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We ey *4 . ; Hl 4 ay let Mitra ent it tit. wut! = Shes Rite OW on a firte ® VI, he Wivch Sees. itd , “etn ane , PPA) | | Theat y MY “i BUaeey Wandin - ¥: HTT de 4 -_. TH a \ ‘ ? ye EO Fa pe 3 yn ic oe Aa, Wen re Nw UT TE i hae’ . WWE trauma) Fe SF WAY | ~ud ve eT if r Km APme’i “Et | —o AETV at Al Nays “vt TV ttl ie {saenanet ctchahibbhlaali SN cChe => i dd Pe | . Aid LD |! ~ os os os sts OE | Se oe | Ce g wep ty Web erent ® nth. VUQGgae > ry. Te Wid as yn" ba | ty “Wy iN Vy Try the we Weve ‘so te ‘ly ~ I \ DNirnrneeesse yaper Sen v ‘x0. Oe ee A ponte Hy se is | ae SUNAARARe® eA AS ow. Ah ral — Fre 3 Fret Yes nea er - ‘ mt { a - & Td) fey NNF = iy — vy LU LLLLL Lsseia PT Sot edt lf aati ee PELE NOP, | bina N useuitty eee we vee | Lh ") Peo, Tow ve - = UG ¥H x | UU: UO aie ~~ eo ON akon, 1 eye NAGE pe BdA D, «ee WOW Dade MANAG Ee PR EPP PT Pe bi pee ge Pp PPP ed rie Sela, te S| yc & ve SN SEY oem ) ; ~~" f 2 fiend, ) TTT et) OA dd Kae. OK shih r\ ‘We Aid “vu wee “ T\y4 wile WA v y My igh! Trae a) wm ry wen A S \, | . AAA yy ty: Fr Voytrveyy Sl bles, bee A , A. ti Pa Uf “ : LA POA KY RON “ “A DAL wey Sry Ue aR A Mey. Thy wirn'ty NANAne - Lh td pa nay Ra te {MAS | EN HTL ATE Pare a ae A gh wedndaes MT aly DARL AAT =P PTET PES et paring | Wf Wy ¥y 5 NY hi | ieaeae ats ~~ . 4 64d o4 a il addigy’ ry ey j \ a) i _ ma eesa’ A eas nape areanp nr etl is hd + U « “ . a inks CGR TT, bbl gnreMstArm sm oser “ iw gen r j ¢. Weg yr, ads rh ye e singe TOOT Mee os ryt aye paper iit Teel. gov Many HTT TTT TP TET ceed gaa gyn htt 1 gn ‘tae eg) ‘] ie + vy _ GENERAL ZOOLOGY oF ot ed HISTORY | ee ere oe 2¢ ) GEORGE SHAW, M.D. F.R.S.x¢. SYSTEMATIC “ATURAL WITH PLATES from the first Authorities and most select specimens ; 2 Ong raved! frmepally re ee oC i / M® HEATH. &: = ———— ——— &, — ££] = __MEApNs == UL ECTION VOL.I. Part 1. fy OR watt t ~Ational Museu MAMMALIA. London Printed for G. Kearsley, Fleet Street Hy. 1800. GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME I,——PART I. ‘MAMMALIA. LONDON. PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITE-FRIARS. Eee 1800. “400.1008 JA Ls Sita | i ; tag bs iThAtF ae ningun Tey Magri ear 2a ene RR Mba, Spas lingelinscnber i momo . ADVERTISEMENT. IN the course of this work will be comprised the whole of what is termed Zoology, or the History of the Animal IVorld. It will commence with Quadru- peds, and will proceed, in systematic order, through all the remaining branches, vis. Birds, Amphibia, Fishes, Insects, Vermes, Testaceous Animals, Zoo- phytes, Sc. The number of volumes will probably amount to ten or twelve. — The Linnean arrangement, with some occasional variations, will in general be pursued, as on the whole the most eligible; though his arrangement of Quadrupeds may to many appear, at first sight, not quite so easy and natural as that of Mr. Pennant. i 4 . MAMMALIA ; VIVIPAROUS QUADRUPEDS. Mawnatias or Viviparous Quadrupeds, are distributed by Linneus into seven orders, viz. Primates, Bruta, Fere, Glires, Pecora, Bellue, Cete. . The Primates are remarkable for a nearer ap- proach to the human form than is exhibited in the other quadrupeds. The Bats, however, which are by Linneus ranked in this order, differ greatly from the rest. The principal character of the Primates consists in the teeth, which, except in the Bats, strongly resemble the human. The Bruta have no front or cutting-teeth, ei- ther in the upper or under jaw: their feet are armed with strong claws; their pace is, in gene- * So named from being provided with mamme, or teats, for the purpose of suckling their young; which circumstance sufficiently distinguishes them from all other animals. Some naturalists have called.them wviparous quadrupeds ; as producing perfectly-formed living young; in opposition to what were formerly termed oviparous or egg-producing quadrupeds, as Tortoises, Lizards, &c. &c. ral, somewhat slow, and their food is principally vegetable. The Fere have generally six cutting-teeth of a somewhat conical shape, both in the upper and under jaw: these are succeeded by strong and sharp fangs, or canine-teeth ; and the grinders are formed into conical or pointed processes. This tribe is predacious, living principally on the flesh of other animals: the ra are armed with sharp claws. , The Glires are furnished with two remarkably large and long fore-teeth both above and below; but have no canine, or sharp lateral teeth: their feet are provided with claws, and their general pace is more or less salient or leaping: their food is vegetable ; consisting of roots, barks, fruits, &c. The Pecora, arnong which are comprised what are commonly termed cattle, have no front teeth in the upper jaw, but several, viz. six or eight, in the lower: their feet are furnished with cloven or divided hoofs: their food is entirely vegetable, and they possess the remarkable power of rumi- nation, or throwing up again into the mouth the food they have first swallowed, in order that it may be still farther reduced or comminuted by the teeth. This remarkable process is assisted by the peculiar structure of the stomach, which, in these animals, is divided into four earwlacly each having its peculiar office. | The Bellue have obtuse front-teeth; the feet are furnished with hoofs, in some oa! or round- Lo rece p. VIL.of the Introduction. a London800 Febt1.lublished by G.Kearslev, Fleet Street. VYutiow S“oslp avi ed, in others obscurely lobed or subdivided : their food is vegetable. The Cefe consist of the Whales, which, though resembling fishes as to general form or outline, are real Mammalia in disguise; having similar bones, lungs, teats, &c. &e. Their teeth are fre- quently less osseous than in other Mammalia. They feed on soft marine animals and vegetables, and swim chiefly by means of their pectoral or breast fins, in which are inclosed the bones of the fore-feet. Their tail is horizontal, and they are furnished with breathing-holes on the top of the head, through which they occasionally spout the water. | The teeth forming a principal mark of dis- tinction in the Linnean arrangement of Quadru- peds, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the position of these organs. This will readily be ob- tained from an inspection of the annexed plate, in which, as the principal example, are repre- sented the human teeth. The front-teeth are termed cutting-teeth, dentes primores, or incisores. The single, and more sharply formed teeth on each side of these are called canine-teeth, dentes canini, or lanaru. The remaining teeth are termed grinders, or grinding- teeth, dentes molares. The general history of Quadrupeds has been so often detailed in the various works on Natural History, that a fresh publication on the subject must of necessity labour under peculiar disadvan- tages. The valuable works of the Count de Buf- Vill | fon and Mr. Pennant have diffused such a degree of information on these subjects, that it does not seem an easy task to improve upon their plan otherwise than by the introduction of the Linnean method of arrangement, the rectification of errors relative to synonyms, the addition of proper spe- cific characters, and the introduction of new species; more particularly those which have been lately introduced to the knowledge of European naturalists from the vast island of Australasia or New Holland, and which seem to exceed in sin- gularity of form and character those of every other region of the globe. Of the gencric and specific characters, but more particularly the latter, it should be observed, that implicit faith is not always to be placed in them. They are highly useful in a general view, but should merely be regarded in that light, and can- not be considered as in every instance strictly and absolutely exact. It is farther to be observed, that the English specific characters in the present work are commonly so rendered as to be some- what fuller or more particular than the Latin; from which it will also be perceived, that they oc- casionally vary a little. This was necessary, im order to accommodate them to the purpose of ge- neral readers. With respect to figures, those highly import- ant accompaniments to a work of this kind, no care has been spared to give such as convey the clearest and most accurate ideas of the animals themselves. -Where Buffon’s figures were judged ~N 1X unexceptionable, they have been admitted : others are introduced from publications of the first re- spectability, from original drawings, or from those-rich repositories of science, the British and Leverian Museums. The talents of the engraver to whose care they have been committed are too well known to re- quire particular commendation. The remaining volumes will be published i in re- gular order, and with as much dispatch as is con- sistent with the accuracy required 1 in a systematic work on Natural Historv. ey Boake af ; i y ‘, yf ; é Pp? i} 7 {13 ERRATA.—PART ge an ie Page 14, |. an eke synonyms, for Gen read Gesu, 36, 1. 5, after brown place a comma. rods 70, 1. §, for Lemurmurinus read Lemur murinus, cit 72, 1. 20, instead of a commaafter only one place a period. 74, 1. 10, for limbs of the tail read limbs, with the tail. 78, in the specific character of Antigua Monkey, 1. 2, for barbatii read ‘ barbatis, and for prehensils read prehensili. 67, |. 8. for other read of the. 137, in the English specific character for abtuse read obtuse. 142, 1. 7, for perspillatus read perspicillatus 177, |. 27, for Myrecophaga read Myrmecophaga. 167, in the Latin specific character, for tedradactylis read enn ig: 227, 1. 14, for 1563 read 1653. ap 235, |. x1, for the read their. 235; 1. 14, for it latitude read in latitude. eee: CON TEN TS VOL. I.—PART. I. Avr GENUS great long-armed Barbary oer eee alee Alpinus’s Baboon, common — variegated ribbed-nose — hog-faced cinereous yellow —— wood ee broad-toothed . brown pig-tailed crefted ——— little dog-faced lion-tailed dog-tailed wrinkled Page I 2 12 13 14 15 33 PTET Monkey, leonine hare-lipped purple-faced Palatine —— Diana long-nosed yellowith green white-eyelid white-nose mustache Talapoin . Negro egret red ‘ Chinese bonneted varied proboscis Cochinchina vaulting tawny xl CONTENTS. Monkey, Goat p- 58 || Bar cenus full-bottom 59 common a ahio bay 59 long-eared —— annulated of) AOR Noctule —— fox-tailed 61 horse-shoe —— striated « 62 |} ——Serotine . —— red-tailed 63 Barbastelle —— silky . « 64 || —— Pipistrelle . —— great-eared 65 lasiopter —— fair 66 rough-tailed —— Philippine 67 Molucca ——— preacher vie) striped ——— royal 7i i New York ——— four-fingered 73 bearded ———— horned 74 slouch-eared ——— fearful Mieke slender-tailed ————._ weeper “6 Senegal ——— capucin 76 bull-dog ——— squirrel aa Peruvian . ——— Antigua 78 } —+—cordated .. naked-tailed 78 leaf : Ant-EaTER GENUS 166 iia) wid —— great Serotine great rr : middle”. <~-160 ops — three-toed 170 bbe — little reo heh F ‘lr ——————. Cape 473 tes me Baboon, Fone striped 178 vena —— ribbed-nose ARMADILLO GENUS . 186 || ———— hog-faced three-banded 188 || -—-— wood . six-banded 189 ——— cinereous —_ seven-banded 190 —— yellow . nine-banded 190 || ————. broad-toothed twelve-banded 192 brown © eighteen-banded 195 | pigtailed 122 123 123 130 131 132 133 132 133 134 134 135 135 136 137 : Ang’ (138 138 139 140 141 142 142 143 144 145 , CONTENTS. Kili Baboon, crested p- 26 || ManisGenus ._ p. 179 a——— little ~ 24 | mee Jong-tailed 180 dog-faced i aS short-tailed 181 — lion-tailed a! 30 broad-tailed 183 dog-tailed _ 32 || ————— Megatherium 162 wrinkled eo MyRrMECOPHAGA GENUS 166 BRADYPUS GENUS ~ ee PLATYPUS GENUS bss CoLuco GENUS 1I5 : . flying . 115 || RuINocERos GENUS 198 fe | yore ah conanaesi single-horned 198 Dasypus GENUS 186 — two-horned 202 ; Sumatran 207 Duck-bill ° - 228 Elephant > « « 2)2. 1) StotH GENUS on Le GALEOPITHECUS GENUS 115 —three-toed =» 149 | | ———--—— two-toed 156 LEMUR GENUS . 80 || ——=——— ursine. 159 slow 81 —_— loris Oa || Stmrs GENUS) ee 2 -——— Indri : 94 ——— potto . 95 || Sukotyro. ° » 227 woolly .. 96 ruffed - 98 || TricHECHUS GENUS 233 flocky . ne ring-tailed 103 || VESPERTILIO GENUS 122 w= heart-marked 104 tarsier 105 || WALRUS GENUS 233 — murine : . 106 arctic «| 232 ———— whitish 4, +, LOG Indian 239 : long-fingered 109 whale-tailed 240 3 round-tailed 24.4 Macauco. . ; Pane Guiana 245 Mat,» ay KH y¢ a}. Bui ec *) Ay 4 Ng ‘ . ial i" ae {ay Ne. ne Ag - ‘ Le» oy Pa . fold és ave ek Directions for placing the Plates in vol. I. part I. The Vignette to part I. represents the Platypus or Duck-bill in different views.—Plate containing the outline of the Skull to front p. vii of the Introduétion. ; | Plate 1 to face page 1 Plate 36 to face page 104 2 5 37 ——__ 106 3 7 38 —————_ 1116 4 ——- Io 39 ————_ 120 5—_—_—_—_ 12 40 ———._1123 6 ———-_112 41 ————_-:1139 7 13 42 pe 140 8 14 ee oA 9 16 A en Eee jo ——-_ 17 45 ——— 148 Ir ———__.20 46 ——————_ 156 12 —————__ 22 47 ——- 159 13 ————-_24 48 ———— 162 14 ——_—s_-25 49 ————._ 167 15 ——__ 28 50 ———_ 169 16 ———-__ 39 51 ———— 170 ee 2 ———— 179 1 as 38 se ee 7g 2 MACs 65k 1 Comes coors ae ee 20 ————- 43 55 ———— 180 21 ——__ 44 | 56 ———— 181 22 ———~ 54 7 188 23 ——————-__— 756 58 ————. 189 Taig empeaaran es, Sr || ae 25 ————_—‘— OO 60 —————_ 198 260 a 6 61 ——— 202 27 —— 67 62 ———— 207 28 ——.— 73 63 ———— 212 29 ————__ 81 64 ———— 20 30 ————__ 702 63 ——_—_—._. 226 31 ——_—sar«—*»03 66 ————__ 229 82ers OF op eo 250 33. 06 68 —ae— 234 oP ere OD 68* ——_——._ 237 35 =—————_ ‘103 6Q ————— 244 ni i Hides bat. %® sgt ensestcst + hog oF al Ot frst 2 xt 10 pailtse oi aie ie : pahorial aiid Yo live ag sang oot ob: + t ls ; (ember tiphennern eerie wid i a alee ~ . * - ii Y ny » ‘ : Wi : iat .. ‘ bia - ‘ * c ; x , Ty ; * f n NO { « . 3 L ie “ aie OD yi) , pe mi = vy ' pany" BANA ‘ Bh D | BURA ripen r . hs Bi t ‘ i ; ; . " iby * a ‘3 : i] 7 ‘ " a" & i ti ' LS bs en ineye oe wanes weer q f i ‘ " rs Spo er | Ti Ve Ae tee bb Re! ete ee i te P t ig 4 " i 4 a ee , a y i eee ee te a Pan imivvepianli abbananirh Se OH. Ads OQ gen aN _~ So AOE Mua - RiBWrosy RSs We Bb f yn what SNS US iN TS Sy 3 : 4 : Z : 6 = Publithad by G. Kearsley, Fleet Street. a eee QUADRUPEDS. ORDER PRIMATES. SIMIA. APE. Linnean Generic Character. | Dentes primores utrinque 4; || Front-teeth in each he As approximati. ‘ placed near together. Laniarii solitarii, longiores, || Canine-teeth solitary, longer hinc remoti. than the others, distant é from the remaining teeth, . or grinders. Molares obtusi. Grinders obtuse. Tus numerous race may be properly divided into. four sections, viz. 1. Apes, or such as are destitute of. a tail. 2. Baboons, or sweh as have very muscular bodies, and whose tails are com- monly short. 3. Méonkies, whose tails are, in ge- neral, long: and, lastly, Sapajous, or monkies, with what are termed prehensile tails, viz. such as can, at pleasure, be twisted round any object, so as to answer the purpose of an additional hand to the animal, of Vv. I. 1 2 APE. Of the whole genus, or the monkey tribe in general, it may be observed, that the Baboons are commonly of a ferocious and sullen disposition. The larger Apes are also of a malignant temper, ex- cept the Oran Otan and the Gibbons. ‘The Mon- kies, properly so called, are very various in their dispositions ; some of the smaller species are lively, harmless, and entertaining; while others are as remarkable for the mischievous malignity of their temper, and the capricious uncertainty of their manners. : It may not be improper here to observe, that it is no easy task to determine with exact preci-- sion the several species. of this extensive genus ; since, exclusive of the varieties in point of colour, they are often so nearly allied as to make it difficult to give real distinctive characters. To this must be added; the mutilations which occasionally oc- cur in the specimens preserved in museums, or exhibited in public, and which, of course, are liable to deceive an inexperienced eye, and even to embarrass the most expert and sagacious natu- ralist. ‘To circumstances like these are owing the figure of the Mantegar, or tufted Ape, m the first ahd second editions of Mr. Pennant’s — History of Quadrupeds. ‘The figures in authors. are not always to be trusted: those in the Natural History of the Count de Buffon are, in general, good. ‘Those of Schreber are copied from them, and coloured, seemingly, from description. ™~ €9 ORAN OTAN. .. Simia Satyrus. — sis, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 33- Homo Troglodytes. Gmel, p. 26. Tailless Ape, either chesnut-coloured or black, without callosities behind, and with the hair on the lower part of the arms reversed. Satyrus Indicus. Tulp. Obs. Med. p..284.t.14. | Homo Sylvefiris. Orang-Orang. Bont. Fav. 84. t. 84. Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris. Tyson. anat. pygm. f. 1. 2. Jocko. Buff. 14. p. 43. t. and suppl. 7. t. 1. ex ed Allamand. Man of the Woods. Edwards pl. 213. Orang-Otang. Vosmaer. descr. Se. t. 1. 2. Orang-Otang. Camper kort beright, Sc. Amst. 1778. Great Ape. Pennant Quadr. ed. 3. p. 80. pl. 36. r ecaudata, ferruginea, lacertorum pilis rever- Or these singular animals, the species which has most excited the attention of mankind is, the Oran Otan, or, as it is sometimes called, the Satyr, great Ape, or Man of the woods. It is a native of the warmer parts of Africa and India, as well as of some of the Indian islands, where it resides > principally in woods; and is supposed to feed, like most others of this genus, on fruits. The Oran Otan appears to admit of considerable variety in point of colour, size, and proportions; and there is reason to believe, that, in reality, there may be two or three kinds, which, though nearly ap- proximated as to general similitude, are yet spe- cifically distinct. ‘The specimens imported into’ Europe have rarely exceeded the height of two or three feet, and were supposed to be young ani- mals ; but it is said that the full-grown ones are, at least, six feet in height. ‘The general colour, 4 ORAN OTAN. seems to be dusky or brown; in some ferruginous or reddish brown, and in others coal-black, with the _ skin itself white. The face is bare; the cane ta hands, and feet nearly similar to the human, and the whole appearance such as to exhibit the most striking approximation to the human figure. The likeness, however, is only a general one, and the structure of the hands and ee when exa- mined with anatomical exactness, seems to prove, in the opinion of those most capable of judging with accuracy on the subject, that the animal was principally designed by nature for the quadrupedal manner of walking, and not for an upright pos- ture, which is only occasionally assumed, and | which, in those exhibited to the public, is, perhaps, rather owing to instruction than truly natural. The Count de Buffon, indeed, makes it one of the distinctive characters of the real or proper apes (among which the oran otan is the chief), to walk erect on two legs oniy; and it must be granted, that these animals support an upright position much. more easily and readily than most other quadru- peds, and may probably be very often seen in this attitude even in a.state of nature. i _ The manners of the Oran Otan, when in esi vity, are gentle, and perfectly void of that dis- gusting ferocity so conspicuous in some of the larger baboons and monkies.. The Oran Otan is mild and docile, and may be taught to perform, with dexterity, a variety of actions in domestic life. Thus it has been seen to sit at table, and, in its manner of feeding and general behaviour, to DSI oe) a yi BA > jh : Z 1600, Jan 1Londorn LPidblynad by G. Kearsley, Fleet a s —~ Ss = = = —S LE = MN hs NM) im — —— SS ZZ —ZzA ee SLE LESSEE —S— BLACK ORAN- OTAN. from Tyson. 9 Slreet: ORAN OTAN.. 5 imitate the company in which it was placed: to pour out tea, and drink it without aukwardness or constraint; to prepare its bed with great exact- ness, and compose itself to sleep i in a proper man- ner. Such are the actions recorded of one which was exhibited in London in the year 1738; and the Count de Buffon relates. nearly similar parti- culars of that which he saw at Paris. Dr. Tyson, who, about the, close of the last century, gave a very exact description of a young Oran Otan, then exhibited in the metropolis, assures us, that, in many of its actions, it seemed to display a very high degree of sagacity, and was of a disposition uncommonly gentle; The most gentle und loving creature that could be. Thofe that he knew a ship- board he would come and embrace with the greatest tenderness, opening their bosoms, and clasping his hands about them; and, as I was informed, though there were Monkies aboard, yet it was observed he would never associate with them, and, as if nothing akin to them, would always avoid their company. But however docile and gentle when taken young, and instructed in its behaviour, it is said to be possessed of great ferocity in its native state, and is considered as a dangerous animal, capable of readily overpowering the strongest man. Its swiftness is equal to its strength, and for this rea- son it is but rarely to be obtained in its full-grown state; the young alone being taken. A few years past, the hand of a supposed full-grown oran otan was brought from Sierra Leona, which, from its size, seemed to justify the idea of the stature to me - QORAN OTAN. which. this species is supposed to grow: ‘it was of abiack colour, and, consequently, belonged to the: black variety of this species; or that described in a young state by Dr. Tyson. | It is remarkable that the large titi represented in professor Allamand’s edition of the Natural History of the Count de Buffon, as that of an Oran Otan, proved, according to Camper, who examined it accurately, to have been an artificial preparation, made by distorting and otherwise al- tering the fore-foot of some large quadruped ; most probably that of a bear, in the opinion of Camper; and the nails were glued into the places where the claws had been. Sich are the deceptions to which even the most experienced naturalists are sometimes liable! This hand became the sub- ject of private controversial correspondence be- tween professors Allamand and Camper. At length its proprietor, Mr. Vink of Rotterdam, permitted it to be opened, when the opinion of Camper was — found to be just; the whole preparation being composed of bones, hair, skins, &c.: nicely ag- glutinated and compacted, with the addition of nails at the extremities. | The hand, however, which was brought from Sierra Leona, was undoubtedly genuine, and the whole skin of the animal is, at present, in the pos- session of Mr. A. Afzelius, demonstrator of bo- tany in the university of Upsal; but its full de- _ scription and figure having never been published, it is impossible to pronounce, with certainty, the species to which it belongs. ‘ eed - Heath jpadp EE: &, Ss ORAN O TAN. Posmaer. 4 - ORAN OTAN. 4 Mr. Vosmaer’s account of the manners of an Oran Otan brought into Holland in the year 1776, and. presented to the Prince of Orange’s mena- gerie, is so curious and satisfactory, that I shall extract it from his accurate publication on that subject ; and shall also accompany it by two excel- lent figures of the animal, with which he has illus- trated his work; and these, together with an ac- curate copy of the young Pongo, described and figured by Dr. Tyson under the name of the pyg- my ; and of that preserved in the British Museum, figured by Edwards; and, lastly, the elegant and expressive representation of M. Allamand, in his dition of Buffon, will, it is presumed, give the clearest and most satisfactory ideas of Sexe extra- | ordinary animals, which the present state of our knowledge on the subject will permit us to ob- . tain. _ This animal, says M. Vosmaer, was a female its height was about two Rhenish feet and a we It shewed no symptoms of fierceness or malienity, and was even of a somewhat melancholy appear- ance. It was fond of being in company, and shewed a prefer ence to those who took daily care of it, of which it seemed to be sensible. Often when they retired it would throw itself on the ground, as if in despair, uttering lamentable cries, and tearing in pieces the linen within its reach. Its keeper having sometimes been accustomed to sit near it on the ground, it took the hay of its bed, and laid it by its side, and seemed, by every demonstration, to invite him to be seated near. 8 ORAN OTAN. Its usual manner of walking was on all-fours, like other apes; but it could also walk on its two hind feet only. One morning it got unchained, and we beheld it with wonderful agility ascend the beams and rafters of the building : it was not without some pains that it was retaken, and we then remarked an extraordinary muscular power in the animal; the assistance of four men being necessary, in order to hold it in such a manner as to be properly secured. During its state of liberty it had, amongst other things, taken the cork from a bottle containing some Malaga wine, which it drank to the last drop, and had set the bottle in its place again. It eat almost every thing which was given it; but its chief food was bread, roots, and especially carrots ; all sorts of fruits, especially strawberries : and appeared extremely fond of aromatic plants, as parsley and its root. It also eat meat, both boiled and roasted, as well as fish. It was not observed to hunt for insects like other monkies ; it was fond of eggs, which it broke with its teeth and sucked completely; but fish and roast meat seemed its favourite food. It had been taught to — eat with a spoon and a fork: When presented with strawberries on a plate, it was extremely pleasant to see the animal take them up, one by one, with a fork, and put them into its mouth, holding, at the same time, the plate in the other hand. Its common drink was water; but it also very willingly drank all sorts of wine, and parti- cularly Malaga. After drinking it wiped its lips, and after eating, if presented with a tooth-pick, It ON IKE. Pub, Qet,7,1008, hy James Cundee, London, et dg » “aa ORAN OTAN. | 9 _ would use it in a proper manner. I was assured, that on shipboard it ran freely about the vessel, played with the sailors, and would go, like them, into the kitchen for its mess. At the approach of night it lay down to sleep, and prepared its bed by shaking well the hay, on which it slept, and putting it in proper order, and, lastly, covering itself warm with the coverlet. One day, seeing the padlock of its chain opened with a key, and shut again, it seized a little bit of stick, and put it into the key-hole, turning it about in all directions, endeavouring to see whether the padlock would open or not. This animal lived seven months in Holland. On its first arrival it had but very little hair, except on its back and arms: but on the approach of winter it became extremely well covered; the hair on the back be- ing three inches in length. The whole animal then appeared of a chesnut colour; the skin of the face, &c. was of a mouse colour, but about the eyes and round the mouth of a dull flesh colour. It came from the island of Borneo, and was deposited in the museum of the Prince of Orange. Upon the whole, it appears clearly that there are two distinct species of this animal, viz. the Pongo, or great black Oran Otan, which is a native of Africa, and the reddifh brown or chesnut Oran Otan, called the Jocko, which is a native of Borneo and some other Indian islands. This lat- ter, as appears from a collation of most of the specimens which have been surveyed with the ne- cessary degree of exactness, is distinguished by 10 ORAN OTAN. having no nails on the great toes. Whereas i the Pongo, or black species, they are conspicuo | In one specimen, however, of the Jocko, M. Cam- per observed a very small nail on the great toe of one foot only; the other being without; but as the toe which had the nail differed from that of the opposite foot, im having an additional jomt, M. Camper considered it, as a lusus nature. ‘The figures given by Dr. Tyson and the Count de Buffon represent the black oran otan, or Pongo, though the Count de Buffon’s figure is, by a mistake, en- titled Jocko. It was drawn from the young ani- malin a living state; but it is acknowledged in the supplemental volume, published by Mr. Cepede, that the artist has overcharged it in some particu- lars. Mr. Edwards’s figure represents the Jocko or chesnut-coloured species, and is, in one point, er- roneous, viz. in representing the great toes fur- nished with nails; which, as before observed, are wanting in this gubdeal: * I must also add, that, in most of the copies of Mr. Edwards’s work, the Oran - Otan is coloured somewhat too light: the face, neck, and hands, in particular, vihich should have a slight wash of Indian ink, in order to produce the proper shade of brown; and a more dusky cast should also pervade the whole figure, as ap- pears clearly from the original drawing now pre- served in the British Afuséuth: “1 * This particular in our representation, from Edwards's original — drawing in the British Museum, is properly corrected. . He 17962 BA (oh Sy CK C \ A\ , ay) oat Oe ae ms 8 aes peepee SSeS seme ~~ Sco ears he Wean? 4 Nips 4 l BD ESSA ¥ ~ nO La (ENS. Ras CHESNUT ORAN OTAN. fiom Edwards. : “‘~N ara ~ LAaaTaAyS : Se SNS: eld = F ——— re ORAN OTAN. 11 In Dr. Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature, the smaller variety, or the Jocko in its less shagg or more naked state, is given as a distinct species, under the name of Simia Troglodytes. ‘The print published many years past, by the name of Chim- panzee, is of this kind ; as is, perhaps, the figure in Tulpius. The animal descritied in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. 59. p. 72. pl. 3. is by Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Nature, referred to the Oran Otan; but Mr. Pennant, in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, seems to consider it as perfectly distinct, and describes it under the title of Golock. It has a pointed face; long and slender limbs; arms, when the animal is upright, not reaching lower than the knees; head round and full of hair; grows to the height of a man. Inhabits the forests of Mevat in the interior parts of Bengal. In its manners is gentle and modest; called by the natives golock, or the wild man; distinguished from the Oran Otan by its slender — form; and from the Gibbon by its having much shorter arms: colour entirely black. The short description given in the Philosophical Transactions is somewhat singular: The animal is said to be of the height of a man; the teeth white as pearls; the arms in due proportion, and the body very genteel. = 12 LONG-ARMED APE. Simia Lar. S. ecaudata, natibus calvis, brachiis longitudine corporis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 2. Tailless black Ape (sometimes white), without callosities be- hind, and with arms as long as the body. Homo Lar. Liz. Mantiss. pl. 2. p. 521. Simia Longimana. Schreber Saeugth. t. 3. f. 1. Miller Cime lia et 27, - Grand Gibbon. Buff: Hist. Nat. 14. t. 2. Long-armed Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 184. VAR. Petit Gibbon. Buff. Hist. Nat. 14. t. 3. Simia Longimana. Museum Leverianum. Zeid. Ba is a species of a more deformed appear- ance than the Oran Otan, and is distinguished by the excessive length of its arms, which, when the animal stands upright, are capable of touching the ground with the fingers. It is a native of India and some of the Indian islands, and grows to the height of four feet or more. Its colour is black; but the face is commonly surrounded by a whitish beard. ‘This animal is well figured in Buffon; and a smaller variety is finely represented in Mr.. Millar’s miscellaneous plates of Natural History. ~Variety.—White gibbon. ‘This is generally considered as a variety We the former ; from which it differs in being entirely white, eo the face and hands, whichare black. Inthe Leverian Mu- seum is a most elegant specimen, which is figured in No. 2 of the Museum Leverianum. Our present © figure is also from the same specimen. What — seems to prove this to be a aks v the black ve a iv iT — sso wOLOWN a FISD “25 Sees’ st ISS gre Cn 1g BA Li~ LES LIONS 5S LONG-ARMED APE. LONG-ARMED. APE, WO . x a ws BARBARY APE. 1800. Tanti Fublifn'd ty G. Kearsley, Fleet S orcet. BARBARY APE. G gibbon, above-described, is, that a patched or parti-coloured small variety of that animal is sometimes seen, and is figured in the Count de Buf- fon’s work, having the lower part of the back and the feet white, while the:rest of the animal is of a deep brown. ‘The larger kind is also represented by Buffon with whitish hands and feet. Notwithstanding the apparent ferocity of the Gibbon, and the deformity of its figure, it is of a more tractable and gentle nature than most of its tribe, and has even been celebrated for the de- corum and modesty of its behaviour. Considered with respect to the rest of the genus it ranks among the genuine Apes, or those which have not the least vestige of atail, and, like the Oran Otan, alarms the pride of mankind by too near an ap- proach to the real Primates of the creation. Nay, -Linneus, 1m his description referred to in the sy- nonyms, actually places it in the genus flomo, un- der the title of “ee Lar BARBARY APE. Simia Inuus. 8. ecaudata, natibus calzis, capite oblongo, Lin. - Tailless pale-brown Ape, with callosities behind, and with an oblong head. _Simia Inuus. Speculum Linneanum, 1. t. 1. Magot. Buf. 14.t.8.9. . Barbary Ape. Pennant Quadr. p: 186. Tuts, which is the species of ape most com- monly seen in exhibitions of animals, grows to the height of about four feet. It is not remarkable 14 PYGMY. 1) % for docility or good temper; but, by force of dis- cipline, is made to exhibit a greater degree of in-) telligence than many others. Its colour is an’ olivaceous brown, paler or whiter beneath» the’ face is of a swarthy flesh colour. The hands and — feet have nails resembling the human; -as in the two former species. It is also destitute of any real — tail, but there is commonly a short skinny appen- dix in the. place of one. This animal is-found in) Barbary, as well as in many of the lower parts of Africa! % | 3 GORo ———— PYGMY, — - Simia Sylvanus. S. ecaudata, natibus calvis, capite subrotundo, brachits brevioribus. Lin. | Tailless pale-brown Ape, with callosities behind, and with a roundish head. - Simia. Gé. Quadr. 847. Raii syn. Quadr. 149. Cercopithecus. Foust. Quadr. t. 59. f. 5. Pitheque. Buff. Nat. Hist. 14. p. 84. and supp. 7. te 20 3. 4. 5- Pygmy Ape. Pennant Quadr. p. 183. VAR.? Alpin. Hist. Nat. 4igyft. t. 20. f. 1. Tuis is the smallest of the genuine Apes or those destitute of tails. In its general appearance, as well as in colour, it extremely resembles the Barbary Ape ; but is not larger than a cat, and has’ a rounder or flatter face than the Barbary Ape. This is supposed, by Mr. Pennant, to have been the Pygmy of the ancients, which was said to wage war, at certain seasons, with the cranes. It ‘ tie 7. q 4 aA, t q eer avo ALPINUS APE. Oo = = ESS ee Lee SAFE ZS Se ee Uy Yy GH; iy Y Ly H i i } SHAT AH ifliis UHH Hy) i) 4) i PYGMY APE | : PYGMY. 15 is a native of Athiopia, where it is most common ; but it is also found in other parts of Africa. It is easily tamed, and is much more. docile and gentle than the former species. In the supplemental part of the Count de Buf-. fon’s Natural History, we also meet with a seem- ing variety of the Pygmy, which is said to differ in having no callosities or bare spaces behind. Mons. Buffon thinks it a distinct species, and ob- serves, that it has been described by no one ex- cept Prosper Alpinus, who has given a figure of it. The figure given in Buffon’s work is from a drawing sent to him by Mr. Peter Collinson. The hair is said to be red. The face seems, in the en- graving, to be represented of a dark colour; and the general appearance is so perfectly that of the Pygmy, that the particular difference is scarce perceptible. The figure ee to in Prosper Alpinus is at pl. 20. fie’ 1. of his Hist. Nat. fEgypt. That given by ponte is copied in the present work. We now proceed to the second division of this genus, or that containing the Saboons. Much confusion seems to have prevailed among naturalists with respect to the different species of Baboons, and the synonymous names of authors have been erroneously given, not only in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature of Linnzus, but in the History of Quadrupeds by Mr. Pennant and others. We shall begin with the species most. commonly seen in exhibitions of animals, 16 COMMON BABOON. nidy Vols ia Simia Sphinx. 8. semnicauaasa, ore We unguibus acuminatity ah natibus calvis. Lin. : Short-tailed brown Baboon, with pallouties behind, and with dull flesh-coloured face and pointed nails. Papio. Baboon. Gesn. Quadr. 252. Aldrov. dig. 260. pee Quad. 145. t. 61. f.1. Ratt Quadr. 158. Briss. Quadr. 192. Papion. Buff. 14. t. 13. 14. Mottled Baboon. Pennant Quadr. 197. Tuts is a species of very considerable size, and when in a sitting posture, is from three to four feet in height. It is extremely strong and mus- cular in its upper parts, and slender towards the middle; but this is the general shape of all the true Baboons: its colour is an uniform greyish brown, paler beneath; the hairs on the upper parts, if narowly inspected, appear as if mottled ; the face is long, and of a tawny flesh colour; he eyes appear as if sunk into the head or very dewnle seated, and are of a hazel colour. The hands and feet have strong, blunt claws; but the thumbs of the hands have rounded nails. The tail is very short. This is certainly the Sphinx of Ges- ner, the synonyms to which are erroneously ap- plied both by Linneus and Mr. Pennant. In Gmelin’s edition of the Systema Nature. they. are rectified. This also seems to be the species intended by the Count de Buffon, and figured in his Natural History. It is ferocious in its manners, and its appearance is, at once, gro- tesque and formidable. The region surround- ing the tail, to a considerable distance on each lM MAA JE MOMMA gy EZ HS stallar a= “ip (My if (i ‘a = (ening ANSE Wi WSS gs wy Wh Ss Wy } } \\\ \\ i ip ] AL , i WY \ \\ INN . Wy \ WN \\ —— =. =———= EE Sz = Cook Ete 7 o — LEE fi SSS SZ EZ LES —S-— LL ESE = Vz Z Y i WN SZ =< FTE Z, =z TS rw YA Zi : Zig DE z= SSE Z U ire = =——s 7 ———— = ly Vy Yy, Ss <7 j S LS SE Ys Wy yi Vy NAN \\ \ NaN WW wh \ \ NN i A NN \) HAN AS {A Kt HAN \ \ PAN . DINIKOARSS WANN WN Nt MQ AR | AY NN i \ \ KAN Wy FeV a nt Dea WY AYN \\}} NN Wh Ai UY HK | ASS Ny Nt Canin NN aN) aK \ Hi \)\ )) i) Ws 0 HIN Xa / Hi i H) My) \ \ | i) Vn} } 7 ) \\ —= = — ) \ ) \\ i NN \ \y\ W AST; Riff iy we n \ Nis. ( i gf) | NXKYY \ x Lrg ih ft ; SW iu DUA MANNS i LN OA 2) >} iy ( se R ee LY, 9 “y ? - COMMON BABOON te LO | + th mn) wy \ han Wi} = Sas Sebineht 4) (t Ppp: 4) LAN HE LRU LT Lp a, GMS i Wn i HH HH PHY i Ii H (hina Hi Hs Hi RE Hl Hh VARIEGATED BABOON . VARIEGATED BABOONS 17 side, is perfectly bare and callous, and of a red colour: this is also common, ina greater or small- er degree, to the rest of this division. It is a na- tive of the island of Borneo. ' VARIEGATED BABOON. Simia Mormon. 8. semicaudata subbarbata nigro-fusca, malis tu- midis nudis cyaneis, oblique striatis, natibus calvis sanguineis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. reead Short-tailed tawny-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, naked tumid violet-blue cheeks Sia ey furrowed, and the middle of the nose blood-red. Alstroemer Acti Holmiens. 1766. vol. 27. p. 138. Mantegar. ' Philos. Tians..n.220. - Bradley nat. 117.t.15.f. 1. Chloras.. Breslaner Natur-u Kunstgesch, 15. vers. 177. Great Boon, Pennant Quadr. 188. t. 40. 41. epee Baboon. Museum Leverianiin. No. Wn p.-45. 2. Qs THis is at Tee Beata in’ size, if not superior, to the former, and, when in an upright posture, is about five feet high. It is the most remarka- ble of the whole genus for brilliancy and variety of colour. ‘The general tinge is a rich and very deep yellowish-brown;. the hairs, if viewed near, appearing speckled with yellow and black. ‘The form of the face is long, with the snout ending somewhat abruptly: the whole length of the nose, down the middle, is of a deep blocd- ted; but the parts on each side are of a fine violet- his, deeply marked by several oblique furrows. The remainder of the face is of a pale whitish-yel- ee * 2 18 VARIEGATED BABOON: low. On the top of the front the hair rises, in a remarkable manner, into a pointed form, and beneath the chin is a pointed beard of a light orange-yellow. Round the back of the neck the hair is much longer than in other parts, and in- clines downwards and forwards, somewhat in the manner of a wreath or tippet. The hair on this part has also a slight tinge of violet-brown. The breast and lower parts of the body are of a whitish colour. Round the region of the loins the skin is almost bare, and of a most beauti- ful violet-blue, gradually altering into a vivid vermilion, which is more conspicuous on the hinder parts, where it surrounds the tail, which is extremely short, or scarce apparent. The hands and feet are of a dusky colour, and are furnished with broad but pointed claws. It is a native of the interior parts of Africa; but it is said to have been also brought from India. In the Leverian Museum is a most capital specimen of this Baboon, of which a general figure is given in Mr. Pen- nant’s History of Quadrupeds; but a much more elegant and accurate one may be found in the Museum Leverianum. | : A disfigured specimen of this curious animal, altered by cropping away the hair on the head and other parts, seems to have given rise to the descrip- tion by Dr. Bradley, and that in the Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxiv. p. 1571, from whence it was inserted, by Mr. Pennant, into the first edition __ of his History of Quadrupeds, under the title of VARIEGATED BABOON. 19 the tufted Ape, and, as usual in such cases, has been thence transferred into some other works *. The variegated Baboon is of a fierce disposition, and extremely muscular and strong. Its voice somewhat resembles the ‘slight roar of a lion: it is a rare species, and is not often imported into Europe. Mr. Pennant observes, that its posture, when walking, is a proof of the excellency of Ges- ners figure, which, from its singularity of ap- pearance, had often been thought erroneous; but it is certain that Gesner’s figure represents the common or brown Baboon, and the general. out- line of the body is nearly the same in both. * In the drawing, which isa very indifferent one, now preserved in the British Museum, not only the nose, on each side, but also the bare part of the forehead, even to some distance beyond the ears, is represented of a fine blue ; and the ridge and tip of the nose red. Upon the whole, I believe there can remain but little doubt of its having been made either from a disfigured specimen, or else hastily and erroneously drawn in some particulars, and, perhaps, coloured afterwards from recollection. The whole upper part of the animal is coloured grey-brown; and the whole under part dull flesh colour; seeming quite void of hair, as well as the insides of the limbs. In the same volume of drawings are also two other representations, evidently intended for the same animal: they are rather better painted than the former, but with the same parti- eularities, 20 MAIMON«eisieaen oonekt qed 3 eu aT Simia Maimon. 8S. Pose sas: bart genis cree stria tis, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gel. | Short-tailed olive-brown Baboon, with callosities behind, naked violet-blue furrowed cheeks, and the middle: of the nose flesh- ' coloured. , kl . aid Mandrill. Buff. Vin £ wh, 17. : Ye eae Ribbed-nose Baboon. Pennant mae pet go. Maimon. Schreber. 1.¢.9. © Cae Se Maimon. Sjeculum Linneanum. No. avraell TuE synonyms between this. species and. the former are commonly confounded. It is de- scribed by the Count de Buffon under the name of Mandrill. He seems to have seen an unhealthy specimen, since he describes it as dull, ‘heavy, and, at the same time,. disagreeably. dirty i in its appearance. On the contrary, it is an active ani- mal, and seems far less indocile and malignant than the rest of the Baboons. The general like- ness which it bears to the former species, is such as to give the idea of the same animal in a less advanced state of growth, and with less brilliant colours; the nose, instead of being red on its up- per part, is merely flesh-coloured ; but the sides are blue and furrowed, as in the former species. There is, however, no appearance of the crimson and blue tinge round the loms; and the general colours are less bright. The chin, as in the for- mer species, 1s furnished with a small sharp- pointed beard of a pale orange colour. ‘The feet are armed with claws, and have no flattened nails. E, es = co MAIMON .; r 4 2800 Jaréa.London Pubtghd by & Kearsley. Fleet Street. HOG-FACED BABOON. 91 This Baboon is not uncommon in exhibitions of animals. Its length, from nose to tail, is about two fect. Tail exactly as in the former. = HOG-FACED BABOON. Simia porcaria. 8. semicaudata, capite suillo, rostro nudo, corpore fusco-olivaceo, natibus tectis, unguibus acuminatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Boddaert Naturf. 22. p. 17. t. 1. 2.? Short-tailed brown Baboon, covered behind, with black naked hog-like face, and pointed nails. Hog-faced Baboon. Penn. a pier. 2 Turs animal is described by Dr. adalat in a Gian work, entitled Der Naturforcher. It is said to be three feet six inches in length: its co- lour is a deep olive-brown; the face large and black; the nose truncated at the end, somewhat like that of a hog: the nails are sharp: the tail appears, from the figure, to be about the length of the leg, from the knee to the foot: there are no bare spaces behind; but the lower part of the ab- domen seems bare, and of a dull flesh colour. On- a general view it seems not unlike the Wood Ba- boon, except in the greater length of the tail. Dr. Boddaert imagines it to have been the yoiporibnxos of Aristotle. It is said to be a native of Africa. The Hog-faced Baboon of Mr. Pennant appears to be a very different species, and was introduced into the History of Quadrupeds on the authority of a drawing in the British Museum; but as he has given no description of its colour, it is necessary 29 WOOD BABOON. to observe, that the prevailing cast of the figure is a dull olive-brown, paler beneath; with a face ex- actly resembling that of the $8. Mormon, of which I take it to be a bad general representation. ‘The memorandum under the drawing states it to have been two feet and a half high. WOOD BABOON. Simia Sylvicola. 8. semicaudata griseoferruginea, facie manibus pedibusque nigris, natibus calvis. Museum Leverianum. No. 5. p. 20%, % Bs | Short-tailed ferruginous-brown Baboon, with caljesities behind, and with black naked face hands and feet. Wood Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191. pl. 42. Le Babouin des bois. Buf: Hist. Nat. suppl. tom. 7. p. 39. pl. 7. THs species is very finely figured in the Mu-_ seum Leverianum. It is of a robust frame, and is in height about three feet. Its general colour is a sort of ferruginous greyish-brown, owing to the alternate blackish and ferruginous rings with which every individual hair is marked, and which give a kind of freckled appearance to the whole. The face, hands, and feet, are black; the nails on the hand longish, but rounded at their ex- tremities ; those on the toes somewhat longer and more acuminate. The space on each side the tail is large, bare, and red. ‘The tail scarce three inches in length. It is an African species, and is said to be principally found in Guinea. WAS) WAS \\ “SS many S EUUGY) a i he SEN WOOD BABOON, 3 While Jed. 1800. Feb London Publighad by & Kearsley, Fleet Street, Mi ‘YELLOW BABOON. Simia Sublutea. 5. semicandata sublutea nigro irrorata, facie nigra nuda, manibus supra pilosis. Short-tailed yellow Baboon, freckled with black, with naked black face, and hands hairy on their upper surface. Yellow Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 191. Tuais, which Mr. Pennant describes from a spe- cimen in the Leverian Museum, has a long, black face like the former, which it greatly resembles, except in being smaller, and of a brighter colour; the hair being bright-yellow, mottled with black. The hands, on their upper surface, are covered with hair, and over the eyes are some long dusky hairs. It is about two feet in length, and is sup- posed to be a native of Africa. CINEREOUS BABOON. S. Cinerea. §. semicaudata cinerea, vertice flavo irrorato, facie fusca, barba pallida. Short-tailed cinereous Baboon, with the crown mottled with yellow; the face brown; the beard pale. Cinereous Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 97. AxsourT the size of the preceding: face dusky: beard pale brown: crown mottled with yellow: body and limbs cinereous-brown. It is supposed to be a native of Africa, and is in the Leverian Museum. BROAD-TOOTHED BABOON. S. Dentata. | S. semicaudata. cinereo-ferruginea, facie subcérulea, dentibus primoribus permagnis. Short-tailed ash-brown Baboon, with blueifh face and very large fore-teeth. ; Broad-toothed Baboon, | Pennant Quadr. Wrrn a blueish face; two very flat broad fore- teeth ; a pale-brown beard; long hairs over each eye; atuft of hair beyond each ear;’ the hair black and cinereous, mixed with dull rust colour. Length about three feet. Native country uncer- tain. In the Leverian Museum. Mons. Cepede, in his additions to the Natural History of Count de Buffon, considers these three last animals as va- rieties of the Sylvicola or Wood Baboon. BROWN BABOON. S. Fusca. 8. semicaudata fusca, subtus cinerea, facie albida; naso lato, auriculis acuminatis, natibus calvis. Shortish-tailed brown Bahoon, with callosities behind, a whitish face, and very broad nose, Brown Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 192. Simia Platypygos. Schreb.. Quadr. pl. 5. B.? Babouin a longues jambes. Buff. Hist. Nat. suppl. 7. p- 41. pl. 8. Wits pointed ears ; face of a dirty-white; nose large and broad; hairs round the face short and straight ; coli of the upper parts of the body brown ; af the under ash colour. ‘Tail about four HRT H i tu HK iyi Mi) j fy ZZE Yn W/ 7, f Yp ZZ} i] EE Y Hy Wy} AH HAUT fA Tf WW 1 HA 1h — 3 yPURPLE-FAcED MONKEY. | NY AW NX, \\ AWN AY WU HTN SS =e ae |F/2 Fae 3 TESS ad BROWN BABOON, 7000.Tcb!1 Publi bv 6M flew Ll0e- Street. LTecds. jan &p PIG-TADILED BABOON. B00 F iE ondon.Pubtigha by 6 Kearsley, Fleet Street. 4 PIG-TAILED BABOON. 95 inches long; taper, and almost bare: beneath the - tail quite bare. This, according to Cepede, is the same with the Long-legged Baboon (Babouin 4 longues jambes) Heseribed’ in the additions to Buffon. The figure there given 1s the same with that in Mr. Resmniit’s @rostteopetlse ; but Mr. Cepede contends that the tail is represented much too long. The principal distinguishing character of the, animal seems to be the great length of its limbs. PIG-TAILED BABOON. Simia Nemestrina. 8. semicaudata subbarbata grisea, iridibus, natibus tectis. Lin, ea toes Olive-brown Baboon, with short naked tail. Pig-tailed Monkey. Eawards, pl. 214. Pig-tailed Baboon. | Pennant Quadr. p. 193. Le Maimon. Buf. 14.t.19. Tuts is a small species, commonly about the size of .a cat, but sometimes much larger. © The face is somewhat pointed, of a swarthy flesh co- lour, and naked; the ears large and of a similar colour: the general colour of the animal is an olive-brown, paler or whitish beneath. The fin- gers are black ; the thumbs on the hind feet very long, and connected to the nearest toe by a broad membrane. The tail is about four inches long, and exactly resembles that of a Pig. On each side the tail are bare spaces, as in other Baboons, 26 CRESTED BABOON. but smaller in proportion. This species is figured by Edwards, at plate 214 of his work on Natural History. Mr. Edwards informs us, that he car- ried his in order to compare it with a much larger one of the same species, to Bartholomew fair, and that “« they seemed to be highly pleased with each other's company, though it was the first time of their meeting *.” CRESTED BABOON. S. semicaudata nigra, capillitio diffuso, pectore albido, facie manibusque nudis. Short-tailed black Baboon, with very long hair on the crown and cheeks, the breast whitish, the face and hands bare. Crested Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 193. Wit the hairs on the crown very long and dishevelled: those on the cheeks of the same form and of a dusky colour: breast whitish: rest of the body covered with long black hair; that on the limbs the same: face and feet black and bare: tail slender, taper, about seven inches long: whole length of the animal two feet. Inhabits India. * Edwards’s figure, though, doubtless, a faithful representation of the individual specimen from which it was drawn (and which seems to have been a small or half grown one), represents the ani- mal, with a face not sufficiently thick and large: the beft figure is that of Buffon, which is, indeed, excellent. Buffon very pro- perly observes, that, in its general appearance, except the pig-like tail, it so perfectly represents the Macaque, or Cynomolgus, that one might suppose it a variety of that species, LITTLE BABOON. 27 Described by Mr. Pennant from the specimen in the Leverian Museum. LITTLE BABOON. Simia Apedia. 8S. semicaudata, palmarum pollice approximate, unguibus oblongis : pollicum rotundatis; natibus tectis. Lin. Short-tailed yellowish Baboon, without callosities behind; with thumbs standing close to the fingers and furnished with rounded nails; the fingers with narrow ones. Little Baboon. Pennant Quad. p. 192. Tuts is said by Linneus to be of the size of a Squirrel; but, in a description given in the Amoenitates Academicz, it is said to be as large as a Cat. The general colour is yellowish; the hairs being tipped with black: face brown, with a few scattered hairs: head roundish ; ears round- | ish and naked : tail scarce an inch long. No bare spaces on each side: the thumbs not remote from the fingers, and with rounded nails; those on the fingers narrow and compressed. Native of India: said to be a lively species. 28 DOG-FACED BABOON. The next Division of the Baboons consists of — such as have long tails. Of these the chief is,’ the DOG-FACED BABOON. Simia Hamadryas. 8. caudata cinerea, auribus comosis, unguibus acutiusculis, natibus calvis. Lin. Tailed grey Baboon, with callosities behind, sharpish. claws, and the hair on each fide the head very long. Simia supra aures comata. Alpin. Hist. Nat. Appt p. (242. ae Wy 02 ‘, Dog-faced Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 194. S. Hamadryas. Grey Baboon. Speculum Linneanum, 1.t. 3. Babouin a muscau de chien. Buff. suppl... p. TuIs species is of an elegant colour, composed | of a mixture of grey and, brown, the hair appear- ing as,if speckled. - It is a very large animal, at least equal, 1f not superior, in size to the common brown Baboon and the Mormon. . It is remark- able for a vast quantity of flowing hair on each side the head, as well as round the shoulders, — spreading in such a manner as to give: the ap- — pearance of ashort cloak or mantle. The whole | - face is naked and of a flesh colour, more or less deep in different individuals. The eyes are deeply seated, and of a chesnut colour. The bare spaces -on each side the tail are very large, protuberant, and of a very bright flesh colour, or rather red. The tail is almost the length of the body, and is commonly a little tufted at the end. ‘The nails on the hands or fore-feet are flat; those on the hind-fect resemble strong claws. ‘This is a rare ey DOG- FACED BABOON, sboo-LeblaLondon Publifha by Chearsley Fleet Soreet. SSS ROSAS M ON IRIE Y. Pub Avot 41006, by dames Candea LOntom, ie (yp MU MANAG, Wt aot = Ness Fes) K Dh if oe Rey Ra iSHiais ( N( Yass aA : RAS Qi ‘ SN UK & : P ar e ‘ P J eS B24 2 aes py 2 x u a | ~~ F i = ¥ Y 2 a & ee eC S am! & 3 Facts i—| Sinai ‘ 1 ot ‘DOG-FACED BABOON. 