H^T ^^^^^^^^1 ' iff ~ V ' J*Or\ w /OOLOC;Y ):tmt IL b GKORGK SHAW. M.D.F. U.S.fcc from th»* iirst Autiioritit-s and most s»*I«-rt ^ ( y ' f; s/s/'/sf /-ss/ //'// /tf •///H.lh:S.I\f>7>tm J GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME XI. PART I. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED 1-OR J. WALKER; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN ; J. AND A. ARCH ; E. JEFFBRYj BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; H. SCHOLBYj SHERWOOD, NEELY, AND JONES; O. AND W. B. WH1TTAKBR J J. BLACK AND SON 5 W. LOWE J J. BOOTH ; S. BAG3TER ; J. MAWMAN ; R. FBNNBR ; OGLE AND CO.; RODWELL AND CO.; J. ROBINSON; AND J. HARPER. 1819. LONDON: rillNTKU BIT THOMAS DAVISOK, VHIITKrRIARS. INDEX TO VOL. XL— PART I. ^iRGUS . p .242 243 243 195 198 204 204 210 166 203 205 205 215 197 163 200 218 COCK neg Pads . Prr*- COCK — — Bankiva . i" " Bantam. Lath. . crested, mil. " crisped ",~~" ~ Curassow. Alb. roug ' rum] , -iilc Turk voUd. CdLUMBA Dwarf, mil. — fork- tailed — gigantic . p. 242 :i~ 197 •'. 214 rough -footed. Lath. 204 ;''*• 213 v T 212 ".- 204 Lath. "-'.- 201 "'"' / l Linne . 252 Abyssinica.Lath.il 1 acnca . 21 Afra ~V 81 alba T" 70 alba. Gmel. 23 albicapilla.Gmcl. 47 armillaris . 15 IV INDKX. COLUMBA aromatica. Gmel. . p. 106 ' arquatrix . 19 " Asiatica . 53 • auricularis . 4 aurita . .51 • Australis.Linn. 115 • Bantamensis. Sparr. . . 88 bitorquata 76 • brunnea . 84 Calva. Temm. 117 Cambaiensis 79 Canadensis.Linn.Q4 Capensis. . 102 Caribsea . 37 Carolinensis 96 • carunculata. ' Temm. . .123 — ^— — — — cauda annulo cincta Jamaicensis. Briss. . . 37 cauda fascia notfita. Ray. . . 37 chalcoptera . 17 cincta cinerea caerulea 50 83 87 cceruleocephala. Gmel. . .47 • Corensis . > 5 1 coronata. Gmel. 120 — — — cristata . 40 cristata. Lat/i. 253 cruenta. Gmel. 128 curoirostra. Gmel. 106 COLUMBA cyanoccphala. Gmel. .' . p. 47 • cyanocephala. Lath. . .125 domestica . 27 • domestica Bar- 28 barica. Ray. •ens- tata. Gmel. cullata. Linn. sypus. Linn. cu- da- Ray. leata. Linn. turosa. Ray. panica. Linn, pida. Linn. data. Gmel. cauda. Linn. Gmel. jor. Ray. vegica. Briss. cursor. Ray. leUaria. Ray. eques. — ga- —gut- -his- -Ju- -lati- •livia. * - ma- • -Nor- •per- - ta- 28 28 31 30 30 28 29 31 27 28 28 31 30 INDEX. COLUMBA domcstica tur- bita. Linn. P- 29 cica. Sriss. . . 30 Dominicensis 100 Dxrfresnii . 77 Egyptiaca . 8 Eimensis . 39 elegans . 43 • erythroptera 57 erythrothorax. Temm. . .127 Franciae . 2 Geoffroii . 69 • Guinea . 10 • gymnopthalmos 6 : holosericea 60 Hottentotta. Temm. . . 131 • Jamaicensis. Linn. . .126 Jambou . 49 Javanica . 47 Indica. Sriss. 52 Indica. Linn. 47 larvata . 6 1 leucocephala 36 leucoptera.Linn. 52 livia . 29 Barba- rica. Temm. . 28 cristata. Temm. . . 28 cucullata. Temm. . . 29 dasyput. Temm. . 28 COLUMBA livia domes- tica. Temm. . p. 27 eques. Temm. . .31 -frontulis. Temm. •. . .31 galeata. Temm. . . 30 gittturo- sa. Temm. • . 30 gyratrix. Temm. ... 29 Hispani- ca. Temm. . . 28 hispida. .29 Temm. Jubata. Temm. . .31 laticau- da. Temm. . . 29 livia. Temm. . . 27 Norve- 28 gica. Temm. ' percur- sor. Temm. . ~~^ 31 ria. Temm. Temm. tabclla- Turbita. lurcica. Temm. 30 29 3O 23 46 littoralis inaculata muculata. Gmel. 31 maculosa . 24 inacroura . 91 v COLUMBA Madagaseari- ensis . « p> 9 COLUMBA risorja . p. 71 28 11 132 54 27 ' 109 128 27 36 80 68 93 41 90 88 64 78 75 136 106 78 29 72 62 114 84 71 59 — rti fa Cav(inen- */ j sis. Briss. . ll_.,f-,J.- Linn. ... 97 Briss. ... 52 Lath. . '.._+.. •— — llK'ljUHHVpllillil 55 Lath. . _,, * 16 — — — SdXdlillS Jci'* maicensis. Briss. _ .^. , B Linn. . , _..»__ ... _ . . striatn Linn± Briss. . .122 — .— —• i— — ^Vbt'fl Zclcmdi~ , Suratcjists ca. Gmel. . .38 •- CEritis 25 Lath. ,. . .. .-^ t _..._ Surinanipncis _,_ - . — Pddficd Ldth* 40 _._,.... — Paluinbus 12 Temm. . _^>.« _ _, . . TcmncnsiSi Linn. _. Prritf Trvnm 1 T5 — . „ , turtur . . - • tvrnpunistrifi Gmel. . . .106 CotuMBA violacea Mar- tinicana. Briss. . p. IND] 132 65 1O5 114 27 38 1 168 161 192 172 163 166, ,175 165 I/O 156 193 173 166 166 163 173 175 173 168 168 169 sx. vii CRTPTONYX . p. 252 _.__,, . rril O1r\ boynensis. Briss. CURASSOW . "T" 161 • pcnsis. Briss. — vulgaris sen domestica. Ray. ————— Zealandica -' carunculated 1 70 COLUMBINI . Coxilitli. Ray. . • CRAX . . • Briss. . K> •- - crested. Lath. 163, 166, 169,175 ... .... . Cutftrtn Ff/rn 1 fT^l Linn. . • Alector Alector. Lath. 169 .. Brasiliensis. Briss. . carunculata . — — curassous. Briss. fuscus Americanus. Briss. galeata. Lath. . globicera globicera hybrida. Temm. . •/*- — — Guianensis. Briss. — — Mexicanus. Briss. Lath. -.*'" . .168 rrrl 1 fifl Cushat . .13 Diplectron. Vieil. . 15O Dove, brown Indian. Edw. 52 Carolina. Penn. 97 long-tailed. Edw. 97 Pnrtucrnl Alh "71 • pauxi. Linn. . Peruvianus. Briss. rubra. . . n . rubra hybrida Temm. o rock. Mont. ft ». 27 stock S.f.j 4*-- 25 turtle, from Ja- maica. Alb. . . J25 vi INDEX. Gallina Frieslandica. GALLUS morio . p .211 Will. ? *••;•: . p. 2 10 • Patavinus. Briss. J97 pentadactylus. GALLINACE^; 139 Briss. . — in- 205 • Persicus. Briss. 214 Gallopavo. Briss. 177 plumipes. Briss. 204 205 Briss. j-ij, 178 200 .156 204 GALLUS 195 GOURA 119 Bankiva 198 . blue-beaded 125 1 93 tus. Temm. 204 coronata • 120 lOjO ticus. Temm. 203 cruenta . 128 125 dactylus. Temm. ^ 205 127 133 lio. Temm. j^, 205 Hottentot 131 Hottcntotta 131 lus. Temm. 204 • Jamaicensis 126 Banticus. Briss. 204 — — — Marti n ica \ » u > 132 crispus 210 Martinico > :- *• "\ 132 • cristatus. Briss. 204 minuta .v.; 137 j^_ ^nt;^,. _..„ 1 '4O • et Gallina Gui- mountain ISO neensis. Ray. 259 Nicobar 122 • ecaudatus 213 Nicobarica .M;V 122 furcatus , • » 215 Passerina %') 133 • giganteus •"-'$ 197 Passerine V. 137 Japonicus, Briss. 212 Picui . 135 — — — Indicus. Leach. 201 red-bellied 127 • Indicus aliis. red- breasted 128 Briss. 166 136 • lanatus . 212 • wattled ' k» . 123 — — — Macartnyi 218 . white-bellied . 126 INDEX. GUAK • • P' 177 , OPISTHOCOMUB p. 192 A_A.~.* „.*! 1 7Q 1Q3 Marail . .183 *y .. supercilious . 186 ORTALIDA 188 XT— — 1 Qf\ 189 Yacuhu . .185 -. **& Hen, Curassow. Alb. . 166 Orthocorys. Vieil. 192 red Peruvian. Alb. 168 OURAX . 172 Hoatzin. Ray. . . 193 • galeata 173 Mitu . . 175 Liponyx. Vieil. . 252 LOPHOPHORUS . . 248 Palumbus Moluccensis. Briss. . . 13 tcrGKQttis Rny 13 Lophurus. Vieil. . 119 • • »• TUa({a- I */ MELEAGRIS . • 155 gascariensis. Briss. . 116 •intiatiorunt 257 " PARRAKA 188 Linn 1 77 * 180 + \jy Partridge, Cambaian. o * Lath. 256 Briss. . . .156 253 Mituporanga. Ray. . 163 130 MONAUL . . 248 Iropeyan . 249 PAUXI . ! . — •- 172 Monaulus. Vieil. . 248 crested 1/5 NUMIDA . . 257 cristata . 263 galeata. Temm. galeated . «•*: ' Mitu. Tcmm. 173 173 17A Meleagris . 258 pectorealbo. Briss. 259 PAVO . - 141 mitrata • 261 Linn. ."' • 150 (Enas Americana. Briss. 94 — bicalcaratxs. Linn. 151 INDEX. PAVO cristatus v P- 124 143 142 142 148 148 151 151 141 142 151 148 151 143 143 1/7 188 178 180 180 183 185 189 180 239 186 252 Perdix Cambaientis. Lath. p. 256 coronatus. Lath. 253 viridis. Lath. . 253 PHASIANUS . . 221 • Gmel , lf)2 Driss. . • — dofiicsti— cus. Temm. -s — Briss. . '.""V- . .. - Lath > *Z4S — — Linn . 242, __ Sincnsisi Briss > 188, 195. Sparr 251 PEACOCK :-».i ..•<*•.- _, .-_._ albus Sinensis* Briss. Vr'r— -. 234 _. ^rrrf/c T inn . 9,^44- .,,.-. c7f^r/»f/c RfttPll- r • • Thibet Lath sis. Briss. »k, . 23.1 /""^.l/^ViJoiia OO<1 Lath. . ---V . _ C'nfrftfrttt Vtflf p. Lath. ;.., . _,„ 229 PENELOPE . • ;•-.•' Tcmm }•' cus. Briss. . .120 .... rrn/ftiv T inn 9O^ ZaM. -.'. T fitTi 1 n*7 9O1 Merrem. Linn. . .210 tus. Linn. . . '201 — • dotjics~ Temm. ticus. Lath. . . 203 datus. Linn. . 214 Perdu:, Lath, '<• tus. Temm ' ^>' . 212 INDEX. XI PHASiAKUSga//ttt mono. Linn. . . p. 211 - penta- dactylus. Gmel. . 205 mipcs. Gmel. . . 2O4 pumi- lio. Gmel. . it , 205 • pusil- lus. Linn. . . 204 Turci- cus. Gmel. . . 204 garrulus. Hum- boldt . . .189 •• Guianensis. Briss. . .189 ignitus. Lath . 218 Impeyanus.Lath.249 Motmot. Lath. \ 89 Nycthemerus 234 parraqua. Briss. . .189 pictus . 231 Satyrus. Briss. 239 superbus . 236 •• torquatus . 228 torquatus, primus. Temm. . 229 — — — varius. Shaw. 237 PHEASANT . . 221 < Argus. Lath. 244 »• black and white. Alb. .v. . .234 -- common . 222 cretted. Lath. 193 PH E AS \~8Tjire-backed. Lath. . . p. 218 ' Impeyan. Lath. 249 Indian. Leach. 201 Motmot. Lath. 189 painted ^ . 231 parraka. Lath. 189 peacock. Edw. 151 . — pencilled . 234 ring . 228 superb . 236 • variegated. Lath. . . 223 white. Lath. 223 PIGEON ^,.,. . . 1 African ^ •_ 81 aromatic. Lath. 106 Barbary. Lath. 28 bald-paled. Brown. 36 biset. Lath. . 27 black- capped . 55 black-ringed . 50 black-winged 101 blue . . 87 blue-crowned. Lath. 47 broad-tailed shaker. Lal/i. brown , . bronze -winged Cauibaian . Cape s . ., Carolina « carrier. Lath. Cayenne k , 29 85 17 79 J02 96 30 54 chesnut-shouldered 92 Xll 1ND PIGEON cinereous . p. 83 • collared >.;V 15 EX. PIGEON tnarg'inated. Lath. . * , p. 97 ed . . .40 garnet-winged 57 shaker. Lath. . 29 .. I'Ccw Zealand 38 • Nicobar Edu: 122 Lath. . V 120 _ , ., rrrGCTt~1(}lHfrCd 4 parrot. Lath. 114 partridge. Lath. 130 . passenger .« 93 _ ._ Persian Lath. 30 Lath. V' , t 47 . grey . J T" 5 hackled . 2 TipJmpf T nfJi ^O . Picazu . 45 hook-billed. Lath. 106 — PoTnnadour Lath 105 nowtcr Lath 31 Jacobine. Lath. 29 Jaraboo . 4p Javan. Lath. 47 — Indian . . 53 ._, .. i)uri)lc Lath 114 purple breasted 30 purple-crowned 66 red-crowned . 11 ring '. • 1 2 • rincr-tniled • 37 . laced. Lath. . 2Q lesser crowned. Lath. . . 253 Malabar . 86 Malacca . 88 Madagascar . 9 rock. Lath. . 27 Roman. Lath. 28 rose • " . 42 rough-footed. Lath. 28 St. Domingo • 100 St Thomas Lath 100 INC PIGEON scaly . p. QO scollop- necked 41 sea . . 23 , . — cinitpr T.nth Ml i:\. xui PINTADO, negro . p. 258 i white-breasted. Albin. . • j ^ 259 POLYPLECTRON . . 150 — \rir\\t 1 SI spot. Lath. . 31 crintttf*t1 O 1 stock . . 25 striated f j^ 68 superb . 64 Surat . 78 — —— Surinam . 75 tambour . 62 triangular spotted 10 tumbler. Lath. 3O ft/rfjif T nth TO Quan. Edw. . \ ... 178 Queest ,;r,v n^_ 13 Rumpkin. Will. . ?. ._. 214 SERPENT-EATER. ^ 192 Turkish. Lath. 30 turner. Lath. 3 1 turtle . 72 • vinaceous . 84 • violet . . 59 vlouvlou . . 60 — — Waallia. Lath. Ill Tetrao. Gmel. . . 252 viridis. Gmel. 253 Treron. Vieil. . . 105 TURKEY . . 155 white . . 70 — — white-crowned 36 • white-faced. Lath. 16 white nutmeg. Lath. 23 white-rumped. Lath.'iJ white-whiskered 56 white-winged. Lath. 52 yellow-faced. Lath. 107 PINTADO . . . 257 crested . 263 Guinea . . 256 — — — mitral . . 261 common . 156 horned. Lath. 239 Marail. Lath. 183 Turtle, African. Lath. 81 Eantamese. Lath. 88 barreled. Edw. 88 blue-crowned. Lath. 4J blue-headed. Lath. 125 Cambaian. Lath. 80 Chinese-grey. Lath. 78 collared. Lath. 71 XIV INDEX. Turtle, collared Senegal. Turtur parviis fuscus Lath. . ' . p 71 Americanus. Briss. ,p. 138 common. Lath. 72 . Senegalensis. Briss .81 green. Lath. 65 Sinen sis striatus. 47 Briss. . " * T~ 68 Indian. Lath. 71 71 Luzonian. Lath. 73 tonjuatus Sene- Malabar. Lath. 78 galensis. Briss. '. 71 l\.* n I n /* /* fi T sti it flft • Passerine. Lath. oo 138 nensis. Briss. V'1' 7" 65 red-breasted. Lath. 128 sanguine. Lath. 128 VINAGO • • 105 Senegal. Lath. 80 . Abyssinica . 111 spotted-necked. — — aromatic • 106 Lath. .-'•' . 72 . aromatica /• 106 . striated. Lath. 68 . Australia • 115 — Surat. Lath. . 78 Calva . 7 117 Surinam. Lath. ' 75 militaris • 109 . naked-fronted 117 Turtur Americanus. Briss 97 . parrot . • 112 _ Canadensis. Briss. 94 Psittacea , . 1)2 . gutture maculato purple ,,• 113 Senegalensis. Briss. 80 St. Thomas's 109 — Jamaicensis. Briss. 125 — . southern , t. • 115 . Indicus. Rail. 71 — — vernans • 113 . Indicus striatus. - Waalia . • . 111 Briss. 88 _. Lusitanicus. Briss . 73 Yacou. Lath. v. ...r<— 180 , parous Ameri- canus. Briss. . 133 Directions for placing the Plates in Vol. XI. Part I. The Vignette represents the female crowned Cryptonyx, con- siderably smaller than nature. Plate 1 to face page 25 72 77 106 142 151 156 168 Plate 10 to face page n, 180 J93 200 222 243 248 253 9<;*r 19 — — — - . 1 q .... 1 ^ -.,. - 16 . ••- 0 — — - — 17 BIRDS. ORDER COLUMBINI. Rostrum mediocre^ compressum, basi mcmbrand molli et tumidd in- structum, ad apicem plus minusve arcuatuni. Pedet simpliccs, tetradactylijissi, digitis tribus anticis, uno pos- tico: tarsi reticulati. Beak, middle sized, compressed, the base covered with a soft and tumid membrane, the tip more or less arcuated. Feet simple, consisting of four divided toes, three in front, and one behind : tarsi reticulated. COLUMBA. PIGEON. Generic Character. Rostrum mediorre, fere rec- tum, compressiusculum et arcuatuni: mandibula su- periore basi membrana molli et tumida, in qua nares sitae sunt. Pedes fissi, digitis tribus an- ticis, uno postico. Alee aut breves aut mediocres. Cauda aequalis aut cuneata. Beak middle sized, nearly straight, compressed and bent ; the upper mandible with a soft and tumid mem- brane at its 'base, in which the nostrils are situated. Feet divided, with three toes before, and one behind. Wings short or middling. Tail equal or wedged. C^OLUMBA, auctorum. — The Pigeons form a most elegant genus of birds, and are most ex- quisitely figured and described by Temminck in his admirable Histoire Naturelle generate des Pi- v. xi. p. i. 2 HACKLED PIGEON. geons et des Gallinac^s, and to which I am in- debted for much of the information contained in the subsequent account of these orders. They generally associate in pairs, both sexes assisting in incubation and feeding their young. Their principal food consists of grain and seeds ; they drink much, and not at intervals like other birds, but by a continued draught : their note is peculiarly soft and expressive, and is well distin- guished from that of any other bird by its plain- tive and mournful sound: they generally breed more than once in the year ; the female lays two eggs at a time, one of which generally produces a male, the other a female. They are greatly dispersed over the old con- tinent, but only two or three species occur in America. A. Cauda aequali. a. Oculis area hudd circumdatis, pennis colli elongatix, apicibus, aitt emarginatis ant acuminatis. A. With an equal tail. a. Eyes surrounded by a naked space, and the feathers of the neck elongated, and notched, or acuminated, at their tips. HACKLED PIGEON. (Columba Francis.) Co. candca; rottro basi orbitisque nudis coccineis, uropygio cav- ddque rubris, pennis colli angustis elongatis apice acuminatis. Blue Pigeon, with the base of the beak and the naked space HACKLED PIGEON. 3 round the eyes scarlet ; the rump and tail red ; the feathers of the neck narrow, elongated at their tips and acuminated. Columba Franciae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 604. 42.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 463. Le Pigeon Hollandois. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 175. 1. 101. Colombe herissee. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 228. Hackled Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.641. 36. THIS magnificent Pigeon is distinguished from all the other birds of the Columbine order by its singular form of the feathers on the neck, head, and breast, which are long and narrow, terminating in a point ; their extremity is hard, of a cartila- ginous appearance and shining, somewhat resem- bling the appendices to the wings of the Ampelis Garrulus, or the large polished feathers on the neck of the Gallus Indicus. The total length of this bird is between twelve and thirteen inches : the beak is reddish at the base and yellowish towards the tip : on the cheeks, surrounding the eyes, is a red- dish flesh-coloured and almost naked space, which reaches below the orifice of the ears, and is covered with a soft down : the wings reach to the middle of the tail, and the tarsi are covered with feathers to the origin of the toes : the head, neck, and breast are of a whitish-grey ; the rest of the body, the wings, and the upper part of the tail, are of a fine deep violet-blue : the greater quills are also of this colour on their outer webs, but on their inner they are dusky. The tail beneath is of a rich lively rufous crimson ; the shafts of the fea- thers in the centre are of a deep blue ; as are the lateral feathers on their webs : the eyes are reddish : WATTLED PIGEON. the feet and claws are dusky blue. Inhabits Southern Africa and Madagascar. WATTLED PIGEON. (Columba auricularis.) Co. alba naribus globosis, orbitis cottoque nitdis cctruleis, tribns carunculis gularibus sanguineisy remigibus primoribus caudaque ad apicem nigris. White Pigeon, with the nostrils globose ; the orbits and neck naked blue, with three blood-red caruncles on the throat; the primary quills and tip of the tail black. Columba auricularis. Temm. Pig. Ind. 465. Colombe Oricou. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 236. IN length about eleven inches and a half: the cheeks, as far as the aperture of the ears, are naked and blue ; the skin hangs down in front of the neck, forming three caruncles, which are of a blood-red colour : the nostrils are surrounded with a kind of globose wattle : the plumage is of an uniform white : the tail alone is greyish at its base, and black towards its tip : the outer webs of the lateral feathers are white for about three quarters of their length : the greater and lesser quills are white at their origin, and black towards their tips, the outer feather of each wing being entirely of the latter colour : the spurious wing is of a grey-black : the feet are red and the beak black. This appears GREY PIGEON. to vary, having been found entirely white; and also with the plumage varied with grey and black ; the last most probably are only young birds : it is found in many of the islands of the Pacific ocean. GREY PIGEON. (Columba Corensis.) Co. corpore supra et subtus griseo fu&co, capite, collo, gulu, ptc- torequc purpureo-vinaceis, pennis colli infcrioribus variante luce, quasi squamosit, remigibus rectricibusque griseofuscis. Pigeon, with the body above and beneath grey-brown : the head, neck, throat and breast purplish-red : the inferior feathers of the neck varying with the light, and as if scaled ; quills and tail-feathers of a grey-brown. Columba Corensis. Jacq. Eeyt. p. 31. No. 35. — Gmel. Sytt. Nat. 1. 783.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 46.—Temm. Pig. 2nd. 461. Colombe a nuque ecaille'e. Temm. Pig. (8»o.) p. 21 J. Grey Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 201. 60. A. FOURTEEN inches and a half in length : the under parts of the body, the back, and the greater and middle wing-coverts are of a grey- brown : the fore part of the neck and the breast are of a pur- plish-red tinge ; which colour is expanded over the head : the nape is adorned with rich scale-like feathers, varying according to the position of the light to violet, purple and green, with a hue of chesnut ; there is also a stripe of this colour on 6 NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. the back of the neck, which has the appearance of velvet : the scapulars are of a grey- brown ; the greater wing quills, and those of the tail, are of a slate-colour : the feet are red, with black claws : the base of the beak reddish : irides orange, with a papillated naked reddish skin round the eyes : the tail is composed of twelve feathers. Inha- bits South America. Nothing is known of its manners. NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. (Columba Gymnopthalmus.) Co. capite collo pectore abdomineque dilute vinaceis pennis squa- moiis ad latera colli, dorso alisque Juscis, uropygio et pennis caudce cants. Pigeon, with the head, neck, breast and abdomen pale wine- coloured ; the feathers on the sides of the neck scale-like ; the back and wings brown ; the rump and feathers of the tail hoary. Columba Gymnopthalmus. Temm. Pig. Ind. 463, Colomba Jou-nud. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 225. LENGTH thirteen inches : round the eyes a large patch of naked skin, covered with small fleshy papillae of a beautiful deep blue : the head, the upper part of the neck, the throat, and the breast of a fine vinaceous tint, which colour descends over the belly and thighs in a diluted state : the nape and the sides of the lower part of the neck NAKED-CHEEKED PIGEON. 7 are shaded with a bright blue and a feeble purple ; the feathers of this part are each ornamented with two semicircular marks, the upper one white, the under, which is at the tip, is bluish, with violet reflections : beneath the ears is a transverse dusky spot, composed of very short feathers, which make their appearance when the animal extends its neck: the upper part of the back, the scapu- lars, the lesser and greater coverts of the wings, are of a grey-brown colour : the greater and lesser quills are dusky, with the outer webs bordered with grey : the back and the rump are of a greyish blue : the tail is grey above, and whitish beneath : the abdomen and the inferior tail-coverts are of a pure white : the beak is reddish, and is much bent at the tip : the eyes are reddish : the legs and claws are reddish-brown. The female is rather smaller than the male ; the colour of her plumage is less lively, and the naked space surrounding the eyes is neither so large nor so brilliant in colour as in the male. Nothing is known of the manners of this species. It inhabits India. , EGYPTIAN PIGEON. (Columba ./Egyptiaca.) Co. testaceo-incarnata, gull plantis apicc bilobis truncatis Jer- rugineis nigro-maculatis. Testaceous flesh-coloured Pigeon, with the feathers on the throat spotted with black, at their tips bilobed and truncated, of a ferruginous hue. Columba ^gyptiaca. Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 607. 4g. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 461. Colombe Egyptienne. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) 3?O. Egyptian Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. p. 267. 3. BEAK black : head flesh- colour, with a tinge of violet : orbits naked and bluish : the feathers on the throat wedge-shaped, divided at their tips, and truncated at the ends ; they are black at their origin, and rusty flesh-colour at their tips : the back is grey : th.e breast violet : belly and thighs white : wings principally brown ; the two outer tail-feathers at their base cinereous ; the middle black, and terminated by white ; the two next on each side grey at their base, black in the middle, and white at the tip only ; the fifth brown on each side, with the middle dusky ; the two middle ones entirely brown : legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Egypt, frequenting houses. MADAGASCAR PIGEON. (Columba Madagascariensis.) Co. pedibus plumosis, caudd violacca, corpore c.) p. 78. Ring Pigeon. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. I. No. 102. — Perm. Arct. Zool. 2. 329. B. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, t. 15. — Albin. Brit. Birds. 2. t. 46. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 635. 29. — Lath. Sup. \Q8. — Lnoin. Brit. Birds. 4. p. 129.— DOM. Brit. Birds.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. — Bew. Brit. Birds, l. 270. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 222. A LARGE species : length seventeen inches and a half: the beak yellowish : the nostrils covered with a reddish mealy membrane : hides pale yel- low: the head, back, and wing-coverts, bluish- ash ; the first darkest : the upper part of the back inclines to brown ; its lower part, the rump, and forepart of the neck, pale ash-colour ; the rest of the neck and the breast vinaceous, varied with ash : the belly, the thighs, and vent, dirty white : the hind part and sides of the neck are of a green gold colour, inclining to blue, with a copper gloss according to the light : on each side of the neck is a white crescent : the greater quills are dusky ; all of them, the outermost excepted, have their exterior edges whitish ; the secondaries are grey- ish brown : the bastard wing is adorned with a dash of white at its base: the tail is cinereous above, with the extremity dusky ; below, the base and ends are black, the middle hoary : the legs are covered with feathers nearly to the toes ; they are of a red colour, and the claws are black : the female is rather smaller : the young birds have the greyish tint less strong ; and the white on the nee k is not visible the first year. 14 RING P10EON. This bird is indigenous to this island : it js a migratory species, but never quits us entirely, only moving from one part to another in the autumn, and in some parts never changing its situation. In winter this species assembles in immense flocks, and constantly resorts to roost in the highest trees, especially the ash : early in the spring they begin to pair, at which time the male is observed to fly in a singular manner, alternately rising and falling in the air : the nest is composed of small twigs, so loosely put together, that the eggs, which are two in number (white and oval) may be distinctly seen from below : both sexes assist in its construction ; and the male frequently occupies the place of the female during the tedious process of incubation : the nest is generally placed in the fork of a tree, or, when the tree is surrounded with ivy, against its body ; it is sometimes placed amongst brush- wood, in hedges, or large hawthorn-bushes : they have two broods in the year : their favourite food consists of wild fruits, herbs, and grain of all kinds ; in the autumn they devour acorns and beech mast, swallowing them whole : they eat also the tops of turnips, young clover, green corn and berries. The note of this species is louder and more plaintive than that of the common Pigeon ; but it is only uttered in pairing time, or during fine weather: the flesh is excellent, especially when young. Many attempts have been made to do- mesticate it by hatching their eggs in dove-houses under the common Pigeon ; but as soon as the COLLARED PIGEON. 15 young ones were able to fly, they always escaped to their proper haunts. Montagu took considera- ble pains to endeavour to change their nature, and though he so far tamed them within doors as to become exceedingly troublesome, he could never induce them to breed.. Two were bred up together with a male Pigeon, and were so tame as to eat out of the hand ; but as they shewed no signs of breeding in the spring, they were suffered, in the month of June, to take their li- berty : it was supposed that the tame Pigeon might induce them to return to their usual place of abode, either for food or to roost ; but from that time they assumed their natural habits, and no- thing more was seen of them. This bird delights in sitting on the dead branches of trees, and look- ing around as if apprehensive of danger, which renders it difficult to shoot. This species is called the Queest, Cushat, or Ring Dove. COLLARED PIGEON. (Columba armillaris.) Co. nigro-ccerxlea, Jade armllaque alba, abdomine crissoyuc ulbo maculis watts nigris, caudd apice albd. Black-blue Pigeon, with the face and collar white; the ab- domen and vent white, with ovate black spota; the tail white at the tip. 16 COLLARED PIGEON. Columba armillaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. 44"?. Columba Picator. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lix. 2. Colombe grive!16e. Temm. Pig. pi. enl. 6. — Id. edit. 8vo. p. 97. Pied Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 268. 5. Var. (5. viridi-nigricam, subtus albA maculis nigris, vcrtice cinereo, pone oculos macula triquetra rubra. Dusky green, beneath white, with black spots 5 the vertex cine- reous ; behind the eyes a triangular red spot. Columba armillaris. /S. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447. Columba melanoleuca. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. lix. 1. Colombe Goad-gaug. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. p. 36Q. White-faced Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 268. 4. THE Collared Pigeon is a native of New Hol- land ; its length is about fifteen inches and a half: the membrane at the base of the beak is of a rose- colour : the principal colour of the upper parts of the plumage, and the back of the neck, is of a dark blue, and the same colour extends on both sides of the neck to the breast : the forehead and the throat are of a whitish grey : a kind of gorget ornaments the sides of the neck, from the ears to the breast: it is of a pure white below, except that the sides of the body and near the vent are spotted with black : the greater quills are of a dull blue ; the whole of the outer webs margined with brownish red: the four lateral tail-feathers are terminated with white. The White-faced Pigeon of Latham appears to be only a variety of this species ; it is of the same size, with the face and sides of the head white, with a triangular patch of black before each eye, and a spot of crimson behind : the crown of the head and occiput pale ash : the rest of the neck BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. 17 dusky : upper part of the body and wings pale green : some of the inner quills ferruginous : under parts from the breast white : sides of the latter black, and of the body spotted with that colour : called Goad-gang by the natives of New Holland. BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. (Columba chalcoptera.) Co.fusco-cinerea ritfo-marginata,Jronte gulaque albis, fascia ala- rum cuprfo-avred bifidd, rectricum ad apicem nigrd. Grey-brown Pigeon, with rufous margins ; the forehead and throat white ; a bifid golden-copper fascia on the wing ; and the tips of the tail-feathers black. Columba chalcoptera. Lith. Ind. Orn. 2. 604.39- — Temm. Pig. Ind. 44S. Colombe Lumachelle. Temm. Pig.fam. seconde. pi. enl. 8. — Id. edit. Qvo. 103. Bronze- winged Pigeon. Phill. Bot. Bay, p. 1 62. — White's Jour- nal, p. 146.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 266. 1. THE male of this species measures fifteen inches and a half in length : its forehead is of a pure white, with slight tinges of rose ; this colour be- comes violaceous as it approaches the occiput, and forms a dark stripe through the eyes : the nostrils are covered with small white feathers : the pre- vailing colour of the plumage is of an ashy-brown, each feather bordered with a yellow line : the greater wing-coverts have a brilliant spot towards v. xi. P. i. a 18 BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. their extremities, of a splendid bronzed copper, varying according to the position of the light to different tinges of red and green ; this passes in the form of a double band across the wings : the smaller and middle coverts have also several ir- regular patches of the same colour, and they are terminated with greyish yellow: the secondary quills have some brilliant greenish purple spots : the primaries are tipped with a beautiful pearl- aceous white : the under parts of the body are greyish, with a reddish tinge on the breast: the inside of the wings is of a ferruginous red : the tail is composed of eighteen grey feathers, having a black band towards their tip ; the two inter- mediate feathers are the colour of the body ; the under part of the *ail is greyish ash, with a trans- verse dusky bar across each feather: the beak is dusky, except the base, which is reddish : the feet are red. The female has a white spot on the fore- head, the rest of the head is of an ashy-grey, which is also the predominating colour of the bird, and all the colours are less brilliant than in the male ; all the feathers are edged with whitish yellow : the spot on the wings is not of the bril- liant ruby hue of the male, but more inclining to a metallic green ; all the other spots are like- wise of that tinge. The young are of a dusky grejr, and the whole of the feathers are bordered with an earthy brown : the forehead and throat are whitish, and the wing spots are very dull, with a slight tinge of green. This is one of the most brilliant of the whole PARABOLIC PIGEON. 