1 GENERAL ZOOLOGY, OF SYSTEMATIC. NATURAL HISTORY . ; b y GEORGE SHAW,M.D.E.R.S.Xc. WITH PLATES from the firft Authorities and most select specimens With seoulp VOL .VII. Part 1. MVE Ss. Meele scudp. rand . ? London, Printed. for G.Ke arslev, Fleet- Street, 1809. ———, z AEB LO-J- OL, GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME VII.——PART Tf. 5p REED BIRDS. LONDON. PRINTED FOR GEORGE KEARSLEY, FLEET-STREET 3; BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. 1809. Orme ay ape Be tet SKELETON OF FALCO PALUMBARIUS OR GOSHAWK 2808 Sep’ 1 London Lublyha by Chcarsley Flees weet. . : ay : i A it ee i ogling BIRDS. HAVING in the course of my Zoological Lectures, given a slight general description of Birds, I prefix it, without any material altera- tion, to the present volume. In Birds the skeleton or bony frame of the animal is, in general, of a lighter nature than in Quadrupeds, and is calculated for the power of flight: the spine or back bone is immoveable, but the neck lengthened and flexible: the breast-bone very large, with a prominent keel duwn the middle, and formed for the attachment of very strong muscles: the bones of the wings are analogous to those of the fore-legs in quadrupeds, but the ter- mination is in three joints or fingers only, of which the exterior one is very short. What are commonly called the legs are analogous to the hind-legs in quadrupeds, and they terminate, in general, in four toes, three of iv PREFACE. which are commonly directed forwards, and one backwards; but in some birds there are only two toes, and in some only three. Ali the bones in birds are much lighter, or fur- nished with a larger cavity than in qua- drupeds. | | : “With respect to the definition of a Bird, as absolutely distinguished from all other animals, it would be sufficient to say, accord- ing to the old mode, that a Bird is a two- footed, feathered animal. The power of flight need not enter into the definition ; for there are many birds which are perfectly destitute of the power of flight; as the Ostrich, the Cassowary, all the Penguins, and some other birds. The feathers with which birds are covered are analogous in their na- ture to the hair of quadrupeds, being com- posed of a similar substauve appearing in a. dissimilar form. Beneath or under the com- mon feathers or general plumage the skin in birds is immediately covered with a much finer or softer feathery substance, called down. The external or common feathers are called by different names on different parts of the animal. The longest of the wing-feathers, which are generally ten in number in each PREFACE. Vv wing, are called the first or great quills, (in the Linnean phrase remiges primores, as being the chief oars or guiders as it were.) | The feathers constituting the middle part of the wing are called the secondaries or second quills, (remiges secundarit of Linnzus,) and are more numerous than the first: the feathers descending along each side of the back are called the scapular feathers: the small feathers covering the shoulders are called the smaller wing-coverts, (¢ectrices minores :) the next series to these are called the larger wing-coverts, (tectrices secundarié or majores,) and at the edge of the shoulder are a few rather strong - and slightly lengthened feathers, constituting what is called the false or spurious wing; the alula or alulet of some ornithologists. ‘he tail, in most birds, consists of twelve feathers; in some of ten only; and in somc others of eighteen, twenty, or twenty-four. Sometimes on each side the tail, or above it, at the lower part of the back, are placed several very long feathers of a different structure from the rest: these have been called the hypochondrial and uropygial feathers. The above are the princi- pal distributions of the feathers on a bird. V1 PREFACE. — With respect to the particular shape of the feathers themselves, they vary greatly in the different tribes. The particulars most important in the com- parative anatomy of birds are these. The heart is furnished with two cavities, or, in the language of anatomists, is bilocular, and the general course of the circulation is carried on © as in quadrupeds. The lungs are very large, affixed to the back part of the cavity of the breast, and are furnished with several external orifices, by which the air they contain is at pleasure communicated to other parts of the frame. The throat, after passing down to a certain distance, dilates into a large mem- branaceous bag, answering to the stomach in quadrupeds: it is called the crop, and its great use is to soften the food taken into it, in order to prepare it for passing into another stronger receptacle called the gizzard: this, which may be considered as a more powerful stomach than the former, consists of two very ‘strong muscles, lined and covered with a stout tendinous coat, and furrowed on the inside: in this receptacle the food is com- pletely ground, and reduced to a pulp: in PREFACE. Vu the piedaceous birds or Accipitres the gizzard is wanting; the stomach being more allied to that of quadrupeds. | Birds, as every one knows, are oviparous animals, always producing eggs, from which — the young are afterwards excluded. The pro- cess of the young in the egg, from the time of its first production to that of its complete formation, is extremely curious and interest- ing, and may be found detailed with suf- ficient exactness in the works of Malpighi, Buffon, Monro, and others. _ I shall only ob- serve on this subject, that the first appearance of the young, as an organized body, begins to be visible in six hours after the egg has been placed in a proper degree of heat; and a particular highly worthy of attention is, that the chick or young bird, when arrived at its full size, and ready for hatching, is by Nature provided with a small, hard, calcareous pro- . tuberance at the point or tip of the bill, by which it is enabled the more readily to break the shell, and which falls off some hours after hatching. So careful has Nature been, and so accurately has every circumstance attend- ing the process been foreseen and provided for! play Vill PREFACE. _ Birds are divided by Linnzus into’ six Orders or Assortments, viz. 1. Accipitres or Predacious Birds, such Mes Vultures, Eagles, Hawks, Owls, and some others. | | 2. Pice or Pies, containing all the birds of the Crow and Jay kind, the Parrots, the Woodpeckers, the Kingfishers, and a aoe peace of others. . Passeres or Passerine Birds, tirigicisans ii Pigeons, the 'Thrushes, the Larks, and alk the Finches or small-birds in general, either with thick or slender bills. : 4. Galline or Gallinaceous Birds, or such as are more or less allied to the common do- mestic Fowl, and consequently containing the Pheasant and Partridge tribe, the Pea- cock, ‘Turkey, and several other birds. 5. Grall@ or Waders, consisting of all the Heron tribe, the Curlews, the Plovers, and other numerous tribes which have lengthened legs, and chiefly frequent watery situations. 6. Anseres or Web-footed Birds, as the Swan, Goose, and Duck tribe, the Gulls, the Penguins, and many others. Out of these six Linnean Orders some ornithologists have instituted a few others, in PREFACE. ix order to give a greater degree of clearness and precision to the arrangement of birds; but they cannot be considered as absolutely necessary. ‘I'hus the Pigeons have been sometimes considered as properly forming a distinct order of birds, under the title of Columbe or the Columbine Birds, instead of being ranked among the Passeres of Linnzus ; and the Ostrich, Cassowary, and Dodo have been supposed to constitute an order called the Struthious Order, instead of ranking either among the Gralle or Galline of Linneus. In the course of the present publication, though the general tenor of the Linnean and Lathamian divisions will be pursued, yet several variations and transpositions will occasionally take place. | \ N. B. Wherever a marked line occurs on the plates, it signifies the twelfth part of the length of the bird. a aul Bi opal if A, Oe NE 8 OF \ VOL. VII.—PART I. | Scadiin none page 109 ——— ash-eoloured ——— greater ———~- spotted ——_—_-———. cream-coloured ———— speckled ———— American Harpy ——-—— barred-breasted ‘= honey ————- moor . Eagle, imperial . ——Harpy . —— Calquin —— royal . ° —— Griffard vulturine occipital crowned = Zone-tailed ——= Urubitinga . ® 110 110 111 11] 63 Eagle, Caracca —— superb —— Mauduyt's. Sonnini’s . | —— delicate —— Cheela —— spotted ring-tailed . —— black . —— golden -——— white conciliating —— white-headed wee CINECYEOUS - . p G4 64 60 67 68 69 70 Fl 94 75 76 77 78 79 —— smaller celeb! 80 sea . —— Osprey rough-footed —— Astrachan . ~—— black-backed —— Mogilnik . wee black-cheeked : Australasian cinereous.80 81 82 84 85 86 87 $8 Xi Eagle, Chinese . 7 French , -———= white-crowned Pondicherty —— Statenland - albescent vociferous . ——Blagre . ———— zequinoxial —— Mansfeny . ——— short-tailed —— tiger —— Courland s— Dransberg . FALCO GENUS imperialis =———— Hlarpya . ———— Calquin . +—— regalis —— Armiger ——— vulturinus “————. occipitalis ———— coronatus ——— zonurus . —————. Urubitinga Caracca o——— superbus c= Manduyti - ——— Sonnini - ——« delicatus . Cheela . ———— maculatus m— fulvus . ——— Melanidetus oe Chrysietos Australasian white 89 90 Ql | CONTENTS: « p. 88 Falco, cygneus « _—. fi. 46 - Conciliator ——- leucocephalus ——- Albicilla . = hinnularius | ——- Ossifragus —- Haliztus . ——- nevius ——- Astracanus ——- melanotus —- Mogilnik . ——- Americanus -- Sinensis - Gallicus . e ——v- Leucoryphos |. - Ponticeriantis - Australis . —- albus . ———-- albescens . - Vocifer . ——-Blagrus . ——- zquinoxialis - Antillarum -- ecaudatus ——- tigrinus . ——- Germanicus ——- glaucopis . ———- Milvus . ——=- ater ——- Austriacus ——=- Brasiliensis ——- furcatus | = Buted . ——- variegatus - Borealis , meee = TUFUS 3 ———e= lineatus .~ eo 77 Wi hed 79 80 8} 82 84 85. 86 87 88 88 89 gO coy | 02 g2 93 O4 96 07 08s 98 100 101 102 103 105 106 106 107 109 pie 5 112 113 113. CONTENTS. Falco, apivorus . opel | Falco, Asiaticus . ——- zruginosus . 116 || ——- Johannensis —- palumbarius 118 |} ———-- Madagascariensis © ee eirtalco ,, °°. ~ 120 - rhombeatus -gentilis . , 122 |)}——-Tharus. ——- communis 124 || ———- rubiginosus ——- peregrinus 128 || ——- Sclavonicus ——- musicus . . 143 —- ranivorus . ——- lagopus . 145 - testaceus . - pennatus : . 146 |} ——- Acoli ——-Nove-Terrse . 147 axillaris - cirrhatus . . 147 | ——- Jackal -niveus . . 149 |] ———- desertorum -galericulatus . 149 || ———~ tibialis . ——- rufus . «150 || ——- melanops . —- S. Johannis 150 || ——- bidentatus -——- Leverianus 151 |} ——- calidus . -——-, obsoletus . 152 || ——- Chicquera » ——- hyemalis . 153 || ——-- melanopterus ——- melanoleucos 154 - radiatus ———- stellatus 154 || ———- meridionalis : - Sufflator . T55 - Forskahlii - cachinnans . 156 |) ——- Tinnunculus ——- maritimus . 157 | ——-= Lithofalco ——-Bacha . - 157 || ——- montanus ——- Piscator . ee T5S8 - lunulatus , - formosus . Ens Wea) - clarus ———- Nove Zelandiz 159 || ———- discolor -——- Cayanensis Pymaneman 09) - Sonninensis ——- macrourus 160 - connivens ——- Brownii 161 - pacificus - fuscus My . 161 |} ——=- Nisus ——-cyaneus , 163 - Columbarius ———- pygargus . 163 |) ———- magnirostris —- Hudsonius 165 - vespertinus ——- melanobronchos 167 - superciliosus ——-picatus . . 167 |} ——~-Capensis . Kill . p. 168 168 169 169 170 170 171 171 172 «472 173 173 174 174 175 175 176 176 Lad 177 178 178 179 182 183 184 184 185 185 186 186 187 188 190 190 191 192 KIV CONTENTS. Falco, Subbuteo ° »p. 194 |} Falcon, winter . /p. 153 - aurantius . « 104 black and white 154 - pinetarius * 195 stellated 154 - plumbeus . 196 Surinant oy SS ——- Aisalon . » 196 laughing 156 ——- Sparverius 199 maritime ‘ee ae =—=- Clamosus . Ya 200 Bacha |. ey ——-Tachiro . 201 fishing . 158 ——» Tachardus 201 purple-throated 159 me Gabar 202 New Zealand 159 -Buzon . a . 202 ——Cayenne . 160 w——= Buzarellus 203 long-tailed 160 ——- Brissonianus 203 black-throated 167 —- Viellotinus 204 pied : ez ——- Minullus 205 Asiatic . 168 wee doliatus 206 Johanna - 168 ————< Sibiricus . 207 Madagascar .. 160 meme CHTUleEScens 208 thombeated 169 ———- tinus 209 criard 170 —rubiginous . 170 Falcon, gentil . 61 QD: Sclavoniag qe P71: - common 124 . ranivorous 173 swallow-tailed 107 testaceous . 172 — peregrine — 128 —— long-legged,., 172 Barbary 129 axillary . ei Te. Lanner . + nl BO — Jackal 173 chanting 143 : desert 174 rough-legged . 145 black-thighed. 174 booted . - 146 black-eyed . 175 Newfoundland 147 double-toothed 175 crested Indian. 147 Behrhee 176 crested white. 149 Chicquera 176 —— crested African 149 - black-winged 177 ——— Harpy . » 150 - radiated . 177 nists St ight’ 150 rufous-headed 178 plain 152 Forskahl’s . 178 ~————— Leverian 151 stone . Many 3 Falcon, Sonnini’s mountain lunated . fair : lurid winking ! pacific —Ingrian . Guiana . Criard . Tachiro ‘ Tachard Gabar Buzzaret Goshawk . " Hawk, sparrow . ——- pigeon a—e= oreat-billed ——- Brissonian ——- Viellotine —-dwarf. -barred eo Siberian ———- ceerulescent ——- tiny. Hen-Harrier Hobby . ‘ ——- orange-breasted we——= greater . ——+ spotted-tailed Jerfalcon >. CONTENTS. » p. 185 182 - 184 oe 164 ° 185 ? 186 , 186 mp iniat | 0'C) + Rue OL 200 201 201 bs 202, 203 Sonne! Us Kes) ul 187 188 190 203 204 » 205 +, BO 207 208 «209 oN aig ; GS 104 wn wbQS XY. Kestril . ° - p.179 —-- lead-coloured . 181 ——-- spotted grey . 181 pete CAE | {lcd inane AO Kite, common 103 Russian. o& 105 black : oye 105 —— Austrian 106 mutes Caracca 4s) win yeny 4 LOZ. Owl, great horned . 211 ——— Laplandhorned. 214 —— bare-legged horned 214 ——— African horned . 215 —— Magellanic horned 215 — Virginian horned 215 —— Ceylonese horned 218 —— Chinese horned. 219 Coromandel horned 220 long-eared . on zo = short-eared...-.- 223 ——— marsh horned . 227 —— American horned 228 Mexican horned 228 -—— red horned . 229 — mottled horned . 230 —— Carniolic horned 231 Brasilian horned 231 Scopshorned . 233 Bakkamoena horned 237 '| ——- white-fronted horned 238 | —— Siberian horned. 239 | snowy . « 240 Wapacuthu . 248 fuliginous . 244 —— barred . opie, SE Xvi Owl, Austrian’. spectacle —— masked . —— white-browed —— ermine Austrian rufous Austrian white . e—— Austrian ferruginous 252 —— wood b ——tawny .« ; brown ——Aluco . —— Oriental . —— undulated . —— barn. A Georgian . —— St. Domingo Cayenne . Boobook . Solognese . mountain , Fernandezian transatlantic —— passerine . w—— New Zealand w— Acadian ., Tengmalm’s — dwarf : — phalenoid . ——— bare-legged ——grey. . ——— Caspiah . ——Canada . —— Hudsonian — Ural : —— African =—— variegated . 279 CONTENTS. “. pe 247 || Owl, lineated . p. 280 247 . 248 ]| SERPENTARIUS, GENUS 46 yo Bag oe . 250 || Snake-Eater, African . AG 5 251 252 || STRIX, GENUS . iar ames 8 Bubo . 211 it” "253 Virginiana . 215 253 Zeylonensis . 218 a: BSS Sinensis . ~ ee ae OS Coromanda . 220 LA D257 Otus . a eee oi 257 brachyotus . 223 ee “DSS palustris i. Bae . 260 Americana . 228 1 S26 Mexicana i. as 2 7261 ‘Asio : 229 ») 2621 nevia . 4 "230 a 202 Carniolica . © 231 Pay 4 65 2 | —— Brasiliana "gst 263 Scops . 233 - 264 | Bakkamoena . 237 . 264 albifrons Pail = - 266 | =. deminuta 238 Le OG | pulchella 230 wt 7207 | Nyctea . 240 -” "267 Wapacuthu 243 268 || — fuliginosa 244 oe OG nebulosa . 245 270 Austriaca » OAF a age alba ‘ 247 . ‘273 : perspicillata . 248 - 274 || ——— personata 249 Dh) superciliosa 250 are erminea . , ST : Noctua . 252 CONTENTS. | XVil Strix, rufa . . . p. 252 || Vultur, barbatus 9) Do, ty bs sylvatica. Seo Monachus . 19 Ulula ; panimiale ks: auricularis . 24. —— Aluco : ty De Ponticerianus . 25 — Orientalis . esr Indicus . ! 26 undulata . ee eae: fulvus . : pay flammea . Nests castaneus ‘ 20 Georgica . 2 OO - Bengalensis . 3 Dominicensis . 201 Cayana . Ae 2Ok Boobook . £202 Soloniensis 5 ee DOD ial NIGEL EN oe Choe 5 Ginginianus . 32 Percnopterus . 33, Auta kr. : 30 Papa. . 39 oe FIOMTANA |. » : 263 | Fermandica. - . 203 Plancus . i AL transatlantica . 204 . Cheriway 43 passerina . 1 204 fulva. i , 266 || Vulture Condor : 2 Acadiensis . “i 260) tl Californian . 10 Tengmalmi oy OZ || bearded... , 12 “——phalenoides . 268 ——— nudipes- . a 1 2@O5) = Uinla ne 2 70ul ——— Monk ._. 19 po ameicnlated i. 24 Pondicherry . 25 Caspia : se a ae Indian . 3 26 Canadensis oe DIB ive fulvous . . oF Hudsonia. . 274 || ———chesnut. : 29 oe LITalensis.. . ot Dies Bengal . % 30 ——— Africana . As: ‘black. ‘ 31 ——Nisuella . L270) Gingi. ‘ 32. lineata é Anan) 3% 9) Gesnerian ! 33 American : 30 VULGUR,GENUS. ... 1 || ———King . ; 39 | , Condor. 2 plaintive . Al Californianus 10 i Cheriway -. 43 WV. Pols c +4 es { Pe 4 ; ; tit ri * - epee on siactapinigeoe i 4 ‘ ms pine ecko eR) | a, eae en ; Ly: Pee | Aiea 2 ip : PR STO La ps) Gi 30 wares melita a utes’ eA ap Penh Pay owe ona SE ie? des oy] fa Sone i is fi rT oh 1 pened fas 9 bop, oe aay : ‘ x) Bi fa M eye ik € ni Persp Dts arts Ya es ta 23 ae RIAL ns ip Directions for placing the Plates in'vol. V£I. part I. The Vignette represents the Golden Eagle in the act of } tearing a Serpent. Plate 1 to face introduction || Plate 19 to face page 89 2 page 3 20 118 3 b 210o-+——- 149 4 7 22 ————_—:157 5 12 23 172, 6 18 24 a 82 7 ———— 19 25 —— £2193 8 eS a 26 ——-——— 199 9 ——— 23 27 —--— 208 10 24 28 ————__—- 211 20—— 213 30 ee 215 31 ————- 240 S32 ee «= 248 33 = 39958 84 ee 2G 35 a 277 G6 e280 FS ee Fg Just Published By Dr. SHAW, With ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY PLATES, printed uniform with his GENERAL ZOOLOGY, in 2 Vols. price 2/. 12s. 6d. or on large paper 3/. 16s. Od. in boards, ZOOLOGICAL, LECTURES, &c. DELIVERED AT THE ROYAL INSTITUTION IN THE YEAR 1800-7. THE present short course of Lectures is by no means intended as a deeply scientific and elaborate series of zoological disquisi- tions, but may rather be termed, in the words of Sir Kenelm Digby, ‘ live i in a kind 24 AURICULATED VULTURE. articie the Monachus of Linnzus, that there little doubt of the identity of the species. It is said toybe not uncommon in the Pyren -~Valtur auricu producta, torg Brown Vulture, with and pale ruff. : L’ Oricou. Levaill. ois. Afr. 1.965 pl > frequer tly p ee very *. OF ae CAT AME PETA LO NY S \\ AY \ ANS ASS ; iN S AURICULATED VULTURE. 2606 Sep?1.London Lubhijhd by Cheapsley Fleet Strect. & ee ES aye ee PONDICHERRY VULTURE. 95 of society: each nest contains generally two, and sometimes three eggs, of a white colour and of no unpleasing taste. ‘The Oricou is a species of great voracity, and when attacked or wounded defends itself with prodigious strength and resolu- tion, but is naturally of an indolent and sluggish | character. - PONDICHERRY VULTURE. Vultur Ponticerianus. V. niger, capite colloque subdenudatis incarnatis, lateribus colli caruncula carnosa rubra. Lath. ind. orn: Dp. Ze. | , Black Vulture, with nearly naked, flesh-coloured head and neck, and a fleshy red caruncle down each side the neck. Vautour Royal de Pondicherry. Sonnerat voy. ind, 2. p. 182. pl. 104. Size of a very large Goose. Head and neck naked and flesh-coloured: hind-head and space be- _ tween the beak and eye beset with reddish down: on the sides of the neck a red caruncle: fore part of the neck and breast beset at intervals with tufts of small flesh-coloured plumes: iris red : bill black: legs yellow. Native of India, particularly about Pondicherry. _— 26 INDIAN VULTURE. Vultur Indicus. V. fuscus, corpore supra fasciis pallidis, capite colloque denudatis rufis, remigibus rectricibusque nigris, Lath. ind. orn. p. 7. ‘Brown Vulture, with naked, rufous head and neck, and black wing and tail-feathers. Indian Vulture. Lath. Syn. suppl. p. 6. Le grand Vautour des Indes. Sonner. voy. Ind, 2, p. 183. pl. 105. S1zE of the preceding species: head and neck rufous, and furnished with a scattered hairy down: bill black: irides red: neck long in proportion, and beset with tufts of very fine feathers: those of the breast short, appearing as if clipped or shaven; those of the lower part of the neck behind long, narrow, pointed, and of a bright rufous colour: wing-coverts, back, and rump brown, with pale bands, owing to the tip of each feather being © much paler than the rest: quills, tail, and legs black. Native of India: extremely voracious, principally frequenting the sea banks, and preying on dead fish and other putrid substances; and, like other birds of this genus, sometimes assembling in vast numbers on a field of battle. “snc lee SG ‘| \ i y Hy Ly) HA FULVOUS or GOLDEN VULTURE * 1608 Sepa Loniton Lublifhd by Chicarstey £ leet Strect. 27 FULVOUS VULTURE. Vultur Fulvus. V. fulvo-castaneus, remigibus candaque nigris, capite colloque lanuginosis albidis, torque. albo, Fulvous-chesnut Vulture, with | ved wie wing and tail-feathers ; downy whitish head and neck, and white ruff. Fulvous Vulture. Will. orn. p. 67. No. 7. Vulture. Albin. vol. 3. pl. 1. Le Griffon. Buf. ois. 1. p. 151, Mem. shou des Sciences. 1666 p. 209. pl. 0. ? Vultur fulvus. Briss Golden Vulture. Tue Fulvous largest of the g Golden Eagle. accurate Brisso: length, and ¢ colour of the plumag 3 rd health, is a full rufous or tawny chesnut, in some individuals appe re : proaching to a brown c ecially ¢ parts of the body: the rer. wing-feathers and. the tail are of a dt ack: the bill blueist us, “pxbecdingtshe size of the he specimen 7! by the whitish anit Aspe the elf bing of a blueish cast: the lower part of the neck is encircled. with aruff of white plumes, and beneath the breast is usually observed a considerable cavity, lined. with hairs, the tips of which are directed towards the middle: this is the place of the craw, which however ey be _ ty tnacayeed to pro- MTL Y Aan : } ’ Sere, ww, even AR 0 Sot ak ix dinates 28 FULVOUS VULTURE. trude when the bird is full-fed: the legs and feet : are ash-coloured. The figure of this bird in the Menons of the — French Academy represents it with a very slight occipital tuft or elongation of the down on the | back part of the head. That given at plate 4 of | Willughby’s Ornithology, under the name of The Vulture, though by no means elegant, is yet suf- _ ficiently expressive of the general appearance of the bird. In the wretched publication of Albin — there is also a figure of this species; but there seems to be a mistake in the colouring; the rutf being represented of the same colour with the plumage of the body*. It must be confessed that a high degree of confusion seems to take place, even among the latest and best ornithologists, relative to the species of Vultures; and very little de-— pendance can, perhaps, be placed on the specific characters usually given; while the figures im va- rious works, being occasionally misquoted and misapplied, have tended: to increase the embar- — rassment. ‘There can be little doubt that. the present and the following species in particular are often confounded; neither indeed is the real. dif- ference sufficiently striking in any other respect than colour, to admit of a very correct. specific character. | | * Perhaps the bird may sometimes vary in this particular. ae tig ’ fi ’ i 4 S : ‘ ‘ VA - ‘ 0 é ' - 4 ; ’ ‘ oe ee ie al A Ee. a SV) \) = WG) = CHESNOT VOLTURE « 1808 Soep!1 London Lublifnd by Gz hearstev Lheet Street. —— CHESNUT VULTURE. Vultur castaneus. V. fuscus, capite colloque lanuginosis albidis, torque subfusco, remigibus candaque nigris. Chesnut Vulture, with whitish downy head and neck, brownish ruff, and black wing and tail-feathers. Le Percnoptere. Buff. ois. 1. p. 149. Pl. Enl. 426. ‘~e b eet THE present species, viz. the Percnoptere “6e" Buffon, and which seems to be often mistaken by authors for the Vultur Percnopterus of Linnzeus, appears to differ so Le its general aspect from the Fulvous V | ne would be in- clined to suj a variety of the same bird most others, oc- casionally clining k, dikes fut, ae iris volo yellow; aoe t ble cK the hook of the bill whit- 44) AY brown Pepot ‘shaped Fie a hea , and: edged with a strait white line, situated on the breast under the ruff. In general this bird is of an ugly » and ill-proportioned figure, and has even a dis- gusting appearance, from the continual flux of 2 iS ld ee ke Ae Nee HWE, Swi Vy vA wh Veadtivhead’S ‘ 30 BENGAL VULTURE. theum from its nostrils, and of saliva from two other holes in the bill: the craw is prominent, and when it is upon the ground it keeps its wings always extended. The Count de Buffon adds, that it is of the size of an Eagle, that it is an in- habitant of the Alps and Pyrenees, and of the mountains of Greece, and that it seems to be more rare than other Vultures. The Count de Buffon supposes it to be the Percnopteros of Aristotle. | Whether this may be the case or not I shall not take upon myself to determine: it is necessary however to repeat that it is not the Vultur Perc- nopterus of Linnzus. BENGAL VULTURE. Vultur Bengalensis. V7. fuscus, subtus pallidior, remigibus nigris, capite colloyue fusco-lanuginosis, torque fusco. Brown Vulture, paler beneath, with the head and neck covered by fuscous down; the lower part encircled by a brown ruff. Bengal Vulture, Lata. syn. 1. p. 19. Tuis I place next to the two immediately pre- ceding Vultures on account of its general similarity in point of shape or habit. Its length, according to Mr. Latham, is two feet six inches: its colour a uniform dusky brown, paler beneath: the head and neck covered with dark grey down, and en- circled at the bottom by a ruff of lengthened plumes: eyes of a very deep brown: bill and legs dusky black. ‘The crop hangs over the breast, as BLACK VULTURE. $1 in many others of the Vulture tribe, and I may here add, that this circumstance, which seems merely to depend on the birds being either full-fed or in a fasting state, has apparently misled some writers to represent it as forming a part of the descriptive character of the animal in several species. ‘The present bird isa native of Bengal. Var.? BLACK VULTURE. Vultur N iger, V.miger, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, pedum pennis nigris, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Briss. av. p. 131. Will. orn. p. 66. Tuts bird is described as larger than the Golden Vulture, and of a black colour, with brown wing- feathers and tail: the head covered with down, and the neck nearly bare: the orbits of the eyes, and the legs, which are feathered to the toes, white. It is said to be common in Egypt. 32: GINGI VULTURE. Vultur Ginginianus, V. albus, remigibus nigris, rostro pedibus- que griseis. Lath. ind. orn. Rs : ‘White Vulture, with black wing-feathers, and grey beak and legs. Le Vautour Gingi. Sonner. Voy. ind. 2. p. 184. Descrispep by Sonnerat, who informs us that it is of the size of a Turkey, and is found about the coasts of Coromandel, where it is called the wild — turkey. If, says Sonnerat, we only regarded the — character of the beak, we should not rank this bird among the Vultures, for it resembles exactly that of a Turkey: its base is covered with a naked skin, and the space between the nostrils and eyes is covered with hair-like down: the front, cheeks, and throat are naked, and, together with the base of the bill, are of a reddish flesh-colour: the feathers on the back of the head and neck are long and narrow, and the colour of the whole bird is white, — except the quill-feathers of the wings, which are black: the irides are red; the bill and legs grey. Its size is that of a Turkey; its flight strong and rapid, and its voracity insatiable. It lives on car- rion and reptiles; is generally seen single, and particularly in marshy places. GESNERIAN VUL TURE. Vultur Percnopterus. V’. albus (femind subfuscd) rostro elongate angusto, facie nuda, remigibus nigris margine canis. White Vulture (the female brownish,) with lengthened narrow beak, naked face, and black wing-feathers with grey edges. Vultur Percnopterus. V. remigibus nigris, margine exteriore, _ preter extimas, canis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Aquila quam Percnopterum, et Oripelargum, et Gypactum ‘oe cant. Gesn. av. p. 193. Rachamah. Bruce trav. append. p. 163. Ir is to be lamented that the spécific characters given by Linnzus in the Systema Nature are too often of very little use from their excessive brevity. Who can be supposed to be much instructed by such a descriptive character as Vultur remigibus nigris, margine exteriore, preter extimas, canis. ? Linnzus however adds in a note, that the male bird is entirely white, and the female brown. The bird intended by Linnzus is the Percnopterus of Gesner, not very ill figured at page 193 of that author’s ornithology*, though represented with the head very much retracted, or immersed in the -neck-feathers. From the figure it appears to have been a male bird, being white, with the quill- feathers blackish or deep brown: its size, according to the description sent to Gesner, that of a Stork. It appears therefore probable that the Rachamah of Mr. Bruce, the Angola Vulture of Mr. Pennant, * Gesneri Opera, Tiguri, 1551. &e. Vv. VIL 3 i GA GESNERIAN VULTURE. the Ash-coloured Vulture of Mr. Latham, and the Petit Vautour of Buffon, (Petit Vautour de Norvege. Pl. Enl. 429.) are in reality one and > the same species, and constitute the male Vultur Percnopterus of Linnzeus. Iam also strongly in- clined to believe that the Maltese Vulture of Mr. Latham, Le Vautour de Malte of Buffon (Pl. Enl. 427,) is no other than the female of this species*. On this supposition the Vultur Percnopterus should seem to be a pretty general inhabitant of the old continent, being found not only in many of the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, but in various parts of Asia and Africa. It is said to be particularly plentiful in Egypt, where it is highly esteemed for its good services in destroying various putrid substances in the neighbourhood of towns-and cities. Its general size, according to Monsieur Levaillant, is that of a female Turkey, but, like the American Vulture, it appears to vary greatly in size in different countries. The male bird also appears to vary in the cast of its colour, which is sometimes merely white, and sometimes a dirty pale-rufous white: the quills are black, but the secondaries are externally of the same colour with the rest of the plumage; thus confirming part of the Linnzan specific character. The female is said to exceed the male in size. - | The description and figure given by Mr. Bruce © of the Vulture called Rachamah appear evidently to relate to the present species. * Mr. Latham, in his second Supplement, appears to be nearly of the same opinion, Eta | GESNERIAN VULTURE. 35 « This bird (says he) is met with in some places in the south of Syria and in Barbary, but is no- where so frequent as in Egypt, and about Cairo. It is called by the Europeans Poule de Faraone, the hen or the bird of Pharaoh. It is a vulture of the lesser kind, the hen being not much larger than our rook or crow, though by the length of its wings, and the erect manner in which it carries its head, it appears considerably larger. In Egypt and all over Barbary it is called Rachamah. ‘The point of the beak of this bird is black, very sharp and strong for about three quarters of an inch, it is then covered by a yellow fleshy membrane, which clothes it as it were both above and below, as likewise the forepart of the head and throat, and ends in a sharp point before, nearly opposite to where the neck joins the breast; this membrane is wrinkled, and has a few hairs growing thinly scat- tered upon the lower part of it: it has large open nostrils, and prodigious large ears, which are not — covered by any feathers whatever: the body is perfect white from the middle of the head, where it joins the yellow membrane, down to the tail: the large feathers of its wing are black; they are six in number: the lesser feathers are three, of an iron- grey, lighter towards the middle, and these are covered with three others lesser still, but of the same form, of an iron rusty colour: those feathers that cover the large wing-feathers are at the top for about an inch and quarter of an iron-grey, but the bottom is pure white: the tail is broad and thick above, and draws to a point at the bottom ; itis not composed of large feathers, and is not half 36 AMERICAN VULTURE. an inch longer than the point of its wings: its — thighs are clothed with a soft, down-like feather, as far as the joint: its legs are of a dirty white, in- — clining to flesh-colour, rough, with small tubercles which are soft and fleshy: it has three toes before and one behind; the middle of these is considerably | the longest; they are armed with black claws, rather strong than pointed or much crooked: it has no voice that ever I heard, generally goes single, and oftener sits and walks upon the ground than upon trees; it delights in the most putrid and stinking kind of carrion, has itself a very strong smell, and putrifies very speedily. It is a very, great breach of order, or police, to kill any one of these birds near Cairo.” AMERICAN VULTURE. Vultur Aura. V.Nigricans, purpureo viridique nitens, capite colloque denudatis rubris papilloso-rugosis. Blackish Vulture, with purple and green reflexions, and red, naked, papillated and wrinkled head and neck. Vultur Aura. V. fusco-griseus, remigibus nigris, rostro albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. ‘Carrion Vulture. Sloane’s Jamaica, 2. p. 204. pl. 254. Turkey-Buzzard, Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 6. ff Tuis species, with some variations*, appears: to be pretty generally diffused over the whole conti- * It is contended by some that there are in sank two odistingh | species, viz. the V. Aura, which is of a blackish brown, and the V.. Uruba, which isentirely black, the bill, head, and neck excepted. This black species, or Uruba, is most prevalent in South America. AMERICAN VULTURE. OF nent of South America, but is most numerous in the warmer regions. In some parts of British America it is popularly called by the name of the Turkey-Buzzard, and in other parts by that of the Carrion Crow. Its general size is somewhat smaller than a Turkey, and its colour brownish black, with varying reflexions of green and purple; the larger wing-feathers and tail being of a deeper black than the rest of the plumage. ‘The whole head and neck, with the base of the bill, are bare of feathers, of a dull red colour, transversly wrin- kled and granulated, and sparingly scattered over with a blackish down: the bill is rather narrow, lengthened, and of a whitish colour, with a dark tip: the legs and feet flesh-coloured, with black claws. It feeds on every kind of animal matter, and is highly esteemed in the West Indies on ac- count of its activity in clearing away such sub- stances as might otherwise tend to infect the air in those warm climates. In consequence of this mode of life, the birds themselves have always a very offensive odour. They are observed to vary considerably in size in different parts of America, and the smallest are those of the West Indies, the measure of those of Jamaica being, according to ‘Sir Hans Sloane, two feet from the tip of the bill to that of the tail, and twice as much from wing's end to wing’s end. Their general manners are very well described by Catesby. _« Their food is carrion, in search of which they are always soaring in the air: they continue a long time on the wing, and with an easy, swimming 838 AMERICAN VULTURE. motion, mount and fall, without any visible mov- ing of their wings. A dead carcass will attract together great numbers of them, and ’tis pleasant é _ xf —— to observe their contentions in feeding. An Eagle — sometimes presides at the banquet, and makes them keep their distance while he satiates himself. This bird (the Carrion Vulture) has a wonderful sagacity in smelling. No sooner there is a beast | dead, but they are seen approaching from all | quarters of the air, wheeling about, and eradually descending and drawing nigh their prey, till at length they fall upon it. They are generally — thought not to prey on any thing living, though I — have known them kill lambs; and snakes are their usual food. Their custom is to roost, many of them together, on tall dead pine or cypress-trees, and in the morning continue several hours on their roost, with their wings spread open; I believe, — that the air may have the greater influence to purify their filthy carcasses. They are little ap- prehensive of danger, and will suffer a ays ap- proach, especially when they are eating.” « At the first landing of the English in Jamaica, (says Sir Hans Sloane) by the bareness and colour of the skin on the head, they took this bird for a Turkey, and killed several of them in several places. for such; but soon found themselves deceived with _ their stinking and lean bodies, which they almost always have.” Mr. Pennant, in his Arctic Zoology, observes | that these birds are common from Nova Scotia to — | Terra del Fuego, but swarm in the hotter parts of _ = ae Sage a oe Shite 3 ae = i ii i i Le rey be ie \ \ Ws WS NY \. \ \ MAAN (FY RS N\ WA \ \ Kuve VULTURE 1808. Sept ondow Lublfid by Gz cars ley Ficee Street. KING VULTURE, 39 America. He adds that, “ mischieyous as they are in a few instances*, yet, by the neficent a. , of ir coming the fen lligator Rk. its. pier “itl, secure them, : ala. a ie lia “cies 1W. Qe. tia eee iho “i j low one * They are Gomicames satigath to attack cattle in a weak or diseased state and destroy them. : AO KING VULTURE. about the size of a hen Turkey, and of a light reddish brown or buff colour, with black wings and tail, accompanied with a gloss of green, the edges of the wing-feathers being of a whitish cast: the under parts of the body are white, with a slight cast of yellow; the legs and feet pale flesh-colour; but what constitutes the peculiar ornament of the bird is the vivid colouring of the head and neck, which are bare of feathers, and are thus correctly described in the words of Edwards. « The bill is pretty thick and strong, strait for a little way, then bends into a hook, and over- hangs the lower mandible: it is red at the point, and black in the middle-part: the base of the bill, both upper and lower mandibles, are covered with askin of an orange-colour, broad, and pointing to the crown of the head on each side above, in which spaces are placed the nostrils, of an oblong shape: between the nostrils is a loose flap of scolloped skin, which falls indifferently on either side of the bill when the bird moves its head: the iris of the eye is of a bright pearly whiteness: round the eye is an indifferent broad space of scarlet skin: the head and neck are covered with bare skin; the crown is of a dirty flesh-colour towards the bill, and scarlet in the hinder part, behind which is a little tuft of black hairs: from this tuft proceeds on each side and parts the head from the neck, a sort of stay of wrinkled skin, of a brownish colour, with a little blue and red in its hinder part: the ‘sides of the head are of a black or dirty colour, — with spots of brownish purple behind the angles of =e PLAINTIVE VULTURE. ee the mouth: the sides of the neck are red, which gradually becomes yellow in its fore part: there runs a dirty yellow list down the hind part of the neck; and at the bottom of the neck a ruff of loose, sott, ash-coloured feathers quite round, in which, by contraction, it can hide its whole neck, and sides of the head.” This beautiful species is a native of many parts of South-America, and is said to be also found in the West-Indies. In its manners it resembles the rest of this tribe, feeding on carrion, and occasion- ally preying on several of the smaller animals, as lizards, &c. &c. The most correct and expressive figure is that of Edwards, which is therefore select- _ed for the present work. PLAINTIVE VULTURE. ~ Vultur Plancus. V. albidus, lineis transcersis nigricantibus, alis ~ fuscis, vertice subcristuto nigro. _ Whitish Vulture, with transverse blackish lines, brown wings, and slightly crested black crown. Vultur Plancus. Lath. ind. orn. Falco Plancus. Lin. Gmel. Mill. Illustr. Nat. Hist. pl. 17. ‘Plaintive Eagle. Lath. Synops. 1. p. 34. | ) Plaintive Vulture, Lath. Synops. suppl. p. 4. From a kind of ambiguity of character which the head of this species exhibits, Mr. Latham in his excellent ornithological Synopsis, was induced to place it in the genus Falco, and others have since continued the same arrangement. In re- 42 PLAINTIVE VULTURE: ality however, as Mr. Latham has observed in his — Supplement, its characters are rather those of a Vulture than an Eagle. | Its length is about two feet four inches, and its colour white or pale cinereous, crossed with very — numerous blackish lines or narrow bars; but the wings are brown, except some of the larger quill- feathers, which are black, and some of the seconda- ~ ries, which are coloured like the back, and have © black tips: the tail is also of the same appearance, and is tipped by a broad black bar, and on the lower part of the belly is a broad black zone: the bill is brown, the cere or naked part, which ex- tends beyond the eyes, is orange-coloured, and slightly besprinkled with a kind of setaceous down, which is continued to a little distance under the throat: the top of the head is black, with the feathers somewhat lengthened, so as to form a ~ slight crest: the legs and feet are yellow. This bird is finely figured in Mr. Miller’s miscellaneous plates of Natural History. It is a native of Terra del Fuego, and is introduced, as an accompaniment to the scenery of Christmas Sound in the thirty- second plate of Captain Cook’s Yee vol. 2. p. 184. 45 CHERIWAY VULTURE. Vultur Cheriway. V. cera rosea, pedibus flavis, corpore fer- rugineo, capite albido, vertice cristato ferrugineo, Lath. ind. orn. Vulture with rose-coloured cere, yellow legs, ferruginous Eedy. and whitish head with ferruginous crest. Falco Cheriway. Jacq. Voeg. p. 17. t. 4. Tuts is a kind of doubtful species, which may either be considered asa Vulture or an Eagle. It seems to have been first described by Jacquin, who observed it in the island of Aruba, near the coast of Venetzuelain South America. Its length is rather more than two feet and a half: the bill pale blue; the head and neck very pale yellow; the hind-head crested; the cere and parts round the eyes rose-colour: the general colour of the plumage on the upper parts ferruginous, beneath pale: the vent white: the two middle tail-feathers _ marked with dusky bars; the lateral ones and quills dusky black: the legs pale yellow. This bird is said never to erect the crest on the head, which is always carried in a recumbent state. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. Tawny Vulture. Latham Syn. - Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology. pl. 1. A middle-sized species, entirely of a very pale rufous-brown colour, with the tail whitish, and marked by several narrow brown bars. From a specimen in the Museum of the Royal Society. Said to be a native of Falkiand Isles. Bull very short, cere large: chin slightly bearded. Hare Vulture. Lath Syn. Will. orn. p. 67. No. 4. Vultur leporarius. Gesn. Said to be about the size of the Golden Eagle, and entirely of a shining reddish black colour; the breast inclining to fulvous: bill black; legs yellow: head furnished with a crest, appearing as if horned. Said to mhabit the recesses of thick woods, to build in lofty trees, and to prey on leverets and other animals. It is probably a species of Eagle rather than Vulture. Armed Vulture. Mentioned by Brown in his African Travels, ® and said to be extremely frequent in the country of Darfur, flying about by thousands, and devour- ing all manner of carrion, &c. Its colour is not particularly described, but it is said to have a DOUBTFUL SPECIES. 45 white head, and to be furnished with a strong and sharp spur at the joint or shoulder of each wing, which renders it a very formidable adversary. _ Bold Vulture. Lath. suppl. 2d. Size uncertain: colour wholly brown, with pale yellow bill: front of the head bare: quills and tail nearly black. Said to be a very bold bird, and to kill the Pottegorang, and even to attack the natives in New Holland, where it is called by the name of Boora-Morang. 46 SERPENTARIUS. SNAKE-EATER. Rostrum vulturinum. Lingua acuminata. Pedes Jongissimi. 1 Beak vultt Tongue jp Serpentari us. . Ash-coloured Snake-Eater, with the hind-head crested, the ie ; : 2 nie Cc tail cuneated, and the middle tail-feathers lengthened. Sagittarius. Vosmaer monogr. tab. 8. Secretary or Sagittarius. Phil. Trans. 61. p. 175. The Snake-Eater. Memoirs of G. Edwards. p. 34. Secretaire. Sonnerat voy. p. 87. t. 50. ‘Vultur Serpentarius. Lath. ind. orn. " Secretary Vulture. Lath. syn. ) / Falco Serpentarius. Tin,Gmel Miller Til "Na --‘Vultur Serpentarius. Cimelia Physica. t. 28. is so much allied in its p Vulture tribe, that it has been associated with those birds by one of the first ornithologists of the present age. It has indeed been more generally HOLT AM MAA WADIA, woes oad tated wi Mwdagbes wardens Na gods Re = =—— = wea == W why = Me oe = =A = q == nay ; a ——— ee =e zs an é G Ujith ee AFRICAN SNAKE-BKATER 2808 Sep.'1London Publifd by 6. Kearsley Fleet Street AFRICAN SNAKE-EATER. 7 ‘considered as belonging to the genus Falco, -and has accordingly been so placed in the Gmelinian _ edition of the Systema Naturze of Linnzeus. The pecuharity of its appearance however is sufficient to justify its being considered as forming a separate genus, allied both to that of Vultur and Falco, but most nearly to the former. “ "This bird, says the judicious Bawar ae is bs a new genus, and the only species of it hitherto come to my knowledge. It is about the bigness of the Heron and Crane kind, except that the neck is a little longer. On first view, I judged it to be no wader in the water, for though the legs are as _ long, or longer than in Herons, &c. yet they are feathered down to the knees, which we do not find in birds who. wade in shallow waters to seek their food: the toes of this bird are also much shorter than they are in Herons; so that I think it must be placed amongst land birds. ‘The bill is exactly like those of Hawks and other birds of prey; which is the only instance I have discovered in any of the long-legged kind of birds: the talons or claws are small, and unfit for a bird of prey, and the eyes are of a dark colour, placed in the spaces covered with a bare skin of an orange-colour, on each side the head.” The Count de Buffon places it in company with the Herons, the Jabiru, the Palamedea, and the rest of the larger kind of waders, and the inge- nious Monsieur Sonnini follows the same arrange- ment. | ~The most accurate description of the Snake- 48 AFRICAN SNAKE-EATER. Eater is that of Monsieur Levaillant, who, during — his African travels, had the opportunity of contem- plating it in its native regions. Its size, he in- forms us, is somewhat inferior to that of a Stork, the beak strong, and curved like that of an Eagle; the base of the beak, and the eyes, are surrounded by a bare orange-coloured skin: the mouth. is wide, the gape or opening passing beyond the eyes; which are grey, and ornamented by black brows: on the back of the head is a pendent crest, formed of ten feathers, the lowest of which are the longest: the legs are very long, and the tail is composed of feathers which lengthen on each side, the two middle ones being twice the length of the rest. The colour ofthe bird in its perfect plumage is a blueish grey on the head, neck, breast and back: the coverts of the wings are of the same colour, but clouded with rufous’ brown, and the quill-feathers are black: the throat and breast are white; the inferior tail-coverts very pale rufous; the lower belly black, mixed or streaked with rufous; the thighs black, very finely streaked with brown: the tail-feathers are partly black, but be- come more grey as they lengthen, and are tipped with white: the two middle-feathers are of a — blueish grey, clouded with brown towards the end, which is white with a black spot. ‘The female differs from the male by its grey colour, less clouded with brown; by its shorter crest; by the feathers on the belly and thighs being more varied; and lastly, by the two middle tail-feathers, which are shorter than in the male. The skin of the throat AFRICAN SNAKE-EATER. 49 and neck of this bird are capable of great extension, and the shoulders are each armed with three strong, rounded, bony protuberances, which enable it to wage successful war against snakes, which it con- stantly persecutes. It also feeds on young tor- toises, lizards, &c. and occasionally on locusts and other insects. In the craw of one examined by Monsieur Levaillant were found twenty-one young tortoises, several of which were nearly two inches in diameter ; three snakes of the length of a man’s arm, and aninch thick; and eleven lizards of seven or eight inches in length; and in the stomach, which was very large, was a ball of the size of a goose-eeg, formed entirely of the vertebrae of snakes and lizards, the scales of tortoises, the wing-. shells of various beetles, and the wings and legs of locusts. The Snake-eater is an inhabitant of dry open plains in the lower parts of Africa. It is found about the Cape of Good Hope, and in the country of the Caffres and Namaquas. Being almost always obliged to run in pursuit of its prey, it makes but little use of its power of flight. It frequently kills, or at least totally disables a snake with a single stroke of its wing, by breaking the vertebrae. In its natural state it is extremely wild, and very difficultly approached. ‘The male and female rarely quit each other. Those which frequent the neighbourhood of the Cape construct a very large nest or eyry on the top of some high thicket, and line it with wool and feathers; but towards the region of terra de Natal they my. Vit. A 50 AFRICAN SNAKE-EATER. build on lofty trees. The eggs are two or three in number, white, with reddish specks, and about | the size of goose-eggs. When the Snake-eater is taken young, it may be easily tamed, and may be kept with poultry in the farm-yard, where it is serviceable in destroying rats and various other noxious animals. It may be fed with meat, either raw or dressed, and will readily eat fish, If kept too long fasting, it 1s apt 4 to seize on small chickens and ducklings, which it swallows whole, in their feathers. It is not how- ever of a malignant disposition, and is generally observed to interpose its authority in appeasing the quarrels that happen among the other birds. 5d: FALCO, FALCON. Generic Character. Rostrum aduncum, basi cera || Beak hooked, furnished at instructum. | the base with a cere. ‘Caput pennis arcte tectum. || ead well covered with feathers. Lingua plerisque bifida. Tongue, in most species, bifid. Tae birds of this genus differ from the Vultures in haying a less elongated beak, very strong, curyed, and generally furnished on each side, towards the tip, with a kind of tooth or process. ‘They prey, in general, on living animals, unless compelled by hunger. The species are extremely numerous, and are observed to vary considerably in their plumage according to age and other cir- cumstances. [he males are smaller than the females. The genus may be considered as con- stituting five tribes or families, viz. Eagles, Falcons, Kites, Buzzards, and Hawks. 52 IMPERIAL EAGLE. Falco imperialis.. F. nigricans, rufo-cinereo varius, criste occipitalis pennis mediis dimidiato-nigris. Blackish Eagle, with rufo-cinereous variegations, and the two middle feathers of the occipital crest half black. Le Grand Aigle dela Guiane. Sonnini Buff. L’Aigle Destructeur. Sonnini Buff. ? Falco Destructor. Daudin ornith. 2. p. 60.? Tuts noble bird is a native of South-America, and. was first described by Monsieur Sonnini, who discovered it in Guiana. In size it considerably surpasses the Golden Eagle, measuring three feet and a half from the tip of the bill to the end af the tail. Its colour above is rufous grey, black, the black prevailing most on the so tail is grey, barred and spotted with blael tipped with rufous: all the under parts of bird, except the vent, are pale cinereous, V Vv soft and downy: the vent is white barred w 19 black: the beak and cere black; the legs and feet yellow: the head is strongly crested with long ' erey feathers, tipped with dull white, the two middle feathers exceeding the rest in length, and measuring above five inches: these two feathers are Of a rufous-grey colour for half their length, the remainder being black, with rufous-grey tips: - the skin of the front, between the beak and eyesis | bare, and beset with scattered black hairs. ! This Eagle is a rare bird in Guiana, and is found only in the interior parts of the country, where it aM ie Y \ By pean a an “ at ie , SITS tess Aide ~~ IMPERIAL LAGLE 2608 O47 London Publifhed bv ehearsley Kleeé Street, . IMPERIAL EAGLE. 53 inhabits the deep recesses of the forests, preying on various kinds of game. When disturbed, it immediately elevates the crest on its head. I cannot but’ imagine the bird described by Monsieur Sonnini and Monsieur Daudin under the name of Aigle Destructeur, (Falco Destructor) to be no other than the male of the same species. Like the preceding, it was first discovered by Monsieur Sonnini in Guiana. Its length is three feet two inches, French measure; and its colour black above, with greyish clouds or bands; the under parts. dull white, with a mixture of grey: the head cinereous, and furnished at the back part with a beautiful semipendent crest, consisting of — several feathers of considerable length, and of a grey colour; the middle feather longer than the rest, and of a black colour, tipped with grey: the _ thighs white, with transverse black undulations; _ the bill horn-colour; the legs and feet yellow. It # is said to be a very bold and ferocious bird, and to prey. on fawns, and other young quadrupeds ; ; py Particularly on the two species of Sloth, viz. the _ Bradypus tridacty ‘lus and didactylus, which in- habit the trees of Guiana. Monsieur Sonnini however declares that he is unacquainted with its manners, and does not conceive that these particulars are properly authenticated. He isclear that it does not prey on fish, which, from the appearance of the legs, was surmised by Monsieur “Cuvier. Rey rhees HARPY EAGLE. Falco Harpya. F. nigro griseoque varius, subtus albus, crista occipitali bifida, rostro nigro, pedibus flavis. : Eagle variegated with black and grey; beneath white; with bifid occipital crest, black beak, and yellow legs. Vultur Harpya. ‘Lin. Syst. Nat. Falco Harpya. Lath. ind. orn. Aquila brasiliensis cristata. Brisson. _ Tuts bird, which appears to be as yet ‘but im- perfectly known to naturalists, is a native of South America, and particularly of Brasil. It seems in some degree doubtful whether it should be con- sidered as an Eagle or a Vulture, and has accord- ingly been differently arranged by authors, as may be perceived from a consultation of the synonyms following the specific character. Its size is said to be that of a Sheep, and its colour black above, with paler variegations, and white beneath: the tail black, with brown bars; the bill black, and the legs yellow: the head is covered with feathers, and is of a blueish brown colour, the hind part being furnished with a lengthened, bifid crest, which it frequently elevates, It is of a highly ferocious nature, preying on various animals, and is said to be able to cleave a man’s'skull with a bcm stroke of his beak. VAR. ? The bird described by Jacquin under the name of Vultur coronatus, is by Mr. Latham considered | CALQUIN EAGLE. 55 as a variety of the above. It is found in the mountainous parts of New Grenada, and said to be of the same size with the former ; the bill black ; the head of a reddish grey, and adorned with a crest composed of several feathers of the length of six inches at least: part of the wings, the neck, and breast are black; the belly white; the thighs white, spotted with black; the tail long, and varied with black and white: the legs very strong, and yellow. When it stands upright, it is two feet and a half in height, a ene CALQUIN EAGLE. Falco Calquin. F. nigro-cwrulescens, capite cristato, pectore albo nigro maculato, cauda nigro fuscoque fasciata, Blueish-black Eagle, with crested head, white breast spotted with black, and tail barred with black and brown. ~Calquin. Molina Hist. Chil. _ Extent, from wing’s end to wing’s end, ten feet and a half: colour above blue-black; on the head a blue crest: tail barred with black and brown: breast white, spotted with brown, Native of Chili, where itis known by the name of Calquin. 56 ROYAL EAGLE, Falco regalis. F. fuscus, albo nigrogue maculatus, subtus albus, occipite subcristato, cauda griseo-fasciata. Brown Eagle, with black and white spots 5 ; beneath aca x the head slightly crested, and the tail barred with grey. L’Ouira Ouassou. Sonnint Buff, Monsteur Sonnint, in lis edition of the Count de Buffon’s Natural History, describes-and figures: this bird from a Portuguese manuscript com- municated to Monsieur Condamine by an eccle- siastical correspondent at Para in Brazil. It is a bird of great beauty, having an elegantly varied plumage, and commanding attitudes. Its size is double that of an Eagle; its head large, and furnished with a crest in form of a casque: the bill long; the eyes bright and piercing; the nos- trils large, and beset with hair on each side the bill: the neck thick; the legs naked, scaly, and reddish: the claws black, crooked, and of the | length of the middle finger: the back, wings, and — tail are brown, spotted with black, and variegated with whitish or yellowish streaks; the belly white, the feathers being very soft, and equal in elegance to those of air Egret. It flies with majestic ra- pidity, and such is the expanse of its wings, that it sometimes strikes and kills its prey with them: before it touches it with its claws. Its strength. is such as to enable it to tear in pieces in an Instant — the largest sheep, and it pursues indiscriminately — all kind of wild animals. It even dares to attack GRIFFARD EAGLE. oF . mankind; butits principal food consists of Monkies, and particularly those called Guaribas, which it kills with its beak, and devours in an instant with extraordinary voracity. Its general residence is on lofty mountains, and it builds its nest on the highest trees, employing for their construction the bones of the animals it has slaughtered, and some dry branches of trees, which it binds together with the stems of climbers. It is said to lay two or three eggs, which are white, spotted with red- dish-brown. It is chiefly found about the borders of the river Amazon. Many virtues are attributed to its burnt feathers. Pens.are made of its quills, and whistles of its claws. _ Such is the account given: by Don Laurent Alvarez Roxo de Postflitz, Grand Chanter of the cathedral of Para, and correspondent of the Biya Academy of Sciences at Paris. ., GRIFFARD EAGLE. - Falco Armiger. F. grisco-fuscus, subtus albus, occipite cristato, remigibus secondariis cauduque albido-fasciatis. __ Grey-brown Eagle, white beneath, with the hind-head crested, and the smaller wing-feathers and tail crossed with whitish bars. ‘Le Griffard. Vaill. Ois. Afr. No. 1. Sonnini Buff. - Nearty the size of the Golden Eagle: colour grey-brown above; white beneath: head paler | than the rest of the upper parts, the tips of the feathers alone being coloured, and those of the 58 . VULTURINE EAGLE. hind-head lengthened into a slight, pendent crest: bill blueish, with black tip; irides bright hazel: craw prominent, and covered with fine, silky, a white down: larger quill-feathers black: the smaller _ and the tail transversely barred with blackish and grey bands: claws black, very strong and crooked. Male similar to the female, but somewhat darker coloured. This is a very fierce and ravenous species, preying on the young of Antelopes, on hares, and other of the smaller quadrupeds, and driving away all other birds of prey from its haunts. It builds its eyry either on very tall trees, or on the points of rocks: the nest is very large and flat, and strong enough to bear the weight of a man: the eggs are two in number, — round, and perfectly white. Native of the country of Namaquas. RE Na adil SDR a Nae iio Se et VULTURINE EAGLE. Falco vulturinus. J. niger, rostro bast subceruleo, apice flavo, __ . pedibus flavis, cauda rotundata, Black Eagle, with the beak blueish at the base, a ie at the tip, the legs yellow, and the tail rounded. Aigle Caffre. Levaillant. Ois. Afr. pl. 6. Sonnint Buff, Tue size of this species, according to Monsieur Levaillant, is equal to that of the Golden Eagle, and its general colour a deep black, some of the feathers of the back having brownish edges: the pill is very strong and of a pale blue at the base, the tip being yellow: the claws of moderate size, OCCIPITAL EAGLE. 59 and not greatly curved: the legs of a dirty yellow, and feathered for three quarters of their length: the tail rounded, and considerably shorter than the wings. Native of Cafiraria, where however it is somewhat rare, feeding principally on carrion or carcasses, but will attack sheep, and devour them on the spot. i te tr ne EAT | BESTS 6 ED OCCIPITAL EAGLE. Falco Occipitalis. F. niger, occipite cristato, cauda albo varia, - pedibus flarvis. Black Eagle, with crested hind-head, tail variegated with white, and yellow feet. Le Huppard. Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 2. ’ Nisser Tokoor. Bruce trav. append. p. 158. ~ Falco occipitalis. Daudin. ois. 2. p. 40. Tus species is described by Mr. Bruce in the appendix to his travels. Mr. Bruce calls it by the name of Nisser Tokoor or Black Eagle. “He was altogether, says Mr. Bruce, of a dark brown, or chesnut, leading to black. The whole length, from the extremity of the tail to the nose, was two feet four inches: the breadth, from wing to wing, four feet six inches. He was very lean, and weighed something less than five pounds: the fourth feather of his wing, after the lar gest, was white: the feathers of the lower side of his tail were of a blueish brown, checkered with white, and those of the upper side ‘of the tail were black and white alternately: his thighs were thick covered with feathers, so were his legs down to the joining of the foot: his feet were yellow, with strong black claws: the inside of his wings was white with a mixture of brown: his leg, from the joining of the foot, was three inches: his beak, from the point to where the feathers reached, was two inches and a quarter: the length of his crest from the head to the longest feather five inches: the eye was black with a cast of fire-colour in it, the iris yellow, and the whole eye exceedingly beautiful.” This bird happened accidentally to straggle into a host of Vultures, which had followed the carnage of a battle, and was struck to the ground by one of those voracious animals, in consequence of which Mr. Bruce had an opportunity of describing it. Mr. Bruce adds, that during the march of an Abyssinian army, there is no giving an idea of the number of Vultures and other ravenous birds hovering in the air and attending it, unless by comparing them to the sand of the sea. ‘“ While the army is in motion they are a black. CARODY, extending over it for leagues.’ There can be little doubt that the Huppard of Monsieur Levaillant is the same species. It is of the size of a large Buzzard: its general colour is a deep brown, darker beneath the body, but paler on the neck and breast: the quill and tail-feathers are black, with slight grey and white bars, and the feathers of the thighs are mixed with white: the head is ornamented at the back part with a beautiful floating crest, composed of plumes five or six inches in Jength: the bill is dusky, and the | 60 OCCIPITAL EAGLE. ) : | | | aaa ob wil of a a Pa Mi CROWNED BKAGLE 2608. Sep.rLondon Publifid by GLearstey Llc Street. (ED EAGLE. | 61 legs covered inhabitant of ducks, leveret flight, dartin on lofty tre mp, preying on partridges, ‘i ‘lta is a bird of very rapid an arrow on its prey. It builds Fits nest with wool or feathers, | eggs, spotted with rufous e vurius, pectore fulvous | The Crowne aglee 1 %, Falco coronatuss: vs Fa! 6 “The bil a covers the upper “are placed, are Se a du corners of the mouth are lef in be ine and are of a yell ah C fe foie! iar rae the head, the space Sound hi _ the throat, are covered with white feathers, V small black spots : the hinder part of the head and neck, the back and wings, are of a dark-brown or a * ’ ; 62: -- ZJONE-TAILED EAGLE. blackish colour, the outer edges iuc, beithocks being of a light brown: the quills are darker than the other feathers of the wings: the ridge in the, upper part, and the tips of some of the lesser covert-. feathers of the wings are white: the tail is of a brown colour, barred across with black, and on its under side appears of a dark and light ash-' colour: the breast is of a reddish brown, with | large transverse black spots on its sides: the belly and covert-feathers under the tail, are white, spotted with black: the thighs and legs, down to the feet, are covered with white feathers, beautifully spotted with round black spots: the feet and claws are very strong: the feet are covered with scales of a bright orange-colour: the claws are black: it raises the feathers on the hinder part of the head in the form be a crest or crown, from which it takes its name.’ ‘ The Crowned Eagle is a native of Africa, a is said to be principally seen in Guinea. ZONE-TAILED EAGLE. Falco zonurus. fF. niger, caude zona media upiceque albis, occipite subcristato, pedibus flavis. Black Eagle, with the middle zone and tip of the tail white, the hind-head slightly crested, and yellow legs. L’Aigle noir huppé d’Amerique. Sonnini Buff. Size of the Osprey (F. Halizetus.) colour black, the tail white from the base, then crossed by a URUBITINGA EAGLE. 63 broad bar of black, and tipped with white: the bill horn-colour; the space between the bill and eyes on each side naked and beset with bristles: the hind-head furnished with a short crest, in the middle of which is a white spot: the thighs barred with white streaks; the legs long, naked, and yellow; the claws black, and rather weak. Native of South-America, and described by Monsieur Sonnini from a specimen in the Paris Museum. / —— URUBITINGA EAGLE. Falco Urubitinga. F. fuscus, cinereo & nigricante varius, cauda alba, apice nigra albo terminata. Brown Eagle, with blackish and ash-coloured variegations, and white tail, with a terminal black band tipped with white. - Urubitinga Brasiliensibus. Marcgr. Bras. p. 214. Falco Urubitinga. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Tue description of this species is copied by au- thors from Marcgrave, who mentions it in his History of Brasil. It is of the size of a half-grown goose: the bill large and black, with a yellow cere: the plumage brown with a blackish mixture; the wings varied with ash-colour, and the tail white, with a black terminal band tipped with white: legs bare and yellow. f From the description of the tail, this bird has been supposed the same with the preceding, but both Monsieur Daudin and Sonnini consider it as very distinct. 64 CARACCA EAGLE. Falco Caracca. F. capite cristato, dorso alis gulaque nigris, abdomine albo, rectrictbus fasciis quatuor cinereis. Lath, ind. orn. | | Eagle with crested head, back, wings, and throat black, ab- domen white, and tail marked by four ash-coloured bands. Crested Falcon. Dillon’s travels through Spain. p. 80. pl. 3. Caracca Falcon. Lath. synops. Size of a Turkey: the back, wings, and throat are black; the belly white, and the tail marked by four parallel ash-coloured stripes or bands: the bill is strongly hooked, and the feathers of the head are elevated at pleasure in the form of a crest. Described in Dillon’s travels through Spain. It was kept in the Royal Menagerie at the Palace of Buon Retiro at Madrid. SUPERB EAGLE. Falco superbus. J’. fuscus, subfulvo varius, occipite cristato, nucha fulva, abdomine albo nizro maculato. Brown Eagle, with subfulvous variegations, crested hind-head, fulvous nape, and white abdomen spotted with black. L’ Aigle moyen de la Guiane. Sonnini Buff. Mauduyt encycl, meth, ? Falco ornatus.? Daudin ois. Autour huppé.? Levaill. ois. Afr. No. 26. Tuts bird, says Monsieur Sonnini, I have seen in its native country, but am unacquainted with its SUPERB EAGLE. 65 | manners, except that, like other birds of the genus, it inhabits the vast forests of Guiana, where it is not uncommon. It is distinguished by a pecu- liarity of conformation which has escaped the notice of Monsieur Mauduyt, one of its describers, viz. a kind of pendent’ naked craw, like some of the Vultures. Its length, from the tip of the bill to that of the tail, is twenty-five inches, and the tail exceeds the length of the wings, when closed, by about a third part. The upper part of the head, and the crest, which is composed of five or six feathers, are brown : the back and wings brown, with a few transverse tawny bars, and the tail is alternately barred above with black and pale brown: the sides of the neck are tawny; the throat and breast white, the abdomen white, marked with round and oblong black spots, disposed in such a manner as to form transverse stripes, inter- rupted by the white ground-colour: the feathers of the thighs and legs are white, striped with black. A species allied to the above is described and figured in Levaillant’s African Birds, under the name of Autour huppé, and Monsieur Daudin has called it Falco ornatus; but Monsieur Sonnini is’ doubtful as to the identity of species in these birds; since the Autour huppé of Levaillant has the crest black and white; the feathers of the head black, the back of the neck of a deep rufous colour, and the fore part of a reddish white, a black line, which passes from the corners of the mouth, separating the rufous colour of the nape from the white of the throat; while all the fore part of the body is Vv. VII. 5 66 MAUDUYT’S EAGLE. white, more or less tinged with rufous, and spotted with black; the wings and back deep brown, with © blackish clouds; and the tail brown with large black bands; the bill blueish with a reddish base, and the feet yellowish with black claws. It should be added, that. Monsieur Levaillant considers this species as a kind of Goshawk rather — than Eagle; and Monsieur Dandin in his Orni- thology observes, that from the appearance of its bill and strong claws, it probably commits great ravages among the feathered race. Levaillant observes that it is a third larger than the Baroness Goshawk. — dal MAUDUYT'S EAGLE, Falco Mauduyti. F. cristatus supra fusco-nigricans, subtus . albus, alis cinereo-fasciatis. a Crested brownish black Eagle, white beneath, with the wings barred with cinereous, Falco Mauduyti. Daud. orn, 2. p. 73. Grand Autour de Cayenne. Manduyt Enc. Met, Levern two feet: bill and cere bilawidk evelide | and skin between the bill and eye covered with : hairs: nape ash-colour; the feathers with black shafts, and streaked with white: cheeks white: from behind the eyeto the hind-head a black streak: hind-head furnished with a long crest :: upper part of the body black-brown; middle of the wing ~ barred with cinereous grey: belly white, barred SONNINI’S EAGLE. 