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SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY 


commenced by the late 


GEORGE SHAW, M.D.ERS. &c. 


WITH PIATE S 
from thefirst Authorities andmost select specimens 
(E 
Ong Vaid df wneipally ly 


M®S GRIFFITH. 


MEARNS 
pill 


ms oy, 
ational Museu 


YOU, XU Tart I, AY ES ). by LF. Stephens, EL.S.&e. 


Printed torT& \.Arch:-LonginanHarst COE Jettery & Sou: 1 Mawman. Baldwin, Cradock &Joy:1 Booth. 
Sherwood &C°G.B, Whittaker R, Scholev: S Bagster, Rodwell &Martin, Sanders &Hodgson Hamilton, 
Adamsé& C? Simpkin & Marshath 1. Duncan: TLL Alm: an. WT Maynard andWightman&® Cramp. 


S25 


GENERAL ZOOLOGY. 


VOLUME XIIIl.——PART I. 


BY 


JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. &c. 


BIRDS. 


LONDON : 


PRINTED FOR J. AND A. ARCH; LONGMAN, REES, AND CO.; 
i, JEFFERY AND SON; J.MAWMAN; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND 
JOY; J. BOOTH; SHERWOOD AND CO.; G. B. WHITTAKER; 
R. SCHOLEY ; S. BAGSTER ; RODWELL AND MARTIN; SAUN- 
DERS AND HODGSON ; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; SIMPKIN 
AND MARSHALL; J. DUNCAN; T. AND J. ALLMAN ; W. J. AND 
T. MAYNARD ; AND WIGHTMAN AND CRAMP, 


1826. 


‘ 


. ) 
4 "te VEL ar 
i 


ms sip ba ‘ iP 


Directions for placing the Plates to Vol. XIII. 
Part I. 


The vignette represents the Common Razor-bill, described 


at page 27. 

Plate 1 to face page 9 Plate 16 to face page 136 
2 — 13 17 —— 140 
3 Sane 1S 150 
4 37 19 ——— 167 
5 47 20 ———-~ 177 
6 51 21 —— 181 
i 95 22 —— 201 
8 58 23 —— 211. 
9 64 24 ———— 216 
10 ——— 76 25 —— 219 
iloe———_ 100. 26 ————— 226 
12 ——— 109 27 ————._ 234 
13. ————. ' 120 1 eee 
4 128 ay 
15 -—-——— 13] 


ERRATA.—PART I. 


Page 74, line 15, for Rasores, read Raptatores. 


— 


— 


106, 
175 
119, 
208, 
239 
to | 
248) 


— 9, for Boosy read GANNET. 
— &, for dentalus read dentatus. 
— 14, for TacnypLetis read TACHYPETES. 
— 9, for pacitica read pacificus. 


— 1, for Pinrapo read Sra-Pintavo. 


Pedes 


BIRDS. 


ORDER 


NATATORES. 


FAM. COLYMBIDZ. 


PODICEPS. GREBE. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longius aut 
longior, robustum, pauld 
compressum, aut fere cy- 
lyndricum, subulatum ,rec- 
tum, integrum, acutum; 
mandibula superiore recta 
aut apice adunco. 

Nares laterales, concavze, ob- 
longee, membrana semi- 
clause. 


Tibie semimude. 


antici depressi lateribus 
lobo — simplici 
basique connexi; pollex 


instructi, 


tarso interné articulatus. 


Cauda nulla. 


Beak the length of the head or 


longer, robust, a little com- 
pressed, or nearly cylin- 
drical, subulated, straight, 
entire, pointed ; the upper 
mandible straight, or 
hooked at the tip. 


Nostriis lateral, concave, ob- 


long, half closed by a mem- 
brane. 


Shanks half-naked. 
tetradactyli; digits || Legs four-toed ; the anterior 


toes depressed, with their 
sides furnished with a 
simple lobe connected at 
the base; the hinder toe 
internally articulated to the 
tarsus. 


Tail wanting. 


PODICEPS. Ray, Lath., Cuv., Vieill., Temm. 
COLYMBUS. Linn., Gmel., Briss., Ray, &c. 


Vv. XIII. P. I. 


2 GREBE. 


GREBES are discriminated from the Divers by their 
lobated feet, and from the Finfeet by the form of 
their beak, and the absence of the tail. They were 
included by Linneus among the former birds, but 
have been detached by his followers, and formed into 
a new order, (including also the Coots, and Phala- 
ropes) by the appellation of Prynartirepes, a division 
which appears to be unnatural: I have therefore placed 
them among the Natarores, and consider them as 
belonging to the family Colymbidze, from which no- 
thing but their divided toes detaches them : they form 
an interesting link between the Divers and Auks, and 
their manners are highly indicative of their proper 
situation in nature, their delight being in swimming 
and diving, in which they are assisted by their wings: 
they fly very badly, and walk most awkwardly and with 
difficulty; their attitude being nearly erect, and their 
legs being placed at the very extremity of the abdomen, 
beyond the equilibrium of the body. ‘They frequent 
the fresh waters in preference to those of the sea: 
their plumage is very soft, thick, and downy, with 
afine silken lustre. ‘They feed on small fishes, coleop- 
terous insects, reptiles, and vegetables. 


DSI 


CRE STED GREBE. 


+. (Podiceps cristatus.) 


Po. supra fusco-niger, subtus argenteo-albus, alis fascia albd, collo 
aut fusco aut nigricante striato, torque supremo nigro, vel rufo 
nigro marginato. 

Grebe above brown-black, beneath silvery-white, with a white. 
fascia on the wings, the neck either brown or striped with 
dusky, having a collar on its upper parts, sometimes black, or 
rufous with a black margin. 

Podiceps cristatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.780. 

Colymbus cristatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 222. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1. 589. 

Colymbus major ; cristatus et cornutus. Razz Syn. 124. A. 

Colymbus cornutus. Briss. Orn. 6. 45. pl. 5.f. 1. 

Le Grébe cornu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.235. Buff: Pl. Eul. 
400. 

Le Grébe huppé. Yemm. man. d’Orn. 462. Id. 2 Edit. 717. 
Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 507. 

Greater crested and horned Ducker. 4/h. Birds, 1. pl. 81. 

Crested Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. No. 223. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2.498. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.281. Lew. Brit. Birds, 
5. pl. 106. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 102. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 68. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2,145. Graves Orn. 
v. iii. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 20. 

Youne.—Colymbus urinator. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 223, Gmel. - 
Syst. Nat. 1. 593. 

Colymbus. Briss. Orn. 6. 34. pl.3.f- 1. 

Colymbus major Aldrovandi. Ray. Syn. 125. 

Colymbus cristatus. Briss. Orn. 6. 38. pl. 4. 

Colymbus cinereus major. Ray. Syn. 124. 4. 

Le Grébe. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.227. Buff: Pl. Enl. 941. 

Le Grébe huppé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8, 233. Bug. Pl. Enl. 
944. 

Greater Loon. Edwards, pl. 360. 


A CRESTED GREBE. 


Tippet Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 283. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 
222. nl. 78... Bew, Brit. Birds, 2. 157. 


Iw the adult state this bird is upwards of eighteen 
inches in length ; its beak is dull red, brown above 
and white at its tip: its irides are crimson: its face 
is white : the top of the head, and crest thereon, as 
well as the ruff on each side beneath its cheeks, are 
deep glossy black, shaded off into reddish on each 
side of its head: all the upper parts of the plumage 
are brown and dusky : the secondary quills are pure 
white : the under parts of the body are glossy silvery 
white, tinged with reddish at the sides of the breast 
and near the msertion of the wings: between the 
base of the beak and the eye is a naked red space: 
the legs are dusky externally and yellowish-white 
internally. The female is rather smaller, and the 
feathers of the crest and ruff are shorter ; the colours 
of the plumage are less brilliant. The young at the 
age of two years, after moulting, have the occipital 
crest very short, edged with white feathers, the face 
is white without the red shades, and the ruff is very 
slight: a dusky irregular band runs from the beak 
beneath the eyes to the occiput : before moulting the 
crest and ruff are not indicated; the forehead and 
the face are white: these parts, as well as the top of 
the neck, are varied with dusky brown stripes, dis- 
posed on all sides in zigzag forms: the irides are 
bright yellow: the beak is livid red. ‘The young of 
one year before moulting have the head and the top 
of the neck of a deep brown. 

These birds inhabit the borders of the sea, lakes, 
ponds, or rivers, and are rarely seen on land: on the 


CAYENNE GREBE. 5 


least appearance of danger they plunge under water, 
depending very little on their wings for safety. ‘They 
are common in the fens and lakes of various parts of 
England, where they breed : the female forms her nest, 
which is of a large size, of various aquatic plants, 
leaving it floating amongst the reeds, to the mercy 
of the waves; she lays four white eggs, slightly mar- 
bled with deep brown. 

Their principal food consists of fishes, in pursuit 
of which they dive excellently. ‘They change their 
situations according to the season, frequenting the 
mouths of large rivers, when the severity of the frost 
freezes the ponds. In their migrations they skim 
along the surface of the sea. ‘They inhabit most 
parts of Europe from the Mediterranean to the 
Northern Seas: they are also found in America. 


CAYENNE GREBE. 


~ (Podiceps Cayanus.) 


Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, collo subtus rufo. 

Brown-black Grebe, beneath white, with the neck beneath red. 

Podiceps Cayanus. ath. Ind. Orn. 2. 781. 

Colymbus Cayennensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 593. 

Le Grand Grébe. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 242. 

Grébe de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl. 404. fi 1. 

Cayenne Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syst. 5. 284. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 34. 


Tuts bird inhabits Cayenne: it is nearly twenty 
inches in length: its beak is dusky ; the under man- 


6 BLACK-BREASTED GREBE. 


dible is yellow at the base: its head, and the upper 
parts of the neck and body, are dusky brown: the 
fore parts of the neck, as far as the breast and the 
sides, are rufous ; the sides being varied with brown: 
the breast and upper parts of the belly are white; the 
lower part and vent are brown: the legs are dusky. 


BLACK-BREASTED GREBE. 


-~ (Podiceps Thomensis. ) 


Po. fuscus, sublus albus maculis griseis, remigibus pallide rufis, 
macula pectoris nigra. 

Brown Grebe, beneath white with grey spots, the quills pele 
rufous, the breast with a black spot. 

Podiceps Thomensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.754. 

Colymbus Thomensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. 

Colymbus Insula St. Thome. Briss. Orn. 6. 58. 

Le Grébe Duc-laart. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 240. 

Black-breasted Grébe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 289. Lath. Gen. 
Mist. x. 34. 


Accorpine to Buffon this species inhabits the 
island of St. Thomas, where it is called Duc-laart. 
It is the size of a small fowl: its beak is one inch in 
length, black, with its tip pale: its irides are white : 
the head and upper parts of the body are dull brown : 
between the beak and the eye is a spot of white: the 
under parts of the body are white, except a large 
spot of black on the breast ; and the belly, sides, and 
thighs being spotted with grey : the wing-coverts are 
pale rufous: the legs are dusky. 


WHITE-WINGED GREBE. 


4. (Podiceps Dominicus. ) 


Po. capite levi, corpore subtus confertim fusco maculato. 

Grebe with the head smooth, the body beneath thickly spotted 
with brown. 

Podiceps Dominicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 785. 

Colymbus Dominicus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 223. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat, 1.593. Briss. Orn. 6. 64. pl. 5.f. 2. 

Le Castagneux de St. Dominique. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.248. 

White-winged Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 291. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 32. 


Tue white-winged Grebe is a small species, being 
scarcely eight inches in length: its beak is black : the 
upper parts of the plumage are dusky: the sides of 
the head, the chin, and the fore part of the neck, are 
dusky-grey : the quills are greyish-white, more or less 
marked with spots of greyish-brown on their cuter 
webs and tips: the breast, belly, sides, and thighs 
are silvery grey marked with small brown spots: the 
legs are brown. Dr. Latham mentions several va- 
rieties; one of them (from Jamaica) was of a uniform 
dusky lead-colour, with a large patch of white on the 
middle of the belly; and are differed merely in 
having that part wholly brown. 

They inhabit various parts of the West India 
Islands, and the northern coasts of South America. 
At Barbadoes they are called Twopenny Chicks. 
‘They feed on fish. 


RED-NECKED GREBE. 


(Podiceps rubricollis.) 


Po. subcristatus fuscus, guld genis regioneque aurium cinerascen- 
tibus vel albidis nigro lineatis, collo subtus pectoreque ferru- 
gineo-rufis, abdomine remigibusque secundariis albis. 

Subcrested brown Grebe, with the throat, cheeks, and region of 
the ears greyish or white lineated with black, the neck beneath 
and breast rusty-red, the abdomen and secondary quills white. 

Podiceps rubricollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 783. Sabine, Frank. 
Voy. App. 692. 

Colymbus rubricollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. 

Colymbus subcristatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 590. 

Le Grébe a joues grises, ou la Jougris. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 
241. Buff. Pl. Enl.931. Temm. man. d’Orn. 465. Id.2 Ed. 
726. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 508. 

Red-necked Grebe. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 499. C. Lath. Gen. 
Syn.5. 288. Lath. Syn. Sup. 260. pl. 118. Lew. Brit. Birds, 
5. pl. 199. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 103. Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 6. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 152. 

Younc.—Colymbus parotis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. Muse. 
Cart. fas. 1. pl. 9. 


AxoutT seventeen inches in length : the base of the 
beak is bright yellow, the rest black: the irides are 
reddish-brown : thé forehead, the top of the head and 
its occipital crest (which is short) are glossy black : 
the cheeks and throat are mouse-coloured: on the 
nape is a broad black band: the fore part of the neck, 
the sides, and top of the breast are bright red: the 
rest of the under parts are white, except the thighs, 
which are spotted with dusky brown: the secondary 
quills are white: the hind part of the neck, the back 


HORNED GREBE. yee 


and wings are dark brown: the legs are outwardly 
black and inwardly greenish-yellow. The young at 
the age of two years have the throat and the cheeks 
white: the top of the head of a whitish-yellow, with 
irregular zigzag brown and dusky bands: the top of 
the head and the occiput are black, with the feathers 
of the latter part somewhat elongated : the lower part 
of the neck and the top of the breast are dull red 
varied with brown, with some of the feathers on the 
latter part and of the belly tipped with ash-colour. 

This species inhabits various parts of Europe, 
affecting the borders of rivers, lakes, &c.; it is ex- 
tremely abundant in the eastern parts of the con- 
tinent, and becomes rarer as we proceed westward. 
In England but very few specimens have hitherto 
been found. It subsists on small fish, insects, and 
vegetable matter. The female lays three or four 
mean white eggs, sprinkled with brown. Found 
alsa | in the arctic pegtans) of America. 


HORNED GREBE. 


P: - (Podiceps cornutus.) 


Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, alis fascid alba, collo subtus . 
rufo-fulvo vel castaneo, torque nigro. 

Dusky-brown Grebe, beneath white, the wings with a white fascia, 
the neck beneath reddish-brown or chesnut, with a black collar. 

Podiceps cornutus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 782. Sabine, Frank. 
Voy. App. 693. 

Colymbus cornutus, Gimel. Syst. Nat, 1.591. 


10 HORNED GREBE. 


Colymbus cornutus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 50. 

Le petit Grébe cornu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 237. 

Le Grébe d’Esclavonie. Buff. Pl. Enl. 404. f. 2. Temm. man. 
@’Orn. 466. IRd. 2 Edit. 722. 

Le Grébe cornu. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 508. 

Horned Grébe, or Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl. 145. Penn. Brit. 
Zool. 2. 417. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 287. pl. 91. Lath. Gen, 
Etsta&. 20. 

Sclavonian Grebe. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. 

Younc.— Podiceps obscurus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 782. 

Colymbus obscurus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. 

Colymbus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 56. 

Colymbus Caspicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 593. 

Podiceps Caspicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 784. 

Le petit Grébe. Buff? Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 232. Buff. Pl. Enl. 
942. 

Black and White Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl. 96.f. 1. 

Dusky Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 225. pl. 78. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2.420. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.286. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. 
pl. 198. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 106. Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 44, 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 150. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 26. 

VanieTy,—Colymbus cristatus minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 42. pl. 3. 

fie: 

Eared Grebe, var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 286. 

Le petit Grébe huppé. Buff. Ois. 8. 235. 


Axout thirteen inches in length: the base of the 
beak and a naked space near the eyes are rose co- 
loured ; the rest of the beak is black, with its tip 
red: the irides have a double ring of colour, the first 
of which is yellow and the other deep red: the top 
of the head, and also a very large and ample ruff 
which surrounds the top of the neck, is deep shining 
black : above and behind the eyes is a large tuft of 
red feathers, which forms as it were two horns: the 
space between the upper mandibles of the beak and 


HORNED GREBE. et 


the eye, the neck and the breast, are clear brilliant 
red: the under parts of the plumage are pure white, 
except the sides, which are shaded with reddish: the 
nape and upper parts of the plumage are dusky: the 
secondary quills are white: the legs are black ex- 
ternally and grey internally. The young, previous 
to the completion of their first year, are totally de- 
stitute of the crest or ruff: between the beak and the 
eye is white: the head, the nape, and all the upper 
parts are dusky-ash: the secondary quills are white : 
the throat is white, and that colour extends in a 
horizontal line beneath the eyes, and reaches entirely 
to the back of the head, or occiput : the middle of 
the fore part of the neck is ashy-white : the sides of 
the breast and the flanks are dusky-ash ; the rest of 
the under parts are pure white: the beak is of an 
ashy-blue, but its base, as well as the naked space, are 
flesh colour ; and the upper part of the beak is horn 
coloured, with a yellowish point: the inner circle of 
the irides is pure white, the outer bright red: the 
legs are externally brown, internally ashy-blue. 
Found most abundant. in the eastern countries of 
Europe, particularly those that are watered by great 
rivers, lakes, or the sea: they are also frequently 
ebserved in England, particularly about the fens of 
Lincolnshire and the inlets on the coast of Devon- 
shire; they are also found in North America: they 
feed on the same materials as the rest of the genus, 
and build their nests in a similar manner: the female 
lays three or four white eggs, which are spotted with 
brown. Specimens of this bird were received from 
North America from Captain Franklin’s Expedition. 


EARED GREBE. 


- (Podiceps auritus.) 


Po. fusco-nigricans, subtus albus, capite nigro, crista ferrugined, 
collo subtus maculis castaneis vario. 

Dusky-brown Grebe, beneath white, with the head black, vent 
rust-colour, neck beneath varied with chesnut spots. 

Podiceps auritus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 781. 

Colymbus auritus. Linn. Syst, Nat. 1,222. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.590.a. Briss. Orn. 6. 50. 

Le Grébe oreillard. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 469. Id. 2 Edit. 726. 

Eared Dobchick. Edw. Glean. pl. 96. f. 2. 

Eared Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.185. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 
224. pl. 79. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.499. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. 
pl. 107. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 104. Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 29. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 149. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 23. 


Tuts is about a foot in length: its beak and the 
naked space adjoining are reddish : the irides are deep 
vermilion: its face, the top of its head, and its occi- 
pital crest and ruff (which are very short) are deep 
black: behind and beneath the eyes is a tuft of long 
slender feathers, the upper ones being of a bright 
yellow, and the lower ones deep orange-red, gra- 
dually shaded off: these feathers form an arch, 
and cover the orifice of the ears: the throat, all 
the neck, the sides of the breast, and all the upper 
parts of the plumage, are black slightly glossed : 
the flanks and thighs are very deep chesnut-red, | 
shaded with dusky: the rest of the under parts are 
pure white: the legs are ashy-black externally and 


P12 


2 


YY 
if) 


LITTLE GREBE. 


LITTLE GREBE. 13 


ashy-green internally. The young greatly resemble 
those of the Horned Grebe, but are distinguished 
from the white on the cheek and sides of the head 
not extending so far as the occiput; by the irides 
having but one colour, and by the base of the beak 
being sensibly depressed. 

This is found most abundant in the rivers and 
fresh water lakes, but it nevertheless frequents the 
sea-coasts : it is very common in the north of Europe, 
in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy; but 
rare in Holland and England. Its food principally 
consists of insects, but it devours small fish, &c.: the 
female lays three or four eggs, of a greenish-white, 
slightly sprinkled with brown: her nest is constructed 
in the same manner as that of the rest of the genus. 


LITTLE GREBE. 
L (Podiceps minor.) 


Po. nigricans, guld nigrdé, jugulo ferruginco, abdomine  cinereo 
argenteo vari. 

Dusky Grebe, with the throat black, the jugulum ferruginous, 
the abdomen ash-coloured, varied with silvery. 

Podiceps Hebridicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 785. 

Colymbus Hebridicus. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 594. 

Black-chin Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 227. pl. 79. Penn. 
Arct, Zool. 2. 227. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 292. Lew. Brit. 
Birds, 5. pl. 201. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 107. Mont. Orn. Dict. 
land Supp. Sowerby, Brit. Misc. pl. 70. Bew. Brit. Birds, 
2. ¥56. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 31. 


14 LITTLE GREBE. 


Le Grébe castagneux.. Temm. man. d Orn. 471, Id. 2. Edit. 
li, 727. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 508. 

Younc.—Podiceps minor. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.784. Ray, Syn. 
125. A. 

Colymbus minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 591. 

Colymbus fluviatilis. Briss. Orn. 6. 59. 

Le Grébe de la riviere, ou le Castagneux. Buff: Hist. Nat, Ois. 
E. 244. pl. 20. Buff. Pl. Enl. 905. 

Little Grebe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.226. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 289. 
Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 200. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. 
Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.154. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 30. 

Didapper. Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 105. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 56. 


Tuis is the smallest of the European Grebes, 
scarcely exceeding ten inches in length: its beak is 
black, with the base of its under mandible and the. 
naked space near the eyes whitish: the irides are 
reddish-brown : the throat, the top of the head, and 
the nape are deep black, the sides and fore part of 
the neck are bright chesnut-red: the breast and the 
flanks are dusky: the rest of the under parts are 
ashy-black, on which appear several white shades : the 
thighs and the rump are tinged with reddish: the 
upper parts of the plumage are dusky glossed with 
olivaceous: the quills are ashy-brown: the secondary 
quills are white at their base : the legs are outwardly 
of a greenish-brown, inwardly of a flesh-colour. ‘The 
young of the second year, after their first moult, have 
the top of the head, the nape, the upper parts and 
the sides of the neck white, varied or marked with 
bands and spots of deep reddish-brown: behind the 
eyes are some oblique white streaks: the under part 
and fore part of the neck, the breast, and flanks are 
bright red : the thighs are dusky red: the middle of 


LITTLE GREBE. 15 


the belly is pure white. The young of the first year 
have the top of the head, the nape, and the upper 
parts of the plumage of an ashy-brown, slightly tinged 
with reddish: the throat is pure white: the sides of 
the neck are of a pale ashy-red: the fore part of the 
neck, the top of the breast, and the flank are of a 
reddish-white of various shades: the belly is pure 
white: the under mandible of the beak, and the 
margin of the upper are ashy-yellow; the rest of the 
beak is brown: the irides are brown. 

Frequent the lakes, rivers, ponds, and fresh waters 
of most parts of Europe, Asia, and America: in this 
country they are very common, and are found even 
in fish-ponds: they are frequently destroyed by pike 
_ and other voracious fish: they seldom take wing, but 
when alarmed, dive, and remain under water amongst 
the reeds and other plants, with only the beak above 
for respiration: they devour aquatic insects, coleoptera 
particularly, and small fishes. ‘Their nest is very large, 
composed of a quantity of flags or other aquatic plants, 
but is generally fastened to the reedsin order to prevent 
its being carried away by sudden floods or currents. 
The female lays five or six eggs, of an oblong shape 
and dirty white colour: they are generally covered 
with weeds, but notwithstanding this, they frequently 
become the prey of the water-rat. A pair of these 
birds were taken in a pond, on Chelsea Common, in 
June 1805, with the nest and eggs. 


16 


PHILIPPINE GREBE. 


(Podiceps Philippensis.) 


Po. supra purpureo-fuscus, subtus albo-argenteus, genis lateri- 
busque colli rufescentibus. 

Grebe above of a purple-brown, beneath silvery white, with the 
cheeks and sides of the neck reddish. 

Podiceps minor 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 784. 

Le Castagneux des Philippines. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois, 8. 246. 
Buff. Pl. Enl. 945. ; 

Little Grebe, var. A. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 290. 


Tus appears to be distinct from the preceding : 
it is rather larger, and has the upper parts of the 
plumage brown tinged with purple; and the cheeks 
and side of the neck incline to rufous: in other re- 
spects it resembles that bird. 

It inhabits the Philippine Islands, and also Southern 
Africa. 


PIED-BILL GREBE. 


(Podiceps Carolinensis.) 


Po. corpore fusco, rostro fascia sesquialtera, guld nigra. 

Grebe with the body brown, the beak with a fascia and the throat 
black. 

Podiceps Carolinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.785. Sabine, Frank. 
Voy. App. 692. 

Colymbus Podiceps. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 223. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 
1,594. 


PIED-BILL GREBE. Brg 


Colymbus fluviatilis Carolinensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 63. 
Le Castagneux a bec cerclé. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 247. 
Pied-bill Grebe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 418. pl. 22. Catesby, 


Carol. 1. pl. 91. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.292. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
xX. 30. 


Tue Pied-bill Grebe is thus described by Latham 
from a specimen in his own collection: ‘ Length 
fourteen inches: beak strong, a little bent, not unlike 
that of the common poultry; colour olive, with a 
dusky base, and crossed through the middle of both 
mandibles with a bar of black: nostrils very wide : 
irides white : chin and throat of a glossy black, bounded 
with white : upper part of the neck and back dusky : 
cheeks and under parts of the neck pale brown: breast 
and belly silvery, the first mottled with ash-colour : 
wings brown; end of the secondaries white: toes 
furnished with a broad membrane. The female wants 
the black bar on the beak, and has the chin and throat 
of the same colour with the rest of the neck. Inhabits 
New York to South Carolina.” Also found by Cap- 
tain Franklin in the Expedition to the northern 
regions of America. 


rAS) 


Wo &GUNlG 14 lM 


LOUISIANE GREBE, 


m+ (Podiceps Ludovicianus.) 


Po. fuscus, lateribus colli corporisque ferruginets, corpore subtus 
albo maculis transversis nigricantibus. 

Brown Grebe with the sides of the neck and of the body rust- 
colour, the body beneath white, with transverse dusky spots. 

Podiceps Ludovicianus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.785. 

Colymbus Ludovicianus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 592. 

Le Grébe de la Louisiane. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 240. Buff: 
Pl. Enl. 943. 

Louisiane Grebe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 289. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2.419. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 36. 


Native of Louisiane: its beak is slightly bent at its 
point : the upper parts of the head and body are deep 
brown: the sides of the neck and body, quite to the 
rump, are ferruginous: the middle of the breast is 
dusky white: from the base of the neck to the thighs 
marked with large transverse black spots: legs dusky. 


NEW HOLLAND GREBE. 


(Podiceps Nove: Hollandiz.) 


Po. supra nigricante cinereoque undulata, subtus pallide cinerea, 
tectricibus alarum majoribus albis, colli lateribus striga rufa. 
Grebe waved above with dusky and cinereous, beneath pale cine- 
- reous, with the greater wing-coverts white, the sides of the 

aeck with a rufous stripe. 
New Holland Grebe. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 33, 


NEW HOLLAND GREBE. 19 


A speEciEs imtroduced by the following descrip- 
tion in the new edition of Dr. Latham’s History of 
Birds. ‘‘ Length, from the beak to the end of the 
toes, eighteen inches: beak black: head and part of 
the neck dusky black: the rest of the parts above 
waved dusky and pale grey: beneath pale grey: the 
larger wing-coverts and base half of the quills white, 
taking up a large portion of the wing ; the outer ridge 
is also white: on each side of the neck a long streak 
of rufous, beginning just under the eye: legs black.’’ 
Inhabits New Holland, and there called Mayaga. 


20 


PODOA. FINFOOT. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, crassius- || Beak mediocral, rather stout, 


culum, subdeflexum, acu- slightly deflexed, pointed : 
tum: mandibula superiore the upper mandible with a 
sulco laterali. lateral groove. 

Nares concave in sulco site, || Nostrils concave, placed in 
membrana tectz. the groove, and closed by 


a membrane. 
Pedes breves, validi, tetra- || Legs short, strong, four-toed, 


dactyli, digitis elongatis the toes elongated and 
lobatis. lobed. 


Cuuda cuneiforma. Tail wedge-shaped. 


PODOA. Illig. 
HELIORNIS.  Vieil. 
PLOTUS. Gmel., Lath. 


‘THIS singular genus of birds has the beak mo- 
derately curved, pointed, and elongated: the nostrils 
linear and concave, placed in a groove, and covered 
by a membrane, the aperture oblong: the body de- 
pressed : the tail somewhat wedge-shaped and rather 
elongated : the legs short, stout, with four toes, three 
of which are placed forwards and one backwards, and 
all furnished with a scolloped membrane: the claws 


AFRICAN FINFOOT. 91 


are sharp and bent. ‘There are but two species known, 
both of which inhabit the torrid regions of the globe, 
one occurring in the old, and the other in the new 
world : they affect the banks of rivers and creeks, and 
feed upon small fish and insects. . 

The situation of this genus is very difficult to de- 
termine : in some respects the individuals of which it 
is composed resemble the Grebes, and in others the 
Coots or Rails: again, the long neck of one of the 
species appears to connect that bird with the Darters : 
unlike the rest of the Colymbidz, they do not dive. 


AFRICAN FINFOOT. 


(Podoa Senegalensis. ) 


Po. corpore supra fusca, subtus albo, colli latertbus dorsoque 
nigro maculatis, caudaé cuneiformi, rigida, angustd, rostro 
pedibusque rubris. 

Finfoot with the body brown above and white beneath, the sides 
of the neck and back spotted with black, the tail wedge- 
shaped, rigid, and narrow, the beak and legs red. 

Heliornis Senegalensis. Vieill, 2 Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. 
Nat. tom. 14. p, 271. 

African Finfoot. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 10. 


Tuis species has the head, the upper part of the 
neck and of the body, the wings and the tail, brown; 
the colour being dullest on the head and upper part 
of the neck; the sides of the last, as well as those of 
the back and the flanks, are spotted with black: a 


QI SURINAM FINFOOT. 


white stripe reaches from the beak, passing over the 
eye, and down the sides of the throat and neck ; the 
fore part of which, and the under parts of the body, 
are white: the tail is wedge-shaped ; its feathers rigid, 
straight, with the base orange. 

This species inhabits Senegal, and is said to be as 
large as the Darter; which genus it resembles in the 
structure of its head, neck, and tail; the Grebes by 
its beak, and the Coots by its feet ; which have their 
anterior toes bordered with distinct lobes; the ex- 
terior ones being united only at their base, and the 
outer ones divided: the posterior toe is not lobated. 
It appears to vary in the colour of its plumage. 


SURINAM FINFOOT. 


(Podoa Surinamensis.) 


Po. corpore supra fusco subtus albo, vertice colloque posteriore 
nigris, gula jugulo et fascia oculari albis, lateribus colli albo 
nigroque lineatis. 

Finfoot with the body above brown, beneath white, with the 
crown and neck behind black, the throat, jugulum, and fascia 
near the eye white, the sides of the neck striped with black 
and white. 

Plotus Surinamensis. Gel. Syst. Nat.1.581. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 296. 

Le Grebe-foulque. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. p. 248. Buff: Pl. 
Enl, 893. 

Surinam Darter. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 626. 

American Finfoot. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 11. 


SURINAM FINFOOT. 23 


Tuts species is the size of a Teal: length thirteen 
inches: the beak is one inch and an eighth long, 
and of a pale colour: irides red: the crown of the 
head is black, and the feathers behind elongated into 
a small crest: the head itself small; and the neck 
slender and long in proportion to the body: the 
cheeks are of a bright bay : from the corner of each 
eye is a line of white: the sides and hind part of the 
neck longitudinally marked with lines of black and 
white: wings, back, and tail dusky brown: the first 
pretty large, reaching to within one inch of the tail 
when closed: the tail is tipped with white, and is 
wedge-shaped: the upper tail-coverts remarkably 
long, giving the appearance of two tails, one above 
another: breast and belly white: legs short, and 
rather stout: all the four toes joined together by a 
membrane *: the legs are of a pale dusky colour ; and 
the toes are barred with black. 

Inhabits Surinam ; and is chiefly seen on the sides 
of rivers and creeks, feeding on small fish, as well as 
insects, in the capture of which it is very dexterous, 
scarcely ever missing its aim : it is a very active bird, 
and is continually flitting its wings and tail. 


* This character assimilates the present species with the 
Darters, if it be, as here stated, that al/ the toes are united. 


ALCAD. 


"THE Alcade are discriminated from the rest of 
the Nazatores by the very backward position of their 
legs, which in some of the genera are placed at the 
extremity of the abdomen. ‘The beak is of various 
forms, but it is generally much compressed, and often- 
times transversely grooved on its sides; towards the 
tip it is bent downwards, and the upper mandible is 
sometimes furnished with a notch: the nostrils are 
either linear and parallel to the edge of the beak, or 
rounded and placed in a deep furrow; in some they 
are hidden in a bed of silken feathers, and in others 
they are exposed. ‘The wings are very short, and in 
some genera the quill-feathers are entirely wanting. 
The legs are furnished either with three or four toes. 

From the above characters it is evident that the 
genera comprised in this family differ considerably 
from each other; in fact, there is so marked a dif- 
ference that they may readily be divided into two 
sections or sub-stirpes. 


DIVISION I. 


Rostrum plerumque valde compressum, sepe transversim sul- 
catum ; pedes tridactyli ; ale breves. 

Beak generally much compressed, and often transversely grooved ; 
Jeet three-toed ; wings short. 


Tue birds which are included in this division are 
all natives of the northern regions: they fly well, 


ALCADE. , 45) 


with the exception of the last in the series (the great 
Auk), whose quills are too short to allow of such 
locomotion: they are all, however, admirable swim- 
mers and divers, and many of them while swimming 
are immersed up to the neck in the water. ‘They 
nidificate in the clefts and fissures of rocks, some 
species laying but one, and others two eggs: they all 
feed on small fishes, crustacea, vermes or mollusca, 
or marine vegetables. 


20, 


UTAMANIA. RAZOR-BILL. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum rectum, compres- || Beak straight, compressed, 


sum, ad apicem valdé cur- much curved towards the 
vatum; mandibule basi tip; the base of the man- 
plumulis tectae, apice sul- dible clothed with feathers, 
catee. the tip grooved. 

Nares laterales, marginales, || Nostrids lateral, marginal, 
lineares, in medio rostri linear, placed in the middle 
site, membrana - semi- of the beak, and half closed 
clause. by a membrane. 

Pedes breves, tridactyli, pal- || Legs short, three-toed, pal- 
mati; wngues paulo cur- mated; the nails rather 
vati. curved. 

Ale mediocres. Wings mediocral. 


UTAMANIA. Ray, Leach. 
ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., &c. 


KR AZOR-BILLS frequent the northern regions, 
and appear to be extended over all the seas within 
the Arctic Circle ; they are, however, rarely observed 
at a distance from land: their manners greatly re- 
semble those of the Guillemots, and, like those birds, 
the female lays but a single egg: they fly with great 
velocity, and swim and dive with much dexterity. 


COMMON RAZOR-BILL. 


(Utamania Torda.) 


Ur. corpore nigro, subtus a medio jugulo albo, linea utrinque 
alba & rostro ad oculos. 

Razor-bill with the body black, beneath from the middle of the 
juguium white, a white line on each side from the beak to the 
eyes. 

Alea Torda. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.210. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.551. 
Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 100. Briss. Orn. 6. 892. pl. 8. f. 1. 
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.793. 

Alcea Hoieri. Rait, Syn. 119. A. 

Utamania Torda. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 42. 

Le Pingoin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.9.390. Buf: Pl. Enl. 1003. 
Cuv. Reg. Anim. 512. ‘ 

Le Pingoin macroptere. Temm. man. d’Orn. 616. Id. 2 Edit. 
ii. 937. 

Razor-bill, Auk, or Murre. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 230. pl. 82. 
Edw. Glean. pl. 358. f. 2. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 319. Lath. 
Syn. Supp. 264. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 224. Don. Brit. 
Birds, 3. pl. 64. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 84. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. 
and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 164. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 63. 


Lenerz about fifteen inches: the beak is black, with 
three or four grooves, and a pure white transverse band 
in the middle: the irides bright brown: the top of 
the head, the nape, the sides of the neck, and ail the 
upper parts are deep black: the cheeks, the throat, 
and superior part of the front of the neck are black, 
shaded with reddish : a white longitudinal band runs 
from the middle of the beak to the eyes: the quills 
are dusky-brown ; the secondaries are slightly edged 


28 COMMON RAZOR-BILL. 


with white: the breast and all the under parts of the 
plumage are pure white: the legs are ashy-black. 
The female has not the white band which runs from 
the beak to the eye: the space behind the eyes, as 
well as all the fore part and sides of the neck, are 
pure white ; in other respects she resembles the male. 
The young (according to Temminck) are very similar 
to the female in colour, but the beak is not grooved 
with white, and is not so broad : the young males after 
their first moult are distinguished from the young 
females by the band between the beak and eyes, which 
is very straight, and but slightly marked. ‘The young 
of the first year, im both sexes, have the top of the 
head, the nape, and all the rest of the upper parts of 
a black-grey ; and all the under parts are pure white; 
the white equally predominating on the sides of the 
head and towards the occiput, where it is produced 
in the form of an angle: beneath and behind the 
eyes is a large dusky brown spot, which reaches to the 
orifice of the ears: the beak is small, but little elevated, 
and without grooves: the irides are dusky. 

Montagu, however, asserts that the young differ in 
no respect from the adults, excepting in wanting the 
furrows on the beak : he also asserts that the following 
species, which has been confused by naturalists with 
the present, is really distinct; but as his observa- 
tions on these points have been already quoted, when 
speaking of the Common Guillemot, in volume 12, 
page 244 of this work, and in the account of the fol- 
lowing bird, I shall refer the reader to them, in order 
to avoid repetition. 

The Common Razor-bill frequents rocky places, 


COMMON RAZOR-BILL. 29 


and appears on our coasts early in the spring, and 
associates with the Guillemots. About the begmning 
of May the female deposits her single egg on the bare 
rock; it is of a dirty white, blotched and spotted with 
brown and dusky, and of a large size m proportion 
to that of the bird: it is singularly poised on the 
rock, and it has been asserted that, when one of them 
is removed by the hand, it is impossible, or at least 
extremely difficult, to replace it in its former steady 
situation: this has induced some people to suppose 
that a kind of glutinous substance on the egg-shell, 
when originally deposited, caused it to adhere; but 
Montagu says, that he has seen them by hundreds in 
a row, and frequently taken them up and laid them 
down in the same spot, and that they are not cemented 
to the surface of the rock: they are frequently eaten 
by the natives of Scotland, who procure them by 
being let down from the top of the cliffs by a rope, 
or by climbing up and down by the help of a crook 
fastened to a pole; in which dangerous employment 
many of them perish: they are also used in refining 
sugar. 

The principal food of these birds is small fish, par- 
ticularly sprats, with which they also feed their young: 
they are in great abundance in this country, and like- 
wise occur throughout the greater portion of Europe 
and the northern parts of Asia and America. 


WHITE-THROATED RAZOR-BILL. 


(Utamania pica.) 


Ur. corpore supra nigro, subtus a guld ad cauda albo. 

Razor-bill with the body above black, beneath from the throat to 
the tail white. 

Alea pica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.210. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 551. 

Alca Torda, femina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.794. 

Alcea minor. Briss. Orn. 923. pl. 8. fi 2. 

Alca unisuleata. Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 102. 

Mergus Bellonii, Utamania. Faiz, Syn. 119. 

Le Petit Pingoin. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois.9.396. Buff: Pl. Enl. 
1004. 

Utamania Pica. Leach, Cat. Brit. Musep. 42. 

Black-billed Auk. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.231. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2.426. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.320. Wale. Syn, 2. pl. 85. Mont. 
Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.167. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 65. 


‘“¢ Lenctu fifteen inches: the beak is black, of 
the shape and size of that of the preceding species ; 
smooth and void of furrows in some: others possess 
three distinct furrows: that nearest the base white : 
irides hazel: the top of the head, taking in the eyes, 
part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, are black : 
the lesser quill-feathers tipped with white: the side of 
the head, fore part of the neck, and whole under 
side of the body white: legs brown-black.” 

The above is Montagu’s definition of this species, 
which [I have transcribed in order to prevent con- 
fusion, as it 1s his firm opinion that it is truly distinct 


WHITE-THRCATED RAZOR-BILL. 3a. 


from the preceding bird; and in support thereof he 
adds the following paragraph :—‘‘ Dr. Latham, in 
his Synopsis, mentions his suspicion that this is no 
other than the Razor-bill immatured; and, in his 
Index Ornithologicus, gives it as the young of that 
bird. We cannot, however, but differ in opinion 
from that excellent ornithologist, by late observa- 
tions on the young of the Razor-bill before and 
after they could fiy, which differ only from the parent 
bird in having no furrows in the beak, being desti- 
tute of the white line from the bill to the eye, and 
no white on the secondary quill-feathers; but the 
whole head and upper part of the neck are black, 
which is the essential difference between that bird 
and the Black-billed Auk. ‘This is only found on 
our coasts in winter. ~The Razor-bill breeds with us, 
and retires in the autumn, at which time none are 
to be found with the white cheeks and throat amongst 
the myriads that haunt our cliffs. It is hardly pos- 
sible, then, to conceive that the young, who are in 
their first feathers so like the old ones, should be-. 
come more unlike them in winter, which is contrary 
to nature ; for observation has taught us that all birds 
become more like their parents at every moulting; 
so that to make these birds one and the same species, 
we must conctude both old and young change their 
plumage in wiater: but this we have no reason at 
present to believe. And indeed it is probable that 
whatever change may take place, that singular line 
in the matured Razor-bill, running from the beak to 
the eye, never varies; and which constitutes one of 


82 WHITE-THROATED RAZOR-BILL. 


the greatest characteristic distinctions. The black 
part of the plumage of this bird is invariably deeper 
coloured than in the Razor-bill, particularly about 
the head.”’ 

Inhabits the same places as the preceding ; and the 
account of its manners, &c. have been confused with 
those of that bird. 


33 


MERGULUS. SEA-DOVE. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, basi plu- || Beak medial, its base fur- 


mis tomentosis instructum, nished with downy fea- 
crassiusculum, supra con- thers, somewhat thickened, 
vexum, versus apicem|| above convex, emarginate 
emarginatum, curvatum. | towards the tip, curved. 

Nares rotundz plumis semi- || Nostrils rounded, half co- 
tectee. vered with feathers. 

Pedes breves, tridactyh, pal- || Legs short, three-toed, web- 
mati. bed. 

Ale breves. | Wings short. 


MERGULUS. Ray, Vieil., Leach. 
ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
URIA. Briss., Brunn., Temm., Sabine. 


THERE is but one species known belonging to 
this genus, which is readily distinguished from the 
other Alcadze by its short, thick, and convex beak, 
which is feathered from the corners of the mouth 
half-way forwards towards the point. 


Vi XI. Pete sy 


34 


COMMON SEA-DOVE. 


(Mergulus melanoleucos. ) 


preibus albis. 


Me. corpore atro subtus remigumque Pe 
parts and tips 


Sea-dove with a dark-coloured body, wit n 
of the posterior quills white. 
Alea Alle. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 
Lath. Ind. Ornv2, 795. 
Uria minor. Briss. Orn, 
Uria Alle. Sabine, Parr (1 : 
Small Black and Whig 3 ‘Edw. Glean. pl. 91, 
Greenland Dove. lp 3 ee 
Guillemot nain. Temm. yea Ka or Obs :/ 
ac melanie rostro ac ito br ss ~ Ray, 125, A. 
real. no, 106. 


Gmel. Syst. Nat, 1.554, 


Little Auk. P ee 2,233. pl. 82. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2. pl. 429. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.327. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. 223- 
Wale, Syn. I. pl. 88. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. 
Brit. Birds, 2. 172. Wils: Amer. Orn. ix, 94. pl. Ixxiv. f. 5. 
Lath. Gen, Alist. x, 70. Rosi Nt 
Vaniery. —Alea cand lide 


LenotH about nine inches : the beak black : irides 
dusky-brown han top of the head, the cheeks, the 
throat, the uppe part of the neck, the nape, and the 
rest of the upper parts of the plumage deep black : 
the quills are dusky-brown, and the secondaries tipped 
with white : the lower part of the front of the neck, 
the breast, and the rest of the under parts of the 
body are pure white: the tarsi and toes are reddish- 
brown, and the webs dusky. The young have the 
top of the head, the space round the eyes, the nape, 


Brin. Orn. Boreal. no. 107. 


a 


\DOVE 


4 
14 


7 1 
7. | J 
ht IN 


MMO 


10) 


( 


Co, 
We 


COMMON SEA-DOVE. 


sides of the breast, and all the upper parts of a deep 
black; except the termination of the secondary quills, 
and three or four longitudinal stripes on the greater 
wing-coverts nearest the body, which are Tite: = the 
ineete the fore part and sides of the neck, and all 
the under parts are pure white: the sides of the head 
are also white, with dusky streaks: the tarsi and toes 
_are yellowish-brown: the webs dirty green. 

This species varies according to its age; in being 
more or less spotted on the throat and upper part of 
the neck; or being without the longitudinal bands 
on the greater wing-coverts. It has also oceurred 
entirely of a white colour. 

This chiefly resides in the polar regions, and is 
more abundant im those of America than in Europe: 
it also occurs in lower latitudes, being occasionally, 
but rarely, found on the coasts of England, France, 
and Holland. Some authors assert that it lays two 

egos of a clear blue colour, on the ledges of the rocks ; 
others, that it lays but one, which is occasionally 
sprinkled with dusky spots. Its principal food con- 
sists of small crabs, lobsters, and other crustacea and 
mollusca. 


36 


FRATERCULA. . PUFFIN. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite brevior, tam 
altum quam longum, basi 
tam latum quam facies, 
utrinque valdé compres- 
sum, transversim sulca- 
tum : mandibula superiore 
apice adunca, 
subtus angulosa. 

Nares lineares, basi et lateri- 
bus rostri sitze, membrana 
nuda feré toto tecte. 

Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- 
gues curvati. 


inferiore 


Alc mediocres. 


Beak shorter than the head, 
higher than long, the base 
broader than the face, 
on each side very much 
compressed, transversely 
grooved ; the upper man- 
dible hooked at the tip, the 
lower angulated beneath. 

Nostrils linear, placed at the 
base and sides of the beak, 

clothed 
with a naked membrane. 

Legs short, three-toed ; claws 
curved. 


almost entirely 


Wings medial. 


FRATERCULA. Briss., Leach. 
ALCA. Linn., Brun., Lath., &c. 


MORMON. 
ANAS. Ray. 
LARVA. Vieil. 


Illig., Temm. 


i HE beak of these birds is of a very singular con- 
struction, being exceedingly compressed ; it is shorter 
than the head; the mandibles are much arched, trans- 


. 
Pear 
Ava 


a 
te 
5S 


lL ARCTIC PUFFIN . 


? NORTHERN PUFF. 


ARCTIC PUFFIN. 37 


versely grooved, and emarginate at the tip; at the 
base it is generally furnished with a curiously puckered 
skin, forming a kind of star: the nostrils are placed 
in a long narrow groove, near the edge of the beak, 
and are nearly covered with a naked membrane: their 
wings are short, but not so much so as to prevent 
their flying, which motion they perform, however, 
with less facility than the birds of the preceding genera 
of this family; but they dart along the surface of the 
sea with great address. ‘They generally frequent the 
coasts or shores of the sea, being rarely found inland, 
or on the fresh-water lakes, and feed on small fishes, 
insects, and marine vegetables: they lay two eggs, 
and nidificate in burrows. 


ARCTIC PUFFIN. 


(Fratercula arctica.) 


Fr. corpore nigricante, genis, pectore abdomineque albis, rostro 
rubro bast nigro. 

Puffin with a dusky body, the cheeks, breast, and abdomen white, 
the beak red, with its base black. 

Alca arctica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.211. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.549. 
Brun. Orn. Boreal. no. 103. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 792. 

Alca Labradora. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.550. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 
FEE 

Fratercula. Briss. Orn. 6. 81. pl. 6.f. 2. 

Anas arctica. Rai, Syn. 120. A. 

Le Macareux. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 358. pl. 26. Buff. Pl. 
Enl, 275. Cuv. Reg. Anim, |. 511. 


38 ARCTIC PUFFIN. 


Macareux moine, (Mormon fratercula.) Temm. man.d’ Orn. 614. 
Id. 2 Edit. ii, 934. 

Labrador Auk. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.318. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 
428. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 62. 

Puffin. Albin’s Birds, 2. pl. 78,79. Edw. Glean. pl. 358.f. 1. 
Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 232. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.427. Lath. 
Gen. Syn. 5.314. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 225. Don. Brit. 
Birds, |. pl. 8. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 87. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. 
and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.168. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 58. 

Alca deleata. Brun. Orn, Boreal. no. 104. 


Leneru about one foot: the base of the beak 
bluish-ash, its middle yellow, and its point bright 
red; the upper mandible is marked with three fur- 
rows, the under with two: its irides are whitish: the 
margins of the eyes red: the top of the head, all the 
upper parts of the body, and a collar surrounding the 
neck, are deep shining black: the quills are dusky- 
brown: the cheeks, a broad band above the eyes, and 
the throat, are very bright grey: the breast, the belly, 
and the rest of the under parts are pure white: the 
legs are orange-red. ‘The young have the beak much 
less than the old, smooth at its sides, and without 
furrows ; it is of a yellowish-brown colour: the space 
between the eye and the beak is of a dusky-ash colour: 
the cheeks and the throat are of a deeper ash than in 
the old : the collar on the neck is shaded with dusky- 
ash in front ; and the legs are dull red. 

These singular birds inhabit the polar regions of 
Europe, Asia, and America, retiring southward. to 
breed: they are found in the greatest profusion on 
several of the coasts of England, especially those of 
Priestholm Island, near Anglesea: also about the 
Needles, in the Isle of Wight, and at Beechy Head : 


ARCTIC PUFFIN. 39. 


they appear on those coasts in the beginning of 
April; and they immediately commence the opera- 
tion of forming burrows in the earth for their young 
ones. ‘This task is usually allotted to the males, who 
are so intent on the business, as to suffer themselves, 
at that time, to be taken with the hand. They some- 
times dislodge the Rabbits from their holes, and save 
themselves the trouble of forming one of their own. 

The females lay one whitish-coloured egg upon the 
bare ground im their burrows, and the males assist 
the office of ncubation. ‘The young ones are hatched 
in the beginning of July: the parents are very atten- 
tive to them, and will defend them to the last, by 
severely biting whatever enemy attempts to molest 
them, and will suffer themselves to be taken rather 
than desert them: and yet, notwithstanding this 
uncommon attachment, when the day of migration 
arrives, the young which are not able to fly are left 
behind, and mostly perish by want, or are destroyed 
by birds of prey. 

The food of these birds is sprats, sea-weeds, small 
crabs, shrimps, &c., which makes them excessively 
rank : yet the young are pickled and preserved with 
spices, and by some people are much admired. 

Their bite is very severe. Bewick mentions that 
one sent to him in a box covered with netting caught 
hold of the finger of a man, and brought away the 
fleshy part, as if it had been cut out with a knife. 
They may be easily tamed, and soon become familiar : 
in this state they feed upon fish, and other animal 
substances. 


4.0 


NORTHERN PUFFIN. 


(Fratercula glacialis.) 


Fr. corpore nigro, genis schistaceo-albidis, pectore abdomineque 
albis, rostro pallido basi nigro. 

Puffin with a black body, the cheeks slaty-white, breast and 
abdomen white, the beak pale, with its base black. 

Fratercula glacialis. Leach in Brit. Mus. Collection. 


Tus species greatly resembles the preceding, but 
the colours are more intense, and the form of the 
beak is different: it was discovered during Captain 
Ross’s Expedition to the northern regions; and spe- 
cimens are now preserved in the collection at the 
British Museum. 


TUFTED PUFFIN. 
(Fratercula cirrhata.) 


Fr. corpore nigricante, fronte, capitis lateribus, guldque albis, 
superciliis albis, postice flavis elongatis cirrhatis. 

Puffin with a dusky body, the forehead, sides of the head, and 
throat white, the eyebrows white, with an elongate crest be- 
hind yellow. 

Alca cirrhata. Pall. Spic. 5. pl. 1. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 553. 
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.791. 

Le Macareux de Kamtschatka. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 368. 
Buff: Pl. Enl. 761. 

Tufted Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.432. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.313. 
pl. 95. f. 1. (head.) Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 57. pl. 170.f- 1. 


TUFTED PUFFIN. 4d 


Larcer than the Puffin: length nineteen inches: 
beak an inch and three quarters in length, the same 
in depth at the base, and crossed with three furrows : 
the colours nearly as in the Puffin: the forehead, 
sides of the head, and chin are white: irides yel- 
lowish-brown : over each eye arises a tuft of feathers 
four inches or more in length, which falls elegantly 
on each side of the neck, reaching almost to the back; 
these are white as far as they are attached to the head, 
but afterwards of a fine buff-yellow: the rest of the 
plumage is black, palest on the under parts, and in- 
clining to ash-colour: the shafts of the quills are 
white: tail very short, consisting of sixteen feathers : 
legs of a brownish-orange : claws black. “The female 
scarcely differs, except in being less ; the beak crossed 
only with two furrows, instead of three; and the tuft 
smaller.” 

Latham gives the above description of this curious 
bird, and adds, that it is found at Kamtschatka and 
the neighbouring islands: the natives of which places 
formerly used their beaks as amulets or charms; and 
at present make use of their skins for clothing. ‘They 
are stated to lay but one egg only: their food con- 
sists of crabs, shrimps, and testacea: they burrow 
under ground, and line their nest with feathers. 


ANCIENT PUFFIN. 


(Fratercula antiqua.) 


Fr. corpore nigricante, abdomine albo, pennis cervicalibus linea- 
ribus elongatis albis. 

Puffin with a dusky body, white abdomen, and linear elongate 
white cervical feathers. 

Alca antiqua. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.554. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.795. 

Ancient Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 240. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 
326. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 70. 


Leneru near eleven inches: beak with its base 
white, and from the nostrils to the tip black; the 
feathers come very forward thereon; and the eyes, 
im consequence, appear to be placed far back in the 
head : this part, as also the sides and throat, are deep 
black: the upper part of the body and wings are 
dusky black : the under part of a pure white: on the 
ears, just behind the eyes, spring several long narrow 
white feathers, which fall down on each side of the 
neck and unite at the lower part, forming a kind of 
crescent ; they are somewhat curled at the base, where 
they are most numerous: the legs are placed very far 
back, and are dusky: the tail is short, rounded, and 
black. 

Inhabits various parts of the Northern Pacific 
Ocean, from North America to Kamtschatka and the 
Kurile Islands. 


PHALERIS. STARIKI. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, conico- || Beak medial, conic-convex, 


convexum, utrinque com- 
pressum, feré quadrangu- 
lare, ad apicem emargi- 
natum: mandibula. supe- 
riore apice incurvo; infe- 
riore brevior, versus basin 
tumida, 


compressed on each side, 
nearly quadrangular, emar- 
ginated towards the tip; 
the upper mandible bent 
down at the tip ; the lower 
shorter, and swollen to- 
wards the base. 


Nostrils oblong, placed to- 
wards the middle of the 
beak. 

Wings medial. 

Legs short, three-toed ; claws 


Nares oblongse ad medium 
rostri sitee. 


Ale mediocres. 
Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- 


gues curvati. curved. 


PHALERIS. Temminck. 
ALCA. Pallas, Gmel., Lath., Vieil. 


‘TEMMINCK has judiciously separated this genus 
from the Puffins, in the second edition of his Ma- 
nuel: he appears, however, to have been anticipated 
by Vieillot, in his Analyse d’une Nouvelle Ormitho- 
logie Elémentaire, in which work M. Vieillot has 
applied the name Alca to the A. cristatella of Gmelin, 
and Larva to the Fratercula arctica and Alca wm- 


AAs PERROQUET STARIKI. 


pennis. ‘The only species known reside between the 
continents of Asia and America, consequently their 
habits are but little ascertained. ‘Temminck differs 
with Latham respecting the number of species, and 
asserts that some of those described by the latter are 
the young of the others; but as he gives no reasons 
in support of his assertion, and as the birds appear 
to be widely different, I have judged it best to keep 
them distinct, till some more certain information is 
obtained respecting them. ‘They usually nidificate 
in holes and fissures of rocks. 


PERROQUET STARIKI. 


(Phaleris Psittacula.) 


Pu. corpore nigricante, abdomine albo, facie producta, ad bastm 
rostrt coarctala, rostro rubro. 

Stariki with the body dusky, the abdomen white, the face pro- 
duced and straightened towards the base of the beak, the beak 
red. 

Alca Psittacula. Pall. Spic. 5.13. pl. 2. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
553. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.794. 

Stariki. Hist. Kamtschatka, 155. 

Perroquet Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 433. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 
325. pl. 95.7.2. Bing. Anim. Biog. 2.345. Lath. Gen. Hist: 
x. 69. 


Axout the size of a Blackbird: the beak is deep 
red, much compressed, and convex both above and 
beneath: the nostrils are placed in the middle of it, 
and pervious ; and above these there is a furrow that 


PERROQUET STARIKI. 45 


reaches from the base to the middle : the head is much 
elongated, and the eyes are placed, apparently, far 
back: in the middle of the upper eyelid is a white 
spot; and from the hinder part of the eye springs a 
slender tuft of white feathers, which hangs loosely 
on the neck: the upper parts of the plumage, the 
head, and neck are black ; and the under parts, from 
the breast, white: the thighs dusky: the legs dirty 
yellow : webs brown. 

This species is found in flocks, in Kamtschatka, in 
the isles towards Japan, and on the western shores of 
America. Like the rest of the tribe, they are in- 
dolent and stupid birds, as the following ridiculous 
method of catching them sufficiently proves :—One 
_of the natives places himself in the evening among 
the rocks, under a loose garment of fur, of a par- 
ticular shape, with large open sleeves, when the birds, 
returning to their lodging places at dusk, run under 
the skirts and up the arm-holes, in order to shelter 
themselves during the night: the man concealed be- 
neath kills them as fast as they enter, and by this 
means, as many are often taken in an evening as he 
can carry away. ‘Their stupidity occasions them like- 
wise very often to fly on board a ship of an evening, 
mistaking it for a roosting place. 

They lay an egg of a dirty white or yellowish- 
‘colour, spotted with brown, about the middle of June, 
upon the bare rock or sand, and it is said to be very 
excellent eating. 


AG 


DUSKY STARIKI.- 


(Phaleris tetracula.) 


Pu. corpore nigro subtus cinerascente, nucha maculis rectrici- 
busque lateralibus apice ferrugineis, fronte subcristatd, rostro 
luteo-fusco, carina albida. 

Stariki with the body black, beneath ash-coloured, the nape with 
spots, and the lateral tail-feathers at the tip ferruginous, the 
forehead slightly crested, the beak of a yellowish-brown, the 
tip whitish. 

Alca tetracula. Pall. Spic. 5. 25. pl. 4. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 
552. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 794. 

Dusky Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.435. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 324. 
pl. 95. f. 3. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 68. 


Size of the preceding: length eleven inches: the 
beak smaller in proportion, but the upper mandible 
bent at the point; the colour yellow-brown; the 
ridge white: the irides are white, surrounded by a 
circle of black : the forehead is covered with downy 
feathers, which are pretty full, and reflexed half one 
way, half the other: behind the eyes a stripe of 
white : the head and neck are black, marked with a 
few obscure ferruginous spots on the nape: the upper 
parts of the body black ; beneath cinereous, growing 
whitish near the vent: the wings reach to the base 
of the tail, which is composed of fourteen feathers, 
all of which, except the two middle ones, are ferru- 
ginous at the ends: legs livid : webs black. 

Found in the seas between Japan and Kamtschatka: 
their nests are formed in fissures among the rocks : 


Avie 
Peis 


Tui) 
n 


CRESTED STARIKI: 


PES: 


CRESTED STARIKI. 47 


they are very active im the water, but exceedingly 
clumsy and stupid on shore. Their flesh is but little 
valued, but their eggs are much prized: they will 
sometimes fly on board vessels of an evening, and are 
then very easily captured. "Temminck supposes this 
to be the young of the preceding species. 


CRESTED STARIKI. 
(Phaleris cristatella.) 


Pu. corpore nigricante, dorso maculis ferrugineis, crista frontal 
antrorsum inclinante, rostro rubro. 

Stariki with the body dusky, the back with rusty spots, a frontal 
crest inelining forwards, and a red beak. 

Alca cristatella. Pall. Spic. 5. 18. pl. 3. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
552. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 794. 

Black Stariki. Hist. Kamtschatka, 156. 

Crested Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 434. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 
323. pl. 95. f. 4. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 67. 


« Lenetu twelve inches: the beak shaped some- 
what like that of the Common Puffin, but the upper 
mandible more hooked at the tip, and the feathers of 
the chin produced half way on the under one: at the 
angle of the mouth a callous flap: the colour of that 
and the beak crimson; tip of the last yellow: the 
head is rather small; and on the forehead is an up- 
right crest composed of long feathers, which curve 
forwards: eyes small; under them a line of white, 
and behind them a streak composed of four or five 


48 FLAT-BILLED STARIKI ? 


slender white feathers : the head and neck black : the 
back the same, marked with ferruginous-brown spots, 
changing into hoary on the rump: the under parts of . 
a dusky-brown: the wings reach to the base of the 
tail, which is black, and consists of fourteen feathers ; 
the outermost but one ferruginous at the tip; the 
outer one marked with indistinct white dots: legs 
livid: webs dusky. Inhabits the islands contiguous 
to Japan; sleeping in burrows on shore and fissures 
of rocks.”— Latham. 


FLAT-BILLED STARIKI ? 


(Phaleris? pygmea.) 


Pu? corpore atro, subtus cinerco, rostro nigro. 

Stariki? with the body dark-coloured, beneath cinereous, the 
beak black. 

Alca pygmea. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.555. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.796. 

Pygmy Auk. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 431. 

Flat-billed Auk. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 328. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x72. 


Less than the Common Sea-dove: length seven 
inches: beak black; ridged on the top, but on each 
side of the ridge much depressed: the nostrils are 
placed parallel to the edge of the upper mandible ; 
and the point of the beak is somewhat curved: the 
visage 1s rather elongated, as in the Perroquet ; and 
the sides of the head, between the beak and the eye, 
are furnished with a few narrow pale feathers: the 


FLAT-BILLED STARIKI. 49 


plumage on all the upper part of the body is sooty 
black: the chin and throat very pale: the fore part 
of the breast and belly paler than above, and greatly 
inclining to ash-colour: the belly dirty white in the 
middle: legs dusky. 

Inhabits the islands between Asia and North Ame- 
rica. ‘Temminck says that this is the young of the 
foregoing bird, but the form and colour of the beak 
appear to controvert that opinion. Dr. Latham has 
made a separate division for this species, in the new 
edition of his Synopsis, on account of the depressed. 
beak with which it is furnished. 


V. Xill. P. I; 


Je) B, Oye ees y OP 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite equale, rec- || Beak as long as the head, 


tum, Jongius quam al- straight, longer than high, 
tum, utrinque compres- compressed on each side, 
sum, transversim  sulea- transversely grooved ; the 
tum : mandibula superiore upper mandible hooked at 
apice adunca,  inferiore the tip, the lower angu- 
subtus angulosa. lated beneath. 

Nares \ineares, laterales, ad || Nostrils linear, lateral, placed 
medium rostri site. towards the middle of the 

beak. 

Ale brevissime. Wings very short. 

Pedes breves, tridactyli; un- || Legs short, three-toed; the 
gues subcurvati. claws slightly curved. 


ALCA. Linn., Gmel., Brun., Lath., Temm., &c. 
LARVA. Vieil. 


Tuts extraordinary genus, of which there is but 
one species known, approximates very closely to the 
true Penguins, or the birds of the second division of 
this family; they also bear a great resemblance to the 
Razor-bills, except in the length of the wings, which 
in this bird are very short, so short as totally to in- 
capacitate it for flying: it lays but one egg. 


ne. 0. 


GREAT AUK. 


ol 


GREAT AUK. 


(Alca impennis.) 


AL. corpore nigro, subtus ¢ culo, re ugibus secundariis 
apice, maculaque ovata nte oculos, albis. 

Auk with the body black, b h from the middle of the jugulum, 
the tips of the secondary and an ovate spot before the 
eyes, white. 

Alcea impennis. Linn. Sys > 210. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
550. Brun. Orn. Bo 20. 105. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 791. 

Alea major. Briss. Orn. he 

Penguin. fFaziz, Syn. V Edw. Glean. pl. 147. 

Le grand Pingoin. t. Nat. Ois. 9.393. pl. 29. Buff. 
Pl. Enl. 367. eg. Anim. 1. 512. 

Pingouin brachyptere . man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. ii. 939. 

Great Auk. Penn. 1 9. pl.81. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2.424. Lath.G Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 222, 
Walc, Syn. 1. pl. n. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. 

Brit. Birds, 2. 16 Hist. x. 55. 


Tuts bird is 11 
four inches and 


crossed obliquely 
_ which 


eth three feet: the beak is black ; 
juarter long; both mandibles are 
with several ridges and furrows, 
val-shaped white spots 

etween the bea k and 


sides of the bo y an lesser apiite are 
white: the wings are very short, the longest quill-fea- 
thers not exceeding four inches in length: the legs 
are black, short, and placed near the vent. 


52 GREAT AUK. 


This species is not numerous any where: it habits 
Norway, Iceland, the Ferroe Islands, Greenland, and 
other northern regions; and but very rarely visits Bri- 
tain, and then only the most northern parts, among 
the Orkneys. 

The female lays but one egg, which is white, irregu- - 
larly marked with purplish lines, and blotched with 
dark rusty spots at the larger end ; and it is said that 
if the egg be taken away she will not lay a second : 
this will account for its rarity. ‘The young are hatched 
very late in the season: they feed upon plants, but 
the old upon fishes, in search of which they dive and 
swim under water with the greatest rapidity, for which 
their short wings are easily calculated, as they per- 
form the office of fins: they are very rarely seen on 
shore, and walk very badly : they are extremely shy. 


oS 


DIVISION II. 


Rostrum subcompressum, aut fere cylindricum ; pedes tetradac- 
tyli ; ale breves; remiges et rectrices nulle. 

Beak slightly compressed, or nearly cylindric; /egs four-toed ; 
wings short ; no quills or tail-feathers. 


Tuer extraordinary birds comprised in this section 
of the family are totally incapable of flying, their 
wings being completely destitute of quills, and ap- 
pearing at first sight as if covered with scales: the 
tail-feathers are also wanting: their legs are placed 
very backward, and the birds when at rest are sup- 
ported on the tarsi: their feet have four toes. They 
are all natives of the antarctic regions; and while 
swimming they are almost immersed in the water, 
the head alone appearing above the surface, rowing 
themselves with their finny wings, as with oars: they 
seldom quit the sea except for the purpose of nidifica- 
tion : during the tedious process of incubation they 
are compelled, it is said, to trail their full length on 
their eggs, in consequence of their awkward struc- 
ture, 


54 


APTENODYTES. PENGUIN. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum longum, leviga- 
tum, rectum, subulatum, 
tenuiusculum, —cylindri- 
cum, acutum; mandibula 
superiore versus apicem 
declive, inferiorem lon- 
giore. 

Nares plumis tectee. 


Remiges et rectrices nullee. 


Pedes breves, tetradactyli. 


Beak long, smooth, straight, 
subulated, slender, cylin- 
dric, poimted; the upper 
mandible bent down to- 
wards the tip, longer than 
the lower. 


Nostrils covered with fea- 
thers. 

Quills and tail-feathers want- 
ing. 


Legs short, four-toed. 


APTENODYTES. Forst., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., &c. 


"THE true Penguins have the beak slender, long, and 
pointed ; the upper mandible is slightly arcuated on 
the top, and covered for a third of its length with 
feathers, in which the nostrils are placed; from the 
latter to the tip is a groove. 


yi i 
wn 
; | 


ia 
ve 


) Ip 


PU. 7. 


i 


{ 


(I 
iy 


ms 


PATAGONIAN PENGUDS . 


PATAGONIAN PENGUIN. 


(Aptenodytes Patagonica.) 
Ap. rostro pedibusque nigris, maculd ad aures ulrinque flavo- 


aurea collum ambiente. 


Penguin with the beak and legs black, and a golden yellow spot 
near the ears, on each side, encompassing the neck. 


Aptenodytes Patagonica. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.556. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 1. 878. : 


Manchot de la Nouvelle Guinée. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 179. pl. 113. 
Grand Manchot des isles Malouines. Buff: Hist, Nat. Ois. 9. 
399. pl. 30. Buff. Pl. Enl. 975. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 513. 
Patagonian Penguin. Forster, Voy. 2. 214. Lath. Gen. Syn. 

6.563. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 390. 


Tue Patagonian Penguin is thus commemorated 
by Latham :—‘“‘ This is the largest of the species 
known, being four feet three inches in length, and 
stands erect at least three feet; the weight forty 
pounds : the beak is four inches and a half in length, 
more slender in proportion than in any of the species, 
and bends towards the tip; the colour of it black 
for two-thirds of the length, and from thence to the 
point yellowish ; the under mandible orange at the 
base and black at the tip: the tongue is half the 
length of the beak, and armed on each side with 
spikes turning backwards: the irides are hazel: the 
head, throat, and hind part of the neck are of a deep 
brown: the back of a deep ash-colour, each feather 
bluish at the tip: the under parts are pure white : 
on each side of the head, beginning under the eye, 
and behind it, is a broad stripe of fine yellow; this 
advances forward as it proceeds down the neck, where 


56 CHILOE PENGUIN ? 


it grows narrower and paler, and at last blends itself 
with the white on the breast ; this appearance, how- 
ever, is only when the neck is stretched, for the state 
in which the bird usually carries itself is with the 
head rather crouched in between the shoulders, where 
the yellow appears encircling the neck as a necklace : 
the wings are of the usual form, but larger in pro- 
portion : the legs scaly and black.’’ 

Natives of the Falkland Islands, New Guinea, New 
Georgia, and other parts adjoiing the Antarctic seas. 
Their principal food consists of crabs, testacea, and 
mollusca: they frequent sequestered places, and occur 
in large flocks: their flesh, although black, is eatable, 


CHILOE PENGUIN ? 


(Aptenodytes ? Chiloensis.) 


Ap? corpore lanuginoso cinereo tecto. 

Penguin ? with the body clothed with an ash-coloured down. 

Aptenodytes Chiloensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 559. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. ii. 881. 

Diomedea Chilensis. Molin. Chil. p. 210. 

Chiloe Penguin. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 361. Lath. Gen. Mist. x. 
388. 


Sze of a Duck: the body covered with a kind of 
ash-coloured down, of so fine a texture as to admit 
of being spun into thread, and made into garments, 
coverings of heads, and other purposes. Inhabits the 
Archipelago of Chiloe. May not this be a young 
bird ? 


57 


CHRYSOCOMA. GORFOU. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum basi rectum, latera- || Beak straight at the base, 


tim compressum, obliqué laterally compressed, ob- 
suleatum; -mandibula su- liquely grooved ; the up- 
periore adunca, inferiore || per mandible hooked, the 
apice rotundata. lower rounded at the tip. 
Nares plumis tecte. Nostrils clothed with fea- 
thers. 
Remiges et rectrices nulle. Quills and tail-feathers want- 
ing. 


Pedes breves, tetradactyli. Legs short, four-toed. 


CHRYSOCOMA. | Cuv. ? 
APTENODYTES. Forst., Gmel., Lath. 
CATARRACTES. Briss. 

PHAETON. Linn. 

EUDYPTES. Vieill. 


‘THESE birds are distinguished from those of the 
preceding genus by the beak being stronger, com- 
pressed, and pointed ; it has the top rounded, and 
the tip but little arched; the groove in which the 
nostrils are placed terminates obliquely at the lower 
edge at one-third of the length from the tip. From 
the Sphenisques they may be distinguished by the 


58 HOPPING GORFOU. 


form of the lower mandible, which is rounded at the 
tip, instead of beimg truncated. 


7 ° 
(ES RTT TS ET 


HOPPING GORFOU. 


(Chrysocoma saltator-) 


Cu. vostro rufo-fusco, pedibus flavescentibus, crista frontali erecta, 
auriculart deflexa sulphured. 

Gorfou with a red-brown beak, the legs yellowish, an erect frontal, 
and deflexed auricular crest, of a sulphur colour. 

Aptenodytes chrysocome. Gel, Syst. Nat. 1.555. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 878. tee Wa: 

Manchot sauteur. Buff. Pl. Enl. 984, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 
9. 409. by? aad 

Le Gorfou sauteur, Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1, 513. 

Crested Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.561. Lath. Gen, Hist. 
x. 385. 


A BEAUTIFUL bird, measuring nearly two feet in 
length: beak three inches long, and of a deep red; 
with a dark groove running on each side to the tip: 
the irides are dull red: the head, neck, back, and 
sides are black : on each eye is a stripe of pale yellow 
feathers, elongated into a crest of near four inches 
in length; above this the feathers on the head are 
lengthened and stand upward: the wings are black, 
edged with white ; the inside of them and the breast, 
and all the under parts of the plumage white: the 
legs are pale orange: the claws dusky. The female 
has a pale yellow streak over the eye, and is destitute 
of the crest. 


PES 


1) 
iy 


{ 
Hiltl 


HOPPING GORFOU. 


Site i 
aioe Soey nN, 


i 


avs 


Lh a at ¢ i 
am ay 


PAPUAN GORFOU. 59 


In common with the rest of the group to which it 
belongs, this species 1s very stupid, and when struck 
at does not offer to move from its situation. When 
alarmed, or in anger, it erects its crest. ‘The females 
lay their eggs on the bare ground, in a hole formed 
in the earth, by themselves; they are larger than 
those of a Duck, and nearly white. 

This species is very common in the Falkland Islands, 
and other parts of the southern regions, and frequently 
jumps three or four feet out of the water upon meeting 
with the slightest obstacle; whence they have ob- 
tamed the name of Hoppmg Penguin, and Jumping 
Jack, from our sailors. 


PAPUAN GORFOU. 


(Chrysocoma papua.) 


Cu. rostro pedibusque rubicundis, macula occipitali alba. 
Gorfou with reddish beak and legs, and a white occipital spot. 
Aptenodytes papua. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 556. 

Le Manchot papoa. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 181. pl. 115. 


Papuan Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.565. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 388. 


Leneru thirty inches: beak red, four inches long ; 
the upper mandible slightly bent at the tip; the under 
a little pomted: the irides reddish-yellow: the head 
and upper half and back of the neck bluish-dusky- 
black : over the eye, on each side of the head, is a 
large patch of white, which reaches backwards nearly 


60 COLLARED GORFOU. 


to the occiput ; and across the top of the head is a 
bar of the same colour, uniting the patches together : 
the under parts of the body are white: the wings are 
black above, with their tips, lower edge, and insides 
white : tail wedge-shaped : legs reddish: webs dusky : 
claws black. 

Inhabits New Guinea, Falkland Islands, and Kuér- 
guelen’s Land. 


COLLARED GORFOU. 


(Chrysocoma torquata. ) 


Cu. rostro pedibusque nigris, areis oculorum nudis sanguineis, 
semitorque albo. 

Gorfou with the beak and legs black, the space round the eyes 
naked, and red, and white collar half round the neck. 

Aptenodytes torquata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.558. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
Piccls US 

Manchot a collier de la Nouvelle Guinée. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 181. 
pl. 114. 

Collared Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.571. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 391. 


InnAzits New Guinea and other southern islands. 
Length eighteen inches: beak and irides black : the 
eye surrounded with a naked blood-red skin: the 
head, throat, hind part of the neck, sides, back, wings, 
and tail black : the fore part of the neck, breast, belly, 
and thighs white, the colour extending nearly round 
the upper part of the neck as a collar: the legs are 
black. 


61 


RED-FOOTED GORFOU. 


(Chrysocoma Catarractes.) 


Cu. rostro pedibusque rubris, capite fusco. 

Gorfou with the beak and legs red, the head brown. 

Phaéton demersus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.219. 

Aptenodytes Catarractes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.558. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 881. 

Catarractes. Briss. Orn. 6. 102. 

Red-footed Penguin. Edw. Glean. pl. 49. Lath. Gen. Syn. 
6.572. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 386. 


Tuts bird is the size of a Goose: the beak is red; 
both mandibles pointed, and the upper one but slightly 
bent: the fore part of the head is dirty brown: the 
back part, and all the upper parts of the neck and 
body of a dingy purple: all the under parts white, 
in some birds undulated: wings brown, edged with 
white: tail short and black: legs, toes, and webs dirty 
red: claws brown. 

Inhabits the South Seas: probably a young bird. 


LITTLE GORFOU. 
(Chrysocoma minor.) 


Cu. rostro nigro, pedibus albidis. 

Gorfou with the beak black, the legs whitish. 

Aptenodytes minor. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.558. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 881. 

Little Penguin. Lath. Gen, Syn. 6. 572. pl. 103. Lath, Gen. 
Hist. x. 387, pl. 180. 


62 LITTLE. GOREOU. 


Ficurep and described by Latham: ‘ Size of a 
Teal: length fifteen inches: beak an inch and a half 
long ; in shape like that of the Red-footed ; colour 
dusky ; the under mandible somewhat truncated, and 
blue at the base: irides livid: the upper parts of the 
bird, from head to tail, appear cinereous blue, the 
ends of the feathers being of that colour, but the base 
of them is brown-black ; the shafts of each feather 
black : round the eye and a little way below on each 
side is a bed of pale brownish-ash colour: the under 
parts, from chin to vent, white: wings dusky above, 
and white beneath: tail very short, and consists of 
sixteen stiff feathers, but is scarce perceivable, except 
in the feathers appearing a little elongated at that 
part: legs dull red: webs dusky: claws black.” 

Not unfrequent on the rocks of the southern parts 
of New Zealand, especially in Dusky Bay: they lay 
their eggs in deep burrows formed on the sides of 
the hills: the natives knock them down with sticks, 
and feed upon their flesh. 


iS 
~ 


SPHENISCUS. SPHENISQUE. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum basi rectum, la- || Beak straight at the base, 


teratim compressum, ob- laterally compressed, ob- 
liqué sulcatum; mandi- liquely grooved; the up- 
bula superiore adunca, in- per mandible hooked ; the 
feriore truncata. lower truncated. 
Nares ad medium rostri site, || Mostrils placed near the 
denudate. middle of the beak, and 
naked. 
Remiges et rectrices nulle. Quills and tail-feathers want- 
ing. 
Pedes breves, tetradactyli. Legs short, four-toed. 


SPHENISCUS. Briss., Cuv. 
APTENODYTES. Gmel., Lath. 
EUDYPTES. Vieill. 
_DIOMEDEA, Linn. 


THEsE birds have the beak straight, compressed, 
irregularly channelled at its base, the tip of the upper 
mandible hooked, and of the lower truncated: the 
nostrils are placed in the middle, and not clothed 
with feathers. 


64: 


CAPE SPHENISQUE, 
(Spheniscus demprcus) 


Spe. rostro pedibusque nigris, superciis ae: fascia pectorali 
nigra. 

Sohenietiue with the beak and legs black, the eyebrows white, 
and a black pectoral band. 

Diomedea demersa. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 214. 

Aptenodytes demersa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 557. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 879. a - 

Spheniscus. Briss. Orn. 6. 97 am 

Black-footed Penguin. Edw. Glean. pl. 94. 

Cape Penguin. Lath. Gen. we 6. 566. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
p. 381. 

Variety.—Spheniscus nevius. Briss. Orn. 6. 99. pl. 9. 

Manchot a bec tronqué. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 411. Buff: Pl. 
Enl. 380. ig ae 

Black-footed Penguin. Edw. Glean. pl. 94. f-1. Lath. Gen. 
Syn. 6. 567. A. Lhe aes 


LENGTH twentyamne i £ beak dusky, marked 
with a transverse yellowish band near the tip; from 
the base, about half way, is a groove in which the 
nostrils are placed : the upper parts of the plumage 
are black: the sides of the head and throat dingy 
grey : the wings are black above, with the lower edge 
eile, and the under part varied with black and white: 
the breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts white : 
tail wedge-shaped : legs, webs, and toes black. 

A variety or sexual distinction is described by 
Brisson, with the upper part of the head, the back, 
and rump blackish: each feather with a deep black 
dash down the shaft, and some very small whitish-grey 


CAPE SPHENISQUE. 


aghea 


Sintec’ 


MAGELLANIC SPHENISQUE. 65 


dots on each web : on each side-of the head is a stripe 
of white, which commences at the base of the beak 
and passes over the eyes to the occiput, and uniting 
to the white on the sides of the neck: the sides of 
the head and throat are blackish-brown, marked with 
small dirty white spots: on the breast is an arched 
blackish-brown band, which passes in a line on each 
side quite te the thighs. 

Found in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope: 
the female lays two white eggs, the size of those of a 
Duck; they are reckoned elicioas eating, and are 
much prized : these birds are said to ee some way 
up the rocks in order to make their nest, notwith- 
standing the awkwardness of their manners: they 
swim and dive admirably. 


MAGELLANIC SPHENISQUE. 


(Spheniscus Magellanicus. ) 


Sp. rostro nigro fascia purpurascente, superciliis albis, fascra Re 
toralt et torque medio colli nigris. 


Sphenisque with the beak black, banded with purple, the eye- 


brows white, a pectoral fascia and collar on the middle of the 
neck black. 


Aptenodytes Magellanica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.557. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 880. 


Magellanic Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.569. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 383. 


Lenertu from two feet to thirty inches: the beak 
black, transversely banded near the tip: the irides 
Vi. KEM (Ba Ke 5 


66 MAGELLANIC SPHENISQUE. 


red-brown: the sides of the head, under the eye and 
the chin, black: from the base of the beak, through 
and over the eye, surrounding the black on the sides 
of the head and meeting under the throat, is a white 
streak : the rest of the head and neck is black, as are 
also the upper parts of the body and wings: the under 
parts of the body, from the breast, white, a narrow 
band of black excepted, which passes at a little distance 
within the white on the breast, and downwards on 
each side, beneath the wings, quite to the thighs : 
the legs are reddish flesh-colour, irregularly spotted 
on the toes: claws black. 

Inhabits ‘Terra del Fuego, the Straits of Magellan, 
and other southern parts, in the utmost profusion : 
often seen by thousands retiring to rest for the night : 
when they swim, only the neck and shoulders appear 
out of the water, and they advance with great rapidity ; 
if they meet with any obstacle they leap four or five 
feet out of the water, and dipping into it again con- 
tinue their route. ‘They are rather bold birds, and 
if molested will frequently attack and bite the in- 
truder by the legs, so as to fetch blood. ‘Their eggs 
are larger than those of a Goose, are two in number, 
and are said to be good eating. 


64 


ANTARCTIC SPHENISQUE ? 


(Spheniscus? antarcticus.) 


Sp? rostro atro, pedibus rubicundis, lined gulari nigra. 

Sphenisque? with the beak dark-coloured, the Tees reddish, and 
a black line on the throat. 

Aptenodytes antarctica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.557. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 879. 

Antarctic Penguin. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.565. Forst. Voy. 1. 98. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 389. 


Tuts rather exceeds two feet in length: its beak 
nearly three inches long, and black; the under man- 
dible somewhat truncated: the irides are pale yellow : 
the prevailing colour of the upper parts of the body 
is black; of the under pure white: the wings are 
leaden-black, with their lower margins and inside 
white, and tips black: on the chin is a narrow 
blackish streak, which passes backwards to the oc- 
ciput, with an angulation near the ears: the tail is 
black: the legs are flesh-coloured : the soles of the 
feet black. 

Inhabits, like its congeners, various parts of the 
Antarctic Seas: it is frequently observed on the ice- 
bergs and islands in plenty. 


NEW HOLLAND SPHENISQUE. 


(Spheniscus Nove Hollandiz.) 


Sp. rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-incarnatis, corpore supra fusco 
ct : i 
pennis apice griseo, subtus guldque albo. 
Sphenisque with a black beak, brown fiesh-coloured legs, the 


body brown above, with the tips of the feathers grey, beneath 
and throat white. 


New Holland Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 388. 


‘“‘ Lenoru two feet or more: beak black, the upper 
mandible hooked at the tip, the under truncated : 
plumage above brown, the feathers tipped with grey, 
giving a mixed appearance: chin, throat, and the 
rest of the parts beneath rufous-white : wings brown: 


legs pale flesh-coloured brown: webs black. Inhabits 
New Holland.”’— Latham. 


I cannot quit this curious family without noticing 
the following extraordinary birds (which are de- 
scribed in the new edition of Dr. Latham’s Synopsis), 
whose location I am at a loss to fix : from his descrip- 
tion I suspect they must either be the young of some: 
other species, or form the types of a new genus, espe- 
cially if he be correct in saying that they possess but 
three toes. ‘The first is the 


Hairy Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 392. 


“‘ Length two feet six inches: beak three inches 
and a half; black; the upper mandible bent at the 


WOOLLY PENGUIN. 69 


tip, with a furrow running the whole of its length, 
but no appearance of nostrils: tongue half the length 
of the beak, armed with numerous spikes, tending 
backwards: in the palate a long cleft, passing deep 
into the beak : eyelids prominent, but the parts round 
them covered with short downy hairs : the whole bird, 
otherwise, covered with a thick-set hair, having no 
resemblance either to down or feathers: for the most 
part two inches in length: wings hanging down, and 
covered in the same manner, but the hair short in 
proportion : tail not distinguishable from the rest of 
the plumage: colour of the whole uniform brown, 
not paler, as is usual in other birds, beneath: legs 
very stout and scaly, deep brown, webbed quite to 
the toes, which are three in number, all placed for- 
wards: claws stout and black, the middle one sharp 
at the inner edge. Inhabits South America.” 
The second is the 


Woolly Penguin, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 392. pl. 181. 


‘‘ The total length of this singular bird is two feet 
eight inches; in shape, as it stands upright, giving 
the idea of a bottle. ‘The beak to the gape three 
inches and three quarters; bare space beneath it an 
inch and a half; pale brownish-yellow, with a blackish 
point ; from the base to about one-third, a finely gra- 
nulated skin or cere, and a seam continued to the 
point, but the nostrils are not clearly distinguishable ; 
from the point of the beak to the eye four inches and 
a quarter: whole length of the wing one foot; to 
the head six inches: body im general covered witha 
kind of downy brown fur, in some parts three inches 
im length: orbits somewhat downy, but not quite 


70 APTERYX. 
bare: cireuit of the body, just above the legs, two 
feet ten inches ; round the neck at the throat, eleven 
inches and a half; round the base of the beak four 
inches and a half: length of foot seven inches: toes 
three in number; all placed forwards; colour yellow: 
toes and webs nearest the claws brown-black; the rest 
yellow : the webs continue quite to the claws, which are 
nearly straight: claws black. Native place unknown.” 
The third and last of these singular animals is that 
most surprising bird the Apteryx of Shaw, which, as 
its name implies, is totally destitute of wings: the 


following are Shaw’s characters. 


APTERYX. 


“ Rostrum longum, gracile, 

- rectiusculum, basi cera tec- 
tum, sulco tubulato laterali 
utrinque exaratum, apice 
subtumido subincurvo. 


Nares? limeares, inconspi- 
cua, prope apicem rostri, 
ad finem sulci tubulati. 


Ale rudimenta tantum, mo- 
nodactyla, subunciali, un- 
guiculo terminali. 


Pedes compedes, breves, va- 
lidi, gallinacei, tetradac- 
tyli; digito postico subin- 
teriore, brevissimo. 

Cauda nulla. 


APTERYX. 


Beak \ong, slender, nearly 
straight, covered at the 
base by a cere, marked on 
each side by a tubular fur- 
row, slightly swelled and 
bent at the tip. 

Nostrils? linear, inconspi- 
cuous, near the tip of the 
beak, at the end of the tu- 
bular furrow. 

Wings rudiments only, con- 
sisting of a single joint or 
finger, about an inch in 
length, and terminated by 
a small claw or spur. 

Feet comped, short, strong, 
gallinaceous, and tetradac- 
tyle; the hinder or sub- 
interior toe very short. 

Tail none.” 


71 


SOUTHERN APTERYX. 


(Apteryx Australis.) 


Ap. griseo-ferruginea, rostro pedibusque fusco-flavescentibus. 

Ferruginous-grey Apteryx with yellowish-brown beak and legs. 

Apteryx Australis, or Southern Apteryx. Shaw, Nat. Misc. 
v. Xxiv. pl. 1057, 1058. 

Apteryx. Zemm. man. d’Orn. Ed. 2. Anal. p. cxiv. 

Apterous Penguin. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 394. 