99 species in comparison with the Common Baboon ; and is a native of the hottest parts of Africa and Asia, where it is said to reside in vast troops, and to be very fierce and dangerous. ‘There isa wonderful degree of sagacity in the countenance of this cena and a kind of solemn contempla»: tive disposition seems to be strongly indicated in — its looks, when calm and undisturbed; but when | irritated, the most striking efforts of vindictive violence are immediately dabethivesk | It is also possessed of an. uncommon degree of obstinate moroseness, surpassing most ae of its. tr ibe; and is, when in a state of confinement, of a dis-_ position so rude and unquiet, and of manners so peculiarly indecorous as generally to frustrate | all attempts to civilize and reclaim it. A supposed variety of this species, called by Mr. Pennant the Ursine Baboon, is said to be not’ uncommon in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; of a dusky colour, and. covered all - over with long shaggy hair; it is nearly of the size of a man: pilic head. very large; the nose long and thick; the ears short and thick, and the crown of the head covered with long upright hair: the tail is of the length of the body, and the bare spaces on each side of a blood-red colour. This variety is said to inhabit the mountainous parts about the Cape, and.to descend occasionally into the plains in order to pillage eardens and teed tions. The firure re the S. -Hamadryas, in the Specu- lum Liaacuiuek was a real portrait from an un- , de 4 a : Rere < 1 30 LION-TAILED BABOON. _ commonly fine specimen exhibited in this metro- polis; and is, therefore, here repeated, in order to give as complete an idea as possible of so re- markable! a species. ogg bis) & 73d, O83 The animal, mentioned by Mr. Pennant in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, under the title of the Mottled Baboon, seems to be no other than the great brown Baboon already describ- ed; and the smaller animal mentioned in the same article, and termed the Little Baboon, appears, as he has himself observed, to be no other than the young or half-grown specimen of the former. am LION-TAILED BABOON. Simia Ferox. S. caudata barbata nigra, barba amplissima albida. Museum Leverianum, p. 69. Tailed black Baboon, with very large whitish spreading beard. Cercopithecus barbatus niger, barba incana promissa. Raj. Quadr. p. 158. Simia Silenus? Lin. Syst. Nat. Quanderou. Buff. 14. p. 169. pl. 18. Lion-tailed Baboon. Pennant Quadr. p. 198. pl. 44. TuIs species is remarkable in its appearance. It is equal to a middle-sized dog, and is entirely coal-black; except the beard, which is extremely large, and either white or of a very light grey. It surrounds the face to.a considerable distance, and gives an air of uncommon fierceness to the animal, The tail is of a moderate length, and is terminated bya tuft. ‘The nails are flat; the teeth remarkably large and strong. It is very LION-TAIL ED Nia Re if ‘ Mun lad n\ Tleath § cudp. BABOON. 10 LION-TAILED BABOON. $1 elegantly figured in the Museum Leverianum. It is a native of the East Indies, particularly of the island of Ceylon, where it resides in woods ; it is also said to be found in the interior parts of Africa. In its manners it is savage and un- tractable. It is necessary to observe, that the | figure given by the Count de Buffon, though very good in other respects, was drawn from a mu- tilated specimen, in which the tail was defective, in consequence of which it does not convey a true idea of the animal. I have sometimes thought it not improbable that the strange figure in Ges- ner, p. 859, which is also given by Aldrovandus, p. 249, and copied by Dr. Tyson at fig. 17 of his work on the Oran Otan, might, in reality, have owed its origin to this species of Baboon ; of which it may pass for a very bad representa- tion, with the additional circumstance of being figured with scarce any hair on the body, in order to give it more of the human appearance. This species seems to vary in a remarkable manner, being either of a light grey, or perfectly white, with the beard black, so as to present an appearance exactly opposite, in point of colour, to the animal above-described. In this state it has been considered as distinct, by some authors, and is placed as such in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature, under the title of S. veter. In this white state it is found in Ceylon. Mr. Pennant also seems to consider the S. Fau- mus of Lin. as another variety of this species. “it , patirgd itaggals DOG-TAILED BABOON... +jjon o gf 3] FP RE Simia CFhlosiinde! S. caudata haber bl face Luaphens » le pe ginosa, fascia superciliari albida, genitalibus masculis oie ll guibus convexis. Scopoli delic. flor. et faun. insubr. P. a 4Ae t..193, Lin. Syst.Nat..Gmel. p. 30... -) 4) ol datonyt Pale- brown beardless Baboon, with callosities ew aL wit longish flesh-coloured face, a whitish band across the foreh head, 1 fondo mf 4 1008 and a longish soon a Laid tail. sbahivass it) mi te Dots elit Tus shea 1s leiciibitk by Scopoli, who in- forms us that it was about the sizeof a middling dog; being nearly two feet from nose to taiby it nee shoukihred as, and » bare) spaces behind; though in the figure accompanying /his deserip+ tion this particular does not’ appear. » The ‘plate in the coloured copy of the above work, in the Banksian Library, is represented of a very pale straw-coloured brown, nearly white beneath:. the face and ears very slightly dusky; eyes andeye- lids very pale brown; across the forehead, over the eyes, a broad white band; tail long, thin, and sharp-pointed. ‘The face appears uncommonly — mild’ and placid: It was very fond of snuff, which it would also occasionally rub over its body in a ridiculous style. — lenis ont @ 33 WRINKLED BABOON. S. caudata fusco-flavescens, subtus albida, facie incarnata, natibus calwis sanguineis rugosis.. Short-tailed yellowish-brown Baboon, whitish beneath; with flesh-coloured face, and large blood-red wrinkled callosities behind. — Simia erythraa. Schreb. suppl. Macaque a queue courte. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 56. pl. 13. Tuts species occurs in the supplement to Buf- fon, under the title of Macaque a queue courte, and, except in size and the shortness of the tail; seems extremely allied to the preceding animal: it has also a great affinity to the S. nemestrina, or Pig-tailed Baboon. It was fifteen inches long: the nose flattish, with a sort of sinking on the upper part, owing to the projection of the os frontis: the iris of the eye yellowish: the ears round and of a flesh-colour, having a small scol- lop or insection on the back part, so as to appear different from the Hare-lipped Monkey, to which, except in having a short tail, it is also allied: its face is flesh-coloured ; the callosities behind, and the neighbouring space, of a blood-red, and marked with strong wrinkles. The upper part of the body was of a yellowish-green tinge, mixed with a little grey. The outsides of the limbs grey also. The under parts of body and limbs whitish. The tail was seven inches and two lines long, and of a grey-colour. y. I. 3 34: LEONINE MONKEY. To the Baboons succeed the Monkies, properly so called: they have commonly a pair of pouches in the lower jaw, for the temporary reception of their food; a circumstance which occurs also in some of the Baboons. Their tails are lone, and, in most species, a bare or callous space a on each side the tail. ~ MONKIES. LEONINE MONKEY. Simia Leonina. §. caudata barbata nigra, barba amphissima al- bida, caud@ prelonge apice floccoso, natibus cakvis. Black Monkey, with callosities behind, very large whitish beard, and very long tufted tail. — _Guenon a crini€re. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 81. pl. 22. Ts species was described from the living ani- mal in the possession of the Duc de Bouillon; and was in the Royal Menagerie at Versailles, in the year 1775. Its length was two feet, from nose to tail, and it was eighteen inches high when standing on all-fours. ‘The legs were long in proportion to the body: the face naked and quite black: the whole body and limbs of the same co- lour; the hair, though long, appearing short, on account of its lying smooth: around the face, ac- cording to Buffon’s figure, is a fine long chevelure of grey-brown. hair, and a large beard of fair grey. A ALNOLNCO aL? IL “XUN. © JAC 17 HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. 35 ~The chevelure or spreading hair round the face, stretches upwards over the eyes and forehead, so as to encircle the whole head in aremarkable manner, as in the Ouanderou or Lion-tailed Baboon, to which, indeed, from the figure as well as descrip- tion, it appears so extremely similar, that it might well pass for a variety of that animal. ‘The eyes are of a deep brown; the nose flat, and the nos- trils large and separated like those of the Ouan- derou; from which, however, it differs in the far superior_length of the tail, which measures twenty- seven inches, and is tufted at the end. It has callosities behind: the feet and hands are a little hairy, but the fingers are naked: the ears also are naked, flat, round, and hid by the hair. It was supposed to be a native of Abyssinia. HARE-LIPPED MONKEY. Simia Cynomolgus. 8S. caudata imberbis, naribus bifidis elatis, cauda arcuata, natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 38. Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with callosities behind, rising bifid nostrils, and arched tail. S. Cynocephalus? 8. caudata imberbis flavescens, ore producto, cauda recta, natibus calvis, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 386 Macaque. Buff. 14. p. 190. ¢. 20. Hare-lipped Monkey. ' Pennant Quadr. p. 200. Turs species is supposed by Mr. Pennant to include the Cynomolgus and Cynocephalus of Linneus. It is of a thick and clumsy form, and bears a great general resemblance to the Barbary Ape, except in having along tail. In 36 PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. size it appears to vary greatly; some - scarce exceeding the size of a cat, while others have been seen as large as a small greyhound. The colour also varies, bemg sometimes ,olive- brown, at other times grey-brown. The head is large; the eyes small; the nose thick, flat, and wrinkled; on each side the tail is a bare space; the under side of the body and the insides of the limbs of a light ash-colour. It is a native of Guinea and Angola. The nostrils are divided, like those of a hare.* : PURPLE-FACED MONKEY. ee S. Veter? 8S. caudata barbata abe; barba nigra. Lin. Syst. Nate p. 36. Long-tailed bearded white Minka! with black beard. Purple-faced Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 199. Guenon a face pourpre. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 80. pl. 21. Tuis, which Mr. Pennant describes from a drawing communicated to him by Mr. Loten, has a black body; purple face and hands; a large tri- angular white beard, short and pointed at bottom, and extending on each side in the manner of wings. The tail is much longer than the body, and is terminated by a dirty white tuft. It is a native of Ceylon, and is of gentle manners. Mr. Pen-— * The Cynomolgus and Cynocephalus of Linnzus may per- haps be really distinct species; but from his specific characters it seems scarce possible to determine this point. PALATINE MONKEY. 37 ant’s figure from Mr. Loten’s drawing above- mentioned is copied in the supplement to Buf- fon. This species is said to be sometimes seen entirely white; but differmg in no other respect. In this state it should seem to be the Simia Veter of Linneus. PALATINE MONKEY. Simia Roloway. §. caudata barbata, capite, dorso, manibus pedi- busque extrinsecus nigris, interius una cum abdomine et corona pilorum faciem triquetram ambiente albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. Long-tailed bearded blackifh Monkey, white beneath, with tri- angular face, surrounded by a white beard divided at the bottom. Palatine ou Roloway. Alam. Buff. 15. ps 77+ te 13. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 77. pl. 20. Palatine Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 200. Tue Palatine Monkey is about a foot and half high, with a tail the leneth of the body. The face is black, triangular, and bordered all round with white hair, which, on the chin, divides mto a forked beard: the back is dusky: the head, sides, and outsides of the arms and thighs the same, but each hair tipped with white: the breast, belly, and inside of the limbs white, in those which are shewn in Europe; but in Guinea (their native country) said to be orange-coloured; the alteration of climate causing the colour to fade. 38 SPOTTED MONKEY. S. Diana. 8. caudata barbata, Wand barbaque fustigita, ‘Tite ‘Syst. Nat. p. 38. Act. Stockh. 1754. p. 210, t¢. 6. | i Long-tailed blackish Monkey, freckled with white; the hait of the forehead and beard growing in a pointed form, with a lunated band across the forehead. Le Mona. Buf. suppl. 7. p. 75. pl. 19.? Spotted Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 201. Mr. Pennant describes this species as of a mid- dling size, and. of a reddish colour on the upper parts, as if singed, and marked with white specks; the belly and chin whitish; the tail very long. The Linnean description differs. Linnaeus says the animal is of the size of a large cat, and is bla spotted with white: the hind part of the back fer ruginous: the face black: from the top of the nose a white line, passing over each eye to the ears in an arched direction: (this circumstance -was probably the reason of the Linnean name Diana, by which he has chosen to distinguish the animal:) the beard pointed, black above, white beneath, and placed on a kind of fatty tumor: breast and throat white: from the rump across the thighs a white line: tail long, straight, and black: ears and feet of the same colour: canine teeth large. _ This same species is figured and described in the Count de Butfon’s sitjienaie under the name of le Mona, and that author seems to consider it as a variety of the JZone, formerly described in his: 14th volume, (Varied Monkey of Pennant). It was SPOTTED, OR DIANA MONKEY. =~ SN 7S (Y SSS a f( NS TW fteath. feulp SPOTTED MONKEY. ». 3 from the coast of Guinea, and, in general appear- ance, as to size and colour resembled the JZone be- fore-mentioned; but it was of a more active na- ture, and had a greater. lightness in the form of its limbs: the head rather smaller, and the physiog- nomy in consequence more agreeable. The ears had no-slope on their upper margin, as in the former, and these seemed its principal differences. It had cheek-pouches and callosities behind. The face was of a slate-grey: the nose flat and large; the eyes deep, and with orange-coloured irides; the mouth and jaws of a pale red; the cheeks garnished with greyish and greenish-yel- low hairs, forming a thick beard, and going un- der the chin. Over the forehead a black band as far as the ears, which were flat and black, ex- cept that the orifice of the auditory passage was covered with large greyish hairs. On the front, above the black line, was white-grey band, largest in the middle, and in the shape of a crescent. The top of the head and of the neck were covered with greenish hairs mixed with black ones: the body with brown and yellow hairs, giving an olive-coloured cast: the exterior surface of the limbs was black; the interior white, forming a strong contrast: the whole of the under part of the body and of the tail was white also: on each side the tail an oblong white patch: the hands and feet black: the tail very long, and covered above with short blackish hair. This animal was two years old, and measured sixteen inches and four lines from nose to tail: the tail was more 40 LONG-NOSED MONKEY. than twenty inches long. The teeth were thirty- two in number; sixteen above and the same num- ber below: four cutting-teeth, two canine, and two grinders, on each side: the two superior ca- nine teeth much longer than the inferior ones. It was of a mild and gentle disposition, and even: timid. It eat bread, fruits, and roots... The Count de Buffon repeats what he had before ob- served, that the Exquima of Marcgrave is a very different animal, being a native of America ; having a prehensile tail, and consequently be- longing to a different division in the genus. With respect to the variety above-mentioned, it should seem to be the same with the Diana of Linnzus, differing chiefly in the want of the white band along the outside of the thighs. LONG-NOSED MONKEY. Simia Nasuta. 8. caudata nigro-ferruginea, subtus albido-cinerea, facie elongata nuda incarnata. Blackish-ferruginous long-tailed Wionleey, vee sshecoloured ae beneath, with long naked flesh-coloured face. La Guenon a museau allongé. Buf. suppl. 7» p. 60. pl. 15. Two remarkable Monkies are represented in Mr. Pennant’s History of Quadrupeds, from drawings. by a Mr. Paillou. The one is called the Long-nosed Monkey ; it has a very long and slender nose, co- vered with a flesh-coloured skin; the hair on the forehead falls back: on the body and breast it is long: the colour of the head and. upper parts is Ss NS MONKEY, Ww PRUD *LONG-NOSED MONKEY. 00 Java.Lendon Publyld by 6. Kearsley, Fleet Strect. YELLOWISH MONKEY.., Al pale ferruginous mixed with black; of the breast and belly light ash-colour: tail very long: height when sitting down, about two feet. Native coun- try uncertain: probably Africa. Its face has very much the appearance of a long-nosed dog. The other is called, by Mr. Pennant, the prude Monkey; and of this he gives no particular de- scription. | YELLOWISH MONKEY. Simia Flavescens. S. caudata barbata cinereo-flavescens, facie auribusque nigris. Long-tailed bearded cinereous-yellow Monkey, with black face and ears. Yellowith Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 203» It is about the size of a fox, and its colour on the upper part is cinereous mixed with yellow; but the throat and breast are of a yellowish white. On the lower part of the arms and legs, as well as on the tail, the cinereous colour prevails. The hair on the body is coarse, and the tail is of the same length with the body. ‘The face and ears are black; the latter large: the canine teeth are large, and on the sides of the cheeks are long hairs of a pale yellow, pointing backwards: there are also long hairs alove each eye. ‘This is described from a specimen in the Leverian Museum, and is supposed to be a native of Guinea. : AQ GREEN MONKEY. S. Sabzea. 8. caudata imberbis flavicans, facie atra, cauda CINE ey natibus calvis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 38. Long-tailed yellowish-grey Monkey, with black face and callo- sities behind. Le Callitriche. Buf: 14. p. 272. pl. 37. Green Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 203. Tuts is one of the most elegant of the tribe. It is generally about the size of a Cat. Its pre- vailing colour is a fine olive, which when narrowly inspected, seems a little varied with grey. The under parts of the animal and the insides of the limbs are of a light silvery grey. The face is of a dusky reddish or swarthy flesh colour; the nose black; the cheeks furnished with thick and long pale-yellow hair, falling back on each side the face, and almost covering the ears, which are shaped like the human, and of a black colour. This species is a native of several parts of Africa, where, like most other Monkies, it mhabits woods. It is also said to be found in some parts of the East Indies. In its native regions the colour is said to be much more elegant than when imported into Europe: the beautiful green soon fading into an olive colour. It is, however, in. general, sufficient to ascertain the species, which is therefore commonly known by the name of the Green Monkey. It has been extremely well figured by Edwards. | : 20 DF = 5S STI ~S = > g — > o~ . et OT f Lew FOS aye Sr oy eg 99 272 Canim i SS ER re nt tS a ad Ba et SIP mS So yee & wn z= a, —S ad aoa : a DAI SR > Heath sculp. AS WHITE-EYELID MONKEY. S. Aethiops. 8. caudata imberbis, capillitio erecto lunulaque frontis albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel p. 33- Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with black face, white eyelids, white frontal band, and the hair on the forehead upright. Mangabey. Buf. 14. p. 244. pl 82. 83. White-eyelid Monkey. Pennant Quadr, p. 204. Tue very remarkable appearance of the eyelids is alone sufficient to distinguish this species from most others: they are of a clear white, and the face itself is black, void of hair, and shaped somewhat like that of a Dog. It is about the size of a Cat, and is generally of a very deep or blackish colour, with a tinge of ferruginous on the upper parts. It is known to vary, however, sometimes with the throat and space round the neck white: the tip of the tail also is.in some white, and in others ferruginous; in others the cheeks, neck, and whole under side of the body are white. ‘Though the white eyelids in this Monkey form a remark- able character, yet they are not peculiay, to this species alone. AA, MUSTACHE MONKEY. S. Cephus. Lin. 8S. caudata, buccis barbatis, vertice flavescente, pedibus nigris, cauda apice ferruginea. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 39. Long-tailed blackish-ferruginous Monkey, whitish beneath, with bearded cheeks and 7 crown ; the 2 eg and muzzle whitish. Moustac. Buff. 14. p. 283. pl. 39. The Mustache M. Pennant Quadr. p. 205- Tue body of the Mustache is about a foot in length, and the tail about a foot and half. ‘The general colour of the animal is reddish-cinereous, the head inclining to yellowish, but mixed or shaded with black. The under parts are paler than the upper: the upper half of the tail is of the same colour with the body; the remainder yellowish. ‘The face is bare’ and of a blueish black; the nose blunt, with a dilated transverse white patch immediately below it: the edges of both lips and the space round the eyes black: on the cheeks before the ears are two large tufts of yellowish hairs like mustaches: the ears round and tufted with whitish hairs: the hair on the top of the head somewhat upright. In the Linnean description of this species mention 1s made of a transverse crescent-shaped band over the eye-brows: it is also added, that the eyelids are white; but in this description Linneus seems to have confounded it with the preceding species, or rather to have considered it in the light of a variety. ao 3 / eee, mace ME ee MUSTACHE MONKEY.. nw? ose a AS \ DIN rept ) No 3° be -- ja = a POE eee stv VARIED MON KEY. a 6~ ean 4S WHITE-NOSE MONKEY. -Simia Nitctitans. $8. caudata imberbis nigra, punctis pallidis ad- spersa, naso albo, pollice palmarum brevissimo, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 40. Long-tailed beardless black Monkey, freckled with white; the nose white; the thumb of the hands very short; no callosities behind. White-nose Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 205. Tue distinguishing character of this species is the tip of the nose, which is milk-white, while the face itself is black. The general colour of the animal on the upper parts is a mixture of black and tawny, so as to appear in some lights of a black colour speckled with yellow. The under part of the body is white, and the insides of the limbs are nearly of the same colour. ‘The tail is very long, and is black on the upper and white on the under side: the thumbs of the hands are very short. The white nose in this species, ike the white eyelids in a former, is not absolutely pecu- liar but is found in another. It is this similarity of marks in species, which, on exact examination, turn out to be really distinct, that causes the ex- treme difficulty in reconciling the different de- scriptions of authors, and settling their discordant synonyms and figures; and it must be confessed that much uncertainty still prevails. 46 TALAPOIN MONKEY. Simia Talapoin. 8. caudata barbata, buccis barbatis, auribus, naso, et pedum plantis nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. Long-tailed olive-coloured Monkey, with bearded cheeks; the _ ears nose and soles of the feet black. Talapoin. Buff. 14. p. 287. pl. 40. Talapoin Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 206. Tuts is one of the smaller Monkies; it is about a foot in length, with the tail near a foot and half long. The face is of a dusky flesh colour, the nose sharp and black: the head roundish: the ears large, round and black: the hair on the sides of the face very long, and directed backwards towards the ears: on the chin is a small beard: the prevailing colour of the upper parts is a mix- ture of yellow and green, or olivaceous, approach- ing to blackness on the outsides of the limbs, while the insides and the under parts of the body are whitish or whitish-yellow: the tail is olivaceous above and ash-coloured beneath. The feet black. It is said to be a native of India. AZ NEGRO MONKEY. Simia Maura. S. caudata barbata, buccis et universa facie, palpe- bris et regione ab oculis ad nasi finem protensa exceptis, Lartata, corpore ex luteo fusco. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35 ? Long-tailed blackish Monkey, with swarthy flesh-coloured face and breast; the face bearded with black hairs. Middle-sized black Monkey. Edwards, pl. 311. Negro Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 206. Tuat sagacious observer, Mr. George Edwards, so well known by his admirable illustrations of Natural History, seems to have been the first de- scriber of this species. Its size is that of a large cat. The face, breast, and whole under parts are of a swarthy flesh colour, and nearly naked or but very slightly covered with hair. The head, upper parts, and tail are covered with longish black hair. The head is round: the nose rather sharp: the hair above the eyes long, and uniting with the eye-brows: that on the temples partly covering the ears: the paws are covered with a black soft skin: the tail is longer than the body. It is said to be a native of Ceylon and Guinea. 7 A8 EGRET MONKEY. S. Aygula. 8S. caudata subimberbis grisea, eminentia pilosa verticis reversa longitudinali. Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 39. Long-tailed beardless grey Monkey, with a rising Longitudinal tuft on the crown. Aigrette. Buff. 14. p. 190. pl. 21. Egret Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 207. Tue description given by Linnzus of this species is nearly as follows: Body grey, or of the colour of a wolf, throat, breast, and under part whitish: tail longer than the body, cinereous and tapering: face flattish, whitish, and naked. Nose depress- ed, very short, remote from the mouth, with a double fissure of the upper lip: cheeks somewhat bearded; the hairs turning upwards. The eye- brows prominent and bristly: feet black, semipal- mated: nails of the thumbs rounded; the others oblong. Ears rather sharp: a bowed suture tend- ing downwards from each ear towards the eyes to the base of the lower jaw: longitudinal suture of the cubit. Linneus also adds, that he had what he supposes a variety, in which the head was rounder: the face less black, and the celour of the body less ferruginous. He adds, that it was an active ani- mal. Mr. Pennant describes the Egret as having a long face, and an upright pointed tuft of hair on the top of the head: hair on the forehead black: colour of the upper part of the body olivaceous, of the lower cinereous: eyebrows large: beard very small: size of a small cat. It is said to inhabit India, and particularly the island iia - RED MONKEY. 