67 with rufous brown; shins covered with feathers, rufous and white, in rings: tail long, banded ai- ternately with four bands of black and grey: wings, when closed, reaching half way down the tail: toes yellow. ‘The female is larger, and is destitute of the crest. This species belongs rather to the Buzzard or Falcon tribe than to the Eagles. SONNINI'S EAGLE. Falco Sonnini. FF. fuscus, pennis intus albis, remigibus rectrici- busque albo-fasciatis. se Brown Eagle, with the feathers white within ; those of the wings and tail barred with white. Petit Aigle de la Guiane. Sonnini Buff. Tuis small Eagle, according to Sonnini, has not yet been described by any other naturalist. Its length is but twenty-two inches, and the legs are feathered down to the toes: the hind-head is crested by feathers about an inch longer than the rest: the wings, when closed, extend rather more than half the length of the tail. The whole bird, when at rest, appears of an uniform brown colour ; but when it spreads its wings and prepares for ’ motion, it appears every where varied with white, the quills and tail being barred with that colour, but the white is brighter beneath than above: the feet are yellow. We must observe that this species is a very different bird from the following one, which is. described under the same title by Mr. Mauduyt 68 DELICATE EAGLE. in the Eneyclopedie Methodique; and Monsieur Sonnini is even inclined to doubt the existence of — Monsieur Mauduyt’s bird, as described by him. I shall give a new title to the bird, in order to prevent confusion. DELICATE EAGLE. Falco delicatus. FF. cristatus albus, remigibus caudaque griseo nigroque fusciatis, criste penna media elongata, apice nigra. Crested white Eagle, with the wings and tail barred with black and grey; the middle feather of the crest ii taas vidal and marked with a black spot at the tip. Petit Aigle de la Guiane. Mauduyt Encyc. Meth. Irs lengthis twenty-one inches, and the plumage | in general is entirely white, except the quills and tail, the feathers of which are banded chequerwise with grey and black, so that the colours on each side the shaft oppose each other: the hind-head is crested; one of the feathers, which is much longer than the rest, being marked at the end with a black spot: the wings, when closed, reach two thirds of the tail. Native of Guiana. 69 CHEELA EAGLE. _ Falco Cheela. F. fuscus, occipite leviter subcristato, tectricibus albo maculatis, cauda fascia media alba. Brown Eagle, with the hind-head very slightly crested, the wing coverts spotted with white, and a white bar across the middle of the tail. - Falco Cheela. Lath. ind. orn, Cheela Eagle. Lath, Synops, A LARGE species, measuring two feet in length. It is of a stout make, and of a deep brown colour, but on each side the head, before the eyes, is a mixture of white: the wing-coverts and thighs are marked with small white spots, and the tail is crossed in the middle by a white band: the bill is blue at the base, and black at the tip: the irides and legs pale yellow; and the feathers on the back of the head are slightly lengthened, though scarcely so much as to constitute a crest. Native of India, where it is called Cheela. 79 SPOTTED EAGLE, Falco maculatus. FF. nigricans, alis albo maculatis, cauda apice albida. : Blackish Eagle, with the wings spotted with white, and the tail whitish at the tip. . Falco maculatus. Lath. ind. orn. Spotted Eagle. Lath. synops. Morphno congener.? Raii syn. p. 7. Will. orn. p. 63. Size of the preceding, measuring two feet in length: colour deep, rusty, blackish brown, the wing-coverts and scapulars each marked with an oval white spot at the end; the spots becoming gradually larger as they descend, so that the shoulders appear dashed with oblong marks, while the middle of the wings exhibit large oval spots: the back-feathers are spotted with rust-colour, and the feathers on the top of the head and neck, which are of a narrow form, are tipped with pale fer- ruginous: the larger quill-feathers are deep brown, — the smaller tipped with dull white; the upper tail coverts and the tip of the tail are also whitish: the thighs are dashed with longitudinal whitish stripes: the bill is black, and the feet vellow, the legs being feathered down to the toes. Native of Europe, and is said to be frequent in Russia. It is of a less - spirited disposition than other Eagles of its size, and is remarkable for its plaintive cry. It has been sometimes trained to Falconry; but in its RING-TAILED EAGLE. via wild state has been the occasional victim of that amusement, and has been subdued and brought to the ground even by so small a bird as a Sparrow- Hawk. . 7 RING-TAILED EAGLE, Falco fulvus. F. nigro-ferrugineus, cera flava, cruribus plu- mosis, digitis flavis, cauda fascia alba. Black-ferruginous Eagle, with yellow cere, feathered legs, yellow feet, and tail crossed by a white bar. _ Falcofulvus. Lin. Syst. Nat, Ring-tailed Eagle, Wall. orn. p. 50. Black Eagle. Penn. Brit. Zool. ~ White-tailed Eagle, Edwards pl. 1. ‘ L’Aigle Commun. Buff, ois, 1. p. 86, _ Tats species is by Mr. Pennant and some others ealled the Black Eagle, from the dark colour of. the plumage, which however is in reality a very deep subferruginous brown, the upper half or base of the tail being white, the remainder deep brown; the bill is horn-coloured, with a yellow cere, and the feet, which are feathered to the toes, are yellow likewise. In size this species equals the Golden Eagle, and of similar manners. It is a native both of Europe and North-America, varying in that part of the world from the European speci- mens in having the breast marked with small, triangular white spots. In our own island it is chiefly seen in Scotland, where it is very destruc- 73, RING-TAILED EAGLE. tive to the smaller animals, and will even seize on roebucks, &c. : t AOE ~ Mr. Willughby thus describes its nest. ‘Inthe | year of our Lord 1668, in the woodlands, near the river Derwent in the Peak of Derbyshire, was - found an Eagle’s nest, made of great sticks, resting © one end on the ledge of a rock, and the other on two birch-trees, upon which was a layer of rushes, — and over them a layer of heath, and upon the heath rushes again; upon which lay one young one, and an addle egg, and by them a lamb anda hare, and three heath-poults: The nest was about two yards square, and had no hollow init. The young Eagle was as black as a Hobby, of the shape of a Goshawk, of almost the weight of a_ Goose, rough-footed, or feathered down to the foot, having a white ring about the tail.” Mr. Willughby’s description of the nest reminds us of a curious anecdote given in the life of the celebrated Thuanus or De Thou, viz. that when himself and Monsieur Schomberg were. passing through that part of France, on an embassy from Henry the third to the King of Navarre, they were entertained for some days, together with their suite, at Mande, the seat of the Bishop and Count of Gevaudan. At the first repast, it was observed, with some surprise, that all the wild-fowl or game ~ brought to table wanted either a head, a wing, a Jeg, or some other part, which occasioned their host pleasantly to apologize for the voracity of his caterer, who always took the liberty of first tasting RING-FAILED EAGLE. 73. what he had procured, before it was brought to table. On perceiving the increased surprise of his guests, he informed them that in the mountain- ous regions of that district the Eagles were ac- customed to build their eyries among the almost inaccessible rocks, which can.only be ascended with ladders and grappling-irons. The peasants however, when they have discovered a nest, raise a little hut at the foot of a rock, in which they screen themselves from the fury of the birds when they convey provision to their young, which the male carefully nourishes for the space of three months, and the female continues the employment till the young are capable of quitting the eyry. While the young continue in the eyry, the parents ravage all the country, and convey to the nest Capons, Chickens, Ducks, Lambs, Kids, Pigs, &c. but the fields and woods supply them with the choicest game, for from thence they seize Pheasants, Partridges, Woodcocks, Wild-Ducks, Hares, and young Fawns. When therefore the shepherds per- ceive that the Eagles have left the eyry, they plant their ladders, climb the rocks, and carry off what the Eagles have conveyed to the young; leaving instead the entrails of animals or other offal; but as this cannot be done so expeditiously as to pre- . vent the young Eagles from devouring a part of what has been brought them, it follows that it is generally mutilated; in recompence however for this disadvantage, it has a much finer flavour than any thing the markets can afford. He added, that when the young Eagle has acquired strength 74, BLACK EACLE. enough to fly, the shepherds fasten him to the eyry, | in order that the parent birds may supply him so much the longer with food; that three or four Eagle’s nests were sufficient to furnish a splendid table throughout the year; and that, far from murmuring at the ravages of Eagles, he thought himself very happy in being situated in their neighbourhood, and reckoned every eyry as akind of annual rent. Var. ? BLACK EAGLE. Falco Melanaetus. JF. cera lutea, pedidus semilanatis, corpore Serugineo-nigricante, striis flavis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Blackish-ferruginous Eagle with yellow streaks, half-feathered legs, and luteous cere. Black Eagle. Lath. synops. Lenetu two feet ten inches: general colour — blackish, the head and upper part of the neck mixed with rufous: lower halfof the tail white with blackish spots; the end-part blackish: bill horn- colour; legs covered with dusky-white feathers: — feet yellow. Native of Europe. Perhaps a sexual difference of the Ring-tailed Eagle. It is to be — observed that this is the Black Eagle of Willughby, and that the Ring-tailed Eagle is the Black Eagle of Pennant. 17 Wi) YM Wy S| th, I Win GOLDEN EAGLE 1808 Sep. 1 London Publyfhd bv Ghearstes 'Lleet Sreel, | GOLDEN EAGLE. a? ‘ Falco Chrysaetos. F. fusco-ferrugineus, rostro Be cera. pedibusque flavis, cauda basi cinereo-undulata. aa : Brown-ferruginous Eagle, with lead-coloured beak, “yellow. cere and feet, and tail clouded with ash-colour at the base. i Falco Chrysaetos, Lin. Syst. Nat. : Golden Eagle. Will. orn. p..58. Penn. Brit, Zool. Le Grand Aigle. Buff.ois. 1. p. 76. 2 id L’ Aigle doré. brig a. 4 ee 41. . Pas i As te r Oe Se. 4 ee, ge 4 ae | Tuis is reg haste the chiet of the Baropenn > Sex, States The bill pally + bvidtked with “irre gular ash-coloured bars or plotches: the legs are. yellow, short, and very strong, being three inches in circumference, and feathered to the very feet, which are covered with large scales, and armed with most formidable 16) WHITE EAGLE. claws, the middle of which are two inches or more in length. he The Golden Eagle is a native of several std of Europe and Asia, building its eyry or nest on the summits of rocks, &c.; the nest, like that of the Ring-tailed Eagle, is flat, extremely Jarge, and composed of twigs aud branches, interlaced and covered by layers of rushes, heath, &c. The female is said to lay two eggs, or three at the most, one of which is generally unproductive. The Golden Eagle has the reputation of great longevity, and is said to have survived a century. Var.2— WHITE EAGLE. Falco cygneus. F. totus albus. Lath, ind. orn. Eagle entirely white. Aquila alba cygnea. Klein, Hist. av. p. 42. Aldrov. av. p. _ 231. Gesn. av. p. 199. L’Aigle blanc. Briss. av. 1. p. 424. Size of the Golden Eagle, and entirely white as snow. Mentioned by Albertus Magnus, and from him by Gesner and Aldrovandus, and succeeding writers. Albertus says it inhabits the Alps, and the rocks on the borders of the Rhine; and that it preys not only on hares, rabbets, &c. but some- times on fish, for which reason Aldrovandus sup- poses it to be more allied to the Osprey than to any other kind of Eagle. It does not appear CONCILIATING EAGLE. 77 to be known to modern naturalists. Monsieur Sonnini supposes it to be the same with the fol- lowing. CONCILIATING EAGLE. Falco Conciliator. F. candidus, alis apice nigris, White Eagle, with the tips of the wings black. White Eagle. Penn. Arct. Zool. Tus is mentioned by Da Pratz in his History of Louisiana, and is said to be a highly beautiful and rare species. It is entirely or very nearly white, except the tips of the wings, which are black. It is much esteemed by the natives of Louisiana on account of its feathers, with which they adorn the | Calumet or Pipe of peace, which is described as consisting of a very long reed, ornamented with feathers, the bow! being made of a kind of soft red marble. This instrument always appears in solemn congresses for determining peace or war. Its — acceptance, by smoking for a few moments with it, is a mark of concurrence with the terms proposed ; and the refusal a certain mark of rejection. Even in the rage of a conflict the Calumet is sometimes offered; and if accepted, the instruments of de- struction suddenly drop from the hands of the warriors; and an immediaté truce ensues. WHITE-HEADED EAGLE. Falco leucocephalus. F. cera lutea pedibusque semilanatis, corpore fusco, capite caudaque albis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Brown Eagle, with white head and tail, balt- feathered legs, and yellow cere and feet. Bald Eagle. Catesby Carol. 1. pl. 1. Leyern three feet three inches, Colour dark brown, except the head and tail, which are white: the bird however does not acquire the white head till the second year. It isa bird of great spirit; preying on fawns, lambs, fish, &c. “ It ts, says Mr. Pennant, the terror of the Osprey, whose motions it watches. The moment the latter has seized a fish, the former pursues till the Osprey drops its prey, which, with amazing dexterity, it catches before it falls to the ground, be the distance ever so great. This is matter of great amusement to the inhabitants of North America, who often watch their aerial contests.” According to Catesby this Eagle builds in vast decayed cypresses or pines, impending over the sea, or some great river, in company with Ospreys, Herons, and other birds, and the nests are so nu- merous as to resemble a rookery. Lawson, in his History of Carolina, says that it breeds very often, — laying again under the callow young, whose warmth’ hatches the eggs. CINEREOUS EAGLE. Falco Albicilla*. F. fusco-cinereus, capite colloque canis, cauda alba. Brown-cinereous Eagle, with grey head and neck, and white tail. , Vultur Albiulla. Lin. Syst. Nat, The Pygarg or White-tailed Eagle. Will. orn. p. 61. Cinereous Eagle. Latham and Pennant. In size equal or nearly equal to the Black Eagle, Native of Europe as far North as Iceland and Lapmark, and is common in Greenland, but ac- cording to Pennant, does not proceed into America, strictly so called, unless it should vary into the _White-headed Eagle, to which it has great affinity, and in particular, in its feeding so much on fish. Tt is said to inhabit Greenland the whole year, making its nest on lofty cliffs with twigs; lining the middle with mosses and feathers, and laying two eggs. It is found in Scotland and in the Orkney islands. | The beak, cere, and irides are of a very pale yellow; the space between that and the eyes bare, and of a blueish colour: the head and neck pale ash-colour: the body and wings cinereous, clouded with brown; the quill-feathers very dark: the tail white: the legs feathered but little below the knees, and of a very light yellow. ‘The male is of a darker colour than the female. | * In the Systema Nature, by a typographical error, Albiulla. co Fe Var. 2 SMALLER WHITE-TAILED EAGLE. Falco Hinnularius, F. fusco-ferrugineus, capite colloque canis, cauda alba. ey Brown-ferruginous Eagle, with grey head and neck, and white tail. Ere, Gesn. av. p. 205. Le petit Pygargue. Buff. ois. Lesser White-tailed Eagle. Lath. syn. Sizz of alarge Cock: length two feet two inches: — bill, cere, and irides yellow: plumage above dull rust-colour, beneath ferruginous, mixed with black- — ish: head and neck ash-coloured, inclining to chesnut; the tips of the feathers blackish: tail — white: legs yellow and naked. Inhabits Europe, and is supposed by Buffon, with great probability, to be no other than a variety of the preceding. Var. ? AUSTRALASIN CINEREOUS EAGLE. This is mentioned (perhaps from a drawing) by Mr. Latham, in his second Supplement, under the article Cinereous Hagle. Its size is said to be large, and the general colour of the plumage deep _ brown, but the under parts much paler, and the wings much darker than the rest: the rump and : | tail very pale ash-colour, nearly white; and the _ bill and legs black. Native of New. Holland. Pea 28 SS SS S SSSsss — Se Wy SEA KAGLE v ev da bv Ghearslev Llect Street. Uff 2608. Sep.1.LondonPub $1 SEA EAGLE, fragus. Lin. Syst. Nat. oI ee sprey. Will. orn. p. 59. we) be e Penn. fogs ‘swimming near the surface: it io preys oce 5 casionally on on birds and other animals, and Mr. — Pennant’ a fir Ra oF was ~ eye- Men f the er the conflict bain h animal fell to the ground. kas the bs featlired halt way asen: It is ee common in the northern paliy'¢ of ‘pedi prey-_ ane seals. which it eo ® Barlow’s Plates, No. 36, V. Vii. 6 82 OSPREY EAGLE. Falco Halietus. F. supra fuscus, subtus albus, capite albido, cera pedibusque ceruleis. Brown Eagle, white beneath, with whitish head, and blue cere and legs. Falco Haliztus. Lin. Syst. Nat. Halietus. Aldrov.p. 188. Morphnos, p. 211. The Bald Buzzard. Will. orn. p. 69. Balbuzardus Anglorum, Bald Buzzard, or Sea Eagle. Raw syn. Osprey. Penn. Brit. Zool. “Lath. syn. - Le Balbuzard. Buff. ois. Tue names of this and the preceding species, to use an expression of Sir Thomas Brown, present a — puzzling homonymy; both being called by differ- ent writers by the name of Osprey and Sea Kagle. - Its size is much inferior to that of the Falco Ossifragus, and its proportions more approach to those of the Falcon tribe. Its general length seems to be about two feet. A female observed by Mr. Pennant measured twenty-three inches in length, and five feet four inches in breadth. The bill is black, with a blue cere: the irides yellow: most of the feathers of the head brown — with white margins: the hind-head, throat, and neck white, with very little mixture of brown: on each side the neck, beginning from beneath the — eye, is a band of brown, reaching almost to the shoulders: the body is brown above, and white beneath: the tail-feathers transversly barred with white on the inner webs; the two middle feathers © OSPREY EAGLE. 83 being plain brown: the legs are naked, short, strong, and of a blueish colour, and the claws remarkably large, hooked, and black. ‘This bird is well figured in the folio edition of the British Zoology, which figure is repeated, on a smaller scale, inthe I’aunula, annexed by Mr. Pennant to Mr. Lightfvot’s Flora Scotica. | The Osprey frequents rivers, lakes, and the sea shores, preying on fish, which it plunges after into the water with great rapidity, and bringing them up in its talons, retires to a small distance to devour them. It also preys occasionally on water-fowl, &c. In the Arctic Zoology it is observed that the American Osprey perfectly resembles the Euro- pean. Notwithstanding it is so persecuted by the White-Headed Eagle, yet it always keeps near its haunts. It is a species of vast quickness of sight; and will see.a fish near the surface from a great distance ; then, descending with prodigious rapidity, carries the prey, with an exulting scream, high in the air. The Eagle pursues, and attacks the Osprey, which often drops the fish, and the Eagle seizes it before it reaches the ground. It ' sometimes happens that the Osprey perishes in _ seizing its prey; for if it chances to fix its talons on an over-grown fish, it is drawn under water before it can disengage itself, and is drowned. The Osprey, according to Mr. Pennant, builds its nest on the ground, among reeds, and lays three or four white eggs of an elliptical form, and rather less than those of a hen. 84 ROUGH-FOOTED EAGLE. Falco nevius. FF. cera iridibus pedibusque lanatis luteis, corpore JSerrugineo, rectricibus basi apiceque albis. Lath. ind. orn. Ferruginous Eagle, with cere, irides, and feathered legs yellow, and tail white at the base and tip. Le Petit Aigle. Buff. ois. L’Aigle tacheté. Briss. av. Rough-Footed Eagle. Lath. syn. Descrisep by Brisson and others as of the size of a large Cock: length two feet seven inches and a half: cere and irides yellow: general colour dull ferruginous, the wings beneath and the thighs spotted with white: under tail-coverts white: legs covered to the toes with dull ferruginous feathers spotted with white: feet yellow; claws black. Inhabits Europe, and is said to prey chiefly on rats. Brisson supposes it to be the MMorphno congener of Aldrovandus, but Mr. Latham applies that synonym to a different species. 85 ASTRACHAN EAGLE. - Falco Astracanus. FF. fusco-ferrugineus, dorso abdomineque albis Jerrugineo maculatis, cauda fasciis quatuor albidis. Brown-ferruginous Eagle, with the back and abdomen white with ferruginous spots, and the tail crossed by four pale bars. Falco ferox. S.G. Gmelin nov. comm. petrop. 15. t. 10. Fierce Eagle, Lath. syn. Lrenetu two feet one inch: head and neck tawny, mixed with whitish: eyelids blue; irides yellow: bill blackish lead-colour, with green cere. Plumage brown; dorsal, abdominal, and uropygial feathers white, with ferruginous spots: tail even, brown, marked with four paler bars. Found about the neighbourhood of Astrachan, and said to be a very ferocious as well as voracious bird, devouring carrion as well as living prey. Monsieur Sonnini doubts whether it may not be a mere variety of the Falco Fulvus. $6 BLACK-BACKED EAGLE. Falco melanotus. F. fusco-ferrugineus, gula pectore dorsoque nigris, cauda nigra basi alba. Brown-ferruginous Eagle, with the throat, breast, and back black, the tail black with a white base. Black-Backed Eagle. Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology. pl. 2. Lath. synops. OP Ng Ovaeid Sap to be of the size of the Golden Eagle; and is of similar colour, but with the fore part of the neck and breast, the: back and quills black: the tail, from the base to the middle, white; the end- half black: the bill black, with a yellow cere, the legs yellow, but covered to the toes with ferruginous feathers. Native place unknown. Described merely from a figure in Brown’s Illustra- tions of Zoology, and, as Sonnini very properly observes, may be no. other than a mere variety of the Black Eagle, (Aigle Commun: Buff.) It is ati all times dangerous to describe. animals merely from figures, unless we could be well assured that the artist was himself a Zoologist. * fj: kee 87 MOGILNIK EAGLE, Falco Mogilnik. F. fusco-ferrugineus, dorso albo variato, rostro nigro, cruribus lanatis, pedibus flavis. Brown-ferruginous Eagle, with the back varied with white, the legs feathered, and the feet yellow. Falco Mogilnik. S. G. Gmelin. nov. comm, petrop.15.t. 11. B. Russian Eagle. Lath. synops. Le Mogilnik. Sonnint Buff. Leneru two feet three inches: plumage dusky ferruginous, or dark, with the back slightly varied by an intermixture of white: wings spotted or varied beneath with white: tail black, with a few grey bars, and tipped with ferruginous: legs fea- thered to the toes, which are yellow: bill black: Inhabits the midst of the deserts which border the . river Tanais, and often seen about the environs of the town of Tschercask. Its manners are not those of the nobler Eagles, feeding principally on field- mice, small birds, &c. 88 BLACK-CHEEKED EAGLE. Falco Americanus. FF. niger, capite collo dont i cinereis, Jascia genarum transversa nigra. Black Eagle, with the head, neck, and breast cinereous, and a black bar across the cheeks, 1 Black-Cheeked Eagle. Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. synops. Falco Americanus. Lath. indvorn, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Size of Falco fulcus. Head, neck, and breast deep ash-colour: each cheek marked with a broad black bar, passing from the corner of the mouth beyond the eyes: back, belly, wings, and tail black: bill lead-coloured; legs yellow, and fea- thered below the knees. Native of North America, and suspected by Mr. Pennant to be the species figured by Robert, among the Birds of the oe ‘of Louis the fourteenth. CHINESE EAGLE. Falco Sinensis. F. ferrugineus, subtus flacescens, alis caudaque. Susco-fasciatis, cera pedibusque flavis. Ferruginous Eagle, yellowish beneath, with the wings and tail barred with brown, and yellow cere and. ica Chinese Eagle. Lath. syn. DescriBep and figured by Mr. Latham from a Chinese drawing Jent him by Mr. Pennant. Size said to be little inferior to that of an Eagle: colour of the head and all the upper parts. ferruginous,. 7 ag. y y Mil 4 4 \ A FRENCH KAGILIE 2608. Sp1LondowLublifrd by Ghearsler Llect Stree. — FRENCH EAGLE. 89 with a broad dusky bar across the wing-coverts, and two or three across the tail: quill-feathers dusky : bill black: thighs clothed with long fea- thers, feet and cere yellow: the whole under part: of the bird is yellowish buff-colour, and its habit or general shape seems to resemble that of the larger Falcons. In another drawing which Mr. Latham observed in a collection on sale, was a figure which seemed to be the same bird with some variations; the head being furnished with a va- riegated crest, and the under parts with -black markings. | FRENCH EAGLE, we | Falco Gallicus. I. rostro cinereo, pedibus nudis flavicantibus, : corpore griseo-fusco, subtus (mari) albido, maculis rufescente- fuscis. Lath. ind. orn. Je with cinereous bill, naked yellowish legs, and grey-brown ody, (in the male white peteath, with rufous-brown s.) Le Blanc. Buff. ois. Lath. syn. Pl, Enl, 413, Ture pe Latham, does not fall far short of the Black Eagle, its length being two feet one ich, ~ The colour of the bill is cinereous; the ‘iridés yellow; theparts above grey-brown; beneath white, spotted with rufous brown: the outsides and tips of the tail-feathers are brown, within white, transversly streaked with brown: legs yellowish, maked ; claws-cinereous. -This bird is common in O09 WHITE-CROWNED EAGLE. France, but seems to be rare in other parts of © Europe. It feeds in the manner of the Buzzard, — on mice, frogs, &c. and makes its nest on the ground, among heath, broom, furze, &c. and sometimes, though rarely, on tall trees. It lays generally three eggs, of a grey slate-colour. The female is almost entirely grey. , WHiTE-CROWNED EAGLE. Falco Leucoryphos. F.cera cinerea, pedibus semilanatis albidis, corpore nebuloso-fusco, macula verticis trigona gulaque tote alba. Lath. ind. orn. Eagle with cinereous cere, halt feathefal whitish legs, body clouded with brown, the throat white, and a white trigonal spot on the head. Falco Leucoryphos. Pall. reise. 1. p. 454. White-Crowned Eagle. Lath, syn. Turs species is described in the travels of Dr. Pallas, who discovered it in the southern parts of Siberia. Its size is equal to that of an Osprey, to which it bears some resemblance, but the limbs are longer. It measures six feet in breadth, and weighs nearly six pounds. The bill is strait at— the base, and the cere is of a livid ash-colour, the ides grey-brown, with a black outer circle: the head grey-brown, with‘a triangular white spot on the crown; the throat white; the sides of the head - darker than the rest, as in the Osprey: the upper part of the body is of a clouded brown colour; the parts beneath the same, but paler: the second PONDICHERRY EAGLE. Ol coverts have grey margins: the quills are very dark; the tail longish, even at the end, black at the tip, and white beneath; some of the sicde- feathers are dotted within with white: the legs are pale, one third of the shins being covered with sees PONDICHERRY EAGLE. Falco Ponticerianus. J. castaneus, capite collo pectoreque ulbis, cera cerulea, pedibus flatis. Chesnut-coloured Eagle, with white bead: neck, and breast, blue cere, and yellow feet. Aigle de Pondicherry. Buff. ois. p. 136. Pl. enl. 416. Pondicherry Eagle. Lath. syn. Nat. Misc. vol. 10. pl. 389, A HIGHLY elegant species, equal, or nearly equal in sizeto a Jerfalcon. Length about a foot and a — half: head, neck, breast, and upper part of the abdomen white, the remainder of the bird reddish chesnut-colour, the wings slightly tipped with black: bill and legs yellow: cere blue. In the bird described by the Count de Buffon the shafts of the neck and breast feathers are dashed with a chesnut streak; but in a specimen preserved in the British Museum these parts are entirely white. It is an inhabitant of many parts of India, and in Malabar is esteemed a sacred bird. It is extremely voracious, flymg in company with Kites, and feeding not only on living prey, but on the entrails and other remains of dead animals, Q2 STATENLAND EAGLE, Falco Australis, I’. fuscus, cera flava, cauda nigra apice lutes= cente. Lath. ind, orn. Brown Eagle, with yellow cere, and black tail with a yellowish tip. : Statenland Eagle. Lath. syn. SizE of the Plaintive Vulture: length twenty- five inches: cere yellow; body brown; tail black, — tipped with yellowish white. Observed in Staten- Jand by Dr. G. R. Forster. Its ery exactly re- sembles that of a Hen. AUSTRALASIAN WHITE EAGLE. Falco Albus. FF. albus, rostro nigro, cera pedibusque flavis: White Eagle, with black beak, and yellow cere and legs. Faleo Nove Hollandiz. Luth. ind. orn. New Holland White Eagle. Lath. syn. White Hawk. White’s Journ. of Voy. to New South Wales, p. 250. Lrenetu about twenty inches, the size being sige superior to that of a Hen-Harrier, to which it appears to be considerably allied. The whole plumage is white, without any variegation; the bill black with a yellow cere, and the legs yellow. Native of New Holland. In Mr. White’s Voyage to New South Wales I have described this bird under the title of White Hawk, and indeed it ALBESCENT EAGLE. 93 seems rather to belong to that tribe than to the Eagles properly so called. OAS SE TED ALBESCENT EAGLE. Falco albescens. FF. albescens subcristatus, supra fusco-flaves« cente varius, cauda nigra albo-fasciata. Whitish subcristated Eagle, varied above with yellowish brown, with black tail barred with white. Le Blanchard, -Levaillant ois. Afr. No. 3. Apout a third less than the Golden Eagle, and of a more slender shape: plumage soft, whitish, and slightly tinged with yellow-brown, especially on the upper parts: quill-feathers brownish: tail barred with black and white, and longer than the wings: legs feathered to the feet, which are of a bright yellow: bill lead-colour: on the back of the head a slight crest, less conspicuous in the female. This species is an inhabitant of the parts of Africa bordering on the Cape of Good Hope, and was observed by Levaillant in the Woods of the country of the Hottniquas. It is a bird of bold manners, and of rapid flight; preying on par- tridges, pigeons, &c, It suffers no other bird of prey to come near its haunt, but, if we may rely on the attestation of Monsieur Vaillant, will permit ‘small birds to reside near it, and even to perch upon its nest, without offering them any violence ; and even protecting them against the attacks of | other rapacious birds. The nest is built on the O04 VOCIFEROUS EAGLE. top of some high tree, and contains two white eggs of the size of those of a Turkey, butrounder. The male and female perform the task of incubation in turn. VOCIFEROUS EAGLE. ‘Falco Vocifer. F. fusco-ferrugineus, nigro una capite collo pectore caudaque albis. Brown-ferruginous Eagle, undulated with black, with the head, neck, breast and tail white. Le Vocifer. Vaill. ois, Afr. pl. 4 Tuts, according to Monsieur Levaillant, its discoverer, is one of the finest of the whole Aquiline tribe, and is not only distinguished by the beauty of its colours, but by the elegance of its shape. It is equal in size to an Osprey*, (Orfraie.) The fore parts of the body, and the tail, are white; the remainder rufous brown intermixed with black; but, to be more particular; the feathers of the - head and neck are white with brown edges, and the scapular-feathers are of similar colour: those of the breast have a few longitudinal dashes of blackish brown: the rest of the plumage is brown- ferruginous, undulated with black: the smaller wing-coverts are ofa paler cast, and the neighbour. ing scapular-feathers are mixed with black, and * Monsieur Levaillant, I presume, means the Falco 0 Halitus, but the Orfraie of the French is the Falco Ossifragus. \ eS VOCIFEROUS EAGLE. 95 form an agreeable contrast with the white of the others which extend in a pointed form down the back: the wing-feathers are black, and as it were finely marbled with rufous and white on their exterior sides: the lower part of the back and upper tail-coverts are black intermixed with dull white: between the beak and eye is a bare yellow- ish skin, beset with scattered hairs: the base of the beak, the legs, and the feet are also yellowish: the feathers of the thighs descend about half an mch down the leg in front: the beak and claws are of a blue horn-colour: the craw, which is slightly visible, is covered with long, frizzled down: the tail is slightly rounded; the side feathers being shortest, and the others successively lengthening to the two middle-feathers. The female has much less of the black in its plumage; the white is less pure, and the rufous brown less deep: the female however is stronger than the male. The wings, when closed, reach to the extremity of the tail, and their extent, when spread, is nearly eight feet. It is not till the third year that this species acquires its full colours. In its first year the grey prevails instead of the white: in the second the white commences; and in the third the plumage appears in complete beauty. The male and female are inseparable companions, hunting their prey, flying, and resting together. Like most other Eagles, they place their nest either on the top of lofty trees, or on the points of rocks, and line it with wool, feathers, &c. the eggs are white, and 06 “. BLAGRE EAGLE.” of the same shape with those of a Turkey, re whiter. The flight of these birds is rapid, and they rise to a vast height, the male often uttering a loud and. singular cry. Their principal prey is fish, which they seize by plunging with incredible celerity into the water. They therefore constantly fre-— quent the neighbourhood of the sea shore, or that of such rivers as abound most in fish. They also feed on a kind of large lizard, very common, ac- | cording to Monsieur Vaillant, in many of the African rivers, and will even” sometimes prey on young Antelopes, but never on birds, BLAGRE EAGLE. Falco Blagrus. J. fuscus, capite collo cauda corporeque subtus toto albis. Lath. Suppl. ind. orn, 2. No. 18. — Brown Eagle, with the head, neck, tail, and whole body be-— neath white. Le Blagre. Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 5. Tuts is so nearly allied, both in form and man- ners, to the European Osprey, (Falco Haliztus) that it might be considered as a variety of that bird. The head, neck, and all the foreparts of, the body are white with a satin lustre, but the head and back of the neck are streaked with pale brown: the smaller wing-coverts, shoulders, and tail are grey-brown; the latter being tipped with AQUINOCTIAL EAGLE. O7 white: the wings are blackish brown, with paler edges : the beak brownish, and the iris deep brown: the legs yellow, and the claws black. It frequents the borders of rivers, preying on fish, which it plunges entirely under water to seize. ZEQUINOCTIAL EAGLE. Falco xquinottialis. F. pedibus luteis, corpore nigricante fere rugineo vario, remigibus medio ferrugineis; rectrictbus V albo notatis, Lath, ind. orn. Eagle with luteous cere, blackish body varied with ferruginous, wing-feathers ferruginous in the middle, and tail marked with V-shaped white spots. fEquinoctial Eagle. Lath. syn. Native of Cayenne: len oth twenty-one inches : bill pale: body rufous beneath, with dusky trans- verse streaks, each feather being barred with four stripes: wings reaching to one third of the tail, which is nearly black, with the two middle feathers plain; and all the rest marked about the middle with a white V-shaped spot, pointing upwards. Vv. Vit. 3 7 98 _. MANSFENY EAGLE. Falco Antillarum. F. corpore toto fusco. Lath. ind. orn. Eagle with the body entirely brown. Mansfeny Eagle. Lath, syn. Mansfeny. Buff. ois. 1. p. 144. Falco Antillarum. Briss, av. 1. p. 361. Tuis, which is described by Buffon, has the shape and plumage of an Eagle, differing only j in size; which is not super ior to that ofa Falcon. Its - colour is entir ely brown: legs and feet very strong. Native of the Antilles or Caribbee islands, preying on small birds, snakes, lizards, &e. { SHORT-TAILED EAGLE. Falco ecaudatus. F. niger, alis pallidis, dorso caueeee fed’ Ag / rufis. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. Black Eagle, with’ pale wings, rufous back and tail, the lattdr very short. : Le Bateleur. Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 7. 8- Short-tailed Falcon. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. Turs is one of the species for which we are indebted to the indefatigable zeal of Monsieur Levaillant, who informs us that it partakes of the . nature both of the Eagle and the Vulture, but is more nearly allied to the former. Its size is be-— tween that of the Sea Eagle and the Osprey, and — differs from other Eagles in having the bill less SHORT-TAILED EAGLE. 99 strong; the claws less curved, and the tail very short: the legs are also naked or unfeathered: the beak and claws are black; the membrane at the base of the beak yellowish; the head, neck, breast, and body beneath are all deep black, forming a fine contrast with the deep rufous of the back and tail: scapulars dusky, with a blueish grey cast in certain lights: all the small wing-coverts are of an Isabella colour; the quills black, edged outwardly with silver-grey: the irides are deep brown. ‘The female is of paler colours, and is a fourth larger than the male. The young birds have the beak horn- coloured, with a blueish cere; the plumage brown, less deep on the head and neck ; all the feathers edged with pale brown, and the feet yellowish. As they advance in age; the rufous feathers begin to appear on the head and rump, and the black ones on the belly: and it is not till the third moulting that they acquire their nasser co- louring. , _ This species is very common in the whole country of the Hottniquas, and along the coast of Derra de Natal as far as Caffraria. Like the Vociferous Eagle, the male and female are in- separable: they build their nest on high trees, and the females lay from three to four white eggs: they prey chiefly on dead animals; yet often attack. young Antelopes and Dates. and lie in wait for lambs, and sheep which happen to be in a weakly _ state. Monsieur Levaillant has seen the female _ feed her young by disgorging the contents of her craw. It must therefore be confessed that this 100 TIGER EAGLE. species tight without impropriety be —. among the Vultures. ———S TIGER EAGLE. Falco tigrinus. F. fuscus subtus albus, femoribus fusco maculatis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus nigro fasciatis. Lath, ind. orn. suppl, Brown Eagle, white beneath, with the thighs spotted with brown, and the under wing-coverts banded with black. Tiger Falcon. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. Falco tigrinus, Besek. Vog. Kurl. S. 10. 11. S1zE of the Golden Eagle, or even larger: cere blue; irides and legs yellow : head, neck and breast pale brown, but the upper parts of both black; the crown being streaked with that colour: the rest of the upper parts dull brown; quills black: greater wing-coverts black brown or paler; tail dull brown, crossed with three narrow distinct bands: beneath, from the breast, white, marked with some light brown spots on the thighs, and under part of the wings, in the manner of a tiger. Described from a male bird. Said to inhabit Courland, and to be an extremely fierce as well ag beautiful bird, preying on the grous tribe, and on hares, &e, SICAL ay ER i 101 COURLAND EAGLE. . Falco Germanicus. FF. rufo-albus, dorso ‘alis caudaque fusds, rectricibus fasciis quutuor pallentibus. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. Rufous-white Eagle, with the back, wings, and tail brown, the latter marked by four pale bars. Der rothlichweisse Falke, Besek, Vog. Kurl, S. 10. 12. 4, & 13. 6. : Courland Falcon. Lath. Suppl. 2. Tuis also is said to inhabit Courland, and is rather smaller than the preceding. Its general colour is a reddish dusky white, the back, wings, and tail dull brown, the tips of the wings paler: the head, neck, and breast are spotted with brown: the feathers of the thighs brown, each feather having an oval spot at the tip of that colour: cere, irides, and legs yellow. Male and female much alike in colour, but the male about a fourth part gmalley than the female, 102 DRANSBERG EAGLE. “Falco Glaucopis. F. cera et pedibus -semilanatis citrinis, dorso et pectore fusco, capite et cervice ex flavicante albis, striis fuscis, remigibus nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. . Eagle with the cere and half-feathered legs citron-coloured ; back and breast brown, head and ‘neck yellowish white with black streaks, and black wing-feathers. Merrem Beytr. 2: P. 25. t.F. Tora length rather more than one foot nine inches: openings of the nostrils large and oval, and covered behind with black bristles : tongue fleshy in the middle; horny at the edges, and scarcely divided at the tip: thighs short, and beset with soft feathers: legs covered half way with woolly down: breast and back brown: on the front small crescent-shaped streaks: head and top.of the neck yellowish, varied with brown: | wings black: tail reddish brown above, and dull white beneath, with six black bands. Found on the mountain called Dransberg near Gottingen. 103 COMMON KITE. #aleo.Milvus. F. fusco ferrugineoque varius, capite albido fusce _ striato, cauda ferruginea forficata. Kite with brown and ferruginous variegations, whitiel head streaked with brown, and ferruginous forked tail. Falco Milvus. I’. cera flava, cauda forficata, corpore Fferrugineo, capite albidiore. Lin. Syst. Nat, Milvus.. Gesn. Aldr. Will, &c. Kite. Penn. Brit. Zool. ioe Kite is so common in England as to super- sede the necessity of any very particular descrip- tion of its figure and manners. Its general length is something more than two py and its breadth ' five feet: the bill is two inches long, and very much bent or hooked at the end; the cere yellow, and the irides straw-coloured ; the whole upper part of the body i 1S ferruginous brown, the edges of the feathers brighter or yellower than the middle: the tail bright ferruginous: the edges both of wings and tail dusky or blackish: the head and neck are , pale ash-colonpr, or whitish, the feathers being of a narrow or slender form on those parts, and each marked down the shaft by: a dark streak: the under parts of the body are yellow-ferruginous, with longitudinal dusky spots: the legs yellow, and the claws strong and brown; the tail is forked, by _ which mark it is at once distinguished from every other British bird of prey. No one can be unacquainted with the elegant appearance of this bird while sailing aloft in its 104 COMMON KITE. circling flight, and maintaining its equilibrium by | a slight exertion of its pinions at distant intervals. During these wanderings it is meditating its prey — beneath, and occasionally descends from its aerial height in order to seize some bird or other animal within its view. It principally preys on young chickens, ducks, goslings, &c, and isin consequence proscribed by the universal voice of every village in the country, Were it not for these depredations its appearance would be welcomed as the har: — binger of clear skies and fine weather; for it is in such that it makes its principal excursions. It — breeds in large forests, and wooded hilly countries ; " and its nest is said to be composed of sticks and twigs, and lined with a kind of miscellaneous assortment of wool, pieces of rope, fragments of - flannel, paper, or any other articles which it hap- pens to find on the ground. It lays two, and sometimes three eggs, which are white, abi and marked with dull-yellow spots, ie deg In the days of King Henry the eighth, as appears from the observations of the celebrated Clusius, (L’Ecluse) the British metropolis itself swarmed with Kites, which were attracted by the various kind of offals thrown into the streets, and were so | fearless as to take their prey in the midst of the greatest crowds, it being forbidden to kill them, — Thus the Kite was as much reverenced in the streets of London in those times.as the Vulture is at present in those of Grand Cairo or Alexandria. The descent of a Kite at the present day, in Cheapside or Sn cuca would probably at- BUACK KITE. 105 tract as sudden a crowd as any other unexpected phenomenon, and would doubtless be recorded in the public prints as an event of singular curiosity. © Var? RUSSIAN KITE. Length twenty-one inches and a half: colour pale brown, with bright chesnut head and throat: pill lead-colour, cere green ; legs yellow; tail fork- ed. Described in the Petersburg Transactions, and said to be often found at Tunain near Tschercask. BLACK KITE, Falco ater. FF. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore supra ‘fusco-nigre, __capite et subtus albidiore, cauda forficata. Lath. ind. orn. Blackish-brown Kite, with yellow cere and legs, head and | under parts whitish, and forked tail. Falco ater. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Black Kite. Lath. syn. SMALLER than the Common Kite, and of a dark blackish brown colour above, with the head, breast, and under parts whitish: bill, cere, and legs like those of the Common Kite, Native of Germany. 106 “AUSTRIAN KITE. Falco Austriacus. F. cera pedibusque semilanatis flavis, capite corporeque supra castaneo, pennarum scapis nigris, rectricibus fuscis fasciis nigris, apicibus albis. Lath. ind. orn. q Kite with cere and semiplumed legs yellow, head and body | above chesnut, with the shafts of the quills black, and brown | tail with black bars and white tip. . Austrian Kite. Lath. syn. _ Sizx equal to that of the Common Kite! colour chesnut, the shafts. of the wings being black; the belly brown-chesnut spotted with dark brown: tail even, crossed with several black bars, and tipped with white: legs and bill as in the Common Kite: fore-head and throat whitish with brown. spots. Native of Austria, living principally in, woods. rf CARACARA KITE, Falco Brasiliensis. F. pedibus flavis, corpore rufo albo flavoque punctato, rectricibus fusco alboque variegatis. “Lath. ind. orn. K te with yellow legs, rufous body, with white yellow and. rufous spots, and tail varied with brown and white. : Brasilian Kite called Caracara. Wal orn. P. 76. Y 4 Ma tey cp by Willughby from Maregrave’ s Brasil, who however does not call it a Kite, but. rather a Sparrow-Hawk (Nisus). Its size is that of a Kite, and it preys on poultry. Native of Brasil, : 107 SWALLOW-TAILED FALCON, Falco furcatus. F. albus, dorso alis caudaque longissima for- ficata purpureo-nigricantibus. White Falcon, with the back, wings, and very long forked tail purplish black. Falco furcatus. F. cera obscura, pedibus flavescentibus, corpore supra fusco subtus albido, cauda forficata longissima, Lin. Syst. Nati Swallow-tailed Hawk. Catesb. Carol. 1. p. 4. pl.-4, Turs species is a native of America,’ and: may certainly be considered as one of the most beau- tiful birds ofthe present genus. Its length is about two feet, and its proportions in the highest degree elegant: the wings very lang and slender, and the tail more sharply forked in proportion than in a— swallow: the back, wings, and tail are of a rich purplish black, with a gloss of changeable green; the head, neck, and whole under parts, together with the thighs, milk white, in some specimens | yery slightly tinctured with a cast of pale yellow: the insides of the smaller wing-feathers, towards the tips, are also white: the bill is black, rather small, curved, and extremely sharp-pointed: the legs short, and the thighs covered somewhat lower than the knees with lengthened plumes. The Whole bird, on a general view, has so much the appearance of some gigantic species of Swallow, that we cannot be surprised at the assertion of the elder Scaliger, who affirms that he had seen an exotic Swallow or Swift of the size of a Buzzard, “= i 108 SWALLOW-TAILED FALCON. but of the colour of a common Swallow, and ne otherwise differing, except in having a hooked beak and strong claws, like those of a bird of prey. In its manners as well as in its aspect this bird bears a resemblance to the Swallow tribe: it feeds principally on insects, which it catches in its flight, and is often observed to tear off the nests of wasps, as it glides along the trees on which they are fixed: it preys also on the smaller Mia, snakes, lizards, &c. The Count de Buffon has very properly observedl that this bird should rather be considered as a native of South than of North America, since it migrates from the latter into the former on iy least approach of cold weather. un The best figure of this most elegant: speciesr hitherto given is that in Mr. Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, which yet is scarce sufficiently expressive of its beautiful shape: that of Catesby is a ven inferior representation. 109 COMMON BUZZARD. Falco Buteo. F. supra fusco ferrugineoque subtus albo fer- yugineoque varius, cera pedibusque luteis, cauda fusco fasciata. _ Buzzard varied above with brown and ferruginous, beneath with white and ferruginous, with luteous cere and legs, and tail banded with brown. ‘ Falco Buteo. FF. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore fusco, abdomine -pallido maculis fuscis, Lin, Syst, Nat. Common Buzzard, or Puttock. Will, orn. Penn. Brit. Zool. . ‘Tur Buzzard, like the Kite, is so well known in England as to require no very elaborate description. Its size exceeds that of a Kite, the body being of a heavier or thicker form: its. general length is about one foot eight inches, and its breadth four feet and a half: the bill is lead-colour, the cere and legs yellow: in colour the Buzzard is apt to vary considerably, but is usually of a ferruginous brown above, and yellowish white beneath, with large longitudinal brown spots and dashes: the middle of the back, as in the Kite, is covered merely with a thick white down: the larger wing-feathers are blotched internally with dull white and brown bars, and the tail is marked with cinereous and dusky, or ferruginous bars, that next the tip being broader and darker than the rest. . _ The Buzzard is well figured both in the folio and smaller editions of the British Zoology. It is supposed to be the most common in this country of all the Hawk tribe, breeding in woods, and usually building in some old crow’s nest, which a 110 - -GREATER BUZZARD. it enlarges, and lines with wool or other soft ma terials: it lays two or three eggs; which, according to Mr. Pennant, are sometimes white, and some: times spotted with yellow. It is said that if the hen be accidentally killed, the cock Buzzard will hatch and bring tip the young. It is observed also that the young accompany the old birds for ..some time after quitting the nest; a circumstance : unusual in other birds of prey, abil always drive off their young as soon as they can fly. The Buzzard is a very sluggish and inactive bird, con- tinuing perched on the same bough for the greatest part of the day, and seldom wandering from its accustomed haunt or spot. It feeds on the smaller birds, as well as on worms, frogs, and insects of various kinds. 0 Var. ASH=COLOURED BUZZARD. Rather larger than the Common Buzzard, and of an ash-coloured brown above; varied beneath with white: tail marked with numerous dusky bars. Native of North America. Perhaps this should rather be considered as a distinct species. | GREATER BUZZARD. . | | A trifle larger than the Common Buzzard, and of similar colour above, but beneath rufous, with oyal brown spots: Native of Europe: . : . Il} SPOTTED BUZZARD. Smaller than the preceding, being of the size of a Common Buzzard: colour dbove the same, but more variegated with white; the smaller quills being of that colour from their middles almost to the tips; which are blackish: upper wing coverts spotted with ash-colour, and a transverse blackish bar across the wings. Native of Europe. CREAM-COLOURED BUZZARD. Of a dusky cream-colour of brownish buff, with a mixture of brown on the back and some bars of _ brown across the wing-coverts: abdomen and sides - somewhat irregularly blotched with brown: tail rather shorter than in the Common Buzzard: Native of Jamaica. a a 112 SPECKLED BUZZARD. Falco variegatus. F. pedibus flavis, corpore fusco, subtils albe Susco maculato, capite colloque albidis strits ferrugineo fuscis; — tectricibus alarum albo maculdtis, rectricibus albo ~ wana dhg Lath, ind. orn. Buzzard with yellow légs and brown body, white beneath — speckled with brown, head and néck whitish with fer- — ruginous-brown streaks, and tail-feathers banded with white. Lenertu rather more than twelve inches: shape — that of the Common Buzzard: wing-coverts spotted with white: tail dark brown, crossed by several Obscure white bars. Native of North America. This species seems to be described in the Arctic — Zoology of Mr, Pennant under the name of Buzzardet: AMERICAN BUZZARD.» Falco Borealis. F. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore fusco; abdo< mine albo maculis hastatis nigris, cauda ferruginea fascia ad apicem nigra, Lath.ind. orn. - Buzzard with deep yellow cere and legs, brown body, white — abdomen with spear-shaped black spots, and ferruginous — tail with a black bar at the tip. Size of a Common Buzzard, or a trifle larger. Native of North America. Re St 113 HARPY BUZZARD. _ Falco rufus. F. pedibus flavis, corpore rufo maculis longitudi- nalibus variv, dorso fusco, rectricibus cinereis. Lath. ind. orn. Rufous Buzzard with longitudinal brown spots, brown back, ash-coloured quill-feathers, and yellow legs. La Harpaye. Buff. ois. 1. p. 217. Le Buzzard roux. Briss. av. 1. p. 404. SizE of a female Goshawk: general colour rufous, but the wing-coverts and rump brown; ' greater quills black, and smaller ash-colour: tail ash-colour: bill black: irides orange. Native of Germany and France, frequenting low grounds, and the banks of rivers, and preying often on fish, BARRED-BREASTED BUZZARD. Falco lineatus. I’. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore fusco ferruginea alboque vario, pectore rufo albo fasciato, rectricibus Sascins duabus albis. Lath, ind. orn. _ Buzzard with yellow cere and Jegs, body varied with brown, ferruginous and white, breast rufous with white bars, and __ tail marked with two white bars. _ Barred-Breasted Buzzard. Lath, syn. Red-Shouldered Falcon? Penn. Arct. Zool. Leneru twenty inches: size that of the Com- mon Buzzard: parts above deep brown, the fea- thers having ferruginous margins; but the greater wing-coverts margined with white: the greater quills black, marked on the outer edge with white Yy. VII. i 8 | 114 HONEY-BUZZARD. spots, except toward the tip: fore part of the neck and breast rufous, with black shafts, besides which, both on the breast and belly, are interrupted white and pale-ferruginous bars: tail rather short; deep brown, with two narrow bars of dull white. Mr. Latham, in his Index ornithologicus, supposes — this the same with the Red-Shouldered Falcon of Pennant, described in the Arctic Zoology. If so, the bird probably varies much in colour. Mr. Pennant describes the smaller wing-coverts as_ ferruginous, spotted with black, and the tail as crossed by seven white bands; the bill slender and dusky, and the legs weak. Native of North | America, HONEY-BUZZARD. Falco apivorus. fF. fuscus, alis cinereo fasciatis, subtus albus fasciitis subferrugineis transversis. Brown Buzzard, with cinereous bands on the wings; beneath — white, with transverse subferruginous bars. Falco apivorus. Lin. Syst. Nat. La Bondreé. Buff. ois. 1. p. 208. Honey-Buzzard. Penn. Brit. Zool. Tuts is one of the most elegant of the British birds of prey. Its size is that of acommon Buzzard, which it exceeds a few inches in length, on ac-— count of its more slender shape: the plumage — above is dusky brown, the larger quill-feathers — cinereous on their exterior sides, the larger coverts i HONEY-BUZZARD. 115 erossed by a cinereous band with dusky lines, and the crown of the head ash-coloured: the under parts are white, with pretty numerous dusky-fer- ruginous transverse bands, consisting of so many rows of slightly lengthened spots of that colour: the tailis of a brown colour, crossed by two or three dusky bands, the spaces between each being marked by dusky lines or much narrower. bars; the bill and cere are brown; the legs yellow. This bird however appears to vary considerably in the disposition of its colours, and has been seen of an uniform brown both above and below, with an ash-coloured band across the wings: the spots -on the under parts are alse described by some authors as longitudinal, but without any mention of their being disposed into transverse rows. The Honey-Buzzard is considered by Willughby asanon-descript species, “ though frequent enough with us.” It is however at present regarded as of rather rare occurrence in England. <“ It builds its nest, says Willughby, of small twigs, laying upon them wool, and upon the wool its eges. We saw one that made use of an old Kite’s nest to breed in, and that fed its young with the Nymphe of Wasps: for in the nest we found the combs of wasp’s nests, and in the stomachs of the young the limbs and fragments of wasp-maggots. There were in the nest only two young ones, covered with a white down, spotted with black. Their feet were of a pale yellow, their bills between the nostrils and the head white. Their craws large, in which were Lizards, Frogs, &c, In the crop of one of them 116 ) MOOR BUZZARD. we found two Lizards entire, with their heads lying towards the mouth, as if they sought ,to creep out.” Mr. Willughby adds, that it differs ” from the Common Buzzard in having a longer — tail, an ash-coloured head, the irides of the eyes yellow, thicker and shorter feet, and in the broad transverse dun beds or strokes in the wings and tail, which are about three inches broad. The most expressive figure of this bird is that in the folio edition of the British Zoology. MOOR BUZZARD. Falco zruginosus. FF. fuscus, vertice luteo, cera pedibusque flavis. | Brown Buzzard, with the crown of the head luteous; the cere and legs yellow. | Falco zruginosus. F. cera virescente, corpore griseo, vertice gula avzillis pedibusque luteis. Lin. Syst. Nat. ; Moor Buzzard. Will. orn. Penn. Brit. Zool. Lath. syn. Le Busard. Buff. ois, 1. p.218. pl. 10. Pl, Enl. 424, SizeE smaller than that of the Falco apivorus, to which it seems extremely allied, but differs in colour, which is a deep subferruginous brown, except on the upper part of the head, which is distinguished by a large yellow-ferruginous patch, — sometimes accompanied with a few scattered spots _of the same colour on the upper part of the neck, and sometimes even extending in a continued bed — of colour over the neck and shoulders: the bill is Taare oS MOOR BUZZARD. 117. black, with a yellow cere; and the legs are yellow; long, and slender. This species frequents heaths. and low watery grounds, and preys upon various — kinds of water-birds, as young ducks, &c. It also, according to Mr. Pennant, is a great destroyer of rabbits and fish. It makes its nest, which is said to be composed of sticks, dry sedges and leaves, in _ the midst of a tuft of grass or rushes. It is never observed to soar, like most other Hawks, but either to sit on the ground, or on some low bush. It is sometimes seen entirely brown, or without the least appearance of pale luteous on the head, &c. VAR? This, which is described by Doctor R. Forster in the Philosophical Transactions under the name ‘of Falco spadiceus or Chocolate Falcon, and by Mr. Pennant in the Arctic Zoology by the same title, is, according to Mr. Latham, no other than a variety. of the Moor Buzzard, being merely rather smaller, and without any spot on the head. It _ should be observed however, that Doctor Forster describes it as much Jess than the European Moor Buzzard. The specimen described was sent from Hudson’s Bay. Mr. Pennant’s Chocolate-Coloured Falcon measures one foot ten inches, and is of a deep bay or chocolate-colour, but with a patch or speculum of pure white on the wings, formed by the lower exterior side of the greater quill-feathers, A farther variety has been mentioned by Mr. Latham under the title of Placentia Falcon, entirely are long and lar _ Hawks, or, such whose wings when closed do not t 118 GOSHAWK. of a dusky-ferruginous colour, exce wa a few slight dashes of white on the brea of Newfoundland. GOSHAWK. . Falco palumbarius. F...fus¢iis albus lineis transversis Brown Falcon wit with transye Falco palumbarias corpore y wk. "Wit orn. — 2 (Young) 1 Pl. Enl. i ae lackish bang specimens, with ob feathers on the— ehsy as in. ost. oth the tail, whiet exceeds the len eth’ 0 , 80: a brownish ash-colour, vith five moderat ately broad, ; distant, dusky bars: the bill 18 hipaa the legs — yellow, and the feet furnished with very strong — claws, particularly on the back toe. The whole — bird is of an elegant form, and by the old Falconers — was considered as the chief of the short-winged — At ah We een 20 _ GOSHAWK 2808 Sep.'1London Publfhd by GIearsley Flect Street. -\ GOSHAWK. 119 reach to the end of the tail. Like some others of the Falcon tribe, the Goshawk is sometimes seen entirely white, and sometimes white, elegantly varied with brown. In both these states it may be distinguished from the white Jerfalcon by the greater length of the tail, on which may be also distinguished the traces of the distant broad bars which it exhibits in its common or general state. The Goshawk is a native of many of the middle and northern parts both of Europe and Asia, and is found in some parts of our own island; breeding in Scotland on the tops of high ii and preying on every kind of game, &c. VAR. A most beautiful specimen of the Goshawk in ‘in its white, or rather in its mixed state, answered to the following description, viz. Length nearly two feet: colour white, elegantly varied above with pale brown: the head and neck streaked with longitudinal deep-brown dashes: the breast and # under parts marked down the middle of each fea- _ ther with a leaf-shaped spot: the bill and feet pale yellow, the claws very strong and black, especially } ihe hind claw. 120 -JERFALCON. Falco Gyrfalco. FF. fuscus, subalbido variatus, subtus albidus maculis fuscis, cauda fasciis numerosis fuscis. : | Brown Falcon with whitish variegations, beneath white with brown spots, and tail with ntmerous brown bars. Falco Gyrfalco. F. cera caerulea, pedibus lutéis, corpore fusco,’ |e subtus fasciis cinereis, caude lateribus albis. Lin. Syst.’ Nat. ‘Iceland Falcon. Gent. magaz. vol. 41. p. 297+ Le Gerfault. Buff. ois. Brown Jerfalcon. Lath, synops. Jerfault d'Islande. Planches Enluminées 210. Jerfault de Norvege. Planches Enluminées 462. White Jerfalcon. Penn. Brit. Zool. — White Jerfalcon. Lath. synops. Falco candicans. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. 3 Le Gerfault. Briss. ois. 1. p. 370. t. 30. f. 2. Gerfault blanc da pays du Nord. Planches Enluminées 446. . Tuts species, by the almost unanimous consent of authors, stands at the head of the Falcons pro perly so called, and is considered as the boldest and most beautiful of the tribe. It is a native of the northern regions, and is found in its greatest — perfection in Iceland. In size it equals, and per- haps rather exceeds the Goshawk, which it resem: bles in its shape, but has longer wings and shorter legs in proportion. Its general colour is brown above, in deeper and lighter variegations, and whitish beneath, with brown longitudinal spots; those on the neck and thighs, which latter are well — covered with long and large feathers, being in the form of longitudinal streaks, and sometimes in JERFALCON. 12] bars: the tail is crossed by numerous deeper and lighter bands, and the bill and legs are generally blueish: it is allowed however by the best informed ornithologists that this bird varies infinitely in the particular cast of its colour, which in some exhibits a considerable mixture of white in its plumage; in others so much that it might rather be described as white with brown variegations, than as brown ‘with white ones; while in others the bird is either completely white, or slightly spotted and streaked with brown. In these varieties it 1s also observed that the bill and legs sometimes vary into pale yellow, though more commonly pale blue. From these changes in the plumage of the Jerfalcon seems to have arisen the wonderful discordance in the descriptions of authors; which haveamounted at length to so confused an assemblage of contra- dictory characters as almost to set at defiance all attempts to reconcile them. The Norwegian and Swedish Jerfalcons are brown, or of the first de- nomination, and seem to constitute the Falco Gyrfalco of Linnzus. The Iceland Jerfalcons are those which afford the mixed and white varieties, and these have been often distinguished by authors, as distinct species, under the name of Falco Ice- landicus or Iceland Falcon emphatically so called. Jerfalcons in their elegantly mixed plumage, in which the white greatly prevails, are sometimes found in Scotland, and a specimen is represented in the British Zoology of Mr. Pennant. It is observed by Monsieur Daudin, in his ornithologi- eal work, that the beak of the Jerfalcon has but a 122 GENTIL FALCON. very slight appearance of the tooth-like process on — each side, so conspicuous in many of the Accipi- trine tribe; but this I consider as a very uncertain — criterion; since in the best and most authentic figures and descriptions of the Jerfalcon, the notch In the bill is often very conspicuous; not to men- — tion, that Mr. Pennant in his Arctic Zoology ' “expressly describes the upper mandible as “ sharp- 3 ly angulated on the lower gs GENTIL FALCON. Falco Gentilis. F. fuscus, ferrugineo undulatus, subtus albo- flavescens maculis subcordatis fuscis, cauda fasciis quatuor nigricantibus. Brown Falcon with ferruginous undulations, beneath yellowishs . white with subcordate brown spots, the tail crossed by four blackish bars, Falco gentilis. F. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore cinereo maculis — Suscis, cauda fasciis quatuor nigricantibus. Lin. Syst. Nai. Falco montanus? Raid. syn; p. 13. Falcon gentle. Will. orn. p. 70. Gentil Falcon. Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 154. pl. 21. Lath. syn. 1. p. 64. Faucon Gentil. Daudin orn. p. 102. Tus is described as a degree larger than the Goshawk; with the head brown-ferruginous, mark- ed with oblong black spots, the upper part of the body and wings brown, each feather tipped with ferruginous; the under parts whitish, with brown spots and dashes, which in the young or yearling GENTIL FALCON. 193 bird are said to be rather. transverse than longitu- dinal; the quills dusky, barred on the outer webs with black, and on the lower part of the inner webs inarked with white: the wings reach to the middle of the tail, which is alternately banded with black and ash-colour, and tipped with white: the bill is lead-coloured, and the cere yellow: the legs are of the same colour, and rather short, the henicia being well covered with feathers. The Count de Buffon supposes this bird to be the head or representative of the Common Falcon, or in other words, the bird in its full plumage and perfection, for which reason it has obtained among Falconers the title of Falcon Gentil; but it is ob- served by a more modern ornithologist, Monsieur Daudin, that in this particular Buffon was mistaken or misinformed; that the present bird constitutes 4 really distinct species from the Common Falcon, though greatly allied to it; and that the Falconers eall the Common Falcon, when in full plumage, and completely bred or trained, by the title of Falcon Gentil also; so that no stress is to be laid on this circumstance. Monsieur Sonnini also, in his improved edition of the Count de Buffon’s Natural History, is of the same opinion. The Falcon Gentil is figured on the fiftieth plate of the smaller editions of the British Zoology. I have heard it maintained, on the faith of an eminent Falconer, that the Falcon Gentil is in reality no other than a young or incomplete Goshawk. 194 COMMON FALCON. Falco communis. F. fuscus rufo undulatus, cauda subnigrd fasciata, pectore abdomineque albidis fusco maculatis. Brown Falcon, with rufous undulations; the tail marked by dusky bars; the breast and belly whitish, with dusky spots. © Falco communis:. F. rostro ccerulescente, cera, iridibus pedi-. busque ‘luteis, corpore fusco, pennarum margine rufo, rectricibus fasciis saturatioribus. Lath, ind. orn. Falco communis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Common Falcon. Lath. syn. Le Faucon. buff, ois. Pl. Enl: 470, 421. 