‘‘ $1zE of a Goose: length two feet and a half: 
beak yellowish-brown, long and slender, somewhat in 
the form of (that of) the Patagonian Penguin; length 
from the gape to the tip six inches and three quar- 
ters; at the base rather stout, and covered with a 
kind of cere; it is also a trifle enlarged at the end, 
and somewhat curved ; the under mandible shutting 
beneath the other : the nostrils linear near the tip of 
the beak, scarcely to be detected, placed at the end 
of a tubular furrow : plumage ferruginous-grey ; the 
feathers not greatly unlike those of the New Holland 
Cassowary (Emu), but only one from each shaft: the 
wings not perceivable, except on close examination, 
being only a small stump, with a claw or spur at the 
end, furnished with a few straggling feathers, and 
quite hid in the plumage; some of the feathers of 
which are weak, and four inches or more long, and © 
the edges of them incline to dusky, giving a mottled 
or mixed appearance: there is no appearance of a 
tail: the legs are short and stout, the colour of the 
beak, but rather darker: the feet have three toes 
before, separate, and one behind, but the last is placed 


72 SOUTHERN APTERYX. 


much within, and so high up as to be useless, with 
no apparent membrane between the toes: claws strong, 
sharp, very little bent; the inner one almost straight. 
Inhabits New Zealand : brought from the south coast 
by Captain Barclay, of the ship Providence, who pre- 
sented it to Dr. Shaw.” 

Latham, who examined this bird with Shaw, makes 
the following memoranda: ‘* No appearance of nos- 
trils was to be detected, but a furrow ran the whole 
length (of the beak), at the end of which were two 
minute holes, into which a bristle being introduced, 
passed quite up to the base, and no doubt were the 
nostrils.”’—‘* The form of the foot is not greatly 
unlike that of the Dodo, and in the above specimen 
the toes were not connected by an intervening mem- 
brane; yet from certain inequalities on the sides it is 
possible that there may have been one, and that it 
had been eaten away by insects.” 


73 


PELECANID. 


Tue feet of the birds comprised in this family 
exhibit their chief characteristic distinction; these 
parts being furnished invariably with four toes, all of 
. which are united together by the same membrane : 
their beak is longer than the head: it is strong and 
robust, sometimes compressed, and armed on its edges 
with saw-like denticulations, and generally bent down, 
or hooked, at the tip: their legs are very short, and 
the tibie are naked on the lower part in some of the 
genera, and totally clothed with feathers in the rest : 
their wings are usually long and powerful. 

In habit some of these birds approximate towards 
the Falcons, the genus Fregatta especially (as justly 
pointed out by my friend N. A. Vigors, Esq. in his 
acutely written paper on the Natural Affinities, &c. of 
Birds, read before the Zoological Club of the Lin- 
nean Society, and also before the Society itself, and 
since published in their Transactions); whose resem- 
blance is so complete as to have led Linneus to name 
the only species known by him, Pelecanus Aquzlus : 
its form partakes amazingly of that of the Eagles, 
and there is much similarity in the method of catching 
and securing its prey to that adopted by the Sea 
Eagles: this remarkable similitude among the Na- 
tatores is a most satisfactory proof that the doctrine 
of the circular distribution of animated beings, laid 
down by the learned author of the Hore Entomo- 
logiz, is in accordance with the plan of Nature, in 


74 PELECANIDZ. 


spite of the prejudices which have arisen from the 
adoption of a quinary division of his groups, which, 
as far as my limited knowledge of zoology extends, 
appears to be perfectly natural : however, as the plan 
of this work is not intended for the discussion of any 
theoretical views, I shall merely endeavour to pro- 
mote the investigation of them by attempting to 
arrange its subsequent materials in conformity with 
the above doctrine, leaving the theorist to judge for 
himself how far the arrangement militates against 
the facts exhibited by Nature herself; observing, by 
the way, that other instances may be pointed out, 
showing the connexion between these birds and the 
Accipitres, or Rdsoves, Illig. .; such as their habit of 
perching on trees, feeding voraciously and often upon 
living animals, and also the long and powerful flights 
that they are enabled to take by means of their strong 
and expansive wings. 


- 


-PHALACROCORAX. CORMORANT. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum longum, rectum, 
compressum; mandibula 
superiore apice valde adun- 
co, unguiculato; inferiore 
compressa, apice truncato, 


subcurvato. 


Beak \ong, straight, com- 


pressed; the upper man- 
dible with its tip much 
hooked, and furnished with 
anail; the lower compress- 
ed, its tip truncated, and 


slightly curved. 
Face and throat naked. 
Nostrils basal, linear, hidden. 


Facies gulaque nude. 

Nares basales, lineares, ab- 
sconditee. 

Pedes validi, brevi; tidbie 
plumose; wnguis medius 
margine interna denticu- 
lata. 


Legs strong, short; t2bie fea- 
thered; the middle claw 
with its inner edge denti- 
culated. 


PHALACROCORAX. Briss., Cuv. 
PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 


CORVUS. Ray. 
CARBO. Meyer, Temm. 
HALIEUS. | Iilig. 


HYDROCORAX. Vieil. 


CORMORANTS are most excellent divers, and 
pursue their prey with astonishing facility beneath 
the surface of the water; but upon land they are 


76 COMMON CORMORANT. 


extremely awkward in their movements, as their legs 
are placed so far backwards on their body as to cause 
them to maintain a nearly vertical position, some- 
what similar to hi the birds of the preceding 
family, with which they are also connected by their 
method of swimming; during which operation the 
head and part of the heck alone remain out of the 
water. They are excessively voracious, and subsist 
chiefly upon fi fishes, particularly eels. In 
common with , they perch on trees : their 
nests are gene pnd or the ledges 
of rocks, and 2 2s, fu als sites He 
interwoven. lity. Their tail is 
rather long and furn hose 
shafts are elastic, and | 
walking. | 


a] P $ 
COMMON CORMORANT. 


i 


Le he Oe ee 
crocorax Carbo.) 
he og a 1 


Pu. fusco-niger, dorso nigro und it 
iio vartegato, ree on & 


part of the neck sds 1e 
feathers fourteen. 

Pelecanus Carbo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.216. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
573. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 886. 

Corvus aquaticus. aii, Syn. 122. A. 

Phalacrocorax. Briss. Orn. 6.511. pl. 45. 

Le Cormoran. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 310. pl. 26. Buff. Pl. 
Lnl. 927. Cuwv. Reg. Anim. 1, 524. 


PUld. 


Li) 
Yt 
Ya 


COMMON CORMORANT. 


COMMON CORMORANT. Ti 


Grand Cormoran. Yemm. man. d’Orn. 1.587. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 
894, 

Cormorant, or Corvorant. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.291. Albin. 
Birds, 2. pl. 81. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.593. Lew. Brit. Birds, 
6. pl. 263. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 92. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and 
Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 381. Leach, Zool. Misc. 3. 
Lath. Gen, Hist. x. 415. ; 


Crested Cormorant. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 388. 


Leneru about thirty inches: durimg the winter 
the beak is a blackish-ash: the naked space round 
the eyes is greenish-yellow : the pouch yellowish : the 
irides green: under the throat is a broad white or 
whitish collar, the extremities of which reach just 
beneath the eyes: the top of the head, neck, breast, 
all the under parts, and the rump, are black glossed 


with green: on the neck are several small whitish. 


stripes: the feathers on the top of the back and the 
wing's are ashy-brown or bronze-colour in the middle, 
edged by a broad band of black, glossed with green : 
the quills and tail-feathers are black: the legs are 
black. In the summer the occiput and part of the 
nape become ornamented with long feathers, which 
form a kind of crest glossed with deep green: the 
colour on the throat becomes of a pure white: on 
the top of the head, and on great part of the neck, 
and on the thighs, are several shaded, long, silky 
feathers, of a pure white colour: the rest of the plu- 
mage resembles that of the winter. The young of 
the year have the top of the head, the nape, and the 
back of a deep brown, slightly glossed with green: 
the collar is of an ashy-white: the fore part of the 
neck and all the under parts are grey-brown, varied 


ne 


718 COMMON CORMORANT. 


with whitish, particularly on the breast and in the 
middle of the belly: the feathers on the top of the 
back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts are ashy-grey in 
the middle, edged with deep brown : the beak is clear 
brown : the irides brown. 

This bird is common im the northern countries of 
the old and new worlds, especially on the coasts of 
Holland, and on those of England and France ; but 
rare in the interior, or towards the south. It builds, 
according to circumstances, either in the cliffs of the 
rocks, or trees, and among rushes: the female laying 
three or four eggs equally thick at each end, and of 
a greenish-white colour and irregular calcareous sur- 
face. Its food consists of fishes, but more particu- 
larly eels. In winter they disperse along the shores, 
and visit the fresh waters, where they commit great 
depredations among the fish: they are remarkably 
voracious, having a most rapid digestion: they are 
very cautious, except when they have gorged them- 
selves, when they become so stupid that it is fre- 
quently an easy thing to take them in a net, or even 
by means of a noose thrown over their heads. ‘Their 
smell, when alive, is excessively rank and disagree- 
able, and their flesh so disgusting, that even the 
Greenlanders will rarely eat them. 

On the rocks of the sea-coast it is not an uncom- 
mon thing to see several of these birds with extended 
wings drying themselves in the wind : in this position 
they remain sometimes nearly an hour without once 
closing their wings; and as soon as these are suf- 
ficiently dry to enable the feathers to imbibe the oil, 
they press this substance from the receptacle on their 


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COMMON CORMORANT. 79 


rumps, and dress their feathers with it. It is only 
in one particular state that this oily matter can be 
spread on them, when they are somewhat damp, and 
the instinct of the birds teaches them the proper 
moment. 

Cormorants were nies trained in this country 
for the purpose of catching fish. ‘They were kept 
with great care in the ee and when taken out 
for fishing they had a leather thong placed round 
their necks to prevent them from swallowing their 
prey: they were also hooded till brought to the 
water’s edge. On this subject Willoughby says— 
‘«* When they come to the rivers they take off their 
hoods, and having tied a leather thong round the 
lower part of their necks, that they may not swallow 
down the fish they catch, they throw them into the 
river. They presently dive under water, and there 
for a time, with wonderful swiftness, they pursue the 
fish, and when they have caught them, they rise 
presently to the top of the water, and pressing the 
fish lightly with their bills, they swallow them, till 
each bird hath im this manner swallowed five or six 
fishes; then their keepers call them to the fist, to 
which they readily fly, and, little by little, one after 
another, vomit up all their fish, a little bruised with 
the nip they gave them in their bills. When they 
have done fishing, getting the birds on some high 
place, they loose the string from their neck, leaving 
the passage to the stomach free and open; and for 
their reward they throw them part of the prey they 
have caught, to each, perchance, one or two fishes, 


80 COMMON CORMORANT. 


which they by the way, as they are falling in the air, 
will catch most dexterously in their mouths.” 

Notwithstanding the stupidity of these birds, they 
speedily become remarkably tame. Montagu relates 
the following anecdotes of the identical bird which 
is now in the British Museum, and which he pro- 
cured alive, and kept for some years. ‘‘ As soon as 
he received it and it was liberated, it followed the 
servant who released it, and was offered every sort of 
food at hand, all of which was equally refused ; not 
even raw flesh was acceptable, and no fish could be 
procured to satisfy its hunger; in consequence we (he) 
crammed it with flesh, which was taken very reluc- 
tantly; but even with this rough handling, its for- 
midable beak was not made use of offensively. After 
feeding it was placed on a stool in an adjoining room, 
where it sat perfectly contented, and adjusted its dis- 
concerted plumage. Observing it so perfectly recon- 
ciled to its new abode, and having retired to the 
library, leaving both doors open, with the intention 
of returning, we were astonished, in a few minutes, 
to see the stranger walk boldly into the room, while 
in conversation with a friend, and coming towards 
us with the greatest confidence and familiarity, joined 
us at the fire-side, where it resumed the task of ad- 
justing its feathers. Irom hence we removed it to 
an aquatic menagerie, to which it was carried without: 
the least offensive resistance ; but the sight of water 
made it restless, and when liberated, it instantly 
plunged in and dived incessantly for a considerable 
time, in hopes of prey; and after searching every 


COMMON CORMORANT. Sl 


part of the pond without obtaining a single fish, it 
appeared to be convinced there were none, and never 
made any other attempt for three days, during the 
whole of which time it was crammed with flesh, not 
being able to procure any fish.’”’—<‘ It lives in per- 
fect harmony with a Whistling Swan, a Bernicle 
Goose, various sorts of Ducks, and other birds; but 
if it perceive a Gull with a piece of fish, it immedi- 
ately gives chase ; if, however, the Gull has time to 
swallow it, no resentment is offered; the sight of it 
created the desire of possession, and that desire ceases 
with its disappearance. If it get out, it never attempts 
to ramble, but, walking direct to the house, enters 
the first open door without deference to any one, 
regardless even of a dog, and in fact is troublesomely 
tame.”’ 

The specimen of which the above is related was 
captured in the British Channel in the spring of 1808, 
and at that period its plumage was in the state de- 
scribed and figured by Bewick as the Crested Cor- 
morant ; but after its autumnal moulting it became 
that of the common species, thereby putting the 
identity of the two supposed species beyond a doubt. 


Nige angelica as . 6 


£ 
(9) 


SHAG CORMORANT. 


~- (Phalacrocorax Graculus.) 


Pu. corpore viridi-nigro, subtus fusco, rectricibus duodecim, pe- 
dibus nigris. 

Cormorant with the body green-black, beneath brown, tail-feathers 
twelve, the legs black. 

Pelecanus Graculus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.217. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.574. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 887. 

Phalacrocorax minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 516. 

Corvus aquaticus minor. Razz, Syn. 123. A. 

Petit Cormoran, ou Nigaud. Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.319. Temm. 
man. d’Orn. 589. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 897. Cuv. Reg. Anim. |. 
525. 

Shag, or Crane. Will. Orn. 330. pl. 63. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 
508. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.598. Lew. Brit. Birds, 7. pl. 264. 
Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 93. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. 
Brit. Birds, 2.390. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 429. 

Younc.—Le petit Fou brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 374. 

Fou brun de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. Enl. 974. 


Axsout two feet in length: in the winter plumage 
the head, throat, neck, back, and all the under parts 
are a dull greenish-black : on the neck are a few very 
small whitish streaks: the feathers on the top of the 
back and of the wings are deep ash in their middle, 
edged with a broad band of deep black: the naked 
space round the eyes and the guttural pouch are 
reddish-yellow: the beak is reddish-ash, but black 
above : the irides are reddish-brown: the legs black. 
In the summer the occiput and nape are adorned 
with long deep green glossed feathers, which form a 
kind of crest: the throat is black: on the top of the 


CRESTED CORMORANT. 83 


head, part of the neck, and on the thighs appear 
several pure white feathers, which are very long, 
slender, and silky: the rest of the plumage resem- 
bles that of the winter. ‘The young have the throat 
of a clear ash: the head, neck, and under parts of 
a deep brown, with the feathers on the breast and 
fore part of the neck edged with ashy-brown : the 
feathers on the top of the back and of the wings are 
ashy-brown; all edged by a deep band of grey- 
brown: the rump, vent, wing and tail-feathers are 
blackish brown : the irides are brown. | 

This bird is said to inhabit the northern and 
southern countries of the two worlds, and to be very 
abundant in the regions of the arctic and antarctic 
circles: it is common on the coasts of Britain: the 
female builds her nest in the clefts of rocks, or on 
trees, and laystwo or three whitish eggs. ‘Their food 
consists of fishes. 


é 


CRESTED CORMORANT. 


+= (Phalacrocorax cristatus.) 


Pu. corpore viridinitente, subtus obscuro, rostro pedibusque ob- 
scurts, capite cristato. 

Cormorant with the body glossy green, beneath obscure, the beak 
and legs obscure, the head crested. 

Pelecanus cristatus. Fabr. Faun. Green. no. 58. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 888. 

Cormoran largup. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 900. 

Crested Shag. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.585. A. Penn. Brit. Zool. 
2. 292. pl. 102. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.600. Mont. Orn. Dict. 
2. and Supp. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 423. 


84 CRESTED CORMORANT. 


Tuts species, which Montagu considers the young 
of the preceding, is described in various stages of 
growth and age by Temminck, thereby apparently 
showing that it must be distinct from the former. 
The winter dress of the old birds is said to be as 
follows: the beak is brown: legs black : irides green: 
all the plumage is of a beautiful resplendent glossy 
green: the top of the back, scapulars, wing-coverts, 
and wing quills are prettily bronzed, each feather 
being enriched with a straight band of velvety black : 
the tip of the wings does not extend beyond the origin 
of the tail, which is short, rounded, and of a dull 
black: length of the bird about twenty-eight inches. 
The young of the first year are distinguished from 
all the other species by the long and slender beak, 
by their short tail, and by the broad glossy margins 
which adorn all the feathers of the back and shoul- 
ders: the several colours of the upper parts are brown 
slightly shaded with green, those of the under ash- 
coloured more or less pale. During the summer 
months the old birds possess a beautiful flowing crest, 
nearly two inches in length, of a dusky colour; and 
on the occiput are about ten or twelve long and 
slender feathers: in other respects they are similar 
in plumage to their winter dress. 

This species inhabits the north of Europe, and is 
common about Holyhead, in the Hebrides, Orcades, 
Norway, and the coasts of Sweden. Its nourishment 
consists of small fishes: it lays its eggs, which are 
of a rough calcareous texture, and of a white colour, 
in a kind of nest on the ledges of rocks. 


85 


AFRICAN CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax Africanus.) 


Pu. fusco-niger subtus albo nigricanteque varius, gula alba, tec- 

| tricibus alarum ceruleo-griseis, margine apiceque nigris. 

Brown-black Cormorant beneath white varied with dusky, with 
the throat white, the wing-coverts blue-grey, the margins and 
tips black. 

Pelecanus Africanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 890. 

African Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 606. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
422. 


Lenetu twenty inches: beak dirty yellowish-white ; 
upper mandible brown-black : middle of the back and 
rump glossy black : scapulars and wing-coverts blue- 
grey, each feather margined and tipped with black ; 
the three first greater quills pale brown, imclining to 
cinereous, the rest brown black: secondaries as long 
as the quills, dusky-black, edged with brown: chin 
white: fore part of the neck mottled dusky-white 
and black : belly the same, with a mixture of brown : 


tail, consisting of twelve feathers, wedge-shaped; the - 


two middle feathers seven inches long, the outermost 
three inches and a half; the four middle ones and 
outer on each side pale brown, the others black : legs 
black. Inhabits Africa. 


86 


VIOLET CORMORANT. 


~~ (Phalacrocorax violaceus.) 


Pu. crista erecta, corpore toto nigro violaceo-nitente. 

Cormorant with an erect crest, the body entirely black, glossed 
with violet, 

Pelecanus violaceus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 888. 

Pelecanus leucogaster. Vieil. ?-Younc.? 

Violet Cormorant. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 584. B. Lath. Gen- 
Syn. 6. 600. 

Violet Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 425. 


Bur little is known of this bird, save the account 
in the Arctic Zoology, where it is described as being 
wholly black, glossed with violet; and to inhabit 
Kamtschatka and the islands adjoining. 


RED-FACED CORMORANT. 


} (Phalacrocorax Urile.) 


Pu. viridi-nitens, gutture orbitisque albis, alis cauddque obscuris, 
pedibus nigris. 

Glossy-green Cormorant with the throat and orbits white, the 
wings and tail obscure, the legs black. 

Pelecanus Urile. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.575. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2. 
888. 

Red-faced Cormorant. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 584. BE. 

Red-faced Shag. Lath. Gen, Syn. 6.601. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
426, 


RED-FACED CORMORANT. 87 


Leneru two feet ten inches: base of the beak 
green, tip black: naked space round the eyes red- 
dish: head and neck dark reddish-green: on the 
middle of the neck in front are a few slender white 
feathers, thinly interspersed amongst the others, and 
several of them nearly three inches in length: the 
quills are black: the back and wings are dusky glossy 
black ; the back also glossed with green and varied 
with a few slender white feathers : the belly is entirely 
black: on each side of the rump is a patch of white 
feathers: tail consisting of twelve feathers: legs black. 

Inhabits Kamtschatka, building its nest on the 
rocks and crags of the sea-coast: the female lays 
three or four ill-tasted greenish eggs. It flies well, 
and with rapidity, but rises with difficulty from the 
sround. It eats voraciously, feeding upon fish, which 
it swallows whole : after a meal it is very drowsy and 
not easily roused; and being also very stupid, it will 
allow itself to be netted without making the slightest 
resistance. 


8S 


SPOTTED CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax punctatus.) 


Pu. cristatus niger, alis fusco-cinereis nigro punctatis, lateribus 
colli linea utringue alba. 

Crested black Cormorant with the wings ashy-brown spotted with 
black, the sides of the neck with a white line on each side. 

Pelecanus punctatus. Mus. Carls. fas. 1. pl. 10. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 889. 

Pelecanus nevius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 575. 


Spotted Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 602. pl. 104. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 427. pl. 182. 


A SINGULAR species, thus described by Latham 
(who also figures it). ‘‘ Size of the Shag (Ph. Gra- 
culus): length two feet or more: beak three inches 
long, of a pale bluish-lead colour; in some yellow ; 
the tip hooked : round the eyes bare, and of a dusky 
red: the chin, throat, and fore part of the neck are 
nearly black ; as are the forehead, hind part of the 
neck, and beginning of the beak: just over the fore- 
head arise some long feathers, forming a pointed 
crest : and at the hind part of the head a second, not 
unlike the first, but rather longer, some of the fea- 
thers measuring an inch and a half: just over the eye 
begins a line of white, which passes down on each 
side of the neck quite to the wings, and growing 
broader as it proceeds downward: the middle of the 
back and the wings are of a brownish-ash colour, 
each feather tipped at the end with a round spot 
of black, largest on the wing-coverts, but nowhere 


MAGELLANIC CORMORANT. 89 


bigger than a small: pea: quills not spotted: from 
the middle of the back to the end of the tail, and 
from between the legs to the vent, black, glossed 
with green: tail three inches im length, rounded at 
the end; that and the quills plain black: legs deep 
brown, or black.”’? He adds, “ In some specimens 
the beak is reddish, and the legs dull yellow: the 
chin white, covered with feathers, and destitute of 
crest: the feathers of the sides near the vent streaked 
with white: thighs black: the stripe on each side of 
the neck not so distinct; and the black on the neck 
less pure. I have likewise observed one with the 
white on the sides of the neck not passing above half 
che length of it.” Inhabits New Zealand, and builds 
amongst the rocks. 


MAGELLANIC CORMORANT. 
> (Phalacrocorax Magellanicus.) 


Pu. niger macula pone oculos abdomineque albis, hypochondriis 
albo striatis. 


Black Cormorant with a spot behind the eyes and the abdomen 
white, the flanks striped with white. 


Pelecanus Magellanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 889. 


Magellanic Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.604. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x, 430. 


Tue Magellanic Cormorant is thirty inches in 
length: its beak is black: the sides of the head and 


QO : JAVAN CORMORANT. 


the chin are naked and reddish: the head and neck, 
as far as the breast, the back, wings, and tail are 
deep black ; the two former somewhat glossy: behind 
each eye is a white spot: the under parts of the body 
from the breast are also white: the sides are striped 
with white: the thighs are black: the quills and tail 
deep black: the last wedge-shaped, and four inches 
in length: the legs pale brown. 

Inhabits ‘Terra del Fuego and other southern coun- 
tries, particularly Christmas Sound, where they breed 
by hundreds: they are very tame, from their haunts 
being seldom visited by mankind; and are so little 
alarmed at the report of a gun, that on being fired 
at, though they were at first disturbed, they immedi- 
ately returned to the nest: they fly very heavily. 


JAVAN CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax Javanicus.) 


Pu. corpore nigro, capite levi. 

Cormorant with the body black, the head smooth. 
Carbo Javanicus. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 197. 
Javan Cormorant. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 419. 


LencrTH sixteen inches: beak blackish; under man- 
dible pale: body and wings black, with a hoary sil- 
very gloss, and the feathers margined with black : 
chin white: neck beneath variegated with black, 
brown, and fuligmmous: thighs black: belly marked 


BROWN-NECKED CORMORANT. Ol 


with narrow cinereous bands. Inhabits Java: called 
Pechuck. 


BROWN-NECKED CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax fuscicollis. ) 


Pu. capite cristato, corpore nigro nitente, lateribus colli rufo-. 


Suscis. 


Cormorant with the head crested, the body of a glossy black, the 
sides of the neck red-brown. 
Brown-necked Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 425. 


A specizs described by Dr. Latham in the new 
edition of his Synopsis, or General History of Birds; 
he says—* This is in shape much likethe Shag: length 
twenty-one inches and a half: beak nearly three inches, 
cinereous, the under mandible naked to the base : 
orbits naked, brown : irides very dark: front and lore 
black, marked with white irregular spots: the feathers 
of the front erect, and form a kind of short crest : 
crown and upper part of the neck black, mixed with 
brown: sides of the neck rufous-brown: the rest of 
the plumage black, with a degree of gloss: scapu- 
lars and upper wing-coverts sharp-pointed : tail five 
inches and a half, rounded at the end, and consisting 
of twelve feathers, and the wings reach to the be- 
ginning of it: lees black. Inhabits Bengal, where 
it is not uncommon: is there called Pan Cowee: by 
the Mussulmen, Poukoul: is seen swimming all the 
day on the water, and roosts at night on the trees.” 


PIED CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax varius.) 


Pu. fuscus subtus albus, superciliis pallidis, dorso postico uropygto 
Jemoribus remigibus caudaque nigris. 

Brown Cormorant beneath white, with the eyebrows pale, the back 
behind, rump, thighs, quills, and tail black. 

Pelecanus varius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
890. 

Red Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.605. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 428. 


Tuirty inches in length: beak dusky at the tip; 
the rest of it, and the naked space about the eyes 
yellow: the top of the head, hind part of the neck, 
back, wings, and tail are brown; the middle of the 
back and wing-coverts palest, and the edges of the 
last very pale: the lower part of the back, rump, and 
thigh black-brown: the quills black ; some of these 
nearest the body with pale tips: over the eyes is a 
narrow pale stripe: all the under parts of the body 
are pure white: the tail is rounded, about six inches 
in length, and brown-black : the legs are flesh-colour: 
claws dusky. 

Inhabits New Zealand: said to build in trees, laying 
two or three pale bluish-white eggs. 


NEW HOLLAND CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax Nove Hollandiz.) 


Pu. corpore nigro subtus variegato, pennis tectricibus alarum pal- 
lide marginatis, illis colli rufo marginatis, orbitis flavis. 

Cormorant with the body black, variegated beneath, the feathers 
of the wing-coverts with pale edges, and of the neck with rufous 
margins, orbits yellow. 

New Holland Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 431. 


‘* LencTu twenty inches: beak two inches and a 
half long, and pale: round the eye bare and pale 
yellow: plumage on the upper part in general black: 
the feathers on the wing-coverts have pale edges, and 
those of the neck fringed with rufous: under parts 
paler and mottled: tail six inches long, composed of 
twelve feathers, cuneiform : legs-black. Inhabits New 
Holland.’ Latham. 


BLACK AND WHITE CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax melanoleucos.) 


Pa. corpore supra nigro, subtus superciliisque albis, rostro carneo, 
pedibus nigris. 

Cormorant with the body above black, beneath and eyebrows 
white, the beak flesh-colour, the legs black. 

Pelecanus melanoleucos. Vieil. Nowv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. tom. 
8. p. 88. 


G+ CARUNCULATED CORMORANT ? 


Tuts species also inhabits New Holland : it has the 
upper part of the head, the neck, the body, the wings, 
and the tail black: the eyebrows, the cheeks, the 
throat, and all the under parts of a beautiful white. 
It is rather less than a Wild Goose. 


CARUNCULATED CORMORANT ? 


— (Phalacrocorax ? carunculatus.) 


Pu? niger subtus albus, facie nuda carunculata rubro, orbitis 
elevatis ceruleis, fascia alarum albé. 

Black Cormorant ? beneath white, with the face naked, caruncu- 
lated and red, the orbits elevated and blue, the wings with a 
white band. 

Pelecanus carunculatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.576. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 889. 

Carunculated Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.603. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 429. 


Axzout two feet in length: beak dusky: sides of the 
head naked : between the beak and eye carunculated 
and red ; the rest of the space ash-colour: the orbits 
blue, and elevated: above the eye is a single large 
tubercle : irides dirty brown: the crown of the head, 
its sides, the hind part of the neck, and all the upper 
parts of the plumage are black, a patch of white on 
the wing-coverts excepted: the forehead, chin, and 
all the under parts are white: the legs are flesh- 
colour. 

Inhabits various countries situated near the an- 
tarctic circle; and is particularly abundant in Staaten 


TUFTED CORMORANT? Q5 


1 


Land, where they breed in large flocks, on the ed 
' of the cliffs. 


Pea 
ges 


TUFTED CORMORANT? 


(Phalacrocorax? cirrhatus.) 


Pu? niger subius albus, vertice cristato, litura alarum alba, rostro 
orbitis pedibusque flavis. 

Black Cormorant? beneath white, with the vertex crested, a white 
mark on the wings, the beak, orbits, and legs yellow. 

Pelecanus cirrhatus. Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1.576. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 890. 

Tufted Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.606. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 431. 


Innasits New Zealand : length nearly three feet : 
beak dusky yellow: naked space round the eye the 
same: the head, the hind part of the neck, and all 
the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail black: 
the feathers on the occiput very long, forming a kind 
_ of crest: on the wing-coverts is an oblong white 

patch, and all the under parts of the plumage dre 
white: the tail is rounded and composed of fourteen 
feathers: the legs are pale yellowish-brown. 

This bird appears to have great affinity to (if not 
a variety by age of ) the Carunculated Cormorant. 


96 


CHINESE CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax Sinensis.) 


Pu. fuscus, guld albd, corpore subtus albido maculis fuscis. 

Brown Cormorant with the throat white, the body beneath whitish 
with brown spots. 

Pelecanus Sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. |xx. 

Chinese Cormorant. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 364. 

Leu-tze. Staunt. Emb. Chin. ii. 388. 412. pl. 72. 

Chinese Shag. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 423. 


Ficurep and described by Sir George Staunton in 
his account of the Embassy to China. It is less than 
the Cormorant: the beak is yellow: irides blue: the 
prevailing colour of the plumage brownish-black: the 
chin white: the body whitish beneath, spotted with 
brown : tail rounded, consisting of twelve feathers. 

Abundant in China, where it is trained by the in- 
habitants to catch fish for their use. Sir G. Staunton 
says, in the journey to Han-choo-foo, on the river Luen, 
he observed, on a large lake close to the canal, and to 
the eastward of it, thousands of small boats and rafts, 
built entirely for this kind of fishing: on each boat 
or raft were ten or twelve birds, which at a signal 
from the owner plunge into the water, and it was 
astonishing to see the enormous size of the fish with 
which they return grasped in their beaks. They ap- 
peared to be so well trained that it did not require 
either ring or cord about their throats to prevent 
them from swallowing any portion of their prey, 
except what the master was pleased to return to them 
for encouragement or food. 


DWARF CORMORANT. 


(Phalacrocorax pygmeus.) 


Pu. ater, pectore virescente, orbitis atomis albis sparsts, tectri- 
cibus alarum medio fuscis, collo pectore lateribusque punctis 
sparsis niveis. 

Dark Cormorant with the breast greenish, the orbits sprinkled 
with white spots, the middle of the wing-coverts brown, the 
neck, breast, and sides sprinkled with snow-white spots. 

Pelecanus pygmexus. Pall. reise. 2. 712. pl. G. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1.574. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. 

Le Cormoran pigmé. Temm. man. d'Orn. 591. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 
901. 

Dwarf Shag. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 607. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
431. 

Pelecanus pygmeus. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 890. 


LeneTH eighteen inches: the beak is brown varied 
with yellowish: space round the eyes and small gut- 
tural sac yellowish: all the plumage is glossy black 
and green: the feathers on the top of the back and 
of the wings are edged with a very brilliant black 
border: the legs are blackish brown. The young 
have the top of the head and all the nape of a blackish- 
brown: the throat white: the fore part of the neck 
clear brown, varied with whitish: the middle of the 
‘belly and the vent are whitish-yellow: the sides and 
thighs are brown: the feathers on the top of the 
back and of the wings are ashy-brown, all terminated 
by a large spot of brilliant glossy black : the quills and 

V. XIU. P. I. ih 


98 DWARF CORMORANT. 


tail-feathers are blackish-brown, and all tipped with 
clear brown: legs brown. 
Native of the eastern countries of Europe, as far 


as Hungary: also of the vicinity of the Caspian Sea; 
and, according to Temminck, of America. 


SULA. GANNET. 
Generic Character. 


Rostrum robustum, longum, || Beak robust, long, straight, 
rectum, basi validum, | strong at the base, its tip 
apice compresso subcur- compressed, slightly cur- 
vato, acuto; es ved, acute; the mandibles 

i! 

| 

i 

" 


marginibus serratis. with their edges serrated. 


Facies gulaque nude. Face and throat naked. 


Nares basales, lmeares, abs- || Nostrils basal, lmear. hidden, 
conditz, in suleo longi- | placed in a longitudinal 
tudinale posite. | groove. 


Pedes robusti, breves ; tibie || Legs robust, short ; the Zibie 
basinude; wnguismedius || naked at the base; the 
interné denticulatus. middle claw internally den- 

| ticulated. 


SULA. Ray, Briss., Cur., Temm. 
PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
MORWS.  Vieil. 

DYSPORUS. Illig. 

ANSER. Ray. 


"THE Gannets have the beak straight, slightly 
compressed and acute, the tip a little arched; the 
edges serrated, the teeth being directed backwards ; 
the nostrils are prolonged in a groove, which runs 


100 SOLAND GANNET. 


nearly to the tip: the throat is naked, as well as 
the orbits: the claw of the middle toe is denticu- 
lated : their wingsare long. ‘They swim with facility, 
though rarely, but do not dive; they are almost per- 
petually on the wing, and bathe themselves while 
flying, in the waves of the ocean ; their nourishment 
consists chiefly of such fish as swim near the surface 
of the water: they nidificate in large flocks on the 
plane ledges of rocks, &c. laying generally two or 
three eggs. These birds have been called Boobies 
by our sailors, and Fous by the French, on account 
of their alieged stupidity in allowing themselves to 
be knocked down without attempting to move; and 
also for allowing the Frigate and other birds to compel 
them to disgorge their prey. 


SOLAND \GANNET. 
(Sula bassana.) 


Su. corpore albo, facie ceruled, remigibus primoribus nigris. 
Gannet with the body white, the face blue, and the primary quills 
black. ad 
Pelecanus bassanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.217. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 

1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 891. 

Anser bassanus. Razi Syn. 122. A. 

Sula Hoieri. Radi Syn. 123. 

Sula bassana. Briss. Orn. 6. 508. pl. 44. 

Fou debassan. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.376. Buff. Pl. Enl. 271, 
Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.526. Temm. man. d’Orn.593. Id. 2 Edit. 
ii. 905. 

Soland Goose, or Gannet. Alb. Birds, 1. pl. 86. Penn. Brit. 
Zool. 2. 293. pl. 103. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.510. Lath, Gen. 


SOLAND GANNET. 


LUTE 


SOLAND GANNET. 101 


Syn. 6.608. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 265. Walc. Syn, 1. 
pl. 94. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 
393. Mont. Wernerian Trans. i. 176. Bingl. Anim. Biog. 
ii. 8358. Wood’s Zoograph. 1. p.561. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
433. ; 

Youne.—Sula major. Briss. Orn. 6. 697. 

Grand Fou. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 372. 

Great Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 610. A. 

Pelecanus maculatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 579. 

Fou tacheté. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.375. Buff: Pl. Enl. 986. 

Spotted Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 614. 


Lenetu about two feet nine inches: the beak is 
ashy-blue at its base, but white at its tip: the naked 
membrane which surrounds the eyes 1s bright bluish ; 
the membrane which forms the prolongation of the 
opening of the beak, and that which extends to the 
middle of the throat, are bluish-black : the irides are 
yellow: the top of the head and the occiput are of a 
bright yellow ochre: the rest of the plumage is milk 
white, except the quills and bastard wings, which are 
black : the upper part of the toes and fore part of 
the tarsi are clear green ; the membranes are dusky ; 
claws white: the tail conical in form. ‘The female is 
somewhat less in size, but resembles the male in co- 
Jour. The young, immediately upon leaving the eggs, 
are clothed with a shining white down: during the 
first year all the plumage of the upper parts is of a 
uniform blackish-brown ; of the under parts brown, 
varied with ash-colour: the beak, naked space of the 
head, and irides brown: the tail is rounded. After 
the second moult, or the age of one year, the head, the 
neck, and breast, are of an ashy-brown, thickly covered 
with small lance-shaped white spots; the feathers of 


102 SOLAND GANNET. 


the back, the rump, and the wings, are also ashy-brown, 
with lance-shaped white spots, but larger and more 
distant than those of the neck and breast : the under 
parts of the plumage are whitish, varied with ashy- 
brown: the tail and quills are brown, the former 
conical, with white shafts: the beak is ashy-brown : 
the irides are yellow: the fore part of the tarsi and 
the upper part of the toes are brown-green: the 
membranes are ashy-brown: the claws brown. At 
the age of two years, and during the period of 
moulting, the plumage is either varied with large 
patches of white, on a brown ground, or of brown on 
a white ground: in the third year the plumage is 
perfected. 

This species is abundant in the northern regions 
of Europe, Asia, and America, and particularly so in 
the Hebrides, the north of Scotland, and in Norway: 
it also occurs in more temperate climates, specimens 
having frequently been captured on the banks of the 
Thames. A few years back a very fine one was 
shot on the Medway by S. Henslow, Esq. who com- 
municated it to me. Montagu says that it is fre- 
quently observed in the English Channel during 
the winter, and continues as late as the month of 
April. . 

The food of these birds consists chiefly of marine 
fish, of which the herring and pilchards are their fa- 
vourites : they take their prey by darting down upon 
it with great velocity from a considerable height. 
The female lays one egg, which is nearly the size of 
that of a Goose, and equally pointed at each end ; it 
is of a pure white, and its surface is rugged. ‘The 


Ore ox, 


Topees Cur Pee, £ 


G by 


ANH 1,78. 


Px: 


WHITE GANNET. 103 


inhabitants of the islands where these birds breed 
derive considerable emolument from the produce of 
their eggs, to obtain which they undergo the most 
fearful risks. Where it is possible, they climb up the 
rocks where they are laid, and in doing this, they pass 
along paths so narrow and difficult, as, in appearance, 
to allow them barely room to cling, and that too at 
a prodigious height over a raging sea. Where this 
cannot be done, they are lowered by a rope from the 
top, and unterrified, ransack all the nests within their 
reach, and then, by means of a pole and rope, move 
off to other places to do the same. 

An interesting account of the anatomical structure 
of this bird is given by Montagu in the Wernerian 
Transactions, above quoted. 


WHITE GANNET. 


+ (Sula candida.) 


Su. corpore albo, facie rubra, remigibus omnibus nigris. 

Gannet with the body white, the face red, and the quills black. 

Pelecanus piscator. Linn. Syst. Nai.1.217. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
578. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 892. 

Sula candida. Briss. Orn. 6. 501. 

Le Fou blanc. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ozs. 8. 371. 

Lesser Gannet. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 611. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
437. 


Lenctu two feet seven inches: beak serrated on 
its edges and reddish: naked space round the eyes 


104 BOOBY GANNET. 


reddish, and on the throat dusky black; the prevailing 
colour of the plumage is white, except the greater 
quills and wing-coverts, which are black: the sca- 
pulars are also black at the tips: the tail is wedge- 
shaped, and consists of fourteen feathers ; their base 
is white, and the rest of their length black: the legs 
are red: the central claw is broad and serrated. 
Inhabits China and New Holland. 


BOOBY GANNET. 


j. (Sula Australis.) 


Su. corpore albido, facie rubrd, remigibus primoribus apice nigri- 
cantibus. 

Gannet with the body whitish, the face red, and the primary 
quills dusky at the tip. 

Pelecanus Sula. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.218. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1- 
578. Briss. Orn. 6.495. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 892. 

Anser bassano congener. Rai Syn. 191. 

Fou commun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 368. pl. 29. 

Booby. Catesb. Carol. 1. pl. 87. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.612. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 439. 


LenerTu two feet six inches: the beak nearly four 
inches and a half long, denticulated on its edges; it 
is grey, with a pale brown base: naked space round 
the eyes, and on the chin of a yellowish colour: irides 
pale grey: the head, neck, upper parts of the body, 
wings, and tail ashy-brown; the greater quills darkest: 
the tip of the tail brownish : the breast, belly, thighs, 
and vent white : the legs pale yellow: the claws grey. 


BROWN GANNET. 105 


The young have the head and neck white, slightly 
tinged with brown. 

Common on the coasts of the warmer parts of 
America, particularly in the Bahama Islands, and off 
the Brasilian coast. ‘They are described as being very 
silly stupid birds, from thence their name: they build 
their nests on the ground occasionally, but prefer 
constructing them on trees: their flesh is very dark- 
coloured, rank, and disagreeable, though frequently 
eaten by mariners. 


BROWN GANNET. 


(Sula Fiber.) 


Su. corpore fuscescente, facie rubra, remigibus omnibus nigrican~ 
tibus. 


Gannet with the body brownish, the face red, and all the quills 
dusky. 


Pelecanus Fiber. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.218. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1, 
579. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 893. 

Sula fusca. Briss. Orn. 6. 499. pl. 43.f. 1. 

Anser bassano congener cinereo-albus. Raz Syn. 191. 

Brown Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 613. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 441. 


Lenetu rather more than two feet: beak three 
inches and three quarters long, reddish ; and slightly 
serrated on the edges: naked space round the eyes 
red: the prevailing colour of the plumage is pale 
ashy-brown, with the back and scapulars darkest, 
and the under parts palest: the greater quills are 


106 BROWN AND WHITE BOOBY. 


dusky-ash colour: the rump and tail-coverts are pale 
grey: the tail is wedge-shaped, and consists of four- 
teen feathers, of which the two middle ones are ash- 
colour, and the rest brownish-ash, with grey tips: 
the legs are red. Inhabits Cayenne, the West India 
Islands, and the western coast of tropical Africa. 


BROWN AND WHITE BOOBY. 


(Sula leucophea.) 


Su. alba, vertice nuchdque fuscis, dorsi medio alis rectricibusque 
duabus intermediis fusco-nigris. 

White Gannet with the vertex and nape brown, the middle of 
the back, the wings, and two middle tail-feathers brown-black. 

Brown and White Booby. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 441. 


Supposep to inhabit Cayenne: its beak is brown : 
head, neck, and beginning of the back, the rump, 
breast, and all beneath, pure white: top of the head 
and nape pale brown: middle of the back, wings, and 
two middle tail-feathers dusky-brown, nearly black: 
some of the secondaries margined with white; tail 
long, cuneiform : the outer feathers white: legs pale 
yellow-brown. 


107 


LESSER GANNET ? 


-(Sula? parva.) 


Su.? niger subtus albus, facie plumosd. 

Black Gannet? beneath white, the face plumose. 

Pelecanus parvus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.575. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
893. 

Le petit Fou de Cayenne. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6.374. Buff. 
Pil, Enl. 973. 

Lesser Booby. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.614. Lath. Gen. Hist. x,442. 


Tuis is a very small species, being only eighteen 
inches in length: its beak is nearly straight: the 
space round the eye is not bare: the throat, breast, 
and belly are white: all the remainder of the plu- 
mage dusky black. Probably a young bird. Inhabits 
Cayenne. 


108 


PELECANUS. PELICAN. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longius, lon- || Beak longer than the head, 


gum, rectum, latus, valdé 
depressum; mandibula su- 
periore lata, canaliculata, 
apice adunco et ungul- 
culato, inferiore bifurca, 
bursa membranacea, flac- 


long, straight, broad, much 
depressed ; the upper man- 
dible broad, channelled, 
the tip bent down and un- 
guiculated ; the lower bi- 
fuscate, furnished with a 


cidé, valdé distensili or- flaccid, dilatable sac. 
nata, 

Face and throat naked. 
Nares basales, in rima longi- || Nostrils basal, placed in a 

tudinale site. | longitudinal cleft. 

Pedes validi, breves; tibia || Legs strong, short ; the t¢bi@ 
naked at the base; the 
middle claw with its inner 


Facies gulaque nude. 


basi nud ; wnguis mar- 
gine interna simplex. 
edge entire. 


PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm., Vieil. 
ONOCROTALUS. Ray, Briss. 


THE birds of this genus are remarkable for the 
enormous pouch or bag with which the under man- 
dible of the beak is furnished: the beak is also re- 
markable for its great length, width, and breadth, 


oe 


Ova t, 
Te 
eR 


COMMON PELICAN. 


COMMON PELICAN. 109 


from the hook at its extremity, and from the nasal 
grooves, which extend the entire length of the beak, 
and conceal the nostrils. ‘The orbits and throat are 
naked : the tail rounded. 

Pelicans are usually large birds, and like their con- 
geners subsist on fishes, and are excessively voracious : 
they are excellent swimmers, but are incapable of 
diving: they reside on the banks of rivers and lakes, 
and occasionally on the sea-coasts. 


COMMON PELICAN. 


(Pelecanus Onocrotalus.) 


Pz. incarnato-albus, alulis remigibusque primoribus nigris, gula 
sacco rufo. 

Reddish-white Pelican with the bastard wing and primary quills 
black, the throat with a red sac. 

Pelecanus Onocrotalus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.215. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 6.569. Rait Syn.121. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 882. 

Onocrotalus Pelecanus. Briss. Orn. 6.519. 1. 

Pelican. Buff. Ois. 8. 282. pl. 25. Buff. Pl. Enl. 87. Cuv. 
Reg. Anim. 1. 523. 

Pelican blanc. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 584. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 891. 

White Pelican. Edw. Glean. pl. 93. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 505. 
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.575. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 397. 

Vanriery ?—Pelecanus Philippensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. 
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. 

Pelecanus roseus. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.570. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 
883. 

Onocrotalus Philippensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 527. pl. 46. 

Pelican rose de l’Isle de Lucon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 91. pl. 53. 
Buff. Pl. Enl. 965.. 


110 COMMON PELICAN. 


Philippine Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.583. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 402. 

Rose-coloured Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 579. Lath. Gen. 
Ast. x. 401. 

Variery? 2.—Pelecanus Manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. 
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. 

Le Pelecan brun de l'Isle de Lucon. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 71. 
pl. 53. 

Manilla Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.583. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
AOl. 


Tus is a very large species, measuring nearly six 
feet in length, and expanding about fifteen feet : its 
beak is nearly sixteen inches long; its upper man- 
dible is flat and broad, furnished with a hook at the 
end; the skin between the sides of the upper man- 
dible is very flaccid and dilatable, reaching eight or 
nine inches down the neck, and naked: the gape is 
very wide; on the top of the under mandible runs a 
crimson rib; the rest of it is pale red at the base, 
and yellowish towards the point; the under one is 
pale red, and the pouch is red or yellowish: the 
tongue is very small: the irides are hazel: the sides 
of the head are naked and flesh-coloured: the occiput 
is slightly crested: the entire plumage is white, 
slightly tinged with flesh-colour, the spurious wings 
and primary quills, which are black, excepted: the 
legs are flesh-colour: claws grey. The young have 
the beak and naked parts round the eyes livid: the 
irides brown: the prevailing colour of the plumage 
ashy-white : the belly whitish : the wings and back of 
a very deep ash: all the feathers edged with brighter 
ash: the quills are blackish-ash. 

Found throughout the greater portion of the an- 


COMMON PELICAN. 111 


cient world, especially between the tropics and the 
lower temperate climates: it is common in the eastern 
countries of Europe, on the banks of the rivers and 
lakes of Hungary and Russia, and extremely so on the 
Danube; but it seldom visits the sea-coasts, except 
the inland ones of the Caspian and Euxine Seas. 
Also found at the Cape of Good Hope. 

The female constructs a nest of reedy grass, among 
moss or turfs; it is a foot and a half in diameter, 
much hollowed, and filled with soft grass: she lays 
two or more white eggs, similar to those of the Swan. 
It is said that if any person attempts to disturb them 
while the female is sitting, she will take the eggs out 
of the nest with her beak, and drop them into the 
water, returning them to their place as soon as quiet 
is restored. ‘The principal food of these birds consists 
of fish, which they prefer in a living state, and catch 
with great dexterity. 

The bag in the lower mandible of the beak of this 
bird is one of the most remarkable appendages that 
is found in the structure of any animal. Though it 
wrinkles up nearly into the hollow of the chap, and 
the sides, to which it is attached, are not (in a 
quiescent state) above an inch asunder, it may be 
extended to an amazing capacity; and when the bird 
has fished with success, its size is almost incredible : 
it will contain a man’s head with the greatest ease. 
In fishing the Pelican fills this bag, and does not 
mimediately swallow his prey; but, when this is full, 
he returns to the shore to devour at leisure the fruits 
of his mdustry. He is not long in digesting his food ; 
for he has generally to fish more than once in the 


112 BROWN PELICAN. 


course of aday. When incited to exertion by hunger 
the Pelicans fly from their resting-place, and raising 
themselves thirty or forty feet above the surface of 
the sea, turn their head with one eye downwards, and 
continue to fly in that position till they see a fish 
sufficiently near the surface. ‘They then dart down 
with astonishing swiftness, seize it with unerring cer- 
tainty, and store it up in their pouch. Having done 
this they rise again, and continue the same actions 
till they have procured a competent stock. 


BROWN PELICAN. 


+(Pelecanus fuscus.) 


PE. cinereo-fuscus, capite subcristata colloque albidis, remigibus 
primoribus nigris. 

Ashy-brown Pelican with a slightly crested whitish head and neck, 
the primary quills black. 

Pelecanus fuscus (occidentalis), Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 215. B. 
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.570. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 883. 

Onocrotalus fuscus. Briss. Orn. 6.524. Raiz Syn. 191. 

Pelican brun. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.306. Buff. Pl. Enl. 957. 

Brown Pelican. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.506. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 
580. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 405. 


Near_y four feet in length: beak fifteen inches 
and a quarter long: greenish at the base, and in- 
clining to a blue or bluish-red towards the tip: the 
pouch is of a bluish-ash colour, streaked with red- 
dish: the irides are deep bluish-ash colour : the naked 


= 
lia 


PELICAN. 


20,1806, by James Qundee, London. 


Pub Nr 


pense dhl 


NEW HOLLAND PELICAN. 113 


skin round the eyes whitish: the head and neck are 
white: the former somewhat crested on the occiput : 
the back, scapulars, and rump are ashy-brown, the 
middle of each feather whitish: the breast and under 
parts are similar to the upper, but plain: the upper 
wing-coverts like the back, with some of the outer 
sreater ones plain brown: the primaries are black ; 
the secondaries hoary-brown: tail the same: legs 
lead-colour ; claws black. 

Common in most parts of America, especially in 
the West India Islands. 


NEW HOLLAND PELICAN. 


(Pelecanus Australis.) 


Pr. albus dorso supremo, remigibus cauddque nigris. 

White Pelican with the upper part of the back, the quills and tail 
black. 

New Holland Pelican. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 402. 


Leneru five feet: beak and round the eye yellow: 
general colour of the plumage white: the beginning 
of the back, the quills and tail black: imner half of 
the lesser wing-coverts white: legs pale blue; webs 
dusky: the quills reach to about the middle of the 
tail. Inhabits New Holland. 


Vie KPH Peo 8 


114 


RED-BACKED PELICAN. 


(Pelecanus rufescens. ) 


Pe. cristatus rufescens, capite colloque fuscescente-albis, cauda 
saturate cinerea. 

Crested reddish Pelican with the head and neck brownish-white, 
the tail dark ash. 

Pelecanus rufescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.571. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 884. 

Red-backed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.584, Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 404. 


“« Size of a large Swan: length five feet: beak 
thirteen inches long, and of a pale dirty yellow : space 
round the eyes and pouch the same ; the last reaches 
eight inches down the neck : the hind head is crested ; 
some of the feathers four inches in length: the head 
and neck dirty brownish-white: the back of a fine 
pale reddish cinnamon-colour: the wing-coverts like 
the neck, but darker: scapulars pale greyish lead- 
colour: lesser quills not unlike the wing-coverts, but 
the ends dark grey, and the shafts black : prime quills 
black: tail of a deep grey ; the shafts white at the 
base, and black towards the ends: the belly, thighs, 
under wing-coverts, and vent, like the back, but much 
paler: the feathers of the breast, wimg-coverts, and 
lower part of the neck, are long, narrow, and pointed, 
especially those of the breast: the legs are yellow.” 
Dr. Latham has given the above description of this 
bird from a specimen in his own collection: he adds, 
“that it was captured on the Gold Coast of Africa, 

\ 


CHARLESTOWN PELICAN. 115 


where it was kept tame for a long time: it was very 
voracious, and an experiment was made to ascertain 
what quantity of fish it would take into its beak: it 
first attempted to take up one (amongst several which 
were placed before it) of ten pounds, but the beak was 
not strong enough to raise it from the ground: it 
then picked up as far as ten of the others, each weigh- 
ing a pound, and stored them carefully in the bag, 
arranging them alongside each other, with the heads 
towards the throat: and after this trudged off very 
stately, with the bag hanging down to his feet.” 


CHARLESTOWN PELICAN. 


(Pelecanus Carolinensis. ) 


Pe. supra obscurus, subtus albus. 

Pelican above obscure, beneath white. 

Pelecanus Carolinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 884. 

Charlestown Pelican. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 507. Lath. Gen. 
Syn. 6.585. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 406. 


Size of a Canada Goose; colour of the plumage 
dusky above; white on the breast and belly ; witha 
pouch capable of holding several gallons of liquids. 
They abound in the bay of Charlestown, in America. 
Latham mentions the following varieties: ‘* One m 
leneth four feet: beak thirteen inches Jong, and 
differing from other Pelicans in having that part of 
the upper mandible which is next the base almost 


116 JAVAN PELICAN, 


cylindrical, and not flat, though spreading out con- 
siderably near the end : their plumage brown above; 
head, neck, and under parts brownish-white: the 
lower half of the back, in one specimen, striped black 
end dusky-white ; the feathers narrow, and edged 
with the last colour: in the other, the back of a plain 
colour: the bags in both of an enormous size, taking 
up the greatest part of the neck before: at the hind 
part of it, the whole length, the feathers much larger 
than the rest: though the nape of the neck, or back 
part of the head, were not at all crested. ‘These 
two were brought from Cayenne.”’ It also inhabits 
Georgia, in North America. 


JAVAN PELICAN. 


(Pelecanus Javanicus. ) 


Pe. albus, cristé obsoleta, remigibus primoribus nigris, secundariis 
et plumis dorsalibus nigro marginatis, rachidibus pennarum 
albis, rostro latiore. 

White Pelican with an obsolete crest, the primary quills black, 
the secondaries and dorsal feathers margined with black, the 
shafts white, the beak broad. 

Pelecanus Javanicus. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii. 197. 

Javan Pelican. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 403. 


Four feet in length: plumage white, with an ob- 
solete crest; and a broad beak: the prime quills 
black, the secondaries and feathers of the back mar- 
gined with black, with the shafts white. Inhabits 
Java: called Bakklu. 


SAW-BILLED PELICAN. 


vad (Pelecanus Thagus.) 


PE. caudé rotundatd, rostro serrato. 

Pelican with a rounded tail and serrated beak. 

Pelecanus Thagus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.577. Lath. Ind. Orn 
2. 884. 

Onocrotalus rostro denticulato. Briss. Orn. 6. 527. A. 

Onocrotalus Mexicanus dentalus, Alcatraz. Razz Syn. 127. 

Saw-billed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.579. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 409. 


Tuis bird differs from the Common Pelican merely 
in having the edges of the beak toothed, and the beak 
itself of a saffron colour: the legs are also saffron 
colour, inclining to red. Inhabits Mexico. 


ROUGH-BILLED PELICAN ? 


+ (Pelecanus? trachyrhynchos.) 


Pe? cristatus albus, guild saccaté nigro striatd, rostro rugoso. 

Crested white Pelican? the gular sac striped with black, the 
beak rugose. 

Pelecanus trachyrhynchos. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 884. 

- Pelecanus erythrorhynchos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 571. 


- Rough-billed Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 586. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 408. 


Tuis curious species is thus commemorated by Dr. 
Latham, in his History :-—* Size between a Goose 


118 ROUGH-BILLED PELICAN. 


and a Swan: length four feet six inches: beak thir- 
teen inches, shaped as in other Pelicans, with the 
addition of some singular protuberances on the top of 
the upper mandible, from the base of which, for about 
seven inches, the surface is plain; at this part an 
elevated ridge begins, about one inch and a half in 
height, and one-third of an inch in thickness; this 
continues about an inch and a half on the beak, and 
then other smaller ones take rise, of different sizes, 
and continue decreasing in size in an abrupt manner 
to the end of the beak: the colour of both reddish- 
yellow, here and there inclining to red; the under 
mandible and pouch as in other species, but on each 
side about the middle of the first, is a black spot, the 
size of a silver penny; and the bag is streaked with 
fine lines of black, which are pretty numerous on the 
fore part of it, most so next the end of the beak : the 
plumage is wholly of a pure white, except the bastard’ 
wings and quills, which are black: the shafts of the 
larger ones white; at the hind-head the feathers are 
greatly elongated, forming a crest of four inches and 
a half in length: the legs are black.’? Found in 
America. 


119 


FREGATTA. FRIGATE-BIRD. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longits, ro- || Beak longer than the head, 


bustum, integrum, supra || robust, entire, suicated 
sulcatum; mandibule ar- | above; the mandibles ar- 
cuatee, apicibus acutis. |  cuated, their tips acute. 

Orbites nude. Orbits naked. 

Ale longissime. Wings very long. 

Cauda forficata. Tail forked. 

Pedes breves; tibie plumose; || Legs short; tidte plumose ; 
membrane parve. membranes small. 


FREGATTA. Ray, Briss., Temm. 
PELECANUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
TACHYPLETIS. Vieil. 


SEVERAL remarkable peculiarities are observable 
in the structure of the Frigate-birds: in the first 
place they differ from the rest of the Natatores in 
having the toes so slightly webbed as to incapacitate 
them from swimming, the membrane scarcely reach- 
ing to the second joint of each toe; again, the im- 
mense extent of wing in comparison with the size of 
the bird is unparalleled in the birds of this order: 
they differ from the rest of the family by their forked 


120 COMMON FRIGATE-BIRD. 


tail, very short legs, and by the peculiar form of the 
beak, both mandibles curving downwards. From the 
extraordinary length of wing with which they are 
endowed, they fly to a most surprising distance : 
instances are on record of individuals being observed 
at the distance of 1000 miles from land; they are 
always however observed within, or ns to, the 
tropics : they { mee chiefly upon the flyingfish : they 
attack the Boobies, and compel them to disgorge their 

; atly devour. As eet ob- 
r r dinary affinity between these 

‘ 


birds A the — 


I have followed Ray n the appellation g given to 


fy 
this genus, although ‘is name is less alias than 
that of Vieillot, as *his name has the right of priority, 
which ought always to be ae eae. 


FR. corpore nigro, rostro rubro, ¢ 
abdomineque albis. a 

Frigate bird with the body black, the beak sat =o ‘orbit 
Jemale with the head and abdomen white. 

Pelecanus Aquilus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.216. Gmel. Syst. Nat 
1.572. Lath. Ind. Orn.2.885. Burton, Linn. Trans. xiii. 1. 

Pelecanus minor. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 572. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 885. 

Fregatta. Briss. Orn. 6. 506. pl. 43. 

Fregatta minor. Briss, Orn, 6. 509. 


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Pu aVerty . 


1 


COMMON FRIGATE-BIRD. 19% 


Fregatta avis. Rai Syn. 153. 192. 


La Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.381. Buff: Pl. Enl. 961. 
Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 525. 


Petite Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 390. 

Man of War, or Frigate Bird. Sloan. Journ.1.30. Alb. Birds, 
3. pl. 80. Edw. Glean. pl. 309. 

Lesser Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 590. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 412. 


Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 587. Wood's Zoogr. |. 
557. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 410. 


Tue usual length of this bird is three feet, from 
the tip of the beak to that of the tail: the prevailing 
colour of the plumage of the male is black, glossed 
with green on the back; of the female dusky, with 
the abdomen and nearly the whole of the head white : 
the eye and parts immediately surrounding it are 
black: the beak is of a dirty yellowish white: the 
feet of the male are black; those of the female of a 
bluish-white: the male is also distinguished from the 
female by a large fleshy bag or sac placed under the 
throat, of a bright red colour, and in its flaccid state 
putting on a granulated appearance : when distended 
it is smooth, and enlarges to the size of a hen’s egg. 

_A. very interesting account of this singular bird is 
given. by Mr. Burton m the thirteenth volume of the | 
Linnean ‘Transactions, to which, on account of its 
length and the limited space to which I find that 
my remarks are confined, I must refer my readers ; 
stating, however, that it resides in abundance in the 
Island of Ascension, and is also found on many of 
the coasts of the islands and continents of the south: 
its food consists chiefly of fish, and generally. of the 
Hxocetus volitans : the female lays one egg of a white 


1@e WHITE-HEADED FRIGATE-BIRD. 


colour, nearly resembling that of a hen, though some- 
what larger; the male assists in incubation, while 
the female is employed in procuring food. 


WHITE-HEADED FRIGATE-BIRD. 


> (Fregata leucocephalus.) 


Fr. corpore fusco, capite collo pectore abdomineque albis, rostro 
obscuro. 

Frigate-bird with the body brown, the head, neck, breast, and 
abdomen white, the beak obscure. 

Pelecanus leucocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.572. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 886. 

La Fregate. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. pl. 30. 

White-headed Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.591. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 413. 


LeneTtH about three feet: beak five inches long, 
dusky, tip nearly white: sides of the head covered 
with feathers: head and fore part of the neck white, 
finishing in a point on the last: breast and belly 
white: the rest of the plumage brown: tail forked : 
legs pale reddish-brown. 

Latham describes a variety which had the head 
and half the neck, all round, white, passing before 
down the breast, and ending between the legs: sides 
of the body, the vent, and rest of the plumage brown : 
legs reddish-brown. In the Hunterfan Museum: 
whence unknown. 


125 


PALMERSTONE FRIGATE-BIRD. 


+-(Fregata Palmerstonis.) 


Fr. corpore fusco viridi nitente subtus albo, gugulo albo nigroque 
vario, abdomine albo, crisso nigro. 

Frigate-bird with the body brown glossed with green, beneath 
white, the jugulum varied with black and white, the abdomen 
white, the vent black. 

Pelecanus Palmerstonis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.573. Lath, Ind. 
Orn, 2. 886. 

Palmerstone Frigate Pelican. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.592. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 414, 


LenerTu three feet: beak black: space round the 
eyes feathered: the upper part of the head, neck, 
and body brown, glossed with greenish : wing-coverts 
nearest the body dark glossy green: fore part of the 
neck mottled with white and brown: the rest of the 
under parts white: vent black : tail forked, the shafts 
of the feathers white: the legs dusky black: the 
middle claw serrated in the inside. Inhabits Palmer- 
stone Island, in the South Sea. Probably a variety 
or sex of the preceding. 


124 


PHAETON. TROPIC-BIRD. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum validum, capite lon- || Beak strong, longer than the 


gius, compressum, supra head, compressed, above 
convexum, rectum, mar- convex, straight, its edge 
gine denticulato, apice denticulated, the tip bent 
adunco, acuto. down and acute. 

Nares oblongze, pervie. Nostrils oblong, pervious. 

Facies plumis tecta. Face clothed with feathers. 

Cauda cuneiformis, rectrici- || Tail wedge-shaped, the two 
bus duabus _ intermediis intermediate  tail-feathers 
longissimis. ' very long. 

Pedes breves; tibia basi || Legs short; the base of the 
nude. tibie naked. 


PHAETON. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Temm., Vieill., &c. 
LEPTURUS. Briss. 
TROPICOPHILUS. Leach. 


AS their name implies, these birds are usually 
found within the tropics: in fact, it is a rare occur- 
rence for them to be observed without that zone of 
the globe, and they are so constant that our mariners 
hail their appearance as a sure idication of their 
vicinity to the tropics; they seldom approach the 
land, except for the purpose of nidification, and, in 


COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. 125 


common with the rest of the Pelecanide, they perch 
upon trees: their food consists of fishes, upon which 
they pounce after the manner of the birds of the pre- 
ceding genus. The structure of their beak is not 
much unlike that of some of the Gulls, and that forms 
a beautiful connecting link with those birds, as does 
also their thick and downy plumage: their feet are 
more webbed than those of the Frigate-birds; and 
the tail is adorned with two extremely long central 
feathers. 


~ COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. 


-- (Phaéton ethereus.) 


Pu. albus, dorso uropygio tectricibusque alarum minoribus nigro 
striatis, rectricum scapis basi fasciaque supra oculari nigris, 
rostro rubro. 

White Tropic-bird, with the back, rump, and lesser wing-coverts 
striped with black, the shafts at the base of the tail-feathers 
and fascia above the eyes black, the beak red. 

Phaéton wthereus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.219. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1. 581. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 893. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2. 
140. 

Lepturus. Briss. Orn. 6. 480. pl. 42. f0 1. 

Avis Tropicorum. Raz Syn. 123. 

Grand Paille-en-queue. Buff? Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 348. pl. 28. 
Buff: Pl. Ent. 998. 

Tropic-bird. Wallow. Orn. 331. pl.75. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.615. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 443. 

Vaniety.—Lepturus candidus. Briss. Orn. 6. 485. pl. 42. f. 2. 

Paille-en-queue de l’isle de l’Ascension. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 
355. Buff. Pl. Enl. 369. 

Tropic-bird. Edw. Glean. pl. 149. f. 2. 


126 COMMON TROPIC-BIRD. 


From the tip of the beak to that of the tail, this 
bird measures two feet ten inches: the beak is red: 
the head, neck, and under parts of the body are 
white: near the base of the upper mandible of the 
beak arises a streak of black, which curves round thie 
upper part of the eye and ends a little way behind 
it: the back, rump, and scapulars are white, striped 
with black curved streaks: the lesser wing-coverts 
are white, some of them transversely marked with 
black : the greater quills are black with white edges : 
the sides of the body, over the thighs are black, or 
dusky, and white mixed: the tail is white, with the 
exception of the two middle feathers, which are black 
at the base; the last feathers are about twenty inches 
in length ; the next two about five inches and a half, 
and the two outer feathers about half that length, pro- 
ducing a cuneiform shape : the legs are dusky yellow : 
claws black. 

This species varies in having its beak cinereous at 
its base, the rest yellowish; the general colour of the 
plumage silvery white; with the crescent over the 
eye, and black markings on the scapulars: the legs 
yellowish : the base of the toes the same: the rest of 
their length, the webs, and claws black. Another 
variety is mentioned, differing in having the plumage 
of a yellowish white or cream colour, instead of being 
pure silvery white. 

Inhabits various maritime countries within the 
tropics, but nowhere so abundant as at Palmerstone 
Island: they are said to perch on trees, and to lay 
their eggs on the ground beneath them: they fly 
very high, and stray to a very considerable distance 


BLACK-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. 127 


from land; they attack and prey upon the fiying- 
fish. 

The natives of Otaheite, and of other islands in 
the South Seas, search diligently after the long tail- 
feathers, which they use to ornament their dresses. 


BLACK-BILLED TROPIC-bBIRD. 


~ (Phaéton melanorhynchos.) 


Pu. albo nigroque striatus subtus fronteque albus, tenia ante 
ponegue oculos, rostro pedibusque nigris. 

Tropic-bird striped with white and black, beneath and the fore- 
head white, with a broad band before and behind the eyes, the 
beak and legs black. 

Phaéton melanorhynchus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 582. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 894. 

Black-billed Tropic-bird. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.619. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 446. 

Youne ?—New Holland Tropic-bird. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 448. 


Tuts is nimeteen inches and a half in length: beak 
black: the plumage on the upper part of the body 
and wings irregularly streaked with black and white : 
before the eye a strip or crescent of black, and be- 
hind a streak of the same: the quills and tail are 
marked similarly to the upper parts of the plumage ; 
the former has the tips white, and the latter has them 
dusky black : the forehead and all the under parts of 
the body are pure white: the sides over the thighs — 


128 RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. 


are striated black and white : the legs are black. In- 
habits Turtle and Palmerstone Islands, in the South 
Seas. 


RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. 


*(Phaeton pheenicurus.) 


Pu. roseo-incarnaius, rostro rectricibusque duabus intermediis 
rubris, tenia superciliari pedibusque nigris. 

Rosy flesh-coloured Tropic-bird, with the beak and two middle 
tail-feathers red, with a superciliary band and the legs black. 
Phaéton pheenicurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.583. Lath. Ind. Orn. 

895. ? 
Paille-en-queue a brins rouges. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 357. 
Paille-en-queue de l’isle de France. Buff: Pl. Enl. 979. 
Red-tailed Tropic-bird. _ Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.619. pl. 105. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 447. . 


Two feet ten inches in length, including the two 
middle tail-feathers, which alone measure twenty-one 
inches: the beak is deep red: the plumage cream- 
colour, delicately tinged with pale rose-colour: over 
the eyes a black crescent: scapulars tipped with black: 
the shafts and base of the two middle tail-feathers 
black ; the rest of the webs bright red : the sides over 
the thighs dusky : the legs black. 

Like its congeners this bird prefers the countries 
within the tropics : it occurs, however, in most plenty 


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RED-TAILED TROPIC-BIRD. 129 


in the island of Mauritius, where they construct their 
nests in hollows in the ground beneath the trees, 
laying two yellowish white eggs, spotted with rufous. 
It also occurs in plenty at Palmerstone and Turtle 
Islands, and among the I'riendly and Society Islands 
in the South Seas. 


V. X1it. By Te 


PLOTUS. DARTER. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longior, rec- 
tum, validum, margine 


Beak \onger than the head, 
straight, strong, its edge 


obliqué denticulato, apice obliquely denticulated, its 


| 
acuto. | tip acute. 
Nostrils placed in a cleft at 
| the base of the beak. 
Facies gulaque nude. Face and throat naked. 


|| Neck elongated. 


Nares in rim4 ad basin rostri | 


positee. 


Collum elongatum. - 
Legs short; the tibia naked 
at the base. 


Pedes breves; tibi@ basi 
nude. 


PLOTUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil., &c. 


THESE birds have a body and legs in some degree 
resembling those of the Cormorants, but their neck 
is extremely long and slender, their head small, and 
their beak straight, slender, and pointed, with their 
edges denticulated ; in other respects they agree with 
the rest of the birds of this family, as they do also 
in habits. . 


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BLACK-BELLIED DARTER. 


(Plotus melanogaster.) 


PL. abdomine nigro. 

Darter with ie abdomen black. | 

Plotus melanogaster. Gmel. Syst. Nat. I. ae Tat Ind. Orn. 
2. 895. 4 aie 

Anhinga de Cayenne. Buff: Pl. ae 959. 9 ue At 

Anhinga noir du Senegal. Buff: Pl. Enl.960. 

Anhinga. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. pl. 35. Pi 

Anhinga roux du Senegal. Bel IE Nat. Ois. 8. 453? Buff. 
Pl. Enl. OG oe 

Black-bellied Darter. | Ligh. ee cos 6. 624. pl. 106. Wils. 
Amer. Orn. 0. ix. p. 79. pl: Ixxiy, f-1.2. Lath. Gen. Mist. 
fx. 451. 


eae appears to be a variable species: one de- 
scribed by Latham, from a specimen in the British 
Museum, measured ‘‘ three feet three inches and a 
half in length: its beak four inches and a half; 
colour dusky yellow, covered at the base with a skin 
of the same colour, which occupies the space between 
the beak and eye, and surrounds the latter: nostrils. 
a slit placed obliquely, not far from the base; the 
upper mandible finely serrated: the head is small, 
and the neck long and slender, both covered with 
short downy feathers, of a dusky white: or very pale 
brown, palest before, and darkest at the lower part 
behind : the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts are of 
the same colour, but deeper: the lower part of the 
neck, on the sides, and the wing-coverts, marked with 
oval spots of white, regular, and forming rows on 


1352 WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. 


the latter: the scapulars streaked longitudinally with 
white, giving the bird an elegant appearance : across 
the lower part of the breast a dull rufeus bar; from 
thence all beneath is black, of which colour are also 
the quills and tail; the last is eleven inches in length, 
a little rounded in shape, and the ends of the feathers 
rusty pale brown; the two middle feathers undulated 
cross-ways in a singular manner: the legs are clumsy, 
stout, and only four inches and a half in length; the 
colour dirty yellowish-brown.’’ Native place un- 
known. 

A variety from Cayenne is figured by Buffon ; of 
the length of the former: beak pale yellow: round 
the eye and throat pale dusky white : the wing-coverts 
yellowish-white: the rest of the plumage black, except 
the feathers on the upper part of the back, and some 
of the scapulars, which are streaked down the middle 
with white ; and the tip of the tail dirty rufous: legs 
brownish-yellow. 


WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. 


+-(Plotus Anhinga.) 


Pu. aebdomine albo. 

Darter with the abdomen white. 

Plotus Anhinga. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 218. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
580. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 895. 

Anhinga. Briss. Orn. 6. 476. Raw Syn. 124. Buff: Hist. 
Nat. Ois. 8. 448. 

White-bellied Darter. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 622. Lath. Gen. 
Ast. x. 449. 


WHITE-BELLIED DARTER. 1S 


Axout the size of a Duck in the body, but its 
length, from the tip of the beak to that of the tail, 1s 
about two feet ten inches: the beak is greyish with 
its base yellowish: the irides are gold-coloured : the 
head is small, and the neck long and slender, and 
covered with soft downy feathers of a rufous grey- 
colour: the throat and fore part of the neck are grey, 
the upper part of the back and scapulars are dusky 
black: the middle of the feathers dashed with white : 
the lower part of the back, the rump, and upper 
tail-coverts, of a fine black: the lesser and middle 
wing-coverts are similar to the back; the greater co- 
verts nearest the body are black, spotted with white, 
the outer ones plain black : the tail consists of twelve 
broad glossy black feathers: all the under parts of 
the body from the breast are pure silvery white: the 
legs and toes are yellowish-grey. 

Inhabits’ Brazil:-it builds its nest on trees, on 
which it roosts at night, and when net on the water, 
being very rarely seen on the ground: it feeds upon 
fish, which it catches most dexterousiy, darting upon 
them with great rapidity. ‘These birds delight to 
sit in little communities, ou the dry limbs of trees, 
hanging over still waters, with their wings and tails 
expanded ; and when any one approaches, drop off 
the limb into the water as if dead, and for a minute 
or two are not seen; when on a sudden, at a vast 
distance, their long slender heads and necks only ap- 
pear, having much the resemblance of snakes, as no 
other part of them is visible, whilst swimming, except 
occasionally the tip ef the tail. 


LARID. 


"THE birds comprised in this family are distinguished 
by the great length of their wings, by their beak being 
destitute of denticulation, but bent down at the tip 
in some of the genera, and simply pointed in the 
others. Again, their hinder toe is not included in 
the same membrane which invests the others, but is 
either free or totally wanting. 

All the species affect the high seas, and by means 
of their long wings they fly to great distances from 
land, many of them having been observed by ma- 
riners at several hundred leagues therefrom. They 
subsist usually upon fishes and mollusca, and some of 
them upon small Alcadz, the refuse materials thrown 
from ships, and all kinds of fat greasy matter floating 
upon the surface of the water; they are mostly very 
voracious. 


DIVISION I. 


Rostrum rectum, acutum. 
Beak straight, acute. 


RHYNCHOPS. SKIMMER. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longior, rec- || Beak longer than the head, 


tum, compressum, apice straight, compressed, its 
truncato; mandibula su- tip truncated; the upper 
periore multo breviore, in- mandible much shorter 


feriore apice truncato. than the under, which has 


its apex also truncated. 


Nares lineares. | Nostrils linear. 

Cauda furcata. Tail forked. 

Pedes graciles, digito postico || Legs slender, the hinder toc 
minuto. minute. 


RHYNCHOPS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., &c. 
RYGCHOPSALIA. Briss. 
PLOTUS. Klein. 


‘LHe Skimmers are distinguished from all other 
birds by the very extraordinary form of their beak, 
which has its upper mandible considerably shorter 
than their under, and grooved beneath, so as to re- 
ceive the edge of the lower, which is extremely thin ; 
the sides of both mandibles have several slight fur- 
rows: the nostrils are large and pervious, and placed 
in a hollow near the base and edge of the upper man- 
dible, where it projects greatly over the lower. The 


186 BLACK SKIMMER. 


tail is forked; and the legs and feet are very similar 
to those of the Terns, to which genus these birds are 
also greatly allied, from their long wings and man- 


ners of life. There are two species known. 
hs, 


Ru. nigricans subtus bi rN rubro. 

Dipsley Skimmer beneath ite, with, the base of the beak red. 
Rhynchops nig: " Linn Syst Nat. x. [..228. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 
1.611. Lath Ind. Orn. 2. 802. Shaw, Aang Misc. pl. 325. 

Rygchopsalia.. Briss. Or n. 6. 223. pl. Bs 
Avis maderaspatanos major 
pl apy. 5. SUL PGUNE oe 
Le bec en ciseaux. Buff. Ois. 8. 454. pl.36. Buff. Pl. Enl. 357. 
Coupeur d'eau. Cuv. Reg. Anin ya eae x * 
Cutwater, Catesby, Carol. 1. pl. 90. jae s he 
Black Skimmer. Edw. Glean. pl. 281. heals . Pin, gin, Zool. 
2.445. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.347. pl. in title. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 96. TWils. Amer. Orn, vii. 85. pl. Ix. f. 4. 
Varrety.—Rhynchops fulva. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 229. 
Rygchopsalia fulva. Briss. Orn. 6. 227. A. 


Raw Syn. 194. 


Tuts singular bird is twenty inches in length: its 
beak is red at its base and black at its tip: the fore- 
head, chin, and under parts of its plumage, are white : 
the rest of the head, and the upper parts of the body 
and wings, are dusky black: the wings are crossed 
by a white bar: the tail is considerably shorter than 
the wings, and forked; the two middle feathers are 


Od 


INGISIES 


SY) VIG 


Sr OR ine Aaa a, ‘a 
flvsinrisie ante St vine dou Mo Toe wilt 
setslve eoviehl yotiny caeit ok odie sitive oar 
Ae ight £10, te nC ett Phy woh x Lath dia heseph: | 
” ies ately Sri his tobieste aual) ¢odtedt Sen 

WER ts prety, | 1 iggy 4 do. wags Pat in? tril ; Bip ath 2K 2 toe 
iy ied fre donhbie basta aso grind aire! (ae i 

a an 4G ou af want epenl ot Hideo ah wey a silt) 


» 
" i ae erry | ag liuiten Go TRE? 
vw. x a R : Mg j , y 
Fea aS 'S ere sit pied Bpivei eee Pepi UPoaese ks ath 
Resa i, ast PL A 
by | 
Weg 
a I ’ , F 4 re 
Byes ie Hole bye: uf 
ek fe. js af 
‘ha AI oN MATA 4 
aN ; Bin! ea i hs ia wt ; ‘ fies “i j 
os Bones hee 5 OP gate 2 errr Pics cih 
ty j 
ite.” ; One 
. SPOT TS Li 7 


Dy “re eae CP shor vail 3 a 
ia ; rap oe 
yaaa 


: SHCURERO 4 s900)) 
i Lt hool Pree tery yore 


grasa yleret Ra 
MOISE ait? Fe Hine iia Ry i 


‘danag out nm) cyaitawn ven | 
to BAI mb haw egaclen Eyh| Fa if obycat” mati KE Eien 6% 


yinae to prawn Rit ae rachiowt va hana tit ‘ail an 

| MERLE S TO SoRqe oft nidtow hanel ase seid ste 

‘basa lt ai hanrest wollork viunt 6 er teeet oft ¢ bos ee 
Pe 6 eo wlio gue Pole! 

bowtan fede dati: ie boy: ayia Ya a ee Ganeenye eur i 

tent bus (Foaldydercend te og DO annul Haivag hs 

. “itt anmiyat Loelog Aim Shap tO) mae wae A ny Feet, 

1 ete ahetnt ott ape rhs it “each 3) a: ks “Hicaap 0 

carers bie 1) 1 We 4 RE it erty uke joe seccvh wy, 


€ 


BLACK SKIMMER. 157 
black ; the next on each side the same outwardly 
margined with white; the four outer ones white, 
dashed with dusky down the shafts, least on the 
outer feathers: legs slender aud red; claws black. 
Both sexes are alike; but varieties of each sometimes 
occur; some being brown instead of black, and having 
the white less pure: others have those parts of a ful- 
vous colour that are usually of a black brown. 

This species inhabits various parts of the American 
continent, from New York to the Brazils. It is ge- 
nerally on the wing, and skims on the surface of the 
water, continually dipping in its beak to take up the 
small fish, which are its principal food: in stormy 
weather it seeks the shore, and chiefiy subsists upon 
shrimps, small crabs, &c. Its voice is harsh and 
screaming, resembling that of the ‘Terns, but stronger. 
It flies slowly, dipping occasionally, with steady ex- 
panded wings and bended neck, its lower mandible 
into the sea, and with open mouth receiving its food 
as it ploughs along the surface: it is rarely seen 
swimming on the water ; but frequently rests in large 
parties on the sand bars at low water. On the coast 
of Virginia these birds may be observed in fiocks of 
several hundreds together; and upwards of twenty 
nests have been found within the space of a square 
rod: the nest is a mere hollow formed in the sand, 
without any other materials: the female lays there 
eggs, almost exactly oval, of a clear white, marked 
with large round spots of brownish-black, and inter- 
mixed with others of pale ink colour: they are fre- 
quently eaten, but have a fishy taste: the female sits 
on them only during the night, or in wet and stormy 


138 YELLOW-BEAKED SKIMMER. 


weather. ‘The young are at first so exactly of a co- 
Jour with the sand on which they sit, as to be with 
difficulty discovered: they are several weeks before 
they fly, during which time they are assiduously at- 
tended by the parents: when the young are able to 
leave, they depart to other countries, but rarely pro- 
ceed far out to sea. 


YELLOW-BEAKED SKIMMER. 


(Rhynchops flavirostris. ) 


Ru. corpore supra cinereo-fusco, subtus albo ; rostro flavo ; pe- 
dibus fuscis. 

Skimmer with the body above ashy-brown, beneath white, the 
beak yellow, the legs brown. 

Rhynchops flavirostris, Vieil. 2 Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. 
Nat. t. iil. p. 358. 


Tus bird has the forehead, the throat, all the 
under parts of the body, the tips of the upper wing- 
coverts and secondary quills white: the rest of the 
plumage is ashy-grey. Inhabits the rivers of Senegal 
and Gambia. 


ANOUS. 


159 


NODDY. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longum, sub- 
ulatum, subrectum, acu- 
tum, compressiusculum ; 
mandibula superiore pauld 
inclinata. 

Nares lineares, basales. 

Ale mediocres. 

Cauda haud fureata. 


Beak as long as the head, 
subulated, nearly straight, 
pointed, compressed ; the 
upper mandible a little 
inclined. 

Nostrils linear, basal. 

Wings medial. 

Tail not forked. 


Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; || Legs four-toed, weak; the 
digito postico minuto, wn- hinder foe minute, the 


gues parve. claws small. 


ANOUS. Leach. MS. 
STERNA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
GAVIA. Briss. 

PASSER. Ray. 


Tue Noddies differ from the Terns and Viralves by 


having the tail neariy equal with the wings, and even ~ 


at the end: their beak also differs from that of either 
of the above genera in its form, which approaches 
somewhat to that of the beak of the Gulls. They 
are said to be a very stupid race of birds, and to allow 
themselves to be knocked on the head without at- 


140 BLACK NODDY. 


tempting to remove from the place: they are usually 
of very dark and sombre colours; and are found 
within the tropics. 


“BLACK NODDY. 
Papous niger.) 


AN. corpore nigro, fronte bic Perens alris, rostro pe- 
dibusque nigris. ie aE at 5 

Noddy with a black body, whitish ‘Torah cal, 
brows, and black legs and beak. Ng 

Sterna stolida. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 227» Gil Sy Nat. L: 
605. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 805. ; 

Sterna Philippina. Lath. Gen. Spr 2, 8057 


dark-coloured eye- 


Rone 
Passer stultus. Raz Syn. 154. RN hag, ag + 
Gavia fusca. Briss. Orn. 6. 199. pl. 18.f. “Da. rat 
La Mouette brune. Buff. Pl. Enl. 997. — Pe bs Sic 


Le Noddi noir, Oiseau fou, &e. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. lip he 
Le petit Fouquet des Philippines. Sonner. Voy. Ind. 125. pl. 3 
Philippine Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 267. 
Noddy. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 461. pl. 37. Catesb. Carol. 1. 
pl. 88. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. » 304. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 4104. 


Tite 


Tue length of this bird is fifteen jae its beak 
is slender and black : its entire plumage is of a sooty 
brown, the top of the head excepted; this is white, 
changing to ash colour towards the occiput: the quills 
and tail are blackish-brown: the legs are black. 

A common species within the tropical seas: it is 
said to breed in the rocky ledges of St. Helena, and 
in the Bermuda Islands, and various parts of Brazil 
and Cayenne. ‘They fly about in flocks during the 


PUL 


PDLACK .NODDY. 


tytk, gle Miia al #0 Gig witht deaths Hit tis ducihite: boing 


, mdi or gebigady tausnqys tad moat eoibhor poligo 
Psa t a OE: < 2a#loanons | v is voile bit Py ay oti ‘ia 
Perl: 2aor datas pL ewecpyce eat re yous tal 
ee web it fh) ny ssw ie bins cawarl 4! ss stats 4 “afore Pubs 
i , ay ’ are! syd a spunea be ( ie yr mervq 20d 
Laine Pe hae 
; ee 


| 1 repo ah 
He dtin (pio 


ath Lrodein nayeley guard ‘alae hb bin 8 
MD eat 904 colooket ah eH ie i senenlaliyore al Assd™ 
a aT eis ae slagity, Ais | alos salt 4p yige ‘hau f i _deondt 
att hin) tes ‘ayant hus Agmieg > ete 
savest He se THistal erouapal afore: mfg ott stn “ot 
gat pavods sootd voll ade rev PALE ‘slbbiae bas nl 
atintle 93, emeatls all hip att s vie ab PIAEOD. sieoty 
“dhaive boanit hod add ixan ows ¢ oH. 3 | aida digsnod 
tabau ant ls b bre door add ka done, SOR B¥bbe pucks 
‘owt silt wylauh fist: nvord one synomulg odds To ats 
awela phox tab wal ine esol ibe gree oth 


DUSKY NODDY. 14 


period of incubation, and are very noisy. They are 
called Noddies from their apparent stupidity in dying 
into ships, and allowing themselves to be caught by 
the hand; but they will frequently inflict very severe 
wounds with their beak, and scratch with their claws 
those persons who attempt to catch them. 


DUSKY NODDY... 


(Anous fuscatus.) 


An. corpore nigricante immaculato, pedibus rubris, rostro fusco. 

Noddy with an immaculate dusky body, red legs, and brown beak. 

Sterna fuscata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
610. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807. aren 

Sterna fusca. Briss. Orn. 6. 220. pl. 21. f. 1. 

Dusky Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.360. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 129. 


Tue Dusky Noddy is in length eleven inches : its 
beak is greyish-brown with its tip black: the head, 
throat, and hind part of the neck are dusky brown : 
the back, rump, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts the 
same, with the edges of the feathers rufous : the lesser 
and middle wing coverts dusky brown above: the 
greater coverts dusky: the quills dusky, the shafts 
beneath white: the two next the body tipped with 
rufous: the fore part of the neck and all the under 
parts of the plumage are brown : tail dusky, the two 
middle feathers with rufous tips : legs dull red : claws 
black. Inhabits St. Domingo. 


142 


SHORT-TAILED NODDY. 


(Anous plumbea.) 


An. albus, vertex, auricule, macula ante oculos, occipiteque nigris, 
dorso humerisque saturaté cinereis, pennis apice fuscis, alis 
caudaque plumbeis. 

White Noddy with the crown, auriculars, a spot before the eyes, 
and the occiput black, the back and shoulders dark ash, the 
tips of the feathers brown, the wings and tail lead-coloured. 

Sterna plumbea, or short-tailed Tern. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. 
p- 83. pl. Ixx. f. 3. 

Short-tailed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 150. 


Leneru eight inches and a half: the beak, crown, 
auricles, spot before the eye and the occiput black : 
the forehead, eyelids, sides of the neck passing round 
to the nape, and all the under parts, pure white: 
back and shoulders dark cinereous, the feathers broadly 
tipped with brown : wings and tail dark lead colour: 
legs tawny. 

Inhabits America: discovered by Wilson after a vio- 
lent storm, which inundated the meadows of Schuyl- 
kili, and by causing the insects therein to float on 
the water, attracted several hundreds of this species; 
some of which were killed, and upon examination 
proved to be non-descript: their stomachs were found 
to contain grasshoppers, crickets, spiders, &c. but 
no fish. 


143 


BROWN NODDY. 


( Anous ? spadicea.) 