19 genus, and is abundant in New Holland and many of the surrounding islands, and those of the Pacific Ocean. They are fond of sandy and desert tracts, appearing from September to February, and are chiefly found in pairs : their nest is found either upon some low tree or on the ground : they lay two white eggs, and the young are hatched about November : their principal food consists of a fruit somewhat resembling a cherry, the stones of which have been found in abundance in their stomachs. It is very easy to find their place of retreat, as they are continually making a loud cooing, which is said to resemble the lowing of a cow at a distance. They are known by the English in New Holland by the name of Ground Pigeon, being unable to take long flights, and being observed principally on low trees, or on the ground. PARABOLIC PIGEON. (Columba arquatrix.) Co. jntrpureo-ceeruletccns, pectore subtus nigro purpureo-vario, capite griseo-carulescente, abdomine alisque maculis albis, pedi- btu plumosis. Purple-blue Pigeon, with the breast beneath black, varied with purple ; the head grey-bluish ; the abdomen and wings with white spots 3 the feet plumose. Columba arquatrix. Temm. Pig. Ind. 447- Colombo nuneron. Lc VailL Ois. d'Afrique. t. 6. pi. 264. — Temm. Pig, Jam. second, pi. enl. 5. — Id. Bvo. p. 93. 2O PARABOLIC PIGEON. THIS species is one of the discoveries of the celebrated naturalist and traveller Le Vaillant, whose splendid work on the African birds is wor- thy the industry of such an assiduous and enter- prising individual. It measures about fifteen inches in length from the tip of the beak to the extremity of the tail : its prevailing colours are a rich pur- plish blue, more or less dark, and a reddish vinaceous ; the latter colour predominating on the front, the top of the back, and the whole of the under parts, that on the upper part of the back and the breast being brightest: the feathers on the latter being blackish in the centre, gives it the appearance of being spotted : the top of the head and the occiput are of a grey -blue : the lesser and middle wing-coverts are adorned with a few whitish spots of a round shape ; the other coverts are the same, with triangular spots : the tarsi are covered with feathers in part, the rest is naked and of a clear yellow : the feet and claws are also yellow : the beak is of a very deep yellow, and the membrane at the base of the beak is orange : the irides are brown orange. This Pigeon is found in the forests of the Au- teniquois : during the season of incubation, the male and female are always found in pairs ; but at other times, they associate in flocks : they construct their nests like the Stock Dove, and produce ten white eggs: this species has a very remarkable flight, not going in a straight line, but upon commencing its route, it describes a para- bola, and continues forming a series of arcs during NUTMEG PIGEON. 21 the time, uttering its cry : it is a great enemy to the White Eagle of Le Vaillant. NUTMEG PIGEON. {Columba senea.) Co. corpore teneo, rostro virescente, pectore abdojnineque subtus griseo-c&ruleis, remigibus cauddque ex ccerulescente viridibus. Femina. Capite pectore abdomineque subtus griseo-rufis, re- migibus cauddque viridi-nigris. Pigeon, with a brassy body, the beak greenish, the breast and abdomen beneath of a greyish-blue ; the quills and tail of a bluish -green. Female, with the head, breast, and abdomen beneath of a rufous-grey ; the quills and tail green-black. Columba aenea. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 22. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 780. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 602. 33.—Temm. Pig. Ind. ;>.446. Palumbus Moluccensis. Brist. Orn. \. 148. 41. t. 13. f. 2. Pigeon ramier des Moluques. Buff. Ois. 2. 538.— -Buff. PI. Enl. 164. Pigeon cuivre" mangeur de muscade. Sonncr. Voy. Ind. 168. 1O2. var. Colombe muscadivore. Temm. Pig. edit. Qvo. p. 86. Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 636. 30. — *. 637. 30. ». THE adult male of this species has the whole of the head, the neck, and the under parts of the plumage of a beautiful grey-blue : the shoulders, the back, the great and little wing-coverts of a deep green, with metallic reflections ; the primary quills and secondaries are of a blue-green : the 22 NUTMEG PIGEON. tail is composed of twelve feathers, and is of a fine blue, changing to green-gold ; the underside is dusky ; its inferior coverts are of a red-fer- ruginous: the feet are red: the beak and claws black : the irides are of a reddish orange. The female has her plumage more dull than the male, her neck and belly have a vinaceous hue, and on the nape is a deep reddish band : the young birds are reddish where the male is grey, and the wings and back are of a brownish tinge, with green re- flections ; the greater quills and tail are of a grey- black. The Nutmeg Pigeon is a native of the Mo- luccas and New Guinea, and other islands of the Pacific Ocean : it receives its name from the cir- cumstance of its feeding upon nutmegs at certain seasons of the year : the mace of the larger fruit serves it entirely for nourishment : the small nuts are passed through the body of the bird without alteration, and by that means it helps to propagate this useful spice. This bird migrates in innu- merable hosts at particular seasons, and appears in , the forests of Java, where it feeds upon the fruit of the ficus religiosus. It varies considerably in its plumage. SEA PIGEON. (Columba littoralis.) Co. corpora albo, remigibus primoribus caudaque ad apicem nigris. Pigeon, with a white body, the primary quills and tail towards the apex black. Columba littoralis. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 448. Columba alba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 780. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 602. p. 34. Le Pigeon blanc mangeur de muscade. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169. pi. 103. Colom be marine. Temm. Pig.Jam.second.pl. J. — Id. tdit. Qvo. P-99- White Nutmeg Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 638. 31. Var. ft. remigibus caudaque toto albis. With the quills and tail entirely white. Columba littoralis var. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 448. LENGTH thirteen inches : the whole of the plumage is of a pure white, with the exception of the greater wing quills, which are wholly black ; the smaller quills at their extremities are also black for three-fourths of their length, and the tips of the tail-feathers are likewise of that colour : the feet and beak are of a livid hue ; as is a naked space round the eyes, which are yellow. It some- times occurs entirely white. It occurs in abundance in New Guinea and Java ; by the natives of the latter, it is distin- 24- SPOTTED PIGEON. guished by the name of the Sea Pigeon, from its principal habitation in that island being upon the rocks on the coasts : it is migratory : like the preceding, it feeds upon Nutmegs, and voids the nuts uninjured, and is said, by that means, to convey the plant from island to island. SPOTTED PIGEON. (Columba maculosa.) Co. capile, parle corporis inferiori, dorso uropygioyue carujco- cincraceis, tectricibuS' alarum fastis maculam albam versus ex- tremitatem habentibus, partibus colli lateralibus unicoloribus. Pigeon, with the head, the under parts of the body, the back,' and rump, blue-grey j the wing-coverts brown, with a white spot towards their extremity ; the sides of the neck of one colour. Columba maculosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. 450. Colombe tigree. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. 113. THIS species inhabits Paraguay ; it is described by Temminck : its total length is twelve inches : the whole of the head, the neck, the under part and sides of the body, the inferior wing-coverts, the back, and the rump, are entirely of a greyish lead- colour : the upper wing-coverts have a small white spot towards their extremity, the rest is brown : the lesser coverts have a white margin on their STOCK STOCK PIGEON. 25 outer edge : the feathers of the neck have no re- flection : the tarsi are of a deep reddish-violet : the irides are white: and the tip of the beak dusky. STOCK PIGEON. (Columba CEnas.) Co. caerulescens, cercice viridi-nitente, jugulo pectorequc vina- ceis, dorso postice cinerascente, macula alarum duplici caudaquc apice nigricantibus. Bluish Pigeon, with the cervix of a shining green, the jugulum and breast vinaceous, the hinder part of the back cinerascent, with a double spot on the wings, and the tip of the tail black. Columba OEnas. Linn. Syat. Nat. 1. 279- 1- 0. — Linn. Faun. Suec. No. 207-— Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 769.— Brits. Orn. I. 86. 5. — Haii. Syn. p. 62. A. 1O. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5&g. 1. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 4.5;.— Tcmm. Man. tfOrn.lJJ.—Nillt. Om. Suec. 1. p. 2p3. Colombe Colombin. Temm. Pig. Jam. seconde. pi. 11 . — Id. edit. 8vo. p. 118. Stock Pigeon, or Stock Dove. Penn. Brit. Zoo/. //. App. 605. Penn. Arct. Zoo/. 2. 329. A.—Aloin. Birds.1}. 46— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 604. 1. —Lath. Syn. Sup. p 197. 1 .—Levin. Brit. Birds. 4. 128 — Don. Brit. Birdt. 5. pi. 107. — White's Selburn.p. 98. 1OO.— Mont. Orn. Diet. 1.— Bewick, Brit. Birdt. \ 267. — Low. Faun. Oread, p. 52. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 220. THIS bird measures fourteen inches in length : its beak is of a pale red : the head ash-coloured : 26 STOCK PIGEON. the hind part of the neck and sides green-gold, glossed with copper according to the light : the upper part of the back and wings dull ash-colour : the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail- coverts, lighter ash : forepart of the neck ash-co- lour ; its lower part and the breast of a vinaceous hue : the four or five outer quills are black, with the exterior edges white ; the rest ash-colour, with the ends black : on each wing are two black spots : the belly, thighs, and under tail- coverts pale ash : the tail is ash-coloured, with one-third of the end black, and two of the outer feathers white from the base to the middle on the exterior edge : beneath, the tail has a bright grey band, passing transversely across each feather : the legs and claws are black. The Stock has been generally confounded with the Domestic Pigeon, but there cannot be much doubt of its being a distinct species : its habits are somewhat similar to those of that bird. It is found very abundantly on the coasts of England, and also amongst beech woods, which it frequents for the sake of the mast, upon which it feeds. Upon the approach of winter, great quan- tities migrate into England from the more northern parts, and return in the spring ; but many remain all the summer, and build in old trees, laying two white eggs : many attempts have been made to domesticate this species, but they have always failed, the bird escaping, as soon as it had an op- portunity, and returning to its haunts. Its food principally consists of seeds and berries. 27 DOMESTIC PIGEON. (Columba livia.) Co. dnercO'C&rulescenSf fascia alarum duplici nigrd, dorso in- Jeriore albo, pectorc dilute vinaceo, apice cauda nigricante. Grey-bluish Pigeon, with a double black band on the wings, the lower part of the back white, the breast pale vinaceous, the tip of the tail dusky. Columba livia. Temm. Pig. Ind.p. 451. — Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 27<5. Columba domestica livia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5QQ. 2. — Raii. Syn. p. 62. 8.— Briss. Orn. 1 . p. 82. 3. — NiUi. Orn. Suec. p. 295. Colombe biset. Buff. Ois. 2. 4g8.—Buf.PL Enl 5\Q.—Temm. Pig. (8t>o.) p. 125. Biset Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 605. 2. A. Rock Dove. Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. Var. a. Minor versicolor, dorso inferiore albo. Less, varying in colour, with the lower part of the back white. Columba livia domestica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452. Columba domestica. Linn. Faun. Suec. 207- — Gmel. Syst. Kal. 1. p. 769.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 58p. Columba vulgaris seu domestica. Raii. Syn. p. 59. — Briss. Orn. l.p.68. Columba saxatilis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 769. — Briss. Om. 1. p. 84. 4. Columba rupicola. Itaii. Syn. 1. p. 63. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 590. Le Pigeon coinmun ou domestique. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 501.— Buff. PI. Enl. 466.— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 193. White-rumped Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 60S. 2. Rock Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. ;;. 60S. Var. &. Versicolor, cerd albido^urfuraceA. Of various colours, with the cere whitish. Columba livia hispanica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 452. 28 DOMESTIC PIGEON. Columba domestica hispanica. Linn. Syst. Nut. 1. p. 179. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 590. Columba Romana. firm. Orn. 1. p. 71. — G met. Syst. Nat. 1. p • ;;o. Columba domestica major. Raii. Syn. p. GO. 1 . Pigeon Romain. Buff. Oil. 2. p. 510.— Buff. PI. Enl. 110.— Temm. Pig. (8vu.) p. IQ4. Roman Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608. Var. y. Pedibus hirsuto~pennaceis. With hairy feathers on the feet. Columba livia dasypus. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 453. Columba domestica dasypus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 279- — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l.p. 77().— Biyu. Orn. 1. p. J3.—Lath. Ind. Om.2. Rough-footed Pigeon, lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 608. Var. J. Pedibus hirsuto-pennaceis, capite cristato. With hairy feathers on the feet, the head crested. Columba livia cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 453. Columba domestica cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. JJQ. — Bras. Orn. l.p. 73. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 590. Pigeon huppe. Bvff. Ois. l.p. 510. Crested Pigeon. Lath. Gen.- Syn. 4. p. GOQ. Var. e. Capite cristato, corpore riveo, pedibus plumosis. With the head crested, the body snowy white, and the feet fea- thered. Columba livia Norvegica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica Norvegica. Briss. Om. l. p. "Jt.—Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5QI. Norway Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 609. Var. £. Area oculorum nudd tuberculata furfur ace, macultl alarum duplici nigricante. With a naked tuberculated space round the eyes, and a double dusky spot on the wings. Columba livia Barbarica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454. Columba domestica Barbarica. Raii. Syn. p. GO. 8. — Briss. Orn. 1. p. 74. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. [. p. 770.— Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 591. Barbary Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. Var. ij. Pennif occipitis reflexo erectis. DOMESTIC PIGEON. 29 With the feathers of the occiput erected. Columba livia cucullata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454. Columba domestica cucullata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Linn. Faun. Xuec. 207. — Rait. Syn. p. 6O. b. — Briss. Orn. 1. p. 79. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. gi. Pigeon nonain. Bit/. Ois. '2. p* 19. — Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p. 197. Jacobine Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 610. — Albin. Bird*. 3. pi. 43. Var. 0. Plumis minimis erectis, per dorsum alasquc dispcrsis. With small erected feathers scattered over the back and wings. Columba livia hispida. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 454. Columba domestica hispida. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 770. — Lath. Ind. Orn. l.p. 5Q\. Pigeon frise. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 5 19. Laced Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 610. Var. i. Pennis in pectore recvrvis. With the feathers on the breast recurved. Columba livia turbita. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica turbita. Linn. Syst. Nat. l.p. 260. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 77.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 75.—Raii. Syn. p. 60. J.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Pigeon a cravate. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 513. — Buff. PL Enl. 23.— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 197. Turbit Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 6l 1 . Var. x. CaudA erectd multipennae patuld. With an erect open tail of many feathers. Columba livia laticauda. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 455. Columba domestica laticauda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 280.— Gmel. Sytt. Nat. 1. p. 7/0.— Ran. Syn. p. CO.— firm. Orn. 1. p. 8O. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Le Pigeon Paon. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 51. pi. 22.— Temm. Pig. (8ro.) P- 199- Columba ircmula. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 81. — Raii. Syn. p. 60. 4. Broad and narrow-tailed shaker Pigeons. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 611.2. Var. X. sub volatu se gyrans. During flight turning over. Columba livia Gyratrix. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 28O.— Crmr/. 30 DOMESTIC PIGEON. Sytt. Nat. l. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 6l. 10.— Brits. Orn. I. p. 79. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Le Pigeon culbutant. Bvff. Ois. 2. p. 517,—Temm. Pig. (8w.) p. 201. Tumbler Pigeon. La/7*. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. [L. Capite remigibus rectricibusque concoloribus, corporc diver- sicolore. With the head, quills, and tail-feathers of one colour, the body varied. Columba livia galeata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 456. Columba domestica galeata. Linn. Syst. Nat. l.p. 280. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 61. 11.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. SO.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 592. Pigeon cuirass£. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 515. Helmet Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. v. Cera papillosa rubrd. With a papillated red cere. Columba livia Turcica. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 456. Columba domestica Turcica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Briss. Orn. l.p. 76.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 593. Pigeon Bagadais. Temm. Pig. (800.) p. 196. Persian, or Turkish Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 612. Var. £. Cera laid carunculata albidd, palpelris nudis. With a carunculated bro;ul white cere, the palpebrae naked. Columba livia Tabellaria. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 457. Columba domestica Tabellaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 281. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 771.— Raii. Syn. p. 60. 5.— Briss. Orn. 1. p. 77. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 5Q3. Carrier Pigeon. Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 16. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 6l3.—Albin. Birds. 2. pi. 45. Var. o. Pectore inflato. With the breast inflated. Columba livia Gutturosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 457. Columba domestica Gutturosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. J . p. 28O. — Gmel. Syst. 1. p. 771. — Raii. Syn. p. 60. 2.-— Briss. Orn. l.p. 78.— Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. p . 593. Le Pigeon grosse gorge. Buff". Ois. 2. p. 505.—Btif. PI. En4. 17. & 18.— Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 195. DOMESTIC PIGEON. 31 Powter Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 613. Var. w. Pectore inflate, cerd carunculatd. With an inflated breast and carunculated cere. Columba livia Eques. Ttmm. Pig. Ind. p. 458. Columba domestica Eques. Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 771. — Briss. Orn. \.p. 78. — Raii. Syn. p. 6l. 2 — Lath. Ind. Or*. 2. 3 , NEW ZEALAND PIGEON. (Columba Zealandica.) Co. rubra, abdomine albo, uropygio ctervleo, caudA nigrd. Red Pigeon, with a white abdomen, blue rump, and black tail. Columba Zealandica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 37. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 464. Columba Nova Zelandiae. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 773. Columba Haggarero. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) 371. New Zealand Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 640. 34. THIS species is a native of Dusky Bay, New Zealand, and is called by the inhabitants the PURPLE-BREASTED PIGEON. 39 Haggerero. It is of a very large size, measuring seventeen inches and upwards : the beak is about one inch in length, and is red, as are the eyes and feet : the upper parts of this bird are of a rufous-brown, changing on the front of the neck to green tints : the wing-quills are dusky : the rump is blue : the tail black, with its under sur- face and all the lower parts of the body white : the inferior coverts of the tail are bluish. PURPLE- BREASTED PIGEON. (Columba Eimensis.) Co. fusco-virescens, fronte collogue subtus vinaceis, pcctore tectri- cibusque alarvmftuco-rubris, fascia pectorali alb&. Brown-green Pigeon, with the forehead and neck beneath vina- ceous, the breast and wing-coverts of a red-brown, a white fascia on the breast. Columba Eimensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 699. 21. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 784. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 465. Le Pigeon ramier a collier pourpre. Sonnini. edit. Buff", v. 7. 263. Colombo a collier pourpre. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) p. 372. Purple-breasted Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 629 19. THE length of this species is about fourteen inches : the top of its head and its nape is brown ; the forehead, the throat, and the front of the neck are of a pale red, or vinaceous colour : the sides of the neck are of a red brown : these co- 40 FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON. lours change to a beautiful purple, according to the light : the breast is marked with a kind of girdle of purple, and one of white: the wing- coverts afe of the same colour with the neck ; the quills are dusky : the belly is of a dusky grey : the legs are red and the feet black. Inhabits the island of Eimeo in the South Seas. FERRUGINOUS-VENTED PIGEON. (Columba cristate.) t Co. cupitc-subcristato, colld pectoreque cinereo-albis, hvmeris spa- diceis, crissoferrugineo, caudd nigricante. Pigeon with the head slightly crested, the neck and breast of an ashy white, the shoulders chesnut, the vent ferruginous, and the tail dusky. Columba cristata. Temm. Pig. Ind. 4-JQ. Columba pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 600. 2/. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1- 777- Colombe largup. Temm. Pig. Jam. seconde pi. Enl. Q. — Id. edit. Qvo. p. 108. Ferruginous- vented Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 633. 24. THIS species is rendered very remarkable by being ornamented with a moveable tufted crest on the occiput : its length is nearly fourteen inches : the beak, which is one inch in length, is greatly curved towards the point : the head, the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a grey shade, with clear purple tinges : with metallic re- SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON. 41 flections on the throat and the breast: beneath the eyes, and on the throat, is a large patch of earthy yellow colour : the shoulders, the scapu- lars, and the lesser wing-coverts, are of a viola- ceous purple, with rich reflections : the greater coverts and the secondary feathers are dusky, with a purplish reflection : the general colour of the back, and the whole of the tail-feathers, is dusky: the thighs, the abdomen, and also the under tail-coverts, are of a beautiful ferruginous : the greater quills are of a lively red : the feet are red : and the beak and claws brown. This fine species inhabits the Friendly Islands in the South Seas. SCOLLOP-NECKED PIGEON. (Co hi nib; i speciosa.) Co. fcrruginca, caudd nigricante, collo inferiore pecloreque rufo albo purpureoque undulatis. Ferruginous Pigeon, with a dusky tail, the neck beneath and the breast undulated with rufous, white, and purple. Columba speciosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. — Lot A. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 45- — Temnt. Pig. Ind. 460. Le Ramiret. Bit/. Ois. 2. 541. Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Bujf. PL Enl. p. 213. Colombo nuniret. Temm. Pig. (Svo.J 20S. Scollop- necked Pigeon. Lath. Ind. Orn. 4. 643. 3p. NEAR fourteen inches in length : beak red, co- vered with a white cere : the head ferruginous : 42 ROSE PIGEON. neck and breast varied with rufous, white, and purplish blue ; each feather being rufous at the base, then white, with blue margins, giving that part the appearance of a coat of mail : the shoul- ders, the back, and the lesser wing-coverts are of a ferruginous purple : the greater quills are of an ashy brown ; the lesser are the same, but not so dark : the tail is dusky : the belly, the abdomen, and the inferior tail-coverts are whitish, with violaceous tinges towards the sides : the feet are red, the claws brown : the female is less brilliant in colour ; the back and the wings are greyish ; the quills and tail-feathers are of a grey brown ; and the under parts of the body are of a dull white, with a slight violet hue towards the sides. Inhabits Cayenne, where it is abundant. ROSE PIGEON. • t\~ y (Columba miniata.) Co. cupite cano, partibus inferioribus vinacco-canis, cotto dorsogue purpurco-violaceis, pcnrtis mediis caudce nigris, lateralibus albo terminatis, humeris spadiceis, pennis colli bifiircu. Pigeon with a hoary head j the under parts of the body of a hoary red ; the neck and back of a purple- violet ; the middle of the tail-feathers black, the lateral ones terminated by white ; the shoulders chesnut-coloured ; the feathers of the neck bifurcated. Columba miniata. Temm. Pig. Ind. 46(). Grande Tourterelle de la Chine. S'.mncr. Voy. Ind. 2. 178- Colomba Mordoree. Ttmm. Pig. (Q-co.) p. 36p. LABRADOR PIGEON. 43 NATIVB of China : size of the common Pigeon : the head is grey ; the upper part of the neck, the belly, and the abdomen are of a clear greyish red : the posterior part of the neck and the back are of a deep violet purple : the feathers that cover the sides of the neck are scalloped in the centre, and terminated with a greyish red band : the small feathers on the shoulders are of a deep rosy or chesnut colour : the coverts are of an earthy brown : the rump is of a grey lilac : the middle tail-feathers are of a dusky black ; the lateral ones are black for half the length, and tipped with white : the under tail-coverts are white : the beak is yellowish : the irides red : the feet brown. LABRADOR PIGEON. (Columba elegans ) Co. Jusca, occipite albicante-cano, pectore venire abdomineguc canis, macula, rubcscenie-fusca in pectore, caudd cand fascia tranrcersd nigrd. Brown Pigeon, with the occiput of a hoary white ; the breast, belly, and abdomen hoary ; a rufescent brown spot on the breast ; the tail hoary, with a transverse black band. Columba elegans. Temm. Pig. Ind. 466. Colombo Labrador. Temm. Pig. (QvoJ p. 24O- THE Labrador Pigeon was discovered, during the voyage of Captain Baudin, to be a native of 44 LABRADOR 1'IGLON. Dieman's Land : its total length is about eleven inches : the forehead is of a bright red ; the occi- put is marked with a grey-white spot ; and a stripe of chocolate originating behind the eyes, forming a kind of diadem ; there is another band of pure white, and much narrower, reaching down the side of the neck : the space between the beak and the eye is brown : the nape, the scapulars, and a large patch on the upper part of the breast, are of a chocolate colour ; the sides of the neck, the breast, the belly, and abdomen are of a fine deep grey : the back, the rump, and the small coverts of the wings, are of an olive-brown colour : the middle coverts are ornamented with two broad transverse bands of colour, having the richness of precious stones, the superior one possessing the tints of the ruby and opal, and the lower those of the sapphire and emerald ; the brilliant feathers are terminated with a beautiful silvery white : the greater and lesser quills are red on their interior webs for three-fourths of their length, their points and exterior webs are brown ; the inner part of the wing is of a dusky red : the tail-feathers on their interior webs and part of the exterior are grey, with a black band passing across, which is terminated with brownish : the tail is somewhat rounded j it is composed of fourteen feathers : the feet are red ; and the beak black. 4.5 PICAZU PIGEON. (Columba maculata.) Co. capite et parte colli anteriori vinaceis, utroque later e colli ni- grescente albo tertninato, dorso uropygioque cceruleo-plumbcis^ alia et cauddfuscis, pennis caudte atro terminatis. Pigeon with the head and anterior part of the neck vinaceous ; both sides of the neck dusky, terminated by white ; the back and rump blue- lead colour; the wings and tail brown, the feathers of the latter terminated with dusky. Columba Picazuro. Temm. Pig. Ind. 44Q. Colombe Picazuro. Temm. Pig. edit. 8vo. 111. DESCRIBED by Temminck : in length thirteen inches and a half: the tail is composed of twelve round feathers : the eyes are situated in a naked space, which reaches to the angles of the mouth : the whole of the head, the throat, and the fore part of the neck, of a vinaceous red : the feathers of the upper part of the sides of the neck are rounded and dusky, with white spots in shape of a horse-shoe : the back and rump are of a lively lead colour : the upper part of the back and the wings are brown ; with the extremity of the tail dusky : the under parts of the body are bluish : the inferior wing-coverts and those of the tail are of a bright blue-lead colour: the tarsi are of a reddish violet : the irides are fine red, and the rest of the eye of a blood red : the beak is blue, and is covered with a whitish powder. The female rather less than the male, and her colours are less brilliant. It inhabits Paraguay. 46 SPOTTED GREEN PIGEON. (Columba Picazuro.) Co. saturate viridis, corpore rufra albido-maculato abdomint nigri- cante, cauda nigrd apice ferrugined. Dark-green Pigeon, with the body above spotted with whitish, the abdomen dusky, and the tail black, with a ferruginous tip. Columba maculata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 60S. 43. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 780.—Temm. Pig. 465. (Ind.) Spotted Green Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 642. 3 7. THE Spotted Green Pigeon of Latham is in length twelve inches : its beak is black, tipped with pale yellow : the prevailing colour of the plumage is dark glossy green ; the head and neck are darkest, and of a plain colour : the feathers of the latter are long and narrow, like a cock's hackles : each feather of the wings and scapulars is tipped with a spot of pale cinereous white, with a point running upwards in a triangular position : the quills and tail are black ; the feathers of the first tipped with greyish white, and those of the last with ferruginous white ; the tail is even at the end : the belly, thighs, and vent, are dusky black : the legs are brown : the tarsi covered half way with downy feathers : claws black. 47 GREY-HEADED PIGEON. (Columba Javanica.) Co. viridis capite ceeruho-albo, collo pectoreqve vinaceo-rubris, abdomine obscuriore, remigibus rectricibusque cteruleo-nigri- cantibus. Green Pigeon, with the head of a blue white, the neck and breast of a vinaceous red, the abdomen obscure, the quills and tail-feathers of a dusky blue. Columba Javanica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 610. 60. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 781. 55. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 46S. Columba albicapilla. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 755. 8. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 11. Columba I ndica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. — Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 284.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 598. 16. Columba cseruleocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6lO. 6|. Colombe aganocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 781. 56. Columba Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 556.— Bvf. PI. Enl. 177.— Temm. Pig. (Qvo.J p. 252. Le Pigeon vert & tete gris d'Antigue. