of this species; or that described i in a young state by Dr. Tyson. It is remarkable that the large hand repr roniitath in professor Allamand’s. ndlitiond of the Natural History of the Count de Buffon, as that of an Oran Otan, proved, according to Camper, who examined it accurately, to have been an artificial preparation, made by distorting and otherwise al- tering the fore-foot of some large quadruped ; most probably that of a bear, in the opinion of Camper; and the nails were glued into the places where the claws had been. Such are the deceptions to which even the most experienced naturalists: are sometimes liable! This hand became the sub- ject of private controversial correspondence be- tween professors Allamand and Camper. At length its proprietor, Mr. Vink of Rotterdam, permitted it to be opened, when the opinion of Camper was found to be just; the whole preparation being composed of bones, hair, skins, &c. nicely ag- elutinated and compacted, with the addition of nails at the extremities. The hand, however, which was brought from Sierra Leona, was undoubtedly genuine, and the whole skin of the animal is, at present, in the pos- session of Mr. A. Afzelius, demonstrator of bo- tany in the university of Upsal; but its full de- scription and figure having never been published, it is impossible to pronounce, with certainty, the species to which it belongs. Repro | eo 4 i i ‘ : i 1 my : = 2 pes ‘ ‘ ° , | as ‘ wets ; Bie: . - bi + aid) \ 947, 7 li, N\ ) ORAN O TAN. Posmaer. 00 Janz? Publi~ha by GC Kearsley Fleet Street. ORAN OTAN. | 7 Mr. Vosmaer’s account of the manners of an Oran Otan brought into Holland in the year 1776, and presented to the Prince of Orange’s mena- gerie, is so curious and satisfactory, that I shall extract it from his accurate publication on that subject ; and shall also accompany it by two excel- dent figures of the animal, with which he has ilus- trated his work; and these, together with an ac- curate copy of the young Pongo, described and figured by Dr. Tyson under the name of the pyg- my ; and of that preserved in the British Museum, figured by Edwards; and, lastly, the elegant an id expressive representation of M. Allamand, in his edition of Buffon, will, it is presumed, give the _ clearest and most satisfactory ideas of these extra- ordinary animals, which the present state of our knowledge on the sso will permit us to ob- tain. 3 This animal, says M. Vosmaer, was a female: its height was about two Rhenish feet and a half. _ It shewed no symptoms of fierceness or. malignity, _ and was even of a somewhat melancholy appear- ‘ance. It was fond of being in company, and _shewed a preference to those who took daily care of it, of which it seemed to be sensible.. Often when they retired it would throw itself on the ground, as if in despair, uttering lamentable:cries, and tearing in pieces the linen within its reach. Its keeper having sometimes been accustomed to sit near it on the ground, it took the hay of its bed, and laid it by its side, and seemed, by every demonstration, to invite him to be seated near. 8 ORAN OTAN. Its usual manner of walking was on all-fours, like other apes; but it could also walk on its two hind feet only. One morning it got unchained, and we beheld it with wonderful agility ascend the beams and rafters of the building : it was not without some pains that it was retaken, and we then remarked an extraordinary muscular power in the animal; the assistance of four men being necessary, in order to hold it in such a manner as to be properly secured. During its state of liberty it had, amongst other things, taken the cork from a bottle containmg some Malaga wine, which it drank to the last drop, and had set the bottle in its place again. It eat almost every thing which was given it; but its chief food was bread, roots, and. especially carrots; all sorts of fruits, especially strawberries: and appeared extremely fond of aromatic plants, © as parsley and its root. It also eat meat, both boiled and roasted, as well as fish. It was not observed to hunt for insects like other monkies ; it was fond of eggs, which it broke with its teeth and sucked completely; but fish and roast meat seemed its favourite food. It had been taught to eat with a spoon and a fork. When presented with strawberries on a plate, it was extremely . pleasant to see the animal take them up, one by one, with a fork, and put them ito its mouth, holding, at the same time, the plate in the other hand. Its common drink was water; but it also. very willingly drank all sorts of wine, and parti- cularly Malaga. After drinking it wiped its lips, and after eating, if presented with a tooth-pick, ORAN OTAN. 9 would use it in a proper manner. I was assured, that on shipboard it ran freely about the vessel, played with the sailors, and would go, like them, into the kitchen for its mess. At the approach of night it lay down to sleep, and prepared its bed by shaking well. the hay, on which it slept, and putting it in proper order, and, lastly, covering itself warm with the coverlet. One day, seeing the padlock of its chain opened with a key, and shut again, it seized a little bit of stick, and | put it into the key-hole, turning it about in all directions, endeavouring to see whether the padlock would open or not. This animal lived seven months in Holland. On its first arrival it had but very little hair, except on its back and arms: but on the approach of winter it became extremely well covered; the hair on the back be- ing three inches in legac, The whole animal then appeared of a ele colour; the skin of the face, &c. was of a mouse colour, but about the eyes and round the mouth of a dull flesh colour. It came from the island of Borneo, and was deposited in the museum of the Prince of Orange. Upon the whole, it appears clearly that there are two distinct species of this animal, viz. the _ Pongo, or great black Oran Otan, which is a native of Africa, and the reddi/h brown or chesnut Oran Otan, called the Jocko, which is a native of Borneo and some other Indian islands. This lat- ter, as appears from a collation of most of the specimens which have been surveyed with the ne- cessary degree of exactness, is distinguished by id ORAN OTAN. having no nails on the great toes. Whereas, in the Pongo, or black species, they are conspicuous. In one specimen, however, of the Jocko, M. Cam- ' per observed a very small nail on the great toe of one foot only; the other being without; but as the toe which had the: nail differed from that of the. opposite foot, in having an additional joint, M. Camper considered it as a lusus nature. ‘The figures given by Dr. 'Tyson and the Count de Buffon represent the black oran otan, or Pongo, though the Count de Buffon’s figure is, by a mistake, en- titled Jocko. It was drawn from the young ani- mal in a living state; but it is acknowledged in the supplemental volume, published by Mr. Cepede, that the artist has overcharged it in some particu- lars. Mr. Edwards's figure represents the Jocko or chesnut-coloured species, and is, in one-point, er- roneous, viz. in representing the great toes fur- nished with nails; which, as before observed, are wanting in this animal.* I must also add, that, in most of the copies of Mr. Edwards’s work, the Oran Otan is coloured somewhat too light: the face, neck, and hands, in particular, wii should have a slight wash of Indian ink, in order to produce the proper shade of brown; and a more dusky cast should also pervade the whole figure, as ap- pears clearly from the original drawing now -pre- served in the British Museum. * This particular in our representation, from Edwards's original drawing in the British Museum, is properly corrected. KC Nee SYA WS a as NS \ea RR ARG oH yy Pa SN WY FS Aah TAI TS NO) AE PBS ROIS SAN Is CONSENS ERO CHESNUT ORAN OTAN. from Edwards 1800 Jan’ 1London Publyhd by G Kearsipy, Fleet Stret. ORAN OTAN. 11 In Dr. Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature, the smaller variety, or the Jocko in its less shage or more naked state, is given as a distinct species, under the name of Simia Troglodytes. ‘The print published many years past, by the name of Chim- panzee, is of this kind; as is, perhaps, the figure in Tulpius. | The animal described in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. 59. p. 72. pl. 3. is by Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Nature, referred to the Oran Otan; but Mr. Pennant, in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, seems to consider it as perfectly distinct, and describes it under the title of Golock. It has a pointed face; long and slender limbs; arms, when the animal is upright, not reaching lower than the knees; head round and full of hair; grows to the height of a man. Inhabits the forests of Mevat in the interior parts of Bengal. In its manners is gentle and modest; called by the natives golock, or the wild man; distinguished from the Oran Otan by its slender ~ form; and from the Gibbon by its having much shorter arms: colour entirely black. The short description given in the Philosophical Transactions is somewhat singular: The animal is said to be of the height of a man; the teeth white as pearls; the arms in due proportion, and the body very genteel. | 12 LONG-ARMED APE. Simia Lar. S. ecaudata, natibus calvis, brachiis longitudine corporis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 2. Tailless black Ape (sometimes white), without callosities be- hind, and with arms as long as the body. Homo Lar. Lin. Mantis. pl. Zip. 52. Simia Longimana. Schreber Sacugth. t. 3. f. 1. ) Miller Cimelia Physica. t..27. Grand Gibbon. Buf. Hist. Nat. 14. z. 2. Long-armed Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 184. : VaR. i Petit Gibbon. Buf. Hist. Nat. 14. t. 3. Simia Longimana. Museum Leverianum, 2. t. 1. Tu1s is a species of a more deformed appear- ance than the Oran Otan, and is distinguished by the excessive length of its arms, which, when the animal stands upright, are capable of touching the ground with the fingers. It is a native of India and some of the Indian islands, and grows to the height of four feet or more. Its colour is black: but the face is commonly surrounded by a whitish beard. This animal is well figured in Buffon; and a smaller variety is finely represented in Mr. Millar’s miscellaneous plates of Natural History. ~Varizety.—WVhite gibbon. This is generally considered as a variety of the former ; from which — it differs in being entirely white, except the face and hands, which are black. In the Leverian Mu- seum is a most elegant specimen, which is figured in No. 2 of the Museum Leverianum. Our present figure is also from the same specimen. What seems to prove this to be a variety of the black ——— . : ee Si te See Nn i? x if H I \ i city (dt S Ty ONT OS) ct S\ Dew sw ss tJ IID rary) Wi IS -== SS => SP yy se. 9d => - arta nw POS DF gl sy Cor: =~ Siero CLE a ae JS IVI ID IYO aS Sn gee LONG-ARMED APE. 1800 Jan!1.LondonPublijhd by G.Kearsley,Fleet Street. WS —S=—==—= SS WSS = Ss — = =n aS SSS So vane WY a —_~ Feaath sculp. IS EN xp 2 IBS LONG-ARMED. APE. White Variety. 18 00, Tare zLondon, Pub tfhd by © Kearsley Fieet Street, My yf Mf; Uf, f iy A S \ WANS ACS ose Ea f : FEO pug / fi I~ ieee fA JA Sra ad OSs ic Face att NARS OSD aaa ZS SA je Won aad RSD $029 5 : A BARBARY APE. i800. Jans Publifr'd by G. Kearsley, Fleet Sweet. sae 2 RRS BARBARY APE. 13 gibbon, above-described, is, that a patched or parti-coloured small variety of that animal is sometimes seen, and is figured in the Count de Buf- fon’s work, having the lower part of the back and the feet white, while the rest of the animal is of a deep brown. ‘The larger kind is also represented by Buffon with whitish hands and feet. Notwithstanding the apparent ferocity of the Gibbon, and the deformity of its figure, it is of a more tractable and gentle nature than most of its tribe, and has even been celebrated for the de- corum and modesty of its behaviour. Considered with respect to the rest of the genus it ranks among the genuine Apes, or those which have not the least vestige of a tail, and, like the Oran Otan, alarms the pride of mankind by too near an ap- proach to the real Primates of the creation. Nay, _ Linneus, in his description referred to in the sy- nonyms, actually places it inthe genus Homo, un- - der the title of Homo Lar.* "|. BARBARY APE. Simia Inuus. 8. ecaudata, natibus calvis, capite oblonge. Lin. ‘Tailless pale-brown Ape, with callosities behind, and with an oblong head. Simia Inuus. Speculum Linneanum, 1. t. 1. Magot. Buff. 14. t. 8. 9. Barbary Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 186. Tuis, which is the species of ape most com- monly seen in exhibitions of animals, grows to the height of about four feet. It is not remarkable 14 PYGMY. Se Gas ; for docility or good temper; but, by force * dis- cipline, is made to exhibit a greater degree of ins telligence than many others. Its colour is an’ fimshbouk brown, paler or whiter beneath: ‘the face is of a swarthy flesh colour. The hands ‘ia feet have nails resembling the human, as in the — two former species. It is also destitute of any real tail, but there is commonly a short skinny appen- dix in the place of one. This animal is found in Barbary, as well as in many of the lower Ln oye Africa. PYGMY. Simia Sylvanus. S. ecaudata, natibus cabvis, capite subrotundo, brachiis brevioribus. Lin. Tailless pale-brown Ape, with euler: behind, aa with a roundish head. Simia. - Gen. Quadr. 847. Raii syn: Sine 149. Cercopithecus. Foust. Quadr. t. $9. f. 5. Pitheque. Buff. Nat. Hist. 14. p. 84. and supp. 7. t. 2s 3. 4. a Pygmy Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 183. VaR.? Alpin. Hist. Nat. Aigypt. t. 20. fo 1. Tuts is the smallest of the genuine Apes « or those destitute of tails. In its general appearance, as well as in colour, it extremely resembles the idee : s Barbary Ape ; but is not larger than a cat, and has : as = a rounder or flatter face than the Barbary Ape. This is supposed, by Mr. Pennant, to have been | the Pygmy of the ancients, which was said to wage war, at certain seasons, with the cranes. It F ALPINUS APE. 3 Hy i I li Hi i HA iy \\ Ni i) hit | nc PYGMY APE. 1800 Jan}1 LondonPublifhd by G.Kears ley, Fleet Street. ae PYGMY. 15 is a native of Athiopia, where it is most common ; but it is also found in other parts of Africa. It is easily tamed, and is much more docile and gentle than the former species. In the supplemental part of the Count de Buf- fon’s Natural History, we also meet with a seem- ing variety of the Pygmy, which is said to differ in having no callosities or bare spaces behind. Mons. Buffon thinks it a distinct species, and ob- serves, that it has been described by no one ex- cept Prosper Alpinus, who has given a figure of it. The figure given in Buffon’s work is from a drawing sent to him by Mr. Peter Collinson. The hair is said to be red. ‘The face seems, in the en- graving, to be represented of a dark colour; and the general appearance is so perfectly that of the Pygmy, that the particular difference is scarce perceptible. The figure referred to in Prosper Alpius is at pl. 20. fig: 1. of his Hist. Nat. Egypt. That given by (Bobos is copied in the present work. We now proceed to the second division of this genus, or that contaming the Baboons. Much confusion seems to have prevailed among naturalists with respect to the different species me Baboons, and the synonymous names of authors have been erroneously given, not only in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature of Linneus, but in the History of Quadr upeds by Mr. Pennant and others. We shall begin with the species most commonly seen in exhibitions of animals, 16 COMMON BABOON. Simia Sphinx. 8. semicaudata, ore vibrissato, aged: atuminatis, | natibus calvis, Lin. Short-tailed brown Baboon, with callosities behind, and with dull flesh-coloured face and pointed nails, Papio. Baboon. Gesu. Quadr. 252. Aldrov. Be: 260. Fonst. Quadr. 145. t. 61. foi. Raii Quadr. 158. Briss. Quadr. 192. Papion. Buff. 14; t. 13. 14. Mottled Baboon. Pennant Quadr. 197. Tuts is a species of very considerable size, and when in a sitting posture, is from three to four feet in height. It is extremely strong and mus- cular in its upper parts, and slender towards the middle; but this is the general shape of all the true Baboons: its colour is an uniform greyish brown, paler beneath; the hairs on the upper parts, if narowly inspected, appear as if mottled; the face is long, and of a tawny flesh colour; the eyes appear as if sunk into the head or very deeply seated, and are of a hazel colour. The hands and | feet have strong, blunt claws; but the thumbs of the hands have rounded nails. ‘The tail is very short. . This is certainly the Sphinx of Ges- ner, the synonyms to which are errno ap- plied both by Linneus and Mr. Pennant. In Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature they are rectified. This also seems to be the species intended by the Count de Buffon, and figured in his Natural History. It is ferocious in its | manners, and its appearance is, at once, gro- tesque and formidable. The region surround- ing the tail, to a considerable ditanen on each ——s Z—— Z j Yy A), f) SS = f GEES = WN } Z Z ON ; Ny (WW \\ \ RA Wy AIAN ie ) 4 \\ Mee Baboon. ae Leverianum. ii I, p 35.4. 9. Tuts is at ilpast eal ; in size, if not superior, to the former, and, when in an upright posture, is about five feet high. It is the most remarka- ble of the whole genus for brillianey and variety _,of colour. The general tinge is a rich and ipiere very deep yellowish-brown; the hairs, if viewed a near, appearing speckled with yellow and black. oe The form of the face is long _ with the snout ‘ ending somewhat abruptly: the whole length of _ the nose, down the middle, is of a deep iiloods red; but the parts on each side are of a fine violet- blue, deeply marked by several oblique furrows. The remainder of the face is of a pale whitish-yel- eo 2 18 | VARIEGATED BABOON. low.’ On the top of the front the hair rises, in a remarkable manner, into a pointed form, and _ beneath the chin is a pointed beard of a light orange-yellow. Round the back of the neck the hair is much longer than in other parts, and in- clines downwards and forwards, somewhat in the manner of a wreath or tippet. The hair on this part has also a slight tinge of violet-brown. The breast and lower parts of the body are of a whitish colour. Round the region of the loins the skin is almost bare, and of a most beauti- ful violet-blue, gradually altering into a vivid vermilion, which is more conspicuous on the hinder parts, where it surrounds the tail, which is extremely short, or scarce apparent. The hands and feet are of a dusky colour, and are furnished with broad but pointed claws. It is a native of the interior parts of Africa; but it is said to have been also brought from India. In the Leverian Museum is a most capital specimen of this Baboon, of which a general figure is given in Mr. Pen- nant’s History of Quadrupeds; but a much more elegant and accurate one may be found in - iudeisedri Leverianum. A disfigured specimen of this curious animal, ~ altered by cropping away the hair on the head and other parts, seems to have given rise to the descrip- tion by Dr. Bradley, and that in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxiv. ‘p. 1571, from whence it ‘was inserted, by Mr. Pennant, into the first edition of his History of Quadrupeds, under the title of ee sd — VARIEGATED BABOON. 19 the tufted Ape, and, as usual in such cases, has been thence transferred into some other works *. The variegated Baboon is of a fierce disposition, and extremely muscular and strong. Its voice - somewhat resembles the slight roar 1 a lion: it is a rare species, and is not often imported into Europe. Mr. Pennant observes, that its posture, when walking, is a proof of the excellency of Ges- ner’s figure, which, from its singularity of ap- pearance, had often been thought erroneous; but it is certain that Gesner’s figure represents the ‘common or brown Baboon, and the general out- line of the body is nearly the same in both. . *In the drawing, which isa very indifferent one, now preserved in the British Museum, not only the nose, on each side, but also the bare part of the forehead, even to some distance beyond the ears, is represented of a fine blue ; and the ridge and tip of the nose red. Upon the whole, I believe there can remain but little doubt of its having been made either from a disfigured specimen, or else hastily and erroneously drawn in some particulars, and, perhaps, coloured afterwards from recollection. The whole upper part of ‘the animal is coloured _8rey-brown ; and the whole under part dull flesh colour; ; seeming quite void of hair, as well as the insides of the limbs. In the same volume of drawings are also two other representations, evidently intended for the same animal: they are rather better painted than the former, but with the same parti- cularities, 20 MNT OM Simia Maimon. 8S. Mnicaittite oibitien genis cerulets stria- tas, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. " Short-tailed olive-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, naked violet-blue furrowed cheeks, and the middle of the nose flesh- coloured. Mandrill. Buf 14. 1.16, 17. tae Ribbed-nose Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 190. a ¢ : a Maimon. Schreber. 1. t. 7. oe Maimon. Speculum Linnzanum. No. \. t. 2. THE synonyms between this species and the former are commonly confounded. It is de- scribed by the Count de Buffon under the name of Mandrill. He seems to have s seen an unhealthy specimen, since he describes it as dull, heavy, is and, at the same time, disagreeably dirty i in its appearance. On the contrary, it is an active ani- aii mal, and seems far less indocile and malignant © se than the rest of the Baboons. The general Hees oe a4 ness which it bears to the former species, is such as to give the idea of the same animal in a less advanced state of growth, and with. less brilliant colours; the nose, instead of being red on its up- per part, is merely flesh-coloured ; but the sides are blue and furrowed, as in the former species. There is, however, no appearance of the crimson and blue tinge round the loms; and the general colours are less bright. The chin, as in the for- mer species, is furnished with a small sharp- pointed beard of a pale orange colour. The feet are armed with claws, and have no flattened nails. il eas Re Swe Se N ow Sir CSO OW te EE NO DS or MAIMON. 1800 Jan!z.London Pualyghd by G Kearsley Fleet Street. HOG-FACED BABOON. 91 This Baboon is not uncommon in exhibitions of animals. Its length, from nose to tail, is about two feet. Tail exactly as in the former. eel HOG-FACED BABOON. / Simia porcaria. §. semicaudata, capite suillo, rostro nudo, corpore fusco-olivaceo, natibus tectis, unguibus acuminatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Boddaert Naturf. 22. p. 17. t. 1. 2.? Short-tailed brown Baboon, covered behind, with black naked hog-like face, and pointed nails. | Hog-faced Baboon. Penn. Quadr. p. 187.? Tuis animal is described by Dr. Boddaert, in a German work, entitled Der Naturforcher. It is _ said to be three feet six inches in length: its co- lour is a deep olive-brown; the face large and black; the nose truncated at the end, somewhat like that of a hog: the nails are sharp: the tail appears, from the figure, to be about the length of the leg, from the knee to the foot: there are no bare spaces behind; but the lower part of the ab- domen seems bare, and of a dull flesh colour. On a general view it seems not unlike the Wood Ba- boon, except in the greater length of the tail. Dr. Boddaert imagines it to have been the x oipors8nxos of Aristotle. It is said to be a native of Africa. The Hog-faced Baboon of Mr. Pennant appears to be a very different species, and was introduced into the History of Quadrupeds on the authority of a drawing in the British Museum; but as he has given no description of its colour, it is necessary’ 99. WOOD BABOON. to observe, that:the prevailing cast of the figure is’ a dull olive-brown, paler beneath; with a face ex- actly resembling that of the $. Mormon, of which I take it to be a bad general representation. ‘The memorandum under the drawing states it to have been two feet and a half high. © WOOD BABOON. ~ Simia Sylvicola. S§. semicaudata griseoferruginea, facie manibus pedibusque nigris, natibus calvis. Museum Leverianum. No. Sy ee ps ZOU. 't. 4. Short-tailed ferruginous-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, a and with black naked face hands and feet. Wood Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191. pl. 42. Le Babouin des bois. Buff. Hist. Nat. suppl. tom. 7. p. 39- re ce Tuis species is very finely figured 7 the Mu- seum Leverianum. It is of a robust frame, and is in height about three feet. Its general colour is a sort of ferruginous greyish-brown, owing to the alternate blackish and ferruginous rings with which every individual hair is marked, and which give a kind of freckled appearance to the whole. The face, hands, and feet, are black; the nails on the hand longish, but rounded at their ex- tremities; those on the toes somewhat longer and. ‘more acuminate. The space on each side the tail is large,-bare, and red. The tail scarce three inches in length. It is an African species, and is said to be principally found in Guinea. — ol hall 5 ; a As < Pe i IZ Q\ i ae ee a a a jes SS eS Rone, side the head, as well as round the shoulders, . spreading in such a manner as to give the ap- pearance of a short cloak or mantle. The whole. face is naked and of a flesh colour, more or less . deep in different individuals. The eyes are deeply — seated, and of a chesnut colour. ‘The bare spaces on each side the tail are very large, protuberant, and of a very bright flesh colour, or rather red. The tail is almost the length of the body, and 1s commonly a little tufted at the end. The nails on the hands or fore-feet are flat; those on the hind-feet resemble strong claws. ‘This is a rare go SX = SS x = i, / YG Papert Y i} i = yy W iy DOG-FACED BABOON, ookeb!1 London Publfnad by GKears ley Fleet Ioeet, DOG-FACED BABOON. 99 species in comparison with the Common Baboon ; and is a native of the hottest parts of Africa and Asia, where it is said to reside in vast troops, and to be very fierce and dangerous. ‘There is a_ wonderful degree of sagacity in the countenance of this animal, and a kind of solemn contempla- tive disposition seems to be strongly indicated in its looks, when calm and undisturbed; but when irritated, the most striking efforts of vindictive violence are immediately exhibited. It is also possessed of an uncommon degree of obstinate moroseness, surpassing most —— of its tribe, and is, when in a state of confinement, of a dis- position so rude and unquiet, and of manners so peculiarly indecorous as generally to frustrate all pe to civilize and reclaim ‘it. A supposed variety of this species, called by Mr. Pennant the Ursine Baboon, is said to be not uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; of a dasky colour, and covered all over with long shaggy hair; it is nearly of the size of a man: the head very large; the nose long and thick; the ears short and thick, and the crown of the head covered with long upright hair: the tail is of the length of the body, and the bare spaces on each side Bf: a blood-red colour. This variety is said to inhabit the mountainous parts about the Cape, and to descend occasionally into the plains in order to pillage gardens and planta- tions. , The figure of the S. Hamadryas, in the Specu- lum E viebieiatiien, was a real portrait from an un- ~ 30 LION-TAILED BABOON. commonly fine specimen exhibited in this metro- polis ; and is, therefore, here repeated, in order to give as — an idea a as a. — “sO.7 markable a species. 9) Pao. The animal “mentor n red | : LION-TAILED BABOON. ‘Simia Ferox. 8. caudata barbata nigra, barba amplissima albida. Museum Leverianum, ao r Tailed black Baboon, with very large orhitish sh spreading em rz Cercopithecus barbatus niger, barba’ incana’ ‘proriissa. a Quadr. p- 158. t : ; rAdub 5 10 : mee h: ¢ Simia Silenus? eLiai Syts Wat. vouene mao. Mw i9VO OQuanderou. Buf. 14. p. 169. Pm a og GO : nenr & s to 4 _— Lion-tailed Baboon. Pennant Ruadr. 2 198. pl. Agtyi oe By ‘Tuts species is remarkable” in® “its appearance. It is equal to a middle- sizéd” dog, ‘and is éntirely coal-black ; except the beard, whieh is extremely large, ae either white or of | a very light’ grey. It ‘surrounds’ the face’ to a ‘considerable aistande, and gives an air of ‘uncon animal. ‘The tail i is of a — ‘terminated by a tuft. The 1 teeth cha large and 1 str i 455] moti fier ceness to ite rate tenet, and i is yy HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. ANY YIN LION-TAILED BABOON. 7800, Jan*1London Publijhd by G:Kearsley. T leet Street. 10 af . p i i is ‘ Seite 1 . : - ee ‘. . . ’ < ~ » Al / ik i = SS r 3 ; Ps 3 i * 2 a \ A / = 2 4 4 + ; ra Yee ( - - \ = » LION-TAILED BABOON. 3] elegantly figured in the Museum Leverianum. It is a native of the East Indies, particularly of the island of Ceylon, where it resides in woods ; it is also said to be found in the interior parts of Africa. In its manners it is savage and un- tractable. It is necessary to observe, that the figure given by the Count de Buffon, though very good in other respects, was drawn from a mu- tilated specimen, in which the tail was defective, in consequence of which it does not convey a true idea of the animal. I have sometimes thought it not improbable that the strange figure in Ges- ner, p. 859, which is also given by Aldrovandus, p- 249, and copied by Dr. ‘Tyson at fig. 17 of his work on the Oran Otan, might, in reality, have owed its origin to this species of Baboon ; of which it may pass for a very bad representa- tion, with the additional circumstance of being — figured with scarce any hair on the body, in order to give it more of the human appearance. This species seems to vary in a remarkable manner, being either of a light grey, or perfectly white, with the beard black, so as to present an appearance exactly opposite, in point of colour, to the animal above-described. In this state it has been considered as distinct, by some authors, and is placed as such in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature, under the title of S. veter. In this white state it is found in Ceylon. Mr. Pennant also seems to consider the S$. Mau- nus of Lin. as another variety of this species. OS sc DOG-TAILED BABOON. Simia Cynosuros. S. caudata imberbis, facie elongata, fronte fuli= ginosa, fascia superciliari albida, genitalibus masculis coloratis, un~ guibus convexis. Scopoli delic. flor. et faun. insubr. P. 1. p. 44. t. 19. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 30. Pale-brown beardless Baboon, with callosities behind, and with longish flesh-coloured face, a whitish barid across the forehead, and a longish sharp-pointed tail. Tuis animal is described by Scopoli, who in- forms us that it was about the size of a middling dog; being nearly two feet from nose to tail: had. cheek-pouches, and bare spaces behind; though in the figure accompanying his descrip- _ tion this particular does not appear. The plate in the coloured copy of the above work, in the Banksian Library, is represented of a very pale straw-coloured brown, nearly white beneath: the face and ears very slightly dusky; eyes and eye- lids very pale brown; across the forehead, over the eyes, a broad white band; tail long, thin, and sharp-pointed. The face appears . uncommonly mild and placid. It was. very fond of snuff, which it would also occasionally rub over its body in a ridiculous style. WRINKLED BABOON. S. caudata fusto-flavescens, subtus albida, facie incaruata, natibus calvis sanguineis rugosis. Short-tailed yellowish-brown Baboon, whitish beneath; with flesh-coloured face, and large blood-red wrinkled callosities behind. Simia erythreea. Schreb. suppl. Macaque a queue courte. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 56. pl. 13. THIS species occurs in the supplement to Buf- fon, under the title of Macaque a queue courte, and, except in size and the shortness of the tail; seems extremely allied to the preceding animal: it has also a great affinity to the S. nemestrina, or Pig-tailed Baboon. It was fifteen inches long: the nose flattish, with a sort of sinking on the upper part, owing to the projection of the os frontis: the iris of the eye yellowish: the ears round and of a flesh-colour, having a small scol- lop or insection on the back part, so as to appear different from the Hare-lipped Monkey, to which, except in having a short tail, it is also allied: its face is flesh-coloured ; the callosities behind, and the neighbouring space, of a blood-red, and ~ marked with strong wrinkles. The upper part of the body was of a yellowish-green tinge, mixed with a little grey. The outsides of the limbs grey also. ‘The under parts of body and limbs whitish. The tail was seven inches and two lines long, and of a grey-colour. Vv. I. 3 1 1 ike 3A: LEONINE MONKEY. To the Baboons succeed the Monkies, properly — so called: they have commonly a pair of pouches in the lower jaw, for the temporary reception of - their food; a circumstance which occurs also m some of the Baboons. Their tails are long, and, in most species, a bare or callous space oppears on each sidg, the fail. stk _ mal in the possession of the ) was in the. Royal Menagerie ; ~ year 1775. lis length was two to tail, and it was” eighteen inches high standing on. all- ie The legs were | proportion to. the body: the face oak ae and q ‘black: the whole body and limbs of the same lour; the hair, though long. appearing shor account of its lying smooth: around the face, ¢ cording to Buffon’s figure, is a fine long chev of grey-brown hair, and a large beard of fair s "RANINOT aNINO a’ . 17 HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. |. Lt ee ‘The chevelure or spreading hair round the face, stretches upwards over the eyes and forehead, so as to encircle the whole head in a remarkable manner, as in the Ouanderou or Lion-tailed Baboon, to which, indeed, from the figure as well as descrip- tion, it appears so extremely similar, that it might well pass for a variety of that animal. ‘The eyes are of a deep brown; the nose flat, and the nos- trils large and separated like those of the Ouan- derou; from which, however, it differs in the far superior length of the tail, which measures twenty- seven inches, and is tufted at the end. It has callosities behind: the feet and hands are a little hairy, but the fingers are naked: the ears also are naked, flat, round, and hid by the hair. It was supposed to be a native of Abyssinia. HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. Simia Cynomolgus. S. caudata imberbis, naribus bifidis elatis, cauda arcuata, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. pu 38 Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with callosities behind, rising bifid nostrils, and arched tail. S. Cynocephalus? S$. caudata imberbis flavescens, ore producto, cauda recta, natibus caluis, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 38. Macaque. Buff. 14. p. 190. t. 20. Hare-lipped Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 200. THIs species is supposed by Mr. Pennant to include the Cynomolgus and Cynocephalus of Linneus. It is of a thick and clumsy form, and bears a ereat general resemblance to the Barbary Ape, except in having along tail, In 36 PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. size it appears to vary oreatly; some specimens scarce exceeding the size of a cat, while others have been seen as large as a small greyhound. The colour also varies, being sometimes olive- brown at other times grey-brown. The head is large; the eyes small; the nose thick, flat, and wrinkled; on each side the tail is a bare space ; the under side of the body and the insides of the limbs of a light ash-colour. It is a native of Guinea and Angola. The nostrils are divided, like those of a hare.* PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. S. Veter? 8. caudata barbata alba, barba nigra. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 36. Long-tailed bearded white Monkey, with black beard. Purple-faced Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 199. Guenon a face pourpre. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 80. pl. 21. Tuis, which Mr. Pennant describes from 2 drawing communicated to him by Mr. Loten, has a black body; purple face and hands; a large tri- angular white beard, short and pointed at bottom, and extending on each side in the manner of wings. ‘The tail is much longer than the body, and is terminated by a dirty white tuft. It is a native of Ceylon, and is of gentle manners. Mr. Pen- * vine Cynomolgus and Cynocephalus of Linnzus may per- haps be really distinct species; but from his specific characters it seems scarce possible to determine this point. PALATINE MONKEY. 37 nant’s figure from Mr. Loten’s drawing above- mentioned is copied in the supplement to Buf- fon. This species is said to be sometimes seen entirely white; but differing in no other respect. In this state it should seem to be the Simia Veter of Linneus. PALATINE MONKEY. Simia Roloway. 8. caudata barbata, capite, dorso, manibus pedi- busque extrinsecus nigris, interius una cum abdomine et corona pilorum faciem triquetram ambiente albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. Long-tailed bearded blackifh Monkey, white beneath, with tri- angular face, surrounded by a white beard divided at the bottom. Palatine ou Roloway. Allam. Buff. 15. p. 77. te 13. Buff suppl. 7. p. 77. pl. 20. Palatine Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 200. Tue Palatine Monkey is about a foot and half high, with a tail the length of the body. The face is black, triangular, and bordered all round with white hair, which, on the chin, divides imto a forked beard: the back is dusky: the head, sides, and outsides of the arms and thighs the same, but each hair tipped with white: the breast, belly, and inside of the limbs white, in those which are shewn in Europe; but in Guinea (their native country) said to be orange-coloured; the alteration of climate causing the colour to fade. SPOTTED MON S. Diana. Sg. caudata Ferbatn: frie barb fastigiata, Tine Syst. Nat. p. 38. Act. Stockh. 1754. p. 210. t. 6. L Long-tailed blackish Monkey, freckled with white; the iin of the forehead and beard growing ina pointed form, with a lunated band across the forehead. Le Mona. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 75. pl. 19.2 Spotted Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 201. Mr. Pennanv describes this species as of a mid- dling size, and of a reddish colour on the upper parts, as if singed, and marked with white specks ; the belly and chin whitish; the tail very long. The Linnean description differs.. Linnzeus says the animal is of the size of a large cat, and is black, spotted with white: the hind part of the back fer- ruginous: the face black: from the top of the nose a white line, passing over each eye to the ears in an arched direction: (this circumstance was probably the reason of the Linnean name Prana, by which he has chosen to distinguish. the animal:) the beard pointed, black above, white beneath, and placed on-a kind of fatty tumor: breast and throat white: from the rump across the thighs a white line: tail long, straight, and black: ears and feet of the same colour: canine teeth large. | This same species is fied and describes in the Count de Bufion’s supple ait under the name of le Mona, and that author seems to consider it as a variety of the A/one, formerly described in his i4th volume, (Varied Monkey of Pennant). It was eee re Eines > - SPOTTED, OR DIANA MON KEY. La = bear fe 6 | ) \\ A | >) na ‘os nN GS) N S=2 i \ tr \ \ \ NY 1 h ( ! WHY y =— Z | ! | N 4 —s> pit a \ SS MONA. 00,Jan?1L, ondon,Publyha by GKearstey, Fleet Street. + 7 SPOTTED MONKEY. 39 from the coast of Guinea, and, in general appear- ance, as to size and colour resembled the J/one be- fore-mentioned; but it was of a more active na- ture, and had a greater lightness in the form of its limbs: the head rather smaller, and the physiog- nomy in consequence more agreeable. ‘The ears had no slope on their upper margin, as in the former, and these seemed its principal differences. It had cheek-pouches and callosities behind. The face was of a slate-grey: the nose flat and large; the eyes deep, and with orange-coloured irides; the mouth and jaws of a pale red; the cheeks garnished with greyish and greenish-yel- low hairs, forming a thick beard, and going un- der the chin. Over the forehead a black band as far as the ears, which were flat and black, ex- cept that the orifice of the auditory passage was covered with large greyish hairs. On the front, above the black line, was white-grey band, largest in the middle, and in the shape of a crescent. The top of the head and of the neck were covered with greenish hairs mixed with black ones: the body with brown and yellow hairs, giving an olive-coloured cast: the exterior surface of the limbs was black; the interior white, forming a strong contrast: the whole of the under part of the body and of the tail was white also: on each side the tail an oblong white patch: the hands and feet black: the tail very long, and covered ~ above with short blackish hair. This animal was two years old, and measured sixteen inches and four lines from nose to tail: the tail was more 40 : LONG-NOSED MONKEY. than twenty inches long. The teeth were thirty- two in number; sixteen above and the same num- ber below: four cutting-teeth, two canine, and two grinders, on each side: the two superior ca- nine teeth much longer than the inferior ones. It was of a mild and gentle disposition, and even timid. It eat bread, fruits, and roots. The — Count de Buffon repeats what he had before ob- served, that the Exquima of Marcerave i is a very. different animal, being a native of America ; __ having a prehensile tail, and consequently be- longing to a different division in the a With respect to the variety above-mentioned, i should seem tc be the same with the Bictet * : Linnzeus, differing chiefly in the want of the white band along the outside of the thighs. — yen ese bab ge Simia Nasuta. S. caudata nigra frei , facie elongata nuda incarnata. | Blackish-ferruginous long-tailed ‘Ntoticey. | al beneath, with long naked bs cagmale fac | Pennant’s History. of Siew a Son dr eal by a Mr. Paillou. The one is called the Long-nosed Monkey ; it has a very long and slender nose, co- vered with a flesh-coloured skin; the hair on the forehead falls back: on the body and breast it is long: the colour of the head and upper parts is L9 SY a) CSS Ie >> oy : r¢ j ‘ey si Le SAS On so) LEED we as i = ERR ae NS = SeNWS LONG-NOSED MONKEY. PRUDE MONKEY. 800 JaviL ondon Publgnd by G- Kearsley, Fleet Street. YELLOWISH MONKEY. Al pale ferruginous mixed with black; of the breast and belly light ash-colour: tail very long: height when sitting down, about two feet. Native coun- try uncertain: probably Africa. Its face has very much the appearance of a long-nosed dog. The other is called, by Mr. Pennant, the prude Monkey; and of this he gives no particular de- scription. YELLOWISH MONKEY. Simia Flavescens. §. caudata barbata cinereo-flavescens, facie auribusque nigris. Long-tailed bearded cinereous-yellow Monkey, with black face and ears. Yellowifh Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 203. Ir is about the size of a fox, and its colour on the upper part is cinereous mixed with yellow; but the throat and breast are of a yellowish white. On the lower part of the arms and legs, as well as on the tail, the cinereous colour prevails. The hair on the body is coarse, and the tail is of the same length with the body. ‘The face and ears are black; the latter large: the canine teeth are large, and on the sides of the cheeks are long hairs of a pale yellow, pointing backwards: there are also long hairs alove each eye. This is described _ from a specimen in the Leverian Museum, and is ' supposed to be a native of Guinea. GREEN MONKEY.: S. Saba. 8. caudata imberbis flavicans, facie atra, cauda cinerea, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 38. Long-tailed yellowish-grey Monkey, with black face and ellie: sities behind. Le Callitriche. Buff. 14. p. 272. ph 37. Green Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 203. Turis is one of the most elegant of the tribe. It is generally about the size of a Cat. Its pre- vailing colour is a fine olive, which when narrowly inspected, seems a little varied with grey. ‘The under parts of the animal and the insides of the limbs are of a light silvery grey. The face is of a dusky reddish or swarthy flesh colour; the nose black; the cheeks furnished with thick and long pale-yellow hair, falling back on each side the face, and almost covering the ears, which are shaped like the human, and of a black colour. This species is a native of several parts of Africa, where, like most other Monkies, it inhabits woods. It is also said to be found in some parts _ of the East Indies. In its native regions the colour is said to be much more elegant than when imported into Europe: the heute green soon fading into an olive colour. It is, however, in general, sufficient to ascertain the species, which is therefore commonly known by the name of the Green Monkey. It has been extremely well figured by Edwards. 20 NK \ \ANY NN \\ \ NN! ott NSTI ISB WU {EE PEAT | ee, sa SAS (OD GF > Sa ee} ,~ MANGABEY, 1800. Jan¥1 Publif~nd by &. Kearsley, Fleet Street’. EIST ISG) WHITE-EYELID MONKEY. S. Aethiops. 8. caudata imberbis, capillitie erecta lunulaque frontis albis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 33. Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with black face, white eyelids, white frontal band, and the hair on the forehead upright. Mangabey. Buff. 14. p. 244. pl 82. 83. White-eyelid Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 204. Tue very remarkable appearance of the eyelids is alone sufficient to distinguish this species from most others: they are of a clear white, and the face itself is black, void of hair, and shaped soméwhat like that of a Dog. It is about the size of a Cat, and is generally of a very deep or blackish colour, with a tinge of ferruginous on the upper parts. It is known to vary, however, sometimes with the throat and space round the neck white: the tip of the tail also is in some white, and in others ferruginous; in others the cheeks, neck, and whole under side of the body are white. Though the white eyelids in this Monkey form a remark- able character, yet they are not peculiar to this species alone. Ad MUSTACHE MONKEY. S. Cephus. Lin. 8. caudata, buccis barbatis, evertice flaves pedibus nigris, cauda apice ferruginea. Lin. ‘Syst. Nat. p 39: ; Long-tailed blackish-ferruginous Monkey, whitish’ beneath, with bearded cheeks and yellowish crown ; the ey and muzzle whitish. | Moustac. Buff. 14. p. 283. pl. 39. > The Mustache M. Pennant Quadr. p. 205. a = ie ss Tut body of the Mustache is abone’ a Pt in length, and the tail about a foot and half. The pehereit colour of the animal is reddish-cinereous, the head inclining to yellowish, but mixed or shaded with black. The under parts are paler than the upper: the upper half of the tail is of the same colour with the body; the remainder yellowish. ‘The face is bare and of a blueish black; the nose blunt, with a dilated transverse white patch immediately below it: the edges of both lips and the space round the eyes black: on the cheeks before the ears are two large tufts of yellowish hairs like mustaches: the ears round and tufted with whitish hairs: the hair on the top of the head somewhat. upright. Tn’ the. Linnean description of this species mention is made of a transverse crescent-shaped band over the eye-brows: it is also added, that the eyelids are white; but im this description Linneus seems to have confounded it with the preceding species, or rather to haye considered it in the light of a vaniery. Wii, i dllace, (® MUSTACHE MONKEY. ~ VARIED’ MON KEY, 800 Sarns.London Publiyhd by G-Kearsley Fleet § weeb. .) “~ 45 WHITE-NOSE MONKEY. Simia Nitctitans. §. caudata imberbis nigra, punctis pallidis ad- spersa, naso albo, pollice palmarum brevissimo, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 40. ~ Long-tailed beardless black Monkey, freckled with white; the nose white; the thumb of the hands very short; no callosities behind. White-nose Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 205. Tue distinguishing character of this species is the tip of the nose, which is milk-white, while the face itself is black. The general colour of the animal on the upper parts is a mixture of black and tawny, so as to appear in some lights of a black colour speckled with yellow. ‘The under ‘part of the body is white, and the insides of the limbs are nearly of the same colour. ‘The tail is very long, and is black on the upper and white on the under side: the thumbs of the hands are very short. ‘The white nose in this species, like the white eyelids in a former, is not absolutely pecu- liar but is found in another. It is this similarity of marks in species, which, on exact examination, turn out to be really distinct, that causes the ex- treme difficulty in reconciling the different de- scriptions of authors, and settling their discordant synonyms and figures; and it must be confessed that much uncertainty still prevails. 46 TALAPOIN MONKEY. Simia Talapoin. §. caudata barbata, buccis barbatis, auribus, naso, et pedum plantis nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. ' Long-tailed olive-eoloured Monkey, with bearded cheeks; the ears nose and soles of the feet black. Talapoin. Buf. 14. p. 287. pl. 40. Talapoin Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 206. Tus is one of the smaller Monkies; it is about a foot in length, with the tail near a foot and half long. The face is of a dusky flesh colour, the nose sharp and black: the head roundish: the ears large, round and black: the hair on the sides of the face very long, and directed backwards towards the ears: on the chin is a small beard: the prevailing colour of the upper parts is a mix- ture of yellow and green, or olivaceous, approach- ing to blackness on the outsides of the limbs, while the insides and the under parts of the body are whitish or whitish-yellow: the tail is olivaceous ’ above and ash-coloured beneath. The feet black. : It is said to be a native of India. 47 NEGRO MONKEY. Simia Maura. 8. caudata barbata, buccis et universa facie, palpe- bris et regione ab oculis ad nasi finem protensa exceptis, Larbata, corpore ex luteo fusco. Lin. Syst. Nat. Giel. p. 35 ? Long-tailed blackish Monkey, with swarthy flesh-coloured face and breast; the face bearded with black hairs. Middle-sized black Monkey. Edwards, pl. 311. Negro Monkey. Pennant Quad. p. 206. TuHart sagacious observer, Mr. George Edwards, so well known by his admirable illustrations of Natural History, seems to have been the first de- scriber of this species. Its size is that of a large ‘ cat. The face, breast, and whole under parts are of a swarthy flesh colour, and nearly naked or but very slightly covered with hair. The head, upper parts, and tail are covered with longish black hair. . The head is round: the nose rather sharp: the hair above the eyes long, and uniting with the eye-brows: that on the temples partly covering the ears: the paws are covered with a black soft skin: the tail is longer than the body. It is said to be a native of Ceylon and Guinea. 48 EGRET MONKEY. S. Aygula. 8. caudata subimberbis grisea, eminentia pilosa verticis reversa longitudinal, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 39. Long-tailed beardless grey Monkey, with a rising longitudinal tuft on the crown. Aigrette. Buff. 14. p. 190. pl. 21. Egret Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 207. Tue description given by Linnzus of this species is nearly as follows: Body grey, or of the colour of a wolf, throat, breast, and under part whitish: tail longer than the body, cinereous and tapering: face flattish, whitish, and naked. Nose depress- ed, very short, remote from the mouth, with a double fissure of the upper lip: cheeks somewhat bearded; the hairs turning upwards. The eye- brows prominent and bristly: feet black, semipal- mated: nails of the thumbs rounded; the others oblong. lars rather sharp: a bowed suture tend- - ing downwards from each ear towards the eyes to the base of the lower jaw: longitudinal suture of the cubit. Linnzus also adds, that he had what he supposes a variety, in which the head was rounder: the face less black, and the celour of the body less ferruginous. He adds, that it was an active ani- mal. Mr. Pennant describes the Egret as having a long face, and an upright pointed tuft of hair on the top of the head: hair on the forehead black: colour of the upper part of the body olivaceous, of the lower cinereous: eyebrows large: beard very small: size of a small cat. It is said to inhabit India, and particularly the island RED MONKEY. 49 of Java, and to be a very sportive and lively spe- cies; gamboling on the trees, and making a con- tinual noise during the night. It is surmised by Mons. Cepede, that the Bonneted Monkey may perhaps be a variety of this species. EGRET VAR.? Monea Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 207. Tuts, which is mentioned by Mr. Pennant in his last edition of the History of Quadrupeds, 1s thus described: ‘‘ With a high, upright, rusty tuft on the crown: limbs and body ferruginous mixed with dusky : belly and inside of ie leg's whitish. It is called by the Malayes Dhabi: from which is derived the English name Monkey.” No farther description is given by Mr. Pennant, nor do I know to what particular species his me- morandum above-mentioned refers. RED MONKEY. S. Rubra. 98. caudata barbata, buccis barbatis, vertice dorso cau- daque ex rufo sanguineis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 34. Long-tailed red Monkey, pale ash-coloured beneath, with bearded cheeks and a black or white band across the fore- head. Le Patas. Buf. 14. p. 208. pl. 25. 26. Red Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 208. Tne upper parts of this animal are of the most bright and vivid bay, so as almost to appear red: fe A 50 CHINESE MONKEY. the under parts and insides of the limbs are ash-. coloured: the length of the body is about a foot and half; but the tail is generally not so long: the cheeks are bearded, as is also the chin, with whitish or ash-coloured hairs, and across the fore- head runs a black band: but sometimes a white band is seen on the forehead instead of the black one, and the tail is longer than the body. ‘The Count de Buffon has figured this species, with the white-banded variety also. It is a native of- Senegal, inhabiting woods. the former; its body is slender; its limbs remark- ably thin; and it is, like the former, perfectly - destitute of a tail; and this circumstance seems to have caused the general mistake among natural- ists. It is said, by those who have contemplated it in its native climate, to be a perfect contrast to the former in its motions; being possessed of great agility and liveliness. In colour it nearly resem- bles the former species, but is paler, and more inclining to a yellow tinge. It is very elegantly figured in Seba’s Thesaurus. At first view of the figure one would be apt to imagine that it had been taken from a dried specimen, in which the limbs had shrunk from their former or natural dimensions; but the several specimens preserved in Museums, in whatever manner prepared, con- firm the truth of the representation; the same 94 INDRI. gracility of limbs and body being in all “equally conspicuous. It has been observed, in a note ieee to the former species, that this is the animal figured in Buffon; and it is farther remarkable, that, by an aukward mismanagement relative to the posture, it is made to appear a short instead of long-bodied animal. “ os The figure in the present work is from a beau- tiful aril perfect specimen in the Leverian Mu- seum; but which, representing — the animal in a rapt state, exhibits perhaps an air of fierceness not pertectly according with its character. as ee a ee i INDRIL hee albidis. if Tailless black Lemur, gore’ beneath, eo the face ae fpace round the tail whitish. ONO mi gh a ee Indri. Sonnerat voy. 2. pl. 142. pl. 8. i Lemur Indri. ZL. ecaudatus niger. Lin. bot Nat. mel. he a Indri Macauco. Pennant Hees | te pa 220, ’ Tuis is a very poee: species. “Tei is . entirelsan a black-colour, except on the face, which 1 is grey ish: a greyish cast also prevails towards the lower — part of the abdomen, and the rump_ is white. The face is ofa lengthened or dog-like form: the ~ ears shortish and dichtly tufted: the hair onhie is silky and thick, and in some parts of a curly — or crisped appearance: it is the largest animal of _ 32 LAV yse oy PPI FS ESO SSIS SD ee eS ‘ st >) 3 Me At . AVIAR Nee cc i ‘4 ( ti AW Y, DY 1B00T anti ondon Publi{ha by 6. Kearsley, Fleet Street. mn POTTO. 95 this genus, and is said by Mons. Sonnerat, its first describer, to be three feet and a half high. It is said to be a gentle and docile animal, and to ‘be trained, when taken young, for the chace, in the manner of a dog. Its voice resembles the crying of an infant. It is a native of Madagascar, where it is known by the name of Indri, which is said to signify tre man of the wood. The nails in this species are flat, but pointed at the ends; and there is no appearance of a tail. ‘The front or cutting teeth in the upper jaw are four, accord- ing to Mons. Geottroy (Magaz. Encyclopédique), not two, as mentioned by Mr. Sonnerat. FOYT TO, Lemur Potto. JL. caudatus subferrugineus, cauda unicolore. Lia, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 42. Tailed subferruginous Lemur, with tail of the same colour. Potto. Bosman Guin, 2. p. 30. f. 4. THis seems at present an obscure species ; known only from the description and figure in Bosman’s account of Guinea. ‘This description states that the animal is called Potto by the na- tives, but by the Europeans Sloth, from the ex- treme slowness of its motions. He then proceeds to give the usual description of the mauners at- tributed to the real Sloth, such as its scarce being able to walk ten paces in a day; Its eating up all _ the fruit and leaves of a tree, and thus becoming 96 WOOLLY. fat, after which it grows lean, and is in danger of starving before it can climb a second tree, &c. &c. All this, however, he does not pretend to avouch from his own knowledge, but tells us, that the negroes believe it. He assures us, how- ever, that this animal is inconceivably ugly, and that when old it is covered with reddish flocky hair like wool; though it appears brown and smoothish when young. He does not mention its size. ‘The figure bears some resemblance to the Lemur tardiaradus, but is repr esented with a tail of some length. WOOLLY. ;- Lemur Mongoz. L. caudatus griseo-fuscus, caude unicolore. Long-tailed grev-brown Lemur, with tail ofa similar colour _ Lemur Mongoz. L. caudatus ails cauda unicolore. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 44. Mongous. Buff. 13. p. 198. pl. 26. end inp 7. p. 118. p/, 32. Mongooz. Edw. pl. 216. Woolly Macauco. Pennani Quad. Buff. 1. p. 229. Tris species is about the sige of a cat, and is of an uniform dusky-brown- -Colour, with the breast and belly white or whitish. ‘The tail is very long and thickly covered with fur: the whole ani- mal is also covered with thick, soft, wavy or-curl- ing fur. ‘The eyes are of a bright orange-colour; and are surrounded by a circle of black, which descends to some little distance down the nose; the remainder, with the cheeks, being white: the ar Y, “f we Bg EEE A yy } Kn DLE iby We TS - SRS Se OSS Ss = =p 2p — WooLyYy LEMUR. boo JanliLondonFPublijnia by 6.Kearsley,F leet Street. —> SL 33 WOOLLY. 07 hands and feet are naked and dusky; the nails flat, except on the interior toe of the hind feet next the thumb, which has a sharp claw. ‘This species varies sometimes a little in colour; the ends of the limbs and the paws being of a dull orange- colour, or yellow, and sometimes white, with the face entirely brown. It is a native of Madagas- car and some other Indian islands; and lives prin- cipally on fruit. When in a state of captivity it is commonly gentle and sportive. That de- scribed by the Count de Buffon seems to have been of a different disposition ; but individuals of all ani- mals must be supposed to differ from each other with respect to temper and manners, according to circumstances. ‘The individual just mentioned _ uttered almost constantly a low grunting noise; and when tired of being alone, croaked in the man- ner of a frog, so loud as to be heard to a great _ distance: its tongue was rough, like that of a cat ; and the Count de Buffon adds, that, when per- mitted, it would lick a person’s hand till the skin was inflamed. This species appears also to vary sometimes in size. ‘The larger variety is described and figured in the Count de Cepede’s additions to Buffon’s History of Quadrupeds, under the title of Le grand Mongous; and seems to differ in no other respect than size from the animal in its usual state. | 93 RUFFED LEMUR. Lemur Macaco. JL. caudatus niger, collari barbato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 44. Tailed black Lemur, with the neck bearded in the manner of a ruff. Black Maucauco. Edw. pl. 217. Vari. . Bef. 13. pr bad pee We Ruffed Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 231. Paes is the species described bya the Count de Buffon under the name of the Vari, its colours often consisting of a patched distribution of black and white; thouglvits real or natural colour is sup- posed to a sien black. In size it exceeds the Mongoz, or Brown Lemur. It is said to be’a fierce and almost untameable animal. It inhabits the woods of Madagascar and some of the Indian islands; and is-said to exert a voice so loud and powerful as to strike astonishment into those who hear it, resembling, in this respect, the howling — Monkey or S. Belzebub, which fills the woods of | Brasil and Guiana with its dreadful cries. When in a state of captivity, however, it seems to be- come as gentle as some others of this genus. That described and figured by Edwards was an - example of this, and is expressly said to have been ‘‘ avery sociable, gentle, harmless-natured animal, not having the cunning, mischievousness, or malice of the Monkey kind.” The astonishing strength of voice in this ani-— mal, depends, according to the Count de Buffon, — on the peculiar structure of the larynx, which & ~ ‘ ’ v 1 S \ , “ rc , ¢ ¥ i re ‘ i tk vt % ‘he. 7 i ‘b 34 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. a) x res si Ss »\ i SNE NSS KS a = ZZ za == = FLOCKY LEMUR. 1800.Feb!1. London Publifhd by 6 Kearsley Flee Street. er ' FLOCKY LEMUR. 99 . widens, immediately after its divarication, into a large cavity before entering the lungs. FLOCKY LEMUR. Lemur Laniger. L. caudatus ex flavo rufescente testaceus subtus al- bus, cauda ex rufescente fulva unicolore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Pp: 44. Tailed pale- -tawny Lemur, bie beneath, with Pe einous tail. Maquis A bourres. Sonner. Voy. 2. p. 142. pl. 89. Tuts is described by Sonnerat as a large spe- cles; measuring a foot and nine inches sain nose to tail; the ital being also nine inches. Its co- lour is a pale yellowish-ferruginous on the upper a es at white vslerkniet the tail bright ferru- | the eyes am of a greenish-grey: in the wpe ree two Ww a sihich have robeahel pha its Mr. Pen- | nuit, in the last, edition of his History of Qua- drupeds, seems to think this animal no other than the L. Mongoz, or Woolly Macauco, and com- —. that Sonnerat's one 1S very inaccurate; 100 FLOCKY LEMUR. Macauco are described and figured in the supple ment to Buffon, viz. Le Petit Makis Gris. Buff. suppl. p. 121. pl. 34. This pretty little animal, says the Count de Ce- pede, was brought from Madagascar, by Mons. . Sonnerat. It has the whole body, except the face, feet, and hands, covered with a greyish woolly fur, thick and soft to the touch. Its tail is very long and covered with fur similar to that of the body. It is much allied to the Macauco, both in its form and attitudes, as well as in the nimbleness of its motions; but the Macauco stands higher on its legs. In both the fore legs are shorter than the hind. The colour of this little Lemur is, as it were, marbled with pale tawny: the fur being mouse-grey at the roots, and pale tawny at the extremities. The fur on the upper part of the body is six lines long, and four on the under part. ‘The whole under part is white from the lower jaw; but the white is a little mingled with yellowish and greyish on the belly and un- der parts of the limbs. The head is very large in front, and the snout is very pointed, which gives a great sharpness to the physiognomy of the animal: the forehead is straight; the eyes round and full: the ears are nine lines high, and seven broad: they differ from those of other Ma- caucos, which are large, and, as it were, flattened at the ends. ‘Those of this little species are large at the base, and rounded in outline: they are co- FLOCKY LEMUR 101 | -vered and edged with ash-coloured hairs. The circumference of the eyes, the ears, and the sides of the cheeks, are of aclear ash-colour, as well as the fore parts of the arms and legs. ‘The length of this animal, measured in a straight line, is ten inches and three lines; but if measured according to the curvature of the body, one foot and two lines: the length of the head, from the tip of the nose to the hind part, is two inches and five lines. The interior toe is furnished with a sharp crooked claw: the rest with nails. ‘The tail ts - fifteen inches long, of an uniform thickness throughout its whole length, and of the same colour with the body; the tip is rather deeper than the rest, and the fur on this part measures seven lines. It must be considered, I think, in no other light than as a variety of the L. laniger. Autre Espece de Maki. Buff: suppl. p. 123. ¢. 