49 of Java, and to be a very sportive and lively spe- cies; gamboling on the trees, and making a con- tinual noise during the night. It is surmised by Mons. Cepede, that the Bonneted Monkey may _ perhaps be a variety of this species. EGRET VAR.? Monea Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 207. Tuts, which is mentioned by Mr. Pennant in his last edition of the History of Quadrupeds, is thus described: ‘‘ With a high, upright, rusty tuft on the crown: limbs and body ferruginous mixed with dusky: belly and inside of the legs whitish. It is called by the Malayes J/onéa, from which is derived the English name Monkey.” No farther description is given by Mr. Pennant, nor do I know to what particular species his me- morandum above-mentioned refers. | RED MONKEY. S. Rubra. S. caudata barbata, buccis barbatis, vertice dorso cau- daque ex rufo sanguineis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 34. Long-tailed red Monkey, pale ash-coloured beneath, with bearded cheeks and a black or white band across the fore- head. : Le Patas. Buff. 14. p. 208. pl. 25. 26. Red Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 208. THE upper parts of this animal are of the most bright and vivid bay, so as almost to appear red: V. I. | 4 50 CHINESE MONKEY. the under parts and insides of the limbs are ash- coloured: the length of the body is about a foot _ and half; but the tail is generally not so long: the cheeks are bearded, as is also the chin, with whitish or ash-coloured hairs, and across the fore- head runs a black band: but sometimes a white band is seen on the forehead instead of the black one, and the tail is longer than the body. ‘The Count de Buffon has figured this species, with the white-banded variety also. It is.a native of Senegal, inhabiting woods. A variety with a tail scarce half the usual length, 1s given in the sup- plement to Buffon. CHINESE MONKEY. S. Sinica. 9S. caudata imberbis, capillitio undique herizontaliter caput obumbrante. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 34. Beardless pale-brown Monkey, with the hair of the crown spreading round horizontally. Bonnet Chinois. Buf. 14. p. 224. pl. 30. Chinese Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 209. Tur Chinese Monkey, so named from the un- usual disposition of the hair on the top of the. head, which spreads out in a circular direction, somewhat in the manner of a Chinese cap, is a native of Ceylon, and is about the size of a cat. Its general colour is a pale yellowish-brown, palest on the under parts. ‘The face is commonly dusky, and sometimes the general tinge of the animal is dusky-ferruginous. This is a species easily VAULTING MONKEY. | 51 distinguished when seen in a healthy state: the hair on the top of the head resembling that of a boy; as if parted in the middle, and lying smooth over the head. They are said to inhabit the woods in. great troops, and to be very destructive to. such gardens and plantations as lie within reach of their settlements. The tail in this species is very long; the nails of the thumbs are round; the rest long. VAULTING MONKEY. S. Petaurista. 8. caudata barbata, dorso, caude superiore et pedum anteriore latere ex olivaceo nigris, facie nigra, nasi macula ens nivea. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 35. Olive-black Monkey, white beneath, with a triangular snow- white spot on the nose. Blanc-nez. Allam. Buff. 14. p. 141. pl. 39. Guenon 4 nez blanc proéminent. Buf suppl. 7..p. 72. pl. 18. Tuts is described by Mr. Allamand in his edi- tion of Buffon’s Natural History of Quadrupeds. It is said to be somewhat more than a foot high, and the tail about twenty inches long. The upper parts of the animal are of a dark olivaceous colour, owing to a mixture of olive-green and black hair : the face black, with a snow-white triangular spot on the nose: the chin, throat, breast, and belly, white: the under part of the tail and insides of the limbs of a blackish grey. It is a most extremely nimble and active animal, according to M. Alla- mand. The individual in his possession came from Guinea. It was perfectly familiar, playful, §2 VAULTING MONKEY. of a gentle disposition, and so rapid in its motions that it seemed to-fly rather than leap. ‘The indi- - vidual figured by Mr. Allamand was a female: his figure represents it with a large white beard round the chin; and beneath each ear appears a flattish reversed tuft of yellowish hairs, as in some other species. ‘That represented in the supple- ment to Buffon was a male, and had a much— smaller beard; the nose was remarkably promi- nent or convex: the general colour was darker than in Mr. Allamand’s specimen, being rather blackish grey-brown than olive, except on the top of the head, where it was yellowish. It was described from a dried skin in good preservation; but though it was evident that it was from a young animal, yet it was somewhat larger than the former. Upon the whole, however, there can be little doubt of its belonging to the same spe- cies; and this may serve as an additional evidence of the inefficacy of mere short specific characters in ascertaining animals of this obscure and vari- able race. ie 53. BONNETED MONKEY. Simia Pileata. Stmia fusco-ferruginea, subtus albido-flavescens, ar- tubus nigris, capillitio circulatim arrecto. Ferruginous-brown Monkey, whitish-yellow beneath, with black limbs, and the hair of the head rising circularly upwards. La Guenon couronnée. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 61. pl. 16. Bonneted Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 210. Tus was certainly first described by Mr. Pen- nant, who formed his description from a speci- men in the Leverian Museum. ‘The size and ge- neral habit of the animal are similar to those of the Capucin Monkey; but the colours somewhat darker: it seems still more strongly allied to the Fatuellus, or Horned Monkey, from which it prin- cipally differs in’ not having a prehensile tail, and in the disposition of the black hair on the head, which stands up m a kind of circular cap or bon- net, instead of two tufts as in that species, The _ face and breast are of a pale yellow-brown; the back deeper; and the lower part of the back, arms, and legs, blackish-brown. Mr. Buffon, in his seventh supplemental volume, describes and figures this species from a living specimen: and seems to think it most allied to the Chinese-bonnet Mon- key. 54 VARIED MONKEY. Simia Mona. 8. caudata barbata, lunula superciliari elata ex albo grisea. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 34. Olivaceo-ferruginous long-tailed Monkey, whitish beneath, with the cheeks bearded, and a lunated whitish band across the forehead. La Mone. Buff. 14. p. 258. pl. 36. Varied Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 210. ‘Tuis is said to be the species which gives the name of Monkey to the whole tribe: from the African word Monne; or rather, as Mr. Pennant surmises, from its corruption Jonmchus. It is one of the larger species ; being about a foot and half in length, with a tail nearly two feet long. The nose, mouth, and spaces round the eyes, are of a dull flesh colour: the cheeks are bounded by long whitish hairs inclining to yellow: the fore- head is grey, and above the eyes, from ear to ear, extends a black line. ‘The upper part of the body is dusky and tawny; the breast, belly, and inside of the limbs, white: the outside of the thighs and arms, black: hands and feet black and naked: the tail of a cinereous-brown. On each side the base of the tail is commonly an oval white spot. This species inhabits Barbary, A&thi- opia, and other parts of Africa. It seems to dif- fer very considerably in the tinge of its colours, which are sometimes vivid and sometimes rather obscure: in general it is of a blackish olive-grey 22 Ad we ; Waxes J YI III ZTE # ” Va GE AS a 5 ry ic rae 7 c COOP) 4 )) ) Me Ys) OSs yo D ,))) SS / FAIR MONKEY a GREAT-EARED MONKEY. _ 65 native of Guiana, and is a lively, active species, and gentle in a state of confinement. GREAT-EARED MONKEY. _ Simia Midas. 8S. caudata imberbis, obio superiore fisso,. auribus quadratis nudis, po subulatis, pedibus croceis. Lin. ae Nat. p- 42. a Long-tailed black Monkey, with las ed squarish ears, orange-coloured feet, and pointed nails, ey Little black Monkey. Edwards, pl. Fog. ¢ | Tamarin. Buff. 15. p. 92. pl. 13. Tamarin nigre. mp p. 116. pl. 32. Great-eared Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 22 z x THe Tamarin or Great eed Monkey is about the size of a squirrel. It is coal-black, except on the lower part of the back, which is of a reddish colour, and on the hands and feet, which are — orange-coloured. The face is naked and flesh- coloured; the ears very large, naked, of a squar- ish facia and of a dusky flesh colour: the tail very long and black. It is a native of the hot- ter parts of South America. ‘The claws are small and sharp. It is extremely well figured by Ed- - wards. It sometimes varies in ayes the face ~ black instead of flesh-coloured. In this state it is described and figured i in Buffon’s seventh sup- plemental volume, under the ite of Lamarin egy is fs bias ee 66 FAIR MONKEY. Simia Argentata. 8. caudata imberbis exalbida, facie rubra, cauda Suscescente. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 41. Long-tailed beardless white Monkey, with red face and brown tail. . Mico. Buff. 15. p. 121. pl. 18. ; Fair Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 226. TuHE last, and certainly the most beautiful of the smaller Monkies, is the Mico or Fair Monkey. — It is somewhat larger than a squirrel, measuring from nose to tail about eight inches, and the tail itself about twelve. The whole animal, except the face and the tail, is covered with the brightest silvery-white hair: the face is of a vermilion-red: the ears of the same colour, and are thin and of a round form: the tail is of a very deep or blackish chesnut colour. This beautiful little animal is a native of South America. It is an extremely rare species. We are informed by the Count de Buffon, that Mons. Condamine, who had re- ceived one as a present from the governor of Para, attempted to bring it over to France alive; but the animal died just before the arrival of the ship, and was preserved by Mr. Condamine in spirits. | ae 67 PHILIPPINE MONKEY. Simia Syrichta, 8. caudata imberbis, ore ciliisque vibrissatis, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 42. Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with long hairs round the mouth and eyes. | Cercopithecus hizonicus minimus. Petiv. pax. 21. t. 13. f. 11. _ Philippine Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 213. Tuts small species (if «such exists). depends merely on the authority of a drawing, with its de- scription, communicated to Petiver, and by him represented in his work entitled Gazophylacium, &c. The same figure is also engraved by Mr. Schreber, in his bas of saciiesonale, It is said to be a native of the Philippine islands, and is represented by Petiver with a young one under its body, which is supposed to have been tied there by means of a slender twig of some plant coiled round its own back. | The original from which the above figure in. Petiver was copied is among the drawings of Camel (Kamel), or Camelli, as he is sometimes called, and which are now preserved in the British Mu- seum. As a further illustration of so curious a subject cannot but be acceptable to every natural- ist, I shall here give Camelli’s own description, together with faithful copies of all the figures, four in number, with which his account is accom- panied. These figures are reduced from the ori- ginals, in order to bring them within the com- pass of the annexed plate. It is impossible to de- termine from the figures and description whether this species should or should not be placed in the prehensile-tailed division of the genus. 68 ' PHILIPPINE MONKEY. MAGU, sive BooT Indorum. ‘Cercopithecus ex Luzonis minimus, Camel Mss. Br. Mus. ‘“* Magnitudinem, que Gliris est, icon exprimit, et communiter adhuc minor, & gracilior est. Facies leonina: oculi rubri, magni, rotundi, ut noctue, nunquam aut raro conniventes: aures pellucide, depiles. Pilus murium luteolus aut aureolus. Gesticulationes lepidee ut Simie. Cau- da et pedes posterius longitudinis reliqui corporis. Raro interdiu apparet, hinc eum cecutire putant. Progreditur ordinarié saltando, et restrorsum vel in obliquum velocius quam antrorsum. Narrant vivere carbone, &c. sed falsum est, cum ficu In- dica, et aliis vescatur fructibus. « L. A sedens, et comedens, ut Simius dextra. «* B arborem scandens. «< C sedens et terrens, cum timet. ‘« D incedens cum prole, quam ad ventrem, plante volubilis Pamago funiculis alligatam su- gientem gerit. Pamago vero Indi ad recidivas commendant.” Camel. Mss. tom. 6. Mus. Brit. ‘The figure shews the size of the animal, which is that of a Glis or Loir*, and it is often seen still smaller: the face is like that of a lion: the eyes red, large, and round, like those of an owl; and never, or but rarely, closing: the ears pellucid and void of hair: the fur mouse-like, and of a yellowish cr gold-coloured cast. Its motions are lively, like those of a monkey. The tail and hind feet are of the length of the rest of the body. * The greater Dormouse, or garden Squirrel. PHILIPPINE MONKEY. 69 It appears but seldom by day-time, and on that account is supposed to be dim-sighted by day. It commonly moves by springing or skipping, and that more readily either backwards or ob- liquely than forwards. It is said to live on char- coal, &c. but this is false*, since it feeds on the Indian fig and other fruits. ‘““A represents it sitting, and eating with its right hand, like a Mhonitean’ ‘“« B, shews it climbing a tree. “ C, sittmg in the manner it appears when frighted. “ D, walking, with its young, which it carries tied to its belly, while sucking, with twigs of a climbing plant, called Pamago, and which the Indians recommend as good against relapses into sickness.” A description so particular seems to imply that Camelli had himself seen the animal, or, at least, that his authority was unquestionable. It is, however, a singular circumstance that no farther intelligence seems to have been obtained concern- ‘ing it, and the species accordingly remains du- bious. From some parts of the description, viz. the protuberant eye, the nocturnal appearance of * There was surely no occasion for Camelli to tell us that this is false. To live on charcoal is probably a popular saying or jest among the Indians. When the Chinese mountebanks were ha- ranguing the people in the streets of Pekin, during the procession of the English embassy, they affirmed that among the presents for the emperor were an elephant of the size of a monkey, and a cock that fed upon charcoal. . ‘ rf 70 PREACHER MONKEY. the animal, and its oblique and retrograde mode of incession, it should seem rather to belong to the genus Lemur than that of Simia; and seems, in some degree, allied to the small species called Lemurmurinus; but in that creature the tail is villous, not bare as in the Camellian animal. This, however, is a circumstance which does not much invalidate the idea; since, in a mere outline, the hairiness of the tail might not have been expressed. | WE now arrive at the division containing those species which are furnished with prehensile tails, i. e. tails so constituted as to be able to clasp at pleasure round any object, so as to answer the pur- pose of a fifth hand. These Monkies are natives of South America. : PREACHER MONKEY. Simia Beelzebul. Lin. S. caudata barbata nigra, cauda prehen- sili, extremo pedibusque brunneis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 37- Bearded black Monkey, with prehensile tail; the feet and tip of the tail brown. Preacher Monkey. Pennant Quadr. 214. L’Ouarine. Buff. 15. p. 5. and suppl. 7. pl. 26. Tuts species is said to be of the size of a fox, and of a black colour, with smooth glossy hair; round ~ beard beneath the chin and throat: the feet and end of the tail brown. It is a native of Brasil and Guiana, inhabiting the woods in vast num- bers, and howls in a dreadful manner. Marcgrave ROYAL MONKEY. 7i assures us, that one sometimes mounts the top of a branch, and assembles a multitude below: he then sets up a howl so loud and horrible, that a person at a distance would imagine that a hun- dred joined in the cry: after a certain space he gives a signal with his hand, when the whole as- sembly join in chorus; but on another signal a sudden silence prevails, and then the orator finishes his harangue. ‘This howling faculty is owing to the conformation of the os hyoides, or throat bone, which 1 Is erg into a ene Saeeg _ concavity. : hobby ielecas " ROYAL MONKEY. Simia Seniculus. Liz. 8. caudata barbata rufa, cauda prehensil, _ Lin, Syst. Nat. p. 37. : Long-tailed bearded red Monkey, with prehensile tail. Alouate. Buff. 15. p. 5. and suppl. p. 87. pl. 27. Royal Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 215. _Txis is sometimes considered as a variety of the former, from which it differs in being of a very bright bay colour. In other respects it is said to resemble the former. It is, however, in all probability, a distinct species. In the Leve- rian Museum are two which appear to be young animals. ‘They are about the size of a squirrel, and entirely of a very bright ferruginous or red- _ dish chesnut colour, with the face naked and _ black, surrounded on the lower parts by a strag- gling beard of black hairs, and the tail is strongly - 79 ROYAL MONKEY. prehensile. The Royal Monkey is said to be rare in Brasil, but very common in Cayenne. On the contrary, the former species is very common in Brasil, but is not found in Guiana. Both species have the same voice and manners”. * The following is a description given by an observer who had seen and kept these animals at Cayenne : «* The Allouates, or Howlers, inhabit the moist forests, in the © neighbourhood of waters or marshes. They are commonly found in the woody islets of large flooded savannahs, and never on the mountains of the interior of Guiana: They go in small numbers, often in pairs, and sometimes singly. ‘The cry, or rather horrible rattling scream, which they make, may well inspire terror; and seems as if the forests contained the united howlings of all its sa- vage inhabitants together. It is commonly in the morning and evening that they make this clamour: they also repeat it in the course of the day, and sometimes in the night. The sound is so strong and varied, that one often imagines it produced by several of the animals at once, and is surprised to find only two or three, — and sometimes only one,_ The Allouate seldom lives long in a state of captivity: it in a manner loses its voice, or at least does not exert it in the same manner as when wild. ‘The male is larger than the female, which latter always carries her young on her back. « Nothing is more difficult than to kill one of these animals. It is necessary to fire several times in order to succeed, and as long as the least life remains, and sometimes even after death, they re- main clinging to the branches by the hands and tail. The sports- man is often chagrined at having lost his time and ammunition for such wretched game; for, in spite-of the testimony of some tra- vellers, the flesh is not at all good; it is almost always excessively tough, and is, therefore, excluded from all tables: it is merely the want of other food that can recommend it to needy inhabitants and travellers.” iy A figure of this species is given in the supplement to Buffon, as well as of the Preacher Monkey, but that of the latter seems not of equal authenticity with the former or red species, \\ \ AU if | Sse ee eh Ze SS Tan FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. 1800 Fevy!1.L onion Publi~nd by 6, Kearsley, Fleet Street. 5. FOUR-FINGERED MONKEY. Simia Paniscus. 8S. caudata ipebcrbis atra, cauda lk i mani« bus tetradactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Pee? Long-tailed bearded black Monkey, with eanehtile tail and four- fingered feet. Hao a3 a7 /0 pepe of Sesrimasn . Coaita. Buf. 15. pavG gles Four-fingered Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p.216. Tuts animal is distinguished by the gracility of its body and limbs; its uniform black colour, ex- cept on the face, which is of a dark flesh colour, 4 and by the want of thumbs on the fore-feet, in- stead of which are very small projections or ap- pendices. It is one of the most active and lively of animals, and is, besides, of a gentle and tract- able disposition in a state of confinement. It in- habits the woods of South America; associating in great multitudes; assailing such travellers as _ pass though their haunts with an infinite number of sportive and mischievous gambols; chattering _ and throwing down dry sticks, swinging by their tails from the boughs, and endeavouring to inti- midate the passengers by a variety of menacing gestures. In some drawings of animals in the | British Museum this species is represented with the orbits of the eyes perfectly white, and with a patch of white on each side of the tip of the nose, while the nose itself and the remainder of the face is of a dusky colour: in another figure of the same species the orbits and whole nose are of a very bright pale or whitish flesh colour. HORNED MONKEY. Simia Fatuellus. 8. caudata imberbis, cauda prehensili, capitis fasci- culis pilorum duobus corniculorum amulis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 42. Long-tailed beardless prehensile-tailed Monkey, with two tufts of hair on the head resembling horns. Le Sajou cornu. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 110. pl. 29. Horned Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 2216 Iw point of size, colours, and general appear- ance, this animal is considerably allied.to the S. Trepida, or Sajou of Buffon. But the remarkable tufts of hair or horns on the head, which are very distinctly visible in all the different specimens of the animal, afford a sufficient mark of discrimina- tion. The claws are longish and blunt. The ge- neral colour of the Horned Monkey is a subferru- ginous brown, lighter beneath and about the shoulders; the top of the head and outsides of the limbs ef the tail blackish: the face reddish-brown and covered with hair. % FEARFUL MONKEY. Simia Trepida. Lin. 8S. caudata imberbis, capillitio arrecto, mani~ bus pedibusque ceeruleis, cauda prehensili villosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. PY 39- Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with the hair on the head up- right, blueish feet, and prehensile tail. Sajou. Buff. 15. p. 37. pl. 4.5. Bush-tailed Monkey. Edwards, pl. 212. Fearful Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 217. Tuis is about the size of a small or half-grown cat: the head is round; the face short and flesh- coloured, with a little whitish down upon it: the hair on the top of the head is erect in its growth and of adeep brown or blackish colour: the gene- ral colour of the animal is a pale brown; the back, shoulders, and outsides of the limbs deeper than the other parts: the tail long, thickly covered with hair of a deep brown: che hands and‘feet of a dull blueish-black, and furnished with rounded nails. It is a native of Guiana. This species was first figured by Edwards. It has been known to breed in France. It is of a sprightly disposition, but is observed to be capricious in its affections when in a state of captivity, having a great fond- ness for some persons, and as great a hatred to others. 76 WEEPER MONKEY. Simia Apella. 8. caudata imberbis cauda subprehensili, corpore fuste, pedibus nigris, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 42.? Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with prehensile tail, brown body, black feet, and without callosities, Sai a gorge blanche. Buff. 15. p. 64. pl. g. Weeper Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 219. S1zE of a very small cat. Face round, swarthy, flesh-coloured: general colour of the animal fer- ruginous brown, deepest on the back and. outsides of the limbs: tail biackish*, and, as in the two former animals, well covered with hair: hands and feet dusky: nails flat and round. \ CAPUCIN MONKEY. Simia Capucina. S. caudata imberbis fusca, cauda prehensiii hirsuta, pileo artubusque nigris, natibus tectis. Lim. Syst. Nat. p. 42. Long-tailed beardless Monkey, with hirsute prehensile tail, black crown and limbs, and without callosities. Sai. Bay. 15. p."§ 1, pl Oe. ~ Capucin Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 218. Size of the former: face round, flat, and flesh- coloured: encircled with upright whitish hairs: the breast covered with long shaggy -yellowish- * In Schreber’s figure, from the Museum Adolphi Friderici, the tail seems annulated with black and whitish; agreeing in this re- spect with that of the Annulated Monkey of Pennant; but no mention is made of this particular in Linnzeus’s description. ~ SQUIRREL MONKEY. var white hair: top of the head blackish: hair on the shoulders and upper part of the back lighter than on the lower part: tail as in the former species. Toes with crooked claws instead of flat nails. N. B. The above three species are extremely nearly allied, and the supposed synonyms are dif- ferently applied by different authors. SQUIRREL MONKEY. Simia Sciurea. 8S. caudata imberbis, occipite prominulo, unguibus quatuor plantarum subulatis, natibus tectis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 43. Long-tailed yellowish-grey beardless Monkey, with orange-co- loured hands and feet; four of the claws on the hind feet pointed. Saimiri. Buff 15. p. 67. pl. 10, Orange Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 220. Tuis, when seen in perfection, is a beautiful animal. In size it scarce exceeds a squirrel, and is of a bright gold-yellow; but the speci- — mens commonly brought mto Europe are ra- ther of a yellowish-brown or greenish cast; with orange-yellow feet and hands. ‘The head round; the nose blackish; orbits of the eyes flesh colour; ears hairy: under parts whitish: tail very long, with a black tip. 78 ANTIGUA MONKEY. Simia Antiguensis. S, Subvo-nigricans, subtus alba, artubus weet facie nigra genis barbatif, cauda prehensils fusca. Blackish-fulvous Monkey, white beneath, with black limbs, the face black with bearded cheeks, and brown prehensile tail. Antigua Monkey. Pennant Quadr. p. 221. WirTuH a short nose; black face: hair on each side long: back and sides orange and black, timately mixed: belly white: outside of the legs black; inside ash-coloured: tail of a dusky ash; its length twenty imches: body eighteen. This seems a large species, and is described by Mr. Pennant from one which was brought from An- tigua; but its real native place was not known: it was a lively sportive animal: the tail strongly pre- hensile. NAKED-TAILED MONKEY. Simia Morta. 8. caudata imberbis spadicea, ore fusco, cauda nuda, squamosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 43. Long-tailed beardless brown Monkey, with dusky muzzle and naked scaly tail. Cercopithecus americanus minor Monkie dictus. Seba. p. 1. 22. %. 33. f. 1. Tuts species (if it really exists as such) seems to have been mentioned by Linnzus on the faith of Seba, who has figured it on the thirty-third plate of the first ole of his Thesaurus; but it NAKED-TAILED MONKEY. 79 is now generally imagined, as indeed Linneus had himself surmised, that it is no other than a young or half-grown specimen of the S. Sciurea (Squirrel Monkey) before described. It is of a reddish-brown colour; with a blackish nose; and the tail is bare, as are also the under parts of the bedy and the limbs. 80 LEMUR. MACAUCO. Generic Character. Se Dentes Primores superiores || Front-tecth in the upper jaw quatuor: intermediis re-|| four: the intermediate ones motis. remote. Inferiores sex: longiores, por- || In the lower jaw six: longer, recti, compressi, paralleli, stretched forwards, com- approximati. pressed, parallel, approxi- mated. Laniarii solitarii, approxi- || Canine-teeth solitary, bs mati. © | imated. Molares plures sublobati: an- || Grinders several, sublobated : tic1 longiores, acutiores. the foremost somewhat longer and sharper. "Tue genus Lemur or Macauco consists of ani- mals approaching to Monkies in the form of their feet, which, i most species, are furnished with flat nails; but differing in their manners, and void of that mischievous and petulant disposition which — so much distinguishes the Monkey Tribe a other Quadr upeds. : In this, as in the former genus, we meet, with some species without a tail, while others have a et thee IGF. acd, SIF i pee pend, at) SLOW “LEMUR. 