An. fusco-rubescens, crisso albo, dorsi pennis tectrictbusque alarum 


margine albidis, scapularibus remigibusque secundariis apice 
albis. 

Red-brown Noddy, with the vent white, the feathers of the back 
and wing-coverts edged with whitish, the scapulars and se- 
condary quills white at the tip. 

Sterna spadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.610. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 
807. 


Brown Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.359. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 129. 


Innapits Cayenne: length fifteen inches: beak 
black : the prevailing colour of the plumage is red- — 
dish-brown ; the under parts palest : the head, neck, 
and under parts are uniform in colour, but the edges 
of the feathers of the back and wing-coverts are red- 
dish-white: the scapulars and secondaries are tipped 
with white : the under wing-coverts and the ridges of 
the wings are white: the quills and tail are dusky, 
with the shafts of the feathers white beneath: the 
legs are pale reddishgbrown; the claws are black. 
It varies in having some of the feathers on the neck 
and breast edged with dusky. 


1 4. A 


STERNA. | TERN. 


Generic Character: 


Rostrum capite longior, gra- || Beak longer than the head, 


cile, subrectum, compres- slender, nearly straight, 
siusculum apice acuto; |) rather compressed, the tip 
mandibulé superiore de- | pointed, the upper man- 
flexo. _ dible bent down. 

Nares oblong, basales. | Nostrils oblong, nasal. 

Ale \ongissime. | Wings very long. 

Cauda valdé forficata. Tail greatly forked. 

Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; || Leos four-toed, weak; the 
digito postico minuto, wn- | hinder foe minute, the 
gues parve. | claws small. 

\ 


STERNA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
HIRUNDO. Ray. 
LARUS. Ray. 


‘THESE birds are readily distinguished by the great 
length of their wings and their forked tail, as well as 
by the form of their beak. In manner they some- 
what resemble the Noddies, but are less stupid. They 
are more generally distributed over the globe, and are 
abundant in the temperate regions: their colours are 


CASPIAN TERN. 145 


of a gayer description than either those of the Vi- 
valres or Noddies; the predominating hue being a 
‘ beautiful ashy-lead colour, often tinged with rosy. 

Terns are perpetually on the wing, and when they 
rest seldom alight upon the water, but prefer the 
land, as they are bad swimmers. ‘Their nourishment 
consists almost exclusively of small live fishes, which 
they seize upon while on the wing, descending like a 
shot to the water, and capturing their prey. 


CASPIAN TERN. 


(Sterna Caspia.) 


Sr. corpore supra plumbeo-cinereo, subtus colloque albo, rostro 
coccineo, capilhitio pedibusque nigris. 

Tern with the body above leaden-ash, beneath and neck white, the 
beak crimson, the capillitium and legs black. 

Hirondelle de mer Tschegrava. Temm.man.d’Orn. 1. 2 Edit. ii. 


733. 
Sterna Caspica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 603. Lath. Ind. Orn. 5. 


804. Sparr. Mus. Carl. fas. pl. 62. 
Caspian Tern. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.526. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 
350. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 99. 


Tuer Caspian Tern is upwards of twenty inches in 
length: its beak is crimson: the irides are dull: the 
forehead, crown, hind head, and round the eyes, are 
deep black, with a few dots of white: on the lower 
eye-lid is a small whitish crescent: the hind part of 
the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, the 

V. XIII. P. I. 10 


146 CRESTED TERN. 


rump, and tail, are pure snowy white : the first six 
quills are deep ash-colour, the margins and tips 
blackish ; the rest are coloured the same as the back: 
the legs are black. 

Common in the Caspian Sea and its vicinity: it 
lays two or three large ashy-green eggs, spotted with 
brown. Its manners somewhat resemble those of the 
Gulls ; and its voice is similar to the noise made by a 
person laughing. 


CRESTED TERN. 


(Sterna cristata.) 


St. cinereo-cana, corpore subtus colloque albis, vertice nigro, 
occipite subcristata, rectrice externa a medio ad apicem alba. 
Hoary ash-coloured Tern with the body beneath and neck white, 
the crown black, the occiput slightly crested, the outer tail- 
feathers from the middle to the tip white. 

Sterna Caspia y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 11. 804. 

Caspian Tern B. Lath. Gen. Syn. vi. 351. 

Crested Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 101. 


Leneru about twenty inches: beak three inches, 
stout, pale and yellow: nostrils pervious: the crown 
black, the feathers elongated and forming a pinnacle 
crest at the nape ; the rest of the head, neck, and 
under parts of the body white: back and wings pale 
ashy-grey: quills grey, with the ends dusky: inner 
webs, half way from the base, white: tail grey, the 
end half of the feathers white : the shafts of the quills 
and tail white: legs black. ‘The female? has the 


SANDWICH TERN. 147 


crown somewhat mottled with grey, and the wings 
darker coloured. Inhabits China; and many of the 
south-eastern islands of Asia. 


SANDWiCH TERN. 


(Sterna cantiaca.) 


Sr. alba dorso alisque canis, pileo nigro, fronte maculis albis, 
remigibus nigricaniibus scapis albis. 

White Tern with the back and wings hoary, the pileus black, 
the forehead with white spots, the quills dusky with white 
shafts. c 

Sterna cantiaca.—Hirondelle de mer cangek. Temm. man. d’Orn- 
479. Id. 2 Edit. it. 735. 

Winter Puumace.—Sterna cantiaca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 60@ 
Linn. Trans. 13. 329. 

Summer Prumace.—Sterna Boysii. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 806. 

Greater Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 88. 

Sandwich Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.356. Lath. Syn. Sup. 266. 
Boys’ Sandwich, p.851. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 203. Walc. 
Syn. 1. pl. 120. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 120. Mont. Orn. 
Dict. 2. and Supp. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.204. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 106. 

IMMATURE SUMMER PLUMAGE.—Sterna Africana. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1. 605. Lath. Ind- Orn. 2. 105. 

African Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 354. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
108. 

Youne.—Sterna striata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.609? Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 807 ? 

Sterna nebulosa. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fas. pl. 63. 

Striated Tern. Lath, Gen. Syn. 6. 358. pl. 98? 


Durine the winter season, this species has the beak 
of a deep black, with its tip yellow: its irides are 


148 SANDWICH TERN. 


blackish : the forehead and the top of the head are 
pure white ; the hinder part of the latter is slightly 
sprinkled with black spots, which are placed in the 
centre of the feathers: the feathers of the occiput 
are rather long, and are deep black with white edges : 
before the eyes is a black crescent: the nape, upper 
part of the back, all the under parts, and the tail are 
clear glossy white: the rest of the back, the scapulars 
and wing-coverts are bright bluish-ash : the quills are 
of a velvet-grey, and are all bordered on their inner 
webs by a broad white band: the legs are black ; 
with the under part of the foot yellow-ochre colour. 
During the spring and summer, the forehead, top of 
the head, and the occipital feathers are deep black : 
the rest of the plumage resembles that of the winter. 
The young about the head resemble their parents in 
the winter, and like them their under parts are pure 
white. ‘The back and scapulars are whitish-ash, trans- 
versely rayed with blackish-brown bars; the larger 
scapulars are edged with brown: the wing-coverts 
are tipped with semicircular bands: the secondaries 
and quills are blackish-ash, edged and tipped with 
white: the tail-feathers are ash-coloured at their base, 
then blackish, and tipped with white: the beak is 
black, with the tip yellowish. 

This species inhabits the sea-coasts, and appears to 
be freely distributed over all those of Europe: on 
those of this country it is however not very frequent, 
except in the neighbourhood of Sandwich, where it 
was discovered by Mr. Boys, of that place, who com- 
municated his discovery to Dr. Latham. It also 
occurs on the coasts of Northumberland, as Bewick’s 


WHITE-BROWED TERN. 149 


account tells us. Its nest and eggs have not hitherto 
been discovered in England, but, according to ‘Tem- 
minck, it builds in large flocks on the strands of the 
sea, in salt marshes, or on the naked rocks; laying 
two or three whitish eggs, marked with black spots of 
various sizes. It feeds on fishes. 


WHITE-BROWED TERN. 


(Sterna superciliaris. ) 


Sr. vertice nigro alboque vario, occipite nigro, corpore supra 
cerulescente-cinereo, subtus superciliisque albis, remigibus qua- 
tuor primariis nigris. 

Tern with the crown varied with black and white, the occiput 
black, the body above bluish-ash, beneath and eyelids white, 
the four primary quills black. 

L’Hirondelle de mer a sourcils blancs.—Sterna superciliaris. Veil. 
2 Edit. du Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. t. 32—176. 
White-browed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 108. 

Youne ?—Sterna maculata. Vierl. 1. c.? 


Lenetu eight inches: over the eye a broad band 
of white, and a second of black and white beneath, 
surrounding the eye: the sides of the head, and all 
the under parts of the plumage, white: the top of 
the head marbled with black and white: the occiput 
black : the body above and wings blue-grey ; the four 
outer quills blackish. Inhabits Paraguay; discovered 
by d’Azara. 


COMMON TERN. 


(Sterna Hirundo.) 


Sr. vostro pedibusque sanguineis, rectricibus dudbus eaternis albo 
nigroque dimidiatis. 

Tern with the beak and legs blood red, the two outer tail-feathers 
half black half white. 

Sterna Hirundo. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.227. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 807. 

Hirundo marina. Rai Syn. 131. A. 

Sterna major. Briss. Orn. 6. 203. pl. 19.f. 1. 

L’Hirondelle de mer pierre garin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 331. 
pl. 27. Buff. Pl. Enl. 987. Temm. man. d’Orn. 481. Id. 
2 Edit. ii. 744. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 521. 

Greater Tern (or Common). Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 254. pl. 90. 
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.361. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 204... Wale. 
Syn. 1. pl.119. Don. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 23. Mont. Orn. 
Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 129. Wils.. Amer. 
Orn. vii. 76. pl. Ixx. f. 1. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 114. 


Lenetu upwards of fourteen inches: its beak is 
crimson, with its tip dusky: the irides are reddish- 
brown: the forehead, top of the head, and the long 
occipital feathers are deep black: the hinder part of 
the neck, the back, and wings are bluish-ash: the 
under parts are pure white, the breast excepted, 
which is slightly shaded with cinereous; the quills 
are whitish-ash tipped with brown-ash: the tail is 
white ; with its two lateral feathers blackish-brown 
on their outer webs: the legs are red. The young 
after the first autumnal moult have the forehead and 
part of the top of the head of a dirty white, marked 


= 


W, yy jj jy 


LAA 
LAY 


LAA 
I-EV- 


COMM ON: 


TERN. 


Fie 


COMMON TERN. 151 


with blackish spots towards the occiput ; the long fea- 
thers of which are brownish-black, finely edged and 
tipped with whitish: the upper parts of the body are 
of a dull ashy-blue, with all the feathers edged and 
tipped with whitish, and irregularly spotted with 
clear brown: the under parts are dull dirty white : 
the tail-feathers are ash-coloured, tipped with whitish : 
the base of the beak is dull orange; the irides are 
dusky brown; the legs orange. 

Inhabits the sea-coasts, and collections of water 
in their vicinity, and is a very common species in all 
parts of Europe, and also of North America: it is 
common on those of Britain. About June it lays 
two or three eggs of an ashy-brown colour, marked 
with numerous irregular spots of blackish and ash- 
colour: the young are hatched in July, and fly in 
about six weeks. It is a bold bird, and during the 
period of incubation will attack any person approach- 
ing too near its nest. It is often called the Sea 
Swallow, as it is continually on the wing, and is, 
moreover, very active in pursuit of its prey. 


ARCTIC TERN. 


(Sterna arctica.) 


Sr. vostro rufo, apice nigro ; tarsis brevibus ; caudé valde furcata. 

Tern with the beak red, its tip black, the tarsi short, the tail very 
much forked. 

Sterna arctica. Sabine, Frank. Journ. App. 694. Parry's App. 
Pp: Coll. 

Hirondelle de mer arctique. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 742. 

Arctic Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 116. 


Leneru fourteen inches: beak bright red : irides 
brown : crown and nape deep black : beneath the eye 
a streak of white: the rest of the upper parts of the 
plumage similar in colour to those of the Common 
Tern, but of a deeper cinereous; the throat, and 
fore part of the neck of a deeper hue than the back : 
part of the belly and the tail-coverts white : tail much 
forked: legs red: the tarsi and toes very short. 

Resembles the Common Tern, but readily distin- 
guished by the brevity of its tarsi, and by the beak 
being entirely red, without a black tip. 

It was discovered during the expedition to the 
northern regions by Captain Sabine, and is said to 
be frequent in the arctic countries: it has lately been 
found also on the coasts of Scotland, the Orcades, 
and on the shores of the Baltic, and according to Dr. 
Latham, in his new edition, it has been found at 
Sandwich in Kent. Its manners are unknown, ex- 
cept that it feeds upon fishes. 


ROSEATE TERN. 
(Sterna Dougallii.) 


St. vertice nuchdque nigris, corpore supra cerulescente-cinereo, 
subius rosaceo-albo, remige prima nigro marginato; rectricibus 
dudbus exterioribus longissimis, angustis, tenutssimisque. 

Tern with the vertex and nape black, the body above bluish-ash, 
beneath rosy-white, the first quill edged with white, the two 
outer tail-feathers very long and narrow. 

Roseate Tern.—Sterna Dougallii. Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp. with 
fig. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 113. 

Hirondelle de mer Dougallii, Temm. man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. ii. 738. 

L’ Hirondelle de mer rosée. Veil, 2 Edit. de Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. 
Nat. t. 32. p. 174. 


Monracu has given the following description of 
this new and beautiful species. ‘‘ Length fifteen 
inches and a half: the beak one inch five-eighths long 
to the feathers on the forehead, slender, slightly 
curved, and of a jet black colour, except at the base, 
which is of a bright orange, extending about the 
eighth of an inch on the upper mandible from the 
corner of the mouth, round the front, and round the 
nostrils, and on the under mandible, extending from 
the angle of the mouth along the sides as far as the 
feathers on the chin, and rather beyond omthe under 
part: the mside of the mouth and throat bright 
orange, becoming darker towards the end of the 
beak : irides black: the tongue one half the length 
of the beak, of a pale red colour, and bifurcated at 
the point : the forehead, crown, hind part, and sides 
of the head, taking in the eyes, except a small por- 


154 ROSEATE TERN. 


tion of the lower part of the orbit, jet black: the 
black feathers on the hind head thinly diffused, and 
flowing over the white down on the back of the neck : 
the feathers on the sides of the head, extending in a 
narrow line along the upper mandible to the nostrils, 
and on the sides of the neck white : the whole under 
parts are white, but the fore part of the neck, breast, 
and belly, to beyond the vent, are tinged with a most 
delicate rosy-black: the back scapulars and coverts 
of the wings are pale cinereous-grey ; the quill-fea- 
thers are narrow, the first has the exterior web black, 
with a hoary tinge; the others are hoary on that part; 
and part of the inner web next to the shafts of the 
first three or four 1s hoary black, becoming by degrees 
paler in the succeeding feathers, all deeply margined 
with white quite to the tip, and the shafts of all are 
white: length of the wing from the elbow to the ex- 
tremity of the first quill-feather nine inches and a 
quarter: the tail is greatly forked ; the outer feather 
is seven inches long, extending two inches beyond 
the wings when closed, extremely slender, and the 
end for an inch or more slightly ciliated ; the middle 
feathers are scarcely three inches in length; they are 
all white, destitute of any markings: the legs and 
feet are bright orange ; the claws black.” 

This elegant species was first discovered by Dr. 
M‘Dougall of Glasgow, who shot several specimens 
in the West Highlands of Scotland, in July, 1812, 
and communicated them to Montagu : since that pe- 
riod it has been observed on the coasts of Picardy, im 
France, by M. Laillotte ; and also i Norway, and 
other parts of Europe. It feeds upon fish. 


155 


CAYENNE TERN. 


(Sterna Cayana.) 


St. grisea pennis rufo marginatis, occipite nigro, corpore subtus 


albo. 


Grey Tern with the feathers edged with red, the occiput black, 
the body beneath white. 


Sterna Cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 604. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 804. 


Le grand Hirondelle de mer de Cayenne. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 
8.346. Buff. Pl. Enl. 988. 


Cayenne Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 352. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
127. 


Innazpits Cayenne: length sixteen inches: the 
hind part of the head black; the upper parts of the 
plumage grey, with pale rufous edges to all the fea- 
thers: the under parts of the body are white. 


SURINAM TERN. 


(Sterna Surinamensis.) 


Sr. cinerea subtus alba, rostro capite collo pectoreque nigris, pe- 
— dibus rubris. 
Ash-coloured Tern beneath white, with the beak, head, neck, and 
breast black, the legs red. 


Sterna Surinamensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.604. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 804. 


Surinam Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.352. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
124. 


156 WREATHED TERN. 


Turs bird is a native of Surinam: its beak, head, 
neck, and breast are described as being black : its 
back, wings, and tail, as being ash-coloured: the 
belly and thighs as being dirty white; the legs and 
feet red, and the claws black. 

It is often seen two hundred leagues from land : 
its principal food consists of fish. 


WREATHED TERN. 


(Sterna vittata.) 


St. cinerascens, capite superiore nigro vita alba circumdato, uro- 
pygio crisso cauddgque albis. 

Greyish Tern with the upper part of the head black, surrounded 
by a white wreath, the rump, vent, and tail white. 

Sterna vittata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 609. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
807. 

Wreathed Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 359. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
P17. 


Descrizep by Latham from the collection of the 
late Sir Joseph Banks: ‘ Length fifteen inches : 
beak rather slender, near two inches in length, and 
of a deep blood red: the top of the head, just taking 
in the eye on each side, and to the nape behind, 
black : this is bounded by a line of white all round : 
the rest of the plumage a very pale ash-colour, in 
some parts nearly white : the chin palest : rump, vent, 
and tail pure white; the outer feathers of the last 
inclines to ash-colour: legs orange.’’ He adds, ‘a 


PANAYAN TERN. 157 


second of these had a shorter beak: the tail ash- 
coloured, with white shafts; and the general colour 
of the plumage every where darker : probably a young 
bird. Inhabits Christmas Island.” 


PANAYAN TERN. 


(Sterna Panaya.) 


Sr. subtus alba, vertice nigro maculato, cervice griseo-nigricante, 
alis cauddque fuscis. 

Tern beneath white, the crown spotted with black, the cervix 
dusky-griseous, the wings and tail brown. 

Sterna Panayensis. Ginel. Syst. Nat. 1. 607. 

Sterna Panaya. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 801. 

L’Hirondelle de mer de l’Isle de Panay. Sonn. Voy. Ind. 125. 
pl. 84. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 344. 

Panayan Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 363. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
119. 


Tuts bird greatly resembles the Common species, 
but its plumage is considerably darker above: it is 
the same size as that bird : its beak is black: the top 
of the head is spotted with black: the hind part of 
the neck greyish-biack : the wings and tail are of an 
umbre colour above and greyish beneath: the fore 
part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are white : 
the legs are black. Inhabits the Island of Panay. 


158 


JAVAN TERN. 


(Sterna Javanica.) 


Sr. glauca, gula malts cervice postice alis cauddque infra albis, 
capite suprda,nigro, remigibus griseo-fuscescentibus interné plagd 
albidé notatis, rostro pedibusque flavis. 

Glaucous Tern, with the throat, cheeks, cervix behind, wings, and 
tail beneath white, the head above black, the quills grey- 
brownish marked internally with a white dash, the beak and 
legs yellow. 

Sterna Javanica. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. xiii. 198. 

Javan Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 125. 


Lenetu eleven inches: prevailing colour glau- 
cous, throat, cheeks, neck behind, wings and tail be- 
neath white : head above black : quills brownish-grey, 
marked within with a whitish patch: beak and legs 
yellow. Inhabits Java. 


BLACK-NAPED TERN. 
(Sterna media.) 


St. fronte cervice postice et partibus inferioribus albis, pileo albo 
nigrogue vario, nuché atra, alis dorso uropygioque glaucis, 
remigibus supra fuscis cano pulverulentis, subtus dimidio ex- 
teriore intensé glaucis interiore albis. 

Tern with the forehead, neck behind, and under parts of the body 
white, the pileus varied with white and black, the nape dark, 
the wings, back, and rump glaucous, the quills above brown 
sprinkled with hoary, beneath with the outer half intense 
glaucous, the interior white. 


HOARY TERN. 159 


Sterna media. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 199. 
Black-naped Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 126. 


Leneru fifteen inches: beak long: forehead, neck 
behind, and under parts of the body white: crown 
varied with black and white: nape black; wings, 
back, and rump glaucous: quills brown, powdered 
with grey: feet black: the interior border of the 
sixth, seventh, and eighth quills, is white, and very 
regularly defined. Inhabits Java. 


HOARY TERN. 


(Sterna grisea.) 


ST. supra grisea, corpore subtus, collari fronteque albis, remige 
extertore nigricante, rostro nigro. 

Tern above grey, with the body beneath, the collar and forehead 
white, the outer quills dusky, the beak black. 

Sterna grisea. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 199. 

Hoary Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 126. 


LENGTH nine inches : beak black: body above grey: 
forehead, a collar round the neck, and the under parts 
of the body white; the outer quill dusky. Inhabits 


Java. 


160 


WHITE TERN. 


(Sterna alba.) 


St. corpore toto albo, rostro pedibus nigris. 

Tern with the body entirely white, the beak and legs black. 

Sterna alba. Sparr. Mus. Carls. fas. 3. pl. 11. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.607. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 808. 

Sterna candida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 607. 

White Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 363. Lath. Syn. Sup. 266. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 109. 


InuaBITs various parts of the East Indies, the 
Cape of Good Hope, and other southern parts: its 
length is thirteen inches: its beak is slender and 
black : the eye-lids are also black : the general colour 
of the plumage is snowy white; with the shafts of 
the quills, scapulars, and tail (except its three outer 
feathers) black : the legs are brown ; the webs orange, 
and the claws black. 


EGYPTIAN TERN. 


(Sterna Nilotica.) 


Sr. cinerea subtus alba, vertice collogue superiore maculis nigri- 
cantibus, orbitis nigris albo-maculatis. 

Ash-coloured Tern beneath white, with the crown and neck above 
with dusky spots, the orbits black spotted with white. 


NEW HOLLAND. TERN. 161 


Sterna Nilotica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
806. 

Egyptian Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.976. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
110. 


DescriBeD as bemg of the size of a Pigeon: its 
beak is black: the head and upper part’ of the neck 
cinereous, sprinkled with small blackish spots: orbits 
black, dotted with white: the back, wings, and tail 
cinereous: the outer quills deep cinereous: all the 
under-parts of the plumage white: the legs red: 
claws black. Inhabits Egypt: appearing in flocks 
on the mud of the Nile, during the month of Ja- 
nuary: it feeds on msects, small fish, &c. 


NEW HOLLAND TERN. 


(Sterna Nove Hollandiz.) 


Sir oe sublus fronteque alba, a so varlegalo. 

Brown Tern with the under parts and forehead white, the wail 
variegated. 

New Holland Tern. Lath. Gen. He x 103: 


‘* Lenctu fourteen or fifteen inches: beak one 
inch and a half; black, curved at the tip: irides 
blue: tongue longish and pointed: top of the head 
and behind the neck brown: back the same, but 
darker and mottled: forehead and all beneath white : 
quills brown ; reaching much beyond the tail: legs 

Vs, XIE ale “eee 


162 SOUTHERN TERN. 


brown, bare greatly above the knee. Inhabits New 
Holland.””— Latham. 


SOUTHERN TERN. 


(Sterna Australis.) 


St. cinerea subtus grisea, fronte albo-flavescente, remigibus allis. 

Ash-coloured Tern beneath grey, with the forehead whitish- 
yellow, the quills white. 

Sterna Australis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 809. 

Southern Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.365. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 


126. 


A very small species, measuring only seven inches 
and a half in length: its beak is black: the forehead 
dirty buff-colour : the back, wings, and tail are dirty 
pale cinereous : the quills are white: the under parts 
of the plumage are grey: the tail is forked: the legs 
dusky black, with the webs orange. Inhabits Christ- 
mas Island. 


LITTLE TERN. 


(Sterna minuta.) 


St. corpore albo, dorso cano, fronte superciliusque albis 

Tern with the body white, the back hoary, the forehead and eye- 
brows white. 

Sterna minuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 809. 

Sterna minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 206. pil. 19.f. 2. 

Sterna metopoleucos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608, Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 809. 

Larus piscator Aldrevandi. Razz Syn. 101. A. 

La petite Hirondelle de mer. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs. 8. 337. 
Buff. Pil. Enl. 996. Temm. man. d Orn. 487. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 
753. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 521. 

Hooded Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 365. 

Lesser Tern. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 255. pl.90. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2.449. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.364. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. 
pl. 205. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 121. Don. Brit. Birds, 4, pl. 96. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 201. 
Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. 80. pl. lx. f. 2. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
120. 


Between eight and nine inches in length: the 
beak is of an orange-yellow, with its tip black : irides 
black: the forehead, and a streak above the eyes, 
pure white: between the beak and the eye is a lon- 
gitudinal stripe of black: the top of the head, the 
occiput, and the head are deep black: the back and 
wings are of a pure ashy-blue: all the under parts, the 
rump, and the tail are white: thé shafts of the quills. 
are brown: the legs are reddish-orange. ‘The young, 
before the first autumnal moult, have the forehead of 


164 SOOTY TERN. 


a yellowish-white: the tip of the head, the occiput, 
and the nape are brown, striped with blackish : before 
and behind the eyes is a black spot: the back and 
wings are yellowish-brown ; the shafts of the quills 
and margins of all the other feathers are blackish- 
ash : the tail and wing-feathers are tipped with yel- 
lowish-white. After moulting the head becomes 
clothed with black feathers ; the under parts become 
of a clear bluish-ash ; but the tail-feathers retain their 
dull tint. 

Like the Common ‘Tern this species 1s frequent on 
the sea-coasts of most countries of Europe, and. is 
very abundant on those of Britain, Holland, and 
France: its manners greatly resemble those of that 
bird: it lays its eggs on the strand of the seas or on 
the naked rocks; Hee are two or three in number, of 
a clear greenish hue, marked with large spots of brown 
and ash-colour. The young are hatched in June, 
and are able to fly the first or second week in July 

The food of this species consists chiefly of small 
insects and marine vermes; also the fry of fish, and 
other floating objects. 


SOOTY TERN. 
(Sterna fuliginosa.) 


St. Suliginoso atra, fronte corporeque subius albis, striga per 
oculos nigris. 

Dark-sooty Tern with the forehead and body beneath w rox and 
a black stripe passing through the eyes, 


SOOTY TERN. 165 


Sterna fuliginosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 605. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 804. 

L’ Hirondelle de mer a grande envergure. Duff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 
8. 345. 

Sooty Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.352. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 447- 
Wils. Amer. Orn. v. 8. p. 145. pl. xxii. f. 7. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 102. pl. elxxiv. 


Tue Sooty Tern is im length sixteen inches: its 
beak is black : the forehead is white, the colour passing 
on each side to the upper part of the eye, where it 
ends in a point: through the eyes, passing to the 
hind head, is a streak of black : the crown, nape, hind 
part of the neck, and all the upper parts of the body, 
the wings and tail are black: the inner ridge of the 
wing white ; the quills dark greyish-black : the under 
parts of the plumage, from the chin, white, passing 
a little backwards at the lower part of the neck: the 
outer web of the exterior tail-feathers white, except 
the tip: the shafts of the quills and tail are white 
beneath ; the legs are black. 

Found im most parts of the southern temperate 
regions, being met with by navigators on the coasts of 
New Holland, the Island of Ascension, New Guinea, 
Christmas Island, and other parts. It 1s said to lay 
a single ege on the bare ground, in December. 


166 


VIRALVA. VIRALVE. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite brevior, su- || Beak shorter than the head, 


bulatum, subrectum, com- subulated, nearly straight, 
pressiusculum, apice sub- shghtly compressed, the 
inclinato; mandibula su- tip a little inclmed: the 
periore feré rectum. upper mandible nearly 
straight. 

Nares oblongze, basales. Nostrils oblong, basal. 

Ale longe. Wings \ong. 

Cauda subfurcata. Tail slightly forked. 

Pedes tetradactyli, debiles; || Feet four-toed, slender; the 
digito postico minuto; wn- hinder toe’ mmute; claws 
gues parve. small. 


VIRALVA. Leach. 
STERNA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., &c. 
LARUS. Ray. 


THE beak of the Viralves is shorter than that of 
the ‘Verns, and the point is slightly bent down ; their 
wings are also shorter, and the tail is but slightly fur- 
cate. Unlike the Terns these birds seldom feed on 
fishes, but prefer insects, such as dragon-flies and 
moths, and aquatic vermes. 


| 


PLLO 


—== = 
——_—= — 


=Ss 
SSS 


4 


BLACK YIRALVE . 


167 


BLACK VIRALVE. 


(Viralva nigra.) 


Vi. corpore nigro vel cano, derso cinereo. 

Viralve with the body black or hoary, the back ash-coloured. 

Sterna nigra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 227. Gmel. Syst. “Nat. 1. 
608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.810. Briss. Orn. 6. 211. 

Sterna fidipes. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.228. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
610. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 810. | PAN 

Sterna atricapilla. Briss. Orn. 6. 214. hee 

Sterna cinerea. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 808? ve 

Larus niger Gesneri. Razz Syn. 131. A. 2 

Larus niger fidipes alis longioribus Aldroyandi. Razz Syn. 131. 

Larus mivor fidipes nostras. Rati Syn. 132. A. 

Viralva nigra. Leach in Brit. Mus. Collection. 

Hirondelle de mer noire, ou TEpouventail. Buff. Hist. Nat. 
Ois. 8.341. Buff. Pl. Enl. 333. Temm. man. d’Orn. 484. 
Id.2 Edit. ii. 749. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.521. 

Hirondelle de mer a téte noire, ou le Gachet. Buff: Hist. Nat. 
Ois. 8. 342. 

Lesser Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 89. 

Black Tern. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 256. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 


450. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.366. Lath. Syn. Sup. 267. Lew. 
Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 206. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 122. Don. Brit. 
Birds, 4. pl. 74. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. 


Birds, 2.203. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 121. 


Youne.—Sterna nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.609. Linn. Syst. 


Nat. 1.228. Briss. Orn. 6. 216. pl. 20. f. 2. 

Sterna Boysii, 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 806. 

La Guiffette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 339. Buff: Pl. Enl. 924. 

Lesser Sea Swallow. Alb. Birds, 2. 90. 

Kamtschatkan Tern. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 525. Lath. Gen. 
Haste N23. 

Sandwich Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 358. A. 

Black-headed Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 123. 


————eeE 


168 BLACK VIRALVE. 


Neary ten inches in length: beak black: irides 
brown: the head and hinder part of the neck are 
deep black: the throat, fore part of the neck, breast, 
belly, and abdomen are blackish-ash: all the upper 
parts, the rump, and the tail-feathers are ashy-blue, 
or lead-colour: the under tail-coverts are pure white : 
the two first wing-quills are edged with white at the 
extremity of the inner webs: the legs are brown, or 
a blackish-purple. ‘The young have the beak brown 
at the base: the irides brown: the forehead, space 
between the beak and the eye, the sides, and fore 
part of the neck, as well as all the under parts are 
pure white: on the sides of the breast is a large spot 
of blackish-ash : before the eyes is a black lunule : the 
top of the head, the occiput and the nape are also 
black: the back and scapulars are brown edged and 
tipped with reddish-white : the wings, rump, and tail 
are ash-coloured: the coverts are tipped with red- 
dish-white: the legs are livid brown. In their pro- 
gress to maturity they vary in the disposition of the 
colour of the plumage, as the neck, belly, and vent 
are sometimes all white, or varied with white fea- 
thers, or those of a blackish ash-colour, as in the 
adult. 

This species, like its congeners, prefers the borders 
of fresh-water lakes, the banks of large rivers, and 
marshy places, rather than the coasts of the sea: it 
is very abundant in the North, towards the Arctic 
Circle, and in the extensive marshes of Holland. In 
Britain it occurs on the fenny parts of Lincolnshire 
and Cambridgeshire, and about the sedgy pools on 
Romsey Marsh, in Kent; in which places it breeds, 


TEHARY VIRALVE. 169 


laying from two to four light olive-brown eggs, 
blotched and spotted with- brown and black. It 
subsists on insects and aquatic vermes, and princi- 
pally upon those inhabiting fresh water. 


TEHARY VIRALVE. 


( Viralva Indica.) 


V1. corpore subtus capite colloque albis, pileo, occypite nuchaque 
nigris, alis dorso cauddque griseo-ceruleis. 

Viralve with the body beneath the head and neck white, the 
pileus, occiput, and nape black, the wings, back, and tail 
bluish-grey. 

Tehary Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x, 105. 


Inuasits India. ‘“ Beak stout and black : irides 
dusky : head, neck, and under parts, white: from the 
middle of the crown to the nape black ; back, wings, 
and tail, pale ashy-blue, the last moderately forked, 
the wings exceed it by about two inches: legs deep 
dull red.””,— Latham. A variety is mentioned in the 
following words: ‘‘ Beak black: forehead white, the 
rest of the crown (head?) tinged with blue; with 
dusky streaks before, and dusky black behind the eye, 
communicating with the nape and neck adjoining, 


which are of the same colour: under parts, from the 


chin, white ; wings and tail fine pale grey ; the second 
quills marked with brown at the ends and middle : 


back greyish-ash colour, marked with large spots of 


L7O WHITE-WINGED VIRALVE. 


dusky, pointed at the back part; tail moderately 
forked: legs dusky red. : Called Peteysee Tehary.” 


WHITE-WINGED VIRALVE. 


(Viralva leucoptera.) 


Vi. capite, collo, pectore ventreque nigris; scapularis cinereo 
atris 3 uropygio cauddque albis; tectricibus majoribus, remi- 
gibusque secundariis cerulescente-cinereis, rostro pedibusque 
rubris. 

Viralve with the head, neck, breast, and belly black, the scapulars 
dark-ash: the rump and tail white; the greater coverts and 
secondary quills bluish-ash ; the beak and legs red. 

Sterna leucoptera. ‘Femm.man.d Orn. 483. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 747. 

Hirondelle de mer leucoptcre. bid. 

White-winged Tern. Lath, Gen. Hist. x. 127. 


Lenertu about ten inches: the beak and legs are 
of a fine coral red: the head, neck, top of the back, 
breast, belly, immer wing-coverts, and abdomen are of 
a deep black: the lower part of the back and sca- 
pulars are ashy-black: the lesser and middle wing- 
coverts, the rump, the tail-feathers, and its coverts 
are pure white: the greater wing-coverts and se- 
condary quills are bluish-ash: on the inner webs of 
the two first quills is a broad longitudmal band of 
pure white: the irides are black. ‘The young of the 
year have the white on the wings less pure, and more 
shaded with ash-colour: the tail-feathers are ash- 
coloured: the point of the beak is blackish : the black 


‘MUSTACHOE VIRALVE. 171 


on the plumage is tinted with cinereous: the fore- 
head is clear ash: and all the feathers on the upper 
parts are more or less tipped with whitish-ash. 

This species inhabits the borders of the Mediter- 
ranean; the lakes, rivers, and marshy countries m 
the vicinity of the Alps: it is very common in the 
lakes of Lucerne, Lugano, and Como; and some- 
times appears on that of Geneva. It feeds on insects 
and aquatic vermes : its eggs are unknown. 


MUSTACHOE VIRALVE. 


(Viralva leucopareia.) 


V1. cerulescente-cinerea ; fronte, vertice, occipite, nuchdaque nigris ; 
capitis collique lateribus albis s rostro pedibusque rubris. 

Bluish-ash Viralve with the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape 
black ; the sides of the head and neck white; the beak and 
legs red. 

Hirondelle de mer Moustache. (Sterna leucopareia.) Zemm.man. 
@ Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 746. 

Sterna Delamotta. Vieil. Enc. Meth. p. 350. 

Mustachoe Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 110. 


Lenertu eleven inches: beak and legs deep red: 
irides black : the forehead, top of the head, and nape, 
the neck, and all the under parts clear white : behind 
the eyes a black spot: the back, wings, quills, and 
tail ashy-grey: this is the winter plumage. In summer 
the head is, as it were, enveloped in a black hood, 
which encompasses the eyes, and passes down to the 


F772 SIMPLE VIRALVE. 


nape: below the eyes is a large patch of white, 
resembling a mustachoe, which reaches to the ears : 
the throat is ashy-white, and this colour prevails over 
the under parts, becoming deeper on the belly and 
sides: the upper parts, the wings, and tail are deep 
ash. The young have a mixture of brown on the 
crown, and about the eyes and ears dusky-ash: the 
upper parts are mixed with brown and yellowish : 
the beak is brown with a reddish base: the legs flesh- 
colour. 

Common in the great marshes of the south-east of 
Kurope, and found also in Hungary, Germany, and 
France, the coasts of Istria and Dalmatia. It feeds 
on aquatic vermes and insects, but not on fish. 


SIMPLE VIRALVE. 


(Viralva simplex.) 


Vi. plumbescens subtus alba, vertice albido, tectricibus alarum 
mediis majoribusque albts. 

Plumbeous Viralve beneath white, with the crown whitish, the 
middle and greater wing-coverts white. 

Sterna simplex. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 606. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
805. - 

Simple Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.355. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 111. 


Innapits Cayenne. Length fifteen inches: beak 
stout and reddish: the crown of the head is whitish: 
the upper parts of the neck and back are pale lead- 
colour ; the under parts are white: behind each eye 


= 


CHINESE VIRALVE. i773 


is a black spot: the lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, 
and tail are pale plumbeous: the middle and greater 
coverts are white, with the edges of some of the latter 
brown: the quills are black, and the tail is but little 
forked: the legs are red. 


CHINESE VIRALVE. 


* 
(Viralva Sinensis.) 


V1. alba dorso cinereo, alts caudaque griseo-canis, fascia verticali 
nigra. 

White Viralve with the back ash-coloured, the wings and tail 
hoary-grey, and a vertical black band. 

Sterna Sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 608. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
809. , 

Chinese Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 365. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
125. 


“‘ LenGTH eight inches: beak black ; one inch and 
a quarter in length, and moderately stout: nostrils 
pervious: head, neck, rump, and under parts white: 
across the top of the head dusky-black, taking in the 
eye on each side, and passing downwards in a point 
at the nape of the neck : back cinereous: some of the 
feathers edged with pale tawny: wing-coverts fine 
pale ash-colour, dashed down the middle of each 
shaft with dusky: quills fine cmereous-grey: tail 
short, very little forked, paler than the quills: legs 
slender, orange: claws crooked and black. Inhabits 
China.”’— Latham. 


174 


GULL-BILLED VIRALVE ? 


(Viralva? Anglica.) 


V1.? vertice colloque supra nigris; corpore supra c@rulescente- 
cinereo, subtus niveo; remigibus primarits apice cinereo-fuscis ; 
rostro pedibusque nigris. 

Viralve with the crown and neck above black; the body above 
bluish-ash, beneath snowy; the primary quills ashy-brown at 
the tip; the beak and legs black. 

Hirondelle de mer hansel. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 744. 

Sterna aranea, or Marsh Tern. Wails. Amer. Orn. viil. 143. 
pl. Ixxii. f. 6? 

Marsh Tern. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 111? 

Gull-billed Tern. (Sterna Anglica.) Mont. Orn. Dict. and 
Supp. with fig. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 112. 


Turs bird greatly resembles Sterna Cantiaca : it is 
of the same size as that bird: its beak is about an inch 
and a half long, thick, strong, and angulated on the 
under mandible like that of a Gull; it is wholly 
black: the upper part of the head, taking in the 
eyes, is black, and extends far down the back of the 
head and part of the neck; sometimes there are a 
few white feathers on the crown: the general colour 
of the plumage of the upper parts of the body is 
cinereous ; the tail and its upper coverts are similar 
to the back, but the outer feather on each side is 
white: the quills are hoary, with the tips of the first 
five spotted black, for upwards of an inch: in other 
respects the wings are similar to those of Sterna Can- 
tiaca, except that part of the inner webs which is 
white, does not quite reach the margin, the very edge 


JAVAN VIRALVE. 175 


being dusky for half the length of the feathers: the 
legs are rufous-black. 

This species is found on the British coasts, and 
on those of Kent and Sussex only; in the vicinity 
of Sandwich and Rye: it also frequents Hungary 
and the confines of Turkey, and if it be the Marsh 
Tern of Wilson (which is highly probable) it also 
inhabits the United States of America and Brazil. 
It affects those marshes that are well clothed with 
rushes, and are in the vicinity of great lakes, rarely 
appearing on the sea or its coasts: it feeds on large 
insects, such as dragon-flies and moths, which it seizes 
while flying. According to Wilson it lays three or 
four olive-green eggs, spotted with brown. As before 
mentioned, it resembles Sterna Cantiaca, but may be 
readily distinguished from that bird by its beak, wings, 
and tail. 


JAVAN VIRALVE ? 


(Viralva? affinis.) 


Vi? alba dorso tectricibusque plumbeo-griseis, remigibus cants in- 
terné subfuscescantibus. 

White Viralve ? with the back and coverts grey-lead colour, the 
quills hoary, internally brownish. 

Sterna affinis. Horsfield, Linn. Trans. ». xiii, p. 199. 


Innasits Java: white: the back and wing-coverts 
greyish lead colour: quills hoary, within brownish. 
Much allied to the preceding. 


— 
~ 
fos 


DIVISION Ii. 


*Rostrum recium, apice adunco. 
Beak straight, its tip bent down, 


XEMA. XEME. 
Generic Character. 


Rostrum breve, subgracile, 1 Beak short, slender, straight, 
i 


rectum, lateratim compres- i laterally compressed, its 


sum, apice adunco: man- | tip bent down; the lower 
dibulad inferiore subtus | mandible somewhat angu- 
subangulata. | lated beneath. 

Nares gracillimi, lineares. | Nostrils very slender, linear. 

Pedes graciles; tibie parte | Legs slender; tibiw naked 
inferiore nudz. \ on the lower part. 

Cauda forticata. Tail forked. 


XEMA. Leach. 
LARUS. Sabine, Temm 


THE forked tail at once distinguishes this genus 
from the rest of the Gulls, from which it also differs 
in its more slender and Tern-like appearance ; its 
beak and legs are much weaker than those of the 
Gulls, and the former is much more feathered at 
its base than that of the Gulls; and the tibie have 
their lower parts, just above the knee, naked. 


UAE. dy ad 


ABINES’ X 


EME. 


PU AC. 


177 


SABINE’S XEME. 


(Xema Sabini.) 


Xx. albidus capite nigricante, torque cervical nigro, rostro bast 
nigro, apice luteo, pedibus nigris. 

Whitish Xeme with the head dusky, the neck with a black collar, 
the base of the beak black, the tip luteous, the legs black. 

Xema Sabini. Leach. Ross’s Voy. App. p. Wi. 

Larus Sabini. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii. 520. pl. 29. 

Larus collaris. 


Fork-tailed Gull. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 142. 


‘Tuts interesting bird was: discovered during the 
first expedition in search of a north-west passage, and 
is thus accurately described by Mr. Sabine, m the 
Linnean Transactions above cited: «The male and 
female are nearly the same size; the latter is rather 
the smallest, but their plumage is exactly similar. 
The length of different specimens varies from twelve 
and a half to fourteen inches ; the extent of the wings 
is about thirty-three inches, and the weight from six 
and a half to seven and a half ounces. ‘The beak is 
one inch long, the base of both mandibles black as 
- far as the angular projection of the lower mandible, 
the remainder yellow ; the inside of the mouth bright 
vermilion: the irides dark, surrounded by a naked 
circle of the same colour as the inside of the mouth ; 
a small white speck beneath the eye, scarcely per- 
ceptible: the whole of the head and upper part of 
the neck a very dark ash or lead-colour; the re- 
mainder of the neck behind and before, as well 

Vo SG. Bou. 12 


178 SABINE’S XEME. 


the breast and belly, pure white; a narrow black 
collar surrounds the neck at the meeting of the ash- 
colour and of the white : the back, scapulars, and wing- 
coverts are ash-coloured, very much lighter than the 
head, but darker than the corresponding parts of the 
Larus ridibundus : the lower ends of the scapulars are 
tipped with white: the first five primary quill-feathers 
with black shafts, the whole outer webs of them black, 
the edge of their upper webs white to within an inch 
and a half of the tips, the white sometimes continued 
to the tip; the tips of the third, fourth, and fifth 
white, giving the wing, when closed, a spotted ap- 
pearance; the sixth primary quill-feather with a white 
shaft, having the web more or less black, but prin- 
cipally white, with sometimes a black spot near the 
end; the other primaries, the secondaries, and the 
tertials white; the whole under parts of the wings 
white. ‘The wings extend an inch or more beyond the 
longest feathers of the tail. The legs, feet, and claws 
black; the thigh feathered to within three-eighths of 
an inch of the knee; the length of the tarse one inch 
and a half; the length of the front toes about an inch, 
the inner one the shortest ; the hinder toe small, and 
placed high. The tail, with its upper and under coverts, 
white; the tail-feathers twelve, the outer narrower 
than the centre ones; the outer tail-feathers about 
five inches long, the others in succession gradually 
shortening, so that the whole tail becomes forked by 
a diminution of nearly an inch.”’ 

He adds, that it lays two olive-coloured eggs, 
blotched with brown, on the bare ground, which 
it hatches the last week in July: the young, when 


SABINE’S XEME. 179 


first produced, are mottled with brown and dull yel- 
low. Little is known of the manners of these birds, 
but they fly with impetuosity towards persons ap- 
proaching their nests and young; and when one bird 
of a pair was killed, its mate, though frequently fired 
at, continued on wing close to the spot where it lay. 
They procure their food on the sea-beach, standing 
near the water’s edge, and picking up the marine 
imsects which are cast on shore. 


180 


RISSA. KITTIWAKE. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre rectum, || Beak moderate, straight, la- 


lateratim — compressum, 
apice adunco; mandibula 
inferiore subtus angulata. 
Nares lineares, rectz, in me- 


dio rostri sitee. 


Cauda subfurcata. 

Pedes tetradactyli; pollex 
feré obliteratus, exungui- 
culatus. 


RISSA. Leach. 


LARUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 


GAVIA. Briss. 


terally compressed, its tip 
bent down; the lower man- 
dible angulated beneath. 

Nostrils linear, straight, 
placed in the middle of 
the beak. 

Tail slightly forked. 

Legs four-toed; the hinder 
toe nearly obliterated, and 
without a claw. 


THE Kittiwake differs from the Xemes by reason 
of the absence of the hinder toe, and from the Gulls 
hy the same character, added to the subfurcate tail. 
There is but one species known, which prefers the 
inland lakes to the sea-coasts. 


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181 


BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE., 


(Rissa Brunnichii.) 


Ru. dorso canescente, rectricibus albis ; his, Zn Jano apicibus, 
excepto externo, nigris. 

Kittiwake with the back hoary, the quills white; im the young 
the latter, except the outer one, are tipped with black. 

Rissa Brunnichii. Leach, in Brit. Mus. Collection. 

Larus tridactylus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 817. 

Mouette tridactyle. Temm. man. d’Orn. 502. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 
774, 

SumMErR Prumace.—Larus Rissa. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 224. 
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 594. 

Kittiwake. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.393. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 213. 
Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 108. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. 
Brit. Birds, 2.229. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 157. 

Winter PrumAcre.—La Mouette cendreé. Briss. Orn. 6. 175. 
pl. 16.f. 1. 

Younc.—Larus tridactylus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 224. Gmel, 
Syst. Nat. 1. 595. 

Gavia cinerea nevia. Briss. Orn. 6. 185. pl. 17.f.2. 

La Mouette cendrée tachetée. Buff: Hist. Nat. Otis. 8. 424. 
Buff. Pl. Enl. 387. ; 

Tarrock Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 533. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2 
251. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.392. Lath. Syn. Sup. 268. Lew. 
Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 213. Wate. Syn. 1. pl. 109. “Mont. Orn. 
Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 231. 

Kittiwake Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 456. 


Tue length of this species is about fifteen mches ; 
and in its winter plumage it answers to the following 
description: its beak is of a yellowish-green; the 
mouth and circuit round the eyes are bright red: 


182 BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE. 


its irides are brown: the top of the head, the oe- 
ciput, nape, and a portion of the sides of the neck, 
are of an uniform bluish-ash colour, with very slender 
black lines before the eyes: the forehead, space round 
the eyes, all the under parts, the rump, and the tail 
are pure white: the back, wings, and quills are of a 
clear ashy-blue : the outer quill is bordered throughout 
its length with black ; the four outer are tipped with 
the same, the three inner of which have towards their 
tip a very small white spot, and the fifth quill has a 
black band towards its extremity, which is terminated 
with a white space: the legs are brown, or deep 
olivaceous. In the summer it has the whole of the 
head and the neck of a perfect white, without any 
tinge of ashy-blue on its nape, or the fine black rays 
before the eyes; in other respects it resembles the 
winter state. During its earliest existence it has the 
head, neck, and all the under parts whitish, marked 
before the eyes with a black cross, and on the region 
of the ears with a very deep ashy-blue spot ; towards 
the occiput is a black spot; and on the nape is a 
broad dusky or blackish mark: the feathers on the 
upper parts of the back and of the wings are of an 
ashy-blue strongly tipped with brown-black, and the 
bend of the upper part of the wings black: on the 
scapulars and secondary quills are several deep dusky 
spots: the quills are black: the tail-feathers are black 
towards the tip, and tipped with whitish ; their outer 
one is white: the beak, irides, and cireuit round the 
eyes are black. After the first moult in the autumn 
the back becomes of an ashy-blue colour, often varied 
with several feathers spotted with brown: the spots 


BRUNNICH’S KITTIWAKE. 1838 


in front and behind the eyes, as well as the dark 
feathers near the ears and on the nape, become of 
a deep ashy-blue: the wings still retain the black 
and brown spot: the tail is black towards its tip: 
the beak is of a yellowish-green, and all the under 
parts are pure white. , 

- This species affects the stagnant lakes, or interior 
seas and gulfs, in preference to the borders of the 
ocean itself: it proceeds to the southward in the au- 
tumn and remains till the spring, when they retire to 
the regions of the Arctic Circle to breed, building 
in the rocky crags of the bays: in June it lays two 
or three eggs of a greenish-ash colour, spotted with 
brown. During the period of incubation the parents 
are very noisy. ‘hey feed on fishes, their fry, and 
insects : swim weil; and are often found at a distance 
from land on floating masses of ice. 


154 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum rectum, compres- || Beak straight, compressed, 


sum, mediocre, integrum, moderate, entire, its tip 
apice adunco; mandibula hooked; the lower man- 
inferiore infra versus api- dible beneath gibbous and 
cem gibba et angulata. angulated near the tip. 
Nares l\imeares, recte, in] Nostrils linear, _ straight, 
medio rostri sitee. | placed in the middle of 
the beak. 
Pedes tetradactyli; poller | Legs four-toed; the hinder 
brevis a terra elevata. toe short, not touching the 
ground. 


Cauda haud furcata. Tail not forked. 


LARUS Auctorum. 


GULLS are voracious and cowardly birds, which 
swarm on the sea-coasts, although some are found 
also on the margins of fresh-water lakes and rivers : 
their food consists indifferently of living or dead 
fishes, their fry, or carrion. They endure the most 
severe tempests, flying almost continually; but when 
at rest often repose on the surface of the sea, in pre- 
ference to that of its coasts. The sexes resemble 


GREAT GULL. 185 


each other; excepting that. the female is rather 
smallest: the young differ much from the old, and 
do not obtain their perfect plumage till the second 
or third year, which causes great difficulty in ascer- 
taining and describing the species ; the characters by 
which the adult birds may be known are, the white. 
on the tail being without spots or black bands, and 
the beak being destitute of black spots. Until the 
third year the young live in small flocks detached 
from the old. ‘The appearance of Gulls far inland is 
generally indicative of approaching severe weather or 
storms. 


GREAT GULL? 


(Larus ? icthyetus.) 


La.? capite colloque supremo nigris, dorso alisque grisescentibus, 
remigibus primordbus albis, exterioribus quinque apice nigris. 
Gull? with the head and neck above black, the back and wings 
greyish, the primary quills white, the five outer ones with 
black tips. 

Larus icthyxtus. Pallas. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.599. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 811. 


Great Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.370. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 132. 
Misamichus Pallasii. each, MSS.? 
Mauve. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. Anal. p. cviii. 


As large, or larger than the Barnacle Goose: its 
beaky is dusk yellow at the base, and crimson, towards 
the tip, with the tip itself yellow; and a dusky- 
brown spot near it: irides brown: the eyelids white: 


i186 GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. 


the head and half the neck black : the back and rump 
pale grey: the greater quills white, the five first with 
black tips ; the secondaries dark grey : the tail white : 
the legs dark reddish-brown. 

This very singular bird inhabits the borders of the 
Caspian Sea: it lays its eggs on the bare sand ; they 
are of an oblong shape, marked with spots of brown 
and a few paler tinges: it flies somewhat like a 
Raven, and, like that bird, has a very hoarse cry. 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. 


(Larus marinus.) 


La. albus dorso nigro, pedibus albis. 

White Gull with the back black, the legs white. 

Larus marinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 225, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
598. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.813. Brun, Orn. Boreal. 145. Sa- 
bine. Linn. Trans. xii. 543. 

Larus niger. Briss. Orn. 6. 158. 

Larus maximus ex albo et nigro varius. Raii Syn. 127. A. 

Le Goéland noir. Buff: Hist. Nat. Otis, 405. pl. 31. Buff. Pi. 
Enl, 990. 

Goéland A manteau noir. Temm. man. d'Orn. 490. Id. 2 Edit. 
1.760. Cuv. Reg. Anim, 1. 519. 

Great Black and White Gull. Alb. Birds, 3. pl. 94. 

Black-backed Gull. Pexn. Brit. Zool. 2.242. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2.451. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.371. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 208. 
Walc. Syn. pl. 112. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.212. Linn. Trans. 
v. vill. 267. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 145. 

Great Black-backed Gull. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and App. 

YounG.—Larus nevius. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 598. 

Larus marinus y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 814. 


GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. 187 


Larus varius. Briss, Orn, 6. 167. pl. 15. 

Wagellus Cornubiensum. Raiz Syn. 130. A. 

Le Goéland varié ou Grisard. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 413. 
Buff: Pl. Enl. 266. 

Wagel Gull. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2,247. A. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 
433, Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.375. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 209. 
Wale. Syn. 1, pl.111. Mont, Orn. Dict.1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 
2.216. Linn. Trans, v, xii. 547. 


Turis is the largest of the Gulls, being nearly thirty 
inches in length : in its winter plumage it has its beak 
of a yellowish-white colour, with the angle of its lower 
mandible bright red: the orbits are orange, and the 
irides bright yellow : the top of its head, space round 
the eyes, the occiput, and nape, white; each feather 
having a longitudinal stripe of bright brown down 
its’ shaft: the forehead, throat, neck, all the under 
parts of the body, and of the back, and the tail, of a 
clear white : the top of the back, scapulars, and wings 
of a deep black, apparently shaded with bluish: the 
quills towards their tips are very deep black, and are 
tipped with white ; the secondaries and scapulars are 
also tipped with white: the legs are dull whitish. 
The summer dress differs from the above m having 
the top of the head, the space round the eyes, the 
occiput, an nape of a pure white, without any brown 
spots. The young of the first year have the head 
and the fore part of the neck of a greyish-white, 
thickly sprinkled with brown spots, especially on the 
neck : the feathers on the upper part of the plumage 
are dusky-brown in the middle, bordered and tipped 
with reddish white; which colour is formed into trans- 
verse bands on the wing-coverts : the under parts are 
of a dull griseous, striped with broad zigzags, and spots 


188 GREAT ‘BLACK-BACKED GULL: 


of brown: the middle tail-feathers are dusky ; the la- 
teral ones are black towards the tip; and all of them 
are edged and tipped with whitish: the quills are dusky, 
with a small white tip: the beak is deep black: the 
irides and circle of the eyes are brown: the legs are 
livid. After the first year the feathers on the upper 
parts are deeply bordered with white, which colour 
predominates on all the under parts, and the spots 
and lines thereon become fainter: the head also be- 
comes of a pure white, and the point of the beak is 
tinged with a livid hue. In the next moult the 
shoulders become dusky-black, varied with irregular 
spots of brown and grey; the white on the plumage 
becomes of a purer tinge, and is slightly spotted with 
a few clear spots; the tail is ornamented with black 
variations; and the beak receives its red base, with 
its black middle, and livid yellow tip, spotted with 
black. At the third moult, in the autumn, the plu- 
mage is complete. The young vary in having all the 
plumage of a whitish-grey, more or less spotted with 
brown; and in having the quills whitish. 

This species prefers the sea-shores, rather than the 
ocean; it is abundant in all the northern parts of 
Europe, the coasts of Greenland, and of those of 
the Orcades and Hebridal Islands, and of the north of 
England; but on the latter they are in less abun- 
dance: they breed on the highest cliffs which over- 
hang the sea: their eggs are three or four in number, 
of a dark-olive colour, marked at their thicker end 
with several large and small spots of dusky-brown. 
They feed on the smaller fishes and their fry, carrion, 
and sometimes on the inhabitants of bivalve shells. 


GLAUCOUS GULL. 189 


Their cry is very hoarse and disagreeable, resembling 
the loud cackling of a Goose. 


GLAUCOUS GULL. 


(Larus glaucus.) 


La, albus dorso alisque canis, remigibus apice albis, rachidibus 
albis, pedibus lividis. 

White Gull with the back and wings hoary, the quills with white 
tips and shafts, the legs livid. 

Larus glaucus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.600. Brun. Orn. Bor. 148. 
Lath. Ind. Orn.2.814. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii.543. Ross’s 
Voy. App. p. liv. Parry's Voy. App. p. cciil. 

Le Bourgmestre. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.418. 

Burgomeister. Raz Syn. 127. 

Glaucous Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.532.B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 
6.374. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 148. 


Captain SABINE, in the work quoted above, gives 
the following descriptions of the three states of this 
species: ‘‘ In immature plumage it is mottled through- 
out with an uniform light brown and white, being 
distinguished from the young of other well-described 
species by being without the darker marks on the 
wings and tail: during the first year the beak has 
the upper mandible less arched, the angular pro- 
jection of the lower mandible not so defined, and the 
extremities of both lead-coloured. In winter the ma- 
ture bird has the head and neck mottled with brown,” 


190 GLAUCOUS GULL. 


as in other Gulls. In the perfect summer state the 
whole plumage is white, excepting the back, scapu- 
lars, and wing-coverts, which are a very light ash- 
colour: the primary quill-feathers are still lighter, 
the ends and under part being pure white: there is 
no black whatsoever on any part of the plumage. 
When arrived at maturity the beak is three inches 
in length, of a lightish horn-colour, the angular pro- 
jection of the lower mandible being bright red ; orbits 
naked, straw-coloured, and very fierce ; legs and feet 
a livid flesh colour.” 

Inhabits the northern parts of Europe and Green- 
land, and, according to Captain Sabine, also on the 
British coasts. Like the rest of this genus it feeds 
upon fish, and also on the smaller aquatic birds. 
Captain S. observes, that one specimen which was 
killed during the north-western expedition disgorged 
a little Auk when it was struck, and proved, on dis- 
section, to have a second in its stomach. Its eggs 
are greenish, elongated at the tip, and marked with 
six or eight black spots. 


191 


SILVERY GULL. 


(Larus argentatus.) 


La. albus, dorso alisque canis, remigibus primoribus versus apicem 
nigris, rachidibus nigricantibus, pedibus lividis. 

White Gull with the back and wings hoary, the primary quills 
black towards the tip, with dusky shafts, the legs livid. 

Larus argentatus. Sabine. Linn. Trans, xii.546. Temm.man- 
d’ Orn. 2 Edit. 2. 764. 

- Larus glaucus. Temm. man. d’Orn. 493. 

Larus griseus. Briss. Orn. 6. 162. 

Le Goéland a manteau gris. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 640. 
pl. 32, (hind toe omitted.) 

Herring Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 246. pl. 88. Penn. Arct. 
Zool, 2.452. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.372. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. 
pl.7. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 113. Mont. Orn. Dict. \. and Supp. 
Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.214. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 150. 

Summer Prumace.—Larus fuscus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 599. 
Brun. Orn. Boreal. 142. 

Herring Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.527, 

Winter PLumace.—Larus argentatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 
600. Brun. Orn. Boreal. 149. 

Larus marinus 8B. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 814. 

Gavia cinerea major, Briss. Orn. 6. 182. 

Le grande Mouette cendrée. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois.8.428. Buff: 
Pl. Enl. 977. 

Silvery Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.533. C. Lath. Gen. Syn. 
6.375. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 151. 

ImMATURE.— Larus varius. Brun. Orn. Bor. no. 150, 

Wagel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 70. 

Iceland Gull, Wern. Trans. iv. pt.1.p.176? Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 147? 


Axsour two feet in length; the female rather 
less ; during the winter they have the beak of a yellow- 


192 SILVERY GULL. 


ochre tinge, with the angle of the lower mandible of 
a bright red: the border of the eyes and the irides 
bright yellow: the top of the head, the space round 
the eyes, the occiput, nape, and sides of the neck 
white ; with a longitudinal brown stripe down the 
middle of each feather: the forehead, throat, and all 
the under parts, the back, and the tail, are clear 
white : the top of the back, scapulars, the wings, and 
the quills are of a pure bluish-ash; the quills bemg 
black towards their tips, and marked with a white 
space at the tips; the secondaries and scapulars are 
also tipped with white: the legs are of a livid flesh- 
colour. The young have the head, neck, and all the 
under parts of a deep griseous, varied with numerous 
brown spots: the feathers on the upper parts are 
clear brown in the middle, and are all edged with a 
straight yellowish band : the tail-feathers are brownish, 
with their base white and their tips yellowish: the 
quills are dusky-brown, delicately tipped with white : 
the beak is dusky-brown : the irides and naked circle 
brown: the legs livid-brown. After the first year 
the colours become paler, and the white predominates. 
After the autumnal moult of the second year the plu- 
mage receives a bluish-ash tinge, and becomes marked 
with several clear grey spots: in the following spring 
the ashy-blue on the shoulders appears more strongly, 
and in the succeeding autumn the perfect winter state 
is completed. ‘The summer dress differs from that 
of the winter but little ; at this time the top of the 
head, space round the eyes, the occiput, and the neck 
are pure spotless white ; the rest of the plumage as 
in the winter. 


SILVERY GULL. 193 


Frequent in several parts of Europe, especially on 
the coasts of Holland and England, and apparently 
more abundant in lower latitudes than the preceding 
species ; it is found, however, in Sweden, Norway, 
and Greenland. It often appears inland, im the di- 
rection of great lakes or rivers, and lays its eggs on 
the downs or naked rocks; they are of a deep olive 
colour, with several spots of black and ash, and are 
three or four in number. 

This species feeds, like its congeners, on fish, 
worms, insects, &c. Montagu relates of one which 
he had alive upwards of thirteen years, and in which 
he observed all the varieties of plumage as above 
noticed, that when the weather was mild and the 
ground moist, it was amusing to observe its method 
of catching worms, which it performed by a perpetual 
trampling upon the same spot, turning about in all 
directions, and eagerly examining for those that rose 
out of the ground, which were instantly seized, and 
the operation of trampling recommenced. In the 
summer it used to catch chaffers and dorbeetles. At 
four years old it began to utter a piercing and in- 
harmonious cry in the spring. 


pM 
co 


V. XIII. P. f. 


194 


LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL. 


(Larus fuscus.) 


La. albus dorso fusco, pedibus flavis. 

White Gull with a brown back and yellow legs. 

Larus fuscus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.225. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.815. 

Goéland a pieds jaunes. Temm, man. d’Orn. 496. Id. 2 Edit. 
a / 07 

Gavia grisea. Briss. Orn. 6. 171. 

Lesser Black-backed Gull. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. 


Tuts bird is about twenty inches in length ; in its 
winter state its beak is a citron-colour; with the angle 
of the lower mandible, the irides and circle of the eyes 
very clear yellow: the top of the head, space round the 
eyes, occiput, nape, and sides of the neck white ; each 
feather marked down its middle with a longitudinal 
brown stripe: the forehead, throat, the rest of the 
under parts, the back, and tail pure white: the top 
of the back, scapulars, the wings, and quills deep 
black, slightly shaded with bluish: towards the tip 
of the two outer quills is an oval white spot, and 
their tip is black; the rest of the quills have a fine 
white tip: the secondaries and scapulars are also tipped 
with white: the legs are clear yellow. ‘The young 
have the throat and. fore part of the neck whitish, 
striped with clear brown: the neck and under parts 
are whitish, thickly marked with large deep brown 
spots: the feathers of the upper parts and of the 
wings are dusky-brown in the middle, and edged 
with a straight band of yellowish: the tail-feathers 


IVORY GULL. 195 


are clear grey marbled with black at their base, and 
the rest of them are deep dusky tipped with white : 
the quills are deep black and spotless: the beak is 
black, with its base brown: the legs are dull yel- 
low-ochre. During its summer state it has the top 
of the head, the space round the eyes, the occiput, 
and the neck of a pure unspotted white; the rest of 
the plumage as in the winter. 

This species chiefly resides on the shores of the 
Mediterranean and of the Baltic: it is found, never- 
theless, on some of the British coasts, Montagu having 
observed and captured them on Ramsey Island, in 
Pembrokeshire, where, he says, they breed in abun- 
dance. ‘They lay two or three eggs, grey-brown, 
spotted with black. 


IVORY GULL. 
(Larus eburneus.) 


La. corpore toto niveo, pedibus nigris, rostro plumbeo apice pallido. 

Gull with the entire body snowy, the legs black, the beak lead- 
colour, with its tip pale. 

’ Larus eburneus. Gmmel. Syst. Nat. 1.596. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
816. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii. 548. 

Larus candidus. Fabr. Faun. Gren. 67. 103. 

La Mouette blanche. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 422. Buff. Pl. 
Enl. 994. Temm. man. d’Orn. 498. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 769. 

Senator. Rai Syn. 126. 

Ivory Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.457. Lath. Gen. Syn, 6.377. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 156. 


196 CRIMSON-BILLED GULL. 


Tuts beautiful species, in the mature state, has its 
beak lead-coloured at its base, and of a yellow-ochre 
colour at its tip: its entire plumage is pure spotless 
snowy-white: the legs are greyish-black, and the skin 
very rough: they are feathered within a very short 
distance of the knee: claws black: its length about 
twenty inches. ‘The young have the plumage mot- 
tled with brown about the head and wings, and the 
quills and tail-feathers are tipped with brown. 

This bird inhabits the coasts of Greenland and 
Spitzbergen, and is found at a distance from land, 
which it is said rarely to visit except for the pur- 
pose of incubation. Very little is known of its man- 
ners: it appears to be fond of whale blubber, which 
attracts great numbers. 


CRIMSON-BILLED GULL. 


(Larus Nove Hollandiz.) 


La. albus, dorso alisque argenteo-griseis, rostro pedibusque coc- 
ciners. 

White Gull with the back and wings silvery grey, the beak and 
legs crimson. 


Crimson-billed Gull. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 145. 


‘* LeneTu seventeen or eighteen inches: beak from 
gape to point two inches, colour crimson: irides yel- 
low-hazel ; eyelids dotted with crimson: head, neck, 
and under parts of the body white: back and wings 
pale silvery grey: outer border of the wings white ; 
some of the greater quills chiefly white, but two or 


ADRIATIC GULL. 197 


three of the outer for the greater part black; all of 
them are white near the ends, for an inch or more, 
and some of the tips are black ; these are so long as 
to reach an inch beyond the end of the tail, which 
is white : legs crimson: webs and toes the same, but 
of the former rather darker: claws black. Inhabits 
New Holland; not unfrequent at New South Wales, 
most so in April.””—Latham. 


ADRIATIC GULL. 


(Larus melanocephalus. ) 


LA, albus dorso cinereo, remigibus omnibus apice albis. 

White Gull with the back ash-coloured, all the quills white at 
the tip. 

Larus melanocephalus. Mouette ou capuchon noir. Zemm. maz. 
Omi? LG. Mf fle 

Adriatic Gull. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 144. 


Common on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea and 
Dalmatia. Length sixteen inches: beak rather short, 
strong, and of a vermilion colour: irides and round 
the eyes brown: the head, neck, upper parts, tail, and 
quills, from the middle to the ends, white: back, 
wings, second quills, and base of the greater, light 
bluish-ash : legs light orange. In the summer the 
head and upper part of the neck are deep black; 
the fore part of the neck and belly are rose-colour, 
which disappears soon after the death of the bird. 
The young have the plumage mixed with deep brown; 


198 COMMON GULL. 


and the white of the head and outer edge of all the 
quills deep black, but the inner webs and ends white ; 
at the end of the tail a black band. 


COMMON GULL. 


(Larus canus.) 


La. albus dorso cano vel cinereo, rostro c@eruleo-viridis apice 
pallido. 

White Gull with the back hoary or ash-coloured, the beak blue- 
green, its tip pale. 

Larus canus. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1,224. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.596. 
Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 815. 

Gavia cinerea. Briss. Orn. 6. 175. pl. 16.f- 1. 

Larus cinereus minor. Rai Syn. 127. A. 

Mouette a pieds bleus, Temm. man. d’Orn. 499. Id. 2 Edit. 
Moi 12 

White Web-footed Gull. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 84. 

Common Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 249. pl. 8G. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2. 458. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 378. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6, 
pl. 215. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 110. Don. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 46. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 218. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 153. 

Winter Prumace.—Mouette 4 pieds bleus, au grande Mouette 
cendré. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.428. Buff. Pl. Enl. 977. 

Gavia. Briss. Orn. 6. 182. pl. 16.f. 2. 

Youne.—Larus hybernus. (mel. Syst. Nat, 1. 596. 

Gavia hyberna. Briss. Orn. 6. 189. 

Larus fuscus, seu hybernus. Razz Syn. 130. A. 

Mouette @hyver. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 437. 

Winter Mew, or Coddy Moddy. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 248. pl. 81. 
Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 87. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 384. Walc. Syn. 


COMMON GULL‘ 199 


_pl. 114. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 210. Don. Brit, Birds, 
_pl.79. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 
221. 


Tuts bird, which is the commonest of the Gull 
tribe, at least in this part of the world, is in length 
about seventeen inches, and in its winter plumage 
has the beak yellowish-green at its base, and yellow- 
ochre at its point : its mouth is orange: irides brown; 
orbits naked and red: the head, occiput, nape, and 
sides of the neck white, sprinkled with numerous 
dusky-brown spots: the throat, all the under parts, 
rump, and tail are pure white: the back, scapulars, 
and wings are pure bluish-ash: the quills are deep 
black towards the tip, and the two outer ones have a 
long white space ; they are all, as well as the scapu- 
lars and secondaries, tipped with white: the legs are 
ashy-blue spotted with yellow. The young have all 
the upper parts of a grey-brown: the feathers of the 
back and of the wings bordered and tipped with 
whitish-yellow: the forehead and all the under parts 
are whitish, with spots and shades of clear grey on 
the breast and on the sides: the base of the tail is 
white; the rest is blackish-brown tipped with whitish : 
the quills are blackish-brown : the legs are livid yel- 
lowish: the beak is black: orbits and eyes brown. 
After the first autumnal moult the back receives 
several pure ashy-blue feathers, varied with others, 
which are brown and edged with yellow: the head is 
striped with brown on a white ground: the under 
parts become whiter, and the base of the beak is livid 
yellowish, with its tip dusky. After the second au- 
tumnal moult there remains but a straight brownisk 


200 COMMON GULL. 


band on the tail, and a little blackish-brown towards 
the middle of the beak. “The plumage becomes per- 
fect on the cessation of its second vernal moult. 
During the summer months the old birds have the 
head, the occiput, the nape, and the sides of the neck 
-of a spotless and perfect white ; in other respects the 
plumage agrees with that of the winter. It some- 
times happens that the two primary quills are not 
tipped with white, or at least that that colour is 
nearly obliterated. 

This species inhabits the sea-coasts, but upon the 
appearance of storms or hurricanes it flies in flocks 
into the interior of the country: it is common in 
most parts of Europe, and is most abundant in those 
latitudes during the winter mouths, as a great number 
retire to the Arctic regions in the summer. 

These birds breed upon the ledges of the rocks 
close to the sea-shore ; sometimes not far above the 
water. Montagu says that he saw hundreds of them 
_sitting on their nests in an island off St. David’s: 
their nests were made of sea-weed, and were placed 
near together, about fourteen feet from the beach: 
the eggs were two or three in number, of a dull olive- 
brown, blotched with dusky, and about the size of 
those of a Hen. 

They feed on living fishes, marine mollusca, and 
bivalva testacea: they are often observed at the mouths 
of the large rivers, in numbers, picking up the animal 
substances which are cast on shore, or come floating 
down with the tide. During the sprmg months they 
will follow the plough for the sake of the worms and 
larva that are exposed by its operation. 


di 


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TR A ING 
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Pa 


i wy “ iS 5 ¥ D 
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RED LEGGED 


GULL. 5“ mer plumage 


201 


RED-LEGGED GULL. 


(Larus ridibundus.) 


La. albus dorso cano, rostro pedibusque rubris. 

White Gull with the back hoary, the oe and legs ved 

Larus ridibundus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 811. Leisler. Tenm. 
man. d Orn. 504. 

Black-headed Gull. Mont. Linn. Trans. 7. 284. Mont. Orn. 
Dict. Supp. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 132, 

SuMMER PLumMaGE.—Larus ridibundus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 
225. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 601. 

_ Gavia ridibunda phenicopos. - Briss. Orn. 6, 196. 14. 

Larus cinereus. Raiz Syn. 128. A. 

La Mouette rieuse. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 6.196. Buff: Pl. 
Enl. 970. Temm. man. d’ Orn. 2 Edit. ti. 780. 

Brown-headed Gull. 4/5. Birds, 2. pl. 86. 

Black-headed Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.252. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2. 455. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.380. Lath. Syn. Sup. 268. 
Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 212. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 115. jefe. 
Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 222. “a 

Winter PLumMAGE.—Larus cinerarius. Gmel. Syst. Nats 1. i 
Linn, Syst. Nat. 1. 224. - 

Gavia cinerea minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 178. pl. Uy ee 

Larus albus major. Razz Syn. 129. 

La petite Mouette cendré. Buff: Mist. Nat. Ois. 8.430. Buff: 
Pi. Enl. 969. 

Greater White Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 252. A. — 

Red-legged Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.381. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. 

Younc.—Larus erythropus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 597. 

Gavia grisea minor.—Briss. Orn. 6.173. 

Red-legged Gull. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.533. 

Brown-headed Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 383. 

VARIETY.—Sterna obscura. ath. Ind. Orn. 2. 810°? 

Brown Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.368? 

Brown Gull. Lath. Syn. Supp. i. 331. 


202 RED-LEGGED GULL. 


Tue extraordinary variations of plumage to which 
this bird is subject at different periods of its exist- 
ence, as well as its annual changes im the adult state, 
have been the cause of great difference of opinion 
amongst naturalists as to the identity of certain spe- 
cimens ; but the subject has been so thoroughly in- 
vestigated by our countryman Montagu, and also by 
Temminck, that there appears to be but little doubt 
of their having arrived at the truth, at least so far as 
regards the numerous variations: Montagu having 
fully stated his reasons (in the Linnean Transactions 
above referred to) for condensing the various syno- 
nyma of Latham, above quoted, I must refer the 
reader to that interesting paper, as, on account of its 
length, it will exceed the limits of this work. I shall 
therefore give ‘Temminck’s description of the stages 
of its plumage. 

Its length is fifteen inches: its winter dress is as 
follows: the beak and legs are deep vermilion: the 
irides deep brown: the head, neck, and tail are pure 
white, with the exception of a black spot before the 
eyes, and a large blackish spot on the orifice of the 
ears: the breast, belly, and vent are white, very 
slightly tinged with rose-colour : the back, scapulars, 
and all the wing-coverts are bright ashy-blue: the 
outer edge of the wing and the quills are pure white; 
the exterior quill is bordered longitudinally with black; 
and half of its interior web, as well as its point, is 
deep black; but, in very old birds, the extreme point 
of them is white; and when they have not entirely 
finished moulting there are several indistinct ashy- 
bands on the head. The young have the head and 


RED-LEGGED GULL. 208 


the occiput of a clear brown: a large white spot be- 
hind the eyes: the under parts and a collar on the 
nape white, which colour is slightly tinted with rosy 
on the fore part of the neck, and marked with brown 
crosses on the sides of the body: the top of the back, 
the scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts are deep brown 
edged with yellowish: the upper edge of the wing, 
the rump, and the greater part of the tail-feathers 
are white; the latter being terminated by a band of 
blackish-brown : the quills are white at their origin 
and on their inner webs; black externally and at 
their tips: the greater coverts are ashy-blue: the 
base of the beak is livid, its tip black: the legs are 
yellowish. At the first autumnal moult the upper 
part of the back is ashy-blue, varied with several 
brown feathers ; the wing is also of an ashy-blue, but 
the feathers are spotted with brown and bordered 
with yellowish: the forehead and all the under parts 
pure white: the head is white spotted with very clear 
ash: before the eyes there is a brown spot, as well as 
another behind on the orifice of the ears: the base 
of the beak is reddish, its point is brown. ‘They 
retam their plumage during the first winter, and 
after the next vernal moulting the summer plumage 
is perfected. At this time all the head and the top 
of the neck are clothed, as it were, in a hood, of a 
very deep brown: the eyelids are surrounded with 
white feathers: the lower part of the neck, and all 
the plumage of the under parts, are of a beautiful 
rosy-white (but the rosy tinge disappears towards 
the autumn): the beak and legs are deep carmine : 


204 MASKED GULL. 


in other respects the plumage is the same as in the 
winter. 

The Red-legged Gull inhabits the banks of large 
rivers or lakes, retirmg in the winter to the sea- 
coasts: it is common in most parts of Europe, and 
particularly so in Holland, throughout the year. It 
occurs also in plenty in this country, and breeds in 
the fens of Lincolnshire and other parts: it makes a 
nest on the ground with rushes, dead grass, and such 
like materials, and lays three eggs of an olivaceous- 
brown, marked with rusty-brown blotches. As soon 
as the young are able to accompany their parents, 
they all retire from the interior to the coasts. 


MASKED GULL. 


(Larus capistratus.) 


La. albus, capite brunneo, remigibus exterioribus rachidibus albis, 
rostro pedibusque brunneo-rufis. 

White Gull with the head brown, the shafts of the outer quills 
white, the beak and legs brown-red. 

Larus capistratus. Mouetie a masque brun. Yemm. man. d’Orn. 
2 Edit. ii. 785. 

Masked Gull, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 139. 


Very similar to the foregoing bird: its length is 
thirteen inches: beak smaller and more slender than 


in the former: the outer quills with white shafts: the 
entire front of the head light brown, appearing as a 


LAUGHING GULL. 2905 


mask: the legs reddish-brown. In the summer the 
mask is dirty grey-brown: the top of the head, cheeks, 
opening of the ears, and throat light brown: nape 
and fore part of the neck white, and the brown on 
the throat much deeper than on the head: legs red- 
dish. 

A new species published by M. Temminck ; ac- 
cording to whom it is found on some of the British 
coasts, common m the Orcades, and in Scotland: 
also in various parts of the Arctic Circle, and Baffin’s 
Bay and Davis’s Straits. ‘The eggs are said to be 
ashy-green, with deeper spots. 


LAUGHING GULL. 


(Larus africilla.) 


La. albus, capiie nigricanie, rostro rubro, pedibus nizris- 

White Gull with the head dusky, the beak red, and the legs 
black. 

Larus atricilla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.225. Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1. 
600. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 813. 

Gavia ridibunda. Briss. Orn. 6. 192. pl. 18.7 1. 

Mouette 4 capuchon plombe. Temm. man. d Orn. 2 Edit. i. 779- 

Laughing Gull. Catesby, Carol. 1. pl. 89. Penn. Arci. Zool. 
2.454. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.383. . Mont. Orn. Dict. 1?  Wils. 
Amer. Orn. v. ts. pl. xxiv. 7. 4. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. ¥37- 


Tuts bird greatly resembles the preceding, but it 
is distinguished by its larger size: the head and the 
upper part of the neck are bluish-black : between the 
shoulders is very deep bluish: the quills are longer 


206 LITTLE GULL. 


than in that species, and are uniform black, with their 
base bluish: the legs are of a black-purple. 

A native of America, and also of the eastern parts 
of the vast Russian empire, and of the Austral islands ; 
and, according to Montagu, of this country also; he 
haying observed several of them feeding in a pool 
near Winchester, one of which he shot ; and likewise 
two others near Hastings, in Sussex. Its voice re- 
sembles a coarse laugh. Is supposed to breed at 
Hudson’s Bay; at least a bird similar to it is said to 
make its nest in the pie trees! and lays four? lead- 
coloured eggs. 

Wilson, or at least Ord, the continuator of his 
admirable work, says, that this species builds in the 
marshes, and lays three clay-coloured eggs, which are 
marked with irregular spots of purple and clear brown. 


LITTLE GULL. 


(Larus minutus. ) 


LA. albus, capite nigro, alis cinereis, remigibus apice albis, pe- 
dibus coccineis. 

White Gull with the head black, the wings ash-colour, the tips 
of the quills white, and the legs scarlet. 

Larus minutus. Gwel. Syst. Nat.1. 595. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 
813. Frank. Journ. App. p. 696. 

Mouette pygmée. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 787. 

Larus atricilloides. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.601. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
11. 813. 

Little Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.391. Mont. Orn. Dict. App. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 140. 


LITTLE GULL. 207 


Tue winter plumage of this pretty little Gull is 
not known: it is in length about ten inches, and in 
its young state has the beak of a blackish-brown: the 
irides of a deep grey: the forehead, space round the 
eyes, all the under parts, and upwards of half the 
tail white: the top of the head and the occiput are 
blackish-ash: the nape and the back are blackish- 
grey: the lesser wing-coverts are whitish, spotted with 
grey and blackish: the middle-coverts are blackish- 
grey, edged with clear brown: the greater coverts 
are whitish externally and at their tips: the four 
first quills are black on their outer webs and at 
their tip, but white on their immer webs; the three 
following are ash-coloured outwardly, with their tips 
white: the tail is terminated by a broad black band, 
which is narrowest on the outward feathers : the legs 
are livid flesh-colour. 

In its adult summer plumage all the head, and the 
fore part of the neck, are clothed im a black hood: 
the lower part of the neck, all the under parts of the 
body, the rump, and the tail are pure white: the 
back, scapulars, and wings are bright clear ashy- 
blue: the two first quills are blackish, tipped with 
white; the three following are ash-colour: the beak 
is deep bright red: the irides are deep brown: the 
legs are of a reddish-crimson. 

This bird inhabits the rivers and lakes of the 
eastern countries of Europe, and the west of Asia: 
it is abundant in Russia and in the neighbourhood 
of the Caspian Sea. It rarely visits this part of 
the globe; but one specimen has been shot on the 
Thames near Chelsea, and is accurately described 


IOS PACIFIC GULL. 


by Montagu, in the Appendix to his Ornithological 
Dictionary: and another was killed near Brent, m 
Devonshire, and presented to the British Museum 
by C. Prideaux, Esq., an industrious and persevering 
naturalist. 


PACIFIC GULL. 


(Larus pacifica.) 


LA. fuscus pectore uropygioque albidis, rostro fulvo, prope apicem 
nigro. 

Brown Gull with the breast and rump whitish, the beak fulvous, 
black near the tip. 

Larus pacificus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. \xviii. 

Pacific Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 11. 332. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x, LO: 


«Tue general colour of the plumage in this bird 
is deep brown ; but the under parts, the rump, and 
tips of the lesser wing-coverts are very pale brown, 
approaching to white: tail rather short, rounded at 
the end: beak dirty orange, swelling near the point, 
where it is crossed with dusky or black: legs dusky. 
Inhabits New South Wales.””— Latham. 


209 


PULO-CONDOR GULL. 


(Larus Pulo-Condor.) 


La. einereo-fuscus subtus albus, occipite nigro, fronte cinerea, pe- 
dibus flavis. 

Ash-brown Gull beneath white, with the occiput black, the fore- 
head ash-colour, the legs yellow. 

Larus Pule-Condor. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. \xviii. 

Pulo-Condor Gull. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 332. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. x. 160. 


“ The forehead in this bird is ash-colour: crown 
the same, with a mixture of white: the plumage on 
the upper parts rusty ash-colour and brown mixed ; 
beneath white : beak, hind-head, nape, shoulders, and 
claws black: legs yellow. Inhabits Pulo Condor.”— 
Latham. 


Wray Nolita cereale 14 


210 


STERCORARIUS. JAGER. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, validum, 
cylindricum, compressum, 
curvatum; mandibula su- 
periore basi cera tecta, 
apice adunca; inferiore 
subtus angulata, apice ro- 
tundata. 

Nares in cera, et versus api- 
cem rostri site. 


Cauda, rectricibus duabus 
intermediis elongatis. 

Pedes graciles ; tibice plumis 
tectz. 


STERCORARIUS. Briss. 
LARUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 


CATHARACTA. Ray, Brun. 


LESTRIS. Illig., Temm. 
PREDATRIX. Vieil. 


Beak moderate, strong, cylin- 
dric, compressed, curved ; 
the upper mandible fur- 
nished with a cere at the 
base, its tip bent down; 
the lower angulated be- 
neath, with its tip rounded’ 


| Nostrils placed in the cere, 


and towards the tip of the 
beak. 

Tail, with its two middle 
feathers elongated. 

Legs slender; tibie clothed 
with feathers. 


UNLIKE the Gulls, the Jagers and Skuas are 
courageous and intrepid birds, and wage eternal war- 
fare with them: they rarely trouble themselves to 


EWN 
Sy 
Prost te 


epi! 
Rit 
Sy 


bes ty! ary a 7 is 1A 


PL 23. 


ARCTIC, JAGER. 


ARCTIC JAGER. @i1 


fish on their own account, but compel the former to 
disgorge their food, which they instantly seize and 
devour : however, they sometimes feed upon the dead 
carcases of whales and (the Jagers especially) upon 
mollusca. ‘They reside in high latitudes: their flight 
is very peculiar, and apparently convulsive. The sexes 
resemble each other, but the young differ much from 
the old. 

The Jagers are of a dingy appearance; the colours 
being a mixture of brown, whitish, and dull red. 


» “ARCTIC JAGER. 


(Stercorarius Cepphus.) 


St. suprés niger, collo pectore abdomineque albis ; vel, luteo 
Suscoque varius, subtus pallidior, maculé alarum albd ; jun. 

Jager above black, with the neck, breast, and abdomen white ; 
or, varied with yellow and brown, paler beneath, with a white 
spot on the wing; young. 

Larus parasiticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.226. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.601. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 819. 

Stercorarius longicaudus. Briss. Orn. 6. 155. 

Catharacta parasitica. Brun. Amer. Bor. 127, 128. 

Le Labbe a longue queue. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.445. Buff: 
PY Ent. 762: 

Strundt-jager. Rai Syn. 127. 

Arctic Bird. Edw. Glean. p. 148, 149. 

Arctic Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 245. pl. 87. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2.459. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 389. pl. 99. Lew. Brit. 
Birds, 6. pl. 207. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 116. Mont. Orn. Dict. 
l. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.239. Linn. Trans. viii, 
267. Lath. Gen. Hist, x. 164. 


912 ARCTIC JAGER. 


Stercorairé parasite, Temm. man. d’Orn. 512. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 
796. 

Younc.—Larus crepidatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 602. Lath. 
Ind. Orn. 2.819. 

Catharacta Cepphus. Razi Syn. 129. Brun. Orn. Bor. 126. 

Stercorarius. Briss. Orn. 6. 150. 

Le Labbe, ou le Stercoraire. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 441. 

pl. 34. Buff. Pl. Enl. 991. Temm. man. d’Orn. 515. 

Le Labbe a courte queue. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 520. 

Black-toed Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 244. pl. 86. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2. 460. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 387. Lath. Syn, Sup. 268. 
Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 216. Wale. Syn. 1. pl. 118. Mone. 
Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 236. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. x. 166. 


Leneru, including the long tail-feathers, about 
twenty-one inches: beak of a clear olive, with its tip 
black : irides yellowish-brown: the top of the head, 
the back, wings, and tail, are very deep unspotted 
brown : the forehead, nape, sides of the head, throat, 
and fore part of the neck are yellowish-white : breast 
and belly pure white: vent and tail-coverts rayed_ 
with brown and yellowish : quills white on their inner 
webs at the base: their shafts white: the two middle 
tail-feathers are considerably longer than the others : 
legs black. The young have the brown on the head 
and the back brighter; the forehead brown, with all 
the feathers of these parts tipped with reddish-white : 
the fore part of the neck, the nape, and under parts are 
of a greyish-white: the sides, thighs, vent, and tail- 
coverts are striped with blackish, brown, and whitish : 
the two middle tail-feathers scarcely exceed the others 
in length. 