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 1 12. pi. 66. Le Pigeon ramier d'Amboine. Briss. Orn. 1. 150. pi. 15. f. 1. Green-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 625. 14. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 198. — Edwards, pi. 14. Javan Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 654. 51. Blue-crowned Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 655. 52. Grey-headed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 623. 11. THE Grey-headed Pigeon is about the size of the Turtle Dove : its length is ten inches : the fore part of the head is white, with a fillet of that colour passing through the eyes ; the top of the head bluish ; the sides, neck, and breast reddish : that of the hind part of the neck darkest : the 48 GREY-HEADED PIGEON. back and the whole of the wing-coverts green- gold, glossed with copper, according to the po- sition with respect to the light ; some of the lesser coverts have their feathers tipped with white, giving an agreeable change to the plumage : the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts are ash-coloured : the belly, the thighs, and the feathers beneath the tail are brown, with a slight tinge of red : the under tail-coverts are reddish-brown : the wing-quills are of a deep brown ; on their inner webs inclining to red : those of the tail are black, except the two outer ones on each side, which are ash-coloured, and tipped with black : the tail is rather short : the beak is reddish, the membrane at the base bluish: the feet are red, and the claws clear brown. This species is subject to slight variations in its plumage, being found with the whole of the head of a dusky colour, and the plumage generally of a dingy cast : the breast and the neck of a reddish- brown. Inhabits the whole of the islands in the Indian ocean, and'many parts of the south of Asia, espe- cially Ceylon ; it is also in great abundance in Java and Sumatra, frequenting the vast forests of those places. Sonnerat observed it in the islands of Panay and Antigua. The Chinese give it the name of Yaupaun : the Javanese that of Bouron Glimonhane. •** 49 JAMBOO PIGEON. (Columba Jamboo.) Co. viridis, capite rubro, gvld nigra pectore abdomineque albot ftucid pectorali rosactd. Femina, corpore collo pectoreque i j- ridibitSjJronte guliiquej'uscis, abdominc albido. Green Pigeon, with the head red, the throat black, the breast and abdomen white, and a rosy band on the breast. Female, with the body, neck, and breast, greenish, the forehead and throat brown, and the abdomen white. Columba Jamboo. Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 784. — Lath. Ind. On. 2. 598. l8.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 469. Colombe Jamboo. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) 257. Pooni Jamboo. Maund. Sutnat. p. 84. Jamboo Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 627. 16. THE Jamboo Pigeon received its name from the colour of the fore-part of the head and cheeks, which resembles that of the blossom of the Jam- boo : it is a very elegant bird, and measures about nine inches and a half in length : the whole of the head and cheeks are of a fine carnation hue : the throat is marked with a longitudinal stripe of black : on the breast is a kind of shield of an oval form, and rosy in colour : the whole of the under parts of the body are of a fine deep green tinge : the inferior parts are white : the upper part of the tail is black ; the whole of the feathers terminated with white ; the under coverts are of a brown colour : the feet are red, and the claws yellow. The female differs a little from the male in the v. xi. P. i. 4 5O BLACK-RINGED PIGEON. arrangement of the colours : the whole of the upper parts of the body and the breast are of an uniform greenish tinge : the shield on the latter is of a brown-green : the throat is brown ; the belly and the rump are of a whitish-grey : the flanks of the body are varied with spots more or less green : the tail beneath is dusky, and the whole of its feathers are tipped with greyish. This seems to be a scarce species, not ap- pearing to be much known to collectors of birds. It is found in Sumatra : its favourite food is the berries of the Rumpooni : but in a state of cap- tivity it will feed upon boiled rice. BLACK-RINGED PIGEON. (Columba cincta.) Co. capite collo pectoreque Jlavescenlc-albo, cingulo atro pectiu cin- gente, dorso alisque nigricantibus, ventre, crurilms abdomineque jlavis, caud& cano terminal d. Pigeon with the head, neck, and breast of a yellowish-white ; the breast encircled with a dark ring ; the back and wings dusky j the belly, thighs, and abdomen yellow j the tail tipped with hoary. Columba cincta. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 466. Colombe & cinturon noir. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 243. LENGTH thirteen inches : a kind of white hood covers the whole of the head and the top of the MARTINICO PIGEON. 51 neck ; this colour reaches down towards the breast, which is yellowish ; on the lower part of which is a large black velvety belt passing upwards, close to the base of the wing, forming a kind of mantle of a greenish-black on the upper part of the back ; and reaching some deep green shades upon the greater feathers of the wing ; the six outer ones being somewhat rounded at their tips : the rump is greenish : the tail is composed of fourteen fea- thers ; its upper parts are of a black-green ; the whole of the feathers are terminated with grey, and a stripe of greenish : below the tail is ash- coloured, and the tips of the feathers are white : the belly, the thighs, and the abdomen are of a beautiful yellow : the tail-coverts are grey, fringed with yellow on the borders of the feathers : the tarsi are covered with feathers : the feet are yel- low : the beak yellowish-brown. Native of Southern Asia. MARTINICO PIGEON. (Columba aurita.) Co. fusco-rufescens torque violacco-aured, alit nigro-muculatis, gutture albo, partibus inferioribvs cinerasccntibus, rcctricilus in- termtdiis fufds cecteris nigro tcrminatis, npice summo albo. Mas. Pennis ceeruleis rr aureo nittnte sub orifids auris. Brown-red Pigeon, with a violet golden collar, the wings spot- ted with black, the throat white, the inferior parts of the 52 MART1N1CO PIGEON. body ash-coloured j the intermediate tail-feathers brown, the rest tipped with black, the tip itself white. Male, with blue shining golden feathers under the aperture of the ears. Columba aurita. Temm. Pig. Lid. 467. Columba leucoptera. Linn. Syst. Nat. l. 617. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7/3. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5Q5. 6. Columba Martinicana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5Q5. 7. a,.—~Britt. Orn. 1. 104. 14. Columba Indica. Briss. Orn. 1. 105. Turtur auritus. Ruii. Syn. p. 1 84. Le Pigeon brun tachetee. D'Azara. Voy. Amcr. merid. 4. 132. 322. Colombe a Oreillon bleu. Temm. Pig. (8w.) p. 247- Brown Indian Dove. Edw. Birds, p. 76. White- winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 617. 6. Martinico Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 618. 7. FOUND in Martinique, and other of the West Indian islands, also on the South American con- tinent. Length ten inches : the head, the throat, the neck, and the breast are chesnut varied with purple ; the feathers surrounding the lower part of the neck have a gilded violet gloss, and form a sort of collar: the male has eight or ten blue golden glossed feathers on each side the head above the ears, which form a conspicuous cha- racter : the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, and the upper parts of the tail are of a brown, varied with red, with several black spots on the greater wing-coverts nearest the body : the belly, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts light fulvous, with a vinaceous tinge : the greater quills of the wings are dusky, with their outer margins whitish : the secondaries are of a brown-black, with grey- ish-white tips : the two intermediate tail-feathers INDIAN PIGEON. 53 are of the same colour as the middle of the back ; the others brown for two-thirds of their length, with the outer margins rufous, the inner deep ash, the rest of their length black, with grey tips : the exterior feather is grey on the outside the whole length : the beak and the claws are black : the feet red. It varies in having caerulean spots on the wings of a golden hue, and in the secondary quills being terminated with white. INDIAN PIGEON. (Columba Asiatica.) Co. cinereo-tiridis, capite cinereo, maculd alarum corporeque tubtus albis, remigibus nigris albo extus marginatis. Brown-green Pigeon, \\yth the head ash-coloured, a spot on the wings and the body beneath white, the quills black, exter- nally bordered with white. Columba Asiatica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 14. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 467. Indian Pigeon. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2O2. 60. y. " LENGTH eleven inches : beak bluish at the base ; towards the tip white : head ash colour : neck pale yellowish-green ; lower part of the neck all round, the middle of the wing near the shoulders, and all the under parts, white : the whole of the 54 CAYENNE PIGEON. outer edge of the wings and the quills black, with whitish edges : body above and tail greenish-ash colour ; end of the tail dusky : legs bluish : claws black. Inhabits India." Latham has described the above as a species ; but Temminck seems to think that it is not distinct :* further observation may furnish us with the true state of the subject. CAYENNE PIGEON. (Columba Ruffina.) »•"•-, Co. subviolacea, guld, remigibus, rectridbusque grisctscentibus , dorso postice griseo-cxrulescente. Mas. plumis occipitalibus viridi- n itentibus. Subviolet Pigeon, with the throat, quills, and tail-feathers greyish ; the back behind of a grey-blue. Male, with the feathers of the occiput of a shining green. Columba ruffina. Teinm. Pig. Ind. 4QJ. Colombe roussette. Tcmm. Pig. (8uo.)*245. Pigeon ramier de Cayenne. Jtunn. tab. Ency. Orn. p. 234. 8. A NEW species described by Temminck : it is eleven inches and a half in length: its wings are very short in proportion to its tail : the under part of its neck, the upper part of its back, and the lesser wing-coverts are of a deep red, shaded with a tint of violet ; which latter colour pre- dominates over the belly, which is shaded with greyish-vinaceous towards the thighs : the ab- BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. 55 domen and the inferior tail-coverts are grey ; the greater and lesser wing-quills, and those of the tail, are of a greyish-ash ; the former having a bright grey margin on their outer webs. The back, the rump, and the inferior wing-coverts are of a bluish-grey : the throat is white. The males are distinguished by a patch of golden green on the occiput ; the females have the plumage in general less vivid, and the patch on the occiput is of a reddish-violet colour : the beak, in both, is of a livid colour, the feet are red, and the claws brown. This species is found in Guiana, and in the islands of Cuba, St. Domingo, and Jamaica. BLACK-CAPPED PIGEON. (Columba melanocephala.) Co. viridis, capite cinerascentt, occipite nigro, guld, abdomineque flam*, critso purpureo-coccineo, caudd cequaH. Green Pigeon, with the head dusky, the occiput black, the throat and abdomen yellow, the vent of a scarlet-purple, the tail equal. Columba melanocephala. Gmel. Sytt. Nat. 1. 781. 54.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 610. Sg.—Tcmm. Pig. lad. 470. Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 555. Tourterelle de Batavia. Buff. PI. Enl. 214. Colombe Turgris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 263. Black-capped Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 654. 50. 56 WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON. NEARLY nine inches in length : the head of a pale bluish-ash colour ; the back part of it black ; the chin and throat of a fine deep yellow : neck, and the prevailing colour of the body, fine deep green : vent orange-yellow : some of the feathers on the outside of the thighs tipped with the same: inside of them white : the tail equal ; its six mid- dle feathers green ; the rest whitish at their tips : the coverts, with the exterior feathers, deep crim- son : the tarsi covered with green feathers : the beak is of a horn colour : the feet are of a red- dish-brown ; and the irides of a brownish-red. It is found in Java : inhabits the great woods. WHITE-WHISKERED PIGEON. ( Columba Mystacea.) Co. gula maculaque transversa infra oculos albis, collo antlce cerviceque viridi et violaceo nitentibus,pectore ventreque tinaccis, dor so tectricibusque alarum fuscis , remigibus rufis. Pigeon with the throat and transverse spot beneath the eyes white ; the anterior part of the neck and the cervix green, shining with violet j the breast and belly vinaceous j the back and wing-coverts brown ; the quills rufous. Columba mystacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 473. Colombe a moustaches blanches. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 275. ELEVEN inches and a half in length: this is well distinguished by a broad band of white, which GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. 57 arises at the base of the beak, and is continued beneath the eyes to the nape : the upper parts of the head, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, the back, the rump, and the two intermediate tail- feathers are of a deep brown, changing, according to the light, to a metallic tinge : the sides of the neck, the upper parts of the back and the breast are of a green gold, changing to an elegant rich violet-purple : the breast is vinaceotis, with lively reflections : the belly is also vinaceous ; which colour is gradually absorbed in the white of the abdomen and the under coverts of the tail : the primary and secondary .quills, the rest of the wing, and the lateral tail-feathers are of a bright red : a naked space near the eyes, and the beak and feet are rufescent ; the point of the former yellowish. Inhabits America. GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. (Columba erythroptera.) Co. nigra, cervice hnmeris tectricibusque alarum ruberrimis, dorso rcmigibutquc nigris, fronte superciliit gutture pcctorcque albis, cauda a medio ad apicem cinerta. Black Pigeon, with the cervix, shoulders, and wing-coverts reddish; the back and quills black; the forehead, eyebrows, throat, and breast white j the tail from the middle to the tip cinereous. 58 GARNET-WINGED PIGEON. Columba erythroptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 775. 1O.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 597. 15. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 473. Le Pigeon a ailes rouges. Sonnini. Buff. 7. 223. Colombe erythroptere. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 273. Garnet-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 624. 13. NINE inches and a half in length : beak dusky yellow, or black : the forehead white ; from thence a streak of the same passes over each eye to the hind -head, which is black, as is also the nape : the lower part of the neck behind, the shoulders, and the wing-coverts are of a fine deep garnet colour : the back between the wings, the quills, tail, lower part of the -breast, belly, and vent are all black : the tail is greyish-ash colour at the base, and the end black : the under part plain dusky : the legs brown. This varies slightly, having the forehead, throat, fore part of the neck, and breast, white ; hind part of the neck dusky : over the eye a ferruginous streak, passing a little downward on each side of the neck : back dusky black : belly dusky : quills and tail blackish : in other respects similar to the above : this variety most probably indicates only a different sex, or a younger bird. Native of the Society and other Islands of the vast Southern Pacific Ocean. VIOLET PIGEOV. (Columba violacea.) Co.Jronte collo venire abdomineque albis, pectore ex candicante violaceo, partibus supcrioribus ex viulaceo rufo, cervice et parte dorsi superiore violaceo ex aureo nitente. Pigeon with the forehead, neck, belly, and abdomen, white ; the breast of a hoary violet; the upper parts of the body violet-red ; the cervix and superior part of the back violet, with a trold gloss. Columba violacea. Tcmm. Pig. Ind. 470. Colombe a nuque violette. Tcmm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 26O. NATIVE of South America : nine inches in length : the upper parts of its body, comprising the wings and the whole of the tail-feathers, are of a beautiful deep red-purple : the greater wing- quills are reddish : on the nape are some brilliant feathers, forming a kind of collar of a fine violet, with golden reflections : the forehead, the throat, the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts are of a pure white : the breast is tinged of a violet-purple, with bronzed reflections : the eyes are placed in a reddish space : the beak and the feet are reddish. 60 VLOUVLOU PIGEON. (Columba holosericea.) Co. viridit, gula alba, fascia alba in peclore, alter &quc nigrd, ali$ Jasciis duobus cants, ventre tectricibusque caudce inferioribus Jlavis, remigibus ad apicem bifurcis. Green Pigeon, with a white throat, the breast with a white fascia, and another of black; the wings with two hoary fasciae ; the belly and under tail-coverts yellow j the quills bifurcated at their tips. Columba holosericea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 4J\. Colombe vlouvlou. Temm. Pig. (Qvo.) p. 269. THIS magnificent Pigeon has the whole of the upper parts of the' plumage, the wings, the neck, the breast, and the sides of a delicate green, changing according to the light : on one part of the neck is a pure white longitudinal fascia, a girdle of black is next, and towards the lower part of the breast it is lost among the yellowish-green tinge of the belly : on the wings are two large bands of greyish-silver : the greater coverts are greyish, with green towards their tips: the se- condary quills are green on the outer edges : the primaries are varied with grey-silver, shaded with green : the interior webs at the extremity of the feathers are black : the tail is of the same green as the body, with a zone of a darker colour towards their extremity ; the under part of the tail is grey, and its coverts are yellow : the feathers on the tarsi are white : the feet are grey : the beak is MASKED PIGEON. 6l black : the quill-feathers are of a very singular construction, being curved, for about three-fourths of their length, in the shape of a sabre, towards their extremities describing an inverted parabola ; they are likewise divided into two parts towards their extremities ; the interior webs being pro- longed in the form of a rounded point, and the exterior ones being terminated in a sharp point. Found in the Sandwich islands. The whole of the plumage of these birds has a rich velvety appearance. MASKED PIGEON. (Columba larva ta.) Co. Jade alba, collo, cervice pectoreque violaccis, viridi aureo variantibuSf alls dorsoquejuscis, abdomine rufo, Pigeon with a white face ; the neck, cervix, and breast viola- ceous, varied with green-gold 5 the wings and back brown : the abdomen rufous. Columba larvata. Tcmm. Pig. Ind. p. 471. Colombe a masque blanc. Le Vaill. Ou. D'Afriq. v. 6. pi. 269. — Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 266. DISCOVERED by Le Vaillant, and by him de- scribed in his splendid work on the African birds : it is well discriminated by a white mark that covers the forehead : the cheeks and the throat, as well as the whole of the neck, the breast, the shoulders, 62 TAMBOUR PIGEON. and the rump, are of a brownish-red, changing to purple or green, with a polished steel gloss, ac- cording to the position with respect to the light : the under parts of the body, as also the under tail-coverts, are of an uniform red : the wing-quills are dusky, externally bordered with grey-blue, as are those of the tail : the beak is bluish : the legs are of a vinaceous red, and the eyes are orange. The female differs from the male in being plainer in colour. This bird was observed to be very abundant in the woods of the Antiniquoi : it is very difficult to kill, as it seeks shelter in the most inaccessible places among the trees. TAMBOUR PIGEON. (Columba Tympanistria.) Co. fronte superciliis et pariibus inferioribus albis, collo dorso alisqve oUvaceo-Jvscis, remigibus rujis, cuuda fused, fascia nigrd in extremitate trium pennarum. Pigeon \\ith the forehead, eyebrows, and under parts of the body white; the neck, hack, and wings of an oli ve- brown ; the quills rufous, the tail brown,- and a black fascia at the tip of three of its feathers. Columba Tympanistria. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475. Tourterelle Tambourette. Le VailL Ois. d'Afriq. 6. p. 2/2. Colombe Tambourette. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 287 . TAMBOUR PIGEON. 63 LE VAILLANT was induced to give this the name it bears, from the circumstance of its cooing re- sembling the sound of a tambourine at a distance : it is an active species, and wild : its nest is built in the great African woods on the summit of trees : it is nine inches and a quarter in length : the forehead, superciliae, and the whole of the under parts of the body are pure white : the upper part of the head, the hinder part of the neck, and the shoulders are of an earthy-brown : the wing- coverts nearest the body are spotted with blue- black, with a green reflection : the quills are rufous on their interior webs, and brown on the outer ; the outer feather is the shortest of all, and its extremity is injured on the outer web : the rump is of a grey-brown, with two darker bands : the tail is composed of twelve feathers ; the six middle ones are of a red-brown ; the fol- lowing one on each side is of that colour on the outer web, its inner web is grey at the base, and tipped with black ; the two lateral feathers on each side are grey at their bases, and black to- wards their extremities ; the tip is grey : the feet are yellow : the beak and iris are brown. The female is of a dirty white in those parts where the male is pure white ; in other respects the sexes are similar. Inhabits Caffraria. 64 SUPERB PIGEON. (Columba superba.) Co. viridu, capitc purpureo, cervice subrubicundd, collo cano, alee spuriac cingulo cccruleis, maculis ovatis ex ccerulcscente nigris in tectricibus alarum, abdomine tectricibusque subcauda albis. Green Pigeon, with the head purple, the top reddish, the neck hoary, the spurious wing with a blue stripe, the wing-co- verts with ovate blue-black spots, the abdomen and under tail-coverts white. Columba superba. Temnt. Pig. Ind. 474. Colombe Poukiobou. Temm. Pig. (8t?o.) p. 277. NINE inches and a half in length : the head is adorned with a violet cap : the occiput and the cheeks are of a delicate green : the nape is of a reddish-brown : the shoulders, the back, the greater and middle wing-coverts are of a brilliant green, shaded with olivaceous tints : the wing- coverts are adorned with ovate blue-black spots towards their extremities : the bastard wing is of a violet-blue : the secondary quills are black on their interior webs, and of a deep green without ; the whole of the feathers, as well as the coverts, are slightly edged with yellowish : the quills are blackish, bordered with yellowish-white : the tail is composed of sixteen feathers, and is of an olive- green at its origin, a beautiful green in the centre, and tipped with white, shaded with greenish ; the three lateral feathers on each side are black ; the others are the same on their inner webs : the GREEN PIGEON. 65 vinder part of 'the tail is grey, tipped with white: all the feathers of the neck are violet at their bases, and towards their extremity grey ; which causes that part to assume various shades according to the light : the breast is adorned with a bluish crescent : the belly and abdomen are white : the sides are green, with white spots : the under tail- coverts are white at their origin, with oblong green spots on their inner webs : the eyes, which are si- tuated in a naked spot, ar ered : the beak is horn- coloured: the feet are reddish. Native of Ota- heite and other of the Society Islands. GREEN PIGEON. (Columba viridis.) Co. cenea, collo snbtus pttrpureo-violaceo, rectricibus lateralibus apice sulphur eis. Brassy Pigeon, with the neck beneath of a purple violet, the lateral tail-feathers at the tip sulphureous. Columba viridis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. p. 23. Gmel. Syst. Nat. }. 780. 23.— Lath. Ind. Om.l.GQQ. 58.—Temm.Pig. Ind. 472. Turtur viridis amboinensis. Briss. Orn. ]. 152. 43. t. \5.f. 2. Le Turvert. Buff. Ois. 2. 55. La Tourterelle a gorge pourpree d'Amboine. Buff". PI. Enl. 142. (Oln ml ic a gorge pourpree. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 374. Green Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 653. 49. V. XI. P. I. 5 66 PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. NEARLY eight inches in length : the beak is red : the fore-part of the head and the throat are ash- coloured : the hind-part of the head and neck, the back, rump, upper tail and wing-coverts, breast, belly, sides and thighs, green-gold, with a coppery gloss : the fore-part of the neck a brilliant violet purple : the greater wing-coverts above have the outer edges at the tip brimstone ; the under wing- coverts ash-colour: the quills are blackish, with their outer edges and tips of the same colour as the body: the tail is blue-green, glossed with copper; the two middle feathers are plain, and incline to dusky on the inner webs ; the others are all tipped with brimstone-colour : beneath they all appear blackish, with the tips of a dirty white ; and the under tail-coverts of a greenish white : the legs are red, and half covered with feathers ; the claws grey-brown. Inhabits the island of Amboina. PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. (Columba purpurata.) Co. viridis, fronte purpurascentt, capite collogue cinereo-albis, crissojlavoi apice caudce virescente, remigibus nigris. Green Pigeon, with the forehead purple, the head and neck greyish white, the vent yellow, the tip of the tail greenish, and the quills black. Columba purpurata. Gmel. Si/st. Nat. 1. 784. 64.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 598. 17. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 474. PURPLE-CROWNED PIGEON. 6? Colombc Kurukuru. Temm. Pig. (8t>o.) p. 280. Purple-crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 626. IS. LENGTH nine inches: beak yellowish: irides pale yellow : forehead, to the middle of the crown, purple*: the head, neck, and under parts of the body, are of a pale green, inclining to ash-colour : vent and under tail- coverts yellow : all the upper parts of the body of a beautiful deep green, and very glossy : quills black ; the two outer ones wholly so, the others edged with green ; the se- condaries edged with yellow on their outer mar- gins : the tail is three inches and a half long, the feathers even, all of them somewhat pointed at the end ; the colour greenish black, the outer edges green : when the tail is expanded a greyish bar appears near the end, composed of spots of that colour on the inner webs of each feather : the legs are very rough, and dusky black : claws black. This species is subject to considerable variety ; one is mentioned which came from the isle of Timor, which had the forehead and occiput of a dark violet purple, surrounded with a yellow band : the green on the upper parts was of a dark blue cast : the coverts fringed with yellow : the belly and abdomen green : the feet of a reddish brown : and the beak entirely black. The young of this bird has the forehead of a greyish blue, surrounded by a yellow olive band : the occiput, the neck, and the breast, with tints of grey and dirty yellow : the wings, the back, and the tail, of a deep dull green ; the whole of the feathers are fringed with ochra- 68 STRIATED PIGEON. ceous : the tip of the tail has a slender deep grey band : the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail- coverts shaded with olive and grey-green : the beak grey : the legs brown. The natives of the islands where this splendid bird is found have given it a distinguishing name : those of Tongataboo calling it Kurukuru, by the Otaheiteans it is called Oopa or Oopow. It is said by Latham to be easily tamed, and that it lives on the banana. STRIATED PIGEON. (Columba Sinica.) Co.Jiaca nigro-fasciata, abdominesubsanguineo, remigibus nigris, tectricibus alarum majoribus intermediis albis. Brown Pigeon, fasciated with black, the abdomen of a blood- red tinge, the quills black, and the intermediate greater wing- coverts white. Columba Sinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 28. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. 28.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 608. 52. Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. Turtur sinensis striatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 107. 16- Tourterelle ray6e de la Chine. Buff. Ois. 2. 556. Colombe a ventre rouge. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 373. Striated Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 650. 43. FOUND in China: ten inches and a half in length : the beak bluish ash-colour : irides white : the top of the head ash-colour : cheeks and sides of the GEOFFROY'S PIGEON. 69 neck yellow ; the tips of the feathers of the latter red, which colour is separated from the upper part of the neck by a longitudinal band of blue : the hind part of the head, the upper part of the neck, the back, the rump, and upper tail-coverts, are brown, transversely striped with slender black arched bands : the breast, belly, sides, and thighs, are rose-coloured : the lesser wing-coverts are pale brown, varied with a black and white transverse mark near the tip of each feather : the other co- verts are black, with white tips : quills black, with white edges : the tail of a palish brown : the legs red, and the claws white. GEOFFROY'S PIGEON. (Columba Geoffroii.) Co. cano-alba, in carpo ulce quinque out sex maculis violaceis viridi-nitentibus, aliisque septem out octo maculis fuscis in alarum eitremo remigibus nigrescente-Juscis. Hoary white ; in the bend of the wing five or six violaceous spots glossed with green, and seven or eight brown ones at the tip of the wing ; the quills of a dusky brown. Columba Geoffroii. Temm. Pig. Ind. 476. Colombo Geoffroy. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 1QJ. EIGHT inches in length : the whole of the head and under part of the neck is of a greyish white hue : the rest of the body is of a greyish hue : the 70 WHITE PIGEON. tail is of a whitish blue, and more clear than the head : the upper parts of the shoulders are orna- mented with five or six violet-black spots, which change to green in various positions : the greater wing-coverts are marked with seven or eight simi- lar spots, of which three are of the colour of the rest of the wing, and the other five of a tobacco colour ; each spot is bordered with a transverse black line : the quills are of a dusky brown, as is the beak : the feet are red. Inhabits Bengal. Named by Temminck after Geoffroy St. Hillaire. WHITE PIGEON. (Columba alba.) Co. corpore albo, caudA brew. Pigeon with a white body and short tail. Columba alba. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484. Colombe blanche. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 333. THIS greatly resembles the white variety of C. risoria, but it is much less than that bird, and its tail is considerably shorter; the wings are also longer in proportion : the whole of the plumage is of a pure milk-white colour: the feet are red: irides the same ; and the beak is of a dusky red : originally a native of China, but now domesticated in many parts of Europe. 71 COLLARED SENEGAL PIGEON. (Columba risoria.) Co. supra lutescens subtus alba, lunula cervicali rtigra* Pigeon above yellowish, beneath white, with a black lunule on the back of the neck. Columba risoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1 . 787-33.— Lath.Ind. Orn.l.GOJ.Sl.— Temm.Pig. Ind.p.48l. Columba vinacea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. fill. 63. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 782.57- Turtur torquatus. Driss. Orn. 1. Q5. Turtur torquatus Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 124. t. l.f. 1. Turtur indicus. Rail. Syn. p. fil. 3. La Tourterelle a collier. Buff. Ois. 2. 55O. pi. 26. — Buff. PI. Enl. 244. La Tourterelle a collier du S6negal. Buff. Ois. 2. 553. — Buff. PI. Enl. 161. Tourterelle blonde. Le Vaill. Ois. a" Afriq. 6. pi. 268. Colombe blonde. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 323. Indian Turtle. Hayes. Brit. Birds.pl. 13. Collared Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 643. 42. Collared Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 656. 54. LENGTH six inches and a half: the whole of the plumage is of an agreeable pearly grey, with a slight purplish tint : the fore-part of the head, and the under parts of the body, are whitish : the back and wings are of a yellowish bay tint : the quills are dusky, bordered with yellow : the tail-feathers are ash- coloured above, and all, except the two middle ones, are tipped with white ; the most out- ward one on each side being entirely white on its exterior web : the upper part of the neck is sur- 72 TURTLE PIGEON. rounded with a black collar : the beak is dusky : the irides and feet are red. The female differs from the male in having the collar much narrower, and the colour on the breast brighter. This spe- cies is sometimes entirely of a pure white, and is then very liable to be confounded with the C. alba, but may be readily distinguished from that species by its superior size, as also the difference in length of the tail and wings. The male of this species is remarkable for his tenderness towards- the female. TURTLE PIGEON. (Columba Turtur.) . jflF • • ;'• Co. rectricibus apice albis, dorso griseo, pcctore vinaceo, macula laterali colli nigrd lineolis albis, abdomine albo. Pigeon with the tail-feathers white at their tips, the back gri- seous. the breast vinaceous, a black spot on the sides of the neck, with white stripes, the abdomen white. Columba Turtur. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 32. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 786. 32.— Briss. Orn. l.p.g% ?.—Raii. Syn. 6l. 2. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 47. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 472. — Temm. Man. D'ornith. p. 280. La Tourterelle. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 545. pi. 25.— Buff. PL Enl. 3p4. Colombe Tourterelle. Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p- 305. Common Turtle. Penn. Brit. Zool. 103. pi. 45. — Albin. 2. pi. 47. and 48. — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 14.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 644. 40. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 199. — Wale. Syn. 2. p. 188. — Lffwin. Brit. Birds. 4. pi. 130. — Bewick. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 272. — Mont. Orn. Diet. 1. Spotted-necked Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 645. 40. TURTLE TURTLE PIGEON. 73 Var. Q.Jusca macula laterali colli albo nigrogue varia, rectridbut cinereis; lateralibus latere exteriore omnibus apice albis. Brown, with the spot on the sides of the neck varied with black and white, the tail-feathers cinereous, and the outer ones entirely white on the external web at the tip. Columba Turtur. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 606. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 479. Turtur lusitanicus. Briss. Orn. 1 . 98. 9. Tourterelle de Portugal. Buff. Ois. 2. 556. Portugal Dove. Albin. 2. pi. 48. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646. var. B. Var. y. griseo cinerea subtus vinaceo grisea, maculi colli nigra, pennis apice albis, rectricibus intermediis duabus uigris, latera- libus albis. Grey ash-colour ; beneath of a vinaceous grey; neck with a black spot, the feathers tipped with white ; the two middle tail-fea- thers black, the lateral ones white. Columba Turtur $. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 606. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 479- Colombe Tourterelle, var. Temm. Pig. (8i>o.) p. 312. La Tourterelle de Tiles du Lugon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 52. pi. 22. Luzonian Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 646. c. THIS elegant species is twelve inches in length : the beak is brown : the irides yellow ; a naked space beneath and behind the eyes of a purplish red : the top of the head and upper part of the neck behind cinereous : on each side of the neck is a patch of black feathers, tipped with white : the back is brown, dashed with cinereous, the margin of each feather lightest : the scapulars and wing-coverts black, deeply margined with fer- ruginous brown : quills dusky brown, with light edges : the forehead and chin dull white : breast pale vinaceous: belly and under tail-coverts white: the sides above and thighs are ash-coloured : upper 74 TURTLE PIGEON. tail-coverts dusky, edged with brown, and dashed with cinereous: the tail is black, tipped with white, except the two middle feathers, which are wholly of a dusky brown ; the outer feather is shorter than the rest, and white on the exterior web : the legs are purplish red. The female not so bright in colour, and rather less than the male. This bird is subject to very great variation : one variety has been described to occur in this country : this differs from the common one in having almost the whole side of the head black, and instead of each feather being tipped with white, there is a round spot of white on each near the end, giving a beautiful appearance to the sides of the neck. Several other varieties are mentioned by Latham, but as they may eventually prove to be separate species, it will be most prudent to pass them over in silence, merely giving the synonyms as they occur in Temminck. A variety worth recording is mentioned by Bewick ; it agreed in every respect with the common species, except that the mark on the neck (which forms so conspicuous a character) was entirely wanting : this is probably the young bird. The Turtle visits the southern parts of England in the spring, and disappears in the beginning of September : it is principally found in thick woods, and builds on the highest trees ; the nest is com- posed of sticks : the female lays two white eggs, and breeds but once in the year ; but in warmer climates it is said to breed several times. Kent seems to be the county where these birds are most numerous, Dr. Latham mentioning that they may SURINAM PIGEON. 75 be seen in the number of twenty or more at a time in the pea-fields as soon as the peas begin to ripen, and that they do much mischief in consequence : their stay with us seldom exceeds four or five months : they occur as far west as Devonshire ; they are not common in that part, but are rather more frequent in Somerset. They are often found far to the north. Their note is singularly tender and plaintive ; and the male in addressing his mate makes use of a variety of pleasing attitudes, cooing at the same time in gentle and soothing tones : he assists the female in the process of incubation. Montague takes notice of some singular glands, situated beneath the craws of this bird, which se- crete a milky fluid. . This bird appears to be generally disseminated over the old continent, occurring in Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa. SURINAM PIGEON. (Columba Surinamensis.) Co. cinerea subtus alba, guld viridi nigroque varia, retnigibus exterioribusjuscis, mediis cinereit. Grey Pigeon, beneath white, with the throat varied with green and black; the exterior quills brown, cinereous in the middle. Columba surinamensis. Gotcl. Syst. Nat. ]. 767. 67. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 607. 50.— Temrn. Pig. Ind. 472. La Tourterelle de Surinam. Fermin. Surin. 2. p. 165. Colombe Fermin. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 375. Surinam Turtur. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 647. 41. 76 DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON. THIS species, which is stated by Fermin to be a native of Surinam, is ten inches in length : the beak is of a blue cast : the head and back are ash- colour ; throat mixed green and black : the outer wing-feathers brown, and those of the middle ash- colour : the breast and belly whitish : legs red. It is said to build twice a year, in woods, at a distance from any habitation, on the highest trees : its flesh is accounted very fine. DOUBLE-COLLARED PIGEON. (Columba bitorquata.) Co. capite cano collo pectore ventreque vinaceis, dorso alisque fusco-canis, remigibus canis, abdomine albo, collum torquis duobus ; superiori albo ; inferiore nigro, cauda longn. Pigeon with the head hoary; the neck, the breast, and the belly vinaceous j the back and wings of a hoary brown ; the quills hoary ; the abdomen white ; the neck with two collars, the upper one white, the lower black; the tail long. Columba bitorquatus. Temm. Pig. Ind, 477 • Colombe a double collier. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 301. HEAD grey-brown : the neck, the belly, and the breast of a vinaceous colour: the nape is orna- mented with two collars ; the upper one is of a pure white, and the lower black : the back, the scapulars, and the middle wing-coverts are of an earthy grey : the lesser coverts are of a blue lead- FIG-EON. DUFRESNE'S PIGEON. 77 colour : the great and middle quills are grey : the three lateral ones on each side of the tail are en- tirely black at their base, and for three-fourths of their length ; their outer webs are greyish white, as are their tips ; the intermediate feathers are of an earthy brown : the abdomen is white. Native of India. Length eleven inches : beak black : legs red. DUFRESNE'S PIGEON. (Columba Dufresnii.) Co. brunneo-purpurascens mutabilis, capite cterulescenti-griseo, collo utrinque superne nigro-maculato, remigibus brunneis ex- terne~tenue pallido-marginatisi uropygio a/bido, rectricibus sub- tus nitrris apice albidis ; quatuor exterioribus utrinque supra nigris arrixeo-terminatis ; reliquis brunneis. Brown Pigeon, inclining to changeable purple ; head bluish- grey ; neck on each side mottled with black ; wing-quills brown externally, with a narrow border of pale colour; vent whitish; tail-quills underneath black, with white tips; the four exterior ones on each side above black, terminated with grey ; the rest brown. Columba Dufresnii. Leach MSS. THIS species visits the Isle of France in February in troops, and frequents running water : it is sup- posed by Colonel Mathieu, (who presented it to Monsieur Dufresne, in whose valuable museum Dr. Leach observed it, and drew up the above de- scription) to migrate from the Isles Sachelle. SURAT PIGEON. (Columba tigrina.) Co. capite collo superiori pectoreque vinaceo-canis, lunuld nigrd in cervice maculis albis intermixta^dorso alisque canisjusco-cano- maculatis, pennis cervicis sinuatis. Pigeon with the head, upper part of the neck and breast vina- ceous; a black lunule on the nape, varied with white spots ; the back and wings hoary, with brownish-grey spots ; the fea- thers on the back of the neck sinuated. Columba tigrina. Temm. Pig. Ind.p. 481. Columba suratensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 609. 55. — GmeL Syst. Nat. 1. 778. Columba risoriae. ft. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 608. 51. Colombe a nuque perlee. Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 317« La Tourterelle grise de la Chine. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 176. pi. 102. Chinese Grey Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 649—42. Surat Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 46. TEN inches and a half long : the upper part of the head and the neck are of a vinaceous grey : the throat is whitish, with a tinge of vinaceous towards the lower part of the neck : the breast is of a bright vinaceous : on the neck is a collar about one inch wide ; the feathers of which it is composed are of a triangular shape, and are black, with a few white spots : those of the upper part of the neck are marked with a quadrangular spot, and those towards the base have a similar spot, which is of an earthy colour : the feathers on the top of CAMBAIAN PIGEON. 79 the back are of a grey-brown, terminated by a band of a yellow ochre-colour: the great and middle coverts, and the lesser ones towards the body, are grey-brown ; the latter have their extre- mities of a greyish-ash : the quills are dusky, varied with greyish ; the lesser quills, the rump, and the superior tail-coverts, and the four middle tail-fea- thers, are of a grey-brown ; the others are grey at their base, with a dusky band in their middle ; the three outer feathers of each side are terminated with white : the under part of the tail is black, with white towards the tip : the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are white: the sides of the body are of a vinaceous grey tinge : the small feathers on the eyelid are white : the beak is black ; the eyes are red ; and the legs yellow. Not uncommon in China, India, Batavia, and other islands of the Indian Ocean : it is partial to the skirts of deep forests : it is easily tamed. CAMBAIAN PIGEON. (Columba Cambayensis.) * ^ *" Co. grisea sttbtus alba, capite subvinacco, collo subtus nigro rufo- vario, rectricibut lateralibus nigro griseoque dimidiatis, tectri- cibus alarum cinereo-griseis, abdomine albo, Grey Pigeon, beneath white j with the head subvinaceous ; the neck beneath black, varied with rufous ; the lateral tail-fea- 80 CAMBAIAN PIGEON. thers half black, half grey ; the wing-coverts of an ashy-grey, and the abdomen white. Columba Cambayensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6OQ. 56. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 779.49. — Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 482. Columba Senegalensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 782. 26.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 10. 62. Turtur gutture maculato Senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. p. 125. 25. pi 8.f.3. Tourterelle a gorge tachete'e du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 2. 552. La Tourterelle grie du Surate. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 180. Colombe Maillee. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. p. 270. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 329- Cambayan Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 47. Senegal Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 655. 53. ABOUT ten inches in length : the head and the upper part of the neck are of a beautiful vinaceous colour: the whole of the feathers of the breast are very much spotted ; it is of a rosy tint, beautifully varied with black ; producing a kind of loose scales : the upper part of the back is of a brownish red ; each feather being brown, terminated with bright rosy : the wing-coverts nearest the body are the same ; the others are grey-blue : the middle feathers of the wing are ash-coloured ; the quills are dusky : the belly has a vinaceous tinge, which colour inclines to white on the abdomen and the inferior tail-coverts, which latter are pure white : the tail-feathers are black below, and for half their length ; the re^st is whitish ; above the six middle feathers are of a brownish ash ; and the three lateral ones on each side are deep ash at their base, and white towards their tips : the beak is blackish yellow towards the point : the eyes are AFRICAN PIGEON. orange : and the feet are bright red. Tfie female is rather less than the male, and the colours are not so vivid. Inhabits the south-west coast of Africa, from the Camis mountains to the Grand Namaquois, on the borders of Hausi, and is amazingly abundant on the Grand River, the Orange, and other rivers : its nest is constructed in trees : the female lays two white eggs. AFRICAN PIGEON. (Columba Afra.) Co. grisco-fusca, subtus albida, maculis tectricum alarum violaceo- azureis, rectricibus extimis basi exteriore macnlaque apicis albis. Grey-brown Pigeon, beneath whitish, with the wing-coverts with violaceous blue spots, the lateral tail-feathers at the base on the outside, and a spot at their tips, white. Columba Afra. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 214,—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 706. p. 31. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 6ll. 64. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 476. Turtur senegalensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 122. 1. 10. f. 1. Tourterelle du Senegal. Buff. Ois. 2. 553.— Buff. PI. Enl. 100. Tourterelle Emeraudine. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. 271. Colombe Emeraudine. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 291. African Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 656. 55. LESS than the Turtle Dove : length eight inches : the beak reddish: the top of the head ash-coloured: v. xi. P. i. 6 82 AFRICAN PIGEON. the hind-part of the neck, the back, wing-coverts, and rump, grey-brown : the throat whitish : the fore-part of the neck and breast pale vinaceous : belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, dirty- white : the upper tail-coverts grey-brown, with blackish tips : the quills brown, with their inner webs rufous : on each wing are some green-gold spots, glossed with violet : the tail is nearly three inches long; the two middle feathers blackish brown, the rest grey-brown, with dusky ends ; the outer one with a white spot at the tip ; be- neath all are black except the outer one, which has the exterior web for two-thirds of its length white, and a spot at its tip : the legs are red ; claws brown. The female is less than the male, and resembles him entirely, except in the green spots on the wings, which are smaller, and not so brilliant in colour. A variety of this species has the whole of the plumage clearer, and the spots on the wings reflecting a strong purple tinge ; in other respects it is like the first. Very abundant towards the rivers Gamtoo, Louvi, and Van Staaden, in Southern Africa: it builds in the borders of the above rivers, and pro- duces two white eggs : its cry cou — cou — cou — cou — is uttered in a very moving and languid tone, and is repeated with loss of breath, and an insensible falling of the voice. CINEREOUS PIGEON. (Columba cinerea.) Co. cana, alls dorso et binis pennis caudce mediis exfusco cnnis, pennis lateralibus nigris ; maculis quadrangular ibus et rotundis in tegminibus alarum ; cauda quadratd. Hoary Pigeon, with the wings, back, and the two middle tail- feathers, of a brown-grey ; the lateral feathers black j the wing-coverts spotted with quadrangular and round shaped marks ; the tail quadrate. Columba cinerea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 4JJ. Colombe Souris. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 299. SEVEN inches in length: the forehead, the throat, and the whole of the under parts of this bird, are white, with a slight tinge of grey-blue : the head, the sides of the neck, and the upper part of the back, are of a dark grey-blue : the shoulders, the wing-coverts, the rump, the two intermediate tail- feathers, and the lateral ones at the base, of a greyish mouse-colour : the wing-coverts are marked with several small round and- quadrangular spots, of a blue-black colour : the quills are of a grey- brown : the third part of the length of the lateral feathers, and the same of the under part of the tail, are black: the beak is yellow, and the feet are red. Native of Brasil. 84 VINACEOUS PIGEON. • (Columba vinacea.) Co. capife collo et partibus inferioribus vinaceo purpureut alts dorso cauddque nigricantefuscis. Pigeon with the head, and under parts of the body, of a vinaceous purple ; the wings, back, and tail, of a dusky brown. Columba vinacea. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 477- Colombe vineuse. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 303. THE total length of this species is ten inches : its head, neck, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a beautiful vinaceous colour or purple : the wings, the back, and the tail, are of an uniform sooty-brown : the beak is black, the feet are reddish brown, and the claws are brown. Inhabits Guiana. BROWN PIGEON. (Columba brunnea.) Co. pileo collo supra dorso tectricibusf/tue alarum brunneis, pec- tore collo subtus uropygiogue viridi-splendidis. Pigeon with the top of the head, the neck above, the back, and the wing-coverts, brown; the breast, neck beneath, and rump, of a splendid green. PAINTED PIGEON. 95 Columba brunnea. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 603. 38. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475. Colombo bruvert. Temm. Pig. (8w.) ])• 375. Brown Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 1QJ. 2. INHABITS New Zealand. The beak and legs in this species are of a blood-red : the crown, upper part of the neck, back, and wing- coverts, red- brown : breast, fore-part of the neck, and rump, glossy green. PAINTED PIGEON. (Columba picturata.) Co. capite cano, pennis emarginatis in origine nigris, Jusco albet- cente terminatis in lateribus collo ; dorso tectricibusque alarum purpuratis; pennis caudte lateralibtts nigrescente canist media nigris alboque terminatis. Pigeon with the head hoary, the feathers marginated, and black at their bases, on the sides of the neck ending in brownish- white; the back and wing-coverts purple ; the lateral tail-fea- thers of a dusky grey, the middle black, tipped with white. Columba picturata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 480. Colombo peinte. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 315. ELEVEN inches and a quarter in length : the tail is elongated, and somewhat rounded: the head, the throat, and the upper parts of the neck, are of a greyish-ash : the under part of the neck, 86 MALABAR PIGEON. the breast, and the belly, are of a vinaceous hue : the sides of the neck are spotted in the middle, they are black at their origin, and terminate in clear vinaceous ; they have the appearance of a coat of mail : the upper part of the back, and the smaller wing-coverts, are of a much deeper vina- ceous than the breast : the scapulars, the seconda- ries, and the quills, are of a grey-brown, which colour predominates on the two middle tail-fea- thers ; the other feathers are of a black-grey at their origin, and then black for three-fourths of their length, and terminated with a spot of grey- ish-ash : the under part of the tail is black, termi- nated with whitish-grey : the back, the rump, and the sides of the body, are grey : the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are of a vinaceous white : the beak red : the feet are bluish-grey. Found in the island of Madagascar. MALABAR PIGEON. (Columba Malabarica.) Co. cinerea subtus alba alts medio maculis ovatis, rectricibus late* ralibus d, basi ultra medium nigris, reliqua parte albis. Cinereous Pigeon, beneath white, with ovate spots in the middle of the wings ; the lateral tail-feathers from the base to the middle black, the rest white. Columba Malabarica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 779- 50. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 60p. 57. Temm. I'ig. Ind. p. 483. BLUE PIGEON. 87 Tourterelle de la c6te de Malabar. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. p. ISO. Colombo brame. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 376- Malabar Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 652. 48. SIZE of the Surat Turtle : beak and irides red : the head, back, and wings, of a pale cinereous grey : the neck and breast light vinaceous grey : the middle wing-coverts marked with oval spots : the two middle tail-feathers grey ; the others black for two-thirds of their length, and from thence, to the end white : the belly white : the legs red. In- habits the Malabar coast. BLUE PIGEON. (Columba caerulea.) Co. cemdea, gula, genis ventreque albis^ pectore vinaceo-JuscOy apice rostri albescente. Blue Pigeon, with the throat, cheeks, and belly, white, the breast of a brownish vinaceous, and the tip of the beak whitish. Columba caerulea. Temm. Pig. Ind. 475. Colombe azuree. Temm. Pig. (8w>.) p. 2pO. THE whole of the upper parts of this beautiful little Pigeon are of a brilliant lively azure : the cheeks and the throat are pure white : the lower part of the neck and the breast are of a brownish 88 MALACCA PIGEON. yellow tinge, shaded with ' vinaceous : the belly and abdomen are whitish : the feet and the circle surrounding the eyes are red: the base of the beak is reddish ; its tip whitish. The length of this bird is nine inches : its tail is slightly rounded : it is a native of Bengal. MALACCA PIGEON. (Columba Malaccensis.) Co. corporc cincreo, dor so alisque maculis lunulatis Juscis, collo pectoreque lateribus undulatim lineata, venire abdomineque albo vinaceo. Pigeon with a cinereous body, the back and wings with fuscous lunulated spots, the neck and sides of the breast with waved lines, the belly and abdomen of a vinaceous white. Columba Malaccensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.788. 68. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 69. — Teyim. Pig. Ind. p. 484. Columba Bantamensis. Sparr. Mus. Carls, fas. 111. pi. 67. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 15. 77. Columba striata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 18. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 775. 18. Turtur Indicus striatus. Briss. Orn. 1. 109. 17. Tourterelle rayee des Indes. Buff. Ois. 2. 557. La petite Tourterelle de Quedra. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 177. Colombe a large queue. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 33Q. Barreled Turtle. Edw.pl. 16.— Lath. Gen. SynA. 650.44. Lath. Syn. Sup. 200. Bantamese Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 271. 10. Malacca Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 6O. MALACCA PIGEON. 89 FOREHEAD and throat of a bright grey-blue : the occiput is brown : the feathers on the nape and the sides of the neck, the lateral parts of the breast and of the body, are alternately streaked with white and dusky brown ; those of the nape are reddish : the whole of the back, the wing- coverts, and the rump, are of an earthy grey; they are tipped with a slight black band : the greater and middle quills are of a dusky brown : the wing beneath is rosy : the centre of the breast is of a vinaceous hue, which colour passes down over the belly and abdomen, and the tail-coverts, gradually getting whiter, till at the last it becomes of a pure white : the tail-feathers are of a dusky brown ; the two intermediate ones are of an earthy brown ; the three lateral ones for three-quarters of their length are blackish, the ends white ; the fourth feather on each side has the tip only white: the beak is black, with a yellow point : the irides and the legs are of an orpiment yellow. The female differs from the male in the colours, being less vivid : the grey -blue on the forehead and the throat is more dull, and the transverse streaks on the neck and sides are less determined than in the male. This is a beautiful species : it inhabits the Isle of Java, Malacca, the Isles of Sunda, and others of the vast Indian Archipelago : in the former it is frequent at the borders of the great woods ; it constructs its nest on the trees, and is held in great estimation by the natives : it is very fine eating, and is easily tamed ; its cry is very harmonious and affecting; the male and female are very loving, and their movements graceful. SCALY PIGEON. (Qolumba squamosa.) Co. ex cano^fusca nigro-squamosa, alls maculis albis. Pigeon of a hoary-brown colour, with black scales, the wings with white spots. Columba squamosa. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 484. Colombe ecail!6. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 336. Picuipinima. Marcq. Hist. Nat. Brasil.p. 204. SCARCELY eight inches in length : the whole plumage has the appearance of being covered with black scales, each feather being terminated by a band more or" less strong of that colour : the shades of colour on the head and the hinder part of the neck are of a greyish- vinaceous ; which colour becomes very bright in front of the neck and on the breast, and reaches the rest of the under parts, gradually passing to whitish : the feathers of the back and the rump, those of the middle of the tail, and the greater wing-coverts, are of an earthy grey-brown : one of the small, and the whole of the middle coverts, have the edges of the webs whitish: the quills are black; as are also the lateral tail-feathers at their base ; but the four outer ones on each side are termi- nated with white : the beak is black : and the feet red. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Bahia in BrasiL 91 GREAT-TAILED PIGEON. (Columba macroura.) Co.caudd aqualt longitttdinc corporis, corpore cinnamomeo sitbtus albido, rectricibus apice albis. Pigeon with an equal tail the length of the body, which is cin- namon-coloured above, and whitish beneath ; the tail-feathers tipped with white. Columba macroura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 790. — Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 615. 76. — Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 485. La Tourterelle a large queue, ou Tourocco. Buff. Ois. 2. 553. —Buff. PL Enl. 320. Colombe Tourocco. Temm. Pig* (8vo.) Great-tailed Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 667. 66. THIS bird is remarkable for the great size of its tail, which occupies above half the length of the body : the head, the neck, and the whole of the upper parts of the body, the wings and the tail, are of a reddish cinnamon-colour : the breast is of a vinaceous red ; and the whole of the under parts of the body are reddish white : the throat is white, as are the lateral feathers of the tail : the beak and legs are red. Inhabits Senegal and other parts of Africa. CHESNUT-SHOULDERED PIGEON. icea.) Co. capite colloque viridi-aureis rubentibus, 'humeris spadiceis, dorso alisque ccerulescentibus, abdomine albo. Pigeon with the head and neck of a reddish green golden colour, the shoulders chesnut, the back and wings bluish, and the abdomen white. Columba spadicea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. IX. 7. — Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 444. Colombe geant. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 74. Chesnut-shouldered Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. Add. p. 375. THIS fine species inhabits Norfolk Island, and other parts of the southern Archipelago : it is very remarkable for the size of its tail, which is slightly forked, the outer feathers being two lines longer than the intermediate. According to Temminck's account of this splendid species, it measures from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail about nineteen inches, the latter being about seven and a half, and is composed of twelve feathers ; its upper part is of a deep bro\vn, reflecting rich green and purple tints ; its extremity is of an ochre colour ; the under part of the tail is of a greyish-white, changing to a metallic green, and towards its extremity it is of a deep brown : the wings, which reach about half-way towards the extremity of the. tail, have their greater quills of a deep reddish-white colour, reflecting a brilliant PASSENGER PIGEON. 93 green on their outer webs; the secondaries and the greater coverts are of a clear reddish-white, changing according to the reflection of the light to a greenish hue : the middle coverts are of a golden-green : the smaller coverts, the scapulars, and the upper part of the back, are of a chesnut- colour, with metallic reflections : the occiput, and the hinder part of the neck, are of a deep green : the head, the fore-parts of the neck, and the breast, are of a beautiful dark green, with brilliant reflections : the belly, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a pure white : the beak and the feet are red. B. Tail wedge-shaped. • PASSENGER PIGEON. (Columba migratoria. ) Co. corpora cinereo, cervice viridi-aureo purpurascentibus, alts a media maculis ovatis, pectore rufo, abdomine albo. Femiua, corpore griseo-Jusco, subtus albido, pectore albo-Jfavicante. Pigeon with a cinereous tail, the top of the neck of a green golden purple, the wings with ovate spots in the middle, the breast rufous, and the abdomen white. Female with the body of a grey- brown, beneath whitish, the breast whitish- yellow. Columba migratoria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 16. male.