35+ This, which is also described by Cepede, seems greatly allied to the former ; from which it differs, on a general view, principally in the tints and distributions of its colours. Its fur resembles that of the former, but is more thick, woolly, crisp, and tufted, as it were, causing the animal to ap- pear thicker in proportion. The head is large, and the snout not so long in proportion as in the Vari, the Mongoz, and the Macauco. The eyes are very large, and the eyelids bordered with blackish. ‘The forehead is large, and the ears short and hid in the fur. The tore legs short in comparison with the hinder. The tip of the nose o® 102 FLOCKY LEMUR. is covered by a large black patch, running up into a point on the nose, and covering part of the upper jaw. The length of the animal, from the tip of the nose to the beginning of the tail, is eleven inches and six lines: the tail is ten inches and ten lines, and is of an uniform thickness. The general colour of this animal is brown and ash-tawny in different shades; the hair being brown with tawny tips. The under parts are of a dirty white tinged with tawny. The brown pre- dominates on the head, the back, and upper parts of the limbs; and the ash-tawny prevails on the sides of the body and limbs: the tawny tinge is deepest round the ears. All the part of the back | nearest the tail is tinged with tawny, which be- comes orange throughout the whole length of the tail. The hands and feet are covered with ash- tawny hairs; but the fingers and nails are black. The thumb or great toe of the hind feet is large, and has a thin round nail; and the second toe is connected to it by a blackish membrane. | 3D ee SES B MG EE EES TARSIER. Noses (CW i yt a \ Ny, \\ ‘| Yl NN Oe SD: ae at =) SOS RING-TAILED LEMUR 1800, Jar’1London,Pubujha by G Kearsley, Fleet Strect. 103 RING-TAILED LEMUR. | Lemur Catta. LZ. caudatus, cauda albo nigroque annulata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 45. Long-tailed Lemur, with the tail annulated with black and white. Mococo. Buff. 13. p. 174. pl. 22. - The Maucauco. Edw. pl. 197. om” Ring-tailed Lemur. Museum Leverianum. No. 6. p. 43. pl. 11. Ring-tailed Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 230. Tuts is by far the most beautiful animal of the genus. Its size is that of a small cat, but of a more slender shape: its colour is a pale greyish- brown, with a slight cast of' ferruginous on the back and outsides of the limbs: the under parts of the body are whitish. The nose black: the eyes bright orange-hazel, surrounded by a dis- tinct circle of black: the hands and feet black; the fingers and toes furnished with round nails, The tail is. very long, and beautifully marked throughout the whole length with distinct circles of black and white: the fur on the whole animal, but more particularly on the tail, is very fine, soft, and suberect in its growth, so as to give a greater degree of thickness to the tail than if it grew in a more oblique direction. The manners of this species are gentle and lively: it possesses the highest degree of activity, and its motions have an ease and elegance surpassing almost every ‘other quadruped. In their native state these ani- mals live in society, and are seen in troops of thirty or forty together in the woods, where they 104 HEART-MARKED LEMUR. feed principally on fruits. In a state of confine- ment they will not only eat fruits of different kinds, but likewise animal food; and in this re- spect the present species, the Mongoz, and the Vari agree; all feeding nearly in the same man- ner. The Macauco delights much in sunshine, and in sitting before the fire: its general attitude at such times is similar to that assumed by a squirrel when feeding, sitting upright and often extending forwards vi spr Pad hands. i! \ HEART-MARKED LEMUR. Lemur Bicolor. JL. caudatus, supra ex atro griseus, subtus sordide : albus, macula Srontali cordata sordide alba. be Syst. Nat. Grek, P. 44. Long-tailed ‘lackish Lemur, Whe beneath, with a . white heart- shaped spot on the forehead. Lemur Bicolor. Miler Cimel. Phys. p. 64. pl. ae. Heart-marked Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. append. p. 223. pl. 106. Tuts species has the face, upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the thighs, and the tail, black: the under part of the neck and body, _ and the limbs, white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing downwards. The tail is considerably longer than the body, and thickens gradually towards the tip. The feet are furnished on all the toes with strong sharp claws of a black colour; in which particular it differs from other animals of this genus. It is supposed to be a na- tive of South America. HEART-MARKED LEMUR. 1800 SantaLondonPublifh d by G.Kears ley Tleet Street . = > Y Wa : 30 TARSIER. - Lemur Tarsier. L. caudatus cinereus, cauda gracili subnuda va subfloccosa, pedibus posteriovibus longissimis. Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, with slender and almost paired tail, tufted at the end, and very lorz hind feet. Tarsier. Buff. 13. p. 87. pl. 9. Didelphis Macrotarsus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 109. Tarsier Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 231. Tuts animal is distinguished by the great Jength of its hind lees. Its general length from the nose to the tail is almost six inches; and from the nose to the hind toes eleven inches and a half: the tail nine inches anda half. The face © is sharp or pointed: the eyes very large and full: the ears upright, broad, naked, and rounded. Between the ears on the top of the head is a tuft of long hairs: several long hairs also proceed from each side of the upper chap: in each jaw, accord- ing to the observation of Mr. Pennant, are two cutting, and two canine teeth, forming an excep- tion in this respect to the rest of the genus. The body is of a slender form; the feet are slender and the claws pointed: the thumbs are large and rounded. ‘The legs and feet are but thinly co- vered with hair: the tail also-is thinly covered, except towards the end, where it is terminated by a tuft. The colour of this species is grey-brown or mouse-colour, paler beneath. | It is a native of Amboina and some other East-Indian Islands. 106 MURINE, LEMUR. Lemur Murinus. JZ. caudatus cinereus cauda foriginee Lin Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 44. oe Ni Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, fal ferriginenl tail, Little Lemur. Brown Illustr. Zool. p. ‘108. pl. han ee es ‘Lemur Murinus. Cimelia Physica. p. 25. pl. 13+ Murine Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. \. p. ages Little Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 233. Rat de Madapattae. Buff: suppl. & é Mabe i 20. : whieh: was ea sinc: ie in ‘England? “is size ‘was somewhat less than the black rat; and its co- Jour is an elegant pale cinereous or r grey on the up- per parts, and white beneath: the eyes” are encir- cled by a zone of a deeper colour: the ears are large, naked, rounded, and thin: the eyes” very large and full: the tail is hairy, of the length of the haga and prehensile, or capable of coiling at plea- sure round any object, as in some of the small mon- Kies: the toes are rounded at the ends, and have also rounded nails, but those on the first. toe on each hind foot are long and sharp. ‘This, as Mr. Pennant observes, seems to be the same animal with that figured in Buffon, under the title of Rat de Madags ascar; and which is supposed to live in the palm-trees, ae feed on fruits: it eats, holding ‘its food in its fore feet, like a squirrel : has a weak cry, and when sleeping rolls itself up. This also i is the animal which is suspected to have given rise to the doubtful species of Monkey, called by Linnzus wy he ae Hen es nee Soe a SS SSS — SSSSSEssr \S wee N I~ =o S = Be L = em NTS. = << Des See = be Sa White seulp. . MORINE LEMUR. LSS =e ee es ro ~ + * j x « 4 a * a MURINE LEMUR. | 107 Simia Syrichta: the figures of Camelli, which we have added to the description of that animal, ap- ‘pearing to possess the character of a Lemur ra- ther than of a genuine Simia; but this must be considered as a matter of doubtful speculation. It should be added, that the Rat de Madagascar of Buffon is said to have been a fierce untameable little animal-; and that it was kept some years in France, generally residing in a warm room, and feeding on almonds, &c. | Mr. Miller’s Figure in the Cimelia Physica is still smaller, not exceeding a half-grown rat in size: itis an animal of great beauty: the general colour is a most elegant pale-grey: the insides of the ears and orbits of the eyes flesh-coloured: .the - eyes bright hazel, and the tail bright ferruginous. The whole animal is well covered with fur. The tail is thickly furred, and still more so towards the extremity. When sleeping it rolls itself up, as expressed in the plate. Mr. Pennant, ina letter to myself, some time before the publication of the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, expresses a doubt whe- ther this animal may not be the same with the preceding, or a sexual difference; since it seems to agree in almost all particulars except the colour of the tail; and, on farther consideration, I am in- clined to think that this circumstance is, in reality, no objection against the identity of the two ani- mals, the tail in that figured in Brown’s Ilustra- tions of Zoology being described and represented as of a pale subferruginous-brown. 108 WHITISH LEMUR. Lemur Calago. JL. caudatus albidus, subtus griseus, cauda ferru- ginea. Long-tailed whitish Lemur, grey beneath, with ferruginous tail. Calago. Geoffr. Magaz. Encyclp. 1. p. 41. pl. 1. Tus is one of the smaller species, measuring about six or seven inches from the nose to the tail, which is about eight inches long. Its co- lour is a yellowish-white above, and ash-coloured beneath; but the tail is ferruginous, and the head almost entirely grey. It is to be observed also, that the hairs on the body are grey for the great- est part of their length, the tips alone being white; thus causing the white or whitish-yellow tinge before mentioned. The ears are thin, upright, rounded at the tips, and very large. The hind legs are much longer than before: the index or first finger of the hind feet is furnished, as in most others of this genus, with a sharp claw, while all the rest have rounded nails. ‘The Gala- go is an animal of a mild disposition: it is almost always found on trees, and lives on insects, which it easily catches with its fore feet, and devours with singular readiness. It brings forth its young in the hollows of trees,. where it prepares its nest, which it lines with herbage. The negroes of Galam hunt these animals for the purpose of food. We owe the first knowledge of this species to Mons. Adanson, who discovered it in Senegal. 109 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. Lemur Psilodactylus. LZ. cinereo _ferrugineus, cauda villosissima, digito palmarum medio longissimo nudo. Ash-ferruginous Lemur, with extremely villose tail, and the middle finger of the fore feet very long and naked. Aye Aye. Sonnerat voy. aux Indes, or. 2. p. 142. pl. 88. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 268. pl. 68. Aye Aye Squirrel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 142. Lemur Psilodactylus. Schreber suppl. Tuis highly singular species has so much the general appearance of a Squirrel, that it has been referred to that genus both by Mr. Pennant in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, and by Gmelin in his enlarged edition of the Sys- tema Nature of Linneus. The account, how- ever, given by Mons. Sonnerat, its first describer, seems to prove it a species of Lemur. Mr. Son- - nerat observes, that it seems allied to the Ma- caucos, the Squirrels, and the Monkies. It mea- sures from fourteen to eighteen inches from the nose to the tail, which is about the same length. The general colour of the animal is a pale ferru- ginous-brown, mixed with black and grey: on the head, round the eyes, and on the upper parts of the body, the ferruginous-brown prevails, with a blackish cast on the back and limbs: the tail is entirely black: the sides of the head, the neck, the lower jaw, and the belly, are greyish: there are also a kind of woolly hairs of this colour, and of two or three inches in length, scattered over the whole body: the thighs ae legs have a red- 110 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. dish cast: the black prevails on the feet, which are covered with short hairs of that colour: the head is shaped like that of a Squirrel ; and there are two cutting teeth in front of each jaw: the ears are large, ke. and naked, resembling those of a bat, and of a black colour. ‘The feet are long, and somewhat resemble those of the Tarsier: the . thumbs or interior toes of the hind feet are short, and furnished with flat, round nails, as in the Ma- caucos; but the principal character of the animal consists in the extraordinary structure of the fore feet, which have the two middle toes of an un- common length, most extremely thin, and per- fectly naked, except at their base: all the claws on the fore feet are sharp and crooked. It isa timid animal; and can scarce see distinctly by day, and its eyes, which are of an ochre colour, resemble those of an owl. | It is extremely slow, and of a mild disposition: those which were kept by Mr. Sonnerat slept almost continually, and were scarce to be awakened but by shaking two or three times: they lived about two months, during which time they had no other nourishment but boiled rice, which they took up with their long fore toes, in the manner that the Chinese use their eating- sticks. During the whole time that these animals were kept by “Mr. Sonnerat, he never observed them to set up the tail in the manner of a Squirrel, but always to carry it trailing at length. The figure in the supplemental volume of Buffon is wrong in this respect; as well as in not ex- LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. 111 pressing with sufficient precision the extreme thinness of the two middle toes. This species is a native of Madagascar, where it inhabits woods: it is extremely rare, and is sup- posed to feed on fruits, insects, &c. it is fond of warmth, and has the same slow motion as the Lemur tardigradus. Its native name is dye Aye, which is said to be taken from its natural voice or cry, which resembles a feeble scream. A NEW arrangement of the animals of the Linnean genus Lemur is proposed by Mons. Geoffroy, who distributes them into five distinct genera, in the following manner: i, INDRI. Four upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Four lower ones horizontal. t. Indri brevicaudatus. Short-tailed Indri. Biackish Indri, with. very short tail. | Indri Sonm. Lemur indri. Gwel, Syst. Nat. 2. Indri longicaudatus. Long-tailed Indri, ‘Tawny Indri, with very long tail. Le Maki a bourres. Soxn. Lemur laniger. Gymel. Syst. Nat. Le Maki fauve. Buff. suppl. 7. pl. 35. 112 TI. MAKI. LEMUR. Four upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Six lower ones, directed obliquely forwards. Longtail. 1. Le Maki Mococo. Lemur Catta. With tail annulated with black and white. Bal hig L. Catta. Zin. Mococo. Buff. 2. Le Maki Mongous. L. Mongox. Grey M. white beneath, with a black circle round the eyes, and a tail of the fame colour with - the body. A. With grey hands. Edw. Glanures. 1. p. 12. pl. 216. : A. With tawny hands. | ’ Buff. 13. p. 174. pl. 26. 3. Le Maki Brun. L fulvus. Brown M. grey beneath, with black head, . | | A. With tawny hands. © Buff. suppl. 7. pl. 33. | B. With brown hands. An unpublished variety, in the pos- session of Mons. Marechal. ‘This is probably the kind named Bugee by Petiver. | : > 4. Le Maki Noir. L. Niger. Entirely black, with long hair round . the neck. Edw. Glan. pl. 17. il 5. Le Maki Vari. L. Macaco. Variegated with large regular patches of black and white, with long hair round the neck. A. Le vari commun. | Buff. 13. B. Le vari a ceinture. This is a variety differing only from that described by Buffon in the distribution of its colours; having the head, body, and tail, black, with a white circle round the neck: the fore part of the legs, back of the thighs, and a transverse band on the middle of the back, are also milk-white. ~ e) x nN \5 th \ \ VA \ Ny on ( x > . wu pee yg SEE Se EL SL \ ~ » / 7 FLYING COLUGO. 117 rous veins and fibres dispersed through it. The whole upper side of the animal is generally of a deep ash-colour, most so in those which are full-grown, and blacker in the younger or less advanced spe- cimens: the back also, in the full-grown animals, is crossed transversly with blackish lines; to- wards the edges, is commonly a tinge of yellow- ish, and the whole under side, both of the body and membrane, is of a yellowish colour. The head is long: the mouth rather small; the tongue, according to Dr. Pallas, fleshy, broad, rounded, attenuated on the edges, and ciliated with papilla, as in the Opossums: it is also slightly beset with papillz on its surface. There are no fore-teeth in the upper jaw, but in the lower are six, which are short, broad, and pretty deeply pectinated, so as to resemble little combs on their upper part: the canine teeth, or at least those which Dr. Pallas considers as such, are shaped somewhat like the pe- trifactions known by the name of g/lossopetra, be- ing triangular, very broad at their base, very short, sharp-pointed, and serrated: the grinders, or mo- _ lares, which are generally four, both above and below, are of an abrupt or truncated form, and roughened with conical protuberances. The ears are small, round, membranaceous, and marked internally by numerous semicircular transverse streaks, asin a bat. The legs are clothed with a soft yellow down: there are five toes on each foot, united by a common membrane, and terminating in large, thin, broad, very sharp crooked claws. 118 FLYING COLUGO. This animal is said to be called by the Indians Caguang, Colugo, and Gigua. It was first de- scribed by Bontius, in his History of Java. He informs us, that it is found in Guzarat, in India; that it is a gregarious animal, and flies principally in the evening; and that its body is of the size of a cat, and is covered above with a soft grey fur, like that of a rabbit; that the head is oblong, the ears small and round, and that it has five strong claws on each foot, by which it holds firmly what- ever it seizes, and that it feeds chiefly on fruits. Camelli, in his enumeration of the animals of the Philippine isles, published by Petiver in the Phi- losophical ‘Transactions, describes it as about the size of a cat, shaped like a monkey, but more slender, and of the length of about three spans from head to tail; but adds, that in some parts it arrives at a far larger size, so as to equal a Chi- nese umbrella in expanse. He describes the co- lour on the upper parts as dusky, and elegantly variegated with whitish streaks on the back, run- ning beyond the body over the flying membrane: the face he compares to that of a monkey, and the manner of flight to that of a flying squirrel : Camelli adds, that the young adhere to the teats of the parent by their mouth and claws; but it is remarkable, that in his manuscript on this subject, now preserved in the British Museum, he ex- pressly asserts that the female is furnished. with two sacs or pouches on her belly, in which she carries her young while sucking. ‘* Femella ad FLYING COLUGO. 119 ventrem binos habet quasi sacculos, in quibus ca- tuli ubera sugientes herent.” Camell. Mss. Mus. Brit. Linneus, judging of this animal’s place in sys- tematic arrangement, from the figures and de- scriptions of authors, but not having had an op- portunity of examining its generic characters himself, placed it in the genus Lemur, to which he supposed it most allied; but was careful, at the same time, to observe, that, as its teeth had not been examined, its real genus was, of course, not determinable. By the Count de Buffon it was, with unpardonable negligence, entirely omitted ; nor was it till Dr. Pallas’s description in the Pe- tersburgh Transactions appeared, that its genuine characters were ascertained. In the publication entitled Magazin Encyclopé- dique, we meet with an account of the teeth of this animal, by Mons. Geoffroy, who appears to have examined with peculiar accuracy the speci- mens belonging to the Museum of the Prince of: Orange. Mr. Geoffroy observes, that in the form and disposition of the teeth it differs not only from the Lemures, but from all other quadrupeds. He is also of opinion, that the foremost of what Dr. Pallas considers as canine, should, in reality, be considered as cutting teeth; since they are in- serted into the incisive or intermaxillary bone: all the teeth, taken together, are of so anomalous a cast as to make it difficult to determine the in- tention of Nature in their formation; but Mr. 120 FLYING COLUGO. Geoffroy is inclined to think them calculated for feeding on insects, though the animal is usually said to live on fruits. With respect to other particulars of this animal, we are informed by. Mr. Geoffroy that the coe- cum, in a specimen dissected by Mons. Cuivier, was extremely large and voluminous; whereas, in the Bat, to which the Colugo. may be allowed to bear some affinity, that part is wanting. Dr. Pallas has observed, that the liver is divided into two lobes, of which the right is entire and _ broader than the left, which is by far. the longest,. 7 extended downwards, and divided into three seg- ments. weir There are, aechidin: to Mons, Gcatiey,.: two varieties (perhaps sexual differences) of the Co- lugo, viz. one of the colour usually described, viz. cinereous, with transverse darker and lighter undulations; the other of a fine cinnamon or ferruginous colour, most vivid on the back, and pater, beneath, and without any kind of variega- tion. There are also some trifling differences i in the teeth of this reddish kind from aflose of the grey; but they are not such as. to enable us to judge whether they are. owing 3 to age, or to a specific difference. In the Leverian Museum is a fine specimen, in which the grey colour seems to predominate, owing to the very numerous whitish stripes across — the back, as described by Camelli. This is the specimen figured m Mr. Pennant’s Quadrupeds, and in the present work. ‘Those figured in Seba . ] i GD FLYING LEMUR. From the Leverian Museum. 1900, Taw .LondorLubufhid by U.Kearsley Fleet Steet. ID Ve FLYING COLUGO. 121 are probably young ones; they are described as of a ferruginous colour both above and below; yet in the coloured copies of that work, and _parti- cularly in the British Museum copy, once the pro- perty of Sir Hans Sloane, they are represented of a very deep or blackish cinereous above, and pale ferruginous beneath. Lastly, In order that nothing might be want- ing which might tend to convey a clear idea of an animal so curious, the excellent figure with which Dr. Pallas’s account is accompanied in the Petersburgh ‘Transactions, is also added in the pre- sent publication. VESPERTILIO BAT. Generic Character. Dentes omnes erecti, acumi-|| Teeth erect, shatp-pointéd, ap- nati, approximati. proximated. Manus palmate volitantes || Hands palmated with a mem- membrana corpus cingente.|} rane furrounding the body and giving the animal the power of flight. ‘Lue curious formation of these animals cannot be contemplated without admiration: the bones of the extremities being continued mto long and thin processes, connected by a most delicately- formed membrane or skin, capable, from its thin- néss, of being contracted at pleasure into innume- rable wrinkles, so as to lie in a small space when the animal is at rest, and to be stretched to a very wide extent for occasional flight. Should a speculative philosopher, not aware of the anatomical impossibility of success, attempt, by means of light machinery, to exercise the power of flight, he could not hit on a more plau- sible idea than that of copying the structure de- scribed. Accordingly a celebrated author has most justly and judiciously represented a sage theorist busied in imitating, for this purpose, ‘« the folding continuity of the wing of a Bat.” The species of this extraordinary genus are nu- merous, and may be divided into the tated and the tailless Bats. Thalhfulp \\ \\ AS ARRAS WW SSE SR SEI RI KW Ww Y SS) WANE AAEM AY AVAL IN « hy \' Wt VAN aS aS eS 5 Re . ~ S $ ae Se <>. EE ¢¢, SNL wi ST) With My AD) ra ACh CH ae ered" Z! < SS LSS ES =~ SS SSS — SS) <9) COMMON BAT. Vespertilio Murinus. V. caudatus, naso oreque simplici, auriculis capite minoribus. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 47. Tailed Bat, with ore or scl nose, and ears smaller than the head. Vespertilio murini et aaufioulie sinpligitms,' Briss. Quadr. B 15 Suge deus wed os : Chauve-souris, Buff. 8. p. 114. pl. 16. Short-eared English Bat. Edwards, pl. 201. f. 2. - Common Bat, Peanant Quadr. 2. p. 319. Tuis is about two inches and a half, if mea- sured from the nose to the tip of the tail, and the extent. of the wings, when fully expanded, is about nine inches. It is of a mouse-colour, tinged with reddish: the wings and ears black: these latter are small and rounded. _ LONG-EARED BAT. Vespertilio Auritus. V. caudatus, ore nasoque simplici, auriculis _ duplicatis capite majoribus. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 47. Tailed Bat, with inappendiculated Hose, and double ears larger than the head. 3 ; Vespertilio murini coloris, auriculis duplicibus. Briss. Quadr. 160. Vespertilio auriculis quaternis. Foknst. av. p. 34. t. 20. Long-eared Engiish Bat. Edwards, pl. 201. f. 3. Oreillar. Buf. 8. p. 118. pl 17.f- 1. Long-eared Bat. Pennant Quadr. Bp. 320. Great-eared Bat. Speculum Linneeanum, pln Te Tus inteiee., in its general appearance, is nearly similar to the former, though rather small- 124 LONG-EARED BAT. er; and the fur has less of the reddish tinge; but what immediately distinguishes it as a species, is the very great size of the ears, which are more than an inch long and of a very considerable width: they are slightly rounded at the tips, and are furnished internally, as in most others of this genus, with a kind of secondary auricle or inter- nal flap, so placed as to serve by way of a valve or guard to the auditory passage. Linnzus, even in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature, seems to entertain a doubt whether this species be really distinct from the former, or merely a sexual difference. This and the former are the two most common species in this country; and are those which we so often see fluttering about in the evenings of sum- mer and autumn; frequently uttering a sharp, stridulous note or scream during their flight, and pursuing the various kinds of insects on which they feed; particularly moths. ‘They are some- times taken by throwing up the heads of burdock whitened with flour; which the Bats, either mis- taking for some insect, or casually dashing against, are caught by the hooked prickles and brought to the ground. The Bat is capable, like the Mouse, of ad tamed to a certain degree; and we are assured by Mr. White, in his Natural History of Selborne, that he was much amused in the summer of the year 1766 with the sight of a tame Bat. << It would take flies out of a person’s hand. If you gave it any thing to eat, it brought its wings le et ee LONG-EARED BAT. 195 round before the mouth, hovering, and hiding its head, in the manner of birds of prey when they feed. The adroitness it shewed in shearing off the wings of the flies, which were always rejected, was worthy of observation, and pleased me much, Insects seemed to be most acceptable, though it did not refuse raw flesh when offered ; so that the notion that Bats go down chimnies and gnaw men’s bacon, seems no improbable story. While I amused myself with this wonderful Quadruped, I saw it several times confute the vulgar opinion, that Bats, when down ona flat surface, cannot get on the wing again, by rising with great ease from the floor. It ran, I observed, with more dispatch than I was aware of, but in a most ridicu- and grotesque manner.”—/Vhite’s Selb. Bats are commonly supposed to produce two young at a birth; which they suckle for a consi- derable time. When recently born they adhere most tenaciously to the breast of the parent, so as not to be removed without difficulty. Bats lodge in great numbers in the cavities of old buildings, under the projections of walls, in the hollows of trees, in rocky places, &c. &c. During winter they lie torpid in these recesses, till the warmth of the vernal atmosphere invites them abroad to make their evening excursions. When taken torpid and brought into a warm situ- ation, they awake from their slumber, and. again expand their wings. During this state of tor- pidity the circulation of the blood is not to be 126 LONG-EARED BAT. perceived in the smaller vessels; but when thus awakened by warmth it again becomes visible by the microscope. ‘This was first observed by Leew- enhoeck, who could perceive no appearance of circulation m such as were taken in their torpid state; but on bringing them to the fire, the cir- culation soon became very brisk. Bats are said to drink on the wing, like swal- lows, by sipping the surface, ds they play over pools and streams. ‘They love to frequent waters, not only for the sake of drinking, but on account of the insects, which are ‘ound over them in the greatest plenty. ‘‘ As I was going (says Mr. White), some years ago, pretty late, in a boat from Richmond to Sunbury, on a warm summer's evening, I think I saw myriads of Bats between the two places: the air swarmed with them all along the ‘Thames, so that hundreds were in sight at a time. "—/Vhite’s Selb. ; The general appearance of the Bat, together with its nocturnal flight, must be confessed to excite the idea of something hideous and dismal ; and for this reason the ancients consecrated it to Proserpine, and supposed it to be one of the inha- bitants of her dusky regions: and it cannot fail to occur to the -recollection of every one, that _ painters, in their representations of fiends and de- mons, usually exhibit them with the leathern wings of the Bat. It is also equally evident, that the fabulous Harpies of the ancients must have originated from a similar source: the larger Bats of India and Africa, by a little poetical exaggera- LONG-EARED BAT. 197 tion of their manners, answering extremely well to the general description of those monsters. I know not whether it may be worth while to mention the celebrated experiments of Spallan- zani, respecting a supposed additional sense or faculty in Bats, enabling them, when deprived of sight, to avoid any obstacles as readily as when they retained their power of vision. ‘These expe- riments are cruel, and, perhaps, do not lead to any very important discoveries in the animal ceco- nomy: nevertheless, that I may not seem entirely to neglect a phenomenon which has been thought worthy of attention by several eminent experi- mentalists, I shall here give a short abstract of the professor's observations. Having observed that Bats would fly in the darkest chambers with precision, and not even touch the walls, he found them equally exact in their motions when the eyes were closely covered; and at length he destroyed the eyes, and covered the socket with leather; and even in this state the animal continued to fly with the same preci- sion as before; avoiding the walls, and cautiously suspending its flight in seeking where to perch. It even flies out at a door without touching the architraves. The abbé repeated his experiments on several species of bats; and with the same suc- cess. ‘These experiments were repeated by Vas- salli at Turin, by Rossi at Pisa, Spadon at Bologna, and Jurin at Geneva. The professor’s arguments for supposing that in these instances no other sense can supply the place of sight are these: 128 LONG-EARED BAT. i ‘< Touch cannot, in this case, supply the place of sight, because an animal covered with hair cannot be supposed to have that sense very delicate. In flying through the middle of a sewer which turned at right angles, the Bats regularly bent their flight at the curvature, though two feet distant from the walls. They discovered holes for their retreat; found a resting-place on the cornice; avoided the branches of trees suspended in a room; flew through threads hung perpendicularly from the ceiling, without touching, though they were scarcely at a greater distance than that of their extended wings; and when the threads were brought nearer they contracted their wings to pass through them. They equally avoided every obstacle, though the whole head was covered with a varnish made of sandarach dissolved in spirit of wine. ‘ fare als of the head, the feet, and the tail black. Senegal Bat. Pennant nat Ze pe B12. Wirn a long head : nose a little pointed: ears short and pointed: head and body a tawny brown, mixed with ash-colour; under parts paler: the two last joints of the tail extending beyond the membrane: length from nose to rump above four inches: extent of wing twenty-one inches. Na- tive of Senegal. BULL-DOG BAT. Vespertilio Molossus. V. caudatus, cauda longa uwtra membranam connectentem protensa, labia superiore pendulo, Lin. Nat. Gael Pe 49: aia Bat, with pendulous upper lip, and long tail stretching beyond the connecting membrane. Bull-dog Bat. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. gil. Iw this species the nose is thick: the ears broad and round; the edges touching each other m front: the lips are nendalous : the upper part i ” ; 4 d A y we / \ - - “ rw] . ’ y ' Ane ‘ ata \ 2 ¥) mm ) Laat ‘ 5 x ' * 9’ F e \ / ‘ md fe , i j 4 ? ' he i f ) 7 | < 4 * ' ' = ’ Cr) at iY ite \ B <4 2 Fie ; ” ‘ ‘ x ES —<—<—— rr AZZ PERUVIAN BAT. Pi 1800, Jan"1L ondonPubtfhd by 6 Kearsley, Fleet Street. PERUVIAN BAT.. , 139 of the body of a deep. ash-colour; the lower paler: the tail long; the five last joints entirely disen- gaged Som. the membrane. Length above two inches; extent nine and a half. Inhabits the West ities, _ PERUVIAN BAT. Vespertilio Leporinus, és caudatus, labia superior bifido. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 47. ' Tailed Bat, with the upper tp biftd.s..2. Nectilio Americanus. N. labio fae varicoso. Lin. Syst. Nat. Ale bt fh OB __ Vespertilio cato similis Avmericary, ‘Seb. Musee p. 89.t. 55.f. le beh ea Bat.- Pennant Quadr. a aS Mr. Pennant well observes, car- et away by the love of system; placed this spe- cies, in the twelfth edition of the Systema Na- ture, under a distinct genus, by the name of _ Noctilio; stationing it at a great distance from the rest of the Bats, in the order Giires, next to the Squirrels. This he did merely on account _ of its haying only two cutting-teeth in each jaw. - But succeeding observations haye conspired to prove that the number and disposition of the teeth differs greatly in the different species of the Bats; so that if a too rigid regard were paid to this par- ticular, several distibet genera might be instituted _ instead of one; but the “general. characters of the Bats are so striking as to render this perfectly un- 2 a pAOCRSAA EY | " “= e a ee 140 7 CORDATED BAT. The Peruvian Bat has a head something like a Pug-Dog: the ears large and strait; sharp at the ends; and pointing forwards: two canine-teeth, and two small cutting-teeth between in each jaw: tail enclosed in the membrane, which joins to each hind leg, and is also supported by two long cartilaginous ligaments involved in the membranes colour of the fur iron-grey : body equal in sizeto a middling rat: extent of wing two feet five inches. Mr. Pennant observes, that Mr. Schreber’s figure of this species is erroneously co- loured; being represented of a straw-colour. It is a native of Peru. An extraordinary conforma- tion, according to Seba, takes place in the legs of this Bat; the tibia and fibula being placed sepa- rately for each other, and each invested byits 4 own distinct and hairy skin. These, however, seem to be nothing more than the two cartilag- inous ligaments mentioned by Mr. Pennant. — The remaining species (except the ae are dis- tinguished by having no tails. CORDATED BAT. Vespertilio Spasma. V. ecaudatus naso foliate obcordato. Lin. Syst. Nate p. 47+ | Tailless Bat, with a doubly heart-shaped leaf-like membrane on the nose. Glis volans ternatanus, Seb. 1. 7. 56. f. 1. Cordated Bat. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 310. Wirn very broad and long ears: at the end of the nose an upright heart-shaped membrane: (in ae ee x meee Wine AN "ed me ms cr — —— NU IW Mh ut yn HN ] NO) DO mn yi Hy } YY i TH DU Ni | i) \ WY NNW HD S >= SS> S= Ny i Wy NWN PALIT AN NHANRNI ' AY SS SS S—_—=—_—— SS SS SSS \ \ \\ \ My Ee \\ YE CVA WY Zs u/ \ \ N\\ \ AANA ZW i A AW A(\\ ANY \ IN RIN i! NAN A A ANN ae = SS ON Za NSN \ WA Wt ANA iN AN \ yy \ iH AH ih ISSSSRSQS AN \ \ AN NWN ANY: WN AY Nu Nl A at \ \\y Why ‘+ NN ba AAA NH Ne Wit ny Hh Mae ii ii Za hn | : H ) itl NW ie Malt } i hy 3 LEAF BAT. : 141 Seba’s figure the membrane is doubly heart- shaped, or with two cordated divisions one above the other). ‘The colour of the whole animal is a pale reddish brown: the hind legs are connected by a web: the body is thick and plump: the ex- tent of wing, according to Seba’s figure, seems to be about fifteen inches: length of body from nose to rump near four inches. Native of Ceylon and the Molucca islands. LEAF BAT. Vespertilio Soricinus. V. ecaudatus, rostro producto, naso foliate cordato. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 47. Tailless Bat, with lengthened snout furnished with a heart- shaped leaf-like membrane. Leaf Bat. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 309. Bat from Jamaica. Lawwards, pl. 201. f. 1. Wirn small rounded ears: membrane on the nose in form of an ovate, pointed leaf: a web be- tween the hind legs: fur of a mouse-colour, tinged with red: size of a common Bat. 14g JAVELIN BAT. Vespertilio Hastatus. V. ecaudatus, naso foliato srifoli figuram emulante. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 47. j Tailless Bat, with | a trefoil-shaped upright membrane on | the ; nose. f La Chauve-Souris a fer de lance. Buff. 13. p. 226. pl. 33. and : suppl. 7. p. 292. pl. 74. Javelin Bat. Pennant Quadr, 2. p. 309. Vespertilio perspicillatus? Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 47. Wiru large pointed ears: an erect membrane at the tip of the nose in the form of an ancient javelin, having on each side two upright pro- i cesses: fur cinereous: size of acommon Bat. In- Xs habits the warmer parts of America. ‘This is by t Mr. Pennant made synonymous with the V. per- € spillatus of Linneus, which is, however, consi- dered as a distinct species in the Gmelinian edi- tion of the Systema Nature. GREAT SEROTINE BAT. Vespertilio Nasutus. V. ecaudatus ferrugineus, naso longo apice de- chvi, auribus longis erectis rotundatis. — Tailless ferruginous Bat, with long nose sloping at the tip, and long upright rounded ears. La Grande Serotine de Guianne. Buf: suppl. 7. p. 289. pl. 73- Great Serotine. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 318. Wits a very long, strait, and strong nose, slop- ing down at the end: ears long, erect, dilated to- wards the bottom, rounded at the end: colour of — dh k i ’ vite ve ¢ 1 a\ \ ) , wr , ‘ ei 45 “LVG WWILOMdS W) —SS= ——=— A MY my \ My Ny \) \; \ \ i = NS \ SN 7] wh NY Pieri Gor ee <= = SPECTRE BAT. 143 the upper parts a reddish chesnut: sides of a clear yellow; remainder of a dirty white: length five inches and eight lines: extent of wings two feet. This species is described in the mippleincntal volume of the Count de Buffon’s Natural History. It is a native of Guiana, where it is said to assem- ble in meadows and other open places in vast numbers; flyimg in company with Goatsuckers, and both together im such numbers as to darken the air, ‘SPECTRE BAT. Vespertilio Spectrum V. ep ae naso infil for mi lanceolato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 46. Tailless Bat, with funnel-shaped sharp- pa membrane on the nose. Canis volans maxima aurita ex nova si areas Seb. mus. 1. p. 92. o, 4S. F, Bi. Spectre Bat. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 308. | Tuts is a large species, and is a native of South America, where it is chiefly seen on palm-trees. The extent of wings is about two feet two inches or more; and from the nose to the rump seven inches and a half. It has a long nose; large teeth; long, broad, and upright ears: and at the end os the nose is an upright, long, conical mem- brane, bending at the end. Hair on the body cinereous, ind pretty long; wings full of rami- fied fibres: the membrane extends from hind 144 VAMPYRE BAT. leg to hind leg: there is no tail; but three ten- dons run from the hg to the edge of the mem- brane. Mr. Buffon supposes this to be the Vampyre; but if the accounts of that animal’s extraordinary © faculty may be depended upon, we are still uncer- tain as to the species; Piso and others, who give © the relation, omitting the particular description of the animal; and, indeed, it is most probable 3 that the faculty which gave rise to the name 1s by no means confined to a single species, but may s¥ ge i — ny bei ddan . a. be so by: several of tho larg i 3) climates. ~ VAMPYRE BAT. ~~ Vespertilio Vampyrus. V/V. ecaudatus naso vigil metro nr femora divisa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 46. Tailless Bat with the nose simple, or without any ap appenda ge, and the flying membrane divided mace abe ghs, pe \ Vespertilio ingens. Clus. exot. 94. Vespertilio volitans. Bont. Fav. 68. t. 69. : sat ; ns : Canis volans ternatanus orientalis. Seb. I. t. 5a oy a Roussette. Buff. 10.p. 55. ¢. 14. and 7e. . ee re: Ternate Bat. Pennant mae Ze pe. ae Ppa Vampyre Baty a dit, #8. OF this pba aisbeaal betas are some va- _ rieties in p point of size and colour; or pethaps they may really be distinct races or species, though — ae allied. The la rgest, or the Great Ternate = as) eel = Wy N iN} SENTRY STHNNINNETNIINTR INN TAAIN NINERS AMUN LA A \\ AN Wi UY A \ Mt NI INN \ Wea hy \\ i\\ YY NY \\Y \ NS \ AY \ i} NAY Ves \\Y ZZ, \\ Yy , YY Yy yy, bY Me GLOLL LA Age 7 Gee 2 GECZIO: LLLZZIE- LE WS SS z : = = > a V4; Us VAMPYRE BAT. 145 Bat, is, in general, about a foot long, with an ex- tent of wings about four feet; but sometimes it is found far larger, and it has been said that speci- mens have been seen of six feet in extent. ‘The general colour of the body is a deep reddish brown; brighter on the upper part of the neck and shoulders, as well as on the under parts of the body. The nose is sharp and black: the teeth large and sharp: there are four cutting- teeth both above and below; and the canine-teeth are large and strong: the tongue is pointed, and terminated by sharp prickles: the ears are naked, blackish, and large, and are of a pointed form. The wings are black, or of the colour of those of the common Bat. ‘The membrane is divided behind, quite to the rump; there being no tail: the single claw on the wings is large and strong; and those on the feet extremely so, as well as much curved. This is the Bat to which Linnzus applied the title of Vampyre, on the supposition of its being the species of which so many extraordinary ac- counts have been given relative to its power of sucking the blood both of men and cattle. This it is supposed to perform by inserting its acu- leated tongue into the vein of a sleeping person, in so peculiar a manner as not to excite pain; fanning, at the same time, the air with its wings, by which means the sleep is rendered still more profound. ‘This is what appears at first so extra- ordinary as to justify a degree of scepticism as to the fact: it is, however, so solemnly related, and Le Ae 10 146 VAMPYRE BAT. seemingly so well authenticated, as almost to enforce belief. Mr. Condamine assures us, that the large Bats have, in certain parts of America, destroyed, by this means, all the great cattle introduced there by the missionaries. It is af- firmed by Bontius, as well as Nieuhoff, that the Bats of Java attack those who lie with their feet uncovered, whenever they can gain access: and Gumilla, who mentions a greater and lesser kind, found on the banks of the Oronoque, declares them to be equally greedy after human blood: persons thus attacked have, in consequence, been near passing from a sound sleep into eternity. It is, therefore, very unsafe to sleep with open windows, or in the open air, in those regions. P. Martyr, who wrote soon after the conquest of South America, says, that in the Isthmus of Darien, there are Bats which suck the blood of men and cattle, when asleep, to such a degree as to awaken, and even kill them. Lastly, Though it seems to have escaped the attention of modern naturalists, the self-same fa- culty has been, time out of mind, attributed to the common European Bats, which are said to bite sleeping persons, and to suck the blood with the greatest avidity. This is mentioned by Aldro- vandus, who seems to relate it as a generally-re- ceived opinion; observing, at the same time, that their attacks are infinitely inferior to the danger- ous ones of the large exotic Bats in India and America. PIT-NOSE BAT. 147 It remains to explain the reason of the term Vampyre, by which the above Jarge species has been distinguished. A “aida is an imaginary monster, supposed to suck the blood of sleeping persons. It also ‘alludes to one of the most absurd superstitions that ever entered into the human mind. About the year 1732 an idea arose among the vulgar in some parts of Poland and Hungary, that certain bodies when interred, became possessed of the power of qbsorbing blood from those who were so unfortunate as to pass over or stand near their graves, it was, therefore, supposed necessary to disinter such bodies and wound them with a sword, by which means this pernicious power was supposed to be put a stop to, and the blood they had unjustly gained was evacuated. Astonishing as this folly may appear, it is yet more astonishing that a great many treatises were written on the subject, and that some considerable time elapsed before the superstition was completely destroyed. PIT-NOSE BAT. Vespertilio Speoris. Schreb. suppl. Vespertilio caudatus, fossula frontal: transversa. Tailed Bat, with a transverse frontal cavity. Turis species, from Mr. Schreber’s representa- tion, appears to be about the size of the common Bat, which it also resembles in its general aspect, 148 PIT-NOSE BAT. = but differs in its colour, being of a pale yellowish ash-brown. Its principal character is a remark- able transverse concavity situated on the forehead, lined with a naked blackish skin: the nostrils are seated in’a similar concavity at the tip of the nose. It is a native of India. The circumstance of the frontal cavity is not absolutely peculiar to this animal, having been observed, though in a much less conspicuous degree, in another species: the use of this peculiar formation seems as yet un- ‘known. 45 (Ff Fp Chee CLES sar ne aL (te UBY Um by es ¢ & al «ak ‘ rh) sh ( & “ asf THREE-TOED SLOTH. 1800.Jan'1.London, Publijha by 6. Kearsley, Fleet Street. . ae i 149 ORDER ee Ain i ca al 2's BRADYPUS, SLOTH. : | Generic Character. ‘ 3 : Cutting-teeth, none in either jaw. oe Canine-teeth obtuse, single, “longer than the grinders, _ placed opposite. ae five on each side, obtuse: ~ Fore Legs much longer than the hind: C/aws very long. Dentes Primores null utrin- que. | ee Laniarii obtusi, solitarii, mo- || laribus jong occur- | santes. ae Molares utrinque quinque, | obtusi. : | Corpus pilis tectum. | -THREE-TOED SLOTH. Bradypus Tridactylus. B. peels eae: tatida brevi. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 50. Sloth with three-toed feet and short ci, Ignavus. Clus. exot. p. 372. fi. p. 373. mo. Saf.35. p. 34.7). 5,0. Three-toed Sloth. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 240. Museum mavens, 3 vol, 2. p. 13. pl. 3. / Berore the dekoly of the western hemi- sphere, the Tortoise seems to have been consi- — dered as the established representative of tardi- 150 THREE-TOED SLOTH. ness: but those who attended to the natural his- tory of the new world, were astonished to find in a genuine viviparous quadruped a much more singular example of languid motion and habitual inactivity. ‘The early accounts, however, of this extraordinary animal seem to have been given with some degree of exaggeration; and it was pre- tended that the creature could scarce advance a stone’s throw in the space of fifteen days: that it required eight or nine minutes in order to move one foot to the distance of three inches: other ac- counts say, that the Sloth can scarcely move fifty paces in a day: all, however, who have had op- portunities of examining this species in its native climates, agree in representing it as the most tor- pid of quadrupeds; that it seems to move with the utmost difficulty, and it never exerts its pro- gressive powers except when urged by the neces- sity of obtaining food; when it climbs, with great labour, to the tops of trees; and having gained this situation, continues to reside there till it has despoiled the tree of its foliage and fruit, when it is obliged to descend and to seek a fresh situa- tion: it is added, that in order to save itself the slow and laborious descent which it would other- wise be obliged to make, it suffers itself to fall to the ground; its tough skin and thick coarse hair sufficiently securing it from any unpleasant effect in its fall. The general appearance of the Sloth is extremely uncouth; the body is of a thick shape; the fore legs short; the hinder ones far longer: the feet, on all the legs, are very small, but THREE-TOED SLOTH. 151 are armed each with three most excessively strong and large claws, of a slightly curved form, and sharp-pointed. The head is small; the face short, with a rounded or blunt snout, which is naked and of a blackish-colour: the eyes are small, black, and round: the ears rather small, flat, rounded, lying close to the head, and not unlike those of Mon- kies. The hair on the top of the head is so dispos- ed as to projeét somewhat over the forehead and sides of the face, giving a very peculiar and gro- tesque physiognomy to the animal. ‘The general colour of the hair on all parts is a greyish brown, and the hair is extremely coarse, moderately long, and very thickly covers the body, more especially about the back and thighs. A remarkable cha- racter as to colour in this species, is a wide patch or space on the upper part of the back, of a bright ferruginous or rather pale orange-colour, spotted on each side with black, and marked down the middle with a very conspicuous black stripe; wide at its origin, and gradually tapering to its extremity: it reaches more than half way down the back, and terminates in a sort of trifid mark; so that the whole gives a highly singular appearance to the animal, when viewed from be- hind. This particularity is remarkably distinct in the very fine specimen preserved in the Leve- rian Museum. So far asI am able to determine, from the inspection of numerous specimens, it is scarce, if at all, visible in the young animals, which are merely of an uniform greyish brown. The tail is nearly imperceptible, being so ex-~ 152 THREE-TOED SLOTH. tremely short as to be concealed from. view by the fur. ‘The Count de Buffon, in one of those flights of paradoxical eloquence in which he sometimes indulged, is not willing to allow this creature any share in contributing to the general beauty in the scale of animated nature; but considers it as an ill-constructed mass of deformity, created only for misery; which he thinks is the less to be wondered at, when, perhaps, the major part of mankind experience a similar fate. ‘* From a defect in their conformation, the mi- sery of these animals is not more conspicuous than their slowness. They have no cutting-teeth; the eyes are obscured with hair; the chaps are heavy and thick; the hair is flat, and resembles withered — herbs; the thighs are ill jointed to the haunches ; the legs are too short, ill turned, and terminated _ still worse; their feet have no soles, and no toes which move separately, but only two or three claws disproportionately long, and bended downwards, which move together, and are more hurtful to their walking, than advantageous in assisting them to climb. Slowness, habitual pain, and stupidity, are the results of this strange and bungled con- formation. The sloths have no weapons either offensive or defensive. They are furnished with no means of safety; for they can neither fly nor dig the earth. Confined to a small space, or to. the tree under which they are brought forth, they _ are prisoners in the midst of space, and cannot move the length of one fathom in an hour... They THREE-TOED SLOTH. 153 drag themselves ‘up a tree with much labour and pain: their cry and interrupted accents they dare only utter during the night. All these circum- stances announce the misery of the Sloths, and recal to our minds those defective monsters, those imperfect sketches of nature, which, being hardly endowed with the faculty of existence, could not subsist for any length of time, and have accord- ingly been struck out of the list of beings. If the regions inhabited by the Sloths were not de- sert, but had been long occupied by men and the larger animals, these species would never have de- scended to our times; but would have been anni- hilated, as in some future period will be the case. We formerly remarked, that every thing that pos- sibly could be did really exist: of which the Sloths are astriking example. ‘They constitute the last _ term of existence in the order of animals endowed with flesh and blood. One other defect added to the number would have totally prevented their existence. To regard those bungled sketches as beings equally perfect with others, to call in the aid of final causes to account for such dispropor- tioned productions, and to make Nature as bril- liant in these as in her most beautiful animals, is to view her through a narrow tube, and to substi- tute our own fancies for her intentions. Why should not some animals be created for misery, since in the human species the greatest number of individuals are devoted to pain from the moment of their existence? Evil, it is true, proceeds more from ourselves than from Nature. For a single 154 THREE-TOED SLOTH. person who is unhappy because born feeble or de- formed, there are millions rendered miserable by — the oppression of their superiors. The animals, — in general, are more happy, because the species have nothing to fear from individuals: to them there is but one source of evil; to man there are two. Moral evil, of which he himself is the foun- tain, has accumulated into an immense ocean, which covers and afflicts the whole surface of the earth. Physical evil, on the contrary, is restrained within very narrow bounds: it seldom appears alone; for it is always accompanied with an equal, if not asuperior, good. Can happiness be denied | to animals, when they enjoy freedom; have the faculty of procuring subsistence with ease; and possess more health, and organs capable of af- fording greater pleasure than those of the human species? Now the generality of animals are most liberally endowed with all these sources of enjoy- ment. The degraded species of Sloths are per- haps the only creatures to whom Nature has been unkind, and who exhibit to us the picture of in- nate misery.” — With submission, however, to this lively natu- ralist, 1 should not hesitate to believe that the Sloth, notwithstanding this appearance of wretch- edness and deformity, is as well-fashioned for its proper modes and habits of life, and feels as much happiness in its solitary and obscure retreats, as the rest of the animal world of greater locomotive powers and superior external elegance. The sloth feeds entirely on vegetables, and par- THREE-TOED SLOTH. 155 ticularly on leaves and fruit. Its voice is said to be so inconceivably singular, and of such a mourn- ful melancholy, attended, at the same time, with such a peculiarity of aspect, as at once to excite a mixture of pity and disgust; and, it is added, that the animal makes use of this natural yell as its best mode of defence; since other creatures are fright- ened away by the uncommon sound. ‘This, how- ever, is far from being its only refuge; for so great is the degree of muscular strength which it possesses, that it is capable of seizing a dog with its claws, and holding it, in spite of all its efforts to escape, till it perishes with hunger; the Sloth it- self being so well calculated for supporting ab- stinence, that the celebrated Kircher assures us of its power in this respect having been exem- plified by the very singular experiment of suffer- ing one, which had fastened itself to a pole, to re- main in that situation, without any sustenance, up- wards of forty days. This extraordinary animal is an inhabitant of the hotter parts of South Ame- rica. It is nearly as large as a middle-sized dog. VAR.? The stiff and awkward representation of this animal in Edwards’s gleanings of Natural History, was executed from a dried specimen, which had been set up in that position. Edwards observes, that all the figures which he had seen were erroneous, in representing the hair as growing to the very roots of the claws; whereas, in the abovemen- 156 TWO-TOED SLOTH. tioned specimen, it did not reach more than to within an inch and half of the claws; a bare space intervening. The consideration of this circum- stance has induced some observers, with unneces- sary scrupulosity, to consider it as a distinet spe- cies; but it is probable that this bare appearance nce the feet was merely owing to some acci- dental circumstance. It is certain that the hair in uninjured specimens of the three-toed Sloth grows absolutely to the very roots of the claws ; ‘6 however, the above animal was in a truly na- tural state, it would justify a separation from the rest, as a variety rather than as a distinct species. 2 ee "i, TWO-TOED SLOT.) 1770) Seay Bradypus Didactylus. B. manibus didactylis, ined ‘milla. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 51. a Sloth with two toes on the fore feet, and without a tail. aah Bradypus pedibus anticis didactylis, ae ae ee ‘Brit. Quadr. p. 22. . aaa Unau. Buff. 13. p. 34. jl. I. | Two-toed Sloth. Museum Leverianum, vol. 1. b 79. No. 2, aK a Pennant Quadr. a. t ‘242s See Tuis species i is also a aalive of South America; and it is asserted, on good authority, that it is likewise found in some parts of India, as well as in the island of Ceylon. In its general appear- ance, as well as in size, -it bears a cousidganiell re- semblance to the former species: it is, however, somewhat more slender in its shape; covered with | smoother or less coarse and harsh hair; and is of a Jalp Heath NN \ 4 a DS Py 2 ~ =i f; . SS u Two TOED SLOTH. 2800, Jan%1 London Publijhd bv G.Keorstev,Fleet Street, TWO-TOED SLOTH. 157 more uniform or less varied tinge; having no marks or shades of black and ferruginous as in the former; and, in particular, is strikingly dis- tinguished, as a species, by having only two claws on the fore feet: it is also a much more active ani- mal, and, even when imported into Europe, has been known, according to the testimony of the Count de Buffon, to ascend and descend from a tall tree several times in a day; whereas the three-toed Sloth with difficulty performs that operation in a whole day; and can scarce crawl some hundred yards in the space of many hours. ‘The disposi- tion of the hair on the head of the two-toed Sloth differs also from that of the former animal, and is directed immediately backwards, without being in the least reversed. round the front as in that species. A very fine specimen may be seen in the Leverian Museum; and a young one not much larger than a Squirrel, and of a very light or whitish colour is in the British Museum, as well as a more advanced specimen, preserved in spirits. In Mr. Carlisle’s description of the remarkable disposition of the trunks of the subclavian and iliac arteries in the Lemur tardigradus, he very properly observed, that ‘‘ it would be of some im- portance in physiology to ascertain whether the other slow-moving Quadrupeds have any peculiar arrangement of the arteries of their limbs,” the single fact above recorded being hardly suffi- 158 TWO-TOED SLOTH. cient for the foundation of any theoretical expla- nation of the slow movement of the muscles. The British Museum afforded an opportunity of investigating this particular in other slow-moving Quadrupeds, and Mr. Carlisle, at my request, examined the arteries of the Bradypus tridactylus, of all Quadrupeds yet known the slowest in its movements; when the same remarkable distribu- tion of vessels presented itself, both in the upper and lower limbs; and the small divisions of the artery, forming the surrounding cylinder, were still more numerous than in the Slow Lemur, viz. not less than 60 or 65, and in the lower limbs, at least, as many: these small cylinders were also connected by several lateral or anastomosing branches. We then opened a specimen of the Bradypus didactylus, an animal far less slow in its motions than the tridactylus. In this species a distribution indistinctly approaching to that above described was discovered, but with much fewer di- visions, and more approaching to the usual distribu- tion in other Quadrupeds. Lastly, A Lemur Loris, or Slender-limbed Lemur, was examined; when it appeared that the trunk of the artery, both in the upper and lower limbs, was surrounded by only four or five smaller cylinders, instead of the nu- merous ones so remarkable in the Slow Lemur, &c. \ ‘ } P ) j b ia) % ' 4 4 ' : % © yen y > { | t | , ¢ iy ( f “44 ANY Ni My \\ a \} WAN N w\’ \.s Ki ‘ NNN) | UR SINE SLOTH 159 URSINE SLOTH. Bradypus Ursinus. 3B. niger aa naso elongato nudo, pe- dibus pentadactylis. Black Sloth, with very long shaggy hair, nbieigeaan snout, and five-toed feet. Ursine Bradypus, or Ursiform Sloth. Naturals’ s Miscellany, wol. 1, pl. 58. | Ursiform Sloth. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 243e pl. 92. Petre: Bear. Catton’ 5 rem! f Animals, - ‘Tuts, lies is by. far ‘the ia species of : “Sloth, is a native of India, and has been but lately - introduced to the knowledge of European natu- -ralists. - At was brought from the neighbourhood of Patna in. Bengal... This animal has, at first sight, so much of the general aspect of a bear, that it has actually been cdsisiderele: as such by some observers; but it is no otherwise related to the Bear than by its size and habit, or mere exterior outline. This species I first: examined with accu- racy in company with Mr. Pennant, and with him collated its characters with those of the ‘Sloths. I described it in the second volume of the Naturalist’s Miscellany; and Mr. Pennant af- terwards introduced it into the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds. An excellent figure had some time before been published by an ingenious artist, which has been repeated both in the Na- - turalist’s Miscellany, and in the History of Quad- rupeds; and is, on account of its superior accu- racy, again copied in the present work. It ex- presses, in a pe pecuharly striking and just manner, 160 URSINE SLOTH. the appearance of the animal; and is, besides, ac- companied with a view of the open mouth, &c. to shew the situation and form of the teeth. I must here observe, that the figure represented in the Journal de Physique, though a good general representation of the animal in its walking pos- ture, is erroneous in the article of the claws; those on the hind feet being shewn equally large with those of the fore feet; which is by no means the case. The Ursine Sloth is about the size of a Bear, and is covered all over, except on the face, or ra- ther the snout, which is bare and whitish, with long, shaggy, black hair; which on the neck and back is much longer than elsewhere. On the fore part of the body the hair points forwards; on the hinder part backwards. The eyes are very small: the ears rather small, and partly hid in the long hair of the head. It is totally destitute of mecisores or front-teeth: in each jaw are two ca- nine-teeth of a moderate size: those in the upper jaw are situated at the distance of two inches from each other; those in the lower jaw are placed somewhat less remote. The molares or grinders in the upper jaw are placed three on each side; of which the two most remote are double or lobed : the remaining one simple. In the lower j jaw there are on each side six grinders, of which the most remote or backward is simple; the two next double, and the three remaining ones simple. The tongue is smooth, and has nothing remark- able in its appearance. The nose or snout is of a URSINE SLOTH. 