This species is abundant in the Arctic regions; and 
also in the Hebridal islands and the Orcades, and 


ARCTIC JAGER. DVS 


other northern countries: it is very scarce towards 
the south of Britain, never having been observed far- 
ther in that direction than the coasts of Yorkshire, 
excepting the young, which has been taken near 
Horsham in Sussex, near Oxford, and on the coast 
of Lancashire. It breeds in the northern regions, 
and in the Hebrides: its nest is composed of dry 
grass : the eggs ate two in number, very light brown, 
marked with irregular dark brown blotches. 


CATARRACTES., SKUA. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, validum, || Beak moderate, strong, cylin- 


cylindricum, compressum, dric, compressed, curved ; 
curvatum; mandibula su- the upper mandible fur- 
periore basi cera tectd, nished with a cere at its 
apice aduncd; inferiore base, its tip hooked; the 
subtus angulata. under angulated beneath. 

Nares in cera, et versus api- || Nostrids placed in the’ cere, 
cem rostri site, towards the tip of the beak. 

Cauda pennis intermediis || Til with its middle feathers 
haud elongatis. not elongated. 

Pedes graciles; tibice parte || Legs slender; the lower part 
inferiore nude. of the tibia naked. 


CATARRACTES. Ray. 
CATHARACTA. Brun. 


LARUS, Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss. 
LESTRIS. Illig., Temm. 


WGHESE shindsidiffor. fromthe Jageroih teving! tee 
tail-feathers nearly even, the beak stouter, and the 
tibie divested of feathers, longer and more slender, 
as are also the legs. In manners and disposition they 
assimilate, but the Skuas are more partial to fish and 


COMMON SKUA. Ale 


cetaceous animals than the Jagers, thus paving the 
way towards the Petrels. 

These are also natives of the Arctic regions, and 
their plumage is of a dingy hue. 


COMMON SKUA. 


(Cataractes Skua.) 


Ca. tarsz posticé subrugosz. 

Skua with the tarsi slightly rugose behind. 

Larus Catarractes. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.226. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.603. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 818, 

Catharactes Skua. Brun. Orn. Boreal. 125. 

Catarractes et Catarractus. Razz Syn. 128. A. 

Larus fuscus. Briss. 6. 165. 

Le Goéland brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 408. 

Stercoraire cataracte. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 511. 

Lestris cataractes. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 794. 

Skua Gull. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 243. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 
531. A. Lath, Gen. Syn. 6.385. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 211. 
Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 117. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1.and Supp. Bew. 
Brit. Birds, 2. 233. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 161. 


LeEncTH about twenty-one inches: the head and 
space round the eyes are deep brown: the neck, as 
well as all the under parts, are reddish-grey shaded 
with clear brown: the back and scapulars are dull 
red, laterally bordered with deep brown: the wing- 
coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers brown, the quills 
white for half their length; the rest deep brown: 
the shafts of the quills and tail-feathers white: the 


216 POMARINE SKUA. 


legs, claws, and beak deep black, the last brown at 
its base : the irides brown. 

Found in the northern regions ; very abundant in 
the Hebrides, Orcades, in Norway, and in Lapland ; 
but rarely seen southwards, except in very severe 
tempestuous winters, when it has occurred on the 
coasts of Holland and England. It breeds in large 
flocks on the summits of mountains, amongst the 
grass and heath, laying three or four eggs, oliva- 
ceous, sprinkled with large brown spots. It is a bold 
rapacious bird, and during the period of incubation, 
it defends its nest most strenuously, attacking both 
man and beast that offers to go near them, and that 
so violently that the shepherds are obliged to protect 
themseives with a stick ; and the persons who employ 
themselves in procuring their eggs are said to hold 
a knife or other sharp instrument over their heads, 
upon which the enraged bird precipitates and trans- 
fixes himself. They feed upon fishes and the flesh 
of cetacea; but, unlike the Gulls, they tear their 
prey in pieces. 


POMARINE SKUA. 


(Cataractes Pomarina.) 


Ca. tarsi postice rugosi. 

Skua with the tarsi rugose behind. 

Stercoraire pomarin.—Lestris pomarinus. Temm. man. d’Orn. 
514. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 793. 

Stercorarius striatus. Briss. Orn. 6. 152. pl. 13.f. 2. 

Pomarine Gull. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 163. 


sadays iris a 
gts BPs pm 


PIPL. 


POMARINE SKUA. 


POMARINE SKUA. Dey, 


Tuts species is described by ‘Temminck, who says 
that it is about nineteen inches in length: all the 
upper parts are brown-bay, without spots: the under 
parts are also brown, but paler and without spots: 
the inner base of the quills, and the upper part only of 
the tail-feathers, are pure white, the rest is blackish- 
brown; the shatts of the quills are white: the beak 
is bluish: the irides are bright yellow: the tarsi are 
leaden-blue: the base of fie toes and the membrane 
are whitish; the rest is black: the hinder claw is 
pure white. The young have the head and neck 
dull brown, with the ends of the feathers bordered 
with lighter brown: before the eyes is a black space : 
the ae scapulars, and wing-coverts are deep brown; 
each feather tipped with a lunule of bright red: the 
breast, belly, and sides are shige brow, marked on 
the middle of the feathers with spots and zigzags of 
red 2 the rump, vent, and tail-coverts are rayed with 
broad bands of blackish and red: the base of the beak 
is greenish, the tip black. 

Inhabits the regions of the Arctic Circle; and 
sometimes appears on the sea-coasts of Holland and 
France: rarely in the interior of: the country, and 
then only during violent storms of wind. é 


218 


PROCELLARIA. PETREL. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite brevior, apice |, Beak shorter than the head, 


valde compressum, inte- || its tip greatly compressed, 
erum; mandibulze apice entire; both mandibles 
adunce. hooked. 

Nares tubulo supra basin || Nostri/s placed in a trun- 
rostri decumbente, trun- cated and geminated tube 
cato-geminata. above the base of the beak. 

Pedes graciles; tarsi elon- || Legs slender; tarst elon- 
gati; unguis posticus loco || gated ; no hinder toe, but 
pollice. a simple claw instead. 


PROCELLARIA Auctorum. 


"THE Petrels are the smallest birds of this group 3 
they fly about in the twilight, and delight in stormy 
and cloudy weather’; their flight is astonishingly 
rapid, and their movement so abrupt, that it is dif- 
ficult to watch them for a long period: during fine 
weather they seldom appear abroad, but take refuge 
in the deserted hole of a rabbit, or in the cleft of a 
rock, making their appearance towards evening, in 
search of food, which consists of various insects and 
vermes, and also pieces of blubber and fat, that float 
about on the surface of the water. 


ea 


LEACH S PETREL. 


219 


LEACH’S PETREL. 


~ (Procellaria Leachii.) 


Pr. cauddé subfurcatd. 

Petrel with the tail slightly forked. 

Petrel de Leach.—Procellaria Leachii. Yemm. man. d'Orn. 
2 Edit. ii. 812. 

Leach’s Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. xe a 


ay: Ra 


LENGTH seven inches - a half: beak and legs 
black: head and bod dull black : sides of the belly 
and upper tail-coverts white, with the shafts of the 
feathers brown ; wing-coverts dusky brown: quills 
and tail black, ‘the rey somewhat forked. 

The first specimen known of this bird was in the 
splendid collection of Mr, Bullock, who killed it in 
the island of St. Kilda, one of the Hebrides. At the 
period of the dispersion of his cabinet, my friend, Dr. 
Leach, observed, that the bird was distinct from the 
Stormy Petrel, and purchased it for the British Mu- 
seum, as an addition to the indigenous collection 
of animals, &c. preserved there. Temminck has, 
in consequence, named it after him, as a mark of 
honour due to so keen a zoologist. A second spe- 
cimen has been killed on the coast of Picardy in 
France. In November, 1823, a specimen was brought 
to the Londen market alive: and in the succeeding 
month one was killed in Devonshire, and another in 
Hertfordshire. 

It is said not to be uncommon in the isle of St. 
Kilda; that it lays a single white egg, in a hole of a 


220 STORMY PETREL. 


rock, or other cavity ; and, like its congeners, that, it 
rarely appears till dusk, when it is in quest of food, 
which consists of small insects. 


STORMY PETREL. 
~ (Procellaria pelagica.) 


Pr. cauddé @quale, tarsi mediocres. 

Petrel with an equal tail and moderate tarsi. 

Procellaria pelagica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.212. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1.561. Briss. Orn. 6. 140. pl. 13.f.1. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. 

Oiseau de tempéte. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois. 9.327. Cuv. Reg. 
Anim. 1. 516. 

Pétrel pigmé. Zemm, man. d Orn. 519. 

Stormfinch. Will. Orn. 395. 

Stormy Petrel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 259. pl. 91. Penn. Arct. 
Zool. 2, 464. Edw. Glean. pl. 90. Alb. Birds, 3. pl. 92. 
Lath. Syn. Sup. 269. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 219. © Walc. 
Syn. 1. pl. 91. Mont. Orn. Dict, 1. and Supp. Bew, Brit. 
Birds, 2, pl. 249. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 189. 


Tuts species is about the size of a Swallow, and 
in its general appearance and flight not unlike that 
bird : its length is about six inches: its beak is black : 
its irides brown: the head, back, wings, and tail are 
deep black ; its under parts are dusky soot-colour : 
its rump and neck are white: and its scapulars and 
secondary quills are tipped with white: the wings, 
when closed, are of an equal length with the tail, or 
reach but little beyond : the legs are black, and the 
tarsi are scarcely one inch in length. ‘The young are 
more of a dusky hue. 


STORMY PETREL. Q9} 


This species inhabits the temperate northern re- 
gions of the old world, and prefers the open seas to 
the land; which it only visits during the period of 
incubation, and during its migrations. They fly in 
small flocks, even in the midst of the Atlantic. ‘They 
are called Mother Cary’s Chickens by mariners, and 
their appearance is much dreaded by them, as they are 
supposed to be the harbingers of an approaching storm. 
They are fond of sheltering themselves in the wake 
of a ship, probably for the sake of the various articles 
of food that are occasionally thrown overboard : but 
even in the most tempestuous weather they often 
amuse themselves by skimming along with the most 
incredible velocity among the hollows of the waves, 
and sometimes over their summits. 

In the breeding season they betake themselves to 
the fissures of the rocks and rear their young, which 
they conduct to the watery element as soon as hatched : 
they lay one large egg, of a white colour, with an 
obscure band of purplish-brown, formed by minute 
specks at the larger end. 

They are eel fat and oily, and the ake 
bitants of the Feroe Islands are said to draw a wick © 
through the body of the bird, which, being lighted — 
at one end, serves for a candle, the fat and oil of the 
body feeding the flames ! 

wAlshowoh these birds are generally | seen at sea, 
several instances have occurred of their being found 
inland; specimens having at different times been 
killed at Oxford, Bath, near London, and in Derby- 
shire: and Montagu says that they are frequently 
picked up dead on the British coasts. During the 


929 , STORMY PETREL. 


stormy weather in November and December last 
(1824) many specimens were killed in the inland 
counties of England ; one is in the possession of J. E. 
Bicheno, Esq., killed at Newbury, and another was 
shot between Blackfriars and Westminster Bridges. 

Temminck asserts that they are only known to 
- breed within the Arctic Circle; but their eggs have 
been taken from under the parent bird m Cornwall, 
and in the Islets of Zetland, as noticed by Montagu ; 
thus proving them to be truly indigenous to Britain. 
Again, Mr. Scarth, as related in the Linnean Trans- 
actions, while on a small uninhabited island in Ork- 
ney, in passing over a tract of peat moss in the month 
of August, where he was induced to go, by hearing 
a whirring sound somewhat resembling that of a 
spinning-wheel, found a nest in a small hole in the 
ground, of very simple construction, being little more 
than a few fragments of shells laid on the bare turf; 
the eggs two in number, round and white, and large 
in proportion: on its first seizure the bird squirted 
out of her mouth an oily substance, of a very rancid 
smell. During four days’ confinement in a cage she 
would eat nothing; but having observed that she 
drew the feathers of the breast through the beak 
frequently, Mr. 5. was induced to smear the breast 
with oil ; he afterwards placed a saucer of oil m the 
cage, and he found that she regularly extracted the 
oil by dipping her breast in the vessel, and then 
sucking the feathers as before. In this way he kept 
the bird for three months. She sometimes made the 
same purring noise which first attracted notice, and 
sometimes whistled very shrilly. 


LONG-LEGGED PETREL. 293 


They chiefly live upon small fish; and, though 
silent by day, are very noisy and clamorous during 
the night. 


LONG-LEGGED PETREL. 


~~ (Procellaria oceanica.) 


Pr. caudé equale, tarsi elongati. 

Petrel with an equal tail and elongated tarsi. 

Procellaria oceanica. Forster?—Bonaparte, Philad. Journ. v. 
iii. 8. 

Pétrel échasses. Temm. man. d’Orn. 520. note. 

L’Oiseau de tempéte. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. pl.23. Buff: Pl. 
Enl. 993. 

Stormy Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 411. 18. 

Long-legged Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 193. 


TreMmMINCK was the first to discriminate this species 
from the Common Petrel ; and he refers to the syno- 
nyms as given above for correct figures and a descrip- 
tion. It chiefly differs in having the tarsi of greater 
length than that bird; and is thus commemorated 
by Latham (according to Temminck): “ Size of a 
Swallow: length six ches: breadth thirteen inches : 
beak black: the general colour of the plumage is 
black, but paler on the under parts, where it inclines 
to soot-colour: the ends of the second quills, rump, 
and vent white; and the four outer tail-feathers are 
white on the inner webs at the base: the wings, when 
closed, are above an inch longer than the tail: the 


Qa4, WILSON’S PETREL. 


legs are long and black :’”?—the tarsi one inch and a 
third long. 
Inhabits the Southern and Pacific Oceans. 


WILSON’S PETREL. 
af, (Procellaria Wilsoni.) 


Pr. caudd subequale, tarsi elongatt, membrandé macula flava. 

Petrel with a nearly equal tail, elongated tarsi, and a yellow spot 
on the webs. 

Procellaria Wilsoni. Bonaparte, Philad. Journ. ». iii. no. 8. 
Vigors, Zool. Jour. i. 425. 

Procellaria pelagica. JWils. Amer. Orn. ». vii. p. 90. vi: bx Sh | 6. 

Stormy Petrel. Catesby Carol. App. 1. 14. 


_ Tue general colour of this bird is deep sooty black : 
vent, each side, and upper tail-coverts totally white : 
primaries and tail deep black: greater wing-coverts 
and some of the secondaries tipped with whitish: beak 
five-eighths of an inch long, black: feet black, with 
a large oblong yellow spot on the membranes: length 
about seven inches. 

‘This bird is confined to the western shores of the 
Atlantic: it breeds, according to Wilson, in great 
numbers on the Bahamas and Bermuda Islands, and 
in some places on the coast of East Florida and Cuba : 
their nests are usually placed in holes and cavities of 
the rocks. 


PUFFINUS. SHEARWATER. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum capite longws, gra- || Beak longer than the head, 


cile, ad apicem compres- slender, compressed at the 
sum, integrum; mandi- tip, intire; both mandi- 
bulee apice aduncee. || bles hooked at the tip. 
Nares tubula supra basi || Nostrils placed in a double 
rostri decumbente, trun- truncated tube situated at 
cato-geminatee. the base of the beak. 


Pedes wmediocres; unguis || Legs moderate ; a claw alone 
posticus loco pollice. in place of the hinder doe, 


PUFFINUS. Ray, Briss. 
PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmei., Lath. Temm. 


SHEARWATERS resemble the birds of the pre- 
ceding genus in their manners; and, like them, 
they feed of an evening, and lie close in their holes 
during the day. They are greatly distributed over 
the globe. 


Vv. XIII. P. Ile 15 


226 


MANKS SHEARWATER. 


(Pufinus Anglorum.) 


Pu. corpore supra nigro, subtus albo, pedibus ru/fis. 

Shearwater with the body above black, beneath white, the legs 
red. 

Puffinus Anglorum, faz Syn. 134. A. 

Procellaria Puffinus. Briss. Orn. 6. 131. Brun. Orn. Boreal. 
no. 119. 

Le Puffin cendré. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 516. 

Manks’ Pufin. Edw. Glean. pl. 379. 

Shearwater Petrel. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2.258. Penn. Arct. Zool. 
2.462. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 218. Walc. Syn. 1. pl. 90. 
Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 246. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 181. 


Leneru fifteen inches: the beak is dusky-brown : 
the top of the head, the nape, and the upper parts of 
the body, the wings, tail, the thighs, and the margins 
of the under tail-coverts, glossy black ; the under parts, 
from chin to vent, white: the legs weak and com- 


pressed ; brown, with the webs yellowish. 


The Shearwater is found in greater and less pro- 
fusion in most of the northern regions of the globe : it 
is particularly abundant in the Calf of Man, a small 
islet near the south of the Isle of Man: and also m 
the Hebrides. In the former place it appears in 
February ; during the breeding season it takes pos- 
session of the rabbit burrows, and lays one white egg, 
blunt at each end; the young are hatched early in 
the summer, and are fit to be taken about the begin- 
ning of August, when great numbers are killed for 


LEO 


SES 


a SSNS 
SSS SSSR s 
“SEES 
SSS 


MANK’S SHEARWATER. 


CINEREOUS SHEARWATER. 207 


food: they are salted and barreled. ‘They depart 
about September. 

During the day they keep in their holes, and to- 
wards evening go out fishing and return to their 
young, which they feed by ejecting the oily con- 
tents of their stomach into their mouths while in the 
nest. 


CINEREOUS SHEARWATER. 


(Puffinus cinereus.) 


Pu. supra cinereus subtus albus, caudd nigricante, rostro favo, 
pedibus cinerascentibus. 

Shearwater above ash-colour, beneath white, with the tail dusky, 
the beak yellow, and the legs greyish. ; 

Pétrel Pufin. Temm. man d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 805. 

Procellaria cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.563. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 824. 

Cinereous Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.405. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 
335. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 183. 

Younc.—Procellaria Pufinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. 
Syst. Nat. 1.566. Lath, Ind. Orn. ii. 824. 

Le Puffin. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.321. Buff. Pl. Enl. 962. 


Tuis is rather a large bird, bemg upwards of twenty 
inches in length: its beak is yellowish, with black 
sutures: irides cinereous: the upper parts of the 
plumage are chiefly dusky ash-colour: the crown of 
the head and forehead palest: the under parts from 
the chin are white: the tail is rounded and black ; 
its under surface pale ¢inereous: legs bluish: toes 


228 BRASILIAN SHEARWATER. 


and claws testaceous ; webs pale yellow. ‘The young 
have all the upper part of the plumage much deeper, 
and where it is bright ash in the old, it is of a slate- 
colour or deep ash in the young; the under parts of 
the plumage are varied with ashy waves in some 
places: the beak is ashy-black, rather slenderer than 
in the old birds, without an apparent groove, and 
the two tubes of the nostrils are not united in the 
same arch. 

This bird inhabits many parts ef the old world, 
being found on the shores of the Mediterranean ; 
also on the coasts of Senegal and the Cape of Good 
Hope, New Holland, and other southern regions. 


BRASILIAN SHEARWATER. 
?~(Pufttinus Brasilianus. ) 


Pu. fusco-nigricans, collo inferiore feavo, rectricibus fusco-nigri- 
cantibus. 

Brown-black Shearwater, with the lower part of the neck yellow, 
the tail-feathers dusky-brown. 

Puffinus Brasiliensis. Briss. Orn. 6. 138. 

Procellaria Brasiliana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 564. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 821. 

Le Puflin du Brasil. Buff? Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 337. 

Maiaque. Razi Syn. 133. 

Brasilian Petrel. Lath. Gen, Syn. 6.398. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
172. 


As large as a Goose: the beak is hooked: the 
entire plumage is dusky and blackish, with the fore 


EHQUINOCTIAL SHEARWATER. 229 


part of the neck varied with yellowish feathers. It 
is said to inhabit Brazil about the mouths of rivers : 
it is an active bird, swimming and diving well: its 
flesh is good. 

Rather a doubtful species. 


MQUINOCTIAL SHEARWATER. 


-- (Puifinus equinoctialis. ) 


Pu. fuscus immaculatus, rostro flavo, pedibus fuscis, 

Brown immaculate Shearwater, with the beak yellow, and legs 
brown, 

Procellaria zequinoctialis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1.564. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 821. 

Procellaria pacifica. Lath. Ind. Orn.2.827? Gmel. Syst. Nat. 
1. 560? 

Puffinus Capitis Bone Spei. Briss. Orn. 6. 137. 

Le Petrel-Puffin brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 326. 

Pacific Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.416? Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
197? 

Great Black Petrel. Edw. Glean. pl. 89. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 
398. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 333. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 173. 


Tue Black and Pacific Petrels of Latham appear 
both to be referable to this species: the former he 
. describes as being the “size of a Raven: length 
twenty-three inches: the beak is three inches long, 
and the tubes of the nostrils half an inch; the whole 
beak is of a yellowish-colour, the sutures of it black : 
the whole body blackish-brown : legs, toes, and webs 
brown: claws black.” “ This varies (he adds) in 


230 DUSKY SHEARWATER. 


having the upper ridge of the beak black, and a large 
spot of white on the chin.’”’ Inhabits the Cape of 
Good Hope, and New Zealand. 

Of the Pacific Petrel he says; ‘length twenty-two 
inches: breadth forty inches: the beak is two inches 
in length, of a lead-colour, and much hooked at the 
tip: in the place of a tube the nostrils only appear ; 
they are situated obliquely, of an oval shape, a little 
elevated, and placed an inch and a quarter from the 
base ; the upper parts of the plumage are black, the 
under dusky: legs pale on the insteps, where they 
are marked with some black spots, and a few others 
on the toes and webs.’’? Inhabits Europoa and other 
islands of the Pacific Ocean. Said to fly in innu- 
merable flocks: disappear at once, dipping under 
water all together, and then rise as suddenly. 


DUSKY SHEARWATER. 


(Puflinus obscurus. ) 


Pu. nigricans subtus albus, collo lateribus fusco nebuloso, tectri- 
ctbus alarum medic albido variegatis. 

Dusky Shearwater beneath white, with the sides of the neck 
clouded with brown, the wing-coverts variegated with white in 
the middle. 

Procellaria obscura. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.559. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. S28. 

Dusky Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. p.73. Lath, Gen. Syn. 
0. 416, ‘Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 197. 

Petrel obseur. Temi. man.d Orn. 2 Edit. ti. S08. 


BLACK-TOED SHEARWATER. 231 


Lenetu upwards of a foot: beak black, with its 
sides horn colour ; its point hooked: the upper parts 
of the plumage are dusky black, the under white: 
on the sides of the neck varied with brown and white : 
the legs of the middle wing-coverts are whitish: the 
legs are externally black, internally pale: the two 
outward toes are yellowish: the webs are orange-co- 
lour ; claws black. Inhabits the southern regions of 
the globe, but appearing occasionally to the north of 
the equinoctial, having occurred, according to Tem- 
minck, in the Mediterranean. 


BLACK-TOED SHEARWATER ? 


»- (Puffinus? melanopus.) 


Pu? cinereo-nigricans, capistro guldque griseis maculis minutis 
nigricantibus, rostro toto digitisque dimidiato nigris. 

Dusky-ash Shearwater? with the capistrum and throat grey, 
minutely spotted with dusky, the entire beak and half the toes 
black. 


Procellaria melanopus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 562. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 825. 

Black-toed Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup.73. Lath.Gen. Syn. 
6.408. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 185. 


_ Lewners thirteen ches: beak black, an inch and 
a half long: round its base, the chin and throat pale 
glossy grey, minutely speckled with dusky: the top 
of the head, and all the upper parts of the plumage, 


239 BLACK-TOED* SHEARWATER. 


the wings, and tail, are dusky black; that of the 
back inclinmg to hoary: the under parts of the 
body are hoary cinereous: the legs are very pale; 
the webs the same for one-third, their tips black : 
joints of the toes also black. 

Said to inhabit North ? America. 


AS) 
9 
ce) 


FULMARUS. FULMAR. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum grossum, ad api-|| Beak thick, dilated at the 


cem  dilatatum, — sulca- tip, sulcated; the upper 
tum ; mandibula superiore mandible hooked; the 
adunca; inferiore recta lower straight and slightly 
subtruncata. truncated. 

Nares tubulate. Nostrils tubular. 

Pedes mediocres; wnguis || Legs moderate; a claw only 
posticus loco pollice. in place of the hinder toe. 


FULMARUS. Leach. 
WAGELLUS. Ray. 
PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss. 


‘THE Fulmars differ from their congeners in having 
the beak stronger, much hooked, suddenly swollen 
towards the tip, with the lower mandible somewhat 
truncated at the tip; the nostrils are united in a 
single groove or furrow on the beak: they are more 
diurnal than the others, and their nourishment chiefly 
consists of the flesh of dead cetacea, of mollusca, and 
vermes. 


234 


NORTHERN FULMAR. 
~° (Fulmarus glacialis. ) 


Fu. albicans, dorso canescente, rostro pedibusque flavicantibus. 

Whitish Fulmar with the back hoary, the beak and legs yel- 
lowish. 

Procellaria glacialis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.213. Gmel. Syst. Nat- 
1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 823. Sabine, Linn. Trans, xii. 
D2. 

Procellaria cinerea. Briss. Orn. 6. 143. pl. 12.f. 2. 

Fulmar, ou Petrel-Puffin gris-blanc. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 
325. pl. 22. Buff. Pl. Enl. 59. Temm. man. d'Orn. 518. 
Id. 2 Edit. ii. 802. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 515. 

Wagellus Cornubiensium. Raz Syn. 150. A. 

Fulmar Petrel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.257. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 
461. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 403. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 217. 
Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 89. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Bew. 
Brit. Birds, 2. pl, 243. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 179. 


LrencTH seventeen inches: beak bright yellow, 
tinged with orange on its nasal tube: irides yellow: 
the head, neck, all the under parts of the body, the 
rump, and the tail, of a pure white: the back, sca- 
pulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries, are of a clear 
blue-ash: the quills are bright grey-brown: the tail 
is rounded : the legs are greyish-yellow. ‘The young 
have all the parts of the body of bright grey shaded 
with brown; the feathers on the back and of the 
wings tipped with a deeper brown: the quills and 
tail-feathers are grey-brown: before the eye is an 
angulated black spot: the beak and legs are ashy- 


NORTHERN FULMAR. 935 


yellow. Captain Sabine suspects they are two years 
attaining maturity. 

The Nocthon Fulmar auiedy affects the ocean, 
seldom visiting the shores unless for the purpose of 
breeding, or when compelled to shelter itself from 
the fury of the wind : it is said to lay one large white 
egg, the latter end of May, and to breed only in the 
north polar regions. 

It is seldom seen on the British coasts, except on 
those of the northern part of Scotland, where it is 
not uncommon during the summer months. It is 
very numerous in the Isle of St. Kilda, where it re- 
mains the whole year (except during the months of 
September and October), and supplies the inhabitants 
with a vast quantity of oil, which is used for culinary 
as well as medical purposes. Pennant says of those 
of this island, that—*“‘ no bird is of such use to the 
islanders as this; as it supplies them with oil for 
their lamps, down for their beds, a delicacy for their 
tables! a balm for their wounds, and a medicine for 
their distempers.”’ 

Its food consists principally of fish, but it will de- 
vour indiscriminately any floating putrid substances, 
such as the filth of ships, which it fearlessly follows. 
These birds also follow the tracks of the wounded 
whales, and, when they are exhausted, alight on the 
carcases by hundreds, and ravenously pluck off and 
devour lumps of the blubber until they are satiated. 
This gross food causes them to become excessively 
fat, and their stomachs are always charged with oil, 
which they have the power of ejecting with force 


236 ANTARCTIC FULMAR. 


from the beak ; and when attacked squirt it into the 
face of their enemy. 


ANTARCTIC FULMAR. 


~ (Fulmarus antarcticus.) 


Fu. albus, dorso medio canescente, alis nigricuntibus. 

White Fulmar with the back hoary in the middle, the wings 
dusky. 

Procellaria glacialis 6. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 823. 

Fulmar Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 405. A. 


Laruam says of this bird, ‘‘ Size of the last (the 
Northern Fulmar): beak black, stout,and much curved 
at the end: head, neck, body, and tail white: be- 
tween the wings pale ash-colour: the whole of the 
wing dusky black: legs dusky. Inhabits the Ant- 
arctic Ocean, pretty far to the south.” 

This appears to me to have sufficient character of 
discrimination to constitute a distinct species, exclu- 
sive of its locality ; and its black beak and deep brown 
wings well distinguish it from the preceding species. 


NORTHERN FULMAR. 


y 4 


, ‘ : 
Veh Str) BEL 
i ae Pee tis 

¥ rrr, Vy, nus 


oS) 
ie) 
~) 


GIGANTIC FULMAR. 


~ (Fulmarus giganteus ) 


Fu. fusco-nebulosus subtus albidus, remigibus rectricibusque nigri- 
cantibus, rostro pedibusque flavis. 

Clouded-brown Fulmar beneath whitish, the quills and tail-fea- 
thers dusky, the beak and legs yellow. 

Procellaria gigantea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.563 Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 820. 

Quebrenta huessos, ou Brisier d’os. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9.319. 

Petrel géant. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.515. 

Giant Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 2.71. Lath. Gen. Syn. 
6.396. pl. 100. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 170. pl. clxxvi. 


Leneru about three feet and a half: the beak is 
dusky-yellow, and four inches and a half long, very 
stout, and its upper mandible much hooked at the 
tip; its tubular process is nearly two-thirds of its 
length : at the corner of the mouth is a naked yellow 
skin : the crown of the head is dusky: the hind part 
of the neck, and upper part of the body are pale 
fuscous, varied or mottled with dusky white: the 
scapulars, wing-coverts, quills, and tail are plain dusky 
brown, the feathers of the latter being darkest in the 
middle: the sides of the head, the fore part of the 
neck, the breast, and all the under parts of the plu- 
mage are dirty white: the legs are greyish-yellow ; 
the webs and claws dusky. 

Frequent in the Southern Seas, where they are 
often seen by mariners sailing, with their wings ex- 
panded, close to the surface of the water, but without 


Q38 GIGANTIC FULMAR. 


appearing to move them: they are most lively, and 
play about the surface of the water, or glide along 
with their extended wings with the greatest activity, 
previous to, or during, storms: they are stupid birds, 
and suffer themselves to be knocked on the head with 
a stick without attempting to stir: their food appears 
to consist principally of fish, but they will neverthe- 
less feed upon the dead carcases of seals, birds, &c. 
The sailors call them by the name of Mother Cary’s 
Geese. 


239 


-~DAPTION. PINTADO. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum subgracile, capite || Beak slender, shorter than 
brevior, ad apicem haud the head, not dilated at 


dilatatum; mandibula su- the tip; the upper man- 
periore adunca, inferiore dible hooked, the lower 
recta, truncata. straight, truncated. 

Nares tubulate. Nostrils tubulated. 

Pedes mediocres; unguis || Legs moderate; a claw only 
posticus loco pollice. in place of the hinder foe. 


PROCELLARIA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 


‘THE Pintados appear to form a genus distinct from 
the rest of the Petrels, inasmuch as the beak is more 
slender and rather shorter than the head, than in the 
Fulmars, and the tip of the under mandible is not 
bent down as in the true Petrels and in the Shear- 
waters ; again, from the Prions they are distinguished 
by the beak not beimg depressed and armed at its 
edges with slight denticulations, and from the Halo- 
dromes by possessing the rudiments of a hinder toe 
which is furnished with a claw, of which those birds 
are destitute. They are all apparently natives of the 


240 PINTADO. 


southern regions, and but little is known of their 
manners. 

It may be observed that I have introduced several 
new genera into the arrangement of the Natatorial 
Birds, in spite of the prejudices that are so predomi- 
nant, both in this country and on the Continent, 
against the adoption of any that are not to be found in 
the works of Linné or his immediate followers: but 
experience having taught me, in a class of animals 
more immediately under my examination than birds, 
that the separation, or the promulgation of an un- 
noticed genus has been the means of bringing many 
species to light whose manners had been most indis- 
criminately confounded (as witnessed among the 
smaller Libellulide, or Dragon-Jlies, where the Lin- 
nean character of one species, yea, and that even in 
some of the most recent publications on Entomology, 
is so comprehensive, that it positively embraces no 
less than two genera *, one containing three, and the 
other ten indigenous species, in its extensive grasp! 
and the consequence has been, that Latreille and other 
celebrated Entomologists assert, that the sexes unite 
pellmell together, and that the varieties resulting there- 
from are innumerable; whereas the fact is, that these 
insects are as particular in their amours as any others, 
and the varieties are equally referable to their proper 
species, the male, usually, however, differmg from 
the female in colour); I have therefore ventured, 
from the slight notice of the Daption Capensis, in the 


* Lestes, Leach, and Agrion, Fabricius. 


| 
i 
i 


PE ZS. 


CAPE PINTADO. 241 


Régne Animal, to give it as the type of a new genus, 
and to attach the numerous southern Petrels described 
by Latham thereto, being unable to obtain any cor- 
rect information respecting them, from the deplorable 
state of ornithological collections, or rather the want 
of any public one of reference in this country. 


CAPE PINTADO. 


(Daption Capenses.) 


Da. albo fuscoque varium. 

Pintado varied with owen arid white. 

Procellaria Capensis. Linn. ao Nat. 1. 213. Gimel. Syst 
Nat. 1. 565. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2. 822. 

Procellaria nevia. Se Briss. Orn. 6. 146. 

Le Petrel tacheté, ou le Damier. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 304. 
pl. 21. Buff. Pl. Enl. 964. Cuv. Reg. Anim.1.515. 

White and black spotted Petrel. Edw. Glean. pl. 90. 

Pintado Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 401. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
178. ; 


Turis, which forms the type of the genus, is four- 
teen inches in length: the beak is black, and an inch 
and a half long: the head, hind part of the neck, 
the quills, and the tail, are black: the sides of the 
head are varied with black and white: the under 
parts of the plumage are whitish, irregularly spotted 
with black: the legs are black. The disposition of 
the colours of the plumage varies in some specimens: 
ene is commemorated as having those parts that are 

Vo MHEG Es. ) 16 


94.2 ANTARCTIC PINTADO. 


usually white of a fine cream-colour; the tail white, 
with a black tip, and the base of the quills white. 

Common in the Antarctic Seas, and particularly 
so in the vicinity of the Cape of Good Hope, where 
they fly in flocks; and appear occasionally in such 
prodigious numbers, that several hundreds have been 
captured in one night: they fly very low, almost 
touching the surface of the ocean. ‘They feed on 
fish and the dead carcases of whales, and are very 
voracious: when caught they will squirt out a quan- 
tity of oil from the nostrils upon the person holding 
them. 


ANTARCTIC PINTADO. 


4 (Daption Antarcticum.) 


Da. fuscum sublus albo-cerulescente, remigibus secundariis uro- 
pygio cauddque albis, rectricibus apice nigris. 

Brown Pintado beneath bluish-white, the secondary quills, rump, 
and tail white, the tail-feathers black at the tips. 

Procellaria Antarctica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.565. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 822. ; 

Le Petrel Antarctique, ou Damier brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 
Dod ds 

Antarctic Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.400. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
177. 


LENGTH sixteen inches: beak an inch and a half 
long, brown, with a black tip: the irides brownish- 
hazel: the prevailing colour of the plumage on the 
upper parts of the body is deep brown; and of the 


SNOWY PINTADO. 243 


under parts bluish-white: the secondaries are white, 
tipped with dark brown; the quills are dark brown, 
with some of the webs of those nearest the body white: 
the rump and tail are white, the latter tipped with 
black: the legs are dirty lead-colour. 

Met with, in small flocks, throughout the greater 
portion of the navigable part of the southern regions. 


SNOWY PINTADO. 


~~(Daption niveum.) 


Da. album rachibus pennarum nigris, rostro pedibusque ceruleis. 

White Pintado with the shafts of the feathers black, the beak and 
legs blue. 

Procellaria nivea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 823. ; 

Le Petrel blanc, ou Petrel de neige. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 
314. 

Snowy Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 408. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
186. 


Lenetu one foot: beak black, inclining to blue 
at the base, and an inch and a quarter long: the 
entire plumage is of a pure snowy white, with the 
shafts of the feathers black: the wings are somewhat 
longer than the tail: the legs are dark blue, with 
pale webs: the claws long. 

Found in great plenty among the ice of the southern 
regions, and also in the seas adjacent : also off the Isle 
of Georgia, and Terra del Fuego. 


4d 


BROWN-BANDED PINTADO. 


(Daption desolatum. ) 


Da. cinereo-cerulescente subtus album, rectricibus apice fascidque 
alarwm expansarum nigricantibus. 

Ashy-blue Petrel beneath white, with the tip of the tail-feathers 
and band on the expanded wings dusky. 

Procellaria desolata, Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2.825. 

Brown-banded Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 9. 409. Lath. Gen. 
Hist..x. 187: 


Younp in the Isle of Desolation: its length is 
eleven inches: beak black, with a yellowish tip, its 
length one inch: the plumage on the upper parts of 
the body is greenish-ash colour; the crown of the 
head deepest: the sides of the head, including the 
region of.the eyes, and all the under parts of the 
plumage, white: the ridge of the wing dirty black : 
the quills and tail dusky: the latter rounded at the 
end, and tipped with dark brown: the legs brown : 
webs yellow, and claws black : when the wings are ex- 
panded there appears a dark brown band from tip to 
tip, quite across the body. 


GLACIAL PINTADO. 


(Daption gelidum.) 


Da. cinereo-cerulescente, dorso nigricante, gulé jugulo pectoreque 
albis, rostro flavo, pedibus ceruleis. 

Ashy-blue Pintado, with the back dusky, the throat, jugulum, 
and breast white, the beak yellow, the tips blue. 

Procellaria gelida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 564. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2. 822. . 

Glacial Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.399. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
174. 


InHaBits the most southern regions, chiefly in the 
Antarctic Circle itself: it is in length nineteen inches: 
its beak is yellow, with its nasal tube, the top of the 
under mandible, the tip of the lower, and the edges of 
both, black: the top of the head, including the cheeks, 
and the hind part of the neck to the shoulders, are pale 
bluish-ash colour: the rest of the upper parts of the 
plumage is dusky-black: the chin, fore part of the 
neck and breast, are white: the rest of the under 
parts pale cinereous, or ash colour: the legs and 
webs are blue; the under parts of the last white: 
the claws black. 


DARK-GREY VPINTADO. 


~ (Daption griseum.) 


Da. fuliginoso-atrum, tectricibus alarum inferioribus albis, rostre 
Susco, pedibus anticé cerulescentibus. 

Dark sooty Pintado, with the lower wing-coverts white, the beak 
brown, the legs in front bluish. 

Procellaria grisea. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1.564. Lath. Ind, Orn. 

2. 821. 
Dark-grey Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 399. 
Grey Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 174. 


Excepr in size, this bird greatly resembles the 
_Equinoctial Shearwater : it is scarcely fifteen inches 
in length: its beak is two inches long, and brown : 
its entire plumage is sooty-black: with the webs of 
the under wing-coverts white: the fore part of the 
legs are greenish-blue. In some specimens the chin 
and throat are whitish. 

Inhabits the Southern Ocean. 


WHITE PINTADO. 


~~ (Daption album.) 


Da. fusco-nigricante pectore abdomine crissoque albis. 

Dusky-brown Pintado with the breast, abdomen, and vent white. 

Procellaria alba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.565. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 
S22: 


WHITE PINTADO. QA] 


White-breasted Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 400. 
Norfolk Island Petrel. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 334. 
Fuliginous Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 174. 


Descrisep by Latham from a specimen formerly in 
the collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks: ‘* Length 
sixteen inches: beak an inch and a half long, hooked 
at the tip, and black : the head, neck, and upper parts 
of the body, dusky-brown, nearly black: on the throat 
a whitish patch: breast, belly, and vent white: under 
tail coverts cinereous and white mixed: tail rounded 
at the end: legs black-brown: the fore part of the 
toes half-way black ; the outside of the exterior toe 
the same for the whole length : webs black : spurs be- 
hind blunt. Inhabits Turtie and Christmas Islands.” 
He adds, mm his second Supplement, the following 
account: ‘* Inhabits Norfolk Island, where it is in 
ereat plenty, and burrows in the sand like a rabbit. 
On Mount Pitt, the highest land in the island, the 
ground was as full of holes as a rabbit warren, and 
an immense number of aquatic birds burrowed and 
built their nests in them. These, during the day, 
were at sea, but as night approaches, they return in 
vast flocks. ‘The settlers lighted small fires every 
night on this mount, about which the birds dropped 
as fast as the people could pick them up and kill 
them.” i 


248 


SOOTY PINTADO 2 


(Daption? fuliginosum.) 


Da? fuliginoso-fuscum, capite collo remigibus rectricibusque ni- 
gris, caudd emarginata. 

Sooty-brown Pintado? with the head, neck, quills, and tail-fea- 
thers black, the tail emarginated. 


Procellaria fuliginosa, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.562. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 825. 


Sooty Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.409. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 187. 


Turis bird is eleven inches in length: its beak is 
black : irides pale cinereous: the head and neck are 
deep sooty-black ; and the rest of the body brown- 
black, with the under parts palest : the rump is brown: 
the ridge of the wing is mixed with cinereous: the 
quills and tail are deep black; the latter is slightly 
forked, and scarcely so long as the wings when closed : 
the legs are slender, an inch long, and black. In- 
habits the neighbourhood of Otaheite. 


249) 


PACHYPTILA. PRION. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum mediocre, latum, || Beak moderate, _ broad, 


rectum, depressum, apice straight, depressed, its tip 
uncinato; serehnibeetie uncinated; both mandi- 
truncatze, marginibus sub- bles truncated at the tip, 
denticulatis. their margins slightly den- 
ticulated. 
Nares ad basin rostri posite, || Nostrils distinct, tubulous, 
tubulosze, distinctze. placed at the base of the 
beak. 
Pedes breves, tridactyli; un-|| Legs short, three-toed; a 
guis posticus loco pollice. claw alone im place of the 
hinder foe. 


PACHYPTILA. _Illig. 
PROCELLARIA. Gmel., Lath. 


‘PE Prions were judiciously separated from the 
rest of the Petrels by Llliger, in his Prodromus Ma- 
nualiorum et Avium, &c.; and the most fastidious 
genus haters are disposed to allow them a name of 
distinction, notwithstanding the additional burthen to 
the memory (according to their ideas) in consequence 
of having a new name added to the catalogue. Now, 
as some notion may be formed of the length to which 


250 PRION. 


the decided Linnean followers of Ornithology are 
disposed to proceed in their favourite scheme of genus 
sinking, on the plea of the new names being not only 
unnecessary, but burthensome to the memory, I shall 
transcribe the remarks of that celebrated ornitholo- 
gist, Dr. Latham, in the tenth vol. (p. 395) of his Ge- 
neral History of Birds, published in 1824, appended 
to his Apterous Penguin, and then ask who has con- 
tinued a new name? and I think the Doctor will 
prove to have invented one which, according to his 
views, must cause an additional burthen to the me- 
mory; as Dr. Shaw has not called his bird the 
Apterous Penguin, but the Southern Apteryx, or 
Apteryx Australis.—Speaking of this bird with re- 
ference to Shaw’s account, Dr. L. says, “‘ The Doctor 
(S.), it is true, has made this bird the basis of a new 
genus, and it certaimly differs from the general tribe 
of Penguins ; yet it coincides with them in so many, 
as to render this separation less needful: and the 
reader cannot fail to observe, that, not only in-the 
present instance, but in several others in the course 
of this work, the great desire of the author to accom- 
modate many new species to some genus already 
fixed, so as to give the least violence possible to the 
general system; being of opinion, that creating a 
single new genus, when it can possibly be avoided, 
will serve only unnecessarily to burthen the memory, 
as well as to disturb the mind.” 


FORSTER’S PRION. 


 (Pachyptila Forsteri.) 


Pa. c@rulescens subtus alba, remigibus rectricibus apice fuscidque 
alarum expansarum fusco-nigris. 

Blue Prion beneath white, with the quills, tail-feathers, at the 
tip, and band on the expanded wings, brown-black. 

Procellaria vittata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 560. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
DEO fe 

Le Petrel Bleu. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 316. 

Vittated Petrel. Forst. Voyage, |. 153. 

Blue Petrel. Cook's Voyage, 1. ». 29. 

Broad-billed Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 414. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
G5. 


In length twelve inches: its beak is blue-grey, an 
inch and a quarter in length, and nearly an inch 
broad at the base; both mandibles are bent at the 
point, and have their edges slightly notched: the 
nostrils are placed in a very short tube: the pre- 
vailing colours of the plumage are bluish-ash on the 
upper parts of the body, with some of the feathers 
brown in the middle, and white on the sides of the 
head and under parts: beneath the eye is a dusky- 
black streak : the quills and the tips of the six middle 
tail-feathers are deep dusky black : the legs are black. 
The female has the beak somewhat more slender. 
Both sexes possess, when the wings are expanded, a 
dark band from the tip of one wing to that of the 
other, which crosses the back. And also (according 
to Forster) an amazing thick plumage, having two 


Q52 BLUE PRION. 


feathers instead of one, proceeding out of every root, 
and lying within one another, forming a very com- 
pact and warm covering. 

These birds abound in the southern hemisphere, 
and, like the rest of the group to which they belong, 
burrow in the ground and under the roots of trees, 
or take refuge in the clefts of the rocks: they make 
a noise like the croaking of frogs. ‘They do not 
appear on shore in the day-time, but towards the 
morning they are very active, and commence diving 
in search of food at an early hour, and remain out at 
sea nearly the whole day. 


BLUE PRION. 


~> (Pachyptila czrulea.) 


Pa. cano-cerulescens corpore subtus rectricibusque apice albis, 
Jascid pectoris alarumque expansarum obscuris. 

Hoary-bluish Prion, with the body beneath and tip of the tail- 
feathers white, a band on the breast and on the wings, when 
expanded, white. 

Procellaria cerulea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.560. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2.827. 

Blue Petrel. Forst. Voy. 1. p. 91. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 415. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 196. 


One foot in length: beak blue, with its tip black, 
and a yellow stripe in the middle, and about an inch 
and a quarter long: the upper parts of the plumage 
are pale blue-grey: the under parts white: under 


FRIGATE PRION. B53 


the eye is a dusky patch ; and on the breast a band 
of the same colour: the greater quills are darker than 
the others, and have the inner webs of some of them 
nearly white: the wings have a similar mark, ex- 
tending across from the tip of one to the tip of the 
other, as in the last species; and. they are, when 
closed, somewhat longer than the tail, which is nearly 
the colour of the back, with its outer feathers white, 
the next white on its inner web, and the next tipped 
with white: the legs are blue; the webs pale. 

_ Fly in flocks in the Southern Ocean, from 47 to 
58 degrees of latitude. 


FRIGATE PRION. 


+ (Pachyptila marina.) 


Pa. dorso tectricibus alarum fuscis, vertice cerviceque cerulescente- 
cinereis, uropygio cerulescente, genis corporeque toto subtus 
albis. 

Prion with the back and wing-coverts brown, the crown and 
cervix bluish-ash, the rump bluish, the cheeks and entire body 
beneath white. 

Procellaria marina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. 

Frigate Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 410. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
189. 


Lenetu eight inches and a half: beak slender, 
~ and but little hooked: the tip of the head and hind 
part of the neck, as far as the shoulders, bluish-ash 
colour: the back and wing-coverts brown: the rump 


- 


Q54 AMERICAN PRION. 


hoary blue: the sides of the head, above the eye, and 
all the under parts, white: beneath the eye a trace 
of bluish-ash colour: the tail very slightly forked : 
the legs black, with a yellowish mark in the middle 
of each web. 

Found in the Southern Ocean, in latitude 27 de- 
orees, 


AMERICAN PRION. 


(Pachyptila Fregatta.) 


Pa. nigra subtus alba, pedibus nigris. 

Black Prion beneath white, with the legs black. 

Procellaria Fregatta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. Gmel. Syst. 
Nat. 1.561. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 826. 

Hirundo Americana. LRochef. Antill. pl. 152. 

American Petrel. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 189. 


Tuts species is said to be rather less than the 
Common Petrel, and to be black above and white 
beneath, with black legs. 

It inhabits the ocean. 


Q55 - 


FORK-TAIL PRION ? 


-+- (Pachyptila ? fureata.) 


Pa.? argenteo-grisea, guld pallida, crisso albo, remigibus caudaque 
Sorficatd nigricantibus, rectrice extimaé extus albd. 

Silvery-grey: Prion? with the throat pale, the vent white, the 
quills and forked tail dusky, the exterior tail-feather white on 
the outside. 

Procellaria furcata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.561. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2320- 

Fork-tail Petrel. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.463. Lath. Gen. Syn. 
6.410. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 188. 


Turis is a northern species, and was first met with 
on the ice between Asia and America. It is in length 
ten inches: its beak is black and much hooked: the 
prevailing colour of the plumage is a dark silvery 
grey, with the under parts palest: the forehead and 
crown are varied with brown: the quills are dusky- 
grey; the secondaries are paler grey on their edges: 
the inner ridge of the wing is‘dusky black: the chin 
is pale grey; the vent white: the tail is forked and 
coloured similarly to the quills, with its outer fea- 
thers, on each side, white on its exterior web: the 
legs are black. 


HALODROMA. HALODROME. 


Generic Character. 


Beak moderate, compressed, 
straight, its tip hooked ; 


Rostrwm mediocre, compres- 
sum, rectum, apice adunco ; 


mandibula superiore utrin- the upper mandible with 
que sulco obsoleto, infe-|/ an obsolete groove on each 
rlore compressa,  trun- | side, the lower compressed, 
cata. | truncated. 

Nares geminate. Nostrils geminated. 

Ale elongate. | Wings elongated. 


hinder claw. 


Pedes breves, tridactyli; wn- || Legs short, three-toed; no 
gue pollicis nullo. 


HALODROMA. Illig. 
PROCELLARIA. Gnmel., Lath. 


THis genus was also detached by Illiger from the 
Procellarie, from which it not only differs as above 
stated, but also in possessing a dilatable pouch, as in 
the Cormorants, and in wanting the hinder claw en- 
tirely, as in the Albatrosses. 

Unlike the rest of the birds of this family, the one 
comprised in this genus is said to dive admirably. 


2 
Or 
4 


DIVING HALODROME, 


~+ (Halodroma urinatrix.) 


Ha. fusco-nigricans subtus alba, guld plicata nigra. 

Dusky-brown Halodrome beneath white, with a dilatable black 
throat. 

Procellaria urinatrix. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 560. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 827. 

Diving Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6.413. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 
194. 


Tuts singular bird is the size of the Common Sea- 
Dove: its length is eight inches and a quarter: its 
beak is stout and black, with the middle of its lower 
mandible white on the sides; its irides are dusky- 
blue: the upper parts of the plumage are dark-brown : 
the chin is black, and the rest of the under parts are 
white: the wings are rather shorter than the tail: 
the legs are bluish-green: the webs black. 

Inhabits New Zealand in large flocks, sporting and 
diving on the surface of the water, and frequently to 
a considerable distance, with great activity. They 
are said to croak like frogs, or to make a noise like 
the cackling of a hen. : 


Win ok Ee) eke 177 


258 


DIOMEDEA. ALBATROSS. 


Generic Character. 


Rostrum longissimum, vali- || Beak very long, strong, thick, 
dum, crassum, rectum, la- || straight, laterally com- 
teratim compressum ; Man- pressed ; the upper man- 
dibula superiore sulcata, dible with a groove, its 
apice adunci;  inferiore tip hooked ; the lower with 
apice truncata. its tip truncated. 

Nares tubulate. Nostrils tubulated. 

Pedes tridactyli; ungue pos- || Legs three-toed; no hinder 
tico nullo. claw. 


DIOMEDEA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. 
ALBATRUS. Briss. 


THe Albatrosses are the largest of the aquatic 
birds, and all inhabit the southern regions, living 
on the smaller fishes, vermes, and mollusca. In the 
Linnean Transactions, vol. xii. p. 489, Captain Car- 
michael observes that at least four species breed on 
the Island of Tristan de Cunha; that all of them 
nourish their young by disgorging the contents of 
the stomach: during the time of incubation no alarm 
is experienced on the approach of any man, as the 
birds suffer themselves to be kicked or pulled off their 


PLO. 


WANDERING ALBATROSS. 


WANDERING ALBATROSS. Q59 


nests without the smallest resistance, and soon return 
again to their post: when irritated the feathers of 
the cheeks are separated, so as to display a beau- 
tiful stripe of naked orange skin, running from the 
corners of the mouth towards the back of the head. 


WANDERING ALBATROSS. 
 (Diomedea exulans. ) 


Di. supra fusco-rufescens nigricante striata et maculata subtus 
alba, collo supra et lateribus fusco transversim striatis, remi- 
gibus majortbus nigris, as rectricibusque plumbeo-nigri- 
cantibus. 

Albatross above brown-red, rete and spotted with dusky, be- 
neath white, the upper part and sides of the neck transversely 

- striped. with brown, the greater quills black, the lesser and tail- 
feathers dusky-lead colour. 

Diomedea exulans. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.214, Gmel, Syst. Nat. 
1.566. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.789. 

Albatrus. Briss. Orn. 6. 126. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 9. 339. 
pl. 24. Buff. Pl. Enl. 237. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 517. 

Man of War Bird. dlbin. Birds, 3. pl. 81. 4 ; 

Wandering Albatross. Edw. Glean. pl. 88. Penn. Arct. Zocl. 
2.423. Lath.Gen. Syn. 5.304. Lath. Gen. Hist. x. 48, 


Tue Wandering Albatross is as large as a Swan: 
length near four feet: extent about ten feet, or up- 
wards: its beak is dirty yellow: the crown of the 
head is pale ashy-brown : the prevailing colour of the 
rest of the body is white, crossed with blackish lines 
on the back and wings, and with spots towards the 
rump: the greater quills are black: the tail is dusky- 


260 WANDERING ALBATROSS. 


plumbeous, and rounded: the legs are flesh-colour. 
The young are described as being brown; and as 
they advance in age, become more or less mottled 
with white. 

These birds are principally found in the seas ad- 
jacent to the Cape of Good Hope, and in those that 
divide Kamtschatka from the continent of America. 
They are exceedingly voracious, and feed on various 
species of fish and mollusca: they are great enemies 
to the flying-fish, and destroy them when they make 
their temporary appearance in the air: they likewise 
devour the salmon, and pursue the shoals of that 
fish into the mouths of large rivers; and so gorge 
themselves as to be prevented by their repletion from 
rising ; and are said when they cannot take the whole 
of a large fish into their stomach at once, to swallow 
the thick end only, leaving the tail sticking out of 
their mouths; and in this situation they are taken 
by the natives, many of whom set a high value upon 
their feathers, which they use for their arrows. The 
natives of the South Sea Islands watch the arrival of 
these birds at the rainy season ; and, when they ob- 
serve them, they launch from their canoes a light 
float of wood into the water, baited with a small fish. 
When one of the birds approaches it a man stands 
ready with a pole, and on its pouncing upon the bait 
he strikes at it, and seldom fails of bringing it down. 
If, however, he miss his aim, he must wait for some 
other birds, for that will no more be tempted to 
approach. 

The imhabitants of Kamtschatka make bouys to 
their nets of the intestines of these birds, which they 


CHOCOLATE ALBATROSS. 261 


blow up into bladders: they also use the bones of 
the wings tor tobacco-pipes and needle-cases. ‘Their 
flesh is very hard and dry. Their cry is harsh and 
disagreeable, not unlike the braying of an Ass. 
They are said to breed in the southern regions 
about September; their nests are formed of earth on 
the ground, and are from one to three feet in height, 
and indented at the apex : the egg is larger than that 
of a Goose, white, marked with dull spots at the larger 
end, and is thought to be very good food, and possesses 
the singular property of the white not becoming hard 
by boiling. When the female is sitting the male 
supplies her abundantly with food, and during this 
time she is so tame as to allow herself to be pushed 
off the nest, while her eggs are taken from her; 
though when attempted to be seized at other times, 
both sexes make a vigorous resistance with their beaks, 
when not suffering from the effects of repletion. 


CHOCOLATE ALBATROSS. 


~ (Diomedea spadicea.) 


Dx. vostro albido, corpore saturate castaneo-fusco, abdomine pal- 
lido, facie alisque subtus albis. 

Albatross with a whitish beak, the body dark chesnut-brown, the 
abdomen pale, the face and wings beneath white. 

Diomedeaspadicea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Ind. Orn. 
2.790. 

Albatross de la Chine. Buff: Pl. Enl. 963. 

Chocolate Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.308. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. O2. 


262 YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. 


Lenern about three feet : the beak of a yellowish- 
white colour: the irides brown: the fore part of the 
head, round the eyes, the chin, and the throat, white : 
the general colour of the plumage is a fine deep cho- 
colate colour; the neck and under parts palest: the 
inner ridge of the wing and under wing-coverts white : 
the belly is whitish: the tail is short and rounded : 
the legs bluish-white: their claws white. It varies 
in having more or less white about the head. Found 
in the Pacific Ocean. 


YELLOW-NOSED ALBATROSS. 


+ (Diomedea chlororhynchos.) 


D1. vostro nigro supra basique flavo, corpore supra atro-ceruleo, 
subtus uropygioque albis. 

Albatross with the beak black, above and its base yellow, the 
body above dark bluish, beneath and rump white. 

Diomedea chlororhynchos. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Ind. 
Orn. 2. 790. 

Yellow-nosed Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.309. pl. 94. Lath, 
Gen, Hist. x. 52. pl. clxix. 


Descrisep and figured by Latham from a spe- 
cimen said to be in the British Museum, and which 
was taken off the Cape of Good Hope. ‘“ Length 
three feet : breadth seven : the beak four inches long, 
hooked at the end, but not very stout ; the colour of 
it is black, except the upper ridge, which is yellow 
the whole length quite to the tip, where it is hooked; 


SOOTY ALBATROSS. 2638 


the base of the under mandible is also yellow: irides 
brown : the head is grey; between the beak and eyes 
is an obscure black spot ; just over the eye a dusky 
one: the hind part of the neck dusky, the lower part 
white : back, scapulars, and wings, dusky blue-black : 
rump and under part of the body white: the tail 
dusky: the legs are pale ryellowish-white; the fore 
part of them, and the webs dusky. ‘This species is 
met with in the southern hemisphere, from thirty to 
sixty degrees all round the pole. Fly about five or 
six feet above the water.”? ‘This bird, according to 
Captain Carmichael, builds its solitary nest, in the 
Island of Tristan de Cunha, in some sheltered corner ; 
selecting in particular the small drains that draw the 
water off the land into the ravines: the nest is of 
the height of ten or twelve inches, of a cylindrical 
form, with a small ditch round the base; and there 
is only one egg, which is white, and very large. 


SOOTY ALBATROSS. 


~-(Diomedea fuliginosa.) 


D1. rostro nigro, corpore fuliginoso-fusco, pone oculos lunuld 
alba. 

Albatross with the beak black, the body sooty-brown, and a white 
lunule behind the eyes. 

Diomedea fuliginosa. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.568. Lath. Ind. Oru. 
2.791. 

Sooty Albatross. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 309. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
x. 54. 


204. SOOTY ALBATROSS. 


‘“« Lenetu three feet: beak black : irides pale yel- 
low : at each angle of the eye a nictitating membrane : 
the prevailing colour of the plumage is brown; the 
head and tail inclining to black or soot-colour: fora 
small space, above, behind and beneath the eye, the 
feathers are white; but not on the fore part of it: 
quills and tail dark-brown, nearly black: the shafts 
of both white; and the last poimted in shape: the 
legs pale brownish lead-colour: claws black. This 
species is found throughout the Southern Ocean, 
within the Antarctic Circle."—Zatham. Also breeds 
in the Island of Tristan de Cunha: is gregarious, 
many of them building their nests close to each 
other *: the nest is of mud, raised five or six inches, 
and slightly depressed at the top: when the young 
birds are more than half grown, they are covered 
with a whitish down: they stand on their respective 
hillocks like statues till approached close, when they 
make a strange clattering with their beaks, and if 
touched, squirt a deluge of feetid oily fluid from their 
stomachs. 


* As many as one hundred have been counted within the 
compass of half an acre. 


IN YX 


TO 


VOL. XIli.—PART I. 


Area TROSS page 258 || Auca pygmea, Gmel. _ pp. 48 
chocolate 261 | tetracula, Pall. 46 
sooty . . 263 | Torda, Linn. 27 
wandering 259 | J: Lann. 50 
yellow-nosed 262 unisulcata, Brun. 30 

Albatrus, Briss. 258, 259 | 

| ALCADZ 24 

ALCA e => dO] 

Linn. . 26, 33, 36, 43 || Alcatraz 117 
alle, Linn. 34 || Anhinga 132 
antigua, Gmel. 42 | Anas, Ray 36 
arctica, Linn. 37 i arctica, Ray . 37 
candida, Brun. 34 | 

cirrhata, Pall. 40 } Anots 139 
cristatella 47 ! fuscatus 14] 

—— deleata, Bruit. 38 —— niger 140 
Hoteri, Ray . ————— plumbeus 142 

—— impennis OT | ' spadiceus 145 
Labradora, Gmel. 37 | Anser, Ray . 99 
major, Briss. 51 bassano congener, 

—— minor, Briss. 51 | Ray . 104 
pica, Linn. aa!) | ee cinereo- 
Psittacula, Pall. . 44)\| albus, Ray 105 


266 INDEX. 
Anser, bassanus, Ray p. 100 || Bird, Arctic, Edw. p. 211 
APTENODYTES . . 54|| Boosy E . 104 
Forst. 57, 63 || —-- brown and white, 
antarctica, Gmel. . 67 Lath. 106 
catarractes, Gmel.. 61 great, Lath. . 101 
2 "'Chiloensis . ; 56 lesser, Lath. . 107 
chrysocoma, Gmel. 58 spotted, Lath. 101 
demersa, Gmel. . 64 || Burgomeister, Ray - 189 
—— Magellanica, Gmel. 65 
—— minor, Gmel. . 61 || Carbo, Meyer : 5 
papua, Gmel. je #59 Javanicus . aa ae) 
Patagonica . MD 
torquata, Gmel. . 60 || CATARRACTES sl ES 
Briss. 57, 61 
APTERYX _ : Lf D pomarina .. - 216 
australis —— Skua 215 
southern. - 411! Cataractus, Ray > = eae 
Catharacta, Ray 210, 214 
AUK . . - 90 Cepphus, Ray 212 
Penn. . : - 27 parasitica, Brun. . 211 
ancient, Penn. 42 Skua, Brunn. I15 
black- balled, Penns), 80 Chichen, Mother Cary’s 221 | 
crested, Penn. sl ay 
—— dusky, Penn. - 46!|CurysocomA  . . 57 
fiat-billed, Lath. 48 Catarractes’. . 61 
Breat kA AP EOE ringer tet eee 
Labrador, Lath. 38 papua . ; ees 1! 
— litile, Penn. . 34 saltator ; ©)—-Pe 
— Perroquet, Penn...  44|| __. torquata : ba i; 
BBhtaped, . ile es Coddy-Moddy, Penn. . 198 
Avis Maderaspatanos ma- COLYMBIDZ . , 1 
jor novacule facies, Ray 136 
tropicorum, Ray 125 || Colymbus, Briss. . - 3 


Lin... . 1 


Colymbus, auritus, Linn. p. 


es 


——— 


——— 


—— 


Caspicus, Gmel. 
Cayennensis, Gmel. 
cinereus major, Ray 
cornutus, Briss. 


Gimel. 


minor, Briss. 


cristatus, Briss. 
dominicus, Linn. 


Sluviatilis, Briss. 


Carolinen- 


SOS. -ESTISSY 


Hebridicus, Gmel. 
Insule St. Thome, 


Briss. 


Ray . 


Ludovicianus, Gmel. 
major, Aldrovandi, 


cristatus et cor- 


nutus, Ray 


—- 


minor, Briss. 
Gmel. 
obscurus, Gmel. 
parotis, Gmel. 
Podiceps, Linn. 
rubricollis, Gmel. 
subcristatus, Gmel. 
urinator, Linn. . 
Thomensis, Gmel. 


CoRMORANT 


—= 


——= 


African 

black and white 
brown-necked 
carunculated 
Chinese 


INDEX. 
12 || CorMORANT, common 
10 crested .. 
5 || —— , Bew. 
3 Javan . 
3 Magellanic . 
9 || —— New Holland 
10 pied 
3 red-faced 
6 || —— Shag 
14 || —— spotted. 
—— tufted . 
17 violet 
13 Cormorant, Penn, 
Corvus, Ray : 
6 aquaticus, Ra 
18 
Crane i 
2 Cutwater, Catesby . 
3 || DApTion 
10 album . 
14 antarcticum . 
10 Capense 
8 || —— desolatum 
16 || —— fuliginosum . 
8 gelidum 
8 griseum 
3 niveum 
6 
DARTER ; 
75 black-bellied 
95 || ——— white-bellied 
93 Surinam, Lath. 
91 || Didapper, Wale. . 
94 |} DiomEDEA 
96 Linn. 


minor, Ray 82 


208 INDEX. 
Diomepea Chulensis, Mo- FRIGATE-BIRD . p- 
lin. . p. 56 common 
chlororhynchos 262 Palmerstone . 
demersa, Linn. 64 || —— white-headed 
exulans 259 
fuliginosa 263 || Furmar 
spadicea 261 |} ———— Buf: 
: antarctic 
Diver, small black and : - 
: — gigantic 
white, Shaw 34 
: northern 
Dobchick, Edw. 10 
black and white, : 
FULMARUS 
Edw. : 10 : 
antarcticus 
eared, Edw. . 12 : 
—- giganteus 
Dove, Greenland, Edw. 34 glacialis 
Ducker, greater crested 
and horned, Alb. 3 3 GANNET e 
Dysporus, Illig. 99 booby 
brown . i 
Eudyptes, Illig. 57, 63 and white . 
lesser 
FINnroot 20 Lath. 
African ; 2 ae) Soland . 
— Surinam 22 || —— white 
Gavia, Briss. 139, 180, 
FRATERCULA 36 cinerea, Briss. 
antiqua AZ | = major, Briss. 
arctica eh i re minor, Briss. 
cirrhata IM Ve nevia, Briss. 
glacialis 40 Susca, Briss. . 
— grisea, Briss. 
FREGATTA 119 minor, Briss. 
aquilus ; 120 || —— hyberna, Briss. 
leucocephalus 122 || —— ridibunda, Briss. . 
— minor, Briss. 120 phenico- 
—— Palmerstoni . 123 pos, Briss. 


119 
120 
123 
122 


233 
234 
236 
237 
234 


233 
236 
237 
234 


99 
104 
105 
106 
107 
105 
100 
103 


198 
198 


201 
181 
140 
194 
201 
198 
205 


201 


INDEX. 
Goose, Soland. Alb. p- 100 || Guu, brown-headed, 
Penn. : : p: 
Gorrou 57 common \ 
collared 60 crimson-billed 3 
hopping 38 fork-tailed, Lath. . 
—— little 61 glaucous 
——— papuan. 39 great . : . 
red-footed 61 black and white, 
Alb. . A 3 
GREBE . ‘ : ] backed 
black- teed : 6 greater white, Penn. 
chinned, Penns. «>. VS herring, Penn. 
Cayenne - : 4) Iceland, Lath. 
crested 5 5 A 3 aS ivory 
—— dusky, Penn. LO: ty es Kittiwake, Pe 
eared . ; sage ple laughing 
var. Lath. . 10 lesser black- real 
horned . ; : 9 || little 
little 13 masked 
var. Lath. 16 pacific . 
Louisiane 18 Pomarine, Lath. 
— New Holland 18 || ___. Pulo-Condor . 
—— Philippine 16 red-legged 
pied-bill 16 || ___ silvery . 
-——red-necked . . 8 || —— Shkua; Penn. 
— Sclavonian, Mont. 10 


— tippet, Penn. ‘ 4 
—— white-winged . 7 


GuLL 184 
Adriatic 197 
arctic, Penn. Zit 
black-toed, Penn. . 212 


backed, Penn. 
headed, Penn 
brown, Lath. 


186 
. 201 
201 


Tarrock, Penn. 
Wagel, Penn. 


Halieus, Iilis. 


HaLopRoMa . ‘ 
urinatrix 

HALopROME . 
diving . 4. 


Heliornis, Vieil. 
Senegalensis, Vieil. 


20 
21 


270 INDEX. 

Hirundo Americana, Ray Larus glaucus. p. 189 
p. 254 Temm., 191 
marina, Ray . 150 || -——— griseus, Briss. 191 
Hydrocoraz, Vieil. 75, || —— hybernus, Gmel. 198 
—— ichthyetus 185 
JAGER . 210 marinus 186 
arctic 7 Wiel Raa 6, Lath. 191 

—— maximus ex albo et 
KirriwakeE . 180 nigro varius, Ray 186 
Brunnich’s 181 melanocephalus 197 
—— minutus 206 
LARIDZ 134 || —— uevius, Gmel. 186 
—— niger, Briss. 186 

Larus . . 184 || ———— fidipes alis longi- 
Linn. 176, 180, 210 oribus Aldrovandi, Ray 167 

Ray . 144, 166 nostras, 
— albus major, Ray . 201 Ray . : 167 
—— argentatus 191 Gesneri, Ray 167 
— atricilla 205 Nove Hollandiz . 196 
—— atricilloides, Gmel. 206 pacificus 208 
— candidus, Fabr. 195 parasiticus, Linn. . 211 

Nye eA 198 piscator Aldrovandi, 
—— capistratus 204 Ray . : 163 
Catarractes, Linn. 215 Pulo-Condor . 209 
cinerarius, Gmel. . 201 ridibundus 201 
cinereus, Ray 20] |} —— Rissa, Linn. 181 
minor, Ray 198 Sabini, Sabine 177 
: collaris D7 tridactylus, Linn. 181 
crepidatus, Gmel. . 212 varius, Briss. 187 
eburneus . 195 Brun. 191 
erythropus, Gmel.. 201 |} Larva, Vieil. 36, 50 
— fuscus . 194 || Lepiurus, Briss. 124 
ae Briss. B15 candidus, Briss. 125 
Gmel. 199 | Leu-ize ‘ : sy +96 
Suscus, seu hybernus, Lestris, Illig. 210, 214 
Ray . 198 catarractes, Temm. 215 


INDEX. 


Lestris pomarinus, Temm. 


p- 216 
Loon, greater, Edw: 3 
Maiaque, Ray 228 
Man of War Bird 121 
ee ee Ab 259 
MeErGutts 33 
melanoleucos . 34 
rosiro acuto 
brevi, Ray : See! 
Mergus Bellonu, Ray 30 
Mew, Winter 198 
Misamichus Pallasit, 
Leach 185 
Mormon, Illig. 36 
fratercula, Temm.. 38 
Morus, Veil. 99 
Murre, Penn. ad. 


NATATORES. . : i 


Noppy 139 
black 140 
— brown . 143 
— dusky . 141 
. short-tailed. . 142. 
Onocrotalus,. Ray. . 108 
—— fuscus, Briss. 112 
—— Mezxicanus déntatus, 
Ray . 117 
- Pelecanus, Briss. 109. 
—— Philippensis, Briss. 109 


Onocrotalus rostro denti- 
culato, Briss. Pp 

PacHYPTILA . 

cerulea. 

—— Fregatta 


Fosteri : 3 


furcata 


—— marina 
Pan Cowee 


Passer stultus, Ray 
Pechuck 


PELECANIDE . 


PeELECANUS . x 
Linn. 75, 99, 
— Africanus, Gmel. . 


aquilus, Linn. 


australis 


bassanus, Linn. 
— Carbo, Linn. 
Carolinensis . 


carunculatus, Gmel. 
cirrhatus, Gmel. 


— cristatus, Febr. 
— erythrorhynchos, Gm. 


i——. Fuber, Linn: 


——-— fUuSCUSi , 
——— occidentalis; 
Linn. . 


— graculus, Linn. 


Javanicus: .- 


leucocephalus, Gmel. 


— leucogaster, Vieil. . 
maculatus, Gmel, . 


271 


117 


-249. 
252 
254 


272 


Pezrecanus Magellanicus, 
Gmel. j F 
Manillensis, Gmel. 


melanoleucos, Vieil. 


—— minor, Gmel. 
nevius, Gmel. 
Onocrotalus . 
—— Palmerstoni, Gmel. 


arvus, Gmel. 
P > 


— Philippensis, Gmel. 


piscator, Linn. 


punctatus, Gmel. . 
— pygmaeus, Lath. 


roseus, Gmel. 
—— rufescens 
Sinensis, Lath. 
Sula, Linn. . 


—— Thagus 


tra¢hyrhynchos 
— Urile, Gmel. 


varius, Gmel. 


violaceus, Gmel. 


PELICAN 
brown . 


— Charlestown . 

common 

diving, Lath. : 

Frigate, Lath. . 

lesser, Lath. 

— Javan . 

Manilla, Lath. 

New Holland 

Palmerstone frigate, 
Lath. J P , 

—— Philippine, Lath. . 


p- 


INDEX. 


| 


| 


Peican, red-backed _ p. 
rose-coloured, Lath. 
rough-billed . 
saw-billed 

white, Edw. . 


headed frigate, 


Lath. 


PENGUIN 

Ray . 
antarctic, Lath. 
apterous, Lath. 
— hblack-footed, Edw. 
Cape, Lath. . 
— Chiloe . 
collared, Lath. 
crested, Lath. 
hairy, Lath. 
—- little, Lath. . 
—— Magellanic, Lath. 
New Holland, Lath. 
papuan, Lath. 


Patagonian : 
red-footed, Edw. . 
woolly, Lath. 


PETREL ; 
American, Lath. 


antarctic, Lath. . 
black-toed, Penn. . 
blue, Cook 

blue, Forster 
Brasilian, Lath. 
broad-billed, Lath. 
brown-banded, Lath. 
cinereous, Lath. 


114 
110 
117 
117 
109 


122 


218 
254 
242 
231 
251 
252 
228 
251 
244 
227 


PrerreEt, dark-grey, Lath. 
p- 


diving, Lath. 
— dusky, Penn. 
— jork-tailed, Penn. 
Frigate, Lath. 
—— fuliginous, Lath. 
Fulmar, Penn. 
———— A. Lath. 
giant, Lath. . 
glacial, Lath. 
great black, Edw. . 
grey, Lath. . 
Leach’s 


long-legged . 


pacific, Lath. 
pintado, Lath. 
—— Shearwater, Penn. 
—— snowy, Lath. 
—— sooty, Lath. . 


stormy : 

Catesby 

————_—— Lath: 

—— vitiated, Forst. 

—— white and black spot- 
ted, Edw. : 


— Wilson’s 


PHAETON 
Linn. 
—— exthereus 


—— demersus, Linn. 


melanorhynchos 
—— pheenicurus . 
WV. 20 Pp. 3 


Norfolk Island, Lath. ¢ 


white-breasted, Lath. 2 


INDEX. 273 
PHaLacRocoRax p- 79 
246 Briss. 76 
257 || —— Africanus 85 
230 | —— Carbo 76 
255 carunculatus o4 
253 cirrhatus 05 
247 cristatus 83 
234 | —— fuscicollis 9] 
236 graculus &2 
237 javanicus. 90 
245 Magelianicus $9 
229 | melanoleucus 93 
246 | minor, Briss. 82 
219 | Nove Hollandiz 93 
223 || _— punctatus 88 
247 | —— pygmeus 97 
229 Sinensis 96 
241 || varius... 92 
226 violaceus 86 
243 | —— Urile 86 
248 
220 | PHALERIS 43 
224 | cristatella . Saye 
223 | Psittacula . ae. 
251 || —— pygmza : en 4 
tetracula : ae 
24] 7 
247 || Protus 130 
224 Gmel. “ ae 
Klien. : og Br 
4 anhinga 132 
37 melanogaster 131 
125 Surinamensis, Gmel. 22 
61 
127 || Poptcers 1 
128 auritus 12 


18 


Q7A INDEX. 


Popicers Carolinensis — p. 16 
Caspicus, Lath. . 10 


PROCELLARIA Capensisy 
} enn. } : p. 241 


cayanus . 5. || —— caerulea, Gmel. . 252 
cornutus : ; 9 cinerea, Briss. .. 234 
cristatus . . 3 — Gmel. Sad. 
——— dominicus . . 7 desolata, Gmel. . 244 
—— Hebridicus, Lath... 13 Fregatta, Linn. - 254 
Ludovicianus Fagen 3: fuliginosa, Gmel. . 248 


minor . : : 13 

6, Lath. eoanelity 
Nove Hollandix . 18 
obscurus, Lath. . 10 
—— Philippensis . Epc 8 


furcata, Gmel. . 205 
gelida, Gmel. » 245 
—— gigantea, Gmel. . 237 
—— glacialis, B, Lath... 236 
—————— Linn. . 234 


de « 


rubricollis . 2 8 grisea, Gmel. » 246 
—— Thomensis .. 6 Leachii Y sb 209 
| —— marina, Linn. . 243 

Popoa ; ‘ . 20 || —— melanopa, Gmel. . 231 
— Senegalensis . . 21) ——nevia, Briss. nee, 
Surinamensis . £2\| —— nivea, Gmel, . i, 243. 
Poahoul f gy || —— obscura, Gmel, . 230 
Predatrix, Vieil. . . 210 |) = oceanica : - 223 
—— pacifica, Lath. i; 229 

PRION . . : - 249 pelagica . . 220 
American. - 254 1|| —— Wilson ; ene 
blue. Z . 252 || —— puffinus, Briss. . 226 
fork-tail ‘ Pes} Linn. wb Q2E- 
Forster’s : , weDa urinatrix, Lath, . 257 
— frigate . : ., 268 vittata, Gmel, Roe re | 


— Wilsoni . 51-224 
PROCELLARIA : 218 


Gel, 249, 256 
— Linn, 225, 233 
—— equinoctialis, Linn. 229 
alba, Gmel. . ee (5) 
antarctica, Gmel. . 242 
—— Brasiliana, Gmel; 22 


PurFin 2 5 FF cee 


ancient . . 42 
arctic... : oS) BF 
— Manks’, Edw. . 226 
northern ‘ . 40 
— tufted . ; 2 —Ap 


INDEX. QT 
PuFFINUS p. 225 SEA-PINTADO, white p. 246 
——. xquinoctialis 229 || Senator, Ray 195 
Anglorum BRT Shige Geter 2 Sua BS 
3 See RU eine nae — African, Lath. 85 
— Brasiliensis, Briss. 228 
a . brown-necked, Lath. 91 
Oa BO BUDE SUED carunculated, Lath, 94 
eu a oes —— Chinese, Lath. . 96 
cates ae || = crested, Penn. 83 
obscurus 230 | melons: ; 
Magellanic, Lath. 89 
wares New Holland, Lath. 93 
RAzoR-BILL 26 a ie: 92 
ae i |e Suced, Lath. . 86 
—— white-throated SOT spotted, Lath. Wiss 
—— tufted, Lath. 95 
AERESGEIUES 2 135 che Luh. 86 
flavirostris 138 
Suloa, Linn. . 136 || SupaRwATER Sfuile DOO 
—— nigra 136 equinoctial . . 229 
black-toed . een ool 
Rissa . 180 |) ___ Brasilian 228 
Brunnichii 181 Ginereous 227 
Rygchopsalia, Briss. 135 || —— dusky . 230 
Julva, Briss. 136 Manks’ 226 
SEA-Dove — 33 || SKIMMER E13 
common 34 black 136 
yellow-beaked 138 
Sca-PinTADO 239 
antarctic 242 |] Sxua 214 
—— brown-headed 244 common 215 
Cape 241 pomarine 216 
dark-grey 246 
glacial . 245 || SPHENISCUS . 63 
snowy . 243 antarcticus 67 
sooty 248 demersus 64 


276 


SeHeEniscus Magellanicus p. 65 


nevus, Briss. 64 
Nove Hollandiz . 68 
SPHENISQUE ‘ a 
antarctic ; arnt} 

Cape Si 
Magellanic . woretiel 
— New Holland 68 
STARIKI s 43 
black . 47 
crested . 47 
dusky . Pra 
flat-billed =. errs 
Perroquet . 44 
STERCORARIUS 210 
Briss. vy We 

Cephus 211 
longicaudus, Briss. 211 
striatus, Briss. 216 
STERNA > 144 
Linn. 139, 166 

affinis, Horsf. 175 
— Africana, Gmel. 147 
alba 160 
~—— Anglica, Mont. 174 
aranea, Wils, 174 
arctica . 152 
atricapilla, Briss. . 167 
australis 162 


Boysii, Lath. 147 ; 8, 167 
candida, Gmel. 160 
cantiaca 147 


INDEX. 


STERNA,Caspia_ . p 


— Caspia y, Lath. 


Cayenensis 
cinerea, Lath. 


—— cristata z 
Delamotta, Vieil. . 
Dougallii 


— fidipes, Linn. 


fuliginosa 
— fusca, Briss. 
Juscata, Linn. 
grisea . 
— Hirundo 


Javanica 


leucopareia, Temm. 
leucoptera, Temm. 


maculata? Vieil. 
major, Briss. 


media . 


metopoleucos, Gmel. 
—— minor, Briss. 
minuta . 


—- nevia, Gmel. 


nebulosa, Spar. 


nigra, Linn. . 
— Nilotica . , 
Nove Hollandiz 
obscura, Lath. 


Panaya ; ; 
Panayensis, Gmel, 
—— Philippina, Lath. 
plumbea, Wils. 
simplex, Gmel, 
—— Sinensis, Gmel. 


spadicea, Gmel. 


stolida, Linn, 


145 
146 
155 
167 
146 
171 
153 
167 
164 
141 
141 
159 
150 
158 
171 
170 
149 
150 
158 
163 
163 
163 
167 
147 
167 
160 
161 
201 
157 
157 
140 
142 
172 
173 
143 
140 


STERNA, striata, Gmel. p: 


superciliaris . 
Surinamensis 


vittata . 
Stormfinch 
Strundt-Jager, Ray 


SuLA 
australis 


bassana 


candida 
—~—— Fiber 
Susca, Briss. 
Hoieri, Ray 
leucophea 


major 


parva 


Swallow, Sea, 
greater, Alb. 
lesser, Alb. 


Tachypetes, Viel. . 


TERN 


African, Lath. 
arctic . K 


black, Penn. . 


headed, Lath. 


black-naped . 
brown, Lath. 
Caspian 


Cayenne 

— Chinese, Lath. 
common 
crested. 


B, Lath. 


143, 


INDEX. 


147 
149 
155 
156 


Tern, dusky, Lath. 
Egyptian 


greater, Penn. 


—— Kamtskatchan, Penn. 167 


gull-billed, Mont. . 174 
hoary . 139 
- hooded, tah 163 
Javan . 158 


lesser, Penn. 163 

—— little 163 
—— marsh, Wils. 174 
mustachoe, Lath. 171 

New Holland 161 
Panayan 157 

—— Philippine, Lath. 140 
roseate . 153 
Sandwich sl 47 
Lath. . 167 

short-taitled, Lath. 142 
simple, Lath. 72 
sooty 164 

—— southern 162 
striated, Lath. 147 
-——— Surinam ta 535) 
Tehary, Lath. . 160 

—— white _ 160 
—— browed 149 
winged, Tae 170 

wreathed , 156 
TROPIC-BIRD 124 
black-billed . 127 
common 125 


red-tailed 


New Holland, Li. 127 


278 


Tropicophilus, Leach 
Uria, Briss. . 


alle, Sabine . 


minor, Briss. 


UTAMANIA . 
— Ray . 


— pica 
— Torda . 


VIRALVA 
— aflinis 
Anglica 


Indica . 


leucoparcia 
leucoptera 
—— nigra 


—— simplex 
Sinensis 


INDEX. 
p.124|| ViraLve . : p- 
33 black 


—— Chinese 


= 24. gull-billed 
Javan 
26 Mustachoe 
30 simple . ; ° 


30 || ——— Tehary 
97 || —— white-winged 


Wagel, Penn. 


166 

175 Wagellus Cornubiensium, 
174 Ray . 

169 

171 XEMA . 

170 Sabini . 

167 

172} Xeme . 

173 Sabine’s 


END OF PART I. 


LONDON: 


PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS, 


GENERAL ZOOLOGY 


> 


Or 


SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTO 


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COMMENCC DY he lide 


WITH PLATES 


§ 


from the first Authorities andmost select specimens 


C ngiaved fe unepally bs Y. 


MSS GRIFFITH. 


AVE AF 


VOL. NOL Part LAV ES. by J.F, Stephens, FL.S.&e. 


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: mayne’ oe A? id “I ar hence 
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Wed GB ae A are elke Li 
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4 
whe) 


GENERAL ZOOLOGY. 


VOLUME XIII. ——PART II. 


BY 


JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. &ec. 


BIRDS. 


LONDON : 


PRINTED FOR J. AND A. ARCH; LONGMAN, REES, AND CO.; 
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JOY; J. BOOTH ; SHERWOOD AND CO.; G. B. WHITTAKER; 
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LONDON: 
PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIAKS. 


Directions for placing the Plates to Vol. XIII. 
Part II. 


The Vignette represents a diminished view of Falco peregrinus. 


See page 39. 

Plate 31 to face page 7 || Plate 48 to face page 142 
32 ——— 10 | 49 ———_ 148 
33 ——— ~— 30 50 149 
34. ——— 85 S| —— 154 
35 ~———__ 44 52 ————— 164 
36 —— 46 53 ——— 170 
37 —— 49 34. ————._ 175 
38 —— 50 | 55 —————- 187 
39 —— 51 56 ————__ 215 
Mae 57 ————— 226. 
41 ————_ 92‘! 58 ——— 236 
42 ——— 94 |} 59 ———— 9239 
43 101 | 60 —— 257 
44 ———_ 11/4 61 ————— 259 
A ee | ea 62 —— 262 
46 —————._ 129 §3 ——— 263 


47 ————-__ 140 


ERRATA.—PART II. 


line 21, dele Temm. Pl. Col. 311. 


25, 30, for Linnxétus read Limnzétus. 
22, for Africanus read Africana. 
10, for scapularibus read scapulis. 
24, for ditto read ditto. 
14, for longicaudis read longicaudus. 
9, add Leach, Zool. Misc. v. 2. pl. 106. 
7, 8, for scapularibus read scapulis. 
20, for insectiverous read insectivorous. 
22, for ONYRHYNCHUS read ONYCHORHYNCHUS. 
16, for imo read infimo. 
16, for eastern read adjacent. 


— 20, for Shaw read Steph. 
— last, dele Turdus Capensis. Steph. v. x. 216. 
— 17, for regio read regione. 


Ey eS. 


SUPPLEMENT. 


T nave endeavoured, in the subsequent pages, to 
arrange all the published genera of birds (with the 
exception of the Natatores) in conformity with the 
excellent views developed by the learned author of 
Hore Entomologicze, and so admirably illustrated by 
my friend Mr. Vigors, in his valuable paper recently 
published in the fourteenth volume of the Linnean 
Transactions ; as they appear to be more strictly in 
accordance with nature than any that have hitherto 
been promulgated ; and I trust they will contribute 
towards the removal of the opprobrium under which 
the ornithologists of this country, for the most part, 
unfortunately labour, from their observations being 
chiefly confined to the description -of the plumage 
alone of birds, without any reference to their anato- 
mical structure, or physiological economy, combined 
with the fact, that their arrangements (with few recent 
exceptions) are forced into unnatural groups by a too 
rigid adherence to the nomenclature of the celebrated 
Vi. SELENE 1 


Q GENERAL REMARKS. 


Swede, in defiance of the new lights which have been 
exhibited to our view by the brilliant continental dis- 
coveries since the period in which he flourished. I 
have also attempted to distribute, under their proper 
genera, such species as are described in the preceding 
volumes of this work with reference to the Linnean 
groups, whose stations I have been enabled to ascer- 
tain, and to add as many of the newly described 
species thereto as the limited space to which I am 
necessarily ‘confined, and the nature of my usual 
avocations will permit; and in order to show the 
geographical position of the respective species, their 
habitats are introduced. 

As usual in all insulated classes of animals, birds 
appear to be naturally divisible into two great groups, 
one of which 1s typical of the class, and is susceptible 
of two, and the other, which is aberrant, of three 
subdivisions, or orders, as exhibited below, and so 
happily illustrated by the author of the above-named 
essay ; but I regret that want of space prevents me 
from entering into any of the arguments and facts 
that he has adduced in support of his views: I must 
therefore refer those individuals who are anxious to 
become acquainted with them to the paper itself in 
the Linnean Transactions, vol. xiv. p. 395, &c.: and 
I have farther to observe, that for a similar reason 
the characters of the subdivisions and of the genera, 
throughout the following arrangement, are as con- 
cisely given as is consistent with the intention in view, 
of illustrating the natural affinities. 

According to Mr. Vigors, birds are divided into 
the following five orders : 


=) 
ye 
tg 
bed 
o 
3) 
ie 
vz) 
Nw 


Feet formed iy, asa or Birds of Prey. 
grasping . Ixsessores, or Perching Birds. 


’ Rasores, or Gallinaceous Birds. 


Feet not formed \ 


. : eee eee rds. 
for grasping Gratiatores, or Wading Birds 


Naratores *, or Swimming Birds. 