— GmeL Syst. Nat. i. 789. 36. male. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 70. male. — Temm. Pig. Jnd. WQ.— Wih. Amtr. Orn. 94 PASSENGER PIGEON. Columba canudensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 284. 3O- female. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. female.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 613. 72. female. CEnas Americana. Briss. Orn. 1. 10O. 12. male. Turtur Canadensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 118. 21. female. Pigeon de Passage. Buff. Ois. 2. 527- male. Tourterelle du Canada. Buff. PI. Enl. 176. female. Buff. Ois. 2. 552. female. Canada Turtle. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 190. female. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 658. 58. female. Passenger or Migratory Pigeon. Phil. Trans, v. 62. p- 3Q8. — Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 187- — Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 23. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 661. 61. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 225. — Wilt. Amer. Orn. V. p. 102. pi. XLIV.f. 1. THE Passenger Pigeon, and the Canada Turtle- Dove, appear to be the two sexes of this bird, the latter being the female : the male is about fourteen inches in length : its beak is black : bare space round the eyes crimson : irides orange : the head, throat, hind-part of the neck, back,' rump, and upper tail-coverts, cinereous : wing-coverts the same, varied with black spots : sides of the neck of a glossy variabje purple : fore-part of the neck and breast vinaceous : belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the same, but paler : quills black- brown, with whitish edges : the two middle tail- feathers blackish ; the rest of a grey-brown, greenish at the base of the interior webs ; with a reddish spot ; beneath which is a spot of black : the feet are red, and the claws black. The female, which is scarcely so large as the male, differs somewhat in her plumage : she has the top of her head, the back of the neck, the shoulders, and the greater PASSENGER PIGEON'. 9-5 wing-coverts, of a grey-brown ; the latter sprinkled with spots of black : the feathers on the sides of the neck are violet, with a golden reflection : the rump is of a grey-brown : the upper tail-coverts, and the two middle feathers, are of an earthy- brown ; the rest of the tail-feathers are whitish- • * grey ; the inner webs, like those of the male, being marked with two spots, one of rufous, and another of dusky-brown : the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are dirty-white, with brown and brownish-white shades : under tail-coverts pure white : thighs dirty-white : quills dirty-brown, the greater ones with yellowish edges : the legs red ; the claws black. A variety mentioned by Brisson has the whole of the feathers on the head, the neck, the breast, and the upper part of the back, terminated with a band of whitish-grey. This Pigeon inhabits America, between the six- tieth and seventieth degrees of latitude, passing the summer season in the northern parts, and upon the approach of winter retiring to the south : it builds in the highest trees, laying two white eggs : its chief food consists of the mast of beech and acorns, but it will eat other seeds. The numbers of these birds are without calculation during their passage from one part to another, as at that time they are stated to darken the air with their prodigious mul- titudes, being often seen in strings of two miles in length, and a quarter of a mile in breadth : they fre- quently perch upon trees, and often in such quan- tities as to break down tolerably large branches. The people of Philadelphia shoot them from their 96 CAROLINA PIGEON. houses, and in New England they capture them in numbers of an evening, knocking them down with sticks from their roosts, which is .easily accom- plished, as they are generally fatigued. In Loui- siana they catch them by taking a flat vessel, and placing some sulphur in it, set it alight under the trees upon which the birds roost ; the smoke from this so stupifies them that they fall down from their resting-place, and then the hunters have nothing to do but pack them up in bags brought for the purpose, as quickly as possible : they form a great portion of the food of the common people of the countries they inhabit. In some parts they are called Wood Pigeons. CAROLINA PIGEON. (Columba Carolinensis.) Co. corpore rufo-cinereo subtus cinereo-albo, rectricibus cinercis, apice albis, media maculA nigrd, in utr&que ala maculis qui- busdam nigris. Mas. pectore violaceo-aureo splendente, macula aurea ad aures. Pigeon with a rufo-ash body, beneath whitish-ash ; the tail- feathers cinereous, with the tip white, and spot in the middle black j in both wings several black spots. Male, with the breast of a splendid golden-violet, and a golden-tinted spot near the ears. Columba Carolinensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2&Q. 37. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 78Q. 37.— Briss. Om. 1. 110. 18. /. 8./. 1. CAROLINA PIGEON. 97 Vicill. Ois. d*Amer. Sept. 4. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 487. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 613. 71. Columba marginata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.286. 10. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 791. 40.— -Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6l4. 73. Turtur Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 101. 24. La Tourte ou Tourterelle de la Caroline. Buff. Ois. 2. 557- — Buff. PI. Enl. 175. female. Tourterelle d'Am6rique. Buff. Ois. 2. 552. Colombe Tourte. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 355. Long-tailed Dove. Ediuards. pi. 1 5. male. Marginated Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 664. 63. Carolina Pigeon. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 188. 14. — Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 14.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 663. fo.—Wils. Ar*er. Orn. V. p. gi.pl. XLIII.f. i. THE male of this species measures eleven inches in length, the tail being about six : he is princi- pally distinguished by having a black spot with violet reflections on each side beneath the ears : the fore-part of the head and throat are rufous brown: the occiput is of a bluish ash-colour: the upper parts of the bird are of a deep grey-brown ; the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts nearest the body, are marked towards their extremities with black spots of different sizes : the lower part of the back, the rump, and the upper tail- coverts, are of a grey tinge : the lower part of the neck has a reflection of violet and green-gold : the breast and fore-part of the neck are of a rose- colour, growing paler as it approaches the sides : from the base of the beak to the eyes on each side is a white stripe : the quills are of a deep brown, rosaceous on the outer margin : the belly, thighs, and under tail -co verts, are brown, mixed with v. xi. P. i. 7 98 MAUGEIAN PIGEON. ash-colour : the tail-feathers are of very unequal lengths ; the two middle ones are longest, and the others gradually shorter, till the most outward ones do not exceed above half the length of the central ones, which are of a grey-brown, marked with black about their middle, and bright grey towards their tip : the three lateral ones are grey from their origin to their middle ; the rest are black: the eyes are situated in a naked space : the irides are brown : the beak is horn-coloured ; and the legs reddish. The female is smaller than the male, and does not possess the black violaceous spot beneath the ears : the feathers on the sides and the base of the neck do not reflect the golden hues : the fore-part of the neck and 'the breast are of a grey-brown, which colour also predominates over nearly the whole of the under parts of the bird. Found in Carolina, Brasil, Porto Rico, and St. Domingo ; in the former place they occur at all seasons. MAUGEIAN PIGEON. (Columba Maugei. ) Co.Jronte guldgue nigricantibus , collo pectore hypochondriisquc albo nigroque undulatis, rectricibus duabus intermediis Jiuds reliquis nigris, versus apicem albis. MAUGEIAN PIGEON. 99 Pigeon with the forehead and throat dusky ; the neck, breast, and sides, undulated with black and white ; the two middle tail-feathers brown, the rest black, with white towards their tips. Columba Maugei. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 490. Colombe Maug6. Temm. Pig. (Suo.) p. 363. THE total length of this bird is ten inches : the body is not much larger than that of the Starling : the tail is very long, and is composed of twelve feathers, and is greatly cuneiform ; the outer fea- thers are not much above half the length of the middle ones : the forehead, and the throat, are of a greyish lead-colour : the fore -part of the neck, the breast, the sides, and the belly, are striped with regular alternate bands of white and black : the back is of a grey-brown, with many irregular deeper spots : the two middle tail-feathers are of a grey-brown throughout their whole length ; the lateral ones are black, terminated with white : the beak and legs are black. Native of the islands of Southern Asia, dis- covered there by Mons. Mange", and named after that zealous but unfortunate naturalist, by Tem- minck : its manners are unknown. 100 SAINT DOMINGO PIGEON. (Columba Dominicensis.) Co» corpore griseo, capite subtus albo, macula verticis Jascid sub oculis et torque colli nigris, pectore vinaceo* crisso albo, caudd griseA: rectricibus extimis albis. Pigeon with a grey body, the head beneath white j a spot on the crown, fascia beneath the eyes, and collar on the neck, black; the breast of a vinaceous colour, the vent white, the taiV grey, the outer feathers tipped with white. Columba Dominicensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 615. 79. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 48Q. Tourterelle de St. Domingue. Buff. PI. Enl. 487« Colombe a moustaches noires. Temm. Pig. (Q-oo.) p. 361. Saint Domingo Pigeon: Lttth. Gen. Syn. Sup. II. 271. THIS elegant species, which is well figured in the Planches Enluminees of Buffon, is a native of St. Domingo, and most probably of other parts of the West Indies : its total length is eleven inches : its tail is longer in proportion to any of the rest of the genus : the forehead, and the region of the eyes, are white ; the throat is the same : this colour passes down each side of the neck, and joins on the nape, forming a kind of collar : on the top of the head is a broad transverse band of black, which divides into two parts ; from the base of the beak arises a streak of black, which passes beneath the eyes, as far as the ear : the neck has a narrow collar of the same colour, which is placed about its middle : the breast is of a vinaceous colour j BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. 1O1 towards the sides it is purplish, and possesses a metallic reflection : the whole of the upper parts are of an earthy-brown : the scapulars and the greater coverts are spotted with black : the quills are dusky, the exterior margin edged with grey- ish-white : the belly is of a brownish-ash : the tail-feathers are grey, the whole, except the two middle ones, tipped with white : the beak is black, and the legs reddish. BLACK-WINGED PIGEON. (Columba melanoptera.) Co. capite collogue rubro-violaceis, occipite rufo-violaceo aureo- nitente, dorso et partibus inferioribus ceeruleo-rufcscentibtu, alis caudaque nigrescentibus, pennis caudtE albo-terminatis. Pigeon with the head and neck of a red violet j the occiput the same, with golden reflections ; the back and under parts of the body of a reddish-blue ; the wings and tail dusky, the feathers of the latter terminated with white. Columba melanoptera. Molin. Chili, p. 3Q8.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 790. 70.--.LaM. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 15. 78.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 488. Colombo ni61anoptere. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 35Q. Black-winged Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. fiup. II. 271. TWELVE inches in length : the anterior half of the head is of a reddish violet-colour ; the whole of the neck, the breast, and the upper wing- 102 CAPE PIGEON. coverts, are the same : the hinder part of the head is of a fine red, reflecting the most brilliant tints of pure gold, crimson and green ; this colour ex- tends to the angles of the mouth : the wings and the tail are dusky, the feathers of the latter ter- minated with white : the rest of the plumage is of a reddish blue ; the shades are more distinct on the belly : the beak is black : the eyes have a double iris, the inner one being greyish, and very large, the other of a pomegranate red. Found in Paraguay and Chili : it lives on the elevated trees on the margins of woods. CAPE PIGliON. . (Columba Capensis.) Co. corpore griseo-fu&co subtus albo, remigibus primoribtts laterc interiore rrifis, rectricihus longissimis subtus nigris : cxtremA utrinque excepia, qua extus apiccgue alba est. Mas. Jrontc gul Ague nigris t alis macula- chalybco-splendente. Pigeon with the body of a grey-brown, beneath white ; the quills on the inner webs edged with rufous ; the tail-feathers very long, black beneath, the outer ones on each side excepted, which are white at the tip, and on their inner web. Male, with the forehead and throat black, the wings with a splendid steel- coloured spot. Columba Capensis. Lath. Syst. Nat. 1. 286. 30. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 790.— Brm. Orn. l. 120. 22. pi. g.f. 2. male. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 14. 75.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 4QO. CAPE PIGEON. . 103 La Tourtelette. Buff. Ois. 2. 554.— Buff. PI. Enl 140. male.— Le Vaill. Ois. the neck, the breast, and the belly are of a bright olive-green : the back and the under coverts of the tail are of a deep green : at the bend of the wing is an epaulette of pur- ple-brown : the greater coverts are tipped with yellow, forming a band of that colour on the wing : the greater quills are black, with a slight border of yellow ; the upper part of the tail is of a deep grey, which colour reaches from its base to about three-fourths of its length ; the extre- mities of the feathers are of a bright grey : the tail below is black at its base, and white at the tip : the feathers on the thighs and tarsi are green : the abdomen is of this latter colour, with oblong pure white spots : the under tail-coverts are red, tipped with white : the base of the beak is covered with a reddish membrane ; its point is of a horny grey : the feet are red, and the claws grey. Native of Madagascar. 117 NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO. (Vinago Calva.) Vi. viridis, fronte orbitisque nudis luteis, alls carpo violaceo, remigibus nigris, secundariisjlavo-marginatis, rectricibus inter- mediis viridibus, later alibus cinereis. Green Vinago, with the forehead and orbits naked and yellow j the bend of the wing violet ; the quills black, the secondaries edged with yellow ; the middle tail-feathers green, the lateral ones cinereous. Columba Calva. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 442. Colombar a front nud. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 63. INHABITS Africa, on the coasts of Loango and Angola. It is described by Temminck ; and is distinguished from all others of the genus by having a large bare space on the forehead ; this greatly resembles the same part on the head of the common Coot, and whilst the bird is alive it is of a lively orange-colour ; but on its death it loses all its colour : the length of the bird is eleven inches : its beak is horn-coloured or greyish silver : the head, the neck, the breast, and the whole of the under parts of the plumage are of a fine clear green : the top of the back is of a grey-ash : the rest of the upper parts are deep green : the bend of the wing is of a deep violet : the bastard wing and the secondary quills are black ; the seconda- ries and middle wing-coverts have a border of whitish yellow : the middle tail-feathers are green ; the lateral ones have their base and three-fourths 118 NAKED-FRONTED VINAGO. of their length of a bright grey ; the rest are deep grey, terminated with brighter; beneath all the leathers are black, with bright grey tips: the under tail-coverts are of a fine cinnamon-colour, tipped with white : the upper half of the tarsi is covered with yellow feathers ; the lower, and the claws, are orange. GOURA. GOURA. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, gracilius- ruluiTi, ad apicem paulo inflatum ; mandibulft su- periore lateratim sulcata; versus apicem descendens. Nares superne plumis tectis, in riniii sitae. Alee breves, rotundatae. Tarsi longiores, digiti basi Beak middle sized, very slender, towards the tip slightly inflated ; the supe- rior mandible sulcated on the sides, its tip bent down. Nostrils covered above with feathers, and placed in a fissure. Wings short and rounded. Tarsi long, toes cleft at then- base. Columbi-Gallines. Le Vaillant. Lophyrus. Vieillot. Goiira. Temminck. Columba. Linne, Gmelin, Cuvier, 8fc. JL HE birds of this genus are known from those of the other genera of the order, by the great length of their tarsi, which approach to those of the Gallinacese ; their beak is also of a dif- ferent form from that of the other Columbine birds, being very slender, and having a groove 120 CROWNED GOURA. in which the nostrils are situated ; their toes are divided to their origin. They are gregarious j are principally natives of the tropical parts of America, and like the birds of the next order, they build their nests and lay their eggs upon the ground, rarely perching upon trees : many of the species have received the name of Partridge, from their manners being so similar to the birds of that genus. A. Head furnished with a crest. CROWNED GOURA. (Goiira coronata.) Go. orbitis nigris, crista erectd, corpore caerulescenle , humerit Jerrugineis , fasci& alarum alba. Goura with black orbits, an erect crest, the body bluish, the shoulders ferruginous, and a white band on the wings. Columba coronata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 774. \J. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 596. p. — Temm. Pig. Ind 4Q\. Phasianus cristatus indicus. Eriss. Orn. 1. 279. 6. pl.lQ.f. 1. Le Pigeon couronn6 des Indes. Buff. Ois. 2. 354. Buff. PI. Enl. 118. Le Goura de la Nouvelle Guin6e. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 169. ///. 104. Colombi Kocco. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. 280. Colombi-Galline Goura. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 377- Great crowned Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn.4. 620. 2. — Edwards, pi. 338. — Bing. /Inim. Biog. 1. p. 224. CROWNED GOURA. THIS is the largest bird of this order 'known, exceeding a Turkey in size : its beak is black, and from its base arises a streak of that colour, which passes through the eyes as far as the hind head : the head is ornamented witli an erect superb cir- cular crest, the feathers of which it is composed being upwards of four inches and a half in length, of a loose texture, and of a fine pale bluish-ash colour : the rest of the head, the neck, breast, belly, sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts, grey- blue : the rump and upper tail-coverts deep ash : the back and scapulars the same, with a mixture of purplish chesnut ; as are also the tips of the lesser wing-coverts ; the greater ones, nearest the body, ash-coloured within, and white on the out- side, and tipped with purplish chesnut : the quills deep dusky ash : tail the same, but paler at the tip : the legs are dusky : the irides red. These birds have many of the manners of the common Pigeons ; billing, inflating their breast, and cooing; its note is, however, so loud at times, as to resemble a kind of lowing ; and its mournful notes alarmed the crew of Bougainville greatly, on hearing them, for the first time, in the wild and unfrequented spots of some of the islands on which they landed ; they supposing the noise to be uttered by some of the savages of those parts. They are easily tamed, and in the East Indies are kept in court-yards as poultry. In a wild state they build and breed in the highest trees. They inhabit the Moluccas and New Guinea. 122 B. Head not crested. * With a caruncle at the base oftlie beak. NICOBAR GOURA. (Goiira Nicobarica.) Go. corpore eeneo, pennis colli angustis elongatis, remigibus ex caerulescente viridibus, caudd alba, bast rostri caruncula com- pressd. (Femina, caret caruncula in fronted) Goura with a brassy body, the feathers on the neck narrow and elongated, the quills of a green-blue, the tail white, the base of the beak with a compressed caruncle. (Female without the frontal caruncle.) Columba Nicobarica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 605. 44. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 783. Ij.—Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 445—Briss. Orn. 1. 153.44. Pigeon de Nicobar. Buff. Ois. 2. 541. — Buff. PI. Enl. 491. Colombi-Galline a cainail. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 385. — Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. 6. pi. Ijg. Nicobar Pigeon. Edwards, pi. 33Q. — Albin. 3. pi. 47 and 48. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.642. 38. BEAK dusky : irides hazel : the head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts of a dark bluish purple : the feathers on the neck are very long and pointed, reflecting rich hues of blue, red, gold, and copper : at the base of the beak is a depressed caruncle : the back, and upper parts of the wings, rich green, changing to copper anil gold ; some of the outer quills, and the coverts above them, bright blue : the tail and upper coverts white : legs reddish : the female WATTLED GOURA» 123 differs in the colours being less brilliant, and in the pointed feathers of the neck being shorter ; she is also destitute of the caruncle at the base of the beak. Inhabits the Moluccas, and other of the Indian islands. This bird has a great affinity to those of the genus Columba, but may be readily distinguished from them by the form of the beak and other parts, as detailed in the generic character: its manners too are totally different ; it lives on the ground, and subsists upon fruits. WATTLED GOURA. (Goiira carunculata.) Go. cana,Jronte et carunculd gutturali rubris, ventre abdomine uropygioque albis, caudafuscdpennis exterioribus albo margin- atis. (Femina Jrontem non habet nudum nee carunculum gut- tttralem.) Hoary Goura, with the forehead and wattle on the throat redj the belly, abdomen, and rump white; the tail brown, its exterior feathers edged with white. (Female without the naked space on the forehead, or wattles on the throat) Columba carunculata. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496. Colombi-Galline a barbillon. Temm. Pig. (8t>o.)/>. 415. Le Colombi-Galline. Le Vaitt. Ois. d'AJriq. 6. p. 278. ACCORDING to Le Vaillant, this species, in com- mon with the others of the genus, builds its nest 124 WATTLED GOURA. on the ground in holes ; it is composed of bits of twigs and dry herbs : the female deposits from six to eight reddish white eggs, and is assisted by the male during incubation : the young are covered with a reddish grey down, and run as soon as out of the egg, but do not quit their parents, who cover them with their wings to protect them from the too violent rays of the sun ; the old birds feed them with the pupae of ants, dead insects, and worms : when they get stronger they feed upon various sorts of grain, berries, and insects ; and their general habits are precisely similar to those of the gallinaceous birds. This bird is readily distinguished, by having a naked skin on the forehead and round the base of the beak, passing down the sides of the throat to the ears, similar to a wattle : the length of the bird is ten inches : its head, the cheeks, the neck, and the breast are of a deep grey : the scapulars and the upper wing-coverts are of a silvery grey, lightly tipped with white : the belly, the upper and under tail- coverts, the rump, the under part of the wings, the sides, and the outer edge of the exterior tail-feathers, are pure white : the tail is of a reddish brown above, and dusky beneath : the beak is red at its base and black at its point : the legs are of a rufous tinge : the irides are composed of two circles, one yellow, the other red. The female does not possess the naked red wattle ; she is rather smaller, and not so brilliant in colour : the wing-coverts are slightly edged with white. Found in the interior of Africa. IS5 * * No caruncle at the base of the beak. BLUE-HEADED GOURA. (Goiira cyanocephala.) Go. vinaceo-Jusca^ capite gul&que c&ruleis, fascid suboculnrit alba. Vinaceous- brown Goura, with the head and throat blue, and a white stripe beneath the eye. Columba cyanocephala. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 282. 2O. — Gntel. Syst. Nat. l. 778. 20.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 608. 54.— Teinm. Pig. Ind. 491. Turtur Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 135. 32. pi. I3.f. 1. Tourterelle de la Jamafque. Buff. Ois. 2. 55B.—Buf. PL Enl. 174. Colombi-Galline a cravate noire. Le Vaill. Ois. brown. Inhabits Surinam. RED-BREASTED GOURA. (Goiira cruenta.) Go. grisea, collo subtns albo, ceroice violaceo,Jasciis alarum tribut griscescentibus, macula pectoris sanguined. Grey Genre, with the neck beneath white, the top of the neck violaceous, the wings with three greyish bands, the breast with a blood-red spot. Columba cruenta. Gmel. Syst. Nat. J. 785. 66. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 611. 65.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 4p4. La Tourterelle grise ensanglant6e. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 52. pi. 21. Colombi-Galline Poignarde. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 407. Red-breasted Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 56. Var. &. corpore toto albo, macul'i pectoris sanguineA. With the body white, and a blood-red spot on the breast. Columba sanguinea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 785. 65. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 6 1 1. 66.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 4Q4. La Tourterelle blanche ensanglantee. Sonner. Voy. Ind. p. 51. pi. 20. Colombi-Galline Poignard^ vari&6. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 407. Sanguine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 657. 57. RED-BREASTED GOURA. 129 NATIVE of the Philippine Islands : length ten inches and a half: the forehead and the crown are of a grey-ash : the occiput and the hinder-part of the neck are of a deep violet, with green re- flections : the back, the scapulars, the lesser wing, coverts, and the lateral parts of the breast, are of a deep grey ; the whole of the feathers of these parts being tipped with a brilliant metallic green band : the throat, the sides of the neck, and the middle of the breast, are of a pure white ; the latter with a spot of a flesh-colour in the centre : the belly, the sides, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are of a reddish hue : the feathers of the middle wing-coverts are of a reddish-purple at their base, and bright ash at their tips, forming three bands of the latter colour across each wing : the quills are of a brownish-ash, with their edges fringed with reddish : the two middle tail-feathers are grey-brown j the lateral ones are grey at their base, black towards their middle, and whitish- grey at their tips : the eyes and feet are red : the female is rather duller in colours. A variety is commemorated by Temminck, which has the whole of the body white, with a blood-red spot .pn the breast : it is described as a species by Sonnerat, but it has all the tracings of the markings of the first described, and is found at the same place as that. v. xr. P. i. 130 MOUNTAIN GOURA, (Goiira montana.) Go. corpore nifot pcctore vinaceo, remigibus rujis, maculA sub oculis, ad gulam et ad humeros tensd albd, orbitis nudis san- guineis. Goura with a rufous body; the breast vinaceous ; the quills ru- fous j beneath the eyes a spot of white, spreading towards the throat and shoulders ; the orbits naked, and blood-coloured. Columba montana. Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 281. 13. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7/2. 17. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 5p4. 3. — Temm. Pig. Ind. 4p2. Colombi-Gallinse Montagnard. Temm. Pig. (Svo.) p. 395. Mountain Partridge. Ediioards.pl. 119. Partridge Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 615. 3. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 197- 3- EIGHT inches and a half in length : beak red, with the tip black : irides red ; the eyes surrounded by a papillated skin of a reddish cast : the upper parts of the body rufous, with a purple gloss : face, part of the neck and breast vinaceous ; the rest of the under parts, sides, thighs, and vent, rufous : the back, wings and tail rufous, with a tinge of copper : beneath the eye is a spot of white, another on the side of the throat, and a third at the base of the wing : legs red ; claws brown. Inhabits the warmer parts of America: builds in low bushes: the nests are lined with hair and cotton. 131 HOTTENTOT GOURA. (Goiira Hottentota.) Go. rufa, fronte guttureque albis, collo pectoreque cano-vinaceis, albo nigroque lunalis, venire abdomineque vinaceis, pennis caudalibus supra rujts infra cants. Rufous Goura, with the forehead and throat white j the neck and breast of a hoary vinaceous hue, with black and white lunules ; the belly and abdomen vinaceous ; the feathers of the tail above rufous, beneath hoary. Columba Hottentota. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 4QJ. Le Colombi-Caille. Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afriq. v. 6. pi. 283. Colombi-Galline Hottentot. Temm. Pig. (&v o.) p. 42Q. THE male of this species has the occiput, the back of the neck, the shoulders, the wing-coveits, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, of a fine red cinnamon-colour; each feather slightly tipped with brown : the forehead and the throat are white : the fore-part, and sides of the neck, are of a clear vi- naceous grey : the feathers are slightly edged with white and black : the middle of the breast, the belly, the thighs, and the under tail-coverts, are bright red : the outer webs of the wing-feathers are red, the interior dusky : the tail, which is short and rounded, is of a cinnamon-colour above, and greyish-black beneath : the beak is brownish-yel- low : the feet and eyes red. The female is smaller than the male, and the colours are less brilliant. Found by Le Vaillant in the neighbourhood of the mountains in the country of the Grand Nama- 132 MARTINICO GOL'RA. quois : it has a very short flight, with frequent starts : it obtains its nourishment on the ground during the daytime, and towards night seeks shelter in deep thickets, close to the ground. MARTINICO GOURA. (Goiira Martinica.) Go. subviolacea,pectore vinaceo, venire abdomineque rufescentibus, remigibusjuscis interne rufescentibus > maculA sub oculis Jusco- violacea. (Femina, 'violacco-fu&ca, pectore abdomineque albo' fuscescentibus.) Cubviolet Goura, with the breast vinaceous ; the belly and ab- domen rufescent j the quills brown, within reddish j beneath the eyes a brown violet spot. Female violet-brown, with the breast and abdomen of a whitish-brown. Columba Martinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 283. 14. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 781. 24.— Temm. Pig. Ind. 493.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 575. 7. Columba violacea Martinicana. Eriss. Orn. 1. 129. 27. t. 12. /I- Columba rufa Cayanensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 131. 29 pi. \1>f. 2. Pigeon violet de la Martinique. Buff. Ois. 2. 525.— Buff. PI. Enl. 162. Pigeon roux de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 2. 526.— Buff. PI. Enl 141. Colombi-Galline roux-violet. Le Vaitt. Ois. d'Afrique. 6. pi. 282. — Temm. Pig. (8uo.) p. 400. Le Pigeon rouge et jaune. D'Azara. Voy. 4. 131. 321. Martinico Pigeon. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6l8. 7. A. GROUND GOURA. 133 NEAR ten inches in length : the irides are red : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body, are deep violaceous-chesnut : the breast is vinaceous : the rest of the under parts of the body are rufous, varying in tint : quills fuscous on their outer webs, rufous on their inner: tail-feathers dusky, with rufous margins : beneath the eyes a spot of a brownish violet-colour: the legs red, beak the same: claws dusky: female with the breast and abdomen of a brownish-white : the rest of the body a violet-brown. Inhabits Martinique and the warmer parts of America. GROUND GOURA. (Goura Passerina.) Go. corpore cinereo-fusco, subtus violaceo, pectorc nigricantc- squamatOj remigibtis rufis margine exteriore apiceque nigrican* tibus, alls punctis chalybeisy rectricibus intermediis dnereis, re» liquis nigricantibus. Goura with the body above of a cinereous brown, beneath violet; the breast with dusky scales ; the quills rufous, their outer edges and tips dusky; the wings with steel-coloured spots; the middle tail-feathers ash-coloured, the rest dusky. Columba Passerina. Temm. Pig. Ind. 496. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 34. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 787.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 611. fy.—Wils. Amer. Orn. 6. p. 15. Turtur parvus Araericanus. Brus. Om. 1. 113. 19. pL §.f. 1. Le Cocotzin. Buf. Ois. 2. 559. 134 GROUND GOURA. La petite Tourterelle de la Martinique. Bu/. PI. Enl. 243,f, 1. Colombi-Galline Cocotzin. Temm. Pig. (8ro.) p. 425. Ground-Dove. Catesb. Carol. 1. pi. 26. — Arct. Zoo/. 2. 191. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 659. 59. — Lath. Syn. Sup. 100. — Wilt. Amer. Orn. VI. p. 15. pi. 46. f. 2. male.yi 3. female. LENGTH six inches and a quarter: beak pale red, tipped with dusky.: irides orange : the upper parts of the head and neck are ash-coloured : the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts the same, but darker : the forehead, throat, fore-part of the neck, breast, sides, belly, and under tailrcoverts, vina- ceous ; the feathers of the neck and breast spotted with brown in their centres, giving those parts a mottled appearance : part of the wing-coverts deep ash ; the rest vinaceous, with several glossy green spots : beneath tne wing rufous : the quills are rufous, with their outer margins and tips dusky : the two middle tail-feathers deep ash-colour, the others dusky : the legs red j the claws dusky. The female differs in being of a less vivid hue. This bird inhabits the warmer parts of America, but mostly within the tropics, though occasionally found in Carolina and the southern parts of Pen- sylvania. With the rest of the genus it feeds upon the ground like Partridges, makes a short flight, and then alights on the ground again : it is gre- garious, and feeds upon grain and seeds. PICUI GOURA. J*~ (Goura Picui.) Go. corpore subtus albesceute-fusco, supra Jusco, tectricibus fl/a- rum maculis caeruleis nigris albisque notatis, pcnnd caudte ex- teriore alba, tribus sequentibusjuscis albo-terminatis ; alts intus nigris. Goura with the upper parts of the body of a whitish brown, the under brown ; the wing-coverts with blue spots, sprinkled with black and white ; the outer tail-feather white, the three following ones brown, tipped with white ; the wings beneath black. Columba Picui. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 498. Le Picui. D'Azara Voy. Amer. merid. 4. 136. no. 324. Colombi-Galline Picui. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) p. 435. SEVEN inches and one third in length : it has a naked space round the eyes, extending to the base of the beak : the under parts of the body are white, with a tint of brown on the front of the neck, and on the sides of the body, and one of vinaceous on the breast : the under part of the wings are of a fine velvety black : the forehead and the sides of the head are whitish : the upper part of the head, the neck, and the body, as well as the upper wing-coverts, are of a pure brown, sprinkled with small bluish enamelled spots, in- terspersed with black and white ones : the quills are dusky brown : the outer feather of the tail is white on its outer web ; the second, third, and fourth, are of that colour to the end j the others .136 TALPACOTI GOURA. grey-brown : the tarsi are of an obscure violet : the beak is deep bluish, and the space round the eye blue. . Very abundant in Paraguay, and the marshy countries on the borders of the river La Plata. TALPACOTI GOURA. (Goiira Talpacoti.) Go. cinnamomea, capite cceruleo, lineis nigris in scapulis, remigibia Juscis, caudd nigrd rufo-terminatd, partc tarsi extcriori plu- mat&, alls intus nigr,is. Cinnamon-coloured Goura, with the head blue ; the scapulars with black lines ; the quills brown ; the tail black, terminated with rufous ; the outer part of the tarsi feathered j the wing beneath black. Columba Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 496. Colombi-Galline Talpacoti. Temm. Pig. (8vo.) 421. ONE of the smallest of the genus, being only six inches and a half in length : the top of the head is of a grey-blue, shaded on the forehead with whitish : the throat and the sides of the neck are grey, shaded with vinaceous : the whole of the back, the greater and lesser wing-coverts, those of the tail, the front of the neck, the breast, and the whole of the under parts of the body, are of a deep red, shaded with delicate vinaceous tints: the middle, and the greater wing-coverts, are PASSERINE GOURA. 137 spotted with black on their exterior webs ; the in- terior ones are of an uniform red : the quills, and the secondary feathers of the wing, are of a dusky brown : the two middle tail-feathers are reddish- brown ; the lateral ones are black, and shorter than the inner ; the two exterior ones on each side are marked with a red spot : the under tail-coverts are black, as are the sides of the body : the beak is of a reddish-brown, and the feet orange : the tarsi are furnished on their outer sides, through their whole length, with a narrow band of short and downy feathers. Inhabits the middle parts of America, and has the same manners as the rest of the genus. PASSERINE GOURA. (Goiira minuta.) Go. corpore supra djlutc-fusco, gula pectoreque dilute violaceis, in carpo alarum tribus out quatuor maculis violaceis, sex aliis ma- cults in alarum apice remigibus Juscis , margirte rnjis, rectricibus ceerulescentibus nigro-terminalis, duabus extinris albo-termi- natis. Goura with the body above pale fuscous ; the throat and breast pale violet } the bend of the wing with three or four violet spot-, and six others towards the tip of the wings ; the quills brown, edged with rufous; the tail-feathers bluish, tipped with black ; the two outer ones tipped with white. 138 PASSERINE GOURA. Columba ininuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 285. 35. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 788.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 612. 6B.—Temm. Pig. Ind. 498. Turtur parvus fuscus Aruericanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 116. 20. ;;/. 8. ./.2.. Petite Tourterelle de St. Domingue. Buf. PI. Enl. 243. f. I . Colombi-Galliue Pignie. Tenim. Pig. (8vo.) p. 432. Passerine Turtle. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 660. 59. A VERY small species, measuring only five inches and a half in length : its beak is brown, as are the whole of the upper parts of the body : the wing- coverts reddish-brown, with several spots of the colour of polished steel, of which three or four are upon the lesser, and five or six on the greater coverts : the quills are dusky, with their outer edges and tips rufous : ,the two middle tail-feathers are brown ; the others are grey at their base, then black, and terminated with brown ; the two lateral ones, on each side, have their outer webs white towards their tips : the lower parts of the body of a reddish-white : the throat and breast pale vina- ceous : the legs are brown. Inhabits the warmer parts of America. ORDER GALLINACE.E. Rostrum breoiusculum,convexum,fornicatum, mandibuld superior e arena fa margines iiiferiores tegens. Nares lateralcs, vel ceromatibus, vel squama fornicali, vel mem- brana, vel plumis tectce, ant semitecta. Pedes tetradactyli, rarius tridactyli, digitis tribus anticis basi mem- branula conjunctis, et subtus scabris: tibiis totis plumis tectis. Beak short, convex, arched, with the upper mandible covering the margins of the lower. Nostrils lateral, nearly or entirely covered with wattles, with an arched scale, with a membrane, or with feathers. Feet four-toed, rarely three-toed ; the three anterior toes con- nected at the base by a slight membrane ; their inferior sur- face rough ; the tibiae entirely covered with feathers. THE birds of this order are most extensively useful to mankind, their flesh furnishing a sub- stantial and wholesome food, and their plumage serving for various domestic and ornamental pur- poses : their bodies, for the most part, are large, and very muscular; and their wings are very short : their toes are rough beneath, to enable them to scratch the ground in search of insects : they are fond of wallowing in the dust : many feed on grain and seeds, whilst others feed on berries and buds, but the greater portion subsist likewise on insects ; the food remains some time in the gizzard to be macerated. They are mostly polygamous, building their 14O ORDER GALLINACEJE. nests (which are very rude) in retired situations on the bare ground : the females of many species are extremely prolific, and continue to lay eggs nearly all the year ; the young follow their mother as soon as hatched, and immediately learn to pick up their food, and the parent continues to lead and protect them till they are fully grown : they are readily tamed, and many species, especially Peacocks, Turkeys, and Fowls, are kept in a domestic state. Pheasants, Partridges, and some few others, have not submitted to the dominion of man, but frequent cultivated situations within a short distance of human habitations. 141 PAVO. PEACOCK. Generic Character. Rostrum basi nudum, supra convexum, crassiusculum ; versus apicem deflexum. Nares patulae. Genes partim denudatae. Pennce uropygii elongates, latae, expansiles, ocellatae. Cauda cuneata, rectricibus octodecim. Pedes tetradactyli, torso cal- carato conico. Caput cristatum. Beak naked at the base, above convex, thickened, towards the tip bent down. Nostrils open. Cheeks partially denuded. Featliers of the rump elon- gated, broad, capable of being expanded, and ocel- lated. Tail wedge-shaped, consist- ing of eighteen feathers. Feet four-toed ; tarsi with a conical spur. Head crested. A AVO, auctorum. — There are but two species of Peacocks, which are amongst the most splendid of birds, being of a beautiful form, and large size, and possessing the most magnificent and re- splendent hues on their plumage : they are proud and quarrelsome, and feed on insects, fruit, and grain : they are natives of Asia, and one of them is domesticated in Europe. 142 CRESTED PEACOCK. (Pavo eristatus ) PA. capilc crisld compressd, corpore supra viridi-aureo,' eenco- nitente ; tectricibus alarum viridi-aureo cesruleo aeneoquc cfful- gentilttts ; subtus nigricante viridi-aureo-vario : capite Jasciis duabus nlbis utrinque ; tectricibus caudce superioribus longissi- mis, arcubus versicoloribus et auratis conspicuis. Mas. Peacock with a compressed crest on the head ; the body above of a golden-green, glossed with brassy; the wing-coverts green-gold, with blue and brassy reflections ; the under parts of the body dusky, varied with green-gold j the head with two white stripes on each side; the upper tail-coverts very long, adorned with various coloured auriferous arches. Pavo cristutus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650. Paon Sauvage. Temm. Hist. Nat. Gall. v. 2. p. 26. Var. $. domesticus, tectricibus alarum transvcrsim striatus. Wing-coverts trthsversely striated. Pavo eristatus, domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 650. Pavo eristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. \.p. 267. — Linn. Faun. Suec. \Q7--Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 729. 1 — Witt. Orn. p. 112. pi. 27. Lath. Ind. Orn. '2. p. 6l6. 1. Le Paon. Buff. Ois. '1. 288. pi \Q.— Bnff. PL Enl. 433 and 434. — Briss. Orn. 1. 281. ?. pi. 27. Le Paon domestique. Temm. Gall. (8vo.) 2. p. 35 and 434. Crested or common Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. p. 668. 1. — Beiv. Brit. Birds. 1. p. 2SQ. — Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. p. 234. Var. y.genis, gutture, supremo ventre, tectricibusque alarum albis, With the cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the wing- coverts, white. Pavo eristatus varius. Briss. Orn. l.p. 288. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. p. 6 1 6. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 729. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652. Lc Paon Pannach6. Buff. Ois. 2. WJ.—Temm. Gall. (8vo.) p+ GW. CRESTED PEACOCK. 143 Variegated Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 671. 1. Yar. £. corpore toto albo. With the body entirely white. Pavo cristatus albus. Eriss. Orn. 1. 288.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. 73O.— Lath. Ind. Orn. ». Q\J.—Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652. Le Paon Wane. fiw/". Ois. 2. 323.— Temm. Go//. (8t>o.) 2. p. 46. White Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672. 1. THIS most splendid and magnificent bird is a native of India, and in its wild state has the fol- lowing character : its length from the tip of the beak to the end of its tail is about four feet : its head is adorned with a crest, consisting of twenty- four feathers, which are only webbed at their tips, where they are of a fine rich golden-green colour j their shafts are whitish : above and beneath the eye is a streak of white : irides yellowish : the head, throat, neck, and breast, are green-gold, glossed with copper-coloured reflections : the back and rump the same, but more cupreous : the wring- coverts deep blue, glossed with green and gold t the belly and vent are dusky, tinged with greenish : the tail is of a grey-brown, edged with reddish- grey, and hidden beneath a train of the most ele- gant and enchanting colours, which arises upon the "back ; the two middle feathers of which it is composed are frequently upwards of four feet and a half in length, the others gradually diminishing on each side, and forming, when expanded, a su- perb fan of the most resplendent hues : the shafts are white, and are furnished from their origin, nearly to the end, with divided iridescent barbs ; 144 CRESTED PEACOCK* at the extremity of these feathers the barbs unite* and form a flat extended vane, decorated with what is called the eye, which has in its centre a heart-shaped velvety hlack spot, surrounded with a circle of green, with a blue and violet reflection j this is again encompassed with two other circles, glossed with different tints of gold and copper- colour, varying into other shades, according to their position with respect to the light : the ex- ternal row of feathers are not adorned with the eye-like spot, but are of an uniform dusky colour: the thighs are yellowish; the legs are grey-brown, those of the male furnished with a strong spur, nearly an inch in length. The female is rather less than the male, and her train is very short, and destitute of those re- splendent beauties that ornament that of the male, and the feathers of which it is composed are even shorter than the tail itself: her crest is shorter, and her whole plumage partakes of a cinereous hue : her throat and neck are green ; and the spots on the sides of the head are larger than those of the male. In a domestic state the Peacock varies greatly in its plumage, but all its varieties are readily distin- guished by having the wing-coverts transversely striated with black : the wings are also striated, and variegated with rufous, blackish and green ; having a ground colour, reddish-brown : the variegated Peacock is only a mixed breed, between the com- mon and the white variety, and is found in every variety and proportion of colour between the - • PEACOCK . 6TEf> PEACOCK. 1 4 J two : but the most usual appearance is for the cheeks, throat, upper parts of the belly, and the wing-coverts, to be white. Occasionally the Peacock has the whole of the plumage of a pure white colour, the eyes of the train not excepted, but they may be traced by a different undulation of shade upon that part : like many other gallinaceous birds, the female some- times assumes the plumage of the male, after having ceased to breed ; it also obtains strong rudiments of spurs. Without doubt the Peacock is the most elegant and beautiful of the feathered creation, the splen- dour of its plumage, and the elegance of its form, not being exceeded by any. Its matchless plumes seem to combine all that delights the eye in the soft and delicate tints of the finest flowers, all that dazzles it in the sparkling lustre of gems, and all that astonishes it in the grand display of the rainbow : all contend to give it a place high in our esteem. However, these superb plumes are shed every year : then, as if sensible of his loss, he seeks the most obscure retreats to conceal himself, till the returning spring restores him to his accus- tomed beauty. This bird has been long naturalized in Europe, but it is of eastern origin, having been introduced about the time of Alexander into Greece : in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, and the extensive plains of India, it occurs in the greatest profusion, and grows to a great size : it is a^very shy bird in its native state, and is difficult to catch, except by v. \i. p. i. 10 146 CRESTED PEACOCK. the following contrivance adopted by the fowler* in the East. A kind of banner is prepared, having some lighted candles fitted upon it, and paintings of Peacocks ; this (during the darkness of the night) is held up in the trees upon which the birds roost ; they, being dazzled by the light, or de- ceived by the figure, stretch out their necks re- peatedly, till they become entangled in a noose, fixed for the purpose, and the fowler draws- the cord and secures his victims. Tavernier asserts that in some parts they are caught by means of a kind of birdlime. In these climates the females lay but four or five eggs at a time, but in their native state they are much more fertile : she always chooses some se- questered or secret spot to deposit them, as the male is apt to break them ; they are like those of the Turkey, being white and speckled. The incubation occupies from twenty-seven to thirty days, according to the temperature of the climate, or the warmth of the season. The young acquire the perfect brilliancy of plumage in their third year, but in colder climates they require great care in rearing : they feed upon meal and insects, and when they are six or seven months old they will eat wheat and various sorts of grain, like other gallinaceous birds : they are said to be killed by eating the flowers of the elder. Aristotle affirms that they live about twenty-five years, but by Willoughby and others they are supposed to live nearly a hundred : the former opinion appears to be most agreeable to nature. CRESTED PEACOCK. 14-7 When pleased or delighted the male expands his gaudy train, and displays all the majesty of his beauty, stretching and turning slowly about, as if to catch every gleam of light to produce new and inconceivable hues of splendid colours. By a strong muscular vibration, he can make the shafts of his long feathers clatter in an extraordinary manner. In this country Peacocks are unable to fly much, but they are fond of climbing, and commonly pass the night upon the roofs of houses, where they do considerable mischief, or upon the highest trees, and from these situations it is that they utter their harsh and discordant cry, which is a perfect con- trast to their brilliant plumage. During the period of the Romans they were highly esteemed for the table, but at present only the young are considered of any importance, as the flesh is very hard and dry. Hortensius was the first person who ordered them to be served up at his table. JAPAN PEACOCK. (Pavo rnuticus.) PA. corpore supra virescente-ceeruleo, ceneo ejfulgente; subtus ci- nereo, maculis nigris albo-striatis vario ; pectore caeruleo tiiridi- aureo nitente ; tectricibus caudce sttperioribus ocellatis ; capite cristd erecta, spicatd. Peacock with the body above of a green-blue, with a brassy gloss; beneath ash-coloured, varied with black spots and white stripes ; breast rich blue, glossed with green-gold ; upper tail- coverts ocellated j head with an erect spicated crest. Pavo muticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 2(58. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 731. 3. — Lath. Tnd. Orn. 2. 617. 2 — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 652. Pavo Japonensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 289 . &. Le Spicifere. Buff. Ois. 2. p. 366.— Temm. Pig. ct Gall. 2. p. 56.pl. i./. I. '(head.) Japan Peacock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 672. 2. THIS is the size of the common Peacock, and is of the same form : its beak is longer and straighter than in that bird, its colour dusky grey : the irides are reddish-chesnut : beneath the eyes is a naked yellowish space ; and another larger space of a deeper yellow occurs on each side of the head, under the coverts of the ear : the head is adorned with a perpendicular crest, composed of about ten straight sloped feathers, of a fine green colour, with blue reflections : the head, the neck, and the breast, are also green, highly glossed with blue : the belly, the abdomen, and the greater feathers of the wings, are brown, with elegant hues of green : the feathers of the lower part of the back, JAPAN PEACOCK. 149 forming the train, are shorter and less brilliant than in the preceding species ; they are of a ches- nut-brown, with white shafts, and have at the end of each a large spot, gilded in the middle, then blue, and surrounded with green : the legs are of a brownish-colour, and in the male furnished with a spur. The female appears to be unknown, that described as one by Buffon being (according to Temminck) a male at moult. The voice of this bird differs greatly from that of the common species. This species was originally described by Al- drovandus, from a painting sent by the Emperor of Japan to the Pope : and for a long period its existence was doubted : but Le Vaillant had the good fortune to observe one, in a menagerie at the Cape of Good Hope, that was brought from Macao. Japan is stated to be its native place. 150 POLYPLECTRON. POLYPLECTRON. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, gracile, rectum, compressum; max- illa superiore versus api- cem deflexa. Nares in medio maxillae sitae, laterales, semitectae, an- trorsum patulae. Orbitce, genccque nudae. Pedes tetradactyli, graciles; tarso longo, calcaribus plu- ribus. Cauda lata, rotundata, elon- gata, rectricibus sedecim. Beak middle sized, slender, straight, compressed; the upper mandible bent down towards the tip. Nostrils situated in the mid- dle of the maxilla, lateral, nearly closed, and open in front. Orbits and cJteeks naked. Feet four- toed, slender; tarsi long, with many spurs. Tail broad, rounded, elon- gated, consisting of sixteen feathers. POLYPLECTRON. Temminck. DIPLECTRON. Vieillot. PAVO. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. 8fC. I HERE is but one species of this genus known, but of its manners we are still in the dark : it is a native of China and Thibet, and is easily discrimi- nated from the preceding genus, by the characters above given. I have adopted the name used by Temminck, as that is not only more applicable to the bird than the one proposed by Vieillot, but has also the right of priority. ARGUS 151 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. {Polyplectron chinquis.) Po. corpore supra cinereo, nigricanti-striato et albo-punctato ma~ culato; tectricibus alarum maculis orbiculatis splendide ceeruleis adspersis ; subtus griseo, lineis nigricantibus undulato ; remigi- bus secundariis guttis ex nitente c&ruleis; tectricibus cauda guttis dunbus nitenti-viridibus. Polyplectron with the body above cinereous, striated with dusky and spotted with white ; the wing-coverts sprinkled with splendid orbicular cserulean spots ; under parts of the body grey, undulated with dusky lines ; the secondary quills with shining blue spots ; the tail-coverts with two shining green spots. Polyplectron chinquis. Tenini. Gall. Ind. 2. p. 675. Pavo bicalcaratus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617. 3. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. 2.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 730. Pavo tibetanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 268. 2. &. — Grnel. Syst. Nat. 1. 731.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 617. 4.— Briss. Orn. 1. 2Q4. 1O. pi. 28. A.f. 2. Pavo siiiensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 291. 9« Le Chinquis. Buff. Ois. 2. 365. L'Eperonnier. Buff. Ois. 2. 368.— Buff. PI. Enl. 4Q2. male. 493. female. Le petit Paon de Malacca. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 173. pi. 99. Eperonnier chinquis. Temm. Gall. (Svo.) 2. p. 363. Peacock Pheasant. Ediu. Glean, pi. 67. and 68. * Iris Peacock. Lath. Gen. Si/n. 4. 6/3. 3. Thibet Pcaccck. La/A. Gen. St/n. 4. 675. 4. THE most remarkable circumstance relating to this bird is that of the tarsi being armed with several spurs, which vary in number from two to * . ARGUS POLYPLECTIION. six: and frequently the same bird has a different number on each leg, individuals mentioned by Temminck possessing three on one, and two on the other t these spurs are frequently joined to- gether at their base, but it is generally either the two upper or the two lower that undergo that change. Another curious fact relating to this species is, that the tail is composed of two distinct ranges or tiers of long feathers ; the lowest being the true tail : these feathers are capable of being erected when the bird is agitated, but at other times they remain in a horizontal position. It is about the size of the Painted Pheasant : length twenty-three inches, of which the tail is upwards of ten : the head and the top of the neck are of a brown-grey, getting brighter on the throat: the feathers on the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are of a dull brown, with transverse undulated bands of dusky brown : the greater wing-feathers are brown, ya- ried with an earthy grey ; the rest of them, as also those of the shoulders, are of a yellowish grey, va- ried with small dusky brown bands ; each feather possessing towards its extremity a brilliant round spot, of a green-blue colour, changing to splendid gold and purple, according to the disposition of the light, in some aspects vying with the opal j these spots are surrounded by a circle of black, and another of yellowish white, with which latter colour the tip of each feather is adorned : the back, the rump, and the upper tail-coverts, are clear brown> spotted and transversely undulated ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. 153 with yellowish-white: the tail-feathers are dull brown, varied with small spots of yellow .ochre : at one inch and a quarter from the tips of the upper range, and one and three quarters from those of the lower* are two shining spots of an oval form, united one to the other, and separated by the shafts : the centres of these spots are green, reflecting brilliant hues of blue and purple, but not so splendid as on the wings and back ; they .are surrounded by a circle of black, which is again inclosed in another of dull grey of twice the breadth of the black : the upper mandible of the beak is red at its base, and black at its tip ; the under is yellow, tipped with brown : the eyes are encircled with bright grey feathers ; the irides are brilliant yellow : the feet are black, as are the spurs j the claws grey. The female has the plumage less brilliant, and the tail shorter: the feet are dull grey, and in place of the lower spur is situated a prominent callosity. The young have the plumage entirely of an earthy-grey, with large spots, and small lines of a brown colour: after the first moult the plumage becomes less irregular, and the position of the spots on the wings and tail becomes visible ; at the second they become more determined, and possess the fine golden-blue tint, with green reflections; but it is not till ; fter the third moult, which takes place at two years of age, that all the colours are produced in perfection. In a natural state this species is not very wild ; it becomes readily accustomed to confinement, and 154 ARGUS POLYPLECTRON. propagates its species in a domestic state with as great facility as most other gallinaceous birds. It is a native of China, and the mountains that separate Indoostan and Thibet : according to Son- nerat, it occurs likewise in Malacca. 155 MELEAGRIS. TURKEY. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, crassiuscu- lum ; maxillii deflexu, con- vexa, fornicaUi, basi ceri- gera, ceromate in carun- culam laxam pendu am, teretem elongate. Nares laterales, in ceromate sitae. Gula paleii carunculosa lon- gitudinali pendula. Cuit 4. 4. Crax pauxi. Linn. Syst.Nat. 1. 270. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.737- —Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 624. 3.— Rail. Syn. 52. 5. Crax Mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 302. 14. Le Hocco du Mexique. Buff. Ois. 2. 348. Le Pierre de Cayenne. Ruff. PI. Enl. 78. Pauxi & casque ou le pierre. Temm. Pig. et Gall. S.p.l.pl. \.f. 1 . (trachea.) Cushew Curassow. Edv>. Glean.pl. IQS.f.l. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.696. Galeated Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 206. LENGTH two feet and a half: beak with a horny tubercle at its base, with grooves on the outside, and the inside composed of cells : in the young this is round, but in the old birds it becomes pyri- form, and measures two inches and a half in GALEATED PAUXI. height : its colour is livid blue : the beak is blood- red : the whole of the feathers of the head and neck are short and velvety : the rest of the plumage, with the exception of the abdomen, is black, with green reflections, each feather being terminated by a circle of dull black : the tail- feathers are black, tipped with white : the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are of a pure white : the feet are red ; the claws yellow : the irides brown. The female resembles the male ; but the young are brown and red, and they do not possess the corneous tubercle on the beak till after their first moult. This inhabits Mexico, Curassaw, and other parts of the middle region of America : it is said by Fernandez to build on the ground, like the Phea- sant. The young feed on insects, and as they grow up they devour fruits, grains, and other substances, like the rest of this group : the female lays several eggs, the size of those of the Turkey. CRESTED PAUXI. (Ourax Mitu.) Ou. corpore atro, purpureo violaceoque nitente, abdomine cos- tanco, apicc caudae albo, maxilla culmine cornea, cullrato, rubro, cm/4 atrd in fronte. Pauxi with a black body, glossed with purple and violet ; the abdomen chesnut ; the tip of the tail white ; the ridge of the beak horny, sharp, and red ; the forehead with a dark crest. Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 685. Crax Mitu. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 270. 3. — Rail. Syn. 52. 4. Crax brasiliensis. Eriss. Orn. 1. 296. 11. Crax Alector. )3. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 623. Pauxi Mitu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 8. pi. 4. /. 2. beak. Crested Curassow. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 69!. A. THIS is much more rare than the preceding species, and considerably smaller : the ridge of the upper mandible of the beak is elevated above the top of the head, and is sharp on its fore-part, and enlarged at its base : on the forehead, at the com- mencement of the elevation on the beak, is a tuft of short feathers, which the bird has the power of elevating and depressing at pleasure, like a crest : the head, the region of the eyes, and the whole of the upper parts of the neck, are covered with short velvety feathers, of a dull black colour : the rest of the upper parts, the breast, the belly, the thighs, and the feathers of the crest are black, shining with violet and purple, each feather being edged with a circle of dull black : the tail is similar 176 CRESTED PAUXli in colour to the upper parts of the body, and is tipped with white : the abdomen and the under tail-coverts are of a chesnut-red : the whole of the beak is of a brilliant red : the irides are dusky, and the feet are red-brown. The young have the beak of a paler red, and the elevation upon it is much smaller. One in the Museum at Paris has the tip of the tail chesnut-red : it is evidently a young bird, as the beak wants the characteristic mark of the old one. Native of Brasil. 177 PENELOPE. GUAN. Generic Character. Rostrum basi glabrum, me- diocre, latins < pian i altum; apice compressura, forni- catum, Nares laterales, ovata?, semi- tectae, antrorsum patulae. Gence nudae ; gula palea lon- gitudinali media caruncu- lata. Pedes tetradactyli, mutici, tarsi reticulati. Alee breves. Beak smooth at the base, of middle size, broader than high; the tip compressed and arched. Nostrils lateral, ovate, half- covered, but open in front. Clieeks naked; the throat with a longitudinal wattle, carunculated in the mid- dle. Feet four-toed, smooth, the tarsi reticulated. Wings short. PENELOPE. Merrem. Gmel. Lath. Cuv. Vieittot. Temm. GALLOPAVO. Briss. MELEAGRIS. Linn. A HESE have the beak more slender than the Curassow, and the space round the eyes, as well as the throat, is naked, and can be expanded at the will of the bird. On account of the great variations of plumage these birds undergo at dif- ferent periods of their lives, it becomes very dif- v. xi. P. i. 12 178 CRESTED GUAN. ficult to separate the species with accuracy : they build on trees, and feed on fruits and seeds. All the species have a very similar cry, like the words jacUy yawn, yacuhu, orjacuhu: which names the Indians have applied to several of the species from that circumstance. A. Capite cristato. a. With the head crested. CRESTED GUAN. (Penelope cristate.) PE. corpore nigro-virescente, dorsojusco, uropygio abdomineque castanets } cotto pectoreque albo-maculatis ; temporibus nudis •violaceis; gutture membranaque longitudinali rubris pilosis. (Femina vix cristata.) Guan with a black-green body; the back brown; the rump and abdomen chesnut-coloured ; the neck and breast spotted with white; the temples naked and violet; the throat and lon- gitudinal membrane red and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.) Penelope cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 733.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. gig. — Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 6Q\. Meleagris cristata. Linn. Syst. Nat. l. 269. Gallopavo Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 162. L'Yacou. Buff. Ois. 2. 387. Penelope Guan. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 46. pi. d.f.l, 2, 3. Guan, or Quan. Ediv. Glean, pi. 13.— Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 680 ABOUT two feet seven inches in length : the whole of the upper part of the plumage of the male '- i .'I .1 7, .T CRESTED OUAN. 1.79 is of a green-black, changing, according to the position of the light, to shades of olive : the throat and the breast are the same with the feathers, surrounded with white, producing a spotted ap- pearance : the belly and the thighs are of a reddish hue, with the edges of the feathers white : the lower part of the back, the rump, and the under tail-coverts, are of a chesnut-red : at the base of the beak are some black hairs : from the middle of the under mandible of the beak to the coverts of the ears is a stripe of black : the feathers of the head and the occiput are elongated into a tufted crest, capable of being erected at the will of the bird : the naked space on the cheeks surrounds the eyes, and is joined to the base of the beak ; it is of a purple-black : the throat is naked, and from it depends a* broad, loose, membranaceous skin, of a fine red colour, slightly covered with a few hairs j when the bird is agitated this part is greatly contracted : the irides are of a red-brown : the feet are red. The female differs in having a rufous reflection on the plumage, instead of the brilliant hues of the male : the crest is much shorter, and its feathers, as well as those of the neck and the shoulders, are edged with white. The young have not the naked space on the temple or the throat : the head and the sides of the neck being covered with a reddish down : the occiput and the whole of the hinder part of the neck are of a chesnut-colour, and covered with down : the sides of the neck also possess a narrow stripe of down : the breast is deep red : the down 18.0 YACOU GUAN. on the back and the rising feathers of the wings and tail are deep chesnut, the whole tipped with red : the under parts of the body are reddish white. Often tamed in Brasil, (where it is found in a wild state,) for the sake of its flesh, which is excel- lent, and greatly esteemed. YACOU GUAN. (Penelope pipile.) PE. capite cristd albidA, corpora nigricante-violaceo, collo pec- toregue albo-punctatis ; tectricibus alarum maculis albis con- spersis; temporibus nudis albidis ; membranula cacrulea, pilvsd ; remigibus apice truncatis. Guan with a white crest on the head j the body dusky violet ; the neck and breast spotted with white; the wing-coverta sprinkled with white spots j the temples naked and whitish} the membrane blue and downy ; the quills truncated at their tips. Penelope pipile. Temm. Gall. Ind. p. 604. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 734. 4. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 2. Penelope cumanensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 62O. 3. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.734.3. Penelope leucolophos. Merrem. Ic. p. 45. pi. 12. Penelope siffleur. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 76. pi. J.f. 2. Piping Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205. Cumana Curassow. Lath. Syn. Sup. 205. Yacou. Buff. Ois. 2. 387. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 68l.pl. Ql. THE Yacou Turkey, with the Cumana, and Piping Curassows of Latham, without doubt constitute YACOU YACOU GUAN. 181 the present species ; which in its perfect state is thus distinguished from the others of this division of the genus : it is eight and twenty or thirty inches in length : the forehead of the male has a small black space : the long acuminated feathers on the head and the occiput are white, with their shafts black or brown : on each side of the head is a broad white stripe, which is prolonged to the top of the neck : the greater and middle wing- coverts are black, with white spots : the feathers of the breast have a narrow white band on the exterior part of each web : the rest of the plumage is of a fine black, with purple and violet reflections : the tail possesses a green hue : on each cheek is a small naked space, communicating with the cere at the base of the beak ; it is of a bluish white : the naked skin on the throat is red, and it has a kind of wattle of a fine blue : the irides are rufous : the legs and tarsi are red, changing to a dull black by age : the claws are brown : the beak dusky at the tip, and blue at the base. The female is known by being smaller : the feathers of the crest are dull white, and more varied with brown or dusky: the reflections on the plumage are less brilliant. The young before their first moult have their plumage black, with a tinge of brown and chesnut, which colour is most conspicuous on the rump, the thighs, and the abdomen : the irides are brown : the naked space on the cheeks is of a livid colour, and the feathers of the crest are varied with brown. This is subject to considerable variety: one '82 YACOU GUAN. mentioned by Temminck has the general colour of the plumage black, shaded with reddish and slight hues of purple : round the eyes is a very small naked space, which does not communicate with the cere on the beak ; it is also surrounded with a circle of small black feathers : the forehead has a deep black space : the feathers of the crest are white on their edges, and black towards the middle : the quills are singularly truncated, and their points subulated. Two of these birds were for a long time in a menagerie in Holland : they were very familiar and quiet, and lived with great harmony with poultry : their cry was a kind of whistle. The Yacou is found in Guiana and Brasil, on the borders of the rivers Amazon and Plata ; but is not common : it makes its nest on the ground, and hatches its young there ; though at other times it is generally seen on trees : when pleased or taken notice of, it erects its crest and expands its tail. MARAIL GUAN. (Penelope Marail.) PB. corpore nigro-virescente (eneo-nitente, collo infra pectoreque albo-maculatis, temporibus nudis pallide rubris ; gvtture mem- bran&que longitudinal i rubris, pilosis. (Femina vix cristata.) Guan with the body green-black, glossed with brassy; the neck beneath, and the breast, spotted with white ; the temples naked, and pale red 5 the throat with a longitudinal red membrane, and hairy. (Female scarcely crested.) Penelope Marail. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 734. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 620. 4.—Temm. Gall. Ind. 692. Le Marail. Buff. Ois. 2. 3QO. Faisan verdatre de Cayenne. 'Buff. PI. Enl. 338. P6nflope Marail. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 56. pi. ?.f. 1. Marail Turkey. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 682. LENGTH twenty-three or twenty-four inches: the male with a tufted crest, the feathers of which it is composed being broadest at their .tips ; they are of a green-black, with a narrow border of white : from the base of the lower mandible of the beak arises a broad streak of small feathers, which are of a green colour, bordered with white, and passes to the coverts of the ear : the whole of the upper parts, the neck, and the breast, are of a brilliant deep green, with brassy reflections : the back and the rump are the same ; but the nape, the top of the back, and the breast, have the whole of the feathers bordered with white : the lower part of the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are brown : the naked space on the cheeks communicates with the cere of the 184 MARAIL GUAN. beak, whicli is of a fine red : the naked part jof the neck, and the elongated membrane, are of a bril- liant red, sprinkled with a few hairs : the feet are red ; the claws and beak are black : the female differs in having a smaller crest, and the plumage tinged with reddish. This bird generally has two broods in the year, one at the commencement of the rainy season, about December or January, the other about May or June j the female depositing from about three to six eggs : it constructs its nest in the middle of thick bushy trees, as near the trunk as possible. When the eggs are hatched, the mother feeds the young ones in the nest, till the feathers begin to make their appearance, which is in about ten or twelve days, when they descend with their mother, who, like other poultry, scratches the ground, and broods over the young, which quit her as soon as they can shift for themselves : they feed upon the lesser grains, fruits, and insects. The best time for taking these birds is morning or evening, being then found on such trees whose fruit they feed on ; they are discovered by some of it falling on the ground. The young are easily tamed, and seldom forsake the place where they have been reared : they prefer roosting on tall trees. Their cry is far from disagreeable, except when irritated, when it is harsh and loud ; and at that crisis it erects all the feathers of the head, and changes the colour of the membrane on the throat. It is common in many parts of America, particularly the woods of Guiana. Its flesh is very fine. 185 b. Capite non cristato. b. Head without a crest. YACUHU GUAN. (Penelope />bscura.) PE. vertice coUoque supra nigris; collo subtus, dorso alisque nigri- cantibus albo-maculatis, uropygio venire abdomineque casta- nets, cauda remigibusque nigris. Guan with the crown and upper part of the neck black ; the under part of the neck, the back, and wings, dusky, spotted with white ; the rump, belly, and abdomen, chesnut ; the tail and wing-quills black. Penelope obscura. Temm. Gall. Ind.p. GQ3. Penelope Yacuhu. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. p. 68. THIS bird, which may be only a variety of the young of some of the preceding species, is de- scribed by Temminck : its total length is twenty- nine inches and a half: the forehead, the upper part of the head, and the top of the neck, are black j the rest of the neck, the upper part of the back, and the upper wing-coverts, are dusky, slightly edged with white on the margin of the feathers : from the middle of the beak to the co- verts of the ear is a slight band of black : the breast is dusky, the feathers tipped with white : the back, the belly, and the legs, are of a chesnut- colour ; and the feathers of the wings and tail are dusky : the beak is black, and the irides red: the eye is surrounded with a naked black space, com- 186 SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. municating with the beak, which has a membrane about two inches long, descending from the base of its lower mandible, and disappearing when the bird is frightened : the base of the beak is furnished with very short, straight, black feathers. It is a native of Paraguay, occurring in the vicinity of rivers and lakes, but is more abundant among trees : it lays eight eggs about October : its cry consists in a repetition of the word yac, or occasionally yacu, from whence its name is derived. SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. (Penelope superciliaris.) PE. vertice cerviceque jusco-nigris, dorso cinereo-virescenti, pen- nis griseo marginatis, tectricibus pennisque alarum secundariis •oirescentibusjulvo-marginatis, abdomine uropygioque riifis. (juan with the crown and top of the neck brown-black; the back greyish-green, the feathers edged with grey ; the wing- coverts, and secondary quills, greenish, edged with fulvous ; the abdomen and rump rufous. Penelope superciliaris. Temm. Pig. Ind. p. 693. P£n61ope P6an. Temm. Pig. tt GaU. 3. p. 72. THE feathers of the forehead and of the top of the head, in this species, are not at all elongated : the occiput and the nape are of a brown-black : the forehead possesses a few scattered hairs : from SUPERCILIOUS GUAN. 187 the under mandible of the beak to the coverts of the ears extends a black stripe ; and a stripe of white exists, reaching from the base of the beak to the ears, passing over the naked space on the temples : the feathers on the top of the back are ashy-green, with their margins grey; the wing- coverts, secondary feathers, and tail-coverts, are shaded with deep green ; and the whole of the feathers are edged with a broad band of fine red: the tail is greenish, tinged with rosaceous: the lower part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are grey-brown, each feather being bordered with whitish : the thighs, the abdomen, and the rump, are of a chesnut-colour : the throat and the upper part of the neck are naked and red, and are fur- nished with a loose hairy membrane : the naked skin on the sides of the head, which joins the base of the beak, is of a deep purple : the irides are reddish-brown : the feet are horn-coloured ; and the claws and beak are brown. Female similar. The young after attaining the length of fifteen inches do not differ from the above. The adult bird is two feet and upwards in length : it inhabits Brasil, and by the Indians of the district of Para is called Jacu-peea. 188 ORTALIDA. PARRAKA. Generic Character. Hostrum breve, basi glabrum, maxilla superiore arcuata, versus apicera reflexa et fornicata. Nares ovatae, laterales. Gena nudae, verrucosae, guld linea nuda utrinque. Cauda descendens. Pedes tetradactyli, mutici. Beak short, smooth at its base, the upper mandible curved, and towards its tip reflected and arched. Nostrils lateral and ovate. Cheeks naked, warty; the throat with a naked stripe on each side. Tail bent down. Feet four-toed, smooth. ORTALIDA. Merrem. PHASIANUS. Briss. Linn. Gmel. Lath. Humb. PENELOPE. Temm. JL HIS genus may be distinguished from the pre< ceding by the beak being much more elevated and curved, and towards its tip being considerably more reflected and arched: the throat does not possess the loose pendulous membrane, nor is it naked, but has on each side, descending from the base of the under mandible, a naked stripe, slightly sprinkled with hair : the tail is depending. One species only is known. 189 NOISY PARRAKA. (Ortalida Parrakoua.) OH. crista ritfa, corpore supra fusco-olivaceo, subtus cinerascente- olivaceo, temporibus nudis purpureis, caudu peimis lateralibus rufo terminatis. Parraka with a red crest ; the body above brown-olive, beneath greyish olive ; the temples naked and purple ; the lateral tail-feathers terminated by rufous. Penelope Parrakoua. Temin. Gall. Ind. p. 6g5. Phasiaiius Motmot. Linn. Syst. Nat. I. 271.2. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 74O. 2.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.632. p. Phasiaiius Guianensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 27O. pi. 26. J. 2. Phasiaiius Parraqua. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 74O. 8. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 632V12. Phasianus garrulus. Humh. observ. de Zool. et d? Anal. 1. p. 4. young. Faisan de la Guiane. Buff. PI. Enl. 1 46. Le Katraca. Duff. Ois. 2. 3y4. Le Parraqua. Buff. Ois. 2. 304. Penelope Parrakoua. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 3. 85. pi. 8. Motmot Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 721. 8. Parraka Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 722. 9. THE total length of the Parraka, or Parrakoua, is twenty-one or twenty-two inches : the forehead, the top of the head, and the upper part of the neck, are of a deep red : the under part of the neck, the back, and the wings, are brown, or olive- grey : the under wing-coverts are red : the fore- part of the neck and the breast are of a grey colour, witli shades of olive ; without spots : the 190 NOISY PARIUKA. thighs and abdomen are yellow : the six middle tail-feathers are deep green ; the three lateral ones on each side are of a rusty red : the naked skin round the eyes, which communicates with the cere, is of a livid purple j and when the bird is agitated with rage or desire, it assumes a deep red hue ; as do also the two naked stripes on the sides of the throat : the beak is grey-blue at its base, and white towards its tip : the irides are reddish brown : the feet are livid red : both sexes agree in plumage ; but the young differ consi- derably: the red on the feathers of the head and nape is less brilliant ; and they are fringed with an ochrey yellow margin : the hinder part of the neck, the back, and the wings, are of an olive- brown ; but in the very young the feathers are margined with reddish : the fore-part 'of the neck and the breast are brown ; each feather being bordered and tipped with grey-white : the under coverts of the wings and the rump are red : the tail js tipped with white ; the extremity of the three lateral feathers on each side being rusty red ; the rest of them, as well as the three in the middle, are black, with green reflections : the belly and the abdomen are white : the thighs, the under tail-coverts, and the sides, are reddish yellow : the feet are bluish. Found in Brasil, Paraguay, Guiana, and many other parts of South America : it associates in flocks of from sixteen to twenty, perching upon the dead branches of trees ; utters its cry, which is said to be the loudest of all American birds, and NOISY PARRAKA. resembles the word parrakoua, from whence its name is derived: it delights in the borders of open woods, or the neighbourhood of cultivated places ; but rarely in the interior of the country : the females deposit from four to six eggs, making the nest in low branches or stumps of trees, about six or eight feet from the top ; when the young are hatched, they descend, after a short time, on the ground, and the mother behaves to her chickens in the same manner as hens. The principal food of this bird consists of grains and seeds, but it will also eat fruits and tender herbs : the young are fed with worms and small insects : during the day they keep among the thick woods, but come out into the open savannahs to feed, morning and evening, at which times they are killed by the inhabitants : their flesh is very fine, and greatly esteemed : they are easily tamed, and bear con- finement. 192 OPISTHOCOMUS. SERPENTsEATER. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, crassuin, validum, lateratim com- pressum,basi vibrissis di ver- gentibus obductum, mar- ginibus postice serratis, an- tice utrinque incisis ; man- dibula superiore culmine rotundato, versus apicem inflexa ; inferiore apice re- curvata. Tarsi reticulati, digito medio breviores. Ungues longiusculi, com- pressi, curvati, acuti ; por- tions longior, valde adun- cus. Cauda rectricibus decem. OPISTHOCOMUS. Hoffmansegg. ORTHOCORYS. Vieillot. PHASIANUS. Gmcl. Lath. CBAX. Briss. JL HIS genus was separated from the Pheasants by that active and indefatigable zoologist Hoff- mansegg : it is distinguished by having a shorter Beak middle sized, thick, strong, laterally compress- ed, the base furnished with divergent bristles, the edges serrated behind, and cleft on each side ; the ridge of the upper mandi- ble rounded, towards the tip bent down, the under one at the tip recurved. Tarsi reticulated, shorter than the middle toe. Claws long, compressed, curved, acute ; the hinder one long, and very much bent. Tail with ten feathers. CKK8TED SERFKNTKATKR. HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. 1 03 and stouter beak than those birds, and the head possesses a crest composed of slender feathers : this is discriminated from all other gallinaceous birds by not having a membrane connecting the toes at their base ; and in having longer wings than any other of the order: the manners of the only species known are also somewhat different. HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER* (Opisthocomus Hoatzin.) OP. fulvo-fitscuSj capite cristato, fascia alarum duplici pallidd, caudd apice luted. • Fulvous brown Serpent-eater, with the head crested j the wings with a double pale fascia ; the tip of the tail yellow. Phasianus cristatus. Gtnel. 8yst. Nat. 1. 741. — Lath. 2nd. Orn. 2. 631. 7. Crax fuscis Americanus. Briss. Orn. 1. 304. 15. Hoatzin. Raii Syn. 163. — Buff. Ois. 2.385. Faisan huppede Cayenne.. Buff". PI. Enl. 337. Sasa de Guiane. Sonnini. edit. Buff. v. 5.jp. 2£O and 2Q4. Crested Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 720. 7. pi. 64. THIS singular bird is in length one foot eleven inches : its beak is black : the head furnished with a crest, the feathers of which it is composed vary- ing in length ; in colour dirty brownish white ; beneath black : space round the eyes naked and rufous : the upper parts of the body are brown ; v. xi. P. i. 13 194 HOATZIN SERPENT-EATER. the under, as far as the belly, reddish white : the belly and vent rufous : tips of the middle and larger wing-coverts white, forming two bars on the wings ; the edge of which is white half way from the bend : quills rufous : from the occiput to the top of the back, each feather has a white streak down the middle, or rather the shaft is of that colour: the tail is cuneiform, and of the same colour with the back ; the tip yellow : legs black, without spurs. It inhabits Guiana, and is found on trees near rivers : its food consists of grains and seeds ; it will also eat insects and serpents : it has a howling disagreeable note : its flesh has a very disagreeable smell (probably caused by the quality of its food,) and is consequently not eaten, but is used by the fishermen to catch certain fishes. 195 CALLUS. COCK. Generic Character. Rostrum crassiusculum, basi glabrum, supra convcxum, subincurvum, ad apicem deflexum. Nares basales, laterales,squa- m& fornicali semitectae, pa- tulae. Aures nudae. Cauda compressa, rectricibus quatuordecim. Pedes tetradactyli, arabula- torii, digiti anteriores basi membranti connexi; torso calcarato magno incurvato. Alee breves. Beak thickened, its base smooth, above convex, slightly curved, and bent down at the tip. Nostrils situated at the base, lateral, half covered with an arched scale, and open. Ears naked. Tail compressed, consisting of fourteen feathers. Feet four-toed, formed for walking, the anterior ones connected at the base by a membrane ; the tarsi with a strong incurved spur. Wings short. GALLUS Antiquorwn. Ray, Brisson, VieiU., Temm., Leach. PHASIANUS. Linn. Gmel. Lath. AGREEABLY to the excellent arrangement of the older ornithologists, I have adopted the present genus, the birds of which it is composed being considered by Linn£ and his followers as con- 196 COCK. stituting part of his artificial genus Phasianus. The earlier ornithologists, amongst whom were Gesner, Aldrovandus, and Ray, sufficiently dis- criminated between the Cocks and the Pheasants, and placed the former by themselves, calling them by the ancient name Gallus ; in which they have been followed by Brisson, Vieillot, Temminck, and other modern systematists, who prefer following the plain system of nature to the shackled and artificial one of Linne. As all the birds x>f the genus have the same manners of life as the Domestic Cock, and a full account of them being given in the description of that species, the reader is referred to that place, as our limits will not allow of the unnecessary re- petition that must otherwise occur : suffice it to state that the native place of the whole of them appears to be within the Asiatic tropics, those found without being in a domestic state. 197 A. CAPUT (ui marit) carunculd comprestd, sapitu dentat&, ar- matum. A. Head, in the male, armed with a compressed, generally dent- ated comb. a. MANDIBULA INFERIORE rostri, ceromatit geminis compressist cauda ascendent, out subharizontali; ant nuttd. a. The under mandible of the beak with compressed geminated wattles : tail ascending, or subhorizontal, or entirely wanting. GIGANTIC COCK. (Gallus giganteus.) GA. Gallo vulgari duplo major; carunculd etpalearibus rubrit. Cock, twice as large as the common one, with a red caruncle and wattles. . Gallus giganteus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 633. Coq Jago. Temm. Pig. et Gail. 2. 84. pi. 2. / 1. foot. Var. |3.- carunculd denticulatd, corpore pulchris coloribui va- riegato. The caruncle denticulated j the body variegated with beautiful colours. Gallus giganteus, var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 653. Gallus Patavinus. Briss. Om. 1. 170. — Will. 110. Phasianus Gallus. X. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 1. Le Coq de Caux, ou de Padoue et les Poules de Sauserarre. Buff. Ois. 2. 125.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 86. Paduan Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 707. 1. THIS species occurs in a wild state in the forests of Sumatra, and the western parts of Java ; but as yet specimens have not made their way to Europe ; the only account of them resting upon the autho- 198 BANKIVA COCK. rities of Dampier and Marsden : all that is known of the species in a wild state is, that it is twice the size of the Domestic, and greatly resembles the Bankiva, cock. In a domestic state it is frequent in many parts, particularly in Padua, where it grows to an immense size, often exceeding ten pounds in weight : it is distinguished by having a very large denticulated comb, which is frequently double, and the body is variegated with brilliant colours, as in the common species : its voice is remarkably rough and hoarse : it does not attain its brilliancy of plumage till a later period than poultry in general, at least not till above half grown : when tired it rests on the first joint of the leg, and is then much taller than the common fowls. BANKIVA COCK. (Callus Bankiva.) .i ^ .C.ivrf} ,\v.\ ,;Mvi V ...A - : M GA. caruncula denticulate., ore subtus barbato, caudd sub fasti- giatd subhorizontali pennis, colli elongatis ; apicibus rotundatis, capite dorsoque julvis, tectricibus alarum juscis nigrisque, abdomine cauddque nigris. (Fem\i\&,Jiisco-cinerea etflawicans, cristd et barbd minores quant, marts.) Cock with a denticulated comb ; the throat wattled ; the tail somewhat pointed and horizontal ; the feathers on the neck elongated, and rounded at the tip j the head and back fulvous ; the wing-coverts brown and black; the abdomen and tail BANKIVA COCK. 199 black. (Female grey-brown and yellowish, with the comb and wattles smaller than in the male.) Gallus Bankiva. Temm. Gall. Ind. 654* Coq et Poule Bankiva. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 8. 8/. TEMMINCK considers this species to be the origin of our domestic poultry; but I cannot assent to his arguments, as they do not appear to be sufficient to warrant his assertion, and it is much better (in all cases where proofs cannot be ob- tained) to consider differing individuals as distinct species, than run the hazard of connecting what nature has not joined together : however, this is thus described by that celebrated ornithologist. " In form and colour it greatly resembles that race of poultry called Bantams and Turkish Cocks ; the only character that separates it from these is, that it carries its tail somewhat horizontal and arched, whereas in those it is considerably elevated, and forms two vertical planes : the feathers which adorn the neck are long, with their webs disunited, and towards their tips somewhat extended and rounded: the head, the neck, and the whole of the elongated feathers of the back, which reach to the rump, are of a bright orange, or fiery colour : the top of the back, the lesser and middle wing- coverts, are of a beautiful purple-chesnut ; the greater coverts are black, with green reflections : the quills and secondary feathers are of a rusty red on their outer edges, and black on their inner: the breast, the belly, the thighs, the abdomen, and the tail are black, with green-gold reflections : 200 JUNGLE COCK. the comb, the cheeks, the throat, and the wattles, are of a red hue, varying in colour : the feet are grey, armed with strong spurs : the irides are yellow. The female is much smaller than the male ; the comb and the wattles are much shorter; the space round the eyes and the throat are naked ; the latter slightly covered with distant feathers : the breast, the belly, and the abdomen are of a yellowish colour, each feather varied with a clear ray down the shaft : the feathers of the lower part of the neck are elongated, and have disunited webs ; they are black in the middle, and yellow-ochre on their edges : the shoulders, the wings, the feathers of the rump and tail are of an earthy grey, varied with zigzag black marks ; the greater quills are grey." Laischenan discovered this bird in the interior parts of Java, where the inhabitants call it Ayam' Bankiva : it inhabits the great forests and borders of woods : it is very wild. I » JUNGLE COCK. (Gallus Sonneratii.) GA. carunculd denticulatd; ore subt*s barbato ; pennis colli linearibus, elongatis, albo atro Jitlvoquc maculatis, apice mem- branaceis ; gul&y jugulo, pcclore, abdomine, dorsoque griseis albo lineatis; tectricibus alarum rufo~castaneis, apicibus dila- COCK JUNGLE COCK. 901 lutis, cartilagineisjulvis ; remigibus, rectricibusque atro-nigris. (Fem'msiminor,absque carunculd et palearibus ; capiteplitmato ; corpore obscuriore^fusco rufoque vario.) Cock with a toothed comb j the mouth wattled beneath ; the feathers of the neck elongated, spotted with white, black, and fulvous ; their tips membranaceous ; the throat, jugulum, breast, abdomen, and back, grey striped with white ; the wing-coverts reddish chesnut, the tips of the feathers di- lated, cartilaginous, and fulvous ; the quills and tail-feathers deep black. Female less, without the comb or wattles j the head feathered ; the body more obscure, varied with brown and red. Gallus Sonneratii. Temm. Gall. Ind. 65Q. Gallus Indicus. Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. 6. Phasianus Gallus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 737. — Lath. Ind. Orti. 2. 615. Le Coq sauvage. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 2. 153. pi. Q4. male j p. l6O.pl. Q5. female. Coq et Poule Sonnerat. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 246. pi. 3. /. 1.2. Wild Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 6Q8. 1. Indian Pheasant. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2. 6. pi. 6l. • THIS magnificent bird is a native of India, and has been thought to be the origin of our domestic poultry ; but as there are no facts that support the conjecture, it must be considered a distinct species, differing materially from the cultivated one. It was first described as distinct by Temrninck in his valuable work on the Gallinacea, and since by Dr. Leach in the second volume of the Zoological Miscellany. It has a dentated comb on the head, and the sides of the lower mandible of the beak are adorned with wattles resembling those of G. domesticus : the naked space round the eyes and on the throat 2O2 JUNGLE COCK. is larger than in that bird : the feathers on the top of the head and those of the neck are elongated, and are very remarkable, differing from those of any other of the genus : the quill is thick and flattened, forming a \vhite ray the whole length of the feather, and ending in a dilated cartilaginous substance, similar to that on the wings of the Columba Franciae or the Bombycilla Garrulae and Carolinensis., which is rounded in shape, and thin and highly polished : the feathers of the back and those of the tail-coverts are long and narrow ; they are of a dusky brown, varied with brighter spots; the whole of them have a white stripe down their shafts : the breast, the belly,, the sides, the thighs, and the abdomen are dusky, tinged with green : the greater quills are dull black j the middle and secondaries are black, varied with green reflections : the lesser and middle wing- coverts have the shafts of their feathers flattened, and their tips ornamented with a thick cartilaginous lamen, possessing the same appearance as that on the feathers of the neck, but are of a deep red colour : the tail-coverts are of a deep violet ; they are elongated and -arched over the two vertical planes of the tail, which is composed of fourteen feathers, of a black hue, with green reflections : the feet are grey : the hides yellow : the beak horn-coloured : the fleshy appendices of the head are of a red colour, more or less deep. The female is less than the male, and has scarcely any comb or wattles : the throat is covered with feathers, which is not the case with the common hen, DOMESTIC COCK. 203 which has that part nearly naked : the whole of the plumage of the under parts pf the body re- sembles that of the male, except that the colours are less brilliant : the feathers of the neck are but slightly elongated, and do not possess the singular cartilaginous substance with which those of the male are ornamented, neither have the wing- coverts that appendage : the whole of the upper part of the body is grey, more or less dusky, with the shaft of each feather white : the space round the eyes is naked and reddish. Inhabits Jarge forests in India, where it occurs in great profusion. DOMESTIC COCK. (Callus domesticus.) GA. caruncnla deaticulata ; ore subtus barbnto ; pennis coll* linearibus elongatis ; corpore pulchris coloribus variegato; cauda compressd adscendente. (Femina,crafd barb&queminores quam maris.) Cock with a toothed comb ; the throat wattled ; the feathers on the neck linear and elongated ; the body variegated with beautiful colours ; the tail compressed and ascending. (Fe- male with the comb and wattle less than in the male.) Callus domesticus et Gallina. Briss. Orn. 1. 166. — Rail. Sy/i. p. 51. A. Gallus Bnnkiva domesticus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 654. Phasionus Gallus domesticus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626. 1. #.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 737. 1. ft. 204 DOMESTIC COCK. Phasianus Gallus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 270. 1. — Linn. Faun. Suee. 199. Coq commun a crete, ou Coq villageois. Ruff. Ois. 2. 1 16. 2. — Buff. PI. Enl. \.— Temm. Gall, et Pig. 2. 92. pi. 2./2, 3, 4, 5.pl.3.f. 3,4. Domestic Cock. Albin. Birds, 3. 32.— Phil. Tran*. 12. 923.— La/A. Gen. Syn. 4. 70O.—Bew. Brit. Birds, l. 2j6.—Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 24O. Var. |3. Cristatd in vertice plumosd densissima. With a strong crest on the crown. Gallus cristatus. Briss.Om. 1. 169. — Raii.Syn. 51. A. 1. Gallus Bankiva cristatus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 656. Phasianus Gallus cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. — Faun. Suec. 199. ft.— Gmel. Syst. Nat.l. 738.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626. Le Coq huppe et de Nambourg. Buff. Ois. 2. 11 6.— Buff. Pi. Enl. 49.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 239. Crested Cock. Will. Orn. p. 158. — Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703. Var. y. pulchris coloribus variegatis ; tibiis pennatis out ad" digitos plumosis, out digitis phimosis, out pennis posticis valde elon- gatis. Variegated with beautiful colours ; the tibiae feathered to the toes j the toes feathered, or the feathers on the legs greatly elongated behind. Gallus plumipes. Briss. Orn. 1. 172. A. — Will. Orn; p. no. Gallus Banticus. Briss. Orn. 1. 172. If. Gallus Turcicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 170. d. Gallus Bankiva pusillus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 657. Phasianus Gallus pusillus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 271. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. ?38.—Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 627. 9. Phasianus Gallus plumipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. ]. 738. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 627. /. Phasianus Gallus turcicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.627.x. Le Coq de Bantam. Buff. Ois. 2. 11 9.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2.242. . Rough-footed Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 706. Turkish Cock. Lath. GeJi. Syn. 4. 707. Bantam Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7O6.— Albin. 3. pi. 33, 34, — Hayes. Brit. Birds , pi. 23. DOMESTIC COCK. 205 Var. S. Pfdibus brevissimis, magnitude columbee. The feet very short, the size of a pigeon. Callus Pumilio. firm. Orn. 2. 171. 2. — Raii. Syn. 51. a. 2. Gall us Bankiva pumilio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 63 8. Phasianus Callus pumilio. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Lath. Ind. On. 2. 627. 13. Le Coq nain. Euff. Ois. 2. 1 18.— Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 244. Dwarf Cock, or Creeper. Will. Orn. 110. pi. 26.^-Lath. Gen. Syn. 4.7O5. Var. e. quinque digitis in utroque pede ; ires antici, postici bini. With five toes on each foot, three anterior, and two behind. Callus pentadactylus. Briss. Orn. 1. 169. Callus Bankiva pentadactylus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 658. Phasianus Callus pentadactylus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626. Le Coq i cinq doigts. Buff. Ois. 2. 124. Dorking Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 703. THIS well known and useful bird, like all other domestic animals, is subject to innumerable va- rieties, scarcely, any two individuals being found exactly similar ; however several distinct races are easily discriminated, and shall be described below. The one first in order is the common or dunghill cock, which being the most abundant, may be considered the nearest approach to the original stock, which appears to be unknown : of the common cock so many changes of plumage occur, that a description of that part would be endless, some being found pure white, others black, with green reflections, others again varied with the most beautiful colours ; in fact, with the exception of the pure white ones, scarcely any two are found alike : the principal difference of this v ariety from the rest seems to be, that the comb 206 DOMESTIC COCK. is very large, with eight or nine serratures ; the naked space round the eyes larger than in the other varieties, and the wattles hang much lower ; the nead,neck, back, and wing-coverts, mostly orange ; the greater wing-coverts, quills, and under parts, white j the long falcated tail-feathers blue-black. The next variety, or the Crested Cock of au- thors, has the head ornamented with a crest, in addition to the comb ; although some few indi- viduals are found with the latter appendage nearly obliterated, and have in lieu thereof a very large crest, that nearly hinders them from seeing, as it falls down over the eyes ; it also covers the ears and the hind head, and frequently the throat has feathers of a similar kind : in plumage this differs as greatly as ^he' first described, and the crest often forms a perfect contrast to the remainder of the plumage ; some birds being white, with a black crest, others blagk, with a white crest ; again, the crest (is black and orange, and the body white, or varied with several colours : this variety is suf- ficiently common' in England, and in Egypt it is greatly prized on account of its flesh, which is said to be remarkably fine. The Bantam and Turkish Cocks appear to belong to the same race of varieties ; they are very small, and have a much more showy plumage than the other varieties of this species, and appear to differ from each other but in very few particulars, the principal one consisting in the legs of the Bantam being greatly feathered; so much so in some individuals, as to hinder them greatly in walking. DOMESTIC COCK. 207 This variety is mucli valued by some on account of the great number of eggs the female lays with- out sitting : the male is very bold and pugna- cious. The Dwarf Cock, which is the next, greatly resembles the last described, but is much smaller in size, and the legs are very short ; so much so, that the wings drag on the ground : in plumage it differs exceedingly, as in the rest : its body is scarcely larger than that of a Pigeon. The last variety, or more properly a kind of monstrosity, is the Barking Cock of Latham, which has two toes behind, and is of a larger size than usual, with nearly the same plumage as the rest : it is very common in England, particularly about Dorking in Surrey. Another slight variety may be enumerated, and that is the Game Cock, which is more distinguished for its courage than for any great peculiarity in its plumage : this is still extensively used in this country for the barbarous and disgraceful pastime of cock-fighting, which has even received royal sanction, as Henry VIII. actually caused a theatre to be built for the express purpose, he being so passionately fond of the sport, as was also James I. — Edward III. and Oliver Cromwell, however, were not such advocates for it, for they absolutely pro- hibited it. Great pains are taken by many in rearing the animals of this breed, as frequently considerable sums are betted on favourite birds. From the time of the Grecians this diversion appears to have been practised, but nowhere 208 DOMESTIC COCK. with such vigour as in some parts of the East Indies, especially in Sumatra, where a man will not only stake his entire property on the issue of a battle, but likewise his wife and children, or a son his mother and sisters ! In this latter place they arm the leg of the bird with a sharp-edged weapon resembling in form a scimitar. In this country they are generally armed with an artificial spur called a gaffle. Another inhuman practice was long followed in England, that of throwing stones at these poor unfortunate birds on Shrove-Tuesday ; a custom that took its rise from an intention of the Britons to massacre the Danes, which was frustrated by the crowing of the cocks ; and as the event took place early in the morning of the above day, it was annually celebrated by the idle and dissolute in after times : it is scarcely abolished in some towns at this moment : but enough of this inhuman barbarity. It is needless to state much respecting the care and management of the young chicks, as it is a thing so well known ; but if any one should wish to inform himself fully of all circumstances necessary to be attended to in order to attain a per- fect knowledge of their nurture, he may consult Temminck's Histoire Naturelle geneVale des Pi- geons et des Gallinac£s, tome ii. where he will find an ample notice of all particulars connected therewith. One thing, however, may be here stated ; that is, the artificial means used in Egypt, and introduced by the celebrated M. de Reaumur into France, of hatching chickens by thousands : DOMESTIC COCK. 209 this is accomplished by means of ovens purposely constructed, consisting of a low arched apartment of clay : two rows of shelves are formed, and the eggs are placed on these in such a manner as not to touch each other : they are slightly moved five or six times every twenty-four hours. All pos- sible care is • taken to diffuse the heat equally throughout; and there is but one aperture, just large enough to admit a man stooping. During the first eight days the heat is rendered great ; but during the last eight it is gradually diminished, till at length, when the young brood are ready to come forth, it is reduced almost to the state of the natural atmosphere. It is supposed that nearly one hundred millions of these animals are annually reared by this process, the heat of which is gene- rated by layers of dung. In a domestic state the fecundity of the female is very great ; she generally lays two eggs in three days, and continues to do so upwards of ten months : after having laid from twenty-five to thirty eggs, she prepares for the tedious process of incubation ; during which time she is so assiduous in her employment, that she appears to forget the necessary supplies of food and drink. In about three weeks the young brood burst from their confinement, and the mother attends them with the greatest assiduity, and becomes very bold, and will attack any animal that attempts to annoy her young. The Cock is very attentive to his females, hardly ever losing sight of them : he leads, defends, and v. xi. p. i. 14 flO CRISPED COCK. cherishes them ; collects them together when they straggle, and seems to eat unwillingly till he sees them feeding around him : he allows of no com- petitor, but on the approach of a rival he imme- diately attacks the intruder, and if possible drives him from the field, or perishes in the attempt. At present this bird is found in nearly all parts of the world, but in the more northern climates, as Siberia and Greenland, it is kept more as a curiosity than on account of its use, as they will not breed there. Asia is undoubtedly the place from whence it originally sprang. CRISPED COCK. (Gallus crispus.) GA. pennis sursum reflexis, out revolutis; pulchris coloribus variegatis. Cock with the feathers reflected upwards, or turned overj variegated with beautiful colours. Gallus crispus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 661. — Briss. Orn. 1. 173. pi. \f.f. \.-~Raii. Syn. 51- a. 1. Phasianus Gallus crispus. — Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 27 J. y> — Gmcl. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 626.,!. Gallina Frieslandica. Will. Orn. 110. Le Coq * plumes fris6es. Buff. Ois. 2. 121. pi. 13.— Temm. Pig. at Gall. 2. 25Q. Crisped or Frizzled Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 704.— Will. (Ang.) 156. NEGRO COCK. 211 THIS strange species has the whole of the feathers curled up, appearing at a distance like wool : it is rather smaller than the common poultry, and is much more difficult to rear than them, as the chickens are very tenacious of cold and moisture. In a domestic state it is frequently kept out of curiosity. The usual plumage of this bird is white, and its legs are smooth ; but it varies in having the legs covered with feathers, and very greatly in the colours of its plumage and in size, some being considerably smaller, and others larger than the ordinary poultry. Asia appears to be the native place of this species, which is domesticated in Java, Japan, Sumatra, and the whole of the Philippine islands. NEGRO COCK. (Gallus Morio.) GA. caniNculd et palearibus nigris ; pule/iris cdoribus variegatis. Cock with the caruncle and wattles black; the feathers va- riegated with beautiful colours. Gallus Morio. Temm. Gall. Ind. 660.— Briss. Orn. 1. 174. Phasianus Gallus Morio. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1 . 271.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 1. Le Coq negre, ou de Mosambique. Buff". Ols. 2- 122. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 253. Negro Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 709- 212 SILK COCK. THIS bird is remarkable for having the comb and wattles of a violet-black : the skin and perios- teum are also of that colour : its flesh is white, and is most excellent food : the comb on the male is dentated, and, with the wattles, resembles that part in the domestic species : the plumage in a wild state is black, with bronzed reflections ; when domesticated it varies considerably in colour, as in other poultry : the beak is deep blue, and the feet are dusky blue. Domesticated in various parts of India in great abundance : it is of a restless disposition. SILK COCK. (Gallus lanatus.) GA. cristd et palearibus r*bro-c pennis sericeis. Cock with the crest and wattles of a red-blue j the body white j the feathers like hair. Gallus lanatus. Tcmm. Gall. Ind. 66O. Gallus Japonicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 175. 6. pi. \T.f* 2. female. Phasianus Gallus Lanatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 271. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 739. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. I. Le Coq et la Poule a duvet. Buff. Ois. 2. 121.— Buff. PI. Enl. 18.—Temm. Pig. et Gall: 2. 25(5. Silk Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 7O8. 1. ANOTHER singular species of this genus comes next : this is distinguished from all others in having RUMPLESS COCK. 213 the body covered with feathers, with their webs entirely disunited, and resembling hair or silk : it is entirely white, with the exception of the comb and wattles, which are of a red-blue : the legs are reddish violet, and very strong : the beak is of a clear blue : the irides are red, surrounded by a slight circle of black : as in the last species, this has the whole of the skin and periosteum black, but its flesh is remarkably white, and most exqui- site in flavour, exceeding the common poultry in both respects. These birds inhabit different parts of Asia, particularly Japan and China ; the inha- bitants of which latter place carry about cages full jof them, and sell them to the Europeans. RUMPLESS COCK. (Gallus ecautlatus. ) GA. carunculd integr&, mandibulA inferiore barbis duobus, caudd nulld, uropygio tectricibus majoribus tecto ; corpore ulrinque Jusco-aurantio. Cock with an entire comb ; the lower mandible with two wat- tles ; no tail ; the rump clothed by the greater coverts ; the body fuscous-orange. Gallus ecaudatus, primus. Temm. Gall. Ind. 662. Coq Wallikikili. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2- p. 267. Var. &. caudd seu urojygio carens ; pulchris coloribus varie- gatit. With the rump or tail wanting ; the colours greatly varying, und beautiful. 214 RUMPLESS COCK. Gallus ecaudatus, var. a. Temm. Gall. Ind. 663. Gallus Persicus. Briss. Orn. 1. 174,5. Phasianus Gallus ecaudatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 2? I. y. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 738. — Raii. Syn. 51. a. l. 3. — LaM. 7m/. Orn. 2.627. 1. Le Coq sans croupion. Buff. Ois. 2. 122. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 171. Persian Fowl, or Rumpkin. Will. Orn. 156. 6. pi. 26. Rumpless, or Persian Cock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 705. 1. THIS most singular species is distinguished by not having even the rudiments of a tail or rump : its head is adorned with an entire comb : the cheeks, from behind the ears to the throat, are naked : from the base of the lower mandible depend two red fleshy wattles, as in the common Cock : the feathers on the nape are long and nar- row ; their webs are disunited and silky ; they are marked with a longitudinal black spot, and are bordered with yellow orange : immediately below the naked part of the neck the feathers are violet, with purple reflections : the rest of the under part of the neck, the breast, ancl the belly, are of a fine orange, the centre of each feather having a deep brown longitudinal spot : the back, the middle and lesser wing-coverts are reddish orange : the great feathers placed above the rump are curved, and serve as a covering to that part ; they are of a fine violet, with bronzed reflections, as are also the secondary quills : the primaries are dull brown : the tarsi are armed with strong and acute spurs, which, as well as the feet and the beak, are grey- brown : the female is unknown in a wild state, FORK-TAILED COCK. 215 Inhabits the island of Ceylon, among the im- mense forests of that country : its nest is placed upon the ground, and is coarsely made of slender plants, and similar to that of the Partridge : the bird is very wild : 'the cry of the cock is less sonorous than in the domestic species. The domesticated kind of this is very common in some parts, and varies exceedingly in its plum- age, but all are destitute of the tail and rump : in some the comb is dentated, and in a few double, but it does not appear that any have that part smooth. b. GULA pale&longiludinaliplicata; CAWifurcatd, pland. b. Throat with a longitudinal folded wattle j the tail forked anil horizontal. FORK-TAILED COCK, (Gallus furcatus.) GA. carunculd integrd, gul.l media barbatd, pennis colli bre- vibus rotundatis, corpore supra viridi-aureo, subttis nigro, tectricibus alarum aurantiis Juscisque. (Femina cristd bar- bdque nullis ; oculi ambitu nudi.) Cock with an entire comb; the throat with a wattle in the middle ; the feathers on the neck short and rounded ; the body above green-gold, beneath black ; the wing-coverts orange 216 FORK-TAILEt) COCK. and brown. (Female without comb or wattle j the region of the eyes naked.) Callus furcatus. Temm, Gall. /». Birds, pi. 68. GQ.—Albin. Birds. 3. pi. 36* — Hayes. Brit. Birds, pi. 22. — Lat/u Gen. Syn. 4. 7J/. 5. 232 PAINTED PHEASANT. THE Painted Pheasant is perhaps the most beau- tiful of the genus : its total length is about two feet nine inches : beak and irides yellow : the upper part of the head is adorned with a beautiful glossy yellow crest, composed of loose disunited feathers, resembling rich silk : cheeks nearly bare, and flesh-coloured : the sides of the head livid : the feathers of the occiput are bright orange- colour, square at the ends, and barred with black lines ; they are long, and can be erected at plea- sure, like those on the neck of a Cock : the feathers of the nape of the neck are of a beautiful golden green, with a black stripe at their tips : the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, are bright lively yellow, the latter tipped with crimson-red : the throat is reddish yellow : the under part of the neck, the breast, and the rest of the under parts of the body, are of a rich scarlet : the scapulars are deep blue, changing to brilliant violet : the secondary feathers and wing-coverts are varied with different tints of chesnut and brown : the quills are brown, marked with reddish ; their outer edge is also of the latter colour : the tail is very long and cuneiform ; the two middle feathers being nearly two feet in length, and the lateral ones very short ; the former are varied and marbled with chesnut and black, and the latter are adorned with oblique stripes of those colours ; the rest of the upper parts rich scarlet : the feet are bright yellow : the tarsi are armed with a spur. The female is less than the male, and wants the PAINTED PHEASANT. 233 gay colours of that sex : the feathers on the head are elongated, and can be elevated at will : the upper parts of the head and the neck, the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, and the upper coverts of the tail, are brownish red : the throat is whitish : the rest of the under part is clear brown, or yel- lowish varied with brown spots : the feathers of the wings and tail are of the same colour as the back, varied with transverse black stripes : the tail is much shorter than in the male j its two middle feathers are barred with black, and the rest irregularly spotted with that colour : the beak and feet are yellow : the irides dusky yellow. The native place of this species is China, where it is called Kin-ki : it has been common in Europe for a long time, and appears to be very hardy : it bears confinement well, and will breed readily in that state : its eggs resemble those of the Guinea Pintado ; they are redder than those of the Phea- sant. The food consists of rice, hemp, wheat, or barley ; it will also eat red cabbages, herbs, leaves, fruits, especially plums, and insects ; the latter form its favourite meal, and the difficulty of pro- curing a sufficiency of these is one cause of the many diseases it is subject to. Its flesh is re- markably good, and is said to exceed that of any other Pheasant. The female deposits her eggs about March, and the young are hatched in twenty- three days : the young differ in their plumage from the old birds : during the first year they are of a yellowish grey, varied with transverse brown lines ; the next year the sexes may be discriminated, the 234 PENCILLED PHEASANT. males being more brilliant in colour ; and in the third year the plumage attains its utmost brilliancy. Old females sometimes put on the plumage of the males, like many other gallinaceous birds, but this is rare : they will also breed with the com- mon Pheasant, as has been already noticed in the account of that bird. PENCILLED PHEASANT. (Phasianus Nycthemerus.) PH. albus ; cristd, guld, pectore, abdomineque nigro-violaceo ; caudd cuneata, compressd. (Femina.fuscescens^fiisco undulala, rectricibus lateralibus albo nigroque macula t is. ) White Pheasant, with the crest, throat, breast, and abdomen, dark violet ; the tail wedge-shaped and compressed. (Female brownish, waved with brown 5 the lateral tail-feathers spot- ted with black and white.) Phasianus Nycthemerus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 272.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 743. 6.— Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 631. G.—Temm. Gall. Ind.p. 665. Phasianus albus Sinensis. Briss. Orn. 1. 276. 5. Faisan noir et blanc, ou le bicolor. Buff. Ois. 2. 35Q. — Buff. Pl.JEnl. 123. male, 124. female. — Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. p. 281.pl. 2. /. 6. 7. Black and white Pheasant. Albin. Birds. 3. 37. — Edw. Birds. pi. 66. Pencilled Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 719- THE male of this species is nearly three feet in length : the beak and irides yellow : sides of the PENCILLED PHEASANT. 235 head covered with a carunculated, crimson, bare skin, which is capable of distension ; it is prolonged above the eyes in form of a comb, and falls on each side the under mandible of the jaw, like two wattles : the head is ornamented with a long crest of loose webs ; it falls behind, and is of a deep purple : the upper parts of the body are white, each feather marked with black stripes parallel to the margin ; this forms an agreeable contrast to the plumage of the under parts of the neck and body, which is of a purple-black : the tail is wedge- shaped ; the feathers white, obliquely striated with black, except the two middle ones, which are plain white : the legs are red, furnished with a white spur. The female is smaller than the male : the beak and the irides are yellowish brown : the eyes surrounded by a red skin, which is narrower and less bright than in the male : the top of the head is somewhat crested and brown : the throat and cheeks are whitish : the neck, the breast, the back, the rump, the wing and upper tail-coverts, rufous brown : the lower part of the breast, the belly, the abdomen, and the under tail-coverts, are dull white, irregularly varied with brown, and crossed with transverse black bands : the quills are dusky ; the secondaries like the back ; those nearest the body dotted with white : the two middle tail-feathers, shorter than in the male, brown ; the others brown and white mixed, and striped obliquely with black : the feet are red. The female deposits her eggs, which vary in number, from eight to fourteen, about the month 236 SUPERB PHEASANT. of April ; they are reddish yellow, varied with white, and sprinkled with a few small brown spots, and are hatched in twenty -six days: the young are reared with less difficulty, and they are more easily tamed than the common Pheasant. During the courting season, and also when in- flamed by rage, the naked skin on the head of the male is of a deep crimson. The native place of these birds is the northern parts of China, from whence they have been introduced into all parts of Europe : they are common in aviaries in this country, and bear con- finement well. B. Gula paled geminatd subulatd : irons carunculd subrotundatd. B. Throat with a double subulated wattle : forehead with a rounded caruncle. SUPERB PHEASANT. (Phasianus superbus.) PH. corpore rttfo, viridi caeruleoque vario, crist&plicatd in ver- tice ccerule&j collo superiore viridi pennis longis vestito, caudd elongatd, cuneatd ; rectricibus duabus intermediis albescentibus nigro^fasciatis. Pheasant with a rufous body, varied with green and blue j the crown with a plicated, blue crest ; the upper part of the neck clothed with long green feathers ; the tail elongated and SUPERB PHEASANT. 237 wedge-shaped, its two middle feathers whitish, barred with black. Phasianus superbus. Linn. Mant. \77^- P- 526. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. l. 744. 7. — Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 628. 'L.— Temm. Gall. Ind. 671. Phasianus varius. Shaw. Nat. Misc. v. 10. Faisan superbe. Temm. Pig. et Gall. 2. 336. Superb Pheasant. Lath. Gen. Syn. 4. 709. '2.— Lath. Syn. Sup. II. 273. 1.— Shaw. Nat. Misc. I0.pl. 353. THIS splendidly magnificent bird, if the accounts that are given of its plumage be faithful, is con- fessedly the most remarkable of the genus. It is described by Linneus from the various repre- sentations of it painted on paper hangings and China ware, and confirmed by a figure and descrip- tion in a Chinese book which came under his inspection. It is said to have a red beak : on the forehead is a red caruncle, somewhat rounded in shape, and two wattles of a blood-red colour under the chin, as in the Cock : the crown of the head is green ; at the hind part a folded crest, of a blue colour : the hind part of the neck is green ; on each side furnished with long variegated feathers, which stand out from the neck, and turn backwards : the shoulders are green, spotted with white : the wings red : primary quills blue : the body is red : the tail long, and wedge-shaped : the feathers are blue and red mixed ; and the coverts are of several colours, arid fall over the sides of it : the legs are yellow, and without spurs. Temminck considers the long feathers that arrive from China as belonging to this species, and 238 SUPERB PHEASANT. thus describes them. " This Pheasant is one of the number that have a tail resembling a bundle, with the two middle feathers considerably widen- ed, and hiding those beneath, as in the Painted Pheasant : the total length of the bird is about six feet, of which the two middle tail-feathers make upwards of four ; they are about two inches wide, and terminate in a point ; the shaft is deep cinna- mon-colour below : the webs are of a grey white, shaded with different tints of red gold on the outer edge : there are about forty-seven bars or crescents on each web ; these spots are parallel from the origin to the extremity of the feathers, except from about one-fourth to three-quarters of their length, where they are alternate : these are black from the base of the feathers, and shaded more or less with chesnut towards their tip, which is of this last colour." 239 C. Gula membrand penduld • gen