469: Tuer standard or representative of the Common. Falcon is described as of the size of a middling Hen, and of the length of eighteen inches: the. general colour brown, the feathers having rufous edges, and the tail transversly banded with lighter and darker brown: the bill blueish, with a yellow cere, and on each cheek a large brown patch or spot, wnich is said often to remain through all the varieties: the legs yellow* and strong, and the thighs, as in most other birds of this tribe, welk clothed. with lengthened feathers. It is well known: that. the birds’ of the genus Falco vary more than most. others in respect to size and plumage, according to their age and sex. The Common Falcon appears to admit of nu- ® Buffon affirms that the feet and cere are greenish, and that those birds which have them yellow are considered by the Fal- coners as of a very inferior kind, COMMON FALCON. 125 merous varieties, and these, having often been described as distinct species, have caused much confusion in ornithological works. The Falcon is a native of the temperate and colder parts of Europe, frequenting rocky, moun- tainous, and wooded regions, and preying on - various birds as well as on the smaller quadrupeds; generally darting perpendicularly downwards with great .violence on its victim. It builds in the hollows of rocks exposed to the South; usually laying its eggs about the close of winter, or very early in the spring: these are often four in num- ber, and are white, spotted with brown. So rapid is said to be the growth of the young, that in the space of three months they equal the parents in SIZE, _ The Varieties of this species are thus summed up by Monsieur Daudin, in his work entitled _Lrajté elementaire et complet d Ornithologie. 1. White-Headed Falcon. With the head, neck, and breast white, with small brown spots. 2. White Falcon. Entirely white, ‘except a few indistinct yellowish spots. | 3. Black Falcon. Upper part of head and back blackish-brown; under parts of the bird reddish-brown, with a black spot at the tip of each feather: wings and tail blackish-brown, crossed beneath with paler bars: legs deep lead-colour. 126 COMMON FALCON. | 4. Spotted Falcon. Wings spotted with white ; under parts white, spotted with brown: bill lead- — colour ; legs yellow. | 5. Brown Falcon. Body brown, with deeper spots above, and white with brown spots beneath, | those on the breast lanceolate. | 6. Reddish Falcon. Differs from the Common Falcon in having black and reddish spots. 7. Red Indian Falcon. Cinereous-brown above ; wing-coverts and under parts reddish-fulvous: tail marked with semicircular black and ash-coloured bars. 8. Italian Falcon. ead and neck tawny, with ferruginous lines or streaks: breast brown, with © ferruginous specks: end of the wings marked with round white spots: legs yellow. | 0. Sacre Falcon. ‘This, which Buffon conceives to be a variety of the Lanner, Monsieur Daudin, with Monsieur Brisson, considers as a variety of the Common Falcon. Length two feet:. bill and cere blue: back, wing-coverts, and breast, spotted with brown: tail marked with crescent-shaped — spots: legs blue. To this, as a farther variety, should be added the American Sacre of Mr. Pennant, measuring twenty-two inches in length, and three feet in breadth: irides yellow: head whitish, with longitudinal brown streaks: bill and _ COMMON FALCON. 127 cere blue: throat white spotted with brown: parts above brown, the feathers spotted and edged with ferruginous; the spots not touching the shafts: beneath white, with longitudinal dark-brown spots: quill-feathers black-brown; margins and ends of the prime oris white, transversly spotted within with pale ferruginous: smaller quill-feathers mark- ed with round spots on the outside. Inhabits the northern parts of America, and is called at Hudson’s Bay by the name of Speckled Partridge- Hawk. 10. Spotted Falcon. This, which is described and figured in the British Zoology, is of the size of a Buzzard, with a black bill, and yellow cere and legs: irides pale yellow: crown and hind part of the neck white, spotted with light reddish brown: back and scapulars of the same colour, edged with white: quill-feathers dusky, edged with ash-colour: under side of the neck, breast, belly, and thighs, white; the first, as well as the beginning of the breast, marked with a few rusty spots: rump white: middle tail-feathers marked by pretty numerous bars of white and deep brown; the rest with a lighter and darker brown: legs very strong. Two of these birds were shot near Longnor in Shrop- shire. _ 128 PEREGRINE FALCON. _ Falco Peregrinus. JF. supra plumbeus fusco fasciatus, subtus albo-flavescens striis maculisque fuscis. Lead-coloured Falcon, with brown bars; beneath yellowish white, with brown streaks and spots. Falco peregrinus. J. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore nigricante — transversim striato, supra cerulescente, subtus albido, rectrict-— bus fasciatis apicibus albidis. Lath. ind. orn. Peregrine Falcon. Lath. syn. Falco barbarus. FF. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore cerulescente — Suscoque maculato, pectore immaculato, cauda fasciata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Lath, ind. orn. Peregrine Falcon. Penn. Br. Zool. pl. 20, and Blue-Backed Falcon, edit. fol. pl. A 5. Tue Peregrine Falcon, originally so named, either from its supposed extra-European origin, or from its migratory nature, is found in various parts. ; both of the European and Asiatic world. Its size is that of the Common Falcon, or rather, accord-— ing to Mr. Pennant, of the Moor Buzzard. In its full growth and plumage it is a very elegant bird, and of a strong and bold habit. The general colour on the upper parts is a deep blueish lead- colour, barred with black, but the crown of the head and upper part of the neck nearly black: the greater wing-feathers dusky, barred with oval white spots, and the tail of similar colour with the back: on each cheek, beneath the eyes, is usually a patch of black, pointing downwards: the under parts, from the chin to the bottom of the breast, are yellowish white, with a blackish-brown streak down M td ye t “ ‘3 PEREGRINE FALCON. «229 the shaft of each feather, and the remainder, to- gether with the thigh-feathers, white, elegantly barred with blackish brown : the bill is blue, with yellow cere; the legs short and yellow, and the toes long. : | The Peregrine Falcon appears to be a general inhabitant of Europe and Asia. In our own island it is said to breed on the rocks of Lilandidno in Caernarvonshire; and that promontory, according to Mr. Pennant, has long been celebrated for pro- ducing a generous kind, as appears from a letter extant in the Gloddaeth library, from the Lord Treasurer Burleigh to an ancestor of Sir Roger Mostyn, in which his Lordship thanks him for a present of a fine cast of Hawks taken on those rocks, which belong to the family. This species is also common in the north of Scotland. It ap- pears however to have been frequently confounded with the common Falcon by the older writers, and very little dependance can be placed on the general descriptions given in such works; more especially as both this bird and the common Falcon are known to vary so much in their colours according to age, sex, and other circumstances. Var. BARBARY FALCON. The Barbary Falcon, described by someas distinct | from the Peregrine, appears, from every investiga- | tion that can be made on the subject, to be the self ey. vit. 9 130 PEREGRINE FALCON. = ’ a e e e - 6 e same species with the preceding; and indeed it is difficult to consider it as even deserving the title of — a striking variety: the only pretended difference — consisting in the cast of colour, whichinclines more or less to blue on the upper parts. Var.? LANNER. This is a kind of Falcon described by Belon ag common at that time in France, though, according: to Buffon, it is now become extinct, or at least unknown. It was said to build on tall forest-trees, and on elevated rocks, and to be easily distinguished by its blue bill and feet, by the feathers on the — front being mottled with black and white, the spots. being transverse, and not longitudinal as in other Falcons; and that when the wings were spread, they appeared different on their under surface from those of other Falcons, exhibiting scattered. round spots, like pieces of coin. (deniers) The > neck and bill were said to be short and thick, and tlie male and female to resemble each other in — plumage, the female being called Lanner, and the male Lanneret. The Falco Lanarius of ene obs is chaiteet uae in the Systema Nature by having the bill blue with — a yellow cere, the legs blue, and the body marked — beneath with longitudinal black spots. He adds that it has a white band along the front, over the 4 eyes; that the legs are ‘short, and that it is-of a se PEREGRINE FALCON. ; 13t migratory nature. In the Fauna Suecica he de- scribes it with ferruginous back and wings; the head, and whole body beneath, cinereous-white, with black longitudinal spots: tai! long, and mark- ed with opposite white spots; legs feathered be- yond their middles; feet and bill blue; and observes that it is a species very distinct from the Italian Lanner. Mr. Pennant, in the British Zoology, describes and figures a bird communicated to him by the name of Lanner, and taken in a decoy in Lincoln- shire. It was less than a Buzzard, the cere of a pale sreenish blue: the legs short and strong, and of a blueish cast: the plumage on the upper parts deep-brown, the edges of the feathers paler, those on the head being brown and clay-colour: over each eye was a white streak, and beneath each a black mark, pointing downwards: the throat white, - the breast tinged with dull yellow, and marked with longitudinal brown spots, the tlighs and vent being marked in a similar manner: the quill-feathers dusky,the inner webs marked with oval rust-colour- éd spots, and the tail spotted in the same manner. After all these descriptions, one would be in- clined to suppose this bird entitled to the rank it _ has hitherto maintained in ornithological writings. J am informed however, on seemingly good au- thority, that the Lanner, so often considered as a distinct species both by Falconers and Naturalists, isin reality no other than the Peregrine Falcon in its first or second year, and before it has arrived at its full and genuine plumage, It is for this 132 PEREGRINE FALCON. reason that I have ventured to assign it the place. — it occupies in the present work; though at the same time, I must beg to be understood as being by no means perfectly convinced of the truth of this supposition. The chief objection seems to be the colour of the feet, which are blue, not yellow as in the Peregrine. Some have supposed both the Lanner and the Sacre to be varieties of the Jerfalcon. | The Jerfalcon, the Gentil Falcon, the Common - Falcon, the Peregrine, and the Goshawk were the principal species used in the diversion of Falconry, now so much in its decline, having been, in most parts of Europe, superseded by the readier and — more certain services of the gun. “The art of Falconry, says the learned Sir Thomas Browne, appears to have been either un- known, or so little advanced among the ancient Greeks and Romans, that it seems to have pro- ceeded no higher than the daring of birds; which — makes so little thereof to be found in Aristotle, who only mentions some rude practice thereof in Thracia; as also in Alian, who speaks of Hawks. and Crows among the Indians; little or nothing of true Falconry being mentioned before Julius. Firmicus, in the days of Constantius, son to Con- — stantine the great. If the Romans, says the learn- ed Rigaltius, had well understood this airy chace, they would have left, or less regarded their Cir- | censian recreations.” In the European world the Germans and the French seem to have been the first who devoted PEREGRINE FALCON. 133 themselves to the science of Falconry. The tech- nical terms in English Falconry are evidently of French extraction. “In our own country, says Mr. Pennant, I - cannottrace the certainty of Falconry till the reign of King Ethelbert the Saxon monarch, in the year 760, when he wrote to Germany for a brace of Falcons which would fly at cranes and bring them to the ground, as there were very few such in Kent. It seems highly probable that Falconry had its rise in Scythia, and passed from thence to the northern parts of Europe. Tartary is even at present celebrated for its fine breed of Falcons; and the sport is in such general esteem that, ac- cording to Olearius, there was no hut but what had its Eagle or Falcon. The boundless plains of that country are as finely adapted to the diversion as the wooded or mountainous nature of most part of Europe is ill calculated for that rapid amuse- ment.” : In England Falconry seems to, have continued in full glory till about the time of the Usurpation, after which it appears gradually to have declined. With what ardor it was pursued in the reign of James the first may be gathered from the anecdote recorded by Mr. Pennant, who relates that Sir James Monson gave no less a sum than a thousand pounds for a cast of Hawks, It should be observed, that almost every kind of Falco, from the largest to the smallest, may be trained to Falconry ; even Eagles themselves have been used for the chace of the Roebuck, the 134 PEREGRINE FALCON. Antelope, the Wolf, Fox, &c. The largér kind of Falcons, as the Jerfalcon, the Peregrine, and the Goshawk were used for the flight after the Heron, the Wildgoose, the Crane, the Hare, &c. the Com- mon Falcon principally for the more general run of game; while the smaller kind were often in- structed to fly at the Partridge and the Quail. The Iceland Falcon is, according to Mr. Pennant, inthe highest esteem, and will last ten* or twelve years, whereas those of Norway and_ other countries are seldom fit for the sports of the field after two or three years use. . The feats performed by the Jerfalcon are innleed to be numbered among the noblest in the practice of Falconry. Scaliger attests, that he saw one which belonged to Henry, King of Navarre, strike down a Buzzard, two Walon divers Kites, a Crane, and a Swan. . Among the best of Hawks for Falconry is also the Goshawk: these were used by the Emperor of China in his sporting progresses attended by his Grand Falconer, and a thousand subordinate. The Emperor often carried a Hawk on his hand, to let fly at any game which might present itself, and which were usually Pheasants, Partridges, Cranes, or Quails. This diversion was witnessed by Marco Polo in the year 1269. | The flight of a strong Falcon is wonderfully swiit. It is recorded, that a Falcon belonging to * Some writers speak of Falcons continuing in full vigour for twenty years. PEREGRINE FALCON, 135 a Duke of Cleve flew out of Westphalia into Prussia in one day; and in the county of Norfolk a Hawk has made a flight at a Woodcock near thirty miles in an hour. | _ Avery agreeable general description of Falconry is given by the ingenious Abbe La Pluche. This sport, says he, is one of the noblest, and frequently proves one of the most profitable of pleasures. Mankind have discovered the secret of making even the voracious qualities of birds advantageous, either by employing them against malignant and noxious species, or against those whose flesh affords the most exquisite relish. For the various.kinds of this diversion the Falcon, the Gerfalcon, the Lanner, the Saker, the Goshawk, the Merlin, and the Sparrow-Hawk are used; but in general the Falcon and Hawk are in more frequent use than the rest. The Falcon, Gerfalcon, and Goshawk are in extraordinary repute, and are trained up to various flights, some of which are pointed against the Heron, others against the Kite, the Curlew, or the Owl. But these pleasures are expensive, and fit only for Princes. The Hawk is used in low flights: he is sagacious, and very dextrous in attacking the Partridge, and is sure to furnish the larder with excellent game. A prudent gentleman leaves the Falcon to Princes, and contents himself with the Hawk. The manner of training them up, and employing them in the field is very agreeable. Such as are taken in the nest are called Nias, while such as are taken when full-grown, and at full liberty, are called Haggards or old birds. These 136 PEREGRINE FALCON. last are tamed with much more difficulty, but patience and dexterity at length succeed, and, in © terms of Falconry, make them fit for the Fray. When they are too wild, they are neither fed, nor suffered to sleep for three or four days and nights, and are never left alone; by which means they gradually become familiarized to the Falconer, and — are obedient to all his commands*. His principal — care is to accustom them to settle on his fist; to spring when he throws them off; to know his voice, his singing, his whistle, or any other signal he gives them ; and to return to order on his fist. At first they are tied with a string of about thirty fathoms in length, to prevent them from flying away; and they are not freed from this till they are completely disciplined, and return at. the proper call or signal. To accomplish this the bird must belured. The lure is a piece of red stuff or wool, on which are fixed a bill, talons, and wings. To — this is likewise fastened a piece of that flesh on which the bird feeds, and the lure is thrown out to’ him when they intend to reclaim or recall him, The sight of the food he loves, with the addition of a certain noise, immediately brings him back, — In a little time the voice alone is sufficient. The various plumage with which the lure is set off is — called a Drawer.. When they accustom the Hawk — to fly at a Kite, a Heron, or a Partridge, they — * A method has been sometimes practised of placing an cd unquiet Hawk in a smith’s shop for a certain time; where, by ~ “es the continual noise of the hammering, he has become gentle and 7 tractable, i PEREGRINE FALCON. 137 change the drawer according to the kind of game to which he is to be devoted. When he is to spring at a Kite, they fix the bill and feathers of that bird to the lure; and the same care is taken with respect to the rest; and in order to entice the bird to his object, they fasten beneath the drawer or plumage the flesh of a chicken or some other fowl, and sometimes season it with sugar and spices, adding marrow and other delicacies. By these means, when he is afterwards to spring at real game, he flies at it with surprising precipitation. After three weeks or amonth’s exercise in achamber or garden, they begin to make the experiment with the bird in the open fields, and fasten little bells to his feet, in order to be readily informed of his motions. He is always capped or hooded, to ‘prevent him from seeing any object but his game ; and as soon as the dogs either stop or spring it, the Falconer unhoods the bird, and tosses him ‘into the air after his prey. It is then extremely diverting to see him wing the air in all the varieties of his flight, and behold him soaring by degrees, and repeated springs, till the eye loses him in the middle region. He then commands the plain, contemplates the motions of his prey, whom the distance of the enemy deludes into an imaginary security, till at last he launches upon it with the rapidity of an arrow, and bears it to his master, who recalls him, They never fail, in these his first essays, to present him with the neck and entrails of the prey he has brought. These gra- _ tuities, and the other caresses of the Falconer, 138 PEREGRINE FALCON. animate the bird to the performance of his duty; keep him in regularity, and a proper fierceness of — temper, and particularly, prevent him from bear- _ ing away his bells; that is, from. flying off, and not returning; an accident which nom atrnt happens. rh ae When Falcons are taught to fly at Rabbetsifl Hares, &c. it is called flying at the fur; and some — are instructed to fly both at the fur and the plume, or to the pursuit of hares and rabbets, as well as of pheasants and partridges, &c. In order to this, when the Falcon is very tame, they either take a live hare, and break one of its legs, or else a hare’s skin stuffed with straw; and having fixed to it a piece of chicken’s flesh, or whatever food the Falcon. loves best, they tie this skin, with a cord of great length, to the girth of a horse, and as the skin is: thus dragged along, the bird imagines it to be a. hare in flight, and is allured to dart upon it; and. is thus taught to distinguish the animal. But Falcons of the larger kind have been occasionally taught to fly at the Roebuck, and even at the Wild Boar, and the Wolf. The method of in- structing them in this species of adventure is by accustoming them to feed, when young, from out of the sockets of the eyes of a wolf’s or boar’s head; the whole skin of the animal being stuffed, in such a manner as to appear alive. While the bird is fecding, the Falconer begins to move the figure gradually ; in consequence of which the bird learns to fasten itself as to stand firm, notwithstanding: the precipitate motions which are gradually ten nse ts PEREGRINE FALCON. 139 to the stuffed animal. He would lose his meal, should he quit his hold; which makes him careful to fix well on the skull, that he may dig his bill into the eye-socket, in spite of the motion. When these first exercises are over, the skin is placed on a cart, drawn by a horse at full speed: the bird follows it, and is particularly feeding: and thus, when they come to fly him in the field, he never fails to dart on the head of the first beast of the kind he discovers, and begins to scoop out the eyes. This throws the animal into such distress, that the hunters have time to approach, and dispatch it with their spears. It has been before observed, that Falcons taken from the nest are with most ease and certainty instructed in the various documents necessary for them to attend to when brought into the field; but the discovery of a nest of these birds is merely a fortunate accident, which cannot often be expected. It is therefore necessary to find some method of obtaining the wild and full-grown bird, which is then to undergo the troublesome process of edu- cation. Jor this purpose various arts have been devised. Like all other birds, Falcons may be taken by means of nets, such as are used in catch- ing larks; but the difficulty is to attract the bird, If a Falcon is engaged in the pursuit of his prey in the air, he will not quit it and descend to seize an immoveable and apparently lifeless bait lying on the ground. It is therefore necessary to use a greater degree of art. The experienced Falconer places and fixes in the centre of his net a pulley, 140 PEREGRINE FALCON. or a strong iron wire bent into a ring, through which he passes a string of thirty or forty fathoms. length, and at the extremity ties by its legs a live pigeon, which he carries with him into his hut or cover; and as the Falcon sometimes flies so high as not to be seen, the Falconer is informed of his motions by means of a Butcher-Bird, which is fastened by a string tied to a stick fixed near the net. ‘This bird by its movements indicates the kind of Hawk which is hovering above. If it be a Buzzard or any kind of sluggish Hawk, the Butcher-Bird’s motions are but slight; but if it suddenly flies down and hides itself, it is a sign that some large kind of Falcon is above. In con- sequence of this, the Falconer lets out the pigeon, whose apparent state of liberty attracts the sight of the Falcon. If it approach readily, the man withdraws the pigeon, and, a moment or two afterwards, lets it out again. This second ap- pearance of the pigeon never fails to incite the Falcon, which darts upon it as his prey, and is in consequence caught in the net, which the man instantly draws over it. 5 The above method of taking Falcons, and indeel the art of Falconry in general, seems to have been held in no very high estimation by Linnzus, since, by way of note to his specific Character of Falco. Gentilis, he adds “* Ars capiendt Falcones Columba et Lanio, instituendi, venandi Gazellas, Ardeas, Aviculas, &c. propriis artificibus commissa, in lus uriam magnatum, ridenda etiam a stulto.” A singularly elegant species of Falconry is said PEREGRINE FALCON. 141 to be occasionally practised in Persia*; viz. train- ing small birds (sparrows) to the pursuit of the larger kind of Butterflies. This we may suppose to be peculiarly calculated for the amusement of the ladies. | _Spallanzani, in his Sicilian Travels, informs us that, during his residence at Scandiano, he amused himself with breeding up three young Falcons. They were so well tamed, that, after straying about for the whole day among the neighbouring hills and plains, they punctually returned every evening to the house of their benefactor, in which they had been bred: they regularly demanded their food, and then went to roost on a tall oak which erew near. Early every morning they waked him by their cries, and by beating against the window; never departing till they had been fed. Many of Spallanzani’s friends and acquaintance, and even strangers, came to visit him on purpose to witness this interesting scene ; and undoubtedly, as he observes, notwithstanding what we know of the art of Falconry, it was a truly curious thing to see these three birds, which were in a state of perfect liberty, and in full enjoyment of the em- pire of the air, descend, at the voice of their master, from heights at which they could scarcely be seen, perch on his hand, and receive his caresses, without being in the least intimidated by the crowd of spectators. Yet this confidence, perfect as it was, did not last any long time; and there can be no * Sir Antony Sherlie’s Relations. | 142 PEREGRINE FALCON. doubt that their constant morning and evening visits proceeded merely from the powerful necessity of satisfying their physical demands of food, and their ignorance of the means which nature had given them of providing it for themselves. Whether it was that they had received this instruction from a fourth Falcon, which joined their company for some days, or whether the time was arrived in which their natural instinct began to develope itself and render them industrious, they no longer appeared at the windows, even when earnestly called. They still however retained so much of their early attachments as to come and roost on their accustomed oak; but, after a certain time, even this faint appearance of familiarity was gra= dually lost, and they betook themselves to thé natural habits of their wild kindred. So true is it, adds Spallanzani, that among the inferior animals, Nature never loses her ancient rights! The above Falcons were about the size of a Biset Pigeon, but with much longer wings, which, when the bird was sitting, passed beneath and crossed the tip of the tail. ‘They delighted in flying to a vast height, and remaining, like kites, for hours together, in the airy space; flying against the wind. Spallanzani does not pretend to ‘déterinti(ll their true species, but gives the following descr ipo tive character. alco cera rostroque ceerulescenti- bus, pedibus nudis flavis, collari_flavo-cinereo maculis duabus nigris, corpore supra fusco, rectricibus supra ferrugineis apice flavo pallidis. To this he adds” _ the following more detailed description, viz. The CHANTING FALCON. 143 head was brown, spotted with yellow: the neck encircled with a yellow-cinereous ring, interrupted _by two longitudinal black spots: the beak and cere blue: the eyes bright and black; the border _of the upper eyelids yellowish; the upper part of ‘the body brown; the under yellow with lengthened black spots: the rump pale rufous; the thighs varied with black and yellow; the quill-feathers of the wings black, with transverse yellowish-rufous bands: the tail-feathers twelve in number, brown above, and of a yellowish white beneath: the feet naked and yellow, and the claws black. att ty CHANTING FALCON. my . fh Falco musicus. F. canus, subtus fusco undulatus, asia nigris, cauda cuneata fusca albo fasciata. ‘Grey Falcon with brown undulations beneath, black wing- feathers, and brown cuneated tail barred with white, | * Le Faucon Chanteur. Levaill. av. afr. p. 117. ai 27. _ Falco musicus. Daudin orn, p. 116. 4 Amone the ferocious Falcon tribe we could hardly expect to meet with a songster; the voice of the general race of birds of prey being peculiarly harsh and disagreeable. From the title however by which the celebrated Monsieur Levaillant has distinguished the present species, we might be led ‘to suppose that a Falcon existed which to great €legance of plumage united a musical voice; since it sings, according to this author, for hours to- gether, while perched on the summit of a tree, near 144. CHANTING FALCON. the nest of its faithful mate, which it never quits throughout the whole year; and, like the nightin- gale of Europe, is heard during the early dawn of day, or in the dusk of the evening, and not unfre- quently during the greatest part of the night. Monsieur Sonnini however very properly observes that by this description we must not suppose its song to resemble that of the nightingale; Monsieur Levaillant meaning only, that the bird, like the — nightingale, exerts its voice during the silence of the night; and that its incessantly repeated cries may be considered as in some degree clearer or’ more musical than those of its raucous and shriek- ing congeners. ‘The’ size of this species is that of a common Falcon, and its colour a pearly grey, deeper or more inclining to brown on the top of — the head and back: the under parts are crossed — or undulated by numerous blueish-brown lines or — bars: the larger wing-feathers are black, and the a tail, which is strongly cuneated, is of a dusky colour, crossed, except on the two middle feathers, by several broad white bars: the bill is black with — an orange-coloured cere; the legs orange-coloured, and longer than in most of the Falcon tribe. The female is a third larger than the male. ‘This species’ commits great havoc among the smaller kind of ~ wee > on game, as partridges, quails, &c. It even attacks. hares, and will feed, like the Buzzard, on moles, — rats, &c. It is an inhabitant of the interior of Caffraria, where it builds in woods, laying four white round eggs. 145 ROUGH-LEGGED FALCON. Falco Lagopus. F. albus fusco varius, pedibus pennatis, cauda versus apicem fascia lata fusca. White Falcon varied with brown, with feathered legs, anda broad brown bar towards the end of the tail. Rough-Legged Falcon. Penn. Brit. Zool. append. pl. 1. Falco Lagopus. Brunn. orn. bor. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Var. Dusky Falcon. Penn, Arct. Zool. Lenetu two feet two inches. First described, and figured, in the appendix to the Quarto edition | of Mr. Pennant’s British Zoology: head, neck, and breast yellowish white, with oblong brown strokes: belly deep brown: wing-coverts brown, with fer- ruginous edges: ends of the larger wing-feathers deep brown, their lower parts white: thighs and legs pale yellow with brown streaks: tail as in the specific character: legs feathered to the toes, which are yellow. Native of Denmark and Norway; but _the accidental straggler from which Mr. Pennant’s description was drawn up, shot in England. Like most of the present genus, it appears to vary, being sometimes seen with the back of a blueish grey, with black and white variegations, and the tail dusky with paler bars. Hence the Dusky Falcon of the Arctic Zoology. : Vii, | 10 146 ' BOOTED FALCON, Falco pennatus. F. cera pedibusque pennatis luteis, corpore nigricante griseo vario, subius luteo-fusco, capite pallido, su- percilus nigris, Lath, ind. orn, Falcon with the cere and feathered legs yellow, the body above blackish varied with grey, beneath luteous-brown, the head pale, with a black superciliary streak on each side. Falco pennatus. Briss. append. Lin. Gmel. Lath. ind. orn. Descrisep by Brisson. Size of a Jerfalcon: length one foot seven inches and a quarter: cere and toes yellow: parts above blackish brown with a cast of violet, and variegated with dull grey: beneath yellow-brown, with longitudinal blackish lines: head and upper part of the neck fulyous- grey with similar lines: over the eyes a black stripe: tail brown, growing blackish towards the tip, which is grey, marked with whitish spots on each side: legs feathered to the toes. Described from a preserved specimen, Native region un- known. | 147 NEWFOUNDLAND FALCON. Falco Nove-Terre. F*. cera pedibusque semilanatis flavis, cor- spore supra fusco, occipite subtusque ferruginco, abdomine fusco- -__nebuloso, cauda fusca fuasciis quatuor saturatioribus. Lath. ind. orn. Brown Falcon, with the nape and under parts ferruginous, the abdomen clouded with dusky; the tail brown with four darker bands ; the cere and semi-feathered legs yellow. Newfoundland Falcon. Lath. syn. Descrizep by Mr. Latham from a drawing in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks: length twenty inches: cheeks inclining to ash-colour: thighs mottled with ash-colour and round dark spots: belly ferruginous, with dark blotches. Native of Newfoundland. CRESTED INDIAN FALCON... Falco cirrhatus. FF. cera pedibusque pennatis luteis, crista occipitis bifida pendula, corpore supra nigro, subtus albo ni- grogue striato. Lath, ind. orn. , Falcon with body black above, beneath white streaked with black, pendulous occipital crest, cere and semi-pennated legs luteous. Falco indicus cirrhatus, Rati. syn. Crested Indian Falcon. Will. orn, Lath. syn. Descrisep by Willughby from the living bird in the Royal Aviary in St. James’s park. “ This bird, says Willughby, was brought out of the 148 CRESTED INDIAN FALCON. East Indies. For bigness it was not much inferior to a Goshawk: the head flat, black, copped, the crest hanging down backwards from the hind part of the head like a Lapwing’s, but forked: the neck red: the breast and belly were parti-coloured black and white, the alternate cross lines being very bright and fair: the irides of the eyes yellow: the beak of a deep or dark blue, almost black, especially. towards the point; for the base was covered with a yellow membrane: the legs feather- ed down to the feet: the feet yellow: the talons of a dark black: the lesser rows of wing-feathers had whitish edges: the train was varied with transverse spaces or beds of black and cinereous alternately: the rest of the feathers;were black.” Mr. Latham in his Supplement» mentions its having seen a drawing of this species, which varied in haying a broad black bar across the breast. On turning to the description of the Crowned Eagle (Falco coronatus) the reader will perceive many points of affinity between that. bird and the present species... ‘The Crowned Eagle is is however§ a native of Africa.) aren at ~ ey es a\ahoe ary Sew. EZ. rg zy Fad) CRESTED AFRICAN FALCON 1808. Slit. ondowLublifrad by Ghearsley: Fleet Street. 149 CRESTED WHITE FALCON. _ Falco niveus. FF. niveus, crista bipenni pendente. _ Snow-White Falcon, with two-feathered pendent crest. Falco Ceylanensis. Lath, ind. orn. Ceylonese Crested Falcon. Lath. syn. A prawine of this bird, but without any men- tion of the size, was communicated to Mr. Pennant. Said to be a native of Ceylon. CRESTED AFRICAN PALCON. Falco galericulatus. . cristatus plumbeus, cauda fusco fasciata, subtus albo-flavescens lateribus fasciatis, mandibula inferiore truncato-dentata. Lead-coloured crested Falcon, with brown bands on the tail; beneath yellowish-white with banded sides, the lower man~ _ dible truncato-denticulate. Le Faucon Huppé. Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 28. Genera habit that of the Peregrine Falcon, and a similar black patch beneath each cheek: ‘size of the male that of a common pigeon: the female a fourth larger: irides orange: legs yellow: inhabits the sea shores and borders of lakes in Africa, feeding on fish, crabs, and shell-fish : builds either on rocks or trees, and lays four rufous eggs. "sais aa 150 HARPY FALCON, Falco rufus. F', pedibus flavis, corpore rufo maculis longitudi- nalibus wario, dorso fusco, remigibus secondariis ee ci- nereis. Rufous Falcon with Lovitsieclabi dusky streaks, brown back, ash-coloured secondaries and tail, and yellow legs. . Faleo rufus. Lath, ind. orn. Harpy Buzzard. Lath. syn, La Harpaye. Buff. ois. 1. p. 217. Pl. Enl, 460. Sizn of a female Goshawk. Native of France and Germany, frequenting low places, rivers, and — ponds, and often preying on fish. In habit or general appearance it seems considerably allied to the Ring-tail, but is of larger size. ST. JOHN'S FALCON. Falco S. Johannis. F. fuscus, supra griseo ‘ore varus, cauda atbido nigrcque fasciata. Brown Falcon, varied above with black and grey, the tail with black and whitish bars. Falco Sancti Johannis. Lin. Gmel. Lath. ind. orn. * St. John’s Falcon. Penn. Arct. Zool. Leneru one foot nine inches: bill short and dusky: legs covered with feathers to the toes, which are yellow, and very short. Native of Hud- son’s Bay and Newfoundland. | LEVERIAN FALCON. \ - Falco Leverianus. . supra fuscus albo maculatus, capite albo tenia utrinque fusca, subtus albus cauda albo fasciata. Falcon with the body brown above spotted with white, the _ head white with a brown stripe on each side; the under parts white, and the tail barred with white. Falco Leverianus, Lath, ind. orn. Leverian Falcon. Lath, syn, suppl. * Leverian Falcon. Penn, Arct. Zool. Descrisep by Mr. Pennant. Size of a Buzzard: bill dusky, and greatly hooked: head striped with brown and white: upper part of the body and wings deep brown; each feather elegantly marked at the end with a large white spot: the whole under side of the body white: the outmost feathers of the tail marked with nine white, and the same number ofdusky bars: middle feathers with dusky and cinereous: the wings extend beyond the end of the tail: legs strong-and yellow. Native of Carolina, from whence it was sent to Sir Ashton Lever. 152 - PLAIN FALCON. Falco obsoletus. F. pedibus flavis, corpore fusco, subtus remigi= bus rectricibusque latere interiore albo maculatis. Lath. ind. orn. | Brown Falcon, with yellow legs, the under parts of the body” and insides of the wing and tail-feathers spotted with white. Plain Falcon, Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. syn. suppl. Descrisep by Mr. Pennant. Bill black; head dusky: nape spotted with white: back, coverts of the wings, and tail whiform deep brown: under side of the neck, breast, and belly deep brown, slightly spotted with white: primaries dusky : inner webs marked with great oval spots of white, mottled with brown: middle feathers of the tail plain brown; inner webs of the rest mottled with white; exterior webs and ends slightly edged with the same: legsstrong; yellow? wing reaches near the length of the tail. Length from bill to tail-end. two feet one inch. Native of Hudson’s Bay. Sess on = a = 153 WINTER FALCON. Falco hyemalis. FF. fusco-ferrugineus, subtus albus fusco macu- latus, cauda ferrugineo nigroque fasciata. Brown-ferruginous Falcon, beneath white with brown spots ; the tail with black and ferruginous bars. Falco hyemalis. Lath. ind. orn. Winter Falcon. Penn. Arct. Zool. Northern Falcon. Lath. syn. Descrisep by Mr. Pennant. Bill black, cere yellow: head deep brown; back the same, tinged with rust: hind part of the neck streaked with white: the coverts of the wings dusky, edged with dull white; those on the ridge with orange: ends of the primaries dusky; the other parts barred with brown and white: breast and belly white, marked with heart-shaped spots: thighs sulphur- coloured, speckled with dusky: vent feathers white: tip of the tail white; then succeeds a broad dusky bar; the remaining part barred with brown, tawny, and black: legs long, and very slender. This Species is of an elegant form, and is about the size of the Ringtail. It inhabits the province of New York, appearing at the approach of winter, and retiring in the spring. Mr. Pennant observes that the Northern Falcon of Mr. Latham seems to differ from this only in age or sex. It is of a dark ci- nereous brown above, and beneath ferruginous _ brown, with interrupted white bars: the tail marked by four brown bars, and tipped with | white. | BLACK AND WHITE FALCON. . Falco melanoleucos. F. albus, capite collo deiisa remigibusque nigris. _ White Falcon, with black head, neck, ri pie degdlieacibs: Falco melanoleucos. Penn. Ind. Zool. Black and White Indian Falcon. Lath. syn. Le Tchoug. Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 32. Descrisep by Mr. Pennant in hisIndian Zoology. Its length is sixteen inches, and its weight about ten ounces: the bill is black; the irides reddish yellow; the head, neck, back, scapulars, quill- feathers, and some of the middle coverts black; the remainder of the bird pure white. Native of — Ceylon, where it is called Kaloe Koeroelgoya. ‘The Tchoug of Levaillant is probably the same bird in ~ a penager state. STELLATED FALCON. Falco stellatus. F. superne nigricans, maculis stellas referentibus respersus, inferne ex albo & nigro varius, pedibus ceruleis. _ Briss, orn, Falcon of a blackish colour above, with star-like spots, beneath varied with black and white, with blue feet. . Falco stellaris. Briss. Falco cyanopus. Gesn. 6 Aldr. Charlet. er. Ds 7a. Tuis species, if any such exists, appears to be so_ very obscurely known that perhaps it ought not to be introduced into any systematic ornithological “i ith SURINAM FALCON. 155 work. It seems to have been first mentioned by Albertus Magnus, and from him recorded by Gesner and Aldrovandus, which latter author however makes no mention of the stellated spots particu- larized by Monsieur Brisson. In its general size and appearance it is said by Brisson to resemble the Peregrine Falcon, and to be blackish above, and starred with spots, but of what colour we are not informed: beneath black and white: the irides gold-coloured, and the legs blue. SURINAM FALCON, Falco Sufflator. F. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore fusco albido, oculorum operculis osseis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Falcon with yellow cere and legs, body varied with brown and white, the eyes furnished with bony opercula. _ Surinam Falcon. Lath. syn. Linn us seems to have described this bird from Rolander, one of his pupils, who travelled in South America. He informs us that the body is brown above, with the feathers white at their base; and beneath luteous, spotted with brown and white; ‘that the nostrils are separated by an intervening fleshy lobe; and that, when alarmed, or angry, it inflates the head to the size of the body. The above description seems to want confirmation, and -no bird properly answering to the Linnzean cha- acters appears to be at present known. A bird however which Mr. Latham examined in a collec- 156 LAUGHING FALCON. & scapes al tion, and which he supposed might be the species _ intended by Linnzeus, was about the size of a Hen- Harrier, and in colours not unlike that above- described. Mr. Latham very properly adds, that if by the expression of oculorum operculis osseis Linnzeus meant the opake or white part of the eyes, the bony structure is by no means peculiar to the present species, but takes place in many others. LAUGHING FALCON. Falco cachinnans. F. cera pedibusque luteis, palpebris albis, corpore fusco albidoque vario, annulo nigro verticem album cingente. Lin. Syst. Nat. Falcon with yellow cere and legs, white eyelids, body va- riegated with brown and whitish; the top of the head black — surrounded by a white ring. Native of South America: observed by Rolander: upper part of the body, wings, and tail-coverts — brown: throat, breast, abdomen, and wings be- neath, white: tail banded with black and luteous. When disturbed utters a laughing sound. This however is observed by Monsieur Sonnini to be no very distinctive character, since many of the Falcon _ tribe occasionally utter a shrill and quickly re- _ peated cry, which by a little aggravation, might be termed a laugh. mm, ae Wes [hike hea Calin BACHA FALCON. 2608 Scp/rbLondon Publifid by Ckearstey thiect Street. 157 _ MARITIME FALCON. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore caudaque is colore ex rubicundo et albo misto. Lath. r cere and legs, body and tip of the tail white, d reddish and whitish colour. lenting the sea coasts: breadth four feet: bill, _ Falco Bacha, F. ni - crista occipitali nigra G _ Blackish Falcon, with with white, an occipital t a white bar across the tail Le aay Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 19. mac ulatis, ncessant oes and springs ape it emerges from its retreat in t * * Hyrax Capensis or Cape Hyrax. General Zoology. Vol. 1. Pe ae a AO LAD AMD AS: 1458 FISHING FALCON. though of a somewhat more slender shape. It builds among rocks, forming its nest in a careless manner of moss and leaves. FISHING FALCON, Falco Piscator. F. subcristatus, capite ferrugineo, corpore cinereo, pennis margine fuscis, subtus lutescente maculis longitudinalibus fuscis. Lath. ind. orn. Subcristated Falcon, with ferruginous head, cinereous body with the feathers brown on the edges, beneath subluteous with longitudinal brown spots. Le Faucon Pécheur de Senegal, oun Le Tanas. Buff. ois. » Fishing Falcon, Lath. syn. Native of Senegal, where it is known by the name of Zanas. Size rather less than that of the common Falcon: manners similar to those of the > Osprey, feeding principally on fish. 159 PURPLE*THROATED FALCON. Falco formosus. F, nigro-ceruleus, gula purpurea, femoribus crissoque albo-purpurascentibus. Blackish-blue Falcon, with purple throat, and purplish white thighs and vent. Falco cera orbitis pedibusque luteis, gugulo purpureo, corpore supra cerulescente-rubro, abdomine incarnato. Lath. ind. orn. Falco aquilinus. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Red-Throated Falcon. Lath. syn. Petit Aigle d’Amerique. Buff. ois, 1. p. 142. Pl. Enl. 417. Native of South America: cere, orbits, andlegs yellow: irides orange-coloured: length from six- teen to eighteen inches. First described by Buffon, who seems to have been unacquainted with any particulars relative to its habits or history. NEW-ZEALAND FALCON. Falco Nove Zelandie. fF. ferrugineo-fuscus, subtus albido longitudinaliter striatus, rostro subceruleo wulturino, coili — pennis laxis, Ferruginous brown Falcon, beneath striated longitudinally ~ with whitish; the beak blueish and vulturine, and the fea- thers of the neck loose. New Zealand Falcon. Lath. syn. Matz eighteen inches long: female twenty- three: cere and legs yellow: tail crossed by subluteous bands; and sometimes by whitish ones, Native of New Zealand. 160 CAYENNE FALCON. Falco Cayanensis. J’. albido-cerulescens, alis caudaque plumbeis nigro fasciatis. ‘Blueish-White Falcon, with the wings and tail lead-coloured barred with black. Falco Cayanensis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Cayenne Falcon. Lath, syn. Petit Autour de Cayenne. Buff. ois. 1.9. 237. Pl. Enl. 473. Descrisep by the Count de Buffon, who how- ever does not mention its exact size, but contents himself with calling it a small Cayenne Goshawk. From the figure referred to in the Planches En- luminées it appears to be of a stout habit, not il resembling that of the Peregrine Falcon, and with blue or rather lead-coloured legs and feet, Native of Cayenne. LONG-TAILED FALCON, Falco macrourus. F. rufo-cinereus, subtus albus, cauda longa - fusco fasciata, Rufo-cinereous Falcon, white beneath, with long tail barred with brown. at Falco macrourus. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Accipiter macrourus. Nov. Comm. Petrop. 15. p. 439. Long-Tailed Falcon. Lath, syn. Lenctu above eighteen inches: breadth nearly : two feet: bill green at the base, and black at the — AMERICAN BROWN HAWK. 161 tip: cere and legs yellow: irides gold-coloured. Native of Russia. BROWNS HAWK. Falco Brownii. J. supra fuscus, subtus albus lunulis flavis, cauda grisea lineis quatuor fuscis. Brown Falcon, white beneath with yellow crescent-shaped spots, and grey tail with four linear brown bars. Falco badius. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Brown Hawk. Lath, syn. Descrinep and figured in Peter Brown’s Iilustra- tions of Zoology; length thirteen inches: bill blue; irides and legs yellow. Native of Ceylon. AMERICAN BROWN HAWK. _ Falco fuscus. JF. cinereo-fuscus, capite albo-striato, subtus albidus maculis longitudinalibus fuscis, cauda fusco fasciata. Cinereous-brown Hawk, with the head streaked with white, the under parts whitish with longitudinal brown spots, and the tail crossed with brown bars. Falco fuscus. Lin. Gmel. Lath. ind. orn. American Brown Hawk. Lath. syn. Falco fuscus.?2 Mill. dil, pl. 18. _ Tue birds of this speciesin the Leverian Museum _ were of the size and shape of a Sparrow- Hawk, and | of a cinereous brown ‘above, with the head longi- | tudinally streaked with white, and the under parts Vv. VIL. | il 162 AMERICAN BROWN HAWK. white, marked on the breast and belly with brown streaks down the shaft of the feathers: the tail cinereous brown, crossed by three brown bars: the — bill blueish; the legs slender and yellow. Native of North America. | VAR. F) The figure referred to by Mr. Latham in Miller’s © Illustrations of Natural History, and which he sup- poses to be meant for the same species, differs so. much in some particulars as to demand a separate description. It is of adeep subferruginous brown above, and dull cinereous beneath, withlongitudinal black spots on the under parts and thighs: the quill-feathers are subferruginous, barred with black, and the tail ferruginous, crossed by six narrow black bars; the bill blueish; the legs deep yellow, and rather stout or short than slender. | HEN-HARRIER. Mas, Falco cyaneus. F. albo-cerulescens, collari subrigente albo fuscoque vario, remigibus fuscis. Whitish-grey Falcon, with a collar of stifish brown and white feathers, and dusky quill-feathers. Falco cyaneus. F. cera alba, pedibus fulvis, corpore ceruleo- canescente, arcu superciliat albo gulam cingente. Lin. Syst. Nat. Hen-Harrier. Penn. Brit. Zool. Blue Hawk. Edw. pl. 225. Bohemian Falcon? Lath, suppl. 2. Fem, Falco Pygargus. J’. fusco ferrugineoque varius, collart subr igente albo fuscoque vario, uropygio albo, remigibus fuscis. Brown Falcon, with ferruginous variegations, a collar of stiffish brown and white feathers, white rump, and dusky quill- feathers. Falco Pygargus. FF. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore cinereo, abdomine pallido maculis oblongis rufis, oculorum orbita alba, Lin. Syst. Nat. - Ring-Tail. Penn. Brit. Zool. Will. orn. Lath. &c. Tuts bird, which is by no means uncommon in England, is principally seen in low grounds, heaths, marshes, &c. It preys on various kinds of smaller birds, as well as on frogs, lizards, &c. &c. It also forms its nest on the ground, among grass or rushes, and is not observed to settle, ike many other hawks, on trees. The shape of the Hen-Harrier is elegant: the general length of the male bird is from sixteen to eighteen inches, and its colour a pale blueish-grey, the greater wing-feathers being dusky or blackish, and the side-feathers of the tail white, marked with dusky bars: the bill is blackish ; the legs slender and yellow: the head, from behind e 164 HEN-HARRIER. the eyes to the fore part of the neck, is encircled by aslight ruff or collar of stiffer feathers than the rest of the plumage. oe The Female Hen-Harrier, commonly called the Ring-Tail, differs so strikingly in its plumage as to have been often considered as a distinct species, and has been described as such in the works of the most intelligent naturalists. Mr. Pennantimagined that the long-disputed point relative to the differ-_ ence of species between the Hen-Harrier and the Ring-Tail had at length been determined by the criterion of dissection; a Ring-Tail having, on examination, turned out to be a male bird. It appears however, from the undeniable testimony of the most accurate observers and experienced | sportsmen, that the above observation, though true in itself, is by no means conclusive. This, which appears at first to be highly paradoxical, is ex- plained by observing that the male Hen-Harrier, during the first years of its life, 1s similar in plu- mage to the female, and does not begin to acquire its elegantly-pale colour till its age is considerably advanced. ‘This circumstance, which seems now fully ascertained, renders it unnecessary to dwell farther on the subject than by giving a description of the female bird or Ring-Tail*. It usually mea- sures from eighteen to twenty inches in length, * Yet it is but just to add, that the conductor of the ingenious - Mr. Bewick’s highly elegant work on British Birds speaks of Hen-Harriers of both sexes having been observed, and, in con- sequence, supposes the Hen~Harrier and the Ring-Tail to be two ~ distinct species. | HEN-HARRIER. 165 and is of a ferruginous colour, with darker varie- gations; the middle of each feather being far darker than the edges, and the back deeper than other parts: the greater wing-feathers are dusky, the rump white, and the tail brown, with broad fer- ruginous bars, the tip being white: the under parts of the bird are generally of a yellowish or reddish cast, marked with longitudinal brown or blackish spots: round the neck is a ruff of stiff feathers, varied with brown and white: the irides, cere, and legs are yellow, as in the male bird. VAR. Falco Hudsonius. F. cera pedibusque flavis, dorso fusco, su- perciliis albis, speculo alarum carulescenie, Lin. Syst. Nat. Somewhat superior in size to the British Ring- tail, and of a rather darker or browner cast: over each eye a white streak: beneath whitish with ferruginous spots: thighs barred with that colour ; shorter wing-feathers blueish grey, forming a kind ' of speculum on the wing: tail-feathers, except the two middle ones, whitish with ferruginous bars: bill blueish; cere and legs orange. Inhabits Hud- son’s Bay, flying and preying in a similar manner tothe European Ring-Tail, and Scsanonally vary- ing into a deep ferruginous colour. 166 | HEN-HARRIER. VAR? Marsh Hawk. Edw. pl. 201. This, which occurs in North America and in the West-Indian islands, differs in being somewhat larger than the European kind, and in having a — black streak across the eyes, above which is a — white line descending below the cheeks and meet- — ing in front of the neck: the rump is white; the — bill blueish; the cere and legs orange: these latter however appear in Edward’s figure to be — rather short and stout than slender, as in the European Ringtail, VAR. Cayenne Ring-Tail. Lath, syn. Another variety from climate. Native of South America: larger than the European Ringtail, and of a deep brown above with a cast of blueish grey on the wings: a yellowish streak over the eyes, and continued into the ruff or collar: under parts reddish buff-colour, each feather marked by a brown — streak down the shaft: rump white: tail barred with deep and light brown: bill black; cere blue: legs yellow. | 167 BLACK-THROATED FALCON. Falco melanobronchos. F. rufescens, nigro fasciatus, capite palhdo nigro lineato, jugulo nigro. Rufescent Falcon, barred with black, the head dst with black streaks, and the throat black. Falco nigricollis. Lath. ind. orn, Black-Necked Falcon. Lath. syn. ; Tuts bird was in the Leverian Museum, and was said to be a native of Cayenne. Its length was nearly two feet; its colour rufous transversly barred with black, the bars on the under parts being much narrower than on the upper: the head pale, with longitudinal black streaks: the throat and larger quill-feathers black; the bill dark brown, and the legs yellow. PIED FALCON. Falco picatus. '. (albicollis.) pedibus flavis, capite collo dorse antice corporeque subtus albis, pennis interscapularibus maculis quadratis nigris, alis nigris albo maculatis. Lath. ind. orn. White Falcon, with yellow legs, interscapular-feathers marked with square black spots, and black quill- -feathers spotted internally with white. Mentionep by Mr. Latham in his Supplement under the title of White-Necked Falcon. Said to inhabit Cayenne. Length one foot ten inches. 168 ASIATIC FALCON. Falco Asiaticus. JF. pedibus semilanatis flavis, corpore fusco subtus albo, pectore striato, rectricibus griseo-argentets exteriore fasciis quingue obsoletis. Lath. ind. orn. Frown Falcon, with half-feathered legs, body white beneath, striped breast, and silver-grey tail, the outer feather marked - by obscure bars. Lenetu twenty-two inches. General colours of the body and wings nearly similar to those of the Buzzard: bill blueish-black; legs yellow. Native of China. Mentioned by Mr. Latham from the collection of Sir Joseph Banks. | JOHANNA FALCON. Falco Johannensis. FF. pedibus luteis, corpore ferrugineo punctis linearibus ngris, gula lutescente, remigibus fusco-nigricantibus, cauda cuneiformi, tectricibus albis. Lath. ind. orn. Ferruginous Falcon, with linear black spots, subluteous throat, brownish black wing-feathers, cuneiform tail, white tail- coverts, and yellow legs. Mentionep by Mr. Latham from a manuscript in the possession of the late Dr. Fothergill, Said to inhabit India and the island of Johanna. 169 MADAGASCAR FALCON. _ Falco Madagascariensis. fF. cunus, supra nigro maculatus, sub- tus striatus, genis nudis, cauda nigra fascia media alba. Grey Falcon, above spotted, beneath barred with black, with naked cheeks, and black tail with a white middle bar. L’Autour a ventre rayé de Madagascar. Sonnerat. Voy. Ind. 2. pl. 103. Size of a common Pheasant: bill black; legs yellow: larger wing-feathers white half way, with oblique black bands; the tips black. Native of Madagascar, where it was observed by Sonnerat. RHOMBEATED FALCON. Falco rhombeatus. Ff. supra griseus nigro fasciatus, capite nigro, subtus subferrugineus, maculis rhombeatis nigris, cauda, fasctis obliquis. Falcon with black head, upper parts grey barred with black, lower parts pale ferruginous with rhombic black spots, and tail crossed by oblique black bars. Falco rhombeus, J’. pedibus flavicantibus, supra griseus subtus fuscus maculis rhombeis, rectricibus fascits undecim obliquis nigris. Lath.ind, orn, Rhomboidal Falcon. Lath. suppl. Native of India, frequenting the borders of the Ganges: length nineteen inches. es i THARU FALCON. “ Falco Tharus. F. albidus nigro maculatus, crista occipitali remigibus caudeque apice nigris. Whitish Falcon spotted with black; the occipital crest, wing- feathers, and tip of the tail black. Tharu. Mollina Hist. Nat. Chil. Size of a large fowl: bill whitish: legs yellow: female smaller than the male, and of a grey colour. This species, according to Molina, is common in Chili, feeding both on dead and living prey; which latter it is said to lie in wait for, and seize suddenly, not pursuing it, like others of the aquiline tribe. It builds in tall trees. : RUBIGINOUS FALCON. Falco rubiginosus. F. fuscus, subtus albescenti-luteus, macula pectorali lutea, rectricibus fasctis quatuor testaceis. Lath, ind. orn. Brown Falcon, whitish-luteous beneath, with luteous pectoral spot, and four testaceous bars. Native of Sclavonia. The billis black, the legs yellow, and the head Isabella-coloured. i 171 SCLAVONIAN FALCON. Falco Sclavonicus. J. cera lutea, pedibus, exceptis digitis, lanatis, corpore testaceo maculis nigris, capite & collo albidiori- bus. Kram. El. p. 320. | Falcon with luteous cere, testaceous body with black spots, -head and neck whitish, and legs feathered, except on the toes. Size of a common Cock. Inhabits Sclavonia, and is perhaps no other than a variety of the preceding. ; RANIVOROUS FALCON. Falco ranivorus. F. fuscus, subtus albido varius, femoribus crissoque rufo-ferrugineis. Lath. Suppl. Ind. Orn. Brown Falcon, beneath varied with whitish, with rufo-ferru- ginous thighs and vent. _ LeGrenouillard. Levatll. Ois. Afr. 1. pl. 23. Native of the Cape of Good Hope: size of the Moor-Buzzard, to which it is much allied; builds among rushes, with the stalks of leaves of water- plants, and feeds principally on frogs, and on young water-fowl. A variety, still more resembling the Moor-Buzzard, has been also observed, and a third quite black with the rump white; but if this be supposed of the same species, it is evident that no dependance can be placed on the proposed specific character. 172 TESTACEOUS FA Falco testaceus. 1’. testaceus s remigibus albo-maculatis caud Suppl, ind. orn. Testaceous Falcon, whi wing-feathers spotted bars. Falco testaceus. ) | Falco Javanicus ? io lu ais pedibus luteis, capite collo et pectore castaneis, dorso fusco. Lath. ind. orn. NaTIVE of J A si 0 oi’ "Goshawk : bill blueish re a : of thet LONG-LEGGED FALCON. “Falco Acoli: F. canus, subtus Susco transverse lineatus, cauda — alba. 7 ‘ e Grey Falcon, with dusky linear ba VL Acoli. Levaill. ois. : nae is beneath, and white tail. of Good mea where it is known by Writte-Valk or White Falcon: builds i in | ushes, and the male and female are usually see seen together. as AO VIAN-Gsa 00S UMOT wrest, Aw > prac wien aah 94> Vwi w Shanes N\A SS ho Aa,’ 23 LONG LEGGED-FALCON. * * 2608 Sep iL. ondon Lublifha by Ghearsley Vleet Street. / 173 AXILLARY FALCON. Falco axillaris. F. cwrulescens, subtus albidus, remigibus, super- ciliis plagaque axillari nigris. | Cerulescent Falcon, whitish beneath, with black quill-feathers, eyebrows, and axillary patch. Axillary Falcon. Lath. Suppl. 2. p. 42. Auiep to the Hen-Harrier, but does not appear to be furnished with the wreath of stiffish feathers so remarkable in that bird. Native of New Hol- land. JACKAL FALCON, Falco Jackal. F. nigricans, subtus albo varius, pectore caudaque brevi rufis. Lath. Suppl. ind. orn. Blackish Falcon, variegated beneath with white, with the breast and short tail rufous. Falco Jackal. Daudin. orn. 2. p. 161. Le Rounoir. Levaill. ois. Native of the Cape of Good Hope: size of a Buzzard, but thicker bodied, and with a shorter tail in proportion, which is of a deep rufous colour, with a black spot near the tip of each feather. At the Cape it is named the Jackal-Bird, on account of its note, which is said to resemble the cry of that animal. It builds among thick trees in the neigh- bourhood of houses, and preys on various kinds of vermin, 174 DESERT FALCON. _ Falco Desertorum. F. rufus, subtus pallidus striis obsoletis, cauda fascus obscuris, remigibus nigris. Lath. Suppl. 2. Rufous Falcon, pale beneath with obscure streaks, black quill- feathers, and tail marked by dusky bars. Native of the Cape: size somewhat smaller than that of a Buzzard, and the tail longer in proportion: manners and note similar to those of the Buzzard. BLACK-THIGHED FALCON. Falco tibialis. F. griseo-fuscus, gula alba, corpore subtus rufes- cente strus fuscis, femoribus nigris. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. Grey-Brown Halcon, with white throat, rufescent body with brown streaks, and black thighs. Black-Thighed Falcon. Lath. Suppl. 2. Le Faucon a culotte noire. Levaill. ois. pl. 29. Larcer than a Pigeon: under mandible trun- cated: tail rather rounded: bill lead-coloured; cere_ and legs yellow. Inhabits the Grand Namaquas, where it was observed by Leyaillant: preys on leverets, &c. 175 L BLACK-EYED FALCON. _ Falcomelanops. F. supra nigricans, capite cano, orbitis nigris, subtus ferrugineus lineis cinereis transversis. _ Blackish Falcon, with cinereous head and black orbits, beneath ferruginous with transverse cinereous lines. ' Falco melanops. F. supra nigricans, subtus ferrugineus lineis cinereis transversis, orbitis nigris. Lath. ind. orn, suppl. Black-Eyed Falcon. Lath, ind. orn. suppl. Lrenertu, according to Mr. Latham, about thirty- five inches: native of New Holland. DOUBLE-TOOTHED FALCON, Falco bidentatus. F. rostro bidentato fusco corpore plumbeo, 7 pectore abdomineque rujis, crisso albo, remigibus fasctis pluribus, rectricibus tribus albis. Lath. ind. orn. Falcon with brown double-toothed bill, lead-coloured body, rufous breast and belly, white vent, quill-feathers marked with several and the tail with three white bars. - Notched Falcon. Lath, syn. suppl. | _ Levert fourteen inches: under mandible. and legs yellow: native of Cayenne. 176 BEHREE FALCON. Falco calidus. F. pedibus flavis, corpore fusco-nigro subtus albo lunulis nigris, rectricibus fasciis obsoletis, Lath.ind. orn. — Yellow-legged Falcon, with blackish-brown body, white be- neath with black crescents, and tail marked by indistinct pale bars. Behree Falcon. Lath. syn. suppl. Native of India; where it is called Behree. CHICQUERA FALCON. Falco Chicquera. FF. cerulescens subtus albus, vertice nuchaque Sferrugineo-rujfis, cauda fascia nigra. Lath. ind, orn, suppl. Blueish Falcon, white beneath, with rufo-ferruginous crown and nape, and a black bar across the tail. Le Chicquera. Lievaill. ois. pl. 22. Tus is perhaps no other than a variety of the Falco cirrhatus before described, with which it agrees in the general colour, and in the structure of the lower mandible, which is truncated at the tip; but it is entirely destitute of a crest on the head. Mr. Levaillant supposes it to be a native of India. 177 BLACK-WINGED FALCON. Falco melanopterus. F. canus, subtus albus, cauda subrufescente subforficata, alarum tectricibus nigris. Grey Falcon, white beneath, with pitiaaeéacent subforfidated tail and black wing-coverts. Falco melanopterus. F. pedibus plumosis, corpore cerulescente subtus albo, tectricibus alarum nigris, Lath. ind. orn. suppl. Le Blac. Levaill. ots. pl. 36. 37. Sizz of a Kestril: irides orange: bill black: legs short and yellow: the female, as usual in this genus, is somewhat larger, and of less decided colours. Native of Africa: supposed to feed tug cipally on insects of the locust tribe. RADIATED FALCON. _ Falco radiatus. F. ferrugineus, nigro striato-maculatus, alis caudaque elongata fuscis nigro fasciatis. Ferruginous Falcon with black streaks and spots, with brown quill-feathers and lengthened tail, both barred with black. Falco radiatus. F. nigro radiato-maculatus, corpore ferrugineo, alis caudaque elongata fuscis. Lath. ind, orn. suppl. Radiated Falcon, Lath. syn. suppl. 2. LenetuH nearly two feet: colour bright ferru- ginous, with numerous black spots and linear streaks: bill black; cere, orbits, and legs blue: quill-feathers and tail brown with several black bars. Native of New Holland. woOV TT. 12 178 RUFOUS-HEADED FALCON. Falco meridionalis. F. cera gulaque luteis, capite colloque rufis fusco nigrove striatis, abdomine albido fasciolis cinereis, rectrict- bus quatuor intermediis fascia unica, lateralibus sex pallidis, Lath. ind. orn, 5 Falcon with luteous cere and throat, rufous head and neck with black or brown streaks, white belly with ash-coloured bars, the two middle tail-feathers marked bya single and the side ones by six pale bands. Falco meridionalis. Lath, ind. orn. Rufous-Headed Falcon. Lath, syn. Native of Cayenne: scapulars ash-coloured barred with brown: quills cream-colour, barred with narrow black lines: length nineteen inches. (BRD ETS ERE RSE NEE EET EE) FORSKAHL’S FALCON, Falco Forskahlii. Falco cera pedibusque semilanatis flavis, supra — cinereus subtus ferrugineus, .alis supra fuscis, cauda forficata fusco-fasciata longitudine corporis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Falcon with cere and half-feathered legs yellow, above cinere- ous, beneath ferruginous, the wings brown above, the tail forked, of the length of the body, and banded with brown. Falco egyptius. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. ah Falco cinereo-ferrugineus, orsk. F. Arab. Native of Egypt, where it is said to be very — common in summer: size somewhat smaller than ~ a common Kite: length eighteen inches. By an — oversight, very pardonable in arranging this nu- — KESTRIL. 179 merous genus, the present species is twice particu- Jarized in the Gmelinian edition of the Systema Nature, viz. first under the title of Falco egyptius, and again under that of £. Forskahli, KESTRIL. Falco Tinunculus. fF’, ferrugineus nigro maculatus; capite caue daque (maris) canis, hac fascia subterminali nigra. Ferruginous Hawk spotted with black, the head and tail (of the male) grey, the latter marked by a subterminal black bar. Falco Tinunculus. FF. cera pedibusque flavis, dorso rufo punctis nigris, pectore striis fuscis cauda rotundata. Lin. Syst. Nat. The Kestril, Stannel, Windhover. Will. orn. p. 84. Penn, Brit. Zool, edit. ful. p. 68. pl. A. Hayes Brit. Birds, pl. 4. By far the most elegant of the smaller British Hawks: general length of the male about fourteen inches, and the breadth about two feet three inches: colour of the back and wing-coverts bright ferru- ginous, spotted with black: the quill-feathers black with pale edges; the head blueish grey with small longitudinal black streaks; and the tail blue-grey with a broad black bar near the tip, which is white: the under parts of the bird are pale or yellow- ferruginous, with longitudinal black streaks: the billis blue; the cere and legs yellow. The female is much larger than the male: the colour of the back and wings less bright, and the spots disposed into transverse bars; the head pale ferruginous, , streaked with black, and the tail of similar colour, _ marked by numerous black bars, that at the tip 180 KESTRIL. being rather broader than the rest. It is said that the male bird scarcely differs from the female in plumage during its first and second year. The Kestril is avery common inhabitant of our own country, and in clear weather is very frequent- ly observed in the state so well described by Mr. Pennant, viz. “ fixed, as it were, in one place, and fanning the air with its wings.” At such times it is intent on its prey below, which frequently con- sists of the different species of field-mice, frogs, &ec. Italso preys on birds, and such is the violence with which it sometimes directs its horizontal flight, either in avoiding some more powerful enemy of its own tribe, or in the ardent pursuit of distant prey, that it has been known to break through a_ pane of glass, and fall stunned into the middle of a room in which were two opposite windows*. It has been often trained to the pursuit of the smaller kind of game, and is said to have been excellent in the chace of partridges and quails, and sometimes even of pheasants. It usually breeds either in tall trees, the hollows of rocks, or of lofty towers and ruins, and lays four eggs, similar in colour to those of the Ring-Tail. The best figures of the Kestril are those in the folio edition of the British Zoology. | * Such an event I remember to have happened; and it was supposed that some pigeons on the opposite side might have eccasioned the Hawk’s mistake. 