00 Feb t1.Lendon Publijhd by OFCcazley Fleet Street. a stow LEeMun (6006 os Bh. that part extremely long. Of the tailless species the most remarkable is thé | SLOW LEMUR. Lemur Tardigradus. L. ecaudatus subferrugineo-cinereus, linea dore sali fusca, auriculis brevissimis. Tailless Lemur, of a subferruginous ash-colour, with a brown dorsal line, and very small ears. Lemur tardigradus. L. ecaudatus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 44. Lemur Tardigradus. Slow-paced Lemur. Specul, Linn. 1. t. 5. Paresseux pentadactyle de Bengale, Vosmaer, pl. 6. Le Loris de Bengale. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 125. pl. 36. Iv is about the size of a small cat, measuring 16 inches in length: its colour is an elegant pale- brown or mouse- Dash oue: the face flattish: the nose inclining to a shatbened form: the eyes. yellow- _ brown, large, and extremely protuberant; so as to appear, in the living animal, like perfect he- mispheres. ‘They are. surrounded by a circle of dark-brown, which also runs down the back of the - animal, ‘This species is very slow in its motions, and from this circumstance has actually been ranked by some naturalists among the Sloths; though in no other respect resembling them. It is a nocturnal animal, and sleeps, or at least lies motionless, during the greatest part of the day: its voice is shrill and plaintive. The figure given ‘by Vosmaer exhibits it moving slowly on the ground, and may be considered as a very good representation; having been taken from a living | specimen. The fieure engraved: in the Speculum Linnzanum is also an accurate representation of ¥. ae 6 82 SLOW LEMUR. the same animal in its climbing attitude, and was drawn from-a living specimen in a perfectly healthy state. If there be any thing faulty in either of the above representations, it is that the eyes are scarce expressed with sufficient fulness and protuberancy, a defect which is remedied in the annexed plate of the present work, in which both these figures are shewn. In this, as in some others, the fingers and toes have rounded nails, as in most of the monkies; but the inner toe on each hind foot, next the thumb, has a sharp claw. Mr. Vosmaer’s description of this animal’s man- ners is extremely accurate, and is confirmed by the observation of several specimens, which have _ since been brought into Europe, two of which I ’ have myself examined. ‘< I received (says he) this singular animal in June 1768, and, notwithstand- ing its disagreeable odour, my curiosity induced me to take it into my chamber. It slept all the. day to the very evening, and it being then the height of summer, it did not awake till half past eight m the evening. It was kept m a cage of an oblong square shape, with iron wires; and it constantly slept seated on its hind part, close to the wires, with its head bent forwards between the two fore feet, which were placed over its belly. In this attitude it always held itself strongly at- tached by the two hind feet to the iron wires of ‘ the cage; and often by one of the fore feet also; which makes me imagine that it generally sleeps on trees, holding by the branches. Its motion, when awakened, was extremely slow, and always So Su P aa Wy oy, ¥ , x NY eh ee Ree RT ek SLOW LEMUR. 83 the same from beginning to end; drawing itself on from bar to bar; taking hold of the upper partof one bar by its fore feet, and not quitting it till it had slowly and very strongly grasped another bar with one of its hands. When it crept on the ground it moved with the same slowness, dragging one foot after the other as if paralytic; and in this motion it raised its body but very little, merely drawing itself forward in such a manner that frequently _ the belly was scarce a finger’s breadth from the ground. It was to no purpose to drive it by passing a stick through the wires, which did not make it let go its hold: if pushed too rudely it bit the stick; and this was all the defence it made. Towards evening it awaked little by little; lke one interrupted in sleep after having waked a long time. Its first care was to eat; for by day the moments were too precious to spare from repose. After having finished this task, which it per- formed sufficiently quick for a Sloth, it evacuated the remains of its former meal: its urme had a strong, disagreeable odour, and its feces resembled the small pellets of sheep’s dung. Its common diet, according-to the account of the captain of the vessel which brought it over, was rice boiled very thick; and he had never seen it drink. ‘“‘ Being persuaded that this animal would not refuse a different kind of nourishment, I gave it a sprig of lime-tree with leaves on it; but it rejected it: fruits, such as pears and cherries, were more to its taste: it willingly eat dry bread and biscuit; _ but would not touch them if dipped in water. 84 SLOW LEMUR. Whenever water was offered, it contented itself with smelling it, without drinking. It was pas- sionately fond of eggs. It often made use of | its hands in eating, in the manner of a squirrel. I concluded from its eating eggs, that it would also eat birds; and accordingly having given it a live sparrow, it immediately killed it with a bite, and very greedily eat the whole. Curious to know whether insects would also suit its taste, I gave it a live cockchafter, which it took in its paw aud devoured completely. I afterwards gave it a chattinch, which it also eat with a good appe- tite, after which it slept the remainder of the day. — I have often seen him still awake at two hours. after midnight; but from half past six in: the morning he was always in a profound sleep, so that his cage might be cleaned without disturbing his repose. During the day, being awaked by force in order to provoke him, he was angry, and bit the stick, but with a very slow motion, and with a reiterated cry of ai, ai, ai, lengthening out the ai each time into a plaintive, languid, and tremulous sound, in the same manner as is re- ported of the Sloths of America. After having been thus teized for a long time, and thoroughly awakened, he crawled two or three times round — the cage, and immediately slept again.” This slowness of motion and plaintive cry made Mr. Vosmaer consider the animal as a species of Sloth ; but it has no other affinity with the Sloths,. nor can it be placed in the same genus. It forms a most curious contrast in this respect to that SLOW LEMUR. 85 lively species the Ring-tailed Lemur or Macauco, which exhibits the utmost vivacity in its manners and motions. The late learned and accomplished Sir William Jones has also given a pleasing general descrip- tion of this animal in the 4th volume of Asiatic Researches, and as it is always interesting to observe the manners of an animal in its native country, I shall here extract the account in the President’s own words. ‘«« The singular animal, which most of you saw alive, and of which I now lay before you a per- fectly accurate figure, has been very correctly de- scribed by Linnzus; except that sickled would have been a juster epithet than aw/ed for the bent claws on its hinder indices; and that the seze of a Squirrel seems an improper, because a variable, measure: its configuration and colours are parti- cularized with great accuracy by M. Daubenton; but the short account of the Loris by M. de Buf- fon appears unsatisfactery, and his engraved re- presentation of it has little resemblance to na- ture*; so little, that, when I was endeavouring to find in his work a description of the Quadrumane, which had just been sent me from Dacca, I passed over the chapter on the Loris, and ascertained it merely by seeing, in a note, the Linnzan charac- * Because in reality it represents the next species, or Loris, which at that time was confounded, by Buffon and many other writers, with the present animal; though differing much in proportion and manners. : 86 SLOW LEMUR. ter of the slow-paced Lemur*. The illustrious: French naturalist, whom, even when we criticise’ a few parts of his noble work, we cannot but name with admiration, observes of the Loris, that, from the proportion of its body and limbs, one would not suppose it slow in walking or leaping, and inti-- mates an opinion, that Seba gave this animal the epithet of slowmoving, from some fancied likeness to the Sloth of America: but though its body be re- markably long in proportion to the breadth of it, and the hinder legs, or more properly arms, much longer than those before, yet the Loris, in fact, walks or climbs very slowly, and.is, probably, un- able to leap. Neither its genus nor species, we find, are new: yet, as its temper and instincts are undescribed, and as the Natural History of M. Buffon, or the System of Nature by Linneeus, can- not always be readily procured, I have set down a few remarks on the form, the manners, the name, and the country of my little favourite, who engaged my affection while he lived, and whose memory I wish to perpetuate. «‘T. This male animal had four hands, aus five- fingered; palms naked; nails round, except those of the indices behind, which were long, curved, pointed; hair very thick, especially on the haunches, extremely soft, mostly dark-grey, varied with brown and a tinge of russet; darker on the * A most convincing proof of the real merit and superiority of ‘the Linnzan mode of description; so much and so often condemned by the Count de Buffon. SLOW LEMUR. 87. back, paler about the face and under the throat, reddish towards the rump; no tail; a dorsal stripe, broad, chesnut-coloured, narrower towards the neck; a head almost spherical; a countenance, expressive and interesting; eyes round, large, ap- proximated, weak in the day-time, glowing and animated at night; a white vertical stripe between them; eye-lashes, black, short; ears dark, round- ed, concave; great acuteness at night, both in see-_ ing and hearing; a face, hairy, flattish; a nose pointed, not much elongated; the upper lip cleft; canine teeth, comparatively long, very sharp. | “© More than this I could not observe in the liv- ing animal; and he died at a season when I could neither attend a dissection of his body, nor with propriety request my medical friends to perform such an-operation in the heat of dugust; but I _ opened his jaw, and counted only two incisors above, and as many below, which might have been a defect in the individual; and it is men- tioned simply as a fact, without any intention to censure the generic arrangement of Linneus. ‘II. In his manners he was for the most part gentle, except in the cold season, when his tem- per seemed wholly changed; and his creator, who made him so sensible of cold, to which he must often have been exposed even in his native forests, _gave him, probably for that reason, his thick fur, which we rarely see on animals in these tropical climates: to me, who not only constantly fed him, but bathed him twice a week in water accommo- dated to the seasons, and whom he clearly dis- 88 SLOW LEMUR. tinguished from others, he was at all times grate- ful; but when I disturbed him in.winter, he was usually indignant, and seemed to reproach me with the uneasiness which he felt, though no possible precautions had been omitted to keep him in a proper degree of warmth. At all times he was pleased with being stroked on the head and throat, and frequently suffered me to touch his extremely sharp teeth; but at all times his temper was quick, and, when he was unseason- ably disturbed, he expressed a little resentment by an obscure murmur, like that of a squirrel, or a greater degree of displeasure by a peevish cry, especially in winter, when he was often as fierce, on being much importuned, as any beast of the woods. From half an hour after sunrise to half an hour before sunset, he slept without imtermis- sion rolled up like a hedgehog; and as soon as he awoke, he began to prepare himself for the la- bours of fis approaching day, licking and dress- ing himself like a cat; an operation which the flexibility of his neck and limbs enabled him to perform very completely: he was then ready for a slight breakfast, after which he commonly took a short nap; but when the sun was quite set, he re- covered all his vivacity.. His ordinary food was the sweet fruit of this country; plantains always, and mangos during the season; but he refused peaches, and was not fond of mulberries, or even of guaiavas: milk he lapped eagerly, but was con- tented with plain water. In general he was not voracious, but never appeared satisfied with grass; SLOW LEMUR. 89 hoppers; and passed the whole night, while the hot season lasted, in prowling for them: when a grasshopper, or any insect, alighted within his reach, his eyes, which he fixed on his prey, glowed with uncommon fire; and having drawn himself back to spring on it with greater force, he seized the prey with both his fore-paws, but held it mn one of them, while he devoured it. For other pur- poses, and sometimes even for that of holding his food, he used all his paws indifferently as hands, and frequently grasped with one of them the higher part of his ample cage, while his three aaaics were severally engaged at the bottom of it; but the posture of which nt seemed fondest was to cling with all four of them to the upper wires, his ‘ate being inverted; and in the evening he usually stood erect for many minutes, playing on the wires with his fingers, and rapidly moving his body from side to side, as if he had found the utility of exercise in his unnatural state of con- finement. A little before day-break, when my early hours gave me frequent opportunities of ob- serving him, he seemed to solicit my attention; and if I presented my finger to him, he licked or nibbled it with great gentleness, but eagerly took fruit, when I offered it; though he seldom ate much at his morning repast: when the day brought back his mght, his eyes lost their lustre and strength, and he composed himself for a slumber of ten or eleven hours. «III. The names of Loris and Lemur will, no doubt, be continued by the respective disciples 90 SLOW LEMUR of Buffon and Linneus; nor can I suggest any other, since the Pandits know little or nothing of the animal: the lower Hindus of this province ge- nerally call it Lajjabanor, or the Bashful Ape, and the Musselmans, retaining the sense of the epithet, give it the absurd appellation of a cat; but it is neither a cat nor bashful; for though a Pandit who saw my Lemur by day-light, remarked that it was lajjalu, or modest (a word which the Hin- dus apply to all sensitive plants), yet he only seemed bashful, while in fact he was dimsighted and drowsy; for at night, as you perceive by his figure, he had open eyes, and as much boldness as any of the Lemures poetical or Linnean. ‘“ TV. As to his country, the first of the species, that I saw in India, was in the district of Tipra, properly Tripura, whither it had been brought, like mine, from the Garrow mountains; and Dr. Anderson informs me, that it is found in the woods on the coast of Coromandel: another had been sent to a member of our society from one of the Eastern isles; and though the Loris may be also a native of Silan, yet I cannot agree with M. de Buffon, that it isthe minute, sociable, and do- cile animal mentioned by Thevenot, which it re- sembles neither in size nor in disposition. «¢ My little friend was, on the whole, very en- gaging; and when he was found lifeless, in the same posture in which he would naturally have slept, I consoled myself with believing that he had died without pain, and lived with. as much SLOW LEMUR. 91 pleasure as he could have enjoyed in a state of captivity.” From the above description we perceive that this animal, slow and inert as it is, is yet not quite so torpid and inactive in India, as when brought into the colder climates of Europe. The following observations, communicated by the excellent anatomist Mr. Carlisle, cannot but be acceptable to the reader. They are accom- panied by an engraving from his elegant drawings. «« The bards of a ickat éandibradns hing been presented to me by a friend, fon the purpose of dissection, I injeéted the arterial system, and upon tracing the course of the vessels, so as to make a dried preparation, an unusual appearance of distribution was exhibited by the large trunks of the subclavian and external iliac arteries. | ‘* Immediately after the subclavian has _pe- netrated the axilla, it is divided into twenty- three equal-sized cylinders, which surround the principal trunk of the artery, now diminished in size to an inconsiderable vessel. These cylindri- cal arteries accompany each other and divide with the ulnar and radial branches, bemg distributed in their route upon the muscles, each of which has one of these cylinders. The other branches, for example, the radial and ulnar, proceed like the arteries in general; dispersing themselves upon the skin, the membranes, joints, bones, &c. in an arborescent form. ‘The iliac artery divides upon the margin of the pelvis into upwards of twenty equal-sized cylinders, surrounding the main trunk, as described in the axillary artery: .: ae SLOW LEMUR. these vessels are also finally distributed as in the upper extremity; the cylinders wholly upon the muscles, and the arborescent branches on all the other parts. The carotid arteries do not di- _vide into equal-sized cylinders, but are distributed | as in the generality of animals. Whine be anid be of some importance in haeeatiie ¥ to ascertain whether the other slow-moving Quad- rupeds have any peculiar arrangement of the ar- teries of their limbs. This solitary fact is hardly sufficient for the foundation of any theoretical explanation of the slow movement of these mus- cles: if, however, it should ‘be corroborated by similar circumstances in other animals, a new light may be thrown upon muscular motion by tracing a connection between the kind of action produced in a muscle, and the condition of its vascularity or supply of blood.” Fig. 1. The arm and shoulder of the lemur tardigradus. a. The subclavian artery, lying upon the subsca- pularis muscle. b. The division of the ec into equal-sized cy- linders. c. The ulnar artery proceeding to divide in the ufual manner. Fig. 2. The trunk, from below the diaphragm, of the le- mur tardigradus, one of the limbs being left un-_ finished, as it appeared unnecessary to reprefent them both. - The diaphragm. . The descending aorta. c. The iliac arteries. _ | | . The trunk of the inguinal artery, situated among the cylinders. e. The femoral artery under similar circumstances. noo» SS a) Fe Sn oe Heath 1800 Feliz London Publifha. by & Kearsley, Fleet Street. Ny WW \yS) aN "s WAYS \ NS ANS CU NSN NON j WSN) YUSNN Airy) Mg { ) 4 as tre — SSS t cath scuup. LORIS. h00 Jan*1 London Ablifha by & Kearsley, Fleet JS treet. LORIS. Lemur Loris. ZL. ecaudatus ig ed eus, artubus gracil- limis, auriculis magnis. Tailless Lemur of a subferruginous achecolour a extremely slender limbs and large ears. Animal cynocephalum ceilonicum, Seb. mus. 1. p. 55. te 35. Le Loris. Buff: 13. pl. 30. Loris Macauco, Pennant Quadr. p. 228. By a singular fatality it has happened that this — species, though perfectly distinct from the for- mer, and in manners totally different, has yet been confounded with it by many writers on Na- tural History. It is considerably smaller than the former; its body is slender; its limbs remark-. ably thin; and it is, like the former, perfectly destitute of a tail; and this circumstance seems to have caused the general mistake among natural- ists. It is said, by those who have contemplated it in its native climate, to be a perfect contrast to the former in its motions; being possessed of great agility and liveliness. In colour it nearly resem- bles the former species, but is paler, and more inclining to a yellow tinge. It is very elegantly figured in Seba’s Thesaurus. At first view of the figure one would be apt to imagine that it had been taken from a dried specimen, in which the limbs had shrunk from their former er natural dimensions; but the several specimens preserved in Museums, in whatever manner prepared, con- firm the truth of the representation; the same QA INDRI. eracility of limbs: and body being in all equally conspicuous. It has been observed, in a note relative to the former species, that this is the animal figured in Buffon; and it is farther remarkable, that, by an aukward mismanagement relative to the posture, it is made to appear a short ae of long-bodied animal. Me tiful and perfect specimen in the Leverian Mu- seum; but which, representing the animal in a ringent state, exhibits perhaps an air of fierceness not perfectly according with its character. -_INDRI. Lemur Indri. L. ecaudatus niger, subtus si albidis. Tailless black Lemur, greyish beneath, with the face oud fpace round the tail whitish, 2 ye Indri.-.. Sexnerat voy. 27 pl. 142. pli 8... %, Lemur Indri. L. ecaudatus niger. Lin. Syst. Nat. Cel b 42. Indri Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 228. . 7 The figure in the pie work is from a beau-. - facie boat | Bars is a very large’ species. It is -entively ap ie 3 a black-colour, except on the face, which is grey- ies ish: a greyish cast also prevails towards the lower — part of the abdomen, and the rump is white. Ais s The face is of a lenethened or dog-like form: the” ears shortish and slightly tufted: the hair or fur — is silky and thick, and in some parts of a curly or crisped appearance: it 1 is i largest: animal of of f fs ; oh ves i = ee i fe iene ne ‘ ‘ va" Satya > 2 i oe yd * i | ih ayy Ad } i Waid N iif \ ¢ a- POTTO. 95 this genus, and is said by Mons. Sonnerat, its first describer, to be three feet and a half high. It is said to be a gentle and docile animal, and to be trained, when taken young, for the chace, in the manner of a dog. Its voice resembles the crying of an infant. It is a native of Madagascar, where it is known by the name of Indri, which is said to signify the man of the wood. 'The nails in this species are flat, but pointed at the ends; and there is no appearance of a tail. ‘The front or cutting teeth in the upper jaw are four, accord- ing to Mons. Geoffroy (Magaz. Encyclopédique), not two, as mentioned by Mr. Sonnerat. POTTO. Lemur Potto. JL. caudatus subferrugineus, cauda unicolore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 42. “ Tailed subferruginous Lemur, with tail of the same colour. Potto. Bosman Guin. 2. p. 30. f. 4. THis seems at present an obscure species ; known only from the description and figure in Bosman’s account of Guinea. This description states that the animal is called Potto by the na- tives, but by the Europeans Sloth, from the ex- treme slowness of its motions. He then proceeds to give the usual description of the manners at- tributed to the real Sloth, such as its scarce being able to walk ten paces in a day; its eating up all the fruit and leaves of a tree, and thus becoming 96° WOOLLY. . fat, after which it grows lean, and is in danger of starving before it can climb a second tree, &c. &c. All ‘this: however, he does not pretend to avouch from. his own knowledge, but tells us, that the negroes believe it. He assures us, how- ever, that this animal is inconceivably ugly, and that when old it is covered with reddish flocky hair like wool; though it appears brown and smoothish when. young. He does not mention its size. The figure bears some resemblance to the Lemur. tardigradus, but is represented with a tail of some Jengt th. oe Oa ae L ae wt ar =e Sse rz + Lent Moers FE pot se griseo- fairs aude ieacolore. Long-tailed grey-brown Lemur, with tail of a similar colour. Lemur Mongoz. L. counts erst cauuda unicolore, Lin. Syst. Nat. p: 4 Ba he Mongous. B Buff idee ‘P 158 ye ae dp oi Bs 118. pl. 32. Mongooz. — ‘Be pl. 216. + ay WON hu Woolly. placauee, Pennant Sika. ae I. ; ie eee Tris” species - is abo the size of a ‘cat and © is of an uniform dusky-brown- -colour, with: the breast and belly white or whitish. — ‘The tail i is- very long and thickly covered with fur: the whole ani- sta is also covered with thick, soft, wavy or curl- ing fur. The eyes are of a bright orange-colour; and are surrounded by a circle of black, which descends to some little distance down the nose; the shai with cheeks, being white: Benny | “6 NN NAY \ A AN i ANS Sh VOOLY LEMUR. bow Jér thondorPublynd by G.Kearsley,t leet Street a WOOLLY. 97% hands and feet are naked and dusky; the nails flat, except on the interior toe of the hind feet next the thumb, which has a sharp claw. ‘This species varies sometimes a little in colour; the ends of the limbs and the paws being of a dull orange- colour, or yellow, and sometimes white, with the face entirely brown. It is a native of Madagas- car and some other Indian islands; and lives prin- cipally on fruit. When in a state of captivity it is commonly gentle and sportive. That de- scribed by the Count de Buffon seems to have been of a different disposition ; but individuals of all ani- mals must be supposed to differ from each other with respect to temper and manners, according to circumstances. ‘The individual just mentioned uttered almost constantly a low grunting noise; and when tired of being alone, croaked in the man- ner of a frog, so loud as to be heard to a great distance: its tongue was rough, like that of a cat; and the Count de Buffon adds, that, when per- mitted, it would lick a person’s hand till the skin was inflamed. ‘This species appears also to vary sometimes in size. ‘The larger variety is described: and figured in the Count de Cepede’s additions to Buffon’s History of Quadrupeds, under the title of Le grand Mongous ; and seems to differ in no other respect than size from the animal in its usual state. 98 RUFFED LEMUR. ‘Lemur Macaco. JL. caudatus niger, collari barbato. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 44. Tailed black Lemur, with the neck bearded in the manner of a _ ruff, Black Maucauco, Edw. pl. 217. Van. Buf. 13. p. 174. pe 17. Ruffed Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 231. Tuts is the species described by the Count de Buffon under the name of the Vari, its colours often consisting of a patched distribution of black and white; though its real or natural colour is sup- posed to be entirely black. In size it exceeds the Mongoz, or Brown Lemur. It is said to be a fierce and almost untameable animal. It inhabits the woods of Madagascar and some of the Indian islands; and is said to exert a voice so loud and powerful as to strike astonishment mto those who hear it, resembling, in this respect, the howling Monkey or S. Belzebub, which fills the woods of Brasil and Guiana with its dreadful cries. When — in a state of captivity, however, it seems to be- come as gentle as some others of this genus. That described and figured by Edwards was an example of this, and is expressly said to have been ‘‘ avery sociable, gentle, harmless-natured. animal, not having the cunning, mischievousness, or malice of the Monkey kind.” _ The astonishing strength of voice in this ani- mal, depends, according to the Count de Buffon, on the peculiar structure of the larynx, which Yr ® i) A) dy Wie, DIAS Ny Ky ‘) Siig 7 tify jf FLOCKY LEMUR. 