Orver I—RAPTORES, Vigors. 


RapraTores, Illiger. 


AccrPiTReEs, Linné. 

Rostrum rodustum, basi cerigerum, apice aduncum; pedes ro- 
bustt, breves aut mediocres ; tibiz plumis tecte ; tarsi nudz vel 
plus minusve plumosi, verrucost ; ungues validz, mobiles, retrac- 
tiles, arcuati, acuti aut subobtust. 

The Raptorial Birds, or Birds of Prey, have the beak stout, co- 
vered with a cere at its base, its tip bent down ; the /egs strong, 
short, or of moderate length ; the ¢idi@ clothed with feathers; 
the ¢arsz naked, or more or less covered with feathers or down ; 
the toes four in number, three anterior, one posterior, and rough 
beneath ; the claws strong, moveable, retractile, arcuated, acute, 
or somewhat blunt. 


Tess birds chiefly subsist upon flesh ; those of the 
second family preferring it in a tainted, or putrid, 
state: while, on the other hand, those of the other 
families, for the most part, refuse to partake thereof 
unless perfectly fresh; and to obtain it thus they 
pursue other birds and small mammalia: a few of 
the species also attack serpents and fishes, and some 
of the Strigidee devour insects. They are all en- 
dowed with considerable powers of flight, the species 


* Mr. Vigors places the most perfect, or typical, group in the 
centre, which method will be adopted in the subsequent pages : 
as this order is consequently the first that presents itself to our 
view, and has been already treated of with reference to the quinary 
and circular distribution of natural objects, it is unnecessary to 
notice it again. 


A GYPOGERANID. 


of the last-mentioned family, with few exceptions, 
flying (and feeding) by night, and those of the others 
by day. 

Four families only are known belonging to this 
Order, which may be thus divided : 


VuLTURID&. Vigors. 


rapine ; prey upon superior 
P ee Pe: P FALconip#. Leach. 


animals: 


Structure well calculated super 


Structure less calculated for ’ ( STRIGID&. Leach. 
rapine ; prey upon inferior ’ ? 
Sas ee ls Mees GyYPOGERANID&? Vigors. 


Accorpiné to the plan before alluded to, the group 
that our arrangement commences with will be 


FAMILY I.—GYPOGERANID#? 


Rostrum capite brevior, compressum ; lora glabra ; pedes longis- 
simi; tarsi scutellati ; oculi laterales. 

Beak shorter than the head, compressed ; dores naked ; legs very 
long ; tars? scutellated ; eyes lateral. 


GENUS I—GYPOGERANUS, Illiger. SNAKE-EATER. 


SERPENTARIvS, Shaw.—FAatco, Linné.—Vuttur, Lath.—Sa- 
GITTARIUS, Vosmaer. 


Tuis is the only genus belonging to this family; 
it is therefore unnecessary to repeat the characters : 
the single species known subsists on snakes, lizards, 
tortoises, beetles, and other insects, and inhabits the 
sandy deserts of Africa. 


Cr 


VULTURID£. 


Sp. 1. Gy. Africanus *. 
Serpentarius Africanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 46. pl. 14. 


FAMILY II.—VULTURIDZ. 


Caput e¢ collum plus minusve nude; cera glabrum aut pilorum, 
simplex aut carunculatum ; pedes nude ; tarsi reticulati ; oculi 
laterales. 

The Vulturide have the head and neck more or less divested of 
feathers ; the cere bald or hairy, simple or carunculated ; the 

Ject naked ; the tarsz reticulated ; the eyes lateral. They chiefly 
subsist upon carrion, and a foetid humour exudes from their 
nostrils; they reside in the hotter regions of the globe. 


GENUS II—VULTUR Auctorum. VULTURE. 


Rostrum basi rectum, cras- || Beak straight at the base, 
sum, validum, supra con- thick, strong, above con- 
vexum. vex. 

Nares transversales, basales. || Nostri/s transverse, basal. 

Caput et collum nude; || Head and neck naked; the 
torque plumoso. last with a plumose collar. 


Vuttures inhabit the old continent only. 


Sp. 1. Vu. fulvus. Briss—Shaw, v. vii. p. 27. pl.11. 
Vu. castaneus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 29. pl. 12.—Vu. indicus. Shaw, 
v. Vii. p. 26.—Temm. Pl. Col. 26. 
Sp. 2. Vu. auriculatus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 24. 
Vu. Ponticerianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 25. p?. 10.—Temm. PI. 
(At RE 
Sp. 3. Vu. Monachus. Linn.—Shaw, v. vii. p. 19. pl. 7, 8, 9.— 
Temm. Pl. Col. 13. 
Sp. 4.2 Vu. Bengalensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 30. 
Sp. 5.? Vu. niger. Briss.—Shaw, v. vii. p. 31. 


* It is necessary to observe that my limits preclude the pos- 
sibility of correcting, or adding to, the synonyma of the birds 
described in the early volumes of this work, beyond the references 
to a few of the best figures, recently published. 


6 VULTURIDA. 


GENUS III.—SARCORAMPHUS, Dumeril. 


Rostrum basi rectum, vali- 
dum, supra convexum ; 


mandibula superior mar-. 


ginibus dilatatis. 
Nares ovales, longitudinales. 
Caput carunculé armatum, 
nudum; collum nudum. 


CONDOR, 


| Beak straight at the base, 
stout, convex above; the 
upper mandible with its 
edges dilated. 
Nostrils oval, longitudinal. 
Head furnished with a ca- 
runcle, naked ; neck naked. 


Gypacus, Vieillot —CATHARTES, Temm. 


Conpbors are all natives of America. 


+-Sp. 1. Sa. papa. 
Vultur papa. 
-;-Sp. 2. Sa. Gryphus. 
Vultur Condor. 
Gryphus. 
Sp. 3. Sa? Californianus. 
Vultur Californianus. 
rinus, Temm. Pl. Col. 31. 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 39. pl. 13. 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 2. pl. 2, 3° 4.—Cathartes 
Temm. Pl. Col, 133. 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 10.—Cathartes Vultu- 


GENUS I[V.—PERCNOPTERUS Antiquorum. 


Rostrum elongatum, gracile, 
basi tumidum, supra con- 
vexum; mandibula supe- 
rior marginibus haud di- 
latatis. 

Nares ovales, longitudinales, 
antrorsum spectantes. 

Caput nudum. 


Collum plumesum. 


Beak 
swollen at the base, con- 
vex above; the wpper 
mandible without dilated 
edges. 


elongated, slender, 


Nostrils oval, longitudinal, 
directed forwards. 

Head naked. 

Neck feathered. 


Gyrarros, Beckstein.—Nuropuron, Savigny.—CATHARTES, 
Illiger, Temm,—CatHarista, Vieillot. 


Pl. 2. 


PERCNOPTERUS ATRATUS:, 


VULTURID&. i) 


These are smaller and fiercer birds, and are more 
filthy in their habits than those of the two preceding 
genera; they prey upon the foulest carrion, not dis- 
daiming even excrementitious matter, thereby being 
of infinite service in clearing the surface of the ground 
from those noxious substances. 


Sp. Pe. Egyptiacus. 

Vultur Percnopterus. Shaw, v. vii. p.33.—Vultur ginginianus: 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 32.—Inhabits the warmer and temperate regions 
of the old continent. 

Sp. 2. Pe. Aura. 
Vultur Aura, Shaw, v. viii. Ds 36. —Inhabits the new conti- 
nent, in similar regions to the last. 


% Sp. 3: Pe. Uruba: 


Pr. obscure niger, macula alarum albé. — 

Dull-black Perenopterus with a white spot on the wings. 

Vultur Uruba. Viedl. Ois. 7’ Amer. Sept. pl. 2.—Vultur atratus. 
—Turkey Buzzard. Wals. Amer. Orn. v. ix. P- 104. a Ixxv. 


f.2. 


Ratuer less than the immediately srecedinte : beak 
and legs white: irides reddish-hazel: head and neck 
Era with a pale | ash-coloured down, mixed with a 
few hairs, but not carunculated: the general colour 
of the plumage is plain bluish-grey : m the old birds 
nearly black and slightly glossy; wings yellowish- 
white beneath: the tail even at the end. 

The eggs of this species are two in number, and 
are of a sooty-white. 

Inhabits nearly the same regions of America as the 
last described, and not much unlike it in manners. 


Sp. 4. Pe. Monachus. 
Pe. fusco-spadiceus, remigibus nigris. 


ra ; VULTURID&. 


Chocolate-brown Percnopterus with black quills. 
Cathartes monachus. Temm. Pl. Col. 222. 


InnaABits the western coast of Africa: length two 
feet three inches: the prevailing colour of the plu- 
mage is dull brown or chocolate: the wings and tail 
are also of this colour: the quills are black : the top 
of the head, the region of the eyes and ears, and the 
fore part of the neck, are naked and reddish; the 
occiput, hind part of the neck, and the crop, are 
clothed with a firm and short ashy down: the tarsi 
are feathered a little below the knee; the rest of the 
legs and feet are yellow. 


GENUS V.—GYPAETOS, Storr. 


Rostrum rectum, basi plu || Beak straight, its base co- 


mis setaceis antrorsum di- 
rectis tectum, supra rotun- 
datum; mandibula infe- 


vered with setaceous fea- 
thers tending 
rounded above; the wnder 


forward, 


rior basi fasciculo plumis mandible furnished at the 


rigidis, elongatisque or- base with a fasciculus of 

nata. stiff and elongated fea- 
thers. 

Cere clothed with feathers. 


Tarsi short, feathered. 


Cera plumis tecta. 
Tarst brevi, plumosi. 


Fatco, Gmel., Lath., &c,—PHENE, Savigny, Vieillot. 


Tue only known species of this genus is the largest 
bird of prey which inhabits the old continent: it is 
extremely fierce, and not only feeds upon carrion, 
but is said to attack living animals. 


Sp. 1. Gy. alpinus. 
Vultur barbatus, Linn.—Shaw, v. vii. p. 12. pl. 5, 6. 


FALCONID. 6) 


FAMILY IIJ.—FALCONIDEE. 


Caput plumosum ; rostrum forte, aduncum, basi cerigerum ; nares 
laterales, in ceromate posite, plus minusve rotundate, aperte@ ; 
digiti externt precipué mediis connexi ; ungues validi, acutis- 
siml, Maxime incurvi, retractiles. 

The Falconidz have the head clothed with feathers * ; the beak 

strong, bent down, and furnished with a cere; the nostrils 
lateral, placed in the cere, more or less rounded, and open ; the 
outer toes chiefly connected with the middle one; the claws 
stout, very acute, much incurved, and retractile. 


I wave followed the arrangement of this family 
proposed by Mr. Vigors, in the Zoological Journal, 
vol. i. p. 336, &c., as being a good exemplification of 
the natural system of the affinities of birds, according 
to the beautiful theory which I have endeavoured to 
illustrate. - 

Unlike the Vulturide, these birds delight in killing 
their own prey, which they devour fresh; those of 
the second and third stirps seizing it while in the air 
(thence called noble) ; and those of the first, fourth, 
and fifth stirps pouncing upon it on the ground, and 
called zgnoble by the falconers. ‘They inhabit almost 
every climate. 


STIRPS I—AQUILINA (EAGLES). 


Rostrum longum ad apicem solum aduncum ; remex quarta pre- 
cipue longissima. 

Beak long, hooked at the tip only; the fourth guzll usually 
longest. 


A. Ale longe. A. Wings long. 


* Excepting the adult birds of the three first genera, in which 
it is partly naked. 


10 FALCONIDE. 


GENUS VI.—IBYCTER, Vieillot. 


Rostrum supra convexum ; |) Beak nieanel convex ; the un+ 
mandibula inferior ad api- der mandible n » notched t 
cem emarginata, subacuta ; wards the rather act 


ceroma nudum. ceroma nak 
Male, gula, jugulumque | Checks, throat 
nude. naked 


Ongues acuti. 


CARACARA. Cuy. 


Or this genus one ly has been disco- 
vered, which is said to nd gentle manners, 
and to subsist on ft : 
+- Sp. 1. Ib. aquilinus. _ I, de pl. 16.—Falco for- 

mosus. S/ ut. Misc. pl. 485.— 
South Am 


CARACARA. 


e convex; the w- 
‘ ndible angulated be- 
neath, and notched towards 
~ the tip, obtuse; ceroma 


ei scattered hairs. 
Orbits, throat, and Jugulum 
eg 


Claws acute. 


}- Sp. 1. Daptriusater. Veil. Anal. d'une Nouv. Orn. élé. p, 68.— 
Temm. Pl. Col. 37. 


Da. niger ceruleo nitente, caudd rotundata, basi alba; rostro 
unguibusque albis ; pedibus flavis 3 cerd cinereo-nigrd. 

Black Caracara glossed with blue, with a rounded tail white at 
its base ; the beak and claws white ; the legs yellow ; the cere 
ashy-black. 


Wy 

eee 
Vt, 
yy? 


DAPTRIUS ATER. 


wilt 
Ay) 


Vi 


FALCONIDA. ati 


AN inhabitant of Brazil, and described by M. Vieil- 
lot in the above quoted work. It is black, glossed 
with blue: its tail is white at the base and rounded : 
the beak and claws are white: the legs are yellow: 
the cere ashy-black : its length is about fifteen inches. 


GENUS VIII.—POLYBORUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum supra compressum ; 
mandibula inferior integra, 
obtusa; ceroema hispidum, 
magnum. 

Genis gulaque ymplumes. 

Jugulum lanosum. 

Ung ues obtusi. 


CARACARA.~ Cuvier: 


Sp. 1. Po. Brasiliensis. 
Falco Brasiliensis. 


Beak above compressed; the 
under mandible entire, ob- 
tuse; ceroma hisped, large. 


| Cheeks and throat naked. 


Shaw, v. vil. p. 106. 


| Jugulum downy. 
| Claws obtuse. 


Vieil. Gal. des Ots. 


pl. 17.—Vultur Cheriway. Shaw, v. vil. p. 43.—Brazil. 


Sp. 2. Po. Nove Zelandiz. 
Falco Nove Zelandiz. 


Lath. Syn. i. pl. 4.—Shaw, v. vii, 


p. 159.—Temm. Pl. Col. 192, 224.—Australasia and adjacent 


islands. 

Sp. 3. Po. degener. 
-} Falco degener. 
South America. 


Tiliger.—Falco Caracca. 


Shaw, v. vii. 64?— 


GENUS IX.—PANDION, Savigny. OSPREY. 


Rostrum supra rotundatum ; | 
ceroma hispidum; nares. 


lunulatee ad marginem su- 


periorem membranacee. 
Tarst nudi; acrotarsia ri-' 
gidé squamosa, reticulata. 


Beak rounded above; ceroma 
hisped ; nostrils lunulated, 
membranaceous on _ the 
upper edge. 

Tarst naked; 


strongly 


acrotarsta 


scaled, reticu- 


lated. 


12 FALCONID. 


Digiti liberi, externus versa- || Tocs free, the outer one ver- 


tilis ; wngrwes eequales, sub- satile ; claws equal, round- 
tus rotundati. ed beneath. 
Remex secunda longissima. || Wings with the second quill 
longest. 


Ospreys frequent the borders of rivers and lakes, 
and feed chiefly on fish. 


Sp. 1. Pa. Halizétus Auctorum. 
Falco Halieétus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 82.—Inhabits Britain and 
other parts of Europe: also found in North America. 


Sp. 2. Pa, Americanus. 
Falco Americanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 88.—Wils. Amer, Orn. 

pl. 37. f. 1.—North America. 

Sp. 3. Pa. Ichthyeetus. 

Pa. fuscescens, ventre postice crisso caudd cruribusque albis, cauda 
apice nigrescente. 

Brownish Osprey with the belly behind, the rump, tail, and 
thighs white, the tail dusky at the tip. 

Falco Ichthyeetus. Linn. Trans.—Horsfield, xiii. p. 136.— 
Temm. Pl, Col.311.—Marine Eagle. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 160. 


Innapits Java: called Jokowuru. Length two 
feet four inches: beak long: nostrils large : cere with 
a few hairs on the sides: plumage in general brownish : 
quills deep brown: head grey: chin whitish: neck 
brownish-grey: breast and belly pale ferruginous- 
brown : lower part of the latter, the vent, and thighs, 
white: tail dusky at the tip. 


GENUS X.—HALIEETUS, Savigny. SEA-EAGLE., 


Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak convex above; nostrils 
nares lunulate, transverse ; lunulated, transverse ; ce- 
ceroma subhispidum. roma subhisped. 


FALCONID. 13 


Tarst semiplumati; acro- || Tarst half-feathered ; acro- 
tarsia scutellata. tarsia scaled. 

Digiti liberi, externus ver- || Toes free, the outer one 
satilis ; wngwes neequales, versatile; clawsun equal, 
acuti. acute. 


Tuese birds chiefly frequent the sea-coast, and, 
like the Ospreys, usually subsist on fishes. 


~ Sp. 1. Ha. leucocephalus. 

Falco leucocephalus, Shaw, v. vil. p. 78.—Falco ossifragus. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 81. pl. 18.—Falco albicilla. Shaw, v. vil. p.79.— 
Inhabits Britain, the north of Europe and of America. 

Sp. 2. Ha. Ponticerianus. 
Falco Ponticerianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 91.—India. 
Sp. 3. Ha. Blagrus. 

Falco Blagrus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 96.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 4. Ha. vocifer. 

Falco vocifer. Shaw, v. vii. p. 94.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 5. Ha. vulturinus. 

Falco vulturinus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 58.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 6. Ha. leucogaster. 


Ha. atro-fuscus, capite, collo, corpore subtus, femoribus et apice 
caude albis. 


Dark-brown Sea-Eagle with the head, neck, body beneath, the 
thighs, and tip of the tail, white. 


Falco leucogaster. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. p. 242.—Temm, PI. 
Col, 49. 


Inuasits the islands in the North Pacific. Length 
two feet nine inches: beak brownish-yellow and large: 
head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, and vent, white : 
back, wings, and tail, dark-brown, except the end 
of the latter, which is white for three inches: legs 
yellow, very stout: claws black. 


14 FALCONIDE. 


Sp. 7. Ha. Macei. 

Ha. capite, nucha, dorsoque superioré rufis; superciliis, malis, 
guld colloque antice albidis ; dorso postice, alis, abdomine rectri- 
cibusque apice fuscis ; cauda fascia alba. 

Sea-Eagle with the head, nape, and upper part of the back red ; 
the eyebrows, cheeks, throat, and neck in front whitish; the 
hinder part of the back, the wings, abdomen, and tip of the tail- 
feathers brown; the tail with a white fascia. 


Falco Macei. Cuvier. Temm. Pl. Co’. 8. old; 223. jun. 

Inuasits India. Head, nape, and upper part of 
the back clear rufous, shaded on the sides of the 
neck with whitish : eyebrows, cheeks, throat, and fore 
part of the neck white: the breast and belly bright 
red, the colour becoming duller towards the thighs, 
and the last shade covering the abdomen : the wings, 
back, the base, and tip of all the tail-feathers, deep 
brown: the tail with a broad unspotted band in the 
middle: the tarsi and toes yellow: length two feet 
two ches. ‘This is the adult. The young differ in 
being more spotted than the old. 


GENUS XI.—CIRCEETUS, Vieil. 


Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak above convex ; nostrils 


nares lunulate; ceroma lunulated; ceroma_ sub- 
subhispidum. hisped. 
Tarsi elongati, nudi; acro-|| Tarsi elongated, naked ; 
tarsia reticulata. acrotarsia reticulated, 
Digiti breves ; externus cum || Toes short; the outer con- 
medio ad basin connexus ; nected at the base to the 
ungues breves subaquales. middle one; claws stout, 


nearly equal. 
Sp. 1. Ci, brachydactylus. 

Falco Gallicus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 89. pl. 19.—Falco brachy- 
dactylus. Temm. man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. v, ii—France and other 
parts of Europe. 


FALCONIDE. 15 
Sp. 2. Ci. cinereus. 


Falco cinereus. Veil. Gal. des Ois. pl, VA. 


GENUS XII.—AQUILA Auctorum. EAGLE. 


Rostrum supra subangulare; || Beak somewhat angular 
nares rotundatse; ceroma above; nostrils rounded ; 


subhispidum. ceroma rather hisped. 
Tarst usque ad digitos plu- |) T’arse clothed with feathers 
mati. to the toes. 


Tue Eagles are the largest and most powerful of 
the Falconide ; they frequent mountainous regions, 
and subsist on birds and quadrupeds. 


Sp. 1. Aq. heliaca. Savigny, Ois. d’ Egypte, pl. 12. 

Falco fulvus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 71.—Falco melanaétos, Shaw, 
v. vil. p. 74.—Falco Mogilnik. Shaw, v. vil. p. 87.—Falco 
Astrakanus. . Shaw, v. vii. p. 85?—Falco melanotos. Shaw, 
v. vil. p. 86 >—The temperate regions of Europe and Asia. 
~— Sp. 2. Ag. chrysaéta. 

Falco chrysaétos, _ Shaw, v. vii. p. 75. pl. 17.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. . 
Sp. 3. Aq. neevia. 

Falco neevius. Shaw, v. vil. p. 84.—Europe. 

Sp. 4. Aq. bellicosa. Daudin. 

Falco armiger. Shaw, v. vii. p. 57.—Africa. 
Sp. 5. Aq. pennata. 

Falco pennatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 146.—Temm. Pl. Col. 33.— 
Africa. 

Sp. 6. Aq. Malayensis. 
Aa. fusco-nigra, rectricibus lunulis albidis. 
Brown-black Eagle with whitish lunules on the tail-feathers. 

Falco Malaiensis. Reinw.—Temm. Pl. Col. 117. 


Innazits the Indian Archipelago. All the plu- 
mage of the adult bird is sooty-brown, more or less 
dusky, according to the age of the individual, and 


16 FALCONID ®. 


deepest when aged: on the broader webs of the tail- 
feathers are eight or nine whitish lunules, which are ~ 
marbled and edged with brown, and the feathers are 
also rayed with distinct grey-brown bands on a dusky 
ground : at the base of the wing-quills are also several 
irregular whitish bands: the rest of the plumage, as 
well as the tarsal feathers, is dusky. 


Sp. 7. Aq. Sinensis. 
Falco Sinensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 88.—China. 


Sp. Aq. 8. fucosa. 

Aq. fusco nigricans, rufo variegata, caudd elongata, cuneiforma. 

Dusky-brown Eagle variegated with rufous, with an elongated 
wedge-formed tail. 


Falco fucosus. Cuvier —Temm. Pl. Col. 32. 


Innasits New Holland. Length two feet and a 
half: the prevailing colour of the plumage brownish- 
black varied with yellowish-red : the throat and fore 
part of the neck are dusky-brown: head and neck 
beautiful golden-red : wings more or less varied with 
the same on a brown ground: the rest of the body, 
the secondaries, and the tail above are dusky-brown : 
the tail is yellowish beneath with indistinct bands ; 
and the tips of its feathers are reddish: beak and legs 
yellow. 


B. Ale breves. B. Wings short. 


GENUS XIII.—HARPYIA, Cuvier. HARPY. 


Rostrum supra convexum; || Beak above convex; the 
mandibula superior sub- upper mandible somewhat 
dentata ; mares semilu- dentate; mostrils semilu- 
nares, transverse. ~ nar, transverse. 


FALCONID&. 17 


Tarsi elongati, fortissimi, ad | | Tarsi elongated, very strong, 
basin plumati; aerotarsia feathered to the base; acro- 


scutellata. tarsia scutellated. 
Ungues longi,  fortissimi, | Claws long, very strong, 
acuti. acute, 


— 


~ Sp. 1. Ha. imperialis. 
Falco imperialis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 52. pl. 15.—Falco Harpyia. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 54.—South America. 24 4x a0 -7 Ae eam 


GENUS XIV.—MORPHNUS, Cuvier. 


Rostrum supra convexum; || Beak convex above; nostrils 


nares elliptici. elliptic. 
Tarst elevati, subgraciles; |) Tarst elevated, rather slen- 
acrotarsia scutellata. der; acrotarsia  scutel- 
lated. 
Digiti subbreves; wngues| Toes rather short; claws 
acuti. | acute. 


SpizazTvs, Vieillot. 
A. Tarsis nudis. A. Tarsi naked. 
~- Sp. 1. Mo. Guianensis. 


Falco Guianensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 68.—Guiana. 


Sp. 2. Mo. Urubitinga. 
+ Falco urubitinga. Shaw, v. vii. p. 63. Temm. Pl. Col. 55.— 
Faleo zonurus. Shaw, >. vii. p. 62 ?—Brazil. 


B. Tarsts plumatis. B. Tarsi plumed. 


Sp. 3. Mo. occipitalis. 

Falco occipitalis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 59.—Africa. 
Sp. 4. Mo. ornatus. Daudin. 

Falco superbus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 64.—Falco coronatus. Shaw, 
v. Vii. p. 61. pl. 16.—Southern Africa. 


Sp. 5. Mo. albescens. 
Falco albescens. Shaw, v. vii. p. 93.—Southern Africa. 


Y. Kill. ©: in. 2 


18 FALCONIDA. 


Sp. 6. Mo. maculosus. 

Mo. niger guld pectoreque albis, nigro maculatis ; abdomine nigro 
maculis albis 3 crisso femoribusque ferruginets. 

Black Morphnus with the throat and breast white, spotted with 
black; the abdomen black spotted with white ; the vent and 
thighs rust-coloured. Pay. 

Aquila maculosa. Veil. Ois. de ’ Amer. Sept. 3* bis. 


Inuasits Guiana and Mexico: feeds on fish: 
length two feet: beak blue: irides yellow: cere and 
lore blue: head, neck, and back black : chin, throat, 
and breast white: each feather streaked with black : 
belly black, marked with round spots of white: vent 
and thighs rust-colour, the middle of the feathers 
darkest : rump and upper tail-feathers white, striped 
across with black: quills and tail lead-colour above, 
and light bluish-grey beneath, with three broad dark 
black bands on both surfaces of the latter, one of 
them near the tip; the quills have also seven or eight 
black bands, and black ends: legs orange. 


Sp. 7. Mo? Manduyti. 
Falco Manduyti. Shaw, v. vii. p. 66.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 8. Mo? Sonnini. 
Falco Sonnini. Shaw, v. vii. p. 67.—Guiana. 

Sp. 9. Mo? Linneétus. 

Mo? fuscus, caudé subtus preter apicem albido-cinered, tarsis 
usque ad extremitatem dense plumosis. 

Brown Morphnus? with the tail beneath, except the tip, whitish- 
ash. 

Falco Linneétus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 138. Temm. 
¥t. Col. ¥34. 


Iynasits Java. Length two feet : the entire plu- 
mage of the body, with the wings and the tail, is of a 
bister brown, slightly tinged with purple : the top of 


FALCONID&. 19 


the head is somewhat shaded with reddish, and the 
edges of the feathers (which are white at the base) 
are also the same: the tip of the tail-feather is rather 
of a paler hue than the rest of the plumage: the cere 
is yellowish, the beak black, and the feet bluish. 
Found by my friend, Dr. Horsfield, on one of the 
extensive lakes formed during the rainy season, in the 
southern parts of Java: said by him to subsist on fishes. 


Sp. 10. Mo? niveus. 

Mo? albus corpora supré, alis caudaque fuscis, rectricibus fascts 
apiceque brunneis. 

White Morphnus with the body above, wings and tail fuscous, the 
latter with its tip and fasciz brown. 

Falco niveus. Yemm. Pl. Col. 127. 


Iyuazits Java. Length two feet one inch: the 
top of the head, the neck, tarsi, and all the under 
parts of the plumage, white: back and wings clothed 
with feathers, which are white at their origin, brown 
towards the tip, and white at the tip ; the secondaries 
are outwardly deep brown, and whitish, with brown 
bars on their inner webs; the base of the quills is 
white, the rest dusky: the tail feathers, with the ex- 
ception of the two middle, are whitish on the edges 
of their inner webs, and bright brown on the other 
parts; of which last colour the two middle feathers 
are composed ; all of them are transversely banded 
with deeper brown ; most distinctly so on the under 
part ; and towards their tips is a much broader band ; 
their tips are white; feet yellow. ‘The old birds be- 
come much whiter in plumage. | 

Very similar to the preceding species, and, like it, 
feeds on fishes, living at the borders of lakes. 


20 FALCONID. 


Sp. 11. Mo ? atricapillus. 


Mo? albus maculd utrinque inter rostro et oculis ; occipite dorso 
alisque nigris. 

White Morphnus with a spot on each side between the beak and 
eyes ; the occiput, back, and wings black. 

Falco atricapillus. Cuv, Temm. Pl. Col. 79. 


Innasirs Cayenne. Length sixteen inches: the 
lores are adorned with a spot composed of small black 
feathers and bristles, passing over the eye in a streak : 
the occiput, shoulders, back, and wings are plain 
black, or brownish in younger birds: the forehead, 
the top of the head, the neck, nearly all the under 
parts, the lower surface of the wings, and the base of 
their feathers, are pure unspotted white: the tail is 
rayed above with broad brown and narrow black lines, 
beneath with ashy and dusky black: the legs, the 
base of the beak, and the cere are yellowish; the rest 
of the beak black. 


Sp. 12. Mo? tyrannus. 


Mo. cristatus capite colloque postice dorsoque superioré plumis 
albis, apictbus fuscis, tectis, corpore fusco. 

Crested Morphnus with the head and neck behind and upper part 
of the back clothed with white, brown-tipped, feathers; the 
body brown. 

Falco tyrannus. Mazim. Trav. i. 317.—Tyrant Eagle. Lath. 
Gen. Hist. i. 234. 


Innasirs Brazil. Length about twenty-six inches : 
feathers at the back of the head lengthened into a 
crest, and erect; hind parts of the head and neck, 
sides of the neck, and upper parts of the back covered 
with white feathers, tipped with dark brown, but lie 
over each other, so that the white is covered: the 


FALCONID. QI 


vest of the bird dark brown: greater wing-coverts 
marked slightly with white: quills with some grey- 
brown, dark, marbled transverse stripes: tail broad, 
with four whitish transverse stripes, marbled with 
ereyish-brown: feathers of the thighs, legs, lower 
parts of the back, rump, and vent dark brown, with 
narrow transverse lines. 


GENUS XV.—PHYSETA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum breve; mandibula\| Beak short; the wnder man- 


inferior ad apicem cordi- dible with a heart-shaped 
forme-emarginata ; nares emargination towards the 
tuberculatee. tip; nostrils tuberculated. 
Tarsi digitique breves; di-|| Tarsi and toes short; the 
giti externt basi membrana outer toe connected at the 
connexl; wngues  sub- base by a membrane; the 
eequali, acuti. claws nearly equal, acute. 


‘- Sp. 1. Ph. sufflator. 
Falco suffator. Shaw, v. vil. p. 155. 


InuaAsits South America. The natural situation 
of this extraordinary bird is doubtful, but it appears 
to belong to the present stirps, and to be allied to the 
Morphni. 

GENUS XVI—CYMIN”IS, Cuvier. 


Rostrum supra convexum ; || Beak convex above ; nostrils 


nares subclausi, rimzefor- nearly closed, and resem- 
mes. | bling a cleft. 

Tarsi breves; digiti semi-|| Tarsi short; toes half-web- 
palmati. bed. 


A. Acrotarsits scutellatis, A. Acrotarsia scutellated. 


92 FALCONIDZ. 


Sp, l. Cy. hamatus. 


Cy. plumbeus aut. fuscus rufo maculatus, remigibus nigris, basi 
tectricibusque inferioribus caude albis. 

Lead-coloured Cymindis (or brown spotted with red) with the 
quills black, and the base of the tail and its lower coverts 


white. 
Falco hamatus. IJllig. Temm. Pl. Col. 61, 231, jun. 


Innazits Brazil. Length sixteen inches: the adult 
bird has all the body, wings, and tail of a deep lead- 
colour; the tip of the secondaries slate-colour ; the 
quills black: the base of the tail and the under co- 
verts whitish: the irides bright red: the cere and 
base of the beak bright orange: tlie legs reddish- 
orange. ‘The young have all the upper parts dull 
brown, edged and spotted with reddish ; the top of 
the head and the cheeks are marked with small yel- 
lowish dashes: above the eyes is a yellowish stripe : 
throat, and fore part of the neck whitish, marked with 
yellow and brown spots and stripes: the lower parts 
of the body are covered with large brown dashes, 
edged with red and whitish: the under tail-coverts 
are pure unspotted white or yellowish: tail-feathers 
brown, ashy at their base and tips: irides reddish- 
brown ; cere and base of the beak olive-green: legs 
pale orange. 


B. Acrctarsiis reliculatis. B. Acrotarsia reticulated. 

~ Sp. 2. Cy. uncinnatus. 

Cy. plumbeus subtus pallidiore; remigibus fusco-plumbeo fasciatis, 
basi caude albo, apice griseo ; rostro adunco. 

Lead-coloured Cymindis, beneath paler; the quills banded with 
brown-ash, the base of the tail white, its tip griseous ; the beak 
hooked. 

Falco uncinnatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 108, 104, 115, jun. 


FALCONIDA. 28 


InuaBits Brazil. Length fifteen to seventeen 
inches: the adult male bird greatly resembles the 
preceding, the entire plumage being of a lead-colour, 
palest beneath, and sometimes marked with indistinct 
transverse lines: the feathers on the under part of 
the tail are slightly tinged with brown and reddish ; 
those of the wings and of the secondaries are some- 
what rayed with deep lead: the tail is dusky, with a 
broad white band near its base, and its tip griseous : 
the legs are orange-yellow: irides white : cere orange: 
lores and eyes green brown. ‘The female has the 
upper parts of a much paler hue, and the under trans- 
versely striped with whitish. The young have the 
head, cheeks, and upper part of the body dusky, with 
a red brown waved collar on the nape, and reddish 
margin to all the feathers: the lower parts of the 
plumage are whitish, with transverse brown-red stripes 
which disappear by age, and are replaced by ashy 
feathers. 


- Sp. 3. Cy. Cayennensis. 
Falco Cayennensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 160. Temm. Pl. Col. 

270.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 4. Cy. coronatus. 

Cy. cristatus capite rufo-griseo; rostro parte alarum et colli pec- 
toreque nigris ; abdomine albos femoribus albis nigro maculatis. 

Crested Cymindis with the head reddish-grey ; the beak, part of 
the wings and of the neck and the breast black; the abdomen 

_ white; the thighs white spotted with black. 

Falco coronatus. D’Azara. Temm. Pl. Col. 235.—Crowned 
Eagle. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 233. 


Innazsits Grenada. Length about two feet six 
inches: the crest is six inches long. 


Q4 FALCONID2. 


Sp. 5. Cy? Baccha. 


Falco Bacha. Shaw, v. vii. p. 157. pl. 22.—The interior of 
Africa and Java. 


+ Sp. 6. Cy? albidus. 


t 


Cy. cinerascens, subtus capiteque albis ; macula oculari tectrict= 
busque alarum minoribus nigris ; caudé subfurcatd. 

Cinerascent Cymindis with the under parts and head white; a 
spot round the eyes and the lesser wing-coverts black ; the tail 
slightly forked. 

Falco albidus. Cuv. ?—Azara’s Eagle. Lath. Gen. Hist, i. 251. 


Inuasits South America. Length thirteen inches: 
beak black : cere yellow: head and under parts of the 
body white: round the eye a black patch: body and 
wings bluish, but the lesser wing-coverts, near the 
body, are black: tail hollowed out at the end, the 
two middle feathers being five lines shorter than the 
rest, yet the exterior is seven lines shorter than that 
adjoining, making the shape somewhat forked, or 
rather doubly rounded ; the two middle-feathers are 
bluish, the other white, but the shafts and tips incline 
to blue: legs yellow. 


GENUS XVII.—ASTURINA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum supra convexum; || Beak convex above; nostrils 


nares lunulatee. lunulated. 
Tarst breves, subgraciles. Tarsi short, rather slender. 
Ungues longi, acutissimi. Claws long, very acute. 


Sp. 1. As. cinerea. Vieil. Analysé, p. 68. (B.) Gal. des Ois. 
pl. 20. 


As. cinereo-cerulescens corpore subtus fasciis albidis ; caudé fas- 
cus duabus nigris, apice alba. 

Ashy-blue Asturina with the body beneath striped with whitish; 
the tail with two black bands, its tip white. 


FALCONID&. 95 


InuaBiTs Guiana. Length fifteen inches: its beak 
is bright blue beneath: cere blue: legs yellow: the 
general colour of the plumage ashy-bluish : the under 
parts of the body are banded with whitish: the tail 
has two black bands, and its tip is white. 


STIRPS I.—ACCIPITRINA. (HAWKS.) 


Rostrum breve 2 bast aduncum; ale breves ; remex quarta ple- 
rumque longissima. 


Beak short, hooked from the base ; wings short ; the fourth quill 
generally largest. 


GENUS XVIII.—DAIDALION, Vigors. 


Rostrum breve. Beak short. 
Tarsi mediocres; acrotarsia | Tarst moderate; acrotarsia 
reticulata. | reticulated. 


a Sp. 1. De cachinans. 


Falco cachinans. Shaw, v. vii. p. 156. Véetl. Gal. des Ois. 
pl. 19.—South America. 


Sp. 2. De. melanops. 
Falco melanops. Shaw, v. vii. p. 175 ?—Cayenne, 


GENUS XIX.—ASTUR Auctorum. GOSHAWK. 


Rostrum breve; nares sub- || Beak short; nostrils nearly 
ovales. oval. 


Tarst mediocres ; acrotarsia || Tarst moderate; acrotarsia 
scutellata. |  scutellated. 


SPARVIUS pars. Vieillot. 


Sp. 1. As. palumbarius. 


Falco palumbarius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 118. pl. 20.—Falco gen- 


tilis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 122.—Britain; the northern parts of 
Europe and Asia. 


26 ; FALCONID. 


Sp. 2. As. Nove Hollandiz. 
Falco Nove Hollandiz. Lath. Ind. Orn. i—Falco Nove Hol- 
landiz albus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 92.—New Holland. 


~ Sp. 3. As. hemidactylus. 

As. cinereo-plumbeus subtus pallidior, cauda rufescente fascits 
dudbus nigris. 

Ashy-lead coloured Goshawk paler beneath, with the tail reddish, 
with two black bands. 


Falco hemidactylus. Temm. Pl. Col. 3. 


Innasits Brazil. Plumage above ashy-lead co- 
lour, rather paler beneath: the quills black, with a 
broad white band : the tail with two very broad black 
bands, and a third much narrower, and very indistinct 
at its base; also with two clear reddish bands: the 
lower coverts bright reddish. Length about fifteen 
inches. 


Sp. 4. As. gracilis. 


As. cinereo-plumbeus, subtus cinereo albidoque transverse striatus. 
Ashy-lead coloured Goshawk, transversely striated with cinereous 


and whitish. ; 
Falco gracilis. Temm. Pl. Col. 91. 


Inuazirts Brazil. Greatly allied to the preceding : 
length eighteen or nineteen inches: the colour of the 
plumage on the upper parts of the body rather of a 
deeper ash, than in that bird: the lores, the cheeks, 
and the throat are whitish: all the under parts are 
transversely striped with bands of white and ashy: 
the under tail-coverts are slightly tinged with an 
isabella colour with very slight mdications of trans- 


verse stripes. 


FALCONIDE. Day 


~ Sp. 5. As. nitidus. 


As. plumbeus supra albus, transversé cinereo undulatus; caudé 
nigra fascits duabus angustis albis. 

Lead-coloured Goshawk beneath white, transversely waved with 
ash-colour; the tail black, with two narrow white bars. 

Falco nitidus. Lath, Ind. Orn. 1. 41. Temm. Pl. Col. 87.— 
294, jun. 


Inuapits Cayenne and Guiana. Length thirteen 
inches and a half: irides bright red: plumage above 
lead-colour: round the eye rather bare: chin pale 
ashy-white : under parts white, crossed with narrow 
ash-coloured bars: between the legs plain white: 
wings and tail darker than the rest of the upper 
parts; the last six inches long, nearly black, and 
crossed with two narrow lines of white, one near the 
base, the other about the middle, but, except on the 
two middle feathers, ashy on their inner webs: legs 
long and yellow. 


* Sp. 6. As. xanthothorax. 


As. supra fusco-rufescens subtus albus rufo transversa striatus ; 
capite, guld colloque anticé rufo-cinnamomea. 

Goshawk above reddish-brown, beneath white transversely striped. 
with rufous ; with the head, throat, and neck cinnamon-red, 

Falco xanthothorax. Temm. Pl. Col. 92. 


Inuapits Guiana and Brazil. Length twelve or 
thirteen inches: the head, throat, and fore part of 
the neck, are of a cmnamon-red, more or less bright 
and varied, according to the age of the bird: the nape, 
the back, the wings, and upper part of the tail are 
reddish-brown ; the two middle feathers of the latter 
and the outer webs of the lateral feathers are of one 
colour, but on the edge of the inner webs are a few 


28 FALCONIDZ. 


whitish lanceolated spots, more or less distinct, ac- 
cording to the age: all the under parts of the plu- 
mage, from the superior point of the breast, are white 
transversely striped with reddish-brown bands: the 
young male has the throat and fore part of the neck 
reddish-white : the chin fawn-colour with several red- 
dish stripes, and the breast reddish and whitish. 


Sp. 7. As. brachypterus. 


As. fusco-nigricans subtus et torque nuchali albus nigro transverse 
striatus, caudaé cuneiforma fascits tribus albis ; superciliis albis. 

Dusky-brown Goshawk, beneath and nuchal collar white trans- 
versely striped with black, with the tail wedge-shaped with 
three white bands ; the eyelids white. 

Falco brachypterus. Temm. Pl. Col. 141, 116.; young. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length eighteen or twenty 
inches: the old male has the top of the head, occiput, 
back, scapulars, and wings dull black, slightly tinged 
with brown: the tail black, wedged and marked above 
with three narrow white bands, and the appearance 
of a fourth at the base: those bands are broader and 
more regularly formed on the under side, and all the 
feathers are tipped with white: superciliz, cheeks, 
and all the under parts of the body, as well as a 
broad collar on the nape, white with very delicate 
black stripes : beak bluish-black, cere and under man- 
dible yellow. ‘The young and the females differ con- 
siderably from the males: in the former the nuchal 
collar is whitish, and the under parts of the body are 
distantly rayed brown on a white or reddish ground; 
the upper parts of the body, the wing-coverts, and 
those of the tail are also rayed with broad brown and 
red bands: the feathers on the top of the head and 


FALCONIDE. 20 


on the cheeks are brown with reddish edges: the 
females have the nuchal collar, and all the under 
parts reddish, the last transversely striped at great 
distances with broad bands: the head, cheeks, back, 
wings, and upper surface of the tail chocolate-brown, 
the tail with the indications of the three transverse 
white bands that are so conspicuous in the male. 


Sp. 8. As. magnirostris. 

Falco magnirostris. Shaw, v. vil. p. 190.—Ceylon. 

Sp. 9. As. radiatus. ‘ 

Falco radiatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 177. Temm. Pl. Col. 123.— 

New Holland. 

* Sp. 10. As. poliogaster. 

As. nigro-schistaceus, subtus cinereo-albus, guld alba, caudé nigra 
supra fascits tribus griseis infra quatuor ; mas.: aut rufescens, 
alis dorsoque nigris pennis rufo marginatis, capite colloque 
postice hypochondriisque fusco maculatis ; female. 

Slaty-black Goshawk beneath ashy-white, with the throat white, 
the tail black, with three grey bands above and four beneath; 
male: or, reddish, with the wings and back dusky, the feathers 
edged with rufous, with the head and neck behind and sides of 
the body spotted with brown ; female. 

Falco poliogaster. Natterer. Temm. Pl. Col. 264—295. jun. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length sixteen or seventeen 
inches: the upper parts of the head and nape are 
black: the cheeks, feathers on the ears, the wings, 
and back, are of an uniform dusky slate-colour: the 
tail is black, with three very narrow grey bands above 
and four broader ones beneath ; it is slightly tipped 
with whitish : the chin and the throat are white ; the 
rest of the under parts uniform ashy-white. The 
young female has the occiput and the head black : 
the nape reddish, spotted with black: the back and 
wings are dusky-brown, with two or three white spots 


30 FALCONID. 


in the middle of each feather, more or less covered : 
the tail has three ashy bands above and four beneath, 
and is tipped with white : all the under parts and the 
sides of the neck are reddish; the former are unspotted, 
and the latter, as well as the sides, are longitudinally 
dashed with brown. 


GENUS XX.—ACCIPITER Auctorum. SPARROWHAWK. 


Rostrum breve; nares sub- || Beak short; nostrils some- 


ovales. aes || what oval. 

Tarsi elongati, glabri; acro- || Tarsi. elongated, “glabrous ; 
tarsia scutellata, sutura acrotarsia scutellated, the 
vix decernenda. sutures scarcely visible. 


Sparvius pars, Vieillot.—Ierax, Leach.—Nisus, Cuvier. 


Sp. 1. Ac. fringillarius. Ray. 

Falco nisus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 187—Britain, and other parts of 
Europe. 
Sp. 2. Ac. torquatus. 


Ac. cinereus subtus albus rufo transverse striatus, torque nuchali 
rufo; remigibus rectricibusque fusco fasciatis. — 

Ash-coloured Sparrowhawk with the under parts white trans- 
versely striped with rufous ; a red collar on the nape’ the quills 
and tail-feathers banded with brown. 

Falco torquatus. Cuvier. Temm. Pl. Col. 43—93. 


Inuasits the north of New Holland, Timor, &c. 
Length about fifteen inches : top of the head, cheeks, 
back, wings, and tail deep ash: on the lower part of 
the nape is a broad half collar of red, more or less 
bright, and varied with ashy according to age; the 
tail and the quills are rayed with numerous brown 
bands, most distinct in young subjects : all the under 
parts of the male are whitish, transversely striped 
with narrow reddish bands, which are most distant 


ACCIPITER TORQUATUS. 


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2) ol wile 4 Mn alien vt iy 
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FALCONIDE. 31 


on the abdomen: the under parts of the female have 
those bands broader and disposed in blotches; and 
her throat and fore part of her neck are tinged with 
bright reddish: the beak and claws are black; the 
cere and legs yellow. ‘The young are brown, varied 
and spotted with red: the nuchal collar is indicated 
by spots of brown and whitish; the throat is longi- 
tudinally striped, and the other parts transversely, 
with brown. 


Sp. 3. Ae. velox.—Sharp-shinned Hawk. Lath. Hist. i. 279. 


Ac. fusco-ferrugineus, subtus albidus fusco lineatis, rectricibus 
cinereis fasciis guatuor nigris. 

Rusty-brown Sparrowhawk beneath whitish dashed with becom, 
with the tail-feathers ash, with four black bands. 


Falco velox. Wils. Amer. Orn. ». iii. pl. 45. f. 1. 


Inuasits North America. Length of the male 
ten inches: the beak dusky: cere and irides yel- 
low: head dusky, streaked with rust-colour: back 
and wing-coverts brown, edged with rust: primaries 
dusky-ash, barred with black; and within with oval, 
transverse, ferruginous spots: breast and belly dirty 
white, with oblong brown streaks: tail long, deep 
ash, crossed with four bars of black: legs long and 
slender ; claws black. ‘The female is said to be thir- 
teen inches in length, with the colours less bright, 
but not essentially different, except that the vent and 
under tail-coverts and the tips of the tail-feathers are 
white. 

According to Wilson this species is remarkable for 
the sharpness of the insides of the shins below the 
knee: it feeds on small birds and lizards. 


32 FALCONID. 


~ Sp. 4. Ac. Pennsylvanicus.—Slate-coloured Falcon. Lath, Hist. 
i, 280. 

Ac. supra schistaceus nigro maculatus, subtus rufo alboque varius ; 
superciliis guldque albis ; caudd subfurcalé fascits quatuor nigris, 
apice albo. 

Sparrowhawk above slate-colour spotted with black, beneath va- 
ried with rust-colour and white ; with the eyebrows and throat 
white, the tail somewhat forked ; with four black bands and a 
white tip. 

Falco Pennsylvanica. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ili. pl. 46. f. 1. 
Temm. Pl. Col. 67. 


Inuasits North America. Allied to the last. 
Length (of the male) thirteen inches: beak blue- 
black ; cere and sides of the mouth dull green: eye- 
lids yellow ; irides fiery orange : plumage above slate- 
colour: primary quills brown-black, and, with the 
secondaries, barred with dusky; scapulars spotted 
white and brown: shafts of all the feathers on the 
upper parts black: over the eye a dull white streak : 
chin white, with very fine black markings : breast and 
belly varied with rust-colour, and transverse spots of 
white : thigh the same: vent pure white : tail slightly 
forked, brownish ash-colour, crossed with four broad 
black bands tipped with white, and is three inches 
longer than the wings: legs long, very slender, fine 
orange-yellow ; claws black, large and sharp. 


Sp. 5. Ac. virgatus. 

Ae. supra ceruleo cinereus, collo antice, pectoris medio, abdomine 
tectricibusque inferioribus caudd albis; caudad equalis fasciis 
tribus nigris. 

Sparrowhawk above ashy-blue, with the fore part of the neck, 
the middle of the breast, the abdomen, and lower tail-coverts 
white ; the tail even, with three black bands. 

Falco virgatus. Reinw. Temm. Pl. Col, 109. 


FALCONIDE. 33 
Tynasits Java. Length near ten inches: the plu- 
mage of the upper parts of the body and wings is 
deep bluish-ash, and on elevating the dorsal. feathers 
there appears a white spot in the centre of each, and 
on those of the wings a series of large white spots on 
their ner webs, which are not visible when the plu- 
mage is depressed; the upper surface of the tail is 
similar in colour to that of the back, and is marked 
with three broad black bands: the fore part of the 
neck and the middle of the breast are white, with a 
longitudinal brown band down the middle, composed 
of spots: the sides of the neck, those of the breast, 
and part of the flanks are bright red: the lower belly 
and the coverts are striped with broad transverse red 
and white spots: the abdomen and the under tail- 
coverts are pure white: the inner part of the wing is 
rayed with white, but the lesser coverts are red, 
spotted with brown : the tail is even at the end. 


Sp. 6. Ac. pileatus. 

Ac. cinereo-schistaceus, subtus albido-cinereus, vertice alisque ni- 
gricantibus ; femoribus rufis. 

Ashy-slate coloured Sparrowhawk beneath whitish-ash, with the 
crown and wings dusky-lead ; the thighs red. 

Falco pileatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 205. 


Innazits Brazil. The male has the top of the head 
and the wings of a slaty-ash: the cheeks, the nape, 
the back, and the scapulars ash: the throat, the fore 
part of the neck, the breast, and the belly are whitish- 
ash ; with a brown stripe down each feather in the 
direction of the shaft: the thighs are bright red: 
the under wing-coverts are edged with reddish: the 

Vio MUD le 3 


34 FALCONIDE. 


quills are indistinctly banded, and the tail with black 
on an ashy ground: the legs and irides are orange- 
yellow: the cere yellowish : it is near fourteen inches 
in length: the female is upwards of sixteen inches 
long, and differs in a few particulars from the male : 
the plumage is generally of a deeper colour, and more 
variegated: the dusky colour on the top of the head 
and on the wings is less distinct: the under parts 
are of a duller ash ; but dashed in the middle of each 
feather as in the male: the tarsi and legs are more 
robust than in the male, but less brilliant in colour. 


Sp. 7. Ac. Soloénsis. 

Ac. supra plumbeo-cinereus, infra sordide ferrugineus ; remigibus 
nigris; tectricibus basi albis; rectricibus (externis exceptis ) 
nigro-fasciatis, subtus albidis. 

Sparrowhawk above ashy-blue, beneath dull ferruginous, with the 
quills black ; the wing-coverts white at the base ; the tail-fea- 


thers (the exterior excepted) fasciated with black, beneath 
whitish. 


Falco Soioénsis. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) xiii. p. 137. Temm. Pl. 
Col. 129.110; young.—Inhabits Java, Length eleven inches. 
Sp. 8. Ac. musicus. Vzgors. 


Falco musicus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 143.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 9. Ac. gabar. Vigors. 


Falco gabar. Shaw, v. vii. p. 202. Temm. Pl. Col. 122— 
140; young.—The interior of Africa. 


Sp. 10. Ac. minullus. 


Falco minullus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 205.—The interior of Africa. 


GENUS XXI.—HARPAGUS, Vigors. 


Rostrum breve; mandibula || Beak short; the wpper man- 


superior fortiter bidentata, dible strongly bidentate, 
inferior bis emarginata. the lower doubly emargi- 
nate, 


HARPAGUS DIODON. 


FALCONIDA. 35 


Tarst mediocres; acrotarsia || T'arsi mediocral ; acrotarsia 


scutellata. scutellated. 
Remiges tertia et quarta || Wings with the third and 
longissimee, zequales. fourth quills longest, equal. 


* Sp. 1. Ha. bidentatus. 


Falco bidentatus. Shaw, v. vii. 175. Temm. Pl. Col. 38, 

228; jun.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 2. Ha. diodon. Vigors. 

HA. schistaceo-niger, nuché genis lateribusque colli saturaté cine- 
res, subtus cinereus ; Semoribus rufis. 

Slaty-black Harpagus beneath ash, with the nape, cheeks, and 
sides of the neck deep ash; the thighs red. 


Falco diodon. Temm. Pl. Col. 198. 


Innasits Brazil: length about eleven inches : the 
adult male has the head, the back, and the wings of 
a slaty black: the nape, the cheeks, and the sides of 
the neck deep ash : all the under parts bright ash : the 
throat and the under tail-coverts white: the smaller 
under wing-coverts and the feathers of the thighs are 
bright red: the tail and the wings are striped above 
with black and ash-colour ; and beneath with whitish 
and black : the quills are indistinctly barred with brown 
and black: when the scapulary feathers are elevated, 
two large white spots become visible, which are hidden 
by the dusky tips of the feathers when they are de- 
pressed : the beak is horn-colour : the irides yellow : 
the legs azure. ‘The young male has all the upper 
part of the plumage of a deep brown, with the edges 
of the feathers paler : the cheeks longitudinally spotted 
with brown and bright red: all the under parts are 
whitish, dashed with dusky-brown: the thighs are 
reddish. The female differs but little from the male : 


36 FALCONIDA. 


the head and wings are brownish-black : the throat is 
yellowish-white, without spots ; the sides of the belly 
are slightly tinged with ashy-red: in other respects 
the plumage resembles that of the male. 


GENUS XXII.—GAMPSONYX, Vigors, 


Rostrum breve; mandibule || Beak short; mandibles en- 
tire; nostrils rounded. 


Wings short; the second 


integre ; nares rotundate. 
Ale breves; remex secunda 


longissima, tertia secundz quill longest; the third 


feré eequali; primz et se- 
cunde pogonio interno for- 
titér prope apicem emar- 
ginato. 


nearly even with the se- 
cond ; the inner web of the 
first and second strongly 
emarginated towards the 


tip. 

Tail short, equal. 

Legs moderate ; tarsi reti- 
culated; acrotarsia fea- 
thered to the middle. 


Cauda mediocris, squalis. 
Pedes mediocres ; tarsi reti- 

culati; acrotarsia infra 
genu usque ad medium 
plumata. 


‘Sp. 1. Ga. Swainsonii. Zool. Jour. (Vigors.) v. ii, 69. 


Ga. superné cinereo-niger, subtus albus ; fronte, genis, abdominis 


lateribus, plumisque femoralibus aurantiacis, maculd pectorali 
utringue nigra. 

Gampsonyx above ashy-black, beneath white; with the forehead, 
cheeks, sides of the abdomen and femoral feathers orange, and 
a black spot on each side of the breast. 


Inuasits Brazil: discovered. by Mr. Swainson. 
Length barely nine inches and a half: beak black : 
the feathers of the back and scapulars ashy-black, 
spotted with rust-colour: the lower part of the sides 
and nuchal collar white, slightly variegated with 


FALCONID&. 37 


orange: the quills dusky, internally margined with 
white at the tips; the secondaries slightly sprinkled 
with rust-colour, beneath white: the tail-feathers 
ashy-black, all but the two middle ones internally 
edged with white, beneath white: legs yellow : claws 
black : irides hazel. 


STIRPS UI.—FALCONINA. (FALCONS.) 


Rostrum breve, & basi aduncum; ale longe; remex secunda 


longissima. 
Beak short, hooked from the base ; wings long; the second quill] 
largest. 


GENUS XXIII—IERAX, Vigors. 


Rostrum breve; mandibula || Beak short; the upper man- 
superior fortiter bidentata, dible strongly bidentate, 


inferior simpliciter emar- the wnder simply emar- 
ginata. ginated. . 

Tarsimediocres; acrotarsia || Tarst mediocral ; acrotarsia 
scutellata. |  scutellated. 

Ale breves; remex secunda || Wings short, the second quill 
longissima, leviter interné longest, slightly emargi- 
prope apicem emarginata. nated internally near: the 

tip. 


Sp. 1. Ie. cerulescens. 
Falco cerulescens. Shaw, v. vii. p. 208. pl. 27.—India. 


GENUS XXIV.—FALCO Auctorum. FALCON. 


Rostrum breve ; mandibula || Beak short, the upper man- 
superior fortiter dentata, dible strongly dentate, the 
imferiore emarginata. under emarginate. 

Acrotarsia reticulata. Acrotarsia reticulated. 


38 FALCONID. 


Remex secunda longissima, || Wings with the second quill 


prima et secunda propé longest, the first and second 
apicem interne fortiter strongly emarginate inter- 
emarginata. nally near the tip. 


Sp. 1. Fa. frontalis. 

Falco galericulatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 149. pl. 21.—Africa. 
Sp. 2. Fa. chiquera. Shaw, v. vii. p. 176.—India. 
Sp. 3. Fa. tibialis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 174.—Africa. 


Sp. 4. Fa. Sparverius. Shaw, v. vii. p. 199. pl. 26.—North Ame- 
rica. 


Sp. 5. Fa. tinnunculus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 179.—Britain and Eu- 
rope. 

Sp. 6. Fa. rupicolus. Daud. 
Falco Capensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 192.—Africa. 

Sp. 7. Fa. punctatus. 


Fa. supra rufus, capite colloque nigro longitudinaliter lineatis, 
dorso alisque nigro maculatis ; caudé fasciis septem nigris ; cor- 
pore subtus albo nigro maculato. 

Falcon above rufous, with the head and neck longitudinally striped 
with black, and the back and wings spotted with black ; the 
tail with seven black bands; the body beneath white, spotted 
with black. 


Fa. punctatus. Cuv.—Temm., Pl. Col. 45. 


Inuapirs the Isle of France. Length ten inches : 
the upper parts of the plumage are very bright red : 
the head and neck are marked with small black lon- 
gitudinal stripes, the back and the wings with large 
black spots: the tail is transversely adorned with 
seven nearly equal black bands: the lower parts of 
the plumage are pure white: with longitudinal stripes 
of brown on the sides of the neck, and very regular 
triangular black spots on the breast, the belly, and 
the thighs: the beak is bluish: the cere and the legs 
are yellowish. 


FALCONID&. 39 


\— Sp. 8. Fa. femoralis. Temm. Pl. Col. 121. 


Fa. supra cinereo-fuscus, subtus rufus, infra poneque oculis fascia 
nigra, femoribus rufis. 

Falcon above ashy-brown, beneath red, with a black band above 
and behind the eye, and red thighs. 


InHAsits Brazil. Length rather more than a foot : 
the upper parts of the body, the wing-coverts, the 
tail, and the top of the head, are deep ashy-brown : 
the tail-feathers, those of the middle excepted, are 
transversely banded with reddish, and their tips are 
also of that colour: the greater wing-coverts are 
tipped with white; the quills are outwardly black, 
but are barred with white on their inner webs: be- 
neath and behind the eye is a dash of black: on the 
breast are several spots, which, with the middle of 
the belly and the flanks, are deep purplish-black : 
round the beak, the ears, the throat, the thighs, and 
abdomen, the under tail-coverts, and the edges of 
the wing are bright red: the beak is blue: the cere 
yellow: the legs ash-colour. 


~ Sp. 9. Fa. Islandicus. Gmel.—Falco gyrfalco. Shaw, v. vii. 
p. 120.—Inhabits Britain and the northern parts of Europe. 
Sp. 10. Fa. subbuteo. Shaw, v. vii. p. 193. pl. 25.—Britain and 

Europe. 
Sp. 11. Fa. esalon. Shaw, v. vii. p. 196.—Falco lithofalco. Shaw, 
v. vii. p. 182. pl. 24.—Britain and other parts of Europe. 

Sp. 12. Fa. rufipes. Becks—Falco vespertinus. Shaw, ». vil- 
p. 190.—Inhabits > 
Sp. 13. Fa. peregrinus, Shaw, v. vii. p. 128.—Falco communis. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 124.—Falco stellatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 154.— 

Britain and Europe. 


Sp. 14. Fa. severus, Linn. Trans. (Horsfield.) xiii. p. 135. 


40 FALCONID2. 


Fa. supra fusco-nigricans, remigibus nigris; subius castaneus 
guld pallidiore. 

Falcon above dusky-brown, with the quills black ; beneath ches- 
nut, with the throat paler. 

Falco Aldrovandi. Temm. Pl. Col. 128 ? 


Innasits Java. Length ten inches and a half. 


Sp.15. Fa. tinnunculoides. Naterer —Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Ed. 
i. p.3k. 

Fa. rufo-ruber, vertice lateribus capitis nuchaque pallide cinereis ; 
guld pallida ; remigibus, crisso, cauddque basi ceruleo-cinereo ; 
hec versus apicem fascia nigrd, apice alba. 

Rufous-red Falcon with the crown, sides of the head, and the 
nape, pale ash; the throat pale; the quills, vent, and base of 
the tail bluish-ash ; towards the tip of the latter a black band, 
its tip white. 


Inuasits Europe. Length eleven inches: beak 
bluish : cere, and round the eyelids, yellow: crown, 
sides of the neck, and nape pale ash-colour: back, 
scapulars, and greater part of the wing-coverts deep 
rufous, inclining to red; some of the larger, the 
second quills, rump, and nearly the whole of the tail 
bluish-ash, near the end of the last a broad black 
band, and the end white: throat pale: the rest of 
the under parts pale reddish-rufous, marked with 
longitudinal black streaks: legs yellow: claws pure 
white. ‘The female is rather larger. Said to feed on 
beetles and large insects, rarely on small birds. 


Sp. 16. Fa? aurantius. Shaw, v. vii. 194.—South America. 


STIRPS IV.—BUTEONINA. (BUZZARDS.) 


Rostrum mediocre, a basi aduncum ; cauda equalis. 
Beak mediocral, hooked from the base ; taz/ equal. 


r 
Pee 


YALCONID. 41 


GENUS XXV.—ICTINIA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum breve; mandibula 
superior subdentata, infe- 
rior emarginata. 

Tarsi breves, debiles; acro- 
tarsia scutellata. 

Ale longe; remex tertia 
longissima. 


“Sp. 1. Ic. plumbea. 
~~ Falco plumbeus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 196. Temm. Pl. Col. 189. 


Beak short; the upper man- 
dible somewhat dentate, the 
under emarginate. 

Tarsi short, weak ; acrotarsia 
scutellated. 

Wings long; the third quill 
longest. 


Lath, Gen. Hist. v. xii.—Cayenne. 


GENUS XXVI.—CIRCUS Auctorum. HARRiER. 


Rostrum mediocre; mares 
subovales. 

Tarst elongati; acrotarsia 
scutellata. 

Digitt plerumque breves. 

Remez tertia longissima, 

Capitis latera plumarum cir- 
culo instructa, disco capi- 
tali Strigiwm persimili. 


Sp. 1. Ci. zruginosus. 


Beak wmediocral; nostrils 
somewhat oval. 

Tarsz elongated ; acrotarsia 
scutellated. 

Toes generally short. 

Third quill longest. 

Sides of the head furnished 
with a circle of feathers 
resembling that of the 
Owls. 


Falco zruginosus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 116.—Falco rufus. Shaw, 
v- vil. p. 113 and 150.—Britain and Europe. 


Sp. 2. Ci. pygargus. 


Falco Cyaneus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 163,—Falco montanus. Shaw, 
v. vii. p. 183.—Britain and Europe. 


Sp. 3. C. cinerascens. 


Ci. fusco-cinereus subtus albidus, rachidibus pennarum spadiceis, 
remigibus secundarits fasciis tribus nigricantibus. 


| 
| 


4,2 FALCONIDZ. 


Brown-ash Harrier, beneath whitish, with the shafts of each fea- 
ther bay, the secondary quills with three dusky bars. 

Falco cinerascens. Linn. Trans. (Mont.) ix. 188. Vieil. Gal. 
des Ois. pl. 13. 


Inuasits England. <A new bird to Britain, dis- 
covered by Montagu, and described by him in the 
Linnean Transactions. Length eighteen inches: beak 
black: cere greenish: eyelids and irides bright yel- 
low : crown, cheeks, throat, under part of the neck, 
and upper part of the breast dark ash-colour: neck 
above, back, and scapulars ashy-brown : lesser wing- 
coverts nearly the same, greater dusky-black; quills 
nearly black : secondary quills ashy-brown, with three 
dusky bars across them, half an inch broad, two of 
which are hid by the coverts: body beneath white, 
with a broad bright bay streak down the shaft of 
each feather: tail somewhat cuneiform, the two middle 
feathers dark brown, the others dark ash-colour, palest 
on the two or three outer feathers, the inner webs 
approaching to white, and all, except the two middle 
ones, with four equidistant bars on the mner webs, 
in the two outer bay, in the rest more or less dusky: 
legs orange-colour, long and slender: claws small, 
black. ‘The female much resembles that sex of the 
C. Pygargus, but the ferruginous parts are much 
brighter, and instead of the under being streaked with 
dusky, they are purely bright ferruginous. 


Sp. 4. C1. acoli. 

Falco acoli. Shaw, v. vii. p. 172. pl. 23.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 5. Ci. melanoleucos. 

Falco melanoleucos.— Shaw, v. vii. p. 154.—Southern Africa. 


Sp. 6. Ci. palustris. 


FALCONID. 43 


C1. pallide fuscus subtus pallide flavo-ruber, longitudinaliter fusco 
striatus ; guld saturate fusca ; remigibus cauddque cinereo-gri- 
seis fusco transverse fasciatis ; supercilits albis. 

Pale-brown Harrier beneath pale yellow-red longitudinally striped 
with brown; with the throat deep brown; the quills and tail 
ashy-grey transversely striped with brown; the eyebrows 
white. 

Falco palustris. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 22.—Salvador 
Falcon. Lath. Hist. i. 276. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length twenty inches: head 
yellowish-white and dark brown mixed : over the eye 
a whitish stripe: all the upper parts of the plumage 
dark brown: lower parts pale yellowish-red, with 
dark brown longitudinal stripes: throat dark brown: 
thighs and rump rusty-red: quills and tail ashy-grey, 
with dark-brown transverse stripes. 


* Sp. 7. Ci. rutilans. 


C1. rufo-aureus, capite longitudinaliter striato ; dorso alisque ci- 
nereo-fusco maculatis ; corpore subtus transversé nigricante 
striato. 

Golden-red Harrier with the head longitudinally striped; the 
back and wings spotted with ashy-brown; the body beneath 
transversely striped with dusky. 

Falco rutilans. Lichtenst. Temm. Pl. Col. 25. 


Inuapits South America. Length eighteen or 
twenty inches: the old birds have the plumage bright 
golden-red, varied on the head with small longitu- 
dinal striz : the back and wings are marked with large 
ashy-brown spots: the neck, breast, and belly are 
transversely striped with very narrow blackish bands : 
thighs and inner parts of the wings red : quills and se- 
condaries striped with black for three-fourths of their 
length, the rest black : the tail is dusky, with a single 


4A FALCONIDA. 


white or ashy band, and all its feathers tipped with ash- 
colour: cere, base of the beak, and legs yellow. ‘The 
young have the head, neck, and under parts reddish- 
white, blotched and spotted with brown: the back 
and wing-coverts ashy-brown, with the edges of the 
feathers reddish: the greater coverts have several 
large red spots, which are striped with black zigzag 
lines: the secondaries and quills are red at the base, 
and marked on that part with distant black zigzag 
lines; their tips are deep brown: the thighs are red, 
with numerous black zigzags: the tail is marbled at 
the base with red, white, and brown, irregularly 
rayed with red and brown in the middle, and tipped 
with deep brown. 

Said by D’Azara to be very abundant in Para- 
guay: it lays two eggs, of a tawny-red, spotted with 
blood-colour. 


GENUS XXVII.—PERNIS, Cuvier. HONEY-BUZZARD. 


Rostrum mediocre. Beak mediocral. 

Lorum plumis serratis tec- || Lores covered with serrated 
tum. feathers. 

Tarsi mediocres, semiplu- || J’arst mediocral, _half-fea- 
mati; acrotarsia reticu- thered ; acrotarsia reticu- 
lata. lated. 

Remex tertia longissima. Third quill longest. 


Sp. 1. Pe. apivorus. 
Falco apivorus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 114.—Britain and Europe. 


Sp. 2. Pe. ptilorynchus. 
Pe. cristatus, fuscus, supra transversim undulatus ; alis fascia 
cinereo-grised ornatis ; caudd nigra ; bast fascia albida. 


WU; 598) 


\\\} 


PERNIS PTILONORYNCHUS. 


FALCONIDE. 4S 


Crested-brown Honey-Buzzard above transversely waved; the 
wings with an ashy-grey bar; the tail black, with a whitish 
fascia at the base. 

Falco ptilorynchus. Temm. Pl. Col. 44. 


‘Inuasirs Java and Sumatra. Length two feet ; 
the females rather more: the occiput furnished with 
a crest composed of six broad dependant feathers, 
as in many of the Falconidx: the tail is long and 
rounded: all the plumage of the upper parts 1s 
bright brown, each feather being edged with paler 
brown, and varied with transverse undulated spots : 
at the junction of the secondary feathers the wing is 
ornamented with a broad transverse band, of a beau- 
tiful ashy-grey, marked with deeper zigzags, and edged 
with black : the quills are rayed with bands of brown 
and cinereous: the tail is black, with a broad whitish 
band, marbled with brown, passing through all the 
feathers at the base, and at the tip: the under parts 
of the plumage are dull brown: the beak is black, 
and the legs yellow. ‘The young want the ashy band 
on the wing; all the feathers are rayed ; the tail has 
three marbled whitish bands and three ashy-brown 
bands: the head is pure ashy: the upper part of the 
plumage is varied with dull brown and ashy-brown : 
the long occipital feathers are black: the throat is 
varied with black and brown, and the under parts are 
ashy-brown spotted with white. 


GENUS XXVIII—BUTEO Auctorum. BUZZARD. 


Rostrum mediocre, subde- || Beak mediocral, rather weak; 


bile; nares subrotundatee. nostrils somewhat rounded. 
Tarsi breves; acrotarsia scu- || Tarsz short; acrotarsia scu- 
tellata. tellated. 


Remezx quarta longissima. Fourth quill longest. 


46 FALCONID. 


A. Tarsis nudis. A. Tarsi naked. 
Sp. 1. Bu. tachardus. 
Falco tachardus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 201.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 2. Bu. Jackal. 
Falco Jackal. Shaw, v. vii. p. 173.—Southern Africa. 


Sp. 3. Bu. busarellus. 
Falco bazarellus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 203.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 4. Bu. buson. 
Falco buzon. Shaw, v. vii. p. 202.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 5. Bu. tachiro. 
Falco tachiro. Shaw, v. vii. p. 201,—Southern Africa. 


Sp. 6. Bu. vulgaris. 

Falco Buteo. Shaw, v. vil. p. 109.—Falco variegatus. Shaw, 

v. vii. p. 112.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 7. Bu. pterocles. 

Bu. schistaceus subtus albus, hypochondriis lateribusque abdo- 
mints rufo transversim undulatis ; caudd albé versus apicem 

Jascia nigra. 

Slate-coloured Buzzard beneath white, with the flanks and sides 
of the abdomen transversely waved with rufous ; the tail white, 
with a black bar towards the tip. 

Falco pterocles. Temm. Pl. Col. 56. 139. jun. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length sixteen or seventeen 
inches: the adult bird has the throat, head, cheeks, 
neck, and top of the back and wings slate-colour : 
the scapulars clear red, with brown spots: the fore 
part of the neck and all the under parts of the body 
pure white; with the flanks, the sides of the abdo- 
men, and the under wing-covers, transversely striped 
with reddish zigzag lines: the tail, which is rather 
short, is of a pearly white, with a broad black band 
near its tip: the white is marked with six or seven 
transverse lines above, and beneath with a few blotches. 
The young have the lores and forehead white: the 
cheeks and sides of the neck reddish-yellow, with 


S\ 
SiN 

iN 
\\ 


= 
i 
NIN \\ 
‘A 
MN \. 


S. 
al 

I 

Cc 

ERO 

aly 

P 

O 

UTE 

B 


Hostel hi ; 


are ie tibet 
, 


ha? 
hi ie ae 


FALCONIDE. i 


dusky dashes: the head, throat, fore part of the neck 
and back, black, more or less spotted with paler : the 
under parts are dull white, tinged with red, and 
varied with brown and reddish spots, which disappear 
with age: the tail is white, irregularly barred with 
brown lines at unequal distances. The wings in this 
species reach to the tip of the tail. 


Sp. 8. Bu. pzcilonotus. 

Bu. albus alis nigris maculis albis; cauda fascia nigrd, basi 
apiceque albis. 

White Buzzard with the wings black spotted with white; the tail 
with a black band ; its base and tip white. 

Falco pecilonotus. Cuv. Temm. Pl. Col. 9. 


Innazits Guiana. A beautiful species, with the 
body white, as well as the base and apex of the tail : 
the wings black spotted with white; the spots being 
of the form of a crescent: the beak is black: the 
legs yellowish. ~ 


~ Sp. 9. Bu. borealis. 
Falco borealis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 112.—Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. 
pl. 52. f. 1.—North America. 
- Sp. 10. Bu. Leverianus. 
Falco Leverianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 151.—North America. 


B. Tarsis plumatis. B. Tarsi feathered. 
Sp. 11. Bu. lagopus. 


Falco lagopus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 145.—Falco pennatus. Shaw, 
v, vil. p. 146.—Falco St. Johannis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 149 >—Eng- 
land and the north of Europe. 


Sp. 12. Bu. niger. 

Bu. supra fusco-niger albo sparsus, subtus niger, fronte albo, 
remigibus quinque primoribus interne albis, caudd nigra fasciis 
angustis quingue albis, apice albido. 


48 FALCONIDZ. 


Buzzard above brown-black sprinkled with white; beneath black, 
with the forehead white ; the first five quills white within; the 
tail black, with five narrow white bands and a whitish tip. 

Falco niger, or Black Hawk. Wils. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 82. 
pls Bongo Ae ee 


Inuasits North America. Length twenty-one 
inches: beak bluish-black: cere, sides of the mouth, 
and feet, orange yellow: irides bright hazel: plu- 
mage above brown black, slightly dashed with white : 
front white: nape white under the surface: all the 
under parts black, slightly tinged with brown, and a 
few circular touches of the same on the thighs: the 
five first prime quills white on their inner webs: tail 
rounded at the end, deep black, crossed with five 
narrow white bands, and broadly tipped with dull 
white : vent black, spotted with white; inside webs of 
the primaries white: legs black, tinged with brownish : 
claws black, strong, sharp: toes very short. 

A powerful species; and feeds on mice, frogs, 
moles, and ducks: it has been seen to kill the latter 
on the wing. 


STIRPS V.—MILVINA (KITES). 


Rostrum mediocre, a basi subaduncum ; cauda furcata. 
Beak mediocral, somewhat hooked from the base ; taz/ forked. 


GENUS XXIX.—ELANUS, Savigny. 


Rostrum mediocre, debile, || Beak mediocral, weak, com- 
compressum. pressed. 

Tarsi breves, semiplumati; || Zarsi short, half-feathered ; 
acrotarsia reticulata. |  acrotarsia reticulated. 


KLz 


A WWT 
AGN Ws 


MELANOPTERUS. 


LCE 


FALCONID&. 49 


Ungues, medio excepto, in- || Claws, the middle one ex- 

. terné rotundati. cepted, internally rounded. 

Remex secunda longissima, || Second quill longest, the 
prima et secunda fortiter || first and second strongly 
interné emarginata. emarginated internally. 


Sp. 1. El. melanopterus. 

Falco melanopterus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 177.—Leach. Zool. Misc. 
iil. pl. 122.—-Africa, the coast of New Holland, &c. 
Sp. 2. El. fureatus. 

Falco furcatus. Shaw, v. vil. 107.—North America. 


Sp. 3. El. Riocourii. 

Ex. cinereo-ceruleus subtus, fronte, loris, malis, pennarumque 
secundariorum apice albis ; tectricibus inferioribus alarum ni- 
gerrimis. 

Ashy-blue Elanus with the under parts, the forehead, lores, 
cheeks, and tip of the secondary feathers white ; the lower 
wing-coverts deep black. 


Falco Rioccurti. Vzer.—Temm. Pl. Col. 85. 


Inwasits Senegal. Length thirteen or fourteen 
inches: the plumage is very similar in colour to that 
of the first species, all the upper parts being of an 
ashy-blue, which is deepest on the back and.on the 
scapulars, wings, and tail: the tip of the secondary 
wing-feathers is white: the under wing-coverts are 
deep black: the forehead, the lores, the cheeks, and 
the under parts in general are pure white: the tail 
is considerably forked; the outer feathers being one 
inch and a half longer than the rest: the beak is 
black; and the legs clear yellow. ‘The young have 
the tail less forked; all the feathers of the wings 
tipped with reddish ; and several slight tinges of yel- 
lowish and reddish are disposed over the feathers of 

V. XIII. P. 1. 4: 


50 STRIGID&. 


the under parts of the body, which disappear when 
the bird puts on his adult plumage. 


GENUS XXX.—MILVUS Auctorum. KITE. 


Rostrum mediocre, debile, |; Beak mediocral, weak, above 


supra subangulare; nares somewhat angular; mos- 
oblique, ellipticze. trils oblique, elliptic. 

Tarsi breves; acrotarsia scu- || T'arst short; acrotarsia scu- 
tellata. tellated. 

Ale longissime;  remex || Wings very long; the fourth 
quarta longissima. quill longest. 

Cauda furcata. Tail forked. 


Sp. 1. Mi. ictinus. 

Falco ictinus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 103.—Falco austriacus. Shaw, 
v. vil. p. 10¥.—Britain and Europe. 
Sp. 2. Mi. ater. 

Falco ater. Shaw, v. vii. p. 105.—Falco Forskahlii. Shaw, 
v. vil. p. 178.—Egypt. 


FAMILY IV.—STRIGIDZ. 


Caput grande, plumosum; oculorum ambitus pennis decompositis 
(in utroque capitis latere circulum efformant) ornatus ; rostrum 
breve, aduncum; ad basin plumis antrorsum incumbentibus 
tectum ; cera absconditum ; narés oblong@; auricularum fora- 
mina amplissima, valva obtecta ; digitus externus retro mobilis. 

The Strigidz have the head large and plumose ; the regzon of the 
eyes furnished with decomposed feathers, forming a circle on 
each side of the head; the beak short, and hooked ; clothed at 
its base with incumbent feathers pointing forwards; cere hid- 
den ; nostrils oblong ; the opening of the ears very ample, and 
furnished with a valve; the outer toe moveable backwards. 


Turse birds usually prey upon the smaller mam- 
malia; but some of them attack birds, and even in- 
sects: they generally search for their food by twi- 


LU.36. 


=—_———~—- 


SS RSE 
— 


x 


SSS 


MILVUS ICTINUS. 


Wei 


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ons 


i) 


ay Ne 


With 


As 
we 
Wyhat any 
AO 
Wy As 
Bis S 
rh Sy. 
wi Wy Weert 


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ne \y F 
Mas qs, 
tips SS My ‘ 
A 

ie ‘i 


ys 
\- 
h 


P, 
iY, 


SCOPS ATIRICAPILLA. 


STRIGIDZ. Jbl 


light, or by the light of the moon; a few, however, 
are said to feed by day. They inhabit all regions. 
The following arrangement of the genera of this fa- 
mily is founded on that of M. Cuvier in his Régne 
Animal. , 


ay 


GENUS XXXI—SCOPS, Savigny. 


Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. 

Caput fasciculis pennarum, || Head furnished with feathers 
auricularum simulantibus, resembling ears. 
instructum. 

Discus faciei imperfectus. Facial disc incomplete. 

Aures parve. Ears small. 

Digiti nudi. Toes naked. 

Sp. 1. Se. Asio. 


Strix Scops. Shaw, v. vii. p. 233.—Strix Carniolica. Shaw, 

v. vii. p. 231.—Strix pulchella. Shaw, v. vii. p. 239 —England 

and Europe. 

Sp. 2. Sc. albifrons. 

Strix albifrons. Shaw, v. vii. p. 238.—North America. 

Sp. 3. Se. atricapilla. 

Sc. vertice nigros; corpore supra, alis cauddgque subflavis fusco 
nigrogue vartis; subtus albo, fusco longitudinaliter maculato et 
striato; torque nuchali rufescente. 

Scops with the crown black; with the body above the wings and 
the tail yellowish, varied with black and brown ; beneath white, 
longitudinally spotted and striped with brown ; a reddish collar 
on the nape. 

Strix atricapilla. Natterer. Temm. Pl. Col. 145. 


Innasits Brazil. Length about ten inches: the 
top of the head is black: a broad whitish band with 
delicate dots and zigzags of black surrounds the oc- 
ciput : the eyebrows and the inner webs of the auri- 


G4 STRIGIDA. 


form feathers are white, pencilled with black; the 
outer webs of the latter, as well as a band directed 
towards the eyes, are plain black: on the nape is an 
indistinct reddish collar marked with brown zigzags : 
the feathers of the cheeks are edged with black: the 
irides are bright yellow ; and the eyes are surrounded 
by small black feathers : the upper parts of the body, 
the wings, and the tail, are yellowish, varied with 
brown and black: the under parts are white, with 
longitudinal stripes, spots, and zigzags of brown: the 
toes are yellow: the tail is even at the end. 


Sp. 4. Sc. noctula. 


Sc. supra nigra, aut fuscescens, rufescente marmorata ; subtus 
rufo-alba transverse undulata et maculata ; torque duplict nu- 
chali superné albo fusco maculato, infra nigro rufo-albo macu- 
lato. 

Scops above black, or brownish, marbled with reddish; beneath 
reddish-white transversely waved and spotted ; with a double 
collar on the nape, white above with brown spots, black below 
with reddish-white spots. 


Strix noctula. Retnwardt. Temm. Pl. Col. 99. 


Inuasits Java and other eastern islands: length 
eight or nine inches: the male has the forehead, eye- 
brows, and throat whitish, finely marked with brown: 
the beak is yellow, and furnished with white bristles : 
the lower part of the neck is adorned with a white 
collar, spotted with brown: beneath this, on the 
nape, is another collar of black, spotted with reddish- 
white: all the upper parts of the body are black, 
each feather being marbled with reddish, and having 
four or six spots of the same thereon; and on the 
outer webs of the quills are several square spots: the 


STRIGID®. 53 


scapulars and edges of the wings are spotted with 
white: the tail is black, with fout reddish zigzag 
bars: the lower parts of the body are white, slightly 
tinged with reddish, and marked with fine transverse 
zigzag stripes, with a broad black stripe and three 
irregular spots on each feather, in the direction of 
the shaft. ‘The female is larger: the upper parts are 
reddish-brown, marked with brighter red bands ; and 
all the feathers of the back have a black stripe in the 
direction of the shaft: those parts which are white in 
the male are yellowish in the female: the feathers of 
the wings and tail are rayed with angular red and 
dus dele own bands. 

This species may probably be the Strix Lempyi of 
Dr. Horsfield: see Linnean ‘Transactions, vol. xin. 
p. 140. 


Sp. 5. Se.? Leschenaulti. 

Se ? fusco-rufescens nigro striata, subtus rufescens fusco trans- 
verse undulata; tarsis nudis ceruleis. 

Brown-red Scops? striped with red, beneath reddish transversely 
waved with brown; with naked blue tarsi. 

Strix Leschenaulti. YZemm. Pl. Col. 20. 


Inuasirs India. Length nineteen inches and a 
half: the egrets are very small and placed behind, 
and at a distance from the eyes: the head, the nape, 
the back, and the scapulars are of an earthy-red, 
with a black stripe down the middle of each feather : 
the lesser wing-coverts are varied with large black 
and white spots; the latter colour predominating near 
the bend of the wing: the greater coverts are white 
in the centre, and those placed nearest to the body 
are of the same colour on the back: the wing and 


5A STRIGIDA. 


tail-feathers are transversely barred with brown and 
reddish-white: the throat is white, slightly dashed 
with black; the rest of the under parts is bright 
reddish, palest on the coverts and under surface of 
the tail, with each feather delicately marked with 
zigzags of a deeper hue, and a broad black dash in 
the direction of the shaft: the tarsi and toes are 
naked, and covered with a rough, shagreened, blue 
skin: the last joints of the toes are scaled: the beak 
is yellow. 


Sp. 6. Sc? Ceylonensis. 

Strix Ceylonenis. Shaw, v. vii. 218, Temm. Pl. Col. 74.—Strix 
Ketupa. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. v. xiii. 141.—Hutum Horned 
Owl. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 337. pl. xiti?—India. 

Sp. 7. Sc? strepitans. 

Sc. nigricans rufescente transverse undulata; subtus albida fusco 
striata, caudé apice alba; tarsis albis fusco fasciatis. 

Dusky Scops transversely waved with reddish ; beneath whitish 
striped with brown, with the tip of the tail white ; the tarsi 
white barred with brown. 


Strix strepitans. Temm. Pl. Col. 174. 


Inuasits India. Length nineteen inches: the 
egrets are composed of long black feathers, of which 
the shortest are striped with black and whitish: all 
the upper parts of the plumage and wings are dusky, 
distantly striped with reddish zigzags ; those on the 
wings being broadest and inclining to whitish: the 
quills are striped with broad bands: the tail is striped 
with several bands on the inner webs of the feathers, 
and with distant zigzag lines on the outer; the tip of 
the feathers is white: the under parts are whitish 
transversely rayed with brown ; the cheeks, belly, and 


STRIGID ®. 55 


vent being distantly rayed, and the belly more closely 
with brown and reddish-white : the down on the tarsi 
is white, barred with brown: the toes are yellow: 
the beak OTS BS the claws whitish, with 
brown tips. 


GENUS XXXII.—BUBO, Cuvier. HORN-OWL. 


Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. 

Caput parvum, fasciculis pen- || Head small, furnished with 
narum auricularum smu- earlike feathers. 
lis, instructum. 

Discus facie parvus. Facial disc small. 

Pedes robusti, usque ad un- || Legs robust, clothed with 
gues plumosi. feathers to the claws. 


Sp. 1. Bu. microcephalus. Leach. Cat. Mus. Brit. 

Strix Bubo. Shaw, v. vii. p. 211. pl. 28.—England and 

Europe. 

Sp. 2. Bu. Africanus. 

Strix Bubo var. (African Horned Owl.) Shaw, v. vii. p. 215- 

—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 3. Bu? lactea. 

Bu? albus supra fusco varia et griseo albidoque libra subtus 

fusco undulata, remigibus rectricibusque flavo fasciatis ; tarsis 
albis, digitis ceruleis. 

White Horn-Owl above varied with brown and striped with gri- 
seous and white; beneath waved with brown, with the quills 
and tail-feathers banded with yellow; the tarsi white, and the 
toes blue. 


Strix lactea. Temm. Pl. Col. 4. 


Inuasits Senegal. Length about two feet: the 
beak is large and clear bluish ; furnished with strong 
black bristles : the cheeks are white surrounded by a 
circle of dusky brown: the throat is pure white: the 


50 STRIGIDE. 


lower parts of the body are dull white, varied with. 
delicate irregularly disposed brown zigzag lines: the 
top of the head and the nape somewhat similar: the 
back and wings are of a deeper tinge, the former 
being varied with clear brown,. and finely striped 
grey and white: the quills, the secondaries, and the 
tail-feathers are marked with broad yellow bands and 
fine zigzag lines: several of the middle wing-coverts 
have part of their outer webs white, forming four or 
five large spots on the wings: the tarsal feathers are 
white: the toes blue: the tail is slightly rounded, 
and is about half covered by the wings, when the 
latter are closed. , 


GENUS XXXIII.—OTUS, Cuvier. EAR-OWL. 


Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arcuated. 

Caput fasciculis pennarum, || Head furnished with ear-like 
auricularum emulis, in- feathers. 
structum. 

Discus capitis magnus. Facial disc large. 

Aures magne. Ears large. 

Pedes graciles, usque ad un-|| Legs slender, clothed with 
gues plumosi. feathers to the claws. 


Sp. 1. Ot. Ascalaphus. Cuvier. 


Or. rufo-ferrugineus fusco maculatus, alis dorsoque_fusco vermi- 
culatis, ventreque transverse lineatc ; auricule breves. 