181 Var. LEAD-COLOURED KESTRIL. Entirely lead-coloured or cinereous, except the tail, which was blackish, and the thighs and vent, which were fulyous. Supposed to be a native of Germany. SPOTTED GREY KESTRIL. Back, wings, and tail cinereous or ash-colour, barred with dusky or blackish spots: head and whole body beneath subfulvous, the breast and _ belly streaked by small blackish shaft-stripes: tail lead-coloured, with several black bars: throat and front yellowish white: bill blackish horn-colour, with the base of the mandibles, cere, and legs yellow. Germany. — Some other varieties of the Kestril, differing - insize and colour, may be found i in ie works of ornithological writers. STONE FALCON. | Falco Lithofalco. F. cera lutea, corpore supra cinerea, subtus. rufo maculis longitudinalibus fuscis, cauda cinerea, versus apicem nigricante, apice alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Falcon with luteous cere, body grey above," | with longitudinal dusky spots, and cine wards the tip, which is white. pe fe F. Lithofalco. J. cera lutea, corpore fu Sescente striis fuscis, rectriciba - natis, lateralibus ae Sf Stone-Falcon. Will. rn. — 447. . ? bas i" eneath heriiy f esti s of the wings is sain 3 ond, which i is the longest of all : 1 the upper part of the head.and tN wing. coverts, é are cinere OWS Wy between thes and.t! a slight iirc ish: the sant if and lower part of the” eck”, are white wit ‘black shafts: the j upper/part of the. neck, the’ breast, belly, sides, 4 thighs, and lower tail-coverts are brown with black — y shafts: the larger wing-feathers are brown, barred — trans versly on their innér webs with white, except _ the first, which is barred on both sides: the. smalled a q wing-feathers are cinereous, barred internally with white: the tail cinereous, but blackish towards the end, tipped with white, and marked by a few . EO: et 4 “eo ee . pe ve ‘ ; WON © : a ie oe @ : r a . ‘ ; ee ea STONE FALCON 2608. Sep"1LondonLublfha by 6 hearsley Fleet Street. MOUNTAIN FALCON. es blackish spots*: the cere, irides, and legs are yellow: the bill cinereous blue, and the claws black. The above is the description given by Monsieur Sonnini, who observes, that the Stone-Falcon. _ though an European bird, seems to be but imper- fectly known. a MOUNTAIN FALCON. Falco montanus, F. pedibus luteis, corpore supra ex fusco cinereo, gula juguloque albidis, maculatis, cauda basi cinerea, medio nigricunte, apice albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. | Falcon with yellow legs, body above brown-cinereous, throat -white and spotted, tail grey at the base, blackish in the middle, and white at the tip. Falco montanus. Ratt. av.p.13. Briss. orn. Mountain Falcon. Will. orn. Lath. syn. Tuis is said to be less than the Peregrine Falcon, but with a shorter tail: the threat spotted some- times with black or ferruginous, and sometimes entirely black. Mr. Latham observes, after Brisson, that when the bird has arrived at its full colours the head is black. Brisson thinks it probable that _it may be a variety of the Stone-Falcon, and like- Wise mentions another variety of a cinereous colour. above, paler on the wing-coverts, and beneath en- --tirely white. i* Mr. Latham describes the tail as barred transyersly with black, except on the two middle feathers. 184 LUNATED FALCON. Falco lunulatus. . F. fuscus, pectore maculoso, fronte lunula colli corporeque subtus flavescentibus. Lath. suppl. ind. orn, : Brown Falcon, with spotted breast; front, crescent of the _ neck, and body beneath yellowish. Lunated Falcon. Lath. suppl. 2. Native of New Holland: length twelve inches: all the upper parts brown, the under buff-yellow, passing upwards in shape of a crescent on each side under the eyes: breast marked with numerous brown spots, and thighs with fine brown lines. FAIR FALCON, Falco clarus. F. fuscus, capite 5; corpore subtus albo, vertice & abdomine medio cerulescentibus. Lath. suppl. ind. orn. _ Brown Falcon, with the head and body beneath white, the on of the head and abdomen blueish in the middle, ; Fair Falcon. Lath. suppl. 2. ' Native of New Holland: length about twelve inches: legs and irides yellow: said to vary in— having the top of the head spotted with black, = __ i t 185 LURID FALCON. Falco discolor, F. griseo-nigricans, subtus ferrugineus, tectrici- bus inferioribus alarum & caude albis. Lath. suppl. ind. orn. - Blackish-grey Falcon, beneath ferruginous, with the under wing and tail-coverts white. | Rusty and grey Falcon. Lath. suppl. 2. MentTIonep by Mr. Latham from a description given in the Transactions of the Natural History Society of Paris: size not particularized: native of Cayenne. ‘SONNINI'S FALCON. Falco Sonninensis. F', cauda subforcipata, corpore cinereo subtus albo, tibiis plumosis. Lath. suppl. ind. orn. Falcon with subforcipated tail, cinereous body white beneath, and plumed legs, LenctTu about a foot: bill very hooked, and an inch long: cere and legs yellow: tail scarce per- ceptibly forked unless when expanded. Native of Egypt, where, according to Monsieur Sonnini, it is Common, hovering about over the rice-fields in the manner of a Kestril. * 186 WINKING FALCON. Falco connivens. F. badius subtus flavescens maculis fuseis, b. cervice & axillaribus albo-maculatis. Lath. suppl. nd. orn, Brown Falcon, yellowish beneath with brown spots, with the — neck and axillary feathers spotted with white. Winking Falcon. Lath, suppl. 2, Size of a Hen-Harrier: quill and tail feathers | barred with white. Native of New Holland. | PACIFIC FALCON, Falco pacificus. F. fuscus nigro maculatus, subtus flavescens — lineis nigris, capite colloque albis, Lath. suppl. ind. orn. Brown Falcon spotted with black, beneath yellowish with — black lines ; the head and neck white. eight oblige black Bane Native of New Holland. a | | 4 . * . at aa 187 SPARROW-HAWK. Falco Nisus. F. griseo-fuscus, subtus albidus fusco undulatus, — cauda mgro fasciata apice alba. Grey-Brown Hawk, beneath whitish undulated with brown, tail barred with black, and white at the tip. Falco Nisus. FF. cera viridi, pedibus flavis, abdomine albo griseo undulato, cauda fasciis nigricantibus. Lin, Syst, Nat. Sparrow-Hawk. Will. orn. Penn. Brit. Zool, Lath, syn. Tuts well-known species, so remarkable for the ravages it commits in the neighbourhood of dove- houses, &c. is numbered by Falconers among the _short-winged Hawks, or such in which the wings when closed fall short of the end of the tail. It is a species in which the difference of size between the male and female is more remarkable than in most other Hawks; the male usually measuring about twelve inches, and the female fifteen. The general colour is grey-brown above, varying in depth or intensity in different individuals: the quill-feathers are marked by blackish or dusky bars, and the tail is crossed by four or five black- ish bars: the under parts of the bird are white, elegantly crossed or undulated by numerous linear dusky or blackish bars: the bill is dusky-blue, the cere and legs yellow. In some birds the throat - and breast are marked by perpendicular rufous or dusky streaks, while the abdomen is barred as before described; and in some a cast of ferruginous “takes place on various parts of the plumage. “ This, says Mr. Pennant, is the most pernicious Hawk — 188 PIGEON-HAWK. we have; and makes great havoc among pigeons as well as partridges. It builds in hollow trees, in old nests of crows, large ruins, and high rocks, and lays four white eg8s, encircled near the blunter end with red specks.” , Monsieur Brisson mentions a variety of the Sparrow-Hawk, spotted and otherwise varied with white; and Mr. Latham records an elegant speci- men entirely of a milk-white colour, which was shot in Dorsetshire. , PIGEON-HAWK. Falco columbarius. F. griseus, subtus albus maculis oblongis nigris, cauda fusca fasciis quatuor cmereis. Grey Hawk, white beneath with oblong black spots, and brown tail crossed by four grey bands. Falco columbarius. '. cera pedibusque luteis, corpore fusco subtus albido, cauda fusca fasciis linearibus quatuor albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. | Pigeon Hawk. Catesb, Carol. 1. pl.3._ Tuts is a North-American species, and seems to have been first described by Catesby in his Natural History of Carolina. It usually measures about ten or twelve inches in length, and is of a blueish — grey colour above, with a dark or blackish streak on each feather: the quill-feathers are dusky, and marked on their inner webs with large, oval, white spots: the tail is long, of a black colour tipped with white, and crossed by four bands of blueish PIGEON-HAWK. 189 grey: the hind-head is generally spotted with pale ferruginous, and the under parts of the bird are white, with large oblong black spots. ‘This species is found from Hudson’s Bay as low asSouth Carolina. In Hudson’s Bay it appears, according to Mr. Pennant, in May, on the banks of the Severn river; breeds, and retires south in autumn. It feeds on small birds, and on the approach of any person flies in circles, and makes a great shrieking. It forms its nest in a rock, or some hollow tree, with sticks and grass, and lines it with feathers. It lays from two to four eggs, which are white spotted with red. In Carolina it is observed to prey on pigeons and the young of wild turkies. Var. DUBIOUS FALCON. This is described by Mr. Pennant in his Arctic Zoology, and is probably a variety of the preceding bird. Its length is about ten inches: the bill dusky; the ceres legs, and irides yellow: the head dusky with ferruginous streaks; the back and wing- coverts brown, edged with ferruginous: the pri- mary or large wing-feathers dusky ash-colour bar- red with black; the inner webs marked transversly with oval ferruginous spots: the breast and belly dull white, with oblong brown streaks nearly as in the English Merlin: the tail long, deep cinereous, crossed with four black bars. hd B 190 | qt ‘ GREAT-BILLED SPARROW-HAWK. : 3 iv Falco magnirostris. FF. cera pedibusque flavis, corpore supra fusco subtus albo ferrugineo striato, cauda fasciis nigris et albis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Hawk with yellow cere and legs, body brown above, white beneath with transverse ferruginous streaks, and tail marked by black and white bars. Epervier a gros bec de Cayenne. Buff. ois. PI. En 464. Suicutty described by Buffon, who received it from Cayenne: size somewhat larger than that of a Sparrow-Hawk, to which it is much allied, but has a larger bill in proportion, and the throat 1 is subferruginous, 4 fe avi aree | ' INGRIAN FALCON. Falco vespertinus. . fusco-cerulescens, subtus albidus, cer@ pedibus palpcbrisque luteis crisso femoribusque ferrugineis. Blueish-brown Falcon, whitish beneath, with yellow cere, eyelids, and legs, and ferruginous vente thighs. 4 Falco vespertinus. J’. cera pedibus palpebrisque luteis, crissa femoribusque ferrugineis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. - Ingrian Falcon. Lath. syn. ‘ : Size of a pigeon: bill yellow with a brown tip: native of Russia and Siberia, flying chiefly in the” evening, and even by night, and preying princi= pally on quails. The bird which I have already GUIANA FALCON. 191 described as a supposed variety of the Kestril, under the title of Lead-coloured Kestril, may perhaps belong to the present species. GUIANA FALCON. Falco superciliosus. F. cera pedibus palpebrisque luteis, corpore fusco albido undulato, remigibus ferrugineis nigro fasciatis. Lin. Syst. Nat Falcon with luteous cere, eyelids, and legs, brown body with whitish undulations, and ferruginous wing-feathers banded with black. Guiana Falcon. Lath. syn, Iv is, according to Linnzeus, of the size of a Magpie, with the body brown above, the lower parts and thighs thickly undulated with black: the wing-feathers ferruginous with several black bars, but the secondaries are whitish on their hinder edges: the tail is black, with two broad cinereous bars, and is also cinereous at the tip: the vent is white with black variegations: the eye-brows naked beneath and prominent: the lores or spaces be- tween the bill and eye beset with black spreading bristles: the bill and legs black: the under wing- coverts white, with very fine black lines. Native of South America. Te Re Peas a “ ; 192 CAPE KESTRIL. Falco Capensis. . supra ferrugineus nigro maculatus, subtus rufo-fiavescens maculis longitudinalibus nigris, cauda albido nigroque fasciata. Falcon, ferruginous above with black spots, beneath rufo- flavesent with longitudinal black spots; and the tail marked by black and whitish bars. Le Montagnard. Levaill. ois. pl. 35. So much allied is this bird to the Falco Tinnun- culus or European Kestril, that we can hardly consider it in any other light than as the Kestril modified and in some degree altered by the effect of climate. The figure given by Monsieur Levail- Jant under the title of Le Montagnard, seems to differ in scarcely any material respect from a female Kestril. It is however, according to Levail- lant, a larger bird, and differs in having the tail more rounded, and barred in a similar manner in both sexes, while the wings are somewhat shorter in proportion. It is found in many of the interior parts of Africa, and is likewise very common at the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called the. red or stone-falcon, It is chiefly observed in high and rocky situations, and feeds on the smaller kind of quadrupeds, lizards, insects, &c. It makes its nest among rocks, of dry twigs and grass, and lays six, seven, or even eight eggs, which are of a deep — rufous colour, resembling the plumage of the bird iteety, , a 25 = HOBBY 2808, Sep"1 London Publfrd by Ghearsley fleet Street. 193 THE HOBBY. 4 Bieaiedacky Falcon, beneath white with obloi 4 us cheeks marked on Ss side by a descen : ae 7 p' ; 4 4 é | Ai oblon Th ubyst, Naf.) .6-j % Tue Hobby i is we ! «Tt is, aay: he, « i The Hobby. ‘Witt il. orn. toe Bi ; 3 fu 7 ‘ ; a Cd | . Ae i ast white, =. marked ‘s s spots 0 ke thighs and lv Wiiieasher | r¢ ha ae Lats Field Raghete the tail Petiticdly of a deep dove-colour: the others are yarred on their interior sides with rust-colour and tipped with a dirty white. The spots on the breast of the female are of a higher colour than those of ; Y. VIL. 13 f {F Pia t} fH} » . Sole yt +ytae A, erent ai i Naaysedgs yu toy aed aes | 194: ORANGE-BREASTED HOBBY. | the male: it is greatly superior in size: its legs have a tinge of green; in other respects it re- 9 sembles the former.” “ ORANGE-BREASTED HOBBY. eS eS re es eo ne ee Ae Falco: aurantius. F. rostro pedibusque plumbeis, corpore nigri« i. cante, dorso basique caude fascits albicantibus interruptis, pec= _ tore fulvo, femoribus ferrugineis, Lath. ind. orn. a Falcon with lead-coloured bill and legs, blackish body with the : back and base of the tail marked by interrupted whitish. bans i fulvous breast, and ferruginous thighs. 4 Orange-Breasted Hobby. Lath. syn. ‘Tue different specimens of this bird vary in size, — somé measuring ten, and others ait itichek a they also vary in intensity of colour, some being 4 marked with blueish instead of whitish bands on the back; and the’ smaller varieties have orange- coloured legs, - aye agi to be a native. es Seurhd America. aoe \ ; 195 RD ‘ ip ae GREATER HOBBY. Falco pinetarius. F. supra nigro-cerulescens, fasctis obsoletis cinereis rufo-griseisque, subtus rufo-albus genis nigris. Falcon of a blueish black colour above with obscure cinereous and rufous-grey bars, beneath rufous-white with black cheeks. _F. Subbuteo-Major. FF. fasciatus supra nigricans subtus rufo- albus, genis nigris, rectricibus fusco cinereoque fasciutis. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. 2. Der Grosse Baumfalke, Alig. Veb. der Vog. 1. Zusass. p. 660. Tuis is much allied to. the common Hobby, but according to its describers, is as large as a Raven. In its colours it considerably resembles the Peregrine Falcon, and inhabits the pine-forests _ of Germany, preying on hares, grous, and small birds. The female is considerably larger than the male, and less distinct in colours. In both _ the spots on the under parts are disposed into a kind of bars. » _ mo Re y = ae \ ae E & My eo Sree ~ = we, 196 SPOTTED-TAILED HOBBY. - Falco plumbeus. Ff. cera obscura, pedibus flavis, capite dorso infimo abdomineque cinereis, rectricibus lateralibus intus maculis tribus albis. Lath, ind, orn. Falcon with obscure cere, yellow legs, head, lower part of back! and abdomen cinereous, and pes NL marked ool with three white spots. Spotted-Tailed Hobby. Lath, ind. orn. S1zE of a Sparrow- Hawk. Native of Cayenne. Described by Mr. Latham from a Papers spe- cimen. THE MERLIN. Falco Aasalon, F. cera pedibusque flavis, capite ferrugines, corpore supra ex cerulescente cinereo, maculis striisyue ferru- gincis, subtus ex flavicante albo maculis oblongis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Gmel. Falcon with yellow cere and legs, ferruginous head, body above blueish grey with ferruginous spots and streaks, be- neath yellowish white with oblong spots. Falco Aisalon. - Briss. orn. Merlin. Will. orn. Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. fol. p. 70. phe A. 12. Tur Merlin is the smallest of the. British Hawks, © and scarcely exceeds the size of a Blackbird. It is thus accurately described by Mr. Pennant. «The Merlin weighs near five ounces and a half: its length is twelve inches; its breadth twenty-five : the bill is of a blueish lead-colour; the cere of a — So eae 2 ce set a= AGE re, THE MERLIN. 197 att acdlour: the irides very dark, blnsont black: _ the head is ferruginous, and each feather is marked 4 with a black streak along the shaft: the back and | wings are of a deep blueish ash-colour, adorned with ferruginous streaks and spots, and edged with a the same: the quill-feathers are almost black, mark- js ed with reddish oval spots: the under coverts of _ the wings brown, beautifully marked with round ne white spots: the tail is five inches long, crossed r ‘with alternate bars of dusky and reddish clay- _ colour: on some of the feathers of the same bird are thirteen, on some fifteen; but in one bird I examined were no more than eight: the breast _, and belly are of a yellowish white, marked with a “oblong brown spots pointing downwards: the legs _ yellow: the wings when closed reach within an inch and a half of the end of the tail. This species _ was often trained for hawking, and small as it is, _ was inferior to none in point of spirit: it was used _ for taking partridges, which it would kill by a * single stroke on the neck. The Merlin flies low, ~ and is often seen along road-sides, skimming from. one side of the hedges to the other in search of p prey.” ' The Merlin, according to Mr. Pennant, does not breed in England, but migrates into this __ country in October, about the time that the Hobby disappears. Mr. Latham however, on the au- _ thority of a highly respectable observer, assures us that it breeds in Cumberland, placing its nest on the ground, in the manner of the Ring-Tail. 108 THE MERLIN. Of this two instances have occurred; and in both were observed four young birds. The eggs, on the authority of the Portland Museum, are sma to be of a plain chocolate-brown mie ‘round , and an inch and a quarter in length. — ae, oi ' ee ae Var. . ae 3 a CARIBBEE MERLIN. Jae Oh. A rate e sua Inhabits the Antilles, ‘oda. 1s ‘vue very little a perior in size to a Thrush. It is rufous a oves, 4 spotted with black; and beneath white, with black — longitudinal spots: Another variety is ual by Buffon, allied in habit to the Hobby, an figured in the Planches Enluminées under the title ' of Emerlillon. Buffon calls it Esmerillon des Faus f conniers. | oy f t F oie 26 AMERICAN MERLIN. 2608 Sep’ 1 London Publijhd by GHearsley £lect Strect. SSS8 ~ re Se he ae Ya tae a Ay oe Pe: | + uf a Mc Ras aw! Se | eh PO pe Bet Ba i He “gre c+ a 4 wi hy , " *t " , fri “ fin it nd i i +i | a r Bama g AMERICAN: MERLIN. ge , te)” ok SE ee eae cee ius. F. er aeeatiae nigro subceruleoque warius, pfriinasfeminant Tinnunculi referente. Hawk with black and blue-grey variegations and ; the female coloured like the female Kestril. _ F. cera lutea, cupite fusco, vertice abdomi« ulescentibus. Lin, Syst. Nat. (Mas.) 0 maculis. ferrugineis, rectricibus ind. orn. (Fern.) Pa Little F ee id SY. on de aye | f i L4 44,” te Falco Dominic ensis. St. Domingo Fale yn. SANE de S oe back spotted with black, the Pe p iitie dove-colour or pep a eae with: a black bar near the ap, and the two exterior feathers white with black bars: _ the head is dove-coloured in front and at the nape, Beale beneath each eye is a descending black spot, _ generally accompanied by two others at some dis- 4 _ tance beyond it on each side. The female has the head coloured asin. Sh male, but with the see : Vrmtd, soal'\ au osA ‘ wiv ie re ae uve 4, capite cinereo, compare rufo-vinaceo — 200 CRIARD FALCON. _ ee throat less white: in other respects it is similar to the female Kestril, This, beautiful species — inhabits various parts both of North and South © America, occurring, according to Pennant; from — Nova Scotia to the Antilles. It is a bird of an — active and spirited nature, and preys « on small. # birds, mice, lizards, and insects. Be ue CRIARD FALCON, ggg, Falco clamosus. F. griseus, alarum tectricibus ane is, subtuy albus, orbitis rubris, palpebris ciliatis. Grey Falcon, with black wing-coverts, beneath white, with red orbits and ciliated eyelids. Falco vociferus. FF. pedibus flavis, corpore cinereo-griseo subtus : albo, tectricibus alarum neinorsbit majoribusque nigris. Lath, * ind, orn. Criard Falcon. Lath. syn. Petite Buse criarde. Sonner. voy. ind. 2. p. 184. Native of India, frequenting the coast of Coro- — mandel: size of a Wood-Pigeon: bill short: irides — and legs yellow: often seen in rice-fields, where it — feeds on frogs, &c. and when disturbed sets up # loud ery. . | 4 201 TACHIRO FALCON. Falco Tachiro. Falco fuscus, subtus albus maculis lunatis, ree- _ tricibus fasciatis, Lath. ind. orn. suppl. : k _ Brown Falcon, white beneath with lunated brown spots, and fasciated tail. : Speckled Sparrow-Hawk, Lath. syn. Near y the size of a Goshawk: head and neck varied with white: wing-feathers white at the tips: _ tail longish, brown, with deeper bands: bill blue- ish: irides and legs. yellow. Inhabits the deep forests of Africa, and is figured and described by Monsieur Levaillant under the name of Le Lachiro. TACHARD FALCON. Falco Tachardus. F’. fuscus, subtus flavescens fusco varius, cauda fasciatu, tibiis maculatis, Lath. ind. orn. suppl. Brown Falcon, yellowish beneath with brown variegations, fasciated tail, and spotted thighs. Tachard Falcon. Lath. suppl. 2. Le Tachard, Levaill. ois. Hasir of a Buzzard, but smaller: tail longish, brown, with blackish bars: legs red: thighs well plumed. Native of Africa, frequenting the banks of rivers. — | 202 r ¥ 4 Falco Gabar. Ff. ino subtus griseo-ceerulescens, “aidomin _albo fasciis fuscis. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. - ae Brown Falcon, blucish-grey beneath, with white abdomen ; : banded with brown. ' P Red-Legged Falcon. Lath. suppl. 2. Le Gabar. Levaill. 4 01S. ~ Size of a Sparrow-Hawk: bill black: irides yel- — low: cere and legs bright red: thighs bande with brown like the belly. Native of the interio of Ap ice BUZON FALCON, Falco Buzon. F. nigricans, rufo varius, subtus rufus, rectricibus nigris medio fascia interrupta alba. Lath. ind. orn, suppl. 2. — ¥ Blackish Falcon with rufous variegations, beneath rufous, witht ® black tail marked on the middle by an interrupted white bar. — Hobby Buzzard. Lath. suppl. 2. Le Buzon. Levaill. ois. Size of a Hobby: bill dusky: cere and legs yel-_ low: wings, when closed, reach only about a third ‘of the tail: Native of Cayenne. 7 Hi mk Lea} a ae ' ' ui oe. 205 oa. ‘ _ BUZZARET FALCON: leo Blizarélns. ° F. fasciatus, supra rufo-fuscus, subtus fia BF. oi pete! ee. Lath. ind. orn. eis fous wl white, varied with baonat back and wings rufons, spotted or streaked with black in a fasciated _ manner: tail barred with similar colours: wings, when. closed, reach: to the end of the tail. In- . habits Cayenne, and may perhaps be the species “mentioned by Monsieur Mauduit in the Encyclo- Pedic Methodique under the name of Busard - rOUP de $e as “. 3 aan ? e& ne BRISSONIAN HAWK: Ny transverse subferruginous aineateas and tail barred ith black. ) Falco, minutus. fF. cera fusca, pedibus luteis,«corpore subtus albo, rectricibus fuscis ngro fasciatis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Gmel. Accipiter minor. Briss. av. Falco minutus, Lath, ind. orn, 4 _ Descrisep by Brisson, who says it is smaller _ than the Merlin, measuring only eleven inches and three quarters: the bill is black, the cere brown, 204 .» VIELLOTINE HAWES Sal ae and the legs yellow: it Ista native of Malta, and id fee pet Be on the se, ane only ‘oud bands across the tail, which, in the figure accom- panying Monsieur Brisson’s ial oe appeal g to be crossed by five or six, he . 4 ° ; " Ri VIELLOTINE HAWK. Oe oe : aT albo ‘fiivalieedgl striatis. a Ferruginous Hawk, with whitish throat; the breast, bell and thighs marked by white and ferruginous stripes. Le Petit Malfini. Sonnint Buff. é Native of St. Domingo: length nine inches; colour uniform ite oman above; the throat white, with a dusky streak down the shafts of the feathers; the breast, belly, and thighs varied with, ferruginous and white bars. Described by Sonnini from Monsieur Viellote, who discovered the = cies. The female has not been observed, sao ie DWARF HAWK. . - Falco Minullus. F, fuscus; subtus albus, pectore striis descen= ee dentibus, abdomine fascits transversis fuscis. _ Brown Hawk white beneath, the breast marked by descending brown streaks, the abdomen by transverse brown bars. Falco Minuilus. FF. fuscus, subtus albus, pectore striis abdomine fasciis fuscis. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. ~ Le Minule. Levaill. cis. pl. 34. DwarfHawk. Lath, suppl. 2. SMALLER than a Merlin: upper parts brown, the tail crossed by a few deeper bars: under parts white, marked on the throat and breast by oblong brown spots, and on the belly ‘and thighs by nare row transverse bars. ‘This small Hawk is a native of the interior of Africa, where it was observed by ‘Monsieur Levaillant, who describes it as of a highly bold and spirited nature, preying on small birds, and occasionally driving away from its haunts even the larger birds of its own genus, as well as Shrikes, . phe. It builds on trees, forming its nest of small twigs, intermixed with moss and leaves externally, and lining it with wool and feathers: the eggs are five i in number, spotted with brown near each end, The female bird is nearly twice the size of the “male. Monsieur Levaillant relates a singular ; “mstance of the audacity of this species. He was sitting at a table, engaged in preparing some birds lately killed ; when one of these Hawks suddenly _ stooped, sid seized one of the newly stuffed speci- “mens, and flying with it to a neighbouring tree, began to plume and tear it open, but finding ' e 9.06 BARRED HAWK. nothing but moss and cotton, seemed indignant at at the disappointment, and, after tearing in pieces 4 the skin, at length contented itself with devouring — the head, the only part which remained | in if natural state, eee aaa = es BARRED HAWK. jake | ? Falco doliatus. F. fuscus superciliis albis, alis albido fasciatis, ' subtus albo-flavescens fusco maculatus. Brown Hawk with white eyebrows and whitish-banded vind beneath yellowish white with brown spots. Emerillon varié. Sonnini Buff, Emerillon bariolé. Daud, ols. s ie an ee! Leners ten inches: bill violet: cere, irides, and f legs yellow: tail marked with whitish bars, more ‘apparent beneath than above: under tail-coverts and flanks brown, with two or three round white spots on each side the shafts: thighs ferruginous with black shafts. Native of Carolina: observed ») by Bosc, rs a | % SIBERIAN HAWK. - Falco Sibiricus. F. plumbeus, torque ferrugineo, subtus. albide | maculis ferrugineo-fuscis. _Lead-coloured Hawk with ferruginous collar, beneath white _ with ferruginous-brown spots. _ Faleo Regulus. ’. cera virescente, pedibus. obscure flavis torque Serrugineo, corpore supra plumbeo, subtus albido maculis ex _ ferrugineo fuscis. Pall. it. 2. p, 70%. Lin. Syst. Nat. i Gmel, | Siberian Falcon, Lath, syn, Native of Siberia: observed by Dr. Pallas: shape or habit that of a Kestril:, weight less than half a, pound; cere greenish, irides brown, which colour, according to Dr. Pallas, is observed in all the more spirited kind of Hawks. The particular size of § his species is not. mentioned, It is said to prey chiefly on Larks, | 2 208 LCi US's ge mn is Falco czrulescens. JF. nigro-cerules : , Ci ie ci intus. albis macula descendente nigra, vemagili albo-fasciatis. nie Blueish-Black Hawk, luteous be marked by a descending feathers barred internally with The little black a pl. 108. Falco cerulescens. temporibus linea Bengal Falcon. white cheeks q quill and tail- 4 described” black and, colou dividual) h he has etre seen a female bird, and appears to mea inches in ‘Teneth : its colour on the an elegant glossy blue-black, and parts bright orange-yellow: the’ are bare and yellow; the foreh head white; and from a long black spot or’: : ral 7 Falcon tribe: th eat. ers are ‘een | on ‘their a nner, webs, by. everal white*b abe is blue, 3 and furnished with a Evreng tooth or process on | each side the upper midnidibile: the cere and legs are yellow, and it is observable that the latter are very strong, rather shart, and that the proportions’ renee Des a wit neigh <= = Pose ae AWA THAI REVREY VEN AL AWA chsh D oS WAR Aw ovata aap Can sca C@RULESCENT HAWK. 2608 Step .hondon Lublifnd by GLearsley Flect Sarcet. 2 % ; + . * { A ‘ “ ony ' ’ ~“ “ iH ’ ‘ / « ua mis . ‘ ° . 5 . , . ‘ TINY HAWK. 2909 of the whole bird are somewhat like those of an Eagle in miniature. The male differs in being still smaller than the female, and in being white beneath, with a tinge of yellow-ferruginous on the abdomen: above and beneath each eye is a white stripe, as in the female. The Czrulescent Hawk is a native of Bengal, and it is probable that, not- withstanding its diminutive size, it has been some- times trained to the pursuit of game; since, ac- cording to Edwards, the specimen which he de- scribed had on each of its legs a piece of leather, such as Hawk’s bells are usually fastened with. — ‘TINY HAWK. Falco tinus. F. pedibus flavis, corpore cinereo-fusco, subtus albido fasctis nigricantibus, vertice albido. Lath. id. orn. Hawk with yellow legs, cinereous-brown body white beneath with blackish bars, and whitish crown. _ Tiny Hawk. Lath. syn. suppl. Descrizep by Mr. Latham from a specimen in the Leverian Museum. Mr. Latham commemo= rates it as by far the smallest of the hawk kind he ever met with; but there seems to be some mistake as to the length, which is said to be six inches from the bill to the rump, the tail being wanting in the | specimen. The reader will observe that the pre- ceding species measures scarcely more than six inches from the bill to the end of the tail. ae 14 STRIX. OWL. Generic Character. Hostrum aduncum, absque cera. Nares secu bat pennis se- | taceis recumbentibus ob- |} Bill hooked, without cere. Nostrils oblong, covered » with recumbent setapeousy feathers. , tecte. | Head, eyes, si ears large. Caput grande, auribus ocu- lisque magnis. Langua bifida. Digitus externus retro mo- bilis. : Tongue bifid’ i; | | Exterior toe moveable back- wards. "Tue alliance between the genus Strix and that of Falco is extremely strong, and indeed. Owls may _ be considered asa kind cf nocturnal Hawks, differ-_ ing, as Linnzeus most. happily observes, from those birds, in the same manner as Moths differ from Butterflies; the one being chiefly nocturnal, and the other diurnal. They possess the power ©} turning backwards at pleasure the exterior toe or joint of the foot: their sense of hearing is very acute, on account of the large orifices of their ears: — their sight, in general, is dull or feeble by day, | but strong during the hours of evening, or in very — dusky, obscure states of the atmosphere. ‘They — are divided into the Horned Owls, or such as have © GREAT HORNED OWL | "7 Sron Leverua Museum. ij 2808. Sep." LondonLublifird by Chicarstey leet Street. GREAT HORNED OWL. a | lengthened» feathers on each side the head, re- sembling horns.or earsycapable of being more or less erected at the pleasure of the bird, and into the Smooth-Headed Owls, or such as are destitute of the elongated plumes above-mentioned. To these I shallin the present work take the liberty of addifig a third division, under the name of Accipitrine Owls, or such as from their general habit, Whieh is more slender than in the two preceding se ctions, their greater length of tail, and their subdiurnal flight, are more nearly allied to Hawke than ¢ the nest t of their Saale ') GREAT egENee OwL. | Strix Bubo. 8. auriculata rufa, macils puntisque nigris, fuscis, cinereisque vartato. Rufous Horned Owl, variegated with black, ‘brown, and ash« 2. - eoloured spots and freckles. - i ‘ $i Bubo. S, ie auriculato, corpore rife Lin. Syst. “B er «Museum. rico. p- 119. Gre: t Hort 1-( -Owl, or Eagle-Owl. Will, orn. WLe Grand Duc. Buff ois. P1. Eni. 435. Eagle-Owl. Penn. Be, Zool. Or all the species of Owls yet known the present is the largest, bein® searcely inferior in size to an Eagle. Its general colour is rufous or ferruginous, _-yaried with larger and smaller spots and markings _ of brown, black, and grey; together with innumer- _ able freckles or minute specks of the same colours. 212 GREAT HORNED OWL. It is found however of a deeper or lighter hue, according to various circumstances of age, health, and climate: the larger wing and tail-feathers are obscurely varied by dusky transverse bars: the bill is black, the eyes very large, and of a bright. reddish or golden-orange colour: the legs are short and strong, thickly clothed, down to the very claws, with fine downy and setaceous plumes, and the — claws are extremely large, strong, and black. This species, including its varieties, appears to be pretty generally diffused throughout the tem- perate and northern parts of the old continent, and is even supposed to occur both in North and South America*. In our own country it. is very rarely seen, and can only be considered in the light. of an occasional straggler. In Germany it seems to be more common than in other parts of Europe. It preys in the manner of Eagles and the larger Falcons, on hares, rabbets, and almost all kind of birds, and builds its nest, which is composed of strong twigs, and lined or spread with dried leaves, &c. among the crags of rocks, or among ruined edifices, and lays, as is supposed, rarely more than two eggs, which are larger and rounder than those of a hen, and of a rufous colour, blotchec with variegations not much unlike those of the bird itself. | It is needless to beer at. Owls in general | are regarded in most countries as birds of ill omen, * The Jurucutu of Marcgrave seems to be the same species, | as well as the Bubo Ludovicianus, or Grand Duc de la Louisiane | of Monsieur Daudin. | i if Me NN es Ayre LAN AY \ ! y vet al AAW dh wal mi pti \ it Vi ) eA i / iy i Wise PO j ii , lo HPP aN h fia Vy i slays i NG a \, a CM ATHENIAN HORNED OWL. Srom yon MWATaS 2808 Sep! 1b ondon Lublifhid by GAhearste| - Plect Street. GREAT HORNED OWL. 913 and superstitiously considered as messengers of woe. This appears to be the case in the New World as well as the Old, since the Americans hold the same opinion, The Athenians alone among the ancients seem to have been free from this popular prejudice, and to have regarded. the Owl with veneration rather than abhorrence, considering it as the fa- vorite bird of Minerya. #. The kind thus venerated appears to have been. a variety of the present spe- cies, somewhat smaller than those which occur in the colder parts of Europe, and of rather darker colours, and is said to be common in many parts RR. PaeN. “g ‘fe nes Lo By 3 of Greece, tin But, if reeks thus honoured the appearance of the Owl, the Romans on the contrary viewed it with deg tio rand. dread: It was held consecrated | i appearance foreboded unfortunate The generality é | ee of this magnificent ] % i ies do but Seittae. the Liao! of its pluinage, cure. One of the finest speci- . y Bide to have seen was pre- served: : verian Museum, and is represented “in aca thie Winder of the work entitled Museum Leverianum: it is copied into the present work, and is accompanied by Edwards’s representation of the smaller or Athenian variety. Z14 3 Var. ty: : 3 ue : ube % : hale cA et: fs i las in i by f % ‘ Strix Scandiaca. Lin. Syst. Nat. This, from the description given by Linnzeus, on the authority of a drawing in the possession of Rudbeck, and confirmed by the attestation of a Mr. Tonning of Drontheim in Norway, is, probably, no other than. a variety of the Strix Bubo or Great Horned Owl, in a state of plumage changed into whiteness by — the effect of an arctic winter; a circumstance which is well known to take place in several of the northern animals. Its size is compared _ to that of a Turky: the body is whitish, with black spots, and the head furnished with ear-like plumes. It has been observed in the ‘lee Pee si Swedish Loplaa BARE-LEGGED gy. OWL. heh This is commemorated by “‘Aldcovantias, anit a from him repeated by Willughby and others. It” differs only in having the legs less stout, destitute : of feathers, and furnished with smaller claws, per- haps owing to some accidental circumstance, or — from inaccuracy in the drawing, from which one ‘ it seems to have been described by Aldrovandus. | * See Rariora Norvegic, i in Amoen : Acad: vol. 7. p.479. } : : . - . - id : , R ‘ . . s - = \ \ \ ~ cs . a ; = eee ‘ - i ns , < 2 x < = 5 _ ee x . A r ; . a “: , s a * > = © 4 2 - on Ss ne yt in I ttt ‘iN ‘4 regi i ' Ny , ‘ . \' itl iN vg! NS NR ui taut vi iH ‘vm ve mt 1h ise ‘h 7 Hite yi" Mihi rr 1 ut tute Test) a nth = ” rn poe ee Lanny) | 4 My My Hy \ hy tipi | it | ANY TAM "9 th Hiei Ste Ub ma (1 Hyp gion fa Lain f ro fy, yet, bn, = VIR GOVIAN HORNED OW1, &08 Sq 2London Lublfidby GLhearsles » Flect Street. Q15 AFRICAN HORNED OWL. This, which is described and figured by Monsieur Levaillant, is of somewhat smaller size than the European bird; with a browner and less elegantly variegated plumage: it is found about the Cape of Good, Hope, where it frequents rocky places, forming ‘its nest with a heap of small branches, mixed with dried leaves and ope and depositing three ees a = MAGELLANIC HORNED OWE. ee Size of a Goose: colour Seacneias of white, yellow, and blackish variegations; ear-feathers or horns two inches long: mentioned by Marcgrave. vi. SX > 4 a VIRGINIAN HORNED OWL, Sirix Wirien. S. auriculata : tion, cinereo rufoque erica, ke ‘bubtus albida,lineis transversis fuscis, Bre wn Horned Owl, with rufous and ash-coloured Variegations, . : den whitish, with transverse brown lines. m Stix Virginiana.” S. corpore fusco rufo cinereoque lineuto, subtus | 2” Ginerascente strus transversis fuscis,-remigibus rectricibusque | al fisco fasciatis, . Lath. ind. orn. “Bubo Virginianus. Briss. orn. nian Eared Owl. Edw. pl. 60. “Lath. syn. ~ Tuts, whichby.some ornithologists, and even by Mr. Pennant, “has been considered as a yariety of the preceding species, is marked by so charac- 216 VIRGINIAN HORNED OWL. teristic a disposition of colours as to leave no doubt © of its being truly distinct. It is a native of many parts of North America, and seems to have been first figured and accurately described by Edwards, from a living specimen then recently brought from Virginia. ‘ It approaches, says Edwards, near in magnitude to the Greatest Horn or Eagle-Owl: the bigness of the head in this seems not at all inferior to that of a Cat: the wing, when closed, measures from the top to the ends of the quills full fifteen inches: the bill is black, the upper mandible hooked, and overhanging the nether, as in Eagles and Hawks, having no angle i in them, — but plain on its edges: it is covered with a skin — in which are placed the nostrils, and that skin hid with a bristly kind of grey feathers that grow round the basis of the bill: the eyes are large, having circles round them, pretty broad, of a bright, shining gold-colour: the space round the eyes, which one may call the face, is of a light brown, confusedly mixed with orange-colour, gradually — becoming dusky where it borders on the eyes: | over the eyes it hath white strokes: the feathers that compose the horns begin just above the bill, where they are intermixed with a little white, but as they extend onwards beyond the head, they — become of a red-brown, clouded with dusky, and tipped with black: the top of the head, neck, back, wings, and upper side of the tail are barred across with dusky bars of reddish: the greater wing-feathers and the tail are barred across with — dusky bars of half an inch breadth, some a little VIRGINIAN HORNED OWL. OD be: more, some less: the feathers between the back and wings are orange-coloured tipped with white: the fore part of the neck and breast are bright brown inclining to. orange, which grows fainter on the sides: this brown part is spotted with pretty large dark spots, and intermixed between the spots with the same dusky colour: the middle of the _ breast, belly, thighs, and under side of the tail are white, or faint ash-colour, barred transversly with dusky lines pretty regularly: the inside of the wings coloured and variegated in the same man- ner: the legs and toes, almost to the ends, are covered with light ash-coloured feathers: the ends of the toes, and claws, of a dark horn-colour.” _ Like the Great European Horned Owl, this species varies occasionally in the cast of its colours, which are sometimes darker, and with fewer of the orange-ferruginous variegations in its plumage: _ the under parts are also of a clearer white, and more closely and distinctly barred with the trans- _ verse blackish lines in some specimens than in others. This bird is found in North America as _ high as Hudson’s Bay, frequenting woody districts, _ and uttering, according to Mr. Pennant, “a most hideous noise in the woods, not unlike the hollowing of a Man; so that passengers, beguiled by it, often lose their way.” 218 CEYLONESE HORNED OWL. Strix Zeylonensis. S. corpore rufo-fusco nigro striato, subtus lutescente, remigibus rectricibusque nigro albo rufescenteque striatis. Lath. ind. orn. Rufous-brown Horned Owl, with transverse black streaks, beneath subluteous, the wings and tail marked by black, white, and rufescent streaks. Ceylonese Eared Owl. Brown’s Ill. Zool. Tuts is described by Mr. Pennant from the work | entitled Brown’s Illustrations of Zoology, in which most of the figures were from drawings in the 4 collection of Governor Loten. The length of this species is near two feet, and its weight two pounds. nine ounces and three quarters: the bill is horn- coloured: the irides yellow: the upper parts of the bird of a pale reddish brown; the under parts yellowish white; each feather appearing to be streaked and barred with dusky black: the ears or horns are short and pointed: the prime quills and tail are barred with. black, white, and pale red: legs naked to the knees: native of Ceylon, where it is called Raia Allia. 219 CHINESE HORNED OWL. Strix Sinensis. S.ferruginea nigro lineata, collo antico maculis subtrigonis nigris, pectore abdomineque albo nigroque fasciatis. Ferruginous Horned Owl, lineated with black, the fore part of the neck marked with subtrigonal black spots, the eet and belly with black and white bars. Strix Sinensis. SS, fronte albo, corpore fusco-rufo lineis nigris _ undulatis, subtus rufo nigricante striato. fasciis albis, remigibus secundariis fascits quatuor nigricantibus. Lath, ind. orn. Hibou de laChine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 185. WE owe the knowledge of this species to Mon- sieur Sonnerat, who informs us that its size is equal to that of the Strix Otus or Long-Eared Owl. The whole upper part of the head, body, and wings, is rufous-brown, undulated by fine black lines or streaks: on the wings are four transverse bands of pale rufous, with reddish-white spots: the fore- head is white, the fore part of the neck pale rufous with triangular black spots: the breast, belly, and thighs of a deeper or tawny colour, each feather crossed by white bars, with a black or dark lon- gitudinal streak: the bill and legs are black, and _ the latter, according to Monsieur Sonnerat’s figure, appear to be naked. ! 920 COROMANDEL HORNED OWL. Strix Coromanda. S. griseo-rufescens, albido maculata, alis caudaque albido fasciatis ; subtus ferruginea nigro undulata. Rufous-grey Horned Owl, with whitish spots; the wings and tail with whitish bands; the under parts of the bird fer- - ruginous with black undulations. Strix Coromanda. SS. corpore rufo-griseo rufescente-albo macu- — lato, subtus pallide rubro lunulis nigris, remigibus rectricibusque Sfasciis rufo-albis. Lath, ind. orn. Le petit Hibou de la Céte de Coromandel. Sonn. Voy. Ind. 2.p. 185. Tuts species is also described by Sonnerat. Its_ size is said to be a third smaller than that of the Long-Eared Owl: the head and upper parts of the bird are of a rufous grey colour, with paler or whitish spots, which are smallest on the head and neck: the larger quill-feathers are of a deeper colour, but spotted, like the others; and the tail is of the same colour, crossed by three whitish bands: all the under parts of the bird are rufous or fer- ruginous, crossed or undulated by black bars: the legs are rufous, and covered with plumes; the bill and claws deep brown. It does not appear clear from Monsieur Sonnerat’s description, whether this species belongs to the Horned division of owls or not; but a drawing in the collection of Sir Joseph Banks, quoted by Mr. Latham in his first Supplement, seems to determine the point; since it agrees perfectly in colours, and is represented with very large horns. In size however it greatly a LONG-EARED OWL. 991 exceeds that mentioned by Sonnerat, measuring twenty inches in length. LONG-EARED OWL, Strix Otus. S. auriculata ferrugineo-flavescens, nigro griseoque variata, pennis auricularibus nigro-fasciatis. - Yellowish-ferruginous Horned Owl, with black and grey va- riegations, the ear-feathers barred with black. Strix Otus. S. capite auriculato pennis senis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Le Hibou, ou Moyen Duc. Buff. ois. The Horn-Owl. Will. orn. p. 100. Long-Eared Owl. Penn. Brit. Zool. Lath. syn. Bewici's Brit, Birds, p. 48. Tue Long-Eared Ow] in its general appearance and colours is very considerably, and even strikingly allied to the Strix Bubo or Great Horned Owl, but its size is far inferior; the measure attributed to it by Willughby being fourteen inches and a half in length. The Count de Buffon, who compares its size to that of a crow, states its measure at one foot, from the tip of the bill to that of the claws; the length of the tail at five or s1x inches, and the extent of its expanded wings at three feet. Its colours, as before observed, bear so near a re- semblance to those of the Great Owl, that a se- parate description is almost unnecessary: the general cast however inclines more to ferruginous on the breast and under parts, with a mixture of white in front of the head and on the thighs. Mr. Pennant’s description of the colours is as follows. 222 LONG-EARED OWL : “The irides bright yellow: the bill black: the circle of feathers surrounding the eyes is white, tipped with reddish and dusky spots, and the part next the bill black: the breast and belly are of a dull yellow, marked with slender brown strokes pointing downwards: the thighs and vent-feathers of the same colour, but unspotted: the back and coverts of the wings are varied with deep brown and yellow: the quill-feathers of the same colour, but near the ends of the outmost is a broad bar of red: the tail is marked with dusky and reddish bars, _ but beneath appears ash-coloured: the horns or ears are about an inch long, and consist of six feathers, variegated with yellow and black: the feet are feathered down to the claws.” This bird is an admirer of woody and tocky solitudes, and is not observed to build a nest of its own, but contents itself with the deserted nest of a Magpie or Buzzard, and usually lays five eggs. The young are at first entirely covered with white down, and begin to acquire their colours at the expiration of about fifteen days. In some parts of Italy is found a variety of this bird, which differs in being somewhat larger, and in having the plumage mixed or varied in a con- siderable degree with ash-colour; the bend of the wing, and the coverts white, and the tail marked with zigzag black lines. The Long-Eared Owl is considered as a a general inhabitant of Europe, and though far less common in our own country than some other species, is yet of no very unfrequent occurrence. ‘ae SHORT-EARED OWL. 993 In North America it is found to inhabit the woods at a distance from the sea-coast, and has been observed at Hudson’s Bay, preying by night, with _ much clamour, and often approaching the dwellings of the inhabitants. SHORT-EARED OWL. Strix brachyotos. S. auriculata ferrugineo-flavescens, fusco varia, pennis auricularibus angustis, cauda maculis suboceilatis. Yellowish-ferruginous Horned Owl, varied with brown, the ear-feathers narrow, and the tail marked by subocellated spots. Strix brachyotos. S. auricularum penna brevi, corpore supra Sfusco pennis margine flavis, subtus pallide flavo longitudinaliter striato. Lin. Gmel. Short-Eared Owl. Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. fol. t. B. 3. and ¢. B. 4. f. 2. edit. quart. p. 174. pl. 31. Bewich’s Brit. Birds. p. 50. La Chouette, ou La Grande Cheveche.? > Buff. ois. 372, pl. 27? _ Tuts species, confounded by Bufion and some others with a very different bird, appears to have _ been first correctly described by Mr. Pennant in the British Zoology. It is therefore highly proper to deliver the description in his own words. “The length of the Short-Eared Ow! is fourteen inches: extent three feet: the head small and hawk-like: the bill is dusky: weight fourteen ounces: the circle of feathers that immediately surrounds the eyes is black: the larger circle white ; terminated with tawny and black: the feathers on 994 SHORT-EARED. OWL. the head, back, and coverts of the wings, are brown, edged with pale dull yellow: the breast and belly of the same colour, marked with a few long narrow streaks of brown, pointing downwards: the thighs, legs, and toes are covered with plain yellow fea- — thers: the quill-feathers are dusky, barred with red: the tail is of a very deep brown, adorned on each side the shaft of the four middle feathers with a yellow circle, which contains a brown spot: the tip of the tail is white. The horns of this species are very small, and each consists of only a single feather ; these it can raise or depress at pleasure, and in a dead bird they are with difficulty discover- ed. This bird is scarcer than the former, (Long- Eared Owl;) both are solitary birds, avoiding in- habited places. These species may be called long- winged Owls; the wings when closed pa ee | beyond the end of the tail; whereas i in the common kinds they fall short of it. This is a bird of passage, and has been observed to visit Lincolnshire the beginning of October, and to retire early in the spring; so probably, as it performs its migrations like the Woodcock, its summer retreat is Norway. During the day it lies hid in long old grass; when disturbed it seldom flies far, but will light, and sit looking at one, at which time the horns may be seen very distinctly. It has not been observed to perch on trees, like other Owls: it will also fly m search of prey in cloudy hazy weather. Farmers are fond of seeing these birds in their fields, as they clear them from mice. It is found frequently on the hill of Hoy in the Orknies, where it flies about SHORT-EARED OWL. 225 and preys by day, like a Hawk. I have also re- ceived this species from Lancashire, which is a hilly and wooded country; and my friends have also sent it from New England and Newfound- land.” ~The Count de Buffon, erroneously supposing a figure of this species in the folio edition of the British Zoology to be intended for a very different bird, expresses himself on the subject of that work in general, and of the description and figure of this species in particular, with a degree of indecorous criticism bordering on rude invective. He com- plains indeed with some degree of justice that the figures representing not only this bird, but the former, or Long-Eared Owl, are ill executed, and convey a wrong idea of the lengthened feathers or ears, Which in these figures have a thick and fleshy, rather than feathery appearance; but the remain- ing part of his criticism must be allowed to recoil on himself, and is entirely owing to his not having _ perceived that the bird then first mentioned by Mr. Pennant was, in reality, a species before un- distinguished by naturalists, or confounded with some other birds of this genus. ' Mr. Pennant, in his “Literary Life,” hints at this circumstance, and imputes the Count’s freedom of expression to a comparison made in the British Zoology between the free-thinking Frenchman and our own illustrious countryman Ray, much to the advantage of the latter. Mr. Pennant also, in ‘his Catalogue of the work entitled Planches En- ~ luminets, published as a companion to the Histoire V. VII. 15 926 . SHORT-EARED OWL.: Naturelle des Oiseaux of Buffon, retaliates, in his — own peculiar vein of humour, on the Count de. — Buffon, for the palpable injustice and falsehood of his criticisms, and takes ample, but VEER polite revenge on his erring antagonist. In the Arctic Zoology we are informiteds that “this bird occurs, with some very slight variations, in many parts of North America, and is even sup- posed to extend into South America. In Hudson’s Bay it is called the Mouse-Hawk. It never flies, © like other Owls, in search of prey, but sits quiet on — the stump of a tree, watching the appearance of Mice. It breeds near the coast; makes its nest with dry grass, upon the ground; and migrates southward in Autumn.” | Mr. Latham observes that this species is very common in the northern and woody parts of Siberia, often rushing blindly towards such fires as are lighted by night, and assaulting the persons near them. It is a very fierce and courageous bird, and an instance has been known of one which © was shot springing up with great fury at the sports- man when endeavouring to secure it. Mr. Latham is inclined to suppose, from the difficulty of detect- _ ing the ear-plumes in dead specimens, that the bird described and figured by Edwards under the name of Hawk Owl, may be the same species, — He also adds that the ear-feathers or horns are in reality composed of several feathers, and do not _— consist of one only on each side, as commonly | supposed; and that their power of elevating is not. great at any time. : | MARSH HORNED OWL. 99" _ It remains to be observed, that though the figure of this species in the folio edition of the British Zoology is but very indifferently executed, yet _ that given in the smaller editions is extremely _ good. Inthe Planches Enlumineés also, according to Mr. Pennant, this bird is tolerably well figured at plate 29, though erroneously supposed by many to represent the former species, and improperly inscribed Moyen Duc, ou Hibou. The figure also _ at least, if not the description, of the bird entitled La Chouette in the Histoire des Oiseaux, is sup« posed by Mr. Pennant to belong to the same. species, | Sa EOE, “MARSH HORNED OWL. Strix palustris. S. albo griseo fuscoque varia, remigibus fusco, maculato-fasciatis, torque fusco-maculato. Horned Owl with white, grey, and brown variegations, quills | _ fasciated by brown spots, and collar spotted with brown. _ Strix palustris. S. capite aurito pennis sex, corpore albo griseo _ jfuscoque vario, torque flavescente, maculis fusco-rujis. . Lath. ~ and. orn, suppl. 2. _ Size of a Crow: ear-plumes six in number on each side: legs hairy. Native of Pomerania and Thuringia, inhabiting peat marshes, among the liigh grass, and feeding on field-mice, &c. ¥ 228° AMERICAN HORNED OWL. Strix Americana. S. capite~& curpore supra cinereo, subtus ferruginéo, uropygio albo nigro maculato, alis caudaque fers’ rugineis lineis transversis cinereis et griseis. Lin, Gmel, Ow! with head and body cinereous above, ferruginous beneath ; rump white spotted with black; wings and tail ferruginous, with transverse lines of deep and light grey. American Eared Owl. Lath. syn. Size rather larger than that of the Strix Otus: — head and upper parts cinereous; under parts fer-' ruginous: rump and yent white, spotted with black:: quills and tail ferruginous, transversly barred with. deep and light grey: irides and legs yellow: sup-. posed by Buffon to be a variety of Strix Otus,: differing in the cast of its colours, i | ‘a? 4 em eee es ait ‘ o 4! MEXICAN HORNED. OWL. Strix Mexicana. S, corpore ex fusco et nigro’ vario, 77th Gmel. Owl with body variegated with black and brown, Mexican Eated Owl. Lath. syn. | Tuts, which seems only known from the very brief description of Ray, is said to be a native of - Mexico, where it is called by the name of Tecolotl ; its colour isa variegation of black and brown. 2 Saas 229 - RED HORNED OWL. ‘Strix Asio. S. capite aurito, corpore supra ferrugineo, subtus ~ cinereo, alis punctis quinque albis. Lin. Syst. Nat, - Horned Owl with the body ferruginous above, cinereous beneath, and five white spots on the wings. © ' Scops Caroliniensis, Briss. ois. ~ Little Owl. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 7. Red Eared Owl. Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. syn. Native of North America, and thus described by Mr. Pennant in his Arctic Zoology. “Owl with yellow irides: horns, head, back, and wings, of a pleasant tawny red, streaked with black: the scapulars marked with large white spots: primaries barred with black, red, and white: breast pale tawny, marked with oblong black spots: tail red, barred with dusky: feet covered with feathers to the claws: length ten inches and a half: inhabits New York, and as low as the Carolinas: lives in the woods near the coast.” The female is said to differ in being brown instead of ferruginous. 250, MOTTLED HORNED OWL. Strix navia. 8. capite aurito, corpore griseo ferrugineoque vario, tectricibus albo maculatis, pectore nigro punctato. _ Grey Horned Owl, with ferruginous variegations, coverts spotted with white, and breast speckled with black. Strix nzvia. 8S. corpore griseo, subtus’ pallidiore, utrinque maculis ferrugineis et nigris, capitis pectorisque pennis nigro punctatis. . Lin. Gmel. Mottled Owl. Penn. Arct. Zool. _ Native of North America, Thus described in the Arctic Zoology. ‘Owl with the face white, spotted with brown: head, wings, and upper parts of the body mottled with ash-colour and pale red : the scapulars marked with great white spots; as are the coverts of the wings: the primaries with black and pale ferruginous: breast and_ belly whitish, varied with ragged stripes pomting down- wards: toes feathered to the claws: length eleven inches: inhabits the province of New York: breeds in May, and continues in the country the whole year.” Mr. Latham describes the plumage of this bird as of a grey colour mottled with ferruginous and black; the shaft of each feather being black, with three or four waved bars of the same on each side: the under parts are paler than the upper; the measure of the bird is eight inches and a half, ang the horns an inch or more in leng oun a ar, 231 CARNIOLIC HORNED OWL. Strix Carniolica. S. corpore ex cinereo albicante, maculis striisque - transversis nigricantibus vartegato. Scopoli ann, 1. p. 19« ‘Lin, Gmel. Whitish-grey Horned Owl, singe ts with transverse black- _ ish spots and streaks, Carniolic Eared Owl. Lath. syn. Tuis species is described by Scopoli, who informs us that it is of a pale or whitish ash-colour, varied with blackish spots and transverse streaks: the wing and tail-feathers are spotted internally with white: the size of the bird nearly equals that of the Strix passerina of Linnzeus, and the ears or J horns are scarcely observable except in the living bird: the irides are ai nes BRASILIAN HORNED OWL. io Strix Brasiliana. S. auriculata subfusca, albo maculata, subtus alba subfusco maculata, cauda albo undulata. Brownish Horned Owl, spotted with white, beneath white spotted with brown, the tail waved with white. ‘Strix Brasiliana. Lin. Gmel. _ Brasilian Noctua called Cabure by Marcgrave. Will. orn. p- 107. _ Descrisep by Marcgrave in his History of Brasil, and thus translated by Willughby. “It’s about the bigness of a Throstle: hath a round 939 BRASILIAN HORNED OWL. head, a short, hooked, yellowish bill; two nostrils ; fair, great, round, yellow eyes, with a black pupil: under the eyes and on each side the bill it hath many long dusky hairs: the legs are short, wholly clothed with feathers, yellow, as are also the feet, which are cloven into four toes, standing after the usual manner, armed with semicircular, crooked, sharp talons: the tail broad, nigh the rise whereof the wings end: in the head, back, wings, and tail, — it is of a dilute umber colour, and variegated in the head and neck with very small, and in the wings with greater white spots: the tail is waved with white: the breast and lower belly are white, — and variegated with spots of a dilute umber colour. | It is easily made tame. It can so turn about its neck that the tip of the beak shall exactly point. at the middle of the back. It plays with men like an Ape, making many mowes and antic mimical faces, and snapping with its bill. Besides, it can set up the feathers of its head that represent horns orears. It lives upon raw flesh.” 233 SCOPS HORNED OWL. Strix Scops. S. auriculata griseo-fusca, subferrugineo nigroque varia, subtus cinerea nigro varia. Grey-brown Horned Owl, with subferruginous and black _ -yariegations, beneath grey with black variegations. Strix Scops. SS. capite auriculato penna solitaria, Lin. Syst. — Nat. ‘Scops ou Petit Duc. Buff. ois. 1. p. 353. pl. 24. “Le Petit Duc. Pi. Enl. 436. ‘Scops Eared Owl. Lath, syn. Tuts is a species of uncommon elegance, and of very small size, measuring only about seven inches and a quarter inlength*. ‘The general disposition of its colours is similar to that of the Eagle Owl, but with a greater mixture of grey, which predo- minates on the breast and belly of the bird: it varies however considerably in the cast of its co- lours according to various circumstances of age and sex, and when young is said to be wholly grey ¢ the irides are also said to be pale yellow in the young, and deep yellow, or even hazel in the old bitds: the legs are covered to the toes with speckled grey and brown plumes: the auricular plumes, which are erroneously stated by Linnzeus (who has even founded his specific character of the bird on that very circumstance) as only one on each side, are in reality composed of six on each side, accord- * The measure-assigned by Aldrovandus is nine.inches, and he adds that the bird is smaller than a pigeon, but east than a thrush, 234 SCOPS HORNED OWL. ing to the more accurate observations of Spallan- zani, who bred up some of these birds, and who ~ professes to wonder that Aldrovandus, Linneeus, | and Buffon should all agree in stating them as each consisting of a single plume. It is impossible, he adds, to suppose that either of those great naturalists had ever examined a single specimen of the bird. The mistake however, in all pro- | bability, originated in Aldrovandus, and was from him copied by other writers. It is observed by — Aldrovandus that in the dead bird the above- mentioned feathers are difficultly discernible. The Scops is a native of the warmer parts of — Europe, and is of a migratory nature. In France at 1s said to arrive and depart at the same time with — the Swallow, At particular times great flights arrive, and wage a kind of war against the field-— mice, in years when those animals are unusually numerous. In Italy its favourite residence, accord- ing to Spallanzani, is in gently rising, wooded regions, but not among lofty mountains; and it lives principally on insects and earth-worms. During the day it continues in the shade of the woods, perched on a branch, and continuing mo- tionless, with its ears or tufts erected: in this state it will permit a very near approach, and then only retires to hide itself afresh among the branches. ‘Towards the dusk of the evening it emerges from its retreat, perches on a tree in some open spot, and begins its cry, which consists of a quick and — often repeated whistle, somewhat like the word — Chivi, for which reason it is called in. some places SCOPS HORNED OWL. es, by the name of Chivini. It constructs no nest, but deposits its eggs, to the number of five or six, in the hollows of trees.’ In Italy the young are full fledged by the beginning of July, when they - follow their parents during the night for food, till they are able to feed themselves, and to pursue grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects. When this period commences, they leave their parents, and each lives separately. ‘They remain in Italy till October, at which time they become, especially the old ones, very fat, and if it were not for a pe- culiar and disagreeable smell, would be a ‘delicate food. ‘The first brood of these birds taken by Spallanzani were so young as to be scarcely ‘covered with down, but in about a month were ‘become so far trained as to follow very readily: _ they fed on any kind of flesh, chopped small, and when hungry, flew after their master, and alighted on his hand, -in order to receive their food; and this not only during the twilight, but even at mid- day. Another brood, which was reared beneath a shrub in the garden, which sheltered the young _ birds from the sun during the day-time, soon be- came equally tame; flying to, and following their master when called; settling on his shoulders to receive their allowance. After their evening meal, they flew about the neighbourhood during the - ‘night, perching on the adjoining trees, and return- ing by morning to their habitation in the garden. They continued thus attached for about a month, ‘regularly wandering by night, and returning in _ the morning. One day however, on missing two 236 SCOPS HORNED OWL. of the number, Spallanzani, on calling them, re- ceived their answer from a neighbouring elm, at about three hundred feet from the garden: they — refused however to descend; departed in the even- ing, and returned to the elm»the next morning. Two days having elapsed since they had been fed by the hand of Spallanzani, he resolved to sacrifice one of the birds to his curiosity, and bringing it — down by a:gun, found, on examining the stomach, the remains of grasshoppers. That it was one of the birds which had been tamed was beyond a doubt, since each had been marked by red silk tied round the leg, and which the bird examined © had on. The flight of these two was soon suc- ceeded by that of the rest, and though the time of their emigration from the country was still far distant, yet they never more returned to their former spot, having found the means of providing’ subsistence for themselves. Such, adds the phi-— losopher, is the general conduct of almost all wild animals. When taken very young, they become, by constant attention, familiar, and, to a certain degree, affectionate; but this only continues 0 Jong as their dependarice is’ necessary for their support. After that period is elapsed, their fa-- miliarity gradually subsides; their confidence di- minishes, and at length they make their escape, | and seem to fly mankind as the general x ibaa of Hotei, * cif 987 BAKKAMOENA HORNED OWL. y« - Strix Bakkamoena. 8. cinerea dorso fusco, pectore gilvo maculis _ sagittatis nigris, remigibus albo nigroque fasciatis. | _ Ash-coloured Horned Owl, with brown back, buff-coloured __ breast with arrow-shaped black spots, and wing-feathers barred with black and white. -Otus Bakkamoena. Penn. Ind. Zool. ! ‘Strix Indica. S. dorso obscuro, tectricibus alarum griseis nigre lineatis, pectore bubalino maculis exiguis sagittatis nigris. Lin. Gmel. _Tuus described in the Indian Zoology of Mr. Pennant, “The bill is dusky,. surrounded with long bristles: the circle of feathers round the eyes: is of a very pale ash-colour: the external circle of a yellowish brown: the irides scarlet: the horns: take their origin from the base of the bill, and point to the sides of the head: on their inner side they are dusky, on their exterior white: the head is of a deepish ash-colour: the back dusky: coverts of the wings. grey, marked with narrow, lines. of black pointing downwards: quill-feathers regularly barred’ with black and white: the breast bufi- coloured, marked with small sagittal black spots: the legs feathered half way-down: the naked part of areddish yellow. This elegant species is found in Ceylon; is there called Bakkamoena,. and is a scarce species even in that island.” It is necessary to observe, that, by an oversight in the letter-press of the quarto edition of the. Indian Zoology, this bird is said to be represented 238: . YAIKAN HORNED OWL. in its natural size, without considering that the | plate had been reduced from: that in the folio edition. Its length, according to the folio plate; _ appears to be about seven inches, ES TYRORKS, 0 i WHITE-FRONTED HORNED OWL. Strix albifrons. S. fogienaens -fusca, subtus pallidior, front ala, remigibus albo nigroque fasciatis. Ferruginous-brown Horned Owl, paler beneath, nag ‘the : forehead white, and remiges barred with black and white. Naturalist’s Miscellany, pl. 171. } Lenertu from six to.eight inches: horns scarcely. perceptible: lower part of the belly: and thighs white: legs feathered to the toes. Supposed to bel a native of Canada. YAIKAN HORNED OWL. | Strix deminuta. S. rufo nigro batts aa varia coloribus nebus ’ losis. Horned Owl, aed with black, whitish, and atiolons the — colours clouded, _ ) ¢ | Strix deminuta. 