161 somewhat elongated form; it also appears as if furnished with a sort of transverse joint, or in- ternal cartilage, which admits of a peculiar kind of motion in this part. The claws on the fore feet are five in number, and are exces- sively strong; moderately crooked, and sharp- pointed : those on the hind feet are shorter, and of a rounder shape. The tail is very short, and inconspicuous. ‘The animal, at the time this de- scription was drawn up, was thought to be some- what more than four years old. When first taken — it is said to have been about the size of a raccoon, and to have sometimes barked in the manner of adog. Its voice, however, when examined as above, was a sort of short, abrupt roar, which it uttered when much disturbed or irritated. It was a gentle and good-natured animal; it fed chiefly on vegetable substances and milk; was fond of apples, and did not willingly eat animal food, ex- cept of a very tender nature, as marrow, which it readily sucked from a bone presented to it. It was also delighted with honey, sugar, and other sweets. Its motions were not, asin the two former species, slow and languid, but moderately lively ; and it appeared to have a habit of turning itself round and round every now and then, as if for amusement, in the manner of a dog when lying down to sleep. It was said to have a propensity to burrowing under the ground; and it was added, that it had been dug out of its subterraneous re- treat by those who first discovered it. ¥. 7. 11 162 - MEGATHERIUM. In compliance with the opinion of Mons. 'Cu- vier, who appears to have accurately examined it, we shall here introduce this curious animal; hi- therto unknown, except from its skeleton, disco- vered in a fossil state, some years ago, in South “America; and which, Mr. Cuvier thinks, ap- proaches much nearer to the genus Bradypus or . Sloth than to any other yet known. Mr. Cuyvier’s account is as follows: ‘« This skeleton is fossil. It was found a hun- dred feet beneath the surface of a sandy soil, in ‘the vicinity of the river of La Plata. It only ‘wants the tail, and some pair-bones, which have ‘been imitated in wood; and the skeleton is now mounted at Madrid. | «This skeleton is twelve feet (French) long, by six feet in height. ‘The spine is composed of seven cervical, sixteen dorsal, and four lumbar vertebre: it has consequently sixteen ribs. The sacrum is short: the ossa ilia very broad; and their plane being almost perpendicular to the ‘spine, they form avery open pelvis. There is no pubis or ischium; at least they are wanting in ' this skeleton, and there is no mark of their hay- ‘Ing existed when the animal was alive. ‘The thigh bones are excessively thick, and the leg bones still more so in proportion. The en- tire sole of the foot bore on the ground in walk- ie ee en Sipe in oe ig te 3 Se a a a » ~ et Ce ee ey ees — > eee ee rs MEGATHERIUM. 163 ing. The shoulder-blade is much broader than long. The clavicles are perfect, and the two bones of the fore-arm are distinct and moveable upon each other. The fore limbs are longer than the hind. To judge by the form of the last pha- lanxes, there must have been very large pointed claws, enclosed at their origin in.a long sheath. There appears to have been only three of these claws on the fore feet, and a single one on the hind. The other toes seem to have been deprived of them, and, perhaps, entirely concealed beneath the skin. ‘The head is the greatest singularity of this skeleton. The occiput is elongated and flattened, but itis pretty convex above the eyes. The two jaws form a considerable projection, but without teeth, there being only four on each side above and below, all grinders, with a flat crown, and grooved across. ‘The breadth of the branches of the lower jaw, and the great apophysis placed on the base of the zygomatic arch, deserve particular notice. ‘‘ This quadruped, in its characters, taken toge- ther, differs from all known animals; and each of its bones, considered apart, also differs from the corresponding bones of all known animals. This results from a detailed comparison of the skeleton with that of other animals, and will readily appear to those who are conversant in such researches; for none of the animals which approach it in bulk have either pointed claws, or similarly formed head, shoulder-blades, clavicles, pelvis, or limbs. 164 MEGATHERIUM. ‘* As to its place in the system of quadrupeds, it is perfectly marked by the sole inspection of the ordinary indicatory characters, that is, the claws and teeth. These shew that it must be classed in the family of unguiculated quadrupeds destitute — of cutting-teeth; and, in fact, it has striking re-— lations with these animals in all parts of its body. This family is composed of the Sloth (Bradypus), Armadillo (Dasypus), Pangolin (Manis), Ant- Eater (Myrmecophaga), and Orycteropus or Cape Ant-Hater. | | ““The great thickness of the branches of the lower jaw, surpassing even that of the elephant, seems to prove that the vast animal was not content with leaves, but, like the elephant and rhinoceros, © broke and ground the branches themselves; its close and flat-crowned teeth appearing very pro- per for that purpose. The position of the bones of the nose, having’ some analogy with that of the elephant and tapir, would induce a suspicion that our animal wore a trunk, but it must have been very short, since the length of the head and neck together equals that of the fore legs. However this be, we find in the absence of canine-teeth, and the shortness of the muzzle, sufficient cha- racters to constitute a new genus in the family of the edentated, which ought to be placed between the Sloth and the Armadillo; since to the shape __ of the head of the former, it joins the teeth of the latter. It would be necessary to know particulars — of which a skeleton cannot inform us, such as the | nature of the teguments, the form of the tongue, \ MEGATHERIUM. 165 the position of the mammez, &c. in order to de- termine to which of these it approached the most. In the mean time, I thought I might give it the generic name of MrcaTHERIvUM, and the trivial one of Americanum. “« It adds to the numerous facts which apprize us that the animals of the ancient world were all different from those we now see on the earth; for it is scarcely probable that, if this animal still ex- isted, so remarkable a species could have hitherto escaped the researches of naturalists. It is also a new and very strong proof of the invariable laws of the subordination of characters, and the just- ness of the consequences thence deduced for the classification of organized bodies; and under both these views it is one of the most valuable disco- _ veries which have for a long time been made in Natural History.” 166 MYRMECOPHAGA. AN'T-EATER. Generic Character. Dentes nulli. Teeth, none. Lingua teres, extensilis. Tongue cylindric, extensile. Os angustatum in rostrum. || (Jouth lengthened into a somewhat tubular form. Corpus pilis tectum. Body covered with hair. "Tue animals of this genus live entirely on in- sects, more particularly on the various kinds of Ants; in order to obtain which, they extend their tongue, which is of a very great length, and of a roundish or worm-like form, mto the nests of those insects, and when, by means of the viscid moisture with which it is covered, a sufficient number are secured, they retract it suddenly into the mouth and swallow them. A part of the ge- neric character of the Myrmecophaga is the total want of teeth, i which particularity it resembles no other animals except those of the genus Manis, __ in which the same circumstance takes place. | There are, however, in the Ant-Eaters according to the observations of Mons. Broussonet, certain bones or processes not unlike teeth, situated deep SSQv9 a WY GONE an SENSE RAK: etd < SES PES: ~~ om S at ow Oe ee oe ad THREE-TOED ANT-EATER. 171 The Three-toed Ant-Eater of Seba may, there- fore, be a mere variety of the Four-toed or Tetra- dactyla, and perhaps neither the black lateral band, nor the pendulous ears, ought to considered as constituting a permanent or specific character. It is Rati ablc that Mr. Pennant, in his His- tory of Quadrupeds, makes no mention of the M. _ tridactyla. _ For the satisfaction of the reader, Seba’s figure of this supposed species is represented in the pre- - sent work, and those who are conversant in na- tural History will readily perceive that it can - scarce be allowed to differ from the Myrmeco- phaga tetradactyla. On the other hand, I ought not to omit an observation of Mr. Vosmaer, who ~ received. from the Cape of Good Hope a specimen preserved in spirits of wine, and which he sup-_ posed to be a new-born animal, though as large _ as a young pig. He affirms that Seba’s figures are very good; that they represent a perfectly distinct Species, viz. that of which he received the young ; but that the fore feet are furnished with four claws. Thus, in reality, the Seban animal, though erroneously mentioned as having only three toes _ on the fore feet, may still be, in all other respects, _ a very exact representation of a species not yet perfectly described; while the Linnean tridactyla must continue union: unless he really meant ss - the animal of mene be 172 LITTLE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Didactyla. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tedradace tylis cauda prehensili. Ant-Eater, with two toes on the fore feet, four on the hind, ed prehensile tail. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tetradactylis, cauda villosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. §1. : Tamandua seu Coati Americana alba. Seb. 1. & 60%! t 37 wife 3: Little Ant-Eater. Edw. pl. 220. 4 Fourmiller. Buf. 10. p. 144. pl. 30. Tuts is an animal of great elegance. wi is not superior in size to a squirrel; measuring little _ more than seven inches from the nose to the tail, aie which is longer than the body and head: the head is small; the snout sharpened and slightly bent = Rivarwah ds: the legs are short; the fore feet have only two claws on each, the exterior one much larger and stronger than the interior: on each of ue: hind feet are four claws of moderate size: the | ears are very small and hid in the fur: the eyes are also small. The whole animal is covered with a. beautiful soft, and somewhat crisped or curled, fur, of a pale yellow-colour, or rather yellow-brown : the tail, which is very thick at the beginning or __ base, gradually tapers to the tip; and the lower sur- face, for about the space of four inches from the tip, is bare, the tail in this species being prehensile, and the animal commonly residing on trees, and preying on ants, by means of its lone tongue, in the manner of other species. It is a native of Guiana. This species has been most elegantly figured both by Seba and Edwards; but the figure Fy seis te a, ERY SS + \ ‘ ‘ SN) WEAN a. Sy ic) Srath scp. LITTLE ANT-EATER, Half the Natural Size. 1800, Jar! 1LondomPublifha by 6 Kearsley, Fleet Street yy i, P~, ee LA ( hy WE Nye ys (aR CAPE ANT-EATER. 173 listory of the Count de Buffon is, © agement, so conducted as to give ‘ both of the habit of the ani- sti e of the feet. The represen- ‘pre fear wi oo a beautiful spe- h four thes he the fore feet, fonts snout, large 3, tail shorter than the buf mad. attenuated to- atain his eas ‘dita and is not to wonsiden this species as a genuine Ant- though it possesses the usual character, viz. ie eee teeth ; of a long sorta and a long out iiiey Sant and a half from he tip of e to the beginning of the tail; and the ures one foot nine inches, ‘The general 174 : CAPE ANT-EATER. colour of the animal is grey, or like that of a Rabbit, but deeper; and tinged with reddish on the sides and belly: the legs are blackish; the head is of a conic shape; the nose long, and some- what abruptly blunt at the end like that of a hog: the tongue is very long, flat, and slender: the ears about six inches long; upright (in the dried spe- ‘cimen), and extremely thin: they are also thinly scattered over with fine hairs: the hair on the head and upper parts is short, and lies close or smooth as if glued to the skin; it is longest and loosest on the sides and legs: the tail 1s thick at the base, and gradually tapers to a point. ‘The fore feet have four toes; the hind ones, five; and the claws on all the feet are very strong. ‘This species inhabits the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, where it lives under ground, and is called by the name of the Ground Hog. It feeds principally on ants. It is said to be often hunted out of its retreats by the Hottentots, who consider it asa good food. The description of this ani- mal is given by Mr. Allamand, from a dried skin sent from the Cape; and he observes, that it is doubtful whether the ears in the living animal are erect or pendent: in a foetus described by Dr. Pal- las*, they were pendent. The animal mentioned by Kolbe, in n'his account of the Cape of Good Hope, seems extremely allied to this, except that it is expressly said to have pen- dent ears. It is said by ns to be of the weight * Pallas Miscell. Zool. 64. OS piel Sst ae oS = ore 4 Brea, = OYE ER Ae pecs EB Mi rc eae Sh ie tot Ls é ; ‘ie j ; if ' pny ; ‘WALVI-LNY CELV AIA PPA Hep Sih ey = . SS c r ‘e eee SK = kN ES i : Pn: eS nS SS BOS eS s S ¢ Don os ay 55 ; S = oor = as : IFAS SS SON PPLTe ox~ cs CoA~- ae nine Oa ACULEATED ANT-EATER. 75 of an hundred pounds, and to have a long head and tongue: if it fastens its fore feet into the ground, the strongest man cannot pull it away: it has four claws on the fore feet; feeds on ants, and burrows under ground, coming out chiefly by night to feed. Some have been inclined to form a distinct ge- nus from this species, under the title of Oryctero- pus ; but this seems perfectly Saal it be- ing a genuine Myrmecophaga. _ | Tt i is possible that the disputed figures in Seba, mentioned under the article Myrmecophaga tri- dactyla, may ir ssc) this oisciee i et 5 t “ACULEATED | ANT-EATER. se 4 ok ie cei P Rikon nt od He rtenced siti, entiste : M, acaleata, cauda brevissima. Vi- varium Nature, rabi' Tog. aeces Spiny Ant-Eater, with’ very short tail. Porcupine Ant-Eater. Naturalist’s Misellany, pl. 109. Aculeated Ant- Eater. Pennant ah 2. p- Byes. ie Ale 2. és Tue Aculeated Ant- Rater is one ‘of those cu- rious animals which have been lately discovered ‘in the vast island, or rather continent, of Austra- —lasia or New Holland; and is astriking instance of that beautiful gradation, so frequently observed ‘In the animal kinedon, by which creatures of one ‘tribe or genus approach to those of a very differ- ent one. It forms a connecting link between the very distant Limnzan genera of Hystrix (Por- cupine) and Myrmecophaga (Ant-Eater), having f 176 ACULEATED ANT-EATER. the external coating and general appearance of the one, with the mouth and peculiar generic cha- racters of the other. This animal, so far as may be judged from the specimens hitherto imported, — is about a foot im length. ‘The whole upper parts of the body and tail are thickly coated with strong and very sharp spines, of a considerable length, and perfectly resembling those of a Porcupine, except that they are thicker in proportion to their length; and that, instead of being encircled or an- nulated with several alternate rings of black and | white, as in that animal, they are mostly of a yel- lowish white with black tips; the colour running down to some little distance on the quill, and be- ing separated from the white part by a circle of dull orange: others have but a very slight appear- ance of black towards the tips. ‘The head, legs, and whole under parts of the body, are of a deep brown, or sable, and are thickly coated with strong, close-set, bristly hair. The tail is ex- tremely short, slightly flattened at the tip, and coated on the upper part of the base with spines, at least equal in length to those of the back, and pointing perpendicularly upwards. ‘The snout is long and tubular, and perfectly resembles in struc- ture that of the M. jubata, or Great Ant-Eater; having only a very small rictus or opening at the tip, from whence is protruded a long lumbrici-— form tongue, as in other Ant-Eaters. The nos- trils are small, and seated at the extremity of the snout. The eyes are very small and black, with _a pale blue iris. The legs are very short and he if ay yee : Sa ACULEATED ANT-EATER. 177 thick; and are each furnished with five round- ed, broad toes: on the fore feet are five very strong, long, and blunt claws, of a black co- lour: on the hind feet are only four claws; the thumb, which is broader than the rest of the toes, being destitute of a claw: the first claw on the hind feet is extremely long, somewhat curved, and sharp-pointed; the next rather shorter, but of similar appearance; the two remaining ones far shorter, very slightly curved, and not sharp- pointed. In its mode of life this animal resem- bles the rest of the Ant-Eaters, being generally found in the midst of some large ant-hill: it bur- rows with great strength and celerity under ground, when disturbed; its feet and legs being most excessively strong, and short, and wonder- fully adapted to this purpose. It will even bur- row under a pretty strong pavement, removing the stones with its claws; or under the bottom of a wall. During these exertions its body is stretch- ed or lengthened to an uncommon degree, and appears very different from the short or plump as- pect which it bears in its undisturbed state. It cannot escape the observation of every scien- tific naturalist, that, in consequence of the disco- very of this curious animal, the Linnean character of Myrecophaga is, in part, rendered inapplicable. Since, therefore, the genera of Janis and Myr- mecophaga differ only in the external covering. the former being coated with scales, and the latter with hair, it would, perhaps, be not improper to. conjoin the two genera, to add this as a new spe- ee 12 178 STRIPED ANT-EATER. cies, and to give as part of the generic character Corpus pilis, squamis, vel aculeis tectum. Or it might even constitute a new genus, which would differ from those of Manis and Myrmecophaga, in having the body covered with spines. STRIPED ANT-EATER. ‘Myrmecophaga Striata. MM. flavescens, fusco transversim fasciata, maxilla superiore longiore. Yellowish Ant-Eater, with transverse dusky bands, and the up- per jaw longer than the lower. ~ Le Tamandua. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 381. pl. 56. Striped Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 259. Tus is figured in the Sd vol. of the supple- ment to the Count de Buffon’s Quadrupeds; and appears to be clearly a distinct species from any of the former. The nose is taper; the upper mandible extending very far beyond the lower: the eyes extremely small: the ears round and short: the tail covered with long hairs, so as to have a slightly bushy appearance: on the fore feet are five toes. The body and tail are of a yellowish-brown or tawny-colour; with the under parts white: the body is marked with broad, dis- tant, blackish, transverse stripes, and the tail is annulated with similar ones. ‘The length of the specimen, from nose to tail, was thirteen French inches; of the tail seven inches and a half. It is. a native of Guiana. a ee re ~ t= a 179 MANIS. Generic Character. Dentis nulli. Teeth, none. Lingua teres, extensilis. Tongue cylindricand extensile. Os angustatum in rostrum. {| Jouth narrowed into a snout. Corpus squamis tectum. Body covered with scales. Tu genus Manis presents an appearance not less extraordinary than that of Dasypus or Arma- dillo; being covered on every part, except on the belly, with extremely strong and large horny scales, constituting a suit of armour still more powerful than in the following genus, and capable of defending the animals, when rolled up, from the assaults of the most ferocious enemies. ‘This external covering, together with the uncommon length of body and tail, gives an aspect so much resembling that of a Lizard, that these creatures are commonly known by the title of Scaly Lizards, though no otherwise allied to the Lizard tribe than in their unusual covering: they may be al- lowed, however, in a general view of the animal kingdom, to form a kind of shade or link of ap- proximation between the proper viviparous quad- rupeds and the Lizards. Aviat tik kita) |e). lk aati 180 LONG-TAILED MANIS. They are animals of a harmless nature, Bd feed in the same manner as the Ant-Eaters, by thrusting out their very long tongue into the nests ei ants and other insects, and swallowing their prey by suddenly retracting it, having no teeth, and differing from the Ani Eaters in scarce any other circumstance but that of their scaly integument. ‘They are found in India and the - Indian islands. LONG-TAILED MANIS. Manis pedibus tetradactylis, cauda longissima, Manis with four-toed feet and very long tail. Manis Tetradactyla. M. pedibus tetradactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. P+ 53+ | Lacerta indica guanz congener. Aldr. ovip. dig. 668. Scaly Lizard. Greaw’s Rarities, p. 46. Le Phatagin. Buff. to. p. 180. pl. 34. Four-toed Manis, Naturalists’ Miscellany, pl. 36. Long-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 252. Turs animal, known in India by the name of the Phatagen, is of a very long and slender form: the head is small; the snout narrow: the whole body, except beneath, covered with broad, but -sharp-pointed scales, which are striated through- out their whole length: the tail is more than twice the length of the body, and tapers gradually to the tip. The legs are very short; scaled like the body, and on each of the feet are four claws, of which those on the fore feet are stronger than egy Z oY Hpi ay hi lide i/ thy Gash of LONG -TAILED MANIS. 1800 Teo¥,7. London. Publiynad by Giearsly, lek Sree. Teath seulo Jat NA) ; IY | VSR AI SHORT- TMLED MANIS. qbv0 , Teb® 1, Londore. Publijrd by Ghear/ley, Fleet Street, “> i cd SHORT-TAILED MANIS. : 181] those of the hind. The colour of the whole ani- mal is an uniform deep brown, with a cast of yel- lowish, and with a glossy or polished surface. The Manis tetr adactyla grows to the length of five feet, measuring from the tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail. SHORT-TAILED MANIS. Manis pedibus pentadactylis, cauda corporis longitudine. Manis with five-toed feet, and tail the length of the body. Manis Pentadactyla. M. pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. « Pe 52. Lacertus indicus squamosus. Bont. Fav. p. 60. Pangolin. Buff. 10. pl. 34. Five-toed Manis. Naturalists? Miscellany, pl. 11. oh _ Short-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. p. 253. THis species differs from the former, in being of a much thicker and shorter form: the tail, in particular, differs greatly in proportion from that of the preceding, being not so long as the body; very thick at the base, and from thence gra- dually tapering, but terminating very obtusely. The head is small as in the former; the ears small and rounded: the feet furnished with five toes each, of which those on the fore feet are ex- tremely strong, except the exterior one, which is much smaller than the rest. ‘The whole animal is covered with most extremely thick, strong, and large scales, which in the full-grown speci- 182 SHORT-TAILED MANIS. mens are perfectly smooth, but in those which are smaller are slightly striated about half way from the base. Sometimes a few bristles appear between the scales, but in others this is not ob- servable. The scales differ in shape from those . of the preceding, being much wider and larger in proportion to the body and tail. The co- lour of the whole animal is a very pale yellow- brown, and the surface is glossy, as in the former species. In India it is called the Pangoelling. In the neighbourhood of Bengal it is named Va- jracite, or the Thunderbolt Reptile, from the ex- cessive hardness of the scales, which are said to be capable even of striking fire like a flint. It is found in different parts of India, and perhaps also in Guinea; this is on the authority of Des Mar- chois, who says it is called Quogelo by the ne- groes; that it grows to the length of eight feet, of which the tail is four; that it lives in woods and marshy places, and feeds on ants, by laying ‘its long tongue across their paths. ‘It ts said to walk slowly; but, when pursued, rolls itself up, and is then so securely armed that even a leopard attacks it in vain. It is also said sometimes to destroy the elephant, by twisting itself round the trunk, and thus compressing that tender and sensi- ble organ with its hard scales. We are told in the Asiatic Researches, that the Malabar name of this animal is Alungu; and'that the natives of Bahar call it Bajar-cit, or the Stone vermin; and in the stomach of the one examined and described BROAD-TAILED MANIS. 183 in the above work was found about a teacupful of small stones, which it is supposed to have swal- lowed for the purpose of facilitating digestion. It was only thirty-four inches long from the nose to the end of the tail; and a young one was found in it. The figure given in the Asiatic Researches is considered as a variety, differing a little in the proportion of some of its measurements from that described by the Count de Buffon, &c. In re- ality, it should seem to be the variety slightly de- scribed and figured in the Philosophical Transac- tions; and which Mr. Pennant has introduced into the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds as a distinct species, under the title of the Broad- tailed Manis. This we shall, in compliance with that excellent zoologist, describe in a separate article, though we think it may be doubted whe- ther it should be really considered as a distinct species. Specimens of the Manis pentadactyla have sometimes been seen of the length of six feet from the nose to the tip of the tail. BROAD-TAILED MANIS. Manis cauda latissima. Manis with extremely broad tail. Broad-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 254. New Manis. Phil. Trans. 60. p. 36. pl. 11. Tuis animal is figured in the 60th volume of: the Philosophical Transactions: it was killed in 184 BROAD-TAILED MANIS. the house of a merchant at Tranquebar, having been discovered in the cavity of a wall. When pursued, it rolled itself up in such a manner as to leave only the back and tail visible. It was with great difficulty destroyed. It had five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind: the scales were of the shape of a muscle; the belly quite smooth; the exterior scales ended: in a sharp point, somewhat incurvated: the tail was very broad, decreasing to a point: the whole length of the animal was a German ell and five eighths: the tail half an ell and a span broad in the broadest part. | Of animals inhabiting regions so remote, it is impossible to obtain more than a partial intelli- gence as to the exact distimction of species, sex, and variety: we must, therefore, be content to remain in doubt whether the above-described ani- _ mal, as well that mentioned in the Asiatic Re- searches, should be considered as distinct from the species already known or not. In reality, however, these differences do not seem sufficient to constitute a specific distinction ; and are, probably, owing to the differences of age and sex. In the British Museum are specimens of different sizes, which shew these gradations, In one the scales, all over the animal, are so regu- larly and completely truncated at the extremity, as to exhibit the appearance of so many hexa- gons. In another they are remarkably broad and rounded; and, in a third, which is a very BROAD-TAILED MANIS. (185 large specimen, they are less obtuse at the tips, and somewhat irregularly terminated, as if notch- ed, or worn through age. The proportional breadth of the tail also varies somewhat in these specimens, and seems greatest in those which are least advanced in age. 186 DASYPUS. ARMADILLO. Generic Character. -primoribus, absque lani- || thercutting or canine teeth. Dentes molares plures, absque | Grinders several, without ei- arlis. | Corpus cataphractum testa os- || Body coated with a shelly ar- sea zonis intersecta. il mour, divided into zones. ‘Lue Armadillos are natives of South America, and are readily distinguished from all other Qua- drupeds by the singular covering with which Na- ture has ornamented them; and which forms a complete suit of armour, divided into bands or shelly zones, in such a manner as to accommo- date itself to the various postures of the body; and exhibiting a most beautiful example of devia- tion from the general structure and appearance in quadrupeds. ‘The Armadillos are mnoxious ani- mals, and inhabit subterraneous retreats or bur- rows, which they readily excavate by means of their large and strong claws. ‘They wander about chiefly by night, and devour various roots and grain; and are, therefore, considered as injurious” to plantations. They also occasionally prey on the smaller animals of different kinds; worms, insects, ARMADILLO. 187 &c. Ina state of captivity they readily eat ani- mal food, and that in considerable quantity. They are themselves considered as excellent food, and are, therefore, dug out of their subter- _ raneous cavities, and sold for the table. When old, however, their flesh acquires a strong musky scent, and becomes unfit for use. When attacked, the Armadillos roll themselves up into the form of a ball, and thus become, in a degree, invulnerable. Nothing can exceed the curious mechanism by which this is performed; nor is it possible to view without admiration the appearance of the animal thus coiled up, and secured from common con- tingencies. Armadillos are said to drink frequently, and they often grow extremely fat. They are very prolific animals, and are said to breed three or four times a year, and to bring several young at a birth. ‘The species are determined by the num- ber of shelly zones on the body. In enumerating these, however, it is remarkable that most au- thors vary; and the exact discrimination of all the species scems yet a desideratum in natural history. This, perhaps, arises partly from the inattention of draughtsmen and engravers, when representing the animals, and partly from different authors counting differently the bands on some of the species; which are so placed as to make it diffi- cult, in some instances, to distinguish the ultimate or bounding zones of the body, from the scaly divisions on the fore and hind parts of the animal, and which, like the bands, are disposed into a 188 THREE-BANDED ARMADILLO. kind of zones, though less” sage iatked. Some species, however, are so clearly. defined by this mode of distinction, as, to Oe at all times readily ascertained. : Bem ih a Pr ea at >) : ak THREES BANDED ARMADILLO. } Dasypus Tricinctus, D. Neonibe wripartte, peibas pentadecpis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 53. Anadilla: with the armour divided into ro three bands, and fiver ; toed feet. sae Be a Tatou, v. Armadillo. Red. exper. 1. te oe ae Tatu apara. Maregr. bras.232, Tatu, &c. Seb. 1, p 62. ¢. 38.f. 25 3+ is Tuis may be considered, perhaps, as the most elegant of the whole genus; the pattern of the ar- mour being peculiarly neat, and well defined; and the ba of the animal more pleasing than in most other species, viz. a clear yellowish-white. The head, shoulders, and hind part of the body, 2. are coated with regular hexagonal divisions, cu- riously studded or “ter culated: on the surface ; and the zones of the body are extremely distinct, and only three in number: they are divided or marked into numerous transverse segments or squares; the tail is very thick and short. The — legs are covered with hexagonal divisions or seg- ments similar to those on. the shoulder, but small- er: the ears are rather large, and the claws smaller than in most other species: it is a native of Brazil. CUICINY [= aR, | OTHGVIARLY CAC G[-SILNTAT MAN WORE NO MRA \) ’ SA WAY Uy; « ' 4 ‘ ’ . - ' ’ a ba ! ‘ . . , a ‘ 2 t ) vi : 4 i f } % 4 i j Rn ; 4 ‘ / . ¥ ue \) ‘ ! ‘ ; fi 5 i i} fe i } ’ 3 s : 5 ‘ 4 } apa + ? 7 - d \ id C y i ‘i . B . . | ‘ RA ued \ fi p sh | ~ ral t i 2 f i Ae , ft A 7] u f ¥ i . ' . y ae: ' 2 ' by ‘ p i 1 ; i F ; 3 He _— ‘ bg + vy ; i ' ! . \ : x ; é _ ( i ; 4 \ i 7 ; hs ‘ + \ rf un EIGHTEEN-BANDED- ARMADILLO. a ‘6 ae 8 )\\ iN SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO. 1800,F ewy1L ondon Publifhd by G Kearsley Fleet Street, if 189 SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Sexcinctus. D. cingulis senis, pedibus peutadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with six bands, and five-toed feet. Tatu, v. Armadillo prima Marcgravii. Raj. ak 233. Armadillo,. Olear. mus. p. 7. t. 6. f. 40 Encoubert, ou Tatou a six bandes. Buff: 10. p. 209. ae 42. and suppl. 9-p- 285. pl. 57 Tr HIS is also a species vf oreat elegance; and, in its general appearance, much resembles the _ former; but is furnished with six bands instead of ‘three: the tail is very thick at the base, and is short in proportion to the animal; the claws are very large and strong. The bands are marked into oblong squares, as in the former. VAR. This animal appears to vary as to the number of its bands: the specimens both in the British _ and Leverian Museums having eight bands in- -e stead of six; in all other respects théy agree with oe uthe six- hunted one. A particular character of this: species seems to be the remarkable breadth and. flatness of the head, which is larger in pro- | portion than in others of the genus. 7 he Leve- rian eight-banded variety is of a very fair yellow- idpesiand that in the British Museum is of a much deeper colour, approaching to an iron-grey, but whitish in some parts. 190 SEVEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Septemcinctus. D. cingulis septenis, palmis tetradactyhs, plantis pentadactylis. Lin. Am. Acad.\. p. 281. Syst. Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with seven bands, and four toes on the fore feet, and five on the hind. Ir is impossible to consider this in any other light than as a mere variety of the nine-banded Armadillo, in which the pattern of the armour, and the relative proportions of the parts, are suf- ficient to ascertain the species, whatever may happen to be the number of the zones. NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Novemcinctus. D. cingulis novem, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with nine zones, four toes on the fore feet, and five on the hind. Cataphractus scutis duobus, cingulis novem. Briss. Quadr. 42. Tatus. Gesu. Quadr. p. 935. Cachicame, ou Tatou a neuf bandes. Buf 10. p. 215. pl. 37. Nine-banded Armadillo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 248. ; Tue number of bands or zones in this species is generally nine: they are extremely distinct or well defined, and are transversly marked by very nu- merous wedge-shaped or acutely-triangular figures alternating with smaller opposite ones: the head is smaller, longer in proportion, and sharper snouted than in any other species: the fore and hind parts of the shield or covering are marked by very nu- sgl ‘ ; 0 ie: NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 191 merous flat, rounded scales or tubercles, with smaller ones interposed: the ears are moderately large, and upright; the tail is longer than im any other species, and tapers gradually to the tip. It is marked by transverse rows of longish hexago- nal divisions on each joimt: on the fore feet are four toes, and five on the hind: the claws mode- rately large and strong. VAR. Though this species preserves, in general, its specific character of nine bands; yet this is not al- ways to be depended on, since specimens some- times occur in which only eight bands are visible. _A specimen of this kind occurs in the British Mu- seum; and the Count de Buffon assures us, that he has observed two specimens with eight bands only, which in every other respect perfectly re- sembled the nine-banded ones. He is, therefore, of opinion (and in this we clearly agree with him), that the number of bands, in this species, constitutes not a specific, but a sexual difference: the eight-banded one he supposes to be the male. The general colour of this species is a palish iron- grey; but specimens often occur in Museums of a yellowish-brown cast, having probably lost a part of their original tinge. The scales on the anterior and hinder parts are also sometimes of an angular form instead of round. The young specimens of this animal also exhi- bit a difference as to the pattern or marking of 192 TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. the bands; which, instead of the triangular or wedge shaped marks before described, have a simple series of long-oval marks throughout each band; and the ultimate bands are not so wacivtaed defined as in the adult animal. The Seven-banded Armadillo, Dasypus ieheone cinctus, of Linnzus and others, as before obsery- ed, is not a distinct species, but a mere variety of this; as is also the Kight-banded Armadillo, Dasy- pus octocinctus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus cingulis duodecim. Armadillo with twelve zones. Dasypus Unicinctus. Lin. D. tegmine tripartite, cingulis duode- cim. Lin. Syst. Nate p. §3. Tatu seu Armadillo Africanus. Seb. 1. p. 57. ¢. 30. Kabassou ou Tatou a douze bandes. Buff. 10. p. 218. pl. 40. and var.? major, pl. 41. Twelve-banded Armadillo. Pennant 2Quadr. 2. p. 249. Tue Twelve-banded Armadillo, according to the character generally given in authors, should have twelve zones or bands; but it is certain that this number is not very accurately observed by Nature: and perhaps thirteen or fourteen is the more general number. ‘The individuals also appear to vary in some other particulars. That described by the Count de Buffon and Mr. Pennant, under the title of the Twelve-banded Armadillo, has broad upright ears; the head is thick and broad, and is marked above into large . 5 { fr a 4 ‘ - - t 4 : A - } 5 | ’ © 1 . i ” ’ / S * K i bi i ‘ ! } / ( i 4 \ A af - 1 . ‘ ila tik i { a ie iii U7 i Wi iid Oa ii Liiilj i Aj i ni —— — Se ee SSS So GREATER TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 193 angular divisions; the crust on the shoulders into. oblong pieces inclining to a squarish form: that on the rump into hexagonal ones ; (the Count de Buffon describes them as square, though hexa- gonal in the figure): the fore feet have five toes, with very aoc. ‘and strong claws: the hind feet have the same number, but: smaller: the tail is somewhat shorter than the body; and is said by Buffon to have no crustaceous * covering; differ- ing, in that respect, from every other species: his figure represents it covered with roundish tuber- clés... The length of this animal, from the nose to the tail, is about a foot; the tail about seven inches, or less. ; Var.t GREATER TWELYE-BANDED ARMADILLO. This, which is by far a ae of all the Ar- madillos, differs from the former in the pattern of the shield on the interior and hinder part of the body; all the divisions consisting of oblong squares: the tail also differs, being longer than the body. ‘The measures of the specimen de- scribed and figured by Buffon, are thus given, * By this, however, we are by no means to understand that the tail is merely covered by skin; on the contrary, it is guarded by scaly tubercles, which secure it almost as strongly as the armour on that of other species; and, indeed, the chief difference is, that these strong tubercles are not, strictly speaking, set in jointed Ong? but scattered, i Pee 15 194 TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. viz. from nose to tail two feet ten inches; and the _ tail about one foot eight inches. This, Mr. Pen- nant says, is the largest he ever heard of: im the British Museum, however, is a specimen of ex- actly similar dimensions, and which is accurately represented on the annexed plate. The head is rather small than large; and the snout is sharp- ish: the ears small and sharp: the claws exces- sively large and strong. ‘The bands, which are thirteen in number, are scarce distinguishable from the rest of the armour, which both before and behind is marked out into narrow zones, di- vided into numerous oblong squares: these bands on the fore part of the animal are narrower or more closely set than on the hind part, and the whole exactly agrees with Buffon’s figure entitled © Autre Kabassou (vol. 10. pl. 41.) The colour of the whole animal is a pale yellowish-grey. The figures given in plate 30. vol. 1. of Seba, seem to be young ones, and consequently do not | exhibit with sufficient distinctness some of the characters : their heads seem remarkably thick or blunt; and the tail of one of them is represented as perfectly void of any covering; of the other covered with square scaly divisions: the ears in both very large. woe = ty : % bat a a SRSA SR RR RTE Coe, “i 193 EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus 18-cinctus, D. cingulis octodecim. Armadillo with eighteen zones. Dasypus cingulo simplici. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 55. Weezle-headed Armadillo. Grew. mus. reg. soc. p. 19. t. Le Cirquincon, ou Tatou 4 dix-huit bandes. Buff: 10. p. 220. Eighteen-banded Armadillo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 250. Tuts was first described by Grew, in the last century, under the name of the Weezle-headed Armadillo. The description was composed from a specimen in the pe rinn of the Royal Society, and is as follows: © His head in figure almost like a Weezle’s, whence I take leave for his name. It is three inches and a half long; his forehead two inches and a half broad, and very flat; the end of his nose half an inch. His eyes small, a quarter of an inch long. His ears two inches distant one from another; an inch long. His body or trunk eleven inches long, about six broad. His tail five inches and a half long; near the buttocks an inch and a quarter over; the extremity the fifth of an inch. His fore leg two inches and a half long, three quarters broad; on which there are five toes; whereof the three foremost are an inch long, the other two half an inch: all with claws the third of aninch. On his hinder foot (which is somewhat bigger) he hath also five toes, as in the foremost. His head, back, sides, legs, _and tail, are covered with a shelly armour. His 196 EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. head-piece, as also the shells on his legs, are com- posed of roundish scales, a quarter of an inch over. His neck-piece is a single plate, composed of little pieces, a quarter of an inch square. His shoulder-piece consisteth of several ranks or rows of such-like square pieces, but not set together by any articulation or moveable conjunction. His back-piece, reaching also over his buttocks to his tail, is composed of several plates, in number ei¢hteen, moveably joined together by as many intermediate skins. ‘The foremost and greatest of these plates consist of square pieces, half an inch long, and a quarter broad. The hindermost, of square and round ones together. The extreme part of the shell, next the tail, is parabolic. The fore part of the tail is surrounded with six rings; consisting of little square pieces. The other half with scales. His breast, belly, and ears, all naked.” This species seems most allied to the Twelve- banded Armadillo. It appears not to have been figured by any author except Grew, whose repre- sentation is far from elegant, but which, for the - satisfaction of the reader, it was — Sg i to introduce. | - The name wnicinctus, applied, as a trivial, by Linneus, must be confessed to be not very pro- per; since it seems to imply a simple or undivided zone on the animal, instead of eighteen. The following are clearly no other than varie- eis, viz. the Sevens banded of Linneus, Am, Acad. EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. 197 vol. The Sercinctus, pl. 72. of Schreber, and the Octocinctus, pl. 73. of the same author. All three being varieties of. the Novemcinctus, or Nine- banded Armadillo. The Cheloniscus of Columna, aquat. 2. p. 15. t. 16. seems to be no other than a variety of the ‘Three-banded, or Tricinctus. The Four-banded Armadillo of Molina, men- tioned in his Natural History of Chili, may per- haps be a distinct species. Molina also mentions an Armadillo with eleven bands, with four toes on the fore feet and five on the hind. Tue Rhinoceros the Elephant alone es 1 pera aut ppg pliable, answers the end of is useful fy the anin into 60 hi; AE ID Hf Ns Hi h Mt 4 l} uy) iy i HAH ANN } Co wi ¥( Wii ARAN ERY Aye SQN Ress AA An 4, jj i . : \ ni ANN g tg SORTA TT! yey C7. TNS ey Se —---+— CEROS. 3 SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 199 strong, slightly curved, sharp-pointed horn, which, in the full-grown animal, is sometimes three feet in length, and eighteen inches in circumference at the base. The mouth has four cutting-teeth, which are placed at each corner of each jaw:~ there are also six grinders in each jaw; of which the first is remote from the cutting-teeth. (In strict propriety it may be Houbted: whether the four teeth first mentioned should be called by the title of cutting-teeth.) The ears are moderately large, upright, and pointed: the eyes small: the skin naked, rough, and tuberculated, or marked with very numerous, large, callous granulations: it is destitute of hair, except a few straggling and very coarse bristles on some parts of the head, &c. About the neck the skin is disposed into several large plaits or folds: another fold of the same kind passes from the shoulders to the fore legs; and another from the hind part of the back to the thighs: the tail is slender, flattened at the end, and covered on the sides with very stiff and thick _black hairs: the belly is somewhat pendulous, or shaped like that of a hog: the legs very short, _strong, and thick: the feet marked into three large hoofs, all standing forwards. ‘The general height of the Bhinticerssa is about eight feet: but it is said that some have been seen in Suittiatra and Java which nearly equalled the size of the Elephant; though they appeared lower, on ac- count of the sinking back; the pendulous abdo- men, and short legs. The Rhinoceros is a native of several parts of 200 SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. India, as well as of the islands of Java, Sumatra, &c. This animal falls far short of the Elephant in sagacity and docility. It is, however, of a quiet and inoffensive disposition, but very furious and dangerous when provoked or attacked; he is said to run with ereat swiftness, and, from his strength - and impenetrable covering, is capable of rushing with resistless violence through woods and dbsta- cles of every kind; the trees bending like twigs while he passes between them. In general habits and manner of feeding the Rhimoceros resembles the Elephant; residing in cool sequestered spots, near waters, and in shady woods: it delights in rolling occasionally in the mud, in the manner of a hog. Its skin is so hard as to be impenetrable by any common weapons, except on the belly: it is even said, that, in order to shoot a full-grown Rhinoceros of advanced age, it is necessary to make use of iron bullets; those of lead haying been known to be flattened against the skin. The bones of the Rhinoceros, like those of the Elephant, are often found in a fossil state in va- rious parts of the world; and in the year 1772 an entire Rhinoceros was found buried in the banks of a Siberian river, in the ancient frozen soil, with the skin, tendons, and some of the flesh, in the highest state of preservation. It was disco- vered in the sandy banks of the river Witim, which falls into the Lena, below Jakutsk, in N. lat. 64. A full account of this curious discovery is given by Dr. Pallas, in the 17th vol. of the Petersburgh Transactions. Mtge PSs me SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 901 ‘The first specimen of the common or Indian Rhinoceros ever imported into Europe since the time of the Romans, is supposed to have been that which was presented to Emanuel, king of Portu- gal, in the year 1513. It gave rise to the first _ figure of the Rhinoceros by Albert Durer; but it is concluded, and not without good reason, that he never saw the animal himself, but received from some correspondent the drawing from which. he executed his figure, which evidently appears to have been decorated with fictitious folds, plaits, scales, and scollopings, and, besides the horn on the nose, has asmaller one situated on the back of the neck. This figure of Albert Durer’s has been frequently copied in works on natural history, and occurs in Gesner, Aldrovandus, &c. &c. The other figures of the Rhinoceros, afterwards published, . though free from Albert Durer’s errors, were still faulty; and it was not till the year 1745 that a faithful representation of this animal was presented *to the public. This appeared in the Philosophi- cal Transactions, and the figure was executed un- ‘der the superintendance of Dr. Parsons, an ex- cellent zoologist of that period. ‘The celebrated ‘Edwards also: in the first volume of his ‘* Glean- ings ‘of Natural History,” published a beautiful Tepresentation of the same specimen. The ani- ‘mal, however, was but young, and the horn, of course, but in its first approach towards elonga- tion. The figure in the Count de Buffon’s Natu- ‘ral History seems to have been the next authentic representation, and appears to have been some- 202 TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. what more advanced in age than that figured ay Edwards and Dr. Parsons. -TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. Rhinoceros Bicornis. R.coraubus duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. nel p. 57: 2 a : Rhinoceros with two horns. Sparmann act. Holm. 1778. ees Two-horned Rhinoceros Pennant Quadr.\. p.150. Buff. yp 6. pee pl. Q. | ee Turs species is found in various parts of Af- — rica, and seems to have been the kind which was” known to the ancient Romans, and by them ex- hibited in their public shows and combats of ani- mals. In size it equals the common or single-horned species; and its habits and manner of fecdinis are the same: but it differs greatly in the appearance of its skin, which, instead of the vast and regu- larly marked armour-like folds of the former, has merely a very slight wrinkle across the shoulders, and on the Hinde parts, with a few fainter wrinkles | on the sides, so that, in comparison with the com- a : mon Rhinoceros, it appears almost smooth: the ~ skin, however, is rough or tuberculated, espe- 4 cially in the larger specimens: but what consti-~ tutes the sibeane or principal distinction is, that the nose is furnished with two horns, one of which is smaller than the other, and situated above or higher up on the front, ‘These horns are to be loose when the animal is in a quiet My ns 9 61 MK hy ee Sah ~ yh \ NY WY » =~ WS = ASS SAN Ny TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 2903 but to become firm and amhoveable when it is nraged. ‘This observation is confirmed by Dr. nan, who observed, in a specimen which he tin Africa, that they were fixed to the nose in Sumatra. The specimen, -however, which he describes, was but young; anid: Rely far short of its full size. © The shape of the aa was much like that of the hog. The general colour was a brownish- ash; minder the belly, between. the Aces and folds te. of the cag a ‘ditty flesh-colour. wae : 208 TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. “‘ The head much resembled that of the Single- horned Rhinoceros. The eyes were small, of a brown-colour; the membrana nictitans thick and strong. ‘* The skin surrounding the eyes was wrinkled. The nostrils were wide. The upper lip was point- ed, and hanging over the under. | *« There were six molares, or grinders, on each side of the upper and lower jaw, becoming gra- dually larger backward, particularly in the upper. Two teeth in the front of each jaw. ‘« The tongue was quite smooth. ‘“‘ The ears were small and pointed, lined and edged with short black hair, and situated like those of the Single-horned Rhinoceros. «« The horns were black; the larger was placed immediately above the nose, pointing upwards, and was bent a little back: it was about nine inches long. The small horn was four inches long, of a pyramidal shape, flattened a little, and placed above the eyes, rather a little more for-— ward, standing in a line with the larger horn, im- mediately above it. They were both firmly at- tached to. the skull, nor was there any appearance of joint or muscles to move them. « 7 KE LEPHANT. wley, Fleel Slreet-. Y ra by GHea 1600L eb"). Publif) GREAT ELEPHANT. 913 about the woods of Asia and Africa in a state of majestic mildness. Elephants are naturally gre- garious. Large troops assemble together, and live in a kind of society. They feed only on ve- getables, and: are fond of the young shoots. of trees. The Elephant is generally of a deep ash- coloured brown, or nearly blackish; but in some parts of India it is said to be found, though very rarely, of a white colour. In the young animals the tusks are not visible: in the more advanced state of growth they are extremely conspicuous; and in the full-grown animal they advance se- -veral feet from the mouths of their sockets: it is but rarely that the tusks are seen in the fe- males; and, when they appear, they are but small, and their direction is rather downwards than up- wards: this is also the case in some specimens of the male Elephant; so that there appears to be some variation in this respect in different indi- viduals. ‘Tusks have sometimes been seen up- wards of ten feet long; particularly from the Mo- sambique and Cochinchina. , The teeth which are imported into Europe are generally from Africa, where they are frequently found. in the woods. Instances have sometimes occurred, in which, on sawing a tooth, a brass bullet has been found completely imbeded in the central part of the tooth; the ivory having gra- dually grown over it, and enclosed it. © The Elephant is undoubtedly the largest of all _ terrestrial animals, arriving at the height of twelve feet; though the more general height 914 GREAT ELEPHANT. seems to be from nine to ten feet*. Elephants are commonly found in the midst of shady woods, being equally averse to extreme heat as to cold: they delight in cool spots, near rivers, and fre- quently bathe themselves in the water, and even roll in the mud. ‘They are also capable of swim- ming with great ease. ‘Their general food con- sists of the tender branches of various trees, as well as of grains and fruits. It is for this reason that their incursions are so much dreaded in plan- tations of various kinds, where they are said occa- sionally to commit the most violent depredations ; at the same time, injuring the crops by trampling the ground with their vast feet. .The trunk of the Elephant may justly be considered as one of the miracles of Nature; being, at once, the organ of respiration, and the instrument by which the ani- mal supplies itself with food; conveying whatever it eats into the mouth by its assistance. By this instrument also it drinks; first sucking up the wa- ter by the trunk, and then pouring it imto the mouth. ‘This wonderful organ is, as it were, com- posed of a vast number of flexible rigs, and con- sists of a double tube, with a somewhat flattened circular tip, furnished with a projecting point, or fleshy moveable hook, of extreme sensibility, and with which it can pick up the smallest object at * How much the size of these animals has been exaggerated may — be judged from the account given by Dr. Hill, who, in his Natural History, tells us, that the Elephant, when at full growth, measures from seventeen to twenty feet in height, from the ground to the highest part of the back. Vide Hill's Nat. Hist. of Animals, p. 565. GREAT ELEPHANT. 915 pleasure. The trunk, being flexible in all direc- tions, performs the.office of a hand andarm. On its under surface it is somewhat flattened, and is circularly formed on the upper. At the end of the trunk are situated the nostrils. The teats in the female Elephant are two in number, and are situated at a small distance behind the fore legs. The eyes are extremely small; the ears very large, somewhat irregularly waved on the edges, and pendulous. In each jaw are four large and flat grinding teeth, with the upper sur- faces flat, and scored or striated with numerous transverse furrows. In the upper jaw are the two tusks before described. ‘The form of the whole animal is extremely awkward: the head very large: the body very thick: the back greatly arched: the legs extremely thick, very short: and the feet slightly divided into, or rather edged with, five rounded hoofs: the tail is of a mode- rate length, and is terminated by a few scattered hairs, of great thickness, and of a black-colour: the general colour of the skin is also dusky or blackish, as before mentioned, and has a few thinly scattered hairs or bristles dispersed over it, and which are somewhat more numerous about the head. . | The tales related of the sagacity of the Ele- phant are, in all probability, somewhat exagge- rated, and must consequently be received with a degree of limitation: but there is no reason to doubt that they are possessed of a greater degree of intelligence than most other quadrupeds (the 916 GREAT ELEPHANT. dog excepted); and that, when in a state of do- mestication, they may be taught to perform many operations, requiring not only strength but skill in their’ execution. It appears, from the most authentic information, that they are highly at- tached to those who have them under their care: that they are grateful for attentions shewn them, and mindful of any injury received; which they generally find some means of retaliating. Some - elegant anecdotes of this kind are related by Pliny; and the laborious Aldrovandus has col- lected many others. Mr. Pennant has admitted some into his History of Quadrupeds. ‘The cele- brated story of the taylor of Delli is a remarkable example of the Elephant’s sagacity. In that city an Elephant, passing along the streets, put his trunk into a taylor’s shop, where several people were at work: one of them pricked the end of the. trunk with his needle: the Elephant passed on; but, in the first dirty puddle, filled his trunk with the water, and returning, squirted every drop- among the people who had offended him, and spoiled the rich garments they were at work upon. It is said that Elephants have been taught to lade vessels with goods, which they have stowed in proper order, and with much address. _ The Indian Elephants, but more especially those of the island of Ceylon, excel the African Ele- phants in size and strength. Those of India are said to carry with ease three or four thousand weight. In astate of nature they use the tusks for tearing up trees, and the trunk for breaking GREAT ELEPHANT. 217 the branches. It has been affirmed that they run as swiftly as a horse can gallop; but Mr. Pennant assures us, that what has been said on this sub- ject is a mistake; and that a nimble Indian can easily outstrip them. The contrivances for taking Elephants are va- rious. ‘The Ceylonese sometimes surround the woods with numerous bands, and drive with light- “ed torches, and all manner of noises, the Ele- phants which inhabit them, till they are at length | entrapped into a particular spot surrounded with strong pallisades, so as to prevent all escape. At other times a kind of decoy or female Elephant is sent out in order to induce some of the males to pursue her, who are by this means secured. When a wild Elephant is taken, it still remains to reduce it to a quiet state; and to tame it, in order to be made useful: this is effected by throwing ropes round the legs and body, which are well secured ; and two tame Elephants, properly instructed, are placed on each side. ‘The captive animal finds himself eradually so fatigued by his ineffectual struggles, and so much soothed by the caresses iabaienally © given by the trunks of the tame Elephants, by the food from time to time pre- sented to him, and the water with which he is refreshed by pouring it over him, that in the space of some days he becomes completely tame, and is placed with the rest of the domesticated troop. Sometimes, in order to subdue them the more effectually, they are deprived of sleep rom a considerable space. 918 - GREAT ELEPHANT. Great care is taken by the grandees of India in the management and decoration of their Ele- phants; which, after their daily feeding, bathing, oiling, and rubbing, are often painted about the ears and head with various colours, and their tusks are surrounded with rings of gold or silver; and when employed in processions, &c. they are clothed in the most sumptuous trappings. By the ancient Indians they were much used in war; and we are told that Porus, the Indian mo- narch, opposed the passage of Alexander over the - Hydaspes with eighty-five Elephants. Buffon also imagines that some of the Elephants which were taken by Alexander, and sent into Greece, were employed by Pyrrhus against the Romans. The Romans received their Elephants from Africa, and that in great numbers; since it appears that Pompey entertained the people with a show of eighteen in the space of five days; which were all destroyed in conflicts with armed men. Fifty lions were also exhibited in the same space. ‘The cry- ing and distress of the wounded Elephants is said to have excited much commiseration among the Roman people. It is highly remarkable, if true, that the young Elephants do not attach them- selves to their dams in particular, but suck indis- criminately the females of the whole herd. Mr. Bruce, however, in his travels, gives a particular description of the more than common attachment of a young Elephant to 1ts dam, which it endea- voured to defend, when wounded, and with much fierceness assaulted the invaders. The young Ele- PLANT Te Ba em LL ty Oa ve Wat has 9 , : 4 2 ' \ ie 4 ? ‘ f r . “a ‘ \ > ai / Lin "i r ¢ SiC as a ti a _ mith : yi \ i ii ut , et ! % an * i en } Sdn sy Tikes ‘ é as [SSS SSS SSS SN C NY ) t) WHY <4 = SSSsws WS = SSS Gg —————_—— YY, Uy LEE j | Yj ! S Ss \ LQ ( He SS SAAS SS S = x ROCs RRR D . ay I das yi) GREAT ELEPHANT. 