Rusty-red Ear-Owl spotted with brown, with the wings and back 
vermiculated, and the belly transversely lineated with brown ; 
the earlike feathers short. 


Strix Ascalaphus, Savigny Egypt. Temm. Pl. Col. 57. 


Innasits Africa. Length about eighteen inches : 
beak black: the body, wings, and tail are whitish- 


STRIGID A. oF 


red, varied with different shades; the whole body 
being spotted and striped with brown-black; the spots 
being lanceolate-on the head and nape, and confluent 
on the ears: the quills and tail-feathers are adorned 
with broad bands and narrow zigzag stripes of brown, 
and the breast dashed with the same, and the rest of 
the under parts is finely striped transversely: the 
under surface of the tail is white, transversely barred 
with five or six very narrow dusky-brown lines: the 
throat and the middle of the breast are white: the 
tarsi are very long, clothed as well as the toes with 
whitish feathers. 


Sp. 2. Ot. Europeus. 
Strix Otus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 221.—England and Europe. 
Sp. 3. Ot. brachyotos. 
Strix brachyotos. Shaw, v. vii. p. 223.—England and Europe. 
Sp. 4. Ot. Americanus. 
Strix Americanus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 228.—Strix Mexicana. 
Shaw, v. vil. p. 228.—America. 
Sp. 5. Ot. Virginianus. 
Strix Virginianus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 215. pl.30.—North America. 
Sp. 6. Ot. Asio. 
Strix Asio. Shaw, v. vii. p. 229. Temm. Pl. Col. 80.—Strix 
nevia. Shaw, v. vii, p. 230.—North America. 
Sp. 7. Ot. leucotis. | 
Or. albus rufescente nigroque undulatus et maculatus, fascia auri- 
culari nigra; remigibus rectricibusque cinereis fusco undulatis. 
White-Ear Owl undulated and spotted with reddish and black, 
with a black band on the ear ; the quills and tail ash-coloured, 
waved with brown. 
Strix leucotis. TZemm. Pl. Col. 16. 


Inuasits Senegal. Length above six inches: the 
face and cheeks are entirely white; which colour is 


58 STRIGIDA. 


surrounded on the external ear by a broad black band 
extending to the origin of the egrets, which, with the 
feathers of the head and nape, are dull white, varied 
with reddish zigzags, and having a longitudinal black 
stripe in the direction of the shafts: the tip of each 
feather is black: the upper and under parts of the 
body are the same, but the former are of a browner 
cast, and the latter yellowish: the quills and tail- 
feathers are ashy, delicately marked with brownish 
zigzags, and broadish transverse stripes: the vent is 
white, with brown stripes: the tarsal feathers are 
white, with yellowish spots : the beak is whitish horn- 
colour, with pure white bristles, which nearly hide 
it from observation. 


Sp. 8. Ot? Coromandus. 
Strix Coromanda. Shaw, v. vii. p. 220.—Coromandel. 

Sp. 9. Ot? Sinensis. 
Strix Sinensis. Shaw, v. vil. p. 219.—China. 

Sp. 10. Ot? Africanus. 

Or? facie colloque supremo fusco ctnereo albidogue transverse 
Fasciatis ; capite dorsoque nigris, albo maculatis ; remigibus fusco 
alboque fusciatis; caudd subtus fusca, fusciis guinque albis, 

Ear-Owl with the face and upper part of the neck transversely 
barred with brown, ash-colour, and whitish; with the head 
and back black spotted with white; the quills banded with 
brown and white; the tail brown beneath, with five white 
bands. 

Strix Africanus. Temm. Pl. Col. 50. 


Inuasits Southern Africa. Length between six- 
teen and eighteen inches: the face and part of the 
neck are clothed with feathers which are rayed trans- 
versely with brown, ash-colour, and whitish : the chin 


STRIGIDA. 5G 


and lower part of the neck are pure white : the head, 
the egrets, the back, and the wing-coverts, are sooty 
black, spotted on the edges of the webs with white: the 
quills are alternately barred with brown and whitish, 
and tipped with brown and dusky: the tail has five 
white bars beneath, on a brown ground, and varied 
with spots, disposed in bars and zigzags above: the 
under parts of the body are whitish, rayed trans- 
versely and spotted with black: the vent and lower 
tail-coverts are whitish, with five brown lines: the 
tarsi are also whitish, with brown zigzag limes: the 
tail is long and slightly rounded: the beak is black, 
and much hidden by the feathers of the face: the 
egrets arise at some distance from the hinder angle 
of the eyes. 


Sp. 11. Ot? macrorhynchus. 
Or? corpore supra fusco, rufo albidoque vario; subtus albido 
Susco transversé undulato; pectore albo fusco lineato; rostro 

magno. 

Ear On with the Bed, above varied with brown, red, and whitish ; 
beneath whitish transversely waved with brown ; the breast 
white, dashed with brown ; the beak large. 

Strix macrorhyncha. Temm. Pl. Col. 62. 


Iyuasits North America. Size of Otus Virgini- 
anus: length nineteen inches: the beak is large, 
black, or Vic tinged with red: all the upper parts 
of the plumage are varied with brown, red, and 
whitish, disposed in spots and waves, which are most 
regular on the quills: the tail-feathers have broad 
bands, marked with zigzags: the breast and under 
parts are whitish, the former being strongly dashed 


60 STRIGIDA. 


with brown, and the latter transversely, but remotely, 
rayed with the same; the tarsi are short. 


GENUS XXXIV.—ULULA, Cuvier. 


Rostrum et aures ut in Ott. || Beak and ears similar to those 
| of the preceding genus. 
Caput fasciculis auriformis | Head not furnished with a 
haud instructum; discus | fasciculus of earlike fea- 
magnus. | thers; the facial disc large. 
Pedes usque ad ungues plu- | Legs feathered to the claws. 
mosl- 


Two species only are known of this genus; they 
inhabit the northern regions of the globe. 


Sp. 1. Ul. nebulosa, 
Strix nebulosa. Shaw, v. vil. p. 245.—Canada. 


Sp. 2. Ul. litturata. Retzius. 
Strix Ulula var.? Shaw, v. vii. p. 272.—Sweden. 
GENUS XXXV.—STRIX Auctorum. OWL. 


Rostrum paulo elongatum, || Beak somewhat elongated, 


basi rectum, versus apicem straight at the base, hooked 
aduncum. towards the tip. 

Caput fasciculis auriformis || Head not furnished with 
haud instructum. egrets. 

Discus capitis maximus. Facial disc very large. 

Tarsi plumosi; digiti hir- || T'arst feathered ; toes hairy ; 
suti; wnguis medius in- middle claw internally ser- 
terné serratus. rated. 


Sp. 1. St. flammea. Shaw, v. vii. p. 258. pl. 388.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 


STRIGID&. 61 


Sp. 2. St? Nove Hollandiz. 

Sr? supra saturate-cinereo griseo alboque varia, apicibus pen- 
narum albo nigricanteque maculatis ; subtus subfulva nigricante 
maculata, caudé fasciis nigris. 

Owl above dark cinereous varied with grey and white, with the 
tips of the feathers spotted with dusky and white; beneath 
subfulvous spotted with dusky, the tail with black bands, 

Mouse Owl. Lath. Gen. Hist. i. 358. 


Leneru about seventeen inches : beak white : face 
reddish-buff: from the chin a chocolate mark, sur- 
rounding the margin of both the face circles, and 
finishing at the hind head; before the eye dusky 
black : plumage above dark ash-colour, speckled with 
grey, dashed with white; this appearance arising from 
each feather having a darker spot at the end, and 
within this a triangular white mark: the inner webs 
of the feathers rusty-yellow (as in the preceding 
bird): quills and tail clouded, the latter crossed with 
five or six bands of black, margined above and below 
with white: under parts of the body and under wing- 
coverts pale buff, with a dull dusky spot at the end 
of each feather: outer quill greatly serrated, the 
second less so, the edges of the others smooth: legs 
feathered to the toes, the latter hairy: claws black. 
Inhabits New Holland. 


GENUS XXXVI.—SYRNIUM, Savigny. HOWLET. — 


Rostrum breve, curvatum. Beak short, curved. 

Caput fasciculis auriformis || Head not furnished with 
haud ornatum. egrets. 

Discus faciei maximus. Facial disc very large. 


Pedes usque ad ungues plu- |} Legs clothed with feathers 
mosl. to the claws. 


62 STRIGIDA. 


Sp. 1. Sy. stridulum. 

Strix stridula. Linz. i. p. 180.—Strix sylvatica. Shaw, v. vii. 
p» 253.—VarietiEs? Strix Aluco. Shaw, v. vii. p. 255.— 
Strix noctua. Shaw, v. vii. p. 252 ?—Strix rufa. Shaw, v. vii. 
p: 252?—Strix Austriaca. Shaw, v. vii. p. 247?—Strix alba. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 247 ?—Strix Soloniensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 262.— 
Strix Ulula. Shaw, v. vii. p. 270.—Britain and Europe. 


GENUS XXXVII.—SURNIA, Dumeril. HAWK-OWL. 


Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. 

Discus capitis parvus, imper- || Disc of the head small and 
fectus. incomplete. 

Aures parvee, ovales. Ears small, oval. 

Auricule nulle. Egrets none. 

Pedes valde plumosi. Legs very plumose. 


Cauda elongata, cuneiformis. || Tail elongated, wedgeshaped. 
Tue birds of this genus prey by day. 


Sp. 1. Su. Uralensis. 

Strix Uralensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 277. Temm. Pl. Col. 27.— 
Strix Caspia. Shaw, v. vil. p. 272 ?—Siberia. 
Sp. 2. Su. Africana. 

Strix Africanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 278.—Africa. 
Sp. 3. Su? Nisuella. 

Strix Nisuella. Shaw, v. vii. p. 279.— Africa. 
Sp. 4. Su? Canadensis. 

Strix Canadensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 273.—Strix Hudsonicus. 
Shaw, ». vii. p. 274 ?—North America. 


GENUS XXXVIII.—NYCTEA. 


Rostrum & basi curvatum, Beak curved from the base. 

Discus facie grandis. Facial disc large. 

Auricule nulle. Egrets none. 

Pedes plumosi; ungwes valdé || Legs plumose; claws much 
curvati, acuti. curved, acute. 


Cauda brevis. Tail short. 


Pb. FO. 


Ney, / 


\ Soe 
* 


ON i 
ESD eh AEN 
Nes \\\ \\ *\ 

AS BE AER 
be RR \ \ SN Wy, a 4. 
XW AX 

\\\ 


) 
Was Won) ANN 
NRE RUA 
. I 


\ 


SURNIA URALENSIS. 


STRIGIDA. 63 


Sp. 1. Ny. Erminea. 
Strix Nyctea. Shaw, v. vii. p. 240. pl. 31.—Strix Erminea, 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 251.—England and the north of Europe. 
Sp. 2. Ny ? Wapacuthu. 
Strix Wapacuthu. Shaw, v. vii. p. 243.—North America. 


GENUS XXXIX —NOCTUA, Savigny. NIGHT-OWL. 


Rostrum breve, arcuatum. Beak short, arched. 
Discus faciei parvus, im-|| Facial disc small, imperfect. 
perfectus. 


Auricule nulle. Ee rets none. 

Aures parvee, ovales. Ears small, oval. 

Pedes plus minusve nudi. Legs more or less naked. 
Cauda brevis. Tail short. 


A. Tarsis digitisque plumosis. A. Tarsi and toes feathered. 


Sp. 1. No. pygmzxa. Becks. 

Strix passerina. Shaw, v. vil. p. 264.—Strix Tengmalmi. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 267.—Strix pusilla. Shaw, v. vii. p. 267.— 
England and Europe. 

Sp. 2. No. passerina. Meyer. 

Strix acadiensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 266.—Strix Transatlantica. 
Shaw, v. vii. 264 ?—The north of Europe and of America. 

Sp. 3. No. occipitalis. 

No. supra fusco flavoque variata, albo maculata; subtus albida 
rufo lineata; fronte et capite supremo rufis albo punctatis, 
remigibus fusco rufoque fasciatis. 

Night-Owl above varied with brown and yellow, and spotted with 
white ; beneath whitish striped with rufous ; with the forehead 
and upper part of the head rufous dotted with white; the quills 
banded with red and brown. 

Strix occipitalis. Temm. Pl. Col. 34. 


Ixuasits Africa. Length seven inches: the fore- 
head and the upper part of the head are reddish, 
dotted with white: the upper parts of the body are 
brown or yellow, with white spots encircled with 


64. STRIGIDA. 


black: the male has a whitish band on the occiput, 
and the female a reddish one: on each side of this a 
band composed of a tuft of feathers spotted with black 
and white: all the lower parts of the body are whitish, 
dashed with clear red : the quills are regularly banded 
with brown and reddish alternately: the tail-feathers 
are brown or yellow, with five white spots on both 
webs, those on the outer one being smallest : the legs 
and toes are clothed with a very short down: the 
beak is yellowish, with some white hairs on its sides, 
and near the eyes. 


Sp. 4. No. Sonnerati. 

No fusco-rufescens, subtus alba, fusco transverse fasciata; capite 
tectricibusque alarum albo maculatis ; regio ocularis. facies gu- 
laque rufo-albis. 

Red-brown Night-Owl beneath white, transversely barred with 
brown ; with the head and wing-coverts spotted with white ; 
space round the eyes, the face, and the throat, reddish-white. 


Strix Sonnerati. Temm. Pl. Col. 21. 


Innazits India. Length eleven inches: all the 
upper parts of the body are reddish-brown, the head 
being adorned with small white spots, and the wing- 
coverts with large spots of the same: the quills and 
tail-feathers are like the back: the space round the 
eyes is reddish-white, as well as the face and throat : 
all the under parts are white, transversely but di- 
stantly barred with brown: the down on the tarsi 
and toes is red: the beak and the claws are yellow. 


Sp. 5. No. brama. 

No. nigricante-fusca alho variegata; subtus albida fusco trans- 
versim maculata; superciliis collarique albo lunulis cinereo- 
fuscis ; remigibus caudaque albo fasciatis. 


STRIGIDA. 65 


Dusky-brown Night-Hawk varied with white ; beneath whitish 
transversely spotted with brown; the evebrows and collar white 
with ashy-grey lunules; the quills and tail barred with white. 

Strix brama. Temm. Pl. Col. 68. 


Inuasirs India. This bird greatly resembles the 
first species, but it is somewhat less: has more white 
on the upper parts, and is dusky brown in the places 
that are ashy-brown in that bird: again, the eyebrows 
and collar on the neck serve also to show the distinc- 
tion; these parts are white, with ashy-brown lunules: 
the under parts of the plumage are covered with large 
transverse spots, instead of longitudinal dashes: the 
quills and tail are banded with white. 


Sp. 6. No. Pagodarum. 

No. supra badio-ferruginosa fasciis transversis obsoletioribus 5 
subtus alba fusciis ferruginoso-badiis saturatioribus ; guld al- 
bid. 

Night-Owl above rusty-chesnut, with obsolete transverse fasciz ; 
beneath white, with deep rusty-chesnut fascie; with a white 
throat. 


Strix Pagodarum. Yemm. Pl. Co/.230.—Strix seloputo. Linn. 
Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. p. 140. 


Inuasits India. Length from seventeen to nine- 
teen inches: the adult has the top of the head and 
the sides of the neck bright red; with two spots of 
pure white on each feather: the back, lesser wing- 
coverts, and scapulars are similar to the neck, the 
white spots are larger and less regular, and sur- 
rounded with black: the secondaries and the base of 
the quills are red-brown, barred with yellow-red : the 
tail is irregularly barred with brown, and tipped with 
white: the face and eyebrows are clear yellow-red : 

A BU Ue a ea 8 os) 


b6 STRIGIDA. 


the breast is transversely barred with reddish, and the 
under parts are white distantly barred with brown : 
the irides are yellow. 


Sp. 7. No. hirsuta. 


No. fusca subtus albida maculis fuscis ; fronte lorisque albis, 
vertice nuchdque cinereo-fuscis ; guld rufescente ; cauda fusca 
Jasctis quatuor cinereis, apice albo. 

Brown Night-Ow] beneath whitish spotted with brown ; with the 
forehead and lores white ; the top ofthe head and nape ashy- 
brown ; the throat reddish; the tail brown, with four ashy 
bands, and a white tip. 


Strix hirsuta. Temm. Pl. Col. 289. 


Innasits Ceylon. Length of the male about ten, 
and of the female above eleven inches: the forehead 
and the lores are white, with a few black hairs at the 
base of the beak: the top of the head and the nape 
are ashy-brown: the back, the wing-coverts, and the 
quills are uniform brown: the scapulars and the se- 
condaries nearest the body are spotted on their mner 
webs with white ; but those spots are hidden when 
the wing is closed: the throat is reddish: the breast 
and the belly are whitish covered with large reddish- 
brown spots: the under tail-coverts are white, with 
a few brown spots; the tail-feathers are banded with 
four bars of brown and four of ash-colour: their tips 
are white: the toes are marbled with red and brown, 
and are remarkable for having their edges naked and 
furnished with rough excrescences of a yellowish co- 
lour ; the hairs upon them are red : the beak is black, 
with its keel white. 


B. Tarsis plumosis ; digitis pilosis. 
B. Tarsi feathered ; toes hairy, 


STRIGID&. 07 


Sp. 8. No. Cayanensis. 

Strix Cayana. Shaw, v. vii. p. 261. pl. 34.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 9. No. lineata. 

Strix lineata. Shaw, v. vii. p. 280. pl. 36.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 10. No. torquata. Daudin. 

Strix superciliosa. Shaw, v. vil. p. 250.—Strix perspicillata: 

Shaw, v. vii. p. 248. pf. 32.—South America. 

Sp. 11. No. Maugei. 

No. rufo-cinerea subtus rufa albo maculata; scapularibus tectrici- 
busque alarum albo maculatis ; remigibus rectricibusque fusco 

nigricanteque fasciatis 3 guld cinered. 

Ashy-red Night-Owl beneath rufous spotted with white; with 
the scapulars and wing-coverts spotted with white; the quills 
and tail-feathers barred with dusky and brown; the throat 
cinereous. 

Strix Maugei. Temm. Pl. Col. 46. 


Iyuasits the Antilles. Length above ten inches 
and a half: ali the upper parts of the plumage are 
ash-coloured, more or less tinged with reddish: the 
scapulars and wing-coverts are marked with a few 
white spots: the quills and tail-feathers are rayed 
with brown and dusky: the under part of the tail is 
ash-colour, with six or seven brighter narrow bands : 
the space round the beak, and the throat, are ash- 
colour: the rest of the under parts are reddish, 
spotted with white. 


Sp. 12. No. grallaria. 

No. supra rufa albo maculata; subtus alba maculis rufo-albis 
ornata; rectricibus rufis fasciis quatuor rufo-albis, apicibus 

fuscis 3 fronte, supercilits, genisque rufo-albis. 

Night-Owl above rufous spotted with white ; beneath white, with 
reddish-white spots; the tail-feathers rufous, with four red- 
dish-white bands, their tips brown ; the forehead, eyebrows, 
and cheeks reddish-white. 

Strix grallaria. Jemm. Pl. Col. 146. 


OS STRIGID”. 


InnaBirs South America. Length nine inches : 
all the upper parts of the plumage are red: the top 
of the head is spotted with white : the back and wings 
are ashy-red with round white spots: the quills are 
of a browner tinge, and the spots are oval and reddish- 
white: the tail-feathers are red, brownish towards 
the tip; with four transverse bands of reddish-white, 
placed at equal distances on all the intermediate fea- 
thers ; while the outer feather on each side is whitish- 
red, with two small brown bands towards the tip: 
the forehead, the eyebrows, and the face are reddish- 
white, deepest on the cheeks: the breast is white, 
with large transverse reddish-white spots : the rest of 
the under parts is white, irregularly shaded with bright 
reddish. 


Sp. 13. No. pumila. 


No. rufe-fusca albo nigroque maculata ; subtus rufo alboque va- 
riegata ; caudd nigricante-fusca fasciis tribus macularum com-~ 
WS , 5 Aste balan core : d 
positis albis. 
Red-brown Night-Owl spotted with white and black; beneath 
variegated with red and white; with the tail dusky, with three 
white fascize composed of spots. 


Strix pumila. I/liger. Temm. Pi. Col. 39. 


[nyasits South America. Length near six inches: 
the top of the head, forehead, and nape, are brown, 
spotted with white: the nape is spotted with black 
and white: the back and the wings are reddish-brown ; 
the edge of the latter is white, and their lesser coverts 
are spotted with the same colour: the inner webs of 
the quills are indistinctly banded with brown and 
red; and the outer ones are marked with small square 


STRIGIDA. 69 


spots of bright red: the tail is dusky-brown, with 
three ranges of large white spots, which form, by 
their union, transverse bands beneath the tail: the 
under parts are varied with white and deep red; the 
region of the thighs being dashed with the latter 
colour: the tarsi and toes are whitish: the irides and 
cere yellow. | : 


Sp. 14. No. castanoptera. 

No. griseo et nigricante transversim lineolata; scapulis dorsoque 
castaneis ; ventre albo castaneoque vario. 

Night-Owl transversely lineated with griseous and dusky, with 
the scapulars and back chesnut; the belly varied with white 
and chesnut. 

Strix castanoptera. Linn. Trans. (Horsfield,) v. xiii. p. 140. 


Temm. Pl. Col. 98. 


Inuasits Java. Length eight inches: above trans- 
versely marked with dusky and grey: scapulars and 
back chesnut : belly varied with chesnut and white : 
quills and tail brownish-chesnut, fasciated with testa- 
ceous grey: margins of the scapulars, and a longitu- 
dinal band on the middle of the wings white. 


Sp. 15. No. ferruginea. 

No. rufa subtus albida rufo striata; scapularibus albido-flavo 
maculatis; caudd, in feminam, fusco fasciatd. 

Red Night-Owl beneath whitish striped with rufous, with the sca- 
pulars spotted with whitish yellow; the tail (in the female) 
barred with brown. 


Strix ferruginea. Temm. Pl. Col. 199 ; female. 


Innapsits Brazil. Length six inches and a half: 
the adult male has all the upper parts of a fine red: 


7O STRIGID&. 


from the base of the beak passing over the eyes is a 
whitish-yellow band: the scapulars have two rows of 
whitish-yellow spots: the quills are striped trans- 
versely with indistinct brown bars, with whitish-yel- 
low spots on their inner webs: the tail (in old birds) 
is clear unspotted red: the under parts of the plu- 
mage are more or less white tinged with red, with 
several reddish-brown, or light red, dashes: part of 
the cheeks, and the throat and breast, are white: the 
feathers on the thighs are reddish: the hairs on the 
toes white: the irides yellow, and the beak and cere 
yellowish-green. ‘The female has the throat and the 
fore part of the neck pure white: the breast white, 
dashed with reddish ; the under parts the same, but 
the dashes become confluent on the sides and on the 
abdomen, and are spotted with yellowish: the top of 
the head is striped with brown or yellowish, but these 
stripes disappear by age; the quills and tail-feathers 
are red, transversely barred with brown. ‘The young 
have the head striped with brown: the quills and the 
tail-feathers are adorned with fewer brown bars, and 
are of a duller hue: the wings are more spotted, and 
their coyerts more deeply edged, with yellowish : the 
throat and breast are shaded with reddish-brown and 
yellowish: the belly is white, and the sides reddish- 
brown with spots. 


C. Tarsis digitisque nudis. C. Tarsi and toes naked. 


Sp. 16. No? nudipes. 
Strix nudipes. Shaw, v. vii. p. 269.—Cayenne, 


INSESSORES. 71 


Orver IL—INSESSORES, Vigors. 


PASSERES et Pica, Linné.—SyLvicota, Vieillot.—OrsEAux. 
PASSEREUX, Cuvier. 


Rostrum diversum 3 pedes breves aut mediocres ; tibie plerumque 
plumigere ; digiti subtus plant; ungues graciles, mobiles, sub- 
retractiles, curvati, acuti. 

The Insessorial, or perching birds, vary considerably in the form 
of the beak; they have short or moderate legs; the tibie 
usually clothed with feathers ; the toes flat beneath ; the claws 
slender, moveable, somewhat retractile, curved, and acute. 


From the vast extent of this Order and the very 
great diversity of forms contained therein, it becomes 
necessary to descend to a more minute subdivision 
previously to treating of the families of which it is 
composed. I shall therefore continue to tread in Mr. 
Vigors’s steps, and briefly exhibit the five types of 
form which are apparent, and which nearly corre- 
spond with the divisions proposed by Cuvier in his 
Regne Animal: these intermediate groups have not 
unaptly been termed éribes. 


Beak and legs “ tain cer Cuvier. 


stout make . Controstres, Cuvier. 


Scansores Auctorum, 
TENUIROSTRES, Cuvier. 


_ slender form . ; 
Fissrrostres, Cuvier. 


Beak and legs of \ ¢ 
Foittowrne the usual method, I proceed to no- 
tice— 
TRIBE I.—FISSIROSTRES. 


Rostrum basz datum; rictus amplissimus; pedes breves. 
Beak broad at the base; gape very wide ; legs short. 


V2 MEROPIDA. 


Trese birds feed on the wing, on animal food ; 
they build their nests on the ground, or construct 
them of mud or similar materials, when placed im 
elevated situations: they are thus subdivided into 
families : 


Beak short, weak ; ill al 


: Z Hirunpinip2, Leach. 
culated for catching their f 


CaprimuLeipe, Vigors. 


prey 

Beak long, strong; well Topipz, Vigors. 
adapted for catching their *- < Hatcyonip#, Vigors, 
BECWY ey Fart tel dehy Meroptps, Leach. 


FAMILY I.—MEROPIDZ. 


Rostrum capiie longits, basi crassum subtrigonale, integrum, sub- 
arcuatum, subulatum, acuminatum ; ale attenuate; pedes bre- 
vissimt, tetradactyli. 

Beak longer than the head, thick, and somewhat triangular at the 
base, entire, slightly arcuated, subulated, and pointed ; wings 
slender and acute; /egs very short, four-toed. 


GENUS XL.—MEROPS, Linné. BEE-EATER. 


Turns is but this one genus yet discovered belong- 
ing to the present family : the species all subsist upon 
insects, chiefly bees and wasps: they build their nests 
like the Kingsfishers. None of them have hitherto 
been observed in America. 

Some latitude must be allowed to the division of 
this genus hereafter proposed, the intermediate tail- 
feathers of the males being usually somewhat longer 
than in the females. 


A. Rectricibus intermediis elongatis. 
A. With the middle tail-feathers elongated. 


MEROPID&. 73 


Sp. 1. Me. apiarius. Shaw, v. viii. p. 152. pl. 19 —Britain and 
other parts of the old world. 

Sp. 2. Me. viridis. Shaw, ». viii. p. 156.—India. 

Sp. 3. Me. ornatus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 158.—Variegated Bee- 
eater. Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. p. 130. pl. lxix.—New Holland. 


Sp. 4. Me. superbus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 161. ? 


Sp. 5. Me. Senegalensis. Shaw, v. vill. p. 163.—Senegal. 


Sp. 6. Me. Sumatranus. Linn. Trans. ( Raffles) xiii. 294. 

Me. capite colloque supremis interscapulioque castaneis ; dorso 
posticé alis ventreque smaragdinis; gula crissoque thalassino- 
azureis ; cauda superné ceruled viridi nitente. 

Bee-eater with the upper part of the head and neck and between 
the scapulars chesnut ; the lower part of the back, the wings, 
and belly emerald-green ; the throat and vent of an azure sea- 
green; the tail above blue glossed with green. 


Inuazits Sumatra. The upper parts of the head 
and neck, and the back between the shoulders, are of a 
beautiful chesnut colour: the lower part of the back, 
the wings above, and the belly, are pure emerald- 
green: the feathers of the throat, as well as of the 
rump and vent, have a pale azure tint with a reflec- 
tion of sea-green : the tips of the quill-feathers and 
the tail beneath are blackish-brown: the tail above 
is blue, with a diluted tit of sea-green; the two 
middle feathers towards the tip have the bluish tint 
also diluted ; the vent-feathers are the same: the wings 
are ferruginous beneath. 


Sp. 7. Me. superciliosus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 164.—Madagascar. 
Sp. 8. Me. Javanicus, Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 171—294. 


ME. olivaceo-viridis splendore eneo ; lined frontali per oculos ad — 


aures producta atrd; crisso uropygioque thalassinis ; guld sul- 
phurea ; jugulo castaneo; abdomine medio sordide thalassino ; 
lateribus axillisque fulvis. 


74 MEROPID&. 


Olive-green Bee-eater glossed with brassy, with a dark line passing 
from the forehead through the eyes to the ears; the vent and 
rump sea-green; the throat sulphur-coloured ; the jugulum 
chesnut ; the middle of the abdomen fine green; the sides and 
shoulders fulvous. 


Inyapits Javaand Sumatra. Length eleven inches: 
the primary and secondary quills with a terminal black 
band: an obsolete marginal sea-green band on each 
side of the frontal line: the sides of the vent whitish. 


Sp. 9. Me. Savignii.. Swain, Zool. Illust. pl. 76. 


Me. viridis subtus albescens, uropygio cauddque ceruleis ; verlice, 
strigé oculari, fascidque laté collari nigris ; mento superciliisque 
albis. 

Green Bee-eater beneath whitish, with the rump and tail blue ; 
crown of the head, eye-stripe, and broad band across the neck, 
black ; chin and eyebrows white. 


Inuapits Sierra Leone and other parts of Africa. 
Length eight inches and a half: the crown in young 
birds is greenish, in some a dull brown, and in others 
deep black, margined in the front and sides of the 
head with a line of white: the ears black, uniting in 
a broad band across the neck of the same colour, 
which is margined on the lower part with beautiful 
sea-blue: the nape, mner coverts, and quill-feathers 
greenish fawn colour: the lesser quills tipped with 
black: the rump, tail, and outside of the quills next 
the body changeable greenish-blue: the back and 
upper tail-coverts green: the chin is white: the 
body tinged with greenish, and the under tail-coverts 
with blue: the tail three inches long : beak and feet 
black. 


HIRUNDINIDZ. is 


B. Caudd equale, aut subfurcata. 
B. With the tail even, or slightly forked. 


Sp. 10. Me. Philippensis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 165.—The Philip- 
pine Isles, 

Sp- 11. Me..Urica. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 172. Swainson 
Zool. Illust. pl. 8.—Pirik Bee-eater. Lath. Gen. Hist. iv. 142. 

Mr. olwvaceo-viridis nitens abdomine, crisso, uropygioque, dilu- 
tioribus candore thalasstno ; pileo collo supra interscapulioque 
castanets ; gula juguloque sulphureis ; lined temporalt fascrdque 
pectorali semilunari atris ; caudd subtus fuliginosd. 

Shining olive-green Bee-eater with the abdomen, vent, and rump 
paler tinged with sea-green ; the pileus, neck above, and be- 
tween the shoulders chesnut; the throat and jugulum sul- 
phureous ; a line on the temples and semilunar pectoral band 
dark; the tail beneath sooty. 


-Inuapits Java. Length eight inches: the tail 
above is obscurely tinged with green: the tips of the 
primaries, and of the secondaries, are black. 


Sp- 12. Men. ubicus. Cuv. 

Merops ceruleocephalus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 168. pl. 21.—Nubia. 
Sp. 13. Me. erythropterus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 175.—Senegal. 
Sp. 14. Me. Malimbicus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 174. —Malimba in 

Africa. 

Sp. 15. Me. guiaris. Shaw, v. vill. p. 177. pl. 23.— Africa. 
Sp. 16. Me. Cayennensis. Shaw, v. vill. p. 160.—Cayenne. 


FAMILY II.—HIRUNDINID£. 


Rostrum capite brevior, bast glabrum, subtriangulare, versus api- 
cem plus minusve compressum ; ale longissime ; ing tetra- 
dactyli, brevissimt. - 

Beak shorter than the head, glabrous at the base, Sabanhe tri- 
angular, more or less compressed towards the tip ; wzegs very 
long ; /egs four-toed, very short. 


‘Tue Hirundinide are endowed with surprising 
powers of flight: they fly by day, and feed upon in- 


76 HIRUNDINID&. 


sects, and for the most part construct their nests of 
mud or other firm materials. 


GENUS XLI.—CHA:TURA mihi. 


Rostrum mandibuld inferiore \| Beak with the lower man- 


apice recta. dible straight at the tip. 
Ala longissime. ; Wings very long. 
Cauda brevissima ; rectrices || T’ail very short ; its feathers 
apice, subulatee, acutee, subulated and acute at the 
tip. 


Hrrunpo Auctorum.—Cypse.Lus, pars. Temm. 


Sp. 1. Ch. pelasgia. 

Hirundo pelasgia. Steph. v. x. 128.—North America. 
Sp. 2. Ch. Martinicana. 

Hirtinda acuta. Steph. v. x. 131. pl. 15,.—West Indies. 


Sp. 3. Ch. pacifica. 
Hirundo pacifica. Steph. v. x. 132.—New Holland. 


Sp. 4. Ch. australis. 
Hirundo caudacuta. Steph. v. x. 133.—New South Wales. 


Sp. 5. Ch. fusca. 
Hirundo fusca. Steph. v. x. 133.————? , 


Sp. 6. Ch. collaris. 


Cu. obscure-nigro, torque albo. 
Dull-black Chetura with a white collar. 
Cypselus collaris. Pr. Max. Trav. i. 63.—Temm. Pl. Col. 195. 


Innabits Brazil. Length six inches and a half 
from the tip of the beak to that of the tail, but to 
the end of the wings nine inches: the prevailing 
colour of the plumage is a sooty black, with the wings 
and head rather lightest: on the back part of the 
neck is a white collar, narrow on the sides, but broader 
on the nape and on the upper part of the breast : the 


HIRUNDINIDA. Th 


beak is black, and the legs dusky-brown: the tarsi 
are rather long: the tail is short, composed of ten 
strong elastic feathers, and is very slightly forked : 
the wings exceed it about two inches and a half. 


GENUS XLIL—HIRUNDO Auctorum. SWALLOW, 


Rostrum mandibulé inferiore || Beak with the lower mandible 


apice recta. straight at the tip. 

Cauda plerisque furcata. Tail generally forked. 

Pedes simplices; digitis tri- || Legs simple; three toes be- 
bus anticis, uno postico. fore, one behind. 


A. Cauda subfurcata. A, Tail slightly forked. 


Sp. 1. Hi. torquata. Steph. v. x. 124.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 2. Hi. Javanica. Steph. v.x.101. Temm. Pl. Col. 33. f. 2.— 
Java. 

Sp. 3. Hi. Borbonica. Steph. v. x. 116.—Isle of France. 

Sp. 4. Hi. Francica. Steph. v. x. 115.—Isle of France. 

‘Sp. 5. Hi. Dominicensis. Steph. v. x. 123.—West Indies. 

Sp. 6. Hi. Americana. Gmel.—Hi.platensis. Steph. v. x. 126.— 
America. 

Sp. 7. Hi. leucoptera. Steph. v. x. 120. pl. 13.—South America. 


Sp. 8. Hi. jugularis. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 161. f. 2. 

Hi. rufo-fuscus, gulaé rufa; pectore lateribusque cinereo-flavts ; 
abdominis medio flavescente ; remézibus rectricibusque nigri= 
cantibus. 

Red-brown Swallow with the throat rufous; the breast and sides 
ashy- yellow ; the middle of the abdomen yellowish ; the quills 
and tail-feathers dusky. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: 
both sexes have the throat red: the breast and the 
sides ashy-yellow: the middle of the belly whitish- 


78 HIRUNDINIDE&. 


yellow : all the upper parts reddish-brown : the wings 
and tail dusky-brown : the inner web of the first quall 
is ciliated, and very irregular throughout its entire 
length. 


Sp. 9. Hi. fuscata. Temm. Pl. Col. 161.f. 1. 


Hi. fuscus subtus albus, capite collo pectoreque rufis. 
Brown Swallow beneath white, with the head, neck, and breast 
rufous, 


Innasits Brazil. Length four inches: the upper 
parts of the body, the tail, and the wing-coverts are 
brown; the last and lateral tail-feathers with lighter 
edges: the head, neck, and breast are rufous, deepest 
on the cheeks, occiput, and forehead : on the sinciput 
are several brown feathers : the belly and all the under 
parts are white. 


Sp. 10. Hi. minuta. Temm. Pl. Col. 209.f. 1. 
Ht. sericeo-cerulea subtus alba, alis caudaque nigris. 
Silken-blue Swallow beneath white, with the wings and tail black. 


Innasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: 
all the upper parts of the body, the cheeks, the sides 
of the neck, and the under tail-coverts, are of a fine 
silken blue: the wings and the tail are dull black: 
the under parts are glossy white. 


Sp. 11. Hi? filifera. 


Hi, vertice nucha colloque superné rufis; corpore supra ceru- 
lescente, subtus alba, alis cauddque nigris ; rectricibus, duabus 
medits exceptis, macula alba, externis utrinque longissimis fili- 
formibus. 


HIRUNDINID&. 79 


Swallow with the top of the head, nape, and upper part of the 
neck rufous ; the body above bluish, beneath white, with the 
wings and tail black ; the feathers of the latter (the two middle 
excepted) with a white spot, the outer on each side very long 
and filiform. 


Wire-tailed Swallow. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. 309. pl. exlii. 


“ Tnuabirs India. Size of H. Rustica: beak black, 
base of the under mandible pale: top of the head to 
the nape, and beginning of the neck behind rufous: 
from the gape a bluish-black streak passes beneath 
the eye, and growing broader, unites with the lower 
part of the neck behind, which, as also the back and 
rump, are of the same colour; all the under parts 
are white: wings and tail black: the feathers of the 
latter nearly even at the end, but the shaft of the 
exterior one on each side is continued for three times 
the length of the others, and perfectly filiform; on 
all but the two middle feathers a white spot: legs 
black.”’—Latham. 


B. Caudé valdé furcata. -B. Tail greatly forked. 
a. Pedibus nudis. a. Legs naked. 


Sp. 12. Hi. melanoleuca. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 299. f. 2. 


H1. supra fasciaque pectorale ceruleo-nigra, guld ventre crissogue 
albis ; alis cauddque obscure nigris. 

Swallow with the upper parts of the plumage and band on the 
breast blue-black, with the throat, belly, and vent white ; the 
wings and tail dull black. 


Innasits Brazil. Length five inches: all the upper 
parts of the body, the cheeks, a broad band on the 
upper part of the breast, and the upper tail-coverts 
are glossy blue-black : the wings and the tail-feathers 


SO HIRUNDINID. 


are dull black: the throat, belly, and vent are pure 
white : the wings are rather shorter than the outer 
tail-feathers : beak very slender. 


Sp. 13. Hi. nigra. Steph. v. x. 98.—Cayenne, 

Sp. 14. Hi. tapera. Steph. v. x. 122.—Brazil, &c. 

Sp. 15. Hi. chalybea. Steph. x. 96.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 16. Hi. fasciata. Steph. v. x. 121.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 17. Hi. violacea. Gmel. i. 1026.—Hirundo purpurea, Steph. 
v. X. 108.—America. 

Sp. 18. Hi. rufa. Steph. v. x. 88.—America. 

Sp. 19. Hi. rustica. Steph. v. x. 84. pl. 9.—Britain and other 
parts of the old world. 

Sp. 20. Hi. daurica. Steph. v. x. 95.—Siberia. 

Sp. 21. Hi. riparia. Steph. v. x. 104. pl. 11.—Britain,—and 
North America ? 

Sp. 22. Hi. Indica. Steph. v. x. 127. pl. 14.—East Indies. 

Sp. 23. Hi. Panayana. Steph. v. x. 95.—Isle of Panay. 

Sp. 24. Hi. ambrosiaca. Step» v. x. 100.—dAfrica ? 

Sp. 25. Hi. Senegalensis. Steph. v. x. 93.—Senegal. 

Sp. 26. Hi. Capensis. Steph. v. x. 92. pl. 10.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 27. Hi. rufifrons, Steph. v. x. 91.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 28. Hi. gularis. Steph. v. x. 59.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 29. Hi. palustris. Steph. v. x. 101.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 30. Hi. cristata. Steph. v. x. 94.—Africa. 

Sp. 31. Hi. fuciphaga. Steph. v. x. 111.—East Indies. 

Sp. 32. Hi.esculenta. Osbeck. Linn. Trans. ( Horsfield.) x. xiii. 
p- 142. 

Ni. nigricans subtus albida, rectricibus apice albis. 

Black Swallow beneath whitish, with the tips of the tail-feathers 
white. 


Innapits Java. Length six inches. Dr. Hors- 
field says that the specimens which he brought from 
Java differ from Latham’s description in being uni- 
formly of a blackish colour, without a white extremity 
to the rectrices. 


HIRUNDINID®. Sk 


Sp. 33. Hi. leucogaster. Steph: v. x. 106.—Hi. bicolor. Steph. 
v. x. 105 ?—North America. 


Sp. 34. Hi. Tahitica. Steph. v. x. 125,—Otaheite. 


b. Pedibus usque ad ungues plumosis. 
6. Legs feathered to the claws. 


Sp. 35. Hi. urbica. Steph. v. x. 118.—Britain and other parts 
of the old world. 


Sp. 36. Hi. montana. Steph. v. x. 102.—Hi. rupestris. Steph. 
v. x. 103.— Europe. 


Sp. 37. Hi. Ludoviciana. Cuvier.—Hi. purpurea (Purple Martin 
of Catesby, i. pl. 51.) Steph. v. x. 108.—North America. 


Sp. 38. Hi. Cayennensis. 
Cypselus Cayennensis. Steph. v. x. 75.—Cayenne. 


GENUS XLIII.—CYPSELUS, Illiger. SWIFT. 


Rostrum mandibulé inferiore || Beak with the lower mandible 


apice recurvata. recurved at the tip. 
Cauda forficata. Tail forked. 
Pedes simplices, plumosi; || Leg’s. simple, feathered ; all 
digitis omnibus anticis. the toes placed forward. 


Apus. Cuvier. 


Sp. 1. Cy. vulgaris. Steph. v. x. 72. pl. 8.—Britain and other 
parts of the old world. 
Sp. 2. Cy. melba. Steph. v. x. 74.—Mountainous districts of 
Europe. 
Sp. 3. Cy. Sinensis. Steph. v. x. 74.—China. 
Sp. 4. Cy? leucorrhous. 
Hirundo leucorrhoa. Steph. v. x. 98.—Cape of Good Hope. 
Sp. 5. Cy? velox. 
Hirundo velox.—Steph. v. x. 97.—Southern Africa. 
Sp. 6. Cy. Klecho, 
Cy. viridi-niger remigibus cauddque obscurioribus ; dorso posticé 
griseo; subtus cinereus, 
Wie aU, 12, Ty 6 


82 HIRUNDINID®. 


Green-black Swift with the quills and tail obscure ; the back 
griseous on the lower part ; the body beneath ash-coloured. 
Hirundo Klecho, Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) xiii. p. 143.—Cypselus 

longipennis. Zemm. Pl. Col. 83.f. 1. 


Inuapits Java. Length eight inches and a half. 
The bird described by ‘Temminck has the top of the 
head, the nape, the sides of the neck, the top of the 
back, the scapulars, and the lesser wing-coverts very 
brilliant deep-green: the wings and tail are glossed 
with bluish-green, the former tint predominating as 
the bird advances in age: the middle wing-feathers 
nearest the body are white or whitish: all the under 
parts of the body are ash, with the exception of the 
middle of the belly and the lower tail-coverts, which 
are white: the lower part of the back and the rump 
are ashy-green. ‘The male has a chesnut spot on the 
ear-feathers. Dr. Horsfield observes that in young 
birds the abdomen is whitish, and the wing-coverts 
are banded with white at their extremities: the fea- 
thers. covering the back and the quill feathers are 
tipped. with brownish-grey. 


Sp. 7. Cy. comatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 268. 

Cy? cristatus cupreo-viridis ; tectricibus alarum, remigibus rec- 
tricibusque saturate viridibus ; lined supra infrdque oculos, tec- 
tricibusque alarum majoribus apice, albis. 

Crested Swift ? of a copper-green ; with the wing-coverts, quills, 
and tail-feathers dark-green; a line above and beneath the 
eyes, and tip of the greater wing-coverts, white. 


Innasits Sumatra. Length about six inches: un- 
like the other species of the genus, this is adorned with 
beautiful colours, and is farther distinguished by the 
feathers on the head being elongated and decom- 


CAPRIMULGID&. 83 


posed, forming a sort of crest: the longest of these 
feathers are white, and arise from the sides of the 
head, forming a band, which passes from the beak, 
over the eyes, to the hind head : those on the chin are 
shorter, but jagged, and are continued as a transverse 
white band beneath the eyes, towards the nape, the 
feathers gradually increasing in length and resem- 
bling whiskers: the feathers on the top of the head 
are also elongated and bronzed, as are those on the 
back of the neck : on the region of the ears is a ches- 
nut spot : the back, the scapulars, the neck, the breast, 
and the belly are green tinged with cupreous: the 
wing-coverts, the quills, and those of the tail are 
green-blue with a metallic gloss : the tip of the greater 
wing-coverts, part of the vent and the under tail- 
coverts are pure white: the tail is composed of ten 
feathers, and is greatly forked. 


FAMILY IlJ.—CAPRIMULGID. 


Rostrum breve, basi latissimum, setis validis instructum, versus 
apicem utringue compressum; nares tubulares ; pedes tetra- 
dactyli ; digitus externus quadriarticulatus. 

Beak short, very broad at the base, and furnished with strong 
bristles, compressed towards the tip; nostrz/s tubular; legs 
four-toed ; the outer zoe with four joints. 


Tue birds of this family usually fly by night, and 
prey upon insects: their flight is particularly silent, 
owing to the peculiar softness of their plumage: they 
are Closely allied to the Strigide, although apparently 
detached therefrom m the foregoing arrangement by 
the intervention of the Meropide and Hirundinide, 
the cause of which will be subsequently explained, as 


S4 CAPRIMULGID. 


it is impossible to place them immediately after the 
birds of the former family without doing violence to 
the general arrangement. They usually lay their 
eggs upon the bare ground without any vestige of a 
nest, beyond a mere depression on the surface. 


GENUS XLIV.—CAPRIMULGUS Auctorum.GOATSUCKER. 


Rostrum valdé depressum, 
apice adunco ; mandibula 


Beak greatly depressed, the 
tip hooked; the lower 


inferior apice recurvata. | mandible with its tip re- 
curved. 

Digiti antici basi membra- || Anterior toes connected at 
nula~ coaliti, daterales | the base by a membrane, 
eequales; pollex gracilis,|| the Jateral ones equal; the 
versatilis, hinder toe slender, versa- 


tile. 


A. Caudé furcatad. A. Tail forked. 


Sp. 1. Cu. psalurus. Azara. Temm. Pl. Col. 157. male; 158. 
female. 


Ca. capite, collo corporeque supra nigricantibus nigro maculatis ; 
infra rufescente ; occipite rufo; alis nigricantibus rufo-albo 
varlis; cauda valdé furcata. 

Goatsucker with the head, neck, and body above dusky, spotted 
with black; beneath reddish ; the occiput red; the wings dusky, 
varied with reddish-white ; the tail very much forked. 


Scissors-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 348. 


InnaAsits Paraguay. Distinguished from its con- 
geners by the very extraordinary conformation -of its 
tail: this part is composed of twelve feathers, the 
two middle and the two lateral feathers being con- 
siderably elongated, the outer ones especially, which, 
in the adult male, are several inches longer than the 


CAPRIMULGID®. $5 


others: the male has the upper part of the head 
and of the body dusky-ash sprinkled with brown 
and dashed with black: a clear red band covers the 
occiput, and extends from one eye to the other: the 
scapulars and wing-coverts are spotted with golden- 
red: the anterior border of the first quill is red; the 
others are striped at their base with red and dusky, and 
are tinged with cinereous the rest of their length: 
the sides of the head and of the neck are marbled 
with white, red, and dusky: the breast is transversely 
striped with the same colour; and the rest of the 
under parts are reddish-white, with delicate and di- 
stant undulated lines: the two elongated middle tail- 
feathers are ash-colour, marked with black zigzag and 
diagonal bars of the same colour; the four next, on 
each side, are striped with red and black at their 
base, then follows a broad space of plain black, and 
the tips are greyish-white, marbled with darker grey ; 
the two outer feathers are grey, with an irregular 
black dash, for some distance, in the direction of the 
shaft ; the rest of the featkers are whitish, marbled 
with ash. The female and young have the tail-fea- 
thers shorter than in the male, but the tail is con- 
structed similarly: the two middle feathers resemble 
those of the male, the others are transversely striped 
towards the tip, and the lateral one on each side is 
dusky, striped with red at its base, spotted with 
greyish-white on the inner web, and rayed with black 
and grey towards the tip. Both sexes have the bris- 
tles of the gape considerably elongated, and reaching 
as far as the tip of the beak; they are black: the 


86 CAPRIMULGID&. 


tarsi half clothed with feathers, and the inner claw 
considerably pectinated. 

According to M. D’Azara, this species delights in 
flying over the waters and the banks of rivers, and 
when it changes its direction, during flight, it opens 
and shuts its tail-feathers like a pair of scissors. 


Sp. 2. Ca. fureatus. Cuv. 
Ca. forficatus. Steph. v. x. p. 167.—Africa. 


Sp. 3. Ca. pectoralis. Cuv. 
Ca. Africanus. Steph. v. x. p. 157.—Africa. 
Sp. 4. Ca. popetue. Steph. v. x. p. 164.—North America. 
Sp. 5. Ca. vittatus. Steph. v. x. p. 152. pl. 17.—New Holland. 
Sp. 6. Ca. strigoides. Steph. v. x. p. 143.—New Holland. 


B. Caudé equale aut cuneiforme. 
B. Tail equal, or wedge-shaped, 


Sp. 7. Ca. Europeus. Steph. v. x. p. 146. pl. 18.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 

Sp. 8. Ca. Asiaticus. Steph. v. x. p. 156.—India. 

Sp. 9. Ca, affinis. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 142. 

Ca. nigro fusco ferrugineoque variegatus, remigibus fuscis ; tribus 
externis fascia albd, reliquis ferrugineo griseoque variegatis ; 
rectricibus dudbus externis interné albis, 

Goatsucker variegated with black, brown, and rust-colour, with 
the quills brown; the three exterior with a white band, the 
rest variegated with ferruginous and griseous; the two outer 
tail-feathers white within. 


Innapits Java. Length nine inches: the first 
quill is fasciated internally, and the second and third 
on each side: the throat has a white band. 


Sp. 10. Ca, Virginianus. Steph. v. x. p. 153.—Caprimulgus 
Guianensis. Steph. v. x. 148 ?— America. 


-CAPRIMULGID&. 87 


Sp. 11. Ca. Carolinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 149.—North America. 
Sp. 12, Ca. brachypterus. Steph. v. x. p.150.—North America. 
Sp. 13. Ca. rufus. Steph. v. x. p. 163.— Cayenne. 

Sp. 14. Ca. torquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 162.—Brazil. 

Sp. 15. Ca. semitorquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 160.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 16. Ca. Cayennensis. Steph. v. x. p. 159.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 17. Ca. acutus. Steph. v. x. p. 168.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 18. Ca. albicollis. Steph. v. x. 155.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 19. Ca. Nattereri. Zemm. Pl. Col. 107; male. 


Ca. corpore supra, alis, caudd, pectoreque, nigris rufo maculatis ; 
gulé nigricante semitorque albo ; abdomine, crisso, tectricibusque 
inferioribus caud@é rufis, nigro fusciatis. 

Goatsucker with the body above, the wings, tail, and breast, 
black spotted with red ; the throat dusky, with a white half- 
collar ; the belly, vent, and under tail-coverts rufous, barred 

with black. 


Inuazits Brazil. Length eight inches and a half: 
the ground colour of the upper parts of the plumage, 
the wings, tail, and breast are black; all the feathers 
of those parts bemg prettily spotted with bright red : 
the tail is distantly banded with very fine red zigzag 
stripes: the outer webs of the quills are spotted with 
red, and a row of ashy-reddish oblong spots is placed 
at regular intervals on their inner webs: there are 
several spots on the region of the ears, and on some 
of the wing-coverts: the secondaries are tipped with 
white and marbled with black: the throat is dusky, 
and on its lower part is a large white half-collar: the 
belly, vent, and lower tail-coverts are deep rufous, 
barred with black: the fore part of the tarsi is fea- 
thered, the rest naked : the beak is black: the tail is 
very short, and the wings reach about an inch and a 
half beyond its tips.. 


88 CAPRIMULGID#. 


Sp. 20. Ca. diurnus. Pr. Max. Temm. Pl. Col. 182. 

Ca. corpore supra cinereo nigro rufogque maculato et variegato ; 
infra albo; gula rufa ; lateribus colli fascié alba ; cauda nigro 

Jasciata. 

Goatsucker with the body above spotted and variegated with 
cinereous, black, and rufous ; beneath white; the throat rufous ; 
the sides of the neck with a white band; the tail barred with 
black. 


Ivuasirs Brazil. Length ten inches: all the upper 
parts of the body, the head, and the fore part of the 
neck, are varied with spots and zigzag stripes of ashy- 
brown, black, and reddish; and the wing-coverts are 
marked with several round black spots: the quills are 
dusky with a large band of pure white at their base ; 
they are also edged with clear brown: the throat is 
of a clear red; and a little below, on the sides of the 
neck, is a white band: the tail-feathers are marbled 
with dusky-brown and reddish-ash, and striped with 
nine or ten very narrow black bars; the lateral fea- 
thers are tipped with white : all the under parts of the 
body are white in the adult, but in the young the 
feathers are edged with dusky. 

This species is usually found in pairs, and pursues 
its prey by daylight, flying to greater altitudes than 
its congeners. 


Sp. 21. Ca. macrourus. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) xiii. 142. 

Ca. ferrugineo nigricanteque nebulosus, striga verticali teniisque 
tectricium aterrimis ; caudé corpore longiore cuneaté. 

Goatsucker clouded with ferruginous and dusky, with a vertical 
striga and bars on the coverts very dark ; the tail longer than 
the body, and wedge-shaped. 


Javan Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. 336. 


CAPRIMULGID&. 89 


Iynasits Java. Length ten inches, of which the 
tail is five and a quarter: from the gape spring several 
rigid bristles, pointing forwards ; these are white at 
the base and black at the extremities: plumage in 
general clouded with ferruginous and blackish: on 
the crown a streak of black ; and some bands of the 
same colour on the wing-coverts: on the throat a 
whitish band: tail longer than the rest of the bird, 
and very much wedged: the four internal feathers 
terminated by a broad, whitish, ferruginous band; 
across the middle of the wing a similar band formed 
by regular marks on the wing-feathers. 


Sp. 22. Ca. longicaudis. 

Ca. fusco ferrugineo nigroque variegaius ; vertice cinereo ferru- 
gineo maculaio; gula macula alba; caunda corpore longiore 
cuneata fascits nigricantibus. 

Gooatsucker variegated with brown ferruginous, and black, with 
the crown ash-coloured spotted with rust-colour ; the throat 
with a white spot; the tail longer than the body, wedge-shaped 
and barred with dusky. 


Long-tailed Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. 335. p. exiy. 


“ Tnnasits Sierra Leone. Length, from the point 
of the beak to the end of the two middle tail-feathers, 
thirteen inches and a half: beak broad, short, de- 
pressed, horn-coloured, with a black pomt; at the 
gape several long bristles, some longer than the beak : 
_ crown of the head mottled ash, down the middle some 
larger blotchings of chocolate: the hind part of the 
neck brownish-grey, minutely spotted with black, 
with scarcely any chocolate marks: sides of the neck, 


9O CAPRIMULGID 


breast, and belly, rusty-dun colour, barred with nar- 
row, transverse, dusky black lines: vent pale dun: 
on the throat a large patch of white : the lesser wing- 
coverts rufous mottled with black ; below them a trans- 
verse, irregular, white band: greater coverts dusky- 
brown, waved with paler rufous: scapulars chocolate- 
brown, with clay-colour on the inner webs, forming 
stripes: the quills deep black-brown ; the first and 
second marked with an oval white spot on the mner 
web, about the middle; the next three with a broad 
transverse stripe about the same place ; the rest deep 
brown, barred with rufous: second quills barred ru- 
fous on the inner web, and the first six white at the 
tips: the tail is singularly cuneiform, the outer fea- 
thers four inches long, the next five inches and a 
quarter, increasing to the two middle, which are 
greatly disproportioned to the other, being nine inches 
long, and exceed the adjoining by four inches and a 
half; these are mottled, and a little blotched; the 
others much the same, but crossed with eight or ten 
blackish marks, resembling bars: the outer one wholly 
white on the outer web, and the end equally so for 
three quarters of an inch; the next ashy-white at the 
end: the legs short, yellowish-dun colour, covered 
half way by the feathers of the thighs: claws horn- 
colour, the middle toe very long, and its claw greatly 
pectinated.’’— Latham. 


Sp. 23. Ca? longipennis. Cuvier. 
Ca. macrodipterus. Sleph. v. x. p. 169.—Africa. 


CAPRIMULGIDE. 


GENUS XLV.—NYCTIBIUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum valdé dilatatum, 
apice adunco; mandibula 
superior versus basin dente 
obtuso instructa; inferior 
latior, marginibus externe 
recurvatis. 


Digiti antici basi membra- 
nula connexi; daterales in- 
zequales ; pollex crassus. 


Sp. 1. Ny. grandis. 
Caprimulgus grandis. 


Beak greatly dilated, with 
the tip hooked ; the upper 
mandible furnished with an 
obtuse tooth towards the 
base; the lower broader, 
with its sides ‘externally 
recurved. 

Anterior toes connected at 
the base by a small mem- 
brane; the Jateral toes 

unequal; the hinder one 

short. 


Steph. v. x. 142.—South America. 


Sp. 2. Ny. Jamaicensis.—Caprimulgus Jamaicensis. Steph. v. x. 


p. 144.—Jamaica. 


Sp. 3. Ny? Steatornis.—Caprimulgus Steatornis. 


Humboldt. 


GENUS XLVI.—PODARGUS, Illig. 


Rostrum capite latius, ad 
apicem abrupte acumi- 
natum, deflexum; mandt- 
bula superior spatulzefor- 
mis, culmine earinato. 

Nares lineares, supra squama 
tectze. 

Ale cauda breviores. 

Digiti fissi; wngues sub- 

eequales, simplices. 


Sp. 1. Po. megacephalus. 


|| Beak broader than the head, 


abruptly acuminate at the 
tip, deflexed; the wpper 
mandible spatuliform, the 
culmen carinated. 

Nostrils linear, covered by a 
scale above. 

Wings shorter than the tail. 

Toes cleft; 
equal, simple. 


claws nearly 


Caprimulgus megacephalus. Steph. v. x. p. 141.—New Holland. 


Q2 CAPRIMULGID®. 


Sp. 2. Po. Javensis. Linn. Trans. (Horsfield,) v. xii. p. 141. 
—RHorsf. Zool. Res.—Podargus cornutus—TZemm. Pl. Col. 
159. 

Po. rufescente tsabellinus, fusco pulverulentus ; caudd undulato 
Sasciaté. 

Reddish-yellow Podargus sprinkled with brown ; the tail with 
undulated fasciz. 


Innasits Java. Length nine inches: the head 
is adorned with a tuft of long decomposed plumes on 
either side, a little above and behind the eyes: these 
feathers, and the bristles which surround the beak, 
form a kind of horn, which nearly hides the eyes, and 
gives a disproportionate size to the head; they, and 
also the sides of the neck, the back, and wings, are 
bright red sprinkled with black: the nape has a whitish 
collar: the scapulars are spotted with white: the 
white feathers on these parts being tipped with black : 
the tail is wedged and clear red, with seven or eight 
bands of deep red, edged with black, and marked 
with dusky zigzags on each feather: the forehead and 
behind the eyes is whitish: the middle of the throat 
and the fore part of the neck are white: the breast 
and the belly are varied with large white spots, edged 
with black, and disposed on the middle of the fea- 
thers, which are margined with reddish: the abdo- 
men is whitish: the legs are reddish, and the beak 
is yellow. 


Sp. 3. Po. australis. 


Po.aterrimus variegalus plumis nigro longitudinaliter lineatis api- 
cibus nigris; remigibus pogoniis externis maculis quinque albis ; 
cauda pallida subfasciata. 


ll ——————————— 


~ 


PODARGUS CORNUTUS 


_ TODIDA.: Q3 


Very dark variegated Podargus with the feathers longitudinally 
striped with black; the tips black; the exterior webs of the 
quills with five white spots; the tail pale, slightly fasciated. 

Cold-river Goatsucker. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 369. 


Inuaxsits New Holland. Length nineteen inches : 
beak three inches long, very stout, and hooked : plu- 
mage dark, varied, streaked with black down the 
shafts of the feathers, each of which is tipped with 
black: quills marked on the outer web with five 
white spots: tail seven inches and a half long, pale, 
mottled, and somewhat banded, each feather ending 
in a point, but no white spots on any of them: legs 
short, black, the segments whitish. 


Sp. 4. Po? gracilis. 
Caprimulgus gracilis. Steph. v. x. p. 145.—New Holland. 
Sp. 5. Po? Nove Hollandiz. ; 


Caprimulgus Novze Hollandie. Steph. v. x. 170.—New Hol- 
land. 


FAMILY IV.—TODID. 


Rostrum elongatum depressum, basi latissimum, apice obtusum 
plus minusvé aduncum ; rvictus amplissimus ; pedes gressorii. 
Beak elongated, depressed, very broad at the base, the tip obtuse, 


and more or less hooked ; the gape very wide ; the feet gres- 
sorial. 


Tue Todide hold a middle station between the 
preceding and the following families: the genus Eu- 
rylaimus being closely allied to the former, and Todus 
to the latter. The three genera comprised in this 


group inhabit respectively the continents of Asia, 
Africa, and America, 


94: 


GENUS XLVII.—EURYLAIMUS, 


Rostrum capite brevius, va- 
lidum, postice dilatato- 
ampliatum, margine an- 
gusto mtacto; mandibula 
superior obsoleté carinato, 


apice abrupté adunco, 


emarginato; nares basales, 


TODID. 


Horsfield. 


Beak shorter than the head, 


stout, behind much en- 
larged, the margins nar- 
row; ‘the wpper mandible 
obsoletely carinated, its tip 


abruptly hooked, emargi- 


nate; nostrils basal, open, 


naked. 


apertee, nude. © 


Sp. 1. Eu. Horsfieldii. ZYemm. Pl. Col. 130. male; 131. female. 


Ev. capite toto corporeque infra winaceis; dorso allsiqtte perfuscis 
flavo variis; caudé atra fascia apical alba. : 

Eurylaimus with the entire head and the body beneath vinaceous; 
the back and wings brown varied with yellow; the tail dark 
coloured, with a white band at the tip. 

Eurylaimus Javanicus. Linn. Trans. (Horsfield,) v. xiii- p.170. 


Inuapits Java. Length eleven inches: the male 
has the feathers on the top of the head rather long, 
and of a black or dusky purple hue ; of which colour 
the cheeks and occiput partake: the under parts are 
of a vinaceous purple more or less pure, changing to 
a yellow tinge on the flanks: the lower tail-coverts 
are bright yellow: the top of the back is brown: the 
rest black, as well as the wings and tail: on the sca- 
pulars are several longitudinal citron-yellow coloured 
spots, and also on the back and upper tail-coverts, 
and a sort of speculum on the quills: the two middle 
feathers of the tail are totally black, but the others 
have a large white spot towards the tip: the beak is 
red-brown, more or less marbled with yellowish. ‘The 
female (which resembles the young) has the head and 


- 


HORSFIELDII. 


EURYLAIMUS 


hers Fa) ny ea 


AN e 


‘Thee ia x rh 


TODID. 95 


nape shaded with ashy-brown in the several yellow 
spots: the wings are paler than those of the male, 
and are greatly spotted with yellow: the throat and 
the breast are varied with ash-colour and yellow, 
slightly tinged with purple, and the feathers of the 
belly and the flanks partake of the same colour. 

This beautiful bird was first described by my friend 
Dr. Horsfield, who says that it inhabits the wild and 
inaccessible parts of the isle of Java, and also the vast 
lakes and marshes that are found by the rivers and 
seas: it feeds on insects and worms. According to 
~Temminck it is found in Sumatra. 


Sp. 2. Eu. nasutus. Temm, Pl. Col. 154. 


Platyrhynchus ornatus. Desmarest—Todus nasutus. Shaw, 
v. vill. p. 122.—Inhabits the Isles of Sunda. 


Sp. 3. Eu. cucullatus. Yemm. Pl. Col. 261. 

Ev. subcristatus capite femoribusque nigris, corpore supra nigro 
Jlavoque varios subtus vinaceus ; torque cervicalt albo; rectri- 
cium apice macula rotunda alba. 

. Slightly crested Eurylaimus with the head and thighs black ; the 

body above varied with black and yellow, beneath vinaceous ; 

a white collar on the cervix ; the tip of the tail-feathers with 

a round white spot. 


Inuaszits Sumatra. Length about six inches: the 
feathers of the head, neck, and cheeks are black ; 
those on-the top of the head being elongated, and 
forming a crest: a white collar adorns the nape and 
fore part of the neck: the breast and belly are of a 
fine purple hue: the sides, the abdomen, the middle 
of the back, the scapulars, the outer edge of the 
secondaries, and the rump are yellow: the tail is 
black, short, and rounded, with a round white spot 


QO TODID&. 


at the tip of each feather: the thighs, the wings, 
the nape, and the rest of the back are black: the 
beak is purple-black, varied with yellow: the legs 
are brownish yellow. 


Sp. 4. Eu. Corydon. Zemm. Pl. Col. 297. 


Eu ? cristatus niger, gula juguloque rufo-albis; fascid alarum 
caudaque alba; medio dorst rufo. 

Crested black Eurylaimus? with the throat and jugulum red- 
white ; a white band on the wings and tail; the middle of the 
back black. 


InHasBits Sumatra. Length ten inches: remark- 
able for its large and strong beak, with dilated sides ; 
and for having the orbits and lores naked, and red : 
all the upper parts of the plumage, the wings, and 
tail, the cheeks, the belly, and vent are dull black : 
the chim and all the fore part of the neck are reddish- 
white: upon separating the feathers on the middle 
of the back a large red spot becomes apparent, but as 
these feathers have their outer edges black, when they 
are in the natural situation this spot is mvisible: a 
broad white bar passes through all the quills ; the tail- 
feathers have also a white band towards their tips : 
the beak is black. 


GENUS XLVIII.—EURYSTOMUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi valde depres- || Beak greatly depressed at 


sum, glabrum, crassum, the base, glabrous, thick, 

supra convexum, lateribus convex above, the sides 

dilatatis, apice curvato. dilated, the tip curved. 
Nares lineares, oblique. Nostrils |mear, oblique. 


CoLaris, Cuvier, Temm. 


HALCYONID&. 97 


Sp. 1. Eu. orientalis. 
Coracias orientalis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 403.—The East. 


Sp. 2. Eu. Madagascariensis. 
Coracias Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. vii. p.404.—Madagascar. 


Sp. 3. Eu. Afra. 
Coracias Afra. Shaw, v. vii. p. 405—Africa. 


GENUS XLIX.—TODUS, Linné, &. TODY. 


Rostrum longiusculum, basi || Beak elongated, glabrous at 


‘glabrum, rectum, supra|} the base, straight, de- 
infraque depressum, ob- pressed above and_be- 
tusum. neath, obtuse. 

Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 

Pedes \ongiuscule ; digitus || Legs rather long; outer toe 
exterior medio basi con- connected at the base to 
nexus, the middle one. 


Sp. 1. To. viridis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 129. pl. 16.—Inhabits North 
America. The only species known. 


FAMILY V.—HALCYONID. 


Rostrum mediocre aut longissimum, rectum, tetragonale, basi de- 
pressum ; victus amplus ; pedes mediocres. 

Beak moderate or very long, straight, quadrangular, depressed 
at the base; gape wide; legs moderate. 


Turse birds delight, for the most part, in damp | 
situations, and feed upon fish, crustacea, or insects, 
which they capture, in common with the other fissi- 
rostral birds, while flying : they occur in all climates, 
but are most numerous within the tropics. ‘They lay 
their eggs on the bare ground. ~ 


Weewlils. Pa Ue eae 


98 


HALCYONIDA®. 


GENUS L.—HALCYON, Swainson, CRAB-EATER. 


Rostrum longissimum,  rec- 
tum, validum; mandibula 
superior rectissima, in- 
tegra, ad basin rotundata ; 


inferior carinata, recur- 


Beak very long, 


straight, 
stout; the wpper man- 
dible very strong, entire, 
rounded at the base; the 
lower carinated, recurved, 


vata, margine superioris 
inferiorum obtegente. 
Nares basales, 


its margins covered by 
those of the upper. 
Nostrils basal, covered by 
a membrane, the aperture 
naked, linear-oblique. 
Interior fore toe small. 


membrana 
tecta, apertura nuda, li- 
neari-obliqua. 

Digitus anticus interior mi- 
nimus. 


Tue species of this genus are chiefly confined to 
the southern hemisphere of the old world. I have 
followed Mr. Swainson in giving the English name 
Crab-eater to them, as the typical species is known 
to subsist on those animals. 


Sp.1. Ha. Sacer.—Alcedo sacra. Shaw, v, viii. p. 78.—New Hol- 
land and the islands in the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
Sp. 2. Ha. collaris. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 27.—Alcedo collaris. 

Shaw, v. viii. p. 80.—Philippine Islands. 

Sp. 3. Ha. cinnamominus. Swain. Zool. Iilust. pl. 67. 

Ha. ceruleo-viridis, pileo, collo, plumibusque totis subtus pallide 
cinnamominis ; auribus viridibus ; nucha torque nigro gracilt 
ornata. 

Blue-green Crab-eater with the upper part of the head, neck, and 
all beneath pale cinnamon-colour ; ears green ; round the nape 
a slender black collar. 


InHasits New Zealand. <‘‘ Length ten inches: 


HALCYONID2. 99 


the tip of the upper mandible of the beak with a 
slight inclination downwards, with the appearance of 
a notch: the whole head, neck, and under plumage 
of a delicate fawn-colour: under wing-coverts the 
same: the remaining upper plumage, with the wings 
and tail, changeable blue-green : ears sea-green and 
dusky, united to a narrow nuchal collar: wings four 
inches long, and the tail, which is even, three and 
one quarter: the hind head is slightly crested, and 
the feet are pale brown.”’—Swainson. 


Sp. 4. Ha. diops. 

Ha. ceruleo-nitens subtus maculaque loris alba. 

Shining blue Crab-eater with the under parts and a spot on the 
lores white. 

Alcedo diops. Temm. Pl. Coal. 272. 


Inuapits Amboyna, Timor, &c. Length seven 
inches and a half: on each side of the nostrils near 
the lores is a white spot: the top of the head, the 
hinder part, and sides of the neck, a broad belt on 
the breast, the thighs, the wings, and the tail, are of 
a fine deep glossy blue, more or less brilliant accord- 
ing to the light: the scapulars and the back are fine 
aquamarine colour: the chin, the throat, the belly, 
and the vent are white: the beak and legs are black. 


Sp. 5. Ha. Capensis.—Alcedo Capensis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 65.— 
Southern Africa. 

Sp. 6. Ha. atricapillus—Alcedo atricapilla. Shaw, v. vill. p. 70.— 

- India. 

Sp. 7. Ha. Smyrnensis——Alcedo Smyrnensis. Shaw, v. viil. p- 
68.—The warmer regions of Asia and Africa. 


100 HALCYONID. 


Sp. 8. Ha. chlorocephalus.—Alcedo chlorocephala,— Shaw, v- Vill. 
p. 77.—Africa and Asia. 

Sp. 9. Ha. Coromandus.—Alcedo Coromanda. Shaw, v. vii. 
p. 79.—Coromandel: Java. 

Sp. 10. Ha. leucocephalus——Aicedo Javanica. Shaw, v. viii. p. 
67 .—Java. 

Sp. 11. Ha. Senegalensis.—Alcedo Senegalensis. Shaw, v. viii. 
p. 72. pl. 9.—Africa. 

Sp. 12. Ha. Cancrophagus.—Alcedo Cancrophaga. Shaw, v. vill. 
p. 71. pl. 8.—Senegal. 

Sp. 13. Ha. melanopterus. 

Ha. dorso, uropygto, ventreque cyaneis ; capite, scapulisque nigris 5 
remigibus thalassinis  apice et subtus fuscis interne latissime 
albo fasciatis. 

Crab-eater with the back, rump, and belly cyaneous; the head 
and scapulars black; the quills sea-green, with the tip and 
under part broadly barred with white within, 


Alcedo melanoptera. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) v. xii. p. 174.— 
Alcedo omnicolor. Yemm. Pl. Col. 135. 


Innasits Java. Length ten inches: the throat 
and collar on the neck smoky-chesnut: the tail sea- 
green, beneath brownish. Called Tengke-urang by 
the Javanese. 


GENUS LI.—DACELO, Leach. 


Rostrum mediocre, crassum, || Beak moderate, thick, four- 


tetragono-conicum, fauce sided-conic; the mouth 
ad oculos hiante; mandi- gaping to the eyes; the 
bula superior longior, api- upper mandible longest, 
cem versus utrinque laté towards its point on each 
emarginata. side broadly notched. 


Nares oblonge. Nostrils oblong. 


yaw) 


yen 


PU. 43. 


DACELO GIGANTE Ao 


HALCYONIDA. . LOL 


Cauda mediocris; rectricibus || Tail moderately long, com- 


-duodecim subsequalibus, | | - posed of twelve nearly 
exteriore utrinque sub-|| equal feathers, the exterior 
breviore. ‘ one on each side rather 


shorter than the rest. 
Pedes tetradactyli; wngwes | Feet four-toed; claws curved. 
curvati. 


Sp. 1. Da. gigantea. 

Alcedo gigantea. - Shaw, v. viil. p. 53.—Inhabits New Holland. 

Sp. 2. Da. pulchella. Linn. Trans. (Horsf:) v. xiii. p. 175.— 
Temm. Pl. Col. 277. 

Ds. supra thalassino atro Wiitgue fasciata ; capite fusco-badio ; 
vertice azureo; gula Sa albidis; abdomine en, 
diluto. 

Dacelo, above sea-green fasciated with dusky and white ; with the 
head of a chesnut-brown ; the vertex azure; the icone and 
jugulum whitish ; the abdomen dilute-ferruginous. 


‘Ixnazits Java. Length eight inches: called 


Tengke-watu. A most beautiful bird: it has the 


forehead, the cheeks, the sides of the neck, and a 
collar surrounding the nape, of a beautiful maroon 
eolour: the top of the head and the occiput are 
adorned with long feathers, having decomposed webs; 
these feathers are brown at the base, a small white 
spot is placed near the tip, and the tip itself is of a 
brilliant azure-blue: the feathers of the back and the 
scapulars are striped from their base nearly to their tips 
with black and white, and the tips of all are of a very 
fine ultramarine: the wings are black, finely banded 
with white, and tipped with azure: the tail is wedged, 
and transversely striped; the outer webs of the fea- 
thers are marked with fine blue and black, and the 
inner webs are black and white: the tail is black 
beneath, with white bands: the fore part of the neck 


102 HALCYONID. 


and the middle of the belly are pure white: the 
breast, the sides, and the vent are yellowish-red : the 
beak is fine lake: and the legs are brown. 


Sp. 3. Da. cyanotis. Yemm. Pl. Col. 262. 

Da. supra sericeo-cyanea; infra albida ; vertice rufos guld alba; 
collo anticé lateribusque rosaceo-rufo; nuchad, dorso, scapulari- 
busque fuscis ; caudé rufa. 

Dacelo, above silken blue ; beneath whitish ; with the crown rufous; 
the throat white; the neck in front and its sides rosy-red ; 
the nape, back, and scapulars brown ; the tail red. 


Innapits Sumatra. The plumage is of a fine silky 
texture ; and the feathers consist of long and decom- 
posed webs: the top of the head is fine red: behind 
the eyes a bunch of long feathers arises; this, and 
the feathers of the wing-coverts, are of a fine royal 
blue: the sides of the neck are rosy-red : the fore part 
of the neck is bright rose-colour : the throat is white : 
the rest of the under parts is dirty-white, slightly 
shaded with dusky: the nape is earthy-brown, the 
back and scapulars the same, the feathers of the latter 
being externally white: the tail is red, rather elon- 
gated and much wedged : the beak is coral-red, and 
the legs are brown. 


GENUS LIIL—ALCEDO Auctorum. KINGSFISHER. 


Rostrum crassum, tetrago- || Beak thick, tetragonal, acute, 


num, acutum, longum, la- long, laterally compressed, 
teratim compressum, rec- straight, its margins some- 
tum, marginibus subden- what denticulated. 
ticulatis. 


Cauda mediocris, aut brevis. || Jail moderate, or short. 
Pedes tetradactyli. Feet four-toed. 


HALCYONIDE. 103 


A. Caudé elongald. A. Tail elongated. 


Sp. 1. Al. rudis. Shaw, v. viii. p- 63. pl. 7.—The warmer regions 
of Asia and Africa. 


Sp. 2. Al. maxima.—Alcedo afra. Shaw, v. viii. p. 55.—Africa. 
Sp. 3. Al. torquata. Shaw, v. viii. p. 56.—Mexico. 

Sp. 4. Al. Alcyon. Shaw, v. viii. p. 58.—North America. 

Sp. 5. Al. bicolor.—Alcedo Inda. Shaw, ». viii. p. 83.—Cayenne 
Sp. 6. Al. Americana. Shaw, v. viii. p. 85.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 7. Al. superciliosa. Shaw, v. viii. p. 86.—Inhabits 


B. Cauda breve. __B. Tail short. 

Sp. &. Al. ispida. Shaw, v. viii. p. 88. pl. 10.—Britain and other 
parts of the old world. 

Sp. 9. Al. biru. Zinn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 172.—Temm. 
Pl. Col. 239. f. 1. 

AL. subazurea, remigibus interne fuscis ; eels jugulo, abdomine, 
ventre, alisque subtus albis. 

Azure Kingsfisher with the wings internally brown ; the throat, 
jugulum, abdomen, vent, and wings beneath, white. 


Inuasits Java and Sumatra. Length five inches 
and a half: the upper parts of the plumage are of a 
rich azure tint, changing in certain lights to an aqua- 
marine: on the lower part of the throat and covering 
the breast is a broad belt of the same colour: the 
belly, the inner wing-coverts, the lores, and a tuft of 
feathers on the sides of the neck are very clear white: 
the tip of the wing-feathers, and the tail beneath, are 
dusky: the beak and legs are black. 


Sp. 10. Al. Bengalensis. Shaw, v. viii. p. 102. 

Sp. 11. Al. meningtin. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) ». xiii. p. 172.— 
Temm. Pl. Col. 239. f. 2.—Alcedo Asiatica. Swaztn. Zool. 
Lilust. pl. 50.—India. 


104 HALCYONIDA!. 


AL. capite nigro, fusciis transversis cyaneis, postice cristato; 
auribus cyaneis ; mento, guld, strigaque laterali colli albescen- 
tibus ; dorso nitidée ceruleo ; corpore subtus rufo. 

Kingsfisher with a black head, transversely banded with maza- 
rine-blue, the hinder part crested ; ears bluish ; chin, throat, 
and lateral stripe ou each side the neck whitish ; back shining 
light blue; body beneath rufous. 


Mucu allied to the preceding bird, but rather 
larger: length six inches; of which the beak occu- 
pies one and three quarters, and is black: the ears 
and upper parts of the head and neck are bluish- 
black, transversely banded with rich deep blue lu- 
nules, which are broken into spots on the crest and 
ears : from the base of the under mandible is a black 
stripe richly glossed with blue, and carried down on 
each side the neck, between which and the upper 
part is a whitish stripe just behind the ears: the 
wing-coverts, scapulars, and lesser quills are blackish 
glossed with blue, the two former having a bright 
spot at the end of each feather: upper and greater 
quills entirely dusky: down the middle of the back, 
rump, and tail-coverts, light greenish-blue : chin and 
throat cream-colour: line between the nostrils and 
eyes, margin of the shoulders, under wing-coverts, 
and all the lower parts of the body rufous: tail deep 
ebscure blue: legs red. Inhabits Java. 


Sp. 12. Al. ceeruleocephala.—Alcedo cyanocephala. Shaw, v. viii. 
p- 100. pl. 9.—Madagascar. 

Sp. 13. Al. purpurea. Shaw, v. viii. p. 96. pl. 11.—Madagascar, 

Sp. 14. Al. Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. viii, p. 97.—Mada- 
gascar. 

Sp. 15. Al. cristata. Shaw, v. vill. p. 98. pl. 12.—The African 
Islands. 


‘ HALCYONID. 105 


Sp. 16. Alcedo semitorquata. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 151. 

Au. c@ruleo-viridis, infra ochracea, capite cyaneo, lineis nigris 
transversis ornato ; dorso nitidé ceruleo; pectore, torque ceru- 
leo-viridi interrupto insigni. 

Bluish-green Kingsfisher, beneath buff-colour; with the head 
blue, with transverse black lines; back shining light blue; 
breast with an interrupted blue-green collar. 


Iyuasits Southern Africa. Length eight inches 
and a half: head blue, the crown crossed by dusky 
black lines: occiput slightly crested : the sides of the 
head. deep and rich mazarine-blue: ears and sides of 
the neck greenish-blue, the latter having a. stripe of 
white: the blue on the sides of the neck advances on 
the breast in the shape of a half collar: wings and 
scapulars bluish-green, with lighter spots on the tip of 
each of the wing-coverts : down the back is a stripe of 
vivid light blue: tail dark blue, edged with greenish, 
the base black: the plumage beneath, from the chin 
to the end of the throat, white; changing on the breast 
to pale fawn-colour, which deepens to ferruginous on 
the body, under tail-coverts, and thighs: legs red : 
between the beak and eye a dusky white line. 


GENUS LIII.—TANYSYPTERA, Vigors. 


Rostrum sub-breve, subcras- || Beak rather short, somewhat 


sum, rectum, acutum. thick, straight, acute. 
Nares ovales. Nostrils oval. 
Cauda gradata, rectricibus || Tail quadrated, with two 
duabus longissimis. very long feathers. 
Pedes zygodactyli? Feet with the toes disposed in 
pairs ? 


Sp. 1. Ta. Dea, Linn. Trans. (Vigors.) v. xiv. 433.—Alcedo 
Dea. Shaw, v. viii. p. 73.—Inhabits the Moluccas. 


106 HALCYONID. 


GENUS LIV.—CEYX, Lacépede. 


Rostrum longum, crassum, || Beak long, thick, tetrago- 


tetragonale, lateratim com- nal, laterally compressed, 
pressum, acutum. acute. 
Cauda brevis. Tail short, 


Digitus anticus interior nul- || Inner fore toe wanting. 
lus. 


Tue characters which distinguish this genus from 
the Crab-eaters and Kingsfishers are very trivial ; the 
necessity of separating it is therefore questionable: the 
first species is closely allied to Alcedo, and the second 
to Halcyon. 


Sp. 1. Ce. Luzoniensis. 

Al. tridactyla. Shaw, v. viii. p. 104.— Luconia. 
Sp. 2. Ce. Azurea. 

Alcedo azurea. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xxxii. Stains. Zool. 
Tllust. pl. 26.—Al. tribrachys. Shaw, v. viii. p. 105.—New Hol- 
land. 


GENUS LV.—GALBULA, Brisson. JACAMAR. 


Rostrum longissimum, rec- || Beak very long, straight, 


tum, quadrangulare, acu- quadrangular, acute, en- 
tum, integrum. tire. 

Pedes breves, nudi; digiti || Legs short, naked; the an- 
antici usque ad medio con- terior toes united at the 
nexi. base. 


Tuer Jacamars all inhabit the warmer regions of 
America: the propriety of removing them from the 
great scansorial group of Authors and associating them 
with the Kingsfishers cannot be disputed, as they have 


HALCYONID&. 107 


not only a decided affinity to these birds, but also 
with the Meropidee: thereby admirably uniting the 
two conterminous fissirostral groups. 


Sp: 1. Ga. paradiseea. Steph. v. ix. p. 225. 

Sp. 2. Ga. viridis. Steph. v. ix. p. 223. pl. 39. 

Sp. 3. Ga. rubricollis. Steph. v. ix. p. 224. 

Sp. 4. Ga. albirostris. Steph. v. ix. p. 226. 

Sp. 5. Ga. ceycoides. Zool. Journ. (Such.) ii. 112. 

Ga? supra viridi-atra, subtus alba; capite, gulaque nigro-brunneis . 
ochraceo-lincatis; abdominis lateribus crissogue nigro-fuscis ; 
pedibus tridactylis. 

Jacamar? above dark-green, beneath white; with the head and 
throat black-brown striped with ochraceous; the sides of the 
abdomen and the vent black-brown ; the feet three-toed. 


Lrnetu, from the forehead to the tip of the tail 
five inches and a half: head black-brown ; with the 
frontal feathers ochraceous; those of the crown and 
cheeks black-brown dashed with ochraceous in the 
middle: those of the throat ochraceous striped with 
brown : the quills are greenish-brown, paler beneath, 
with the inner webs whitish at the base: the tail- 
feathers are dark green, brown beneath, margined 
at the tip with a very narrow rufous band: beak and 
legs black. This anomalous but mteresting species 
was discovered by Dr. Such m Brazil, and described 
by him as above quoted. It beautifully unites the 
Jacamars with the Kingsfishers, and may probably 
at some future period be elevated to the rank of a 
distinct genus, with as much propriety as the pre- 
ceding genus has been detached from the Kingsfishers. 


108 HALCYONIDZ. 


GENUS LVI.—JACAMEROPS, Le Vaillant. 


Rostrum longiusculum, qua- || Beak elongated, quadrangu- 


drangulare, validum, sub- lar, stout, a little arcu- 
arcuatum, integrum, acu- ated, entire, acute. 
tum. 

Pedes breves, externé usque |} Legs short, externally fea- 
ad digitos plumosi; zygo- thered to the toes, zygo- 
dactyli; digitt antici basi dactyle; the anterior toes 
coaliti. united at the base. 


Sp. 1. Ja. grandis. 
Galbula grandis. . Steph. v. ix. p. 227. pl. 40.—Inhabits the 
Indian Archipelago. 


TRIBE II1—DENTIROSTRES. 


Rostrum dzversum, versus apicem utringue plus minusve emargi- 
natum, aut dentatum; pedes mediocres aut robust?. 

Beak various, with a notch or tooth on each side towards the tip: 
legs, moderate or robust. 


TuE major portion of the birds comprised in this 
tribe are insectiverous, but a few of them feed on the 
smaller birds, and many also devour berries and other 
tender fruits. ‘They may be readily divided into the 
five following groups : 


LANIAD&, Vigors. 
Beak strong, . Mervutip#, Vigors. 


SyLviAp#, Leach. 
Beak weak, . Piprip&, Vigors, 


Muscicapip#, Vigors. 


MUSCICAPIDE. 109 


FAMILY I—MUSCICAPIDE. 


Rostrum basz depressum, angulatum, debile, basi setis ornatum, 
apice plus minusve aduncum, et emarginatum ; ale et pedes me- 
diocres. 

Beak depressed at the base, angulated, weak, its base furnished 
with bristles, towards the tip more or less hooked and notched ; 
wings and legs moderate. ) 


Tur Muscicapide are closely allied to the birds 
of the last tribe, and like them many of the species 
dart upon their prey while on the wing: they usually 
subsist upon insects, the larger species (or those allied 
to the Laniadz) sometimes attacking weak or sickly 
birds, while the smaller, or Swallow-like species, ex- 
clusively devour insects. ‘The affinities of the groups, 
as well as the genera throughout this family, are very 
ill defined ; I have therefore introduced the newly- 
described species of Temminck, Swainson, and others, 
under the old genus Muscicapa, accompanying those- 
species with a mark of uncertainty whose characters 
appear to be at variance with those of the genus. 


CHoe 
GENUS LVII.— ONYRHYNCHUS, Fischer. 


Rostrum longum, acumina-|| Beak long, acuminated, 


tum, unguiculatum; basi || hooked; its base furnished 
setis rigidis, longis, in- with long stiff bristles. 
structum. 
_ Nares oblonge, coarctate. Nostrils oblong, coarctate.. 

Pedes debiles; digiti exte-\| Legs weak; the outer toes 
riores ad tertiam phalan- united to the third jomt ; 
gem usque concreti, medio the middle one longest. 
longissimo. 


Topus, Cuvier. Muscireta, Temm. 


110 MUSCICAPID®. 


Sp. 1. On. regius. 
Todus regius. Shaw, v. viii. p. 124. pl. 14.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 2. On? plumbeus. 
Todus plumbeus, Shaw, v. vili. p. 128. Surinam. 


Sp. 3. On? griseus. 

On ? cinereus subcristatus subtus albus ; caudd subcuneata ? 

Cinereous slightly crested Hookbeak ? beneath white ; with the 
tail somewhat wedged. 


Todus griseus. Desmarest. Hist. Nat. Man. et Tod. pl. 69. 