8S. minor, corpore rufo. Pall. it. 2. p. 707. . ~ Yaikan Eared ae Lath, syn. , ' » a AN elegant and invitee i species of Horned Owl; described by Dr. Pallas, who informs us that. its size is smaller than that of the Scops, and that — it bears so near a resemblance to the Strix Bubo | or Great Horned Owl in point. of | general. ape. SIBERIAN HORNED. OWL. 939- pearance that one description might serve for. both, except that in this small species the colours are less decided or distinct. It inhabits the woody and mountainous parts of Siberia, about the river Yaik, and the Ural chain. SIBERIAN HORNED OWL, Strix Pulchella. S. grisea, fusco ferrugineo alboque varia, Lin. ‘Gmel. : Grey Horned Owl, with brown ferruginous and white va- riegations, ‘Strix pulchella. S. capite auriculato, corpore cinereo, punctis maculis striisque nigris variato, remigibus albo maculatis. Vivar. Natur. 1. t. 22.- | Strix pulchella. S. minima, capite aurito, corpore eueetm: cinereo-undulato subtus albido, alis fasciato-pulveratis, litura ad nares alba. Lath, ind. orn. : Siberian Eared Ow]. Lath. syn. Tue smallest of all the Owl tribe yet known: length six inches; in which respect however. it seems to vary in different individuals; that men- tioned in the Petersburgh Transactions measuring — mine inches. ‘The best description that can be given of this bird is to compare the plumage to that of the Wryneck, which it extremely resembles. both in colour and disposition of spots, except. that the shoulders are more ferruginous, and the breast exhibits a greyer cast, with longitudinal and- transverse black. streaks and points: on the head. are two .ear-shaped crests, as in others, of, thisy is Kids are. bare, and of a pale flesh-colour: the bill is 240: SNOWY OWL... a & Ws section: the legs < are ‘e feathered to the thitinaibiater’ brown, and t e a This most — = — ae 2 ‘spe b ry te : SMOOTH-HEADED on HoR} LESS OWLS ty of Strix Nyetea. = Were mise maclata,rostro migra, tridibus faviss wl Show-white-Ow! spo sed ‘ils black, wie Moki and yellow ‘ irides.., © Soe aie ak og vi Iyctea. “8. eapite tev, oer =“ ‘macys lunatis distantibue s fuscis. Lin. Great White Owl. Bibwards pl. att 3 Le Hani. Bot eg. gt. Ena, > ee ite. ae o ‘ ‘os walt & i me scalp on. oe” acetone & Si ness: its head is Less i in on wee yworwe wi. ~wthare i cl Vide iw Vwi hs teylly Bev ‘ UPS CSL i Mile Ot , «gi EARNS yl > ¢ © @ a cw /4 ay, 7 fy, ) ) Y, ————— SS Vy 4 MW Wyhyt) ‘ Mail oe , a I hn N\\\t ‘i }) 1! \\) ‘i \ \) Vy, i) , Hi} Miah inti" ‘| \ Wy Y i I j ih , , t a "en mM "ily art ye i y, 1 \\ \ co al Ce San) I Yj y Yj py? |) » g MW Mh sy wll ‘WN i ) “Om My. iv \ | men ‘nye ||" al iit , "una : ‘i "ony 4 Ne "a Magill yp! ae rs Wy, ) ", |! NP i Yy a, wily i: ie / 7 Ax* . i! oe ey all 7 be of la \ ‘*) ( a wa | i i f YY Lif) i, t4, wh fs y / Vy, * l Ty, # Yi, Yj i Ii Wa il y all Cs y i. ik le Agi! | de os Wh / \ Ribs t TENG Snowy Owl. 608 Sep’ tLondonlublijhda by Giearsley Fleet Street. Bl / SNOWY OWL. oe | to be a diurnal bird; it preys on white partridges, and continues in Hudson’s Bay all the year. The bill is hooked, like a Hawk’s, having no angles on the sides, is all black with wide nostrils; the bill almost covered with stiff feathers like hairs, planted round its basis, and reflected forward: the eyes are encompassed with bright yellow irides: the head, whole body, wings, and tail, are of a pure white colour: the top of the head is spotted with smal] dirty brown spots: the upper part of the back is painted with transverse lines of dusky brown, as are the sides under the wings, but with smaller and fainter lines: the quills on their outer webs are spotted with dusky, and some few little dusky spots on the covert-feathers of the wings: the covert-feathers withinside of the wings are purely white: the lower part of the back is spotless: the middle feathers of the tail on the upper side have a few spots on each side the shafts of the feathers: the legs and feet are covered with white feathers: the claws are long, strong, and of a black colour, very sharp pointed. Another bird of this _ kind came to my hands together with this, which. + differed only in that it had more and darker “spots,” A beautiful Oris of Chak bird existed in the - Leverian Museum: it was every where, except on the face, and legs, most elegantly spotted with numerous transverse lunated brown marks, run- - ning into short interrupted bands over the neck and on all the under parts of the bird. This variety is figured in the second volume of the Naturalist’s ¥. Vil. hee 2 Q49 SNOWY OWL. Miscellany, and seems to differ but litttle from the specimen represented in the Planches Enlumineés, and copied into the present work, except in being more uniformly barred or striped. It is observed by Mr. Pennant, in his Arctic Zoology, that this species varies greatly in weight, from three pounds to one and a half. “ It inhabits the coldest parts of America, even as high as the remote mountains in the icy centre of Greenland, from which, in, intense cold, it migrates to the shores. It adds horror even to that country, by its hideous cries, resembling those of a man in deep Se Sites ee ee SS SRS SF distress. It is rare in the temperate parts of — America, and seldom strays as low as Pennsylvania and Louisiana: is very common in Hudson’s Bay, — Norway, and Lapland. It fears not the rigour of — the season, but bears the cold of the northern regions the whole year. It flies by day, and is scarcely to be distinguished from the snow: it flies pretty swiftly, and falls perpendicularly on its prey: feeds on the white grous, and probably on hares; for to the last circumstance it owes its Swedish name Harfang. It preys also on mice and carrion,,and in Hudson’s Bay is almost do- mestic, harbouring in places near the tents of the Indians. In Russia it is scarce; but grows more common on the Uralian mountains, and all over the north and east of Siberia, and in its Asiatic ~ Empire, even in the hot latitude of Astrakan: is very numerous in Kamtschatka.” 943 WAPACUTHU OWL. Strix Wapacuthu. S. alba, rufo nigroque maculata, subtus albida Lines numerosis transversis rufis. _ White Owl, with rufous and black spots, beneath whitish with _ numerous transverse rufous lines. Strix Wapacuthu. S. capite levi, corpore albo pallide rubro nigroque maculato, subtus albido linets numerosis rufescentibus. Lath. ind. orn. Wapacuthu Owl. Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. syn. Tue Wapacuthu Owl is a native of North America, and is thus described by Mr. Pennant in the Arctic Zoology. “ Owl with glossy black bill, and claws much incurvated: base of the bill beset with strong bristles; irides bright yellow: space between the eyes, cheeks, and throat white: the ends of the feathers on the head black: sca- pulars, and all the coverts of the wings, white, elegantly barred with pale-red and black: back and coverts of the tail white, mixed with a few dusky spots: breast and belly dirty white, crossed with innumerable reddish lines: vent white: legs feathered to the toes, which are covered with hairs: weight five pounds: length two feet. Inhabits the woods about Hudson’s Bay: makes its nest on the moss, on the dry ground: the young are hatched 1 in May, fly in June, and are white for a long time after: feeds on mice and small birds: called by the Indians Vapacuthu, or spotted owl. The Europeans settled in the Bay reckon it a very delicate food.” FULIGINOUS OWL. Strix fuliginosa. §. cinerco-fuliginosa, nigro irrorata, subtus nebulosa, pennis circum oculos concentrice sess? Museum Leverianum, No. 6. p. 23. Dusky-cinereous Owl, freckled with black; clouded beneath ; with the feathers round the eyes marked with numerous concentric circles. Museum Leverianum, No. 3.p. 24. Strix cinerea. S. cinereo-fuliginosa, nigro transversim lineata, subtus albido cinereoque nebulosa, regione periopthalinica cir- cults concentricis nigris. Lath. ind. orn, Cinereous Owl. Lath. syn. Sooty Owl. Penn. Arct. Zool. Size equal or nearly equal to that of the Strix Nyctea or Snowy Owl: length two feet: extent of wings four feet: tail rather long: legs feathered to the claws: colour on all parts sooty grey, with a cast of ferruginous on the wings and tail: the face is barred with several concentric deep-brown circles: the wings are barred with ash-colour and brown, and the thighs elegantly crossed with linear streaks of the same colours: on the shoulders and --‘wing-coverts are several blackish, brown, and whitish spots and freckles; the breast is varied with large spots or blotches of brown, and the tail is crossed by several irregular whitish and dusky bars: the irides are said to be orange-coloured: the billis pale horn-colour, and the claws black. This bird is a native of North America, and, according to Mr. Pennant, “inhabits Hudson’s Bay the whole year: flies in pairs: feeds on mice and hares: flies very low, yet seizes its prey with BARRED OWL. 945 such force, that,-in winter, it will sink into the snow a foot deep, and with great ease will fly away with the American* Hare alive in its talons. It makes its nest in a pine-tree, in the middle of May, with a few sticks, lined with feathers: and lays two eggs, spotted with a darkish colour: the young take wing in the end of July.” BARRED OWL. Strix nebulosa: S. fusco albidoque transversim fasciata, abdomine albo maculis oblongis ferrugineis, Vivarium Nature. vol. 1. t. 25. Owl transversly fasciated with brown and whitish, the belly white with oblong ferruginous spots. Naturalist’s Miscel- lany. vol. 1. pl. 25. ick Strix nebulosa. S. capite levi, corpore fusco albido undulatim striato, remige sexto longiore apice nigricante. Lath. ind. orn. / Barred Owl. Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. syn, Tuis is also a native of North America, and is a large species, though somewhat inferior in size to the preceding: the length of a specimen described by Dr. R, Forster several years ago in the Phi- losophical Transactions was sixteen inches; its breadth four feet, and its weight three pounds. A specimen however in the possession of Mr. Latham measured twenty-one inches in length; and of * Penn. Quadr. No. 38. 946 , BARRED OWL. such extent, at least, was an elegant specimen preserved in the Leverian Museum, and figured in the first volume of the Naturalist’s Miscellany. The whole bird, on-the upper parts, is beautifully barred with numerous brown bands on a yellowish- white ground-colour; or, in other words, it might © be said to be barred with white on a brown ground- colour, the spaces between the two colours being nearly equal, except on the tail and' larger quill- feathers, where the brown bars are rather broader than the white ones: the feathers surrounding the eyes are whitish, with numerous concentric circles, formed by interrupted linear brown streaks: the whole under parts of the bird are yellowish white, with longitudinal or descending brown spots: the thighs and legs are plain or unspotted, and fea- thered down to the claws: the bill is pale horn- colour, and the irides yellow. ‘This ‘species in- habits Hudson’s Bay, and is said to prey, like the — preceding, on Hares, Grous, Mice, &c. ++ = 247 AUSTRIAN OWL. ~ Strix Austriaca. S. capite levi, corpore albido fuscoque va- - riegato, regione periophthalmica albida. Lath. ind. orn. Owl with whitish and brown variegations, and the spaces round the eyes whitish. Austrian Owl. Lath, syn. Strix sylvestris. Scopoli, dnn. 1, No, 13. First described by Scopoli: size of a Cock: bill yellowish: irides blueish. Native of Carniola: perhaps the same with a species mentioned by Kramer in his Elenchus Animalium Austriz. p. — «825, AUSTRIAN WHITE OWL. Strix alba. S. capite levi, corpore rufo griscoque vario subtus albo, regione periophthalmica margine rufo, rectricibus apice albis. Lath. ind. orn. Owl with rufous and grey variegations, beneath white; the spaces round the eyes edged by a rufous margin, and the tail white at the tip. Strix alba. Scopoli. Ann. 1, No. 14. _ Austrian White Owl. Lath. syn. _ Descrisep by Scopoli: nearly the size of a Hen: bill white: circle of the face encompassed with an elegant rufous margin: tail tipped with white. Native of Carniola. Q48 SPECTACLE. OWI Strix perspicillata. S. fe ferrugineo cinctis, abdomime : Ferruginous Owl, with white liad and nedl with ferruginous, and buff-colouréd abd on Strix perspicillata. sapite lew tomentoso riophthalmica gula} esupra abe abdomine rufo-all nd, orn, Spectacle Owl. He oHoque albis, oculis : ¢ res surrounded bo, regione pe- ris rubro-fuscis, Tus, whi¢Wis a h to have beer a specimen nearly appreat more than more sler ferruginous black vaniegat the breast, tham from verian Museum. In size it . dae in length, but is of a ape: its, colour is a fine deep , ®, crossed iy numerous and b joa from wiry, buf-eolour: the brown colour of f 1 upp parts : surrounds he breast, forming a ve y broad: zone across d it part: head is milk-Wwhit e, but the eyes are € in a broad Lire nd ling zone of | above the bill, “which is of a pale olour : the legs are feathered to the r e plumes of similar colour to the > of t jomen. The shape or habit - this bird What approaches to that of the Ha |, havin e rather a small head in epbttog. fod a ‘somewhat lengthened tail. It is a native of South America. In the ; eee work of Monsieur Levaillant a specimen ures ae ACV deri Uy ees Se, eee avi yb a Aya yi dnd vay Renkin 4 oo ies, seems he Fuliginous: Owl, measuring » WV \V Yi, \\ 3) UN ul fi) SPECTACLE OWlL 2606 Sep'1 London Lublifid by &hearslev Fleet Steet. MASKED OWL. 949 of this bird is described and figured, differing in “having the head brown, and the throat white, the ‘latter colour ascending over the bill, and curving in the form of a pair of crescents or brows over each eye. | : | | MASKED. OWL. Strix personata. S. alba, facie nigra, alis subferrugineis. White Owl, with black face, and subferruginous wings. _ Strix personata. La Chouette masqueé. Daudin ornith, 2. p. 192. | La Chouette a masque noir. Levaill. ois. pl. 44. Tus bird, which is described and figured by Monsieur Levaillant, is said to be about the size of the common brown or Wood Owl: the wings and tail are of an elegant pale subferruginous brown, the shoulders spotted with white, and the whole edge of the wing of the same colour; the larger quills being barred or marked with rather large blackish spots: the head, neck, scapulars, and whole under parts are milk-white: the eyes are imbedded in a pair of very large, round, black patches or spaces: beneath the bill are a few small longitudinal black spots: the bill is blackish, and the irides are represented of a yellow colour: the legs are covered to the claws with fine milk- white plumes: the tail is short, but the wings do not reach to its tip. The specimen described by Monsieur Levaillant belonged to the collection of 950 WHITE-BROWED OWL. the late Monsieur Dorci, and was said to have been brought from Cayenne, Levaillant supposes — it to be a young bird, and that its plumage ina more advanced state might perhaps be somewhat different; but does not seem to think it a variety of the preceding species. The size of the specimen is not particularized by Levaillant, but if his plate — be intended to shew the bird in its natural dimen- — sions, it appears to be of the same size with the Strix passerina, Monsieur Daudin however, as — above observed, compares it to a large species, After all, it is perhaps not very improbable that it may be a variety of the Strix perspicillata. WHITE-BROWED OWL. Strix superciliosa. S. ferruginea, fasciautrinque superciliari lata descendente alba. j Ferruginous Owl, with a broad descending superciliary white — band on each side. La Chouette a collier. Levaill. ois. pl. 42. . | q Strix rae Chouette a collier. Daudin. ornith. 2. p. 193. Size of the Strix Otus or Long-eared Owl: colour ferruginous brown, with a few white spotgil on the wing-coverts, edges of the shorter quills, a, and tips of the tail feathers: over each eye a stripe — is of lengthened white feathers, curving slightly down | the sides of the neck: under parts whitish, tinc- tured with grey-brown on the belly, where the iy feathers are crossed with numerous fine dusky — - ERMINE OWL. 951 lines: thighs marked with small, oblong, blackish dashes: legs feathered to the toes, which are ra- ther slender: bill and irides yellow. Native of Cayenne, | | ERMINE OWL. Strix Erminea. S. alba, alis maculis parvis distantibus nigris, cauda brevi. | White Owl, with the wings marked by small distant white spots, and short tail. _ Strix candida. S. capite levi, corpore albo maculis alarum distantibus nigris. Lath. ind. orn. suppl. La Chouette blanche. Levaill. ois. pl. 45. Ermine Owl. Lath. suppl. 2. Descrizep and figured by Levaillant, from a preserved specimen which he saw in a collection at Amsterdam. Its size is smaller than that of the Strix Nyctea, and its shape less elegant: the head large, the tail short, and the wings surpassing it in length: colour of the whole bird snow-white, with a very few small black spots near the shoulders, at the tips of the wing-coverts, and at those of the ‘quills: bill black: irides hazel: legs thickly fea- thered to the claws. Native place unknown. This bird is by Monsieur Levaillant considered as dis- tinct from the Strix Nyctea; yet when we consider _ how very easily the proportions of a bird may be altered by the manner of preparing it, the com- paratively larger size of the head in this specimen, and the greater apparent length of the wings, will 952 AUSTRIAN FERRUGINOUS OWL. | ‘afford, perhaps, but slight ground for supposing it | to constitute a new species. Asthis point however | must remain undetermined till other specimens have been examined, I have placed it under a separate article, after the example of Mr. Latham. AUSTRIAN RUFOUS OWL. Strix Noctua. S, sabrufa, maculis longitudinalibus fuseis, iridi« bus flavis. Subrufous Owl, with longitudinal brown spots, and yellow irides. Strix Noctua. S. capite levi, iridibus flavis, corpore pallide rufo maculis longitudinalibus fuscis. Lath. ind, ern. Austrian rufous Owl. Lath. syn. Descrinep by Scopoli: size of a pigeon: native of Carniola, inhabiting the woods of Idria. . AUSTRIAN FERRUGINOUS OWL. Strix rufa. S. iridibus cerulescentibus, corpore ferrugineo fusco maculatu, Lin. Gmel. | Owl with blueish irides, and foircanaians body spotted with brown. Strix rufa. Scopoli. ann. 1. p. 22. Ferruginous Austrian Owl. Lath. syn. Size of the immediately preceding, and inhabit- ing the same woods of the same region. | 253 WOOD OWL. Strix sylvatica. S, ferrugineo seu griseo-fusca nigro varia, tec« tricibus albo maculatis, oculis glaucis. Ferruginous-brown or Grey-brown Owl, with the wing-coverts: spotted with white, and glaucous eyes. Strix Stridula? 8S. capite levi, corpore ferrugineo, remige tertio longiore. Lin. Syst. Nat. Le Chathuant. Buff. ois. Strix Aldrovandi. Raid. syn. p. 25. Common Brown or Ivy Owl. Will. orn. Braune, oder stock Eule. J'risch t. 96. Gelblicke oder brand Eule. Frisch t. 96. Tawny Owl. Penn. Brit. Zool, edit, fol. Brown Owl. Albin 1% pl. g. Tawny Owl. Lath. syn. Strix Ulula? 8. capite levi, corpore supra fusco albo maculate, rectricibus fasciis lineartbus albis, Lin, Syst. Nat. _ Great Brown Owl. Albin 3. pl. 7. Grey Owl. Will, orn. - Brown Owl. Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. fol. Strix Aluco? Lin. Syst. Nat, La Hulote? Briss. av. 1. p. 507. Ir will be civ! that I have given to the present species, which is a very common inhabitant of our own country, a name different from those by which it has been distinguished by Mr. Pennant. -A sufficient reason for this change is, that the Brown Owl and Tawny Owl of Mr. Pennant are now pretty well understood to be no other than the male and female of the same species, differing merely in the cast of their colours, the one having more of a grey and the other of a ferruginous tinge es ee 5h, WOOD OWL. ? intermixed with the brown ground-colour of their plumage. The separation of the English Wood — Owl into two supposed species has been the cause of much confusion in ornithological works; and as the bird seems to be the only British species which is more particularly found in woody than in other situations, the title of ood Owl seems best adapt- ed to its nature. In size this species equals, and perhaps sometimes surpasses the common White or Barn-Owl, and its colour is an elegant variega- - tion of black streaks, spots, and freckles, disposed on a brown ground-colour, which, as before men- tioned, inclines in some individuals to a tawny or ferruginous, and in others to a grey cast: on the wing-coverts are several spots or patches of white, so disposed as generally to form three rows of spots down the coverts: the ruff or circle of rising plumes surrounding the face are also largely in- _ termixed with white, and the lower part of the belly, with the thighs, are of this colour: the tail is varied with black bars and markings on the brown or tawny ground-colour: the irides are of a deep glaucous blue colour: the larger wing- feathers are barred or crossed by several dusky- brown bands: the legs are covered to the claws with whitish downy feathers, and the bill is brown. This bird, as before observed, chiefly frequents woods, and deposits its eggs, generally four in number, of an elliptic form, and of a whitish colour, in the hollows of trees. Mr. Pennant informs us_ - that the young birds will feed on any dead thing, ~ whereas those of the white or Barn Owl must have - ALUCO OWL. 955 -aconstant supply of fresh meat. With respect to the general manners of the Wood Owl, Mr. Pen- nant observes that by night these birds are very _clamorous; and that when they hoot, their throats are greatly inflated: “in the dusk they approach our dwellings, and will frequently enter pigeon- houses, and make great havock in them. . They destroy numbers of little leverets, as appears by the legs frequently found in their holes: they also kill abundance of moles, and skin them with as much dexterity as a cook does a rabbet,” perenne eee | ALUCO OWL. Strix Aluco. S. cinereo-ferruginea nigro alboque maculata, subtus albida nigro varia, oculis fuscis. Cinereo-ferruginous Owl, with black and white spots, beneath whitish with black variegations, and brown eyes. Strix Aluco. S. capite levi, corpore ferrugineo, iridibus atris, remigibus primoribus serratis, Lin. Syst. Nat. - Strix cinerea? Raid, syn. La Hulotte. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl, 441. Strix Aluco. Lath. ind. orn. Aluco Owl. Lath. syn. Brown Owl? Penn. Brit. Zool. _. Tuis, says Buffon, may be termed the Black Owl, and is larger than the rest of the common _ European Owls, measuring near fifteen inches from the tip of the bill to the claws: the head is large and round; the face sunk as it were in the plumage; _the eyes, which are of a blackish or deep brown _ colour, are buried in greyish ragged feathers, and 956 ALUCO OWL. the beak is of a yellowish or greenish white: the — upper part of the body is of a deep iron-grey, mottled with black and whitish spots; the under. i yt ¥ parts white, with longitudinal and transverse black — bars: the tail measures rather more than g#« inches in length, and is crossed with blackish bars: the wings extend a little beyond its tip, and when expanded measure three feet: the legs are covered to theclaws with white feathers speckled with black. The Aluco is an inhabitant of the middle parts of Europe, residing in woods, breeding in hollow trees, and laying four large, round, grey eggs. By night it emerges from its retreats, in order to prey ~ on small birds, field-mice, &c. and in the winter season sometimes approaches houses. The descriptions given by Monsieur Daudin in his ornithology, and by Monsieur Virey in Sonnini’s edition of Buffon, agree in giving a rufous or fer- ruginous cast to the whole bird, paler on the under parts. This is not observed by Buffon, nor does it appear in the figure engraved in the Planches Enlumineés, where the wing-coverts are evidently striped longitudinally with large white spots, nearly as in the Brown Owl of Pennant. Monsieur Virey observes, that in the female and younger birds the abdomen is whitish; and such, perhaps, may be the specimen figured in the Planches Enlumineés, In attending to the synonyms prefixed to this and the preceding bird, the reader will readily perceive the difficulty of composing short specific characters, sufficiently precise to afford a real test of the species intended. Perhaps, after all, the ig UNDULATED OWL. 957 ‘Strix Aluco may be the same with the immediately _ precedin g. » ORIENTAL OWL, Strix Orientalis. S. castanea ferrugineo varia, collo albo ni- groque maculato, subtus alba lineis transversis Suscis, Chesnut Owl varied with ferruginous, the neck spotted with black and white; the under parts white with dusky trans- verse lines. ; Strix Sinensis. S. capite levi, corpore supra castaneo ferrugineo vario, gula alba, abdomine lineis transversis obscuris. Lath. ind, orn. suppl. 2. Native of China: length seventeen inches: legs feathered to the toes, and barred like the ' abdomen. UNDULATED OWL. Strix undulata. S. capite levi, corpore fusco-rufo, abdomine albo undulato, tectricibus alarum remigibusque albo marginatis. Lath. ind, orn. suppl. 2. ~ Rufous-brown Owl, with the abdomen degtatea with white, and the coverts and wing-feathers edged with white. Undulated Owl. Lath. suppl. 2. addend. Descriwep by Mr. Latham in his second sup- plement. ‘The general colour on the upper parts _ resembles that of the Grey or Brown Owl: length V. VII. 17 258 | BARN OWL 4 . twelve inches; | Norfol a aria, scapis pennarum albo , yen is glaucis. ’ Subfulvous Owl, with gre black and white spots . down the shafts of ihe fe breast and abdomen, _ and glaucous eyes.) | ihe ne. fe 1 » punctis ulbis, subtus ; ended to. of a fine Eee tps, finely powdel | yansverse specks; while dow nm the Shaft sa Ae a short series of alternate black and “4 i ’ . the | face is white, but the ruff elega: tl ve A) ufous: or_ chesnut verge in- termixed with white: the eyes are glaucous: the quill-feathers barred with pale brown, and the tail shghtly crossed by brownish freckles: the whole under parts are white, sometimes marked by a few LGD WA SL ’ Gat, HN, eaten Ok yh Vedas bea Wi Dean In ign Aaha hes ’ Ue YY Wg "hy aa Mh }\ \ Y | lft GLEAN |) a rente o ae “It AL Rey BARN OWL 1808 Sq hondowL ubbefhdl by Ghearstev fleet Street. BARN OWL. 259 small blackish or dusky spots. This species how- ever sometimes varies in having the under parts yellowish: the legs are feathered or plumed to the toes, which are covered by fine hair. It would be unnecessary to dwell long on the manners of so common an inhabitant of our own country, where every village is acquainted with its general history, which cannot be better stated than in the words of Mr. Pennant, who observes that “this species is almost domestic: inhabiting for the greatest part of the year, barns, hay-lofts, and other outhouses; and is as useful in clearing those places from mice as the congenial cat: towards twilight it quits its perch, and takes a regular circuit round the fields, skimming along the ground in quest of field mice, and then returns to its usual residence. In the breeding season it takes to the eaves of churches, holes in lofty buildings, or hollows of trees. During the time the young are in the nest, the male and female alternately sally out in quest of food, make their circuit, beat the fields with the regularity of a spaniel, and drop instantly on their prey in the grass. ‘They very | seldom stay out above five minutes; return with the prey in their claws; but as it is necessary to shift it into their bill, they always alight for that purpose on the roof, before they attempt to enter their nest. This species, I believe, does not hoot; but snores and hisses in a violent manner; and while it flies along, will often scream most tre- _ mendously. Its only food is mice: as the young 260 GEORGIAN OWL. of these birds keep their nest for a great length of time, and are fed even long after they can fly, many hundreds of mice will scarcely suffice to supply them with food.” Mr. Pennant farther observes, that the usual weight of this species is eleven ounces, its lengthfourteen inches, its breadth three feet, and that the middle claw is serrated. Alpe v8 ch 4 q a a GEORGIAN OWL. Strix Georgica. S. fusca subflavo fasciata, gula pectoreque : albido-fasciatis, abdomine albido maculis ferrugineis. Brown Owl, with yellowish bars, throat and breast with whitish bands, and whitish abdomen with ferruginous spots. Strix Georgica. Georgian Owl. Lath. suppl. 2. Size of the Barn Owl: thighs and legs Ga thed with woolly down, with small blackish spots: quill | and tail feathers crossed by four or five white bands, Native of Georgia in North America. St Hien aye i ys Vy, 1808. Sep 1 L. condor Lubtffia bi @Learsley Fleet Street: 261 Strix Dominicensi S. fusco-waria, rostro magno, abdomine rufo, pectore 7 _ Brown variegat d Owl, witt bill, rufous abdomen, and breast wit | _ La Chouett ois. to Buffon, to the ers in having a re curved bill than any 1¢ abdomen of a plain Cons! ih li ‘’ 3 P: ‘ oe : Le Chathuant de Cayenne. — Strix Cayanensis. Lath, ind. Cayenne Owl. Lath. syn. Sizz of the’ Wood Owl: bill flesh-coloured : fea- thers surrounding the eyes cinereous: irides yellow: feet naked and rather slender. _ Native of Cayenne: 262 BOOBOOK OWL. | Strix Boobook. S. fusco-ferruginea maculis flavescentibus, sub= tus ferruginea maculis longitudinalibus. Ferruginous-brown Owl, with yellowish spots, beneath fer- ruginous with longitudinal spots. Strix Boobook, Boobook Owl. Lath. suppl. 2. ° Size of the Wood Owl, to which it is allied: thigns and legs covered with yellow downy feathers speckled with black: bill small. Native of New Holland, where it is known by the name of Boo- book. SOLOGNESE OWL. ‘Strix Soloniensis. S. corpore supra ex atro fusco, fulvo admisto, subtus albo, cauda alba versus apicem lineis nigricantibus dew cussantibus. Lin. Gmel. M Owl with the body of a dark brown above, mixed with edWaus « ; the under parts and tail white, the latter marked towards the tip by blackish decussating lines. Noctua minor dorso ferrugineo, ventre albido, Salient Orne p. 56. Leneru fifteen inches: top of the head and outer circle of the face rufous and white mixed: legs and thighs. short, and feathered to the toes, Observed j; in the district of Sologne in France. oie ri 203 MOUNTAIN OWL. Strix montana. S. cinerea, gula orbitisque nigris, iridibus flavis, cauda subelongata. Cinereous Owl, with the throat and orbits black; the irides yellow, and the tail subelongated. Mountain Owl. Lath. suppl. Strix barbata. Lath. ind. orn. “Native of Siberia: allied to the Aluco Owl: bill yellow: inhabits mountainous regions. FERNANDEZIAN OWL. Strix Fernandica. SS. corpore fulvo, albo fusco § nigro vario, oculis nigris, palpebris ceruleis. Lin. Gmel. Owl with fulvous body, variegated with white, brown, and black ; with black eyes and blue eyelids. ! Strix Chichictli. Lath. ind. orn. Sarp to be of very full plumage, appearing as large as a Hen: legs feathered. Slightly described by Fernandez in his History of New Spain, of which region it is a native. 264 TRANSATLANTIC OWL, Strix Transatlantica. S. corpore nigro flavescente albo fulvoque vario, subtus albo. Owl with body variegated above by black, pale yellow, white, and fulvous; beneath white. Strix Tolchiquatli. Lin. Gmel. Tuts seems much allied to the preceding, and is said to be a bird of very full plumage: the under wing-coverts are black, mixed with fulvous: bill black: légs covered by fulvous feathers. Slightly described by Fernandez under the name of Tolchi- guath. Native of Mexico. ‘PASSERINE OWL. Strix passerina. SS. subolivaceo-fusca albido maculata, subtus albida fusco maculata, remigibus albo-fasciatis, iridibus flavis. Subolivaceous brown Owl, with whitish spots, beneath whitish with brown spots, wing-feathers barred with while, and yellow irides. Strix passerina. 8S. capite levi, remigibus maculis albis quingue ordinum. Lin. Syst. Nat. Little Owl. Will. orn. Penn. Brit. Zool. Little Owl. Edw. pl. 228. Size that of a Missel Thrush: length about eight inches and a half: colour on the upper parts olive- brown, with lighter and deeper variegations: wings varied with pale brown; the coverts, with: numerous round whitish spots: the scapulars deep PASSERINE OWL. 265 brown, with large curved or lunated white bars: larger quill-feathers barred with the same colour: face whitish, with small oblong dark streaks: head deep brown, with a white streak on the shaft of each feather: ridge of the wings white: under parts whitish, but marked on the breast and sides with numerous lunated or somewhat heart-shaped brown spots: tail short, barred with deep and pale brown: legs whitish, and covered to the claws with small hair-like plumes: bill horn-colour, with paler tip: irides yellow: orbits surrounded with long black hairs. ‘This species is found in many parts of Europe, - but is very rare in England. It appears to vary, not only in the cast of its plumage, but in the colour of its irides, which in some specimens are said to be black or dark blue; and such birds are observed to be of. a darker colour than those in which the irides are yellow. ‘The Passerine Owl frequents ruins, and is said to deposit its eggs in such situations more frequently than in trees. It isa bird of avery wild disposition, and the young, when taken even in the earliest state, soon exhibit a ferocious character, and differ totally in temper and manners from those of the Scops or Little Horned Owl. Of this we are assured by Spallan- zani, who reared these birds, in order to become acquainted with their instinct and habits. 266 NEW ZEALAND OWL. Strix fulva. S$. fusca, marginibus pennarum inne fulvis, cauda fasciis pallentibus. Brown Owl, with the cheeks and margins of the feathers fulvous, and the tail crossed by pale bars. Strix fulva, New Zealand Owl. Lath. ( Leneru eleven inches: upper parts brown mar- gined with fulvous: breast and belly the same, but paler: cheeks fulvous: thighs brown spotted with white: tail crossed with pale-brown bands. Native of New Zealand. It is said to vary in _— ssi | above with white. ACADIAN OWL. Strix Acadiensis. S, fusco-ferruginea albo maculata, subtus subalbida maculis ferrugineis, facie cinerea. Ferruginous-brown Owl, spotted with white, beneath subal- bescent spotted with ferruginous, with grey face. Strix Acadiensis. Acadian Owl. Lath. Tite i Lenetu seven inches: feathers surrounding the eyes and composing the face ash-colour, but the part immediately surrounding each eye black; and the outer part of the circle mixed with white: quills spotted with white on their outer edges: legs covered to the toes with buff-coloured = nhediak Said to be a native of Nova Scotia. | WF TENGMALM’S OWL. Strix Tengmalmi. _S. corpore griseo, maculis pisiformibus albis, _ iridibus flavis. _ Lin. Gmel. Grey Owl, with pea-shaped white spots, and yellow irides. Strix Tengmalmi, Lath. ind. orn. Size of a Thrush: bill brown, with a white tip: between the bill and eyes on each side a black streak: face white, varied with brown: body ci- nereous, with pea-shaped white spots: breast and belly whitish, with dusky variegations: tail deep grey with white stripes: legs feathered to the claws: native of Upland in Sweden: observed by Doctor Tengmalm. | Var. DWARF OWL, This, which is described and figured by Monsieur Levaillant under the name of La Chevechette, is allied to the immediately preceding, but appears to be considerably smaller, since, according to Levaillant’s plate, it can hardly measure more _ than six inches. Like the preceding it is allied in point of plumage to the Passerine Owl, being of an olive-brown colour, variegated with white: the head speckled, and the neck and coverts dashed. with that colour; intermixed with blackish spots : ridge of the wing and tips of the alulet white: o 968 PHALENOID OWL. large wing-coverts slightly tipped, the quills barred or spotted, and the tail crossed by four or-five narrow bars of white: under parts mixed with white and brown: legs feathered to the claws, and of a yellowish white colour, with oblong black spots: bill and irides yellow. ‘This bird was ob- served by Levaillant in a collection of dried speci- mens, and its native country was unknown. PHALZENOID OWL. Strix ‘phalzenoides. S. fulva, tectricibus alarum inferioribus _ albo maculatis, subtus albo rufoque vario, pedibus hirsutis. - Fulvous Owl, with the under wing-coverts spotted with white, beneath variegated with rufous and white, with hairy feet. ‘ Strix phalenoides. Daudin. orn. Z Tus small species is described by Monsieur Daudin, and measures six inches in length: the bill is blackish ; the plumage tawny or subfulvous on the upper parts, and the wing-coverts are mark- © ed by six white spots: the cheeks and under parts of the body varied with rufous and white: the wings cover the tail, which is short: the legs are — feathered to the claws with reddish plumes. This bird was killed in the island of Trinidad, and is preserved in the Paris Museum. 269. BARE*=LEGGED OWL.. _ Strix nudipes. SS. corpore supra fusco albo maculato, subtus albo maculis lyriformibus fuscis. Ow! with brown body spotted with white, beneath white with lyre-shaped brown spots. Strix nudipes. Daudin. orn. Descrizep by Monsieur Daudin: length seven inches: colour above fulvous brown, with a white spot on each side the neck, and other spots of white on the wing-coverts: the under parts are white, with alongitudinal, lyre-shaped, brown spot on each feather: legs long, naked, and brown. The young are rufous, and the belly whiter than in the full- grown bird. Native of Cayenne. 270 ACCIPITRINE OWLS. GREY OWL, Strix Ulula. S. rufescens maculis longitudinalibus, subtus albida ~ dineolis fuscis, cauda fusco fasciata, iridibus flavis. , Rufescent Owl, marked above with longitudinal brown spots, beneath whitish with small brown streaks, and yellow irides. r Strix Ulula? SS. capite lev, corpore supra fusco-albo maculata, rectricibus fascis linearibus albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. - LaChouette ou Grande Cheveche. Buff. ois. Brown Owl? Lath. syn. Grey Owl? Jill. orn. Tue species here intended is described by Buffon under the name of La Chouette ou Grande Cheveche. It is, he observes, pretty common in France, but — does not frequent habitations so much as the Barn or White Owl. It haunts quarries, rocks, ruins, and deserted buildings. ‘The colour of its irides, which are of a bright yellow, distinguishes it from the Aluco and Stridula. The difference however between it and the Barn or White Owl (Effraie) is more slight, since in that bird the irides are yellow also*, and surrounded by a circle of small white feathers: the under part of the belly is tinged with yellow, and the size of the two birds is nearly the same; but the present species is of a deeper colour, and is marked with spots resembling small flames, * In the English Barn Owl they are dusky blue. GREY OWL. O71 whereas those of the White Owl are like little points or drops, and hence the former has been called Noctua flammeata, and the latter Noctua guttata. ‘The feet of the present species are more closely covered with feathers; and the bill is brown, while in the Barn Owl it is whitish, and brown only towards the tip. In the present species also the female is marked with smaller spots than the male, and its colours are more dilute. The ex- treme length of this species is only eleven inches*. In Monsieur Sonnini’s edition of Buffon we have a description of this bird by Monsieur Virey, given ° in the form of anote. This bird, says he, may be distinguished by the colour of the head, neck, breast, under parts of the body, and flanks, which are whitish, with a faint tinge of red, and slightly clouded with brown: on all the feathers is a lon- gitudmal brown streak: the hind parts of the body, as the rump, and tail-coverts, are of a pale rufous, with earth-brown spots: the belly white: the wing- feathers varied (chamarries) with rufous and brown, with brown tips: the tail is marked by transverse brown bars, and a pale yellow down clothes the legs and feet: the iris is yellow: the bill and claws black. The colours of the female are paler, and the brown spots less apparent. The young are of awhitish grey mixed with brown, and after- wards grow rufous. | 7 * In the northern parts of Sweden occurs a sup- * According to Mr. Latham, fifteen and a half; and according to the Gmelian edition of the Systema Nature, fourteen inches. 272 CASPIAN OWL. posed variety of this species, figured inthe Museum Carlsonianum of Sparrman, under the title of Strix Arctica. It differs in being much larger, measur- ing eighteen inches in length, and of a darker colour, being ferruginous above, with black spots; and beneath marked with black lines or streaks: tail barred with black and ferruginous, and a black- ish bar beneath the wings: the orbits of the eyes are also black: the irides, as in the smaller kind, yellow. CASPIAN OWL. Strix Caspia. §. corpore supra lutescente, subtus ex lutescente albo, lituris utrinque longitudinalibus nigricantibus subtus gut- tatis, iridibus citrints. Subluteous Owl with dusky longitudinal streaks, beneath yel- lowish white with drop-shaped spots, and yellow irides. Strix accipitrina. Lin.Gmel. Pall. it. 1. p. 455. Caspian Owl. Lath. syn, Descrisep by Dr. Pallas, who discovered it in the desert regions bordering on the Caspian sea. It also inhabits many parts: of Siberian Tartary, where it had been observed by Gmelin prior to Pallas. In size it approaches to the Brown Owl. (S. Ulula.) Colour above yellowish, with longitu- dinal dusky or blackish streaks; beneath paler, with drop-shaped spots: quill-feathers barred with blackish-brown: tail shorter than the wings, round- ed, dusky, marked with deeper bands, and edged with whitish: circle of the face white, with black and CANADA OWL. 973 yellowish streaks: above the eyes a black spot: legs covered by yellow down: bill black: irides pale yellow. This species deposits its eggs in hollow spots on the bare ground of the Caspian deserts. Mr. Latham, in his Inder Ornithologicus, considers it as a variety of the Straw Ulula. CANADA OWL. Strix Canadensis. S. fusco alboque maculato, subtus fasciolato, cauda albo fasciata. Owl on the upper parts spotted, on the under fasciolated with brown and white; the tail barred with white. Strix funerea? SS, capite levi, corpure fusco, ‘iridibus flavis. Tin. Syst. Nat. Strix Canadensis. Briss.av. 1. t. 37. f. 2. Canada Owl. Lath. syn. Linn vs describes the present species, which appears to be common to the northern parts of Europe and America, in the following manner. Body brown above, with white spots: the head black above, with white specks: bill white above: breast and abdomen whitish, with linear transverse (dusky) streaks: the five first interior quill-feathers not spotted with white on their outer webs: the tail-feathers crossed with narrow whitish bars, the middle feathers scarcely white at the tips. | Brisson describes the Bird in similar terms, adding that the length is thirteen inches, and that the greater quill-feathers are spotted on each side with white, five of the inner ones being plain. aw. VIL | 18 ~~ 274 HUDSONIAN OWL. Doctor Forster, who observed it at Hudson’s Bay, informs us that the male is larger than the female, with the colours darker and the spots more distinct: _ its weight twelve ounces, and its length seventeen inches. HUDSONIAN OWL. Strix Hudsonia. S. fusca albo maculata, subtus alba fusco trans- versim striata, rostro tridibusque fulvis. Brown Ow] spotted with white, beneath white with transverse linear streaks, and fulvous bill and irides. Little Hawk Owl. Edw. pl. 62. Strix freti Hudsonis. Briss. 1. p. 520. Caparacoch. Buff. ois. Hawk Owl. Lath. syn. Tue first describer of this species seems to have been Edwards, who has figured it on the sixty- second plate of his excellent ornithological work. « It is rather bigger, says Edwards, than a Sparrow- Hawk, having much the air of a Hawk, from the length of its wings and tail; but the form of the head and feet declare it to be near of kin to the Owl kind. Iam told by my friend who brought two of their stuffed skins to me, that they fly and prey at high noon, which is contrary to the nature of most of the Owl kind. The bill is like a Hawk’s, but without angles on the sides; of a bright red- dish yellow. I am told that the eyes are of the same colour. ‘The spaces round the eyes are white, a little shaded with brown, and dashed with small, HUDSONIAN OWL. Ds longish, dusky spots: the outsides of these spaces, towards the ears, are encompassed with black: without that again is a little white: the bill is covered almost with light-coloured bristly feathers, as in most of the Owl kind: the top of the head is of a very dark brown, spotted finely with little regular round spots of white: round the neck, and down to the middle of the back, is dark brown, the feathers seeming to be tipped with white: the wings are of a brown colour, the quills and covert- feathers being finely spotted on their outer webs with white: the three quills next the body are not spotted, but have whitish tips: the feathers between the back and wing are painted with broad trans- verse bars of brown and white: the inner coverts of the wing are white, with transverse lines of brown: the quills withinside are dark ash-colour, with white spots on both webs: the prime quill is spotless within, and without on its outer web, and hath hardly any of that refiecting back of the _ points of the outer web, as is observed in Owls: the rump and covert-feathers of the tail are dark brown, transversly barred and mixed with a lighter brown: the tail on the upper side is dark brown, and ash-coloured beneath, composed of twelve feathers, the middlemost longer by two inches than the very outermost: it 1s barred across by seven or eight transverse narrow bars of light brown: the breast, belly, thighs, and coverts under the tail are white, barred across with narrow brown lines, in a regular manner: the legs and feet are 276 HUDSONIAN OWL. wholly covered with fine soft feathers of the colour of the belly, but the variegating lines smaller: the claws are sharp, crooked, and pointed, of a dark brown colour. There was another of this species brought with this, which was alittle bigger, and differed something in colour: it had all the same marks, but not so strong and bright. [suppose it was the female of this. These were brought from Hudson’s Bay, where its native name is Caparacoch. It preys on white partridges, and other birds, and is so bold as to attend near the fowler with his gun, and will sometimes carry off a partridge after itis shot, before gtic as availa ~can reach his game.” In the Arctic Zoology we are informed that this species is common to North America, Den- mark, and Sweden: that it never hatches above two young at a time, which for some months after flight remain of a rusty brown colour. — . 2s foe aal Bs) we \ SF e «nant \ i \»: MOS ES NO a 16 Fh tae Sts ‘ ‘nay Nee wig ‘ 2608 Sep!1 LondonPubl{hd by CLearsley Fleet Street. URAL OWL. ez rad with brown; the tail cro ot ix Uralensis. Pall, it. 1.-p.455. Gey Cho aette a longue queue de Siberie. Pl. I ad Ural Owl. Lath. syn. A fogs ' A oe ent ; pn dge from. the s | nlumineés, must om the Caparacoch or z ds ay tr “Latham how- the ogicus, appears inclined a Tuis beautiful bird, elegant figure in th 2 be considered asd tL Hawk-Owl above Bet ever, in his | to comsic Paty of that species. The grou ne co our of th 2 whole b bird} is white, but less : pure or more min 1 above than _ below: the r parts a ndulated rg with v y brown or t-shaped me est on the head the under d with similar mar! ss blackish the coverts soci | bars of 1€8: ie D piilar-deathere wi four deep brown middle bars; _ brown, with pretty numerous : the bill is yellow: the legs thickly Rai hare to jai Bitar, and bari a ce the e head and ‘under parts: down each checkers a blackish curved band, as -in the Caparacoch, to which the present bird is certainly much allied in general appearance, but seems to have a much more elegant disposition Myo Wt re | yteacanas Sa) iA AA \ wWev\an " aie tr he 278 AFRICAN OWL. of colours, and the tail longer in proportion. An observation made by Monsieur Virey, copied, probably, either from Doctor Pallas or Lepechin, seems to militate against the supposition of its being a variety of the Hawk Owl; viz. that the t css boas three first wing-feathers are serrated on the outer edge; whereas we shall find, on recurring to Edwards’s description of the Hawk Owl, that “the prime quill hath hardly any of that reflecting back of the points of the outer web as is observed in Owls.” It is a native of many parts of Siberia, and along the chain of the Ural mountains. Its size is said by Monsieur Virey to be that of the Hulotte, (S. Aluco. Lin.) It is observed during severe frost to retire into the cavities of rocks, and does not again make its appearance till the return ef fine weather. “AFRICAN OWL. Strix Africana. S. subfusca subtus nivea, cauda fasciis numerosis — linearibus albis. Brownish Owl, snow-white beneath, with the tail crossed by numerous linear white bars. Le Choucou. Levaiill. ois. pl. 38. Falconine Owl. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. In general proportions exactly similar to the immediately preceding species, but is of smaller size, measuring about ten inches in‘length. Its colour above is an elegant pale brown, the shorte quill-feathers tipped ak dull white; the tail VARIEGATED OWL. 379 crossed by numerous narrow or linear white bars; the face and whole under parts white, with the shafts of the thigh-feathers dusky, forming a fine streak down each: the bill is black; the irides yellowish-hazel, and the eyes beset on each side the back part with several long diverging vibrissee or hairs of a black colour. This elegant species is a native of the interior of Africa, appearing only during twilight, and moving with rapid flight. The _ female is said to be rather smaller than the male, _ and of a less pure white beneath. On opening the stomach Levaillant observed only the remains of insects, and of a small land frog. This bird, as before observed, emerges only in the evening, and even later than other nocturnal birds of prey. During its flight it skims the surface of the ground, uttering at frequent intervals a sharp cry. VARIEGATED OWL. | Strix Nisuella. S$. fusco albidoque subtransversim varia, subtus _. undulata, torque faciali nigro marginata, cauda cuneata. Owl subtransversly variegated with brown and white, beneath. undulated ; the ruff of the face edged with black, and the tail cuneated. . | Le Chou cou hou. Levaill.ots. pl. 39. Variegated Owl. Lath. suppl. 2. Size of 8. Otus: habit somewhat approaching to. | that of the Hawk Owl: colour a subtransverse mixture of dark-brown and white, with a cast of ferruginous: the under parts more closely or nar- rowly barred than the upper: face white, dashed *» . i ie 980 LINEATED owl. with small blackish streaks, the tips ian the sur- rounding feathers black: tail slightly cuneated, ] and crossed by brown and white 4 s fea- thered to the claws: bill dusky a Native of the interior of Africa, served by Levaillant. It flies ox when disturbed or driven .fre woods. ~ a, Cauda fascits the tail crossed ome décree to I the Cap i I ess slender — shape na at qt pr ve ion: colour a black h : fe : ) 1 very numerous whi pars, Which on the head may — narrower and more t Gree than on the body; | of a darker colour than the _ body, is crossed at considerable distances by nar- row subints d bars of pute*white. Native of ‘s “ 2 ae, Baas i bre : sais yyoday, in the 4 manner of the Caparacoch. | END OF PART L : : London: Pyinted by T. Davison, ‘Lombard-street. : | ‘ie KE 0S ators Aa) NM Nhat vvaoves hu agg Raa, 7 ia AVaYy AaPyHANS \ \ : LINEATED Owl. 1800.5 Dp. ty London Publifhiad bv Ghearsley fleet Strcet. GENERAL ZOOLOGY, . t ~ SYSTEM UU HISTORY’ GEORGE Saw, M.D.ER.S.&c. WITH £7LATES' from the firft Authorities and most select specimens O) ke eer ie. Ce OM, vaved fi ancpally ty, y LF 4 Gans (f C A M* GRIFFITH. VoL.VI. Part I. eV i Ss London, Printed. for G.Kearsley, ¥ leet-Street, 1809. 2 - % 5 / \ : 213% \ } *~ } ' * ' . i t > ~ 4 ‘ > * 3 + ¥ . N , 4 GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME VII.— PART II. BIRDS. LONDON. PRINTED FOR GEORGE KEARSLEY, FLEET-STREET; BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. 1809. us n Pan arp en Vor ED / rh ONE N tes Conactas, GENUS ‘ VOL. VII.—PART IL. ¢ page 387 garrula 388 Indica “uno QO albifrons’..,' 392 Angolensis, 394 militaris . 395 nigra . 300 striata 390 vagabunda . 397 melanocephala 397 Caffra Se SOS Puella 398 Mexicana *. 399 crinita 401 scutata 401 pacifica 402 docilis 403 Orientalis 403 Madagascariensis - : - 404 Afra . 405 \ Coracias, czrulea » p. 405 - vivida 406 CoRVUS, GENUS 340 Corax 341 vulturinus 343 Corone 345 Jamaicensis 345 frugilegus;:. 347 Cornix 348 Dauricus 349 Caledonicus 330 Monedula 351 Balicassius . 352 calvus 352 Caryocatactes 353 Nove Guinee 354 Papuensis 354 —-—— Pacificus 355 —-—— Tropicus . 355 glandarius 356 ‘ cristatus if 1V CONTENTS. Corvus, Cayanus . p- 260 || Crow, carrion. . . p. 345 erythrorhynchos 361 - chattering vis 2:3 ———. cyaneus . fi) S0B, «Rook ae Sinicus . 363 - hooded. . 848 Peruvianus 363 || —_.. white-breasted . 349 speciosus 364°". New Caledoman 350 flaviventris . 364 ks Jackdaw . . 350 Stelleri . 365 || ——- Hottentot . B51 Canadensis . 3065 || —_—- Philippine ears ei Mexicanus . 3060 - bald | : paar: voy argyropthalmus 366 - nut-cracking 353 Zanoe 307 - New-Guinea 354 auritus BOZ i aes Papuan . ae er YUTUS! |... $63" ||... Pactfies.7- 355 purpurascens .... 308 |} =. tropical . 355 Sinensis ~- 869 - Jay . ‘ BaD Pica 309 .|| ———- blue : 359 ———— Senegalensis . 371 |} ——-- Cayenne . . B08 a emia a | Boge - red-billed SSD —— splendidus . 372 - cyanean 362 ——— rufipennis 373 |} =~ Chimese . 363 —— Caribbeus . 375 || ———- Peruvian . + 363 — aureo-viridis . 376 - specious Ces ventralis . 377 || ——- yellow-bellied 365 carunculatus . 378 || -——- Mexican . . 866 Graculus Hi cha SRN et ed silver-eyed 366 pyrrhocorax . 380 || ———- smaller Mexican 367 sexsetaceus 380 || —_—- white-eared | . 967 affinis . PP BSi* eS. pafous ene —Eremita. . 382 || ——-- purple-bellied . 368 cyanurus 384 || ——- Macao. 2 oe ~ brachyurus 385 || ——-- Magpie 399 grallarius » 886 - Senegal 371 -——-- Temia i 372, Crow, GENUS . . 840 - shining . i): eee Raven es eel -red-winged . 373 a vulturine 348 || —-—- Caribbean 375 / ” CONTENTS. row, golden-green .p.376. ——-rose-bellied . 377 ——-wattled . RS - red-legged - 878 ——- Alpine. - 880 - six-shafted «880 ——- Cayenne red-billed ; ‘ = : 38] —- Hermit . Jo ne BB — - blue-tailed Been {2H | - short-tailed 3) BS -Jong-legged . 380 GLAUCOPIS, GENUS. 3358 cinerea . 338 eee GRACULA, GENUS . 450 religiosa =. = 451 ae cristatella . 453 Quiscula . 458° —_—— Barita whan BO ———_—-_ calya . wo sail —————-strepera . 462 oe diepllis: . 463 varia . oo AA! —— Tibicen . 465 ——_——— foetida ov via O ————longirostra . 400 ————— larvata . «A468 carunculata 469 grisea - 409 stumnina. .. 470-| Pagodarum 471 \Malabarica 471 ——_——— icterops «anne a viridis = 5 473 av Gracula, melanocephala p. 473 cyanotis Saularis. =. Atthis picoides . scandens GRAKLE, GENUS 3 Indian —-— crested : ——-——— Paradise —— purple 22. <== ‘boat-tated: aa bald —_—— Noisy . _—— bare-necked pied —————. piping —— fetid . : — long-billed . oe masked — carunculated orey . : —— sturnine Pagoda ————— Malabar. ——: yellow-faced —— green . —— —— black-headed ————- blue-eared . digh }.:: ‘ — — Egyptian . : Abyssinian . picoid —— climbing . Jackdaw .. a : AIA AVA A75 A"6 477 450 451 4353 A5S A58 466 AO} 402 403 404. 405 406 ACO 463 409 46Q 470 471 71 472 473 473 A7-4 ATA 475 A75 A476 477 350 Vi Jay 4. 2 : —- blue . ; —- Cayenne —- red-billed —- cyanean —— Peruvian’ >*. —- Chinese : LANIUS GENUS Excubitor Italicus . Nengeta rusus 22." Leverianus Drongo . superbus Fingah . plumatus ot Malabarieus castaneus collaris . Cayanus Barbarus mystaceus curvirostris lecocephalus Pitangua infaustus Tyrannus — jocosus . Boulboul sulphuratus Lanius; albus. Ludovicianus Americanus - erythropterus CONTENTS. _ ° : p.1350 359 brachyurus . - —- phoenicurus robustus Weebong — = frontatus ' rubiginosus , Senegalus. Canadensis . - Collurio é ruficellis «fyi % —niger. ‘ Backbakiri . melanocephalus Tabuensis : bicolor . i faustus .« leucorhynchos Paynanensis . Schach . - —- doliatus. : neevius . obscurus : fuscus . : ruber. : ——— superciliosus -. punctatus Capensis ——Cubla . signatus : torquatus . dubius . erectus . . olivaceus ; silens . ; Pacificus : Septentrionalis: -Lanius, ferrugineus . p. 310 310 311 311 312 312 313 Bid 314. 315 316 319 319 321 321 322 323 CONTENTS. Lanius, Madagascariensis 332 Emeria . . cristatus : Antiguensis Lucionensis . varius ——— pileatus . Nootka . Pa aurantius. P ——— atricapilius . —— corvinus i ORIOLUS GENUS ; Galbula Cacicus ; eer sce —— ——— cristatus ‘i rufirostris ————. hzemorrbhous eee annulatus =e ———_ Sebanus ———-— Acolchi : Mexicanus . C mmammmmames flavus Icterus Sa". pheeniceus . ——_—— Baltimore castaneus ees ——— Americanus ruber, ————- textor ————- nidipendulus Bonana Xanthornus furcatus ——_——. Cayanensis . —— leucopterus 332 333 433 433 ——-———— icterocephalus 434 Oriolus, chrysocephalus p. 434 melancholicus caudacutus . a ___.. Bufionianags.. Jamacat oryzivorus. cinereus Jacapani : Costototl . leucocephalus Dominicensis minor , A Unalaschke virescens Cartagenensis ferrugineus VACIGIS:....¢. ceruleus olivaceus — - Sloanianus ORIOLE GENUS - golden . ; - Cacique : ———- crested . ———- red-billed ——_—-- red-rumped . ———- ring-tailed . ———- Seban . - Acolchi : - Mexican ——- Antiguan. - icteric’. - red-shouldered - Baltimore niger. .- radiatus . Sa 421 425 Vill Oriole, chesnut and black : : sft pho? --red-breasted . 428 —- Guiana . 428 -red . 4209 ——- weaving 429 -——- Hang-nest 430 ——- Banana . - 43) ——- Smaller Banana 432 - forked-tailed . 432 —- Yellow-winged 433 ——- white-winged . 433 —- yellow-headed . . 434 —-gold-headed . 434 ——- Schomberger . | 435 ———- sharp-tailed 436 ——- Buffonian | 437 - Jamacai . 438 - rice. ett wh SO - grey . » 439 - Jacapani . . 440 ——- New Spam . 440 ——-- white-headed . 441 ——- St. Domingo 442 ——- black ; - 442 ——- smaller black 443 ——- striped-headed . 443 ———-- Unalaskan cnn -——- yellow-throated 444 -——- Carthagena s 445 - rusty a 2 20) - whistler . » 4406 - blue oe (447 ——- Cayenne olive . 448 - Sloanian . 448 PARADISE-BIRD GENUS 478 CONTENTS. Paradise-Bird, great . p. 480 ——————- smaller. 486 ant sanguine | 487 -black . 488 - black-bodied 489 ———~-~——- cirrhated 491 ——_——_-——-- magnificent 492 -———————- superb 4Q4 -—_—_—----——- six-shafted 496 ean eens Royal ‘ 407 ——-———-——- orange 409 —_—_———- white-winged é ° . 4890 —_———- white . 501 ——_-_—_—-—-- gorget 501 ——-———-—-~ chalybean 504 PARADISEA GENUS . 478 wives apoda 480 — minor 486 —— sanguinea 487 ———_-—— nigra . A488 —_—_-—— nigricans 489 gt cirrhata . - 491 ———--—— magnifica.....492 ——_—_——— superba 404 ——_—_--—— sexsetacea 490 EODEEEE regia. © 407 pa eee aurantia .. 499 ae leucoptera 500 i ad alba meen 9 | pe STEER gularis 5OL ————chalybea 504 34) Raven’ . a . _ ———- Fingah . oan CONTENTS. iX ROLLER GENUS » p. 386 | Shrike, Malabar - p. 203 chesnut-backed 2094 Louisiana - 204 collared . os -garrulous . 387 - Indian . » BOO - white-fronted 392 - Angola . «894 Cayenne «» 297 - crimson Simro bey Barbary . 2 “QQ7 - black . . 896 || ———whiskered . 2098 - blue-striped . 396 hook-billed . 299 - grey-tailed . 397 || ———— white-headed . 300 ~ black-headed 307 Pitangua , “300 ~ Caffrarian . 398 American » “801 ————- Fairy : « 893 —yed-winged . ' 301 Tem yi. » 302 Tyrant . | 3a JOCOSE, -. 806 ( - = Mexican . $899 - Cayenne - 400 | ~-———- striated. : 400 - hairy . . 401 Boulboul . 808 ——_——- red-breasted . 401 yellow-bellied 309 = paeimie'. 7+. °°. 402 | ee white . . $09 -docile . . 403 || ——— ferruginous-bellied - Oriental ans OB) EAVcs : ete i SiO ——- Madagascar . 404 |} ——— Short-tailed . 310 = A ican . 405 || ——— rufous-tailed . 311 2 -blue . a ps5 S| robust . Palate! | - Ultramarine . — 406 = = Weebong - 312 frontal . Lia rubiginous . 313 Senegal . - 314 crested Canadian 314 ~ red- backed ca Purges | -~ wood-chat -. 316 black, ommee e Backbakiri . 319 black-headed. 320 — Tabuan . oo oad green. " 321 blue... s $22 ——— white-wreathed 323 Rook : : eee Bd7 SHRIKE GENUS ee mrETey . . + 34290 | - Italian . 5 WSO - Nengeta i DBF A - rufous . o DEF - Leverian 7-288 - Drongo « 280 - superb . 290 ami ————- plumed QOD ‘ CONTENTS. x Shrike, white-billed . p. 323 Panayan 324 Chinese 324 pied’. ie 325 spotted . s G25 dusky 325 brown . 2 B20 red : = B26 supercilious 320 mottled . o Oe Cape. 327 Cubla . - ~ 828 spotted-winged 328 clouded . 329 dubious . 329 erect ° . 320 Olive Ji -: a BBO silent. . 1330 Shrike, pacific . .'p. 331 northern ne 3S] ——— Madagascar . 332 — — Bengal ...- 332 ——-— crestedtisses, 7.2333 ——— Antiguan.... 333 ——— Luzonian oo» B34 —— white-shouldered 334 black-capped . . 335 Nootka . vine SBS ——— orange . . 3836. ———— black-topped . 336 ‘corvine . pallet fo A WATTLE-BIRD GENUS 339 - cinereous Pe iad OL Directions for placing the Plates invol VIL. part II. \ RAP 4 The Vignette represents a reduced view of the male and female Baltimore Oriole, with the nest. Plate 37 to face page 282 Plate 55 toface page 453 38 288 56 - 461 39 ———_ 290 57 —— 469 40 ————.__ 208 58 ———— 480 41 ———— 304 50 ——— 487 42 ————-__ 338 “60 —— 490 43 ———_ 353 ~ 61 ———- 491 44 ————.__ 356 62 ——— 492 45 ———— 3063 63 ———— 404 40 ———._ 376 64 ————— ib. 47 ————_ 384 65. ———-__ 495 48° ——_——-___ 385 66 ———— 406 40 (oS, 386 67) 407 boy ee. | 398 * 68 A068 5L —— 304 69 ——— 501 52 ———— 395 70 ————__—-508 bane) 405)- pie e504 54 ———— = 4451 Ah QR oun a went ances sot ah ha sateen atic eh sa yeep ely cew hd Coon! ‘pewndiaterilan bd vital pnee ainiylgnton ie memes 4 eee teeter eentiten 2 Ne nnn OH pce: wae LEP Ne a ih bmtener Sp das ne eee eee eo Lote lp ee VORA ap ene ier 5 ORDER PICZ. LANIUS. SHRIKE. Rostrum rectiusculum, den- || Bill straitish, with a tooth te utrinque versus api- or small process on each cem, basi nudum. side near the tip. Lingua \acera, Tongue jagged. Digitus exterior basi medio || Outside toe connected to the connexus. | middle one, as far as the | first joint. | Bs: genus Lanius or Shrike, though strongly allied to the genuine Accipitres i in the structure of - its bill, and its predaceous disposition, is yet, in its general form, and particularly.in that of its feet, much more allied to the birds of the Order Pice, and especially to those which may not improperly be termed Pice Corvine or Corvine Pies. In the _ present work therefore I have preferred ranging ‘ them under this tribe than among the Accipitres,- “with which they were associated by Linnzeus in, the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature. V. VII. P. Il. 19 282 ' GREY SHRIKE. festa Exeubitor._ LL. canus, subtus albus, alisc fasciaque oculari nigris, rectricibus i a | Shag a a white beneath, with ‘ipe.across the eyes black th oF, eae Excubitor. & cano, alis nigris macula.a Lanius cinereus major. Ge TE Greater Butcher-Bird. Will. apis i * | Great cinereous Shrike, , La Pie-Griéche Gfise. snrike may very he head of the ing the prin- cipal ai ies, but from. its aff te j d ng a g of manners or node of life | part of the genus, in h tl ye judged from itherto been — Tue Laniu properly be alle genus, noi the spring, and-eedSacnn Al In the British Panloays At is it hus de We” oe wee Wire Fs Pennant. ““ This b ‘weig 1s’ three’ ounces: ‘ts | length is ten inches: its breadth fourteen: its bill — black, one inch long, and hooked at the cud; the | upper mandible furnished with a sharp process: — the nostrils are oval, covered. with black bristles. . NCAR 2. “CHD : SEE RAL Deni Wh oad Wathen). ae thawed» laagelts gn 37 + a Soa ae UM cA a ras cA ae wn aN poco, ay a. ay s‘ Sha : = ea a ae ow $ aN a o = = wn ~ é ink: pire eee . ~- é omy 285 | ia v —— " we AWA Grigh sclp dy GREY SHRIKE. 1608 Scep!1 london Lublifhd by Glcarslev Fleet Steet GREY SHRIKE. 983 pointing downwards: the muscles that move the bill are very thick and strong, which makes the _head very large: the crown of the head, the back, _and the coverts that lie immediately on the joints of the wings are ash-coloured; the rest of the coverts black: the quill-feathers are black, marked in their middle with a broad white bar; and ex- cept the four first feathers, and the same number of those next the body, are tipped with white: the tail consists of twelve feathers of unequal lengths, the middle being the longest; the two middle- most are black, the next on each side tipped with white, and in the rest the white gradually increases to the outmost, where that colour has either entire possession, or there remains only a spot of black: the cheeks are white, but crossed, from the bill to the hind part of the head, with a broad black stroke: the throat, breast, and belly are of a dirty white: the legs are black: the female is of the same colour with the male, the breast and belly excepted, which are marked ectheat. — nus merous semicircular brown lines.” | The Grey Shrike preys chiefly on the ‘after birds, which it attacks in the manner of a Hawk, and is observed, after strangling them, by strongly compressing their neck, to fasten them on some sharp thorn, in order conveniently to tear and devour them. It is said to be very common in Russia, where its manners are thus described by Edwards, on the authority of Mr. Bell, long resi- dent in that country. « Mr. Bell, a curious and inquisitive gentleman, 284 GREY SHRIKE. long a resident in Russia, informed his friend Mr, Collinson, that the Great or Ash-coloured Butchers Bird is often taken by the bird-catchers in Russia, and made tame. Mr. Bell had one given him, and he fixed a sharpened stick or long skewer in the RT ae sie fo PS Sees teres aeaasitl wall, for the bird to roost on, with the point out-— ward: but the curiosity was the singular nature — of the bird; for if he let fly a small bird, either — Linnet or Greenfinch, he would presently fly from — his perch, and seize the little bird in a particular manner by the throat, which stops his breath, and soon kills him. The next extraordinary thing observable was his carrying the bird he had just — killed to his perch, and spitting it on the sharp-— pointed stick, drawing it on with his bill and _ claws; and thus would serve one bird after another, spitting them, and letting them hang by the neck until he eat them at his leisure. The instinet of spitting the dead birds is to enable him the better to pull them to pieces; for he has not strength to hold them, as a hawk does, in his claws, and pull them with his bill; but being fast spitted, he has strength enough to dissect them.” Peldhuske of birds, the Shrike preys on the larger kind of Insects, spitting them in a similar manner on thorns, and leaving them to devour at f leisure; and so tenacious is the bird of this its” natural habit, that, when confined in a cage, it preserves the same propensity, sticking its food against the wires of its cage. It is of a singularly | bold disposition, expelling Crows, Hawks, &c, from its haunts, and not suffering them to ap-— Pe as Sete eS ey, — GREY SHRIKE. 985 proach within a great distance of its nest. It has been occasionally trained to Falconry, in the manner of a Hawk, and we are told by Turner, that Francis the first, of France, had a tame Shrike, which had been trained to the flight of game, and had also been taught to speak. This he carried on his fist when engaged in that amusement. The Grey Shrike builds its nest in some thick bush or tree: the nest is said to be constructed with great art, of moss and wool, interlaced with ‘small twigs and fibres, and lined with feathers: the eggs, according to Mr. Pennant, are six in num- ber, of a dull olive-green colour, spotted at the thickest end with black; but, according to Mr. Latham, they are of a dull white colour, with dusky spots at the larger end, In the northern parts of Europe occurs a sup- posed variety of the Grey Shrike, which differs in being considerably larger, and in having the smaller wing-coverts of a rufous cast. A white variety is commemorated by Brisson ; but this kind of variety occasionally occurring in most birds, seems hardly worthy of particular mention, 286 ITALIAN SHRIKE. Lanius Italicus. L. canus, subtus subroseus, fronte fascia oculars alis caudaque cuneata nigris, rectricibus apice albis. | Grey Shrike, subroseous beneath, with the forehead, eye-stripe, wings, and cuneated tail black, the latter tipped with white, Lanius minor. Lin. Gmel. Lanius Italicus, Lath, ind. orn. La Pie-Grieche d'Italie, Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 32. f. 1. ExtTrEMELY allied both in size and colours to the L. Excubitor, but differs in having the fore-— head black, diminishing backwards into a streak enclosing the eyes: the upper parts are of a fine grey; the wings and tail black, with a spot of white on the middle, as in the Grey Shrike: the under parts are white, but strongly tinged on the abdomen with rose or blossom-colour: bill lead- colour: legs black. Buffon considers this as a mere variety of the L. Excubitor, but Monsr. | Levaillant is of a different opinion, and affirms that it constitutes a species truly distinct. 