00 Feb. London Publfha by G Keansley Fleet Street. FLOCKY LEMUR. | 99 widens, immediately after its divarication, into a large cavity before entering the lungs, FLOCKY LEMUR. Lemur Laniger. L. caudatus ex flavo rufescente testaceus subtus al- bus, cauda ex rufescente fulva unicolore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p> 44. Tailed pale-tawny Lemur, white beneath, with ferruginous tail. ; Maquis a bourres. Sonner. voy. 2. p. 142. pl. 89. — Tuis is described by Sonnerat as a large spe- cles; measuring a foot and nine inches from nose to tail; the tail being also nine inches. Its co- lour is a pale yellowish-ferruginous on the upper parts, and white beneath: the tail bright ferru- ginous. The fur is extremely soft and crisped, and of a deeper colour on the region of the loins: the face is black: the ears small: the eyes large, and of a greenish-grey: in the upper jaw, are two fore-teeth: in the lower jaw four: the feet have five fingers, which have long claws, except the thumbs, which have rounded nails. Mr. Pen- nant, in the last edition of his History of Qua- drupeds, seems to think this animal no other than the L. Mongoz, or Woolly Macauco, and com- plains that Sonnerat’s figure is very inaccurate; but if Sonnerat’s description be just, the species must certainly be a different one from the L. Mongoz. ‘Two smaller varieties of the Flocky 100 FLOCKY LEMUR. Macauco are described and figured in the supple ment to Buffon, viz. Le Petit Makis Gris. Buff: suppl. p. 121. pl. 34. This pretty little animal, says the Count de Ce- pede, was brought from Madagascar, by Mons. Sonnerat. It has the whole body, except the face, feet, and hands, covered with a greyish woolly fur, thick and soft to the touch. — Its tail is very long and covered with fur similar to that of the body. It is much allied to the Macauco, both in its form and attitudes, as well as in the nimbleness of its motions; but the Macauco stands higher on its legs. In both the fore legs are shorter than the hind. The colour of this little Lemur is, as it were, marbled with pale tawny: the fur being mouse-grey at the roots, and pale tawny at the extremities. The fur on the upper part of the body is six Imes long, and four on the. under part. ‘The whole under part is white from the lower jaw; but the white is a little mingled with yellowish and greyish on the belly and un- der parts of the limbs. The head is very large in front, and the snout is very poimted, which gives a great sharpness to the physiognomy of the animal: the forehead is straight; the eyes round and full: the ears are nine lines high, and seven broad: they differ from those of other Ma- caucos, which are large, and, as it were, flattened at the ends. Those of this little species are large at the base, and rounded in outline: they are co- FLOCKY LEMUR 101 vered and edged with ash-coloured hairs. The circumference ef the eyes, the ears, and the sides of the cheeks, are of a clear ash-colour, as well as the fore parts of the arms and legs. ‘The length of this animal, measured in a straight line, is ten inches and three lines; but if measured according to the curvature of the body, one foot and two lines: the length of the head, from the tip of the nose to the hind part, is two inches and five lmes. ‘The interior toe is furnished with a sharp crooked claw: the rest with nails. The. tail is fifteen inches long, of an uniform thickness throughout its whole length, and of the same colour with the body; the tip is rather deeper than the rest, and the fur on this part measures seven lines. It must be considered, I think, in no other light than as a variety of the L. laniger. Autre Espece de Maki. Buff. suppl. p. 123. t. 35. This, which is also described by Cepede, seems ereatly allied to the former; from which it differs, on a general view, principally in the tints and distributions of its colours. Its fur resembles that of the former, but is more thick, woolly, crisp, and tufted, as it were, causing the animal to ap- pear thicker in proportion. The head is large, and the snout not so long in proportion as in the Vari, the Mongoz, and the Macauco. The eyes are very large, and the eyelids bordered with blackish. ‘The forehead is large, and the ears short and hid in the fur. The fore legs short in» comparison with the hinder. The tip of the nose 102 FLOCKY LEMUR. is covered by a large black patch, running up into a point on the nose, and covering part of the upper jaw. ‘The length of the animal, from the tip of the nose to the beginning of the tail, is eleven inches and six lines: the tail is ten inches and ten lines, and is of an uniform thickness. The general colour of this animal is brown and ash-tawny in different shades; the hair being brown with tawny tips. The under parts are of a dirty white tinged with tawny. The brown pre- dominates on the head, the back, and upper parts of the limbs; and the ash-tawny prevails on the sides of the body and limbs: the tawny tinge is deepest round the ears. All the part of the back nearest the tail is tinged with tawny, which be- comes orange throughout the whole length of the tail. The hands and feet are covered with ash- tawny hairs; but the fingers and nails are black. The thumb or great toe of the hind feet is large, and has a thin round nail; and the second toe is connected to it by a blackish membrane. Ps) TARSIER. (OG “( en eit) ; ) Se 5 ( WH y) ¥y 33) r eins ay, on Lp Lay) Hp / hy WF, 1) 4 vi) (0 Ui Gy, 4 Hf, MW wy} \\ SERCH PAA . \ RING-TAILED LEMUR a ry Fer ry los em err RING-TAILED LEMU Re ee ke Lemur Catta. JL. caudatus, cauda albo nigraque annulate, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 45. Long-tailed Lemur, with the tail annulated with iildet: and white. i Mococo. Buff. 13. p. 174. pl. 22. The Maucauco. Law. pl. 197. i - Ring-tailed Lemur. Museum Leverianum, wi 6. p. 43. pl. It. Ring-tailed Macauco. Pennant 2uadr. 1. p 230. yas ae ier Tuts is by far the most penutifne animal of the genus. Its size is that of ‘a small cat, but of a more slender shape: its colour is a pale greyish- brown, with a slight cast of ferruginous on the back and Br isides of the limbs: the under parts of the body are whitish. The nose black: the eyes bright orange-hazel, surrounded by a dis- tinct circle of black: the hands and feet black; the fingers and toes furnished with round nails. The tail is very long, and beautifully marked throughout the whole length with distinct circles of black and white: the fur on the whole animal, but more particularly on the tail, is very fine, soft, and suberect in its growth, so as to give a greater degree of thickness to the tail than if it grew in a more oblique direction. ‘The manners of this species are gentle and lively: it possesses the highest Hiei of activity, and its motions have an ease and elegance surpassing almost every other quadruped. In their native state these ani- mals live in society, and are seen in troops of thirty or forty together in the woods, where they ‘104 HEART-MARKED LEMUR. feed principally on fruits. In a state of confine- ment they will not only eat fruits of different kinds, but likewise animal food; and in this re- spect the present species, the Mongoz, and the Vari agree; all feeding nearly in the same man- ner. The Macauco delights much in sunshine, and in sitting before the fire: its general attitude at such times is similar to that assumed by a squirrel when feeding, sitting upright and often extending forwards its spread hands. HEART-MARKED LEMUR. Lemur Bicolor. L. caudatus, supra ex atro griseus, subtus sordide albus, macula frontali cordata sordide alba. Lin Syst. Nat. Gmel. P- 44. , fe Long-tailed blackish Lemur, white beneath, with a white heart- shaped spot.on the forehead. Lemur Bicolor. Miller Cimel. Phys. p. 64. pl. 32. Heart-marked Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. append. p. 223. pl. 106. Tuis species has the face, upper part of the neck and back, hind part of the thighs, and the tail, black: the under part of the neck and body, | and the limbs, white. On the forehead is a large heart-shaped spot pointing downwards. ‘The tail is considerably longer than the body, and thickens eradually towards the tip. ‘The feet are furnished | on all the toes with strong sharp claws of a black colour; in which particular it differs from other animals of this genus. It is supposed to be a na- tive of South America. | | 30 V/s, yy) yy) ty ye HEART-MARKED LEMUR. boo Jar’ 1LondonPubli{hd by G.Kears ley Fleet Street . 105 TARSIER. Lemur Tarsier. L, caudatus cinereus, cauda gracili subnuda apice subjloccosa, pedibus posterioribus longissimis. Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, with slender and almost naked tail, tufted at the end, and very long hind feet. Tarsier. Buf. 13. p. 87. pl. 9. Didelphis Macrotarsus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 109. Tarsier Maucauco. Pennant Quadr.\. p. 231. — Tis animal is distinguished by the great length of its hind legs. Its general length from the nose to the tail is almost six inches; and from the nose to the hind toes eleven inches and a half: the tail nine inches anda half. The face is sharp or pomted: the eyes very large and full: the ears upright, broad, naked, and rounded. Between the ears on the top of the head is a tuft of long hairs: several long hairs also proceed from each side of the upper chap: in each jaw, accord- ing to the observation of Mr. Pennant, are two cutting, and two canine teeth, forming an excep- tion in this respect to the rest of the genus. The body is of a slender form; the feet are slender and the claws pointed: the thumbs are large and rounded. ‘The legs and feet are but thinly co- vered with hair: the tail also is thinly covered, except towards the end, where it is terminated by a tuft. The colour of this species is grey-brown or mouse-colour, paler beneath. It is a native of Amboina and some other East-Indian Islands. 106 MURINE LEMUR. Lemur Murinus. JL. caudatus cinereus, cauda Secs Lin Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 44. 7 Long-tailed ash-coloured Lemur, with eho tail, 4 ea Little Lemur. Brown Ilustr. Zool p. 108. pl. 44. 3 Lemur Murinus. Cimelia Physica. p. 25. pl. 13. ee a Murine Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. \. p. 232. Little Maucauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 233. Rat de Madagascar. Buff suppl. 3. p. 149. pl. 20. _Turs species is extremely well figured in Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology, from a ‘Hiei specimen which was kept some time in Evglands Its size was somewhat less than the black rat; and its co- lour is an elegant pale cinereous or grey on the up- per parts, and white beneath: the eyes are encir- cled by a zone of a deeper colour: the ears are large, naked, rounded, and thin: the eyes very large and full: the tail is hairy, of the length of the body, and prehensile, or capable of coiling at plea- sure round any object, as in some of the small mon- kies: the toes are rounded at the ends, and have also rounded nails, but those on the first toe on each hind foot are long and sharp. This, as Mr. Pennant observes, seems to be the same animal with — that figured in Buffon, under the title of Rat de Moidacs ascar; and which is supposed to live in the palm-trees, me feed on fruits: it eats, holding its food in its fore feet, like a squirrel: has a weak ery, and when sleeping rolls itself up. This also is the animal which is suspected to have given rise to the doubtful species of Monbey, called by Linnaeus ae ‘ ¥) NS ee GS : Sere = nN 2875S = hi * Gh ( diet a Jn sisted dee a [ears Coys baa | x a \ x neyty wit ha \) Ny \)\' \ NAA 5, LMEMAp LUE iat ni 2 MURINE LEMUR. on, MURINE. LEMUR. 107 Simia Syrichta: the figures of Camelli, which we have added to the description of that animal, ap- pearing to possess the character of a Lemur ra- ther than of a genuine Simia; but this must be considered as a matter of doubtful speculation. It should be added, that the Rat de Madagascar of Buffon is said to have been a fierce untameable little animal; and that it was kept some years in France, generally residing in a warm room, and feeding on almonds, &c._ Mr. Miller’s Figure in the Cimelia Phys sica 1s still smaller, not poise ting a halt-grown rat in size: it is an animal of great beauty: the general colour is a most elegant pale-grey: the insides of the ears and orbits of the eyes flesh-coloured: the eyes bright hazel, and the tail bright ferruginous. The whole animal is well covered with fur. The tail is thickly furred, and still more so towards the extremity. When sleeping it rolls itself up, as expressed in the plate. Mr. Pennant, in a letter to myself, some time before the publication of the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, expresses a doubt whe- ther this animal may not be the same with the preceding, or a sexual difference; since it seems to agree in almost all particulars except the colour of the tail; and, on farther consideration, I am in- clined to think that this circumstance is, in reality, no objection against the identity of the two ani- mals, the tail in that figured in Brown’s Illustra- tions of Zoology being described and represented as of a pale Ee ei voliots-biown. - 108 we WHITISH LEMUR. Lemur Calago. L, caudatus albidus, subtus griseus, cauda ferru- ginea. Long-tailed whitish Lemur, grey beneath, with ferruginous tail. Calago. Geoffr. Magaz. Encyclop. 1. p. 41. pl. 1. Turis is one of the smaller species, measuring about six or seven inches from the nose to the tail, which is about eight imches long. Its co- lour is a yellowish-white above, and ash-coloured beneath; but the tail is ferruginous, and the head almost entirely grey. It is to be observed also, that the hairs on the body are grey for the great- est part of their length, the tips alone being white; thus causing the white or whitish-yellow tinge before mentioned. The ears are thin, upright, rounded at the tips, and very large. The hind legs are much longer than thefore: the index or first finger of the hind feet is furnished, as in most others of this genus, with a sharp claw, while all the rest have rounded nails. The Gala- go is an animal of a mild disposition: it 1s almost always found on trees, and lives on insects, which it easily catches with- its fore feet, and devours with singular readiness. It brings forth its young in the hollows of trees, where it prepares its nest, which it lines with herbage. The negroes of Galam hunt these animals for the purpose of food. We owe the first knowledge of this species to Mons. Adanson, who discovered it in Senegal. 109 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. Lemur Psilodactylus. JZ. cinereo-ferrugineus, cauda wvillosissima, digito palmarum medio lougissimo nudo. Ash-ferruginous Lemur, with extremely villose tail, and the middle finger of the fore feet very long and naked. Aye Aye. Sonnerat voy. aux Indes, or. 2. p. 142. pl. 88. Buff. suppl. 7. p. 268. pl. 68. Aye Aye Squirrel. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 142. Lemur Psilodactylus. Schreber suppl. Tuts highly singular species has so much the general appearance of a Squirrel, that it has been referred to that genus. both by Mr. Pennant in the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds, and by Gmelin in his enlarged edition of the Sys- tema Nature of Linnzus. The account, how- ever, given by Mons. Sonnerat, its first describer, seems to prove it a species of Lemur. Mr. Son- ~nerat observes, that it seems allied to the Ma- caucos, the Squirrels, and the Monkies. It mea- sures from fourteen to eighteen inches from the nose to the tail, which is about the same length. The general colour of the animal is a pale ferru- ginous-brown, mixed with black and grey: on the head, round the eyes, and on the upper parts of the body, the ferruginous-brown prevails, with a blackish cast on the back and limbs: the tail is entirely black: the sides of the head, the neck, the lower jaw, and the belly, are greyish: there are also a kind of woolly hairs of this colour, and of two or three inches in length, scattered over the whole body: the thighs and legs have a red- 110 LONG-FINGERED LEMUR: dish cast: the black prevails on the feet, which are covered with short hairs of that colour: the head is shaped like that of a Squirrel; and there are two cutting teeth in front of each jaw: the ears are large, round, and naked, resembling those of a bat, and of a black colour. ‘The feet are long, and somewhat resemble those of the Tarsier: the thumbs or interior toes of the hind feet are short, and furnished with flat, round nails, as in the Ma- caucos; but the principal character of the animal consists in the extraordinary structure of the fore feet, which have the two middle toes of an un- common length, most extremely thin, and _ per- fectly naked, except at their base: all the claws on the fore feet are sharp and crooked. It is a timid animal; and can scarce see distinctly by day, and its eyes; which are of an ochre colour, resemble those of an owl. It is extremely slow, and of a mild disposition: those which were kept by Mr. Sonnerat slept almost continually, and were scarce to be awakened but by shaking two or three times: they lived about two months, during which time they had no other nourishment but boiled rice, which they took up with their long fore toes, im the manner that the Chinese use their eating- sticks. During the whole time that these animals were kept by Mr. Sonnerat, he never observed them to set up the tail in the manner of a_ Squirrel, but always to carry it trailing at length. The figure in the supplemental volume of Buffon is wrong in this respect; as well as in not ex- LONG-FINGERED LEMUR. 111 pressing with sufficient precision the extreme thinness of the two middle toes. This species is a native of Madagascar, where it inhabits woods: it is extremely rare, and is sup- posed to feed on fruits, insects, &c. it is fond of warmth, and has the same slow motion as the Lemur tardigradus. Its native name is dye Aye, which is said to be taken from its natural voice or cry, which resembles a feeble scream. A NEW arrangement of the animals of the Linnean genus Lemur is proposed by Mons. Geoffroy, who distributes them into five distinct genera, in the following manner: dL. INDRI. Four upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Four lower . ones horizontal. 1. Indri brevicaudatus. Short-tailed Indri. Blackish Indri, with very short tail. Indri Sonn. Lemur indri. Gmel. Syst. Nat. -2. Indri longicaudatus. Long-tailed Indri. Tawny Indri, with very long tail. _ Le Maki abourres. Sonn. Lemur laniger. Gmel. Syst. Nat. Le Maki fauve. Buff. suppl. 7. pl. 35. 112 HIE. MAKI. LEMUR. Four upper cutting-teeth, standing distant in pairs. Six lower ones, | directed obliquely forwards. Long tail. I. Le Maki Mococo. Lemur Catta. With tail annulated with black and white. L. Catta. “Lz. Mococo. Buff. 2. Le Maki Mongous. L. Mongox. Grey M. white beneath, with a black circle round the eyes, and a tail of the fame colour with the body. A. With grey hands. Edw. Glanures. 1. p. 12. pl. 216. A. With tawny hands. Buff. 13. p. 174. pl. 26. 3. Le Maki Brun. L fulvus. Brown M. grey beneath, with black head, A. With tawny hands. Buff: suppl. 7. pl. 33. - | B. With brown hands. An unpublished variety, in the pos- session of Mons. Marechal. This is probably the kind named Bugee by Petiver. | 4. Le Maki Nor. L. Niger. Entirely black, with long hair round the neck. Edw. Glan. pl. 17. 5. Le Maki Vari. L. Macaco, Variegated with large regular patches of black and white, with long hair round the neck. A. Le vari commun. Buff. 13. B. Le vari 4 ceinture. | This is a variety differing only from that described by Buffon in the distribution of its colours; having the head, body, and tail, black, with a white circle round the neck: the fore part of the legs, back of the thighs, and a transverse band on the middle of the back, are also milk-white. LORIS.—GALAGO. 113 6. Le Maki a front blanc. L. albifrons. Brown, with the top of the head and the cheeks white. A new species, which I have observed to be constant in form and colours in three specimens which I have examined: it iz, perhaps, to this that the Lemur bicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. belongs. 7. Le Maki gris. L. griseus. Grey above, paler beneath, with short epi anuzzle. Le Griset. Buff: suppl. 7. Lemur murinus. Gwmel.? 8. Le Maki nain. L. Pusillus. Tawny ash-coloured, with the lower canine teeth and first pair of grinders pointing forwards. Rat de Madagascar. Buff. suppl. 3. pl. 20. } All the species of Indri and Lemur are natives of Madagascar. . IIT. LORIS. Four upper cutting-teeth standing distant in pairs: six lower ones, directed obliquely forwards: tail none, or next to none. 1. Le Loris grele. Loris gracilis. No tail; upper cutting-teeth equal. Loris. Buff. Native of the East Indies. 2. Le Loris paresseux. Loris tardigradus. ‘Tail extremely short: lateral cutting-teeth shorter than the rest. Lemur tardigradus. Lin. Paresseux de Bengale. Vosm. Native of Bengal, Ceylon, &c. av. GALAGO. Two upper cutting-teeth very remote: six lower ones directed ob- liquely forwards: the four intermediate ones united by pairs. 1. Le Galago du Senegal. Galago Senegalensis. Vv. 1. 8 114i TARSI se tia Four Scie cutting-teeth placed near bicrclfanes lateral ones ‘very small; two lower vertical, 1. Le Tarsier de Pallas. Tarsius Pallasii. With obtuse cutting- teeth; the superior middle ones rather short. Lemur Spectrum. Pall. glires. 2. Le Tarsier de Daubenton. Tarsius fore pity With weak cut- ting-teeth; the upper middle ones very long. . Tarsier. Daub. Buff. 13. ‘The Tarsiers inhabit the’ remotest isles of the Indian ocean, ? as Macassar, Amboina, &c. From the above distribution, it should seem. that Mons. Geoffroy has considered some animals of this genus as distinct species, which are, per- haps, rather varieties. It may also be added, that if this exact observation of the teeth were attended to, the genus Vespertilio might with equal. pro- priety be distributed into several distinct genera; but it may be doubted whether the study of Na- tural History would be facilitated by such an ar- Yrangemenrt. =<" 115 GALEOPITHECUS. COLUGO. Generic Character. Denies Primores superiores nulli. | Inferiores sex, lati,breviusculi, -distantes, pectinati. Laniarii brevissimi, trianguli, lati, acuti, serrati. Molares quatuor, truncati, prominentiis conicis muri- cati. Pellis volatica corpus caudam artusque ambiens. Front-teeth in the upper jaw none. In the lower six, short, broad, distant, pectinated. Canine-teeth very short, trian- gular,broad,sharp, serrated. Grinders four, truncated, and muricated with conical protuberances. Flying-skin surrounding the body, limbs, and tail. Tis singular animal, which, from its size and: extraordinary conformation, claims a conspicuous place among the productions of Nature, has but lately been examined with the degree of exact- ness necessary for ascertaining clearly its generic characters. It is to Dr. Pallas that we owe the exact knowledge of these particulars, and an ac- curate description, accompanied by good figures, may be found in the Transactions of the Academy of Petersburg, for the year 1780. 116 GALEOPITHECUS VOLANS.—FLYING COLUGO. Galeopithecus Volans. Lemur Volans. JL. caudatus, membrana ambiente volitans. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 45. Vespertilio admirabilis. Bontius Foua. 68. z. 69. Felis volans ternatea, Seba'mus. 1. p. 93. ts 581 fi 2, 3- Cato-Simius volans Camelli. Petiv. gaz. 14. t. 9. f. 8. Galeopithecus. Pallas act. acad. petrop. 1780. p. 280. t. 7, 8. Flying Macauco. Pennant Quadr. 1. p. 234. pl. 50. Tue Colugo 1s a native of the Molucca and Philippine islands, where it is ‘said to frequent woody places, and to feed principally on fruits. It almost constantly resides on trees, and makes use of its membranes in the same manner as the flying squirrel. In descending from the top of a tree, it spreads its membranes, and balances itself to the place it aims at in a gentie manner; but in ascending it uses a leaping pace. It has two young, which are said to adhere to its breasts by, the mouth and claws. ‘The whole length of the animal is about three feet: the breadth, when ex- panded, nearly the same: the tail is slender and about a span long. ‘The membrane, or expansile skin, by which it is enabled to fly, is continued, on each side, from the neck to the fore feet; thence to the hind feet; and again to the tip of the tail: it is not naked, like the skin of a bat’s wing, but covered with fur, in the same manner as the body: the inner or lower side, however, appears membranaceous, and is marked by nume- cia (i \ iN hi) 4 ipa) Guys 1 AY \ NN \ nt ie NIRS 4 nt iS i‘ wa NS AWAY EW Rw iy KY Sad, al wit \ ve \ Wa i i} dh i ( hy? 1 ne ‘Wilh WY ND AWA ( EAR NAD Ve oi A vA uN } Nua Hy salt I we my \ WMA LULL iN) I Whi naan t 1 ANY ey RNa git NH AORN AN Ta NNW RGN m4 Nia 7 iy IB FLYING COLUGO. 117 rous veins and fibres dispersed through it. The whole upper side of the animal is generally of a deep ash-colour, most so in those which are full-grown, and blacker in the younger or less advanced spe- cimens: the back also, in the full-grown animals, is crossed transversly with blackish lines; to- wards the edges, is commonly a tinge of yellow- ish, and the whole under side, both of the body and membrane, is of a yellowish colour. The head is long: the mouth rather small; the tongue, according to Dr. Pallas, fleshy, broad, rounded, attenuated on the edges, and ciliated with papilla, as in the Opossums: it is also slightly beset with papille on its surface. There are no fore-teeth in the upper jaw, ‘but in the lower are six, which are short, broad, and pretty deeply pectinated, so as to resemble little combs on their upper part: the canine teeth, or at least those which Dr. Pallas considers as such, are shaped somewhat like the pe- trifactions known by the name of glossopetre, be- ing triangular, very broad at their base, very short, sharp-pointed, and serrated: the grinders, or mo- lares, which are generally four, both above and below, are of an abrupt or truncated form, and roughened with conical protuberances. The ears are small, round, membranaceous, and marked internally by numerous semicircular transverse streaks, asin a bat. ‘The legs are clothed with a soft yellow down: there are five toes on each foot, united by a common membrane, and terminating in large, thin, broad, very sharp crooked claws. 118 FLYING: COLUGO. This animal is said to be called by the Indians Caguang, Colugo, and Gigua. It was first de- scribed by Bontius, in his History of Java. He informs us, that it is found in Guzarat, in India; that it is a gregarious animal, and flies principally in the evening; and that its body is of the size of a cat, and is covered above with a soft grey fur, like that of a rabbit; that the head is oblong, the ears small and round, and that it has five strong claws on each foot, by which it holds firmly what- ever it seizes, and that it feeds chiefly on fruits. Camelli, in his enumeration of the animals of the Philippine isles, published by Petiver in the Phi- losophical Transactions, describes it as about the size of a cat, shaped like a monkey, but more slender, and of the length of about three spans _ from head to tail; but adds, that m some parts it arrives at a far larger size, so as to equal a Chi- nese umbrella in expanse. He describes the co- lour on the upper parts as dusky, and elegantly variegated with whitish streaks on the back, run- ning beyond the body over the flying membrane: ° the face he compares to that of a monkey, and the manner of flight to that of a flying squirrel : Camelli adds, that the young adhere to the teats of the parent by their mouth and claws; but it is remarkable, that in his manuscript on this subject, now preserved in the British Museum, he ex- pressly asserts that the female is furnished with two sacs or pouches on her belly, in which she carries her young while sucking. ‘* Femella ad Li CneLl mE ford maa fon E Pitan _ RN eer ee, hh ee feend 2k LE Lod, fH Arteiot SoG a ny 4.f 3 pee pee: “va. oe Se ye Ee cae ge a OS oe a Sg Sp I of Rae POF ey hgh 2 he igmet Chajin of 2 Por. thamfonne Lars rT fear & Le fon my ea Lin body ase3 cara shite A frre gatyae PS as ree fo ae % = ae : ‘ is 229 DP trate, ‘ , | i a FLYING COLUGO. 