INHABITS ? Length near four inches : 
the upper part of the head, the back of the neck, and 
the back are ashy-grey: the throat, the breast, and 
the belly are pure white: the quills are dusky ; the 
primaries are slightly edged with white on their outer 
edges, and the secondaries deeply edged with the 
same: the tail is wedge-shaped and dusky, the four 
intermediate feathers being longest and spotless; those 
which follow have the tip white and the two outer 
ones on each side have a triangular marginal white 
spot: the head is slightly crested. 


GENUS LVIII.—MUSCIPETA, Cuvier. 


Rostrum elongatum, valde | Beak elongated, greatly de- 


depressum, basi duplo la- | 
tilis quam altum, setis— 
elongatis ornatum; cul-| 


men obtusum, forte; mar- 
gines subeurvati; apice de- 
bile, subemarginata. 


Nares basales. 


pressed, its base twice as 
broad as high, and fur- 
nished with elongated bris- 
tles; the culmen obtuse,- 
but strong; the margins 
somewhat curved ; the tip 
weak and slightly notehed. 


| Nostrils basal. 


MUSCICAPID®. 111 


Tue birds of this genus feed on insects alone ; 


they are all exotic, and are frequently adorned with 
beautiful plumage. 


Sp. 1. Mu. Indica. 

Promerops paradiseus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 147.—India. 
Sp. 2. Mu. Ceylonensis. 
Mv. olwvaceus, subtus flavus ; capite mentoque cinereis. 


Olivaceus Muscipeta, beneath yellow; with the head and chin 
cinereous. 


Platyrhynchus Ceylonensis. Swain. Zool. Illust. p. 13. 


Iyuapits Ceylon. Mr. Swainson observes that the 
stiff bristles at the corner of the mouth are nearly the 
length of the beak, which is quite flattened: the tail 
is even, and the whole bird in every respect but 
colour closely resembles Mu. barbata: he has given 
no farther description of the bird. 


Sp. 3. Mu. paradisi. 
Muscicapa paradisi. Steph. 'v. x. p. 416.—Africa. 
Sp. 4. Mu. mutata. 
Muscicapa mutata. Steph. v. x. p. 418.—Madagascar. 
Sp. 5. Mu. cristata. 
Muscicapa cristata. Steph. v. x. p.325.—Le tchitrec. Le Vail. 
Ois. d’ Afric. v. iii. p. 142. f. 1. 
Sp. 6. Mu. leucocephala. 
Todus leucocephalus. Shaw, v. viii. p. 127.—South America. 
Sp. 7. Mu. melanoptera.— Cuvier. 
Muscicapa collaris. Steph. v. x. p. 374.—Senegal. 
Sp. 8. Mu? barbata. 


Muscicapa barbata. Steph. v. x. p. 352. Swain. Zool. Illust. 
pl. 116.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 9. Mu? coronata. 
Muscicapa coronata, Steph, v. x. p. 412,—-South America, 


12 MUSCICAPIDE. 


Sp. 10. Mu ?. ruticilla. 

Muscicapa ruticilla, Steph. v. x. p. 362.—Motacilla cristata. 

Steph. v. x. p. 688. pl. 53.—America. 

Sp. 11. Mu. Borbonica. 

Muscicapa Borbonica, Steph. v.x. p.326.—The Isle of Bourbon. 

Sp. 12. Mu. cerulea. 

Muscicapa cerulea. Steph. v. x. p.383.—The Philippine Islands. 

Sp. 13. Mu. flabellifera. Steph. v. x. p. 340. pl. 31.—New Zea- 
land, 

Sp. 14. Mu. flavigastra. 

Muscicapa flavigastra. Steph. v. x. p. 343.—New Holland. 

Sp. 15. Mu. scapularis. 

Mv. subcristata, supra guld, pectoreque, griseo-cerulea ; subtus 
tectricibus alarum fascia obliqua, alba. 

Slightly-crested Muscipeta with the upper parts, throat, fad 
breast grey-blue; the under and oblique bar on the wing- 
coverts white. 

Le Mantelé. Le Vaill. Ois. @ Afric. iv. 151. f. |—Mantled F ly- 
seatcher. Lath, Gen. Hist. vi. 204. 


InuHABITs Southern Africa. Beak moderate, bluish- 
black : irides cinamon-colour : feathers on the head 
elongated, black, with a blue gloss: upper parts of 
the body, rump, and upper tail-coverts, bluish-grey : 
on the wing-coverts an oblique band of white: under 
parts from the breast white: quills black, edged with 
bluish-grey: tail the same, a little wedge- “chapel 
legs bluish-black. The female is less, aa the crest 
-is less conspicuous: wings and tail light brown; in 
other respects similar to the male: but the beak, 
irides, and legs are paler. 


Sp. 16. Mu. pulsator. 
Mv. supra rufo-fusca ; subius alba; strigé oculari nigra; ould 
SJasciaque pectorali in mare nigrvis, in foemina rujis. 


MUSCICAPID&: kts 


Muscipeta above red-brown ; beneath white ; with a black stripe 
through the eye; the throat and band on the breast black in 
the male, rufous in the female. 

Le Molenar. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iv. 160. f. 1. 2.—Clicking 
Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 164. 


Inuapits Southern Africa. Beak and legs black- 
brown : irides light orange: prevailing colour of the 
plumage above rufous-brown, with a tinge of olive: 
beneath white: eye placed in a black streak, which 
passes behind : throat black, lengthening to the nape 
half way on each side : across the breast a black streak, 
taking in the bend of the wmg; on the middle of 
the wing-coverts a rufous patch: sides under the 
wings rufous: quills and tail black, outwardly fringed 
with white. ‘The female is smaller, like the male, 
but the throat and across the breast rufous, mstead 
of black: wings the same: lower belly and thighs 
rufous: the wings reach one-third, at least, on the 
tail. . ; 

Le Vaillant observes, that this bird is usually seen 
in pairs among the bushes, but rarely in the woods, 
and that it lays six white eggs. Its note is some- 
thing like that of the Stonechat. 


Sp. 17. Mu. perspicillata. 

Mv. corpore supra.femoribusque nigricante-fusco; subtus albo ; 
supercilits albis ; lunuld jugulari fusco-nigré ; cauda elongata, 
cuneiformd, rectricibus tribus extimis apicibus albis. 

Muscipeta with the body above and thighs dusky-brown ; beneath 
white; with thé eyebrows white ; a brown-black Iunule on the 
jugulum ; the tail elongated, wedge-shaped, the tips of the three 
outer feathers white. : 

Le Gobe-mouche 4 lunettes. Le Vuaill. Ois. d’ Afrig.iv.151.f. ¥- 
—Spectacle Fiycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 204. 

Veo XI. Fe o1k. 8 


114 MUSCICAPID&. 


InnapsitTs the great forests near the river Gamtoo 
in Southern Africa. Length six inches and a quarter : 
beak and legs brown: irides hazel: plumage above 
and thighs dusky pale brown, beneath white: round 
the eye, on the upper part, a kind of white eyebrow : 
across the middle of the neck before a brownish- ) ick 
crescent : tail long, cuneiform, the three outer ea- 
thers tipped with white. The female is ‘smaller, and 
the colours paler; but is destitute of the blackish 
crescent on the throat, an the under — are dusky 
white. yi i sont 


| to 


GENUS LIK. —PLATYRHYNOHUS, Desmarest. 


Rostrum Das. latum, alae Biak pitty at the base, 


_depressum, supra carina- greatly depressed,  cari- 

tum, apice curvatum. nated above, curved at the 
te tip. 

Nares vibrissis tectee. Nostrils furnished with bris- 
tles. 


Sp. 1. Pl. fuscus. Desmarest. Hist. Nat. Man. et Tod. pl. 72. 
Todus rostratus. Shaw, viii. 122.—South America. 

Sp. 2. Pl. olivaceus. Temm. Pl. Col. 12.f. 1. 

Pu. olivaceo-viridis, guld, collo anticé pectoreque ‘virescentibus ; 
abdomine cinereo-flavo; alis cauddque fuscis viridi nitentibus. 

Olive-green Platyrhynchus with the throat, neck in front, and 


breast greenish ; the abdomen ashy-yellow; the wings and tail 
brown, glossed with greenish. 


Iyuasits Brazil. Length five inches: the upper 
parts of the head, the neck, and the body, are deep 
green slightly shaded with olive: the throat, the fore 
part of the neck, and the breast, are tinged with 


Pt, 44. 


SS 


WINS 


by) 4 


E LA fl I i [ Y y S 6 mt) 
2 RE yt \ 
| N CHU i ©] D S 
il VA C 
7 U S o 


i 


MUSCICAPID®. 115 


greenish: the abdomen is ashy-yellow: the wings 
are dusky-brown, glossed with greenish, with their 
coverts deeply edged with ochraceous-green : the tail 
is bright brown, glossed with greenish: the upper 
mandible of the beak is black, the lower white. 


Sp. 3. Pl. Cancromus. Temm. Pl. Col. 12. f. 2. Swain. Zool, 
Ilust. pl. 115. 

Pu. vertice crista flava; fronte superciliisque olivaceo-fuscis ; ma= 
culd loris alba; gula alba; corpore supra, pectore, abdomi- 
neque medio fuscis. 

Platyrhyxchus with a yellow crest; the forehead and eyebrows 
olive-brown ; a white spot on the lores; the throat white; the 
body above, breast, and middle of the abdomen brown. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length three inches and a half : 
a pretty species, rendered remarkable by a beautiful 
yellow coronal crest, composed of long decomposed 
feathers, surrounded by small olive-brown feathers, 
which arise at the base of the beak, adorn the fore- 
head, and form broad eyebrows: on the lores is a 
small white spot: all the upper parts of the plumage 
are brown tinged with olive: the throat is white, the 
breast is brown, and the middle of the belly brown. 


GENUS LX.—MUSCICAPA Auctorum. FLYCATCHER. | 


Rostrum subtrigonum, gra- || Beak somewhat trigonal, 


cile, subulatum, versus slender, subulated, curved 
apicem curvatum; man- towards the tip; the under 
dibula inferior infra sub- mandible rather flat be- 
plana, apice recta. neath, its tip straight. 


A, Cauda haud furcata. A. With the tail not forked. 


116 MUSCICAPID@. 


a. Rectricibus intermediis via elongatis. 
a. The middle tail-feathers scarcely elongated. 
Sp. 1. Mu. parva. Becks. Temm. Man.d’Orn. 103. Id. 2 Ed- 
a LOO: 
Mv. rufescens tectricibus alarum rufo maculatis ; orbitis gulaque 
flavescente-albis ; caudé nigricante-fusca. 
Reddish Flycatcher with the wing-coverts spotted with red; the 
orbits and throat yellowish-white ; the tail dusky-brown. 
Small Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 158. 


Innabits Germany in the spring. Length four 
inches and a half: at the base of the beak some very 
long hairs: the plumage above reddish, inclining to 
rufous towards the rump: quills edged within and 
. without with rufous: the greater and middle wing- 
coverts marked with a small rufous spot at the ends: 
round the eyes and the throat yellowish-white: the 
tail dusky-brown: the side feathers white from the 
base, towards the end brown, shaded with rufous on 
the outer webs: the female does not differ from the 
male: the young are more rufous. 


Sp. 2. Mu. azurea. 


Mv. azurea, infra rufo-aurantia aut alba; femoribus alis cau- 
ddque subtus albis. 


Azure Flycatcher beneath rufous-orange or white; with -the 
thighs, wings, and tail beneath, white. 

Le Gobe-mouche Azuroux. Le Vaill. Ois.d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 158.— 
Celestial Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 201. 


Inuasits the Cape of Good Hope. Size of M. 
atricapilla: beak and legs brownish : irides bright 
orange: general colour azure-blue above, bright ru- 
fous-orange beneath: the thighs, and beneath the 
wings and tail, white. ‘The female is smaller, the 


MUSCICAPIDE. 117 


blue paler and white beneath. The young males have 
only the orange colour under the throat. 

Like the rest of the genus the sexes fly in pairs: 
the nest is constructed on the Mimosas ; and the eggs 
are five or six in number, of an olive-green colour, 
dotted with rufous, forming a circle round the larger 
end. 


Sp. 3. Mu. Senegalensis. Steph. v, x. p. 333.—Le privit. Le 
Faill. pl, 161.—Senegal. 

Sp. 4. Mu. bicolor. Steph. v. x. 323.—South America. 

Sp. 5. Mu. fusca. Steph. v. x. p. 384.—North America. 

Sp. 6. Mu. obscura. 
Todus obscurus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 129.—North America. 

Sp. 7. Mu. Indigo. 

Mu. obscuré cerulea remigibus rectricibusque nigris 3 his base 
axillis ventre crissoque albidis. 

Dull-bluish Flycatcher with the quills and tail-feathers black ; 
the base of the latter, the axilla, belly, and vent whitish. 

Muscicapa Indigo. Linn. Trans. (Horsf:) xiii. 146. Horsf 
Zool. Research. 


Innapits Java. Length nearly four inches: the 
general colour dull caerulean-blue, with the quills 
and tail black: the base of the latter, the axillary 
feathers, the belly, and the vent whitish: the tail- 
feathers, the exterior ones excepted, are externally 
margined with cerulean: the two middle feathers 
are plain black at the base. 

This species lives solitarily on the most elevated 
mountain peaks of Java. 


Sp. 8. Mu. hirundinacea, Reznw. Temm. Pl. Col. 119. 
Mv. viridi-chalybeo nigra, subtus wropygioque albis. 


118 MUSCICAPIDZ. 


Steel-black Flycatcher glossed with green, with the under parts 
and rump white. 


Muscicapa obscura. Linn. Trans. (Horsf) v. xii. p. 146. 


Inuasirs Java. The upper parts of the body, 
tail, and wings of a fine blue, with a polished steel 
lustre: the rump, under parts of the body, and outer 
edge of the lateral tail-feathers pure white : beak and 
legs dusky. The female is dusky above and dirty 
white beneath: the young are dull black or greyish 
on all the upper parts. 


Sp. 9. Mu. hyacinthina. 


Mu. fusco-cerulea aut viridi-cinerea supra; infra rufa ; mas. 
capistro lorisque nigris; fronte, gula, pectoreque azurets. 

Flycatcher above brown-blue or ashy-green, beneath rufous ; male 
with the capistrum and lores black; the forehead, throat, and 
breast azure. 

Muscicapa hyacinthina. Temm. Pl. Col. 30. 


Innasits the Indian Archipelago. Length six 
imches: the male has the space round the beak and 
the lores beautiful black: the forehead, the bend of 
the wings, the throat, and the breast of a very bril- 
liant azure-blue : the top of the head, the nape, and 
all the rest of the upper parts of a fine blue, tinged 
with cinereous : the feathers of the wings and tail are 
brown, edged with bluish: the belly and the rest of 
the under parts of the body are bright red. The 
female has the upper parts of the body and the wings 
of a fine green-ash colour ; and also the tail-feathers, 
but the last one edged with bluish: all the under 
parts are red, without the fine azure hue which is so 
evident on the throat of the male. 


MUSCICAPID. 119 


Sp. 10. Mu. grisola. Steph. v. x. p.332.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. ; 

Sp. 11. Mu. atricapilla.. Steph. v. x. p.320. pl. 30.—Muscicapa 
luctuosa. Zemm, Man. d’Orn. 157.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 

Sp. 12. Mu. albicollis. Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 100. Id. 2 Edit. 
1. 15a. 

Mv. supra nigra, alis uropygioque albo variata; subtus et torque 
albo ; feemina fronte albo. 

Flycatcher above black, with the wings and rump varied with 
white ; beneath and collar white; female with the forehead 
white. 

Gobe-mouche noir 4 Collier. Buff Pl. Enl. 565. f. 23 —White- 
necked Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 162. 


Iyuapsits the south of Europe. Allied to the last: 
length five inches: plumage in general black above, 
with a slight mixture of white on the rump: on the 
quills a large patch of white: all the under parts 
white, passing round the neck as a collar: the fore- 
head is also white: the female differs from the male 
by having a small patch of white on the forehead ; 
the general colour of her plumage is brown or ash- 
colour: the two outer tail-feathers edged with white ; 
and the white surrounding the neck less apparent, 
but the under parts in general are white. In the 
winter the difference between the sexes is less ap- 
parent, and the male is fully black only in the breed- 
ing season. 


Sp. 15. Mu. cesia. 

Mo. cesia remigibus cinereo-fuscis; rectricibus nigricanté cine- 
riis; mas: aut capite, collo dorsoque luteo-fuscis, gula albida ; 
ventre crissoque rufis ; alis caudadque fuscis ; foemina. 

Bluish Flycatcher with the quills ashy-brown ; the tail-feathers 
dusky-ash ; male: or, with the head, neck, and back yellowish~ 


- 


120 MUSCICAPID. 


brown ; the throat whitish; the belly and vent red; the wings 
and tail brown ; female. 
Muscicapa cesia. Temm. Pl. Col. 17. 


Inuasits Brazil and Guiana. Length near six 
inches: the prevailing colour of the male is ashy- 
blue or lead-colour: the wings are ashy-brown, and 
the tail-feathers are dusky ash: all the feathers of 
the tail and wings are edged with bluish: the beak is 
black, and the legs ash-colour. The female has the 
head, the neck, and the back of a yellowish-brown ; 
the chin whitish: the belly and vent deep red, and 
the wings and tail deep brown. 


Sp. 14. Mu. diops. ZTemm. Pl. Col. 144. f. 1. 

Mv. supra olivaceo-viridis, ould pectoreque supremo cinereo-c@siis, 
pectore imo, abdomineque albis ; loris maculd flavescente alba. 
Flycatcher above of an olive-green, with the throat and upper 
part of the breast ashy-grey; the lower breast and abdomen 

white ; the lores with a yellowish-white spot. 


Iyuasits Brazil. Length four inches: the upper 
parts of the body, and the edges of the wings and 
tail-feathers, are bright olivaceous-green: the throat 
and the breast are ashy-grey: the lower breast and 
abdomen are white: the lores have a yellowish-white 
spot: the upper mandible of the beak is brown, the 
lower white. 


Sp. 15. Mu. eximia. Temm. Pl. Col. 144. f. 2. 

Mu. viridis, vertice ceruleo-cinerea; superciliis albis; loris gu- 
laque albido wiridoque variis; collo anticé abdomineque flavis ; 
pectore viridi-flavo. 

Green Fly-catcher with the crown ashy-blue; the eyebrows 
white ; the lores and throat varied with white and green ; the 
neck in front and abdomen yellow ; the breast greenish-yellow. 


MUSCICAPID®. 121 


Inuasits Brazil. Length four inches: the pre- 
vailing colour of the upper parts of the body, the 
wings, and tail, is clear green: the top of the head 
is bluish-ash: over the eyes is a broad white dash, 
extending towards the occiput: the lores and the 
throat are varied with whitish and greenish : the fore 
part of the neck and the abdomen are yellow; and 
the breast is greenish-yellow : the beak is short, brown 
above and white beneath. ‘The female is less bril- 
liant in colour ; and has the top of the head varied 
with green. 


Sp. 16. Mu. flammiceps. Temm. Pl. Col. 144. f: 3. 

Mop. subcristata, crista in marem igneo-rufa, in foeminam rufes- 
cente 3 fronte, nucha, dorso, uropygiogue flavescente-rufis ; loris 
et corpore infra albido-flavis; collo antice pectoreque nigro 
striatis. 

Slightly-crested Flycatcher, the crest fiery-red in the male, red- 
dish in the female; with the forehead, nape, back, and 1ump 
brownish-red ; the lores and body beneath whitish-yellow ; the 
neck in front and breast striped with black, 


Iyuaszits Brazil. Length four inches: the top of 
the head is clothed with rather long feathers, of which 
the central ones in the male are fiery-red, and in the 
female reddish: the forehead, the nape, the back, 
and the rump are brownish-red: the tail is brown: 
the wings dusky-brown, with two reddish bands on 
their coverts: the lores, and all the under parts of 
the plumage, are whitish-yellow; the fore part of the 
neck and the breast being dashed with brownish-red 
streaks. 


Sp. 17. Mu. gularis. Temm. Pl. Col. 167. f. 1. 


422 MUSCICAPID&. 


Mu? vertice nuchaque fusco-cinereis ; dorso virescente 3 guld et 
corpore subtus cinereis; malis, superciliis, lateribusque colli, 
rufescentibus. 

Flycatcher? with the crown and nape brown-ash; the back 
greenish ; the throat and body beneath cinereous; the cheeks, 
eyebrows, and sides of the neck reddish. : 


Inuasits Brazil. Length near four inches: beak 
elongated, and somewhat resembling that of the To- 
dies: the top of the head and the nape are dusky- 
ash: the cheeks, and a band passing over the eyes, 
and down the sides of the neck, are reddish; the fea- 
thers on the ears are of the same colour, but deeper : 
the throat is ash-coloured, tinged with reddish: the 
under parts are ash-coloured: the back, as well as 
the edges of the wing and tail-feathers, is greenish, 
but the wing-coverts are rather yellowish. 


Sp. 18. Mu. straminea. Natterer. Temm., Pl. Col. 167.f. 2. 

Mu? subcristata, vertice fusca medio albo; loris strigdque oculart 
albis; corpore supra cinereo, subtus stramineo ; guld pectoreque 
albidis. 

Slightly-crested Flycatcher? with the crown brown, with its 
middle white ; the lores and eyestripe white ; the body above 
ash-coloured ; beneath straw-coloured ; with the throat and 
breast whitish. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length three inches and three 
quarters. In many respects this species is allied to 
the ‘Tyranni, in others to the Pari: the middle of the 
head is adorned with a short depressed crest, of which 
the feathers in the middle are whitish, and those on 
either side dusky: on the lores, passing through the 
eyes, is a white line: the sides of the head are lead- 
colour: the nape is ashy : the back olive: the wings 


MUSCICAPID&. 123 


are dusky, edged with white: the tail dusky: the 
throat and the breast are whitish slightly tinged with 
ash, and the rest of the under parts are straw colour : 
the beak and legs are black. 


Sp. 19. Mu. Banyumas. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xiii. p. 146.— 
Muscicapa cantatrix. T'emm. Pl. Col. 226, f. 1. male; 2. fe- 
male. 


Mu? supra saturato cyaneo nigricans ; subtus badia, ventre pal- 
lidiore ; remigibus rectricibusque infra nigris. 

Flycatcher ? above deep dusky blue ; beneath chesnut, with the 
belly paler ; the quills and tail-feathers black beneath. 


Inuasits Java. Length six inches: the male has 
a broad band. of deep azure on the forehead, the 
extremities of which terminate over the eyes: the 
regions of the lores, and round the beak, are velvety 
black: the cheeks and the feathers on the ears are 
bluish-black : the top of the head, the nape, the back, 
the wings, and the tail are blue; the colour being 
the clearest on the bend of the wing: the quills and 
tail beneath are black: the throat, the fore part of 
the neck and the breast are clear bright red: the 
belly, vent, and under tail-coverts are whitish-red. 
The female has the band on the forehead, the region 
of the lores, and round the eyes, whitish: the top of 
the head, and the nape, ash-colour: the back olive: 
the tail and wings brown, edged with reddish: the 
-under parts resemble those of the male, but the co- 
lours are more clear: the beak is black, ard the legs 
grey. | 

It affects woods, and is said to sing very melo- 
diously. 


124 MUSCICAPID. 


Sp. 20. Mu. miniata. Temm. Pl. Col. 155. 

Mu? chalybeo-nigra, infra, dorso postico, remigibus medits rectri- 
cibusque lateralibus externé cinnabarinis ; mare guld nigra. 
Steel-black Flycatcher? with the under parts, lower part of the 
back, middle of the quills, and lateral tail-feathers externally 

of a cinnabar colour ; the male with a black throat. 


Inuapits Java. Length above seven inches: the 
male has the top of the head and the throat of a fine 
polished steel-black: the nape, the back, the scapu- 
lars, and the upper lesser wing-coverts, golden-red, 
shaded with dusky: the lower part of the back, the 
rump, the breast, belly, and under the wings, are 
very bright vermilion: all but the three anterior of 
the wing quills are red-vermilion from the base to the 
middle, the rest plain black : the tail is long, the four 
middle feathers are black, the rest are black at the 
base, and from the middle to the tip red-vermilion : 
the beak and legs (which resemble those of M. albi- 
collis?) are black, ‘The female is less brilliant in 
colour; the feathers on the throat are bright red ; 


and the cheeks are oftentimes marbled with red and 
dusky. 


Sp. 21. Mu? flammea. Sieph. v. x. p. 372. Temm. Pl. Col. 
263. f. 1. male; f. 2. female.—India, 


Sp. 22. Mu? Malabaricus. 


Parus Malabaricus. Steph. v. x.49.—Parus peregrinus, Steph. 
v. x. p. 46.—Le Gobe-mouche oranor. Le Vaill. v. iv. pl. 155.— 
Malabar. 


Sp. 23. Mu? multicolor. Gmel. 


Mu. erythrogastra. Steph. v. x. p. 400. pl. 32.—New Hol- 
land. 


Sp. 24. Mu? cucullata. Steph. v. x. p. 379.—New Holland. 


MUSCICAPIDA. 125 


Sp. 25. Mu? stellaris. 

Mu? olwvaceo-viridis infra flava; capite cesio; macula albd ante 
oculos; guld fascia albé; pectore lateribusque olivaceo nebu- 
losis. 


Olive-green Flycatcher? beneath yellow; with the head blue- 
grey ; a white spot before the eyes; a white band on the throat ; 
the breast and sides clouded with olive. 

Le Gobe-mouche Etoilé. Le Vaill. Oise d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 157.’ 

J: 2.—Starry Flycatcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 200. 


Inuazits Southern Africa. Size of M. atrica- 
pilla; but with longer legs: head black: irides red- 
brown: head blue-grey: before the eyes a spot of 
white: across the throat, beneath the grey, a white 
band: general colour of the body above olive-green, 
inclining to yellow: beneath the body jonquil yel- 
low, ciouded with pale olive on the breast and sides : 
quills slate-coloured, with pale borders: tail as the 
back, and even at the end: legs black brown. ‘The 
female has the head and all the upper parts olive- 
green, paler than the male : throat and cheeks paler : 
the body beneath pale yellow, with an olive tinge on 
the belly, and beneath the tail; but she is destitute 
of the blue-grey band and the white across the throat. 

According to L& Vaillant this species builds in 
the forks of trees, constructing its nest of dry grass, 
covered with lichen and dry fibres within: the eggs 


are four in number, dotted with rufous; and are 
hatched in sixteen days. 


Sp. 26. Mu? speciosa. 
Turdus speciosus. Steph. v. x. p. 273.—India *. 


* The eight last-mentioned species approach, by the form of 
their beak and length of legs, to the genus Saxicola; the 19th 


126 MUSCICAPID.®. 


b. Rectricibus intermediis valde elongatis. 
b, With the intermediate tail-feathers much elongated. 


Sp. 27. Mu? Colon. 

Mv. nigra, capite cerulescente-albido; fronte luteo; uropygio 
rectricibusque lateralibus pogoniis externis albis. 

Black Flycatcher? with the head of a bluish-white ; the forehead 
luteous ; the rump and outer webs of the exterior tail-feathers 
white. 

Le Colon. Voy. d’ Azara, iii. 180.—Peruvian Flycatcher. Lath. 
Gen. Mist. vi. 257. pl. cii. 


Inuasits Paraguay during the winter. Length, 
from the beak to the end of the usual tail-feathers, 
five inches, but to that of the lengthened feathers 
eight inches and three quarters: beak broad and flat, 
straight, and a trifle bent at the tip: furnished with 
hairs at its base, and black: eyes large: head bluish- 
white, mixed, as far as the eye, with buff: front buff 
colour: rump and outer webs of the exterior tail- 
feathers white: the rest of the plumage full black : 
tail-feathers little more than one inch and a half 
long, thetwo middle ones excepted, which exceed the 
others by about three inches; these last are webbed 
as usual at the base and tips, but the middle part 
consists of a mere shaft: legs black. 

This very singular species was discovered by 
D’ Azara, in Paraguay: it will probably be removed 
to a new genus. 


and 20th, from their structure and the length of their tail, to 
‘Malurus; and the 1Sth to Parus, by its short beak and general 
habit. 


frst 


MUSCICAPA $ PSALUBA. 


hy 


MUSCICAPID &. 127 


BR. Caudé maximé furcata. 
B. With the tail greatly forked. 
Sp. 28. Mu? psalura. 
Mu? rectrice exteriore utringue pogonio verticali ; corpore vario; 
Sascié pectorali nigra in marem, rufa in feminam. 
Flycatcher ? with a vertical web to the outer tail-feathers on each 
side; the body varied ; the male with a black and the female 
with a rufous band on the breast. 
Le Guira Yetapa. D’ Azara, iii. No. 226.—Paraguan Flycatcher. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 254—Muscicapa psalura. Temm. Pl. 
Col. 286. male ; 296. female. 


Inuazirs Brazil. Distinguished from the rest of 
the Flycatchers by the singular construction of its tail 
and wings: the former is composed of twelve fea- 
thers, of which the outer one on either side takes its © 
origin, beneath the others: these two feathers are 
above eight inches long in the male, and four in the 
female ; they are Eales at their base, and, in the 
former sex, they become furnished with long webs on 
their upper side, while the under remains smooth: 
in the female both sides of the shaft are adorned with 
webs towards the tip, and form a kind of racket. The 
wings are remarkable from having the first quill de- 
tached and falling down from the following; it is 
short, curved, broad at its base, and then gradually 
narrower to its point, which is furnished with a trun- 
cated web. pts 

The adult male has the top of the head, the fea- 
thers on the ears, the nape, the top of the back, the 
sides of the neck, and a band on the breast, deep — 
black ; but during the period of moulting the fea- — 
thers of these parts are edged with reddish: the 
throat, the belly, and the vent, white: the rest of © 


128 MUSCICAPID®. 


the back, and the wing-coverts grey-white : the quills 
and tail-feathers black in the middle, with broad white 
edges: the long lateral feathers of the last are totally 
black : the legs are black : the beak yellowish-brown: 
the irides are brown: length about thirteen inches. 
The female is only eight inches in length : the top of 
the head and the middle of the back are clothed with 
brown feathers edged with yellowish-white : the nape, 
the scapulars, the rump, the belt on the breast, the 
sides, and the vent, are reddish-isabella colour: the 
throat, tbe region of the eyes, and the middle of the 
belly white: the wing and tail-feathers are edged 
with clear red: and the racket at the end of the 
outer tail-feather is perfect black. 

There can be little question that this remarkable 
bird should be detached from the Flycatchers, and 
ranked as a distinct genus ; but as my object is merely 
an endeavour to introduce such genera as have already 
been established by others (arranged in conformity to 
the beautiful theory which I have repeatedly alluded 
to), I have placed it conditionally among the Musci- 
cape, with a mark of doubt as to its location in 
that genus; a method which I have adopted in all 
cases throughout this arrangement, where there is 
apparently a deviation from the typical species of any 
genus. 


GENUS LXI.—ALECTRURUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi glabrum et de- || Beak glabrous and depressed 
pressum, conico-convexum, at the base, conic-convex, 
apice aduncum; mandi- with its tip hooked; the 


bula inferior recta. | lower mandible straight. 


AUIS 


AANA, 


ALECTRURI 


‘ 


) 


Tt 


7] 


‘ 


Y 
tl 
CO ae 


ICOLOR. 


Pl. 46. 


MUSCICAPID&. 129 


Cauda utrinque compressa, || 7J'’ail compressed on each 
ascendens; rectricibus apice || side, ascending; its fea- 
acutis. | thers pointed at the tip. 


Sp. 1. Al. tricolor. Vieil. Analyse, p. 68. (F.) 

Au. vertice cauda pedibusque nigris ; corpore subtus genisque 
albis; dorso uropygioque cinereis; rostro olivaceo. 

Alecturus with the crown, tail, and legs black; the body heheatle 
and cheeks white; the back and rump cine ibe beak 
olivaceous. 


Muscicapa Alector, Temm. Pl, Col. 155. f. 1. male 2 e 2. fox 
male. ue 


Inuanits Brazil. Length six inches and a half: 
the male has the forehead and the cheeks marbled 
with black and white: the top of the head, the nape, 
the back, the scapulars, and a half belt on the sides 
of the breast, deep black, and.unspotted in those birds 
which have completed their moulting, but varied with 
brown in those of imperfect plumage : the throat and 
all the under parts are white : the bend of the wings, 
as well as the base and part of the outer web of the 
quills, is white: the tail-feathers (which this bird has 
the power of elevating) are black, and their imner 
- webs are twice as broad as the outer, those of the two 
middle feathers being widest, and having their ex- 
tremities very long and decomposed, with each radius 
separated into a distinct fringe, easily distinguishable ; 
the inner webs are shorter, and the radii are united 
as usual; but the tip of the shaft is elongated into a 
delicate point, and. extends nearly half an inch be- 
yond the webs: the upper mandible of the beak is 
brown, and the lower white: the legs are black. 
- The female differs considerably from the male: she 
Ni.) MIDE) Eee 9 


130 MUSCICAPIDE. 


is less, and she has not the power of elevating the tail, 
which is arched; the two middle feathers are not 
lengthened, and do not possess the broad webs asin 
the male, but the other feathers resemble those of that 
sex, except the two outer ones, which are prolonged. 
into a point by the elongation of the shaft: all the 
upper parts of the plumage are dull brown, and each 
feather is edged with reddish-brown: the throat 1s 
white: the half belt on the neck is indicated by a 
red mark: the rest of the under parts is reddish- 
white and isabella-colour. 

These curious birds fly with great celerity: they 
affect the open places in the neighbourhood of waters, 
perching upon the rushes and aquatic plants, and do 
not penetrate the woods, or rest upon trees or bushes. 
The males are solitary, but the females are rather 
gregarious: the former frequently mount vertically 
into the air, flapping their wings and elevating and 
depressing their tail, and usually dart down from the 
height of twenty or thirty feet to their resting-place. 


GENUS LXIL.—VIREO, Vieillot. 


Rostrum breve, pauld ro-|| Beak short, a little robust 


bustum et lateratim com- and laterally compressed, 
pressum, apice aduncum : its tip bent down: the 
mandibula inferior mar- lower mandible with its 
ginibus constrictis, apice edges straitened, its tip 
recurvata. recurved. 


Les Tancaras-Loriors. Cuvier. 


Sp. 1. Vi. cristatus. 
Tanagra cristata. Svleph. v, x. p. 478.—Guiana. 


MUSCICAPIDE. 131 


Sp. 2. Vi. nigerrimus. 

Vi. nigerrimus tectricibus minoribus alarum albissimis (mas.); 
aut, toto rufo-brunneus (foemina.) 

Black Vireo with the lesser wing-coverts pure white, male; or, 
entirely red-brown, female. 

Tanagra nigerrima. Desmar. Tanag. et Pip. pl. 45. 46. 


Inuapits Guiana and Cayenne. Length about 
six inches : the male has the feathers of the head and 
body of a very brilliant black, with the greater quills, 
the wings, and tail, dull black; and the lesser and 
under wing-coverts pure white: the beak and the 
legs are black. ‘The female is rather less than the 
male: the plumage is of a chesnut-red, palest be- 
neath: the inner part of the wing-quills is black- 
brown. 

Said to subsist on fruits as well as insects. 


Sp. 3. Vi. olivaceus. 
Tanagra olivacea. Steph. v. x. p. 457.—Muscicapa olivacea ? 
Steph. v. x. p. 379.—America. 
Sp. 4. Vi. musicus. Vieil. Ois. d' Amer. Sept. 1. p. 83. pl. 52. 
Muscicapa Noveborascensis. Steph. v. x. p.366.—North Ame- 
rica. 


Sp. 5. Vi. flavifrons. Vieil. Ois. d’ Amer. Sept. i. pl. 54. 

Vi. corpore supra et capite flavo-viridibus; fronte, orbitis, guld, 
pectore, ventroque flavis; crisso tectricibus alarum apice, recn 
tricibusque externis pogoniis exterioribus albis. 

Vireo with the body above and the head'yellow-green ; the fore- 
head, orbits, throat, breast, and belly yellow ; the vent, tips of 
the wing-coverts, and outer web of the exterior tail-feathers 
white. 

Yellow-fronted Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 208. 


Innazsits North America. Length four inches 
eight lines: beak red: legs black: general colour of 


132 LANIIDA, 


the plumage yellow-green on the head and upper 
parts of the body: the forehead and sides round the 
eye, throat, breast, and belly, yellow: tips of the 
wing-coverts and lower belly white: outer tail-fea- 
thers white on the outer web. 


FAMILY IJ.—LANIIDZ. 


Rostrum conicum, aut converum, lateratim compressum, dente 
utringue versus apicem, apice plus minusve adunca ; pedes tetra- 
dactyli, tribus anticis, uno postico gracilo. | 

Beak conic, or convex, laterally compressed, with a strong tooth 
or notch on each side near the tip, the tip itself more or less 
hooked ; feet fourtoed, with three toes before and one behind, 
the last slender. 


Tue Laniide are bold and courageous birds, but 
many of them, on the other hand, are cruel and rapa- 
cious: they attack all small birds, and defend them- 
selves with great address against the larger, not fear- 
ing Eagles and other birds of prey: especially when 
they are tending their young, of which they are 
remarkably tenacious: they lay five or six eggs, and 
fly in small groups, inelegantly and with pecipita- 
tion, uttering their piercing cry: the typical groups 
feed upon birds, the rest upon insects. Many of the 
species are celebrated for the dexterity with which 
they impale insects or small birds upon thorns, or 
force them into the clefts and chinks of trees and 
rocks ; thence called Butcher, or murdering birds. 


LANIUD&. 133 
GENUS LXIIL—TYRANNUS, Cuvier. TYRANT-SHRIKE. 


Rostrum robustum,. basi vi- || Beak robust, its base clothed 


. brissis tectum, depressum, with bristles, depressed, 
supra convexum, versus convex above, towards the 
apicem subitO aduncum ; tip suddenly hooked; the 
mandibula inferior subtus || lower mandible rather flat 
paulo planata, apice acuta, || beneath, its tip acute, re- 


recurvata. curved. 


PLATYRHINCHUS pars. Temm. 


TueEse inhabit the American continent: they are 
bold birds: are said to defend their young against 
the attacks of Eagles, and their nest from other birds 
of prey: the larger species devour small birds. 

Sp. 1. Ty. pitangua. . 

Lanius pitangua. Shaw, v. vii. p. 300.—Brazil. 
Sp. 2. Ty. sulfuraceus. 

Lanius sulfuraceus. Shaw, v. vil. p.309.—South America. 
Sp. 3. Ty. leucogaster. 

Lanius Tyrannus. Shavw, v. vii. p.304. pl. 41—North America. 
Sp. 4. Ty. audax. 

Muscicapa audax. Steph. v. x. p. 364.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 5. Ty. ferox. 
Muscicapa flaviventris. Steph..v. x. p. 343.—Cayenne. 
Sp. 6. Ty. Nunciola. 
Ty. cauda longissima; corpore nigro, subtus albo. 
Tyrant-Shrike with a very long tail; the body black above and 
white beneath. 
“Muscicapa tyrannus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 325.—Fork-tailed Fly- 
catcher. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 237. 


Innasits America. Length fourteen inches : beak 
black : upper part and sides of the head black: on 
the middle of the crown the feathers are yellow at 


134 LANDA. 

the base: neck behind, back, rump, and scapulars, 
cinereous; upper tail-coverts black : all the under 
parts white: lesser wing-coverts cinereous, greater 
brown: quills brown, with the inner margins white : 
tail greatly forked, the outer feathers being nine 
inches in length, and the middle ones not two; all 
of them black, but the outmost has the exterior web 
white for half its length: legs black. In some spe- 
cies the yellow on the crown is wanting; in others 
the outer margins of the quills are white, as well as 


the inner. 


Sp. 7. Ty? Mexicanus. 


Muscicapa forficata. Steph. v. 


Sp. 8. Ty? Neugeta. 
Lanius Neugeta. 


x. p. 413. pl. 33.—Mexico. 


Shaw, v. vil. p. 287.—Brazil. 


GENUS LXIV.—GUBERNETES, Such. 


Rostrum crassum, subdepres- | 


sum, basi sublatum, cul- 
mine rotundato; mandi- 
bula superior apice leviter 
emarginata. 


| 


Nares rotunde. 

Rictus vibrissis. confertus, 
rigidis. 

Cauda longissima, forficata. 

Ale remiges 
prima ad quintam feré 
zequales, prima brevissima, 


secunda longissima, pogo- 


mediocres ; 


| 


we aC z 
nn externl, prima pogonio | 


excepto, in medio emargi- | 
nati, interni integres. 


Beak thick, rather depressed, 
somewhat broad at. the 
base, the culmen rounded ; 
the wpper mandible slight- 
ly notched at the tip. 

Nostrils rounded. 

Gape with several stiff bris- 
tles. 

Tail very long, forked. 

Wings moderate ; the first to 
the fifth nearly equal, the 
first shortest, the second 
longest ; the outer webs, 
except the first, notched 
in the middle; the inner 
entire, 


LANIIDA. 135 


Sp. 1. Gu. Cunninghami. Zool. Journ. (Such.) v. ii. 114. pl. 14, 

Gu. cinerascens longitudinalitér fusco lineatus ; guld crissoque 
albis, fascia lunulari pectorali purpurascenti brunned § alis cau- 
daque brunnescenti nigris ; remigibus longitudinalitér ferru- 
gineo fasciatis. 

_ Cinerascent Gubernetes longitudinally striped with brown ; with 

the throat and vent white; with a lunulated pectoral purplish- 

brown band ; the wings and tail brownish-black ; the quills lon- 

gitudinally barred with ferruginous. 


Inuazits Brazil. Length fifteen and two-third 
inches: the feathers of the head, back, and abdomen 
with brown shafts: the under coverts white: the 
quills brownish-black ; the outer web of the first 
white ; those from the third to the seventh ferru- 
ginous in the middle, the inner whitish at the base: 
the shafts of the tail-feathers above black, beneath 
white ; the outer web of the lateral? one white at the 
base: the beak brown: the legs black. 


GENUS LXV.—TITYRA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi glabrum, ro-|| Beak glabrous at the base, 


bustum, crassum, rectum, robust, thick, straight, a 
paulo depressum, supra little depressed, convex 
infrdque convexum, apice above and beneath, with 
subcompressum ; mand- its tip slightly compressed ; 
bula inferior  laciniata, the lower mandible \acini- 
apice acuta, recurvata. - ||. ated, with its tip acute, 
_ recurved. 
Rictus amplius, ciliatus. Gape wide, ciliated. 


Psaris, Cuvier, Temm. - 


Sp. 1. Ti. Cayana. 
Lanius Cayanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 297.—Cayenne. 


136 LANIIDA. 


Sp. 2. Ti?:Cuvierii. 

Ti. oltvacea, subtus albida, capite supra nigro 5 occipite temporibus 
et colli lateribus cinereis ; pectore lateribus tegminibusque in- 

Sernis flavis. 

Olive Tityra beneath whitish, with the crown black ; nape, sides 
of the head, and neck pale cinereous; breast, sides, and under _ 
wing-coverts yellow. 

Psaris Cuvierii. Swains. Zool. Illust. pl. 32. 


Inuasrrs Brazil. Length five inches and a half: 
beak bluish: nostrils ovately round, rather large and 
simple, being entirely devoid of an external mem- 
brane, but the base is partially covered with small 
thickset, short, setaceous feathers: between the eye 
and base of the beak are a few weak and short hairs: 
the upper part of the head, as far as the nape, is 
capped by deep black, having a bluish-gloss : between 
the nostrils and the eye, as well as on the chin and 
throat, the colour is white; which changes to a pale 
cinereous-grey on the sides of the head and round 
the neck, the ears at their base and margin of the 
eye tinged with yellow; the rest of the upper plu- 
mage yellowish-olive: the under plumage on the 
lower part of the neck and breast, the sides, and the 
inner wing-coverts are clear yellow, and from that to 
the vent white: wings two inches long, the quills 
brown, margined externally with olive, and inter- 
nally with yellow: the first and second quill pro- 
gressively shorter than the third and fourth, which 
are of equal length : tail short, slightly divaricated, 
olive, with whitish marginal tips: legs bluish-black ; 
the three fore-toes are equally cleft, but a membrane 
connects them equally at the base nearly to the end 
of the first joint. 


LANIID&. 137 


GENUS LXVI.—ARTAMUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi glabrum, lee- 
vissimum, conicum, subro- 
bustum, supra convexum, 
propé apicem paulo late- 
ratim compressum: man- 
dibula superior subarcu- 
ata; wuferior acuta, apice 
recurvata. 


Beak glabrous at the base, 


very smooth, conic, rather 
robust, convex above, and 
a little pressed laterally 
towards the tip; the upper 
mandible slightly arcu- 
ated ; the lower acute, with 
its tip acute, recurved. 


Rictus vibrissis armatus. Gape furnished with bristles. 
Wings very long; the first 


quill longest. 


Ale valdé elongate; remex 
prima longissima. 


Ocypterus, Cuvier, Temm.—Lerrorteryx, Horsfield. 


TuE species of this genus are very numerous on 
the shores of the islands in the Indian Seas, and are 
perpetually on the wing in pursuit of insects. 


Sp. 1. Ar. leucorhynchos. 
Lanius leucorhynchos. 

Islands. 

Sp. 2. Ar. viridis. 


Lanius viridis. 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 323.—The Philippine 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 321.—Madagascar, 

_N. LB. There are several other species of this genus described 
in the Memoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, for the year 
1824, but I have hitherto been unable to obtain the use of that 
work. 


GENUS LXVIL_DICRURUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi vibrissis  or- Beak furnished at the base 


natum, robustum ; mandi- 
 bula superior supra sub- 
carinata, apice adunca ; 
inferior acuta, apice re- 
curvata. 

Cauda furcata; rectrices de: 
cem. 


with bristles, robust; the 
upper mandible subcari- 


~ nated above, its tip hook- 


ed; the dower acute, with 
its tip recurved. 


Tail forked, with ten .fea- 


thers. 


138 LANIID2. 


Epotius, Cuvier, Temm. 


A. Rectricibus externis simplicibus. 
A. With the outer tail-feathers simple. 


Sp. 1. Di. forficatus. 

Lanius Drongo. Shaw, v. vii. p. 289.—Madagascar 

Sp. 2. Di. Balicassius. 

- Corvus Balicassius: Shaw, v. vii. p. 352.—Africa. 

Sp. 3. Di. cerulescens. 

Lanius Fingah,.. Shaw, v. vii. p. 291.—India. 

Sp. 4. Di cinerascens. 

Di. cineraceus saturatus concolor, remigibus supra ad apicem 
rectricibusque lateralibus margine exteriore, nigris. 

Dicrurus of uniform deep cinereous, with the quills above to- 
wards the tip, and the lateral tail-feathers on their outer 
margin, black. 

Edolius cinerascens. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 145. 


Inuasirts Java. Length eleven inches: ‘although 
very similar to KE. (Di.) forficatus, it must be considered 
a distinct species: the bill is more robust, and the 
exterior rectrices form a greater curve than in that 
bird: it is much less common.”—Horsjfield. 


Sp. 5. Di, eratus. 

Di. supra nigro-eneus viridi ceruleoque nitents ; subtus griseo- 
niger ; infra oculos macula nigra. 

Dicrurus above brassy-black glossed with blue and green ; beneath 
grey-black ; with a black spot under the eyes. 

Drongo bronze. Levail. Afr. iv. 75. pl. 176.—Bronzed Shrike. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 63. 


Inuasits Bengal. Beak and legs black : general 
colour of the plumage above black, with a brilliant 
changeable blue gloss, like bronze, in some lights ap- 
pearing green: belly, sides, and under tail-coverts, 
dull black-grey: under parts of the wings and tail 


LANID. 139 


black: the Jast forked : the -hairs about the nostrils 
point forward; and there is a large oval patch of 
black beneath the eye. 


Sp. 6. Di. Indicus. 

Di. niger ceruleo nitents ; caudé elongata corpore longiore. 

Black Dicrurus glossed with blue; with the tail elongated and 
longer than the body. 


Drongolon. Le Vaill, Ois. d' Afriq. iv. 72. pl. 174. Long-tailed 
Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 62. 


Inuazits India. More slender than the second 
species, particularly in the tail, which is as long as 
the body, and greatly forked, the two middle fea- 
thers being two inches and a quarter shorter than the 
outer : the beak and legs are lead-colour : the general 


colour of the plumage is black, with a bright blue 
gloss. 


Sp- 7. Di. Hottentottus. 
Corvus Hottentottus. Shaw, v. vii. 351.—Inhabits Africa. ? 


‘Sp. 8. Di. mystaceus. 
Dr. niger viridi nitents ; tectricibus alarum, remigibus, caudaque, 
fusco-nigris ; rostri baso vibrissis elongatis ornato. 
Black Dicrurus glossed with green; with the wing-coverts, quills, 
and tail, brown-black ; the base of the beak furnished with elon- 
gated bristles. 


Le Drongo moustache. Le Vaill. Ois. @ Afriq. iv. pl. 169.— 
Whiskered Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 64. 


Inuasits Africa. Size of a Throstle: beak black, 
at its base above and beneath long bristles, some 
standing erect, others pointing downwards, and are 
double at the ends: eyes bright chesnut: plumage 
black, glossed with greenish : wing-coverts, quills, and 


140 LANIID&. 


tail, amber-colour, tinged with black: tail slightly 
forked. ‘The female has the lower belly and vent | 
spotted with white. 


Sp. 9. Di? Ceylonensis. 

Di? argenteo-griseus, rostro pedibusque plumbeis 3 rectricibus 
duodecim? pogoniis internis saturatioribus. 

Silvery-grey Dicrurus, with the beak and legs lead-colour ;_tail- 
feathers twelve? with their inner webs darkest. 

Le Drongri, Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 170.—Drongri Shrike. 
Lath, Gen. Hist. ii. 65. 


Inuasits Ceylon. The size of the last: beak 
and legs lead-colour; plumage wholly of a silvery 
grey: tail greatly forked, consisting of twelve ? 
feathers, the inner webs darker than the outer. 


Sp. 10. Di? albiventris. 
Di? supra argenteo-griseus ; subtus albus. 


Dicrurus? above silvery-grey ; beneath white. 
Le Drongri 4 ventre blanc. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 171. 


Inuasits Batavia. Much allied to the last, if 
not a variety of it: it chiefly differs in having all the 
under parts, from chin to vent, white. 


B. Rectricibus externis longissimis, rachidiarum basis nudis api- 
cibus plumosis. 

B. With the outer tail-feathers very long, their shafts naked 
at the base, feathered at the tips. 


Sp. 11. Di. Malabaricus.—Lanius Malabaricus. Shaw, v. vii. 
p- 293.—India, 

Sp. 12. Di. remifer. 

DI. niger nitore metallico ; rectricibus externis pogoniis apicalibus 
utringue equalibus. 


PU. 47. 


DICRURUS MALABARICUS. 


mattis ” ’ " i 


Ww silo (ania allt sis panoks oitletogm 2 wsicw seni 3 
shiz vould el waa: hte iio ont 
Ny BE AG oy ek ote kh ‘ten “ 


‘ y 
“ 


Avo i bial attA wide bas ae at nia niatan 
Aeon? erodindt-liat odd : codon amin & ia 
fee (rgital. Lutpa ‘to'sis t fable dies io ono 190 — 
eae or Worle ei unived hac, bagnoloig grt wid ono 
gieth gical Mii to 4 sbrittows a0) baden finn 9 ce , 
wild ini! auton souls jnods seins edow gid, ¢ se } 
tee hag sxthaal as oil aqysita ni 1 bag 
itl ean fe mene rs 4a 280) i} 
| ee sn he 


ads 3B 


ae a a \eea7oa prs isi ae Nee sia . 
5 , Te aa in a 
ensahen me gel atti aie at ie pare) yisig 4) 


e ag 4 Titi ek ailtaa hf ad “Todo 1th. Of BNE He boilen crit a a 
‘wilae ik Ps sit i) ods. an be creak tarts adh oy oy i ANG 2") ES) bY, 
Peni eee ht sisi a vs 6 ile ane Pye 


¥ ihe 1A 


bisieeetd PN AUS Ah {hanme Maat (fe) Uae a 


“to lin ae Hoan: ‘Anal j eames © aewibons oe 
0-Se © alo put Simm Sel | sition ots “alitxann 3 : ih: | 
Oe ia ae cola cet} bole, penthinrs nant 2am 
Aiawid fotontion  hotsy : aRiMa? 202M soditt aun We? 

cs harbinzitt aiieon of ale fend we anpailtil ag 
meee oA) penned. “abe, face |. ado ‘oolne loiter nasties 
coe citi albsbien art fomnevwrned VW audioinl ptiiriotans ertlos 
elk tie: yoenery ° ‘otaleade..* ¥ aixornclina 
eat fsooyltelil: aobre ity 
: Ayete! Na UE, t mt, ites re coe 


- 


hay q 


LANIID®. 141 


Black Dicrurus with a metallic gloss; with the terminal webs of 
the outer tail-feathers equal on either side. 


Temm. Pl. Col. 178. 


Edolius remifer. 


Inuasits Java and Sumatra. Allied to the last : 
length nine inches: the tail-feathers (excepting the 
outer one on each side) are of equal length, the outer 
one being prolonged, and having its shaft very long, 
delicate, and naked for two-thirds of its length, from 
the base: the webs arise about three inches from the 
tip, and are in shape like an Indian paddle; but, 
unlike those of the preceding species, the tip is flat. 
and even, and the web is of an equal length on either 
side of the shaft: the general colour of the plumage 
is black, with fine metallic hues: on the head, at the 
base of the beak, are several fine velvety feathers 
pointing forwards. ‘The female differs in wanting 
the naked shafts to the outer tail-feathers, and these 
feathers are but a trifle longer than the rest : in other 
respects she agrees with the male. 


GENUS LXVIIL—IRENA, Horsfield. 


Rostrum mediocre, cultra- || Beak moderate, cultrated, 


tum ; maxilla apice adun- 
ca; culmen arcuatum, ele- 
vatum, inter nares carina- 
tum, utrinque a basi ultra 
medium usque sulco ob- 
soleto exaratum, lateribus 
subconvexis. 


Rictus ciliatus. 


the mazilla hooked at the 
tip ; culmen arcuated, ele- 
vated, carinated between 
the nostrils, furnished on 
each side from the base 
beyond the middle with an 
obsolete groove, with its 
sides slightly convex. 


Gape ciliated. 


142 LANIIDE. 


Nostrils basal, nearly round, 
covered with velvety fea- 
thers, and rigid bristles. 


Nares basales subrotundze, 
vibrissis rigidis plumisque 


velutinis obtectz. 


Sp. 1. Ir. puella. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 153.— Cora- 
cias puella. Shaw, v. vii. p. 398.—Edolius puellus. Zemm. 
Pl. Col. 70. male ; 225, female.—India. 

Sp. 2. Ir? carinata. 

In? plumbea, infra ferruginea 3 fronte juguloque nigris ; tempo- 
ribus albentibus; rostri culmine carinato. 

Plumbeous Irena? with the body beneath ferruginous, the front 
and throat black; sides of the head whitish, top ef the beak 
carinated. 

Muscipeta carinata. Swains. Zool. Illust. pl. 147. 


‘¢ LenGcTH six inches and a half: front, throat, and 
margin, of the shoulders deep black ; the whole upper 
plumage is of a delicate lead-colour, which is paler 
on the breast, and nearly white on the sides of the 
head and neck ; body and inner wing-coverts rufous ; 
the first quill is half the length of the second, which 
is rather shorter than the three next: feet slender, 
weak, and short: the outer toe united, the inner 
cleft: the beak at the base is triangular, but not 
elevated: the sides compressed, the culmen or top is 
sharp, elevated, and curved ; the tip of both mandi- 
bles notched : nostrils simple, small, round, without 
a membrane, and partly hid by the thick-set frontal 
feathers and lengthened setaceous bristles round the 
beak.” ‘The above is Mr. Swainson’s description of 
this species ; and he very properly remarks that the 
foregoing peculiarities in the structure of the beak 
may form the basis of a new generic distinction. 


Pl. 4G. 


IRENA PUR LWA. 


MEN RES 


Ri UG 


ena i 


TRICOPHORUS 


I 


PrP ATR 


DALES 


BATU S. 


PU. 49. 


LANIID&. 


143 


GENUS LXIX.—TRICOPHORUS, Temminck. 


Rostrum breve, forte, conico- 
longum, basi latum, apice 
compresso ; mandibula su- 
pervor apice adunca ;_ basi 
setis validis ornata. 


Nares subbasales, ovatze, 
apertze. 

Pedes breves. 

Ale wmediocres; remiges 

Ime, 2de et Siz cunei- 


formes, 4tee, Stee et Gtz | 


longissimee. 


Beak short, strong, elongate- 
conic, broad at the base, 
compressed at the tip; the 
upper mandible hooked ; 
its base furnished with 
stout bristles. 

Nostrils nearly basal, ovate, 
open. 


| Legs short. 
Wings moderate ; the first, 


second and third quills 
wedge-shaped, the fourth, 
fifth and sixth longest. : 


Crinicer, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 


Aut the birds of this genus (of which five are 
already known) inhabit the western coasts of Africa: 
their manners have not been observed. 


Sp. |. Tr. barbatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 88. 

Tr. barbd gulari flava ; corpore supra griseo-viridis ; infra cine- 
reo-viridis ; rectricibus rufescentibus. 

Tricophorus with a yellow beard on the throat: the body above 
grey-green; beneath ashy-green ; the tail-feathers reddish. 


Leneru eight inches: this species, which is given 
as the type of the genus by Temminck, is distinguished 
from its congeners by several broad, long, and some- 
what crisped feathers on the throat, and part of the 
neck : the edges of the upper mandible of the beak 
are adorned with very long and strong bristles or 
hairs, and the occiput and upper part of the neck 


144 LANIID. 


with eight or ten similar appendages, which surpass 
the length of the feathers by about an inch, and forma 
kind of cravat, which the bird can elevate at pleasure ; 
both sexes are thus provided : the upper parts of the 
plumage in the male are green, glossed with ash on 
the back, and the tail is tinged with reddish; the 
tip of the feathers of the latter bearing a very narrow 
yellowish crescent: the feathers of the throat form- 
ing the beard are of a beautiful clear yellow, with 
the shafts yellowish: the rest of the plumage of the 
under parts is ashy-green, with the edges of the 
feathers palest. The female has the colours more 
ashy than the male, and the gular feathers are less 
brilliant : in other respects she resembles the male. 


GENUS LXX.—SPARACTES, Illiger. 


Beak moderate, robust, fur- 
nished with bristles at the 


Rostrum mediocre, robus- 
tum, basi setis instructum, 


supra convexum; mandi- 
bula superior versus api- 
cem utrinque dentato- 
emarginata, apice adunca ; 


base, convex above; the 
upper mandible dentato- 
emarginate on both sides 
towards the tip, the tip 


inferior mtegra depressa. hooked ; the dower entire, 
depressed. 
Sp. 1. Sp. superbus. 

Lanius superbus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 290. pl. 39 —The South Sea 


Tslands. - 


GENUS LXXI.—LANIUS Auctorum. SHRIKE. 


Beak robust, base naked, sub- 
triangular, convex above, 


Rostrum robustum, basi nu- 
dum, subtriangulare,supra 
convexum, lateratim com- laterally compressed ; the 


pressum; mandibula su- | upper mandible hooked 


LANIID®. 145 


perior versus apicem adun- towards the tip; the lower 
ca, 2nferior acuta, apice re- acute, its tip recurved. 
curvata. 

Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 

Ale penna spuria; remiges | Wings with a spurious fea- 
secundze et tertize longis- ther; the second and third 
sime. quills longest. 


A. Rostro valido, apice forté adunco. 
A. With the beak stout, the tip strongly hooked. 


Sp. |. La. exeubitor. Shaw, v. vii. p.282. pl. 37.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. © | 

Sp. 2. La. Italicus. Shaw, v. vil, p. 286.—South of Europe. 

Sp. 3. La. meridionalis. Temm. Man. d’Orn. Il. Edit.i. 143. 

La. supra cinerea; fascid latd infra oculos nigrd; guld rufo-albd ; 
corpore subtus cinerascente; rectricibus quatuor intermediis 
nigres. 

Shrike above ash-coloured ; with a broad black band beneath the 
eyes; the throat white; the body beneath cinerascent ; the 
four middle tail-feathers black. 


InHapBits the south of Europe. Length nie 
inches: the head, nape, and back, deep ash-colour : 
beneath the eyes a broad band of black, ending on 
the ears: throat reddish-white : the rest of the under 
parts inclining to ash, deeper over the thighs: base 
and tip of the quills white: the four middle tail- 
feathers black: the rest as in L. cinerea. ‘The 
female is ash-colour above but paler, beneath more 
inclined to ash, barred with darker ; the band under 
the eyes less distinct than in the male. 


Sp. 4. La. ruficollis. Shaw, v. vii. p.316.—Britain, Europe, and 
Africa. 
We UUs on 10 


146 LANIIDE. 


Sp. 5. La. Collurio. Shaw, v. vii, p..315—Britain, Europe, and 
Africa, 

Sp. 6. La. collaris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 295. Southern Africa. 

Sp. 7. La. thiopicus, 

Turdus Athiopicus. Steph. v. x. p. 232.—Africa. 

Sp. 8. La. Cubla. Shaw, v. vil. p. 328.—Africa. 

Sp. 9. La. Capensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 327.—Africa. 

Sp. 10. La. Madagascariensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 332.—Madagascar. 

Sp. 11. La. bicolor. Shaw, v. vil. p. 322.—Africa. 

Sp. 12. La. personatus.—Temm. Pl, Col. 256. f- 2. 

La? fronte superciliisque albis; corpore supra nigro aut fusco ; 
guld, lateribus colli, scapulis, ventre, crissoque, albis ; lateribus 
pectoris hypochondriisque rufescentibus. 

Shrike with the forehead and eyebrows white; the body- above 
black or brown; the throat, sides of the neck, scapulars, belly, 
and vent, white ; the sides of the breast and flanks reddish. 


Inuazits Arabia and Egypt. Length about seven 
inches: the adult male has the forehead adorned 
with a broad white band, of which the angles pass 
over and behind each eye, and form a kind of brow : 
the throat, the sides of the neck, the scapulars, the 
middle of the belly, and the vent, are pure white : 
the sides of the breast and the flanks are tinged with 
red: the occiput, the region of the ears, the nape, 
and the back, are black: the wing is black, but some 
of the secondaries are white at their base: the six 
middle tail-feathers are black ; but the outer of these 
on each side is tipped with white: the two outer 
feathers are white with black shafts. The female 
has the plumage of a duller hue than the male, the 
occiput, the nape, and the back, are of a deep ashy 
tinge. ‘The young have the plumage covered with 
regular lunulated bands. 


LANIID. 147 


Sp- 13. La. Ludovicianus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 294.—North America. 

Sp. 14. La. Americanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 301.—North America. 

Sp. 15. La. Carolinensis, or Loggerhead Shrike. Wals. Amer. 
Orn. iti. pl. 22. f. 5: ? 

La. nigricans fronte fascidque oculari nigris ; rectricibus quatuor 
intermediis nigris ; reliquis plus minusve albis. 

Dusky Shrike with the forehead and stripe through the eyes 
black ; the four intermediate tail-feathers black ; the rest more 
or less tipped with white. 


Ixuasits North America. Length nine inches: 
allied to the preceding bird: the colour more dusky, 
and the frontlet and streak through the eye black ; 
the last running down half way on each side of the 
neck : irides dark hazel: the four middle tail-feathers 
black, four exterior more or less white at the ends, 
the outer nearly all white: beak and legs black. 

Said to destroy mice, to have a rough note, not 
unlike the creaking of a rusty sign-board in the wind, 
and to construct its nest in a detached bush. 


B. Rostro subgracile, apice vix adunco. 
B. Beak rather slender, its tip scarcely hooked. 


Sp. 16. La? Ceylonus. 

Lanius Bacbakiri. Shaw, v. vii. p. 319.—Turdus Ceylonus. 

Steph. v. x. p. 253.—Ceylon. 

Sp. 17. La. gutturalis. Ann. Mus. (Daudin.) iii. 144. pl. 15. 

La? supra viridis, fronte supercilisque flavis ; lined a naxes per 
oculos lunulaque pectoralt conjunctd nigris; guld corporeque 
subtus rujis. 

Shrike above green, with the forehead and eyebrows yellow; a 
line from the nostrils passing through the eyes, and united 
to a lunule on the breast, black; the throat and body beneath 
red. 

Pie-griesche Perrin. La Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. 124. pl. 286.— 
Malimbic Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 20. | 


148 LANIID&. 


Inuazits Malimba in Africa. Not much unlike 
the former bird, in size and the distribution of its 
colours: the beak and legs are black: the former 
with a very slight notch: the forehead yellow, pass- 
ing a little way over each eye, and ending in a point : 
the plumage on the upper parts of the body and 
wings, sides and thighs, deep green: from the nostrils 
a black streak commences, which passes through and 
down on each side of the neck, and growing broad, 
forms a deep crescent on the breast : within this and 
the middle of the belly to the vent deep red: tail 
moderate, rounded at the end, green above; dark 
coloured beneath. 


Sp. 18. La? antiguanus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 333.—The Philippine 
Islands. 


Sp. 19. La? crassirostris. - 
Turdus crassirostris. Steph. v. x. p. 222.—New Zealand. ° 


Sp. 20. La ? orientalis. 
Turdus orientalis. Steph. v. x. 264.—Terat boulan. Le Vaill. 
Ois, d’ Afriq. itii—India. 
GENUS LXXII.—FALCUNCULUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum breve, robustum, || Beak short, robust, much 


valdé compressum, sub- || compressed, slightly arcu- 
arcuatum; mandibula su- ated; the wpper mandible 
pertor versus apicem adun- hooked towards the tip, the 
ca, inferior acuta, apice re- lower acute, with its tip 
curvata. recurved. 

Remex prima longissima. First quill longest. 

Cauda zqualis. Tail even. 


Lanius, Temm. 


att aml : 
sh Bort aks 
| malo 


Bay) enna 


sot 


Buales 


satucd 


LPt.50. 


FALCUNCULUS FRONTATUS. 


LANIIDE. — 149 


Sp. 1. Fa. frontatus. 


Lanius frontatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 312. Temm. Pl. Col. 77.— 
New Holland. 


GENUS LXXII.—CYCLARHIS, Swainson. 


Rostrum versus apicem vix || Beak scarcely notched to- 


emarginatum. wards the tip. 
Nares rotund, nude. ~ || Nostrils round, naked. 
Ale penna. spuria. Wings as in Lanius. 
Cauda zqualis. Tail even. 


THAMNOPHILUS. Temm. 


Sp. 1. Cy. Guianensis. 

Tanagra Guianensis. Steph. v. x. p.470.—Le Sourciroux. Le 

Vaill, Ois. d’ Afrig. ii. pl. 76. f. 2?—Guiana. 

Sp. 2. Cy? melanocephalus, 

Lanius melanocephalus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 321 ?—Turdus atri- 
ceps. Temm. Pl. Col. 147.—New Holland. 

Sp. 3. Cy? virgatus. 

Cy? supra cinereo-ceruleus ; subtus albidus ; lined frontali, loris 
obitisque nigris; alis caudaque nigris ; rectrice exteriore in- 
terné saturate cinered. 

Cychlaris? above ashy-blue ; beneath whitish; with a stripe on 
the forehead ; the lores and the orbits black; the wings and 
tail black; the outer feather of the last, with its inner web, 
deep ash. 


Lanius virgatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 256. f. 1. 


Inuasirs Java. Length six inches: a black band 
arises over the nostrils, passes over the lores, round 
the orbits, and terminates on the ears: a slight white 
band girds the forehead: all the upper parts of the 
plumage are ashy-blue: the quills and the tail are 
black ; but the outer feather of the last is bordered 


150 LANIID&. 


externally with deep ash-colour: all the under parts 
are white or whitish: the beak and legs are black. 


GENUS LXXIV.—LANIO, Vieillot. 


Rostrum robustum, latera- || Beak robust, laterally com- 


tim compressum, supra pressed, carinated above, 


carinatum, apice angusta- 
tum; mandibula superior 
versus medium dentata, 
apice curvata; inferior 
emarginata, acuta, apice 


narrow at the tip; the 
upper mandible dentate 
towards the middle; the 
lower emarginate, acute, 
with its tip recurved. 


recurvata. 
Rictus ciliatus. 


Gape ciliated. 


Sp. 1. La. atricapillus. 


Tanagra atricapilla. Steph. v. x. p. 443.—Guiana. 


GENUS LXXV.—VANGA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum capite longior, late- || Beak longer than the head, 
laterally 
straight ; the wpper man- 
dible hooked towards the 
tip; the lower acute, with 
its tip recurved. 

Wings with a spurious fea- 
ther; the 


longest. 


ratim compressum, rec- compressed, 
tum; mandibula superior 
versus apicem adunca ; én- 
Jerior acuta, apice recur- 
vata. 

Ale penna spurid; remex 


secunda longissima. second quill 


Sp. 1. Va, curvirostris. 
Lanius curvirostris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 299.—Madagascar. 
Sp. 2. Va. australis. . ‘ 
Lanius curvirostris, var. Shaw, v. vii. p. 299.—Vanga de- 
structor. Temminck ?—New Holland. 


LANIIDE. 151 


GENUS LXXVI.—PRIONOPS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi plumosum, 


porrectum, gracile, late- 


Beak plumose at the base, 


porrect, slender, much 


ratim valdé compressum ; compressed laterally ; the 
mandibula superior versus | 
apicem adunca; inferior 
acuta, apice recurvata, 


upper mandible hooked to- 
wards the tip; the lower 
acute, with its tip re- 
curved. 
Palpebre \aciniate. Eyelids jagged. 
Sp. 1. Pr. cristatus. Vieill. 

Lanius plumatus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 292.—Senegal. 
Sp. 2. Pr? albifrons. 

Pipra albifrons. Steph. v. x. p. 12. Le Plumet blanc, ou Ma- 
nikup. Desm. Hist. Nat. des Tangaras, §c, pl. 66.—Guiana. 


GENUS LXXVII.—LANIARIUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi nudum, sub- || Beak naked at the base, 


gracile, supra convexum, 
rectum, compressum; man- 
dibula 
apicem adunca; inferior 


superior prope 


acuta, apice recurvata. 


somewhat slender, convex 


above, straight, com- 
pressed ; the wpper man- 
dible hooked near the tip ; 


the lower acute with its tip 


recurved. 
Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 
Ale penna spuria; remex 


secunda longissima. 


Wings with a spurious fea- 
ther ; 
longest. 


the second gull 


Lanius, Temm. 


Sp. 1. Li. barbarus. 
Lanius barbarus. Shaw, ». vii. p. 297.—Africa. 


152 LANIID. 


GENUS LXXVIII—THAMNOPHILUS, Vieillot. 
BUSH-SHRIKE. 


Rostrum basi rectum, robus- || Beak straight at the base, 


tum, supra convexum, com- robust, convex above, com- 
pressum; mandibula su- pressed; the upper man- 
perior apice adunca, in- dible with its tip hooked, 
Jerior laciniata, acuta, the lower jagged, acute, its 
apice recurvata. tip recurved. 

Rictus glaber. Gape bald. 

Ale breves, rotundate. Wings short, rounded. 

Cauda elongata, gradata, vel || Tail elongated, gradated, or 
rotundata. rounded. 


Axx the Thamnophili inhabit America, ranging 
to the north as far as Canada, and to the south as 
far as Paraguay: they are found only among thick 
bushes, feeding upon caterpillars and insects; and 
occasionally on young or sickly birds. 


A. Cauda elongatd. A. With the tail elongated. 


Sp. 1. Th. doliatus. 

Lanius doliatus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 325. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 
39. pl. 16. 
Sp. 2. Th. Canadensis——Lanius Canadensis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 314. 


Sp. 3. Th. Swainsonii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. p. 556. 

Tu. niger fulvo fasciatus ; capite ferrugineo cristata. 

Black Bush-Shrike, fasciated with fulvous; with a ferruginous 
crest. 


Lenctu eight inches and three quarters: the 
upper mandible of the beak black, the lower white : 
the throat, cheeks, and shafts of the feathers white : 
the feathers of the back, abdomen, and scapulars, tri- 


LANIIDE. 153 


fasciated : the primary quills externally fasciated with 
fulvous: the tail-feathers black, fasciated on the outer 
webs with fulvous: the legs black, the’ claws pale. 


Sp. 4. Th. maculatus. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 557. 

Tu. ater albo maculatus ; subtus albidus ; abdomine infimo cris- 
soque fulvo ; rectricibus albo fasciatis. 

Black Bush-Shrike spotted with white; beneath whitish; the 
lower part of the abdomen and the vent fulvous; the tail-fea- 
thers barred with white. 


LenerTu eight inches: the upper mandible of the 
beak black, the edges white; the lower white, with 
its middle black: the forehead and quills with sub- 
fulvous spots. It varies in having the breast and 
abdomen of a plumbeous hue, and the spots on the 
head nearly white: the mandibles totally black. 


Sp. 5. Th. Vigorsii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 557. 

Tu. dorso, alis, rectricibusque, atris fulvo laté fasciatis ; corpore 
subtus albido brunnescente ; capite rufo cristato ; cristd apice 

_ nigro; mas: aut, capite cristato ; dorso, alis, rectricibusque 
atris, albido fasciatis ; torque nuchali corporeque subtus cinera- 
-ceis ; foemina. 

Bush-Shrike with the back, wings, and tail-feathers dark coloured, 

broadly fasciated with fulvous; the body beneath brownish- 

white ; the head with a rufous crest, which is black at the tip ; 

male: or, with the head crested ; the back, wings, and tail- 

feathers dark, fasciated with white ; a collar on the nape, and 

the body beneath ash-coloured ; female. 


~ 


Lenetu thirteen inches: the beak greatly com- 
pressed, black, the edges of the upper mandible and 
tip of the lower white: the throat whitish : the sides 
of the cheeks, the breast, and abdomen, brownish- 
white: the rump fulvous. ‘The female has the nape 


154 LANIID. 


obscurely fasciated with black ; in other respects she 
resembles the male. 


Sp. 6. Th. Leachii. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. p. 558. 

Tu. ater capite dorsoque albo-maculatis ; remigibus fulvo sub- 
fasciatis ; guld, pectore, abdominis medio, reclricibusque nigris 3 
abdominis lateribus uropygioque albo fasciatus. 

Dark Bush-Shrike with the head and back spotted with white ; 
the quills slightly fasciated with fulvous; the throat, breast, 
middle of the abdomen and tail-feathers black; the sides of the 
abdomen and rump banded with white. 


Leneru about ten inches and a half: the beak 
and legs are black. ~A variety is mentioned by Dr. 
Such, which has the entire abdomen and vent fasci- 
ated with white, and the tail-feathers slightly fasci- 
ated. A second is noticed as being considerably 
smaller. 


Sp. 7. Th. lineatus. 


Tu. ater transversim albo lineatis; rostro pedibusque nigris. 
Deep-black Bush-Shrike with transverse white Tae : “the beak 
and feet black. Tyna 

Lanius lineatus. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 20. pl. 6. 


My friend, Dr. Leach, has given the Beer. ‘Shorts obs 
description only of this.species, in the first vol. of the 
Zoological Miscellany: the specimen there notice 
came Pott Berbice. ie plate 

This is probably the Lineated Shrike of Latham’s ee 
Gen. Hist. v. i. p. 79. os 


tay 


Sp. 8. Th. ruficeps. Zool. Journ. (Such.) i. 559. 


Tu. niger fulvo maculatus 3 capite fulvo lineato. 
Black Bush-Shrike spotted with fulvous, with the head lineated 
with fulyous. 


VEU ATE. 


fe 
67) we 


wit aa 
F ; 


‘ant 


THAMNOPHILUS LINEATUS. 


Hiyl, 


fin alos adi 1 a tesinop w bee sodiame stint wore 
i oshcchet clelidoeegnrt spout eit RY rat : alive Cobra 


. r : at i ; a : ay ; 
i Maes Ceriis Ri ag HER SY ae 
4 A 2 


neeabicad 


oben bake awrodaieboliia . 


rs 2 wwe ‘a th te ae ie | . 


fo yatesi wg diaena ited Daledes 


Sypifnn ts gating. 7 iy orl) Lhas Gs eee shes Ht sikaval us 
abe Ape! ch ayoty Dain bisa rah heh ger) ye old 
ce a sgilitie ug ; 

i Ne i padres. Lyon nats 

Le give italy tet tau ely 


LANIIDZ. 155 


Leneru nine inches and a quarter: the beak and 
legs black, with part of the lower mandible white : 
the secondary quills, rump, tail-feathers, and abdo- 
men, fasciated with fulvous. 


Sp. 9. Th. niger. Zool. Journ. (Such.) 1. 559. 


Tu. niger, capite cristata ; remigibus sub-brunnescentibu sobscuré 
subfasciatis. 


Black Bush-Shrike with the head crested ; the quills obscurely 
fasciated with brownish. 


Lenetu eight inches and a half: the crest is of a 
. very deep hue: the legs and beak black. 


Sp. 10. Th. mystaceus. 

Lanius mystaceus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 298, pl. 40. 
Sp. 11. Th. atricapillus. 

Lanius atricapillus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 336. 


B. Cauda rotundatd.  B. Tail rounded. 


Sp. 12. Th. bicolor. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) 2. ii. p. 86. 

Tu. cristatus supra niger ; albus infra; tectricium apicibus, remi- 
gium marginibus, cauddque fasciis interruptis albis. 

Crested Bush-Shrike above black; beneath white; with the tips 
of the wing-coverts, margins of the quills, and interrupted 
bands on the tail white. 


Black and white Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 22. 


LeneTu eight inches: irides crimson : beak strong, 
ashy-black, considerably compressed, but narrowed 
towards its extremity: the head is ‘much crested: 
the ground-colour of all the upper parts, including 
the ear, sides of the head, and neck, is deep black, 
and of the under parts pure white: the wings are 
black, with two bands of white across the tips of the 
coverts : the quills are also margined externally with 
white: the spurious coverts black: tail deep black, with 


156 LANIIDE. 


four or five interrupted and sometimes obsolete white 
bands; the tips of all the feathers are obtuse and 
white: upper tail-coverts bounded with black and 
white : tarsi rather short and robust, and in the living 
bird cinereous. 

Discovered by Mr. Swainson in Brazil. 


Sp. 13. Th. cinnamomeus, Zool. Jour. (Swainson.) ii. 87. 

Tu, cristatus supra cinnamomeo-fuscus, albus infra ; tectricibus 
striis duabus angustts, fuscis, fasciatis. 

Crested Bush-Shrike above cinnamon-brown, beneath white ; 
wing-coverts with two narrow dusky bands. 


Mucuallied to the former : length eight inches and 
a half: the head is conspicuously crested ; the whole 
of the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, 
is of a clear and uniform ferruginous or cinnamon 
colour: the wing-coverts above are marked by a 
narrow dusky line, close to their extremities, which 
are somewhat brighter, and the same may be observed 
on the lateral tail-feathers, the ends of which are 
somewhat pointed: all the under parts are white, 
slightly tinged with ferrugimous on the sides: imner 
web of the quills brown: tarsi long, robust, and 


pale. 


Sp. 14. Th. fasciatus. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) ii. 88. 

Tu. supra rufus; infra nigro alboque fasciatus ; vertice maris 
nigro; foemine rifo. 

Bush-Shrike above rufous ; beneath banded by black and white ; 
crown, of the male, black ; of the female, rufous. 

Barred Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 57. 


A SMALL species: length six inches and a half, 
beak strong and thick, black with pale margms: in 


LANIIDA. 157 


the females the crown of the head, which is slightly 
erested, together with all the upper plumage, is of a 
deep and light rufous: the wings and tail are the 
same, and unspotted: the sides of the head are 
black, freckled with minute white dots ; all the under 
plumage, from the chin to the vent, is crossed by 
numerous narrow bands of deep black and white, 
arranged alternately. In the male these bands are 
carried quite round the upper part of the neck, but 
in the female they are, in this part, almost obsolete : 
the male is farther distinguished by the crown being 
glossy, black, and unspotted : the tail is moderate, 
but the ends of the feathers are not very obtuse : 
tarsi moderate, ash-coloured. 


Sp. 15. Th. torquatus. Zool. Journ. (Swaznson.) ii. 89. 

Tu. griseus infra albescens ; jugulo pectoreque lineis nigris fas- 
ciatis 3 alis rufis, immaculatis ; caudd nigra, albo maculatd. 
Greyish Bush-Shrike beneath whitish ; throat and breast banded 
by black lines ; wings rufous, immaculate ; tail black, spotted 

with white. 


A..xp to the former, but less: length five inches 
and three-quarters: beak less, and more compressed : 
the crown, which is not crested, is covered by a deep 
black patch, paler in front, and extending to the 
hind-head : the general tint of the upper plumage, 
and also the sides of the head, neck, and flanks, is 
ashy-grey : the wings are rufous above, and unspotted : 
the tail is rounded, the feathers narrow, slender, and 
obtuse at their extremities: the middle pair wholly 
black, the vent more or less crossed by interrupted 
bars of white, and tipped with the same colour: the 


158 LANIIDZ. 


throat, sides of the head, and middle of the body, are 
whitish, and unspotted ; but round the breast are ten 
or twelve transverse bands of black lines: tarsi rather 
long and cinereous: irides crimson. 


Sp. 16. Th. nevius. Zool. Journ. (Swainson.) ii. 90. 
Lanius nevius. Shaw, v. viii. p. 325. Leach, Zool. Misc. 
pl. 17.—Lanius punctatus. Shaw, viii. 327. 


Sp. 17. Th. ambiguus. Zool. Journ. (Swainson) ii. 91. 

Tu. supra cinereus infra pallidior; vertice nigro ; remigium ni- 
grorum margine albo; rectricium obtusarum ; apicibus fas- 
cidque interruptd albis. 

Bush-Shrike above cinereous, beneath paler; with the crown 
black ; the quills black margined with white; tail-feathers 
obtuse ; the tips and a central interrupted band white. 


Ratuer longer than the last: length five inches 
and three-quarters: the quills are deep black,margined 
externally, except at their base, with white: the tail 
is black, rounded, tipped with white, and obtuse ; 
each feather in the middle having a pair of large 
snowy oblong spots adjoining their margins: the 
tarsi are one-tenth of an inch longer than in Th. 
nevius: and the inner wing-coverts yellowish-white : 
the spurious quills black. 


Sp. 18. Th. pileatus. Zool. Jour. ( Swain.) ii. 91. 

Tu. supra cinereus, infra pallidior ; uropygio pectorisque lateri- 
bus fulvis ; vertice nigro ; remigum fuscorum margine testaceo ; 
rectricium acutarum, apicibus linedque marginali albis. 

Bush-Shrike above cinereous, beneath paler ; rump and sides of 
the breast fulvous ; crown black ; quills brown, margined with 
fulvous ; tail-feathers pointed, tips and marginal line white. 


Muczu allied to the last ; the beak, however, is a 
little shorter, and the feathers across the beak, and 


LANIIDA. 159 


those on the rump, are tinged with obscure fulvous : 
the wings are brown, the greater quills are slightly 
margined with whitish, me latter with dull ferru- 
ginous, and the scapulars with a broad base of white : 
the tail is black, tipped with white ; all the feathers 
are pointed. at their extremities; the margin of each 
has a central line of white, longer, narrower, and less 
conspicuous, than in Th. ambiguus; the tarsi are 
longer than those of that bird, and nearly a aes 
of an inch longer than in T. nevius. 

Mr. Swamson is in doubt whether the two last 
birds are distinct from T. nevius, as he had only 
observed single specimens: however the length of 
the tarsi, dependent. of other characters, appears 
sufficient to warrant their separation. 


Sp. 19. Th. ferrugineus. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ii. 92. 

Tu. ferrugineo-fuscus, infra pallidé fulvus ; vertice rufo; alis 
fuscis ; maculis dorsum tectriceque ornantibus albis ; rectri- 
cium ruforum apicibus obtusts. 

Ferruginous-brown Bush-Shrike, beneath pale fulvous ; with the 
crown rufous; wings brown; spots on the back and wing- 
coverts white ; tail-feathers rufous, the tips obtuse. 


Auuiep to Th. torquatus: length six inches: the 
ground-colour of the upper plumage is ferruginous- 
brown, the top of the head bright rufous, its sides 
greyish: the feathers in the middle of the back are 
snowy-white towards their tips: the wing-coverts are 
blackish-brown, tipped with white, which colour forms 
two bands: the scapular quills are blackish, with 
broad-white margins, the rest of the quills are: brown, 
margined with ferruginous, and: whitish: all the under 


160 LANIID&. 


plumage is ferruginous or fulvous white, lighter on 
the chin and in the middle of the body: the tail is 
short, slightly rounded, and dark rufous black: the 
lateral feathers tipped with white, the outer pair only 
having an additional white spot on their external 
margins; the tips of all are abruptly rounded: the 
feathers on the lower part of the back are remarkably 
long: tarsi moderate, ash-coloured : irides hazel. 


Sp. 20. Th? strictothorax. 

Tu? corpore supra lateribus colli hyppochondriisque virescente- 
cinerets ; guld pectoreque flavescentibus nigro maculatis ; ventre 
crissoque flavescentibus 3 mas. vertice occipite schistaceo-niger 5 
foemina capite castaneo-rufo. 

Bush-Shrike with the body above, the sides of the neck, and flank 
greenish-ash ; the throat and breast yellowish spotted with 
black ; the belly and vent yellowish ; male with the crown and 
occiput slaty-black ; female with the head chesnut-red. 

Myothera strictothorax. Temm. Pl. Col. 179. f. 1. male; fi 2. 
female. 


SMALLER than the last: length five inches: the 
male has all the upper part of the head and the 
occiput of a slaty-black ; the cheeks are also of this 
hue, but are varied with small white spots: the throat 
and breast are yellowish, with a triangular black spot, 
placed at the tip of each feather: the middle of the 
belly, and the vent, are also yellowish, but unspotted : 
all the upper parts, the sides of the breast, and the 
flanks are ashy, slightly tinged with greenish: the 
wings and the tail are deeper, the feathers being 
edged with white, and the coverts being spotted with 
whitish: the female has all the top of the head of a 
chesnut-red, and the whole plumage slightly tinged 


LANIIDE. 161 


with reddish: in other respects she does not differ 
from the male. Both sexes have the upper mandible 
dusky, and the lower bluish-white. 


GENUS LXXIX.—MALACONOTUS. Swainson. 


Rostrum feré ut in Thamno- || Beak resembling that of the 
phili. former genus. 

Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 

Ale breves, rotundatze, de- || Wings short, rounded, weak. 
biles. 


THAMNOPHILUS, pars. Vieillot. 
Tue Malaconoti are all natives of Africa. 


Sp. 1]. Ma. Blanchoti. 

Ma. fronte albo; vertice colloque posticé ardostaco-griseis ; cor=. 
pore supra griseo-olivaceo, infra ochraceo-flavo; remigium tec- 
trictumgue alarum marginibus fiavis. 

Malaconetus with the forehead white ; the crown and neck behind 
slaty-grey ; the body above olive-grey ; beneath ochre-yellow ; 
the quills and wing-coverts edged with yellow. 

La pie-griesche Blanchot. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. 122. pl- 
285.—Blanchot Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 20. 


Size of a Throstle: beak and legs lead-colour : 
top of the head and neck behind slaty-grey: the 
forehead white: the rest of the upper parts greyish- 
olive colour: wing-coverts, for the most part, edged 
with fine yellow: quills dusky, with light yellow 
margins: all the under parts of the bird ochre- 
yellow: the tail long and rounded : the wings reach 
about a quarter of an inch from the base. | 

V. XIU. P. IL. 1 


162 LANID&. 


Sp. 2. Ma. olivaceus. 
Lantus olivaceus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 330. 

Sp. 3. Ma, erythropterus. 

Lanius erythropterus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 301.—Lanius Senegalus. 
Shaw, v. vil. p. 314. 

Sp. 4. Ma. atro-coccineus. Zool. Jour. (Burchell) i. 461. pl. xviii. 

Ma. supra niger subtus coccineus ; alis nigris, lined albd longi- 
tudinalitér notatis. 

‘Malaconotus above black, beneath scarlet ; with the wings black, 
longitudinally marked with a white line. 


LencTu nine inches: head and upper parts of the 
plumage above black: tail black, with its two outer 
feathers often tipped with reddish-yellow: the rump 
indistinctly striped with white: all the under parts 
of the plumage, from chin to vent, are fine scarlet : 
the wings are black with a white line, formed by the 
outer webs of the fifth and sixth quills being of that 
colour, and by those of part of the scapulars and 
wing-coverts ; this line reaches from the shoulders : 
the femoral feathers are black : the legs, beak, claws, 
and irides, black: the nostrils are clothed with short 
bristles. 


Sp. 5. Ma. dorsalis. 

Ma. niger infra albus; remigibus tectricibusgue alarum internis 
albo nigroque dimidiatis; in medio dorsi fasciculo elevato pen- 
narum lanuginosarum. 