219 phants do not suck by the trunk, but by the mouth, as represented on the plate annexed. It is a most curious fact, and may well excite our astonishment, that skeletons resembling those of §: Elephants are occasionally found in a fossil state, and in large quantities, at a great depth under the surface, in the most northern parts of Asia*. ‘“ All the Arctic circle (says Mr. Pennant) is a vast mossy flat, formed of a bed of mud or sand, seem- ing the effect of the sea, and which gives reason to think that that immense tract was in some very distant age won from it. With them are mixed an infinitely greater number of marine bodies than are found in the higher parts of that portion of Asia. I give the fact: let others, more favoured, explain the cause how these animals were transported from their torrid seats to the Arctic regions: I should have recourse to the only one we have authority for ; and think that phenomenon sufficient: I men- tion this, because modern philosophers look out for alater cause: I rest convinced: therefore to avoid contradicting what can never be proved.” _- We must by no means here omit the fossil bones, viz. jaws, vertebree, thigh-bones, and tusks, which are often found in some parts of North America: they are commonly found about five or six feet below the surface, on the banks of the river Ohio, * A scrupulous anatomical investigation of these bones seems to prove, accordisig to some late observations of the French natu- ralists, that they are in reality different from those of the Ele- phant, notwithstanding their general similarity; and are, there- fore, to be numbered among the species of lost animals, known only from their fossil remains, 990 GREAT ELEPHANT. not far from the river Miame, seven hundred miles from the sea coast. Of these the thigh- bones are much thicker in proportion than in the common Elephant: the grinders or side-teeth are very different from ae of the Elephant, and, instead of having a flat top with numerous transverse scores, as in that animal, are pretty deeply lobed, like the teeth of carnivorous ani- mais: the tusks bear a great resemblance to those of the common Elephant, but have an inclination to a spiral curve towards the smaller end*: in | their common texture they perfectly resemble common ivory. I[t seems, therefore, extremely clear that this animal must have been a species differing from the common Elephant, but greatly resembling it. Whether it may yet exist in any of the unexplored parts of the globe, must be left to future investigations to determine. These bones are not peculiar to the northern regions of Ame- rica, but have also been found in Siberia, in Peru, and in the Brasils; and it has been remarked that they are found at greater depths than the remains of the common Elephant, in strata, which are sup- posed to have been the ruins of the old world, after the event of the deluge. The Elephant brings pale one young at a time: very rarely two: the young are about three feet high when they are first born; and continue grow- * The tusks of the common Elephant have sometimes not only an inclination to a spiral bend, but are actually twisted into two or three spiral curvatures, as in that described and engraved in Grew’s Museum Regalis Societatis; and which is now preserved in the Bri- - tish Museum. GREAT ELEPHANT. — 221 ing till they are sixteen or twenty years old: they are said to live a hundred or a hundred and twenty years. | | : In the Philosophical Transactions, for the year 1799, we find some curious particulars relative to the natural history of the Elephant, by Mr. Corse, whose residence in India afforded him opportuni- ties_of investigating the subject with exactness. From these observations it appears that some- thing must be subtracted from that elevated character with which this animal has been so fre- quently honoured; and that neither its docility nor its memory can be allowed a very high rank, when compared with those of some other animals ; and that the scrupulous delicacy, which, as it was pretended, forbad all public demonstration of its passions, is a mere fable. A female Elephant has also been known to forget her young one, after having been separated from it for the short space of only two days, and to repel its advances. An Elephant, also, which had escaped from its con- finement, has again suffered itself to be trepanned, and reconducted to its state of captivity; thus con- tradicting, in a remarkable manner, tle Horatian sentiment : Quz bellua ruptis, Cum semel effugit, reddit se prava catenis? * Both male and female Elephants, Mr. Corse informs us, are divided by the natives of Bengal * What beast, deliver’d from the broken chain, Perverse in folly, seeks his bonds again? 2. ae GREAT ELEPHANT. into two casts, viz. the Koomareah, and the Merghee. The first consists of the large or full- bodied kind; the second of the more slender, with longer legs and thinner trunk in proportion; it is also a taller animal, but not so strong as the for- mer. l wi i = Mh i | ll Ras i ( ‘ SS \ AER Ze \ NS i N\\\\ a Ha et j Beak &Feet of the PLAT YPUS Gf theirNatural sexe. Sheath feud 7800.LeA41L ondon Fub tfha by Gkears ley Fleet S@ee€. DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS. 9351 inch distant from each other. There is no ap- pearance of teeth: the palate is removed, but seems to have resembled that of a duck: the tongue also is wanting inthe specimen. The ears or auditory foramina are placed about an inch be- yond the eyes: they appear like a pair of oval holes of the eighth of an inch in diameter; there being no external ear. On the upper part of the head, on each side, a little beyond the beak, are situated two smallish oval white spots; in the lower part of each of which are imbedded the eyes, or -at least the parts allotted to the animal for some kind of vision; for from the thickness of the fur and the smallness of the organs they seem to have been but obscurely calculated for distinct vision, and are probably like those of Moles, and some other animals of that tribe ; or perhaps even sub- cutaneous; the whole apparent diameter of the ca- vity m which they were placed not exceeding the tenth of an inch. | When we consider the general form of this ani- mal, and particularly its bill and webbed feet, we shall readily perceive that it must be a resident in watery situations; that it has the habits of digging or burrowing in the banks of rivers, or under ground; and that its food consists of aquatic plants and animals. ‘This is all that can at present be reasonably guessed at: future observations, made in its native regions, will, it is hoped, afford us more ample information, and will make us fully acquainted with the natural history of an animal which differs so widely from all other quadrupeds, 232 _ DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS. and which verifies in a most striking manner the observation of Buffon, viz: that whatever was pos- sible for Nature to produce, has actually been produced. On a subject so extraordinary as the present, a degree of scepticism is not only pardonable, but — laudable; and I ought perhaps to acknowledge that I almost doubt the testimony of my own eyes with respect to the structure of this animal's beak; yet must confess that I can perceive no ap- pearance of any deceptive preparation; and the edges of the rictus, the insertion, &c. when tried by the test of maceration in water, so as to ren- der every part completely moveable, seem perfectly natural; nor can the most accurate examination of expert anatomists discover any deception in this particular. The Platypus is a native of Australasia or New Holland. eH 233 TRICHECHUS. WALRUS. F Generic Character. Dentes Primores (adulto) nulli || Fore-teeth (in the full-grown utrinque. animal) none either above or below. Laniari superiores solitarii. | Tusks solitary, in the upper jaw. Molares ex osse rugoso utrin- | Grinders, with wrinkled sur- que. faces. Labia geminata. Lips doubled. Pedes posteriores compedes |} Hind-feet, at the extremity coadunati in pinnam. of the body, uniting into a fin. i. The genus Trichechus is entirely marine, and contains but very few species: of these the princi- pal is the Trichechus Rosmarus, or, as it is some- times called, the Sea Horse, or Walrus. 234 ARCTIC WALRUS. Trichechus Rosmarus. Z! deatibus laniariis superioribus exsertis vemoiis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 59. Trichechus with distant, exserted tusks. Rosmarus. “Foust. pisc. t. 44. Le Morse. Buff. 13. p. 358. pl. 54. . Arctic Walrus. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 266. Cook's last voy. ‘a 2. p. 456. pl. 52. Naturalist’s Miscellany, bl. 76. Tuts animal inhabits the northern seas, and is — principally found within the Arctic circle. It— _ grows to a very large size, having been sometimes seen of the length of eighteen feet, and of such a thickness das to measure twelve feet round the middle of the body.. The Walrus is of an in- elegant form;. having a small head, short neck, thick body, and short legs: the lips are very thick, and the upper lip is indenitel or cleft into. two large rounded lobes: over the whole surface of this part are scattered numerous semitr anspa- rent bristles, of a yellowish tinge, and of sucha thickness as almost to equal a straw in diameter: they are about three inches long, and are slightly pointed at their extremities: the eyes are small: instead of external ears there are only two small, round orifices: the skin on the whole animal is thick, and more or less wrinkled, and is scattered a over with short brownish hair: on each foot are five toes, all connected by webs, and on each toe is a small nail: the hind feet are considerably — broader than the fore feet: the tail is extremely short. In the upper jaw are two large and long So SS PAKAATAT Whe Lisi, YY, SS \ y \ NN) SEE og WI Weed Seer, REESE 55 x ARCTIC WALRUS. 935 tusks, bending downwards: there are no cutting- teeth, but in each jaw, both above and below, are four roundish grinders with flat tops: the tusks are sometimes upwards of two feet in length, but are more generally of about one foot long; and it sometimes happens that the two tusks are not perfectly equal in length: The chief resorts of the Walrus are the seas about the northern parts of America. They are found in the gulph of St. Laurence, according to Mr. Pennant, between latitude 47 and 48, which seems to be the most southern latitude in any part of the globe. They are also found in Davis’s Straits, and within Hudson’s Bay, it lat. 62. They inhabit the coast of Greenland; and are found in great numbers about Spitsbergen, and on the floating ice in those parts. ‘They occur likewise on the coasts of Nova Zembla, and on the head lands stretch- ing towards the North Pole. They are gregarious animals, and are some- times seen in vast multitudes on the masses of floating ice so frequent in the northern seas. They are said to produce their young early in the spring; and rarely bring more than one at a birth: their food consists of sea plants, shell-fish, &e. | | The Walrus is a harmless animal, unless pro- voked or attacked, in which case it becomes fu- rious, and is extremely vindictive. When sur- prised upon the ice, the female is said first to pro- vide for the safety of the young, by flinging it into the sea, and immediately precipitating itself 936 ARCTIC WALRUS. Pe after it, carrying it to a secure distance, and then returning, with great rage, to revenge the i injury. They ai sometimes attempt to fasten their teeth on the boats, with an intent to sink them; or rise in numbers under them to overset them; at the same time shewing all the marks of rage, by roaring in a dreadful manner, and gnashing their teeth with great violence; if once thoroughly irri- tated, the aviéle herd will follow the boats tilt they lose sight of them. They are strongly at- tached to each other; and it is said that a wound- ed Walrus has been known to sink to the bottom, rise suddenly up again, and bring with it multi- tudes of others, which have abied a in an attack upon the boat from whence the insult came. ‘The Walrus has been tolerably well figured by Jonston, and this figure has been dopied by succeeding writers. An excellent representa- tion is also given in pl. 52. of the last voyage of our sthaserious navigator, Captain Cook. It is easy, however, to perceive a remarkable differ- ence between the tusks of this last, and those of the former kind figured in J onston, and it clearly appears, that thoupl this difference is not such as to justify our castles them as two distinct species, yet it obliges us to remark them as va- rieties; and it duuld seem, that, in the regions then visiood by Captain Cook, viz. the icy coasts of the American continent, in lat. 70, the Walrus is found with tusks much longer, thinner, and far more sharp-pointed, in proportion, than the com- mon Walrus; and they have a slight inclination ri ‘ 3 , ’ . 4 . 1 ya 2 . iy H i * RRS Sas a Wa cS SS Se RES ea <—- Ob * "MOTSMOL TOA * S YL i pee NRE ee * eg ae TVM OTL OV ARCTIC WALRUS. 937 to a subspiral twist: there is also a difference in the position of the tusks in the two animals; those of the variety figured in Captain Cook’s voyage curving inwards in such a manner as nearly to meet at the points, while those of the former divaricate. These differences appear very striking on collat- ing different heads of these animals. Something may, however, be allowed to the different stages of growth as well as-to the difference of sex. “Ta order that these differences may be the more clearly understood, we have figured both varieties on the annexed plates and, asa farther illustra- tion of the subject, we shall give, in the celebrated navigator’s own words, the description of a herd of W: alruses on a floating mass of ice in the aboyc- mentioned latitude. ? “ ‘They lie, in’ herds of many hundreds, upon the ice; huddling one over the other like swine ; and roar or bray very loud; so that in the night) or in foggy weather, they gave us notice of ‘the vicinity of the ice, before we could see it. We never found the whole herd asleep, some being always upon the watch. These, on the appr eat of the boat, would wake those next to them; and the alarm being thus. gradually conitmanicated, the whole herd, would be awake presently. But they were seldom in a hurry to get away, till _ after they had been once fired at. Then they would tumble one over the other into the sea in the utmost confusion. — And if we did not, at the first discharge, kill those we fired at, we generally lost them, though mortally wounded. They did 938 ARCTIC WALRUS. not appear to us to be that dangerous animal some authors have described; not even when at- tacked. They are rather more so to appearance than in reality. Vast numbers of them would fol- low, and come close up to, the boats. But the flash of a musquet in the pan, or even the bare pointing of one at them, would send them down in an in- stant. The female will defend the young one to the very last, and at the expence of her own life, whether in the water or upon the ice. Nor will the young one quit the dam, though she be dead; so that if you kill one, you are sure of the other. The dam, when in the water, holds the young one between her fore fins. ‘* Why they should be called sea-horses is hard to. say; unless the word be a corruption of the Russian name Morse; for they have not the least resemblance of a horse. ‘This is, without doubt, the same animal that is found in the Gulph of St. Laurence, and there called Sea-Cow. ‘It is cer- tainly more like a cow than a horse, but this like- ness consists in nothing but the snout. In short, it is an animal like a seal, but incomparably larger.” 3 | The teeth of the Walrus are used by way of ivory; but on this subject authors seem to vary considerably ; some representing them as superior to common ivory, and others greatly inferior, and more subject to turn yellow. The animals are now killed chiefly for the sake of the oil; and it is said that a very strong and elastic leather may be prepared from the skin. 239 INDIAN WALRUS. Trichechus Dugong. 7: dentibus laniariis superioribus exsertis approximatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 60. Dugon. Buf. 13. p. 374. pl. 56. Indian Walrus. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 369. TuIs species is a native of the seas about the Cape of Good Hope and the Philippine islands. It does not, however, seem to be very clearly known to naturalists. The count de Buffon in- forms us, that he had seen the two heads of this species, which had in the upper jaw two tusks, not extending directly out of the mouth, as in the common Walrus, but much shorter, being not above half a foot lone; more slender, and rather >? resembling large cutting-teeth than tusks; being situated very near each other in the fore part of the jaw. ‘The grinders also differ from those of the Walrus, being broader in proportion ; of these there are four on each side in the upper jaw, and three in the lower. ‘The head is also said to be of a sharper or narrower form. ‘This species, in the Philippine islands, is said to be called by the name of Dugung. 24.0 WHALE-TAILED TRICHECHUS. Trichechus Borealis. 7! nudus, cauda horizontali loco pedum poste- rior um. Hairless Trichechus, with a horizontal tail in place of hind feet. Trichechus borealis. Var. B. T: Manati. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. fe GE aie Whale-tailed Manati. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 292. THis animal seems to approach so nearly to the cetaceous or whale tribe, as scarce to deserve, according to Mr. Pennant, the name even of a biped; what are called the feet being little more than pectoral fins; which serve only for swim- ming, and are never used to assist the animal ei- ther in walking or landing; for it never goes ashore, nor ever attempts to climb the rocks like the Walrus and the Seal. It brings forth in the water, and, like the Whale, suckles its young in that element. Like the Whale it is also destitute of voice, and has also a horizontal tail, which is broad, and of the form of a crescent, without even the rudiments of hind feet. So complete is the account given by Mr. Pen- | nant of this animal, that we shall here deliver the most material parts of that author’s description, rather than attempt a new one. It inhabits the seas about Berings and the other Aleutian islands, which intervene between Kamtschatka and America, but never appears oft Kamtschatka, unless blown ashore by a tempest. It is probably the same species which is found WHALE-TAILED TRICHECHUS. 941 above Mindanao*, but is certainly that which in- habits near Rodiguez, vulgarly called Diego Reys, an island to the east of Mauritius, or the isle of France, near which it is likewise found. It is also probable that it extends to New Holland. They live perpetually in the water, and frequent the edges of the shores; and, in calm weather, swim in great droves near the mouths of rivers: in the time of flood they come so near the land that a person may stroke them with his hand: if hurt, they swim out to the sea, but presently return again. They live in families, one near another; each consists of a male, a female, a half-grown young one, and a very small one. ‘The females oblige the young to swim before them, while the other old ones surround, and, as it were, guard them on all sides. ‘The affection between the male and female is very great; for if she is attacked, he will defend her to the utmost, and if she is killed, will follow her corpse to the very shore, and swim for some days near the place it has been landed i ihe They are vastly voracious, and feed not only on the fuci that grow in the sea, but such as are flung on the edges of the shore. When they are filled, they fall asleep on their backs. During their meals they are so intent on their food, that any one may go among them, and choose which he likes best. Their back and sides are gene- rally above water; and numbers of gulls, from * Dampier, voy. I. p. 321. ¥. I 16 249 WHALE-TAILED TRICHECHUS. time to time, perch on their backs, in order to pick the insects which they find upon them. They continue in the Kamtschatkan and Ame- rican seas the whole year; but in winter they are d very lean, so that one may count their ribs. ‘They ; are taken by harpoons fastened to a strong cord; — and after they are struck, it requires the force of thirty men to draw then on shore. Sometimes, when they are transfixed, they will lay hold of the _rocks with their paws, and stick so fast as to leave the skin behind before they can be forced off. When.a Manati is struck, its companions swim to its assistance; some will attempt to overturn the boat, by getting under it; others will press down the rope, in order to break it; and others will strike at the harpoon with their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they often succeed in. ‘They have no voice, but make a noise, by hard breathing, like the snorting of a horse. They are of an enormous size: some are twenty- eight feet long, and eight thousand pounds weight: but, if the Jdindanao species be the same with this, it decreases in size as it advances southward, for the largest which Dampier saw there weighed only six hundred pounds. The head, in proportion to the bulk of the animal, is small, oblong, and almost square: the nostrils are filled with short __ bristles: the gape or rictus is small: the lips are double: near the junction of the two jaws the mouth. is full of white tubular bristles, which serve the same purpose as the lamine in Whales—to prevent the food from runnmg out with the ee ne en Pe te WHALE-TAILED TRICHECHUS. 943 water: the lips are also full of bristles, which serve instead of teeth to cut the strong roots of sea plants, which, floating ashore, are a sign of the vicinity of these animals. In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat, white bones, one in each jaw, one above, another below, with undulated sur- faces, which serve instead of grinders. : The eyes are extremely small; not larger than those of a sheep: instead of ears are only two mi- nute orifices, which will scarce permit a quill to enter: the tongue is pomted and small: the neck thick; and its junction with the head scarce dis- tinguishable; and the last always hangs down. The circumference of the body near the shoul- ders is twelve feet; about the belly twenty; near the tail only four feet eight inches: the head thirty-one inches: the hols near seven feet; and from these measurements may be (lcded the deformity of the animal. Near the shoulders are two feet, or rather fins, which are only two feet two inches long, and have neither fingers nor nails: beneath they are concave, and covered with hard bristles; the tail is thick, strong, and horizontal, ending in a stiff black fin, and like the substance of whalebone, being much split on the fore part, and slightly forked; but both ends are of equal length like the whale. ‘The skin is very thick, hard, and black; and full of inequalities like the bark of oak; and so hard as scarcely to be cut with an ax, smi has no hair upon it: beneath the skin is a thick blubber, which is said to taste like oil of almonds. The O44 ~ ROUND-TAILED TRICHECHUS. flesh is coarser than beef, and will not soon pu- trify: the young ones taste like veal: the skin is used for shoes, and for covering the sides of boats. The Russians call this animal Morskaia korowa or Sea Cow, and Kapustnik or Eater of Herbs. ROUND-TAILED TRICHECHUS. Trichechus Australis. tL potas, cauda havea loco pedum pos- teriorum. Hairy Trichechus, re a eciaetal tail in eer of hind feet. Trichechus Australis. Var. and f. Mawae Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 60. | eae Round-tailed Manati. ‘Phase One. 2s De iss. chs This species grows to the length of fourteen or fifteen feet, and is found in the rivers of Africa; particularly in the river Senegal. A complete specimen occurs in the Leverian Museum, and is about six feet and a half long, and about three feet eight inches in circumference in the thickest part of the body; and in the thinnest part or near the tail about two feet two inches. : In this species the lips are thick; the eyes as small as peas; and there are two very small ori- fices in the place of ears: in each jaw on each side are nine grinding teeth; inall thirty-six: the neck is short ia thicker tin the head: the greatest thickness of the body is about the shoulders, from whence it gradually tapers to the tail, which is horizontal, broad, thickest in the middle, grow- ing thinner to the edges, and quite round. The 3 a a ee ee Se ee ; °S OURO AOA OTL =O VL = CO YI aN in \ Abia! ANAS Hi ! ’ ~ : \. ~ ci ‘ ‘ i be af { GUIANA TRICHECHUS. 945 feet are placed at the shoulders; and beneath the skin are bones for five complete toes, and exter- nally are three or four nails, flat and rounded: near the base of each leg, in the female, is a small teat. ‘The flesh of this animal is said to resemble veal: it is, however, chiefly killed by the negroes a the sake of the blubber or fat. GUIANA TRICHECHUS. Trichechus Manatus, 7! subpilosus, dentibus laniariis nullis, cauda horizontal loco pedum posteriorum. Slightly hairy Trichechus, without tusks, and witha horizontal tail in place of hind feet. Traichechus Manatus. Liz. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 60. Guiana Manati. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 297- Tuis is anative of Guiana, inhabiting the larger rivers as well as the sea, and grows to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet: the skin is of a dark brown, with scattered hairs on it. The head hangs downward: the feet have five toes: the ody continues of nearly the same thickness al- most to the tail, where it suddenly narrows: the tail is flat, and of the shape of a spatula; thickest in the middle, and thinner towards the edges. VAR. Thichechus Clusiz. Clusius’s Manati. In Clusius’s Exotics is given a figure and de- scription of a Manati from the West Indies; but it is not easy to ascertain the species. Clusius says it had short nails and broad feet; and that the tail was broad and shapeléss. ‘The Count de Buffon, in his supplement, vol. 6. makes it a dis- tinct species. Mr. Pennant suspects it to be the same with the Guiana species above described. Trichechus Amazonius. Orouoko Manati. Pennant. This is an mhabitant of the South-American rivers, and is said to grow to an enormous size. We are told by Father Gumilla, that one was taken in a lake near the Oronoko, which was so large that twenty-seven men could not draw it out of the water. On cutting it open, two young ones were found in it, which weighed twenty-five pounds apiece. ‘This species is said most to abound in the river Amazons and the neighbour- ing lakes. Sometimes, however, they are found in the sea, and near the mouths of rivers. As an article of food it is said to be superior to any other animal of this genus, particularly the young. It is taken by means of harpoons. At the time when the waters of the Oronoque (which annually it GUIANA TRICHECHUS. .- Q47 overflow their banks) begin to return into the bed of the river, the Indians make dams across the -mouths of the shallow lakes formed by the floods, "and thus take great numbers of Manatis, as well as tortoises, fish, &c. _ We must not here omit the curious history of a tame Manati, which, at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, was kept by a prince of Hispaniola, in a lake adjoining to his residence. It was, on account of its gentle nature, called, in the lan- guage of the country, by the name of Jdatum. It would appear as soon as it was called by any of its familiars; for it hated the Spaniards, on ac- count of an injury it had received from one of those adventurers. ‘The fable of Arion was here realized. It would offer itself to the Indian fa- _yourites, and carry over the lake ten at a time, singing and playing on its back: one youth it was particularly enamoured with, which reminds me (says Mr. Pennant) of the classical parallel in the Dolphin of Hippo, so beautifully related by the — younger Pliny. The fates of the two animals were very different: Matum escaped to its native waters by means of a violent flood: the Hipponen- sian fish fell a sacrifice to the poverty of the re- tired colonists *. Lrichechus ? Hydropithecus. Sea- Ape Manati. Pennant. This species is only known from the description of Steller, who, near the coast of America, saw a * Vide Pet. Martyr's Pons of the Indies, Dec, 3. book 8, 948 GUIANA TRICHECHUS. | singular animal which he chose to name a Sea- Ape, and which Mr. Pennant supposes to belong to this genus. It was about five feet long, with a head like a dog’s: the ears sharp and erect: the eyes large: on both lips a kind of beard: the form of the body was thick and round; thickest near the head, tapering to the tail, which was bifurcated, the upper lobe longest: the body co- - vered with thick hair, grey on the back and red on the belly. Steller could not discover any feet or — paws. It was full of frolick, and sported in the. manner of a monkey; swimming sometimes on one side of the ship, and sometimes on the other; and looking at it with much seeming surprise. It would come so near the ship that it might be touched with a pole; but if any one stirred, it would immediately retire. It often raised one third of its body above the water, and stood up- right for a considerable time; then suddenly dart- ed under the ship, and appeared in the same atti- tude on the other side, and would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently bring up a sea-plant not unlike a bottle gourd, which it would toss about and catch again in its mouth, playing numberless fantastic tricks with it. END OF PART I. . ‘London: Printed by T. Davison, Lombard-stree:. ZOOLOGY Ss i VSTEMATIC NATO) — by ae HAW, M.D. EF. R.S.&e. ; WITH PLATES GEORGE S$ from the first Authorities and most select specimens c WW wee” ee, abl y 3 | ¢ Lo ae M? HEATH. VOL.I. Part 2. MAMMALIA. London Printed for G. Kear sley,Fleet Street 1800, VOLUME I.——PART II. MAMMALIA. _. LONDON. PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITE-FRIARS. Ee 1800. GENERAL ZOOLOGY. . h i 4 % it ahead ae Ait a x iH ¥ * — Ally ee des Jp phene pabooreriab © uh CONTENTS VOL. I.—PART II. Cat, Once : Jaguar Bancer, common P. 467 —————. American 469 Indian . 470 —— Ocelot Cinereous , BEAR GENUS : « 470 | —— Puma common . » 450 black tiger — American - 453 Margay —— Polar : - 457 || —— Cape — Glutton. - 460 Bengal —— Wolverene - 462 Manul Raccoon . . 464 common o—— Badger . . 467 Japan : — Americando. . 469 Guigna Indian do. » 470 || —. Colorolo —— Serval , Cat GENUS f © 337 || —— American do. Lion : > 337 || —— Chaus —— Tiger ? « 342! Bay lynx Panther ‘ : a7 Caracal Leopard . - 350 || ——— common Lynx —— lesser do. + 352% CaNIs GENUS A hunting do. a 4) 1V CONTENTS, Chittehe Re: gy Chinge , : i Coati-Mondi : Coasse : : : Conepatl Colorolo : - Cuja Chinchimen ; i Doc GENUS ; : common e Dingo : : wolf See —— Mexican do. black do. J ~—— Hyzna spotted do. Jackal Cape do. -—— Barbary do. : —— Ceylonese Fox crossdo. . ‘ — black do. -brantdo. . Corsac do. Karagan do. ; fulvousenecked do. —— Virginian do. 3 silvery do. ; Arctic do. ‘. — Chili do. ; —— Surinam . —— Bengal ; P o—— sooty . ° =—— antarctic . 390 390 385 387 389 369 433 448 273 273 277 290 296 297 Dog, Fennec DIDELPHIS GENUS | ERINACEUS GENUS FELIS GENUS ki Fox 2 : Ermine HEDGEHOG GENUS : European earless long-eared Malacca Ichneumon Jackal ° —— Cape —— Barbary Jaguar ° ° KANGUROO GENUS — great rat Kinkajou ° Lion anaphish Leopard . lesser do. hunting do, | i 472 as a aie LuTRA GENUS. Lynx —— bay MAcRopus GENUS Manul ; ‘ Margay . ‘ Martin pine do. Mapurito MoLeE GENUS common purple Cape. red . long-tailed radiated — brown Ocelot - Once 3 OpossuM GENUS short-tailed Javan Phalanger Philander Cayenne murine Merian CONTENTS. Pp 437 sngeee | ve STS 55 ‘AO Opossum, lemurine porculine viverrine petaurine squirrel long-tailed brush-tailed ri ere — vulpine — ursine OTTER GENUS common smaller sea Brasilian Saricovienne slender vison Chinchimen Panther Pekan PHOCA GENUS Pilosello Pama Raccoon | SHREW GENUS common .- — white-tailed Vv p- 487 490 491 496 498 500 502 501 503 504 504 437 437 443 444 446 447 447 448 448 vi Shrew, musk : p. $28 | Canada . o §34 ~ perfuming 433 | — water ° 534 | — Brasilian 34 | —— Surinam 530 elephant 536 - white-toothed $37 square-tailed . 537 whitish-tailed 538 cinereous 538 —— murine . = Seg Persian - 539° minute . 540 pygmy - 540 SEAL GENUS 249 common 250 | — pied , 264. | —— Mediterranean 255. long-necked 256 | —— Falkland Isle 256 tortoise-headed 259 | —— ribbon : © 257 —-— leporine 258 — great . ° 2659 rough - VD | —— porcine 2609 | —— yellow 260 — hooded —— harp 262 —— little . 264 | ursine 265 bottle-nosed 268 |] leonine sg. 270 —— urigne AO ee 262 : CONTENTS. Stoat ‘eo de ee Serval, Indian . ———— American Sor EX GENUS Surikate . ’ TALPA GENUS . Tanrec y Tendrac 3 Tiger ; Touan Ursus GENuS , Vansire fs . Vison a - VIVERRA GENUS WALRUS GENUS arctic ~~ Indian ——— whale-tailed ——— round-tailed Guiana WEESEL GENUS Ichneumon Caffrarian Zenic —— Surikate .. CONTENTS. Vil ‘Weesel, Coati-mondi p- 385 || Weesel, Stoat p- 426 Coasse : ah eee Galera OD iam alla —— striated ! wwegey7 , Conepatl . sin -GBQ —— Chinche . = 35e —Chinge . . 390 Guiana : onl white-cheeked . 429 —— Pekan ’ + 29 —— Sarmatian - 430 —— Zorilla : g) 3Qa Aare SUCTIAR Ys wile oo he Qik, —— Mapurito go hem Louaia sy). ae 2) Grison . » | 862 CHU QE) iiyceiis wen BR —— Quasje . St igge Cuja : oni —— Ceylonese » B94 spotted ° - 433 —— honey ‘ » 395 || —— grey-headed ~ boq * Ng, OS ; . 396 || —— South American 434 —— three-striped . 400 || —— woolly : Be = Genet dicen Ao ———- musky noni ———— Fossane . . 402 || == slender-toed “| 426 —— prehensile | i} 403 —— Kinkajou . 404 || Wolf 3 : + 290 fasciated . 2 405 black ; “pale Malacca. . 406 || —— Mexican . - 296 erie 3. » 408 Matin = =. . 409 || Wolverene : A Se) Beeee Sable ° - 411 || Zenic é : —— Fisher ; - 414 || Zerda : ° i eL ee Oe ee 408 IT Zibet 2 aR. on gge —— Ferret ; - 418 || Zorilla : i” - 391 common . - 420 | ERRATA.—PART II. Page 277, I. 1, for true genuine read true or genuine. 308, |. 20, for structures read structure. 497, 1. 8, for floccy read flocky, 471, 1. 14, for Viverrae read the Viverre. 408, for Tigerine Weesel read Tigrine. Directions for placing the Plates in vol. I. part IT. | q The Vignette to part II. represents the Long-tailed and Squirrel Plate 7o to face page 250 71 262 ve? 265 73 268 74 270° oe 76 278 47 ————— 282 78 2098 79 304 Bo 332 81 337 $2 1338 83 342 ee re Be Ba) Seer ae 86 abo 87 354 88 356 Ammar Eo go 369 gI 374 92 379 93 384 94 387 95 390 Opossum of New Holland. Plate 96 to face page 402 97 405 98 415 99 426 100 437 Iol ————— 444 102 45° aba Mihanamiacaimias ts 104 460 105 462 106 © 467 1o7 473 108 ————— _ 476 109 477 110 487 III ———— 491 112 496 113 498 114 en 15 ee) ee 116 513 117 ————_ 515 118) ————-__ 527 119 —————_ 528 120 —————_——-__ 531 12T ——e 42 QUADRUPEDS. ORDER Sage a. A PHOCA. SEAL. Generic Character. Dentes Primores superiores sex, acuti, paralleli: exte- riores majores. Inferiores, quatuor, paralleli, distincti, zequales, obtusius- || cull. Laniarii solitarii, robusti, acuti; superiores ab inciso- ribus, inferiores a molari- bus remoti. -Molares quinque, v. sex, an- gusti, tricuspidati. _ Pedes postici coaliti. Fore-teeth in the upper jaw six; pointed, parallel: the exterior larger. In the lower jaw four; blunt- ish, parallel, distinct, equal. Canine-teeth one on each side in both jaws, large, point- ed: the upper ones distinct from the cutting-teeth; the lower from the grinders. Grinders five on each side above, six below: obtusely tricuspidated. ‘Tus genus, like the preceding, is marine. It is, however, .so constituted as to require occasion- ally some intervals of repose, and even a consider- Veuay Fs il. 17 950 COMMON SEAL- able degree of continuance, on dry land; forsake ing, at particular periods, the water, and congre- gating in vast multitudes on the shores, on float- — ing ice, or on insulated rocks; especially during the season in which the young are produced. — ‘The most common species, or that which seems to have been known from the times of the most remote antiquity, is the Phoca vitulina, or Se Calf, as it is generally termed. | 5 COMMON SEAL. _ Phoca Vitulina. P. capite inauriculate et cervice. evi, conpore fa: if: Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 63. . Earless brown Seal, with smooth head and neck, Vitulus maris oceani. Rondel. pisc. p. 458. Cech, wae Phoca seu vitulus marinus.. Gesn. aquat. 702. Aldr, pists.722. Le Phoque. Buff. 13. p. 333.pl. 45. | } Common Seal. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 270+ The common Seal, or Sea-Calf. = | This animal is a native of the Larsen eis, | and is found about all the coasts of the northern | hemisphere, and even extends as far as the oppo- site one, being seen in vast quantities about the southern psilite regions. We are informed by Mr. Pennant, that it also inhabits some fresh wa- ter lakes, as that of Baikal, Oron, &c. and that in these lakes it is considerably smaller, but much — fatter than when found in the sea. The'Count : de Buffon imagines the Mediterranean Seal, a dis- tinct species from ina to have been abe, ® Phoca 70 COMMON SEAL. AEH TH Hees vat unin (a Mie! UU wey ft ( | ——= SS ’ 4) ou Ap mn I aan J Col \ ‘ 2 | o ) ‘ i \ \ s f ~ s \ é } j 1 ) ‘ \ ‘ 5 1 5 Py A al Wh » i ; Bt oak 4 q ‘ i Fat ¢ ‘ = j e . 2 i / a i 1 4 . \ ) ! COMMON SEAL. 951 of the ancients; grounding his idea on the rougher and longer hair in that species, which he thinks must have been alluded to by Pliny, who speaks of a popular opinion that the hair of the Phoca, in the dried skin, always roughens or rises up at the time of the reflux of the sea, and which the Count de Buffon thinks could not have been ima- gined of the common or present species, on ac- count of its short and close hair. Mr. Pennant, however, with much greater probability, supposes the present to be the ancient Phoca, since it agrees exactly with the description given by Aristotle, and which cannot be applied to the Mediterra- nean Seal. The size of the Seal varies, but its general length seems to be from five to six feet. The head is large and round: the neck small and~ short: on each side the mouth are situated seve- ral strong vibrisse or whiskers; each hair being marked throughout its whole length with nume- rous alternate contractions and dilatations. The parts about the shoulders and breast are very thick, and from thence the body tapers towards the tail. The eyes are large: there are no exter- nal ears: the tongue is bifid or cleft at the tip. The legs are so very short as to be scarcely per- ceptible; and the hinder ones are so placed as to _ be only of use to the animal in swimming, or but very little to assist it in walking; being situated at the extremity of the body, and close to each | other. All the feet are strongly webbed, but the hind ones much more widely and conspicuously 959 COMMON SEAL. than the fore. The toes on all the feet are five in number, and the claws are strong and sharp. The tail is very short. The whole animal is co- vered with short thick-set hair. In colour the Seal varies considerably, being sometimes grey, sometimes brown or blackish, and sometimes va- riously patched or spotted with white or yellow- ish. When these animals collect together in great numbers on the shore, they diffuse a very strong and disagreeable smell. This is a particularity observed by Homer, who represents Menelaus re- lating his adventure on the Isle of Pharos, where he was constrained to lie for a time among a flock of seals, disguised in the skin of one of these animals. : Seals may often be observed sleeping on the tops of rocks, near the coast; but when approach- ed too near, they suddenly precipitate themselves into the water. Sometimes, however, their sleep is very profound, and it is even affirmed by some that the Seal sleeps more profoundly than most — other quadrupeds. The structure of the Seal is so singular, that, as Buffon well observes, it was a kind of model, on which the imagination of the poets formed their Tritons, Sirens, and Sea-Gods, with a human head, the body of a quadruped, and. the tail of a fish. The Seal is possessed of a con- siderable degree of intelligence, and may be 3 tamed, so as to become perfectly familiar with those to whose care it is committed; and even to exhibit several tricks and gesticulations. Of this we have numerous examples. The female Seals COMMON SEAL. 953 produce their young in the winter season, and seldom bring more than two at a birth. — It is said that they suckle the young for about the space of a fortnight on the spot where they were born, after which they take them out to sea, and in- struct them in swimming and seeking for their food, which consists not only of fish, but of sea- weeds, &c. &c. When the young are fatigued, the parent is said to carry them on its back. The Seal is supposed to be a long-lived animal, and Buffon is even inclined to suppose that it may at- tain to the age of an hundred years. The voice of a full-grown Seal is a hoarse kind of sound, not unlike the barking of a dog: that of the young resembles the mewing of a kitten. . They have, however, like most other quadrupeds, va- rious inflexions of voice, according to the passions with which they are inspired. ‘They are said to delight in thunder-storms, and at such periods to sit on the rocks and contemplate with seeming delight the convulsions of the elements; in this respect differing widely from the terrestrial quad- rupeds, which are extremely terrified at such times. Seals are generally very fat, and are hunted in the northern regions for the sake of their oil, which forms a great article of com- merce: their skins also are much used for various ceconomical purposes. PIED SEAL. Phoca Bicolor. P. nigra inauriculata, albo varia, naso elongato, pedibus posterioribus lunatis. Earless black Seal, variegated with white, with elongated nose, and lunated hind feet. Le Phoque a ventre blanc. Buff. suppl.6. p. 310. pl. 44. — Pied Seal. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 273. THIs species, according to Mr. Pennant, dif- fers from the former, in having the nose taper and lengthened; the fore feet furnished with five toes inclosed in a membrane, but very distinct: the claws long and. strait: the hind feet very broad: five distinct toes, with the claws just ex- tending to the margin of the membrane, which expands into the form of a crescent. In the first or folio edition of the British Zoo- logy, it is not considered as distinct from the com- mon Seal, of which it was regarded as a mere va- riety; but in the third edition of the History of Quadrupeds it is described and figured under the title of the Pied Seal. It is also figured by the Count de Buffon in his sixth supplemental volume, and is there considered as a distinct species. The Count de Buffon observes, that it frequents the coasts of the Adriatic, growing to the length of seven feet anda half. In colour it varies, like the common Seal; Mr. Pennant’s specimen being black, with white throat and neck; while that de- scribed by Buffon was black, with a white belly. It may be tamed like the common Seal, and is” MEDITERRANEAN SEAL. 955 then of a mild disposition, though ferocious when first taken. Mr. Pennant’s figure seems to differ considerably from Buffon’s, which latter has a much thicker neck, larger head, and shorter snout im proportion. It was particularly fond of eels and carp, with which it was fed during the time of its captivity, and which were first rolled in salt, in order to render them more agreeable to the animal. | MEDITERRANEAN SEAL. Phoca Monachus. P. capite inauriculato, dentibus incisoribus utrius- que maxilla quatuor, palis indivisis, plantis exunguiculatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 64. , Hermaun act. nat. scrutat. Berol. 4. p. 456. t. 12, 13. Earless Seal, with four cutting-teeth in each jaw, the fore feet undivided, the hinder pinniform and without claws. Mediterranean Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 273. Tuts species has obtained the name of Mona- chus, or cowled Seal, from the looseness or width of the skin behind the neck, which, when the animal is placed on its back, folds lke a monk’s cowl. It inhabits the Mediterranean Sea, growing to the length of more than eight feet. The head is small: the neck longer than that of the common Seal; the orifices of the ears not larger than a pea: the hair short and rude: the colour dusky, spotted with ash-colour: the toes on the fore feet have nails, but the hind feet resemble fins, and have no nails. ‘This species seems to have been 956 FALKLAND ISLE SEAL. first described with accuracy by Mr. Hermann, in the 4th volume of the Berlin Transactions. LONG-NECKED SEAL. Phoca Longicollis. -P. znauriculata,-collo elongato, pedibus anteriori- bus pinniformibus. Earless long-necked Seal, with the fore feet pinniform. Long-necked Seal. Pennant Quadr. 274. Grew mus. reg. SOC. P- 95. Wir a slender body: length from nose to the fore legs as great as from them to the tail: no claws on the fore feet, which resemble fins. This species is mentioned by Grew in his Museum of the Royal Society, and is figured in the Philoso- phical Transactions. Its native place is uncer- tain. FALKLAND ISLE SEAL. Phoca Falklandica. P. cinerea, capite auriculato, dentibus incisori- bus sulcatis. Cinereous Seal, with small pointed ears, and the cutting-teeth marked with furrows. : Falkland Isle Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 275. Tuis is found in the seas about Falkland isles, and is about four feet long, with short cinereous hair, tipped with dull white: the nose short, and beset with black bristles: ears short, narrow, and pointed: the upper cutting-teeth furrowed trans- ‘ Oe = * | 4 . OS RIE POLE IG Be RIBBON SEAL. O57: versly: the lower in an opposite direction: on each side of the canine teeth a lesser or secondary one: the grinders are conoid, with a small pro- cess on each side, near the base: the fore feet have no claws, but the bones of the toes, which are five in number, may be all felt beneath the skin or web, which extends a good way beyond their ends: the toes of the hind feet are four, with long and strait claws; the skin stretching far beyond them. TORTOISE-HEADED SEAL. Phoca Testudinea. P. capite testudineo, collo gracili. Seal with tortoise-shaped head, and slender neck. Tortoise-headed Seal. Pennant Quadr. p.' 276. Wiru head shaped like that of a Tortoise: neck slender: feet resembling those of the common Seal. ‘This is described by Dr. Parsons, in the Philosophical Transactions, who informs us that it is found on several of the European coasts. ~ RIBBON SEAL. Phoca Fasciata. P. nigricans, fascia dorsali subquadrata flava. Blackish Seal, with a squarish dorsal yellow band. Ribbon Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 276. Tis species, which is at present only known from a part of its skin described by the celebrated Dr. Pallas, is a native of the seas about the Kurile t 258 LEPORINE SEAL. islands. The hair is short, glossy, and bristly, and of an uniform blackish colour, but is marked on the upper part by a yellow ribbon-like band, so disposed as to represent, in some measure, the outline of a saddle, and leaving a large included space on the back. The head and legs were wanting in this skin; the middle part only having been seen by Dr. Pallas, so that the size of the animal is unknown; but it is concluded to be a very large species. LEPORINE SEAL. Phoca Leporina. P. wvellere suberecto, molli, albido. Seal with white, soft, suberect fur. 7 Leporine Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 277. Tus species exceeds the length of six feet, and is a native of the seas about Iceland; being found from Spitsbergen to Tchutkinoss. In the sum- mer months it is found in the white sea, ascend- ing and descending rivers in quest of prey. Its fur is soft, like that of a hare, growing nearly upright, and is of a dull white-colour: the vi- brissze or whiskers are long and thick: there are — four cutting-teeth above, and the same below, and nails both on the fore and hind feet. oll 259 GREAT SEAL. Phoca Barbata. P. capite levi inauriculato, corpore nigricante. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 65. Earless blackish Seal, with smooth head. Le grand Phoque. Buff: 13. p. 345 Great Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 277- Tuts is similar to the common Seal, but grows to the length of twelve feet; having been shot in the north of Scotland of that size. When so young as to have scarce any teeth it 1s upwards of seven feet long; whereas the common Seal is at its full growth when it has arrived at the length of six feet. It is a native of the northern seas. The skin, which is thick and strong, is said to be used by the Greenlanders for thongs for their Seal fishery. Mr. Pennant supposes this species to be the same with the Great Kamtschatkan Seal, call- ed by the Russians Lachtach, which weighs eight hundred pounds, and whose young are of a black colour. ROUGH SEAL. Phoca Hispida. P. capite Levi subauriculato, corpore pallide fusco _— pilis surrectis hispido. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 64. Pale-brown subauriculated Seal, with the head smooth, and the body covered with rising bristly hair. Rough Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 278. Tuts is of a pale brown colour, with rough bristly hair, and is a native of the seas about 260 YELLOW SEAL. Greenland, where the natives catch it for its skin, with which they make garments with the hairy side inwards. Mr. Pennant-supposes this to be the species called the Square Phipper by the New- foundland Seal-hunters, and which they describe by saying that its coat resembles that of a water- spaniel, and that the animal sometimes weighs five hundred pounds. PORCINE SEAL. Phoca Porcina. P. capite auriculato,naso porcino, pedibus pentadac- tylis. Eared Seal, with hog-like snout, and five-toed feet. Porcine Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 178. In its general form this species resembles the Ursine Seal, but the nose is longer, and formed hike that of a hog. It has also five distinct toes covered with a common membrane. It inhabits the coast of Chili, and is a rare species. YELLOW SEAL. Phoca Flavescens. P. flavescens, capite auriculate. Yellowish Seal, with pointed ears. Eared Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 278. Tue eared Seal appears to be a rare species, and is smaller than most of the genus, not much — exceeding the length of two feet from the nose to the tail; and Bott the same place to the ex- YELLOW SEAL. 06) tremity of the hind feet, about two feet and a half. Its colour is an uniform pale yellow, or deep cream-colour, without any variegation. The head is rather small, and the nose somewhat point- ed: the ears are about an inch long, and are very narrow and pointed; and are somewhat leat-shap- ed: the vibrissz or whiskers long and whitish: the teeth are rather blunt than sharp, and the two middle incisores or front teeth of the lower jaw are slightly emarginated. ‘The fore feet are pin- niform, and without any appearance of toes or claws, -and in shape somewhat resemble the fore fins of a turtle: the hind feet are strongly webbed, and have long and very distinct claws, of which the three intermediate are much larger than the exterior ones: the tail is about an inch in length. This Seal is in the Leverian Museum, and is ana- tive of the Magellanic Straits. It has never be- fore been figured, except in the plate of the Magellanic Vulture or Condor, in the first num- ber of the Museum Leverianum; but the figure there represented, being merely intended as an accompaniment to the scenery of the plate, is, of course, only calculated to Ey Avey a general re- semblance of the animal. LOL, - HOODED SEAL. , He Neene Phoca Cristata. P. capite antice cristato, corpore grisea. * Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 64. , Grey Seal, with a folding skinny crest on the foreheads = Hooded Seal. Pennant fas oss pb. ii Maite: oy ee Be ie 4 Tus is Sistinipentelecd by a cg folded skin “on the forehead, which it can, at pleasure, fing over the eyes and nose, to defend them against stones and sand in stormy weather. Its hair is white, with a thick coat of black woolly hair es neath, which makes the animal appear of a fine grey. It mbhabits only the south of Greenland and Newfoundland; and in the latter is called the Hooded Seal. ‘The hunters affirm that they can- not kill it till they remove the hooded skin or covering of the head. | _ HARP SEAL, Phoca Groenlandica. P. capite Tod inauriculato, corpore gristo, la- | teribus luna nigra. Lin. Syst. Nat. G: Gmel, p. Ode Earless grey Seal, with a black dorsal crescent, ‘the horns pennies if a 2 ing downwards along the sides, ie si rad Ang e * Harp Seal. Pennant Quadr.p. 279. tail sane Mey : Tue Harp Seal is of a clumsy and inelegant form; the head seeming to join the body without the appearance of any neck; the snout is rather pointed: the general colour of the animal is whit- ish or grey, with a very large and somewhat irre- vi PIED SEAT. cer “if Ny, U; Y Ya mama Teade ferdp. 1600 F 2b? London Publghad by Gkearsley Dleet Street HARP SEAL. | 2963 gularly defined black arch or crescent commen- cing at the upper part of the back; the two bows or horns proceeding obliquely downwards along each side towards the tail: the head also is black: it is said, however, that the black-arch does not appear till the fifth year of the animal’s age; and that the colour differs annually till that period, during which time the species is distinguished by the Greenlanders according to the respective va- riation of colour. There a8 also said to be a_ blackish variety. The English Seal- hunters term this species the Harp Seal, ‘or Heart Seal, and the black arch is called the saddle. It is a native of the seas about Greenland, Newfoundland, Iceland, the White Sea, &c. and, according to Mr. Pennant, passes through the Asiatic Straits, as low as Kamt- schatka. It is reckoned the most valuable of all. the Seals; the skin being the thickest and the best, and its produce of oil the greatest. It grows to 'the leneth ‘of nine feet. In the Teveiian Mu- seum is a ne specimen of this animal. 264 LITTLE SEAL. Phoca Pusilla. P. capite levi subauriculato, corpore fusco. Lin. Syst. Nats Gmel. p. 65. | Subauriculated dusky Seal, with smooth head. Le petit Phoque. . Buf. 13. p. 333. ph 53. Little Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 280. In this species the hair is said to be soft, smooth, and longer than in the Common Seal : the colour on the head and back dusky: beneath brownish: the length two feet four inches: the four middle cutting-teeth of the upper jaw are bi- ficated: the two middle of the lower slightly tri- furcated: the ears very small: the webs of the — feet extend very far beyond the toes and nails, This animal is figured in Buffon’s Natural History, under the title of Le petit Phoque, and the speci- men is said to have been brought from India, but Mr. Pennant imagines this to be an erroneous idea, arising from some misinformation, since, from the authority of Dampier, as well as of mo- dern voyagers to the East Indies, it should seem that no seals are observed in that ocean. 3 4s { Ny IN Teer +6 “Tvas UNISMT Iie = eg ere: ge ee we . 265 URSINE SEAL. Phoca Ursina. P. nigricans, naso simo, capite auriculato, fait. _ anterioribus pinniformibus. Eared blackish Seal, with flattish nose, and fore feet shaped like fins, : | Ursus marinus. Sreller nov. act. Petrop. 2. po 331s te 150 Ursine Seal. ed Quadr. p. 281. Tes is one of the larger seals, growing to the length of eight feet, al weighing eight hundred pounds. The female falls far short of the size and weight of the male. ‘The body of this spe- cies is of a very thick form, somewhat conical or decreasing towards the tail: the greatest circum- ference is about five feet, and near the tail about twenty inches: the nose projects like that of a pug dog, but the head rises suddenly: the nos- ‘trils are oval, and divided by a septum: the lips thick: their inside red and serrated: the whiskers long and white: the teeth lock into each other when the mouth is closed: in the upper jaw are four cutting-teeth, each bifurcated: on both sides is a. small sharp canine-tooth, bending inwards: near that another larger: the grinders resemble canine-teeth, and are six in number in each jaw: in the lower jaw are also four cutting-teeth and two canine, but only four grinders in each jaw: in all thirty-six teeth: tongue bifid: eyes large and prominent: iris black: pupil emerald-green. The eyes are furnished with a fleshy ceenbedee with which they may occasionally be covered: the ears are small and sharp-pointed; hairy with- Wik. @.. TT. 18 2°66 ) URSINE SEAL. out, but smooth and polished within. The length of the fore legs is about twenty-four inches, and they are less immersed in the body than those of other Seals: the feet are formed with toes, but are covered with a naked skin, and have merely the rudiments of nails, so that their general shape ap- proaches to that of the fore feet of the small yel- low or eared Seal, before described, giving them the appearance of a turtle’s fin: the hind legs are twenty-two inches long, and are fixed to the body behind, but are capable of being brought quite forwards occasionally, so that the animal can rub its head with them: these feet are divided into five toes, separated by a large web, and are a foot broad: the tail is only two inches long. ‘The hair is long and rough, and beneath it is a soft down of a bay colour: on the neck of the male the hair is upright, and a little longer than the rest. The general colour of the animal is black, but the ‘anh bad hair of the old ones is tipped with grey; and the — % females are cinereous. ‘The flesh of the females and the young is said to resemble lamb, and the young are said to be as good as sucking pigs. The manners of this species are so well describ- ed by Mr. Pennant, from Steller and others who have had opportunities of contemplating them in their native regions, that it is impossible to wish __ for more ample information. ‘They live im fami- lies; each male has from eight to fifty females, whom he guards with the jealousy of an Eastern” 5 monarch. Though they lie by thousands on the q shore, each family keeps itself separate fromthe URSINE SEAL. 267 rest, and is sometimes so numerous as to amount to above an hundred. The old animals which have been deserted by the females, are said to live apart, and are most excessively splenetic and quarrelsome. They are extremely fierce, and enormously fat. It sometimes happens that they approach or intrude upon each other’s station, in which case a battle ensues between the two indi- viduals; and they, in the conflict, disturb the re- pose of some of their neighbours, till in the end the discord becomes universal, and is in a manner spread through the whole shore. Exclusive of the contests between these solitary males, similar disagreements take place between those who live in a more social state; either from invading each others seats, endeavouring to allure the females, * or interfering in the disputes of their neighbours. These conflicts are very violent, and the wounds they receive are very deep, and resemble the cuts of a sabre. At the end of the fray they fling themselves into the sea to wash away the hiogd They shew a great attachment to their young, and shew all the: signs of the deepest concern on losing them. | The Ursine Seal is an inhabitant of the islands in the neighbourhood of Kamstchatka. In these islands they are seen from June to September, during which time they breed and educate their young. In September they are said to quit their stations, and to return, some to the Asiatic, and some to the American shore; but are generally confined to a space in those seas between lat. 50 968 BOTTLE-NOSED SEAL. and 56. ‘They swim very swiftly, at the rate of. seven miles an hour, and are very fierce and strong. They are said to be very tenacious of. life, and to live a fortnight after receiving such . wounds as would immediately destroy almost any other anil. | | | BOTTLE-NOSED SEAL. “ uhh Phoca Leonina. P. capite antice cristato, corpore fue. Lin Nat. Gmel. p. 63. Brown Seal, with the. shout of the male furnished with a po jecting crest or inflated membrane. me Sea-Lion. Ayson’s voy. p. 122. Bottle-nosed Seal. Pennant Quadr. 2, 9: 286. Tuts species (in the rahe) is distinguislaad: by its projecting snout, which hangs screalanehes over the lower jaw; the upper part consisting of a loose wrinkled skin, which the animal, dies an- gry, has a power of inflating, so as to give C nose an arched or hooked. appease Lahti is very large species, the male nesasiaaae nts, and the female about eighteen feet in length. The feet are short: the hinder ones webbed in a : such a manner as to resemble a kind of fins: the = eyes are large: the vibrisse or whiskers arevalso large and long: the general colour of the animal SE gee on eet ae is a deep cream or dun, or rather a rust-colour: in the female the nose is blunt and tuberous at a the top: the nostrils wide: the mouth; rather g small: in the upper jaw are four cutting-teeth, YELLOW SEAL. Trom Ce Levertan Mugen . SS NN S ———— —_——_ : wih BOTTLE-NOSED SEAL. 269 the two exterior of which are much larger than the two middle ones: there are also two very large but rather blunt canine-teeth, remote from the. cutting-teeth: and on each side are five small conical grinders or molares. In the lower jaw are only two very small cutting-teeth; two large canini like them in the upper jaw, and five grind- ers on each side. ‘The cutting-teeth themselves resemble the shape of the caniniin miniature. In the British Museum is a tolerably well preserved skin of a female, which formerly belonged to the Museum of the Royal Society. This species in- habits the seas about New Zealand, the island of Juan Fernandez, and the Falkland islands. In Juan Fernandez, during the breeding season, viz. in June and July, they are seen in great numbers suckling their young on the shore: they bring two young at a birth: the females are observed to be excessively fierce during the time of rearing the young: towards evening both the male and female swim out a little way to sea, the female bearing the young on her back, which it is said the male frequently pushes off, in order to oblige them to exercise their swimming powers. On the arrival of these animals on the breeding- islands, they are said to be so excessively fat as to resemble skins of oil; the tremulous motion of the blubber being plainly perceivable beneath the skin. A single animal has been known to yield _a butt of oil, and to be so full of blood that what has run out has filled two hogsheads. The flesh is eatable. Lord Anson's sailors eat it under the 270 LEONINE SEAL, @ denomination of beef, to distinguish if ona that : of the Seal, which they termed lamb ; ; LEONINE SEAL, Phoca Jubata. P. cervice (maris) jubata. Lin. Su Nat Gn. p. 63. Reddish-brown Seal, with a large mane sound the neck of the male. 7 Leo marinus. eee, act. Petrop. 2. p. 360. Sea-Lion, Cook’s voy. 2. 203. Forster’s voy. 2. 513. . i Leonine Seal. Pennant Ryn. 2. p. 288. ! 2 1¢ ‘i a SMa Sp tees FAB, Turs is so termed from the large oon) aoe mane or floating hair with which the head and neck of the male is furnished. The nose is short and turns up a little: the eyes are large: the whiskers very large and strong: the hair on the, whole body is sagt short, “anh glossy: ‘its co- lour is a deep brown; but those of this species which | are found on Kamtschatka are said to be reddish, _ and the females tawny. The males are far larger than females, and grow from the length of from ten , to fourteen feet: the females are from six c to ne ; SFL The weight of a PM ge male is . ae tar c to fifteen hundred pounds. A still greater ‘size has been ascribed to those of Falkland isles, . viz ee that of twenty-five feet in length, and ninetegn, or twenty feet round the shoulders. ny These animals, according to Mr. Pesta: habit, in vast numbers, the islands called Pen N ILEONINE SEAL. _———, ee =. SENS Sy S RS ANY SY WS WS SSS SS = ase = —_— SE ee ee? = ate ae oe a ——™ + ——__ a rf ¥ He ; i ils ah URIGNE SEAL. 97 1 and Seal islands, near Cape Desire, on the coast of Patagonia; and are found within the Magel- lanic Straits, and on Falkland islands, but have not been discovered in any other part of the southern hemisphere, or in any other place nearer than the sea between Kamtschatka and America. They live in families distinct from the Ursine and other Seals; their manners, however, are nearly the same: they are polygamous, each male being accompanied by from two to thirty females. The males utter a snorting sound, and occasionally roar like bulls: the voice of the females resembles that of calves, and the young bleat like lambs, the food of the Leonine Seal consists of the smaller kinds of penguins, fish, seals, &c. but during the breeding season they are said to fast for three or four months, during which time they swallow a number of large stones, in order to keep their sto- machs in a distended state. URIGNE SEAL. Phoca Lupina. P. (inauriculata?) capite canino, pedibus anteriorions pinniformibus. Earless Seal with dog-like head, and fore feet shaped like fins. Urigne Seal. Pennant Quadr. p. 290. Tuis is a smaller species than the former, be- ing found from about three to eight feet in, length. The body is thick at the shoulders, and gradually lessens to the hind legs. ‘The head resembles that of a dog, with close cut ears: the nose is 4 972, URIGNE SEAL. short and blunt: m the mouth are six cutting- teeth above, and four below: the fore feet have four toes inclosed in a membranaceous sheath, so as to resemble fins; and the hind feet are hid in a continuation of the skin of the back, and have — _ five toes of unequal length like the fingers of the human hand: the tail is three inches long: the skin is covered with two sorts of hair; one like that of an ox, the other harder: the colours are various. ‘These animals are the Sea Wolves men- tioned by navigators off the island of Lobos, near the River Plata. ‘They are said to appear there in vast multitudes, and to meet the ships, and even to hang at the ship’s side by their paws, seeming to stare at and admire the crew: then drop off and return to their former haunts. The oil. : In enumerating the species of Seals, we have chiefly followed Mr. Pennant; but it may perhaps be doubted whether some of these animals may not rather be considered as varieties than as truly distinct species. ae) natives of Chili kill them for the sake of their a et e i it ‘kh a Bs ' y { off Ba iy x! ee ee ee cue tees ee Sek a 273 COMMON DOG. Generic Character. Dentes Primores superiores || Cutting-teeth in the upper jaw sex; laterales longiores, six; the laternal ones long- distantes; intermedii lo- er, distant; the interme- bati. diate ones lobated. Inferiores sex; laterales lobati. || In the lower jaw six; the la- a teral ones lobated. Laniarii solitarii, incurvati. || Canine-teeth solitary, incut- vated. Molares sex vel septem (plu- || Grinders six or seven (or resve quam in reliquis ). more than in other genera of this order). COMMON DOG. Canis Familiaris. C. cauda sinistrorsum recurvata. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 56- Dog with recurved tail turned towards the left. Canis. Gesn. Quadr.g1. Aldr. dig. 482. Fohnst. Quadr. 122. Ray. Quadr. 176. Tue Dog, that most faithful and valuable do- mestic, is one of those animals which have so long been taken under the peculiar protection of mankind, that the real origin of the species re- 274 DOG. mains in a state of uncertainty; wild dogs appear to be found in great troops in Congo, lower thiopia, and towards the Cape of Good Hope. ‘They are said to be red-haired, with slender bodies and turned-up tails, like greyhounds, Itis also added, that they vary in colour, have upright ears, and are of the general size of a large fox-hound. They destroy cattle, and hunt down antelopes, and many other animals, and commit great ra- vages among the sheep of the Hottentots. They are very seldom to be taken, being extremely swift as well as fierce. ‘The young are said to be sometimes obtained, but grow so fierce as to be very difficultly rendered domestic. It is not, however, allowed by modern natu- ralists, that these wild dogs constitute the true or real species in a state of nature, but that they are rather the descendants of dogs once domesticated, and which have relapsed into a state resembling that of primitive wildness; and a theory has for some time prevailed, that the Wolf is in reality the stock or original from which the Dog has proceeded. The Count de Buffon, however, in the earlier part of his writings, maintains a con- trary opinion. “The Wolf and the Dog (says Buffon) — ne- ver been regarded as the same species but by the nomenclators of natural history, who, being ac- quainted with the surface of nature only, never extend their views beyond their own methods, which are always deceitful, and often erroneous even in the most obvious facts. The Wolf and oe, ff i DOG. O75 Dog (adds this author) cannot breed together, and produce an intermediate race: their disposi- tions are opposite, and their constitutions differ- ent: the Wolf also lives longer than the Dog; the former breeds but once a year, but the dog twice or thrice. ‘These distinctions are more than suf- ficient to demonstrate the two animals to be of very different kinds. Besides, on a closer inspec- tion, we easily perceive that even externally the Wolf differs from the dog by essential and uni- form characters. ‘The appearance of the head and the form of the bones are by no means the same. The cavity of the eye in the Wolf is placed ob- liquely; the orbits are inclined; the eyes sparkle and shine in the dark: instead of barking the Wolf howls; his movements, though quick and precipitate, are more uniform and equal: his body is stronger, but not so flexible: his limbs are firmer, his jaws and teeth larger, and his hair coarser and thicker.” All this, however, was said long before the celebrated experiments had been made, which have clearly proved that a hybrid offspring may. be obtained from the Dog and the Wolf, and that the breed may be continued between the hy- brids themselves, or with other Dogs. In his supplemental volumes the Count de Buffon him- self has amply detailed some experiments of this kind, and has given engravings of the descend- ants. But though the Wolf and the Dog may thus breed together, and their progeny may also prove fertile, yet this can hardly be allowed a sufficient proof of a real identity of species. The 976 DOG. same citcumstance has been known to take place - between the Horse and the Ass; the Mules of | which have sometimes proved fertile; and the same may be said of the Goldfinch sai the Canary- bird; but surely we are not justified. im supposing | the species to be the same.. We can only con- _ clude from such experiments, that animals of spe- cies extremely nearly allied to each other, though really different, may sometimes ‘intermix, and. produce a fertile progeny; but the genuine spe- cies still remains intemerated. If, however, the . — origin of the Dog must be traced to some other animal, the Jackall perhaps seems a more ab sa ble origin than the Wolf. It is generally believed that the Dog was un-- known in America on the arrival of the Euro- peans*. Dogs, indeed, in a wild state, are said to be frequently found in South America, but these are . supposed to be the descendants of such as were . introduced by the Europeans on the. first disco- very of America. When taken young they are said to be readily tamed, and to acquire the ha-. — bits of the domestic Dog. They resemble Grey- hounds in appearance. Linneus observes, that the American dog does not bark; but this relates to the wild dogs of North Amerie only; which, it is visits derive their origin from the Wol and which, instead: of bird at: utter only a. kit * Yet the Peruvians had, hevording to Acosta, a little af 2 like a dog, of which they were very fond, and kept by way of : lap-dog. 1 SHEPHERD'S DOG. Ge aa ate r DEE aah < “SSI WOLF. 1600 Febti Fubli{nad by Giearsley, Fleet Street. ie Ze Nu Heath fculp ah, 7 dhs 739 -poG. O77 of howl; and are greatly inferior to the true ge- nuine Dog. . In eatin: or New Holland the Dog is known by the name of Dingo, and is an animal of uncommon strength and fierceness. The dog is unquestionably subject to greater variety than any other animal, and it is no easy task to ascertain all the different breeds. That which is supposed by naturalists to ap- proach most nearly to the origmal animal is known by the name of the Shepherds’ Dog.— (Canis domesticus. Lm.) This is distinguished by its upright ears, and tail remarkably villose be- neath. In the Alpine regions, as well as in some other parts of Europe, this Dog is much larger and stronger than in England. Its principal use 1s as a guard to the flock, which it prevents from sthinaralbrer and defends from all attacks. In Mr. Bewick’s work on Quadrupeds, the variety figured as the Shepherds’ Dog is said to have always one, and sometimes two toes more than other Dogs; these toes appear to be destitute of muscles, and hang dangling at the hind part of the leg like an epidrently unnecessary excrescence. ‘This parti- cularity, however, is not mentioned in Buffon’s description of that animal, nor does it make any part of the Linnean characteristic of this variety: _ the race described by Mr. Bewick is said to prevail most in the north of England, and in Scotland. In a pointer, it is well known, a similar particu- larity generally takes place. The Dingo, Australasian, or New Holland Dog, 278 DOG. approaches in appearance to the largest kind of | Shepherds’ Dog. The ears are short and erect: the tail rather bushy : the hair, which is of a red- dish dun-colour, is long, thick, and strait. This Dog is capable of barking, though not so readily as the European Dogs: it is extremely fierce, and — has the same sort of snarling and howling voice as the larger dogs in general. By some it has been erroneously said neither to bark nor growl. Those which have been brought over to Europe were of a savage and untractable disposition. The Pomeranian Dog (Canis Pomeranius. Lin. Gmel.) is distinguished by upright ears, long hair on the head, and an extremely curved tail, so as to form almost a circle. This Dog is generally of a white colour. The Siberian Dog (Canis Sibiricus. Lin. Gmel.) is nearly allied to the preceding, and may be sub- divided into several races, differing as to strength and size. The Siberian Dogs are principally used in that country and in Kamtschatka for drawing — sledges over the frozen snow in winter. Four, or six, or more, according to circumstances, are commonly yoked to the sledge, and will readily carry three persons with their baggage, and thus perform a journey of fifty or even sixty English miles in a day. ‘Their fidelity, however, is not highly praised, and their malignity sometimes renders it necessary for the master to be on his guard against their stratagems. In Kamtschatka in particular, the treatment which the dogs re- ceive is said to be such as seems but ill calculated PGE eB. PS Se € eRe? ae Pee are, 70 STG 3h Fa ae 2 Bee m4 x i i i f y : ,* : ¢ ui ¢ % 3 4 ; ff Ay ri " A * : ht a ) $ : +g pes! vi ; ‘ : ny ' J " n v } i ' ; e ty FNM ! ” nl i * é i , 7 - 4 f ety gts JACKAL. 305 getables. The voice of the Jackal is described as peculiarly hideous, consisting of a kind of mix- ture of howling and indistinct barking. These animals frequently go in great troops, to hunt their prey, and by their dreadful yellings alarm and put to flight deer, antelopes, and other timid quadrupeds; while the Lion, instinctively attend- ing to the clamour, is said to follow till the Jack- als have hunted down the prey, and, having sa- tiated himself, leaves only the mangled remains to be devoured by the Jackals. It is for this reason that the Jackal is popularly termed the Lion’s Provider. When pressed by hunger, Jackals have been frequently known to _ enter towns and devour indiscriminately whatever animal substance they can find. They commit ravages among the flocks, kill fowls, &c. and have been known to attack mankind. There is great reason for supposing this animal to be the real origin of the Dog, since almost all its manners and propensities are the same. When taken young, it is easily tamed; attaches itself to mankind, distinguishes its master, comes on being called by its name, shews an attachment to Dogs, instead of flying from them, and has all the other particularities of character by which the Dog is distinguished: amongst others, the important ‘ob- servation of Professor Guldenstedt, who has given an accurate description of the Jackal in the Pe- tersburgh Transactions, should by no means be omitted, viz. that the Jackal and Dog agree in the structure of the coecum or short intestine, and 306 JACKAL’, differ in that respect both from the Wolf and the - Fox. According to Mr. Pennant, the Jackal in- — habits ‘‘ all the hot and temperate parts of Asia, India, Persia, Arabia, Great Tartary, the regions about Mount Caucasus, Syria, and the Holy-land, and occurs, in most parts of Africa, from Barbary to the Cape of Good Hope.” The most authentic figure of the Jackal seems ‘to be that published by Mr. Schreber, which, he informs us, is from a drawing communicated by Dr. Pallas, and which was taken from the living animal brought from the Levant, and figured un- der his own inspection: it also agreed perfectly with the skin of one brought from Persia, and preserved at Petersburgh. ‘This figure is, there- fore, copied in the present publication. The fol- lowing most accurate description by Dr. Pallas will, no doubt, be considered as an important ad- dition to the history of this animal. | “‘In external figure the Jackal resembles the Wolf more than the Fox. It is also larger, and stands higher on its legs than the Fox. The head is of a fox-red above, mixed with ash-grey hairs, which have each a blackish ring and tip: the up- per lip is white on each side the nose, and the throat is of the same colour: the whiskers, the long hairs on the chin, and those above the eyes, which are five in number, are black: the ears are fox-red externally, and white internally: the neck and back are all over grey-yellow, and both, but especially the latter, are dashed with a shade of — dusky, owing to the tips of the long hairs on JACKAL. 307 those parts: the under parts of the body and the ~ legs are of a light reddish-yellow, but the shoul- ders and thighs are externally of a fox-red: the claws are black; the thumb-claw stands higher than in the Dog, and is crooked: the tail is strait, somewhat longer and more hairy than in the Wolf, and is of a greyish-yellow, more inclining to fox-red towards the end; the long hairs have black tips, and consequently the tip of the tail appears black: the hair of the Jackal is coarser and stronger than that of the Wolf, and is longest on the shoulders and tail, where it measures four inches: on the neck and back it is shorter by an inch: between the hairs is situated a woolly fur of a grey colour: the four middle front teeth are of a truncated form, or, if cut off, flat, not percep- tibly notched or indented: the two exterior larger ones in the upper jaw are somewhat carinated, in the lower rounded: the side or canine-teeth in the upper jaw are somewhat larger than in the under: _ the grinders are six on each side, the first being the smallest, and of a conical shape; the next _ grinders, to the number of two in the upper and three in the lower, are gradually larger, and di- vided into three points: the fourth of the upper jaw and the fifth of the under are the largest, and have two points: the remaining ones stand deeper in the jaw, or more inwards, and are smaller than the preceding: the tongue has on each side a border or row of small verruce or warts.” According to Mr. Pennant, the usual length of the Jackal is about two feet and a half; the fe- *. 308 JACKAL. male is somewhat smaller than the male, and has from six to eight paps. Dr. Pallas counted, in a young Jackal, three teats on one side, and four on the other, of which the foremost was situated : near the sides of the breast. The more we consider the nature and manners of this animal, the more reason we shall find to coincide with Professor Guldenstadt in opinion, that the Jackal is the real origin of the Dog; (unless, indeed, we allow the wild dogs of Africa, mentioned under the history of that species, to be the Dog in a state of nature). Mr. Guldenstadt | very properly observes, that the natale solum of the Wolf does not seem to fit it for bemg the supposed origin of the Dog, since it is generally confined to the frigid zone: its size is also against the sup- position; for the natural size of any species of animal appears to be between that of the large and small varieties. The Fox is still more unlike the Dog, as to some particulars m the structures of the intestines: the native country of the Jackal, which is properly Asia Minor, is the land where we should naturally suppose the primeval domes- tic Dog to have originated. The Jackal, accord- ing to Mr. Guldenstadt, has a natural propensity to follow mankind, instead of flying from him, like the Wolf and the Fox. The whelp, he adds, is very readily tamed, and, when grown up, as- sumes all the habits of the domestic Dog: fawns on his master, rejoices, wags its tail, throws itself on its back, and murmurs gently, distinguishes its name, jumps on the table, &c. &c. &e. OO cee oS ee RES eee ae ee sos eg eg? yo Le ee aan Mess JACKAL. 309 *« Catulus captus facile cicuratur, et in hospitio adultus blanditur; homines lete adspiciendo, caudam motitando, corpus, prosternendo, vel in dorso se projiciendo, levi murmure ganniendo. Dominum distinguit a reliquis; ad nomen pro- prium ipsi impositum attendit; in mensam invita- tus insilit; contortuplicatus dormit; lambendo bi- bit; scybala dura cacat; ad latus mingit; in so- cietate canum pacificus anum eorum odorat. Odor, quem Schacala per glandulas anales spargit, nec teterrimus, ut Dumon voluit, nec moscho analo- gus, ut alii voluerunt, hunc eo vulpis mitiorem et illo canis foetore instante tempestate erumpente, | vix deteriorem esse sentio.” | , That the Jackal and Dog readily intermix or breed, appears from various testimonies, accord- ing to the Count de Buffon, in his chapter on the degeneration of animals. Mr. G. cannot consi- der the cauda recurvata as an essential character of the Dog, but thinks it may have originated from cicuration. The Jackal, he thinks, with many other authors, may probably be the Thos of Aristotle. _ Mr. G. saw no Jackals of the exact measure given by Gmelin, but, in general, of twenty-six or twenty-seven Paris inches from the nose to the beginning of the tail. The general colour, he adds, is a dirty fulvous, rather blacker on the back, and yellowish-white beneath. On each knee is generally a black patch, and the uP of the tail is of the same colour. 310 CAPE JACKAL. Canis Mesomelas. C. Cauda recta, corpore ferrugineo, fascia dorsali ngra. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 73. Ferruginous Dog, with strait tail, and black dorsal band. Der Capische Schakal. Schreber saength. 1. p. 370. tab. 95. Cape Schakal. Pennant Quadr..1.p.265. Tuts animal is said to be not uncommon about the Cape of Good Hope, and is by some con- founded with the Jackal, to which, indeed, it seems to be very nearly allied. ‘The head is yel- lowish-brown, with a mixture of black and white hairs, especially on the hind part; the nape of the neck and the whole length of the back black, with a mixture of white: the black band com- mences at the top of the neck, and widens over the shoulders, in an almost rhomboid form, from thence decreasing to the tail, along the upper part of which it is still continued in form of a stripe. ‘This black dorsal band is clouded on each side in the broadest part with whitish or greyish undulations, and a similar mixture is visible on the middle of the band. ‘The general colour of the animal is bright foxy or ferruginous, with the ~ throat, breast, abdomen, and insides of the thighs whitish: the tail is not unlike that of a fox, but rather less bushy, and is of the same bright ferru- ginous as the upper parts of the body, with three transverse black bands towards the end, and a black tip. The length of this animal is two feet and three quarters, exclusive of the tail, which BARBARY JACKAL. 311 -measures one foot. The description of this spe- cies was drawn up by Mr. Schreber, from a skin sent from the Cape: the figure also accompany- ing the description was from the same skin. It is here copied from the work of Mr. Schreber. Mr. Schreber observes, that the figure of the Jackal given by the Count de Buffon seems much more nearly allied to this animal than to the pre- ceding. Mr. Pennant informs us, that the figure in question was copied from a skin in but an in- different state of preservation, in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and was by himself commu- nicated to the Count de Buffon, who introduced it into his work. BARBARY JACKAL. Canis Barbarus. C. subfuscus, cauda recta, fascia subauriculart descendente furcata ngra, cauda fuscis tribus fuscis. Pale-brown Dog, with strait tail, a black descending forked band from behind each ear, and three dusky bands on the tail. Barbary Schakal. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 260. _ Le Chachal. Buff. suppl. 6. p. 112. pl. 16. ‘Tuts species has a long slender nose, sharp up- right ears, and a long bushy tail. Its colour is a very pale brown: from behind each ear runs a black line, which soon divides into two, running downwards along the neck: the tail is surrounded by three dusky rings or zones. It is of the size of the common Fox, but the limbs seemingly 312 CEYLONESE DOG. shorter, and the nose more slender. A drawing made from the skin of this animal in the Ashmo- lean Museum at Oxford was communicated, as before mentioned, by Mr. Pennant to the Count de Buffon, which he caused to be engraved in his third supplemental volume. | CEYLONESE DOG. Canis Ceilonicus. C. cinereo-flavescens, naso — cauda longa acuminata, unguibus incurvis. Yellowish-grey Dog, with lengthened snout, long seas pointed tail, and crooked claws. Chien sauvage de Ceylon. Vosmaer descr. Ceylonese Dog. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 266. THIs species is a native of Ceylon, but no par- ticulars relative to its manners or history are known. It was described by Mr. Vosmaer from a stuffed skin. He informs us that it was a little larger than a common domestic cat, measuring about twenty-two inches from nose to tail: the tail itself sixteen inches, gradually tapering to the point. The ground colour is a yellowish-grey, with a cast of brown on some parts, owing to the longer hairs which are of that colour: the feet are strongly tinged with brown; and here and there along the back the brown cast seems to form a kind of stripes or rays: the belly is cinereous: the hair on the whole animal is closish, but soft to the touch: the head is long and pointed; the — ' CEYLONESE DOG. $13 snout and part under the chin brown, but the top of the head of a yellowish ash-colour, which pass- ing beyond the ears, forms as it were a spot be- low them, and descends from thence to between the eyes, where it terminates in a point. Beneath the eyes, on the cheeks, are some oblong patches of a clearer or brighter colour than the rest of the skin: the nostrils open, in the form of crescents: on each side the front of the nose are seated long hairs or whiskers of a blackish brown-colour: two similar hairs are also situated at each corner | of the eye; and on each side the head, in a strait line from the nose, is a simple hair like the for- mer: the ears are small, pointed, and elevated; and of a brown-colour. There are six front-teeth in the upper mandible; beyond which are two large canine-teeth; and farther back (so far as the dried state of the specimen permitted a view) four very pointed grinders; but there are proba- bly more, which could not be seen. In the lower jaw are six small front-teeth, large canine ones, and six grinders on each side. ‘The claws of this animal resemble those of a Cat more than of a Dog, though not so long and slight in proportion. Both fore and hind feet have five toes. The ani- mal was received from Ceylon, under the name of Wild or Wood Dog. Vv. I. P. I. 21 314 FOX. Canis Vulpes. C. cauda recta, apice albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. P- 59: Dog with strait tail tipped with white. Vulpes. Gesn. Quadr. 966. Aldr, dig. 195. Jonst. Quadr. 82. Renard. Buff. 7. p. 75. pl. 6. Tue Fox, like the Wolf, appears to be pretty generally diffused throughout all the northern and temperate parts of the globe; occurring with numerous varieties, as to shades of colour and gradations of size, in most parts of Europe, the north of Asia, and America. The general colour of the Fox is yellowish-brown, or ferruginous above and whitish beneath: the tip of the tail is also white; and this circumstance forms the prin- cipal part of the Linnean specific character of the animal, and though it appears rather too slight to be fixed upon as a criterion of the spe- cies, yet, perhaps, it would not be very easy to form one that would be more decisive. Accord- ing to Mr. Pennant (in his British Zoology), the variety called the Cur For, which is said to be somewhat smaller than the general run of Foxes in England, and more addicted to lurk about hedges, outhouses, &c. has the tip of the tail black instead of white; if, however, this supposed variety be the Canis Alopex of Linnzeus, it is con- sidered in the Systema Nature as a distinct spe- cies. Sometimes, though very rarely, the Fox has been found entirely white; an instance of which occurs in the works of Ridinger. : 4 iE x , Beh, & ee fe fed Bins i we na wer. iM Bri ash ‘a 5 FOX. B15 «‘ The Fox (says Buffon) is so extremely sub- ject to the influences of climate, that the varie- ties of this species are as numerous as those of the domestic animals. Most of our Foxes are reddish; but some are found of a silver-grey; in both the end of the tail is white: in Burgundy the latter are called Coal-Foxes (Charboniers), be- cause their feet are remarkably black. Their bodies have also the appearance of being shorter; because they are better clothed with hair. There are some which are really shorter than the other kinds, and of a dirty grey-colour, nearly. the same with that of old Wolves; but it is uncertain whether this difference constitutes a real variety, or is produced by the age of the animal, which perhaps grows whiter as he advances in years. In the northern climates are Foxes of all colours; black, blue, grey, iron-colour, silver-grey, white, with yellow feet, white with black heads, white with the extremity of the tail black, reddish with the throat and belly entirely white, and, lastly, some have a black line along the back, and cross- ed with .another over the shoulders: the~ latter are larger than the other kinds, and have black throats.” Some of the above, however, which the Count de Buffon considered at that time as varieties, are at present regarded as species perfectly distinct. The Fox has.a broad head, a sharp snout, a flat forehead, obliquely-seated eyes, sharp erect _ ears, a body well covered with hair, and a strait __. bushy and somewhat. pointed tail. 316 FOX. The general colour is a yellowish-red, or more properly’ yellow-brown, and on the forehead, shoulders, hind part of the back as far as the be- ginning of the tail, and outside of the hind legs, it is a little mixed with white or ash-colour: the | lips, cheeks, and throat, are white, and a stripe of the same colour runs along the under side of the legs: the breast and belly are ash-grey or whitish- grey: the tips of the ears and the feet are black: the tail extremely reddish-yellow, mixed with a tinge of blackish, and internally brownish yellow- white, with a blackish cast; the tip itself milk- white. The Fox prepares for himself a convenient den or receptacle in which he lies concealed during the greater part of the day. This den is some- times said to be obtained by dispossessing the Badger of its hole, and appropriating it to his own purposes. - It is so contrived as to afford the best security to the inhabitant, by being situated — under hard ground, the roots of trees, &c. and is besides’ furnished with proper outlets through which he may escape in case of necessity. This care and dexterity in constructing himself a domicil, is by the Count de Buffon considered as alone sufficient to rank the Fox among the higher order of quadrupeds, since it implies no: small degree of intelligence. «« The Fox knows how to ensure his safety, by providing himself with an asylum, to which he. retires from pressing dangers, where he dwells, and where he brings up his young. He i is not a FOX. 317 vagabond, but lives in a settled domestic state. This difference, though it appears even among men, has greater effects, and supposes more powerful causes, among the inferior animals. ‘The single idea of a habitation or settled place of abode, the art of making it commodious, and concealing the avenues to it, imply asuperior degree of senti- ment.” age In clear warm weather the Fox sometimes comes out to bask in the sunshine, lying stretched out on some dry place, the stump of a tree, &c. &c. At night he commences his depredations, prowling about after poultry, small birds, leverets, rabbits, &c. &c. He is supposed to make con- siderable destruction among field-mice, and it is said, that, like the Cat, he plays with them for some time before he quite destroys them. He also oc- casionally eats frogs, newts, snails, and insects. Several kinds of berries and fruit are also an ac- ceptable food, and he is particularly fond of grapes, and does considerable injury among vine- yards. Sometimes he attacks bee-hives, and de- yours the honey, in spite of the stings he receives from the disturbed swarm. When pressed by ne- cessity, he will readily devour carrion, but prefers flesh in a rare state. <‘‘J once (says Buffon) sus- pended on a tree, at the height of nine feet, some meat, bread, and bones. - The Foxes had been at “severe exercise during the night; for, next morn- ing, the earth all around was beaten, by their jumping, as smooth as a barn floor.” | The Fox attempts his prey by cunning rather $18 ae than by force: his scent is exquisite, so that he can perceive either his prey or his enemies at the distance of 2 or 300 paces: he has the habit of killing more than ‘he eats, and hiding the remain- der under grass, the roots of trees, &c. His voice is a sharp, quick yell, often ending in a higher, stronger, and screaming kind of note, not unlike that of the Peacock. The smell of the Fox is proverbially offer. This smell, as in many other quadrupeds, pro- ceeds, perhaps, from certain glands situated near the base of the tail; but there is an observation in the Systema Nature of Linneus, which at first appears in the highest degree paradoxical; viz. that the Fox diffuses an ambrosial odor from the upper part of the base of the tail. (Ambrosiaco fragrat odore supra caude basin.) 'This observa tion is also made by Mr. Schreber in his History of Quadrupeds. ‘‘ The smell (says he) of the Fox is strong and unpleasant, but on the tail is a spot from which proceeds a violaceous scent,” _ This strange particularity seems to have been first ' published by Doebel in his work on hunting, The offensive or general smell of the Fox is sup- posed exactly to resemble that of the root of crown-imperial (Fritillaria Imperialis Lin.) This is mentioned by Dr. Grew in his Anatomy of Ve- getables, where he assures us, that the root of this plant, ‘‘ being rubbed a little, smells as like a Fox, as one Fox smelleth like another.” The Fox produces five or six young at-a time; and if they are discovered or disturbed, the fe- FOX. 319 male will carry them in her mouth, one at a time, to some more secret retreat; in this respect imi- tating the conduct of the Cat and Dog, which are known to do the same. The Fox seems to be an extremely common animal in the Holy Land. It may be doubted, however, according to Mr. Pennant, whether the celebrated device of Sampson for destroying the corn of the Philistines was practised with these animals or with Jackals, which latter being much more easily attainable in the number specified, would have been the species most probably re- _ sorted to on that occasion. The skin of the Fox makes a warm and soft fur, and is, therefore, used for muffs, linings, &c. At Lausanne (says Mr. Pennant) are furriers who are in possession of between two and three thou- sand Fox skins all taken in one winter. The three varieties, according to this author, which occur in Great Britain, are the Greyhound For, called in Wales Milgi, which is the largest, tallest, and boldest, and will attack a grown sheep: secondly, the Mastiff For, which. is less, but more strongly built: and, lastly, the Cur For or Corgi, which is the kind before mentioned, with a black tip to the tail. This last is probably the Canis Alopex of Linnzus. 320 Var. ? CROSS FOX. This is described by Gesner in the appendix to his History of Viviparous Quadrupeds. In this . variety a black line or stroke extends from the nose along the head and whole length of the back and tail, and is crossed by another band of the same colour over the shoulders, and along the. outside of the fore legs, to the feet. Its throat 1s i of a blackish tinge. It is a native, according to Gesner, of the northern parts of Europe, but is not found in Germany. He described it froma skin. Olaus Magnus affirms, that the skin of these crossed Foxes sells at a great price, and is considered as a valuable fur.—Vid. Aldr. gee: p. 222. According to Mr. Pennant, it is a native not only of the northern parts of Europe, but of Asia and North America. Great number of the skins are imported from Canada, and are much esteemed for their thick and soft fur: the belly is black: and the skin varies, as to cast of colour, in differ- ent specimens, but in all is the blackness. Var. ? BLACK FOX. This variety occurs in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. ‘The Asiatic ones, BRANT FOX. (321 however, are larger and blacker than the others, and afford a richer and more valuable fur than that of almost any other quadrupeds. In Ame- rica this animal is principally found in Canada. In Kamtschatka it is in its greatest perfection; but the creature is of so subtle and wild a nature as to be very rarely obtainable. A single skin has been valued at 400 rubles. The American black Foxes are often of a mixed colour, being dashed with a cinereous cast on the hi sides, &e. BRANT FOX. Canis Alopex. C. cauda recta; apice nigro. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 74. With strait tail, black at the tip. Tuts is less than the common Fox, and has a thicker and dusker fur, though sometimes, on the contrary, it is much riches and redder than that species, as mentioned by Linnezus in his Fauna Suecica: the tail is tipped with black. A Pennsylvanian Brant Fox, described by Mr. Pen- nant, was scarcely half the size of the common Fox. It had the nose black, much sharper than Im that animal; the space round the eyes ferru- ginous; the forehead and all the upper parts of the body black mixed with red, ash-colour, and black: the ash-colour predominated, which gave _it a hoary look: the belly yellowish; the tail black above, red beneath, and ash-coloured on the sides. 322 CORSAC FOX. 7 In his Arctic Zoology, Mr. Pennant observes, that. the British variety of the Fox with a black tip on the tail seems unknown in America. Mr. Pen- nant’s American Brant Fox must be, therefore, ei- ther a variety of the other, or a distinct species. CORSAC FOX. Canis Corsac. €. cauda recta fulva, bast apiceque digra. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p: 74. us With strait fulvous tail, with the base and tip white. Korsaki. Pall. neue. nord. Beytr. 1. 29. Pe Tue colour of this species is, in summer, a clear yellow-ferruginous; in winter mixed or shaded with grey, “deeper on the back, white on the belly, and reddish on the feet: the eyes are surrounded with a border of white; and a brown- ish stripe runs from them down tlie nose: the ears are of the same colour with the back, as is likewise the tail, but the base and tip are black- ish: the ears are short: the tail almost as long as the body: the size of this animal is less than that of the common Fox. It is an inhabitant of the hilly parts between Jaik and Irtisch, where it re- ‘sides in its den under ground, and commits great ravages among the game. It is hunted by the inhabitants of those regions with Falcons and Dogs, and it is said that not less than forty or fifty thousand are annually taken. These are sald to the Russians for about forty koperks (about twenty pence) each: a vast number of the skins are said to KARAGAN FOX. $23 be sent into Turkey. ‘The Count de Buffon, ac- cording to Mr. Pennant, confounds this species with the Isatis or Arctic Fox, KARAGAN FOX. Canis Karagan. C. cauda recta, corpore griseo, auriculis nigris. Lan. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 74. ‘With strait tail, grey body, and black ears, © Tunis is a small species, which, according to Dr. Pallas, is very common in almost all parts of the Kirghision deserts, and Great Tartary. Its ge- neral colour is a wolf-grey ; the head yellowish, and above the eyes reddish: the ears are black on the outside, and white within, with the edge and base red; and near the base is a white spot: between the shoulders is a dark spot, from which, along the back to the tail, runs a reddish or yellowish streak: the throat and breast are of a deep or blackish grey, the belly white. The above de- scription is from Dr. Pallas, as communicated to Mr. Pennant. 394 FULVOUS-NECKED FOX. Canis cinereo-argenteus. C.cauda recta, corpore cinereo, colld lateribus fulvo. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 74. Ash-grey, with strait tail, and the sides of the neck fulvous. Der Grisfuchs. Schreb. saeugth. p. 360. t. 92. ‘Tuts Fox, according to Mr. Schreber, inhabits North America, and the skins are often sent over to Europe. The crown of the head, neck, and back, are grey, mixed with black and white: the finer hairs being white-grey, the coarser varied with black and white like a porcupine’s quill: the ears are externally yellow-brown, towards the tips mingled with black: about the ears and on the sides of the neck there is a fox-yellow patch: the throat, breast, and belly, are white: the legs externally yellow-brown: on the fore legs runs, from above inwards, a very small black and white mixed stripe, which terminates below in a broader black one: on the hinder legs a white stripe runs inwards, and underneath joins with a blackish one: the tail is brown, mixed with a little yellow- ish. In size this species is inferior to the common Fox. It is described by Schreber, who seems in some doubt whether it may not be a variety of the Canis Virginianus (Grey lox of Catesby). 395 VIRGINIAN FOX. Canis Virginianus, C. cauda recta, corpore ex cinereo albicante. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 74. Whitish-grey, with strait tail. Grey Fox. Catesby’s Carolina. 2. p. 78. pl. 78. Grey Fox. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 259. Tue Virginian Fox seems to have been first de- scribed by Catesby. It resembles the common Fox in shape: has a sharp nose, long, sharp, up- right ears, long legs, and a bushy tail: its colour is a whitish-grey, with a cast of red about the ears. It imhabits the warmer parts of North America, particularly Carolina and Virginia. It is said never to burrow under ground like the common Fox, but to inhabit hollow trees: it is destitute of the strong smell of the common Fox; is easily tamed,. sind is said to prey chiefly « on ay birds, &c. SILVERY FOX. Canis Argentatus. C. fuscus, pilis longioribus argenteo-albis. Dog of a deep mpereeenlah, with the longer hairs of a silvery white. Silvery Dog. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 260. Le Renard argente. Charlevoix Nowo. Franc. 1. p. 196. _ Iw form this resembles the common Fox. It is of a deep brown-colour, with the longer or ex- _ terior hairs of a silvery white, giving a highly’ 396 ARCTIC FOX. élegant appearance to the animal. It is an inhabit- ant of the forests of Louisiana, and preys on game. ARCTIC FOX. Canis Lagopus. C. cauda recta, palmis plantisque pilosissimus. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 756 With strait tail, thick furred feet. Isatis. Buff. 13. p. 272. Canis hyeme albus, estate ex cinereo onthe Bris. — Quadr. p. 174. Valpes Czrulescens. Lin. Faun. Suec, 14. Arctic Fox. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 255. ‘Tus species is inferior in size to the common Fox: its colour is a blueish-grey, which some- times changes to perfect white: when young it is said to be of a dusky colour: the hair is extremely thick, long, and soft: the nose is sharp; . the ears almost hid in the fur, and are short and rounded: the legs are short, and the toes are covered both above and below with a very thick soft fur: the tail is shorter than that of the common Fox, but more bushy. ‘‘ These animals (says Mr. Pen- nant) are found only in the Arctic regions, a few degrees within and without the polar circle. They inhabit Spitzbergen, Greenland, and Ice- land: are only migratory in Hudson’s Bay, once in four or five years: are found again in Bering’s and Copper Isle, next to it, but none beyond: in Kamtschatka, and all the countries bordering on the frozen sea, which seems their great residence; comprehending a woodless track of heath land, ieee ARCTIC FOX. 397 generally from 70 to 65 degrees latitude. They abound in Nova Zembla: are found in Cherry island, midway between Finmark and Spitzbergen ; to which they must have been brought on islands of ice; for it lies above four degrees north of the first, and three south of the last: and, lastly, in the bare mountains between Lapland and Nor- way. © They are the hardiest of animals, and even in Spitzbergen and Nova Zembla prowl for prey dur- ing the severity of winter. They live on the young wild geese, and all kinds of water-fowl; on their eges; on hares or any lesser animals; and in Greenland (through necessity) on berries, shell- fish, or whatsoever the sea throws up. But in the north of Asia, and in Lapland, their princi- pal food is the Leming (a species of mouse). The Arctic Foxes of those regions are as migratory as those little animals; and when the last make their great migrations, the former pursue them in _ vast troops.. But such removals are not only un- certain, but long: dependent on those of the Leming. The Foxes will, at times, desert their native countries for three or four years, probably as long as they can find any prey. The people of Jenisea imagine that the wanderers from. their parts go to the banks of the Oby. Those found . on Bering’s and Copper isles were probably brought from the Asiatic side on floating: ice: ‘Steller having seen in the remoter islands only the black and brown Foxes: and the same only on the continent of America. They burrow in 528 ARCTIC FOX. the earth, and form holes many feet in length; strewing the bottom with moss. But in Spitz- bergen and Greenland, where the ground is eter- nally frozen, they live in the cliffs of rocks: two or three inhabit the same hole. They swim well, and often cross from island to island in search of prey. ‘They bark like Dogs; for which reason the Russians call them Pefzti. ‘They are tame and inoffensive animals; and so simple, that there are instances of their standing by when the trap was baiting, and instantly after putting their heads into it. They are killed for the sake of : their skins, both in Asia and Hudson’s Bay: the ~ fur is light and warm, but not durable: Mr. Gra- ham informed me, that they have appeared in such numbers about the fort, that he has taken, © in different ways, four hundred from Decem- ber to March. He likewise assured me, that the tips of their tails are always black; those of the common Foxes are always white: and that he never could trace the breeding places of the for- 39 mer. a hole made in the snow, strewed over at bottom with the same kind of fish; or in traps made like ~ little huts, with flat stones, with a broad one by way of door, which falls down (by means of a string baited on the inside with a piece of flesh) whenever the Fox enters and pulls at it. The _ Greenlanders preserve the skin for traffic; and, in ‘The Greenlanders take them either in pit- falls dug in the snow, and baited with the Capelin _ fish, or in springs made with whalebone laid over CHILI FOX. 329 cases of necessity, eat the flesh. They also make buttons of the skins: and split the tendons, and make use of them instead of thread. The blue furs are much more esteemed than the white.” The above ample and excellent account is from Mr. ‘Pennant’s Arctic Zoology. Mr. Pennant thinks it probable that the Fox described by ~ Molina, who observed it in Chili, was of this species, viz. 3 Var. ? CHILI FOX. Canis Culpezus. C. cauda recta elongata, apice concolore levi. Molina Hist. Nat. Chil. 4. p.259. Dog with strait elongated tail, with tip of a similar colour. Tuts is supposed to be a variety of the Antarc- tic Fox. Its length from nose to tail is two feet and a half: its colour a deep brown: the tail is covered with short hair like that of a domestic dog: its voice is feeble, but has some resemblance to a bark. It inhabits the open countries of Chili, in which it forms its burrows. The Chilians call it Culpeu, from Culpem, signifying folly; it being considered as a silly animal. oi ea: 2. £7. 29, ‘SURINAM POG. tye Canis Thous.. C. cauda deflerw levi, Rap em Ssubtus: albo. Lin: Syst. Nat. yy euit Greyish Dog, white beneath, with. deflected. tel. _ Surinam Dog. | Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 267. Tis species is said by Linneus to inhabit Su- rinam. It seems to have been unknown to other naturalists. The very short description given by Linneus states only that the body is grey, en- tirely white beneath; that it is of the size of a large Cat, and has upright ears of the same co- lour with the body; a verruca or wart above the eyes, on each cheek, and beneath the throat; and that the tongue is ciliated at the edges. BENGAL FOX. Canis Bengalensis. C. subfuscus fascia facie si Seite cal orbitis albis, pedibus fulvis, cauda apice nigra. Dog of a light brown-colour, with a. longitudinal, black stripe down the face, white orbits, fulvous legs, and tail tipped with black. Bengal Dog. Pennant Quadr. t. p. 260. Tus species inhabits Bengal. It is: scarcely half the size of the European Fox. The face is cinereous ; the body pale-brown; the legs fulvous; the tail tipped with black, and down the middle of the face runs a black stripe. ‘The spaces round the eyes and the middle of the jaws are white. It is said to feed chiefly on roots and berries. 331 SOOTY FOX. Canis Fuliginosus. C. cauda recta, corpore fuliginoso. Fuliginous D. with strait tail. Sooty Fox. Pennant Quadr, 1. p. 257. Tuis in size and habit resembles the Arctic Fox, but is a distinct species. It is said to be nu- merous in Iceland, and is mentioned only by Mr. Pennant. ANTARCTIC FOX. Canis Antarcticus. C. cinereo-fuscus villosus cauda apice alba. Cinereous-brown villous Fox, with the tail tipped with white. — Antarctic Fox. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 257. Tuts, according to Mr. Pennant, is about a third part superior in size to the Arctic Fox, and has pretty much the habit of a Wolf in its ears, tail, and strength of limbs. The French, there- fore, call it Loup-Renard, or Wolf-Fox. The head and body are cinereous brown; the hair more woolly than that of the common Fox; the ‘ears short and pointed; their insides lined with white hairs: the legs are dashed with rust-colour; the tail dusky, more bushy, and shorter than that of the common Fox, and tipped with white. It is a'native of the Falkland isles, and is said to be almost the only land quadruped of those distant spots. It resides near the shores; kennels like a Fox, and forms regular paths from bay to bay, 352 FENNEC. probably for the convenience of surprising water- fowl, on which it principally lives. It is a tame, fetid animal, and barks in the manner of a Dog. FENNEC. Canis? Zerda. C. albida, cauda recta, awribus acanes erectis intus rosets. dee ry bcd . Whitish Dog? with strait tail, and very ae Shright’ ears, in- ternally rose-coloured. Canis Cerdo. C. cauda recta, corpore pallido, auriculis roseis erectis prelongis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 75. The Fennec. Lruce trav. vol. 5. p. 128. Animal Anonyme. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 148. pl. 19. Zerda. Pennant aay I. p. 267. Tae Fennec or ind is a beautiful Agitesiahs ud Asiatic animal, and is principally found in Arabia. Its general length is about ten inches, and its co- dole yellowish-white. The ears, which are un- commonly large, are internally of a bright rose- colour, edged vavith a broad margin of white hair, and the tip of the tail is blag An original drawing of the Fennec, in the possession of. Mr. Bruce, was by him communicated to the Count de Buffon, and was inserted in the supplemental part of the Natural History of that celebrated author. It seems singular that an animal which is said to be by no means uncommon in many parts of the East, should be still unknown in European Museums. With respect to its real nature, and proper situa- tion in systematic arrangement, perhaps no true de- termination can yet be made. On this subject Mr. 00. p/P WY) AND , , 1, oe Lom! F | OW, e) 4 iif ee SS = S OOS —— Fs Hii) \ SS N \ \y \} \ PEASY s. \ aoe st wes Cm oA A. : >! = = = : Fr Ss acy 3) ind N RY Soak bi 2 — U nal . 4 ac ‘ ) ‘ 4 ae ‘, j ; \ i) " My * ‘4 i , i! i) Dy Me j * 7 a a ‘ i i) f ' es ‘ iy hy ea A SUE ‘ i ' ; oh \ : ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ * ‘de . ee “ } ; i “ ; ‘ Mi ¥ ss fe ny t ¥ a = : A, eu a i j ee ie Pe ‘! 1 we i Wy a i { ; AR ; 7 i t ( iJ - ¥ > ! a 2 . r ‘ re { ¥ 4 " \ J > La : Le C] { 4 ’ Ut \ 7 y t . P + f , i} i id ‘ ‘ 477 id " My: e of A ot 4 5 FENNEC. 333 -Bruce and Mr. Pennant disagree in their opinions. Mr. Pennant ranks it under the genus Canis, and calls it Zerda, or ‘‘ Dog with a pointed visage; long whiskers; large bright black eyes; very large ears of a bright rose-colour, internally lined with long hairs: the orifice so small as not to be visi- ble; probably covered with a valve or membrane: legs and feet like those of a dog: tail taper: co- lour between a straw and a pale brown: length from nose to tail ten inches: ears three and a half: tail six: height not five.” It inhabits (says Mr. Pennant) the vast deserts of Saara, which extend beyond Mount Atlas, and is called by the Moors Zerda: burrows in sandy ground, which shews the use of valves to the ears. It is so ex- ceedingly swift that it is very rarely taken alive: feeds on insects, especially locusts: sits on its rump: is very vigilant, and barks like a Dog, but much shriller. Dr. Sparmann suspects that he saw it during his travels in Caffraria. Mr. Bruce, in the fifth or supplemental volume of his travels, assures us that the true name of the animal is not Zerda but Fennec, and this latter name, he con- _.ceives, may have been derived from gang, a palm, the principal residence of the creature being on the tops of palm-trees. Mr. Bruce, at different periods, kept two or three specimens of the Fen- nec, and the following is his account of the ani- mal’s manners and appearance. «Though his favourite food seemed to be dates, or any sweet fruit, yet I observed he was very fond of eggs, and small bird’s eggs were first 334 FENNEC. brought him, which he devoured with great avi- dity; but he did not seem to know how to ma- nage that of a hen, but when broke for him he ate it with the same avidity as the others. When he was hungry, he would eat bread, espe- cially with honey or sugar. It was very obsery- able, that a bird, whether confined in a cage near him, or flying across the room, engrossed. his whole attention. He followed it with his eyes wherever it went, nor was he, at this time, to be diverted by placing biscuit before him; and it was obvious, by the great interest he seemed to take in its motions, that he was accustomed to watch for victories over it, either for his pleasure or his food. He seemed very much alarmed at the approach of a Cat, and endea- voured to hide himself, but shewed no symptom of preparing for any defence. I never heard he had any voice; he suffered himself, not without some difficulty, to be handled in the day, when he seemed rather inclined to sleep, but was exceed- ingly unquiet and restless so soon as night came, and always endeavouring his escape, and though he did not attempt the wire, yet with his sharp teeth he very soon mastered the wood of any | common bird cage. From the snout to the anus he was about ten inches long, his tail fiye and a quarter, near an inch on the tip of it was black. From the point of ‘his fore shoulder to the point of his fore toe, was two inches and seven eighths. He was two inches and a half from his occiput to the point of his nose, the length of his ears three — Se Se nee oe ee ey eS ee Se FENNEC. 335 inches and three ecighths. These were, doubled, or had a plait on the bottom on the outside; the borders of his ears in the inside were thick covered with soft white hair, but the middle part was bare, and of a pink or rose colour They were about an inch and half broad, and the cavities within were very large. It was very difficult to measure these, for he was very impatient at hav- ing his ears touched, and always kept them erect, unless when terrified by a Cat. ‘The pupil of the eye was large and black, surrounded by a deep blue iris. He had strong, thick mustaches; the tip of his nose very sharp, black, and polished. His upper jaw reached beyond the lower, and had four grinders on each side of the mouth. It had _ six fore-teeth in each jaw: those in the under jaw are smaller than the upper: the canine-teeth are long, large, and exceedingly poimted: his legs are small, and his feet very broad; he has four toes armed with crooked, black sharp claws; those on his fore feet more crooked and sharp than behind. All his body is nearly of a dirty white, bordering on cream-colour; the hair of his belly rather whiter, softer, and longer than the rest, and on it a number of paps, but he was so impatient it was impossible to count them. He very seldom extended or stiffened his tail, the hair of which was harder. He had a very sly and wily appearance. But as he is a solitary animal, and not gregarious, as he has no par- ticular mark of feelings about him, no shift or particular cunning which might occasion Solo- 836 pane. mon to qualify him as wise, as he builds his nest upon trees, and not on the rock, he cannot be the Saphan of the scripture, as some, both Jews and Arabians, not sufficiently attentive to the qualities attributed to that animal, have neverthe- less erroneously imagined. 1 | flash ms taods \' AER 2 4 ay) ) 2 a 2 eee eee. ee, ee ee Fe a aL — = aise. aie ©9 =) “I FEL Iss bac Fe | ‘Generic Character. Dentes Primores intermedi Frond-teelh six; the interme- equales.. c diate ones equal. Molares terni. 7 | Grinders three on each side. Lingua retrorsum aculeata || Tongue aculeated backwards. Ungues retractiles, Claws retractile. LION. Felis Leo. F. cauda elongata, corpore helvolo. Lin. Syst. Wat. . p. 60. Cat of a pale tawny or dun colour, with eck tail, flocky at the tip. F. cauda elongata floccosa, thorace jubato. Lan. oa Nat. ed. 6. p. 4. | Felis cauda in floccum desinente. Briss. Quadr. x. p. Ae ‘Leo. Gesn. Quadr..572. Aldr. dig. 2. Lion. Buff. 9. p. 1. pl. 2. Lion. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 274. Tue Lion is principally an inhabitant of Africa, but is also found, though far less plentifully, in the hotter regions of . Asia. ‘It is, however, in ‘the interior of Africa that he exerts his greatest ravages, and reigns superior among the weaker 338 : LION. quadrupeds. t, d ~ aw = SERS GORE JAGUAR. Wty Y, “yp epallp SE 7600.Feb'. Publynd by 6 Mecasley, Fleet Sueet. Tn ylor, ope JAGUAR. Gao ficult genus. It is a native of several parts of _ Africa and Asia. JAGUAR. Felis Onca. F. cauda medtocri, corpore flacescente, ocellis nigris rotundato-angulatis medio flavis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 61. C. with tail of moderate length, and yellowish body, with black ocellated roundish-cornered spots with yellow central spaces. Felis flavescens, maculis nigris orbiculatis, quibusdam rosam re- ferentibus variegata Briss. Quadr. p. 196. Pardus aut Lynx brasiliensis, Jaguara dictus, Lusitanis Onza. Rai syn. p. 168. Brasilian Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 286. Le Jaguar. Buff. 9. p. 201. pl. 18. Tue Jaguar, sometimes called the American Tiger, is a native of the hotter parts of South America, and is considered as a very fierce and destructive animal. Its manners are said to re- semble those of the Tiger, lying in ambush for its prey. It is about the size of a Wolf, or even larger. Its ground colour is a pale brownish-yel- low, variegated on the upper parts with streaks and open oblong spots or markings of black; the top of the back being marked with long inter- rupted stripes, and the sides with rows of regular open marks: the thighs and legs are also varie- gated with black spots but without central spaces: the breast and belly are whitish: the tail not so long as the body; the upper part marked with large black spots in an irregular manner, the lower with smaller spots. OCELOT. Felis Pardalis. F. cauda elongata, corpore maculis superioribus virgatis, mferioribus orbiculatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 78. Longish-tailed C. with long stripe-shaped spots on the upper parts, and round ones on the lower. Felis rufa, in ventre ex albo flavicans, maculis nigris, in dorso longis, in ventre orbiculatis variegata. Briss. Quadr. p. 199. Catus Pardus, v. Catus ferus Americanorum, Raii —_— 169. Ocelot. Buff. 13.t. 35, 36. Mexican C, Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 287. Tue Ocelot or Pardalis is certainly one of the most beautiful of the present genus. In size it is almost equal to the Jaguar. Mr. Pennant de- scribes it as about four times the size of a large Cat. The ground-colour of the male is a bright | reddish tawny above, nearly white on the lower part of the sides, breast, limbs, and belly. Seve- ral large, long, and variously inflected broad stripes, of a deeper or richer tinge than the eround-colour, are disposed over the upper parts of the body; these stripes are edged with black, and have also several differently shaped black spots in the middle part. The head is streaked and spotted with black; and the upper as well as under parts of the limbs and the belly marked in a beautiful manner with small and nume- rous round spots: the tail is patched or spotted also. The colours of the female are less vivid, and more inclining to ash-colour. This is an ex- tremely ferocious animal, and inhabits the hotter parts ofSouth America, where it is said to com- bE IBY, 4, ties AWS w we ENO TY it Hy en B VALIICAD ih pay ay [hate Jculp. 7800. Jan, London Publigha by G Kearsley, Flee’ Street. CINEREOUS CAT. S57 mit great ravages among cattle, &c. It is also said to be untameable in a state of captivity. It is well figured in Buffon. ‘The present figure is from a beautiful specimen in the Leverian Mu- seum. CINEREOUS CAT. -Cinereous Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 289. Turis seems to be described only by Mr. Pen- nant, who informs us that it is about the size of the Ocelot, and is a native of Guinea. It 1s of a cinereous colour, palest on the legs and belly; the irides are hazel; the tip of the nose red; ears sharp and rounded; black on the out- side, grey within: from the nose to the eye on each side a black line: and above and beneath each eye a white one: sides of the mouth white, with four rows of small black spots: from the hind part of the head to the back and shoulders run some long, narrow, hollow stripes: along the top of the back two rows of oval black spots: the marks of the sides long, hollow, and irregular, extending from the shoulders to the thighs: shoulders both barred and spotted: legs and belly only spotted: tail not so long as the body, with large spots above, and small beneath. This species according to Mr. Pennant’s description as given above, seems to approach extremely near to the Ocelot, the female of which inclines much to 558. PUMA. ash-colour; but being expressly said to be a na- tive of Giinest we cannot —e it. the same species. = PAS Ws PUMA. Felis Puma. . cauda elongata, corpore immaculato fulvo, sub- tus albido, C. with long tail, and reddish-brown body, whitish Hist, Felis concolor. F. cauda elongata, corpore immacalato — Lin. Syst. Nat, Gmel.p.79. : Tigris fulvus. Barrere Fr. aqui. p. 166. Puma, v. Leo Americanus. Hernand, mex. p. 518. Cougouar. Buff. 9. p. 216. pl. 19. Puma. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 289. Tue Puma is the largest of the American beasts of prey, measuring five feet or more from nose | to tail; the tail itself measuring about two feet eight inches. It is a long-bodied animal, and stands high on its legs. Its colour is a pale brownish-red, with a slight dusky cast on some parts: the chin is white; the breast and belly ash- colour; and the insides of the legs are of the same colour: the tail of a dusky-ferruginous tinge, with a black tip. It is a native of many parts of America, both North and South, occurring from — Canada to Brasil. The Puma is an animal of great strength and fierceness, preying on cattle, _ deer, &c. Sometimes it is said to climb trees, — and watch the opportunity of springing on sacl animals as happen to pass beneath, i) me BLACK TIGER. f Wl PUMA. [- , pep | lect yy P b00.L 046"). Publi~had by Ckersley, Leet Street 399 BLACK TIGER. Felis Discolor. F. cauda elongata, corpore nigro, subtus ailbido. —_ C. with long tail, and body black above, whitish below. Felis cauda elongata, corpore potissimum nigro. Lin, Syst, Nat. Gmel. p. 79. Felis nigra. Eraleb. syst. mammals p , 51% Le Cougouar noir. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 223. pl. 42. Jaguar or Black Tiger. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 290. pl. 58. Tuts, like the former species, is a native of America, and is considered as a very destructive and ferocious animal. It is about the size of a heifer of a year old; and is entirely of a deep brownish-black colour on the upper parts, and pale grey or whitish beneath: the upper lip and the paws are also whitish: the tail is of the same dusky colour with the body. MARGAY. Felis Tigrina. ’. cauda elongata, corpore fulvo nigro striato” maculatoque, subtus albido. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 80. C. with long tail and fulvous body. ‘nest and spotted with black, whitish beneath. Felis ex griseo flavescens, maculis nigris variegata. Briss. Quadr. 1. p. 193. Felis fera tigrina, Barr. Fr. equin. p. 152. Mergay. Buff. 13. p. 248. pl. 38. Cayenne Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 292. THE Margay i is a native of South America, and is about the size of a common Cat. ‘The eround- colour is a bright tawny: the face striped down- ‘ 360 CAPE CAT. wards, with black; the shoulders and body marked both with stripes and large oblong black spots; on the legs the spots are small : the breast, belly, and insides of the limbs, are whitish: the tail is long, and marked with black, grey, and fulvous. It resides principally on trees, preying on birds: it is said to breed in the hollows of trees, and to bring but two young at a birth. It is very fierce and untameable. “CAL Ee aa eee Felis Capensis. J. cauda subelonzata fusca ngro maculata, cor- pore fulvo supra maculis virgatis infra orbicularibus, auriculis nudis macula lunata alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 81. Fulvous Cat, with subelongated tail annulated with black; the body marked with black stripes above; with roundish and lunated black spots on the other parts, and a lunated white bar on the ears. Cape Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 291. Felis Capensis. Cape Cat. Miller Cimelia Physica. pl. 39. Tis elegant species inhabits the neighbour- hood of the Cape of Good Hope, and is described in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. 71, by Dr. Forster. In its manners it seems extremely to resemble the common Cat; frequenting trees, and preying on the smaller animals. The specimen described by Dr. Forster was not more than nine months old, and had been taken quite young. It was perfectly tame and gentle, and had all the actions and manners of a domestic Cat. Dr. Forster imagines it to be the same species with BENGAL CAT. . 361 the *"Nnussi described by Labat, who calls it a sort of wild Cat of the size of a Dog, with a coat striped and varied like that of a Tiger. The length of a skin measured by Mr. Pennant was near three feet from nose to tail; but Dr. Forster's specimen seems to have been much smaller. The head, however, figured in Mr. Miller’s plate seems to agree with the size mentioned by Mr. Pennant. Mr. Miller’s figure represents this animal ex- tremely brilliant in colour, viz. of the brightest fulvous yellow, with jet-black stripes and spots: the chin, throat, and breast, pale ash-colour: along the back are black stripes: on the sides of the neck, and on the breast, numerous small crescent- shaped spots pointing upwards: on the legs nu- merous roundish spots; and the tail very strongly and distinctly annulated with black and yellow. BENGAL CAT. Bengal Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 292. Tuts, which is described by Mr. Pennant from a living specimen, is rather less than a common. Cat, and more elegantly made. Colour of the head, upper jaw, and sides of the neck, back, and ‘sides, a beautiful pale yellowish-brown: the head and face striped downwards with black: along the back three rows of short stripes of the same colour, pointing towards the tail: behind each shoulder, to the belly, is a black line: chin and v. 2, II. 24 7 362 MANUL. throat white, surrounded with a semicircle ‘of | black: breast, belly, and inside of limbs, white: the spots on those parts, the legs, and rump, round: tail long, full of hair, brown and annu-. lated with black. Native of Bengal. This animal produced a mixed breed with the common Cat; the offspring being marked in a nearly similar manner, but on a cinereous ground. ‘This species has no dread of water, but will readily plunge into it and swim. “MANUL. Felis Manul. F, cauda elongata, nigro-annulata, capite punctis et’ fasctis duabus lateralibus nigris insignito. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 81. Pail. itin. 3. p. 692. . C. with elongated tail annulated with black, and the head marked with spots and two lateral bands of black. Manul. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 294. Tuts species inhabits the middle part of north- ern Asia, and was first described by Dr. Pallas. It is of the size of a Fox, and is of a strong and robust make. Its colour is tawny, but the crown of the head is speckled with black, and the cheeks are marked by two dusky lines running obliquely from the eyes: the feet are striped obscurely with — dark lines: the tail is longer than that of a do- mestic Cat, and is thickly beset with hair, and - encircled with ten black rings, of which the three next to the tip are placed so near as almost to. touch each other. — 3 ” 363 COMMON CAT. ‘Felis Catus. F. cauda elongata fusco-annulata, corpore fasciis nigricantibus; dorsalibus longitudinalibus tribus, lateralibus spi-: ralibus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 62. Yellowish-grey C. with dusky bands; three on the back longi- © tudinal; the lateral ones spiral; the tail barred with dusky rings, Felis vulgo Catus. Gesn. Quadr.98. Aldr. dig. 564. Felis pilis ex fusco-flavicante et albido variegatis, cauda annulis alternatim nigris et ex sordide albo flavicantibus, Briss. Quadr. 