987 NENGETA SHRIKE. Lanius Nengeta. L. fusco-griseus, subtus albidus, fascia ocularé alis caudaque cuneata subnigris, rectricibus apice albis, Brown-grey Shrike, whitish beneath, with the eye-stripe, wings, and cuneated tail blackish, the latter tipped with white. : Lanius Nengeta. JL. cauda cuneiformi upice albu, corpore cinereo subtus albo. Lin, Syst. Nat. Guiraru Nheengeta. Marcgr. Bras. Grey Pie of Brasil. Edwards pl. 318. Great ty allied to the Grey Shrike, from which it differs in being of a much darker or browner grey above, in having blue irides, and three or four of the outer feathers of the tail tipped with white. The specimen figured by Edwards was _ brought from Brasil, but it is said to occur also in the northern parts both of Europe and America, and to be not uncommon in Siberia. RUFOUS SHRIKE, Lanius rufus. L. ferrugineus, subtus albidus, capite colloque nigro-cerulescentibus. Ferruginous Shrike, whitish beneath, with blue-black head and neck. Lanius rufus. L. rufus, subtus albidus, capite nigro-virescente. Lin, Syst. Nat. Rufous Shrike Lath. syn. Schet-bé. Buff. ois. Pie-Griesche rousse de Madagascar, Pt..Fal. 208. f. 2. Lenetu about eight inches: head and neck glossy blue-black: upper parts and tail rufous or 288 or LEVERIAN SHRIKE. ferruginous; under parts white with a cast of hel 4 lour: bill black; legs Pico e Native of Wl ascar: seme LEVERIAN SHRIK E, hy uda cunciformi, cory pore albo nigroque -apice albis, Lanius picatus. Lath. | ‘ind. orn: * 3 : Shrike ‘ ith cul ied with black and white 4 ‘ Museum Levertanum — : eit oe - Lath. syn. : pe Levaill. ois. ¥ al. a re ne ITIFU a of this hin ' : AN bserved that it : the Pea a pave | in ; 5 C Corvus, sce it ver. > base of the bill, — which aay a conspicuous part of the character in — that genus. Its size is that of a Song Thrush, and | its length ten inches: the bill is three quarters of © an inch long, and is strong, black, with a very — slight notch near the tip; the head, neck, and middle of the breast are glossy black: the back, — shoulders, smaller -wing-coverts, belly, sides, thi ghs, j « ‘ be US - - , wee. TS, optha unwise “ath: MARSH RN SN wets wes yh a, a LEVERIAN SHRIKE. 2808 Sep!t London Lublifhd bv C Kearsley Fleet Strece. 735 n DRONGO SHRIKE. 289 and vent white: the greater wing-coverts and — second quills black, edged with white: the greater quills wholly black: the tail long and cuneiform; — the two middle feathers measuring four inches and a half, and the outer ones only two inches; all are tipped with white, but the exterior ones more largely so than the rest: legs strong and black. The native region of this bird was unknown at the time of its first description, but it now seems to be ascertained as an inhabitant of South America. It is figured in the highly elegant ornithological work of Monsr. Levaillant, who re- ceived his specimen from Cayenne. DRONGO SHRIKE. Lanius Drongo, L. nigro-virescens, crista frontali erecta, cauda Sorficata. Greenish-black Shrike, with upright frontal crest, and forked tail. _ Lanius forficatus. J. cauda forficata, crista frontali erecta, _ corpore nigro-viridante. Lin, Syst. Nat. Le Drongo. Buff. ois. Gobe-mouche hupé de Madagascar. PJ. Enl. 169. -Forked-Tailed Crested Shrike. Lath. syn. First described by Brisson: size of a Blackbird: length ten inches: colour greenish black: bill and legs black: on the forehead, immediately over the bill, an upright crest of slender feathers near three quarters of an inch in length: tail long, and deeply forked. Native of Madagascar, and is also said to occur in China and at the Cape of Good Hope, Ge “convex, and a an 290 SUPERB SHRIKE. Ae: The crest is sometimes observed to be wanting; perhaps in the female specimens. ef) < SUPERB SHRIKE. Lanius superbus. LL. niger, gula rubra, fascia abdoma crista frontali erecta. Black Shrike, with red throat, yellow ana é right frontal crest. Le bec de fer. Vaill. ois, Tuis remarkable bird seems gree to the Drongo Shrike. thrush, but stouter bodied: - but the throat, bright scarle mination € moderat bright rump is of a is very strong, colour, and immedi- gs anupright crest com- r¢ fr plumes of very considerable length, those on each side shortening gradually from the tip or middle: the legs are black. This species is said to be a native of the South- Sea. islands. | ately above its bi posed of many ACH, Saye « ete WANN stants Dy wl Yh wad) Sat S owalaweo ly aegypti Griffith sc: SUPERB SHRIKE. 2608 Sept Lonion Fubtifrad by b: Tearstev Fleet Street. 291 FINGAH SHRIKE. Ul Lanius Fingah, LL. nigro-cerulescens, abdomine albido, cauda Sorficata. Blueish-black Shrike, with whitish abdomen, and forked tail. Lanius cerulescens. L. cauda forficata, corpore nigro-ceru- ____ lescente, abdomine albo. Lin. Syst. Nat. - Fork-tailed Indian Butcher-bird. Edw. pl. 56. Fork-tailed Shrike. Lath. syn. Tuts species is described and figured by Ed- wards, from a specimen brought from Bengal, where it is known by the name of Fingah. Its size is somewhat inferior to that of the common or grey Shrike, and its colour glossy black, with purple and green reflexions: the wing-feathers and tail of a more dusky black, the latter long, and con- siderably forked at the end: the under parts, from the breast, are of a dull white colour, shaded on the thighs with a few dusky crescents or bars: the beginning of the breast is of a dusky ashecolour : the bill and legs blackish or deep horn-colour; and at the base of the upper mandible are several - vibrissze or small bristles of moderate length. This bird in its native regions is said to be a great per- secutor of Crows, which it attacks and obliges te quit its haunts, 292 PLUMED SHRIKE, Lanius plumatus. LL. cristatus niveus, palpebris crenulatis fluvis., dorso alisque nigris, fascia utrinque longitudinali alba. Crested snow-white Shrike, with yellow crenulated eyelids, and black back and wings with a longitudinal white stripe on each side, Le Geoffroy. Levaill. ois. Tuis elegant species is a native of Senegal, and measures about eight inches in length: its colour is snow-white, the back, wings, and tail black, but the wings marked by a longitudinal white stripe, formed by a part of the larger coverts and sides of the scapular-feathers: the outside tail-feathers are also white; the bill black, and the legs reddish; the crest is composed of lengthened downy plumes, the shortest of which cover the base of the bill and front in a reversed direction. Monsr. Levaillant seems unwilling to allow this bird to be a genuine Lanius, though strongly allied to that genus. Its manners are unknown, MALABAR SHRIKE. Lanius Malabaricus. LL. nigro-cerulescens, crista frontali plena, - rectricibus extimis longissimis denudatis apice pennatis. Blueish-black Shrike, with full-feathered frontal crest, and exterior tail-feathers very long, naked-shafted, with plumed tips. . Lanius Malabaricus. iL. cwruleo-niger, remigibus caudaque nigris, rectricibus extimis utrinque longissimis denudatis, apice latere exteriore pennatis. Lath. ind. orn. Malabar Shrike, Lath, syn. suppl. A uiguiy singular species, first described by Monsr. Sonnerat. Size of the Missel Thrush: colour on all parts deep black, with a gloss of blue on the upper parts and breast, where the feathers are of a lanceolate shape: on the head, springing immediately above the base of the upper mandi- bie, a large, rising tuft, consisting of many piumes of different lengths, and much resembling that of the Rose-coloured Ouzel: tail of moderate length, but with the exterior feather on each side extended from its outside tip into a naked shaft, of a length equalling that of the whole bird, and ending in a lengthened oval web, measuring about an inch and half: bill and legs black. This bird is found in India, but more particularly, as it is said, in the hilly regions of the Kingdom of Aracan. i> cS B- CHESNUT-BACKED SHRIKE. Lanius castaneus. LL. cauda cuneiformi, corpore supracastaneo subtus albo, vertice nucha cerviceque cinereis. Lath. ind, orn. Shrike with cuneated tail, chesnut-coloured body white be- neath, with cinereous crown, nape, and neck. Chesnut-backed Shrike. Lath. syn. First described by Mr. Latham, from a speci- men which once existed in the Museum of Dr. William Hunter. Length eleven inches: wings and tail black, the latter tipped with ferruginous; bill and legs black: native country unknown. LOUISIANA SHRIKE, Lanius Ludovicianus. LL. cinereus, vertice, fascia suboculari, alis, caudaque cuneata ngris, remigibus basi, rectricibus apuce albis. Cinereous Shrike, with the crown of the head, streak under the eyes, wings, and cuneated tail black, the wing-feathers white at the base, and the tail-feathers at the tips. Lanius Ludovicianus. LL. cauda cuneiformi cinereus, remigibus nigris basi rectricibusque apice albis, Lin. Syst. Nat. Greatiy allied to the English Grey Shrike, which it resembles in size, but is of a darker colour: tail black, with the base and tips of the feathers white, except those of the two: middle ones, Native of Louisiana. COLLARED SHRIKE, Lanius collaris. L. niger, subtus albus, scapularibus albis, cauda cuneata albo marginata. Black Shrike, white beneath, with white scapulars, and cune- ated tail edged with white. Lanius collaris. L. cauda cuneiformi, corpore nigro subtus albo, remigibus primoribus basi albis, Lin. Syst. Nat: Pie-griesche du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Pl. Enl. 477.1. Le Fiscal. Levaill. ois. pl. 61. 62. Size of the Grey Shrike: colour above black, beneath white, the white running from each side of the lower part of the neck behind the shoulders, and meeting on the lower part of the back: tail cuneated, the side-feathers tipped with white: bill black; legs reddish. Native of the interior of Africa, and not uncommon about the Cape of Good Hope. ~When this bird, says Levaillant, sees a locust, a mantis, or a small bird, it springs upon it, and im- mediately carries it off, in order to impale it on a thorn, and is so dextrous in this operation that the thorn always passes through the head of the bird or insect thus transfixed. If-it cannot find a thorn, it fixes the head of the animal between a division of two small branches, and this with as much address as if performed by human means. Every animal which it seizes undergoes exactly the same process, and it thus continues to commit fresh murders all the day long, being continually preying, so that one would suppose it actuated hy a desire of mischief rather than the necessity of ci wn 296 - COLLARED SHRIKE. food, it being impossible for it to consume the whole of what it collects. Its general practice is to perch on the top of trees, and especially on dry - branches, from which it pounces indiscriminately on whatever offers, and when hungry, visits its gibbets, and takes off what it prefers. The Hot- tentots, says Monsr. Levaillant, pretend that it’. does not love fresh food, and therefore purposely: “aa leaves its prey to putrify; it is certam however that it very rarely devours what it has lately taken. It is fortunate, adds this author, that Na- ‘ture has not combined strength with so much cruelty; for had this bird been of the size of an Eagle, it would have been the scourge of the ani- mal world. We need only watch this Shrike for a single minute in order to witness its ravages; and if we take the pains to examine the spot it frequents, we are sure to find on every bush and tree the victims which it has transfixed, the major part of which are often so dried as to be unfit for his food; a proof of his singularly destructive instinct. It is a bold, vindictive, and very noisy bird, suffering ho bird of prey to approach his domain: many other birds however profit of his collections, which are so scattered that he is unable to preserve the whole. The young bird differs greatly in colour, the prevailing tinge being rufous brown. 297 CAYENNE SHRIKE. Lanius Cayanus. LL. cinereo-cerulescens, capite remigibus recs tricibusque nigris, rostro rubro apice nigro. Blueish-grey Shrike, with the head, quills, and tail black, the bill red with a black tip. Lanius Cayanus. LL. cinereus, capite remigibus rectricibusque _primoribus nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Pie-griesche grise de Cayenne. Pl. Eni. 377. i Le Becarde. Buff. 1.p.311. Cayenne Shrike. Lath. syn. Size of a Blackbird: colour a fine blueish grey, with the head, the border of the wings, quill- feathers, and tail black: bill reddish, with black tip: legs black. Native of Cayenne. Var. “This differs in being of a paler grey, with each feather marked by a blackish streak down the shaft: it is, ly, a bird of the first year, or a 4 female. Teer aaa Raa aad een ae BARBARY SHRIKE. Lanius Barbarus. LL. niger, subtus ruber, vertice femoribusque fulvis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Black Shrike, red beneath, with fulvous crown and thighs, ' Le Gonolek. Buff. ois. _ Pie-Grieche du Senegal. Pl. Enl. 56. - LeGonolek. Levaill. ois. pl. 69. __ Barbary Shrike. Lath. syn. _A mosr elegant species; about the size of a» Redwing: colour deep black above, except the Wovk. P. i. 20 (yh, 298 WHISKERED SHRIKE, mm,of the head, which is of a bright golden — 7; the whole under parts, from the bill to ,fine bright red: from the corners of the — a black stripe, uniting with the black | he pene xis and separating the he he yn the red of the throat: bill specimens the black has ts are fulvous rather than a : ead tawny instead of bright > perhaps birds of the first or second year v oF females, Na- — Arica, e ctoris i riaame sub oculis albis, ie ind. orn. supp esche rouge a plastron blanc. Levaill. ois. pl. 65. choe Shrike. Lath. suppi. 2. egpivome Species. Size nearly that of length: Sich above fine black, with the pie of some of the secondary quill-feathers red: tail and all the under parts bright crimson, with a broad bar of white across the breast: on each side of the gape a short white streak or whisker: the tail measures the length of the Pine as of the bird, Yew oN Wade Nein gd, Baa # 7 { hg ut) 40 WHISKERED SHRIKE. 26068 SplaLondon Publifhd by 6hkearstey fleet Surect. We RAN et Ga Weg A ae ¢ HOOK-BILLED SHRIKE. 999 and is strongly cuneated: bill and legs black. This elegant bird is a native of the South-Sea ‘Islands. Described and figured by Levaillant, who examined four specimens, two of which had > _the secondary wing-feathers edged with white in- stead of red. _—— HOOK-BILLED SHRIKE. \ Lanius curvirostris. LL. cauda cuneiformi, corpore albo dorso nigro, remigibus primoribus quinque macula alba. Lin. Syst. Nat Shrike with cuneated tail, white body with black back, and the five first quill-feathers marked by a white spot. Vanga, ou Becarde a ventre blanc. Buff. ois. Kcorcheur de Madagascar. P/. Ent. 228. Hook-billed Shrike. Lath. syn. Size of a Blackbird: length ten inches: colour black and white, the back of the head being black, is are also the back and wings: the coverts and ‘smaller guill-feathers are edged with white; the ‘tail black, the side-feathers edged and tipped with white: all the remainder of the bird white; bill and legs black, the former longer and more curved at the tips than in the rest of the genus. Native of Madagascar, where it is called Vanga. Said to feed on fruits, and to have a pleasing note. Var. This differs in having the whole top of the head black, except just at the base of the upper mandi- ble. Observed in New Holland. | ical wach 300 WHITE-HEADED SHRIKE. a a eee - Lanius leucocephalus. L. nigro-virescens, capite collo corpore= ‘ que subtus albis. Lath, ind. orn. Greenish-black Shrike, with the head, neck, —- body beneath white. Tcha-cherte-bé. Buff. ois. Grande Pie-griéche verdatre de Wndseaccat: Pl, Enl. 374. White-Headed Shrike, Lath. syn. Size of a Blackbird: colour black, with a gloss of blue-green: head and whole under parts milk- white: bill and legs deep lead-colour. Native of Madagascar. PITANGUA SHRIKE. Lanius Pitangua. L. subferrugineus, subtus flavus, capite utrin- que flavo fasciato, rostro valido fulvo. -Subferruginous Shrike, yellow beneath, with a yellow band on each side the head, and strong, fulvous bill, Lanius Pitangua. LL. niger, subtus flavus, vertice stria fulva, fascia oculari alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. . Le Bentaveo. Buff. ois. Tyran du Bresil. Pl. Eni, 212. Brasilian Shrike. Lath, syn. Size of a Blackbird: colour on the upper parts subferruginous brown, the wing-feathers edged with yellow-ferruginous: on the top of the head a short yellowish stripe, and a longer one on each side, curving from the base of the bill over the eyes: whole under parts pale yellow: bill very strong and large for the size of the bird, and of a reddish brown colour: legs red. Native of Brasil. “AMERICAN SHRIKE. Lanius Americanus. L. ferrugineus, pileo cano, subtus fla- wescens, cauda nigra apice alba. Ferruginous Shrike, with grey crown, beneath yellowish, with black tail tipped with white. -Lanius Americanus. L. rufo-fuscus, subtus flavescens, pileo griseo, remigibus caudaque nigris, gula rectricumque apicibus albis, Lath, ind. orn. Pie-griesche de la Louisiane. Pl. Enl. 397. Size of the Grey Shrike: colour above ferrugin- ous, with the top of the head pale grey, and the very tips of the wings black: tail black, tipped with white; under parts of the bird pale yellowish- ferruginous, with the throat white, and the sides inclining to white: bill and legs lead-colour. Na- tive of Louisiana. | RED-WINGED SHRIKE. * Lanius erythropterus. L. alis rufis, vertice fasciaque oculart nigris, subtus albus, cauda cuneata nigra apice alba. Shrike with rufous wings, crown and eye-streak black, beneath white, with cuneated black tail tipped with white. Pie-grieche rousse a tete noire du Senegal. P/. Enl. 479. f. 1. Le Tchagra. Levaill. ois, Tuts, which is represented in the Planches En- lumineés, is quoted by Mr. Latham as a variety of the Lanius rutilus or Wood-Chat; but if the figure be faithfully executed both in point of size and colours, this supposition can hardly be admitted. 302 ROCK SHRIKE. ss res ee Its size appears to be at least equal to that of the — Lanius Excubitor; the crown of the head and nape black, and across the eyes a black streak: the back brown; the wings bright ferruginous, the — smaller feathers nearest the body being black with ‘ pale ferruginous edges: the tail rather long, cune-_ ated, and of a black colour with white tips: all the — under parts of the bird white, passing over the shoulders to the middle of the back, as in the Collared Shrike: bill black: legs yellowish. Na-— tive (as appears from its title) of Africa. It is ac- curately described by Monsr. Levaillant under the title of Tchagra: it is a bird of slow flight, fre- quenting low places, and feeding on caterpillars and other insects, It appears so nearly allied to the Senegal Shrike as to make it doubtful whether it may not in reality be the same species. ROCK SHRIKE. Lanius infaustus. L. subferrugineo-cinereus, capite subcristato, cauda elongata rotundata ferruginea. Subferruginous-grey Shrike, with subcristated. head, and lengthened, rounded, ferruginous tail. Lanius infaustus. L. dorso cinereo, rectricibus rufis, Sey encilfie duabus cinereis fascia nigricunte, cauda rotundata. Lin, Sys. Nat. Corvus Sibiricus. Lin. Gmel. Geay de Siberie. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 608. Mr. Laruam, in his Index Ornithologicus, ranges this species in the genus Corvus, under the title of Corvus infaustus, and indeed it may be Ff oe ROCK SHRIKE. 3038 doubted whether it might not rank in that genus full as naturally as in the present, in which how- ever it is stationed by Linnzus in the Systema _ Nature, though in the Fauna Suecica he had con- sidered it as a Corvus. Its size is that of the Grey Shrike: the bill is black; the head brown, the body cinereous, with the sides testaceous: the wing-feathers are brown, but rufo-testaceous at their base: the upper and under legs or native of New Guinea, rover! oe ~ rice pz a S = <<" - = Sah en ea Fags - PACIFIC CROW. - Corvus Pacificus. C. cinereus, subtus rufescens, capistro pallido, »eccipite nucha alis caudaque nigricantibus, apicibus remigum : rectricumque lateralium albidis. Lath. ind. orn. co Cinereous Crow, rufescent beneath, with pale frontlet, blackish ___.. hind-head, wings, and tail; the tips of the wing-feathers and te net the lateral tail-feathers whitish. Pacific Crow. Lath. syn. Lenetu ten’ inches and a half: bill and legs black: among the feathers of the throat are some slender hairs, and the two middle tail-feathers are entirely black. Native of the Southern islands. TROPICAL CROW. ihe Corvus Tropicus. C, niger nitidus, subtus niger, crisso hypo- chondriisque albo variegatis, alis caudaque viridi-nigris. Lath. ind, orn. ) Black Crow, glossy above, with the vent and side-feathers varied with white, and greenish-black wings and tail. Tropic Crow. Lath. syn. — & | Lenetu twelve inches and a half: tips of both mandibles notched: tail rounded: legs black: na- tive of Owyhee in the South-Seas. 356 JAY ay * c * hh = Se Oe Corvus glandarius. C. gilous; macula suboeularit dlis eed migris, plaga alari alba, tectricibus ceruleo “ae dec Buff-coloured Crow, with spot beneath the eyes, win black, a white patch on the wings, and the ec Pian gg and black. n lengthsand’is of a moderately stout or thick PORE Bore general colour is a light blaek, with o ite Eepot or patch in the middle:/t the larger quills“are edged with whitish ash-colour, and the ae are deep ferruginous with black tips: the covert-feat bi rs are of a most brilliant, glossy pale blue, cro by numerous bars of deep black, each acco a by a narrow white edge: the head is covered w all narrow or lanceolate plumes, which can be: S 7 erected at the pleasure of the bird intoy those on the forehead beingyw streak along the shaft: on Pati side the head, beneath the eye, ‘isa’ large oval black spot or patch, proceeding from the corners of the lower — mandible: the ramp and vent are white; the bill — and tail black; the former notched on each side 4 ‘ YA. t. f | f ia eee 44 Griffith seul? JAW. ONMMOTL Lub lifhid by Glearsley Llect Street. L008 Sep. JAY. 357 near the tip, and the latter slightly cuneated at the end: the legs are flesh-coloured: the irides white. ' This bird is a very common inhabitant of our country, and is found in most of the temperate f Europe, frequenting woods, and feeding beech-mast, berries, and fruits of vari- s well as on insects, and even some- the smaller birds and their young. It builds in trees, forming the nest of the fine fibres of roots, stret rth ned externally by twigs: the eggs are five or six in number, and of a dull whitish olive-colour, rely mottled with pale brown. The young are observed to follow their parents till the micdeedin® spring. The natural note of the Jay is harsh and loud; and when calling its young ones, resembles the mewing of a cat; but this bird, like the Raven, the Crow, the Jackdaw, and the Magpie, may be taught to articulate pretty distinctly in the manner of a Parrot, and is fre- quently caged for that purpose. In confinement however it loses the beauty of its plumage, and becomes of a dull or brownish tinge. Monsr. Sonnini observes that Jays spend a good part of the winter in the hollows of trees, among their collections of acorns, pease, &c. appearing only in those mild days which occasionally happen during that season. He also observes that it is no un- common circumstance for Jays to migrate in great numbers in quest of a warmer climate. In some. parts of the Levant they arrive in-troops about the beginning of autumn, and depart early in the spring. I shall here beg leave to repeat 358 | JAY. what has been said, on good authority, in the Na- turalist’s Miscellany, viz. that during the early period of the French Revolution, when persons of all ranks had suddenly obtained the unlimited power of ranging the woods and forests in quest of game, vast flocks of Jays, terrified by the un- usual noise of the guns, flew over to the nearest opposite coasts of England, instead of endeavour- ing to escape by retreating into other parts of the country; and on some of our own coasts these birds were observed in vast numbers, seemingly exhausted with fatigue, yet endeavouring to gain the nearest wooded retreats. A white variety of this bird, with red inides and white bill and legs, is recorded by Mr. Latham, taken in the nest with four others of the usual colour. Another is mentioned by the Count de Buffon, which had also red eyes, but which still retained the beautiful blue mail of the wing- coverts. 359 BLUE JAY. . Corvus cristatus. C. cristatus ceruleus, subtus subrosaceus, by collari nigro, alis caudaque cuneata nigro decussatis, | Crested blue Jay, subrosaceous beneath, with black collar, and both wings and cuneated tail barred with black. ~ Corvus cristatus. C. tectricibus alarum lineis transversis nigris, corpore ceruleo, collari nigro. Lin. Syst. Nat. _ Blue Jay. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 15. Edw. pl. 239. _ Le Geai bleue de l‘Amerique Septentrionale. Buff. ois. Pl. bb . Enl, 529. - A most elegant species;‘considerably smaller than the English Jay, with the tail much longer ‘In proportion, and strongly cuneated: head con- ‘siderably crested, with loose silky plumes: bill “black; legs brown: whole bird above fine blue, with the wings and tail marked by numerous black bars: neck encircled with a black collar: under parts blossom-colour, with a slight cast of blue: tail tipped with white. Native of North America, where its manners are similar to those of the European Jay. It is also said to be a great destroyer of maiz or Indian corn, often assem- bling in vast flocks in the fields in order to devour it. 860 CAYENNE JAY. Corvus Cayanus. C. violaceus, occipite collart corporeque subtus albis, fronte gulaque nigris, cauda apice alba. Violaceous Jay, with the hind-head, collar, and body beneath white, the forehead and throat —_ and the tail a a with white. Corvus Cayanus. C. subviolaceus subtus into — ao yg que nigris, cauda apice alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. , Le Blanche-coiffe, ou le Jeai de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 3735 | : Hh Cayenne Jay. Lath. syn. Size of the common Jay: on each side the head three white spots; viz. one above the eye, another beneath it, and a third at the base of the lower mandible: tail rounded: ae and “_ grey. Na- tive of Cayenne. 361 RED-BILLED JAY. Corvus erythrorhynchos. C. fusco-violaceus cauda longissima, Sronte jugulo pectoreque nigris, occipite apicibusque remigum rectricumque albis. Brown-violet Jay, with very long tail, forehead, throat, and breast black; hind-head, wing and tail-tips white. Corvus erythrorhynchos. C. corpore supra fusco subtus albi- cante, cauda cuneiformi, remigibus basi dilute violaceis, medio nigris, apice albis. Lin. Gmel. Geai de la Chine a bec rouge. Buff. ois. Pl, Enl. 622. Red-Billed Jay. Lath, syn. La Pie bleue. Levaill. vis. pl. 57. Tuts beautiful bird has long ago been described by Buffon, and is figured in the Planches En- lumineés; but Monsr. Levaillant observes that the figure there given is extremely faulty in the ex- pression of the tail, which, instead of being but of moderate length, as there represented, far exceeds that of the whole body: it is strongly cuneated, the two middle feathers, which were probably wanting in the specimen figured in the Planches Enlumineés, extending a great way beyond the rest. The colour of the bird is grey brown, with a strong cast of violet, which on the wings and tail is much brighter than elsewhere, and particu- larly on the latter: the. forehead, fore part of the neck, and breast are deep black, the hind-head greyish white, the under parts of the body pale ash-colour: the wing-feathers are tipped to some little distance round the edges with white, forming, when closed, a double range of white crescents Wal. P. 11. 24, 862 mo CYANEAN JAY. down the back: the tail feathers are violet to a — considerable distance from the base, then crossed by a broad black bar, and tipped with white; but the two middle feathers are violet-coloured through- out their whole length, except the tips, which are white. Monsr. Levaillant observes that the bill in this species is, properly speaking, not red, but orange-coloured; and the legs the same: the size of the bird is nearly that of the European Jay, but the length of the tail gives the body 4 more slender and elegant aspect. It is a native of China, where it is said to be highly esteemed both for its beauty and docility, and is often kept In aviartes and cages. CYANEAN JAY. Corvus cyaneus. C. subvioluceo-ceruleus, subtus pallidus, capite nigro, cauda longa cuneata, rectrictbus apice albis, Subpiae cease blue Jay, pale beneath, with black head, and long cuneated tail with white tips. ‘Corvus Cyanus. C. cinereis, vertice atro-nitido, alis ‘caudaque cuneiform: cyanéis, *ectricibiis intermediis apice albis. Lath. _ ind, orn. Corvus Cyanus. Pall. it. 3, p. 694. Blue Crow. Lath. syn. Greatty allied to the Réd-Billed Jay, which it nearly equals in size, but the tail is considerably shorter in proportion, and iiore regularly cure- _ ated, the two middle feathers not much exceeding the length of the rest: the head is sometimes slightly ‘crested; and. the smaller witg-feathers ¥ PERUVIAN JAY 2608. Sep1.London Publfid by GItcarsley Fleet Stace. 4 PERUVIAN JAY. ‘ 863 are tipped with white, as in the preceding species. This bed i is a native of Dauria, where it was ob- yr, Pallas, and is said to resemble the > in its manners and way of building. It is ; ecur r also i in China. bill and legs. | black streak: yellow. Nuaturalist’s M Peruvian Jay. Lath. syn. . Le Geai du Perou. Buff. ois. Pi. Eni. 625. A most beautiful species: size of the Blue or _ American Jay: tail long and cuneated. Said to be a native of Peru. | WAT i rae | J mage ey wy ‘sllonenwns so Sh Machnbag sweat LH, Sai 364 SPECIOUS JAY. Corvus speciosus. C. cristatus viridis, subtus albescens, alis nigricantibus, remigibus secundariis apice albis, cauda cuneata. Crested green Jay, whitish beneath, with blackish wings, secondary quill-feathers tipped with white, and cuneated tail. Chinese Roller. Lath. syn, Le Roll de la Chine. Buff. ois. Rollier de la Chine. Pi. Enl. 620. Tus seems to be more properly a Crow than a Roller, though ranked as such by Brisson, &c. \ It is evidently allied to the Red-billed and Cyanean Crows, and is described as being of the size of a common Jay: the bill, irides, and legs pale red, It is a native of China. YELLOW-bLBELLIED JAY. Corvus flaviventris. C. fusco-olivaceus subtus flaous, vertice stria fulva, supercilius gulaque albis. Olive-brown Jay, yellow beneath, with a fulvous stripe along the crown, and white brows and throat. iy Corvus flavigaster. C. virescente-fuscus, subtus sites wertice striga aurea, superciliis gulaque albis. Lath. ind, orn. Yellow-Bellied Jay. Lath, syn. i Le Garlu, ou Geai a ventre jaune de Cayenne. Buff, ois. Geai 4 ventre Wis de Cayenne. PI, En, 249. i LenetTH nine inches: bill blackish: repaitteatl. colour. Native of Cayenne, : STELLER’S CROW. Corvus Stelleri. C. cristatus purpureo-nigricans, abdomine -cerulescente, alis medio curuleis nigro fasciatis, cauda cuneata cerulea, Purple-blackish Crow, with blueish abdomen, wings blue in the middle and barred with black; and cuneated blue tail. - Corvus Stelleri. C. corpore supra nigro, subtus, alts, caudaque longa cuneiformi ceruleis, capite cristato. Lin, Gmel. Steller’s Crow. Lath. syn. Size of the European Jay: length fifteen inches: bill and legs black: smaller quill-feathers deep blue, with eight or nine black bars. Native of North America. -CINEREOUS CROW. . Corvus Canadensis. C. fuscus, subtus cinerascens, fronte gulaque flavescentibus, cauda apice alba, _ Brown Crow, pale cinereous ‘beneath, with yellowish forehead and throat, and tail tipped with white. | Corvus Canadensis. C. fuscus, fronte flavicante, subtus rectri- cumque apicibus albidis. Lin. Syst. Nat. ’ Geai brun de Canada. Buff. ois, Pl. Eni. 530. Maui, than the English Jay: bill, legs, and claws blackish: tail slightly cuneated. Native of Canada, building in pine-trees: manners similar to those of a Magpie. 366 _ MEXICAN CROW. Corvus Mexicanus. C. totus ex caeruleo ater. Lin. Gmel, ~ Crow entirely of a blue black. L’Hocisana. Buff. ois. Mexican Crow. Lath. syn. Size of a Jackdaw: bill aud legs black: claws long: Native of Mexico, and sna to be a bird of a restless and noisy disposition. SILVER-EYED CROW. Corvus argyropthalmus. C. niger, pectore cyaneo, oculis ar- genteis, cauda apice alba, rostro pedibusque nigris. Lin. Gmel. Jacq. Beytr. z. Ges. der Voeg. Black Daw, with blue breast, silvery eyes, tail tipped with white, and black bill and legs. Descrizep by Jacquin, and said to be of the size of a Jay. Native of South America, inhabit- ing the deep woods of Carthagena, and feeding on fruits, seeds, and insects: above and beneath the eyes is a blue spot, and the wings are blue towards the tips. This species seems to be the Surinam Daw of Mr. Latham, and is twice described in the Gmelian edition of the Systema Nature, viz. first as above, under the name of Corvus argyrop- thalmus, and again under that of Corous Surina- MENSIS. a ae 867 SMALLER MEXICAN CROW. * €orvus Zanoe. C€. nigricans, capite colloque subfiiboie cauda longa. Lin. Gmel. - Blackish Grow, with subfulvous head and neck, and ie tail. Le Zanoe. Buff, ois. Lesser Mexican Crow. Lath, syn. S1zE of a Magpie, and of similar manners: bill and legs black: native of Mexico. Weis iag € or WHITE-EARED JAY. Corvus auritus. C. subcristatus fusco-cinereus, capistro gulaque nigris, macula frontis auriumque alba, remigibus griseo-margin= atis. Lath. ind. orn. Subcristated brown-grey Jay, with black frontlet and throat, white front and ear-spot, and quill-feathers edged with grey. ~ Petit Geai de la Chine. Sonn. voy. ind, pl. 107. White-Eared J ay: Lath, suppl. Size of the Blue J ay: tail rather long, iitided at the end and curving slightly downwards, Na- tiye of China, frequenting watery places. 368 RUFOUS CROW. Corvus rufus. C. rufus, subtus pallidior, capite collo pectoreque fusco-cinereis, alis caudaque nigris medio albis. Rufous Crow, paler beneath, with brown-cinereous head, neck and breast, and black wings and tail, white in the middle, © _ Rufous Crow. Lath. suppl. La Pie Rousse. Levaill. ots. 91zE of a Blackbird: length about eleven inches: bill thick and rather short: tail lengthened and cuneated: bill dusky: legs brownish. Native of China, where it was observed by ones but is also found in India, &c. PURPLE-HEADED CROW. Corvus purpurascens. C. rufescens subtus luteus, capite pur= purascente, remigibus caudaque longiore nigris. Lath. ind. orn. Rufescent Crow, with purplish head, black quill-feathers, aise lengthened black tail. Purple-Headed Crow. Lath, syn. suppl. Descrizep by Mr. Latham from a drawing: supposed to inhabit China. =~ © eer MACAO CROW. - ‘Corvus Sinensis. C, cinereo-griscus dorso tectricibus alarum . crissoque rufis, sincipite nigro, remigibus caudaque nigris, + secundariis albo bimaculatis. Lath. ind, orn. | _ Cinereous-grey Crow, with rufous back wing-coverts and vent, black forehead, wing-feathers and tail, the secondaries mark- "ed by a pair of white spots. La Pie de Macao. Sonner. voy. ind. Macao Crow. Lath. syn. suppl. Size a third less than that of a Magpie: bill and legs black: prime quills black; secondaries greenish black: on the first two white spots, one without, the other within. Said to inhabit the island of Macao. MAGPIE. Corvus Pica. C. niger purpureo viridiyue nitens, scapularibus pectore abdomine remigibusque intus albis, cauda elongata Cuneata, Black Crow with purple and green reflexions, the scapular- feathers, breast, belly and inside of the wing-feathers white; the tail lengthened and cuneated. Corvus Pica. C. albo nigroque varius, cauda cuneiformi. Lin. Syst. Nat. - The Magpie or Pianet. Will. orn. La Pie. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 488. Magpie. Penn. Brit. Zool, edit. fol. 77. pl. D. 2. _ Tue general appearance and manners of this bird are so well known in our own country as almost to supersede the necessity of any description. Its 870 MAGPIE. length is about eighteen inches, and its breadth twenty-four, the’ wings being short in proportion to the bird. The Magpie seems to be confined to the temperate and northern regions both of the old and new Continent. In its way of life it re- sembles the Crow, feeding both on animal and vegetable substances: it builds its nest, as every one knows, with great art. and sagacity; defend- ing it on all sides with sharp thorns, leaving only a hole for entrance, and lays six or seven pale- green eggs spotted with brown. The beauty of | the Magpie, which, on a distant view, appears to be cloathed merely in black and white, is greatly — increased by the rich iridescent reflexions of the feathers, particularly those of the tail, which ex: — hibit a changeable green and purple lustre, ac- cording to the disposition of the light. Like the Jay, this bird is often doomed to a state of vulgar captivity, in which its appearance partakes of the cast of those who confine it; the beautiful gloss. of its colours being lost, and nothing remaining but. a. dirty yariegation of black and white. ‘The varieties of the Magpie are White pied, and buff- colour. ve , 371 SENEGAL CROW. _ Corvus Senegalensis. C. nigro-violaceus, cauda longa cuneata, - - remigibus rectricibusque subferrugineis. _ Violet-black Crow, with long cuneated tail, the wing and tail- feathers subferruginous. Corvus Afer. C. violaceo-niger, cauda cuneiformi. Lin. Syst. Nat. | ! Corvus Senegalensis. C. nigro-violaceus, cauda cuneiformi, artubys nigris, Lin, Syst. Nat. Senegal Crow. Lath. syn. La Pie du Senegal. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 538. “Le Piapiac. Levaill. ois. _ Siz very nearly equal to that of the Magpie, but the tail longer, as well as narrower or sharper in proportion. Native of Africa, building its nest _ in the same manner as the Magpie, on the tops of trees, defending it on all sides with thorns, and leaving only the entrance free. The female re- _sembles the male, but is rather smaller, and with _a somewhat shorter tail, According to Buffon this species is found in Senegal; but Monsr. Le- _vaillant observed it in the country called the Great Namaquas, and remarks that it is the only bird of the Magpie tribe that he has seen in any part of Africa. -TEMIA ‘CROW. ~ Corvus Temia. C. niger, purpureo viridique nitens, rostro crass, cauda longa cuneata. . Black Crow with purple and green reflexions, thick: bill, and long cuneated tail. Le Temia. Levaill. ois. Size of a Thrush, but longer bodied: bill and legs black: feathers surrounding the bill short and velvet-like: those on the throat of similar appear- ance: all the plumage of the bird is of a fine and silky nature. Described by, Levaillant from a pre-'— served specimen in a collection at Amsterdam, and. said to have been sent from Batavia. SHINING CROW. Corvus splendidus. C. cupreo viridique nitens, remigibus secuns darus extus albis, cauda elongata cuneata. Coppery-green shining Crow, with the secondary wing-feathers outwardly white, and lengthened cuneated tail. L’Eclatant. Levaill. ois. I raxe the liberty of placing this bird, as well as some others described by Monsr..Levaillant, in the present genus, without enquiring with critical exactness into the strict propriety of their arrange- ment; it being impossible in a general work to be very minute in disquisitions of this nature; and indeed it must be observed once for all, that the vast increase of modern Ornithology renders the RED-WINGED CROW. 373 exact boundaries of most of the established genera very difficult to ascertain. The size of the present bird seems equal to that of the Missel Thrush, and its colour as described in the specific character: the bill moderately strong, black, and coated with small plumes at the base: the legs black: the tail cuneated as in the Magpie: the length of the bird is about eleven inches. It is figured by Monsr. Levaillant from a specimen in a collection at _Amsterdam, but the native country and history were unknown. Monsr. Levaillant however con- jectures that it is an African bird. RED-WINGED CROW. Corvus rufipennis. C. niger, alis caudaque cuneata viridi-niten- tibus, remigibus primoribus rufis apice nigricantibus. Black Crow, with the wings and cuneated tail glossed with green, the greater quill-feathers rufous with blackish tips. Le Roupenne. = Levuill. ois. African Thrush. Lath. syn. + Merle du Cap de Bonne Esperance. Pl. Enl. 199. Tuts is the bird somewhat imperfectly described and figured in the works of Brisson and Buffon” _under the title of Merle and Jaunoir du Cape de Bonne Esperance; and is the African Thrush of Mr. Latham. Its size is similar to that of the 2 immediately preceding species: the bill and legs are black: the irides hazel: the female is rather P ‘smaller than the male, of a more dusky colour, ~ and with somewhat shorter tail; in this sex also nae hs 374 RED-WINGED CROW. the head, neck, and upper part of the breast are greyish, with a black streak down the shaft of the feathers. ‘These birds are very common at the — Cape of Good Hope, flying in innumerable troops, — and frequenting gardens, orchards, and vineyards, and committing great havock among the fruit. The territory of Constantia is, according to Le- vaillant, particularly infested by them: they as- semble every evening about the rocks of that dis- trict, where they build among the crevices, plac- ing their nests near each other. Near the river Gamtoo Monsr. Levaillant and his companions took above a thousand of their eggs at once, and found them excellent eating. The eggs are gene- rally four or five, and sometimes six in number, and the major part of the females breed twice a year, so that the vast multiplication of the birds need not be wondered at. They are themselves a very delicate food, more especially durmg the fruit-season; and those which feed on grapes are the most excellent of all. | | 375 vie CARIBBEAN CROW. . Corvus Caribbeus. C. ferrugineus subtus albus, collo ceruleo | torque albo, uropygio luteo, rectricibus ceruleis albo variis. Lath, ind. orn. _ Ferruginous Crow, white beneath, with blue neck, surrounded _ by a white collar, yellow rump, and blue tail varied with .. white. ) La Pie des Antilles. Buff. ois. Persian Pie. Will. orn, _ Caribbean Crow. Lath. syn. - Size of a Magpie: bill and legs red: along the top of the head and neck a broad white stripe barted with black: the female differs in wanting this stripe, and in having the wing-coverts green anstead of blue. Native of the Antilles, | Var. ? _ Length one foot ten inches: bill red: head and neck dark purple, the former somewhat crested, and each feather tipped with grey as far as the hind-head: back brown; belly pale ash-colour: quills blueish on the outer edge: tail strongly cune- ated, and tipped with white. ‘This is the African _ Crow, No. 33, of Mr. Latham’s Synopsis. \ GOLDEN-GREEN CROW. cauda cuneata longisstma. green Crow, with violet .and copper-coloured glosses, long cuneated tail. e du Senegal. Buff. ois. PI. Enl. 220. ‘more than half as long gth; the general colour of the bird is a rich yellowish, green, changing, ding to the direction « hight, into a deep iden-green ; the head, n hroat are dark- en, appearing blackish 9 shts accom- cast of viele’ soverts are y a spot which lar, lights sharia colo : if em. gre haul ee “Fbisfine bird has lead ago au imperfectly described by Brisson and Buffon, and figured, from a defective specimen, in the Planches _ ; . a 4 re) ; SO Lana Ne Our Poa ve a a 4 Corvus aureo-viridis. C. aureo-viridis violaceo cupreogue nitens, bird, measuring about ij oe Re IPS of the size of a | Weg Cpa iftal Dt) y ! i GOLDEN GREEN CROW W06.S ep! 1. London Lubliynd bi tihearstev Fleet Street. 4 pe . ‘ROSE- “BELLIED Crow: > oF ‘Bhhiminges.” The female differs in being smaller ; é “than the male, and in having a shorter tail in pro- , portion: its colours are also less brilhant. This - beautiful species is of a gregarious nature, as- _sembling in vast flocks, and alighting on such + _ trees as afford the particular berries or fruits on- “which it delights to feed, It also feeds on worms and insects, and while running along the ground Taises its tail in the manner of a Magpie. When a flight is settled, it continues in constant chatter, like a flight of Starlings. Monsr. Levaillant con- siders this as a migratory species, visiting various regions at particular seasons on account of par- ticular berries and fruits. Monsr. Levaillant ob- served it in the country of the Namaquas. "| tw -ROSE-BELLIED CROW. Corvus ventralis. C. niger ceritleo nitens, abdomine roseo, cauda longissima cuneata. - Black Crow, with blue glosses, rose-coloured abdomen, and very long cuneated tail. La Pie a culotte de peau. Levaill. ois. "Sizx of a Blackbird, but with tail half as long again as the bird: colour glossy black, except on ‘the abdomen, as expressed in the specifie cha- racter: bill and legs black: one or two of the secondary quill-feathers edged with pale rufous or _ frose-colour: tail very strongly cuneated. Native, according to report, of the South-Sea islands: de- “scribed and figured by Levaillant from a specimen in a Dutch collection, w.9il, P. LI. sh BS - “i \ ¥ : . : “*'* a e > " a ‘- € ” jas te SW8 , ie . Ae” s * 4 % ‘ " 5 Suey 4 he ut Je! 4 a ~ 5 a $ WATTLED CROW.) 0¢ 4b a ivy cry 4 “ a é 1 oe P ¥ 2 a4 4 a : , ; é Corvus carunculatus. C. griseo-fuscus,- subtus albidus macula abdominali flava, collo utrinque caruncula deena, uals cuneata longissima. | 2 -Grey-brown Crow, whitish beneath with yellow abdominal ~ spot, a descending caruncle on each side’ the neck, and very long cuneated tail. / | Corvus paradoxus, Pie a péudlelby eas Dau tin’ bial Lenern fifteen inches: bill black: legs grey: feathers about the cheeks downy: on each sidev, the neck a cylindric pendent caruncle’ or wattle: throat white: on the belly a large spot of fine yellow: tail strongly cuneated, and each feather tipped with white. Described by Monsr. Daudi from a specimen in the Paris Museum. Said to be a native of New Zealand. RED-LEGGED CROW. ) pe % ; Corvus Graculus. C. violaceo-niger, rostro cuntaee cranes rubris, : wild V iolaceous-black ‘Crow, with red can bill, and red legs. Corvus Graculus. C. violaceo-nigricans, rostro i lutets. Lin, Syst. Nat. , Coracias seu Pyrrhocorax, The Cornish Choigh.. Wi it. orn. Red- -Legged Crow. Penn. Brit. Zool. Lath. syn. A THE Reddeewod Crow or Cornish howell 1s about the size of a Jackdaw, but somewhat aye | usually measuring sixteen inches in length: its colour is a beautiful black, glossed with blue ae \ cf et KED- LEGGED CROW. 379 ; pirrple: the ore is rather lon 1g In proportion, more ik nder than i in most. of the Crow tribe, consider- ably curved, and of a bright orange-red colour: the legs’ are. of similar colour, with black claws. This species is, in general, confined to the Southern parts of our own island, though it also occasionally ‘ occurs in some parts of Scotland and the Hebrides. Ae is observed principally to frequent. the rocky _ Coasts of those parts of the island in which it breeds, _ building its nest, according to Mr. Pennant, “high cliffs, ruined towers, &c. and laying four i “five ¢ eggs of a white colour with dull yellow spots. Tt feeds on insects, worms, &c. as well as on various _ kinds of grain and berries. According to Scopoli, it is particularly fond of locusts and grasshoppers, ‘ and i is observed to feed much on juniper-berries. “Its general manners resemble those of the Jack- _ daw, being of a noisy and restless disposition. Its chief European residences are observed to be Eng- and, some of the Alpine regions, and the Dutchy _ of Carniola in Austria, where it is said sometimes to vary in having black legs; a particularity per- haps chiefly observed in the younger birds. In _ many parts of Asia and Africa it appears to be apr of frequent occurrence. 4 ’ it . e ? 4 pi a ¥ 4 i “a a SR ht ee a alte ¥ om ‘ * a ie Me Pe ee . a : Sorts, Me z n * Wy yy aya s f i walt ; WM, MO 8 } Pi: * ¥ Ris 380 wt TRO Va a | *, hot Pins . © « ina : Stic = * SP Des cE as Sap is i . Bs ; ae it cut ine 4 Mp A ALPINE ROW. .* | ci saabiton ‘5 ayes 7 MI og , Corvas Pyrthoeor. . | rostro erst lateo, pee migris. ) ~ iio eae vist 4 Black Crow, sith somewhat oth iuteggt bill, and black legs. o ita Corvus Pyrrhoeorax. C., nigricans, vostro Le pedibus ni nigris.. Lin. Syst. Nat. ano Le Choucas des Alpes: Buff. ois. PL. Bab SSL IT eae, Alpine Crow. Lath. syn. Re te hte ke Size of a Jackdaw: length oem dors Bn colour black, with the bill yellow, and the legs often, but not always, black: the bill is far shorter and. less” curved than that of the immediately Peering | species or Cornish Chough, with whieh this bird seems to have been sometimes confounded. — It i 1S | an inhabitant of the Alps, where it is said to live principally on grain, and to do considerable damage to the harvest. In voice | and general manners it seems to resemble the preceding. SIX-SHAFEED, CROW.” 97" ROPSthY Corvus sexsetaceus. Corvus cristatus niger, rostro feo, capite utringue scapis, tribus longissimis nudis. | Black crested Crow, with yellow bill, and gis ery, long naked shafts on each side the head. Sis sil ail Le Sicrin. Levaill. 01s. | : : &, this mii ” a) Tuts, if a genuine species, is of the size and, colour of the Alpine Crow, but has the head far- a ae “CAYENNE | RED- BILLED cHow.”. (381 \ nished with a pretty large recumbent crest not , much unlike that of the Rose-coloured Ouzel: the edges of the crest are of a ferruginous cast, and on f each side the head, immediately behind the eyes, pew situated, three very long, naked, bristle-shaped Shafts, the longest reaching beyond the end of the tail, the two others considerably shortening in 4 propertion, the first or shortest measuring about s seven inches. This bird is mentioned by Monsr. : Levaillant under the title of Sicrin, and was by him described from a specimen in the hands of a. "dealer at Paris. Monsr. Sonnini however. hints his: suspicion. that this bird may in reality be no ” other than a deceptive specimen of the Corvus . Pyrrhocorax or Alpine Crow, disguised by the ad- dition of the tuft, and of the six —— sig ane in- : serted into the head. : ae ryt a CAYENNE RED-BILLED CROW. ‘. ‘a Monit affinis, C. niger, tectricibus albo-nebulosis, subtus cinereus , , - — rostro curvato rubro, pedebus fuscis. ‘ke Black Crow, with the wing-coverts clouded with white, be- . - neath cinereous, with red curved bill, and dusky legs. ’ Cayenne Red-Billed Crow. Lath. syn. Bi Pesscraks by Mr. Latham, from a specimen said to have been brought from Cayenne. Size that” of a Missel Thrush: length eleven inches: colour similar to that of the Cornish Chough, but _ the under parts ash-coloured, and the wing-coverts - mottled with white: bill similar both in shape and ‘ "~ « al | not find this bird repeated in ‘the Index ( 382. nERMTT ‘crow. Ca |g he E ‘Se : biout to that of the. Cornish Chai jaa ling : red scaling-wax: Tegs dusky ; claws. black, : ‘ ig logi icus of ¢ our r incomparable omitholog ist ae 1 er: ag ae ; f x ot 4 : \g PORES Be a vs ae bi Pe » iA SY i an ‘ ‘ ee ays wr gdh Yh f a i ifoy ‘HERMIT cRow. Riess ti us : a : : if Rit eg a ak! aha d ‘a Corvus Eran, C. ‘nigro-virescens, occipite aborts rostro $ —— pedibusque rubris. z Greenish-black Crow, with suberistated bind-hedd, cand ey ‘ bill and legs. ‘ et abs Gs ‘« Corvus Eremita. C. virescens, capite flavescente, hace cristato, rostro pedibusque rubris. Lin, Syste Nat. ita fi is My. ‘is Corvus sylvaticus.. Gesner. were ck. fA ily ty ee Hermit Crow. Lath. syn. arr" oe DRE iy Yr 4 : i a eG 7 Pay “4 THis species, which seems to be. ‘still ‘very im-_ . perfectly known, is described by Aldrovandus, from Gesner, and from him thus det iled by: Willughby. « Our Wood- Crow i is of the bigness. of a Hen, black all the body over, if you behold it at a distance ; but if you view it near at t ha nd, especially i in the sun, the black seems ‘to be min. gled with green, Its feet are a.most like a‘ en n’s Hi longer: its toes divided: its tail not long. Te hath a, crest hanging down backwards from the head, which I know not whether it be in all. birds of this, “sort, and always. Its bill is red, long, and fit” to. thrust into the narrow chinks and holes of the. * earth, trees, walls, and rocks, to fetch out grubs. and insects lurking there, upon which it feeds. Its legs are long, and of a dark red, I hear that - ae igdgthe —MERMIT ‘crow. cade 383 | it feeds upon grasshoppers, crickets, little, fishes, dl fro; S. 4 Tt builds for the ‘most part in the high ys tpl of demolished « or ruinous towers, which are 0 ymimon i in the mountainous parts. of Switzerland, ie Jn the stomach. on} one dissected, besides other ie insects I sometimes found very many of those _ which eat the roots of corn, especially millet, The : _ French call them Curtillas, our countrymen the ‘ne Germans Tuaren, from the size of their feet, (as I conjecture.) They eat also those grubs of which et he Ma Flies are bred. They fly very high: ny. t hey ‘Tay. two or three eggs. The first of all, (as Mi far as I know,) fly away about the beginning of | June, if Ibe not mistaken. Their young, taken | out of the nest before they can fly, may easily be . fed, and made: so tame as to fly out into the fields, me: and) return of their own accord. The young ones opie it wa ‘commended for good meat, and counted a. a - dainty; their flesh is sweet, and their bones tender .7 Chose that, take them out of the nest are wont to 3 Bes one in each, that they may the more willingly “return the following year. They are called by = our countrymen Waldrapp, that is Wood-Crows, is; because they : are wont to. live in woody, mountain- py?’ ous, and desert: places, where they build in rocks a or ‘old. forsaken towers; wherefore they are also -: “called Steinrapp, and Memheras in Bavaria and Stiria, Clausrapp, from the rocks or craggs and A ‘straits -between mountains, which the Germans + oh all ‘Clausen, that is is, enclosed places, wherein they build their nests,”’ bbe Mr. ‘Willughby at teth this bird to be no 384 . BLUE-TAILED crow. a: ie othe’ than the Cornish Chongh,, but Mr. Ray ob. serves that the.crest and size of the bird forbid that q supposition.. Inthe Ornithology of Monsr.Dudin, « ; we are informed. that the very ald birds > Dates | on the head, and Mr, Latham obsery young are also said to be destitute J 0 from which circumstance both the yo old birds’ have sig been calle — ceruleis, Chesnut. Crow, Tordus eyanurus. i % Merle de la Guiane. Pl, Eni. 355. Y A most beautiful species; Fae larger than a Blackbird, and of a1 form: bill and: legs brown; y above : coloured, with blackish wings, the co aria gt with white: ala the i, yi salkdeae as a rare = bird. Wis san well gue iN in ine Planchies: Enluminées, ~ ——ss be; ; . . 4 ; ' ; lt @ ay SSS (i gs 3 apy SS So SSS \ \ \ BLUE-TAILED CROW 2808. Sep."1L ondon Pub lfid by Ghearsley lect Stacet. 4 Hey ’ , x ‘ 4 , = ; 5 ; ‘ 4 a ( . ! } \ : x ; e ae Md ¢ { e ‘ s i - ber ' 2 ‘ = : ~ \ H ‘ Ww ; ‘ * e = J rh. * > 4 / ' ' us a ; J ¥ 7 ‘s ¥ ba 7 i + 7 . \ % # ' ' ‘ ' ’ bi go a , i Mi Oa ZE. 23 SS Ws SS Be Ss MY 3 ex 7. tAb? L4H A Dy 1 TA LA YL MLA 4; Mh) {} VX Nt Aner SIGS ITS 7 Mt AD, U wwii (ys V ii { «i « y SHORT-TAILED CROW. la Elect Street. oa by Ghears re “ "7 Lovuton Libbjid 1606 Sop. = CO wer; SHORT-TAILED CROW#, Corvus brachyurus. C. viridis, subtus luteus, ‘capile nigro- trifasciato, humeris tectricibusque caude ceruleis, crisso rubro. Green Crow, luteous beneath, with three black stripes on the head, blue shoulders and tail-coverts, and red vent. Corvus brachyurus. C. viridis, subtus lineisque capitis fulves- ' _centibus, ali s macula alba. Lan. Syst. Nat. * ‘Short-tailed Pye. Edwards, pl. 324. | Merle de Bengale, des mesa des Moluques. Pl. Eni. 258. 80. 257. - ee | Short Grow. “Lath. syn. a VERY ~ beautifal bird, though not elegant in _ point of shape, the body appearing thick, and the tail disproportionately short: size that of a Black- bird: bill reddish brown; legs reddish: the back and greater wing-coverts are of a fine dark grass- green: the greater quill-feathers black, with a white bar across their lower part, forming a white spot on the wing: the smaller wing-coverts and those of the tail are of a bright pale blue, similar » to that on the back of a Kingfisher: the under ' parts of the bird are pale orange-buff or luteous, ~ the lower part. of the abdomen. and yent-feathers bright red: along the head run three broad longi- ' tudinal black stripes, one on the top, and one on each side, continued along the neck: the side- stripe is bounded above and beneath by a white edge; so that the cheeks are thus striped by three ~ colours; viz. black, white, and yellowish-buff; the - tail is very short and of a black colour with green tips. This species is a native of Ceylon and the Molucca isles, and is observed to run into several cr 3886. ‘ LONe-LBeeRD, crow. 2 Pit me varieties, ik which the. most: ~ewile has the 5 ‘head and neck entirely: black, without ba appeal “3 é \ . @hcey of st * ¥ La Po "g Che ” : *s td ~Y . oi Ne, Te 4 a” " » ( | & - © < cinereo, ci TS ee ~ Rufous-bro nC L h, with ci ereot is hind-head,, ft. + - Iengthene i nd ext y. short ta: ‘“ mis Le at ale Hs ~ Le Roi des F iO Pe Bal Po ash. + , by - Turdus all ' ‘ “Purdve Rex. 8 haa) “Thrush, wih ‘ \ oe Ra's oe , : y = | | y a) é: Size. Wr a | Missel The ay 5 tail bill s strong, ee slong, Saie a little flesh-c colour: whole. paler beneath, where ; f . i t ao i ea or eh sa Si ena: The Etdie is iri, gi ieabed than thie male. PRY MR CNRS EE PLO ig \ ; ’ hs ‘ } Hk ’ . rh : * ve y : ee ee WAS SL stint guy tN eh. Apes TM a 4 4 ® . 49 Y yy Vy Ui YOY 4p SS =- Snes en cy ‘ * SS Si SSS E NS Rane s: PANY S Law Caste S eS LONG-LEGGED CROW. L606 Sqp!i London Lublfrid by Ckearsler Fleet Streec. avin CORACIAS. ROLLER. Generic Character. Bill nearly strait, bending a little towards the end, | cultrated at the “Zand || Nostris narrow, naked. | Tongue cartilaginous, bifid. ~ Rostrum cultratum, apice | » | ie ha ie basi: sesh || Legs generally short: toes | divided to their origin, three forwards and one | ictal Fr Tur aihave Cobelli is in Sonata) distinguished _ by peculiar elegance and splendor of colours. In ; some species the tail is nearly even, the exterior feather on each side extending very little beyond ‘ the rest; while in others it is lengthened to a very . considerable distance, rendering the tail strongly forked. It happens however, somewhat unfortu- ‘nately for the exact discrimination of the species, ’ that some of the long-tailed division, in their less advanced period of growth, have the tail nearly 2 even; the lengthening of the side-feathers not ' taking place till the birds have attained their full perfection of plumage. It may also be strongly suspected that in some species the males and females may differ in this respect; and hence a very excusable uncertainty must continue to per- ” fe ae ie ae we oe sw gt dom Mi % y a ps 4 thy ae | ¥ ; ea 383 a GARRULOUS ROELER. Me ee ae . , ¥ ae hd ae this eautiful: genus, ‘ohich. nothing fief long and perfect. acquaintance with t the mea birds in all their stages of. growth in. their x native regions can. entirely elucidate. . Th ‘their ‘manners iy _ they are, in general, allied to the granivorous and- q insectivorous part of the Crow tribe, and only one species, the Corz 7 or Common Roller, A has yet been d. tive of any pars of | ' sage: atom gt, j , % em ike vite . qt a ¥ / % ite ) rab » uM 6 {% * i nee ALYY a if Coracias garrula. jie alis carruleo “i thalassin Sroque » dorso testac , uropygio caeruleo. . ie |, wings varied wish, bine, ; 3 k, and blue rump. 4h: ¥, oll ae ‘hott, the ee elegant shape: : eyes bare, and. 4 ot or tubercle: 7 unde’ parts: are of a elit Et ae or Aceh aalot, ar, the feathers if” 4 the neck and breast marked by a pale streak down : the shaft of each: the shinier or parts invested — * b the amgler win -coverts. | aera vultra- Me 4, * a sy ‘ :" ‘ ra A, doy EA Peis Wield 6) Terie) oe Dew de, We IO DASHA To eae eas: Owen sculp. eps P yt b GARRULOUS ROLLER 1808 Split Lonudiw Lubljhd bv GKearsley Leet Street. 274 =a ORO Dae) Wes O aa Ry bes » GARRULOUS ROLLER. | 389 marine blue; the larger coverts bright sea-green ; the lower part of the smaller wing-feathers ultra- | marine blue, forming a moderately large. patch of that colour on the middle of the wing; the remain- ing part of the wing black: the back and scapular- feathers testaceous or pale chesnut; the rump ultramarine blue, and the tail dull green, the two exterior feathers, which generally exceed the rest about half an inch in length, tipped with black, the black tip being blue beneath, as are also the black ends of the wing-feathers: the legs are rather short and of a dull reddish-brown colour. In some individuals the back is of a brighter or redder cast than in others, and the tail sometimes appears nearly even at the end. This beautiful bird is found in many parts of Europe, but has very rarely made its appearance in England, and that - only from some accidental circumstance attending its migration from other parts. In some parts of Germany it is said to be not uncommon, as well as in Italy, Spain, and France. It has even been observed in so northern a region as Sweden, but, in general it appears to be most frequent in the warmer parts of the Old Continent, and par- ticularly in Africa. It is said to build in woods, and to feed in the manner of the Rook, on worms, grain, and roots. Its note is loud and chattering, from whence is supposed to be derived its name. » : - ‘ ws : a“ ® ; 4 " a P’ ' hs om . ~ 4 4 ‘ fod INDIAN) ROLLBE: eRe Ped ae Coracias Indic, ¢. entice “dorsoque poe pileo. viridis ceruleo, alis caudaque aquali ceruleo & thalassino varits. Roller ferruginous in front and on the back, with blue-green “crown, wings and tail varied with deep-blue and eer the latter even at the end.’ Coracias Indica. C, vislica Marites inane pileo viridt.. Lin. . Syst. Nat. | , ro re ih oe 2 ; Coracias Bengalensis. > Lin. Syst. Nat. Blue Jay from the East-Indies. Edwards. pl. 326. Le Cuit, ou Rollier de Mindanao. Buff. ois. Pl, Enl. 285. » The Indian Roller. Naturalists’ Miscellany. vol. 8. pl, 273%. Indian Roller. Lath.syn, " Pri oT Bengal Roller. Lath. syn. waa Tuts species is remarkable for the peculiarly rich and vivid appearance of its colours. In size it is nearly equal to the Common Roller; the crown of the head is greenish blue; the re- mainder, with the back, scapulars, neck, and breast fine pale ferruginous, the feathers of the throat and upper part of the breast each marked — by a paler streak down the shaft, and in some specimens a slight cast of violet-colour is diffused over this part: the belly, thighs, and vent are sea- green: the whole wing is varied with deep and light blue; the see possessing the shoulders, middle, and tips, while the intermediate parts are filled by the latter; thus dividing the wing into- | five alternate regions or bands of deep and light — blue; the deep or predominating colour being the © richest smalt-blue, while the paler or middle part « Pe. © amt 4 le INDIAN ROLLER. 391. 4 , sis a nibst brilliant blue-green, pianos “accord- ing to the direction of the light, into’ pure pale __ blue, and forming a wonderfully fine contrast with the deep blue before described: the tail is of the same vivid appearance as the wings, the rump and ~ upper division being deep-blue, the middle part _ pale or greenish-blue, and the tips deep-blue: the __ two middle feathers alone are dull green or sub- olivaceous: the tail is also perfectly even in this species, the two exterior feathers not projecting in the least degree beyond the rest: the bill is black, and the legs reddish brown. ‘This bird is a - native of many parts of India and the Indian islands, and appears to have been unnecessarily divided by Linnzus and others into two species, under the names of Coracias Indica — Benga- iy ina sisi | Var. ? | Size of the Common Roller; general colour rufous, tinged with green on the back, and inclin- ing to red beneath, with a longitudinal white streak on each feather: wings dull pale green: quills sky-blue: tail rufous-brown, rather long, but even at the end: bill black: legs dusky: head rufous, _ with a whitish mixture in front. Observed in Senegal by Monsr. Geoffrey de Villeneuve, ‘and in Caffraria by Monsr. Levaillant. Mr. Latham | considers it as the Bengal Roller in a young or - unadvanced state. , « no er ae é aoe ae ; _ ed 3 7 39% ‘ 3 , on, | P # % ky # a4 % Pr WHITE-FRONTED ROLLER. | ~ Coracias albifrons. C. thalassina, fronte alba, dorso & scapus laribus ferrugineis, humeris remigibus uropygioqué ceruleis, _.cauda longissime forficata, Sea-green Roller, with the front white, the back and scapulars ferruginous, the shoulders, quill- feathers, Fy ae bite and the tail forked to a great extent. Coracias Senegala. Senegal Roller. Lath. tilt. orn. § syn. Rollier du Senegal. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 326. Swallow-tailed Indian Roller. Edwards. pl. 327. Coracias Abyssinica. Abyssinian Roller. Lath, ind. orn. § Hit syn. | Rollier d’Abyssinie. Buff. ois. Pi. Eni. 626. Sheregrig. Bruce's Travels. Append. p.182,. = = Tue size of this elegant species is rather less than that of a Jay; the colours as. particularized in the specific character: the two long tail-feathers | extend to the distance of five inches beyond the rest, the whole projecting part being of a fine deep blue colour: the bill is black, and the legs reddish brown. This species, like the preceding, seems to. have been unnecessarily described under two dif- ferent titles, and considered as constituting two distinct species, but it is impossible to collate the » descriptions and figures of authors without sup- posing that the Abyssinian and Senegal Rollers are in reality the same. Mr. Bruce, in the Appendix to his travels has described and figured this species under the title of Sheregrig. “Its belly,” says he, “ and inside of its wings are of a most beautiful pale blue: the WHITE-FRONTED ROLLER. 393 shoulder or top of its wings adark blue: the middle of the wing is traversed by a band of light blue: _ the extremity of the wing, and the largest feathers _ are of a dark blue: the two fleet of its tail, _where broad, are of a light blue, but the long sharp single ones are of a dark blue, like the tips of the wings: its bill is strong and well made, and has a pencil of hairs as well as whiskers: round Where the beak joins the head the feathers are white: the eye black and well proportioned, sur- rounded by a flame-coloured, iris: the back is of a very light brown inclining to cream-colour, and of a cast of red: the feet are flesh-coloured and scaly, and have three toes before. and one behind, each with a sharp claw.” ; Mr. Bruce adds, that the Abyssinian Roller of the Planches Enluminées was figured from the specimen which he himself presented to the Count de Buffon, but complains that it by no means ex- presses with sufficient elegance either the form ar colours of the bird, vw. VE. P. Tt. 26 394 ‘ ig Agia ee ce pite colloque: da longissime Coracias Angolensis. C. violaceo-cer supra ‘viridibus, dorso ferrugineo, a alis 5 forficata, ‘ Violaceo-czrulescent Roller upper part of the neck 4 f the head and © ious, the wings blue, and the t Bure _Coracias caudata. C. | collo subtus __violaceo pallido striato, re extimis | imis. Lain. : d Po a specific chara feathers | vings is shoulda l-feathers, the larger coverts f paler or 1 of is 4 : ‘green; the two ext jecting in he e form of two narrow same propol tion as in the former s 3] are grey, and the bill ble ckish. / : ike i E3 aod eg rae tT <5 a ee ht a f cee aoe» hes Mle : te, mel het, Yas Mevinah ys A wit’ “ Aowwry \x! ogy Yan Yi ~ ~ Aeon! aot ANGOLA ROLLER 1808 Sep! London Publifhad bi CA carstey Elect Sect. i} / ry é ly . © ’ ‘ . 2 i 4 > ) . f y ' } ‘ ' Y ' u a 52 CRIMSON ROLLER 108 Split. ondon Publfid by akearsley Llect Street. 395 CRIMSON ROLLER. Coracias militaris, C. phanicea, remigibus caudague nigris. _ Crimson Roller, with black wings and tail. pe os lige con Roller. Muse ail-coverts are also ex- 3 . base of het Batt, ies Per 16 bill is orange-coloured, the fort and blatk. 'Monsr. Levaillant has given xcellent plate of this bird in n his work entitled toire Naturelle @oiseaur nouveaux “et rares de PAmerique et des Indes. Monsy. Levaillant con- isiders it as a species of Ampelis, and it is s remark- able that I myself, in the short description given in the Museum Leverianum, have observed that it may perhaps with equal propriety be referred to © the genus Ampelis as to that of Coracias. Mr. Latham however, in his second supplement, has considered it as a species: of Roller. It is a South- American bird, ‘and is a native of Cayenne and 896 BLUE-STRIPED ROLLER. Surinam, where it is said to inhabit retired woods, and to be of a very wild nature, feeding on fruits -and berries. Monsr. Levaillant is of opinion, from considering the structure of the bill, and the bristles with which its base is beset, that it also feeds on insects. The female, according to Le- vaillant, differs in Pelee grey-brown, with white abdomen. BLACK ROLLER. = Coracias nigra. C. latirostris corpore toto artubusque mgris, ; - cauda longiore. Lath, ind. orn, Black Roller. Lath. syn. suppl. Broad-billed Rolier entirely black, with longish tail. Leneru sixteen inches: bill strong and broad, and a little curved at the tip: tail seven inches in length. Native place unknown. Mentioned by Mr. Latham, from a specimen in the ie Mu- icine Fr rere rene ered BLUE-STRIPED ROLLER. Coracias striata. C. ceruleo-atra, striis virescenti-ceruleis, rostro cauda pedibusque nigris. Lath. ind, orn. Blue-black Roller, with blue-green streaks, and black bill, tail, and legs. Blue-striped Roller. Lath, syn. LEneTH eight inches: bill three quarters of an | inch long, and bent at the tip: the female is of a . BLACK-HEADED ROLLER. 397 cinereous colour, with the tail plain grey, and the wing-coverts and quills black with cinereous edges. Native of New Caledonia. { | GREY-TAILED ROLLER. Coracias vagabunda. C. capite colloque nigris, corpore supra Serrugineo-fusco subtus cinereo, alis medio albis,. cauda lon- gissima cuneiformi grisea apice nigra. Roller with the head and neck black, the body above ferrugin- ous-brown, ash-coloured beneath, the wings white in the middle, and the tail very long, cuneiform, grey, with a black tip. ; Grey-Tailed Roller, Lath, syn. Descrisep by Mr. Latham from a drawing: size of a Jay: length seventeen inches: bill black: legs cmereous. Native of India. BLACK-HEADED ROLLER. Coracias melanocephala. C. ceruleo-purpurea, capite colloque nigris, corpore subtus albo, remigibus fuscis, cauda cuneiform apice alba, Lath. ind. orn. Blueish-purple Roller, white beneath, with black head and neck, and cuneiform tail with white tip. Black-Headed Roller. Lath. syn, suppl. Descrizep from a drawing: size of a Jay: bill. and legs red: hind-head greyish: two middle tail- feathers blue, the rest purplish, and all tipped with white. Supposed to be a native of China. 