119 ventrem binos habet quasi sacculos, in quibus ca- tuli ubera sugientes herent.” Camell. Mss. Mus. Brit. Linneus, judging of this animal’s place in sys- tematic arrangement, from the figures and de- scriptions of authors, but not having had an op- portunity of examining its generic characters himself, placed it in the genus Lemur, to which he supposed it most allied; but was careful, at the same time, to observe, that, as its teeth had not been examined, its real genus was, of course, not determinable. By the Count de Buffon it was, with unpardonable negligence, entirely omitted; nor was it till Dr. Pallas’s description in the Pe- tersburgh Transactions appeared, that its genuine characters were ascertained. In the publication entitled Magazin Encyclopé- dique, we meet with an account of the teeth of this animal, by Mons. Geoffroy, who appears to have examined with peculiar accuracy the speci- mens belonging to the Museum of the Prince of Orange. Mr. Geoffroy observes, that in the form od disposition of the teeth it differs not only from the Lemures, but from all other quadrupeds. He is also of opinion, that the foremost of what Dr. Pallas considers as canine, should, in reality, be considered as cutting teeth; since they are in- serted into the incisive or intermaxillary bone: all the teeth, taken together, are of so anomalous a cast as to make it difficult to determine the in- tention of Nature in their formation; but Mr. 120. FLYING COLUGO. Geoffroy is inclined to think them calculated for feeding on insects, though the animal is sec said to live on fruits. With respect to other particulars of this mide, we are informed by Mr. Geoffroy that. the coe- cum, in a specimen dissected by Mons. Cuvier, was extremely large and voluminous; whereas, im the Bat, to which the Colugo: may be allowed to bear some affinity, that part 1s: wanting. | Dr. Pallas has observed, that the liver is liviehest into two lobes, of which the right is entire and broader than the left, which is by far the longest, extended downwards, and div ided into three ae ments. There are, according to Mons. Gcbthey, two varieties (perhaps sexual differences) of the Co- lugo, viz. one of the colour usually’ déscribed, viz. cinereous, with transverse darker and lighter undulations; the other of a fine cinnamon or - ferruginous colour, most vivid on the back, and sonttit beneath, and without any kind of var lega- tion. There are also some trifling differences in the teeth of this reddish kind from those of the grey; but they are not such as to enable us to judge whether they are owing to age, or to a specific difference. In the Leverian Museum is a fine specimen, in which the grey colour seems to predominate; owing to the very numerous whitish stripes across the back, as described by Camelli. This is the specimen figured in Mr. Pennant’s Quadrupeds, and in the present work. ‘Those figured in Seba JID Heath foudp FLYING LEMUR. from the Leverian Museum. FLYING COLUGO. 121 are probably young ones; they are described as of a ferruginous. colour both above and below; yet in the Clone copies of that work, and parti- cularly in the British Museum copy, once the pro- perty of Sir Hans Sloane, they are represented of a very deep or blackish cinereous above, and pale ferruginous beneath. Lastly, In order that nothing might be want- ing which might tend to convey a clear idea of an animal so curious, the excellent figure with which Dr. Pallas’s account is accompanied in the Petersburgh Transactions, is also aededis in the pre- sent Pabicatioiy 1292 VESPERTILIO BAT: Generic Character. Dentes omnes erecti, acumi-|| Teeth erect, sharp-pointed, ap- nati, approximati. proximated. Manus palmate volitantes || Hands palmated with a mem- membrana corpus cingente.|] brane furrounding the body and giving the animal the power of flight. ‘Tue curious formation of these animals cannot be contemplated without admiration: the bones of the extremities being continued into long and thin processes, connected by a most delicately- formed membrane or skin, capable, from its thin- ness, of being contracted at pleasure into innume- rable wrinkles, so as to lie in a small space when the animal is at rest, and to be stretched to a very wide extent for occasional flight. Should a speculative chilesnpnes not aware of the anatomical impossibility of success, attempt, by means of light machinery, to ‘exercise the power of flight, he could not hit on a more plau- sible idea than that of copying the structure de- scribed.. Accordingly a celebrated author has most justly and judiciously represented a sage theorist busied in imitating, for this purpose, ‘* the folding continuity of the wing of a Bat.” The species of this extraordinary genus are nu- ‘merous, and may be divided into the ¢azled and the tailless Bats. | . / ASO Ts Heath frilp NEN ANY SWS NAN ‘, Iylips H HH} Wy > y lj i yy ‘ aS: GREAT ANT-EATER. 2 : : 3 S ) 2 : 3 3 GREAT ANT-EATER. 167. at the entrance of the gullet or esophagus; or rather, according to the celebrated Camper, at the lower end of the jaws. ‘The species of Ant- Eaters are not numerous. iG | GREAT ANT-EATER. ‘ a Myrmecophaga Jubata. M. palmis teMfadactylis, plantis. pentadac- tylis cauda jubata. Lin. Syst. Nat, p. 52. Grey-brown Ant- Eater, with four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind, long snout, and very long bushy tail. Tamanoir. Buff. To. p. 141, pl. 29. Great Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 250. Museum Lederianum, vol. 1. p. 99. pl. 12. Tats is by far the Test of the Ant- Eaters, beme upwards of seven feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail; but if measured to the origin of the tail, it is no more than about five feet jes holt: Tt .1s an animal of an uncouth appearance: the head is small: the snout very long: the eyes small: the ears short and round: the shoulders thick and muscular, from whence the body tapers towards the tail;. but the thighs are thick and stout: the colour of the animal ‘is. a deep grey, with a very broad band of black. running from the neck down- wards on each side the body, growing gradually narrower as it passes down; this black band is ac- companied on the upper r par t by a streak of white ; the fore legs are of a lighter cast than the hinder; and have a patch or spot of black in front no- 168 GREAT ANT-EATER. much above the foot: the tail is black, extremely long and bushy: the hair on the whole body, but especially on the tail, is very harsh and coarse: there are four toes on the fore feet, and five on the hind; the two middle claws of the fore feet are extremely large and strong; which render this creature, though destitute of teeth, a very for-. midable adversary; since it has been known to destroy animals of much greater apparent strength than itself; fixing its claws upon them, and ex- erting such powerful strength as to kill them by © continued laceration and pressure. It is a native - of Brasil and Guiana: it is chiefly a nocturnal ani- mal, and is said to sleep during the greatest part of the day in retired places. Its pace is some- what slow, and its manners dull and heavy. It is said to swim with ease; at which time it flings its tail over its back. A living specimen was some years ago brought into Spain, and kept in the Royal Menagerie at Madrid: in this state of confinement it would readily eat raw meat cut small, and was said to swallow four or five pounds inaday. Its length was six feet, from the nose to the end of the tail, and its height was two feet. The specimen in the Leverian Museum is of superior size, and is commemorated by Mr. Pennant, in his History of Quadrupeds, as being the largest specimen he ever heard of. Its di- mensions, however, do not seem to exceed those of a skin preserved in the British Museum, and which once belonged to that of the Royal So- ciety. A beautiful figure of the Leverian ee - Gary Ayal i lh ; i ——- Se \ <—s ) iY il MIDDLE ANT-EATER. 169 men is given in No. 2. of the Museum Leveri- anum, and is copied in the present work. = ‘ eh, PHDOLE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Tetradactyla. M. palmis setradactylis, plantis pentadactylis, cauda calua. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 52. Ant-eater, with four toes on fhe fore feet, five « on the hind, and > mee eked prehensile tail. ‘Tuts species, Tae is far inferior in size to the former, has a long slender nose, bending down a little: : the mnths black: the eyes Gai: the ears small and upright. The general colour of the animal is a palish Plow brown, the hair mewhat shining, and of a hard nature: on each ide of the neck is an oblique black or dusky band, ssing » the shoulders, and passing toward the lower _ art of the back : the tail, which is covered with meer h an the back, i Is Chicka, at the base, e same srcheitle’ power as in some of 1e ] es. On each of the fore feet are four toes, armed with strong claws, the middle ones extremely so. On tl hind feet are-five claws, small in comparison with the former. The length of the a om nose to tail is one foot seven inches: tail ten mches. It inhabits the same afl of South America with the Great Ant- Eater, and its manners are similar. It also climbs trees, a nd occasionally clings by its a) to the branche: ~ ~ 170 asi C THREE-TOED ANT-EATER, Myrmecophaga Tridactyla. M. palmis tridactylis, pal ai daciylis, kguda villosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. EP Aer villose tail. Tamandua-guacu. Seb. 1. p. 60. t. 37+ and p. 65. ¢. ie Tuts, which must be considered as an obscure Seba, and from him adopted by Linneus an Brisson. The figures, however, which Seba give represent equally well the Four-toed Ant-Eater Myrmecophaga tetradactyla of Linneus, ' which they only appear to. differ in having | fore feet. ‘Tt, therefore, seems ‘Highly probal that this . ee species may be rls a val bapk bid? covers itself on its Dc also sa h the back has a longitudinal mane *, It is 2 tive, according to Linde) of India. ‘i qn the an Museum are two pecimens ¢ i except having the ve father" s I tion, as rrwell, as ise) ears: a ghere “a iy STRIPED AN T-EATER ayo & , 4 UGS). Uf - 4 MELEE? S&S Lb IE THREE-TOED ANT-EATER. 171 The Three-toed Ant-Eater of Seba may, there- fore, be a mere variety of the Four-toed or Tetra- dactyla, and perhaps neither the black lateral band, nor the pendulous ears, ought to considered _as constituting a permanent or specific character. It is remarkable that Mr. Pennant, in his His- tory of Quadrupeds, makes no mention of the M. tridactyla. | For the satisfaction of the reader, Seba’s figure of this supposed species is represented in the pre- sent work, and those who are conversant in na- tural History will readily perceive that it can scarce be allowed to differ from the Myrmeco- — phaga tetradactyla. On the other hand, I ought not to omit an observation of Mr. Vosmaer, who received from the Cape of Good Hope a specimen preserved in spirits of wine, and which he sup- posed to be a new-born animal, though as large as a young pig. He affirms that Seba’s figures are very good; that they represent a perfectly distinct species, viz. that of which he,received the young; | but ‘that the fore feet are furnished with four claws. Thus, in reality, the Seban animal, though erroneously mentioned as having only three toes on the fore feet, may still be, in all other respects, a very exact representation of a species not yet perfectly described; while the Linnean tridactyla must continue unknown, unless he really meant the animal of Seba. 172 LITTLE ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Didactyla. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tedradac- tylis cauda prehensili. Ant-Eater, with two toes on the fore Hoy four on the hind, and prehensile tail. M. palmis didactylis, plantis tetradactylis, cauda villosa. Lim Syst Nat. p. 51. | Tamandua seu Coati Americana alba. Seb. 1. p. “tari i. 37 f 3- Little Ant-Eater. Edw. pl. 220. | | x Fourmiller. Buf. 10. p. 144. pl. 30. sey Tuis is an animal of great elegance. It is not superior in size to a squirrel; measuring little more than seven inches from the nose to the tail, which is longer than the body and head: the head ) is small; the snout sharpened and slightly bent. ; auninarineral the legs are short; the fore feet have only two claws on each, the exterior one much _ larger and stronger than the interior: on each. of the hind feet are four claws of moderate size: the ears are very small and hid in the fur: the eyes are also small. The whole animal is coveré sd with a beautiful soft, and somewhat crisped or curled}'fur, of a pale yellow-colour, or rather yellow-brown: the tail, which is very thick at the beginning or _ base, gradually tapers to the tip; and the lower sur- face, for about the space of | four inches from the tip, is bare, the tail in this species being prehensile, and the animal common i residing on trees, and preying on ants, | the manner of other species. It 7 a ation of Guiana. This species has been most elegantly figur ed both Ay Seba and: Edwands; but the figure _ WON WK S \ SY » YAN N i OS? N y SWS ara LITTLE AN T-EATER, Hlalf the Natural Size. Jnuth sculp. m. \ XO O ny » C in 4 / me BU na i ( 1, \ LL, : Bers n uA aos ae oo ug yl A y) ‘. Le TiN QU" NG Mt t re! BS ees $3 ee sfastis aes CAPE ANT-EATER. 173 in ‘tiie Natural History of the Count de Buffon is, $ by some mismanagement, so conducted as to give # : 4 to a very erroneous idea both of the habit of the ani- mal and the structure of the feet. The represen- _ tation in the present work is from a beautiful spe- ~ cimen in the Leverian Museum. CAPE ANT-EATER. Myrmecopha ga Capensis. M. palnis tetradactylis, rostro longo, auriculis magnis pendulis, cauda corpore breviore ad apicem attenu- ata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 53. Ant-Eater, with four toes on the fore feet, long snout, large pendent ears, tail shorter than the body, and attenuated to- wards the tip, Cochon de Terre. Buff suppl. 6. p. 230. pl. 31. Cape. Ant-cater. | Pennant wie 7 Pe 18g Em me Count de Buffon, boing Eilean asserted that none of the South American animals were found in the continent of Africa, and that none _ of the African ones were to be found in South America, thinks proper, in his supplemental vo- lume, to maintain his former dogma, and is not willing to consider this species as a genume Ant- Eater, though it possesses the usual character, viz. mouth without teeth ; of a long form; and a long retractile tongue. The Cape ‘Ape: Eater is a large animal, mea- suring about three feet and a half from the tip of ‘the nose to the beginning of the tail; and the tail measures one foot nine inches. ‘The general 174 CAPE ANTRATER colour of the animal is. grey, or like that of a Rabbit, but deeper; and tinged with reddish on the sides and belly: the legs are blackish; the — head 1s of a conic shape; the nose long, and some- - what abruptly blunt at the end like that of a hog: the tongue is very long, flat, and slender: the ears about six inches long; upright (in the dried spe- cimen), and extremely thin: they are also thinly scattered over with fine hairs: the hair on the head and upper parts is short, and lies close or smooth as if glued to the skin; it is longest and loosest on the sides and legs: the tail is thick at the base, and gradually tapers to a point. The fore feet have four toes; the hind ones, five; and © the claws on all the feet are very strong. This species inhabits the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, where it lives under ground, and is called by the name of the Ground Had It feeds principally on ants. It is said to be ited hunted out of its retreats by the Hottentots, who consider it asa good food. The description of this ani- mal is given by Mr. Allamand, from a dried skin - sent from the Cape; and he observes, that it is doubtful whether the ears in the living animal are erect or pendent: in a foetus described by Dr. Pal- las*, they were pendent. The animal mentioned by Kolbe, in his account of the Cape of Good Hope, seems extremely allied to this, except that it is éxpressly said to have pen- dent ears. It is said by Kolbe to be of the weight * Pallas Miscell. Zool. 64. WALLY WLM CaLYwLAow ‘dynas 7702, G PePEPS COV a ASD Ss cone - Cals os Cy BERT : EE rycsers HOM: ~ SEAS 9 O- ET FALSE E od SS : : < by aS ood : OSE a CES ate 7 ~~ : ; SS RS yee an Se oC Saree coo use RS Sosa tee “OWN “ACULEATED ANT-EATER. (175 of an hundred pounds, and to have a long head and tongue: if it fastens its fore feet into the ground, the strongest man cannot pull it away: it has four claws on the fore feet; feeds on ants, and _ burrows under ground, coming -out chiefly by night to feed. ; Some have been inclined to form a distinct ge- nus from this species, under the title of Degedeas pus; but this seems perfectly unnecessary, it be- ing a genuine Myrmecophaga. — It is possible that the disputed figures in Seba, mentioned under the article Myrmecophaga tri- dactyla; may belong to this ace ACULEATED ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Aculeata. M. aculeata, cauda brevissima. V7- | varium Nature, tab. 10g. Spiny Ant-Eater, with very short Pat, Porcupine Ant-Eater. Naturalist’s Miscellany, pl. 109. Aculeated Ante Pennant new 2s pe 262. THE Acuieae Ant- Rate is one bf those cu- rious animals which have been lately discovered in the vast island, or rather continent, of Austra- lasia or New Holland; and is astriking instance of that beautiful gradation, so frequently observed in the animal kingdon, by which creatures of one tribe or genus approach to those of a very differ- ent one. It forms a connecting link between the very distant Linnean genera of Hystrix (Por- cupine) and Myrmecophaga (Ant-Eater), having 176 ACULEATED ANT-EATER. the external’ coating and general appearance of the one, with the Rise ait peculiar generic cha- racters of the other. ‘This animal, so far as may be judged from the specimens hitherto imported, is about a foot in length. The whole upper parts of the body and tail are thickly coated with strong and very sharp spines, of a considerable length, and perfectly resembling those of a Porcupine, except that they are thicker in proportion to their length; and that, instead of being encircled or an- nulated with several alternate rings of black and white, as in that animal, they are mostly of a yel- lowish white with black tips; the colour running down to some little distance on the quill, and be- _ing separated from the white part by a circle of dull orange: others have but a very slight appear- ance of black towards the tips. ‘The head, legs, and whole under parts of the body, are of a deep brown, or sable, and are thickly coated with strong, close-set, bristly hair. ‘The tail is ex- tremely short, slightly flattened at the tip, and coated on the upper part of the base with spines, at least equal in length to those of the back, and pointing perpendicularly upwards. ‘The snout is long and tubular, and perfectly resembles in struc- ture that of the M. jubata, or Great Ant-Eater; having only a very small rictus or opening at the tip, from whence is protruded a long lumbrici- - form tongue, as in other Ant-Eaters. The nos- trils are small, and seated at the extremity of the snout. The eyes are very small and black, with a pale blue iris. The legs are very short and ACULEATED ANT-EATER. 177 thick; and are each furnished with five round- ed, broad toes: on the fore feet are five very strong, long, and blunt claws, of a black co- lour: on the hind feet are only four claws; the thumb, which is broader than the rest of the toes, being destitute of a claw: the first claw on the hind feet is extremely long, somewhat curved, and sharp-pointed; the next rather shorter, but of similar appearance; the two remaining ones far shorter, very slightly curved, and not sharp- pointed. In its mode of life this animal resem- bles the rest of the Ant-Eaters, being generally found in the midst of some large ant-hill: it bur- rows with great strength and celerity under ground, when disturbed; its feet and legs being most excessively strong, and short, and wonder- fully adapted to this purpose. It will even bur- row under a pretty strong pavement, removing the stones with its claws; or under the bottom of a wall. During these exertions its body is stretch- ed or lengthened to an uncommon degree, and appears very different from the short or plump as- pect which it bears in its undisturbed state. It cannot escape the observation of every scien- tific naturalist, that, im consequence of the disco- very of this curious animal, the Linnean character of Myrecophaga is, in part, rendered inapplicable. Since, therefore, the genera of Manis and Myr- mecophaga differ only in the external covering. the former being coated with scales, and the latter with hair, it would, perhaps, be not improper to conjoin the two genera, to add this as a new spe- ae ; 12 Vs STRIPED ANT-EATER. cies, anid to give as part of the generic character Corpus pilis, squamis, vel aculeis tectum. Or it might even constitute a new genus, which would differ from those of Manis and Myrmecophaga, » in having the body covered with spines. STRIPED ANT-EATER. Myrmecophaga Striata. MM. flavescens, fusco transversim fasciata, maxilla superiore longiore. Yellowish Ant-Eater, with transverse dusky bands, and the up- per jaw longer than the lower. Le Tamandua. Buff. suppl. 3. p. 381. pl. 56. Striped Ant-Eater. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 259. Tus is figured in the 3d vol. of the supple- ment to the Count de Buffon’s Quadrupeds; and appears to be clearly a distinct species from any of the former. The nose is taper; the upper mandible extending very far beyond the lower: the eyes extremely small: the ears round and short: the tail covered with long hairs, so as to have a slightly bushy appearance: on the fore feet are five toes. The body and tail are of a yellowish-brown or tawny-colour; with the under parts white: the body is marked with broad, dis- ‘tant, blackish, transverse stripes, and the tail is annulated with similar ones. ‘The length of the specimen, from nose to tail, was thirteen French inches; of the tail seven inches and a half. It is a native of Guiana. 179 MANIS.. | Generic Character. Dentis nulli. Teeth, none. Lingua teres, extensilis. Tongue cylindricand extensile. Os angustatum in rostrum. || Mouth narrowed into a snout. Corpus squamis tectum. Body covered with scales. ‘Tur genus Manis presents an appearance not less extraordinary than that of Dasypus or Arma- dillo; being covered on every part, except on the belly, with extremely strong and large horny scales, constituting a suit of armour still more powerful than in the following genus, and capable of defending the animals, when rolled up, from the assaults of the most ferocious enemies. ‘This external covering, together with the uncommon length of body and tail, gives an aspect so much resembling that of a Lizard, that these creatures are commonly known by the title of Scaly Lizards, though no otherwise allied to the Lizard tribe than in their unusual covering: they may be al- lowed, however, in a general view of the animal kingdom, to form a kind of shade or link of ap- proximation between the proper viviparous quad- rupeds and the Lizards. 180. LONG-TAILED MANIS. They are animals of a harmless nature, and feed in the same manner as the Ant-Eaters, by thrusting out their very long tongue into the nests of ants and other insects, and swallowing their prey by suddenly retracting it, having no teeth, and differing from the Arb Eaters in scarce any other circumstance but that of their scaly integument. ‘They are found in India and the Indian islands. _ ) LONG-TAILED MANIS. Manis pedibus tetradactylis, cauda longissima. ‘Manis with four-toed feet and very long tail. Manis Tetradactyla. MM. pedibus tetradactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Pp: 53. Lacerta indica guanze congener. Ald. ovip. dig. 668. - Scaly Lizard. Greaw’s Rarities, p..40. Le Phatagin. Buf. 10. p. 180. pl. 34. - Four-toed Manis. Naturalists’ Miscellany, pl. 36. Long-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr, 2. p. 252. ‘Tuts animal, known in India by the name of the Phatagen, is of a very long and slender form: the head is small; the snout narrow: the whole body, except beneath, covered with broad, but sharp-pointed scales, which are striated through- out ‘their whole length: the tail is more than twice the length of the body, and tapers gradually to the tip. The legs are very short; scaled like the body, and on each of the feet are four claws, of which those on the fore feet are stronger than LONG -TAILED MANIS . 1800 Feo, 7, London Publiynd by Aifearitiow, Fleet saver, TW HOR T= TATLEID NA S Ls A Leb dander, LAA by CMa len Fleete Strcet-, Hoe, SHORT-TAILED MANTS. 181 those of the hind. The colour of the;whole ani- -mal is an uniform deep brown, with a cast of yel- lowish, and with a glossy: or polished ‘surface. The Manis. tetradactyla grows to the length of five feet, measuring from the aii of the. nose to the extremity of the tail. SHORT-TAILED MANIS. ~ Manis pedibus pentadactylis, cauda ar poris longitudine. Manis with five-toed feet, and tail the length of the body. "Manis Pentadactyla. M. pedibus pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. 2. 52. Lacertus indicus squamosus. - Bont. Fav. p. 60. Pangolin. Buff: 10. pl. 34. - Five-toed Manis. Naturalists’ Miscellany, pl. 11. ~ Short-tailed Manis. Pennant oc en 23. _ 'Tuis species differs from the former, in | being of a much thicker and shorter form: the tail, m particular, differs greatly in proportion from that of the preceding, being not so long as the body; very thick at the base, and from thence gra- dually tapering, but terminating very obtusely. - The head is small as in the former; the ears small and rounded: the feet furnished with five toes — each, of which those on the fore feet: are’ ex- tremely strong, except the exterior one, which is much smaller than the rest. ‘The whole animal is covered with most extremely thick, strong, and large scales, which in the full-grown speci- 182 SHORT-TAILED MANIS. mens are perfectly smooth, but in those which are smaller are slightly striated about half way from the base. Sometimes a few bristles appear between the scales, but in others this is not ob- servable. The scales differ in shape from those of the preceding, being much wider and larger in proportion to the body and tail. The co- lour of the whole animal is a very pale yellow- brown, and the surface is glossy, as in the former species. In India it is called the Pangoelling. In the neighbourhood of Bengal it is named Va- jracite, or the Thunderbolt Reptile, from the ex- | | cessive ‘hardness of the scales, which are said to be capable even of striking fire like a flint. Itis — found in different parts of India, and perhaps also in Guinea; this is on the authority of Des Mar- chois, who says it 1s called Quogelo by the ne- groes; that it grows to the length of eight feet, of which the tail is four; that it lives in woods and marshy places, and feeds on ants, by laying its long tongue across their paths. It is said to walk slowly; but, when pursued, rolls itself up, and is then so securely armed that even a leopard — attacks it in vain. It is also said sometimes to destroy the elephant, by twisting itself round the trunk, and thus compressing that tender and sensi- ble organ with its hard scales. We are told in the Asiatic Researches, that the Malabar name of this animal is Alungu; and that the natives of Bahar call it Bajar-cit, or the Stone vermin; and. in the stomach of the one examined and described ~ BROAD-TAILED MANIS. 183 in the above work was found about a teacupful of small stones, which it is supposed to have swal- lowed for the purpose of facilitating digestion. It was only thirty-four inches long from the nose to the end of the tail; and a young one was found in it. The figure given in the Asiatic Researches is ' considered as a variety, differing a little in the proportion of some of its measurements from that described by the Count de Buffon, &c. In re-_ ality, it should seem to be the variety slightly de- scribed and figured in the Philosophical 'Transac- tions; and which Mr. Pennant has introduced into the last edition of his History of Quadrupeds as a distinct species, under the title of the Broad- tailed Manis. ‘This we shall, in compliance with that excellent zoologist, describe in a separate article, though we think it may be doubted whe- ther it should be really considered as a distinct species. Specimens of the Manis pentadactyla have sometimes been seen of the length of six feet from the nose to the tip of the tail. | BROAD-TAILED MANIS. Manis cauda latissima. Manis with extremely broad tail. Broad-tailed Manis. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 254. “New Manis. Phil. Trans. 60. p. 36. pl. 11. Tuis animal is figured in the 60th volume of the Philosophical Transactions: it was killed in 184 BROAD-TAILED’ MANIS. the house of a merchant at Tranquebar, having: been discovered in the cavity of a wall. When pursued, rt rolled itself up in such a manner as to leave only the back and tail visible. It was with great difficulty destroyed. It had five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind: the scales were of the shape of a muscle; the belly quite smooth; the exterior scales ended in a sharp point, somewhat incurvated: the tail was very broad, decreasing to a point: the whole length of the animal was a German ell and five eighths: the tail half an ell and a span broad in the broadest part. | Of animals mhabiting regions so remote, it is impossible to obtain more than a partial intelli- gence as to the exact distinction of species, sex, and variety: we must, therefore, be content to remain in doubt whether the above-described ani- mal, as well that mentioned in the Asiatic Re- searches, should be considered as distinct from the species already known or not. In reality, however, these differences do not seem sufficient to constitute a specific distinction ; and are, probably, owing to the differences of age and sex. In the British Museum are specimens of different sizes, which shew these gradations. In one the scales, all over the animal, are so regu- larly and completely truncated. at the extremity, as to exhibit the appearance of so many hexa- gons. In another they are remarkably broad and rounded; and, in a third, which is a very BROAD-TAILED MANIS. 185 large specimen, they are less obtuse at the tips, and somewhat irregularly terminated, as if notch- ed, or worn through age. ‘The proportional breadth of the tail also varies somewhat in these specimens, and seems greatest in those shiudous are least advanced in age. | 186 DASYPUS. ARMADILLO. Generic Character. Dentes molares plures, absque primoribus, absque lani- ariis. Corpus cataphractum testa os- || Body coated with a shelly ar- sea zonis intersecta. | mour, divided into zones. | Grinders several, without ci-— ther cutting or canine teeth. ‘Tue Armadillos are natives of South America, and are readily distinguished from all other Qua- drupeds by the singular covering with which Na- ture has ornamented them; and which forms a complete suit of armour, divided into bands or shelly zones, in such a manner as to accommo- date itself to the various postures of the body; and exhibiting a most beautiful example of devia- | tion from the general structure and appearance in quadrupeds. ‘The Armadillos are innoxious ani- mals, and inhabit subterraneous retreats or bur- rows, ‘which they readily excavate by means of their large and strong claws. ‘They wander about chiefly by night, and devour various roots and grain; and are, therefore, considered as injurious to plantations. They also occasionally prey on the smaller animals of different kinds; worms, insects, | ARMADILLO. 187 &e. Ina state of captivity they readily eat ani- mal food, and that in considerable quantity. They are themselves considered as excellent food, and are, therefore, dug out of their subter- raneous cavities, and sold for the table. When old, however, their flesh acquires a strong musky scent, and becomes unfit for use. When attacked, the Armadillos roll themselves up into the form of a ball, and thus become, in a degree, invulnerable. Nothing can exceed the curious mechanism by which this is performed; nor is it possible to view without admiration the appearance of the animal thus coiled up, and secured from common con- tingencies. | 7 Armadillos are said to drink frequently, and they often grow extremely fat. They are very prolific animals, and are said to breed three or four times a year, and to bring several young at a birth. The species are determined by the num- ber of shelly zones on the body. In enumerating these, however, it is remarkable that most au- thors vary; and the exact discrimination of all the species seems yet a desideratum in natural history. This, perhaps, arises partly from the inattention of draughtsmen and engravers, when representing the animals, and partly from different authors - counting differently the bands on some of the species; which are so placed as to make it diffi- cult, in some instances, to distinguish the ultimate or bounding zones of the body, from the scaly divisions on the fore and hind parts of the animal, and which, like the bands, are disposed into a 188 THREE-BANDED ARM. kind of zones, though ian Some species, however, are so” — r de this mode of distinction, as see: be al at all readily ascertained. | ape bor mea f Pes 3 (re Ris Dasypus Ticncelgae D. tgs = ise ee ve Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 53. hs. A Armadillo, with the armour divided into the toed feet. ae Tatou, v. Armadillo. Red, exper. 91. i Tatu apara. Marcer. bras. 232. gh oa # Tatu, &c. Seb. 1. p. 62. t. 38. Sees aaa Turs may be mF cttenal stb as the most — elegant of the whole genus; the pattern of the ar- — mour being peculiarly neat, and well defined; — and the colour of the animal more Hata in most other species, viz. a clear yellowish-white. — Fhe head, shoulders, and hind part of the body, *e are coated with regular hexagonal divisions, cu- riously studded or tuberculated on the surface; 5 and the zones of the body are extremely distinct, _ and only three in number: they are divided or ‘marked into numerous transverse segments | or squares the tail is very thick and short. The legs are covered with hexagonal divisions or seg- ments similar to those on ie shoulder, but small-_ er: the ears are rather large, and the claws smaller. than ins nost vgs Fy a it is a native of a é 7. ALI. “fl » ee Cuda NV U- "OTTAVN: AR ANN YY \ x , ANY DAG RYUDINL UPUT LATO POL FOYT Aepsseo 2. ee) °O PMMCVINAY CMC CI[-PILNIY TN ae Lack ‘fi Ue, WY EIGHTEEN-BANDED- ARMADILLO. Srx-BANDED ARMADILLO. ooFeliondan Publifha by GKearsley Fleet Street, 189 SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO, - Dasypus Sexcinctus. D. cingubis senis, pedibus pentadactylis, Lin. Syst. Nat. p. §4. _ Armadillo with six bands, and cael feet. r “Tatu, v. Armadillo prima Marceravii. Raj. Quadr. 233. Armadillo. Olear. mus. p. 7. t. 6. fi. 4. Encoubert, ou Tatou 4 six bandes. Buff. 10. #. ity ae and ak 3. 285. pl. 57. * Tuts is also a species of great seadee: and, in its general appearance, much Eables the Re ai but is furnished with six bands instead of three: the tail is very thick at the base, and is short in proportion to the animal; the claws are very large and strong. The bands are marked into oblong squares, as in the former. VAR. This animal appears to vary as to the number of its bands: the specimens both in the British and Leverian Museums having eight bands in- _ stead of six ; in all other respects they agree with the ee pded one. A particular ph aroler of this species seems to be the remarkable breadth and flatness of the head, which is larger in pro- portion than in others of the genus. The Leve- rian eight-banded variety is of a very fair yellow- ish-white: that in the British Museum is of a much deeper colour, approaching to an iron-grey, but whitish in some parts. , 190 SEVEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Septemcinctus. D. aan septenis, palmis via, plantis pentadactylis. Lin. Am. Acad. 1. p. 281. Syst. Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with seven bands, and four toes on the fore feet, and - five on the hind. | Ir is impossible to consider this in any other light than as a mere variety of the nine-banded Armadillo, in which the pattern of the armour, and the relative proportions of the parts, are suf- ficient to ascertain the species, whatever may happen to be the number of the zones. ee i SE NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus Novemcinctus. D. cingulis novem, palmis peitiee: a plantis pentadactylis. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 54. Armadillo with nine zones, four toes on the fore feet, and five. on the hind. Cataphractus scutis duobus, cingulis novem. Briss. Quadr. 42. Tatus. Gesn. Quadr. p. 935. Cachicame, ou Tatou 4 neuf bandes. Buff. 10. p. 215. pl. 37. Nine-banded Armadillo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 248. Tue number of bands or zones in this species 1s generally nine: they are extremely distinct or well defined, and are transversly marked by very nu- merous wedge-shaped or acutely-triangular figures alternating with smaller opposite ones :/the head is smaller, longer in proportion, and sharper snouted _ than in any other species: the fore and hind parts _ of the shield or covering are marked by very nu- — NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 191 merous flat, rounded scales. or tubercles, with smaller ones. interposed : the ears are moderately large, and upright; the tail is longer than in any other species, and tapers gradually to the tip. It is marked by transverse rows of longish hexago- nal divisions on each joint: on the fore feet are four toes, and five on the hind: the claws mode- rately large and strong. VAR. Though this species preserves, in general, its specific character of nine bands; yet this is not al- ways to be depended on, since specimens some- times occur in which only eight bands are visible. A specimen of this kind occurs in the British Mu- seum; and the Count de Buffon assures us, that he has observed two specimens with eight bands only, which in every other respect perfectly re- sembled the nine-banded ones. He 1s, therefore, of opinion (and in this we clearly agree with him), that the number of bands, in this species, constitutes not a specific, but a sexual difference: the eight-banded one he supposes to be the male. The general colour of this species is a palish iron- erey; but specimens often occur in Museums of a yellowish- -brown cast, having probably lost a part of their original tinge. The scales on the anterior and hinder parts are also sometimes of an angular form instead of round. The young specimens of this animal also exhi- bit a difference as to the pattern or marking of 192 TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. a ' tay at the bands; which, instead of the - triangt ee wedge shaped marks before described rie Ave re oe simple series of long-oval marks throughout e % band; and the ultimate bands are not so dtintly | desta as in the adult animal. ; The Seven-banded Armadillo, Dasypus septem- = cinctus, of Linnzus and others, as before observ- ed, is not a distinct species, but a mere variety of this ; as is also the Eight-banded Armadillo, Dasy- pus octocinctus. Lin. re Nat. Gmel. TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus cingulis duodecim. Armadillo with twelve zones. Dasypus Unicinctus. Lin. D. tegmine tripartito, cingulis duode- cim. Lin. Syst. Nats p. 53. | Tatu seu Armadillo Africanus. Seb. 1. ~. 57. #. 30. ' Kabassou ou Tatou a douze bandes. Buff. 10. gp. 218. pl. 40. and var.? major, pl. 41. J Twelve-banded Armadillo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 249. Tur Twelve-banded Armadillo, according to the character generally given in authors, should have twelve zones or bands; but it is certain that. this number is not very accurately observed by Nature: and perhaps thirteen or fourteen is the more general number. The individuals also appear to vary in some other particulars. That described by the Count de Bufign and Mr. Pennant, under the title of the welve-banded — | Armadillo, has broad upright ears; the head is thick and broad, and is marked above into large nant 2 dh Aud ii Zi ih SAT HAN haut a Mt = Se — —— SS ——— = : Z : E 1800.Feb!z.London Publif~hid by 6.Keamsley Fleet Street. TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. 1 93 angular divisions; the crust on the shoulders into oblong pieces inclining to a squarish form: that on the rump into hisestnel ones ; (the Count de Buffon describes fists as square, though hexa- gonal in the figure): the fore feet have five toes, with very late and strong claws: the hind feet have the same number, but smaller: the tail is somewhat shorter than the body; and is said by Buffon to have no crustaceous* covering; differ- ing, in that respect, from every other species: his figure represents it covered with roundish tuber- cles. The length of this animal, from the ‘nose to the tail, is albany a foot ; the tail about seven inches, or less. Var. ? GREATER TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. This, which is by far the largest of all the Ar- madillos, differs from the former in the pattern of the shield on the interior and hinder part of the body; all the divisions consisting of oblong squares: the tail also differs, being longer than the body. The measures of the specimen de- scribed and figured by Buffon, are thus given, * By this, however, we are by no means to understand that the tail is merely covered by skin; on the contrary, it is guarded by scaly tubercles, which secure it almost as strongly as the armour on that of other species; and, indeed, the chief difference is, that these strong tubercles are not, strictly speaking, set in jointed rings, but scattered. ‘ Tr 1. 1S 194 TWELVE-BANDED ARMADILLO. viz. from nose to tail two feet ten inches, and the tail about one foot eight inches. This, Mr. Pen- nant says, is the largest he ever heard of: in the British Museum, however, is a specimen of ex- actly similar dimensions, and which is accurately represented on the annexed plate. ‘The head is rather small than large; and the snout is sharp- ish: the ears small and sharp: the claws exces- sively large and strong. The bands, which are thirteen in number, are scarce distinguishable from the rest of the armour, which both before and behind is marked out into narrow zones, di- vided into numerous oblong squares: these bands en the fore part of the animal are narrower or more closely set than on the hind part, and the whole exactly agrees with Buffon’s figure entitled Autre Kabassou (vol. 10. pl. 41.) The colour of the whole animal is a pale yellowish-grey. The figures given in plate 30. vol. 1. of Seba, seem to be young ones, and consequently do not exhibit with sufficient distinctness some of the characters: their heads seem remarkably thick or blunt; and the tail of one of them is represented as perfectly void of any covering; of the other covered with square scaly divisions: the ears in both very large. 195 EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. Dasypus 18-cinctus. D. cingulis octodecim, Armadillo with eighteen zones. _ Dasypus cingulo simplici. Lis. Syst. Nat. Gmel. p. 55. Weezle-headed Armadillo. Grea. mus. reg. soc. p. 19. t. Ie Cirquincon, ou Tatou a dix-huit bandes. Buff. 10. p. 220. Eighteen-banded Armadillo. Pennant Quadr. 2. p. 250. Tuts was first described by Grew, in the last century, under the name of the Weezle-headed Armadillo. The description was composed from a specimen in the Museum of the Royal Society, and is as follows: «‘ His head in figure almost like a Weezle’s, whence I take leave for his name. It is three inches and a half long; his forehead two inches and a half broad, and very flat; the end of his nose half an inch. His eyes small, a quarter of an inch long. His ears two inches distant one from another; an inch long. His body or trunk eleven inches long, about six broad. His tail five inches and a half long; near the buttocks an inch and a quarter over; the extremity the fifth of an inch. His fore leg two inches and a half long, three quarters broad; on which there are five toes; whereof the three foremost are an inch long, the other two half an inch: all with claws the third of aninch. On his hinder foot (which is somewhat bigger) he hath also five toes, as in the foremost. His head, back, sides, legs, and tail, are covered with a shelly armour. His 196 EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. head-piece, as also the shells on his legs, are com- posed of roundish scales, a quarter of an imch over. His neck-piece is a single plate, composed of little pieces, a quarter of an inch square. His shoulder-piece consisteth of several ranks or rows of such-like square pieces, but not set together by any articulation or moveable conjunction. His back-piece, reaching also over his buttocks to his tail, is composed of several plates, in number eighteen, moveably joined together by as many intermediate skins. ‘The foremost and greatest of these plates consist of square pieces, half an inch long, and a quarter broad. ‘The hindermost, of square and round ones together. ‘The extreme part of the shell, next the tail, is parabolic. ‘The fore part of the tail is surrounded with six rings; consisting of little square pieces. The other half with scales. His breast, belly, and ears, all naked.” This species seems most allied to the Twelve- banded Armadillo. It appears not to have been figured by any author except Grew, whose repre- sentation is far from elegant, but which, for the satisfaction of the reader, it was thought proper to introduce. The name wnicinctus, applied, as a trivial, by Linneus, must be confessed to be not very pro- per; since it seems to imply a simple or undivided zone on the animal, instead of eighteen. ~ The following are clearly no other than varie- : ties, viz. the Seven-banded of Linneus, Am, Acad. EIGHTEEN-BANDED ARMADILLO. 197 vol. The Sexrcinctus, pl. 72. of Schreber, and the Octocinctus, pl. '73. of the same author. All three _ being varieties of the ovemcinctus, or Nine- banded Armadillo. The Cheloniscus of Columna, aquat. 2. p. 15. t. 16. seems to be no other than a variety of the Three-banded, or Tricinctus. The Four-banded Armadillo of Molina, men- tioned in his Natural History of Chili, may per- haps be a distinct species. Molina also mentions an Armadillo with eleven bands, with four toes on the fore feet and five on the hind. 198 RHINOCEROS. | peer thi EE tah ly dex he pre “+4 et cri Generic Character. fae | HA ; ees ES ah Tae. Cornu Be em Horn solid, perennial, coni- cum, naso insidens. -cal, feated on the nofe.’ SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. Rhinoceros Pekecene R. corm unico, Lin ae Nate Gre p- 57° res : el i Rhinoceros with a single horn, MET Nec Rhinoceros. Parsons Phil. Trans. vol. 4B, fs cats Ba ae aa > Buff 11. p. 174. pl7.. wei’ Edwards, pl. 221. ee Tue Rhinoceros is the largest of land nite the Elephant alone excepted. ‘It is of a highly uncouth and awkward form. The back, instead of rising, as in the Elephant, sinks in considera- bly: the head is moderately large and long: the upper lip protrudes or hangs over the lower i in t 2 form of a lengthened tip; and, being ex reme pliable, answers the end of a small proboscis; and ~ is useful to the animal in catching hold of the 4 shoots of vegetables, &c. and delivering the 1 into the mouth. On the nose is situated a very G0 c=. 0) We i fis oy [Ay Mi 4 ay Hi TRA Te TN Hh H ES Ah fis Alin Oa EN isl iH TH ia t ~ oe Lh mga ~ Hy sy Shgs int agen i NS «(th a \ ae LENA N ua \ AEA i aN a N apt hath h(i { aly Z ws i ill WS H € \ ; IS Fa ( XS HUE ed S : Wi HELA a LUN ‘ ; A Hf LEM Mii NY if y MW ty He Uff! y SY NW AG ALI AA A\\\ At tit Uf NY AS NY Get, GEL OSLLS. oe eee WH: Gh, typ ZG 4, Ly, eS ‘ Ny AY : XG nae Ml» yi ) N Hf ///) ee acco) : SQ CaenPn- d 43) SION GILE-HO RN KD RHILNS OCEROS, SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 199 ‘strong, slightly curved, sharp-pointed horn, which, in the full-grown animal, is sometimes three feet in length, and eighteen inches in circumference at the base. The mouth has four cutting-teeth, which are placed at each corner of each jaw: there are also six grinders in each jaw; of which the first is remote from the cutting-teeth. (In strict propriety it may be doubted whether the four teeth first mentioned should be called by the title of cutting-teeth.) The ears are moderately large, upright, and pointed: the eyes small: the skim naked, rough, and tuberculated, or marked “with very numerous, large, callous granulations: it is destitute of hair, except a few straggling and very coarse bristles on some parts of the head, &c. About the neck the skin is disposed into several large plaits or folds: another fold of the same kind passes from the shoulders to the fore legs; and another from the hind part of the back to the © thighs: the tail is slender, flattened at the end, and covered on the sides with very stiff and thick black hairs: the belly is somewhat pendulous, or shaped like that of a hog: the legs very short, strong, and thick: the feet marked into three . large hoofs, ail standing forwards. ‘The general height of the Rhinoceros is about eight feet; but it is said that some have been seen in Sumatra and Java which nearly equalled the size of the Elephant; though they appeared lower, on ac- count of the sinking back; the pendulous abdo- men, and short legs. The Rhinoceros is a native of several parts of 200 SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. India, as well as of the islands of Java, Sumatra, — &c. This animal falls far short of the Elephant in sagacity and docility. It is, however, of a quiet and inoffensive disposition, but very furious and dangerous when provoked or attacked; he is said to run with great swiftness, and, from his strength and impenetrable covering, is capable of rushing with resistless violence through woods and obsta- cles of every kind; the trees bending like twigs while he passes between them. In general habits and manner of feeding the Rhinoceros resembles the Elephant; residing in cool sequestered spots, near waters, and in shady woods: it delights in _ rolling occasionally in the mud, in the manner of a hog. Its skin is so hard as to be impenetrable by any common weapons, except on the belly: it is. even said, that, in order to shoot a full-grown Rhinoceros of advanced age, it is necessary to make use of iron bullets; those of lead having been known to be flattened against the skin. The bones of the Rhinoceros, like those of the Elephant, are often found in a fossil state in va- rious parts of the world; and in the year 1772 an entire Rhinoceros was found buried in the banks of a Siberian river, in the ancient frozen soil, with the skin, tendons, and some of the flesh, in the highest state of preservation. It was disco- vered in the sandy banks of the river Witim, which falls into the Lena, below Jakutsk, in N. lat. 64. A full account of this curious discovery is given by Dr. Pallas, in the 17th vol. of the Petersburgh Transactions. , SINGLE-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 201 © The first specimen of the common or Indian Rhinoceros ever imported into Europe since the time of the Romans, is supposed to have been that which was presented to Emanuel, king of Portu- gal, in the year 1513. It gave rise to the first figure of the Rhinoceros by Albert Durer; but it is concluded, and not without good reason, that he never saw the animal himself, but received from some correspondent the drawing from which he executed his figure, which evidently appears to have been decorated with fictitious folds, plaits, scales, and scollopings, and, besides the horn on the nose, has a smaller one situated on the back of the neck. ‘This figure of Albert Durer’s has been frequently copied in works on natural history, and occurs in Gesner, Aldrovandus, &c. &c. The other figures of the Rhinoceros, afterwards published, though free from Albert Durer’s errors, were still faulty; and it was not till the year 1743 that a faithful representation of this animal was presented to the public. This appeared in the Philosophi- cal Transactions, and the figure was executed un- der the superintendance of Dr. Parsons, an ex- cellent zoologist of that period. ‘The celebrated Edwards also, in the first volume of his ‘* Glean- ings of Natural History,” published a beautiful representation of the same specimen. ‘The ani- mal, however, was but young, and the horn, of course, but in its first approach towards elonga- tion. ‘The figure in the Count de Buffon’s Natu- ral History seems to have been the next authentic representation, and appears to have been some- 902 . TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. / what more advanced in age than that aguitey per Edwards and Dr. Parsons. | TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. Rhinoceros Bicornis. R. cormubus duobus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. | Pp: 57- Rhinoceros with two horns. Sparmann act. Holm. 1778. Two-horned Rhinoceros. oon Quadr. i. p. i Wi Buff. suppl. 6. ‘pit 6. Turs species is found in various parts of Af-— rica, and seems to have been the kind which was known .to the ancient Romans, and by them ex- hibited in their public shows and combats of ani- mals. In size it equals the common or single-horned specics; and its habits and manner of feeding are the same: but it differs greatly in the appearance of its skin, which, instead of the vast and regu- larly marked armour-like folds of the former, has merely a very slight wrinkle across the shoulders, and on the hinder parts, with a few fainter wrinkles on the sides, so that, in comparison. with the com- _ mon Rhinoceros, it appears almost. smooth: ‘the skin, however, is rough or tuberculated, espe-_ cially in the larger specimens: but what consti- tutes the specific or principal distinction is, that the nose 1s furnished with two horns, one of which is smaller than the other, and situated above it, or higher up on the front. These horns are said to be loose when the animal is in a quiet state, 61 Pa, 1h AM) M4 Ht = WN \ WS Ss \S WS SNS ey \ ‘i ASS WY WY \ s EN) WIM, o* | . : > eS Re ras ey: ay TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS. 903 — but to become firm and immoveable when it is : enraged. ‘This observation is confirmed by Dr. Sparman, who observed, in a specimen which he shot in Africa, that they were fixed to the nose by a strong apparatus of muscles and tendons, so as to allow the animal the power of giving them a steady fixture on proper occasions. ‘This, in- deed, is treated by Mr. Bruce, the celebrated Abyssinian traveller, as an absurd idea; but, on inspecting the horns and skin on which they are seated, it does not appear that they are firmly at- tached to or connected with the bone of the cranium. 7 | Mr. Bruce is also of opinion that the common or Single-horned Rhinoceros is found in many parts of Africa, as well as in Asia; and in this there surely seems no improbability. - The figure of the two-horned species in Mr. Pen- nant’s History of Quadrupeds seems to represent _ the whole animal scaly; the roughness of the skin _ being probably somewhat too harshly expressed : in the engraving. | ; . That in the supplement to Buffon, vol. 6. pl. 6. is a much superior representation. The figure of the Two-horned Rhinoceros, in Mr. Bruce’s travels, is unquestionably a copy of Bufton’s representation of the common Rhinoce- ros, with the addition of a second horn. Whe- ther this was done merely to save trouble, or whe- ther the specimen seen by Mr. Bruce had really the same kind of folds and roughnesses on its skin as the common species, or, lastly, whether it was Se EE EMP a PEE a a gp frat eee hs fag Pa traer form ha Lfe- “. fs imaee : - " ol lf Yale , Ye. bbl { pena oA ity adnas Rap! ~ el eae aS tt jae eensna We thidas Pinca ra Otte # Vy. " ret PPP peri ft 4s va hy | f <. a! 4 Ys, 7 2 =e SP atts a Ne 2 ‘a AAA. am mz 4 Wt art ih a: eal ens N | rn we Vyics Jd ld ira Aieg” eee oT | el ris er Ther Ok Come, ME Mi \e tty Vi.--+4 Rage © _— iS ant a - bee 4s a Re- er Mong \, Up. Caan "ad me PA -., AX 8 ey Mae DNL rnin VV CY YY Fauna. te, Aafia, ||| A | gn? 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