192. | Le Chat sauvage, &c. &c. Buff. 6. p. 1. pl. 1, 2, &. Common Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 295. Tue Cat, in a state of natural wildness, and — from which are supposed to have proceeded all the varieties of the domestic Cat, is a native of the northern regions of Europe and Asia. In this its natural state it differs in some slight particulars from the domestic animal, having a somewhat shorter tail in proportion, a flatter and larger head, and stronger limbs; and, from an exact anatomical inspection of its interior parts, it ap- pears that the intestines are somewhat shorter than those of the domestic Cat. The colour of the wild Cat is commonly a pale yellowish-grey, with dusky stripes and variegations; those on the back running lengthwise, those on the sides — transversely and with a curved direction: the tail | is annulated with several alternate circles of | blackish-brown and dull white: the tip of the nose and the lips are black. Even wild Cats, however, appear to differ in their shades of 364 COMMON CAT. colour in different parts of Europe. Mr. Schre- ber in his plate of quadrupeds, figures a specimen of a pretty deep tawny colour, varied with black or deep-brown streaks, so. that the animal has very much the appearance of a Tiger in miniature; while on another plate he has exhibited one, com- municated by Dr. Pallas, of a pale grey with black or dark-brown variegations. The manners of the wild cat resemble those of the Lynx, and several others of this genus; living in woods, and preying on young hares, on birds, and a variety of other animals, which it seizes by surprise. It breeds in the hollows of trees, and produces about four at a birth. ‘‘ The wild Cat (says Mr. Pennant) may be called the British Tiger; it is the fiercest and most destructive beast we have; making dreadful havock among our poultry, lambs, and kids. It inhabits the most mountainous and woody parts of these islands, liv- ing mostly in trees, and feeding only by night. It multiplies as fast as our common Cats; and often the females of the latter will quit their domestic mates, and return home pregnant by the former.” _ The varieties of this animal in a domestic state are very numerous; it is either entirely black; black and white; black, fulvous, and white (called the Tortoise-shell or Spanish Cat); white without any variegation; fulvous and white; dun-colour or tawny, either plain or with deeper stripes; tab- by, or of a similar colour to the wild Cat, but with much bolder or more. vivid variegations; slate-coloured or blue-grey (called the Chartreux COMMON CAT. 565 Cat); slate-coloured with very long fur, especially on the neck and tail (the Persian Cat); white, with hair of a similar length (called the Angora Cat); and, lastly, with penciled or tufted ears, like a Lynx, which sometimes, though rarely, takes place. Of all the above varieties the Persian and the Angora are the most remarkable: the latter variety has sometimes one eye blue, the other yel- low; a particularity which takes place in some specimens of the common white Cat; it is also ob- servable that the white variety of the Cat is some- times perfectly deaf. | To enlarge on the character and manners of this useful anil agreeable domestic would be en- tirely superfluous. It may be sufficient to ob- serve, that, when well educated, the Cat possesses qualities which well entitle her to the regard and protection of mankind; and if she does not ex- hibit the vivid and animated attachment of the Dog, she is still of an affectionate and gentle dis- position, and grateful to her benefactors. She has stl the merit of perpetual cleanliness, and does not soil even the nicest furniture; while her numerous and infinitely varying gesticulations have an elegance and levity almost unequalled by any other animal. A singular instance of attachment in the Cat, is recorded in Mr. Pennant’s Account of London. Henry Wriothsly, Earl of Southampton, the friend and companion of the Earl of Essex in his fatal insurrection, having been confined some time in 366 COMMON CAT. the Tower, was surprised by a visit from his fa- vourite Cat, which, says tradition, reached its master, by descending the chimney of his apart- ment. No animal, whose habits and manners we have the opportunity of accurately observing, exhibits a greater degree of maternal tenderness than the Cat: the extreme assiduity with which she at- tends her young, and the fondness which she shews for them, afford the most pleasing entertain- ment to a philosophic observer. She even pos- sesses a propensity to nurse with tenderness the young of a different individual; and it is a gene- ral observation, thet a domestic Cat will com- monly suckle and nurse any young kitten that is newly introduced to her. Nothing can be more beautiful than the expe- riment of setting a young Cat, for the first time, before a looking-glass. ‘The animal appears sur- prised and pleased with the resemblance, and makes several attempts at touching its new ac- quaintance; and, at length, finding its efforts fruitless, it looks behind the glass, and appears highly surprised at the absence of the figure: it again views itself; tries to touch with its foot; suddenly looking at intervals behind the glass: it then becomes more accurate in its observations, and begins, as it were, to make experiments, by stretching out its hand in different directions; and when it finds that these motions are answered in every respect by the figure in the glass, it COMMON CAT. $67 seems, at length, to be convinced of the real na- ture of the image. The same is the case with the Dog at an early age. The Cat generally lives in habits of friendship with the other domestic animals; the contrary in- stances arising entirely from néalect of early edu- cation *.. The sleep of the Cat, which is generally very light, is sometimes so profound that the animal requires to be shaken pretty briskly before it can be awakened: this particularity takes place chiefly in the depth of winter, and especially on the ap- proach of snowy weather: at such periods also, as -well as at some others, the animal diffuses a fra- erant smell, something like that of cloves. The fur of the Cat, being generally clean and dry, readily yields electric sparks when rub- bed; and if a clean and perfectly dry domestic Cat be placed, in frosty weather, on a stool with glass feet, or insulated by any other means, and rubbed for a certain space, in contact with the wire of a coated vial, it will be effectually charged by this method. * We might here mention the well-known anecdote of the French lady, who taught her Cat, Dog, Mouse, and Bird, to feed together from the same plate. $68 JAPAN CAT. Japan Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 297. Chat sauvage Indien. | Vosmaer. Tuts is said to be of the size of a common Cat, and has a tail ten inches and a half long: the ears are upright and pointed: colour of the face and lower part of the neck whitish: breast and lower belly a clear grey: body part yellow and clear grey, mixed with black disposed in transverse rays. Along the back, quite to the tail, is a broad band of black, which also extends over the upper part of the tail: the lower part is semi-an- nulated with black and grey. Its cry is said to resemble the mewing of a great Cat. I cannot but observe, that this animal, described by Mr. Pennant from Vosmaer, seems to be very nearly allied to the grey variety of wild Cat figured by Mr. Schreber at plate 107. A.a. of his work on: quadrupeds. GUIGNA. Felis Guigna, Molina Chili. 275. Guigna Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 299. Tuts, which is described by Molina, in his ac- count of Chili, is of the size of a common Cat, and inhabits forests. Its colour is tawny, marked N\ NN NO \ AQ WAI) WS ‘ W V2 sme S~ 07 ESS ~~ aT a ee as ~ =< —_———ZY Bo SO ag Wyle os 1b00.Eebhn. Publifhiaby. ekeasley Fleets weet. ay SERVAL. | 369 with round black spots five lines in diameter, €x- tending along the back to the tail. : SSS: COLOROLO. j oe ) Felis Corololo. Molina Chili. 4 p. 27 5, | Corololo. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 299. Turs also is described by Molina. Like the former species it inhabits the forests, and preys on birds and mice, and is said sometimes to in- fest poultry yards. Its colour is white, marked with irregular spots of black and yellow: the tail encircled with black quite to the point. The head and tail in this and the preceding animal are larger in proportion than in the common Cat. SERVAL, Felis Serval. F. cauda subabbreviata, corpore supra fusco maculis nigris, orbitis ventreque albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 82. — ’ Tawny-brown shortish-tailed C. whitish beneath, with the or- bits of the eyes white, and the body marked with eaaedid dusky spots. Chat-Pard. Mem. pour servir a Vhist. des anim. 1. p. 110. Le Serval. Buff. 13. p. 233. pl. 34. Serval. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 301. Tue Serval is a native of India and Tibet, and is an extremely fierce and rapacious animal. It resides principally among trees; leaping with great agility from one tree to another, and pursuing es yo ep. AMERICAN SERVAL. birds, &c. This species appears to have been _ first described. by the French Academicians in their work entitled JZémoires pour servir a 0 His- toure des Animaux. The specimen there described measured two feet and a half from the nose to the tail, which was eight inches long. Its shape thick and strong: its general colour was fox-red or ferruginous, with the throat, abdomen, and in- sides of the legs, yellowish-white: it was spotted al- most all over with black; the spots being of along form on the back, and round on the sides, belly, and legs, where they were proportionally smaller and more numerous. The specimen described and figured in the Count de Buffon’s Natural History differed only in a very few particulars, so slight as to leave no doubt of the identity of the species. It was excessively fierce and untameable. AMERICAN SERVAL. Chat Sauvage de la Caroline. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 226. Mountain Lynx. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 300. Ir is to this animal, and not to the preceding, that Mr. Pennant applies the synonym of Chat- Pard, and supposes it to have been the species de- scribed by the French academicians of the last century. It has (says Mr. Pennant) upright pointed ears, marked with two brown transverse bars: colour of the head and whole upper part of the body reddish-brown, marked with ng nar- AMERICAN SERVAL. 37) row stripes on the back, and with numerous round small spots on the legs and sides; the belly is whitish, and the chin of a pure white: the tail is barred with black: the length of the animal is two feet and a half. It inhabits North America. Mr. P. adds, that it grows very fat, and is consi- dered as a mild and gentle animal. The species mentioned by Buffon, under the title of Chat sauvage de la Caroline, is supposed by Mr. Pen- nant to be the same animal; it is described by Buffon from a coloured drawing communicated to him by Mr. Peter Collinson, and is said to be of the size of a common Cat, and of a clear brown colour mixed with grey, and striped on the back and sides with longitudinal marks of black along its whole length, from head to tail: the tail was annulated with black and white, and the abdo- men pale, and spotted with black: the legs were also spotted; and on each side the nose beneath the eyes was a large black spot. Var. ? In the same volume of his supplement, Mr. Buffon gives a figure of an animal of this tribe under the name of Chat sauvage de la Nouvelle Espagne. It is said to be four feet long from nose to tail: its eyes rather small, and its tail ra- ther short: its colour a blueish-grey, slightly speckled with blackish: its hair coarse, and suffi- ‘ciently strong for painters’ pencils with a firm ‘point. According to Buffon’s figure of this ani- 372 CHAUS. mal, the tail seems rather longer than in the for- mer, and without the least appearance of bars. Mr. Pennant considers this as a distinct species, under the name of New Spain Cat. CHAUS. Felis Chaus. FF. cauda mediocri, apicem ‘versus annulata, apice ipso nigra, corpore reliquo ex fuscescente luteo, auriculis extus brunneis apice nigro barbatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 82. Guldenstedt nov. comm. petrop. 1775. p. 483. t. 14, 15. Brownish-yellow C. with moderately short tail, annulated to- wards the tip, with the tip itself black, and the ears brown, bearded with black at the tips. , Caspian Lynx. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 304. Tuis species was first described by Professor Guldenstedt in the Petersburgh Transactions. It is an inhabitant of the woody and marshy tracts that border on the western side of the Caspian Sea, and in the Persian provinces of GAilan and Masenderan, and is frequent about the mouth of the Kur, the ancient Cyrus. In manners, voice, and food, it agrees with the wild Cat. Its gene- ral length is about two feet six inches from the nose to the tail; but it has been known to mea- sure three feet: the tail reaches only to the flexure of the legs. The colour of this species is a dusky yellowish-brown; the breast and belly much brighter, or more inclining to orange-colour: the tail is tipped with black, and has three obscure black bars at some distance from the tip; and on BAY LYNX. 373 _ the inside of the legs, near the bend of the knee, are two dusky bars: the ears are tufted with black hairs. BAY LYNX. Felis Rufa. FF. cauda abbreviata, subtus et apice alba, corpore rufo fusco maculato, auriculis apice barbatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 82. Short-tailed bay C. obscurely spotted with black; with the tail white beneath and at the tip, and the ears bearded at the tips. Bay Linx. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 303. THis species is about twice the size of a large Cat, and is a native of North America. Its co- lour is a bright bay, obscurely marked with small dusky spots; the upper and under lip, throat, and whole under sides of the body and limbs, are white. From beneath each eye three curved blackish stripes pass down the cheeks: the upper part of the inside of the fore legs is marked by two black bars: the upper part of the tail is marked with four or five dusky bars, and that next the tip is black: the ears are sharp-pointed and tufted with long black hairs. This animal was first described by Guldenstedt. The hair is shorter and smoother than that of the common Lynx. O74: moe fil CARACAL. Felis Caracal. r. cauda subabbreviata, a omni corpore wil ex fuscescente brunneo, auriculis extus om apice b ’ Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 82. ‘Sa Reddish-brown shortish-tailed C. with the ears ¢ and tipped with long black hairs. Siyah Gush. Charleton, ew. 21. Le Caracal. Buff. 9. p. 262. pl. 24. . | Persian Lynx, . Pennant ~~ 1. p)308, (oyna on a Ag 7 tat iar THE Caratel or oe Lynx i Is a native’ boi both of Asia and Africa; and it is said that in ‘some parts of Persia it is nae and made. use of in the chasé. It is an animal of great strength and fierceness: Dr. Charleton mentions one which killed a hound and tore it im pieces in an instant, notwithstanding the vigorous defence made by the Dog. It is used not only in the chase of the » smaller quadrupeds, but of the larger kinds of birds, such as herons, cranes, pelicans, ite. which it4s said to surprise with great address. When it has seized its prey, it lies motionless for some . time upon it; holding it in its mouth. | Phe racald is about § the size of a Fox, bait of as ae an biok hate - Ga In Barbary the Caracal is said to be of a ale colour, or Piso red than j in 1 Indias and, according ) Wi 2 COMMON LYNX. CARACAL. Flecitiy f wlyo. Bo0.Feb!1L ondon Publigha by Gear sley, Fleet Street. ‘ih pepeeees 24 CARACAL. 375 the Count de Buffon, has the ears red on the outside, instead of black. ‘This is considered by Mr. Pennant as a variety of the former, under the title of Lybian Caracal. He describes it thus: ** Cat with short black tufts to the ears, which are white within: of a lively red without: tail white at the tip, annulated with four black rings, with some black marks behind the four legs. Tt is greatly inferior in size to the former; not larger than a common Cat. Inhabits both Lybia and Barbary.” In reality it is the species which Mr. Bruce names the Booted Lynx, and of which he has given an elegant figure in his appendix. It mea- sures, according to Mr. Bruce, 22 inches from the nose to the tail, which is 13 inches long. The gene- _ ral colour is a pale reddish-grey, whitish beneath: the back of the ears reddish-brown; the insides lined with white hair: the tips penciled with long | black hairs: on the back of all the feet runs a black band, which, on the fore feet, reaches two inches, and on the hind feet four inches up the leg: the tail is of the same colour as the back, at its origin, but towards the end grows whitish, and is marked with four black rings. He chiefly preys, according to Mr. Bruce, on Guinea-fowl, which are extremely plentiful in those parts. He has very much the appearance of a common cat; often mounts trees, and is said to he exceed- ingly fierce. “It is easy to perceive that this species must in 376 COMMON LYNX. reality be perfectly eatin ct from the common Caracal. COMMON LYNX. Felis Lynx. F. cauda abbreviata, obsolete annulata apice atra, capite et corpore ex albido rufo nigro maculato, auriculis hae barbatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 83. Short-tailed rufous-grey C. slightly spotted with black, white beneath, with tip of the tail black, and ears terminated. by long black hairs. Lupus cervarius. Gesn. Quadr. 677. Lynx. Aldr. dig. p. go. Le Lynx. Buff. 9. p. 231. pl. 21. Tue Lynx, with some slight varieties as to size and colour, appears to be found in all the colder regions of Europe, Asia, and America, residing in thick woods, and preying on hares, deer, birds, and almost every kind of animal inhabitant. . The general size of the Lynx is that of a middling Dog: the measure given by Mr. Pennant of the skin of a Russian Lynx is four feet six inches from head to tail: the tail measuring six inches. But the generality of Lynxes seem to be some- what smaller than this. In colour the Lynx va- ries, but is generally of a pale-grey, with a very slight reddish tinge: the back and whole upper parts are obscurely spotted with small dusky or blackish marks. The throat, breast, and belly, are white: the tail white with a black tip:.the ears tipped with pencils of long black hair. It is COMMON LYNX. ie an animal of a short or thickish form, and co- vered with a very thick soft fur. The fur of the Lynx is held in considerable estimation, and such skins as approach to a pale or whitish colour, and on which the spots are most distinct, are the most valued. The best are found in the neigh- bourhood of the Lake Balkash, and are said to sell for one pound sterling on the spot. The female produces three or four young at a birth, which she deposits in the deepest recesses of the woods. ‘The Lynx is said to howl almost in the manner of a Wolf. In a state of captivity it seems extremely ferocious, frequently expressing its malignity by a kind of snarling scream, and is not be tamed. wr a2 Ut. 95 378 VIVERRA. WEESEL. Generi¢ Character, . Denites Primoressex,subacuti. | Cutting=teeth six, shatpish. Laniarii \ongiores. || Canine-teeth longer. Molares plures quam tres. _'|| Tongue in some smooth, in Lingua in aliis kevis, in aliis || othetsaculeatedbackwards. retrorsum aculeata. Corpus elongatum. Body of a lengthened form. ‘Tuts genus comprehends all the animals of the Weesel kind; which seem to be somewhat unne- cessarily separated by Linneus into two distinct genera, under the titles of Viverra and Mustela; in which latter genus the Otters are also included. In this particular Mr. Pennant seems to have acted more judiciously than Linneus. I shall, therefore, follow his example, and unite the two genera, preserving the Otters or Lutre distinct from both. The general character of the Weesel tribe is a " certain slenderness and length of body; witha Ny sharpened visage, short legs, dnd in most species, 4 a longish tail (though in some few it is short). The disposition of the teeth may be seen in the | g2 ICHNEU MON. $79 _ generic character above given. It is proper to Adi that in the Linnean Mustele, the lower + fant teeth do not stand in a regular or even line, but t ‘two are placed interiorly, or within the line | _ of the rest. yep y Be le In most of the Linnean Viverre the tongue is aculeated backwards; but this is a cha- -_racter found likewise in some of the Mustele. eA isd , sae \ 1CHNEUMON. - on Ichneumon, V. cauda e Sid incrassata sensim attenuata . apice floccoso, pollicibus remotiusculis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p84. 00 _ Grey I. with distant thumbs, and tail gradually basctine from a r thick base, and tufted at the end. -oMprtela pilis ex. allado et nigro variegatis vestita. ig ip. 181. Eun - encumen que les Eeyptiens nomment Rat de Pharaon. Belon. ms obs.p. 95. Achnamon Gear Quadr. 566. Aldr. diz. p. 298, | Var? er ra Mungo, /. cauda ¢ busi crassa sensim attenuata non sa, pollicibus remotiusculis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 84. ufous-grey I. with distant thumbs, and untufted tail, gradu- ve ally tapering from a thick base. Aiea Ichneumon B. lee Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. SB: | iverra ex griseo bhedetals wh abe Dp. vm _ Mustela seu Viverra Indis Mangutia. Kempf. am. ex. 574. - Indian ‘Echneumon. Eduards, pl. 199. : 4 Raff: 13° Shacks 19. $80 _ ICHNEUMON. a native of India, and the other of Africa. Both agree in their general appearance, but the Aigyp- tian variety is considerably larger than the In- dian; measuring more than forty inches from the nose to the end of the tail; whereas the Indian Ichneumon scarce exceeds two thirds of this length: exclusive of size alone, the Agyptian Ichneumon is distinguished by having the tail slightly tufted at the end, which the other has not; and from this circumstance it is placed, in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature, as a distinct species. The Ichneumon is of a pale reddish-grey colour, each hair being mottled with brown or dusky, so that the whole appears speckled in the manner of the hair on some of the larger Baboons. ‘The eyes are of a bright red or: flame-colour: the ears rounded, and almost na- ked: the nose long and slender: the body rather thicker than in most others of this genus; and _ the tail is very thick at the base, and fromthence ~~ gradually tapers almost to a point: the legs are short: the hair on the whole animal is hard and coarse, and it varies somewhat as to the depth and cast of its colours in different individuals. In India, but still more in Aigypt, the Ichneumon has always been considered as one of the most useful and estimable of animals; since it is an in- veterate enemy to serpents, rats, and other nox- ious creatures which infest those regions. In India it attacks, with the greatest eagerness and cou- rage, that most dreadful reptile, the Cobra de — Capello, or hooded Snake, and easily destroys it. ICHNEUMON. 381 It also diligently seeks for the eggs of crocodiles; for which reason, as well as for its general useful- ness in destroying all manner of troublesome rep- tiles, it was held in such a high degree of vene- ration by the ancient Agpytians as to be regarded in the light of a minor deity, or one of those be- nevolent beings proceeding from the Parent of the universe. For the purposes above specified it is still domesticated by the Indians and A.gyptians, in the same manner as the Cat in Europe; and it has also the merit of being easily tamed, and of performing all the services of the Cat with a still greater degree of vigor and alacrity. When in pursuit of prey, 1t sometimes springs suddenly upon it with the greatest agility, and, at other times, © will glide along the ground like a Serpent, with- out raising its body, till it arrives at a proper distance for its intended attack. Like many other animals of this tribe, it 1s a most dangerous enemy to several creatures larger than itself; over which it gains a ready victory, by fastening itself upon them, and sucking their blood. In a wild state it is said principally to frequent the banks of rivers, and, in times of flood, to approach the higher grounds, and inhabited places, in quest of prey. It is reported to swim and dive occa- sionally, in the manner of the Otter, and to con- tinue beneath the water for a great length of time. “ae The Ichneumon is found not only in various parts of India, but in the Indian islands, as Cey- lon and others. It also occurs in many parts of 382 -CAFFRARIAN WEESEL. Africa besides Egypt, as in Barbary, and at the Cape of Good Hope, &c. As it is a native of warm countries, it is, of course, greatly injured by a removal to the colder regions of Europe, and generally falls a victim to the alteration of climate. bis CAFFRARIAN WEESEL. Viverra Cafra. V.cauda e bast crassa sensim attenuata apice atra. Lan. Syst. Nat. Ginel. p. 85. Schreber saeugth. 3+ P- 439: fe Yellowish-brown W. with tail gradually tapering from a thick base, and black at the tip. THis species, in its general form, resembles the Polecat, but is nearly of the length of an Otter. Its colour, on all parts, except the tip of the tail, which is black, is a mixture of yellow-brown and black, so as to resemble the colour of the Aguti*,_ but rather deeper, especially on the back: the hair is of a strong and glossy nature: the feet are blackish: the ears very short, and covered with woolly fur. This animal is described by Mr. Schreber from a dried skin which was sent to Dr. © Pallas. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope. * Long-nosed Cavy. Pennant. ae es ae ee ae. . ey ‘ a 2 a Mf 383 ZENIC. _ Viverra Zenic. V. tetradactyla, corpore griseo, fasciis decem transversis nigris, cauda ex atro spadicea, versus ls nigra. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 85. Four-toed grey W. with ten transverse black bands on the body, and deep chesnut-coloured tail, black towards the tip. Le Zenik des Hottentots. Sonnerat voy. 2. p. 145. pl. 92. Tu1s, which is described by Sonnerat, is a Caf- _ frarian species, and is about the size of a water- rat. The snout is long, and in each jaw are two Incisive and six canine teeth*: the whole animal is of a reddish-grey colour, and is marked by ten transverse black bands over the back, and reach- ing downwards on each side, almost as in the Zebra: the tail, which is scarce the length of the body, is slender, and of a deep ferruginous-colour for three fourths of its length, the remainder be- ing black. Mr. Sonnerat says nothing of this animal’s manners; but we may conclude that it resembles, in this respect, the rest of its conge- ners. It has five toes on each foot; and the claws on the fore feet are very long and almost strait: those of the hind feet are small and crooked. * By canine-teeth Mr. Sonnerat must be supposed merely to mean teeth of a sharpened form. 384 SURIKATE. Viverra Surikatta. V. grisea, naso producto mobili, pedibus tetra dactyhis, cauda ferruginea, apice nigro. Grey-brown W. with long moveable snout, four-toed feet, and ferruginous tail, black at: the tip. Viverra tetradactyla. V. pedibus tetradactylis, naso 9 dee mo-= bili. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 85. Suricate. Buff. 13. p. 72. pl. 8. Viverra tetradactyla. Muller, Camel. Phys. t. 20. Four-toed Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. Pe 57- Tue Surikate is distinguished bye a ‘Toit ie: pointed nose, depr essed ot and wiftutldl cheeks: the upper jaw is much longer than the lower, and on its upper part is black: the eyes are also sur- rounded by black: the ears are small and round- ed: the tongue is oblong, blunt, and aculeated. backwards: ‘the length of the animal, exclusive of the tail, is about a foot; and of the tail about eight inches: the legs are eet the claws on the Kort feet much eed in length those of the hind feet. The general colour : the Surikate is a deep grey; the tail is subferruginous, tipped with black. It is an inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Meer-rat. It feeds on flesh, and preys on mice, and other small ani- mals, It commonly sits erect in the manner of a Squirrel, and, when pleased, makes a rattling noise with its tail, for which reason the Dutch - inhabitants of the Cape call it Klapper-maus, elt is also found in the island of Java, where | ‘Wis named Surikatje by the putch, on account of a ~ D3 = G2 fe Z | ’ Be un = - aS sr=s5 an = Bs 5 HPQ = = oS " if 4) SSS aS Ss ° WLW MTS eZ : - y i, hi i 2 ‘. j a \ a) ; ' vy * = . “ es i a wey ve i. cd F| ey sa] ‘ SS 4 + + ¥ 1 eh t; \ s v . ‘* WN hel 4 COATI-MONDI. | 385 peculiarly acid scent, which it is said to emit. It _ is an animal of a capricious disposition when in a state of captivity. In having only four toes, it differs from most of this tribe. COATI-MONDI. Viverra Nasua. V.cauda albo annulata, naso producto mobili. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 86. Rufous W. with tail annulated with white, and lengthened moveable snout. Ursus naso producto et mobili, cauda annulatim variegata. Briss, Quadr. p. 190. Coati. Marcgr. Bras. p. 228. Coati Mondi. Act. Paris. t. 3. P. 3. p 17. t. 37. Le Coati noiratre. Buff. 8. pl. 47. Brasilian Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 61. TueE size of this animal is at least equal to that Of a Cat. Its general colour is a cinereous brown, or ash-colour, with a cast of reddish: the tail, * which is of very considerable length, is annulated with distinct circles of black: its most remark- able character is the long, flexible snout, some- what truncated at the end. By the assistance of this it turns up the earth, in the manner of a Hog, m quest of earth-worms, &c. Like the _Polecat, it also preys on the smaller quadrupeds, birds, &c. It is a native of South America, 7 re and seems to have been first described by Marcegrave, in his History of Brasil. -There is a _ particularity, sometimes observable in this ani- mal, which seems worthy of notice, viz. a kind 386. - COATI-MONDI. of prolongation of the skin at the back of the | heel into several horny processes of about a quar- ter of an inch in length: these in some specimens are scarce visible. ‘The tongue is marked on the ; upper part with several furrows, so disposed as to resemble the fibres of a leaf. Var. ? COATI-MONDI. Viverra Narica. V. subfusca, cauda concolore, naso producto mobil, Lain. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 86. | Brown W. with tail of the same colour, and with lengthened moveable snout. Le Coati brun. Buff. 8. pl, 48. Dusky W. Brasilian W. var. 8. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 62. Tuts, in its general appearance, so much re- sembles the preceding, that it has been consi- dered by many naturalists as a variety only. It is, however, rather larger than the former, of a browner colour, and without any annuli, or, at least, without very distinct variegations on the tail. In its manners it agrees with the former: it burrows into the ground so expeditiously as soon to con- ceal its whole body; feeds both on animal and ve- getable substances, and is said occasionally to go ito the water. It also climbs trees. 94. y A, Fe Z Nf \\ \ \ ‘ NANI y wn STRIATED WEESEL. 800Feht1. LondouPubliyh'd bv CIearslev. Fleet S$ treet= 387 COASSE. Viverra Vulpecula. V, tota castanea, naso producto. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 87. “Dark chesnut-coloured W. with lengthened snout. Coasse. Buff. 13. p. 288, pl. 38. Tuis animal is about the size of the Polecat; measuring eighteen inches from nose to tail: the tail is long and full of hair: the whole animal is of a deep or blackish chocolate-colour, but the tail is sometimes mixed with white. It is a na- tive of Mexico and many other parts of America, and possesses the power of emitting, when at- tacked or irritated, such powerfully offensive ef- fluvia, as, in most instances, effectually to discom- _. fit and repel its pursuers. STRIATED WEESEL. Viverra Striata. Viverra Putorius. V. nigricans, lineis quinque dorsalibus‘paral- _ telis albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 87. _ Blackish W. with five parallel, white, dorsal stripes. Mustela nigra, teniis in dorso albis. Briss. Quadr. p. 181. Striated Weesel. Pennant Quadr,2.p.64. = | Conepate. Buff. 83. p. 288. pl. 40. a Iv has been imagined, and not without a de- gree of probability, that this animal is. the female of the former. It is of the same size and general aspect, but is distinguished by five parallel longi- ® Le j : 388 STRIATED WEESEL. tudinal white stripes on the back: the tail very bushy or full of hair. - In the different specimens of this animal there is some slight variation ob- servable in the proportion of the dorsal stripes, as well as in the colour of the tail, which is some- times marked with a pair of lateral white bands, and sometimes almost entirely white. It its man- ners and horrible vapour, when irritated, it per- fectly agrees with the preceding, as well as with the two succeeding species; and the same de- scription of this offensive quality may be applied to all the four. If the accounts given of this odious vapour are not aggravated by the abhor- rent recollection of those who have experienced its effects, every other ill smell which nature can produce, is surpassed by the overpowering foetor of these extraordinary quadrupeds. In consequence of the dreadful emanation the dogs are said to re- linquish their pursuit, and the men to. fly with precipitation from the tainted spot: but if unfor- tunately the least particle of the fluid which the animal commonly discharges at this juncture, should happen to light on the clothes of the hunter, he becomes a general nuisance wherever he appears. and is obliged to divest himself of his dress, and practise all the arts of ablution, in or- der to be restored to the society of mankind. To add to the history of these strange circum- stances, it is affirmed that the animal is sometimes tamed, and rendered domestic; in which state it is pretended that it never emits its pestilential vapour unless greatly displeased or irritated: if eae : CONEPATL. : $89 this be case, it ought surely to be treated, as an eminent zoologist has well observed, with the highest attention. VAR. Among some miscellaneous plates of animals, published a few years ago by Mr. Catton, is a re- presentation of what seems to be a variety of the above species; having only four white bands on the back, and the tail almost entirely white: a patch of white appears below each ear, and a small triangular white spot on the forehead. In the description accompanying the plate the ani- mal is said to have measured twelve inches from nose to tail, and to have been brought from Ben- gal. | SS CONEPATL. Viverra Conepatl. V. nigricans, lineis duabus albis dorsalibus per caudam productis. Lan. Syst, Nat. Gmel. p. 88. Blackish W. with two white dorsal lines extending along the tail. Conepatl, seu vulpecula puerilis. Hernand max. p. 232. Or this species very little more than its mere name and descriptive character seems to be known. It is a native of New Spain, and, per- haps, may be nothing more than a variety of the preceding. 3 ~ 890 CHINCHE. Viverra Mephitica. V. fusca dorso albo, linea longitudinali nigra. Brown W. with white back marked with a longitudinal black stripe, Viverra Mephitis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 88. Mephitic Weesel. Museum Leverianum, No. 4. ps 173+ pl. Oe Le Chinche. Buff. 13. p. 294. pl. 39. | Tu1s species is rather smaller than the former species. The head is small and flat, and the snout sharp and lengthened. The whole animal is of a blackish chocolate-brown, with a broad bed of white on theyback, divided by a stripe of black, which sometimes passes along the whole length of the back, and sometimes not much more than half way from the tail, which is white © at the tip and sides, with the remainder like the body; but it also varies with the tail all white or parti-coloured: aleng the forehead is a narrow white stripe reaching towards the neck. In man- ners and smell this resembles the two preceding animals. : CHINGE. Viverra Chinge. V. nigra, coeruleo nitens, vitta macularum alba~ rum acapite ad caudam producta. Black W. with changeable cast of blue, with a row of white spots from head to tail. Chinge. Molina Chik. 269. Tuis, according to Molina, its first deacobaell seems in shape and general form to resemble: the Se ae a On ee ae —— : . m oo ee Sat > 7 Au ad a a 9 Se wes oa alee ? Pay 23 = Ese Bie gate = ae r ae nee. Ea ees eh ae . en nee POEs re — as oy Ie i Se ae as , ae ee ee ZORILLA. 391 Chinche, or V. Mephitica, but is of a black co- lour with a changeable cast of blue, and has along the back a row of round white spots, reaching from head to tail: the head is long, the ears large, well covered with hair, and pendulous: the hind legs longer than the fore. It is a native of Chili, It generally carries its head low, its back arched, and its tail, which is very bushy, spead over its back like that of a Squirrel. In its manners and vapour it is said to agree with those before de- scribed. Molina affirms that the smell proceeds from a certain greenish oil, ejected from a follicle or receptacle near the tail. The Indians are said _to value the skin of this species on account of its beauty, and to use it for various purposes, quilts, &c. &e. —— ZORILLA. * 4 Viverra Zorilla. V. albo nigroque varia. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 88. a W. yariegated with black and white, _ Dorilla. Buf. 13. p. 289. pl. 41. ‘Tuis species is smaller than the three preced- ing, and is a native of Peru and other parts of South America. ‘The ground-colour is black, upon which are three longitudinal white bands, extending from the head to the middle of the back, and other transverse white bands on the flanks, the rump, and the origin of the tail, which is black as far as the middie, and then white to 392 GRISON. the extremity; it is as bushy and elegant as that — of the Mephitic Weesel. The same faculty is as- . cribed to this as to the three former species. MAPURITO. Viverra Mapurito.. V. nigra, fascia nivea a fronte ad dorsi me- dium producta, auriculis nullis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 88. Black W. with snow-white band from the forehead to the mid- dle of the back, and without any external ears. Viverra Putorius. Mutis. Act. Holm. 1769. p. 68. Tuts is ais to measure twenty inches to the tail, which is nine inches long, and whitish at the tip. It inhabits New Spill and burrows — under ground, feeding on worms ‘and insects. Perhaps no other than a variety of the Mephitic Weesel. GRISON. Viverra Vittata. V. nigricans, vitia alba ab humeris ad frontene u producta. Lan, Syst, Nat. Gmel. p. 88. Blackish W. with a broad white band from the forehead to each shoulder. Grison. Buff. ed. Allamand. 15. p. 65. pl. 8. Mouffette du Chili? Buff. suppl. 7. p. 233. pl. 57.? > Tue length of the Grison from nose to tailis about seven inches, and the tail is rather more than half the length of the body. The upper part of the body is of a deep brown, each hair QUASJE. 393 tipped with white, which gives a grey or hoary appearance; the nose, throat, and whole under | side of the animal, as well as the legs and thighs, black: the head is large, and the ears broad and short: across the forehead extends a broad white line, passing over the eyes and reaching as far as the shoulders. It is a native of Suri- ham. ‘The specimen above described was sup- posed to have been young or half-grown, so that ~ its proper measure seems not clearly understood. — The animal figured in the 7th vol. of Buffon’s supplement, pl. 57. appears so extremely nearly allied to the above, that I cannot but consider it as the same species. It was of a bla¢kish- brown colour, with a white band from the fore- head on each side the back: the tail white, vil- lous, and shortish. _ QUASJE. Viverra Quasje. V. castanea, subtus flavescens, naso producto cauda annulata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 87. Chesnut-coloured W. yellowish beneath, with pe baa move- able snout, and annulated tail. Tuis is said to be a native of Surinam, bur- rowing under ground, and living on worms, insects, fruits, &c. it is, perhaps, no other than some va- riety of the Coati-Mondi or Brasilian Weesel. ¥. ¥. P. 11. oe 394 | e | CEYLONESE WEESEL. Viverra Zeylanica. V. cinerea fusco mista, infra albida. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 89. Schreber saeugth. p. 451. Cinereous W. mixed with grey, whitish beneath. Tuts species in its habit or general appearance, as well as in size, resembles the Martin: the ge- neral colour is grey, shaded with brown; deepest on the back and tail, beneath lighter or whitish: the tail is as long as the body; the vibrissz or whiskers white; the lower lip indented; the feet five-toed, with rather retractile claws: the tongue warted. Mr. Schreber is not without some suspi- cion that this species may be the same with the Ceylonese Dog (Chien sauvage de Ceylon of Vos- maer). CAPE WEESEL. Viverra Capensis. V. nigra, dorso griseo albo-marginato. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 89. Black W. with grey back edged with sii Mustela subfusca, linea longitudinali alba per utramque latus ducta. Brown jam. p. 486. n. 1.? Stinkbinksen. Kolbe Vorgeb. 1. 167. Blaireau puant. La Caille voyag. p. 182. Ratel Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 66. Tuts is one of the larger animals of the genus, _ measuring two feet from nose to tail, which is eight inches long. Its colour is a cinereous grey above, and brownish-black below; the two HONEY WEESEL. 395 colours being separated along the whole length of the animal, from the base of the nose to the tail, by a stripe of blacl. and white: the ears are scarce visible: the tail rather thick; the legs short, and the head large; the snout short and somewhat pointed: the body seems of a thicker form than is usual in this genus. This animal, when pursued, ejects a fetid liquid accompanied by a smell as insufferable as that of some of the American Weesels or Skunks, and productive of the same effects. HONEY WEESEL. Viverra Mellivora. V. dorso cinereo, fascia laterali nigra, abdo- mine nigro, unguibus longis subtus cavis, fossorus. Lan. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 91. W. with cinereous back, with a black lateral band; the abdomen black ; the claws long and formed for burrowing. Ratel. Sparrm. act. Stockh. 1777. t. 4. fe 3. Tus, according to Dr. Sparrman, feeds prin- cipally on the honey of wild bees about the Cape of Good Hope, which it finds in the holes of Jer- boas, Rabbits, and other animals, as well as in hol- low trees. ‘To this, its most acceptable food, it is guided, as Dr. Sparrman tells us, by a bird called the Honey-Guide (Cuculus Indicator), __ which utters a shrill note whenever it discovers bees, on which it preys. This account of Sparr- man’s is greatly ridiculed by Mr. Bruce in his Abyssinian travels. The Honey Weesel has a ‘396 | CIVET. remarkably tough and loose skin, with thick hair: this is supposed. to be given it as a natural defence. against the stings of the bees. Mr. Pennant seems to have confounded this animal with the ¥. Caton, sis, described i in the preceding article. Both spe- cies, indeed, are said to feed on honey, but Sparr- man makes no mention of any offensive effluvia in his description. on, te eg y CIVET. | : a | ‘sg me ign Viverra Civetta. V. cuuda anpeeiati nt versus. apicen fusca, juba castanea, dorso cinerea Fagg maculato. - Lin. | Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 89. ea: ae Ash-coloured W. spotted with, black, with Senate % mane, and dusky tail spotted towards the base. P Meles fasciis et maculis bis, nigris & rakeeentihay 7 varie egata, ie Briss. Quadr, p. 186. Felis Zibethi, Gesn. Quadr. p 836. Aldr. Alig. 3 342, - Civette. Buff. 9. p. 299. pl. 34. : ee ea Tue Viverra Civetta, commonly known by the name of the Civet Cat, is a native of several parts of Africa and India. The general length of this animal, from nose to tail, is something 1 than two feet, and the tail measures four inches. The ground-colour of the body is lowish ash-grey, marked. with. large blackis! dusky spots, disposed in longitudinal. -TOWS, each side, and sometimes a. tinge of . ferruginous appears intermixed ; the hair is coarse, anda the top of the back stands UP, 80 By Hee one ws he Ch OF A ange 2 OSE Sa Ny % y \ ow ea SS fi / qd Wi Jiggl WAG! 1 ai) Nth \N) ————— OS SS FRecth jeulp. 1800. Jan“ ondonLublif~hd by GKearsley, FleecS treec. CIVET. 397 sort of mane: the head is of a lengthened or sharpish form; with short rounded ears: the eyes are of a bright sky-blue: the tip of the nose black: the sides of the face, chin, breast, legs, and feet, are black; the remainder of the face, and part of the sides of the neck, are of a yellow- ish-white ; from each ear are three black stripes, terminating at the throat and shoulders: the tail is generally black, but sometimes is marked with pale or whitish spots on each side the base. It is an animal of a wild disposition, and lives in the usual manner of others of this genus, preying on birds, the smaller quadrupeds, &c. It is re- markable for the production of the drug called civet (sometimes erroneously confounded with musk). This substance is a secretion formed in a large double glandular receptacle, situated at some little distance beneath the tail, and which the animal empties spontaneously. When the Civet Cats are kept in a state of confinement (as is usual with the perfumers at Amsterdam and other places), they are placed, from time to time, in strong wooden cages or receptacles, so con- structed as to prevent the creature from turning round and biting the person employed in col- lecting the secreted substance: this operation is said to be generally performed twice a week, and ___ is done by scraping out the civet with a small spatula or spoon. ‘This substance is of a yellow- ish colour, and of the consistence of an unguent; of an extremely strong and even unpleasant odour when fresh, so as. sometimes to cause giddiness a 398 ZIBET. . , and headach; but becomes more agreeable by keeping*: the quantity obtained each time amounts to about a dram. : ite. “ye Civet, though an article in the more ancient materia ineilies and though still employed by the oriental physicians, is ibe us chiefly used in per- fumes. It has a very fragrant smell, and a sub- acrid taste: it unites readily with oils, both ex- pressed and distilled; in watery or spirituous men- strua it does not dissolve, but impregnates the fluids strongly with its odour. It may, however, be made to unite with, or be soluble in water, by means of rubbing with mucilages. 3 ———— ZiBET. _ Viverra Zibetha. V.cauda annulata, dorso cinereo nigroque un- datim striato. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel, p. 89. ° Ash-grey W. with black undulations and annulated tail, Felis Zibethi. Gesn. Quadr. 837. Animal Zibethi, vel Hyzena veterum Belloni. . Aldr. dig. 343. Zibet. Buff. 9. p. 299. pl. 31. Tuts, which was figured as a variety by Gesner, and more precisely discriminated by Buffon, seems to be considered by modern naturalists as a dis- tinct species; Mr. Pennant, however, even in his last edition, still regards it as the same with the * This is denied by the French academicians of the last cen- tury, who say, that after keeping it a year it seemed to smell ex- actly as at first. ZIBET. 399 preceding, from which, indeed, it seems to differ in so few particulars as still to leave the determina- tion difficult. The Zibet is chiefly found in India and the Indian islands. Its general aspect is the same with the former species, but its snout. is somewhat sharper; its tail longer, and, instead of being black or dusky, with merely a few whitish patches at the base, is strongly semi-annulated or banded with alternate black and white spaces: there is no perceptible mane on the back, nor any large brown or blackish patch under the eyes, as in the former animal: the hair also is shorter and softer than in the preceding kind, and the variegations are more disposed in the form of un- dulations than spots, especially on the limbs. In short, this species may be called the Indian, and the former the African, Civet Cat. In’ disposi- tion and manners they both seem to agree; as well as in the secretion of the perfume before de- scribed, which is collected from both animals in the same manner. : 400 THREE-STRIPED WEESEL, Viverra Hermaphrodita. V. cauda elongata upice atra stris tribus dorsalibus nigris. . Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. go. Dark-grey W. with three black dorsal stripes, and long tail with black tip in | | Viverra hermaphrodita Pallas. Schreb. Quadr. p. 426. Tuts species is described hy Mr. Schreber from Dr. Pallas. Its size is between that of the Civet and the Genet: its colour a dark ash-grey, with three black dorsal stripes: the snout, and face be- yond the eyes, the throat, and the feet, are black: the tip of the tail black also: beneath the eyes is a whitish spot, and the under side of the body is lighter than the upper. It is a native of Barbary. GENET, Viverra Genetta. V. cauda annulata corpore fulvo-nigricante maculato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 65. Fulvous-grey W. with the body marked with rows of black spots, and annulated tail. Genette. Belon. obs. p. 73. Gesn. Quadr. 549. Genette. Buff. 9. p. 343. pl. 36. Tue Genet is one of the most beautiful ani- mals of this genus. It is about the size of a very small Cat, but is of a longer form, with a sharp- pointed snout, upright ears, slightly pointed, and _ very long tail. ‘The colour of the Genet is com- monly a pale reddish-grey, with a black or dusky GENET. 401 line running along the back, where the hair is rather longer than on the other parts, and forms the appearance of a very slight mane: along the sides of the body run several rows of roundish black spots, which sometimes incline a little to a squarish form: the muzzle is dusky; beneath each eye is a white spot: the cheeks, sides of the neck, and the limbs, are spotted in a proportion- ally smaller pattern than the body, and the tail is annulated with black. | The Genet is an animal of a mild disposition, and easily tamed. In various parts of the east, as well as at Constantinople, it is domesticated like the Cat, and is said to be equal, or superior, to that animal in clearing houses from rats and mice. It is a cleanly animal, and has a slight musky smell. It is a native of the western parts of Asia, but is said likewise to occur in Spain, and even occasionally in some parts of France. VAR? The French variety, however, according to the description and figure of the Count de Buffon, is far less elegantly and distinctly spotted than the Oriental Genet, and, indeed, Mr. Pennant, in his History of Quadrupeds, considers it as a distinct species, under the name of Pilosello. According | to Mr. Pennant, the Pilosello is smaller than a Ferret, and is found about the rock of Gibraltar, and some parts of Spain and France. Its prevail- ing tinge is rust-colour, with rather irregular 402 FOSSANE. | a black spots: the nose deep brown; the tail tawny, slightly annulated with black; the face, chin, and under side of the neck, cinereous, and a | dark line runs up the forehead. FOSSANE. Viverra Fossa. V. cauda ibvedhaal corpore cinereo nigra macu- lato. Lan. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 91. Ash-coloured W. spotted with black, and with ese ee tail. Fossane. Buff. 13. p. 163. pl. 20. | Fossane Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 75. Tue Fossane appears to be so nearly allied to the Genet, that it -might almost pass for a va- riety of that animal. Its colours, however, are somewhat bolder or more contrasted than in the Genet, and the rows of spots along the sides still ‘ more regularly disposed. Beneath and aboye each eye is commonly a white patch; and from the hind parts of the head towards the back and shoulders run four black lines. The whole under side of the body is of a dingy white: the tail is an- — nulated with black and white. This animal ts a native of Madagascar, Guinea, Bengal, Cochin- china, and the Philippine islands. It is said to be possessed of considerable fierceness, and to be difficultly tamed. In destroys poultry in the man- ner of the common Weesel. When young it is © said to be good food. Its s size is that é the Ge- . Es net. N\Ys Wess = \Se — Ss Wis —— y use eV N39 ARES NYY) AN SEG OI SNR o0.Feb42aL ondon. Publifhid by 6. Kearsley, Fleet Street. PREHENSILE WEESEL. ‘Viverra Caudivolvula. V. flava nigro-mixta, cauda unicolore pre- hensili. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 91. Yellow W. shaded with dusky, with prehensile tail) Yellow Macauco. Pennant Synops. Quadr. p. 138. Yellow Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 59. Le Kinkajou Potot. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 251. ‘is Ie Tuts animal was first described by Mr. Pen- nant in his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, under the name of the Yellow Macauco, a title which was afterwards changed to that of Yellow Weesel, im which genus it forms a kind of anomalous species, having a prehensile tail. It is nineteen inches in length from the nose to the tail, which is seven- teen inches long. The nose is short and dusky ; the eyes small; the ears short, broad, and flap- ping, and placed at a great distance from each other: the head flat and broad; the cheeks swell- ing out; the tongue very long: the legs and thighs short and thick; with five toes to each foot; claws large, slightly hooked, and flesh-co- loured. Its colour yellow, shaded with dusky. A blackish or dusky list runs down the back from head to tail, and a similar one half way down the belly. ‘This animal is of gentle manners, active and playful, and hangs by its tail occasionally, in the manner of the prehensile-tailed Monkies, It is supposed to be a native of Jamaica. 404 Var, ? KINKAJOU. Le Kinkajou. Buff. suppl. 3..:p..245. pl. 50. Mexican Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 60. Turs, which is supposed by Buffon to be the same animal with the preceding, is by Mr. Pen- nant considered as a distinct species. It 1s, ac- cording to the measures given by Buffon, a larger animal than the preceding, but so great is the ge- neral agreement between the two, that it seems not very easy to conceive a specific difference. The general colour is the same in both; the tail in both is prehensile: the tongue extremely long: ' the manners in both the same. This mentioned by Buffon would seize on birds, and suck the blood without tearing its prey. It was fond of fruits and vegetables of several kinds, and was delighted with sugar and various sweets. It slept much by day, and was lively during the night: had the actions of a Monkey: had a variety of cries, sometimes a kind of barking note, at other times hissing, or variously modified.’ It was — brought Frosn New Spain. - ea = vh 9 FASCIATED ‘WEESEL. A) NY yi MALACCA WEESEL. ROS Neg ZLENIC . Heath faadp. | 18 00.EF AY. 1London Pubtjna by 6 Kearsley, leet Soecet. | 405- FASCIATED WEESEL. Viverra Fasciata. V.caude pils longis nigris et rufescentibus, : __ corpore griseo fasciis sex nigris longitudinalibus vario, subtus - albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 92. Pen W. with six longitudinal black bands. Chat sauvage a bandes noires des Indes. Sonner. toy. 2.p. 143¢ ae ph 99. “my “says Mons. Sonnerat, measures two feet sa Bom head to tail, which is nine inches long: it has two cutting-teeth in each jaw; those of the in- ferior being. the strongest: sixteen canine-teeth in each jaw: fives toes on each foot, with strong crook- ed claws; body long, covered with even and close- set hair; legs short; tail slender, almost as long as the body, and ending in a point, like that of a Cat: it is marked with black and reddish hairs, which are longer than those of the body. This creature is of a grey-colour, tinged with reddish on the lower parts of the head, neck, legs, and feet: the belly is white. On the body are six ‘ bands of black, four of which are strait, begin- “ning at the back of the head, and going along the body to the tail, where they terminate: the two others, which are on each side the belly, are waved as it were: they begin at the shoulders, and terminate by rounding off on the hind parts ; and beneath their termination is a smaller bifid one over the thigh. The eyes are lively, and of a yellow-colour, with a cast of red: the pupil, in. some views, appearing oblong.’ This species is a 406 | MALACCA WEESEL. native of India, and was first described and figured by Mons. Sonnerat. . MALACCA WEESEL. Viverra Malaccensis. V.cauda nigro annulata elongata, corpore griseo supra nigro-guttato, maculis quatuor rotundis supra ocu- los, fasciis colli dorsique tribus nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. ' p> G2- Grey W. with longitudinal black stripes on the neck and rump, and round black spots on the sides. La Civette de Malacca. Sonner. voy. 2. p. 144. pl. OI. Turs, a. native of Malacca, is one of those ani- mals which we owe to the assiduity of Mons. Son- nerat. He says it is of the size of a domestic Cat, — and that it has the same character and manners. The whole animal is of a pearl-grey, deepest on the upper parts: the snout is longish; the ears small and round, and the limbs short; the claws five in number, weak, crooked, and retractile. The top of the head is black; and it has four round black spots above each eye, situated longi-- tudinally: the eyes are small and black; the pu- pil, in some views, oblong. Over the neck run three longitudinal black bands, commencing be- hind the head, and terminating at the shoulders; — and three-other bands commence over the loins and terminate at the tail: there is also another band running along the middle of the belly. On — each side the body and thighs are thirty round black _ MALACCA WEESEL, 407 spots, symmetrically arranged in rows, viz. three rows on each side, and one over the vack: the tail, which is longer than the body, 1s marked with a great many alternate black and grey cir- cles. From the above description, as well as from Sonnerat’s figure, it appears that this animal is much allied to the Genet and the Fossane. Mr. Sonnerat tells us it lives by chase; and is very nimble in mounting trees, &c. it is a fierce crea- ture, and if only wounded, when shot at, will turn back and attack the aggressor. It diffuses a powerful musky odour, which is owing to a pecu- liar receptacle like that of the Civet Cat and some others of this genus. The Malays collect the fluid thus secreted, and pretend that it is sti- mulant and stomachic. It is much esteemed for these qualities by the Chinese, who purchase it of the Malays. 3 The animal described and figured ia the 7th supplemental volume of Buffon, under the title of Genette du Cap de Bonne Esperance, appears to me to be no other than a variety of the above spe- cies, It is said to have been communicated by Mons. Sonnerat by the name of Chat musqué du Cap de Bonne Esperance. ‘The figure represents — it white, with black stripes and spots. The Ermined Weesel of Mr. Pennant, described and figured in the additions to the History of Quadrupeds, from a drawing communicated by General Davies, is, perhaps, another variety. It is white, with the neck and whole body spotted with ermine-like black spots disposed in rows : e 408 TIGERINE WEESEL. The tail is annulated with black, and slightly tufted with black at the end: the ears short, rounded, and naked, and within of a fine pink- colour. It is said to be a native of Cochin-China. TIGERINE WEESEL. Viverra Tigrina, V. cauda annulata, apice fusca, corpore cinerea fusco-maculato, stria a capite ad causa producta nigra. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 91. Yellowish-grey W. with brown variegations, dratoanelad tail tip, ped with black, and a black stripe from head to tail. Chat-Bizaam. Vosmaer descr. Amst. 1771. Blotched Cat. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 298. Turis animal was described by Mr. Vosmaer, from a specimen shewn at Amsterdam. It is of the size of a Cat, and of mild manners. The body is of a cinereous brown-colour, with a black stripe from head to tail, and spotted on the sides with brown: the tail is annulated, and has a brown tip. Mr. Pennant, in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, refers this animal to the Genus Felis, and, indeed, from Mr. Vosmaer’s figure, it should seem to have, at least, equal af- finity to that genus as to the present. Mr. Schre- ber, however, makes. it a Viverra. 409 MARTIN. Viverra Foina. Mustela Foina. M. pedibus fissis*, corpore fulvo nigricante, gulaalba. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 95. Blackish-fulvous W. with white throat. Martes domestica. Gesn. Quadr. 765. Aldr. dig. p. 332. Fouine. Buff. 7. p. 161. pl. 18. Martin. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 41. Tue. Martin is an animal of a highly elegant appearance. Its general length, from nose to tail, is about a foot and half, and the tail is ten inches long. The Martin is of a blackish tawny colour, with a white throat; and the belly is of a dusky- brown; the tail is bushy or full of hair, and of a darker colour than the other parts: the ears are moderately large and rounded, and the eyes lively. This animal is a native of most parts of Europe; inhabiting woods and fields, and preying on birds and other small animals. If taken young, it may be easily tamed, and even rendered do- mestic. It breeds in the hollows of trees, and brings forth from three to five young. The skin is used as a fur. * The words pedibus fissis, or with divided feet, in opposition to pedibus palmatis, or webbed feet, are, of course, unnecessary in the present arrangement, in which the Otters form a separate genus, They are, therefore, purposely omitted in all the following specific characters belonging to this genus. =. s. PF. i. 27 ALO PINE MARTIN. Viverra Martes. : Mustela Martes. M. corpore fulvo nigricante, gula flava. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 95. Blackish-fulvous W. with yellow throat. Martes. Aldr. dig. 331. 3 Martes Abietum. Raj. Quadr. 200. Marte. Buff. 7. p. 186. pl. 22. Pine Martin. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 41. Tuis animal ‘so extremely resembles the pre- ceding as scarce to be distinguished from it by any other character than that of the yellow throat and breast: it is, however, generally said to have the head rather shorter than the common Martin. It frequents pine-woods in particular, and is ac- cordingly found in such countries as most abound in that species of timber. In England it is much less frequent than the former, but in some parts of Germany, Sweden, &c. as well as in North America, it is a very common animal. It is said not to be found in Siberia. It never frequents houses, as the common Martin occasionally does; but confines itself altogether to the woods and fields. Its fur is considered as of a far superior qua- lity to that of the former species, and the skins form a great article of commerce: those which are found about the region of Mount Caucasus are esteemed finer than any others: in these the throat is of an orange-colour. Some naturalists have supposed the Pine and Common Martin to _ be no other than varieties of the same species; SABLE. 411 but the Count de Buffon considers them as _per- fectly distinct, and observes that no variation is ever known to take place in the colours, or the manners of the two animals; but that the one con- fines itself entirely to the deep recesses of the forests, while the common Martin approaches _ our habitations, and takes up his abode in old buildings, hay-lofts, holes of walls, &c. Both species have an agreeable kind. of musky smell. Buffon affirms that the Pine Martin frequently usurps the nest of the Squirrel, as well as of the Buzzard, &c. in order to breed in, and sometimes dislodges the Woodpeckers from their holes for the same purpose. It is said to produce seven or eight young at a birth. SABLE. Viverra Zibellina. Mustela Zibellina. M. corpore obscure fulvo, fronte exallida, gutture cinereo. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 96. Blackish-fulvous W. with whitish front, and grey throat. Mustela Sobella. Gesn. Quadr. p. 768. Mustela Zibellina. Aldr. dig. p. 335+ Zibeline. Buff. 13. p. 309. Sable Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 43. | _ Tue Sable is ereatly allied to the Martin in its general appearance, but has a longer or sharper head, and more lengthened ears. Its general co- lour is a deep glossy brown; the hair being ash- 41 SABLE. coloured at the roots and black at the tips: the chin is cinereous, and the edges of the ears yel- lowish. Its sizé is equal to that of the Martin; but, exclusive of other differences, a principal one consists in the tail, which is much shorter in proportion than in the Martin. The Sable is an inhabitant of the northern parts of Asia, and is an extremely important article in the fur trade. It principally lives in holes under ground, especi- ally under the roots of trees, and sometimes, like the Martin, forms its nest in the hollows of trees. It is an active, lively animal, preying, in the man- ner of the Martin, on the smaller quadrupeds, birds, &c. Like the Martin it is also most lively during the night, and sleeps much by day. In autumn the Sable is said to eat cranberries, whor- tles, &c. It brings forth early in the spring, and has from three to five young at a time. The chase of the Sable, according to Mr. Pennant, was, during the more barbarous periods of the Russian empire, the principal task of the unhappy exiles who were sent into Siberia, and who, as well as the soldiers sent there, were obliged to furnish, within a given time, a certain quantity of furs; but, as Siberia is now become more populous, the — Sables have in great measure quitted it, and have retired farther to the north and east, into the de- sert forests and mountains. Sables are numbered among the most valu- able of furs. From an abstract drawn up by the late Dr. Forster, from Muller’s account of its commercial history, it appears that the price SABLE. 413 varies from one to ten pounds sterling and above. The blackest and those which have the finest bloom or gloss are reputed the best. The very best are said to come from the environs of Nertch- wk and Vakutsk, and in this latter district, the country about the river Ud sometimes affords Sa- bles of which a single fur is sold at the rate of sixty or seventy rubles, or twelve or fourteen pounds sterling. Sometimes the furs of Sables are fraudulently dyed, and otherwise prepared, in or- der to give them a more intense colour, but these _are very inferior to the fine natural ones, and are distinguishable by a kind of withered or dull ap- pearance of the hair itself when accurately in- spected. The Sable occurs in North America; as well as in Asia; the American Sables are said to be chiefly of a chesnut-colour, and more glossy, but coarser than the Siberian Sables. It is necessary to ob- _serve, that the Sable varies in its cast of colour at different seasons and in different districts: in- stances have been known, though rarely, of its being found perfectly white. 414 ‘FISHER. | Viverra Piscator,. V. dorso hibideval he waits cauaaque mgris, la- teribus fuscis, facie subcinerea, naso nigro. — W. with the back, belly, feet and tail black, the sides brown, the face subcinereous with black nose. Fisher Weesel. Pennant Quadr. 2. i $e _ Tus seems doubt isc only by Mr. Pennant, who informs us that, notwithstanding its name, it is not an amphibious animal. It is a native of | North America, where it is supposed, from the number of skins imported, to be by no means un- common; not less than 580 having been brought in one season from New York and Pensylvania, It varies in colour, and is sometimes nearly black: its length from nose to tail is twenty-eight mches; of the tail, which is very full and: bushy, seven- teen: the ears are broad, round, and dusky, edged with white: the fore legs are shorter than the hind: there are five toes on the fore feet, and the same number, but sometimes ‘only four, on the hind; the claws large, white, and crooked. . The general colours are described in the specific cha- racter. COMMON WEESEL. | i = Hy Zi a L774 Y, qa i) 1} y)})) a —- FERRET, POLECAT. 1800, Sart London Pub lina by GKeors ley, Fleet’ Strezk. i Eo ie i Sincere Pista thta., ; i : : ~ Mustela Putorius M ‘corpore Nebo nigricante, ore auriculisque albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 96. Blackish- -tawny ‘W. with whitish muzzle and ears. Putorius. Gesn. Quadr. 767. Aldr. dig. 329. Jonst. Quadr. 1 ag Putois. Buff. 7. p. 199. pl. 23. Fitchet. Pennant Quadr. 2. DP. 37+ The Polecat or Fitchet. Tue Polecat is one of the most remarkable Eu- ropean species of the Weesel tribe. Its colour is an extremely deep blackish-brown, with a tawny cast sliehtly intermixed: the ears are edged with white, and the space round the muzzle is also whitish. The general leneth of this animal is seventeen inches, exclusive of the tail, which measures about six inches. The Polecat is found in most parts of Europe, as well as in some of the Asiatic regions, as in Siberia, where it is said to be generally found with the rump of a whitish or yellowish tinge, surrounded with black. The Polecat commonly forms itself a subter- raneous retreat, sometimes beneath the roots of large trees, and sometimes under hay-ricks, and in barns. It preys indiscriminately on the smaller animals, and is very destructive to poultry: it is _ also, like the Ferret, a cruel enemy to rabbets, ep which it destroys by sucking their blood, mstead of tearing them aipidtanay in pieces, It steals into barns, pigeon-houses, &c. where it occasion- ally makes great havock; biting off the heads of fowls and pigeons, and then carrying them away a | | { AlG > POLECAT. to its retreat; and sometimes it carries off the heads alone. During the summer, however, it principally frequents rabbet-warrens, or the hollow trunks of trees, &c. &c. and prowls about in quest of young birds, rats, field-mice, &c. According to the Count de Buffon, a single family of Pole- cats 1s sufficient to destroy a whole warren of rab- bets; and he observes, that this would be a simple method of diminishing the number of rabbets where they are too abundant. In Spain the Fer- ret is said to have been formerly introduced for a similar purpose. ‘The Polecat also preys. occa- sionally on fish: of which a curious instance 1s )re- corded in Mr. Bewick’s History of Quadrupeds, During a severe storm, one of these animals was tracked in the snow from the side of a rivulet ta its hole, at some distance from it; as it was ob- served to have made frequent trips, and as other marks were seen in the snow, which could not easily be accounted for, it was thought a matter worthy of more diligent enquiry; its hole was ac- cordingly examined; the animal taken; and eleven fine eels were discovered to be the fruits of its nocturnal excursions; the unusual marks in the snow having been made by the motion of the eels while dragged along in the animal’s mouth. That the Polecat, however, sometimes feeds in this manner, is, in reality, no new observation; since Aldrovandus assures us that it will occasionally take up its residence in the hollow banks of rivu- lets, in order to lie in wait for, and prey upon, fish. The Polecat 1s also delighted with milk, © ht Se ze — = Ag ‘ae iy ‘ f, » a > . ‘: - © 1s 2 « A | ¥ ; ' ) i } 6 Z > \ awn coy wid ae eas \ yy ) eH) § az) NAN 7 \ Wag NAN nM Mas nt ( i \ \ i | { My } ! Mh ARVN Sess =P > OTTER. COMMON -LUTRA. OTTER. Generic Characte?. i 1 Ti eeth as in the preceding ge- nus. ; : Feet webbed. Disa’ ut in genere : antece- dente. Pedes palmati. ~~ Tur Otters or Lutre agree with the animals of the last genus, and particularly with those of the division entitled Mustele, in their general cha- _racter, but are furnished with webbed feet. ! COMMON OTTER. Lutra Vulgaris. L. fusca plantis nudis, cauda corpore dimidio breviore. Brown O. with naked feet, on tail half the feiath of the body. Mustela Lutra. MM. plantis palmatis ie cauda corpore dimidio breviore. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 66. | , Lutra. Gesn. Quadr. p, 775. Aldr. wig. pe PoP. Loutre. Buff. 7. p. 134. pl. 11. Greater Otter. Pennant Quadr, 2. p. 77. * Tur common Otter is found in almost every part of Europe, as well as in the colder regions of Asia; inhabiting the banks of rivers, and feeding 438 : COMMON OTTER. principally on fish. It occurs also in the north- ern parts of America, and particularly in Canada, where it appears to arrive at a larger size than in Europe. In the river Euphrates, on the con- trary, it is said to be found no larger than a com- mon Cat; but it is probable, that this is in reality a different species, viz. the L. Lutreola, or smaller Otter, hereafter to be described. The usual length of the Otter is near two feet from nose to tail, and of the tail about sixteen inches. Its co- lour is a deep brown, with a small light-coloured patch on each side the nose, and another under the chin: the throat and breast are ash-coloured : the head is flat and broad: the mouth small; the teeth strong; the lips very thick and muscular; the ears short and rounded; and the eyes small, and situated near the nose: the neck is very thick; the legs short and thick, loosely joined to the body, and so placed as to be capable of being brought on a line with the body, and of perform- ing the office of fins; the toes, which are five in number on all the feet, are connected by broad and strong webs, and the whole foot is naked or with- out hair. ‘‘ The Otter (says Mr. Pennant) shews . great sagacity in forming its habitation: it bur- rows under ground in the banks of some river or lake; and always makes the entrance of its ‘hole under water; working upwards to the surface of the earth, and, before it reaches the top, makes several holts or lodges, that in case of high floods it may have a retreat; for no animal affects lying drier; and then makes a minute orifice for the ‘Yer. ti) Ag viet a eee : 4 é ‘ COMMON OTTER. 439 admission of air: it is farther observed, that this animal, the more effectually to conceal its retreat, contrives to make even this little air-hole in the midst of some thick bush.” Though the principal food of the Otter consists of fish, yet it is said that in hard weather, when this its natural prey fails, it will attack the smaller quadrupeds, as well as poultry, &c. The Otter is naturally a very fierce animal, and when hunted with dogs, as is some- times the practice, will inflict very severe wounds on its antagonists. ‘The female produces four or five young at a birth: this commonly happens early in the spring. The young Otters, if taken at a very early age, may be successfully tamed, and taught by degrees to hunt for fish, and bring them to their master. This taming of Otters and employing them in fishing is mentioned by Aldrovandus (from Albertus Magnus) as a circumstance familiarly known, and more espe- cially, according to Albertus, in Sweden, where he tells us that, in the houses of the great, these animals were kept for that purpose, and would go out, at a signal from the cook, catch fish, and bring it into the kitchen in order to be dressed for dinner!!! | The Count de Buffon, in his description of the Otter, given in the 7th volume of his Natural History, seems inclined to doubt the reality of the Otter’s having ever been properly tamed, so as to be rendered serviceable in fishing; but later experience has proved this to be perfectly prac- ticable. An Otter thus tamed has followed its 440 COMMON OTTER. master like a dog, and been found extremely useful. Instances of this kind are described in Mr. Bew- ick’s work on Quadrupeds. A person near Inver- ness in Scotland had, according to this writer, a tame Otter, which would follow him wherever he chose, and, if called by its name, would imme- diately obey. When apprehensive of danger from dogs, it would seek protection from its master, and endeavour to fly into his arms for security. It was frequently employed in catching fish, and would sometimes take eight or ten salmon in a day: these it always made an attempt to break behind the small back fin, if not prevented: as soon as one was taken away, it immediately dived for another, and, when tired, refused to fish any longer; and, after having been rewarded with a part of the spoil, would compose itself to sleep, and in this state was carried home. It would fish in the sea as well as in fresh water. Another per-. son, according to Mr. Bewick, who kept a tame Otter, suffered it to follow him with the dogs, and it was found a very useful assistant in fishing, by going into the water, and driving the trouts, &c. into the nets. It was farther remarkable, that the dogs, though accustomed to hunt Otters, were so far from giving it the smallest molesta- tion, that they would not even hunt an Otter while in its company. ‘This method of fishing with a tame Otter is also mentioned by Vaniere, in his truly Virgilian poem, the Predium Rusti- cum. COMMON OTTER. AAA ** Si nidum tenerosque ferze deprendere pullos Contigit; absenti sobolem furabere matri; _ Et dum mollis adhuc etas facilisque doceri, Piscandi cicurem Lutram formabis ad artes : Namque ubi transverso steterint suspensa fluento Lina; cavernosos rimabitur illa recessus, © Ejectos specubus pisces in retia trudens ; Ut canis excitos agit in venabula cervos, Et leporum presso sequitur vestigia rostro.” ~ Should chance, within their dark recess, betray The tender young, bear quick the prize away. Tam/’d by thy care, the useful brood shall join The wat’ry chace, and add their toils to thine; From each close lurking-hole shall force away And drive within thy nets the silver prey: As the taught hound the timid stag subdues, Or o'er the dewy plain the panting hare pursues.” Lastly, The Count de Buffon himself, in his sixth supplemental volume, retracts his scepticism on this subject, and has published a letter from the Marquis de Courtivron relative to a tame Otter kept in an abbey at Autun, in the year 1775, &c. This Otter was a female, and had been taken extremely young, and reared with milk till it was two months old, when it was fed with soup, fruits, pulse, meat, fish, &c. which latter, however, it would not eat unless perfectly fresh. It was as tame as a dog, and would come whenever it was called by its name. It would also play with a dog and cat with which it had been early acquainted, but shewed great animo- sity against other dogs and cats which happened to approach it. This Otter chiefly inhabited a ¥. I. P. II. 29 449 COMMON OTTER. room, and would lie by night on a bed, and, dur- ing the day-time, on a heap of straw provided for it: it would occasionally plunge its head and fore feet into a vessel of water, which always stood near it; and, after shaking itself, would go out into the court yard for exercise, &c. and would often sleep in the sunshine. It seemed in a manner to have lost the natural habits of its kind; since, being carried one day to a pool of water, it seemed afraid, and would not go into it, but only wetted its head and feet, as in its cham- ber; and when thrown in, to the distance of some’ feet, it instantly made to the shore, as if in a kind of alarm, and followed readily to the Abbey. When the Otter, in its natural or uneducated state, has caught a fish, it immediately draws it ashore, and devours the head and upper parts, leaving the remainder; and when in a state of captivity, will eat no fish but what is perfectly fresh, but will prefer bread, milk, &c. The Ot- ter, says Buffon, is as noxious in a fish-pond as the Polecat in a hen-roost; since he frequently kills many more fish than he can eat, and then carries off one in his teeth. The Otter will some- times devour vegetables of different kinds, and will gnaw the bark and twigs of young trees. — The flesh of the Otter is rank and fishy. The — Romish church permits the use of it on maigre- days, and Mr. Pennant declares, that, mm the ‘kitchen of the Carthusian convent, near Dijon, he saw one preparing for the dinner of the reli- SMALLER OTTER. AAS ous of that rigid order, who are prohibited, dur- ing their whole lives, the eating of flesh. SMALLER OTTER. - Lutra Lutreola. L. fulvo-nigricans, plantis hirsutis, digitis equalibus, ore albo. Blackish-tawny O. with hairy feet, toes equal in ni and white muzzle. Mustela Lutreola. M. plantis palmatis hirsutis, digitis equali- bus, ore albo, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 66. Viverra Lutreola. Pail. spicil. zool. 14. p. 46. t. 3.f. I. . Lesser Otter. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 80. THis species very much resembles the common Otter, but is much smaller: the body is of a dusky-colour, but with a considerable cast of tawny; the chin and throat white; the ears roundish; the feet broad, webbed, and covered with hair, instead of being naked, as in the for- mer animal. In size it falls far short of the com- mon Otter, measuring about a foot in length. In North America this species is known by the name of Minx, and is said sometimes to leave the water, and prey on poultry, &c. im the manner of a Pole- cat, biting off the heads and sucking the blood. It is said also to have a fetid smell. In Europe the smaller Otter is chiefly found in Poland and Lithuania, living on fish, frogs, &c. Its fur is very valuable, and next in beauty to that of the ene. Ads SEA OTTER. Lutra Marina. LL. nigra, plantis pions; cauda corpore quadruple breviore. Black O. with hairy feet, and tail four times shorter than the body. Mustela Lutris. M. plantis ‘poi pilosis, cauda corpore wed ruplo breviore. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 66. Lutra marina. Steller nov. comm. Petrop. 2. p. 367. t. 26. Sea Otter. Pennant Rae, 4 hi 83. Tus is the dari: of te Otters, measuring | about three feet oun the nose to the tail, and the tail thirteen inches. The colour of this spe- cies is a deep, glossy, brownish-black; the fur being extremely soft and very fine: on the fore- bead’ is generally a cast of greyish or silver-co- lour: the ears are erect, ‘shanpigh; and small: the whiskers long and white: the fore legs thick and furnished willl four toes, covered with hair, and webbed: the hind feet resemble those of a Seal; the toes being connected by: a strong granulated - membrane, wa a skin skirting the outward toe, as in some of the water-fowl: the tail is short, broad, depressed, and pointed at the end. The Sea Otter has been found of the weight of seventy or eighty pounds. It is sometimes seen of a sil- wk ere = , Stns ere i ee Sa very or hoary tinge. According to Mr. Pen- — ‘ nant, it is one of the most local animals we are acquainted with, being entirely confined between lat. 44, and 60. north; and between east long. 4 from London, 126. to 150.; inhabiting, in great abundance, Bering’s islands, Kamtschatka, the 101 a With iN i FNS Pre oe a FT ae die a Oe rn sae SEA OTTER. Heath. feup. > i208 1800. Feb!1L ondon Publifhid by 6. Kearsley Fleet Street. i. == ——— = —LSSSaSSSSssS55 = i ae ‘POLAR BEAR. AST feast is dedicated to a certain genius, perhaps that of gluttony, whose resentment they dread, if they do not eat every morsel, and even sup up the very melted grease in which the meat was dressed. They sometimes eat till they burst, or bring on themselves some violent disorders. The first course is the greatest Bear they have killed, with- out even taking out the entrails, or taking off the skin; contenting themselves with singeing the skin, as is practised with hogs.” POLAR BEAR. Ursus Maritimus. U-. albus, cauda abrupta, capite colloque elon- gatis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. ps 101. White Bear, with elongated neck and head, and abrupt tail. _ Ursus maritimus albus major arcticus. Pc ia Spitsberg. 73. t OV fe CL: , Ours blanc. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 200. cel 3d. Polar Bear. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 5. Ursus Polaris, Polar Bear. Museum Leverianum, wol, I. 1D. Te pl. Qe Turis is a far larger species than the common Bear, and is said to have beer: sometimes found of the length of twelve feet’ The head and neck are of amore lengthened form than in the com- mon Bear, and the body itself is longer in pro- portion. The whole animal is white, except the tip of the nose and the claws, which are jet black: the ears are small and rounded; the eyes small; the teeth of extraordinary magnitude: the hair is of a great length, and the limbs are extremely ey Pat. 30 458 POLAR BEAR. large and strong. It seems confined to the very coldest parts of the globe; being found within 80 degrees of north latitude, as far as any navigators have yet penetrated, ‘The shores of Hudson’s Bay, Greenland, and Spitsbergen, are its princi- pal places of residence ; but it is said to have been accidentally carried on floating ice as far south as Newfoundland. This species seems to have been often confounded by authors with the white va- riety of the common Bear, which is occasionally found in the northern regions. The first tolerable figure of the Polar Bear seems to have been published by Mr. Pennant in his Synopsis of Quadrupeds, and is copied in the third supplemental volume of the Count de Buffon. 3 Syst. Nat. p. 70. B. with unmarked tail, body grey above, black below, and a longitudinal black band through the eyes and ears. Meles. Gesn, Quadr. 687. Taxus. Adldr. dig. 263. Meles pilis ex sordide albo et nigro variegatis vestita, capite teeniis alternatim albis et nigris variegata. Briss. Quadr, p. 183. Blaireau. Buff. 7. p. 104. pl. 7. Common failee, Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 14. Tue Badger is an inhabitant of all the tempe- rate parts of Europe and Asia. Its usual length is about two feet from the nose to the tail, diidle measures six inches. It is an animal of very clumsy make, being thick-necked and thick-bodied, with very short legs. It commonly resides in a hole or den under ground, out of which it emerges by night in quest of food; feeding chiefly on roots and fruits; but it will also devour frogs, worms, &c. The Badger is of an uniform grey- colour on the upper parts; and the throat, breast, belly, and legs, are black: the face is white, and along each side of the head runs a long and somewhat triangular or pyramidal band of black, including the eyes and ears: the eyes are small, and the ears short and rounded: the claws on the. 468 BADGER. fore feet are very long and strait, and it is prin- cipally from this circumstance that Mr. Pennant ranks it under a separate genus, instead of in- cluding it under that of Ursus or Bear. Authors have sometimes made a distinction between what they have called the Sow Badger and the Dog Badger; but this is supposed to be perfectly un-— tenable, and if there be any perceptible varia- tion, is probably no other than a mere sexual dif- ference. The hair of the Badger, both on the body, limbs, and tail, is very thick; and the teeth, legs, and claws, are very strong; so that he makes a very vigorous defence when attacked. When taken young, the Badger may be easily tamed, and generaily prefers raw flesh to every other food in a state of captivity. It is a very cleanly animal, and is observed to keep its subterraneous mansion extremely neat. The female produces about three or four young: this happens in sum- mer*; and, according to the Count de Buffon, the parent seizes on young rabbets}, which she drags out of their burrows, birds, eggs, snakes, and many other animals, in order to feed her young. Like the Bear, this animal is also fond of honey, and will attack hives in order to obtain it. The Badger sleeps a great deal, especially during winter, when he imitates the practice of * Mr. Schreber says in February. 4+ Mr. Pennant feems very much to doubt this, and can hardly admit the Badger to be a carnivorous animal. => AMERICAN BADGER. A69 the Bear, confining himself to. his den in a state of semi-torpidity. Ridinger figures a singular variety of the Bad- ger, of a white colour, with brown and reddish patches. AMERICAN BADGER. Ursus ex griseo flavescens, gula pectore §; abdomune albis, capite ni~ gro hneato. ! Pale yellowish-grey B. with the throat and belly white, and the | head striped with black. Ursus Labradorius.. U. cauda apice ‘villosa ex luteo subfusca, gula, pectore et abdomine albis, palmis tetradactyhs. Lan. Syst. Nat. Gmel. ». 102. Carcajou. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 242. pl. 49. American Badger. Pennant Quadr. 2. p- 15. In its general appearance this extremely re- sembles the common Badger, and might almost pass for a variety only: it 1s, however, somewhat smaller, and the black bands on the face are much narrower and do not include the eyes, but commence behind them, and run along the top of the neck: the ears are surrounded with black: the upper parts of the body are nearly of the same colour as in the common Badger, but ra- ther paler, and with a slight yellowish cast; and the breast and belly are of a light ash-colour, im- stead of black: the legs are of a dusky brown: the claws are at least as long and strong as in the Furopean Badger, if not more so. In the speci- men described by the Count de Buffon there were. 470 INDIAN BADGER. only four claws on the fore feet; but this was sur- mised to have been rather owing to some acci- dental circumstance than truly natural; though it appears to have been considered by Dr. Gmelin as forming part of the genuine specific character of the animal. ‘This species is rather scarce in America. It is found in the neighbourhood of Hudson’s Bay, and in Terra di Labrador, and, as Mr. Pennant suspects, as low as Pensylvania, where it is called the Ground Hog. VAR? A variety of this is found in some parts of Ame- rica, with the under parts slightly tinged with yellow. Itis mentioned by Brisson under the title of Meles supra alba, infra ex albo flavicans. INDIAN BADGER. Ursus Indicus. U. supra albus, mfra niger. B. white above, black beneath. Indian Badger. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 16. Mr. Pennant is the first and only describer of this species, which was brought from India, and was in the possession of the late Mr. John Hunter. Its length from nose to tail was about two feet; of the tail four inches. It had five toes on each foot; the inner small; the claws very long and strait. The head was small; the nose pointed; there was scarce any appearance of ex- ; 4 ak ike M Og 4 a 5 INDIAN BADGER. 471 ternal ears, only a small prominent rim round the orifice, which was oval: the colour of the nose, and face alittle beyond the eyes, black: the crown, upper part of the neck, back, and upper part of the tail, white, a little inclining to grey- ish: the legs, thighs, breast, belly, sides, and un- der part of the tail, black. It fed on flesh, and was of a lively and playful disposition. I cannot but observe, that the above species seems extremely nearly allied to one or two ani- mals of the genus Viverra; resembling them in size and colour, viz. the Ratel (Viverra Melli- vora) and the Cape Weesel (Viverra Capensis). It may even be doubted whether Viverre just mentioned may not in reality constitute one and (Te keiicererics. ) 472, DIDELPHIS. OPOSSUM. Generic Character. Dentes Primores minuti, ro- tundati. Superiores decem, intermediis duobus longioribus. Inferiores octo, intermediis duobus latioribus. brevissi- mus. Laniarii longi. Molares denticulati. Front-teeth small, rounded. Superior ten, the two middle ones longer. _ Inferior eight, the two mid- dle ones broader and very short. Canine-teeth long. Grinders denticulated. Lingua papillis ciliata. Folliculus (plerisque) abdomi- nalis mammarum. Abdominal pouch (in most spe- cies) containing the teats. | ‘Tue animals of this highly singular genus first ‘became known to naturalists on the discovery of the Western Continent, and most justly excited the admiration of the philosophic world, by the strange, and, till then, unheard-of contrivance of Nature for the protection and preservation of the young; which, instead of being exposed, like other animals, during their state of helpless im- becility to the casualties incident to that period, were securely concealed in a pouch or receptacle situated under the body of the parent. Tongue ciliated with papille. : 15 AS Se peed \\}) NYINS \ 1 a WW) \ NY teK \ 5 — =\ ry) “ ay ey GR ros ‘ tear’, AGF Cee; KG VAC Aes. De ain Och 1.—(¢ er 1600. Feb*London Pubtind by GKRearsley Fleet Street. VIRGINIAN OPOSSUM. AT 3 The Opossums were long supposed to be pe- culiar to America; but later discoveries . have evinced that several species, unknown to Ame- rica, exist in other parts of the globe. It is ne- cessary to observe, that a degree of confusion still prevails among authors, relative to the synonyms of the different species. VIRGINIAN OPOSSUM. Didelphis Virginiana. D. subcinereo-flavescens, cauda unda, au- riculis rotundatis nudis nigris, margine albis. _ Yellowish-grey naked-tailed Opossum, with black, naked, rounded ears edged with white. D. Marsupialis? Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 71. D. Opossum? Lin. Sy yst. Nat. Gmel. p. 195. Opossum. Phil. Trans. abr. 2. p. 884. pl. 13. Virginian Opossum. Museum Leverianum, vol. 1. p. 24. pl. 6. Tuts, which seems to have been the igecies first discovered in America, is not much inferior m size to a Cat, but is of a thicker form, owing to the length and upright growth of the fur. The general measure seems to be about one foot four fate from the nose to the tail, which is commonly about a foot or thirteen inches long*. It is an animal of an inelegant aspect; having a long, sharpened face, and very wide mouth, * Mr. Pennant, in his last edition of the History of Quadrupeds, says, about twenty inches from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail: of the tail thirteen inches. 5. Oe, i. | 31] AT 4: VIRGINIAN OPOSSUM. armed with very numerous sharp teeth: the ears are thin, naked, blackish, round, and edged with a border of white: the legs are short: the feet armed with sharp claws, but the interior toes or thumbs of the hind feet are flat and rounded, and have nails like those of the Monkey tribe: the tail is blackish at its origin, and covered with longish hair, but from that part to the end is naked, and covered with a scaly skin, the divi- sions of which are marked in such a manner as to give the tail very much the appearance of a whitish snake: it is strongly prehensile, or pos- sessed of the power of coiling, like those of se- veral Monkies, round any object from which the animal pleases to suspend itself. Its general co- lour is a dingy yellowish white; the legs black- ish; the tail, as before observed, blackish, and furred to some little distance from the base, and from thence to the tip naked: the belly is white; and its lower part, in the female, is furnished with a large cavity or receptacle, which | can be opened and closed at pleasure: in this are situated the teats; and in it the young, imme- diately after birth, are either placed by the pa- rent animal, or introduce themselves; for. this is one of those particulars in natural history which hitherto seems to have eluded investiga- tion: it is, however, more than probable, that — the parent herself places them there; since, even long after their residence in it, they are void of hair, and resemble foetuses or embryos, strongly adhering to the teats) When they have attain- VIRGINIAN OPOSSUM. A75 ed sufficient growth and strength, they emerge, after which they occasionally take refuge in the same receptacle on the appearance of any dan- ger, and are carried about by the parent. ‘This is the practice with most of the Opossum tribe; but there are two species which have no ventral pouch for the reception of their young, but a kind of depression or furrow in its stead. When imported into Europe (at least into our own island), the Opossums have never been known to breed; the late Mr. John Hunter having frequently procured several for this purpose, but could by no means succeed in his endeavours to ascertain the particulars of their history in this respect. The Kanguroo, however, which is an example of a similar contrivance of Nature, has afforded opportunities of illustrating the subject more satisfactorily. The Virginian Opossum, like all the other Ame- ‘rican species, is a carnivorous animal, and preys on poultry, small birds, &c. in the manner of the European Polecat: it is also frugivorous, eating _ several kinds of roots, fruits, &c. It is of a gen- tle disposition, and may easily be tamed; but, like some other species, it has a disagreeable smell: ‘its voice is a sort of grunting squeak: its pace in ‘running is not swift, but it is very expert in- climbing trees, and readily passes, by means of its clinging tail, from bough to bough, in the manner of a Monkey. ‘The female produces four or five at a birth, and has the power of A476 MOLUCCA OPOSSUM. closing the patieh so strongly as to stb it ok. tremely difficult to open it by the hand; nor will any torture compel the animal to loosen’ it. This power of strongly closing the pouch is performed by certain bones and muscles which Nature has provided for that purpose. These were observed and described by the celebrated Cowper, in the last century, as also by Dr. T yson. The female, when ready to produce her’ young, is said to make her- self a nest of dry grass, in some Lees near the root of a tree. Mo : A variety of this species is sometimes seen, in which the back is of a deep brown. This is the Didelphis Molucca of Gmelin’s edition of the Sys- tema Nature of Linnzus. Py MOLUCCA O ees Didelphis Marsupialis. D. D. fusca, cauda nda, be Brown O. with naked tail. ital D. thammis octo intra abdomen. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 105. Philander Amboinensis slaigees sa 9 in dorso, in ventre ex al- bido. cinereo-flavicans, maculis muP i oculos obscure ,fuscis. Briss. Quadr. 201. ae _. Philander Orientalis foem. Seb. mus. I. p. OL. te 48. fi z. Molucca Opossum. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 20. , Sarigue, a ae Buff. 10. p- 279: ee 45, see Te HIS, which is a larger species ‘threat the for- mer, seems to have been first described and figured by Seba, in his work intituled Thesaurus Rerum Naturalium. It is of a thinner or more slender RE LCRILT RY (Oxo, (Ty ee We NYS) \\Vy ANY) 4 SYN AL \Wy\\h ‘ SSS Wises WY ape ay, bet : 483 PHILANDER. Didelphis Philander. D. cauda basi pilosa, mammis quaternis. O. with the tail hairy at the base, and with four teats in the ab- dominal pouch. D. cauda bisi pilosa, auriculis pendulis, mammis quaternis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 72. Der Faras (D. Philander). Schreb. saeughth. 1. p. 541. ¢. 147. Tlaquatzin, Seb. mus. 1. p. 57. ts 36. 4e Tue Philander is about the size of a large rat: the head is large, the snout thick, and the ears rounded and upright, though in Seba’s figure, as well as in the Linnean description, they are said to be pendulous: the abdominal pouch con- tains two large mamme, each furnished with two teats. Seba, in his figure, represents these parts distinctly, but without any appearance of the pouch, and expressly affirms in the description, that this species is not furnished with one; but Mr. Schreber seems perfectly convinced that this must have been merely owing to an error or over- sight in the conduct both of the figure and de- scription, and affirms that the pouch or receptacle really exists in this species. ‘The tail is longer than the body, and is hairy for some little dis- tance from the base, the remainder being naked, and towards the end prehensile. The length of the body is nine inches, and of the tail thirteen. The Philander is of a reddish brown above, and whitish beneath: the eyes are surrounded with a brownish border; the mouth on each side is beset with very long vibrissee or whiskers; down the AS 4 MURINE OPOSSUM. forehead runs a brownish stripe: the thumbs on the hind feet are rounded, as in most others of this genus. It has ten upper fore teeth, of which the mid- dle ones are rather longer than the rest; and eight lower fore teeth, the middle ones gathiar longest, and standing distant. It is a native of Surinam, and, in all probability, of several other parts of South eens MURINE OPOSSUM. Didelphis Murina. D. cauda semipilosa, mammis senis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 107. O. with tail half naked, and six teats. Marmose. Buff. 10. p. 335. pill. 52, 53. Murine Opossum. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 23. Turis is one of the smaller Opossums, measur- ing about six or eight inches from nose to tail, which is nearly’ of similar length. It is of a somewhat slender form, with a long and sharpish snout and a wide mouth: the ears are large and ‘rounded, and the tail naked, or scaly its whole length, but coated with straggling hairs for about two inches from the base, or even much less. This species has no ventral pouch, but on each side the lower part of the abdomen is a longitu- dinal furrow or fold, in the cavity of which the teats are situated. The general colour of the Murine Opossum is a kind of tawny brown above, and whitish beneath: the eyes are encircled with Rs | MERIAN OPOSSUM. 485 black: in its general mode of life it resembles others of this genus: it produces ten or more young at a birth, which immediately afterwards affix themselves to the teats, and remain there till they attain their proper growth and strength. It is a native of South America, “_ particulary of Surinam. The feet in this species are all furnished with sharp claws, except on the thumbs or great toes of the hind feet, which have rounded nails. It is in this particular that it seems chiefly to differ from the following species, or Merian Opossum. MERIAN OPOSSUM. Didelphis Dorsigera. D. cauda basi pilosa, corpore longiore, digitis manuum muticis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 107. Pouchless O. with naked tail, hairy at the base, and the fore feet without claws. Genus gliris sylvestris. Merian Surin. p. 66. t. 66. Mus seu sorex sylvestris Americanus. Seb. 1. p. 48. ¢. 31. f. 1, 2. Philandre de Surinam. Buff. 15. p. 157- ‘Merian Opossum, Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 27. Turs species isso named from the celebrated Madame Merian, who has introduced a figure of it into her splendid work on the Insects of Suri- nam. Madame Merian’s own account of the ani- mal is as follows: ‘‘ By way of filling up a plate I have represented a kind of Wood-Rat, which al- ways carries her young ones (of which there are commonly five or six) upon her back: she is of a 486 MERIAN OPOSSUM. yellowish brown colour, and white beneath: when these rats come out of their hole, either to play or to seek their food, they run about with their mother, but when they are satisfied with food, or are apprehensive of danger, they climb up again on the back of the mother, and twist their tails round that of the Paseuh, who runs with them into her hole again.’ It is necessary to observe, that in Madame Merian’s figure the feet are not accurately repre- sented: this is observed by Seba, who assures us, that the toes on the fore feet are all furnished with small round nails, while those on the hind feet have sharp claws, except the thumb or inte- rior toe, which has a rounded nail, like those on the fore feet. In colour this species seems to vary a little, being either of a deep brown above, and white aS or of a yellowish-brown above, © and pe iisrgiah asin beneath. The eyes, as in the former species or Murine Opossum, are surrounded with a darker or blacker colour than on the rest of the animal, and indeed there seems to be some reason for supposing that this and the Murine Opossum may be one and the same species. The number of teats in the Didelphis Murina of Lin. is said to be only six; Mr. Pennant, on the con- trary, assures us that they sometimes amount to ten or fourteen. The teats of the Merian Opos- sum are not particularized by its describers, but the number of young is said to be generally five or six. In the Leverian Museum is an elegant spe- cimen of this animal. aN LEMURINE OPOSSUM. ALA) Deb yao (3 5 (20 Leys AV4 Par ay Lager org res Gr —— ee” S = 487 aaa di ccuain fale ni Leura. “itt cinerea, ne fulvescens, cauda tereti . ~illosa prehensili nigra. ee Anereous Opossum, ately beneath, with cylindric, black, furry, prehensile tail. : | | es out 1a Tapoa Roo. | White's Journ. * a voyage to New South es Wales, p: 278. : Sua) e.? _ Oras from New South Wales. Bewick’s Hist. of Quadr. & Hs lp. 6. | > N ew Peeuand Bear. Pennant Quad. 2. oe tf: f Bers j is a Monge species, hehe panel in size to “a Lat, but longer bodied in proportion. Its co-— - lour is a fine brownish or iron-grey above, and __ pale yellowish-brown beneath; in some specimens oad nearly white: the sides of the neck and the feet have also a tinge of this colour: the fur on the whole animal is extremely thick, rich, and soft, scarce yielding i in elegance to that of the Petaurus or Great Flying Prodien the muzzle is short and ‘roundish ; the whiskers large and black; the ears upright, large, and a little. inclining to a pointed form at the tips: the eyes bright and reddish: the ‘ hind feet furnished with a omiode interior toe: the tail, which is thick, long, and very furry, is “prehensile, and is of the same colour with the body for about a fourth of its length; the remain- der being black: it is naked beneath to a great distance from the tip. The general length of the body is about eighteen inches; of the tail about twelve. Living specimens of this beautiful ani- mal have been brought into England. In their ae eee A88 LEMURINE OPOSSUM. manner of life they resemble the rest of this ge- nus, feeding on small birds, vegetables, &c. In feeding they often sit in the manner of a squirrel, holding their food in their hands. In Mr. White’s Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales we have a description of this species by the late Mr. John Hunter, contaiming some remarks relative to the appearance of the teeth, which cannot fail to be interesting to every ana- tomist. ‘‘ This animal (says Mr. Hunter) is about the size of a Raccoon, is of a dark grey colour on the back, becoming lighter on the sides, which ter- minates in a rich brown on the belly. The hair is of two kinds, a long hair, and a kind of fur, and even the long hair, at the roots, is of the fur kind. The head is short; the eyes rather el nent; the ears broad, not peaked. ‘« The teeth resemble those of all the animals from that country I have ever seen. | « The incisors are not continued into the grinders by intermediate teeth, although there — are two teeth in the intermediate space in the up- per jaw, and one in the lower. ‘The incisors are similar to those of the Kangaroo, and six in num- ber in the upper jaw, opposed by two in the lower, which have an oblique surface extending some distance from their edge, so as to increase the surface of contact. ‘There are two cuspidati on each side in the upper jaw, and only one in the lower; five grinders LEMURINE OPOSSUM. AS8J on each side of each jaw, the first rather pointed, the others appear nearly of the same size, and quadrangular in their shape, with a hollow running across their base from the outside to the inner, which is of some depth; and another which crosses it, but not so deep, dividing the surface into four points. ) ‘¢ On the fore foot there are five toes, the inner the shortest, resembling, in a slight degree, a thumb. The hind foot resembles a hand, or that of the Monkey and Opossum, the great toe hav- ing no nail, and opposing the whole sole of the foot, which is bare. The nails on the other toes, both of the fore and hind foot, resemble, in a small degree, those of the Cat, being broad and co- vered: and the last bone of the toe has a projec- tion on the under side, at the articulation. Each nail has, in some degree, a small sheath, covering its base when drawn up. The tail is long, co- vered with long hair, except on the under sur- face of that half towards the termination, of the breadth of half an inch, becoming broader near ‘the tip or termination: this surface is covered with a strong cuticle, and is adapted for laying hold.”—White's Journal, p. 278. *. 3. FP. It. =) re 490 PORCULINE OPOSSUM. Didelphis Obesula. D. subferruginea, subtus albescens, cauda longiuscula, pedibus anticis pentadactylis, ungue exteriore utrin- que brevissimo, posticis tetradactylis, digitis interioribus unitis. Subferruginous Opossum, whitish beneath, with longish tail; the fore feet pentadactylous, with very small exterior claws: the hind feet tetradactylous, with the two interior toes united. Naturalist’s Miscellany, No. 96. t. 298. A SPECIMEN Of this is preserved in Mr. Hun- ters Museum. It is about the size of a half- grown domestic rat, and is remarkable for a thicker or more corpulent habit than most others of the genus. The hind legs are considerably longer than the fore legs, and have in miniature the form of those of the Kangaroo and some other Australasian quadrupeds; though the middle claws are far less in proportion: the interior ones are double, or both covered by a common skin. ‘The colour of this species is a pale yellow-brown, paler and inclining to whitish beneath: and its hair is of a coarser or more harsh appearance than in the. rest of the small Opossums: the ears are round- ed: the tail rather long. When viewed in a cur- sory manner, the etteg bears a distant resem- blance to a pig in miniature. 1 | | WR Po, SU | bre Lemay Vy Ye tif yy Wy GLA 4OA%°TAIS SOdO = A A, As ia eo AY > 1} yh —————— SS $[SS= ———————— —== et Dee 491 VIV vars M. Didelphis Viverrina. D. nigra, albo maculata, cauda villosa. Var. D. fusca, immaculata, cauda villosa. Black O. spotted with white, with villose tail. 7 The Tapoa Tafa, or Tapha. White's Journ. p. 281, 285. Spotted Gpccal ge voy. to Bot. Bay, p. 147. ; Tuts animal 1 ia ‘remarkable for its dictate form, and this, together with its sharpened.visage and long brushy tail, gives it, at first view, the appear- ance of one of the Weesel tribe rather than that of an Opossum. Its general size seems to be that of a Stoat, measuring about ten inches from nose: to: tail; and. the tail itself about eight inches.. It appedrs, however, to vary in size, “since: ee describers differ ereatly: in their rubl db “Mr. “siockedale in the year 1789), it is said to. measure ‘about fifteen inches from the nose to the tail; the tail measuring about ten inches; but, in Mr. White’s B iblications the de- scription, by Mr. Hunter, states the animal to be: about the ‘size. of a rat. The different age of. the specimens _ examined may account for these discrepances. _ The colour of the whole’ is a. deep glossy black, the whole body and outsides | of | the limbs being spotted with 2 cae Bae "pretty numerous’ large and. somewhat irregular patches of white. If, however, we admit Mr. Hunter's idea on this subject, the black and white animal just described is of the same species 4.99. VIVERRINE OPOSSUM. with a brown one of the same size, and differing only in colour. The brown variety is that which Mr. Hunter, in the publication before referred to, has very accurately described. ‘‘This animal (says Mr. H.) is of the size of a rat, and has very much the appearance of the Martin Cat, but hardly so long in the body in proportion to its size. | “«The head is flat forwards, and broad from — side to side, especially between the eyes and ears; the nose is peaked, and projecting beyond the teeth, which makes the upper jaw appear to be considerably longer than the lower: the eyes are pretty large; the ears broad, especially at their base, not becoming regularly narrower to a point, nor with a very smooth edge, and having a small process on the concave, or inner surface, near to the base. It has long whiskers from the sides of the cheeks, which begin forwards near the nose, by small and short hairs, and become longer and stronger as they approach the eyes. It has very much the air of a rat, to which it is similar in colour; but near to the setting on of the tail it is of a lighter brown, forming a broad ring round it. The fore feet are shorter than the hind, but much in the same proportion as those of the rat; the hind feet are more flexible. There are five toes on the fore feet, the middle the largest, falling off on each side nearly equally; but the fore or inner toe is rather shortest: they are thin from side to side, the nails are pretty broad laterally, and thin at their base; not very VIVERRINE OPOSSUM. 4.93 long, but sharp. The animal walks on its whole palm, on which there is no hair. The hind feet are pretty long, and have five toes; that which answers to our great toe is very short, and has no nail; the next is the longest in the whole, falling gradually off to the outer toe; the shape of the | hind toes is the same as in the fore feet, as are likewise the nails: it walks nearly on the whole foot. The tail is covered with long hair, but not all of the same colour. “‘ The teeth of this creature are different from any other animal yet known. ‘The mouth is full of teeth. The lower jaw narrow in comparison to the upper, more especially backwards, which allows of much broader grinders in this jaw than in the lower, and which occasions the grinders in the upper jaw to project considerably over those in the lower. Inthe middle the cuspidati oppose one another, the upper piercers, or holders, go behind those of the lower; the second class of in- cisors in the lower jaw overtop those of the up- per, while the two first in the lower go within, or behind those of the upper. In the upper jaw, before the holders, there are four teeth on each side, three of which are pointed, the point stand- ing on the inner surface; and the two in front are longer, stand more obliquely forwards, and appear _ to be appropriated for a particular use. The holders are a little way behind the last fore teeth, to allow those of the lower jaw to come between. They are pretty long, the cuspidati on each side 44 VIVERRINE OPOSSUM. become longer and larger towards the grinders; they are points or cones placed on a broad base. — ‘‘ There are four grinders on each side, the middle two the largest, the last the least; their base is a triangle of the scalenus kind, or having one angle obtuse and two acute. Their base is composed of two surfaces, an inner and an outer, divided by processes or points: it is the inner that the grinders of the lower jaw oppose, when the mouth is regularly shut. The lower jaw has three fore teeth, or incisors, on each side; the first con- siderably the largest, projecting obliquely for- wards; the other two of the same kind, but smaller, the last the smallest. ‘“« The holder in this jaw is not so large as m the upper jaw, and close to the incisors. ‘There are three cuspidati, the middle one the largest, the last the least; these are cones standing on their base, but not on the middle, rather on the anterior side. There are four grinders, the two middle the largest, and rather quadrangular, each of which has a high point or cone on the outer edge, with a smaller, and three more diminutive on the inner edge. ‘« It is impossible to say critically what the va- rious forms of these teeth are adapted for from the general principles of teeth. In the front we have what may divide and tear off; behind those there are holders or destroyers; behind the latter such as will assist in mashing, as the grinders of the Lion, and other carnivorous animals; and, ka —— VIVERRINE OPOSSUM. AQ5 last of all, grinders, to divide parts into smaller portions, as in the graminivorous tribe: the arti- culation of the jaw in some degree admits of all those motions.” —/WVhite’s Journ. p. 281. The spotted kind, first mentioned, Mr. Hun- ter considers as the “‘ same species, differing only in its external colour, and in being spotted.” In wild animals, however, of the same species, so remarkable a difference in point of colour must surely be admitted to be no very common cir- cumstance. The general appearance in both is indeed nearly the same; yet they may still differ specifically. As this is a point, however, which nothing but accurate and repeated examination of the living animals can determine, I shall, in compliance with so great an authority, consider them at present as constituting one species. The plate, which is accurately copied from Mr. White’s publication, represents both the spe- cimens. 496 PETAURINE OPOSSUM. Didelphis Petaurus. D. hypochondriis prolixis volitans, supra cinereo-nigricans ferrugineo tincta, subtus albida, cauda longa subtereti villosissima. Blackish-grey Opossum, tinged with ferruginous; whitish be- neath; with. lateral flying membrane, and long, subcylindric, very vied tail. Hepoona Roo. White's Journal, p 288. The Southern Petaurus. i aburalist . Miscellany yy pl. 60» THE size, ome weil Ginn me the Petaurine or great flying Opossum of New Holland, conspire to render it one of the most beautiful of quadru- peds. It measures about twenty-two inches from the tip of the nose to the beginning of the tail, which is twenty inches in innate The body is about the size of a half-grown cat or a small rab- bet, and the general appearance of the animal is similar to that of a flymg squirrel; an expansile membrane, covered with fur, stretching from the fore legs to the hind on each side of the body, and thus enabling the animal to spring to a con- siderable distance at pleasure. — : The general colour of this species is a very fine sable, or deep. erey-brown above, varied with a cast of ferruginous: beneath it is nearly white: a stripe of darker or blacker brown than the rest runs along the back from head to tail: the fur near the sive of the flying membrane on its up- per part Bas also a blacker or darker tinge than on the other parts, while the edge itself is white, thus formas a beautiful contrast of colour round ‘gens pany hnsmag9 ha py faymng Uopuory tae yoo gr dyna fl yynery "WLASSOdO ANIWOVL Id Ge yj Woy LN iff Y y} fy: Why WLW, Beh a Bees, vy ap yay) SATAAIT, sopra PEs Wyte WAR RTA . RW NN ° \ Nin ) Nea Aw Wai Av NAN) NU ‘ Ny MG, in KON Wath aN th hee my) MAA GUNA ey) Up UMA i 7 Hi ITZ 2 is oe 2 PETAURINE OPOSSUM. 4907 the whole border of the membrane: a darker or blacker shade than on the rest of the fur prevails on the upper parts of the shoulders, extending over each side of the neck, The tail is at least equal to the whole length of the head and body, and is extremely full of long, soft fur, of a blacker cast than the rest, particularly towards the end, where it is longer or more floccy than towards the base: the whole is of a roundish or subcylindric form, but from the disposition of the long fur, has a slightly flattened appearance towards the ex- tremity. This species is most elegantly figured in Mr. White’s Journal: and the representation here given is copied from the same plate, as was also the figure published some years past in the Naturalist’s Miscellany, under the title of Petau- rus; it being then supposed that this animal had no abdominal pouch; for which reason I at that time considered it as belonging to the tribe of flying squirrels, and separated them from the rest under a distinct genus of the above denomina- tion. | The native name of this animal is Hepoona Roo. 498 ‘SQU IRREL OPOSSUM. - Didelphis hae! D. sia oli prolixis ‘wolitans, supra ~ cand, subtus nivea, cauda villosissima prehensili, -apicem, voersus ae mgra.e Zool. of New Holland, No. Ae p. 29) ES st eG ON _ Pale-grey Opossum, snow-white beneath, with Jateral ‘ying membrane and very villose prehensile tail. Tuis is perhaps the most beautiful quadruped; if we except the Petaurus or Great Flying Opos- | sum, of all the Australasian species yet discovered. _ In its general aspect it has so much the appear- ance of a Squirrel, that, on a.cursory view, it might readily pass for such. A more exact in- spection into its characters will, however, evince it to be a genuine. Opossum. Its size is nearly — that of a common Squirrel; but, from the fullness and particular growth of the fur, which, like that — of the Lemur, grows in a suberéct manner, it ap- pears somewhat larger. Its general colour. is ex- actly like that of the Sciurus cinereus, or Ameri- can Grey Squirrel. A black stripe passes over each eye along the top of the head: under each = ear is a on patch surrounded with white ; the — a hair on the white part having a more soft or floc- i * culent appearance than the black. The tail, # which is prehensile, is of the same colour with ‘_ the body for about half its length, the remainder being black. It is very full ak hair, and tapers a ss little towards the extremity, but without any acute ook termination. The eyes are black, rounded, and = full: the ears round, shortish, and very thin: the ae is i Uy) Day lor hed , AG oY 1800. Feb2i1L ondon, Publifha by G Kearsley, Fleet Street. SQUIRREL OPOSSUM. 499 whole under side of the animal is milk-white: the upper parts of the feet are also white, and the edge of the lateral or flying membrane, which — extends from the fore feet to the hind, is edged with a blackish border, as in the flying squirrels. The abdominal pouch is of considerable size, and is situated as in other Opossums, on the lower part of the abdomen: the hind feet are furnished with a rounded, unarmed, or mutic thumb. No- thing can exceed the softness and delicacy of this animal’s fur, which is, if possible, still finer than that of the Petaurus, to which indeed, though very greatly inferior in size, as well as widely dif- ferent in colour, it yet bears a striking affinity. It is a nocturnal animal, and continues torpid the greatest part of the day, but during the night is full of activity. In this, as well as in other Australian Opossums, the two toes on _the hind feet nearest the thumb or rounded one, are connate, or both conjoined under one com- mon skin. Some of this species were brought over a few years since, and lived a considerable time: the beautiful representation given in the third number of the work intituled Zoology of New Holland, was drawn from one in the possession of 'T. Wilson, Esq. to whom it was presented by Mr. White, chief sur geon to the English settlement in New Holland. Mr. Pennant, in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, appears, through some oversight, to have described it as a Squirrel, under the name of the Norfolk-Isle Squirrel. In all probability 500 LONG-TAILED OPOSSUM. Mr. P. had not an opportunity of contemplating the living animal, but took his description from @ figure. | VAR.? Among some drawings in Mr. White’s collec- tion, I observed a figure which in every respect - seemed to agree with the above animal, except in having the tail of the same colour with the body except near the tip, where it was marked with a bar of black, the tip itself bemg white. This draw- ing was not more than half the size of the preced- ing species, but as no particular size was specified, and as there was reason for supposing it to relate to the former animal, I here place it as a variety only. LONG-TAILED OPOSSUM. Didelphis Macroura. D. hypochondriis prolivis volitans, supra cinerea, subtus albida cauda longissima attenuata nigra. New Holland Zoology, No. 3. p. 33+ t. 12. : Ash-coloured Opossum, whitish beneath with lateral flying membrane, and very long black tail. New Holl. Zool. p. 33. Tuis species is about the size of a black rat, and is of a dark or brownish grey above, and whitish beneath: the head and neck are also whit- ish, but a dusky stripe runs along the top of the head almost to the nose: the ears are. whitish, 4 moderately large, and slightly rounded: the up- : if i ae ‘ De LIF = ESOS ER HHA if i Gattesbi HH Mi \\ NY ay { Mi \ Vn ANS HAN NYHA y ( i i My \ 7 a en € A aes SSS SOS 15> SN Ae Hilt Se CSI NASP Re ---2 “ona RS SxS AF ater NN SiS7.X UF If stea J \ SEES PYGMY OPOSSUM. nasa size. rbo0Feh London Publjnd by GHearsley, Fleet Street. PYGMY OPOSSUM. 501 per parts of the fore feet are whitish; and the lower half of the tail is of a deeper black than the beginning. In the structure of the feet it agrees with other Australian Opossums: the two interior toes of the hind feet being united under one com- mon skin. The dried skin of this species was sent over by Mr. White, and the specimen figured in the Zoology of New Holland was described from it. | PYGMY oPossuM. Didelphis i. D. Tuateheniris sola volitans, cauda plano-pinnata lineari.. — Opossum with lateral flying’ membrane, and flatly.pinnated linear tail. _— Holland Hoology, No. 1. DP 5: Tuis is by far the most minute of all the Opos- sums, and, from its diminutive size, not exceed- ing that of accommon mouse, has been named the Pygmy Opossum. It has been most elegantly figured in the Zoology of New Holland, and the representation here given exhibits the animal in a similar posture. It is furnished on each side the body with an expansile. membrane, exactly in the manner of the flying squirrel; by the assist- ance of which. it is enabled to spring to a consi- derable distance. ‘The fur on the whole animal is extremely fine: the colour is a soft or palish brown above, and almost white beneath: the edges of the flying membrane are also white: the nose, feet, and ears internally, are of a light pink 502 BRUSH-TAILED OPOSSUM. or flesh-colour: the tail is of a flattened form, and is beautifully edged on each side with soft, silky hairs. ‘The opening of the abdominal pouch in this species is of a semilunar form: on opening this receptacle in the specimen described in the New Holland Zoology, I discovered, on each side, a young one, large in proportion to the pa- rent animal, and totally destitute of hair: they had, therefore, not approached to the period of their second birth. In such specimens as were not in a pregnant state, the mamme or teats were extremely small, and only four in number. The tongue in this animal is remarkably large and long, and of a flattened form: the hind feet have rounded and unarmed thumbs, and the two interior toes are united under a common skin. I am inclined to think that this little species feeds on — insects; and probably on young birds, eggs, &c. ‘BRUSH-TAILED OPOSSUM. Didelphis Penicillata. D. cinerea, subtus albida, caude apice villoso nigro. Ash-coloured Opossum, bil beneath, with the end of the tail villose and black. * Turs species is about the size of the black rat, and of an elegant appearance. The general co- lour is cinereous or deep grey, somewhat darker on the back: the nose is rather sharp: the ears mo- derately large, and of a very slightly pointed form at the tips: the sides of the mouth are furnished SS pe ee a ae VULPINE OPOSSUM. 503 with very long fine bristles or whiskers, and others somewhat shorter are situated above each eye: the feet are formed as in others of this tribe: the sides are dilated into a flying membrane; and the tail is thin and ash-coloured for nearly half its length, and from thence is jet black, with very long fine hairs, so disposed as to represent a brush or large camels’ hair pencil. ee ee VULPINE OPOSSUM. Didelphis Vulpina. LD. ferruginea, cauda villosa nigra. Ferruginous O. with black villose tail. Vulpine Opossum. Phillip’s voy. p. 150. pl. 16. Tus, which is one of the larger Opossums, 1s said to measure twenty-six inches from the nose to the setting on of the tail, and the tail itself fifteen inches. ‘The general colour of the animal is, on the upper parts, dusky grey, with a rufous tinge; all the under parts being of a tawny buff- colour, deepest on the throat: the tail is of the colour of the back for about a quarter of its length, and from thence to the end black: it appears from the representation in Mr. Phillip’s voyage, to be well covered with fur to the very end. Upon the whole, I cannot help imagining that it is in re- ality no other than the species already described, under the name of the Lemurine Opossum. 504 WHITE-TAILED OPOSSUM. | New Holland O. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 25- Opossum. Hawskew. voy. 3 p. 586. Cook's last voy, 1. ge x08. pl. de Tuts is described as about twice the size of a rat; and of a rusty brown colour above, whitish beneath: the hair soft and glossy; the tail taper, and nearly the length of the body; it is covered with brown hair to within about four inches and a half at the end, where it is white, bare, and prehensile; the ears are short and rounded, and the face rather long. ‘This species is a native of New Holland, and is described, but not very dis- tinctly, in the voyages above referred to. URSINE OPOSSUM. Didelphis Ursina. D. flavescens, labio superiore bi apn: Yellowish O. with bifid onper: lip. Tue largest of all the Opossums: size of a Bad- ger: colour pale yellow: fur longish and sub- erect: nose strongly divided by a-furrow. Native of New Holland: a species very lately discovered, and not yet fully or satisfactorily known or described. : COR ESPAROn Wasa See ~— Ans ~ TS “OOUNONVY WAY, Pr ee ans heel su - anticis tetradactylis. * feet.. pl. 33. Sie em ave: ig 105. pl. 10. P. II. ree Molo “es uaringue quinque, : Pedes antici Dbrevissimi: postici || Fore Legs very short: : | Macropus giganteus. Great Kanguroo. * In the young’ ox half- grown animal, eight. Generic Character. 1 Front-teeth in the upper jaw six*, emarginated. In the lower jaw two, very large, long, sharp, and pointing forwards. Grinders five on each side, both in the upper and lower jaw, distant from the ether teeth. < bind” legs very long. Bi xe. || Abdominal pouch in the fe- i male. GREAT KANGUROO. me Macropos Mesos. M. subfuscus, aurioas subacuminatis, pedibus Pha 2 $ Brownish Kanguroo, with sharpish ears and pentadactylous fore 2 aturalist’s Miscellany, ae of * Didelphis gigantea. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 109. Schreb. t.154, get ak GREAT KANGUROO. 507 view of ‘it, and immediately concluded it to be an animal perfectly new and undescribed. On the i7th of July, this gentleman, accom- panied by small party, went out at dawn of day In quest of discoveries in natural history; and, in a walk of many miles, at length saw four of these animals, two of which were chased by his grey- hound, but readily outstripped their pursuer, and threw him out at a great distance, by leaping over the long grass, which prevented the dog from running to advantage*: all that could then be distinctly observed was, that the animal in some degree resembled the Jerboa in its manner of springing forwards on the hind legs, instead of running in the manner of other quadrupeds. The sight of a creature so extraordinary could not fail to excite, in the mind of a philosophic observer, the most ardent wishes for a complete examination. ‘These were at length gratified; Mr. Gore, one of the associates in the expedition of Captain Cook, having been so fortunate as to shoot one in the course of a few days; and it seems to have been from this specimen that the figure given in the voyage, was drawn, which may be considered as in reality the best hitherto published, except in the article of the hind feet, which, instead of their very remarkable natural structure, are represented something like those of _* In such parts of the country where dogs can run with ease, or without being too much impeded by the long grass and shrubs, the Kanguroo is found unequal to the chace, and has’several times been caught with greyhounds. 508 GREAT KANGUROO, a dog. In Mr. Schreber’s work on Quadrupeds, as well as in the first edition of Mr. Pennant’s His-- tory of Quadrupeds, this figure is copied with the fault just mentioned; but in Mr. Pennant’s last edition it is properly corrected, and rendered a faithful representation: this figure, therefore, so far as regards the general attitude, has been se- lected for the present publication, accompanied by other sketches expressive of its different pos- tures*. It should seem that the first described spe- cimens of the Kanguroo were males; so that one of . its greatest singularities was still unobserved, viz. . the large abdominal pouch or receptacle in which the young are preserved for many months after their first production; and in which this animal is allied to the Opossums; while, on the contrary, it differs from those animals in the teeth, and is, at the same time, allied in habit or general form to the Jerboas: this, indeed, is the case also with one species of Opossum, viz. the Didelphis Brunii, which may be, therefore, considered as forming a kind of connecting link between the Kanguroo and the Opossums. The general size of the Kaneuma is, at least, equal to that of a full-grown sheep: the upper parts of the animal are small, while the lower are remarkably large in proportion; yet such is the elegance of gradation in this respect, that the Kanguroo may justly be considered as one of the * These are taken from figures in Mr. Church’s most elegant publication entitled 4 Cabinet of Quadrupeds, GREAT KANGUROO. 509 most picturesque of quadrupeds. The head bears some resemblance to that of a deer, and the visage is. mild and placid: the ears are moderately large, of a slightly sharpened form, and upright: the eyes large, and the mouth rather small: the neck thm and finely proportioned: the fore legs extremely _ short, with the feet divided into five toes, each furnished with a sharp and somewhat crooked claw. From the breast downwards the body gra- dually enlarges, and again decreases a little to- wards the tail: the thighs and hind legs are ex- tremely stout and long; and the feet are so con- structed as to appear, at first sight, to consist of but three toes, of which the middle is by far the largest, and is furnished with a claw of great size and strength: the exterior toe is also fur- nished with a very strong claw, but far smaller than that of the middle one; and the interior con- sists of two small toes united under a common skin, with their respective claws placed so close to each other as to appear like a split or double claw: the whole appearance of the foot bears a distant resemblance to that of a bird. ‘The Kan- guroo rests on the whole length of the foot, which is callous, blackish, and granulated beneath. The colour of the animal is an elegant pale brown, lighter or more inclining to whiteness on the ab- domen: the ventral pouch, or receptacle for the young, is situated in the same manner as in the Opossums, and is extremely large and deep. The dimensions of a full-grown Kanguroo are given as follows, in Governor Phillip’s voyage / 510 - GREAT KANGUROO. _to Botany Bay, viz. eight feet from the tip of the nose to that of the tail: length of the tail three feet one inch: of the head eleven inches: ‘of the fore legs two feet: of the hind three feet seven inches: circumference of the fore part: of the ani- mal near the legs, three feet nine inches: of the lower part near the legs four feet five inches: round the thickest end of the tail one foot one inch. The weight. of the largest specimens is said to have been about 150 pounds; but it is imagined that this animal attains a still, larger size. | Though the general position of the Kanguroo, when at rest, is standing on its hind feet, as re- presented in the figure, yet it frequently places its fore feet on the ground also, and thus feeds. in the manner of other quadrupeds. It drinks by lapping. In its natural state it is extremely timid, and springs from the sight of mankind by vast bounds of many feet in herght, and to a sur- prising distance. When in a state of captivity it has sometimes a way of springing forwards and kicking with its hind feet in a very forcible and violent manner; during which action it rests or props itself on the base of the tail. In a natural state it sometimes uses its tail as a weapon of de- fence, and will give such severe blows with it to dogs as to oblige them to desist from their at- tack. ‘The female Kanguroo has two mamme or breasts situated in the abdominal pouch, and on each are seated two teats; yet, so far as has hi- therto been observed, the animal produces but GREAT KANGUROO. 511 one young at a birth; and so exceedingly dimi- nutive is the young, when first found in the pouch, as scarce to exceed an inch in length. The young continues in the pouch till it is grown to a large size, and takes occasional refuge in it long after it has been accustomed to come abroad. The Kanguroo feeds entirely on vegetable sub- stances, and chiefly on grass. In their native state these animals are said to feed in herds of thirty or forty together; and one is generally ob- served to be stationed, as if apparently on the watch, at a distance from the rest. The flesh of the Kanguroo is said to be rather coarse, and such as to be eaten rather in defect of other food than as an article of luxury. I know not how it happens that Dr. Gmelin, in his observation on the Kanguroo (Didelphis gigantea. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 109.), af- firms, that the teeth are those of a Didelphis ; since they differ most widely from those of that genus, as will readily appear on collating the ge- neric characters. It is, however, true that some of the Australasian Opossums have a greater af- finity to the Kanguroo in the disposition of their teeth than to the animals of the Linnean genus Didelphis, with which, for convenience, we have associated them. How Linneus would have dis- posed of these anomalous species may, perhaps, be doubted; but the mquiry seems of no great importance, since they possess characters which will always sufficiently distinguish them without 2 particular examination of their teeth. 512 ~ GREAT KANGUROO. One of the most remarkable particularities of the Kanguroo is the extraordinary faculty which it possesses of separating at pleasure, to a con- — siderable distance, the two long fore teeth in the lower jaw. ‘This faculty, however, is not abso- . lutely peculiar to the Kanguroo, but takes place in an animal of a very different and distant ge- nus, viz. the Mus maritimus. (Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. ) It should seem that there are in reality either different species, or at least permanent varieties of the Kanguroo, which are hitherto not sufficiently known to be exactly described. Some of these appear to be of a darker colour than the common Kanguroo, and to have a coarser fur. The Kanguroo may now be considered as in a great Saiies naturalized in England; several hay- ing been kept for some years in the royal domains at Richmond, which have, during their residence there, produced young, and-seem to promise to render this most elegant animal a permanent ac- quisition to our country; though it must, no doubt, lose, by a degree of confinement and al- teration of food, a part of its natural habits, and. exhibit somewhat less of that bounding vivacity: which so much distinguishes it in its native wilds of Australasia. Ee / ee ated s oe a LMG * HAVA DWN OY Wey) / /, if Wl, ty yy) lA yf. Vy, J IG 7) Li SPORE ARR = FOR es Des ea ea toa ILE OO SO SS Se ESS Se at eee SE Dee: a or Fe, WAM OP Oe te ella nent ton WA 5 A i ~ a) as ae lad at UNIS —- S&S ign 2 Sy SSS aes Te =e —— —— A ONT OO re ee RAT KANGUROO. 1800.Jard1 London Pub lyhad by GKearsly Lleee Street. PON Ty 513 RAT KANGUROO. Macropus Minor. M. fuscus, subtus cinereus, auriculis rotunda- tis, palmis tetradactylis. Brown Kanguroo, ash-coloured beneath, with rounded ears and tetradactylous fore feet. Kanguroo Rat. Philip's voyage to Bot. Bay, p. 277. pl. 47. The Poto Roo, or Kanguroo Rat. White's vay. to New South Wales, p, 286. pl. 60. Lesser Kanguroo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 32. Tuis species, which, from its colour and the general aspect of its upper parts, has obtained the title of the Kanguroo Rat, is about the size of a -rabbet: the head is rather flattened sideways, and / bears some resemblance to that of a rat: the general shape of the animal resembles that of the Kanguroo, but is far less elegant, the pro- portions of the parts less pleasing, and the hair, which is a dusky cinereous brown, of a coarser nature. In its teeth it agrees with the great Kanguroo, except that it has eight instead of six front teeth in the upper jaw, the two middle ones being sharp-pointed: the fore teeth in the lower jaw are like those of the Kanguroo as to _ shape and position, but are smaller im propor- tion: the grinders are three in number on each side both above and below, the foremost being fluted or channelled with several longitudinal ribs; the two remaining ones plain: the ears are rather large, and on each side of the upper lip are several long vibrisse or whiskers. The structure of the hind feet in this species perfectly resembles 514 | RAT KANGUROO. that of the Kanguroo, but the fore feet have on four toes. The female is furnished with an ab- dominal pouch for the reception of the young. Some of this species were imported in a living state from New Holland, and brought forth young. Its native name is Poto Roo. , at Ae ‘ , 1 we 117 | — a sei Ay site) u COMMON MOLE. TALPA. MOLE. Generic Character. Front-teeth in the upper jaw six, unequal. Si dn the lower jaw cight. Laniarii unici, cae | Canine-teeth one on each side; majotes. Soap Gwe /» the upper ones largest. Molares superiores eee || Grinders seven in the upper Inferiores, sex: for(i Fe We - jaws six in the lower. Dentes Primores inzequales superiores sex. Infériotds Octo. |= 328) ‘tea ciciile 5 Fala 0 or PNG is readily didtine guished by its peculiar shape, ‘habit, or general appearance, even without an examination i the teeth; in which particular some species resemble the genus os oe were B kee in that genus by Linneews. i hse ee ae ‘comMON ‘MOLE. _ Talpa Pade T. nigra, id yi Sec, pedibus pentadactylis. ~ Black Mole, with short tail and pentadactylous feet. _ Talpa caudata, pedibus pentadactylis. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 73. Talpa. Gesn. Quadr, 93t. Aldr. dig. 449. Taupe. Buff. 8. p. 81. pl. 12. and suppl. 3. p. $55. g1..B dy European Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 229. Tue whole form of the Mole is eminently cal- culated by Nature for its obscure and subterrane- » 516 COMMON MOLE. ous life. The body is thick and cylindric: the snout slender, but very strong and tendinous: the head not distinguished from the body by any ap- pearance of neck; the legs so extremely short as scarce to project perceptibly from the body; the fore feet situated obliquely outwards, excessively strong and broad, and furnished with very large and stout claws, so as to give the animal the power of working under the surface with the ut- most ease and readiness: the hind feet are small in proportion to the fore feet, and are calculated for throwing back with ease the mould from behind the creature, during its subterraneous progress: the tail is short and small: the skin is much thicker and tougher in proportion than in other quadrupeds, and the fur with which it is covered equally surpasses that of other animals in fineness and softness. The muscular strength of the Mole is very great, and it is enabled to force itself into the ground with an extraordinary degree of celerity. The general length of the Mole is about five inches and three quarters, exclusive of the tail, which measures one inch. ‘This animal is supposed to possess the power of hearing in an exquisite degree; and if at any time it emerges from its subterraneous retreat, instantly disap- pears on the approach of any danger. When first taken, either by digging it out or otherwise, it utters a shrill scream, aid prepares for defence by exerting the strength of its claws and teeth. Ac cotta: to the Count de Buffon, so lively and rec:iprocal an attachment subsists between the male Swe es COMMON MOLE. 517 and female, that they seem to dread or disrelish -all other society. ‘‘ They enjoy (says he) the placid habits of repose and solitude; the art of se- curing themselves from disquiet and injury; and of instantaneously forming an asylum, or habita- tion, of extending its dimensions, and of finding a plentiful subsistence without the necessity of going abroad, ‘These are the manners and dispo- sitions of the Mole; and they are unquestionably preferable to talents more brilliant, and more in- compatible with happiness than the most profound _ obscurity.” The Mole is furnished with eyes so extremely small that it has been doubted whether they were intended by Nature for distinct vision, or rather merely for giving the creature such a degree of notice of the approach of light as might suffici- ently warn it of the danger of exposure. Galen, however, seems to have been of a different opi- nion, since he ventures to affirm that the eyes of the Mole are furnished with the crystalline and vitreous humours, encompassed with their respec- tive tunics; so accurate an anatomist was that great man, even unassisted by glasses. The learn- ed Sir Thomas Brown, in his Pseudodoxia Epide- mica, or Vulgar Errors, affirms that this observa- tion of Galen ‘“‘ transcendeth his discovery ;” for that separating these little orbs, and including them in magnifying glasses, he could discern no more than what Aristotle mentions, viz. a black humour. Mr. Derham, however, in his Physico- Theology, declares, that he has made ‘‘ divers 518 COMMON MOLE. accurate dissections of the eyes of Moles with the help of microscopes, having a doubt whether what we take to be eyes were such or no; and, upon strict scrutiny, could plainly distinguish the crys- talline and vitreous humours, and the ligamentum ciliare, with the atramentaceous mucus: > the pu- pil he manifestly discerned to be round, and the cornea copped or conical: the eye is at a great distance from the brain, and the optic nerve very long and slender. ‘The Mole is reported to feed not daiecd on worms, insects, &c. but also on the roots of vegetables; but it is certainly more carnivorous than frugivo- rous. It is even a very fierceand voracious animal in particular circumstances; and it is observed by Sir Thomas Brown, that whatever these animals be contented with under ground, yet, when above it, they will sometimes tear and eat one another; _and in a large glass case, wherein a mole, a rie and a viper were inclosed, we have known (says © he) the Mole to dispatch them, and to devour a good part of them both. The Mole is with difficulty kept alive in a state of confinement, unless constantly supplied wee a provision of damp mould to reside in. Like other animals of a black colour, the Mole | is sometimes found perfectly white, or cream-co- loured, and sometimes spotted. In a memoir re- lative to the Mole, published by M. de la Faille, it appears that four varieties may be reckoned, viz. the white Mole, the rufous or tawny Mole, the greenish-yellow or citron-coloured Mole (found COMMON MOLE. 519 in some parts of Languedoc), and, lastly, the ' spotted Mole, which is variegated either with white or tawny spots or patches. The Mole brings four or five young, for which she makes a very commodious nest, being, ac- cording to Buffon, guarded with a compages of the roots and fibres of plants, all around and above it, so as to prevent any water from penetrating; and around it, in a radiating direction, are seve- ral sloping holes, for the parent to go out at, in quest of food for herself and her offspring. ‘These hests are to be found in the month of May, and are distinguished by a more elevated appearance above-ground than that of the hillocks formed by the usual exertions of the animal. Buffon adds, that in the nest are often found the remains of the root of colchicum or meadow-saffron, and which he, therefore, supposes to be the first food given to the young: this root is excessively acri- monious, insomuch that, when fresh, a slice held in the mouth will in a manner benumb the tongue, and render it rigid and void of sensation for some hours; and less than the quantity of a grain ta- ken internally produces the most violent effects. This, however, forms no objection to the suppo- sition of Buffon, since it is well known that many animals will feed with the most perfect impunity on substances which would exert the most malig- nant effects on the human frame, as well as on that of most other creatures. The greatest misfortune that befals the Mole is, the sudden overflowing of rivers, when they 320 COMMON MOLE. are said to be seen swimming in great numbers, and using every effort to obtain a more elevated situation; but a great many of them perish on such occasions, as well as the young, which re- main in their holes. A remarkable instance of the power which the Mole sometimes exerts in swimming, is given in the third volume of the Transactions of the Lin- nean Society, one having been seen swimming towards a small island in the middle of the Loch of Clunie, in Scotland, at the distance of 180 yards from land. Linneus, im the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature, affirms that the Mole hybernates, or passes the winter in a state of torpidity; and the same observation is repeated in the Gmelinian edition of that work. ‘This, however, is flatly contradicted by the Count de Buffon, who ob- serves, that the Mole sleeps so little in winter, that she raises the earth in the same manner as im summer; and that the country people remark - that the thaw approaches, because the moles make their hills. ‘They endeavour to get imto warm grounds, gardens, &c. during this season more than at others. This animal is said to be unknown in Ireland. ‘In Siberia it arrives at a larger size than in Europe. The fur is so soft and beautiful, that it would make the most elegant articles of dress, did not the difficulty of curmg and dressing the skin _ deter from experiments ab this nature. §Q1 PURPLE MOLE. Talpa Purpurascens. TJ. nigra, purpureo nitens, pedibus penta- dactylis, cauda alba. | Black Mole, with a gloss of purple; pentadactylous feet, and white tail. a, Talpa virginianus niger. Seb. 1.p. 51. . 32: fi 3. Tuts species so completely resembles the com- mon European Mole in almost every particular, that it might pass for a variety of that animal. Its co- lour is black, with a strong cast of changeable purple; and the tail is white. It seems to have been first described by Seba, and is, according to that author, a native of Virginia. CAPE MOLE, Talpa Capensis. TJ’. viridi-aurea, cupreo nitens, palms tridac- tylis. Gold-green Mole, glossed with copper-colour, with tridactylous fore feet. Talpa Asiatia. '. ecaudata, palmis tridactylis. Lan. Syst. Nat. P: 73: Siberian Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 235. Tuis is rather smaller than the common Mole, and of the same general form, but has a short snout, and is destitute of a tail. The fore feet are formed like those of the red mole, having only three claws, of which the exterior is by far the largest; the hind feet have five weak claws; but ¥. i. P, I. . 34 522, RED MOLE... what readily distinguishes this animal is the changeable colour of the hair, which is of a deep glossy green, with copper-coloured reflections: be- neath. it is of a greyish-brown. Its length is four inches. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, according to Mr. Pennant, and not of Siberia, as ‘Seba, who seems to have been its first describer, supposed. RED MOLE. Talpa Rufa. T. rufa, cauda brevi, palmis tridactylis, plantis te- tradactylis. Rufous Mole, with short tail, tridactylous fore feet, and tetra- dactylous hind feet. | Talpa rubra Americana. Seb. 1.p. 51. 32.f. 2 Red Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 233. Tuts, in its general appearance, resembles the common Mole, but is of a pale red-brown colour, and has only three toes on the fore feet, the ex- terior claw being much larger than the other two : the hind feet have four claws: the proportion of the tail is the same as in the common Mole. This species, as well as the preceding, was first described by Seba, who says it is a native of Ame- rica. | 523 LONG-TAILED MOLE. — Talpa Longicaudata. T. fusca, cauda mediocri, pedibus penta- dactylis, posticis squamosis. Brown Mole, with tail of middling length, and pentadactylous feet, the hinder ones scaly. | Long-tailed Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 232. Tuts is of the same general form with the com- mon Mole, but is of a rusty brown colour; the. end of the nose is radiated by a circular series of longish papille, and the tail is two inches long: the claws on the fore feet resemble those of the common Mole; but those of the hind feet are very long and slender: the hind feet are also scaly on their upper surface. This animal is a native of North America. Its length from nose to tail is four inches and six tenths. RADIATED MOLE. Talpa Radiata. JT’. atra, pedibus albis, naribus carunculatis. Black Mole, with white feet, and nose radiated with papille.. Radiated Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 232. Sorex cristatus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 73. THis is somewhat smaller than the common Mole, and is of a dusky or blackish colour. In general form it resembles the preceding species, having broad fore legs with long claws; the hind legs scaly and with much weaker claws: the nose long, and beset at the end with a circular series of 524: BROWN MOLE. radiated tendrils: the length from nose to tail is three inches and three quarters. It is an mha- bitant of North America, forming subterraneous passages, in different directions, in uncultivated fields, and is said to feed on roots. This species is the Sorer cristatus of Linneus; being placed in that genus on account of its teeth, in despite of its appearance. It is, perhaps, in reality no other than a variety of the former species, or a sexual difference. 3 BROWN MOLE. Talpa Fusca. T. fusca, pedibus caudaque albis, palmis latissimis. Brown Mole, with white feet and tail, the fore feet very broad. Brown Mole. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 232. Sorex aquaticus? Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 74. Tuts species of Mole was also obliged to give way to the systematizing spirit of Linneus, and to rank under the genus Sorer. It is about five inches and a half long, from head to tail; the tail, which is very slender, being scarce an inch in length. The nose is slender: the upper jaw much longer than the lower: in the upper jaw are two cutting-teet, and four in the lower; the two mid- dle ones being very small; and there are no ca- nine-teeth: the fore feet are very broad, and the nails long: the hind feet small, with. five claws on each: the hair is soft, glossy brown at the ends, and deep grey at the bottom: the tail and feet are white. It is a native of North America. EIR BROWN MOLE. 525 If this species be the same with the Sorex aqua- ticus of Linneus, it has, according to that au- thor, webbed fore feet, and, from its name, should seem to inhabit watery places; but neither of these circumstances are mentioned by Mr. Pennant. © SOREX. SHREW. Generic Character. Dentes Primores superiores || Front-teeth in the upper jaw duo, longi, bifidi. two, long, bifid. Inferiores duo vel quatuor; || In the lower two or four; the ‘intermediis brevioribus. intermediate ones shorter. Laniarii utrinque plures. Canine-teeth several on each side. Molares cuspidati. | Grinders cuspidated, ‘Tue genus Sorer, in its general appearance, bears a great resemblance to the mouse tribe; but the structure, number, and situation of the teeth prove it to constitute a very different set of ani- mals, which are evidently rather carnivorous than frugivorous. It is more closely allied to the ge- nus Talpa; insomuch that thesé two genera may be considered as linked to each other by interme- diate species, which in habit resemble the one ge- nus, and in teeth the other. It is owing to this circumstance that Linneus, in the twelfth edi- tion of the Systema Natpre, has placed one or two genuine species of Talpa in the genus Sorex. The most common species of Sorex in this coun- try is the S. Araneus, commonly known by the name of the Shrew Mouse. L6. YA fs YW fl WATER SHREW. COMMON SHREW, ” 1800. Febs.Londcn Publi na 2 vy €fearsley Lleee St 527 COMMON SHREW. Sorex Araneus. §. cauda mediocri, corpore subtus albido. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 74. Ferruginous-brown Shrew, whitish beneath, with tail rather — shorter than the body. ie | Mus Araneus. Gesn. Quadr. p. a44. Ald. dig. p. 441. Musaraigne. Buff. 8.p. 57. ¢. 10. f. 1. Foetid Shrew. “Pennant Quadr. 2. p 2a, Tuts little animal, which is perhaps the smallest of the European quadrupeds, is a very common inhabitant of our fields and gardens, and measures about two inches and a half, and the tail one and ~ a half. Its colour is nearly similar to that of a mouse, but of a somewhat more ferruginous tinge; and the animal is readily distinguished by its long and sharp snout: the eyes are small and almost hid in the fur. It feeds on roots, grain, insects, and almost any kind of neglected animal substance. It has a very strong sod unpleasant smell; and it is remarkable that cats will kill but not eat it. Mr. Pennant observes that there seems to be an annual mortality among these little animals every autumn; numbers of them be- ing found dead at that season by paths and in the fields. It mhabits most parts of Europe, and is also said to be found in Siberia and Kamtschatka., It breeds in holes, under banks, among moss, &c, and is said to produce several young at a time. 528 MUSK SHREW. Sorex Moschatus. S. pedibus palmatis, cauda compressa lanceo= lata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 113, Web-footed Shrew, with naked compressed t tail. Castor Moschatus. C. cauda longa See tines pedibus palmatis. Lin. 8 yst. Nat. Po 198 pe Mus aquaticus. Clus exot. p- 37 5s “Jon onst, Quadr.g P 169. t, 73. Mus aquatilis. dldr. dig. p. 447s ae Pallas, it. 1. p. 156. Lepechin, eee ss p- 178. t 13. Guldenset Berl. Naturf. Beschr. 3. p. ne t i ics ath Desman. Buff. 10. p. Tepl, Fo. eS ee Musky Shrew. Pennant Quad. 2. a abt, to gy ogee BS Tuts is a very i a spielen! siehicli Puch extremely common in some of the northern. parts of Europe and Asia, does not seem to have been very distinetly understoed by modern. naturalists, till Dr. Pallas, Lepechin, and Guldenstedt gave accurate descriptions of its form and manners. It was, indeed, long ago described 1 ina general m: Ries ner by Clusius, ie has also given a figure, which ei is repeated by Aldrovandus, Jonston, and. others; nor is it to be denied that both figure and « scription are so far just as to discriminate the ani- mal from eyery other at that time known. According to Dr. Pallas it chiefly inhabits the river Volga m4 the adjacent lakes, from Novo- gorod to Saran and is not found in Russia, nor does its existence in Lapland seem well ascer- tained. It is said to be very seldom seen ‘on land; confining itself to lakes and rivers, in the banks of which it occasionally burrows to a great aeons 001.7 haps. 20 Me BU QINE UAL 091. pm enoeny "MAWHS WS ne —— Whe mo > eo rH i} VANE \} ARAN) \ = eae = ~s = \ NW NN \ ANN YARN Wall ve AN WWes\ Nt ¢ NY NAN Wit ng cK By ee MUSK SHREW. 529 distance. The general length of the animal is about seven inches from nose to tail, and of the tail eight inches; but it is sometimes found of a larger size. Its colour is a cinereous brown, paler beneath; the body is moderately thick, and rather of a depressed or flattened form; the head rather small; formed as in the rest of this genus, and terminating in a remarkably long and flattened snout, running far beyond the lower jaw: this part of the snout is nearly bare on the upper part, but edged along the sides with a row of vibrisse or whiskers; and a furrow or line of division runs along its upper part: it is of a seem- ingly cartilaginous substance, and, in the living animal, very flexible: in the lower jaw are four front-teeth, and on each side six canine: the grind- ers are four on each side in the upper jaw, and three in the lower: the eyes are extremely small, and there are no external ears, but merely the appearance of a pair of small holes at some dis- tance beyond the eyes: the legs are very short, with five toes on all the feet, connected by a na- ked web or membrane, which is much wider on the hind than on the fore feet: the feet are nearly naked, and of a brown colour: the tail, except at its base, is perfectly naked, marked out into scaly divisions, and is of a brown colour: it is also of a laterally compressed form, and gradually tapers to the extremity: near the base of the tail are situated several small follicles or glandular re- ceptacles, in which is secreted a yellowish fluid, _resembling in smell the strongest civet: of this 530 MUSK SHREW. substance about the quantity of a scruple may, it is said, be obtained from each animal.. These creatures are said sometimes to be seen swimming about in considerable numbers on the surface of lakes and rivers, and may often be heard to snap their mouths with a sound not un- like that of a duck; feeding on worms, leeches, water insects, &c. as well as occasionally on vege- table substances. i. In some particulars this animal makes a dis- tant approach to that most singular of quadru- peds, the Platypus. It may also be added, that the Platypus, if considered merely with regard to external habit, and without reference to its gene- ric character, might, perhaps, with almost equal propriety be placed in the present order as in that of Bruta, did not its want of teeth lead us to place it with the rest of the edentulous or tooth- less quadrupeds, viz. the Ant-Eaters and the Pan- golins. The Musk Shrew is a slow-paced animal, and easily taken, if accidentally found on land. The skins are said to be sold in Russia to put into chests in order to drive away moths, and so com- mon is the animal in the neighbourhood of Nizney Novogorod, that the peasants are said bring five hundred apiece to market, where they are sold for a ruble per hundred. In the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature this animal is placed in the genus Castor or Bea- ver, under the title of Castor moschatus. 4 ‘ hs ‘ \N SS SS mS Re é ’ | : : | es . > SN Dee ~ = rye SSS : z lS Ty "a (ae 160d) Gh HHO)! CES AC IL OUST LO. CANADA SHREW. _ Sorex Radiatus. S. nigricuns, rostro producto, apice tentaculis — radiato. _ Blackish Shrew, with lengthened snout, radiated at the tip with _ tentacula, | - La Taupe de Canada. Buff. suppl. 6. p. 254. pl. 37. De la Faille mem. 1769. Tuts animal may with great propriety be. term- ed Sorex radiatus, since the snout, which is long and slender, has a dilated cartilaginous extremity, furnished with a circular series of sharp-pointed processes or soft tendrils, disposed in the manner of the rays in a spur. The whole animal is of a long form, and its habit immediately pronounces it to belong to the genus Sorex, and not to that of Talpa. ~« It seems to have been first described and figured by Mons. de la Faille, in his Memoir on Moles. It is a native of Canada, and resembles the Mole only in some particular parts; while in others it approaches to the mouse tribe; having the same shape and agility. Its tail, which is three inches long, is knotty, and almost naked, as well as the feet, which have five toes on each, and are co- vered with small brown and white scales on the upper part. This animal, according to M. de la Faille (who considers it, in a general view, as a species of Mole), is more above-ground, or less addicted to burrowing, than the common Mole. Its body is longish, and covered with black, 532 ss CANADA SHREW. coarsish hair: the feet far less than those of a Mole: the eyes hid under the skin; the snout edged on each side with upright vibrisse: the ra- diated tentacula at the end of the nose are of a bright rose-colour, and moveable at the pleasure of the animal, so as either to be brought toge- ther into a tubular form, or i ot: in the form of a star. It is said to inhabit Canada, but not to be very common there. It occasionally burrows somewhat in the manner of a Mole, but far less strongly, or more slowly, and is said to pass a considerable portion of its life beneath the surface of the snow. One would be inclined to think that the remark- able moniliform appearance of the tail in this ani- mal, as exhibited in M. de la Faille’s figure, may be partly owing to the contraction of the inter- stices of the joints in drying. It is evidently allied to the radiated Mole, but if the figure given by M. de la Faille be accurate, must surely be a very distinct species. _ 533 PERFUMING SHREW. _ Sorex Cerulescens. _S. cinereo-cerulescens, subtus pallidior, ros- tro cauda pedibusyue carnezs. Blue-grey S. with flesh-coloured snout, feet, and tail. Sorex Pilorides. Museum Leverianum, vol. 1; No. 1. p. 31. £. 8. Perfuming Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 222. Musaraigne musquee de l’'Inde. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 281. pl. 7. THis measures from nose to tail near eight inches: and the tail is about three inches and a half long: the snout is very long and slender; the upper jaw extending far beyond the lower: the upper fore teeth are short; the lower long, slender, and incurvated: the eyes small, the ears semitransparent, short and round: the fur soft and fine, and the whole animal is of an elegant blue erey colour, paler beneath: the end of the nose and the feet are naked and rose-coloured. This animal diffuses a musky small, so extremely powerful as to penetrate almost every substance which it touches. Mr. Pennant informs us, that he has been as- sured, from good authority, that it has been known to make wine in a well-corked bottle un- drinkable, merely by passing over it. ‘This seems to be the same animal with that described and figured in the 7th supplemental volume of the Count de Buffon’s Natural History, under the title of AZusaraigne musqueé de [' Inde, which is said to have been brought by Mons. Sonnerat from Bengal: the tail, however, in this specimen seems shorter than in that before described, though 534 WATER SHREW. there can scarce remain a doubt as to the identity of the species. It inhabits fields, but is said some- times to come into houses. It is found in the East-Indian islands, as well as in India, occurring in Java, &c. &c. and is said to feed chiefly on rice. . WATER SHREW. Sorex Fodiens. S. supra niger, subtus albus. _ Black Shrew, white beneath. 3 S. cauda mediocri subnuda, corpore nigricante subtus cinereo, digitis cihatis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 113. Musaraneus dorso nigro ventreque albo. Merret. pin. p. 167. Sorex Bicolor. Water Shrew. Naturalist’s Miscellany, pl. 55. Water Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2, p. 225. Musaraigne d’eau. Buff. 8. p. 64. pl. 11. fig. 1. Tuis species is considerably larger than the common Shrew, measuring three inches and three quarters in length, from nose to tail, and the tail two inches. Its colour is black on the upper parts, and white or of a very pale ash-colour on the throat, breast, and belly: the feet are white, and beneath the tail is a triangular dusky spot: the nose is long and slender, and the ears very small. It inhabits various parts of Europe and Asia, and is chiefly found near the banks of ri- vers, in which it burrows, and is instantly distin- guishable from the common Shrew by its colour as well as size. It is said to have a kind of chirping note, like that of a grasshopper. It breeds in spring, and produces eight or nine at ¢ BRASILIAN SHREW. | 535 a birth. This little animal seems to have been scarce known in France till it was observed and described by Daubenton in the year 1756, but it had long before that time been known as a native of England, though considered as a rare animal. It is well figured in the Natural History of the Count de Buffon. In some parts of Germany it is said to be known by the name of Graeber, or the Digger. , BRASILIAN SHREW. Sorex Brasiliensis. S. fuscus, dorso striis tribus nigris. Brown Shrew, with three black stripes on the back. Sorex Brasiliensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 115. Musaraneus figura muris. Marcgr. bras. p. 229. Brasilian Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 223. Tuts, which is only known from Marcegrave’s description, is said to have sharp nose and teeth, and to be about five inches long, with a tail of the length of two inches: the back is marked with three broad black streaks. It is a native of Brasil, and Marcgrave pretends that it is a bold animal, and does not fear even the cat; neither does that animal pursue it. 536 SURINAM SHREW. Sorex Surinamensis. S. badius, subtus einereo-Mavescens, cauda corpore breviore. f Bay Shrew, yellowish ash-coloured beneath, with tail shorter than the body. ik Surinam Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 226. Turis is said to be about the size of the Water Shrew, which it much resembles, but is of a bay colour above, and of a pale yellowish ash beneath: the tail, which is about half the length of the body, is ash-coloured above and white below: the — muzzle is white: the ears short and rounded, like those of the common Shrew. It is a native of Surinam. ELEPHANT SHREW. Sorex Proboscideus. S. fuscus, naso cylindraceo longissimo. Brown Shrew, with very long cylindric snout. Elephant Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 226. _ Tuis species is of a deep brown colour, and of a thickish form, with a slender tail about the length. of the body, and a cylindric, long, and slender snout or upper jaw, stretching very far beyond the lower: the ears are very large and slightly poited. It is very indifferently repre- sented in Petiver’s Gazophylacium, and is said to be a native of the Cape of Good Hope. oO 1S's) e) WHITE-TOOTHED SHREW. Sorex Leucodon, S, fuscus subtus albus, cauda medivcri. Dusky Shrew, white beneath, with tail of middling length. Sorex Leucodon. — Schreb. suppl. t. 159. De White-toothed Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 228. Turis seems, from Schreber’s figure, to be about the size of the common Shrew, and is of a dusky or blackish brown above, and white be- neath; the two colours pretty distinctly separated from each other, even along the tail itself, which is rather short: the teeth, as the name seems to import, remarkably white: this, however, appears rather too slight a foundation for a permanent trivial name. SQUARE-TAILED SHREW, Sorex Tetragonurus. S. cauda subquadrangula, Shrew with subquadrangular tail. Sorex tetragonurus, Schreb. suppl. t. 159. B. Square-tailed Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 228. Tuts seems a rather larger species than the preceding: its colour is olive-brown above, and pale cinereous beneath: the tail but slightly hairy, and inclining to a quadrangular form. This spe- cies has no fetid smell. ; ¥. I. P. ile re) 538 WHITISH-TAILED SHREW. Sorex Leucurus. SS, subfuscus, subtus albodus, cauda brevi api- cem versus albida. Brownish Shrew, whitish beneath, with short tail whitish to~ wards the tip. Sorex constrictus? Schreb. suppl. t. 159. C, é % Turis appears, from Schreber’s figure, to be of the size and colour of the common Shrew, and is whitish beneath: the tail is short, brown at the base, and whitish or much lighter as it proceeds to the Up CINEREOUS SHREW.: Sorex Unicolor. ’ S, fusco cinereus, cauda basi angustata. Dusky-cinereous Shrew, with tail narrowed at the base. Dnicolore Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 228, Tus is of an uniform dusky-cinereous colour; with the base of the tail narrow or compressed. It inhabits, like the three ‘preceding species, the neighbourhood of Strasburgh, where it was disco- vered by Professor Pyeeiiani This species, which is quoted = Mr. Pennant from Dr. Hermann, seems allied to the preced- ing. |: | \ Eee 539 ‘ MURINE SHREW. Sorex Murinus. 8. cauda mediocri, corpore fusco, pedibus cauda- que cinereis, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 74. Brown Shrew, with ash-coloured feet and tail, the latter of Eid: dling length. Murine Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 424. Tus is about the size of a common Mouse, and is of a brown colour, with pale ash-coloured feet and tail, which latter is rather shorter than the body, and but slightly hairy: the ears are rounded and almost naked: the snout elongated, and channelled underneath, and is also beset with Jong vibrisse. It is a native of Java. PERSIAN SHREW. Sorex Pusillus. 8S. auriculis rotundatis, cauda brevi subdisticha. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 115. Shrew with rounded ears, and short sapaiaen is tail. Persian Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 227. Tus is said to be rather larger than the Suri- nam Shrew, measuring about three inches and a half: it is of a dusky-grey above, and pale ash- coloured beneath: in the form of its teeth it is nearly allied to the common Shrew, and is a na- tive of the northern parts of Persia. 540 MINUTE SHREW. Sorex Minutus. S. rostro longissimo, cauda nulla, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 112. Tailless Shrew, with very long snout. Minute Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 227. Tus is an. extremely small animal, which in- habits moist places in Siberia, and makes its nest of lichens and mosses under the roots of trees, living on grains and seeds, &c. It is of a subfer- -ruginous brown colour above, and whitish below: the head is large; the snout very long and slen- der, and beset with a row of long whiskers on each side, reaching as far as the eyes. It has no tail: the eyes are small, and the ears short and naked. It is said to run swiftly, and to have a a voice like that of a bat. It weighs about a dram. | PYGMY SHREW. Sorex Exilis. S$. minimus, cauda crassissima teretz. Extremely small Shrew, with very thick cylindric tail. Pygmy Shrew. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 227. Tuts is the least of all quadrupeds, weighing not more than halfa dram. In shape and colour it resembles the common Shrew: the nose is very long and slender, and: the tail is slender at the PYGMY SHREW. 541 base, and grows very thick towards the middle, and again gradually tapers to the tip. It is a na- tive of Siberia, and is said to be common about the neighbourhood of the rivers Jenesei and ae 542 ERINACEUS. HEDGEHOG. oe Character, Dentes Primores supe! F Bro. teeth two bh above duo, distantes; inferiores. and below; those of the duo, approximati. ‘|| upper jaw distant, of the lower approximated. Canine-teeth on each side, in Lanarii superiores utrinque quinque, inferiores utrin- the upper jaw five, in the que tres. lower three. Molares utrinque supra et in. || Grinders on each side both fra quatuor. above and below four. Dorsum spinis tectum. —__|| Body covered on the upper parts with spines. | | : EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG. Erinaceus Europzeus. E. auriculis rotundatis, pers cristais Tan. Syst. Nat. p. 75. Wilasagiie pe i iad Hedgehog with rounded ears and crested nostril, °° Erinaceus auriculis erectis. Briss. Quadr. p. 128. Echinus terrestis. Gesn. Quadr. p:368 + x4: ee a 459. Common Hedgehog. Pennant aa. 4 2 25 ive Herisson. Buff. 8. p. 28. pi. 6. “a ~ Ir external appearance alone were regarded, th 3 ‘ ‘eee Hedgehog might be arranged in the same genus with the Porcupine, from which it chiefly appears COMMON HEDGEHOG. i TIN SS ASSESS ee MALACCA HEDGEHOG. Ley ler pulp. Boo.PebyiLondon Publifhd by C. Kearsley, Fleet Street. ‘ . rs Fe a ; a i 4 z He 24 ; ‘i p 2 2 ; . } i i 7 " 7 * Fy i i : j ’ * oe igs ( i ; Ls , 4 ‘ : Wer. f * - “ j = y - EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG. 543 to differ in the shortness of its quills or spines. The structure of the teeth, however, shews it to belong to a different tribe. Indeed, if we thus arranged animals from external appearance alone, we might also place in the same tribe with the Hedgehog an animal entirely different in the structure of its mouth, and in no other particular allied to the Hedgehog and Porcupine, except in its quilly covering, viz. the aculeated Ant-Kater, already described under its proper genus. The Hedgehog is found in most of the tem- perate parts of Europe and Asia, and, accord- ing to Mr. Pennant, is also seen in Madagascar. It commonly measures about eleven inches from the nose to the tip of the tail, which is about an inch long. Its colour is generally grey-brown, but it sometimes is found totally white, or of a yellowish-white; instances of which may be seen in the Leverian Museum: similar specimens are also found in the works of Seba and other authors. It feeds principally on the roots of vegetables ; but it also eats worms, as well as beetles, and other insects. It wanders about chiefly by night, and during the day conceals itself in its hole, under the roots of some tree, or mossy bank. It produces four or five young at a birth, which are soon co- vered with prickles like those of the parent animal, but shorter and weaker. ‘The nest is large, and is composed of moss. The Hedgehog, ‘when disturbed, rolls itself up into a globular form, and thus presents to its ad- versary an invulnerable ball of prickles. From 544 EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG, — this state of security it is not easily forced; scarcely any thing but cold water obliging it to unfold itself. It swims petenty well he pe ir into water. | The Hedgehog is one of those animals which, during the winter, are supposed to continue in a state of torpidity. In that season it lies con- cealed in its hole, surrounded with a bed of moss, secure from the rigours of the most piercing frost, and at the return of spring recommences its wan- derings. It is commonly said that the Hedge- hog, in order to transport apples and other fruit to its place of retirement, rolls itself upon them, and thus conveys them on its spines. Whether this be accurately true I will not take upon myself to determine: the circumstance is related by Aldro- vandus, who tells us that it practises this method of transporting grapes during the vintage. The Hedgehog may be mendes in a consider- able degree domestic, and has fr equently been i in- trodancen into houses for the purpose of expelling those troublesome insects the Blattee or Cock- roaches, which it pursues with avidity, and is fond of feeding on. It is itself an occasional ar- ticle of food in some places, and is said to be best in the month of August: they are usually roast- ed; and Gesner advises that they be first steeped (after skinning) in warm wine and vinegar, and then larded with bacon, and stuck with cloves: | but Castor Durantes seems to approve rather of their being made into a pye with plenty of spice and seasoning, in order to obviate the bad qua- ‘EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG. $45 lity of the flesh, “which, it seems, is ; cold in the - first degree!!! The Hedgehog is generally considered as a harmless indensive animal, but has been fre- quently supposed (and to this day the notion pre- vails in many places) to suck the teats of cows by night, and thus cause by its prickles those ex- ulcerations which are sometimes seen on cattle. From this accusation, however, it is completely absolved by Mr. Pennant, who observes, that its mouth is by far too small to admit of this prac- tice. ‘The Count de Buffon considers it as a crea- ture of a malignant disposition, and observes, that one which he kept in a state of confinement in a tub, devoured its young ones, though sup- plied with proper food: this, however, is a pheno- menon in natural history which occasionally takes place with several other animals. | The cruel practice of vivisection, so common among the more ancient anatomists, and too fre- quent even among modern ones, shews, in a strik- ing manner, the patience of this creature under the most excruciating torture, since it has been known to undergo this severe operation without uttering any voice of distress. ‘¢ Clavis terebrari sibi pedes, & discindi viscera patientissime ferebat; omnes cultri ictus sine gemitu, plusquam Spartana nobilitate concoquens.” —Borrichius in Blas. de Echino. As a curious example of the absurdities which sometimes occur in the works of the older writers, we may observe, that, according to Albertus 546 EARLESS HEDGEHOG. Magnus, the right eye of a Hedgehog, fried in oil, and kept in a brass vessel, imparts “all its vir- tues to the oil, which, used as a collyrium or ointment for the eyes, produces such a clearness of vision as to enable a person to see as well by night as by day!!! and Pliny affirms, that its gall, mixed with the brain of a bat, is a good depila- tory, or application for removing ie hea hair! But, whatever virtues, either real or imaginary, may be supposed exist in other parts of the ani- mal, it is certain that its skin may be successfully used as a succedaneum for a clothes-brush, and was, in fact, applied to this purpose by the an- cients. We are also informed by the Count de Buffer; that it is usual in some countries to muzzle calves, when it becomes necessary to wean them, with the skin of the Hedgehog. EARLESS HEDGEHOG. Erinaceus Inauris. E. auriculis nullis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 75. Briss. Quadr. 184. Hedgehog without external ears. Erinaceus Americanus albus. Seb. mus. 1. p. 78. t. 49. Guiana Hedgehog. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 237- TuHis, on a general view, seems to be nothing -more than a variety of the common Hedgehog; differing chiefly, according to Seba, in evan the spines on the upper parts of the body shorter, bi 4, iy (p - | \ f LONG-EARED HEDGEHOG. - 547 thicker, and stronger: the head, however, is somewhat shorter and the snout blunter than in the common Hedgehog, and there is no appear- ance of external ears: the whole animal is also of a white or very pale colour. It is figured by Seba, who tells us he received it from Surinam. Its length from nose to tail is about eight inches; the tail scarce an inch long; the claws long and crooked. LONG-EARED HEDGEHOG. Erinaceus Auritus. E. auriculis ovalibus longis, naribus cristatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 116. i Hedgehog with long oval ears, and crested nostrils. Tus species resembles the common Hedge- hog in form, and is found about the river Volga, and in the eastern parts beyond lake Bavkal. In size it is said to vary, being in some places smaller, and in others larger than the common species, but may be immediately distinguished by its ears, which are large, oval, open, and naked, with soft whitish hair on the inside, and edged with brown: the legs and feet are longer and thinner than those of the common Hedgehog; and the tail shorter and almost naked: the upper part of the animal is covered with slender brown spies, with a whitish ring near the base, and another towards the tip: the legs and belly are covered with soft, white fur. In its general man- ner of life this species is said to resemble the com- 548 STRIPED HEDGEHOG.) mon Hedgehog; the female produces six or seven young at a time, and is said sometimes to breed twice a-year. STRIPED HEDGEHOG. Erinaceus Madagascariensis. LE. spinoso-setosus, fasctis longitu- dinalibus albis nigrisque, rostro longo acuto. Hedgehog with spines and long bristles; the body longitudinally banded with black and white; with long, sharp-pointed snout. E. Ecaudatus E. cauda nulla, rostro longissimo acuto. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 117. Le Tanrec & Le Tendrac. Buff. 12. p. 438. ) Le jeune Tanrec. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 214. pl. 37. and 7. p. 301. pl. 76. Le petit Tandrek de Madagascar. Sonner. toy. 2. p. 146. pl. 93. Asiatic Hedgehog. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 236. Tuts animal, which is a native of Madagascar, was first described by the Count de Buffon, under the name of Le Tanrec; it should seem, however, that the specimen described had not attained its full growth, and consequently did not exhibit with sufficient clearness, all the characters of the animal. It is described. and figured by Mr. Sonnerat in his voyage to Madagascar. Mr. Sonnerat calls it Le petit Tandreck, and says, that, at its full growth, it measures seven inches in length: it has two incisores in each jaw, and five toes, with claws, on each foot; the claws on the fore feet are much longer than those of the hind. The limbs are short, and the snout long, and ter- minating in a point; and it has no tail. It is of i a * ee ee ee ee ee ee = - ee a a ee TANREC. 549 a black colour, with five longitudinal bands on the body: all the black parts are covered with hard hair; the white bands with small prickles, — analogous to those of a porcupine. from the black bands on the back spring long scattered hairs which reach to the ground: the head is co- vered with short black hairs or prickles: the snout is white; the eye surrounded by a white circle, and the feet are reddish. The Tandreks move slowly, and grunt like pigs; for which reason they are called Ground-Hogs, or Pig-Porcupine, by the Europeans. ‘They burrow under ground, and remain torpid three months in the year: they hide themselves in the day-time, and only appear after sun-set, in order to seek their food: they live chiefly on fruits and herbs:.their body is a mere lump of fat: the natives of Madagascar eat them, but consider them as but an indifferent food. Madagascar is the only country in which the Tandreks are found. Var. ? TANREC. Tanrec. Buff. 12. p. 44. pl. 56. Tuis is larger than the former, and is covered with spines only on the top and hind parts of the head, the top and sides of the neck, and the shoulders: in that described by Buffon, the long- est were on the upper part of the neck, and stood erect: the rest of the body was covered 550 MALACCA HEDGEHOG. with yellowish bristles, among which were inter- mixed some that were bila ‘and much — than the others. ‘i Both the above scart are considered by Mr. Pennant as the same species, which he names the Asiatic Hedgehog. It is, according to Mr. Pen- nant, as large as a Rabbet when full-grown; and not only burrows on land, but frequents shallow waters. Mr. Pennant also adds, that, during the time of its lying torpid, its hair falls off. In Dr. Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature, the Ten- drac and the Tanrec are kept distinct, under the names of Hrinaceus setosus and £. ecaudatus. But Mr. Pennant’s idea seems most probable, viz. that both constitute but one species, and that those de- scribed by the Count. de Butfon had not arrived at their full growth. It 1s remarkable, however, that Sonnerat, in his description of the Tendrak, says it measures but seven inches when full-grown. MALACCA HEDGEHOG. » Erinaceus Malaccensis. EE. auriculis pendulis. Lin. Syst. Nat. P- 75: ‘ Hedgehog with long spines and pendulous ears. Porcus aculeatus, seu Hystrix Malaccensis. Seb. 1. p. 81. t. 51- Side, Hystrix brachyura. Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. X. p. 57. Malacca Porcupine. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 123. Tuts species, which seems to have been first described and figured by Seba, has so completely MALACCA HEDGEHOG. 55d the appearance of a Porcupine, that nothmg but a severe adherence to systematic arrangement from the teeth, could justify its being placed in the present genus: yet even this particular seems not yet distinctly known, the animal being rarely imported into Europe. Mr. Pennant supposes that Linneus might have been induced to con- sider it as belonging to the present genus, on ac- count of the number of its toes, which are said to be five on the fore feet, instead of four, as in the Porcupine. The accurate Brisson, however, considered it as a species of Hedgehog, and Lin- neus, in compliance with his opinion, transferred it from the genus Hystrix to that of Erinaceus. The particular size is not mentioned by Seba, but it appears to be a large species, since the length of its quills is said to be from an inch to a foot and half, on different parts of the animal. It is there- fore probably about the size of the common Por- cupine, and they are variegated in a similar ‘manner; the ears are large and pendulous, and there is no crest or ruff of longer bristles than the rest on the back of the head, as in the common Porcupine. This is said to be the animal from which is ta- ken the particular Bezoar, called Piedra del Porco, the Lapis Hystricis, Bezoar Hystricis and Lapis Porcinus, of the old Materia Medica, so long and so highly extolled on account of its supposed vir- tues, which were such, according to some authors, as to produce the most wonderful and salutary ef- 552 MALACCA HEDGEHOG. ee fects in fevers and various other discarded: ota malionant nature. Lis order to experience the effect of this wonder- ful concrete, which is commonly about the size of a small walnut, round, smooth, and of a reddish brown colour, nothing more was necessary than to infuse it for some minutes in a glass of wine, water, or other liquor, which was bip this method impregnated with all its virtues, and administered to the patient. The truth is, that, being a biliary concretion, found im the gall-bladder, it is in- tensely bitter, and being soluble in water, im- pregnates the fluid with its bitterness and with supposed aperient, stomachic, and alexipharmic virtues. | These concretions, which have now lost their consequence, and are regarded merely as curious specimens of the old materia medica, were once so esteemed as to have been sold, when large and perfect, for the sum of five hundred crowns. END OF VOLUME f. London: Printed by T. Davison, Lombardestreet. = Ee - Pn a nena = St ae - = 5 F- ¥ 4 4 _ ar == D x - = = -d oa o> a ? ~ 2 2 = — <- =; = Ss: = 2 ¢ a E % 7 = 7 : : = an 7 é = Z os 2 7 > i : - y - x 7 a 7 a J “ > * ~ = : F 7 a - - = = 7 : oy : Pt a = > ic =—s ¥ ae ~ BS a 1 ~ 7 _ 7 . % _ . 7 : ; « = £ F ~ = ba -_ > a + aa — = - ‘ 7 = = 7 - ~ ™ : _ : a ; , = 7 7 : - = i ? a = i =. =: = = i ‘ ae z a a % . ¢ S 7 <= - < aren bss ae ; z . : ; : : ; = : : : 7 oa > eer = . ne " a > < 5 a a Se = ys 3 : : a : : . , =~ 2 * Bae J , A 5 = ; ' A : y 73 bs a Pine Breaths atne I - f i 2 * it bik niet aa POF YS - , HENNE FT ET Oe SPH oa big Federer Sy Cre OTP Digs ple ACN id Ra bo , ig yepsanwe niin ict OE cee b iad Megami ee EMM ob ayer cae ya gyi Pe net bye ' tiles pe Ehebet EP ere are hed be bd soo bb ot: Pt eesti pete carole) baat et etl Oe Neaeeeres Gunter iy Dab shil pied bung al eReeam mad Fret ; is : Clisg 7 ‘ 4 aawettity sete dintioGelteb: yb pee eats DREDP OLE De LEA ered aged ete bd yetre boa peler ‘ . bab ' ES OF of p bat Aelepr ate dert } rte jek atacdementememy myn tee elad ches Sate ttes teh cen menetet es ‘ opel dt ad ee Hiwkb, | eae paliseGpeigha eve be teenth et feietdingema gent tia caleba phieeht aha ” ie Ne hed a) acthebbhe i > : r ities ged on bt bs § subeptot ee eee pany CLO Mahet oy ‘ On abe ‘ af ‘ , r ie ' ; AVerVenyee tet ean eee ahabys sip aeada bate te? : Wah : bik as Sugenawind haryheg Likes Mtnibpentas bith Walia ‘ heen baad , ' ; bieels ‘ so my ‘ " ; > ! itpeBie bed vohet Peredshp Montell pak oe pebtergihun ist it thee 4 Beh iAld ot LW La i: peomdin tol ole eh she MO Perth ya tS iheabered eet tau y gu vtaie se ‘ : | H 4 baby ‘ j ' baaeanetttad ss ; ' ' , hesTes Cran rerat dc stb , Py fee id ' t f } . £ 9¢ ‘ ‘ pe tO ‘ ‘ t 35 s LD ' . abt hehe sheial ee tees hay iy Senet teat : . Piestric ieah vie rita fe bad ply bees We ; } ry k ; a Pere tpan ' ' : : Hi beder ees pha behd cs hagtta spe pe t ral rap i earn Tie kl Gpbbes babes eh bit re sherAUE Oe tb toad § * beu ote eo! pan i 4 ipoe ta ' Cpt ih? et plufe LE a tet i iteke 1 ‘ » ‘ ; & acaad 83 Senate Vhitat BA bby! o2 ’ it eae Py | BP , hee bio kl Vor ATi bf cid bid 4 , “ , cant . ‘ Near’ t . tle Nour. . . § ay eet ’ * tpiv! 4 Pies Ves ° s of by “ q . bab jew rv i Pa é val ; ‘ pidbe ss dete UE TIAL « ' : i ; ee ‘eet ere gad andietaialld u ie oe hist ofa ‘ ry i [ ee 8 ot Ned yiistalit 4s go tt j - ; SENT ad pr nksetisn bilazts hepebye P ‘ lial i M ed f se they? bye? gan yole ates obit pay Gite f “ iippe'e t i" sot cpgguerens targhehes abprbie Lebitat Afi bhidals hh eahed ' ‘ ; 4 sce pemhghe she ae ; APE EBs he pans o aa : : { f 5 boned d defeat prey 7 ; be: I } ‘i ibe ality t of rhe } f bitte Gee r rt He eee eit ctbhata satan ee ee tt Hee Lett ee tl EF : tie ' < > ‘I eV os Here VP ote 4 ‘ ' var ryt tod 4 ‘ , 7 Mrg yet . Lae ba deg tatentei ee RP hme slight bapa los Phar i mahd Lute yp Leh REET A a ors 4 she ered er iden abit ot tte dh " fF bythe bed UV . . } ie eeu Fihed hiabiie! 13, «bal TP lane tal 2 re OP i ; i . ad see 4 , ‘ ‘ ¢ te Daa heky: P F : i bere gia? lepabe? pti pop ver) abt 4 } etre ; ‘ ts ' 4 j f Pepinela Tae tte Case ee i ‘ : \ becendet te A dake be etal St ihogr bs fos SAE) nt tpt ie bhatt AB) fogis ceatt ' tre ; } enaiehshg Hee EY , : t i i : ae ee eeu eueeaab beget oe) LEpMA At i be hgcoheeht wie) tayh i her 2 } 5 A/a \ f m4 ak 7 H ' ( ore one * et pykpe ghee wer ery deli hhh rit eae beatae E t ‘ pies nt 50+ tbs Lhave Peliad ital pees ti tueet i he! i ' : : ee : ' Ye . ‘ te Poe ‘i A ‘ ' ri ' ; ‘ ‘ ‘ be “ft Le’ ‘ ein ‘ ry : »/ " ' } . H aad rs Ps . ' Pe eae fi \ j ; , il dhede athoad i: \ t or ‘ iw Fiat : 4 tert 4 . 43s i j ' i are P i : Sera RUAneh ALCS s bleu L erie i 4 eras one a) ‘ ‘ oSbh baths apt i . 4 4 . : f fe reg j ‘ i \ ve fees ” J ! A ‘ - | ahaa Lig ; 4 ‘ a! fe } ' . : ‘ ah. ae ay pe ¢ : +44 ‘ F se pee * 4 re = ; ' He vy" 4 ; . i wd r ’ ; i bi tala r , we : i i ‘ ‘ Aa} ‘ 5 se ‘ t t : rege’ § 4 t ‘i 4 ’ ; rte Le eee $i | paing: ae er er CA tee) Aiy|'t : $ t a ‘ ‘ Pee ; L eee i : rng ar ‘ HiT i { ; iat be tet hace pyehsies ae : tse ’ | iN Oriarhis : r t ' > : y i 7 ' ' { 4 Pte os ¢ ( ; ; j P ‘ H ‘* : j f 4 , mt ; H x eon oe ‘ ’ , ‘ Ag , ‘ ~ ‘ . ? ’ . rs . \ ria i A ' . 7 Ad qi " eb he. A q ‘ r ¢ i . - Z } F ee) . : “ od 44 Rl ‘ ty slik : f ‘ t 4 ’ tend an $ ii. , Pan its bie hed M A f ° oyts . : A j ’ : 448 , ‘ F ‘ Met pS : 5 ata “8 eg ce ; id : ye y ‘ : ‘ } ree y . : $ ‘ P oh ¢ ee ave ‘ L ’ ” « rel ohh we) bn Gar 8 ‘ yy ¥56 } ce t r i : rn \ it} : reat #4 ete $ yt ' , | ‘ A bh 2) wy ee te dele ‘ ' j Ite et 7 i i ; : nit } ! LbE ‘i +a ri . a F é tif t t “ . 7s . fe ’ ‘ . y . A ‘ 7 or 5 ‘ , ‘ ia tase beey ey \ vei fren fs . bes Vy . Vee Wyeas {eet . Abt ales be \4 « } +3 t pep pha be be phe vey ayer Pee ue) Teele tive i; H ’ , ride 7 ‘ . ‘ . yh whee be iwene f y § peepee derne cece ‘ 4 ee bill ue : teak py etree HF Date ba) ei} ‘ vis tb . ‘ < \ Lib fe besten seuay eel wees " ‘ ; eee Sieve rae f “T . wht t . predic tse Ur Veehenho eit fe 8 ‘ ‘ a. 7 i : el Senha? ' heave 4 oh ' ‘ ‘ y i rye geht nals , . ‘ H : , fat * . ’ ' . ‘ ‘ ‘ . ‘ ‘ chemin ie ls ‘ a ant ‘ é M ? we) evel ade WPOve tee ‘ we ‘ t) ‘ ‘ i ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ve aes ‘ : . : é HP Arent +e) rt - ‘ + ped ‘