398 ‘ CAFFRARIAN ROLLER. Coracias Caffra. C. cerulea, remigibus margine exteriore luteis. Lin, Syst. Nat. Blue Roller, with the exterior margin of the wing-feathers luteous. Cape Roller. Lath. syn. Blue and green Daw. Edwards. pl. 320. ??? Tus species seems to be known only from the short Linnean description above La to which RS ees blueish black colour, and that the bird is an in- habitant of Ethiopia. FAIRY ROLLER. Coracias Puella. C.ca@rulea, collo antice & lateribus, pectore, abdomine,. tectricibus alurum majoribus, remigibusque ‘coat Lath. ind. orn. Blue Roller, with the fore-part and sides of the neck, the breast and abdomen, the larger wing-coverts and quills black. Fairy Roller. Lath. syn. ; Size of a Jackdaw, and a very beautiful bird: bill black, strong, curved at the tip, and furnished with hairs at the base: legs black: on each wing are three small blue spots: the tail is of a dull blue, but the blue on the other parts is remark- ably vivid, Native of India, where it is said to be known by the name of the blue Fairy-Bird. 399° MEXICAN ROLLER; ' Coracias Mexicana. C. er rufo grisea, subtus et ulis dilute griseis, flammeo admisto. Lin. Gmel. Rufous-grey Roller, with the wings and under parts paler and mixed with flame-colour. Merula Mexicana. Seb. 1.¢. 64. f. 5. Mexican Roller. Lath, syn. Tuts species, known only from the description and figure of Seba, is said to be considerably larger than a Thrush, and of the colour mentioned in the above specific character: the bill and legs are pale | brown. It is a native of Mexico. On referring to Seba, it does not appear clearly that those who have described the bird from that _work have given the true sense of the description, which, as it is very short, I shall here subjoin. « Aves iste, obscure grisez, ex ruffo relucent. Subtus dilute grisea, flammze quasi zmula, regnat yvariegatio; qualis et omnem alarum superficiem ornat. Turdos nostrates magnitudine multum superant, rostroque in omnem dimensionem gran- diore gaudent.” 406 CAYENNE ROLLER. Coracias Cayana. C. fusco-virescens, subtus cinerea, gula-albida vitta utrinque descendente nigra, cauda subcuneata. | Greenish-brown Roller, cinereous beneath, with whitish throat marked on each side by a descending black stripe, and sub; . cuneated tail. Le Griverd, ou Rolle de Cayenne. Buff. ois, Le Griverd de Cayenne. Pl. Enl. 616. Cayenne Roller. Lath, syn. Lenern about nine inches: bill rather strong, and of a reddish colour: legs of moderate length, and of a pale grey colour. Native of Cayenne. — STRIATED ROLLER. Coracias striata. C.corpore nigro striato, supra olivaceo, subtus ~ albo, alis albidis, remigibus nigris, cauda elongata cinerea. Olive-coloured Roller, white beneath, streaked both above and below with black; the wings whitish with black quill- | feathers; the tail lengthened and cinereous. Striated Roller. Lath, syn. suppl. 2. Lenetu fifteen inches: bill flesh-colour: legs black: tongue bristly at the end. Native of New South Wales. 401 HAIRY ROLLER. Coracias crinita. C. testacea, striis longitudinalibus albis, plumis luxis elongatis, dorso fusco, remigibus caudaque ceruleis. Testaceous Roller, with longitudinal white streaks, lax length ened plumes, brown back, and blue quill’and tail-feathers. Hairy Roller. Lath. syn. suppl. 2.'~ Size uncertain: described by Mr. Latham from a drawing in the possession of Mr. Woodford. RED-BREASTED ROLLER, Coracias scutata. C. nigra, jugulo pectoreque coccineis. Museum Leverianum. p. 197. Black Roller, with crimson throat and breast. Museum Leveri< anum, No. 4. p. 190. peter em Roller. Lath, syn, suppl. 2. = Tus was first described and figured in the work entitled Museum Leverianum. I shall therefore repeat my former description, This bird, in its _ general appearance and colour, bears a striking re- semblance to the Muscicapa rubricollis or Purple- _ Throated Flycatcher *, but is considerably superior in size, being not much smaller than a Crow. Its colour is a uniform black, with a slight blueish gloss on the back and wings: the beak is black, : strong, broadish at the ‘base, and slightly notched _ or emarginated at the tip; the lower mandible is * Muscicapa porphyrobroncha, Nat. Misc. Le Piauhau. Levaill, Ois. Amer. 402 PACIFIC ROLLER. of a palish colour towards the point: on each side of the upper mandible are seven vibrissee or hairs, which are of a flattened form at their lower part, and rise upwards in a curved direction: the fore- part of the neck, from about half an inch below the beak, to the bottom of the breast, is of a very rich bright scarlet, which colour, at the lower part of the breast sinks into deep ferruginous, and is continued in a broken or interrupted band down the beginning of the abdomen: the tail consists of twelve folthces and is slightly rounded at the ex- tremity, the two exterior feathers being shorter than the others by about half an inch: the legs are © rather short, moderately stout, and black; the claws strong; that of the back toe larger than the rest. The native region of this bird is not-cer- tainly known, but it is supposed » to belong to South-America. | | PACIFIC ROLLER. Coracias pacifica. C. viridis, capite custaneo, gula nigra, alis caruleis remigibus basi albis, cuuda ceruleo-nigricante. Green Roller, with chesnut head, black throat, blue wings with the quills white at their base, and blue-black tail. Coracias pacifica. Pacific Roller. Lath. ind. orn. suppl, Syn. suppl, 2. addend. ) wi Lenetu nine inches: bill and legs red. Native of New senile 403 DOCILE ROLLER. Coracias docilis. C. albo-rufescens, subtus ferruginea, remigibus primoribus albo nigroque dimidiatis, cauda nizra apice alba. Rufescent-white Roller, beneath ferruginous, with the primary quill-feathers half black, half white, and the tail black with white tip. - Coracias docilis. . orn. ~ Size of a Jackdaw: bill and legs yellow: claws flesh-coloured. Native of the Northern parts of | Asia; said to be of a very docile disposition in a state of captivity, readily imitating the sounds which it happens to hear. ORIENTAL ROLLER. Coracias orientalis. C. latirostris olivacea, remigibus thalassino ceruleoque varius, gula caudeque integre bast ceruleis. Green Roller, ‘with the quill-feathers varied with sea-green and blue, the throat and base of the tail blue. Le Rollier des Indes. Buff. ois. Pi. Eni. 613. Sizz of a Jay: length ten inches and a half: shape rather heavy: bill dull- yellow, short, and broad at the base: colour of the bird green-brown, or deep blackish olive: throat, for a small distance below the beak, blue with pale shafts: abdomen and vent blue-green: wings coloured as in the generality of Rollers, viz. deep blue, with a sea- _ green middle bar, and black tips: base of the tail deep blue; remainder black: legs brown: wings 404 MADAGASCAR ROLLER. reaching to the tip of the tail: described by Buffon, and figured in the Planches Enluminees. Native of the ‘East Indies. | MADAGASCAR ROLLER. Coracias Madagascariensis. C. latirostris purpureo-ferruginea, remigibus primoribus ceruleis, cauda equalt thalassina apice purpureo-nigricante. Broad-billed purple-ferruginous Roller, with the greater quill- feathers blue, the tail even, with purplish-black tip. Le Rollier de Madagascar. Buff. ois. Pl, Enl. 501. Madagascar Roller. Lath. syn. _A BEAUTIFUL species, though, like the preceding, of a less elegant shape than some others of the genus: length about ten inches: colour above purple ferruginous, brighter or more inclining to blossom-colour beneath: quill-feathers blue-black or extremely deep blue: rump, vent, and tail, blue-green, tipped with purple blue and black: bill dull yellow, short, and broad at the base: legs reddish brown. This seems to have been first de- scribed by Buffon, or at least by Montbeillard, who perhaps was not very correct in his account, since he describes the quill-feathers as black, while in the Planches Enluminées they are represented deep- blue, as, in all probability, they really are. ee Po | 405 AFRICAN ROLLER. Coracias Afra, C. latirostris ferruginea, subtus cwruleo-resacea, remigibus ceruleis, rectricibus. thalussinis apice ceruleo-nigri- cantibus. | Broad-billed ferruginous Roller, lilac-coloured beneath, with _ blue wings, and sea-green tail with blue-black tip. African Roller. Lath. syn. Nat. Misc. vol. 11. pl. 401. ‘Tuis is greatly allied to the preceding; so much so as to make it almost doubtful whether it may not be a sexual difference or a variety of the im- mediately preceding: its size however is rather smaller, measuring only about eight inches and a half: bill very stout and bent at the tip; its colour dull yellow: plumage on the upper parts pale cinnamon or rufous brown: on the under pale — reddish lilac: vent pale blue-green: quills deep blue; the margins of the inner webs and the tips black: tail blue-green with black tip; the two middle feathers dark olive with black tip. se BLUE ROLLER. Coracias cerulea. C. supra viridi-cerulea, subtus ferruginec, alis apice nigris. Blue-green Roller, ferruginous beneath, with the tips of the wings black. Blue Roller. Lath. syn. Tue length of this, according to Mr. Latham, is eight inches: bill dusky: upper parts of the 406 ULTRAMARINE ROLLER. plumage pale glossy blue-green, except the tips of the wings, which are black: the under parts fer- ruginous. ULTRAMARINE ROLLER. Coracias vivida. C. cerulea tota vividissima. Lath. ind. orn. Roller entirely of the most vivid blue. Ultramarine Roller. Lath. syn. Tue length of this is said by Mr. Latham to be eight inches: the bill as in the immediately pre- ceding:, the whole plumage of a rich glossy ultra- marine blue, equal to the richest satin in lustre. Native place unknown. ! Both this and the preceding are described by Mr. Latham from specimens then in the British Museum. The specimens were perhaps in a muti- lated state, and may have been since destroyed. It is certain that those which appear te have been often considered as the above Rollers of Mr. Latham are no other than species of the genus _Alcedo or Kingfisher, the one being: the Alcedo atricapilla or Black-capped Kingfisher, and the other the Alcedo Smyrnensis var. y, or Bengal Kingfisher, both birds of peculiarly brilliant plum- age. Two or three other birds, arranged by Mr. La- tham and some others among the Rollers, I con- sider as having a greater alliance to different genera, in which they will be stationed in the course of the present work. | ORIOLUS.. ORIOLE. Generic Character. - Rostrum conicum, convex- {| B2ll conical, convex, very um, acutissimum, rec- sharp-pointed, strait: the tum, mandibula superiore upper mandible a trifle paulo longiore, obsolete longer than the lower, emarginata. and obscurely emargin- : Porm : Lingua bifida, acuta. ongue bifid, sharp. Pedes ambulatorii. | Feet formed for walking. By far the major part of the species belonging to this numerous genus are natives of the Ameri- can Continent. Some species are of a gregarious and others of a solitary cast. They feed on vari- ous kinds of fruit, grain, and insects; are of a restless and noisy disposition, and are remarkable for the structure of their nest, which in some species hangs from the branch to which it is at- tached, and in others is sewed or fastened with peculiar art bexeath the surface of some very large leaf. ! 4.08 Ri bs a % GOLDEN ORIOLE. Oriolus Galbula. O. luteus, loris alis caudaque mer, rectricibus apice flavis. Gold-yellow Oriole, with black lores, wings and tail, the latter yellow at the tip, . f Oriolus Galbula. O. luteus, loris artubusque nigris. 1 rec ; jcibu exterioribus postice flavis. Lin, Syst. Nat. ot ae Coracias Oriolus. Lin. Faun. Suec. ROL ON. Oriolus. Gesn. av. 713. Briss, av. 2. p. a80- miles oR Chlorion. Gesn. av. 261. dais: Galbula, seu Picus nidum suspendens. Raii ayn The Witwall. Will. orn. ; The Golden Thrush. Edw. pl. 185. Golden Oriole. Lath. syn. Penn, | Le Loriot. Buff. ois, P ate and warkicagit 1 ‘has very rarely been In some parts of Fre C , size is that of the € ‘Thrush, and its colour | ; , but the quill-feathers la ee rts are tipped with ellie the Aekber for ‘in ga small : yelfow spot on the edge of the wing: the tail is black, but all the feathers, except the two middle ones, are tipped, for about a third part of their length, with yellow: the irides:are red: the bill is brownish-red, and between the bill and eye is a black stripe: the A LOLA) Sree . Grojith sculp- GOLDEN ORIOLE 2806, Sep! L. London Fi uUblef id by @hearstar Llcct Street. GOLDEN ORIOLE. 409 legs are brown. The female is of a yellowish olive-colour, paler or more inclining to a whitish cast beneath, where it is also varied by scattered longitudinal dusky streaks: the wings and tail are darker than the rest of the plumage, and the latter _ tipped with yellow, as in the male. The males of the first year resemble the females, and do not arrive at their full perfection of ‘egies till they are two years old. The best figures of this species yet extant are those of Edwards and the Planches Enlumineés, both of which express with great correctness the elegant shape and plumage of the bird: the latter is copied into the present work. The Golden Oriole is remarkable for construct- ing its nest upon a different principle from those of the generality of European birds, supporting it only by the edge or rim, so that it bears the ap- pearance of a shallow purse or basket. For this purpose the bird selects the forked extremity of some slender branch, and wreathing the two forks round with straws, grasses, or other vegetable fibres proper for the purpose, at length connects the two extremities of the fork in order to form the verge of the nest; then, continuing the straws from the one side to the other, giving the whole a proper depth, and crossing and interweaving them as the work proceeds, forms the general basket or concavity, which is afterwards thickened with the stems of the finer grasses, intermixed with mosses and lichens, and lastly lined with still finer ma- terials, as the silken bags of the chrysalides of 70. P, IT. 3 27 A1O GOLDEN ORIOLE. moths, the egg-bags of spiders, feathers, &c. &c. The bird is observed to build generally in high trees, but to place the nest in rather a low part of the tree: the usual number of eggs is four or five, and their colour dull white, with numerous dark specks. The young are fed with insects, and par- ticularly with caterpillars: the parents are ob- served to be unusually assiduous in the care of their young, and have even been known to assault with great violence those who have disturbed them during this occupation. The young associate with the parents long after their full growth, and even till the succeeding year; or at least, till the next breeding-time; for this species is observed, in some seasons, to breed twice a year. The Golden Oriole is of a migratory nature, and in the island of Malta is observed to make its annual appear- ance in the month of September, in its passage to more southern regions; returning in spring, the same way, to its more northern residences; it is also observed in the neighbourhood of Constan- tinople in spring, departing in September. It may therefore be supposed to spend the winter in Asia and Africa, and to pass the summer in Europe: It has been before observed that the young are — chiefly fed on caterpillars and other insects; but the bird in its full-grown state feeds also on fruits of various kinds, and particularly on cherries, figs, and grapes, and is itself considered in many places as a delicate article of food. Its note is loud and — piercing, and has by some been compared to its modern French name, which is Zoriot. In the MOTTLED ORIOLE. 4ll work of Giraldus Cambrensis* mention is made of a bird called Aureolus, which may perhaps be in- tended for the present species, and which might have appeared in the principality of Wales more frequently in those times than at present. Var.? BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus melanocephalus. Lin. This, which is described and figured by Edwards, under the title of: the: Black-Headed Indian Icterus, differs in having the whole head and throat black, the greater quills black, longitudinally streaked with yellow; the tail and bill_reddish, and the legs dusky. It is a native of Madras. | Var. ? MOTTLED ORIOLE. Tuts is also described and figured by Edwards, under the title of Yellow Indian Starling; and is of the size of a Jay, with the ‘top of the head black, the throat spotted with black, and the body _ yellow, variegated with black; the upper and under tail-coverts the same, and the wing-coverts, quills, and tail blackish. Inhabits Madras, vn * This author relates, that when himself and his attendants were passing along a deep and irregular valley between Caernar- _ von and Bangor, they heard, in an adjoining wood, the bird called Aureolus from the golden colour of its plumage, and which, at certain seasons, utters a sweet whistling note instead of a song. See Hoare’s Giraldus Cambrensis. vol. 2. chap. 6. 412 Var.? CHINESE ORIOLE. Oriolus Chinensis. Lin. This is rather larger than the preceding, but is coloured in a similar manner, except that the head is marked by a black horse-shoe-shaped patch or cowl, passing from eye to eye over the crown: the forehead — being yellow: the wing-coverts are also yellow . Instead of black, and the bill is of the same colour; the legs black. Inhabits China and Cochinchina, and is figured in the Planches Enlumineés, No. — 570. = Var.? INDIAN ORIOLE. This is the Chlorio Indicus of Aldrovandus, and differs but little from the last mentioned, except that the horse-shoe patch on the head is blueish, and the black longitudinal spots on the wings, as well as the transverse bar of the tail, which is yellow, are of that colour. Native of the, East Indies. me A13. CACIQUE ORIOLE. Oriolus Cacicus. O. niger, dorso postico, macula tectricum, basique rectricum luteis. Black Oriole, with the lower part of the back, spot on the wing-coverts, and base of the tail-feathers yellow. ! Oriolus Persicus. Lin. Cassicus luteus... Briss. ots. Pica Persica Aldrovandi. Raii syn. The Persian Pie. Will. orn. p. 132. Black and Yellow Daw of Brasil. Edwards. pl. 319. Le Cassique jaune du Bresil. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 184, Black and Yellow Oriole. Lath. syn. Tue size of this species exceeds that of a Black- bird, and the colour is glossy black, sometimes accompanied by a cast of violet: the wings are marked by a large yellow spot, formed by the edges of the greater coverts: the rump and base of the tail, except on the two middle feathers, are also yellow, and the legs black. It is a native of many parts of South-America, but particularly of Cayenne, and is of a gregarious disposition, re- sembling in that respect the Rooks of Europe, great numbers building near each other, so that it ts said no less than four hundred nests have been seen on the same tree: these nests are extremely curious, being shaped like an alembic, and about _ eighteen inches in length: the upper part, by which it is fastened to the branch, is of a compact substance, the lower or purse forming the true nest; the whole is composed of dried grasses, andthe fibres of the parasitic plant called Tillandsia usne-: | AA . CRESTED ORIOLE. oides, which fibres, in their dry state, bear a near resemblance to horse-hair, which is also sometimes mixed in the composition. — This species is of a prolific nature, and ‘is paid sometimes to breed thrice a year: it is also said to be easily tamed, and in a state of domesticity to become extremely familiar, but has an unpleasant smell, resembling that of Castor. Its manners are in the highest degree pleasing; it learns to speak, in the manner of a Parrot, laughs, barks like a dog, &c. &e. j CRESTED ORIOLE. - Oriolus cristatus. O. ater cristatus, (femina olivacea, ) dorso _, postico uropygio crissoque castanets, rectricibus lateralibus flavis. Black crested Oriole (the female olive,) with the lower part of the back, the rump, and vent chesnut, and the lateral tail-feathers yellow. Oriolus cristatus. O. aterrimus, vertice inp. _— aestsali cristato, Lin. Gmel. $9484] Xanthornus maximus, . Pail, spic. cob oi) Levee vintmne Le Cassique huppé de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 344. Crested Oriole. Lath. syn. Tuis is the largest species yet. known, and is a native of Surinam. Its size is that of a Magpie, and its length from eighteen to twenty inches: the colour of the male is black, with the lower part of the back, the rump, and vent chesnut, and. the lateral tail-feathers yellow: the head is fur- nished with a narrow, recumbent crest: the bill 1s of a dull yellow, and the legs black: the female is CRESTED ORIOL® 415 said to be of an olive-colour ; the quills dusky, and the tail yellow, as in the male, with the middle feathers black; the head is crested, and the eyes in both sexes are of a bright blue. — This species seems to have been first described by Dr. Pallas. Nothing seems to be known of its _ particular history, except that it feeds on insects and fruits, and that it has a strong scent resem- bling Castor, If it resembles the majority of this - genus in its manner of building, it may, perhaps, _be the fabricator of the very large hanging nest described by Grew in his account of the Museum of the Royal Society. “It is,” says Grew, “ above three quarters of a yard long, besides part of it broken off; where broadest, near a foot over, and almost flat; narrowed from the bottom all the way to the top: it hath two apertures; above, about a foot from the top of the entire nest, one larger and longer; below, i. e. a foot above the bottom, _ another, perfectly round, and three inches over: it. consisteth of the parts of plants somewhat loosely woven together.” oo — RED-BILLED ORIOLE. Oriolus rufirostris, O. olfvaceus, occipite pennis elongatis cr ‘istato, uropygio castaneo, dh ig nigris, ie = lateralibus Jlavrs, rostro rubro. — Olive Oriole, with the hindhead crested with lengthened fea- thers, the rump chesnut, the quill-feathers black, the lateral tail-feathers yellow, and the bill red. Cassique vert de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 328. Oriolus cristatus. var. y. Lath. ind. orn. Tus, which has been often considered as a. variety of the immediately preceding, 1s, accord- ing to Monsr.Sonnini,a truly distinct species, never intermixing or associating with the former. Its size 1s somewhat smaller, measuring about fourteen inches in length: and is of an olive-green colour, — with the rump chesnut, the quill-feathers black, the tail as in the former species, and the bill red: It builds, according to Sonnini, in the same, manner as the Oriolus Cacicus, but not by the, borders of rivers, though always in moist places, and: com- monly on very high trees. It has not the strong castor-like scent of the former, and its flesh is eat- able. Monsr. Sonnini observes that the figure of | this species in the Planches Enlumineés is too highly coloured. Native of Cayenne, and also of | Peru, where it is said to be of a deeper or browner ~ cast than in Cayenne. 417 RED-RUMPED ORIOLE. Oriolus hemorrhous. 0. niger, dorso postico uropygio crissoque - pheniceis, Black Oriole, with the lower part of the back, rump, and vent crimson. . Oriolus hemorrhous. O. niger, uropygio coccineo, Lin. Syst. Nat. : Cassicus ruber. Briss. av. Cassique rouge. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 482. © Red-Rumped Oriole. Lath. syn. An elegant species, though of plain colours ; being entirely of a deep glossy black, except on the lower part of the back, the rump, and the _vent, which are of a bright and vivid crimson: the bill is pale yellow, and the legs black: the length of the bird is about eleven inches: specimens have been seen, perhaps such as had not attained their full colours, in which the back was of a brown tinge, the rump pale red, and the vent yellow: it is probable that the female of this species is of an olive-colour. Native of South- America, and said to be chiefly found in Guiana. Its manner of building is like that of the Oriolus Cacicus, the nest resembling a narrow cucurbit with its alembic, the total length being about eighteen inches; but the interior cavity only a foot: the upper part, by which it is attached, is dense and strong for about the length of six inches. | Like the Cacique Oriole, this species prefers build- ing on such trees as overhang a river or lake. 418 RING-TAILED ORIOLE. Oriolus annulatus, O. flavus, capite alisque nigris, pennis omnibus alaribus flavo marginatis, cauda fascia transversa nigra. Yellow Oriole, with black head and wings, all the wing-feathers edged with yellow, and the tail marked by a black bar. Oriolus annulatus. O. flavus, capite colloque nigris, remigibus nigris luteo marginatis, cauda nigricante annulata, Lath. ind. orn. Ring-Tailed Oriole. Lath. syn. Avis Ocotzinitzin. Seb. 1.4. 61. f. 3. -Descrisep and figured in the work of Seba. Size of a Pigeon: colour as stated in the specific © character: bill yellow, and slightly bent at the ae legs grey. Native of South-America. a Seen SEBAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Sebanus. O. flavus, alis rectricibusque mediis nigrican- tibus, rostro crasso brevi subflavo. Yellow Oriole, with the wings and thiddle tail-feathers black- ish, and thick, short, yellow bill. Hoexotototl, seu Awis saligna dica, Seb. 1. ¢. 61.f. 1. Size of a Pigeon: wings wholly raven-grey or blackish, as are also the two middle feathers of the — tail: bill yellowish-brown, short, thick, and some- what curved at the tip: legs grey: native of South- America, where it is‘said to frequent places where — sallows grow, collecting in such places in the man- ner of Crows: it is, according to Seba, the Avis saligna or Hoexototot! of Fernandez in his Historia Avium Nove. Hispaniz. 419 ACOLCHI ORIOLE. _ Oriolus Acolchi. 0. luteus, capite alisque nigris, cauda fascia transversa nigra. _ Luteous Oriole, with black head and wings, anil a black bar across the tail. . Oriolus Nove Hispanie. O. wich cupite gula alis rectricibus- que mgris, tectricibus alarum majoribus apice luteis. Lath. ind. orn. Mexican Oriole. Lath, syn. Acolchichi, Seb. 1.¢.55.f. 4. . S1zE of a Blackbird: bill and legs yellow: head _and wings black, the smaller coverts slightly tipped with yellow, forming two or three spots of that colour on the shoulder-parts: towards the tip of the tail is a black bar. Native, according to Seba, of South-America, but, from his figure, appears to be nothing more than the O. melanocephalus, be- fore described as one of the varieties of the Golden Oriole. MEXICAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Mexicanus, O. flavus, vertice alis caudaque nigricanti- bus. | “alae Md 7 i Yellow Oriole, with blackish crown, wings and tail. oy Oriolus Mexicanus. 0. nigricans, subtus capiteque luteus, Lin, Syst. Nat. No.8.? | ; _Black-Crowned Oriole. Lath, syn. ) _ Troupiale j Jaune a calotte noire. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 533. Size of a Blackbird: bill and legs yellowish: ‘wing-coverts edged with yellowish-grey: quills and tail black. Native of Cayenne. 420 ANTIGUAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Flavus. 0. niger, capite collo antico corporesue subtus luteis, rostro pedibusque nigricantibus. Black Oriole, with the head, fore- -part of the neck, and tudiy beneath yellow, the bill and legs blackish. Oriolus flavus. O. flavus, cervice dorso alis caudaque sericeo- nigris.. Lath. ind. orn. _ Oriolus flavus. Lin. Gmel. | Troupiale jaune d’Antigue. Sonaer. voy. t. 69. Antiguan Yellow Oriole. Lath. syn. Size of a Blackbird: native, according to Son-— nerat, of Antigua. in the isle of Panay; but is also said to be found about the river Plata in South- Hunger ICTERIC ORIOLE. Oriolus Icterus. O. fulvus, capite gula dorso alis caudaque nigris, alts albo bifasciatis. Fulvus Oriole, with black head, throat, wings, and tail, the former marked by two white bars. Oriolus Icterus. O. fulous, capite jugulo dorso eilidlabenance nigris, macula alarum alba. Lin. Syst. Nat. Pica luteo-nigra varia. Sloane Jam. p. 301. Le Troupiale. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl, 532. Large Banana-Bird. Browne Jam. p. 477. Icteric Oriole. Lath. syn. A BEAUTIFUL species: sizeof a Blackbird: head, throat, lower part of the neck, middle of the back, wings, and tail black: remainder of the plumage bright orange-colour: across the wings two oblique white bars: bill pale, but sometimes blackish; legs RED-SHOULDERED ORIOLE. 421 either black or lead-colour. Native of the lower parts of North, and of many parts of South-America, as well as of the West-Indian islands, and _ particu- larly Jamaica. It is a bird of a lively disposition, and in a state of domesticity exhibits a high degree of docility; following those: who have the care of it, descending from a tree or house on being called by its name, and delighting to be handled. and played with in the manner of alapdog. It is ofa gregarious nature, and builds a very curious pend- ent nest, of a cylindrical form, and suspended by its upper part to the extreme twig’ of a branch. ‘Great numbers of these nests are often built on the same tree, especially in the neighbourhood of houses. This species is often domesticated in America, for the sake of destroying insects of vari- ous kinds. It is also said sometimes to attack and prey upon other birds. RED-SHOULDERED ORIOLE. Oriolus pheeniceus. O. niger, humeris pheniceis flaco margin- atts. . Black Oriole, with crimson shoulders, margined with yellow. Oriolus pheeniceus. O. niger, alarum tectricibus fulvis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 3 The Red-Winged Starling. Catesby Gace: pl. 13. _ Le Commandeur. Buff. ois. Le Troupiale a ailes rouges. Pl. Eni. 402. Red-Winged Oriole. Lath, syn. Tue size of this species is that of a Starling, and its colour black, the smaller wing-coverts ex- & 429. RED-SHOULDERED ORIOLE. cepted, which are deep scarlet, bounded at the lower part by a yellow or yellowish-white verge: | the bill and legs are black. . The female differs in being of a dusky or brownish colour, with the edges of the plumage whitish or pale, and with a less distinct appearance of the red patch on the shoulders. In this particular indeed the male birds themselves are known to vary considerably in their different stages of growth; and in some the yellowish-white verge is wanting: ) An extremely good description of the general manners of this species is given by Mr. Pennant. “They inhabit,” says he, ‘ from the province of New York to the kingdom of Mexico. In North Ameriea they are called Red-winged Starlings, and Swamp Blackbirds; in Mexico Commendadores, from their red shoulders, resembling a badge worn by the commanders of a certain Spanish order. That kingdom seems to be their most southern residence. They appear in New York in April, and leave the country in October. They probably © continue the whole year in the southern parts, at least Catesby and Lawson make no mention’ of their departure. They are seen in. flocks in- numerable, obscuring at times the very sky with their multitudes. They were esteemed the pest of the colonies, making most dreadful havoc among the maize and other grain, both when'new sown and when ripe. ‘They are very bold, ‘and not to— be terrified with a gun; for notwithstanding the sportsman makes slaughter in a flock, the re- mainder will take a short flight, and settle again’ _RED-SHOULDERED ORIOLE. AIS in. the same field. The farmers sometimes attempt their destruction by steeping the maize ina de- coction of white hellebore before they plant: it. The birds which eat this prepared corn are seized with a vertigo and fall down; which sometimes drives the rest away. This potion is particularly aimed against the Purple Grakle, or Purple Jack- daw, which consorts in myriads with this species, as, if in conspiracy against the labours of the husbandman. The fowler seldom shoots among _ the flocks but some of each kind fall. They ap- pear in greatest numbers in Autumn, when they receive additions from the retired parts of the country, in order to prey on the ripened maize. Some of the colonies have established a reward of threepence a dozen for the extirpation of the Jackdaws; and in New England the intent was almost effected, to the cost of the inhabitants, who at length discovered that Providence had not formed even these seemingly destructive birds in vain. Notwithstanding they caused such havoc among the grain, they made ample recompence by clearing the ground of noxious worms with which it abounds. As soon as the birds were destroyed, the reptiles had full leave to multiply: the consequence was the total loss of the grass in 1749, when the New Englanders, late repentants, were obliged to get their hay from Pensylvania, and even from Great Britain. The Red-Winged Orioles build their nests in bushes, and among the reeds, in retired swamps, in the form of a-hang- nest; leaving it suspended at so judicious a height, 494, RED-SHOULDERED ORIOLE. and by so wondrous an instinct,.that the highest floods never reach to destroy it. The. nest is strong, made externally with broad grass, a little plastered; thickly lined with bent. or: withered grass. The eges are white, thinly and irregularly streaked with black. Fernandez says that in Mexico they build near towns; and both he and Catesby agree that they sing as well in a state of © confinement as of nature; and that they may be taught to speak. I agree with M. de Buffon, that, in case the manner of. their nidification is as Fer- nandez asserts*, the disagreement in the different countries is wonderful. In Louisiana they appear — only in winter, and are taken in a clap-net, placed on each side of a beaten path made on purpose, and strewed over with rice. As soon as the birds alight the fowler draws the net, and sometimes takes three hundred at a haul. They are also eaten in the English Colonies. Fernandez does not commend their flesh, which he says is un- palatable and unwholesome. Du Pratz speaks of two kinds; this, and another which is» grey and black, with a red shoulder, like the species in question. I suspect he forms out of the. young birds, not yet arrived at full colour,:a new kind, or perhaps a female bird; for I have received from Dr. Garden one under that title which agrees with the description given by M. du Pratz. These are streaked with pale rusty brown: cheeks black: * Viz. between the forks of such trees as grow: in swampy ground. : 3 | “BALTIMORE ORIOLE. | 4Q5 over each eye a white line: breast and belly black spotted with pale brown: lesser coverts of the wings rich orange.” | BALTIMORE ORIOLE. , Oriolus Baltimore. 0. niger, subtus fulous, humeris fulvis, remigibus albo marginatis. | Black Oriole, fulvous beneath, with fulvous shoulders, and quill-feathers edged with white. Oriolus Baltimore. O. nigricans, subtus fasciaque alarum fulous. Lin. Syst. Nat. Le Baltimore. Buff. ois. Pl. Eni. 506. Baltimore-Bird. Cazesby Carol. pl. 48. Tue Baltimore Oriole is so named from a simi- larity in its colours to those in the arms of the Baltimore family. It is a very elegant species, not much exceeding a sparrow in size, usually measuring about seven inches in length: the head, neck, and upper part of the back are of a glossy black colour; the rest of the body bright orange; the smaller wing-coverts orange; the greater black with white tips, forming a white bar on that part of the wing: the quill-feathers dusky-black, with whitish edges: the two middle tail-feathers black, the four outer ones orange from the middle to the tip: the bill is lead-coloured, and the legs black. The female differs in being of an olive-brown colour above, with the wings barred and streaked with white, as in the male; the throat black, the under parts yellowish, and the tail saat with yellowish edges. oe View. Ir. 28 4.26 SPURIOUS BALTIMORE. The Baltimore-Bird inhabits the northern parts of America, from Carolina to Canada. It suspends — its nest, according to Mr. Pennant, from the hori- zontal forks of the Tulip or Poplar-trees: it is — formed of tough vegetable filaments curiously in- terwoven, mixed with wool, and lined with hair: ~ in shape it somewhat resembles a pear, and is open _ at the top, and furnished with a hole on the side, for the purpose of more expeditiously feeding the young. ‘This species is said to migrate during the winter from North into South-America. Var. ? SPURIOUS BALTIMORE. - Oriolus spurius. Zin. This is greatly allied to the immediately preceding, both in size and colours; but of a somewhat less brilliant appear- ance; the orange-colour being accompanied by a cast of ferruginous: the smaller wing-coverts are — light bay; the greater black, with whitish edges; and the quills of the same colour, but more inclin- ing to brown: the tail, according to Mr. Pen- nant, cuneiform, and black; the biil and legs lead- coloured. In the female the head and hind part — of the neck are olive-coloured, the throat black, the wing-coverts dusky with white edges, and the — quills of the same colour: the under side of the body greenish yellow, and the tail dusky with _ yellow edges. Native of North America, inhabit-— ing similar regions with the Baltimore Oriole, CHESNUT AND BLACK ORIOLE. 427 from which it may be doubted whether it be es- sentially different, and whether it may not be the same bird in a less advanced state of plumage: yet the tail, inclining to cuneiform, seems to indi- cate a real difference. It is said to hang its nest in apple-trees. CHESNUT AND BLACK ORIOLE. Oriolus castaneus. O. niger, dorso infimo uropygio corporeque subtus castaneo-ferrugineis, remigibus secundariis albo margin- atis, Lath. ind. orn. , Black Oriole, with the lower part of the back, rump, and body beneath chesnut-ferruginous, and the secondary quill-feathers edged with white. . Le Carouge de Cayenne. Pl. Enl. 607. f.1. — Chesnut and black Oriole. Lath. syn. Lenetu six inches: head, neck, breast, and as - far as the middle of the back black: lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, belly, and vent dull ferruginous: smaller wing-coverts the same: greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail black, but the secondaries edged with dull white: bill and legs blue-black. This, which by Catesby is ‘supposed to be the female of the Spurious Balti- more, is by Mr. Latham considered as a distinct species. 428 RED-BREASTED ORIOLE. Oriolus Americanus. 0. niger, gula jugulo pectoreque ruberri- mis, margine alarum rubro, Lath. wd. orn. Black Oriole, with deep-red chin, throat, and breast, and the juncture or border of the wings red. Red-breasted Indian Blackbird. Will. orn. Troupiale de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Pl, Enl. 236. f. 2. Red-breasted Oriole. Lath. syn. ) SMALLER than a Blackbird, measuring about seven inches in length. Native of Guiana and Cayenne, where it builds among the smaller branches of tall trees, forming a long pensile’ nest of a cylindrical shape, and twelve or fifteen inches in circumference: it is composed of dried grasses. This species is said to have a very sweet note, and to imitate that of many other birds. Var. 2 GUIANA ORIOLE. Oriolus Guianensis. Zin. Size of a Thrush: — plumage black, each feather margined with grey: under parts, from the chin to the belly, and con- tinuing between the legs to the vent, red: bill, legs, and claws brown. Perhaps no other than a sexual difference of the Red-breasted Oriole, or in a less advanced state of plumage. Native of Gui- ana. ‘This species is so rouch allied in appearance to the Tanagra militaris of Linnaeus as to make it doubtful whether it may not in reality be the same bird. | 429 RED ORIOLE. Oriolus ruber. O. cinnabarinus, abdomine remigibus rectricibus- que nigro-sericeis, Lath, ind, orn. Cinnabar-red Oriole, with the abdomen, quill, and tail-feathers black. Troupiale rouge d Antique. Sonner. voy. pl. 68. Red Oriole. Lath. syn. SizE of a Blackbird: head, neck, back, and shies bright red: quills, belly, and tail deep black: bill and er blackish: native of Antigua in the isle © of Panay. WEAVING ORIOLE. Oriolus Textor. O. fulvo-luteus, capite fusco-aureo, remigibus rectricibusque nizris, margine fulvis. Lath. ind. orn. Fulvous-yellow Oriole, with golden-brown head, and black wing and tail-feathers edged with fulvous. Le Cap-more. Buff, ois. Troupiale du Senegal. Pl. Eni. 375. 376. Weaver Oriole. Lath. syn. - Size of the European or Golden Oriole: colour orange-yellow, with the quills and tail blackish, edged with orange, and the head brown: varies somewhat in colour in different specimens, and is a native of Senegal: is remarkable for its disposi- tion, when in a state of captivity, to interweave any kind of vegetable or other filaments with which it is supplied, between the wires of its cage; thus exhibiting proofs of its instinctive talent of 430 HANG-NEST ORIOLE. nidification. Its note is said to be strong and sharp. HANG-NEST ORIOLE. 1 Oriolus nidipendulus. O. rubro-fuscus, alis albo variis, pectore abdomine colloque lateribus testaceo-ferrugtneis, medio linea nigra. Lath. ind. orn. Red-brown Oriole, with the wings varied with white, the breast, belly, and neck pale ferruginous, witha black middle line. Icterus minor nidum suspendens, Sloane Jam. p. 300. Hang-nest Oriole. Lath. syn. Tuts species is described by Sir Hans Sloane in his History of Jamaica, who tells us that the, bill is white, surrounded by a black line: the crown of the head, neck, back, and tail reddish-brown: the wings deeper, intermixed with white, and a black line down the middle of the neck, the sides © of which, as well as the breast and belly, are of a philemot colour: he adds, that he had seen one which had a yellower back, the breast and belly bright yellow, and the bill black. This bird, ac- cording to Sir Hans, builds in woods, making its nest of the internal fibres of the parasitic plant popularly known in the West Indies by the title of old man’s beard. (Tillandsia usneoides. Lin.) The nest is placed on the extreme twigs of the tree on which it is built. we > ai Pts AB 1 BANANA ORIOLE. Oriolus Bonana. O. fulvus, capite pectoreque castuneis, dorso remigibus rectricibusque nigris. Lin, Syst. Nat. _ Fulvous Oriole, with chesnut head and breast, and black wings and tail, _ Xanthornus. Briss. av. 2. p. 115. Le Carouge. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 535. f. 1. Bonana-Bird. Brown Jam. p. 477. Bonana Oriole. Lath, syn. Tue length of this species is about seven inches, and in its colours it is somewhat allied to the - Baltimore Oriole. The head, neck, and breast are chesnut; the upper part of the back black; the lower part, rump, belly, thighs, vent, and under wing-coverts orange-red; the vent varied with chesnut: the greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail black: bill black, with greyish base: legs grey. The female differs in being of a less lively colour. Native of the West Indian islands, building its nest in a remarkable manner of fibres and leaves, _ formed into the fourth part ofa globe, and attached to the under side of a. Banana-leaf, in such a man- ner that the leaf itself forms one side of the nest, which, at first’sight, appears to be made of horse- hair, but on a nearer inspection is found to be composed of branched fibres, and which are in reality those of the Tillandsia usneordes. SMALLER BANANA ORIOLE. » Oriolus Xanthornus. O. luteus, gula remigibus rectricibusque nigris. Lin. Syst. Nat. Luteous Oriole, with black throat, quill, and tail-feathers. Le petit Cul-jaune de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Carouge du Mexique. Pl. Enl. 5. f. 1. Lesser Bonana-Bird. Edwards. pl. 243. Lesser Bonana Oriole. Lath. syn. . Lenertu seven inches and a half: colours as de- scribed in the specific character: wing-coverts black, the greater part of them edged with white; and in some specimens entirely white, forming a ‘bar across the wing: the yellow of the body also has sometimes a cast of olive. Native of South America. This bird was by Linneus named, through oversight, Oriolus Mexicanus, a name which he had before applied to a different species. FORK-TAILED ORIOLE. Oriolus furcatus. O. niger, alis caudaque subcerulescentibus, cauda elongata forficata. Black Oriole, with the wings and tail inclining to blueish, the latter lengthened and forked. Icterus cauda bifida. Briss. av. 2. p.105. Turdus niger Mexicanus. Seb. 1. ¢. 65. f. 4 Fork-Tailed Oriole. Lath. syn. Size of a Blackbird: colour wholly black, except the rump, quills, and tail, which have a blueish cast, and the vent, which is white: bill yellow; legs black. Native oF Mexico. 433 YELLOW-WINGED ORIOLE. Oriolus Cayanensis. O. niger, macula alarum lutea. Lin, Syst, Nat. Black Oriole, with a luteous spot on the wings. Carouge de l’isle de St. Thomas. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 535. f.2. Yellow-Winged Pye. Edwards, pl. 322. Yellow-Winged Oriole. Lath. syn. size of a Lark: colour as in the specific charac- _ ter, the yellow spot on the wing being formed by the smaller coverts: tail rather long: bill black; legs lead-colour. Native of Cayenne. WHITE-WINGED ORIOLE. Oriolus leucopterus. O. niger, macula alarum alba. Lath, ind. orn. Black Oriole, with a white spot on the wings. Tangara noir. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 179. f. 2. White-Backed Maize-Thief >? Penn. Arct. Zool. White-Winged Oriole. Lath. syn. Size of a Lark: general colour black, as in the immediately preceding species; bill and legs also black, but the bill stronger than in the former: on the wing-coverts a spot of white. Native of Cayenne. The female is said to be of a rufous colour, pale cinereous beneath, and is the Tangara rour of Buffon, figured in the Planches Enluminées, No. 711. AZ 4, YELLOW-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus icterocephalus. O. niger, capite colloque luteis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Black Oriole, with luteous head and neck. Coiffe-jaune. Buff. vis. Carouge de Cayenne. PJ, Enl. 343. Yellow-Headed Starling. Edwards. pl. 323. Yellow-Headed Oriole. Lath. syn. Lenetu seven inches: bill blackish: lores, or spaces between the bill and eyes black : legs brown. Native of Cayenne. ' : GOLD-HEADED ORIOLE, Oriolus chrysocephalus. O. niger, pileo tectricibus alarum cau- daque luteis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Black Oriole, with the crown of the head, wing-coverts and tail-coverts yellow. Gracula chrysoptera. Merrem. Ic. av. fasc. 1. t. 3. Gold-Headed Oriole. Lath. syn. Leneru about eight inches: colour as in the specific character: bill black; legs lead-colour: tail somewhat lengthened and cuneiform. Native of America, but of what particular regions seems not distinctly known: seems to have been first described by Brisson. | b. 4! wee SCHOMBERGER ORIOLE. Oriolus melancholicus. O. subferrugineus, nigro maculatus, Sascia oculari nigra. Subferruginous Oriole, spotted with black, with a black stripe across the eyes. | O. melancholicus. 0. griseus, nigro punctatus, fascia oculorum alba. Lin, Syst, Nat. Xanthornus nevius. Briss. av. 2. p. 126. The Schomburger. Edwards. pl, 85. $1zE of a Lark, which it considerably resembles in colour, being of a subferruginous brown, varied _ with black, the middle of each feather being of that colour: the sides of the head are black, de- scending on each side in a broken stripe to some distance down the neck: the quill-feathers and _ tail are dusky, with pale rufous edges: the under parts of the bird are considerably paler than the upper, and spotted with black: the bill and legs flesh-colour. Native of Mexico, Var. ? In this the plumage is of a brighter cast, or "more inclining to orange-colour: the head is marked on each side by a white eye-stripe, border- ed above and below with black: the irides reddish orange. Native of Cayenne: described by Brisson. 436 - a 2 pi SHARP-TAILED ORIOLE. Oriolus caudacutus. O. subferrugineo-cinereus, albido nigroque | varius, cauda subfasciata, rectricibus acuminatis. Subferruginous ash-coloured Oriole, with black and whitish variegations, and obscurely fasciated tail ‘with pointed feathers. Oriolus caudacutus. O. varius, rectricibus apice acuminatis. - t | Lath. ind. orn. Sharp-Tailed Oriole. Lath. syn. | Size similar to that of the Schomberger, to which ‘this species is considerably allied in point of co- lour, being of a cinereous brown above, with — blackish and white variegations, and beneath of a pale orange-yellow, spotted with brown: sides of the head dull orange, with a brown stripe across the eyes, widening into a patch beneath: crown — brown: wing-feathers brown with ferruginous edges: throat and lower part of the abdomen — white: tail olive,.with obscure dusky bars, and with the feathers sharp-pointed: bill and legs brown. Native of North America: first Paile esd by Mr. Pennant, BUFFONIAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Buffonianus. O. capite curporeque anteriore canis, posteriore tectricibusque albis; remigibus nigris, cauda albo nigroque dimidiata. Oriole with head and fore-parts of the body grey, hind parts and wing-coverts white, quill-feathers black, and tail black and white. | Oriolus Sinensis. 0. albus, capite collo dorso anteriore pectore- que griseo-cinereis, remigibus chalybeis, reciricibus albo chaly- beoque dimidiatis. Lath. ind. orn. Le Kink. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 617. Kink Oriole. — Lath. syn. Descrizep by the Count de Buffon, who says it is smaller than a Blackbird, with the head, neck, beginning of the back, and the breast, ash-grey, which on the upper parts gradually deepens as it approaches the back: the rest of the body, both above and below, is white, as are also the wing- coverts, but the wings are black, with greenish and violet reflexions, like polished steel: the tail is short, rounded, and varied with steel-colour and white, the two middle feathers being of the former colour, with white tips, the rest gradually exhibit- ing a greater quantity of white to the two outside ones, which are white with a steel-coloured spot at the base: the hill is red, and the Tepe flesh- colour. Native of China. 458 JAMACATI ORIOLE. y Oriolus Jamacaii. O. flavus, capite collo subtus remigibus rectri- cibusque nigris, dorso hen nigra, tectricum macula alba. Lath, ind. orn. Yellow Oriole, with the head, neck, beneath quill and tail- feathers black, a black bar on the back, and a white spot on the coverts. Oriolus Jamacaii. Lin. Gmel. Le Carouge du Bresil. Buff. ois. Brasilian Oriole. Lath. syn, No. 27. Descrisep by Buffon: length near ten inches: head and fore-part of the neck black, the rest of the body yellow: between the wings a black mark: wing-coverts black with a white spot in the middle: quills and tail black: bill black with blue base; legs brown: native of Brasil, constructing its nest beneath a Banana-leaf, of fine rushes lined with hair; fastening it by means of long threads, pass- ing across the leaf in different places, to the ribs and edges alternately; the nest resembling a deep pouch sewed to the leaf. In his Synopsis of Birds Mr. Latham names this species the Brasilian | Oriole, a. name which he has also, through over- sight, applied to a much smaller bird of this genus. et Li 439 RICE ORIOLE.., - Oriolus oryzivorus. O. niger, capite collo pectoreque purpureo= nitentibus. Lath. ind. orn. Black Oriole, with the head, neck, and breast glossed with purple. 7 ie Rice Oriole. Lath, syn. Leneru nine inches: general colour of the plumage black, the head and neck glossed with purple: tail longish: bill an inch and a half long, stout, and black, the base of the upper mandible rounded, and passing far back on the forehead. Native of South America: said to feed much on rice. GREY ORIOLE. Oriolus cinereus. O, flavo nigroque varius, dorso femoribus abdomineque cinereis. Lath. ind. orn. Oriole variegated with black and yellow; the back, thighs, and abdomen grey, Le Tocolin. Buff. ois. Grey Oriole. Lath. syn. on Size of a Starling, and varied with black and yellow, except on the back, thighs and abdomen, which are ash-coloured. Native of South America. AAO | re JACAPANI ORIOLE. Oriolus Jacapani. O. fusco nigroque subtus albo flavoque varius, — lineis tranversis nigricantibus, capite Cone nigricantibus. Lath. ind. orn, Oriole variegated with black and brown, beneath with black and yellow, with transverse blackish lines, and with blackish head and tail. ae Jacapani. Rait. syn. Will. orn. Jacapani Oriole. Lath. syn. ‘Size of a Starling: bill long, black, and a little curved: irides gold-colour: head blackish: hind part of the neck, back, wings, and rump, varied with black and light brown: tail blackish above, ‘spotted beneath with white: breast, belly, and thighs, mixed white and yellow, with transverse black lines: legs dusky: native of South America. — : NEW-SPAIN ORIOLE: Oriolus Costototl. O. niger, pectore abdomine crisso caudaque fulvis nigro variegatis, tectricibus alarum subtus albo nigroque varus. Lath.ind. orn. Black Oriole, with the breast, betty! vent, and tail. Reba, _ varied with black, and the wing- -coverts varied sein in with — black and white. Yochitotl and Costototl. Buff. ois. New-Spain Oriole. Lath. syn. No. 11. Sizz of the immediately preceding: described by bi Brisson: head, throat, neck, back, rump, and upper part of tail-coverts, black: breast, belly, sides, and» sip {agai HUDSONIAN WHITE-HEADED ORIOLE. 441 under tail-coverts saffron-colour, varied with black. The young are said to be yellow, except the tips of the wings, which are black, Native of New- Spain. WHITE-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus leucocephalus,. O. nigro alboque varius, capite collo '— abdomine uropygioque albis, cauda cuneiformi. Lath. ind. orn. Black and white Oriole, with head, neck, abdomen, and rump white, and cuneated tail. White-Headed Oriole. Penn. Arct. Zool. Cassique de la Louisiane. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 646. ‘Descrisep by Mr. Pennant. Length about ten inches: head, neck, belly, and rump white: the rest of the plumage changeable violet-black, bor- _ dered with white, or, in some parts, intermixed: -bill black; legs lead-colour: tail slightly cunei- form. Native of Louisiana. Var. ? HUDSONIAN WHITE-HEAPED ORIOLE. Described by Mr. Pennant. Length eight inches and a half: head and throat pure white: ridge of the wing, some of the under coverts, the first pri- mary, and the thighs, of the same colour: all the rest of the bird dusky, in some parts glossed with green: on the breast a few oblong white streaks: bill and legs dusky. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay, where it is extremely rare: perhaps a sexual dif- ference of the immediately preceding. Vi VU, P. II. 29 4A, ST. DOMINGO ORIOLE. Oriolus Dominicensis. 0. niger, corpore postico tectricibus alarum maculaque luteis, Lath, ind. orn. Black Oriole, with the hind part of the body, the wing-coverts, and spot on the wings, yellow. Carouge de St. Domingue. Buf, ois. Pl. Enl. 5. f. 2. St. Domingo Oriole. Lath, syn. Lencru eight inches: general colour black, ex- | cept a part of the smaller wing-coverts, and the lower part of the belly and vent, which are yellow. Native of South America, and the West Indian islands; building in lofty trees, and forming a pendulous purse-shaped nest. BLACK ORIOLE. Oriolus niger. O. nizro-virescens, remigibus rectricibusque lateralibus intus subtusque nigris, Lath. ind. orn.’ Greenish-black Oriole, with the lateral quill and tail-feathers black within and beneath. Troupiale noir. Buff. ois, Pl, Enl. 534. Black Oriole. Lath. syn. Penn. Arct. Zool. ‘Sizx of a Starling: bill and legs black. Before it has arrived at its full colour this species is said to be undulated with ferruginous. The female is greenish brown, with the head and under parts subcinereous. Native of North America. 4 AS ‘SMALLER BLACK ORIOLE. . Oriolus minor. O. niger nitidus capite ccrulescente. Lath. nd, orn. Glossy-black Oriole, with bineish head. Petit Troupiale noir. Buff. ois. Troupiale de la Caroline. Pl. Enl. 606. f. 1. (fem.) Lester Black Oriole. Lath. syn. Lenetu near seven inches: bill black: in the female the head is of a less intense black than in the male, and the wings and tail are of a blueish cast. Described by Buffon. Native of North- America. STRIPED-HEADED ORIOLE. Oriolus radiatus. O. utesapetcschns: capite colloque subtus nigri- cantibus albo punctatis, tectricibus alarum remigibusque nigris margine albis. Lath, ind. orn. Luteo-rubescent Oriole, with the head and the neck Renee blackish speckled with white, and the wing-coverts and quill-feathers black edged with white. - Merula bicolor. Aldrov. Le Loriot 4 tete rayée. Buff. ois. Striped-Headed Oriole. Lath. syn. Size rather smaller than that of a Blackbird: head and throat black with white tips, giving the appearance of being elegantly striped: wings black, the feathers edged with white: remainder of the bird orange-coloured: bill and legs the same. Native country unknown. Described by Aldro- vandus, AAA UNALASHKAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Unalaschke. O. fuscus, collo subtus ferrugineo-fusto, loris macula alba, guia aibida striga fusca bifida. Lath. ind. orn. ,, : Brown Oriole, with the neck beneath ferruginous-brown, the lores marked by a white spot, and the throat whitish with a bifid brown streak. | Oriolus Aoonalashkensis. Lath. ind. orn. Unalashkan Oriole. Penn. Aret. Zool. Leneru eight inches: colour brown, the under parts ferruginous; the wing-coverts, second quill- feathers, and tail, edged with that colour; and beneath the throat, which is whitish, is an oblique brown streak on each side. Native of Unalaschka. YELLOW-THROATED ORIOLE. Oriolus virescens. 0. virescens, genis gula superciliisque ltets, tectricibus alarum albo marginatis. Lath. ind. orn. Greenish Oriole, with luteous cheeks, throat, and brows, and wing-coverts edged with white. Yellow-Throated Oriole, Penn. Arct. Zool. Descrizep by Mr. Pennant. Length between seven and eight inches: colour olive-green, with some of the wing-coverts tipped with white : cheeks, throat, and brows yellow: bill and legs dusky. This seems much allied to the Oriolus Capensis of Mr. Latham, or Olive Oriole of Pennant. AAS CARTHAGENA ORIOLE. Oriolus Cartagenensis. 0, fusco rufoque varius, eorpore subtus uropygioque flavis, capite nigro, superciliis gulaque albis. Lath, ind. orn, suppl. 2. ‘Oriole with brown and rufous variegations, the body beneath and rump yellow, the head black, and the throat and brows _ white. Oriolus Cartagenensis. Scop, ann. 1. p. 40. Size of the Common or Golden Oriole: colour rufous, spotted with black: head black, with a white streak on each side to the nape: throat white; breast, belly, and rump yellow. Described by Scopoli, from a specimen in the Imperial Menagerie at. Vienna, and which was brought from Carthagena by Jacquin. It was of a noisy and unquiet disposition. a= RUSTY ORIOLE. Oriolus ferrugineus. O. niger, pennarum margine ferrugineo, capite et cervice ex i purpurascentibus, abdomine sordido, Lin. Gmel. Black Oriole, with the edges of the feathers ferruginous, the head and neck blackish-purple, and the abdomen dusky. Rusty Oriole. Penn, Arct. Zoal. Lath. syn. Descrizep by Mr. Pennant. Length between — seven and eight inches; head and hind part of the neck blackish-purple, with the edges of the feathers ferruginous: from the bill over and beneath the eyes extends a black space reaching to the hind 446 WHISTLER ORIOLEs part of the head: throat and under side of the neck, the breast, and back, black edged with pale ferruginous: bill dusky: wings and tail black, with a gloss of green. ‘Native of North America, appearing in New York in the latter end of Octo- ber, and making but a short stay; being probably on its way southwards from Hudson’s Bay, where it is also found. WHISTLER ORIOLE. Oriolus viridis. O, fusco-olivaceus, subtus wropygioque ‘viridi- olivaceus, remigibus fuscis extus olvvaceis intus albicantibus. Lath. ind. orn. | Brown-olive Oriole, beneath and on the rump green-olive, with brown quill-feathers olivaceous on their outer and whitish on their inner edges. Icterus minor viridis. Briss. av. Troupiale de St. Domingue, Siffleur. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 236. ‘fetal Whistler Oriole. Lath. syn. - Descrinep by Brisson. Length near seven inches: head, throat, neck, and upper part of the back olive-brown: breast the same, but with a cast of rufous: lower part of the back, rump, belly, sides, upper and lower tail-coverts, and smaller wing-coverts, olive-green: under wing- coverts and edge of the wing yellow: larger wing- coverts brown with yellow edges: tail olive: bill dusky; legs grey. Native of St. Domingo. 447 Var. ? Oriolus Capensis. Olive Oriole. Lath. Length seven inches: colour above olive-brown, beneath yellow: crown of the head greyish; throat and fore part of the neck dull orange: edge of the wing yellow: coverts and quills brown, with olive edges and tips: tail the same. Said to vary sometimes, according to Buffon, in having the throat black. Native of North America, and seems too much allied to the immediately preceding to be consi- dered as specifically distinct, and perhaps the same may be said of the Vellow-throated Oriole, before described. BLUE ORIOLE. Oriolus czruleus. O. cinereo-nigricans, capite alis caudague cerulers. Blackish-grey Oriole, with blue head, wings and tail. Pica Maderaspatana minima. Raii syn. ~~ Blue Oriole. Lath, syn, _ Descrizep long ago ie Ray, under the name of Small Blue Gee colour rayen-grey or blackish, with blue head, wings, and tail, and rufous bill: said to inhabit India, and to be the smallest at all the Orioles nee discovered. 448 CAYENNE OLIVE ORIOLE. Oriolus olivaceus. O. olivaceus, capite gula juguloque fuscis nitidis, pectore flavescente. Lath. ind. orn. ‘ Olive Oriole, with glossy-brown head and throat, and yellow breast. Troupiale olive de Cayenne. Buff. ois, Pl. Enl. 606. f. 2. Descrisep by Buffon. Head, throat, and fore part of the neck and throat bright glossy brown, inclining to orange on the breast; remainder of the body olive, paler beneath: quill-feathers black~ ish, edged with brown: bill and legs black. Na- tive of North America. SLOANIAN ORIOLE. Oriolus Sloanianus. O. fuscus dorso nigro maculato, gula pectoreque flavis fusco. maculatis, abdomine albo. 3 Brown Oriole, with the back spotted with black, the throat and breast yellow spotted with brown, and white abdomen. Oriolus Brasiliensis, O. flavus, pectore maculato, capite dorsoque Suscis nigro maculutis, abdomine albo, cauda alisque fuscis apice albis. Lath. ind. orn. Muscicapa e fusco et luteo varia. Sloane Jam. p. 309. 43. Brasilian Oriole. Lath, syn. No. 9. : ‘Tuts is a very small species, measuring only about four inches in length, and is described by Sir Hans Sloane in his Natural History of Jamaica. The bill is round, nearly strait, and half an inch long: the head and back light brown, spotted with black: the tail an inch and half long, and brown, SLOANIAN ORIOLE, 449 as well as the wings, which are whitish at the end: the parts about the eyes, throat, sides of the neck, and tail-coverts, are yellow ; the breast the same, spotted with brown: the belly white: the legs an inch and quarter long, and brown; the toes yellow. It inhabits Jamaica, where it is said to be common about the town of St. J ago, frequenting bushes, GRACULA. GRAKLE. Generic Character. fostrum convexo-cultra- || Bili convex, thick, some- tum, crassiusculum, basi what compressed on the — nudiusculum. sides, cultrated. — Nares parve, prope basin |! Nostrils small, near the base rostri, sepius prope mar- of the bill; often near the ginem. edge. Lingua integra,acutiuscula, || Tongue entire, rather sharp _ caynosa. | pointed, fleshy. Pedes ambulatorii, Feet formed for walking: middle toe connected at the base to the out- most. Aut the species of this genus are Extra-Euro- pean birds; and the principal species are natives of Asia and America, They feed chiefly on insects and fruits. Os iy MG «0 LE LE ap fi Yer. ae He Vox Fly 5 WH} A CY Aa ee v Ny DIN 449, f A EAA CSS GEN STON Min. p= ty TE Ni; AK WWM oe INDIAN GRAKLE 18008 Oct Lontion Lublifhu ad by GIearslev £i leet Street. Heath sculp. INDIAN GRAKLE. Gracula religiosa. G. nigro-violacea, macula alarum alba, fascia occipitis nuda flava. Lin, Syst. Nat. Violet-black Grakle, with white’ SPO ¢ on the wings, and a naked yellow occipital band. Sturnus Indicus. Bont. Jav. Bontius’s Indian Stare. Will. orn, Minor or Mino. Edwards. pl. 17. Le Mainate. - Buff. ois. Mainate des Indes orientales. Pl, Enl. 268. Minor Grakle. Lath. syne 3 Or elie Pees Oe species there are two varie- ties or races, exactly resembling each other in every respect except in size. Both have been well described by Edwards, ; in his usual plain and unadorned style. The Greater Minor,” says he, « for bigness equals a J ackdaw or Magpye; the lesser hardly exceeds a Blackbird, so.that the one is at least twice as. big as the other: they have middle-sized heads, pretty plump round bodies, and short tails: the legs of a middling length: the bill is pretty thick at the basis, from upper to under side, but something compressed sideways; of a red colour towards the head, and a yellow point in the lesser bird, and all over yellow in the sreater: the bill ends in a point not very suddenly or sharp: the feathers on each side point into the. bill as far as the nostrils: the eyes are hazel- coloured in both: on the hinder part of the head in both are two little flaps of yellow skin in the form of crescents with the points upwards, one 432 INDIAN GRAKLE. corner of each being behind the eyes, the other corners uniting in the hinder part of the head: under the eyes are other yellow bare spots of skin, which are joined to the before-mentioned in a manner not easy to express but by the figure. I have been the more full in this particular because Mr. Albin has published this bird, and falsely de- scribed these marks, which are characteristicks, both in his figure and description. I have had oppor- tunity to examine several of these birds, though ~ they are very rare: the head, neek, whole body, wings, and tail, are covered with black feathers of a great lustre, shining in different lights with blue, preen, and purple glosses: the feathers on the hinder part of the head, that are encompassed by the bare flaps of skin, resemble hairs or velvet for their fineness: the bottoms of some of the first of the quills are white, which form a white spot in the middle of the wing: the legs and feet are of a yellow colour, inclining to orange in the lesser bird, more yellow in the greater: the claws light brown. Whether these two birds, so unequal in size, though so exact in likeness, be male and female of the same species, I leave to the judgment of the curious.” | These birds are found in various parts of India and the Indian islands: they are of a lively and docile disposition, and when kept in a state of confinement, imitate with great facility the vari- ous sounds within hearing, and even learn to speak with greater distinctness than most of the Parrot tribe, ' Io Wa} Wh Vy Yay YW, i My by ADS Li ~e eo > CRESTED GRAKLE 1808. Sp! 1 Londow Lublifhad by Ghearstey Liect Sect. CRESTED GRAKLE. 453 The bird described by Bontius, in his History of Java, under the title of the Indian Starling, is supposed to be no other than a varicty of the Minor; seeming. to differ in having the ee varied by” cinereous spots. “It > weer says Willughby, ‘from Bontius, “ man’s voice much more accurately than a Parrot, so that oftentimes it is troul le ome with its prattle.” | bay one as “CRESTED GRAKLE. cula ial: 6 nigra, sie cristata,: remigibus pri- rectricibusque. apice albis, rostro flavo. kle, with frontal crest, , greater quill-feathers white at their bate ta |-feathers at their tip, and. yellow bill. Gracula cristatella. ~ G. nigra, 7 remig cibus- primoribus basi rectri- cibusque apice albis, rostro fl fl avo. Lin, re! Nat. Le Merle hupé de la hing, Buf a ois. Crested Grakle. Lath. Le Se 4 a ae wa ages My ~ Tuts species is deicnied by Fawards itider the title of Chinese Starling. “It is,” says Edwards, * about the bigness of the lesser sort of Minor: the bill is pretty thick towards. the head, strait; grows gradually more slender, and ends in a point, of a yellow colour: yet the lower mandible, towards the head, inclines more to red: the nostrils are low on each side, pretty near the slit of the mouth: the eye is of a fine gold or orange-colour: it has ' on the forehead, just at the basis of the bill, a re- markable tuft of feathers, which it can erect at pleasure in form of a crest: the crown of the head \' A fe fi : ewe Shed CRESTED GRAKLE. is flat: the head, neck, whole body, wings, and tail, are of a black colour, not glossy and shining with splendid colours as in the Minor, nor quite so dark as our common Blackbird, but seems to incline a little to a dirty blue: the bottoms of some .of the first quills, next the belly, are white, which forms a white spot in each wing: though the tail is black, yet the side-feathers are tipped with white: the legs and feet are of a dull yellow: the claws of a light colour.” This species is a native of China, where it is said to be highly esteemed, and is kept in cages as a singing-bird. It is also a native of some parts of India. ig she Mr. Latham records a supposed variety of this species in the British Museum, and which is said to have been received from India. This differs in being brown, with black head and neck; the greater quills white, but black towards the tips; the tail black with white tip. PARADISE GRAKLE. _ Gracula tristis. G. fusca, capite colloque nigricantibus, area pone oculos triangulari nuda rubra. Brown Grakle, with blackish head and neck, and naked trian- gular red space behind each eye. i Paradisea tristis. P. area nuda pone oculos triangulari, cape colloque fuscis, Lin. Syst. Nat. _ Le Martin. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl, 219. Paradise Grakle. Lath, syn. Tuis species was by Linnzus referred to the genus Paradisea, under the title of Paradisea tristis, on account of the obscurity of its colours in comparison with the rest of that splendid tribe. Its size is rather superior to that of a Blackbird, and its colour chesnut-brown, the head and neck — black, but the latter tinged with grey: the plumes on the fore part of the head are fine and narrow, and behind each eye is a moderately large sub- triangular bare space of a red colour, in some specimens possessing nearly the whole space of the cheek; the abdomen is white; the tail dark brown, the lateral feathers tipped with white: the larger quill-feathers are of a dusky or blackish colour, with white bases, forming an oblong white spot on the upper edge of each wing: the bill is - moderately thick, and yellow, as are likewise the legs. The female is said to resemble the male in colours. This bird is a native of India and the Pi hilippine islands, and is said to be of a very voracious na- ture, feeding both on animal and vegetable food, 456 PARADISE GRAKLE. and is particularly fond of locusts and grasshoppers. On this head the Count de Buffon relates a curious anecdote. The island of Bourbon, where these birds were unknown, was overrun with locusts, which had unfortunately been introduced from Madagascar; their eggs having been imported in the soil with some plants which were brought from that island. In consequence of this, Monsr. Desforges Boucher; Governor General of the isle of Bourbon, and Monsr. de Poivre, the Intendant, perceiving the desolation which was taking place, deliberated seriously on the means of extrpating the noxious insects; and for that purpose caused. to be introduced into the island several pair of the Paradise Grakle from India. This plan promised to succeed; but unfortunately some of the colo- nists, observing the birds eagerly thrusting their bills into the earth of the new-sown fields, imagined that they were in quest of the grain, and reported that the birds, instead of proving beneficial, would, on the contrary, be highly detrimental to the country. The cause was considered in form, On the part of the birds it was argued, that they raked in the new-ploughed grounds not for the sake of the grain, but the imsects; and were therefore beneficial. ‘They were however proscribed by the council; and in the space of two hours after the sentence was pronounced against them, not a Grakle was to be found in the island. This prompt execution was however followed by a speedy re- pentance: the locusts gained the ascendency, and the people, who only view the present, regret- PARADISE GRAKLE. 454 _ ted the loss of the Paradise Grakles. Monsr. de Morave, consulting the inclinations of the settlers, procured three or four of these birds eight years after their proscription. They were received with transports of joy. Their preservation and breed- ing were made a state affair: the laws held out protection to them, and the physicians on their part declared their flesh to be unwholesome. After so many powerful! expedients for their welfare, the desired effect was produced: the Grakles multi- plied, and the locusts were destroyed. But, an Opposite inconvenience has since arisen. The birds, supported no longer by insects, have had recourse to fruits, and have fed on the mulberries, grapes, and dates: they have even scratched up the grains of wheat, rice, maize, and beans: they have rifled the pigeon-houses, and preyed on the young; and thus, after freeing the settlers from the locusts, they have themselves become a more formidable scourge. ‘This however is perhaps an exaggeration; since Mr. Latham in his second supplement observes, on the subject of this bird, that Monsr. Duplessin, who had resided many years in the isle of Bourbon, had given his opinion that the Paradise Grakle might be advantageously introduced into that part of Spain nearest the coasts of Africa for a similar purpose, and added, that, so far from its having become a nuisance in the isle of Bourbon, the laws for its preservation were still in force. This bird, according to Buffon, is of the same lively and imitative disposition with the Indian V- VII. P. 11. — 39 a | PURPLE GRAKLE. Grakle, and when young, is easily taught to speak. If kept in the poultry-yard, it spontaneously mimics the cries of all the domestic animals, hens, © cocks, geese, dogs, sheep, &c. and this chattering is accompanied by many singular gesticulations, PURPLE GRAKLE. Gracula Quiscula, G. nigro-purpurea nitida, iridibus subar- genteis, cauda rotundata. i) Purple-black glossy Grakle, with subargenteous irides, and rounded tail. :; Gracula Quiscula. G. nigro-violacea, cauda rotundata. Lin. Syst. Nat. Purple Jackdaw. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 12. Barbadoes Blackbird. Brown Jam. p. 476. La Pie de la Jamaique. Buff. ois. Purple Grakle. -Lath. syn, Penn. Arct. Zool. Tus species, which is a native of North-America, is known in the United States by the title of Purple Jackdaw, or Purple Maize-Thief. Its size is that of a Blackbird, and its colour on all parts black, richly glossed with purple, particularly on the head and neck; the rest of the plumage being ac- companied by green and copper-coloured reflex- ions: the female differs in being entirely of a dusky - black, without any lustre: the irides in both sexes are of a silvery grey, and the bill and legs black. These birds, according to Mr. Pennant, “ in- habit the same countries with the Red-Winged Orioles, and generally mingle with them: they sometimes keep separate, but usually combine in PURPLE GRAKLE. A459 their ravages among the plantations of Maize. After that grain is carried in, they feed on the seeds of the Water Tare-Grass or Zizania aquatica. Their good qualities in clearing the country from ‘Many noxious insects have been before recited in the history of the Red-Winged Oriole. They appear in New York and Philadelphia in February or — the beginning of March, and sit perched on trees near the farms, and give a tolerably agreeable note. They also build in trees, usually in retired places, making their nests externally with coarse stalks, ‘Intermixed with bents and fibres, with plaister at the bottom. ‘They lay five or six eggs, of a pale ~ blue colour, thinly spotted and striped with black. After the breeding-season they return with their young from their most distant quarters, in flights continuing for miles in length, blackening the very sky, in order to make their depredations on the ripening maize. It is unfortunate that they in- crease in proportion as the country is more culti- vated; following the maize in places where they were before unknown, wheresoever that grain is introduced. They migrate from the northern colonies at the approach of winter; but continue in Carolina the whole year, feeding about the barn door. ‘Their flesh is rank and unpalatable, and is only the food of birds of prey. ‘The small Hawks dash among the flocks, and catch them in the air. They are also found in Mexico, and in the island of Jamaica.” 460 BOAT-TAILED GRAKLE. Gracula Barita. G. purpureo-nigricans cauda supra concava. Purple-blackish Grakle, with the tail concave above. | Gracula Barita. G. subgrisea, humeris ceruleis, remigibus extus viridibus. Lin, Syst. Nat. Monedula tota nigra. Sloan. Jam. Boat-Tailed Grakle. Penn. Arct. Zool. Lath. syn. Tis species inhabits the greater Antilles and the warmer parts of North America, where it associates with the immediately preceding species, and with the Red-Winged Orioles, feeding on maize, insects, &c. Its size is that of a Cuckow, and its length about thirteen inches: its colour totally black with a gloss of purple and green on the upper parts. It is distinguished by a remark- able particularity in the structure of the tail, which is deeply concave above, somewhat resembling the appearance of a boat, or, as Mr. Latham ob- serves, the tail of a hen inverted. When the bird is on the ground it is always observed to carry its tail expanded, but when flying, or perched, folds it up in the manner above described. In North America it is observed to breed in swamps, and to migrate in September, after which time none are seen. i“ o e, 4G 2, it 6 4, , Per eas 2 ‘F 1, pe eee $ ; dist id 5 PP i o ene fe, een wo oes RAYON yyy N AX \ NW Qn \ AALS Ah \ a\\ eA BALD GRAKLE 1608 Se@p'2 Lublifrd by Ghearster Fleet Street. o 461 BALD GRAKLE. Gracula cava, | G: poeigereas capite utringue nie Tin, Syst. Nat, CF CRD Le Goulin. Buf. ois. qe ee ae Merle chauve des Philippines. ‘Pl. Enl. 200. i oy Bald Grakle. Lath. fe z ks Bd ne Bigch e5 A REMARKABLE species. ‘Length ten inches: colour on the “upper parts bright cinereous; be- neath greyish brown: wing-coverts, quills, and tail deep or blackish brown: bill and legs brown: from the base of the bill to the hindhead a narrow stripe of short brown feathers; the rest of the head naked and of a flesh-colour, which, on any particu- lar irritation, 1s said to become of a deep red. In its shades of colour the plumage of this bird sometimes observed to vary; individuals having been seen which were of a deeper colour than usual, and others which were clouded beneath with white. This species is a native of the Philippine isles, where it is said to build in the hollows of trees, and especially of the Cocoa-nut tree. It feeds on fruits, is extremely voracious, and is said to have a loud chattering note, 4 462 NOISY GRAKLE. Gracula strepera. G. nigra, macula alari alba, cauda bast apiceque alba. Black Grakle, with white wing-spot, and tail ‘tabla at the base and tip. Corvus graculinus. C. niger, remigum rectricumque basi apice- gue cuude albis. Whites Journ. of a ie to New South Wales. Append, p. 251. Coracias strepera. Lath. ind. orn. Noisy Roller. Lath. syn. Tus bird, which is a native of New Holland, is described in Mr. White’s Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales under the title of the White- Vented Crow. It is about the size of a Magpie, and in shape not much unlike one, except that the tail is not cuneated, but has all the feathers of equal length: the bird is entirely black, except the vent, the base of the tail-feathers, that of the larger quill-feathers, and the tip of the tail, which are white; the white base of the larger quill- feathers gives the appearance of a white spot on the middle of the wings when closed: the beak is black, very strong, rather lengthened, the upper. mandible slightly emarginated near the tip, and the lower mandible of a pale colour at that part: the legs moderately strong, and black. In Mr. White’s Voyage, above referred to, I have consi- dered this bird as a species of Corvus; but am at present inclined to think it more properly a species of Gracula. Mr. Latham ranks it under the genus Coracias, It is said to be of a noisy and restless BARE-NECKED GRAKLE. 463 disposition, resembling in its manner the European Magpie. BARE-NECKED GRAKLE. -Gracula nudicollis. G. nigra, capite sericeo, colli lateribus nudis rubris, alis griseo-ceruleis. Black Grakle, with silky head, sides of the neck naked and red, and blue-grey wings. Corvus nudus. C. niger, pileo ex mollioribus plumis contexto, collo rarius plumis tecto. Lin, Gmel, Bare-Necked Crow. Lath. syn. Gracula nuda. G. nigra, capite tomentoso sericeo, postice et lateribus subcalvo, neanigibus extus oblique cerulescentibus. Lath. and, orn, Le Colnud de Cayenne. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 600. Le Col nu. Levaill, ois. nowv. et rares de l Amerique & des Indes. pl. 45, 40. Tus bird is by Mr. Latham, in his Synopsis, considered as a species of Corvus, and by Monsr. Levaillant asan Ampelis. Its size is rather larger than that of a Jackdaw, and its colour black, ac- companied by a gloss of blue, and the edges of the -wing-coverts and quill-feathers are blue-grey: the feathers in front of the head and beneath the Dill resemble black velvet: the great particularity of the bird consists in the naked appearance of the sides of the neck, the skin of which is of a red colour, and merely exhibits a few slight rudiments of minute plumes scattered over the skin: the bill and legs are black; the eyes of a reddish brown; and beneath each is a naked square spot of a | 464. -. PIED GRAKLE. yellow colour. It is a native of South America, -and seems to have been first described by Buffon, who has considered it as a species of Crow. ‘The female differs in being of a more ici. black than the male, PIED GRAKLE. ~ Gracula varia. G. albo nigroque varia, rostro pedibusque plum- beis. Variegated black and white Grakle, with lead-coloured bill and legs, Coracias varia. C. migra, alis albo wetdieis dorso postico uropygio corporeque subtus albis, rectricibus lateralibus albo terminatis. Lath. ind. orn. Cassican de la nouvelle Guinée. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 628. Pied Roller. Lath. syn. | Tuts species, which is described by Buffon, from a specimen communicated by Sonnerat, is sup- posed to be a native of New-Guinea. Its length is rather more than thirteen inches, and its colour a variegation of black and white: the bill is rather large, strong, sharp, and of a blueish grey colour with a blackish tip, somewhat hooked at the point: the head, neck, beginning of the back, edge of the wing, greater quill-feathers, and tail, are black, the latter tipped with white: the wing-coverts white, slightly marked with black, and the breast, abdo- men, and rump white: the legs moderately stout, rather short, and of a blackish lead-colour. Buffon considered this bird as allied in some degree to- the genera of Ramphastos and Oriolus; but Mr. PIPING GRAKLE. ~~ 465 Latham is inclined to regard it as a species of Coracias. PIPING GRAKLE. Gracula Tibicen. G. nigra, nucha tectricibus alarum crisso caudaque (excepto upice) albis. Black Grakle, with the nape, wing-coverts, vent, and tail ' (except at the tip) white. Coracias Tibicen. C. nigra, nucha tectricibus alarum crisso cau= daque (excepto apice) albis, Lath, ind. orn. suppl. Piping Roller. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. Tue length of this species, which by Mr. Latham is considered as belonging to the genus Coracias, is about nineteen inches: the bill blue, rather more than two inclies long, strait, but bent at the tip of the upper mandible: the general colour of the plumage deep black, except the nape, wing- coverts, bases of some of the larger quiil-feathers, rump, and vent, all which are white, as is also the tail for more than half its length, the remainder or tip part being black: the legs are grey. This bird is a native of New Holland, where it is known by the name of Tarra-war-nang, and is said to have a fine note, resembling that of a flute, and to prey on the smaller birds. 466 FETID GRAKLE. Gracula foetida. G. nigra, remigibus extus ceerulescentibus, fascia collari nuda, Lin. Syst. Nat. | : Black Grakle, with the outsides of the quill-feathers blueish, and a naked band on the neck. | Fetid Grakle. Lath. syn. Descrigep by Linnzeus from Rolander, who says it is of the size of a Magpie; the bill somewhat like that of a Cuckow: the tongue plain, fleshy, and pointed: the nostrils oval and naked: the head black, covered with upright, short, velvet- like feathers; the body black, the outer edge of the quills blueish, and the tail even at the end. Native of South America. From the circumstance of its being furnished, a¢cording to the specific character, with a naked collar on the neck, it should seem allied to the Gracula religiosa. LONG-BILLED GRAKLE. Gracula longirostra. G. cinereo-fusca, subtus flavescens, capite collo caudaque nigris, rectricibus apice maculaque alarum albis. Lath. ind. orn. 7 Cinereous-brown Grakle, yellowish beneath, with black head and neck, wings marked by a white spot, and tail tipped with white. Gracula longirostra. Pall. Spicil. 6. t. 2.f. 2. Long-Billed Grakle. Lath. syn. Descrisep by Dr, Pallas. Size smaller than the European Bee-Eater: bill thirteen lines long, and ~ LONG-BILLED GRAKLE. | 464 a little bent: irides dusky: nostrils placed in a ' hollow almost in the middle of the bill, and not as in most of the Grakles, at the base: they are covered with a smooth black membrane: above the angles of the mouth are two black bristles, and a smaller ferruginous one behind them: tongue plain, and deeply bifid at the tip, with lacerated edges: head and neck black: back brown, inclin- ing to ferruginous towards the rump: beneath, from throat to vent, the plumage is of a dingy yellow, the sides under the wings traversed by black lines: on each side the neck is a naked wrinkled longitudinal band or stripe, nearly covered by the adjacent feathers: the wings are of a dusky black colour, the shoulders inclining to brown: all the greater quill-feathers are white at the base, ' causing the appearance of an oblique white bar on each wing when closed: the tail is cuneated ‘and black, tipped obliquely at the end with white, the exterior feather being black for only about a third of its length from the base: the legs are strong and black. This species is a native of South America. 468 MASKED GRAKLE. Ns _ Gracula larvata. G. subferrugineo-grisea, alis caudaque nigris, wertice carunculis duabus erectis, mento palea ampla bifida. Subferruginous-grey Grakle, with black wings and tail, crown furnished with two upright caruncles, and chin with a large bifid wattle. | Sturnus gallinaceus. S. cinereus, regione oculorum nuda, ad basin mandibule inferioris palea duplict, cristaque verticis mem- _branacea bifida erecta fulva. Lath. ind. orn. Cockscomb Stare. Lath, syn. Gracula carunculata. G. cinerea, cauda remigibusque atris, wertice mentoque carunculatis. Lin, Gmei. | Mainate Porte-Lambeaux. Levaill. ois. pl. 93. Size rather larger than a Starling: bill yellow: irides brown: head naked and reddish behind, and covered in front with a naked black skin, rising into an upright process immediately above the bill, and on the top of the head into a much larger one, and extending beneath the chin into a very large double wattle, the points of which are mede- rately sharp: the remainder of the bird, except the wings and tail, which are black with purple reflexions, is of a reddish grey: the legs yellow. The female is rather smaller than the male, and much less conspicuously wattled; and the young, during their first year, exhibit no appearance of this appendage. Native of the interior of Africa, assembling, like Starlings, in wast flocks, and feed- ing on insects, worms, and fruit. In the descrip- tion of this bird in a German work entitled Natur- Jorcher, the wattles are_said to be fulvous. or orange-coloured, but Monsr. Levaillant describes them as black in the living bird. | CARUNCULATED GRAKLE 28008 Oct’ 1 London Publifhed by CLhearste Vb lect Strcee. ‘ 469 CARUNCULATED GRAKLE. Gracula carunculata. G. nigra, dorso tectricibusque alarm Serrugineis, mandibula inferiore utrinque carunculata. Black Grakle, with the back and wing coverts ferruginous, an the lower mandible carunculated on each side. _ Sturnus carunculatus. S. niger, dorso tectricibusque alarum JSerrugineis, ad basin mandibule a pet duplict Caruncus lata fulva. Lath, ind. orn. Wattled Stare. Lath. ve , Gees? lower. mandible a_ small orange- -coloured wattle. Female entirely ferruginous. Native of New Zealand. Gracia grisea. G. nigricante-cincrea, ais caudaque nigris ab- domine ru — c 7 pesroears in a. domen, dans hed ‘is spot behind the ovat Martin gris- ~de-fer. Levaill. ois, pl. 25.°f, 2. Size of a Starling: bill orange-colour: irides deep red: behind each eye a triangular naked orange-coloured skin: feathers on the top of the head narrow, black, and hanging over the cheeks, but not erigible in the manner of a crest: throat, neck, and whole under part of the bird iron-grey, slightly clouded with tawny about the throat: 4.70 STURNINE GRAKLE. down the middle of the abdomen a tawny stripe about half an inch broad: wings black, the greater coverts tipped with pale tawny; and the outer edges of the shorter quill-feathers glossed with green and purple: tail glossy black, short, and. rounded, with four of the lateral feathers spotted. towards the tips with pale tawny. Female rather smaller, and with the black on the head, wings, and tail less glossy. Native of the interior of Africa. Manners seemingly similar to those of Starlings, both in flight, and in noise when settled. STURNINE GRAKLE. Gracula sturnina. G. cana, verticis macula dorsoque inter alas vtolaceo-atro, caude alarumque nitore viridi, harum striga gemina alba. Lin, Gmel, Pail. it. 3.p. 695. Grey Grakle, with the back between the wings and a spot on the crown violet-black, the wings and tail glossed with green, and two white bars across the former. Descrisep by Dr. Pallas: size of the European Chatterer: tail short: female of less distinct colours and without any gloss. Native of the Southern parts of Dauria, frequenting places where willows grow, building a nest similar to that of a Starling, and laying eggs of the same colour. 471 \ PAGODA GRAKLE. \ Gracula Pagodarum. G. griseo-rufescens, subtus subroseus, vertice cristato, remigibus primoribus nigris. Rufescent-grey Grakle, subrosaceous beneath, with black crest ed crown and black primary wing-feathers. Le Martin Bramé. Levaill. ois. pl. 95. Pagoda Thrush.? Lath. syn. Sizx of a Starling: general appearance consider- ably resembling that of the Turdus roseus or Rose- coloured Ouzel, but of less vivid colours: native of India, where it is said to be very common, and is often observed on the tops of the Indian Pagodas: observed also in Africa by Monsr. Levaillant. MALABAR GRAKLE, Gracula Malabarica. G. cinerea, subtus ferruginea, capite collo- que albu lineatis, alis nigris. Cinereous Grakle, ferruginous beneath, with head and neck streaked with white, and black wings. Turdus Malabaricus. Lin. Gmel. Le Martin Viellard de la cote de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. 195. Lenetu about seven inches: bill black, with yellowish tip: irides yellow: feathers of the head and neck cinereous, narrow, lengthened, and marked by a longitudinal white streak: back, rump, upper part of the wings, and tail, cinereous: greater quill-feathers black: under parts of the bird rufous brown: legs yellow: native of Malabar. 472 YELLOW-FACED GRAKLEe Mr. Latham considers this bird as the female er his Malabar Thrush, but Monsr. Daudin affirms it to be a distinct species, and ranks it in the pre- sent genus. _ YELLOW-FACED GRAKLE. Gracula icterops. G. nigra, corpore subtus fasciaque alari albis, genis nudis rugosis flavis. Black Grakle, with the body beneath and bar across the wings white, and naked wrinkled yellow cheeks. Gracula icterops. G. nigra, fascia alarum corporeque subtus _ albis, regione oculorum nuda rugosa. Lath. md. orn. Yellow-faced Grakle. Lath. syn. suppl. Descrisep by Mr. Pennant, and by him com- municated to Mr. Latham: size not mentioned: head, neck, back, wings, and tail black; the wing- coverts crossed by a white line: breast, belly, and vent white: bill compressed: nostrils ovate: region of the eyes fine yellow, naked, and wrinkled: legs yellow. Native of New Holland. GREEN GRAKLE. Gracula viridis, G. viridi-olivacea, gula abdomineque maculis Suscis, cauda apice alba. Lath, ind. orn. suppl. Olive-green Grakle, with dusky spots on the throat and abdo- men, and tail tipped with white. Green Grakle. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. Leneru about eleven inches: bill stout, brown, and slightly bent: colour of the bird dull green: chin varied with brown: under parts whitish with a few dusky streaks: wings edged with white, and tail tipped with that colour: legs black. Native of New Holland. BLACK-HEADED GRAKLE. Gracula melanocephala. G. griseo-cerulescens, subtus alba, capite nigro, fronte fasciaque tectricum albis. Lath. ind, orn. suppl. : Blueish-grey Grakle, white beneath, with black head, white front, and white band across the wing-coverts. Black-Headed Grakle. Lath, syn. suppl. 2. Leneta about nine inches: bill yellow, bent, and not much unlike that of the Thrush tribe, though stouter at the base: legs longish, and of a pale yellow colour: claws strong. Native of New Holland. V. VII. P. I. 31 Ah BLUE-EARED GRAKLE. Gracula cyanotis. G. viridis, subtus alba, vertice mgro postice albo, regione oculorum et aurium ceruleis, Lath. ind. orn, suppl. Green Grakle, white beneath, with black crown, white behind, ~ and region of the eyes and ears blue. Blue-Eared Grakle. Lath. syn. suppl. 2. Lenetx nearly twelve inches: bill black: legs blue-black: quill-feathers dark brown with yellow margins; towards the tips grey. Native of New Holland. DIAL GRAKLE. Gracula Saularis. G. nigro-cerulescens, abdomine macula alarunt rectricibusque lateralibus albis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Blueish-black Grakle, with the abdomen, spot on the wings, and lateral tail-feathers white. Little Indian Pye. Edwards. pl. 181. Bengal Magpie or Dial-Bird. Albin. vol. 3. pl. 17. 18. Tuts species, which is a native of India, is de- scribed by Edwards under the name of the Little Indian Pye. Its size is somewhat smaller than that of a Thrush, and its colour black, glossed with — blue and purple: the wings are brown-black, the middle quill-feathers, the side-feathers of the tail, and the abdomen white: the bill dull orange- colour, and the legs brown. The female differs in being of a browner black than the male, and in 5 ABYSSINIAN GRAKLE. ATS having the white parts less clear and distinct. This bird is said to be called in India by the name of Saulary and Moori, and by the European resi- dents by that of Dial-Bird. It is said to be of a very pugnacious disposition. EGYPTIAN GRAKLE. Gracula Atthis. G. viridi-cerulea, abdomine ferrugineo, pedi- bus sanguineis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Blue-green Grakle, with ferruginous abdomen, and blood-red legs. Egyptian Grakle. Lath. syne Tus is said to be of the size of a Lark, and of a busted colour, with black bill and bright-red legs: on each side the neck is a ferruginous stripe. It is a native of Egypt, and is supposed to live principally on insects. Var. ? ABYSSINIAN GRAKLE.. This, which is mentioned by Mr. Latham, from the drawings of Mr. Bruce, is said to be of a green colour, ferruginous beneath, with the head cinere- ous, and the legs black. Native of Abyssinia. \ 476 PICOID GRAKLE. — Gracula Picoides. G. rufa, capite collo pectoreque albo maculatis, cauda subrotundata, rectricibus apice aculeatis. Rufous Grakle, with the head, neck, and breast spotted with white, and slightly rounded tail with the feathers aculeated at the tips. | Oriolus Picus. O. rufus, capite collo et pectore albo maculatis, cauda rotundata. Lin. Gmel. Le Talapiot. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl, 605. Climbing Oriole. Lath. syn. Descrisep by Buffon, under the name of Tala- piot: length about seven inches: bill yellowish grey, an inch and quarter long, strait, and pointed: general colour of the bird rufous, the head, neck, and breast spotted with white, and the under parts of the body of a browner cast than the upper: tail about two inches long, rounded at the end, each feather terminated by a slightly lengthened shaft or point. Native of Guiana, where it resides on trees, climbing in the manner of a Creeper or Woodpecker. The straitness of the bill however, as Mr. Latham observes, prevents its being pro- perly ranked with the Creepers, and the feet, being not formed in the same manner as in the Wood- peckers, equally prohibit it from being arranged under the genus Picus.. It is said to be often found in company with the following species, with which it has evidently a considerable degree of affinity. 477 CLIMBING GRAKLE. Gracula scandens. G. rufa, subtus lutescens, corpore fusco trans- versim undulato, capite albo punctato, rectricibus apice aculeatis. Rufous Grakle, subluteous beneath, with the body transversly ’ undulated with brown, and the tail-feathers aculeated at the tips. Le Picucule de Cayenne. Buff. ots. Pl. Enl. 621. Gracula scandens. G. corpore transversim striato, supra rufo, subtus lutescente, capite rufv alboque vario, rectricibus apice denudatis aculeatis. Lath. ind. orn. ye Grakle. Lath, syn. pameniuls by Buffon, under the title of Picucule: length ten inches: from the gape to the point of the bill nearly one inch and three quarters: bill itself of a black colour, pretty stout, slightly bent the whole length, and somewhat curved at the tip: nostrils small, and close to the base: head and throat speckled with white: upper part of the body rufous, the under yellowish, but both above and beneath marked with transverse dusky stripes or undulations: wing and tail plain rufous: tail shghtly cuneiform, about four inches long, the outer feather an inch and half shorter than the middle ones; all the feathers terminating in a projecting sharp-pointed shaft, as in the immedi- ately preceding bird, which it resembles in its manners: legs blackish. Native of Guiana, PARADISEA. PARADISE-BIRD. Generic Character. Rostrum capistri plumis || Bill covered at the base by tomentosis tectum. velvet-like plumes. Penne hypochondriorum || Side-Feathers beneath the plerisque longiores. wings, in most species, extending far beyond the 5 rest of the plumage. Pedes validi, ambulatorii. Legs strong: feet formed for walking. Tue genus Paradisea, distinguished in most species by a peculiar union of splendor and ele- gance, appears to be confined to the regions of Papua or New Guinea, and the small neighbour- ing isles; spreading only a few mea on each side the Equator. In the second edition of Mr. Pennant’s Indian Zoology may be found a good general description, from Valentyn, &c. of this remarkable. genus, by the late Dr. John Reinhold Forster, preceded by a very learned dissertation on the fabulous Phoenix of antiquity, a bird of the size of an Eagle, deco- rated with gold and purple plumes, and more par- ticularly described by Pliny as having the splendor of gold round the neck, the rest of the body purple, the tail blue, varied with rose-colour, the face PARADISE-BIRD. 479 — adorned with combs or wattles, and the head fur- nished with a crest. This imaginary bird Dr. Forster supposes to have been no other than a symbolical Egyptian illustration of the annual revolution of the sun, and the conversion of the Great Year, which, according to Manilius, corre- sponds with the supposed life of the Phoenix, and from which period the same course of seasons and position of the heavenly bodies is renewed; and that this takes place about noon on the day that the sun enters Taurus. MHorapollo also delivers the same notion respecting the Phoenix: they (the Egyptian Priests) meaning to signify the conver- sion of the Great Year, paint the Phenix. These notions then, says Dr. Forster, are to be explained from the Theology of Egypt. Now though it is most certain, as Dr. Forster observes, that the Birds of Paradise were never known to the ancients, and that whatever the Egyptian priests delivered concerning their fabul- ous Pheenix has little apparent agreement with the Bird of Paradise, yet it is remarkable enough that the names applied both by the Indian and European nations to these birds appear to attri- bute something of a supposed celestial origin to them. In all probability however this notion has arisen merely from their transcendent beauty, _and the singular disposition and delicacy of their plumage. The Portuguese navigators to the In- dian islands called them Passaros da Sol, or Birds of the sun, in the same manner as the Egyptians had regarded the imaginary Phoenix as a symbol \ 480 GREAT PARADISE-BIRD. of the annual revolution of the sun, and the con- version of the Great Year. The inhabitants of the 3 Island of Ternate call them Adanu-co-Dewata, or Birds of God. The French, English, and Germans — have adopted the name of Birds of Paradise. From the Indian name AMJanu-co-Dewata the Count de _ Buffon has coined the modern French name of — Manucode. GREAT PARADISE-BIRD. . Paradisea major. P. bipedalis cinnamomea, ‘wertice luteo, gula aureo-viridi, pennis lateralibus longissimis fluitantibus flavis. Cinnamon-coloured Paradise-Bird, measuring about two feet in length, with luteous crown, gold-green throat, and ex- tremely long floating yellow side-feathers. | Paradisea apoda. P. pennis hypochondriis corpore longioribus, rectricibus duabus intermediis longis setaceis. Lin. Syst. Nat. Paradisea avis. Clus. exot. 360, Avis Paradisiaca ArGesica maxima. Seb. 1. ¢. 43. f. 1. 2. ° L Oiseau de paradis.. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 254. Greater Bird of Paradise. Edwards. pl. 110. Greater Paradise-Bird. Lath. syn. ) L’Emeraude, Viellot., ots. de paradis. pl. 1. Tue general length of this most elegant bird, from the tip of the bill to the end of the long hypochondrial or side-feathers, is about two feet, but from the point of the bill to the end of the real tail about twelve inches, the size of the bird being that of a Thrush. The bill is moderately strong, very slightly bent, sharp-pointed, and of a greenish colour; im some specimens yellowish: = EZ Griffith sculp. GREAT ov COMMON PARADISE BIRD 1808 Oct London Publifid bv Chearsley Fleet Street. 58 GREAT PARADISE=BIRD. 481 the base is surrounded; for the distance of about half an inch, with upright, close-set, velvet-like plumes, of an intensely black colour, but with a varying lustre of gold-green: the head, which is moderately large in proportion to the bird*, to- gether with the back part of the neck, is of a pale gold-colour, the throat and fore part of the neck of the richest changeable gold-green: the whole remainder of the plumage on the body and tail 1s of a fine deep chesnut, or cinnamon-brown, except on the breast, which is of a deep purple colour: the real tail is of very moderate length, scarcely equalling that of a Thrush or Redwing in propor- tion; but from the upper part of each:side of the body, beneath the wings, springs a vast assemblage of extremely long, loose, and floating plumes, of a broad lanceolate shape, and of the most delicate texture and appearance, the webs being very fine and loose, so as to render each plume, taken separ- ately, semitransparent: these plumes are in some specimens of.a bright jonquil yellow, gradually sinking, towards their extremities, into a very pale purplish brown: in others they are of a paler yellow, and in most are marked on their upper part or nearest the body by a few longitudinal dark-red or sanguine spots: from the middle of the rump spring a pair of naked shafts, consider- ably exceeding in length even the long loose plumes of the sides; their tips alone, for about the * Tt is generally described as very small, but this is merely owing to the head having had the bones taken out, and the skin shrunk in drying, 489 GREAT PARADISE-BIRD, | length of an inch, being barbed on each side by a shallow web: yet the whole length of the naked » shaft, if narrowly inspected, will be found to ex- hibit along each side a continued series of -ex- tremely short barbs or filaments, and in some specimens there is no appearance of any web at the tips: the legs and feet, which are rather large and strong in proportion to the bird, are of a brown colour, and the latter are furnished with strong claws. The female is said to resemble the male, but to have the two long shafts on the rump of somewhat less extent; and both sexes are said to be destitute of the long side-feathers during about four months of the year. This species, the first of the genus made known to the Europeans, was imported ‘about the year ~ 1522 by Antony Pigafetta, who accompanied Magellan in his voyage round the globe. Pigafetta had ocular demonstration that the bird, like others, was furnished with legs, and that the natives of the regions where it was found usually cut them off, previous to selling them, considering the legs as parts of no importance; and this he has recorded — in his journal of the voyage. In consequence how- ever of the general mutilation, a notion prevailed in Europe that the bird was naturally destitute of feet, and that, unlike the vulgar race of birds, it floated perpetually in the atmosphere; or, if it ever had occasion to rest, suspended itself for a short time by the two long naked shafts or fila- ments which spring from the lower part of the back; thus falsely conceiving a muscular structure GREAT PARADISE-BIRD. _ 483 in those organs. It was also believed for some time that this bird never descended to the ground till the time of its death, and that all which were obtaimed had fallen from their aérial elevation during the moments immediately preceding their fate. _ It is a curious fact, that even Aldrovandus, the most scientific and zealous naturalist of his age, having seen only such specimens as had been mutilated in the usual manner, accuses Pigafetta of an audacious falshood in asserting that the bird was naturally furnished with legs and feet. The great Scaliger also, himself a naturalist, imagined this bird to be footless. But if Aldrovandus, near two hundred years ago, giving way for a moment to popular prejudice, could thus support a vulgar tradition, what shall we say to the highly cele- brated Count de Buffon’s having accidentally fallen, in the midst of one of his own lofty flights, into so enormous an error, in the latter part of the all-illuminated eighteenth century? for of this he stands accused by a German critic*. It is true that in his history of the bird itself he delivers a just statement of this particular; but perhaps the * After all, it is perhaps but just to consider this error of Buffon as a lapsus calami, and that he could hardly be supposed seriously to mean that the Bird of Paradise had no legs. His expression is as follows. ‘* De méme dans les oiseaux on trouve I’autruche, le casoar, le dronte, le thouyou, &c. qui ne peuvent voler, et sont réduits a marcher; d’autres, comme les pingoins, les perroquets de mer, &c. qui volent et nagent, mais ne peuvent marcher ; d’autres qui, comme les oiseaux de paradis, ne marchent ni le nagent, et ne peuvent prendre de mouvement qu’en volant.” Discours sur la nature des otseaus, 484 GREAT PARADISE-BIRD. ridicule which he had’to encounter on the subject made him cautious of affording in | future an open- ing for similar. observations. The general history of the manners of these birds has long ago been given by Valentyn and others. Their true residence or breeding-place seems to be Papua or New-Guinea, from whence they make occasional excursions to the small neighbouring islands: they fly in flocks of about thirty or forty, led, as it is said, by a single bird, which the natives call their king, but which is said to be of a distinct species, and is described as of a black colour with red spots. . It 1s pretended that when this bird settles, the whole flight of Paradise- Birds settle also, in consequence of which they sometimes perish; since if their leader happens to settle on the ground, they are noteable to rise, on | account of the peculiar structure of their feathers; nor can they fly with the wind, which would totally disorder their long flowing plumes: they are:there- fore observed always to fly against the wind, and to abstain altogether from flight during a storm, which would infallibly throw them to the ground. While flying, they are noisy, like Starlings; but their common, cry is said rather to resemble the croaking of Ravens, and is particularly audible when, in somewhat windy weather, the incum- brance of their long feathers brings them, into im- minent danger of falling. In the Aru, isiands. they. are observed to. perch on the highest trees. They are taken by the inhabitants with bird-lime, snares, er blunt arrows; and though a great many are GREAT PARADISE-BIRD. ASS thus taken alive, they are immediately killed, em- -bowelled, the feet .are cut off, they are fumigated with sulphur, and dried for sale. The Dutch ships frequenting the sea between New Guinea and Aru, a distance of about eighteen or twenty miles, not unfrequently observe flocks of Paradise- Birds crossing the sea from one to the other of these places, but constantly against the wind. If a tempestuous gale arises, they seek the upper and calmer regions of the air, and thus continue their course. With respect to the food of these birds, there does not appear any very certain informa- tion: it has been said that they often prey on the - smaller birds; and indeed the strength of their bill and legs, and the vigour with which they are ob- served to defend themselves when taken, seem to favour this supposition: they are also said to feed on fruits and berries of various kinds, and, accord- ing to Linnzus, on the larger kind of butterflies. It is indeed probable that their general mode of living may resemble that of many of the Crow tribe, feeding both on animal and vegetable sub- stances. I must not dismiss the history of this elegant bird without observing that an instance has oc- curred of its having been brought, in a living state, nto England: it had however entirely lost the beautiful floating side-feathers, and did not long survive its arrival in this country. 486 Var. ? SMALLER PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea minor. FP. sesquipedalis cinnamomea, vertice dorsoque luteis, gula aureo-viridi, pennis lateralibus longissimis fluitanti- bus flavis. Cinnamon-coloured Paradise-Bird, measuring about eighteen inches in length, with luteous crown and back, gold-green throat, and extremely long floating yellow side-feathers. Lesser Paradise-Bird of Papua. Penn. ind. zool. edit. 2. p. 20. Lesser Paradise-Bird. Lath. syn. Paradisea apoda. 8. Lath. ind. orn. Le petit Emeraude. Viellot. vis. de paradis. pl. 2. In almost every respect except in size this species, or variety, as it has sometimes been called, perfectly resembles the preceding; but the gold- colour of the head, instead of terminating abruptly at the upper part of the neck, is continued over the upper part of the back and-the smaller wing- coverts: the green throat-feathers and all the rest of the plumage are the same. The size of the bird is nearly a third smaller than that of the preceding; generally measuring from eighteen to twenty or twenty-one inches in total length. Z tiff” jy 7, Lf MECOGHE Bee Oe Crden a fas SANGUINE PARADISE-BIRD. 2608 Sqp’1 London Lubli{hd by ¢hearstev Elect Strcet. ae ~ I a Sav, SL ie wr 5) Se Tne RAG RCI OR A “as 2 = ESS jyfa 489 SANGUINE PARADISE-BIRD. : a P. cinnamomea, occipite dorsoque luteis, | __ fronte aureo-viridi, pennis lateralibus longis fluitantibus san- > o uineis. Cinvamon-c lured Paradise- Bird, with luteous hind-head and ~ back, gold- ee front, and more floating sanguine-red side- > feathers. | Le Paradis rouge. Vieliot. ois fda DOES. pl. 3. ~ Tuis, > ee hate , as yet but little known. Its length, from the tip _ of the bill to that of the tail, 1s nearly nine ‘inches, “ French measure, and from the tip of the bill to - the end of the long flowing side-feathers, from ‘ twelve. to thirteen inches: the general colour of the bird is precisely similar to that of the Paradisea minor, except that the breast and abdomen are of a dark or blackish brown, while the flowing feathers on the sides, instead of being either yellow or whitish, as in the Greater and Smaller Paradise- Birds, are of a deep sanguine red, while the two naked shafts springing from the rump are far broader than in either of the former birds, per- ~ fectly destitute of any appearance of web or fibres on the edges, and of a singular form, being strongly convex on the upper part, and hollow ed in a cor- responding manner beneath throughout their whole length: they are of a polished black colour, and very sharp-pointed: the green feathers on the head 488 - BLACK PARADISE-BIRD. are slightly elevated in front, in such a manner as _ to give the appearance of two short horns or tufts. - It remains to add one very material circum- stance to the description of this bird; viz. that Monsr. Viellot informs us the wings were wanting in the specimen described; but that, as the wings are almost always similar in colour to the tail, he has therefore represented the bird as perfectly complete. The specimen itself, he adds, is in the Paris Museum, BLACK PARADISE-BIRD. i Paradisea nigra. P. nigra aureo-purpureo nitens, pennis later= alibus laxis dilatatis suberectis aureo-viridi nitentibus, rectrici= bus subsetaceis. Black Paradise-Bird with gold- sire gloss, loose, dilated, sub- erect side-feathers with gold-green lustre, and subsetaceous tail-feathers. Black pee SS Penn. Ind. Zool. edit, 2. p. 22. As this is a very rare species it appears to be less distinctly known than the rest. It is brought, says Valentyn, without wings or legs, for sale: its figure, when stuffed, is narrow and cylindrical, but stretched in length to the extent of four spans: the plumage on the head, neck, and belly, black and velvet-like, with a hue of purple and gold, which appears very strong: the bill is blackish, and one inch in length: on the sides of the body are two bundles of feathers, which have the appearance of wings, though they be very: different, the real BLACK-BODIED PARADISE-BIRD. 489 wings being cut off by the natives: this plumage is soft, broad, similar to peacock’s feathers, with a glorious gloss and greenish hue, and all bent up- wards, perhaps owing to the birds being kept in a hollow bamboo: the feathers of the tail are unequal in length; those next the body being narrow like hair, the two uppermost are much longer, and pointed: those immediately under them are above a span and half longer than the upper ones: they are stiff, and fringed on both sides with a plumage like hair, black above, and glossy below. Birds of this kind, says Valentyn, are only brought from a part of New-Guinea called Sergile, dried in the smoke on a stick, in a bamboo tube. BLACK-BODIED PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea nigricans. P. antice purpureo-nigra, pennis laterali= bus longis fluitantibus es rectricibus nudis setaceis depen- dentibus nigris. Paradise-Bird purple-black on the fore-parts, with long float- ing whitish side-feathers, and naked setaceous dependent tail-feathers. Le Manucode a doux filets. Vellot. ois. de parad. t. 13. Tuis very rare species measures about ten inches in length from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the loose hypochondrial feathers; but if mea- sured from the tip of the bill to the end of the naked shafts or tail-feathers springing from the rump, its extent may be said to be eighteen inches, The head, neck, back, breast, and upper part of aV. VII. Pe IT. ; 32 490 BLACK-BODIED PARADISE-BIRD. . the belly are black, with a gloss of violet; the feathers being of a fibrous and somewhat crispec appearance: the lower part of the bac the belly, and the thighs, nearly white: side the upper part of the breast is a moderately large, scale-shaped feathers, the broadest part o side, and terminating m such a ma to ei the oo of the breast, © cal had das nee in proportion, oe the Paar which forms the sabe sd this de- Doane shafts, eos Soualling the nl ie of the bie of a black colour, and nee 3 shientioned fen 7 Wiha as hubibies the =< . yar black, and the hind-part white, with twelve sle ites and almost naked | sail ae A ae 60 SS = — >Z Ss SS —_ — > SS. 3 SS Zse* wculD. & 2 ») ) PARADISE-BIRI i] BOID WE LACK: Kearstev Llect Sac. by : v "7 London Lubhjid 1606 S@p. Be: Ss BSS CSS a Ms WS NAGS \ yan 1608 Sp2tLoniton Liblifrd by 6hcarsley Llect Street. Ss S SON Zs SSS — LE NEBULEUX. Srom Levatltant Oruegith weulp CIRRHATED PARADISE-BIRD. 491 Which were wanting in the specimen from which the drawing was made. Monsr. Levaillant describes and figures a bird. greatly allied to this, but, as he supposes, a dis- tinct species, under the title of Le Nebuleux. Monsr. Levaillant’s figure of this supposed species is distinguished by peculiar elegance, but it repre sents the hypochondrial or loose side-feathers as in a state of outrageous expansion, while the naked filaments, instead of appearing to supply the place of a tail, seem to form a continuation of the lower hypochondrial plumes themselves; to. which may be added, that the bill, perhaps, from having been , warped in the preparation of the ‘Specimen, is slightly bent in an upward direction. CIRRHATED PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea cirrhata, P. capite collo alisque vga rostro elongato, cirrho cervicali setaceo flavo. Paradise-Bird with black head, neck, and wings, , lengthened . beak, and setaceous yellow crest on the neck. Paradisea cirrhata, P. capite collo alisque nigris, cirrho Bren cervicem capistroque flavis. Lath. ind. orn. Manucodiata cirrata. Aldrov. orn. 1. p. 814. Descrizep by Aldrovandus, sitio says its length is eighteen inches; the bill very long for the size of the body, black, and somewhat curved: the | feathers of the head, neck, and wings black, but at the joining of the bill yellow: on the back of the neck was a sort of crest or ruff, consisting of narrew, bristle-shaped, stiflish, yellow feathers. Al- 492 MAGNIFICENT PARADISE-BIRD; drovandus’s description of this bird is illustrated by a rude figure, copied from the drawing com- — municated to him, and from which his description was drawn up: the tail-feathers in this figure ap- a to be black, narrow; and curved. — val | MAGNIFICENT PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea “maghifica, 'P. castanea, subtus viridi-nitens, collo utringue ; pennis flavis fasciculato. Chesnut-coloured Paradise-Bird, shining-green beneath, with the ried tufted on each side by yellow plumes. Paradisea magi ifica. P.castaneo-fusca, capistro nigro, cervice cirrhata flac colo subtus peabraiue viridi-nigris medio niten- tibus. Lath. ind. orn. > f : ; ‘ a ~ ‘ ie 4 . Fy : i ; i 1 ’ LAMY Pisa ke MAGNIFICENT PARADISE-BIRD. » 493 springs a kind of double ruff, spreading over the back to a considerable distance, and composed of very numerous setaceous plumes, of different lengths, with slightly dilated extremities: the shortest of these plumes, or those composing the first series, are orange-coloured, with a black spot at the tip ‘of each: those of the second series far exceed the former in length, and are of a very pale yellow or straw-colour throughout: the feathers on the shoulders, or the smaller wing-coverts, are orange-coloured with blackish tips, forming so many transverse blackish crescents on those parts: from the rump spring two very long and extremely narrow gold-green sharp-pointed shafts, which ap- pear, when narrowly inspected, to be minutely barbed on each side throughout their whole length, by a narrow web: these shafts diverge from each other at a small distance from their origin, and turn upwards in a circular direction on each side the tail: the bill and legs are yellowish-brown: the general shape or habit of the bird considerably resembles that of the Paradisea apoda, to which it is somewhat inferior in size, which is nearly that of a Blackbird. This elegant species seems to have been first distinctly described and figured by Monsr. Sonne- rat. It has been sometimes imagined that the im- mediately preceding species, or Cirrhated Para- dise-Bird of Aldravandus, may have been intended for the same species; but there are several par- ticulars in his description of that bird which abso- lutely contradict such a supposition. 494 : = SUPERB PARADISE-BIRD. _ Paradisea superba. P, nigra, corpore utringue fasciculo, alia _ formi, pennis pectoralibus splendide virentibus sen elongatos divergentibus, _ Black Paradise-Bird, with a wing-like set of feathers on each side the body, and bright-green pectoral camer ivetging and lerigthened. on each side. Paradisea superba. PP. fronte cristata, capite cervice abdomine- que viridibus, gula, he aa sericea, cauda medioeri coeruless centi-atra.. Lath. ind. orn. Le Manucode dit le Superbe. - Sonner, voy. p. 157. pl. 96. ‘Le ‘Manucode noir de la Nouvelle Guinée dit le Superbe. Buf. ois. Pl, Enl. 632. Superb Paradise-Bird. Lath. syn. Le Superbe. Viellot ois. de paradis. pl ee Tuts species. is about the size es a Pleas, and is a bird of great singularity of plumage: the bill is black, moderately stout, and furnished at the base with. vely et-like black plumes, which | are lengthened above the base of the upper mandible into a kind of slight bifid crest: the forehead is of a lucid gold-green colour; the throat and sides of the neck deep glossy purple, the feathers both of — that part and the forehead being of a rounded or - scale-shaped appearance: the lower part of the breast is furnished with a broad band of blue-green feathers, accompanied by the richest golden gloss, and so disposed as to form the appearance. of a divided or forked tail hanging from the breast, the lateral feathers gradually lengthening in such a raanner as to constitute the forked appearance just - 63 Mae Ns, ah inate i inc Hashes Aj Suidlugpe By si slviy Dd YI ull WW 4 Griffith sculp. SUPERB PARADISE-BIRD. 28608 ScpwLoniionLublifpd bv Gihcarstey Lice « rect. G4 pM WM yy Y \S WN IAW Mee \Y d % \ My . i IN A\\ »/ Ms an ii ES inayat eat SUPERB PARADI SE-BIRD. from Z. CVI v, Lavi a 2608 Sep!1 Lonlon Liblfid by Cheasley fleet Strect. Avi aes 65 if PB B} ys DN a i SUPERB PARADISE-BIRD. from Pl Enl v x London Lublind by Ghearstey Flect Strect. 2608 S@p. SUPERB PARADISE-BIRD. | 405 mentioned: all the rest of the bird is black, but the wings of a browner black than the feathers by which they are accompanied: these consist of a ast set of broad and somewhat falciform soft — lvet-black plumes, situated on each side the shoulders, and exhibiting the appearance of a double pair ‘of wings, either overhanging the real ones, or elevated at pleasure. above them: the tail is of moderate length, or not. exceeding that.of a Thrush in proportion; at least so far as may be— judged from the specimens hitherto observed. of this species, which appears to be very rare in the European cabinets. The individual. described by the Count de Buffon, and figured 4 in the Planches Enluminéés, is represented with the false wings elevated and expanded, but the lucid. blue-green feathers forming the thoracic oe abdominal. fork | are so expressed as to convey an idea of their di- vided ends closely investing the sides, instead of projecting’ and hanging downwards. In Monsr. Viellot’s publication a more judicious representa- tion is given, in which this part is well expressed, and in which the false wings hang over the true ones: the legs in this bird are black, and of mode- rate strength. , There can be no doubt that the bird comme- morated by Mr. Latham, from an imperfect speci- men in the Leverian Museum, was of this species: its colour was black: the wings were partly want- | ing, but a part of the false wings remained, while on the upper part of the abdomen was a very Jarge and very strongly forked or swallow-tail set: by 4,96 SIX-SHAFTED PARADISE-BIRD. of blackish-green feathers of the richest metallic lustre, and projecting on each side from the rest. of the a. : An SIX- SHAFTED ‘PARADISE- BIRD. ‘Paradisea Sexsetacea. P. fiscrema! aureis, pennis lateralibus -subelongai utringue setis tribus longissimis. cee Velvet-black Paradise-Bird, with. the hir -gold-green, the side-feathers lengthened nd. Beads, and the head furnished on each side - three very Jong naked shafts: sh Meee . Be hoon oa . Paradisea sexsetacea. F cristata ara, | Lae ‘age orn. et i Pavaaiece’ aurea, Lin. Cnihe a ~ LOiseau Paradis. a gorge dorée. e Boars woy. & oe - ‘Le-Manucode a six filets. ‘Buff. ois. ee Le Sifilet de la N ouvelle Guinée. Pl. Enl. 633 Gold-Breasted Paradise-Bird, Lath. sym ane ye - Tuts species is in some respects considerably allied to the preceding. Its size is compared by Buffon to that of a Turtle: its colour i is deep black, except the back part of the head and the whole of the breast, both which are of a gold-ereen colour, the latter in particular exhibiting a very brilliant metallic lustre, and the throat is of a deep violet- purple: the feathers on all these parts are scale- shaped: above the base of the upper oat rises .a tuft of short plumes with pale « tips, and on each side the head, ia mediavely Bie. \ AN Grifitth sculp- SIX-SHAFTED PARADISE BIRD. L608 Sop rLondontublifhrid by Ghcarstev L Wet SOCCe. . “ Ae { ( wt . - \ ' , * Bsa e ‘ ‘sy ed ‘eh a ™ > . % al ip \ ‘ > " ab R ' ‘ u y hat : 3 Hs t sar Ck in i f Sou ~ rs nie } ’ s) a b ba A ' “ », i \’ Wy eit : a ee Arrrcacn' » ——S Griffith sculp. ; ROYAL PARADISE BIRD. 2608 Se=pli London Pubiifhil by Ghearsley Elect Strect Ot See ee : 5. age ROYAL PARADISE-BIRD. — AOT hind each eye, spring three very long and slender naked shafts, extending backwards at least as far -as the middle of the wings, and furnished at their tips with a small oval web: .on each side the boc y are situated very numerous soft and loose- webbed ascending feathers of different lengths, and cover- ing in a great degree the wings themselves when closed: the tail is of a slightly leng gthened and cuneated form, the two. middle feathers consider- ably exceeding the rest in length, which gradually shorten on each side as they pproach the base: the tail-feathers are- also of a soft and loose tex. ture; the legs black, and moderately ait See ROY AG PARA DISE- BIRD. ee a | “Paradisea regia. | P. rubro- -castanea, fe pectorali viridisaurea, : rectricibus duabus intermediis filiformibus apice lunato-pennaceis. ~ Red-chesnut Paradise-Bird, with gold-green pectoral band; the two peiale tail- feathers. filifor m, with lunated feathered tips. Paradisea regia. P. deobecoiiae duabus intermediis Jfilijormibus apice lunato-pennaceis. Lin, Syst. Nat. The supposed King of the Greater Birds of Paradise. Edwards. pl. 111. ' Le Manucode. Buff. ois. Pl, Enl. 496. Roi des Oiseaux de Paradis. Sonner. voy. pl. 95. King Paradise-Bird. Lath. syn. OE Turs is the smallest of all the Paradise-Birds yet discovered, not exceeding the size of a Lark, and usually measuring about five or five inches and a half in length, without reckoning the two middle 498 ROYAL PARADISE-BIRD. tail-feathers, which are about six inches long. The ’ colour of this bird, on the upper parts, is a most intense and beautiful red or purplish chesnut, in a very strong light appearing of an orange-carmine colour: the bill is of a brownish yellow, and about an inch in length; its base, as well as the fore-part of the head, surrounded with velvet-hke plumes: the throat and upper part of the breast are of a deep purple-red, and across the lower part of the ‘breast runs a moderately broad gold-green zone, in some individuals bounded above by a line of | yellow, separating it from the red colour of that part: from the green zone or crescent downwards, the peer | is wh and oe under Lamers are liquig downwards on . each side the be the wings: the quill-feathers are of a bri brown beneath; the tail darker or mor in to brown: from the upper part of the rump, the middle of the tail, extend two very long. eked shafts, divaricating as they extend, and each ter- minating, in the most beautiful manner, in a moderately broad gold-green web, rising from one side only of the shaft, and disposed into a flat spiral of nearly two convolutions: the legs are 68 Li Ywvate sculp: ORANGE PARADISE BIRD 16006 Oct.Lonton Lublifha by GKearsley Fleet S@cee. ORANGE PARADISE-BIRD. 499 moderately stout and of a yellowish brown colour. This species is called King-Bird by the Dutch, and is said not to associate with other birds of the genus, but to be of a solitary nature, feeding on berries, particularly such as are of a red colour; seldom, if ever, settling on lofty trees, but fre- quenting shrubs and bushes. It is a much rarer species than the Great Paradise-Bird, and is said to breed in Papua, and to migrate thence into the small isle of Arua or Aroo during the dry monsoons, ORANGE PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea aurantia. P. aurantio-flava, vertice subcristata, capistro gula remigibus exterioribus caudaque nigris. Orange-yellow Paradise-Bird, with slightly crested head, and black frontlet, throat, outside of the wings, and tail. Oriolus aureus. O. flavo-fulvus, capistro gulu tectricibus pri= mariis extremitateque rectricum nigris. Lin, Syst. Nat. Golden Eird of Paradise. Edwards. pl. 112. Paradisea aurea. Lath. ind. orn, Golden Paradise-Bird. Lath. sym. Rollier de Paradis. Buff. ois. Le’ Paradis orangé. Viellot. ois. de Parad. pl. 11. 12. Tuts very beautiful bird departs, in some degree, from the general habit or character of the Birds of Paradise, and has by Linnzeus and some others been considered as a species of Oriolus. It seems to have been first described by Edwards. Its gene- ral length, from the tip of the bill to that of the tail, is from eight to nine inches, and its colour, except on the throat, the edges of the wings, and the tail, 500 WHITE-WINGED PARADISE-BIRD. all which are jet-black, isa rich golden yellow, heightening on the upper parts into bright saffron- colour: the bill is surrounded at the base by -_yelvet-like feathers of a blackish colour: the crown of the head is very slightly crested with recumbent feathers: the tail is even at the end, and slightly tipped with yellow. Nothing particular seems to be known of the history of this. species, which is supposed to inhabit the same regions as the rest of the genus. WHITE-WINGED PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea leucoptera. P. nigra, cervice cupreo- -splendente, remis gibus albis extus nigro marginatis, cauda longissima cuneifor mu. Lath. ind. orn, Black Paradise-Bird, with a coppery gloss on the neck, the quill-feathers white, bordered on the outside with black , and very long cuneated tail. _ White-Winged Paradise-Bird. Lath. syn. suppl Descrisep by Mr. Latham: length rather more than twenty-five inches: general colour black, with a gloss of copper on the upper parts: bill : black, the feathers of the chin almost reaching to the end of the bill: quill-feathers white, with the outer edges black: tail composed of ten feathers, and strongly cuneated, the exterior feathers being about seven inches long, the rest lengthening at intervals towards the two middle ones, which are nineteen or twenty inches long: the wings, when closed, reach about three inches along the tail. Uy : Ts Y Yy \ Mii \\\\\\\ GORGET PARADISE-BIRD. S>= If 7, Lonion Fubhijnid by Ghearsle Leet Street. YY 2608 Sep. 501 WHITE PARADISE-BIRD. Paradisea alba. P. tota alba. Lath. ind, orn. Paradise-Bird entirely white. Tus seems to be oan only 4 from the shight description of Valentyn, who says it is entirely white, and is the rarest of all the Paradise-Birdsy _GORGET PARADISE-BIRD. - Paradigea hvala P. nigra purpureo-nitens, subtus dorsoque aureo-atro-virentibus, gula aureo-cuprea, cauda cuneata lon= -_gissima, eS ae "Black Paradise- Bird, glossed with purple, the back and under parts b lackish gold- gteen, the throat golden copper-colouréd, and the tail extremely long and cuneated. - Paradisea gularis. P. purpureo-ngricans, capistro genisque ae. tomentosis; cervice fasciaqué pectorali viridi-nitentibus, sub guld ey co lunula cupreo-aurea fulgidissima, Lath, ind, orn. ~ Gorget Paradise-Bird. Lath. ind. orn. eo Ze hausse-col doré. Viellot. ois. parad. - Ae his wT incomparable. Sonnint ois, parad. I Size of a Blackbird, ate of a vast length, the - tail, which is very strongly cuneated, measuring Pe “near twenty-two inches, the rest of the bird, from age tthe tip of the bill to the insertion of the tail, about six inches: the bill is about an inch long, mode- __* rately stout, rather bent, and of a black colour; as __. are likewise the legs, which are furnished with strong claws: the forehead and sides ef the head, 502 GORGET PARADISE-BIRD. . together with the base of the throat, are black, the feathers being of a velvet-like structure, with the pile or shag of very considerable length, so as to — form a kind of elevated crest, surrounding the bill, and continued on each side the bill beyond the eyes: the rest of the head, and upper part of the neck, are covered with scale-shaped gold-green feathers: the throat is black, with a changeable gloss of the most brilliant golden copper-colour, and which, in the individual specimen described by Mr. Latham, formed a transverse bright cres- cent from the angles of the bill across the lower part of the throat: all the under parts, from the throat, are of a dark green, witha band of golden- green across the middle of the belly; and all the upper parts, from the neck, are black, with vary- ing glosses of purple and green: the tail is com- posed of rather broad feathersy of extremely un- equal length, the two exterior measuring about five inches, while the two middle or longest feathers, as before observed, measure nearly twenty-two inches: the tail on its upper surface appears undu- lated or marked towards its lower part with numer- ous transverse shaded bars, of a deeper cast than the rest, and the whole 1s accompamied by an aps pearance of a violet-coloured bloom, while the under surface shews a shade of purple. The first correct description of this rare species seems to have been given by Mr. Latham, from a specimen in the possession of Sir Joseph’ Banks, who procured it during his circumnavigation with, Captain Cook. A mutilated specimen however ie j MW” S Zz , iil. ie Wie SSS ~ / 4 j 431) Alinsissiytilt a) fT gh nil ausniitfiid “iatncil Hie | Gs MAS Ai iyait hh sql TYE aly fi it vague dl Astin fitter util | f / us Gy TEA Ah) ‘ / I ; qh el Mii W., Lo Mi, jy, s vintiiniiitit Myf, Me A ih il | / / i hy ah Pelintivy evan ‘ Aon ie rH Wii LE tnt HUN i \ 4 Fis eat iat by Pei ibsiraygsrintidl HAT ph 1, My 2 NT i; I WN beneVuatsin (le NE yyy! NN ANGER aa NE | a Pi NAN inh : YARN iN, Wy ea = =6GORGET PARADISE-BIRD. it hy ARUN Pee from Levallant ity Wiel W/Z Nit dl Wp 2608 Sep’ 2Londonlublifhd by Chearstev Lleet Street. ~ GORGET PARADISE-BIRD. 50S piplears to have been long before figured and 4 slightly described in the work of Seba, but with- out any particular mention of the brilliant golden -gorget, which perhaps may be most conspicuous hh ory even peculiar to one sex, or may perhaps be not very perceptible in the younger or less advanced state of the bird. , In the magnificent publication of Monsr. Viellot on the Paradise-Birds, &c. is given a large and accurate representation of the present species, but the throat, in the specimen described by Monsr. Viellot, is not distinguished by the appearance of the brilliant bar or crescent above-mentioned, but -shews a coppery lustre diffused over the whole throat. In Monsr, ‘Levaillant’s most elegant work the same species also occurs; but with a circum- stance which perhaps may admit of some question as to its propriety: this consists in the lengthened — velvet-li ce plumes on each side the base of the bill being so expressed as to project forwards on each side into two lengthened concavities or shell shaped wings overshadowing as it were the beak: this representation, I observe, has not escaped the notice of Monsr. Viellot, who, in the work entitled Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle; has not scrupled to accuse Monsr. Levaillant of outstepping in this - instance the modesty of Nature, reversing the real state of the plumage of that part, and thus decor- ating the bird with a feature of fictitious elegance. 504 CHALYBEAN PARADISE-BIRD. : 3 F Ne n - ‘ . Paradisea chalybea. P. aureo-atrocerulea, capistro nigro, pennis capitis corporisque crispatis, cauda cuneata. Blue-black Paradise-Bird, with a golden lustre, the feathers of the head and body crispéd, and the tail cuneated. Paradisea viridis. P. thalassina, dorso abdumine uropygio cauda- que chalybeis, Lin, Gmel. Calybé de la nouvelle Guinée. Buff. ois. Pl. Enl. 634. L’ Oiseau de Paradis verd. ‘Sonner. voy. pl. 99. Le Calibé. ¥ ae ois. de Parad. pl. 10. LEncTH abeue sixteen. nee habit somewhat more approaching to the Crow. or Grakle kind than in the rest of this genus: colour of the whole bird deep blue-green, with changeable reflexions, and in some lights appearing blackish: on the head and body the feathers are crisped at the tips, giving a peculiar richness to the plumage: the tail is pretty strongly cuneiform, the two middle fea- thers measuring about seven inches, and the two - exterior ones scarcely four inches: bill strong and — black: legs the same. This species appears. to have been first described by Sonnerat. In Monsr. ‘Viellot’s figure the tail does not appear to be cuneated, nor is that circumstance mentioned in his description of the bird. - END OF THE SEVENTH VOLUME, (oo tit er cen nem aa Tt. DAVISON, Whitefriars.. A Y} fi Mp 1 LO f ils ed iO By Pan RL ANAL sib1e Ns) WU) i it) Wry Wy ‘i /, y » Yj ig Za VGH, D133 fF EE i Cae eg AEN, 5 CHALYBEAN PARADISE-BIRD Fie scaly 1808. Sep.'1 London Lublifia bv GKearsley Elect S@ect. Pe) —1 aot ae ea PR ce oe in oe anutated: Rte time oak diay So UES watt eat ge lip aig Og me oe ee ae ete a ee BAA Sn ASRS PRA pe w*e5 ORF Vt ns ye Pot nt ey, BOUE up Pre eee. SN A aren Se ange sy RRA Kage ee eee ee eee Neate gg ree Sel Pee eee’ rans y Sp en. 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SOR yee ed ap. Pe nian ee WE Re EE Na ee NA Moe ae AE oe Pe od aig (ESF) 2a MN ot Oe ti ee PEN an, ae mtg ani AS LY oie de ees RAP A wn sage ge, in gt. Apps yy. Me Mise itaiae oe Pen ait da, ‘yon eh fee tog a TTT ers és Sn ae Meat a Berti tpi ed ta te ere rer Pet = mee ; iting Slane Wt 8TH eae Bane tars a. Creare) NT SE ee oy ee 54 Cet Meee eee Whe Eres EMR = PUTER OPE mae tL Stine ae ewes tue abarmutee ea. Puthiesaasesiea ieee ees UE bey opt 5 a, ef ie coh em Ase AeA: OA es ei a gaan oF gE ASE PMR ur Ew gis abuse ob Ley BRE Me oe Saati eet eae Meds bab vanete carta reat BAR ey Seta Pedi tah ass ok lok Coen eS S ae WR aL AMPS ome, UE RE RE a ee Ue > Aah gi Ap con gtgt ede heitcahe SE oe ree es 499 Aho ne 2o Nay ais pt, Tal a ee eee ad A Bt efi Wr SESE FAS Uther wong VERBS Bie aan! aye SR ie Fes pe ete ty P88 0A neste tb si Seay : EEN etipe gee | Tee rte ay ores ronan PUT Re Ste, AE bs AMER ete. rime We ay our FUP PSHE A Bam eri detntaye He UME RA tie ae aaa eet Cre lh A ae mee tush wa Qin anti, - ple ia cet ies bo We WW er gtigy Pe Riese = ss! PAP WUE th one Ey Are. etiatincian Saka Sole ree Pe ee ” at PRR ty er Rt Gt SE Fite os PATE 2 RPA Hekn A SNe Sas porate MeN Ey gl ae WEE or Keg SMe pis Hh g lee pr heet oae etee aay. WAI aE aaa, Re ch on