Black Malaconotus beneath white; with the quills and inner 
wing-coverts half black half white, with an elevated tuft of 
downy feathers in the middle of the back. 

Puff-backed Shrike. Lath. Gen. Hist. ii. 32. 


Leneru six inches anda half: beak black: plumage 
above black, beneath white : inner wing-coverts half 


LANUDA. 168 


black, half white: the others white on the outer 
margins: the quills the same: tail two inches and a 
half long, even, frmged at-the tip with white: at the 
middle of the back a very large tuft of downy white 
feathers, standing up like a puff: legs black. ‘The 
supposed opposite sex has the black of a dusky hue ; 
the puff-like tuft ash-coloured, the under parts dirty 
white. 


GENUS LXXX.—GRAUCALUS. Cuvier. 


Rostrum crassum, subcom- || Beak thick, somewhat com- 


pressum, basi plumigerum, pressed, its base clothed 
apice deflexum; mandi- with feathers, its tip de- 
bula superior  carinata, flected; the wpper man- 
arcuata; inferior subtus dible carinated, bent; the 
plana. |. lower plane. 


Coracina pars. Vieillot—CeBLEPYRIS pars. Temm. 


Tue Graucali appear to be confined to the Indian 
Archipelago, and to the extensive continent of Aus- 
tralasia. | 


Sp. 1. Gr. papuensis. 
Corvus papuensis. Shaw, v. vil. p. 354.—New Guinea. 


Sp. 2. Gr. Novee Guinee. 
Corvus Nove Guinee. Shaw, v. vii. p. 354.—New Guinea. 

Sp. 3. Gr. melanops. 

Gr. cinereus facie juguloque nigris ; rectricibus lateralibus apice 
NIgTIS. 

Cireots Giaaesins with the face and jugulum black ; the lateral 
tail-feathers black at the tip. 

Corvus melanops. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. xxiv.—Rollier 4 masque 
now. Le Vaill. Hist. Nat. Ois. de Paradis, &c. pl. 30.— 
Black-faced Crow.— Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 116. 


164 LANIIDA. 


Innasits New Holland. Size of a Jay: beak 
stout and black: tongue rounded at the end: face 
and throat black: the plumage on the upper parts is 
bluish ash-colour, for the most part ; beneath paler: 
quills blackish, with pale edges: tail six inches and 
a half long, and dusky-brown, all but the two middle 
feathers tipped with white: legs dusky-blue. Called 
Kai-a-lora. The female is said by ‘Temminck to want 
the black patch on the face and throat, having, in 
lieu thereof, a broad black band, which terminates a 
little behind the eyes. 


Sp. 4. Gr. fimbriatus. 

Gr. ardosiaco-niger capite colloque anticé nigris aut cinereis 3 alis 
cauddque @neo-nigris; rectrice exteriore utringue apice maculd 
cinered. é 

Slaty-black Graucalus with the head and neck in front black and 
ashy ; the wings and tail brassy-black ; the outer feather of 
the latter on each side with an ash-coloured spot at its tip. 

Ceblepyris fimbriatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 249. 250. 


Innasirs Java, Banda, and Sumatra. Length 
seven inches and a half: the adult male has the head 
and the fore-part of the neck nearly black: the rest 
of the neck, the back, scapulars, and under parts, of 
a slaty-black : the wings and tail bronzed-black ; the 
outer feather on each side of the last with an ashy 
spot at its tip: the beak and legs black. ‘The adult 
female has the top of the head, the nape, the back, 
and the wings, deep ash: the feathers of the wings 
inclining to dusky, and edged with cinereous: the 
cheeks and the chief of the under parts are striped 
with white, dusky, and ash-coloured zigzags: the 
tail, with the exception of the two middle feathers, 


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LANIIDE. 165 


is black ; and is tipped with white; the two central 
feathers are similar in colour to the back. The 
young female has the feathers on the upper parts 
varied with whitish, and those of the wings edged 
with whitish-ash : the tip of the tail is varied with a 
few zigzags, and the under parts of the plumage are 
of a clearer ash-colour than in the old. 


Sp. 5. Gr. bicolor. 

AGR. niger uropygio basi caude, corpore infra, pogontisque in- 
ternis remigium albis. 

Black Graucalus with the rump, base of the tail, body beneath, 
and inner webs of the quills white. 

Ceblepyris bicolor. Temm. Pl. Col. 278. 


InuaBits Sumatra. Length eleven inches and a 
half: the plumage is of two colours only: the head, 
cheeks, sides of the neck and upper parts of the 
plumage, with the exception of the rump and the 
base of the tail-feathers, is black ; these parts and all 
the under parts of the body, with the inner webs of 
the quill-feathers, are pure white: the beak is blue, 
and the legs are black. 


Sp. 6. Gr? lineatus. 

Gr? cinereus pectore corporeque infra albis lineis frequentibus 
transversis nigris vartis ; rectricibus nigris. 

Cinereous Graucalus? with the breast and body beneath white, 
bounded by narrow black lines; the tail-feathers black. 

Ceblepyris lineatus. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 466. 


Innasits New Holland. Length about ten inches: 
beak moderate, the culmen carinated: the general 
colour of all the upper plumage, and of the chin and 
throat, is light cinereous: the breast and all the 


166 LANUDE. 


under parts of the body, as well as the inner wing- 
coverts, are white, closely bounded by narrow trans- 
verse lines of a deep black colour: the space between 
the beak and eye is also black: the wings are mo- 
derately long and pointed: the quills are black, with 
the exterior half of the outer webs cinereous, and 
margined by a narrow line of whitish: the first quill 
is half as long as the second, which is again shorter 
than the third, and this last is very nearly as long 
as the fourth : the tail is black and obsoletely rounded, 
the two middle feathers cinereous at their base. 


Sp. 7. Gr? tricolor. 

Gr? nitidé niger, albus infra; crisso tegminibusque superioribus 
cinerets ; tectricibus rectrictumque apicibus albis. 

Glossy black Graucalus? beneath white; with the rump and 
upper tail-coverts cinereous ; the wing-coverts and tips of the 
tail-feathers white. 


Ceblepyris tricolor. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 467. 


Innasits New Holland. Size rather larger than 
a Lark: the upper plumage, from the head to the 
middle of the back, is deep black, glossed with a 
metallic lustre of dull greenish-blue: the lower parts 
of the back, as well as the rump, and upper tail- 
coverts, are pale cinereous: the spiny-shafts of the 
feathers in these parts are very weak: the under 
plumage, with the sides of the neck and ear-feathers, 
is pure white: all the lesser and part of the greater 
wing-coverts are also white; as well as the margins 
of the scapulars, and part of the greater quills: wings 
long and pointed; the first quill very short, the 
second scarcely shorter than the third, but “Ionger 
than the fourth : the tail black and rather lengthened, 


LANIIDE. 167 
the two outer feathers graduated ; the rest nearly of 


equal length ; and all of them tipped with white. 


GENUS LXXXI.—CEBLEPYRIS, Cuvier. 


Rostrum breve, subarcua-|| Beak short, subarcuated, its 


tum, basi dilatatum, plu- base dilated, plumose, 
mosum, versus apicem cur- curved towards the tip. 
vatum. 
Rictus amplius. Gape ample. 
Penne crissi rachidibus |} Feathers of the rump with 
elongatis, rigidis, acutis. their shafts elongated, stiff 
and sharp. F 


CAMPEPHAGA, Vieillot. 


Tue Ceblepyri feed upon larve, and inhabit the 
highest trees: they are confined to Africa and its 
eastern islands. 


Sp. 1. Ce. cana. 
Muscicapa cana. Steph. v. x. p. 398.—Inhabits Madagascar. 

Sp. 2. Ce. Le Vaillantii. Tem. 

Cx. ardosiaco-griseus infra pallidior ; ante et pone oculos pec- 
toreque nigricantibus ; remigibus fuscescentibus margine ex- 
teriore albo ; caudd bicuneata. 

Slaty-grey Ceblepyris, beneath paler ; before and behind the eyes 
and the breast dusky ; the quills brownish, margined externally 
with white ; the tail doubly wedged. 

Echenilleur gris. Le Vail. Ois. d Afrig. pl. 162, 163.—Grey 
Caterpillar-Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. 85. 


Size of a Lark: beak black: plumage slaty-grey, 
deeper on the head, and paler beneath: before and 
behind the eye dusky : breast the same; from thence 
to the vent still paler: quills brownish ; edged out- 


168 LANIID&. 


wardly with white: tail the colour of the back, of a 


singular shape, rather long, and, as it were, doubly 


wedged, the two middle feathers being shorter than 
the three next ; the following shorter to the one on 
each side, which is the shortest of all: legs dusky. 
The female is smaller, is without the dusky spot 
between the beak and eye, and the outer tail-feathers 
are edged with white. ‘The feathers on the rump 
are very full and downy. 


Sp. 3. Ce. niger. Temm. 

Cr. supra niger cerules aut viridi nitens; infra remigibusque 
enterneé olivaceo-viridis. 

Ceblepyris above black glossed with blue or green; beneath, and 
with the quills within, olive-green. 

Echenilleur noir. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriqg. pl. 165. Black Cater- 
pillar Thrush. Lath, Gen. Hist. v. 86. 


Less than the following: beak black : rides dusky 
brown: plumage above glossy blue-black, or greenish : 
inner parts of the quills olive-green, so as to appear 
beneath all of that colour: legs black. 


Sp.4. Ce. flavus. Fen. 

Cr. olivaceo-fuscus pennis nigro undulatis apicibus flavis 3 inter 
rostrum et oculos fusco-albo undulis nigris ; tectricibus ma- 
joribus alarum remigibus rectricibusque nigris flavo marginatis. 

Olive-brown Ceblepyris with the feathers waved with black and 
tipped with yellow; between the beak and eyes brown-white 
with black waves; with the greater wing-coverts, quills, and 
tail-feathers black, margined with yellow. 

- Echenilleur jaune. Le Vaill. Ois. d' Afrig, t64.—Yellow Cater- 

pillar Thrush, Lath, Gen. Hist. v. 86. 


Less than C. Le Vaillantii: beak smaller, brown : 
upper parts pale olive-brown: the feathers tinged 


LANIID®. 169 


and tipped with yellow, and each feather waved with 
black: beneath and between the beak and eye yel- 
lowish-white, tinged with brown, and waved with 
black: greater wing-coverts, quills, and tail, black, 
margined with yellow: tail as in C. Le Vaillantii: 
legs brown. 


Sp. 5. Ce. labrosus. 

Ce. nitidé niger, rictu labroso, rubro; cruribus infra genua plu- 
mattis. 

Glossy-black Ceblepyris with the gape margined by a red skin ; 
the legs feathered beyond the knees. 

Muscipeta labrosa, Swain. Zool. IMlust. pl. 179. 


‘Tue whole plumage deep black, glossed with 
bluish-green in every part except the quill and tail- 
feathers: the quills inside are grey, margined with 
olive ; the first of these is very short, the second and 
third shorter than the fourth, and the two next are 
nearly of equal length: the tail has ten feathers, 
and is even, except. the two outer pair, which are 
progressively shorter: the beak rather thick and 
strong, the culmen not very apparent, the upper 
mandible strongly notched, the under but slightly : 
the nostrils are lined by thick-set incumbent feathers, 
mixed with hairs; these cover the aperture, which is 
rather large, round, and encircled by a narrow mem- 
brane: the legs are very short, the three fore-toes 
united as far as the first jomt, the hind-toe short ; 
the claws of all are small, and the sole of the foot 
perfectly flat. Inhabits near the Great Fish River of 
Southern Africa.” I have given the full description of 
this species, from the work above quoted, as it appears 


170 LANIIDE. 


beautifully to unite these birds with the Dicruri and 
Muscicapidz, as shown by Mr. Swainson in his in- 
teresting paper on the Laniide in the first volume of 
the Zoological Journal. 


Sp. 6. Ce. lobatus. Zemm. Pl. Col. 279. 

Cre? capite, nuchd, colligue anticé viridi-nitentibus ; pectore, 
ventre, uropygiogue castanco-rufis ; crisso tectricibusque infe- 
rioribus caud@ flavis ; dorso, alis, rectricibusque duabus inter- 
mediis viridi -fAlavis ; rectrice utringue exteriore apice flavo ; 
mas. : capite colloque supremo nigris; corpore infra flavo, supra 
vn foemina. 

Ceblepyris with the head, nape, and neck in front glossy-green ; 
the breast, belly, and rump chesnat-red ; the vent and lower 
tail-coverts yellow ; the back, wings, and two middle tail-fea- 
thers greenish-yellow ; the outer tail-feather on each side with 
a yellow tip; male: or, head and upper part of the neck black; 
the body beneath yellow, above blackish-green ; female. 


InyaAbiTs the western coast of Africa. Length 
seven inches and a half: the male is furnished with a 
naked skin at the base of the beak; and has the head, 
the nape, the sides and fore-part of the neck of a beau- 
tiful deep green, with a metallic gloss: the breast, the 
belly, and rump, are fine cliente red: the vent and 
under tail-coverts are yellow: the back, wings, and 
two middle tail-feathers are greenish-yellow: the 
wing-feathers are black edged with white : the lateral 
tail-feathers are black, tipped with bright yellow: 
the legs and beak are black. The female has only 
the rudiment of the naked membrane at the base of 
the beak: the head and a portion of the fore part of 
the neck are dull black: all the under parts are 
yellow: the nape, the back, the rump, the sides, and 
the lesser wing-coverts are dull green: the wings 


CEBLEPYRIS LOBATUS. 


A 
s 4 


types den py te iy ons 


| eae? aii pry 


oF Why 
a 


use -Y) Goa ; Ki 


MERULID. ga 


black edged with green: the tail as in the male, but 
the tips of a less brilliant hue. 

Independently of its brilliant plumage, this species 
differs from its congeners in possessing the lobated 
appendage at the base of the beak, and from its re- 
sidence being on the western coast of Africa. May it 
not rather belong to the following family of birds, 
the Merulidee ? 


FAMILY I1L—MERULIDZ. 


Rostrum arcuatum, compressum, apice haud aduncum; mandibula 
superior versus apicem subemarginatum ; pedes mediocres; di- 
gitis trzbus anticts, uno postico. 

Beak arcuated, compressed, not hooked at the tip; the upper 
mandible with a notch towards the tip ; the /egs moderate, with 
three toes before and one behind. 


Tue Merulide usually live upon insects and fruits, 
and many upon berries: they construct their nests of 
various materials, the typical groups, or true Thrnshes, 
frequently covering them externally with mud : others 
suspend them from the branches of trees: some of 
the groups are solitary, others gregarious. 

Amidst the indescribable confusion that reigns 
throughout most of the Insessorial birds, and parti- 
cularly so among those comprised in this and the fol- 
lowing families, the attempt to arrive at any satisfac- 
tory classification is utterly impossible; but as some 
farther information may be ‘desirable respecting them 
than is contained in the former volumes, I have en- 
deavoured to arrange those genera which have been 
proposed according to their natural affinities, and to 


1%2 MERULID. 


incorporate, as usual, such species as have been already 
described. I have also added, under the modern 
genera, the descriptions of some newly described 
species. 

The genus Tanypus of Oppel is omitted in the 
following account of this family, as I have been unable 
to obtain its characters. In the present confused state 
of the Insessorial birds, the omission is probably of 
little consequence; especially as the name itself cannot 
be retained, it having long been pre-occupied in En- 
tomology. 


GENUS LXXXII.—FORMICIVORA, Swainson. ANT-WREN. 


Rostrum mediocre subcylin- || Beak moderate, subcylindric, 


draceum, gonyde recta; the gonix straight; no 
vibrissee nullee. bristles. 

Ale breves rotundate, re- || Wings short, rounded, the 
mex quarta vel quintalon- || fourth or fifth gual long- 
gissima. est. 

Cauda seepé gradata. Tail often graduated. 

Tarst mediocres, graciles ; || Jars? moderate, slender, with 
squamis lateralibus fre- numerous lateral scales. 
quentibus. 


MyorTHeERa pars. Temminck. 


Tue birds of this genus are all South American, 
and, as their name implies, usually subsist upon ants, 
thereby being of infinite service in ridding that part 
of the world of those noxious pests. 


Sp. 1. Fo. maculata. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ii. 147. 
Fo. supra atra maculis albis frequentibus interstincta ; infra cinerea 
nigro vario; secundariis apice fulvo ; caudd gradata, 


MERULIDE. 175 


Ant-Wren above black, with numerous white spots, beneath ashy- 
white varied with black; lesser quills tipped with black; tail 
graduated. 


LeneTu five inches: upper mandible of the beak 
black, lower horn-colour: the wing-coverts and all 
the upper parts of the plumage are deep black, varie- 
gated by numerous tear-shaped spots of pure white : 
on the head these spots are so disposed as to form 
macular bands over the eyes, leaving the middle of 
the crown, and a stripe above the ears, entirely black : 
the under parts of the plumage are ashy-white, with 
the middle of the feathers black, particularly on the 
breast and body, where their colour forms spots: the 
quills are brownish, margined by light grey: and 
each of the lesser quills is tipped with a round spot 
of fulvous white: tail rather lengthened, much gyra- 
duated, the feathers moderately pointed, their colour 
black tipped with white, and crossed by three inter- 
rupted white bands: tarsi rather short, weak, and 
pale. 


Sp. 2. Fo. nigricollis. Zool. Jour. ( Swain.) ii. 147. 

Fo. supra griseo fusca; jugulo, pectore, abdomineque nigris ; late- 
ribus strigaque oculari niveis; caudd elongata, gradatd, nigra, 
apice albé; mas.: aut, supra ferrugineo fusco; lateribus tes- 
taceis ; rectricibus intermediis fuscis ; foemina. 

Ant-Wren above greyish-brown; with the throat, breast, and 
middle of the body black ; the sides and eye-stripe snowy ; tail 
graduated, black, tipped with white; male: or, rusty-brown 
above, with the sides testaceous; the middle tail-feathers brown; 


Jemale. 


~Lenetn four inches and three quarters: beak 
black: the general tint of the upper plumage of the 


174 MERULID&. 


male is grey; but in the female it is ferruginous, 
more particularly on the lower part of the back ; the 
margins of the quill-feathers are the same, the quills 
themselves being brown: the sides of the head, ears, 
and fore parts of the neck, the breast and body, 
are covered by a large patch of black, which extends 
to the vent; and is margined on each side by a 


white line, which passes over the eyes and ears, be- 


comes wider on the sides of the breast and body, 
leaving the flanks and belly in the male pure white, 
but tinged with ferruginous in the female: the wings 
are very short, the coverts are all black, marked by 
snow-white spots; spurious quills the same: tail length- 
ened and cuneated ; the middle pair of feathers being 
more than an inch longer than the outer pair; those 
which intervene are progressively graduated : they are 
all black, with obtuse white tips, except the middle 
pairs, which are greyish towards their base: tarsi 
moderate slate-coloured. 


Sp. 3. Fo. brevicauda, Zool. Jour. (Swain.) ii. 148, 

Fo. cinerea, jugulo pectoreque nigris ; scapulis maculis tectrices 
ornantibus albis ; caudé brevissima. 

Cinereous Ant-Wren, with the middle of the throat and the breast 
black ; shoulders and spots on the wing-coverts white ; tail very 
short. 


Leneru three inches and a half: remarkable for 
its short tail: the ground colour both of the upper 
and under plumage is pure cinereous or slate-grey : 
from the chin to the middle of the body runs a narrow 
stripe of black, which widens on the breast : the shoul- 
der-coyerts are pure white, and the greater and lesser 


PU. 5. 


Sans 
ow 


R MEN TALIS. 
FORMICIVORA ME! \ 


MERULID&. V7 


wing-coverts deep black, tipped by white: the tail is 
rounded, fasciculated, and only extends. half an inch 
beyond its coverts; the feathers are black, tipped 
with white, particularly the outer pair: the tarsi are 
short, only half an inch long, and naturally bluish- 


black. 


Sp. 4. Fo. mentalis. 

Fo. supra cinereo-viridis, infra virescente flava ; capite- malis ni-= 
chaque nigricante-cinereis ; maculd aurium nigra. ie, 
Ant-Wren above ashy-green, beneath greenish-yellow ; with the 

head, cheek, and nape dusky-ash ; and § a black spot on the ears. 
Myothera mentalis. Temm. Pl. Col. 179. J oy 


Leneoru four inches: the head, cheeks, and nape 
are dusky-ash: on the ear-feathers is a large black 
spot: the throat is of a silvery-grey: all the under 
parts are clear unspotted yellow, with a very slight 
tinge of ashy-green: the upper parts are ashy-green : 
the wings and tail are deeper, with a brown hue: the 
lesser coverts are dusky, with white lunules: the inner. 
edge of the wing is white: the beak is black-blue, 
and the legs are calie: 


Sp. 5. Fo? cirrhata. 

Turdus cirrhatus. Steph. x. 311. 

Sp. 6. Fo? rufimarginata. 

Fo? supra cinereo-viridis, infra cinereo-flava; vertice linedque 
postice nigris aut rufescentibus 3 pogontis externis remigium 
rufis, internis nigris, 

Ant-Wren ?, Ae ashy-green, beneath ashy-yellow ; with the 
crown and occipital dash black or reddish; the outer webs of 
the quills red, the inner black. 

Myothera rufimarginata. Temm. Pl. Col. 132. f- 1. male; f- 2. 
female. 


176 "  -MERULID, 


Ivuasits Brazil. Length near five inches: the 
male has the top of the head deep black ; and a slight 
dash of the same colour extending from the eye to 
the occiput : the lores, eyebrows, cheeks, and throat, 
are greyish-white: the back and the scapulars are 
ashy-green; the lesser wing-coverts are deep black, 
crossed with two white bands: the secondaries are 
edged with whitish :_ the quills are bright-red on their 
outer webs, but black on their inner: the under parts 
of the body are irregularly tinged with ashy-yellow : 
the tail is long and wedged, the two middle-feathers 
being entirely grey, the rest black, with their tips 
white, the white bemg most extended on the outer 
feathers. ‘The female is less brilliant: the top of 
the head and the stripe behind the eyes are reddish : 
the back is rufous, and the under parts are more 
shaded with ashy; of which colour the fianks are 
tinged. 


. 

Sp. 7. Fo? ferruginea. 

Fo? nigra albo varia, subtus ferrugineus 3 guld rufo albo nigroque 
variegata; supercilits apicibusque tectricium et rectricium albis. 

Black Ant-Wren varied with white, ferruginous beneath ; with 
the throat variegated with red, white, and black; the eyebrows 
and tip of the wing-coyerts and tail-feathers white. 

Myothera ferruginea. Temm. Pl. Col. 132.f. 3. 


Inuazirs Brazil. Length five inches: the male 
has the head, occiput, cheeks, wings, the middle of 
the back, and the tail, deep black, varied with white, 
which colour passes over the eyes, from the beak to 
the occiput in form of a streak : the auricular feathers 
are varied with black and white: the wing-coverts 
are marked at the tip of each feather with spots of 


MERULIDZ, 177 


white of a round or triangular form; and the caudal 
feathers are terminated with the same: the upper part 
of the back is brownish : the throat is somewhat varied 
with red, black and white: all the under parts and 
the rump are beautiful chesnut-red: the abdomen is 
brownish: the legs and beak are dusky. 


GENUS LXXXIII—DRYMOPHILA, Swainson. 
ANT-THRUSH. 


Rostrum mediocre, subcylin- || Beak moderate, subcylindric, 


dricum, gonyde recta; vi- || with its gonix. straight ; 


brissz nullz. | without bristles. 

Ale mediocres, rotundate, Wings moderate, rounded, 
remex quarta longissima. || the fourth quill longest. 
Cauda rotundata. Tail rounded. . 
Tarsi elongati, subgraciles, || Tarsi elongated, rather slen- 
squamis lateralibus  in- der, with the lateral scales 
tegris. entire. 


Myoruera pars, 


Sp.1. Dr.leucopus. Zosl. Jour. (Swain.y ii. 150. 

Di. rufo-fusca, corpore infra albente; crisso, striga oculari ma- 
culisque tectrices nigras ornantibus fulvis ; torque pectorali 
obtecto nigro ; tarsis albentibus. Mas. mento nigro; jugulo 
maculisque scapulares ornentibus niveo: femina mento jugu- 
loque fulvis. 

Rufous-brown Ant-Thrush with the body beneath whitish; the 
vent, eye stripe, and spots on the black wing-coverts, fulvous; 
breast with a concealed black collar ; tarsi whitish. Male with 
the chin black; the throat and spots on the shoulder-coverts 
snowy ; female with the chin and throat fulvous. 


Lenetu five inches and a half: male rather less 
than the Robin: the beak is black, and but little 


> SME. Po IE j 


175 MERULIDE. 


compressed : the ground-coiour of the upper plumage, 


including the wings and tail, is ferruginous brown, 


darkest on the head: the feathers on the back, when 
raised, are seen to be pure white for about half their 
length; they are then obliquely banded by black, 
while their remaining or external portion is of the 
same colour as the parts adjacent: the white colour 
of course is entirely concealed, so also, in part, are 
the black bands; the feathers on the rump are re- 
markably leng: from the nostrils commences a broad 
band (which at first is white, but gradually becomes 
fulvous), passing over the eyes and half way down 
the neck; leaving the ears and the sides of the head 
and neck deep black; the chin, in this sex, is also 
black, and the throat pure white: across the upper 
part of the breast is a half-concealed collar of black, 
the margin of the feathers being white, but those on 
each side the breast tinged with cinereous: the middle 
of the body is white; the flanks light ferruginous, 
and the under tail-coverts fulvous or deep buff-colour: 
the wme-coverts are deep black, those on the shoulders 
and the lesser series are each tipped with a snow- 
white spot ; while the greater coverts and the spurious 
quills are spotted with buff: tail moderate and gra- 
duated, the outer feathers being only half the length 
of those in the middle: tarsi rather lengthened ; 
claws moderate. The female has the under mandible 
of the beak pale: the concealed white spot on the 
back is less ; the line above the eye, as well as all 
the round spots on the wing-coverts, are entirely 
buff: and the whole of the chin and throat is buff- 
coloured yellow: the sides of the breast are dusky- 


ae 


MERULID&. 179 


brown, without any mixture of cimereous: and the 
black collar round the throat is nearly obsolete. 


Sp. 2. Dr. longipes. Zool. Journ. (Swain.) ii. 152. 

Dr. supra rufa; genis cinereis ; jugulo pectoreque nigris 3 cor- 
pore albo ; tarsts longis, pallidis. 

Ant-Thrush above rufous ; with the sides of the crown cinereous; 
the throat and breast black ; body white ; tarsi elongated, pale. 


Leyeta six inches and a quarter: beak black: 
all the upper plumage, including the wings and tail, 
is bright rufous; but the crown is more dusky, and 
is margined above the eyes and ears by a broad and 
clear cinereous stripe; the front is of an obscure 
cinereous, with the shaft of the feathers black, rigid, 
and. shining: the throat and breast are deep black, 
and this colour spreads over the sides of the head 
and the ear-feathers ; the rest of the under plumage 
is white, but the flanks and under tail-coverts are fer- 
ruginous: the wings are short, feeble, and much 
rounded : the tail also is rounded, rather short, and 
the feathers narrow ; the colour of both is rufous. 


Sp. 3.) Dr. trifasciata. Zool. Journ. (Swain.) ii. 152. 

Dr. atra; pennis scapularibus, interscapularibus, aseorigigas: 
Sasciis duabus niveis. 

Black Ant-Thrush, with shoulder-coverts, interscapulars, and two 
bands on the wing-coverts, snowy. 


LencTuH seven inches: larger than the last, but 
the beak is rather shorter than in that bird: the 
general colour of the entire plumage, both above 
and beneath, is deep and uniform black: a broad 
band of snowy-white passes over the shoulder-coverts, 


180 MERULID&. 


and two other bands, much narrower, are formed by 
the white tips of the greater and lesser wing-coverts = 
the feathers in the middle of the back are also pure 
white, bordered with black across their extremities ; 
so that when undisturbed, the white portion is almost 
hid: the wings, although rounded, are larger and 
more robust than those of the two preceding species: 
as is also the tail, the feathers of which are broad 
and obtuse: tarsi rather strong and black. 


Sp. 4. Dr. atra. Zool. Journ. ( Swain.) ii. 153. 

Dr. atrum interscapularium bast margineque niveis. 

Black Ant-Thrush with the base and margins of the interscapu- 
lary feathers snowy. 


Lexetu seven inches: greatly allied to the last, 
but differs in wanting the white bands on the wings : 
the beak is somewhat larger: the entire plumage is 
deep and uniform black: it has a concealed spot of 
white on the back, but instead of the feathers being 
bordered with black at their tips, they have a tear- 
shaped spot of that colour, so that the white margin 
appears externally when the feathers are smooth: 
the wings are shorter than in Dr. trifasciata, and the 
tail, although similar in form, is more graduated ; 
the irides are large and bright crimson. 


Sp. 5. Dr. variegata. Zool. Journ: (Such.) v. i. p. 559. ~ 

Dr. dorso olivaceo-brunneo ; capite, alis, rectricibusque nigris 
albo variegatis ; pectore, abdomine, uropygtioque rufis. 

Avt-Thrush with the back olive-brown; the head, wing, and 
tail-feathers black, varied with white; the breast, abdomen, 
and rump red. ; 


Lenoru near five inches: beak dark coloured ; 


MERULID=. 181i 


under mandible-pale: head black, above somewhat 
striped with white, the eyebrows and region of the 
ears also white: primary quills dark fuscous, ex- 
ternally margined with fulvous: the two middle tail- 
feathers with a small white spot, the rest with a large 
spot of the same colour at the tip : tarsi and claws 


rather pale. 


GENUS LXXXIV.—MYIOTHERA, Iliger. 


Rostrum basi alttis quam } Beak higher than broad at 
latior, feré cylindricum, | the base, nearly cyhndn- 
subrobustum, supra con- | cal, rather robust, convex 


vexum; mandidjula su- 4 above; the upper man- 
--perter versus apicem cur- | a@ible curved towards the 
tip; the lower jagged, with 
its tip acute, recurved. 
4 Taal short. 


-wata; inferior lacimiata, | 
apice acuta, recurvata. 
Geode brevis. 


MyrMorHera, Vieillot. 


A. Rostre valido, subrecie. 
A. With the beak stout, nearly straight. 
Sp. 1. My. Colma. 
Turdus Colma. Stepd. v. x. p, 291 —South America. 
Sp. 2. My. formicivora. 
Turdus fermicivorus. Steph. v. x. p. S0S.—South America. 
Sp. 3. My. lineatus. 
Turdus Hneatus. Step. v. x. p. S07 —Cayenne. 
Sp. 4. My. cantans. 
~Turdus Arada.  Sfeph. v. x. p. 282.—Cayenne. 
Sp. 5. My. Coraya. 
Turdus Coraya: Steph. re. x. p. 299. —Cavenne. 


182 MERULID. 


B. Rostro gracile, subcurvato acuminato. 4 
B. With the beak slender, a little curved and acuminated. 


Sp. 6. My? bambla. 


Turdus bambla. Steph. v. x. p. 308.—Cayenne. 


GENUS LXXXV.—GRALLARIA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum rectum, subrobus- || Beak straight, somewhat ro- 


tum, crassum, supra con- 
vexum, carinatum, latera- 
tim compressum ; mandi- 
bula superior apiece cur- 


bust, thick, convex above, 
carinated, laterally com- 
pressed; the upper man- 
dible curved at the tip. 


vata. 
Tibie seminude. 
Cauda brevis. 


Tibia: half-naked. 
Tail short. 


MyioTHERA pars. Cuvier. 


Sp. 1. Gr. rex. 
Corvus grallarius. 
America, 


Sp. 2? Gr. tinniens. 
Turdus tinniens. 


Shaw, v. vill. p. 386. pl. 49.—South 


Shaw, v. x. p. 306.—Cayenne, 


GENUS LXXXVI.—CONOPOPHAGA, Vieillot. — 


Beak naked at the base, 
straight, weak, depressed, 
a little carmated above, 
versus apicem curvatum;|| curved towards the tip; 
mandibula inferior subtus the under mandible flat 


plana. beneath. naps 
Cauda brevis. Tail short. 


Rostrum basi nudum, rec- 
tum, debile, depressum, 


supra paulo carinatum, 


Mytorgera pars. Temm. 


MERULID. 185 
Sp. 1. Co. aurita. 
Turdus auritus. -S/eph. v. x. p. 310.—Cayenne. 


Sp. 2. Co. nevia. 
Pipra navia. Steph. v. x. p. 32.—Cayenne. 


GENUS LXXXVII.—PITTA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum robustum, basi sub- | Beak robust, rather thick 


crassum, rectum, supra || at the base, straight, con- 
convexum, compressum, | vex above; the wpper 
acutum; mandibula su- || mandible emarginate to- 
pervor versus apicem emar- || wards the tip, the dower 
ginata, inferior integra, H entire, equal. 
zequalis. | 

Aig longe. | 7 Vings long. 

Cauda brevis. 1 Ladd short. 


MYIioTHERA pars. Cuvier. 


Sp. 1. Pi. Bengalensis. 
Corvus brachyurus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 383. pl. 48.—The East 
Indies. 


Sp. 2. Pi. cyanurus. 
Corvus cyanurus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 384. pl. 47.—The East. 
Sp. 3. Pi. versicolor. Zool. Jour. (Swain.) v. i. p. 468. 
Pi. viridis infra fuloa; uropygio tectricibusque ceruleis, ano 
rubro ; veriice rufo; nuché, mente, maculaque abdominali ni- 


gris. : i 
Green Pitta beneath fulvous; with the rump and tail-feathers 
blue ; the vent red; the crown rufous; the nape, chin, and 


abdominal spot black. 


Innasits New Holland. Length nine inches and 
2 quarter: rather larger than the Song Thrush : the 
ground colour of the upper parts is pure olive-green ; 
the greater wing-coverts, and the external half of 


i784 MERULIDE. 


the lesser quill-feathers, are the same : on the chin is 
a large pointed patch of black, which unites a broad 
band on each side of the head, encircles the crown, 
and again forms a pointed patch on the upper part 
of the neck: the crown is deep ferruginous, with a 
narrow black stripe down the middle: the shoulders 
amd lesser wing-coverts are bright czrulean-blue, 
having a silvery metallic lustre not unlike the gloss 
on silk ; and across the rump is a band of the same 
colour: the upper tail-coverts are black, the tail itself 
very short, the two middle feathers rather the shortest, 
and all of them black tipped with olive-green: the 
greater quills hardly exceed the others in length ; 
they are black, with pale tips, and at the base of the 
fourth, fifth, and sixth, is a small white spot : the sides 
of the neck, the throat, and all the under parts are 
buff-colour, except the vent, middle of the belly, and 
under tail-coverts, which are of a beautiful red: in 
the middle of the abdomen is a patch ef black: the 
beak is black, and the tarsi pale yellowish. 


Sp. 4. Pi. cyanoptera. Temm. Pl. Col. 218. 

Pi. dorso scapulisque viridibus ; uropygio tectricibusque alarum 
cyaneis ; malis, occipite, collo postice, strigdque verticali nigris; 
gulé albd macula nigra ; ventre crissoque rufis. 

Pitta with the back and scapulars green; the rump and wing- 
coverts blue; the cheeks, occiput, neck behind, and stripe on 


the crown, black; the throat white, with a black spot; the 
belly and vent rufous. 


Ixuasits Java. Length seven inches: allied to 
the last: the cheeks are black, which colour extends 
to the occiput and to the hinder part of the neck ; 
on the middle of the crown is also a broad stripe of 


MERULID#. 185 


the same; the forehead and a broad line over the 
eyes are ochraceous-brown ; and a lighter and yel- 
Jowish tint of the same colour surrounds the black on 
the Tape: the back and scapulars are brilliant green : 
the rump and wing-coverts are beautiful rich blue: 
the secondary quills farthest from the body are black, 
edged and tipped with ashy-blue : the quills are black, 
marked towards the middle with a white patch, and 
tipped with ashy-black: the tail is deep black, tipped 
with blue: the throat is white, with a black spot: 
the middle of the belly, the vent, and under tail- 
coverts are light red: all the rest of the under parts 
are fine olivaceous: the legs are yellow, and the beak 
biack. 


Sp. 5. Pi. erythrogastra. Temm. Pl. Col. 212. 

PL. vertice occipite et malis rufescente fuscis ; guld colloque anticé 
Juscis macula rosea; dorso scapulis fascidgue pectorali cyaneo- 
viridibus ; tectrictbus alarum, uropygio, cauddque cyaneis ; 
abdomine crissoque rubris. 

Pitta with the crown, occiput, and cheeks reddish-brown; the 
throat and neck in front brown, with a rosy spot; the back, 
scapulars, and pectoral fascia blue-green; the wing-coverts, 
rump, and tail blue; the abdomen and vent red. 


Inuasits the Philippine Islands and Manilla. 
Length six inches and a half: the top of the head, 
the occiput, and the cheeks reddish-brown: a half 
collar on the nape: the fore part of the neck and 
the throat are dusky, with a rose-coloured spot in the 
middle: a broad belt covers the breast ; this and the 
feathers of the back and scapulars are of a fine deep 
green slightly tinged with blue: the wing-coverts, 
the rump, and the tail-feathers are of a rich azure- 


186 MERULID&. 


blue: the quills and secondaries are black, tipped 
with ash, and very slightly tinged with azure: the 
second quills and the two following have a white spot 
at the base: the flanks are tinged with greenish, 


changing to red, which colour is spread of a brilliant. 


hue over the middle of the belly, the vent, and under 
tail-coverts: the beak is black, with its tip brown: 
the tarsi are brown. 


Sp. 6. Pi. gigas. Zemm. Pl. Col. 217. 

Pi? dorso, scapulis, uropygio, cauddque azureis; alis cyaneis ; 
remigibus nigris apice azureis ; verticd nuchd semitorque collart 
nigris ; guld albidd ; corpore infra cinereo-fusco. 

Pitta? with the back, scapulars, rump, and tail azure ; the wings 
blue; the quills black, with azure tips; the crown, nape, and 
half-collar on the neck black ; the throat whitish ; the body 
beneath ashy-brown. 


Inuasirs Sumatra. Length nine inches: the 
back, the scapulars, the rump, and the tail, are bril- 
liant azure-blue : the wings are the same, but less 
brilliant: the quills are black, tipped with azure: 
the top of the head, the nape, and a _half-collar 
at the base of the neck, are black: the forehead and 
supercilia are ashy-brown: the throat is whitish: the 
rest of the under parts is ashy-brown: the legs are 
very long, and of an ashy-grey, or horn-colour. 


GENUS LXXXVIII—MYOPHONUS, Temminck. 


Rostrum longum, rectum, || Beak long, straight, stout, 


validum, robustum, forte ; robust, strong; the cul- 
culmine lato; mandibula men broad; the wpper 
superior apice subito cur- mandible abruptly curved 


vata. at its tip. 


val oe) 2nbtibroone tom allhap 


hoonit ee hulle wae BIR s 
ae elf ue broase 


/ Ne me gaivroliot avd ond bes ell 
a ated rote’ di bogalt ort ‘alu af : eos med orld ap, 
HOt OF B iQanAS 


dnotllitd s oe Be ‘arofo ie Os ants 
ee EE OWS polled 8 ech Wa ie 


Akg ey Ga 
lat 4 


a 6 


) lind one i. te | 
aaok dud eurhe S 
2 OURS. THES bout 


: watloo ted e bis 


or 


af anit a 


af 


Ll 


MYOPHONUS MET 


i 
i wr 


Wii 
fbi 
jhe! 


1 


Hf) 
Mt 


Hy, 
i i 


Mil 


H 


l 


MERULID&. 187 


Rictus setis rigidis ornatus. || Gape furnished with stiff 


bristles. 
Nares membrana plumosa || Nostrils covered with a plu- 
obtecti. mose membrane. 
Tarsi elongati. Tarst elongated. 
Cauda mediocris, zequalis. Tail moderate, equal. 


Sp. 1. My. metallicus. Temm. Pl. Col. 170. 

My. obscure cyaneus capite abdominéque saturatioribus ; remi- 
gium apicibus nigricantibus; gents collo peetoreque chalybeo 
maculatis. 

Dull blue Myophonus wth the head and abdomen darkest ; the 
tips of the quills dusky the roe neck, and breast with 
steel-coloured spots. 


Innasits Java. oni twelve inches: the general 
colour of the entire plumage is dull blue, changing 
according to the light to brighter shades; the head 
and abdomen being the darkest, and the tips of the 
quills nearly dusky: the feathers of the breast, neck, 
and cheeks, are adorned with shining steel spots: and 
the edges of those of the back and the wing-coverts 
are of the same colour: the beak is yellow, with a 
black keel : the legs are black.. 


Sp. 2. My? cyaneus. 

My? cyaneus saturatissimus, capite remigibus rectricibus externé 
et subtus ventreque nigris. 

Deep-blue Myophonus? with the head, quills, the tail -feathers 
without and beneath, and the belly black. 

Turdus cyaneus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xiii. 149.—Pitta glau- 
cina. Temm. Pl. Col. 194. 


Innasits Java. Length nine inches and a half: 
beak and legs black: the general colour of this bird 
is deep ne violet, changing according to the light 


188 MERULIDA. 


to shades of blue and azure: the bend and edges of 
the wings are of a brighter colour and more brilliant 
than the rest of the plumage: when the feathers on 
the sides of the body are separated, their bases appear 
white: the tarsi are very long, and the tail is short. 


\ 
GENUS LXXXIXi—GRALLINA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum gracile, rectum, |} Beak slender, straight, ra- 


subrotundatum, longius- ther rounded, elongated, 
culum, supra convexum; convex above; the wpper 
mandibula superior ad api- mandible emarginated on 
cem incurva. each side at the tip, in- 
curved. 
Ale penna spuria, longee, ro- || Wings with a spurious fea- 
tundate. ther, long, rounded. 
Ungues anteriores minime, || Claws, the anterior ones 
graciles, posticus validissi- small, slender, the hinder 
mus, valdé aduncus. very strong, and» much 
hooked. 


Cauda mediocris. Tail moderate. 


Sp. 1. melanoleuca. Vieill. Analyse, p. 68. (T.) 

Gr. superciliis, collo supra, pectore, abdomine, fascia alarum, uro- 
pygio, rectricibusque lateralibus albis 3 capite, guld, remigibus, 
rectricibus intermedtis dimidiatim nigris; rostro albido, culmine 
& medio ad apicem atro: femina, guld albd. 

Grallina with the eyebrows, neck above, breast, abdomen, band 

on the wings, rump, and lateral tail-feathers white; the head, 
throat, quills, and intermediate tail-feathers black ; beak whitish ; 
the culmen dark from the middle to the tip: female, with a white 
throat. 


Inuapits New Holland. 


SPORRB ESS 


a 


MERULIDE. 189 


wy GEN us KC; —BRACHY PUS, Swainson. 


ee um as eve, or acile, de- Beak cee slender, ls. 


bile; sete nuchales obso- . nuchal bristles obsolete. gt 
‘Teter. 
Rictus vix ciliatus. ' || Gape scarcely ciliated. 


Pedes graciles; tarsi brevi. || Legs slender ; tarsi short. 


Les Turpoipes, Temm. 


TueE species of this genus, named as above by Mr. 
Swainson in the Zoological Journal, v. i. p. 305, are 
all natives of Africa or India: they_are closely allied 
to the Dicruri. | 


Sp. 1. Br. Cafer. 

- Turdus Cafer. Steph. v. X. p. 298.—Le Curouge. Le Vail. 
Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 107. f- 1. : rae 
Sp. 2. Br. chrysorrhoéus. 


Br. griseo-fuscus infra albidus ; vertice genis gulaque nigris 
_ tectricibus inferioribus caude aureo-flavis, 
Grey-brown Brachypus beneath whitish ; with the crown, cheeks, 
and throat black ; the under tail- ~cogersers golden- yellow. 
Le Cudor.. Le Vall. Otis. d’ Afriq. iit. ol. 46. Sf 2.—Turdus 
chrysorrhoéus. Temm.—Gold-vented Thrush. Lath. Gen. 
- Hist.v. v. 82. 


Inuasits Southern Africa. The crown, cheeks, 
and throat are black: the upper parts of the body 
grey-brown: wings deeper: under parts, from the 
chin and upper tail-coverts dusky-white: under tail- 
coverts golden-yellow: beak black: irides and legs 
brown. ip 3 


Sp: 3. Br. Le Weill anti 


Le Brunnoir. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iit. pl. 106.f. } ridins 
Le Vaillantii. Temm.—Brunet Thrush, var.a. Lath. Gen. Hist. 
v. v. 79.—Turdus Capensis. Steph. v. x. 216. 


190 MERULIDX. 


Sp. 4. Br, Capensis. 

Turdus Capensis. Steph. x. 216.—Le Brunet. Le Vaill. Ois, 
d’ Afrigq. iii. pl. 105. 
Sp. 5. Br, dispar. 

Br. remigibus rectricibusque fuscis ; externe dorsoque croceo-oli- 
waceis ; capite maris atro, guld coccinea; famine? concolore. 
Brachypus with the quills and tail-feathers brown; the outer edges 
and back yellowish-olive ; the head of the male dark coloured ; 

with a scarlet throat ; of the female? concolorous. 


Turdus dispar. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) ». xiii. p. 150.—Temm, 
Pl. Col. 137. 


Innasits Java. Length six inches and a half: 
remarkable for the singular feathers which cover the 
throat in the male; these feathers are of a texture 
resembling those at the tips of the secondary quills 
of the Wax-wings (Bombycilla Bohemica), and of a 
bright vermilion : the head and neck are deep black : 
the back, the wings, and the outer edges of the fea- 
thers of the latter are olive-yellow : the tail is dusky- 
brown : the breast is reddish-yellow: the rest of the 
under parts pure yellow: the beak is black, and the 
legs ashy. ‘The females? are destitute of the black 
on the head, that part being dusky in them: they 
also want the beautiful gular feathers, and the general 
colour of their plumage is less brilliant: the throat. 
and the breast are of a whitish hue. 


Sp. 6. Pr. azureus. 

Br. cyaneus dorso olivaceo-fusco caruleo fasciato; guld pectore 
ventreque antice olivaceo-fuscis ; pone infrdque oculos nudus. 
Blue Brachypus with the back olive-brown, barred with blue ; 

the throat, breast, and anterior part of the breast olive- browns ; 
the space behind and beneath the eyes naked. 
Turdus azureus. Zemm. Pl. Col. 274. 


MERULIDZE. 191 


Inuapits Java, and other Indian islands. Leneth: 
eight inches and a half: behind and beneath the eyes 
is a small naked space: the eyes are bounded by a 
small circle of serrated feathers: the top of the head, 
and the edges of the wing and tail-feathers are of a 
beautiful azure: the occiput and nape, the sides of 
the neck and the rump are deep blue: the middle of 
the wing and tail-feathers is dusky-blue: the feathers 
of the back are olive-brown, with blue belts, more or 
less brilliant according to the light : from the base of 
the beak to the alle of the elle is olive-brown ; 
the rest of the under parts is dusky-blue: the back- 
and legs are black. The female has all the lower 
part of the body dusky blue, and the colours in ge- 
neral less brilliant than the male. 


Sp. 7. Br? jocosus. 
Lanius jocosus. Shaw, v. viii—Lanius emeria. Shaw, v. vii. 
Sp. 8. Br? perspicillatus. 
Turdus perspicillatus. Steph. x. 239. pl. 23. 


Sp. 9. Br? phcenicopterus. 

Bs? @neo-niger ceruleo violaceoque nitens ; alis cauddque obscure 
nigris, pennis margine eneo-viridis ; tectricibus alarum rubris. 

Br assy-black Brachypus? glossed with blue and violet ; with the 
wings and tail dull black; the feathers margined with brassy- 
green; the wing-coverts red. = 


Turdus pheenicopterus. Temm. Pl. Col. 71. 


Inuasits Senegal, The entire plumage is of a 
fine bronzed black, glossed with bluish and. violet : 
the wings and tail are dull black, with all the fea- 
thers edged with metallic green: the wing-coverts are 
bright fede : the beak anh legs are black. 


192 MERULID&. 


Sp. 10. Br? haemorrhousa. 

Muscicapa hemorrhousa, Steph. v. x. p. 334. 
Sp. 11]. Br? Psidii. 

Muscicapa Psidii. Steph. v. x. p. 335.—Inhabits the Manilla 
Islands. 
Sp. 12. Br? Cochinsinensis. 

Turdus Cochinsinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 286. pl. 27.—Turdus 
Malabaricus. Steph. v.x. p. 252.—Certhia Cosinsinica. Shaw, 
v. Vill. p. 239, Inhabits India. 


GENUS XCI.—CINCLUS. WATER-OUZEL. 


Rostrum basi plumosum, ro- || Beak plumose at the base,. 


tundatum, gracile, rec- rounded, slender, straight, 
tum, versus apicem pauld a little compressed towards 
compressum, incurvatum ; the tip; with its edges 
marginibus — subdenticu- slightly denticulated. 
latis. 

Cauda brevis. Tail short. 


Hyprosara, Vieillot. 


Sp. 1. Ci. Europeus., Steph. v. x. p. 313. pl. 30.—Britain, and 
other parts of Europe. 


GENUS XCII.—DULUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum basi nudum, paulo || Beak naked at the base, a 


robustum, supra con- little robust, convex above, _ 
vexum, lateratim com- laterally compressed ; the 
pressum: mandibula su- upper mandible slightly ar- 

- perior subarcuata; inferior cuated; the lower straight. 
recta. 


Sp. 1. Du. Dominicus. 
Tanagra Dominica, Steph, v. x. p, 542.—St. Dominge. 


MERULID. 195 


GENUS XCIII._SPHECOTHERES, Vieillot. 


Beak thick at the 
strong, 
above, bent down towards 


base, 
convex 


Rostrum basi crassum, gla- 
brum, validum, supra con- smooth, 
vexum, versus apicem de- 
clive. the tip. 

Orbite nude. Orbits naked. 


Nares orbiculares. Nostrils orbicular. 


Sp. 1. Sp. viridis. Steph. v. x. p. 481.—New Holland. 


GENUS XCIV.—ORIOLUS Auctorum. ORIOLE. 


Rostrum basi paulo depres- || Beak rather depressed at the 


sum, mediocre, conico-con- 
vexum, lateratim compres- 
sum, apice inclinatum ; 
mandibula inferior recur- 


base, moderate, conico-con- 
vex, laterally compressed, 
the tip inclined; the dower 
mandible recurved, acute, 


vata, acuta, laciniata. laciniated. 
Sp. 1. Or. galbula. Shaw, v. vii. p. 408. pl.53.—Britain, and the 
temperate regions of Europe and areas and North Africa. 


Sp. 2. Or. Chinensis. 
Chinese Oriole. Shaw, t v. Vil. p. a12—Ching. 


Sp. 3. Or. melanocephalus. 
Black-headed Oriole. Shaw, v. Vii. p. 411 —Loriot rieur. 
Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. vi. ia 263.—Africa. 
Sp. 4. Or. flamis. 
Turdus flavus. Steph. v. x. pl. 252.—Loriot d’or. 
Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. pl. 260.—Africa and India. 
Sp. 5. Or. monacha. 
Turdus monacha. Steph. v. x. p. 293.—Loriot Cordougnan. 
Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. vi. pl. 261, 262.—Africa. 
Sp. 6. Or. xanthonotus. Linn. Trans. (Horsf.) xiii. 152.— 
Temm. Pl. Col. 214.f. 1. 2. 
7, XIII. P. I. 13 


Le Vaill. 


194 MERULIDA. 


Or. ater ventre albido nigro striato ; scapulis, axillis, uropygio, 
crisso, rectricibusque énterné flavis ; rostrum rubrum ; pedes 
nigre, 

Dark-coloured Oriole with the belly white, striped with black ; 
the scapulars, shoulders, rump, vent, and tail-feathers deep 
yellow ; the beak red; the legs black. 


Inuasits Java. Length six inches and a half: 
beak red: prevailing colour of the plumage black : 
the belly white, streaked with black: the scapulars, 
axilla, rump, vent, and inner part of the tail-feathers 
yellow: legs black. 


Sp. 7. Or. radiatus. Shaw, v. vil. p. 443.—India. 


Sp. 8. Or. aureus. Linn. i. 163. 
Paradisea aurantia. Shaw, v. vil. p. 499. pl. 68.—India. 


Sp. 9. Or? viridis, 
Gracula viridis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 473.—New Holland, 


GENUS XCV.—PYRRHOCORAX, Cuvier. 


Rostrum basi plumulis an- || Beak furnished at the base 


trorsim directis ornatum, with small feathers point- 

rectum, mediocre, subula- ing forwards, straight, mo- 

tum, compressum, supra derate, subulated, com- 

convexum, subgracile, pressed, convex above, ra- 

apice curvato. ther slender, the tip curved. 

Nares plumis tectz. Nostrils clothed with fea- 
thers, 


Sp. 1. Py. alpinus. 

Corvus Pyrrhocorax, Shaw, v. vii. p. 380.—Alpine countries 
of Europe. 
Sp. 2. Py? sexsetaceus. 

Corvus sexsetaceus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 380.—India. 


MERULIDE. 195 


Sp. 3. Py. leucopterus. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 121. 


Py. niger remigibus interne albis. 
Black Pyrrhocorax with the quills white within. 


Inuasits New Holland. Length five inches and 
a half: entirely black, except the inner part of the 
greater wing-feathers, which are white: the tail is 
much longer than the wings, and greatly rounded : 
the beak and legs are also black. 


GENUS XCVI.—TURDUS Auctorum. THRUSH. 


Rostrum latiis quam altum, || Beak broader than high, the 


basi glabrum, subrobus- 
tum, supra convexum, 
apice compressum, subde- 


flexum; mandibula supe- 


rior paulo arcuata, inferior 


recta. 


base bald, rather robust, 


convex above, the tip 
compressed, slightly de- 
flexed; the wpper mandible 
a little arcuated, the dower 


straight. 


Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 


Tuts genus requires considerable investigation, as 
it at present embraces several very dissimilar birds, 
whose habits and economy are much unlike ; but, as 
before observed, my object beg merely the arrange- 
ment of the published genera according to the natural 
affinities, I have included under the generic term 
Turdus, such birds as are so placed by Cuvier and 
other modern ornithologists, leaving it to those per- 
sons who have more leisure and better opportunities 
of studying collections than myself, to dispose of the 
species agreeably to their natural relationship. It may, 
however, be observed, that the first nine species are 
true Thrushes, are more or less spotted in their plu- 


196 MERULID®. 


mage fly in large flocks, and feed upon berries and m- 
sects : from the 31st tothe 38th are solitary, and feed 
less upon insects, and may probably be divided by 
the old name Merula, or Blackbird: while the 28th 
and 29th, whose mocking propensities exist in an 
extraordinary degree, may, after Brisson, be termed 
Mimus, or Mockbird. Again, the four last species 
greatly resemble the birds comprised in the genus 
Saxicola, both in structure and manners; the beak 
and legs being considerably more slender than in the 
generality of Thrushes: they form, consequently, a 
most interesting link between this and the following 
family. 


Sp. 1. Tu. viscivorus. Steph. v. x. p. 172.—Britain and Europe. 
Sp. 2. Tu. pilaris. Steph. v. x. p. 186. pl, 19.—Britain and 


Sp. 3. Tu. musicus. Steph. v. x. p. 174.—Britain and Europe. 
4. Tu. iliacus. Steph. v. x. p. 183.—Britain and Europe. 
5. Tu. rufus. Steph. v. x. p. 191.—North America. 
Sp. 6. Tu. migratorius. Steph. v. x. p.276.—North America. 
7. Tu. Guyanensis. Steph. v. x. p. 178.—Guiana. 
8. Tu. minor. Steph. v. x. p. 177:—North America. 
Sp. 9. Tu. olivaceus. Steph. v. x. p. 189—Le Griveron. Le 
Vaill. Ois. d Afriq. iii. pl. 98, 99.—The Cape of Good Hope. 
Sp. 10. Tu. vociferans. Swain. Zool. Illust. iii. pl. 180. 
Tu. cinereus infra ferrugineus ; temporibus auribusque nigris ; 
caudd rotundatd, pennis mediis nigris ; lateribus ferrugineis. 
Cinereous Thrush beneath ferruginous; with the ears and sides of 
the head black ; the tail rounded, its middle-feathers black, and 
lateral feathers ferruginous. 

Le Reclameur. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 104.—Caffrarian 
Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 99. 


InuABiTs Southern Africa. Length seven inches 
and a half: the upper plumage is dark cinereous : on 


MERULIDA. 197 


each side of the head is a stripe of black, which en- 
circles the eye, and forms a patch on the ears: the 
whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous yel- 
low, or light buff colour: the rump and lateral tail- 
feathers the same, the middle pair being entirely 
black ; the next pair has likewise a narrow margin 
of the same colour: quills and wing-coverts dusky- 
brown, with pale cinereous margins: tail rounded : 
legs pale: irides hazel: beak rather small and black, 
compressed its whole length, and having weak bristles 
at its base. 

The male sings melodiously morning and evening, 
while the female is sitting: they both delight in 
damp places where worms abound. 


Sp. 11. Tu. clamosus. 

Tu. obscure olivaceo-viridis subtus pallidiore, remigibus flavo mar- 
ginatis. 

Dull olive-green Thrush, paler beneath, with the quills edged 
with yellow. 4 

L'Importune. Le Vaill. Ois. a’ Afriq. iii. pl. 106. f 2—Impor- 
tunate Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 104. 

Inuasits the eastern coast of Africa. Length 
seven inches: beak and legs horn-colour: plumage 
dull olive-green, paler beneath : quills edged with yel- 
lowish : eyes deep brown : the wings reach one-fourth 
on the tail. ‘The female differs in being rather less. 

Frequents the tops of trees, continually repeating 
its cry of Pit-pit: lays four or five eggs spotted with 
pale olive. 


Sp. 12. Tu, erythropterus. Steph. v. x. p. 280.— Senegal. 
Sp. 13. Tu. leucogaster. Steph. v. x. p. 258.—Africa. 
Sp. 14. Tu. chrysogaster. Steph. v. x. p. 254.—Senegal. 


198 MERULID. 


Sp. 15. Tu. Ourovang. Steph. v. x. p. 236.—Madagasear. 

Sp. 16. Tu. Senegalensis. Steph. v. x. p. 221.—Le Jaboteur. 
Le Vaill. Ois. ad’ Afrigq. iii. pl. 112. f. 1.—African. 

Sp. 17. Tu. Madagascariensis. Steph. v. x. p. 260.—Madagascar, 

Sp. 18. Tu. atricapillus. Steph. 0. x. p. 268.—The Cape of Good 
Hope. 

Sp. 19. Tu. Indicus, Steph. v. x. p. 238.—The East Indies. 

Sp. 20. Tu. plumbeus. Steph. v. x. p. 283.—North America. 

Sp. 21. Tu. tintinnabulatus.—Turdus Campanella. Steph. v. x. 
p. 270.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 22. Tu. Hispaniolensis. Steph. v. x. p. 220.—St. Domingo. 

Sp. 23. Tu. palmarum. Steph. v, x. p. 244.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 24. Tu. pectoralis. Steph. v. x. p. 237.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 25. Tu. cinnamomeus. Steph. v. x. p. 285,—Cayenne. 

Sp. 26. Tu. rufifrons. Steph. v. x. p. 219.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 27. Tu. atthis. 

Gracula atthis. Shaw, v. vii. p. 475.—Egypt. 

Sp. 28. Tu? macrourus. 

Turdus macrourus. Steph. v. x. p. 267. pl. 25.—Africa. 

Sp. 29. Tu. Orpheus. Steph. v. x. p. 212. pl. 20.—North Ame- 
rica and the West Indies. 

Sp. 30. Tu. Thenca. Steph. v. x. p. 215.—South America. 

Sp. 31. Tu. merula. Steph. v. x. p. 225. —Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 32. Tu. torquatus. Steph. v. x. p. 227. pl. 21.—Britain and 
Europe. 

Sp. 33. Tu. saxatilis. Steph. v. x. p. 266.—Lanius infaustus. 
Shaw, v. vii. p. 302 ?—Tu. infaustus. Steph. v. x. p. 265.— 
Southern Africa. 

Sp. 34. Tu. perspicax. 

Tu. capite, collo, dorsoque superné ceruleo-griseis 3 alis, tectri- 
cibus, remigibusque nigris, pallide marginatis ; dorso posticé 
corporeque subtus rufis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis nigri- 
cantibus ; reliquis rufis, 

Thrush with the head, neck, and upper part of the back blue- 
grey; the wings, their coverts, and quills black, with pale 
edges ; the lower part of the back and body beneath rufous; 
the two middle tail-feathers dusky, the rest rufous. 


MERULID&. 199 


Turdus perspicax. Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 961.—L’Espionneur. 
Le Faull. Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 103.—Rocar Thrush 4, Lath. 
Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 33. 


Inuasirts Southern Africa, and very similar to the 
next, but differs in having the head, the whole of the 
neck, and upper half of the back blue-grey: the 
wing, and its coverts and quills, black, with pale mar- 
gins: the lower half of the back and all beneath from 
the breast rufous: the tail rather rounded and rufous, 
except the two middle feathers, which are blackish, 
with pale edges: the beak and legs are black, and the 
irides chesnut. ‘The female is paler, and the blue 
does not extend so far down the breast. 


Sp. 35. Tu. Rocar- 

Tu. capite colloque posticé plumbeo-griseis ; dorso alisque fuscis 
maculis saturatioribus ; corpore subtus rectricibusque quingue 
extertoribus rufis. 

Thrush with the head and neck behind leaden-grey ; the back 
and wings brown, with deeper spots; the body beneath and 
five outer -tail-feathers rufous, 

Le Rocar. Le Vaill. Ois. d Afrig. iii. 101, 102.—Rocar Thrush. 
Lath. Gen. Hist. 0. v. 33. 


Inuasits Southern Africa. Size of a Blackbird : 
beak and legs black : head and hind part of the neck 
blue-grey: back and wings brown: the feathers darker 
in the middle: beneath from the breast rufous: five 
of the outer tail-feathers on each side the same; the 
exterior one marked with a brown line down the 
shaft, the two middle feathers brown: tail even at the 
end. Female with the head and neck brown: and 
the other colours less brilliant. 


200 MERULID®. 


Sp. 36. Tu. cyanus. Steph. v. x. p. 224.—Tu. solitarius. Steph. 
v. x. p. 803.—The south of Europe. 

Sp. 37. Tu. Manillensis. Steph. v. x. p. 280.—Tu. violaceus. 
Steph. v. x, p. 251. var ?—The Manilla Islands. 

Sp. 38. Tu. eremita. Steph. v. x. p. 281.—The Philippine Islands. 

Sp. 39. Tu? pectoralis. 

Tu? corpore supra fascidque pectorali nigris ; infrd rectricibusque, 
duabus mediis exceptis, apicibus albis. 

Thrush with the body above and pectoral fascia black ; beneath and 
the tail-feathers (except the two middle) at their tips white. 
Hausse-col noir. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afrig. iii. pl. 110.—Gorget 

Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 39. 


Inuasits Southern Africa. Size of the Ring 
Ouzel: beak black: irides reddish-brown: general 
colour of the plumage above black, beneath white ; 
the black passing across the breast as a collar: tips 
of all but the two middle tail-feathers white: tail 
rounded at the end: legs black. 


Sp. 40. Tu. lunularis. 

Tu. capite, strigd laterali colli, tunulaque pectoral nigris 3 torque 
nuchali corporeque infra flavis ; guld collogue anticé albis ; 
dorso, alis, uropygioque flavescentibus. 

Thrush with the head, a lateral stripe on the neck, and lunule 
on the breast black ; collar on the nape and body beneath yel- 
low ; the throat and neck in front white ; the back, wings, and 
rump yellowish. 

Le cravate noire. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iii. pl. 115.—Cravat 
Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist.-v. v. 100. 


Innanirts the East. Size of a large Lark: beak 
black : head black, passing on each side of the neck, 
and finishing in a crescent on the breast : at the nape, 


under the blade is a collar of yellow, which passes 
beneath the crescent on the breast, and continues to 


MERULIDA. 201 


the vent: the chin and throat within the black are 
white: the upper parts of the back, wings, and rump, 
are yellowish, or olive-green: the quills are dusky- 
brown, edged with grey: the tail the same, rounded 
at the end, the edges greenish: the wings reach very 
little beyond the rump: legs dusky brown. 


Sp. 41. Tu. atrogularis. 

Tv. olivaceo-cinereus facie, malis, collo anticeé, pectoreque supremo 
nigris; pectore infimo ventroque rufescente-albidis ; lateribus 
Jfusco maculatis. 

Olive-ash Thrush with the face, Gidale neck in fr ont, and upper 
breast black ; lower breast and belly reddish-white ; the sides 
spotted with brown. 


Turdus atrogularis. Temm. Man. d’Orn.2 Edit. ii. 169.—Black- 
breasted Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 37. 


InHABITS South-eastern Europe. Length of the 
male ten inches and a half: beak dusky-brown, the 
lower mandible yellow at the base: irides deep brown: 
face, cheeks, fore part of the neck and breast, deep 
black, with a cinereous tinge at the end of the fea- 
thers of the last : lower part of the breast and middle 
of the belly whitish, inclining to rufous on the sides, 
which are speckled with deep brown; under tail- 
coverts pale rufous, with white tips: the rest of the 
parts above ash-colour, with an olive tinge, deepest 
on the head: wing-coverts: fringed with yellowish : 
legs brown. 


Sp. 42, Tu? cerned 

Tu? rufo-cinereus pennis margine pallidioribus ; medio ventris 
Jemoribusque albis; vertice auribusque fuscis. 

Rufous-ash Thrush with the feathers edged with paler; the middle 
of the belly and thighs white; the crown and ears brown. 


202 MERULID#. 


Turdus Naumanni. Yemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 170.—Nau- 
man’s Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. 37. 


Inuasits South-eastern Europe. Length nine 
inches: beak and legs brown: crown and ears deep 
brown: the rest of the upper parts rufous-ash, some- 
what deeper on the sides of the neck, the rump, and 
under tail-feathers: scapulars edged with the same, 
and the middle of the feathers of the breast, belly, and 
sides, with similar markings, forming spots: middle 
of the belly and thighs pure white: quills and two 
middle tail-feathers deep brown: the tail rufous be- 
neath. Both sexes are alike. 


Sp. 43. Tu? phoenicurus. 

Turdus pheenicurus. Steph. v. x. 300.—Le Janfredric. Le 
Vaill. Ois. d Afrig. iii. pl. 11. f. 1, 2.—Motacilla pectoralis. 
Shaw, Nat. Misc. pl. 265.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 44. Tu? pipiens. 

Tu ? cinereo-fuscus infra fuscescente-albus ; guld maculata ; su- 
perciliis undulisque scapularibus albis ; remigibus fuscis ; caudd 
cuneatd, pennis margine apiceque albis. 

Ashy-brown Thrush beneath brownish-white ; with the throat 
spotted; the eyebrows and scapulary waves white ; the quills 
brown ; the tail wedged, its feathers and tip edged with white. 

Le Grivetin. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrigq. iii. pl. 118. f- 1, 2.—Piping 
Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 57. 


Innasirs Southern Africa. Rather less than the 
Nightingale : beak, legs, and irides light brown : base 
of the under jaw, the mouth, and the tongue yel- 
low: head, hind neck, back, and wings grey-brown, 
inclining to rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts: 
under parts of the body dirty brownish-white : on the 
throat a few white markings of the same, on a whiter 


MERULID&. 205 


ground: from the forehead, over the eye, passes a 
line of white curving downwards: on the scapulars 
and greater wing-coverts some undulations of white : 
quills brown: tail cuneiform, grey-brown; all but 
the two middle feathers deeply margined on the outer 
webs and ends with white: legs bright brown. ‘The 
female is smaller, the colours duller, and the rump 
not rufous. 


GENUS XCVIi.—TIMALIA, Horsfield. 


Rostrum mediocre, cultra- || Beak moderate, cultrated, 


tum, valdé compressum ; much compressed: the 
mandibula superior & basi upper mandible equally 
ad apicem sequalitér ar- arched from the base to 
cuata, vix emarginata; the apex, scarcely notched ; 
culmine rotundato inter with the culmen rounded 
nares alté carinato. and much carinated be- 


tween the nostrils. 
Nares in fovea ovata laterali || Nostrils placed in an oval 


site. lateral groove. 
Alc breves. Wings short. 
Cauda elongata, rotundata. || Taal elongated, rounded. 


Sp. 1. Ti. pileata.. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) v. xiii. p. 11. 

Tr. subolivacea fusca, pileo castaneo; guld juguloque albis nigro 
lineatis ; abdomine sordide testaceo: 

Subolive-brown Timalia with the crown chesnut ; the throat and 
jugulum white, striped with black; the abdomen dull testa- 
ceous. 

Pileated Thrush. Lath. Gen. Hist.v. v. p. 171. 


InuAsits Java. Length six inches and a half: 
plumage brown, inclining to olive: crown chesnut : 


204 SYLVIADE. 


chin and throat white lineated with black, the shafts 
of the feathers of the latter black: belly dull testa- 
ceous: quills brown, tinged with chesnut on the 
edges : wings short : tail elongated, brown, obsoletely 
fasciated with deeper brown: legs short ; hind claws 
large. 


Sp. 2. Ti. gularis. 

Ti. supra fusca, remigibus rectricibusque saturatioribus ; subtus 
Jlavescens lateribus olivaceis ; guld pectoreque luteis, lineis sa- 
gittatis notatis. 

Timalia above brown, with the quills and tail-feathers darker ; 
beneath yellowish, with the sides olive: the throat and breast 
luteous marked with arrow-shaped lines. 

Motacilla gularis. Linn. Trans. (Raffles) v. xiii. p. 312. 


Inuasits Java and Sumatra. Length five inches : 
brown above, yellowish beneath: head, wings, and 
tail ferruginous: throat and breast marked with lon- 
gitudinal black spots. | 


Sp. 3. Ti? thoracica. 
Pitta thoracica. Temm. Pl. Col. 76.—Java. 


FAMILY IV.—SYLVIADZ. 


Rostrum rectum, gracile, subulatum, basi plerumque depressum, 
vel compressum, apice paulo recurvatum : corpus gracile: pedes 
debiles, tetradactyli: digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. 

The Sylviadz usually have the beak straight, slender, subulated, 
the base generally depressed, sometimes compressed, with the 
tip a little recurved: the body is slender: the /egs weak, fur- 
nished with four toes, placed three before and one behind. 


Lixr the Merulidez, these birds have hitherto been 
so sadly neglected. that it is utterly impossible to place 


SYLVIADA. 205 


the numerous described species under their respec- 
tive natural genera; I have therefore introduced such 
only as appear to belong to the various groups pointed 
out by Cuvier, Vieillot, and others, but have omitted 
many of those described in the beautiful work of Le 
Vaillant, as I have not the opportunity of consulting 
it at the present time. 

Among these birds occur the most delightful song- 
sters of the grove; the Nightingale being the most 
celebrated for its beautiful and melodious notes. “They 
usually subsist on insects, and construct their nests 
in trees and bushes: some of them are gregarious, 
and migrate on the approach of the cold weather to 
warmer climates. 


GENUS XCVIIi.—ACCENTOR. | Brisson. 


Rostrum subconicum, basi || Beak subconic, broader than 
latiis quam altior, rectum, high at the base, straight, 
acutum, marginibus in- | acute, the margin inter- 
trorsum deflexis; mandi- || nally deflexed: the upper 
bula superior ad apicem mandible rather curved to- 
subcurvata. wards the tip. 

Ale mediocres, penna spu- || Wings moderate, with a spu- 
ria: remex prima quinta || ~ rious feather: the. first 
longior, secunda tertiaque quill longer than the 
longissimee. fifth, the second and third 

longest. 


‘Sp. 1. Ac. Alpinus. 

- Sturnus Collaris. Steph. v. x. p. 487.—Britain and the Alps. 

Sp. 2. Ac. montanellus. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 251. 

Ac. rufo-cinereus mintato longitudinalitér lineatus ; infra isabel- 
linus ; jp eeede fusco variato ; superciliis flavis ; vertice Sih ee 
auribusque nigris, mas. ; aut fuscis, foemina. 


206 SYLVIADE, 


Red-brown Accentor longitudinally striped with red ; beneath 
isabella colour; the breast varied with brown; the eyebrows 
yellow; the crown, occiput, and ears black in the male; or 
brown in the female. 


Dalmatian Warbler. ath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 15. 


Inuasits the south of Europe. Length five inches 
and a half: beak yellow at the base, with a brown 
point : top of the head and the occiput black; be- 
neath the eye a broad band of the same, ending on 
the ear: over the eye from the beak, a yellow super- 
ciliary line passing to the nape: body above and sca- 
pulars reddish-ash, marked with longitudinal streaks 
of brick red : wings edged with reddish-ash : and two 
series of yellowish points across the wing, forming a 
double band: tail brown, the shafts reddish-brown : 
the under parts of the body are isabella-colour, varied 
on the breast with brown spots, and on the sides with 
reddish-ash. ‘The female has the head, occiput, and 
ears brown ; in other respects she resembles the male. 


Sp. 3. Ac. modularis. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 249. 
Sylvia modularius. Steph. x. 661.—Britain and other parts of 
Europe. 
Sp. 4. Ac. Calliope. 
Turdus Calliope. Steph. x. 644.—Northern Asia. 


GENUS XCIX.—PRUNELLA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum gracile, rectum, || Beak slender, straight, subu- 


subulatum, acutum, mar- lated, acute, the margins 
ginibus introrsum curva- internally curved: the 
tis: mandibule zequales ; mandibles equal; the wpper 
superior ad apicem paulo a little inclined towards 


inclinata, laciniata. the tip, and laciniated. 


SYLVIADA. 207 


Ale breves, penna spuria ; || Wings short, with a spurious 
remex prima quinta bre- feather; the first quill 
vior, tertia longissima. shorter than the fifth, the 

third longest. 


Sp. 1. Pr. Schoenobanus. 
Sylvia Schcenobanus. Séeph. v. x. p. 533.—Europe. 

Sp. 2. Pr? palustris. 

PR? viridescente-olivaceo-fusca, alis fuscis cinereo marginatis ; 
lined flavo-albdé supra oculos. 

Greenish-olive-brown Prunella, with the wings brown, masiited 
with cinereous ; a yellowish-white stripe above the eye. 


Sylvia palustris. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 192. Marsh 
Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 19. 


InuaBiTs Switzerland and Germany. Length five 
inches : beak broad at the base, and rather flattened ; 
under mandible yellowish : plumage above greenish- 
olive-brown: wings brown, edged with ash-colour: 
from the base of the beak over the eye, a narrow yel- 
lowish white stripe: the under parts as in the fore- 
going bird. ‘This species lays four or five light ash- 


coloured eggs, with deeper and paler spots of bluish- 
ash. 


GENUS C.—CURRUCA, Beckstein. WHITETHROAT. 


Rostrum rectum, gracile, ver- || Beak straight, slender, com- 


sus apicem compressum: pressed towards the tip; 
mandibula superior apice the wpper mandible with 
curvata. the tip curved. 


Tuts genus contains several plain coloured but 
elegantly formed birds, many of which are endowed 
with the most surprising powers of voice: they are 


208 SYLVIADE. 


continually in pursuit of insects: they build their 
nests among bushes, or in sedgy places on the banks 
of rivers. 


Sp. 1. Cu. Juscinia. 
Sylvia luscinia. Steph. v. x. p. 576. pl. 51.—Britain and Eu- 
rope. 
Sp. 2. Cu. philomela. Becks. Temm. Man.d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 196. 
Cu. rufo-fusca, infra albido-cinerea ; pectore griscescente vario. 
Red-brown Whitethroat, beneath whitish-ash ; the breast. varied . 
with greyish. 
Greater Nightingale. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 9. 


, 


Inuapirs the south-east of Europe. Larger than 
the foregoing: length seven inches: beak flesh-co- 
lour : the plumage in general rufous-brown : beneath 
whitish-ash : the teas slightly varied with greyish 
tints. 


Sp. 3. Cu. sericea, 

Cu. obscure griseo-fusca, lateribus colli pectoreque cinerascente 
Suscis ; hypochondriis tectricibusque inferioribus caude griseo- 
Juscis ; lined supra infrague oculos; gula ventrisque medio 
albis. 

Obscure grey-brown Whitethroat, with the sides of the neck and 
the breast ashy-brown ; the sides and under tail-coverts grey- 
brown ; a line above and beneath the eyes; the throat and 
middle of the belly white. 

Sylvia sericea. Natterer. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i, 197. — 
Silky Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 9. ; 


Inuasirs Southern Europe. Length five inches 
and a quarter: the plumage above dull grey-brown : 
sides of the neck and breast cinereous, inclining on 
the sides to grey-brown : sides of the belly and under 
tail-coverts grey-brown : a stripe above the eyes and 


SYLVIAD. 209 
; 4 


round them ; the throat and middle of the belly pure 
white : the tail a little wedged. 


Sp. 4. Cu. Turdoides. Temm.—Turdus arundinaceus. Steph. 
v. x. ». 209.—Europe. . 

Sp. 5. Cu. arundinacea. 
Sylviaarundinacea. Steph. v. x. p. 588.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 6. Cu. galactotes. y 
Sylvia galactotes. Temm. Pl. Col. 251. f-:1.—Turdus arun- 

dinaceus: variety —Steph. v. x. p. 209.—Europe. 

Sp. 7. Cu. Salicaria. i 
Sylvia salicaria. Steph. v.x.p.586.—Sylvia phragmitis. Temm. 

Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 190.—Europe. 

Sp. 8. Cu. nevia. 

Sylvia nevia. Steph. v. x. p. 591.—Europe. 

Sp. 9. Cu. Cetti. 

Cu. rufo-fusca, infra pallidior ; inter rostro et oculos strigd cinerea ; 
guld, colio anticé, ventrisque medio albis ; tectricibus caude 
superioribus rufis apicibus albidis. 

Red-brown Whitethroat, paler beneath ; between the beak and eyes 
an ash-coloured stripe ; the throat, neck in front, and middle 
of the belly white ; the upper tail-coverts rufous, with whitish 
tips. 

Sylvia Cetti. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 194.—Cetti War- 
bler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 19. 


Inuasits Southern Europe. Length five inches : 
beak narrow, slender, compressed at the tip, pale 
brown: the plumage above rufous brown: sides of 
the neck, body, thighs, and belly the same, but paler : 
between the beak and eye a cinereous streak : throat, 
neck before, and middle of the belly white: upper 
tail-coverts rufous, with whitish tips: tail broad, the 
ends of the feathers rounded: legs pale brown. 


Vv. XIle P. I. 14 


210 SYLVIAD. 


Sp. 10. Cu. atricapilla. 

Sylvia atricapilla. Steph. v. x. p. 648,—Inhabits Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 

Sp. 11. Cu. melanocephala. 

Cu. grisea, guld, collo anticé ventrisque medio albis ; alis caudaque 
Jussis; rectrice exteriore utrinque externé albo, secundd apice 
maculé albé3 capite nigro aut fusco. 

Griseous Whitethroat, with the throat, neck before, and middle of 
the belly white ; the wings and tail brown ; the outer feather 
on each side externally white, the second with a white spot at 
the tip; the head black or brown. 

Sylvia melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii, 509.—Temm. Man. 
ad’ Orn. 2 Edit. i. 204°? 


Inuasits Spain. Allied to the last: length five 
inches : beak black ; base of the under mandible white: 
round the eyes a little naked and reddish: the male 
has the crown, hind head, cheeks, and feathers on the 
ears black: throat, neck before, and middle of the 
belly white: nape, back, sides of the belly, and wing- 
coverts deep grey: wings and tail dusky, the outer 
feather white on the outer web and tip; on the se- 
cond a white spot: legs brown. ‘The female, the head 
dusky ash; and the rest of the plumage paler than 
the male. 


Sp. 12. Cu. orphea. Temminck? 
Sylvia hortensis. Steph. v. x. p. 581.—Britain and Europe. 


Sp. 13. Cu. sylvia. 
Sylvia cinerea. Steph. v. x. p. 597,—Britain and Europe. 
Sp. 14. Cu. conspicillata. 


Cu. cinerea, infra rufo-alba ; regio oculari alba nigro cincto ; dorso 
rufo; gulé alba; rostri basi flavo apice nigro. 


SYLVIADE. - a iE 


Ash-coloured Whitethroat, beneath rufous-white; the region of 
the eyes white, surrounded by black; the back rufous ; the 
throat white; the base of the beak yellow, its tip black. 

Sylvia conspicillata. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit.i.210. Temm. 
Pl. Col. 6. f. 1—Spectacle Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. 
p. 110. 


Inuasirs Southern Europe. Length four inches 
and a half: beak yellow at the base, and black at the 
point : irides brown : crown and cheeks ash-coloured: 
between the beak and eye black, surrounding the 
space round the latter, which is white: beak rufous : 
wings dusky; their coverts edged with rufous: throat 
clear white: the rest of*the under parts reddish- 
white, inclining to rufous on the sides: tail rounded 
at the end, dusky, the outer feather wholly white; 
the third white at the tip: legs pale yellow. ‘The 
female nearly agrees with the male in colour. 


Sp. 15. Cu. garrula. Brisson. 
Sylvia Curruca. Steph. v. x. p. 580.—Europe. 
Sp. 16. Cu. passerina. 
Sylvia passerina. Steph. v. x. p. 745. Temm. Pl. Col. 24. 
J: 1.—Europe. 
Sp. 17. Cu, sylviella. 
Sylvia sylviella. Steph. v. x. p. 599.—England. 
Sp. 18. Cu. nisoria. Beckstein. 
Cu. griseo-fusca, infra albida; hypochondriis griseo undulatis, 
bast caudé maculis griseis. 
Grey-brown Whitethroat, whitish beneath ; the sides waved with 
griseous, and the base of the tail spotted with the same. 
Sylvia nisoria. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 200.—Barred 
Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 12. 


Inuazsits Northern Europe. Length six inches 
and a half: beak brown: irides yellow : head, cheeks, 


212 SYLVIAD®. 


nape, and back deep cinereous: scapulars and rump 
tipped with brown and white stripes : wings pale ash : 
tail the same: the outer feathers tipped with a white 
spot, which also occupies part of the inner web; on 
the next the same, but the spot smaller; the third 
and fourth ashy, edged and tipped with white: throat, 
neck, breast, and sides white, striped across with cine- 
reous-grey bands: middle of the belly white: the 
under tail-coverts cinereous, deeply edged with white. 
The female has the upper parts plainer, and the tail 
very little marked with white : the young is striped 
across both above and beneath. 

This bird lays four or five ashy-white eggs, spotted 
with reddish-ash. 


Sp. 19. Cu. Certhiola. 


Cu ? olwwaceo-fusca fusco maculata ; guld, collo anticé, ventrisque 
medio albis; hypochondriis, crisso tectricibusque inferiortbus 
caud@ rufescentibus; caudd elongatd, cuneatd, apice cinered. 

Olive-brown Whitethroat spotted with brown ; with the throat, 
neck before, and middle of the belly white ; the sides, vent, and 
under tail-coverts reddish ; the tail elongated, wedged, its tip 
ash-coloured. 


Sylvia Certhiola. Temm. Man. d Orn. 2 Edit. i. 186.—Russian 
Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 31. 


Innazits the south of Russia. Length five inches : 
beak black : plumage above olive-brown, with oblong 
dusky brown spots: chin, fore part of the neck, and 
middle of the belly white: beneath the chin a zone 
of oval brown specks: sides, belly, and under tail- 
coverts light rufous, the last with white ends: tail 
long, greatly cuneiform, the feathers on the upper 
part tipped with ash-colour; beneath dusky, at the 


SYLVIAD. 213 


end for some way whitish : hind claws very long and 
crooked. Female paler. : 


Sp. 20. Cu. Cisticola. 


Cu? rufo-fusca nigricante maculata ; dorso infimo uropygioque 
immaculatis; infra rufo-alba ; caudd breve, pennis lateralibus 
versus apicem maculd nigra, apice ipso cinereo. 

Red-brown Whitethroat spotted with dusky ; the lower part of 
the back and the rump immaculate; beneath red-white, the 
tail short ; its lateral feathers with a black spot towards the 
tip; the tip itself ash-coloured. 

Sylvia Cisticola. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 228.—Temm. 
Pl. Col. 6. f. 3. 


Inuasits Southern Europe. Length above four 
inches: the male has the top of the hea the nape, 
the back, and wing-coverts of a reddish-brown, with 
the middle of each feather dusky, giving a spotted 
appearance : the lower part of the back and the rump 
are unspotted reddish-brown : all the under parts are 
uniform reddish-white ; the sides being rather the 
deepest: the tail is short, even; its feathers are 
dusky-brown, edged with reddish : all the lateral fea- 
thers have a large black spot toward the tip, which is 
pure ash: the beak and legs are clear brown. ‘The 
female differs in having the colours less brilliant. 


Sp. 21. Cu. Locustella. 

Sylvia Locustella. ‘Steph. v. x.p. 595.—Britain. 

Sp. 22. Cu. fluviatilis. 

‘Cu. supra olivacea fusca umbrata; gulé albé maculis longitud- 
nalibus olivaceis sparsd ; ventris medio albo ; caudd cuneatd ; 
ungue postico elongato, adunco. 

Whitethroat above olive shaded with brown; with the throat white 
longitudinally sprinkled with olive ; the middle of the belly 
white ; the tail wedged; the hind claw elongated and hooked. 


Q14 SYLVIAD. 


Sylvia flaviatilis. Zemm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 183.—Danu- 
bian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 33. 


Iyuasirs Austria and Hungary. Length five 
inches four lines: plumage above olive, shaded with 
brown: throat white, with numerous longitudinal olive 
spots: breast and sides of the neck olive-white, with 
lance-shaped deeper coloured spots: middle of the 
belly white: under tail-coverts olive-brown, with white 
tips: tail much wedged: hind claw very long and 
hooked. Greatly allied to the immediately preceding 
species. 


Sp. 23. Cu? venusta. 

Cu? ceruleo-grisea, infra aurea; dorso olivaceo ; tectricium api- 
cibus albis. 

Blue-grey Whitethroat ? beneath golden ; the back olive ; the tips 
of the coverts white. 

Sylvia venusta. Temm. Pl. Col. 293. f. 1—Sylvia plumbea. 
Swain. Zool. Illust. iii. pl. 139. 


Innazits Brazil. Length nearly four inches: the 
upper part of the head, the nape, cheeks, scapulars, 
rump, and borders of the wings and tail-feathers are 
bright ashy-blue: the middle of the back is oliva- 
ceous: on the wings are two white stripes; and at 
the base of the two lateral tail-feathers is a white 
spot : the throat and fore part of the neck are bright 
yellow: the belly and sides are of a jonquil yellow: 
the vent and thighs are white: the upper mandible 
of the beak is dusky, the lower white. 


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HYLOPHILUS THORACIC US> 


SYLVIADZ. 215 


GENUS CI.—HYLOPHILUS, Temminck. 


Rostrum feré ut in Jora. || Beak nearly as in the follow- 

ing genus. 

Nares ovate, mediocres, ba- || Nostrils _ oval, moderate, 
sales. basal. 

Ale mediocres: remiges; 1 || Wings moderate: first quill 
spuria; 2—5 longiores,|| spurious; 2—5 longest, 
subzequales, 6 et sequentes nearly equal, sixth and fol- 
gradatim breviores. lowing gradually shorter. 

Cauda gracilis, subelongata.|| Tazd slender, rather elon- 

gated. 


Tuis is an American genus, named as above by 
Temminck, who, however, has not published its cha- 
racters. 


Sp. 1. Hy. thoracicus. Temm. Pl. Col. 173. f. 1. 

Hy. supra viridis, infra albido-isabellinus 3 regio thoracica flav o- 
viride ; ould ef semitorque nuchali cinereis. 

Hylophilus above green, beneath whitish-isabella colour ; with the 
thoracic region yellow-green; the throat and half-collar on the 
nape ash. 


Leneru four inches and three quarters: the male 
is remarkable from possessing a large gorget of yel- 
low-green, which covers all the throracic region : the 
irides are of the same colour: the throat is clear 
ash: the belly and abdomen are whitish tinged with 
isabella colour: the nape is furnished with a half 
collar of pure ash: the top of the head, the back, 
the wings, and the tail are beautiful green: the inner 
surface of the wings is bright sella: the beak and 
legs are ash. Both sexes are nearly alike, but the 
aeorseie region is of a paler hue in the female. 


Sp. 2. Hy. poicilotis. Temm. Pl. Col, 173.f. 2. 


216 SYLVIAD&. 


Hy. supr. viridis, infra cinereus ; capite rufo; malis auribusque 
albo nigroque striatis. 
Hylophilus above green, beneath ash-coloured ; with the head 
rufous, the cheeks and ears striped with black and white. 
LenerTu rather above four inches and a half: the 
top of the head and the occiput are bright red : fore- 
head pale red: the cheeks and feathers on the ears 
are marked with black and white striz : the throat is 
clear ash: the rest of the under parts is ash, passing 
by different shades to greenish and yellowish: the 
back and scapulars are light green: the wings are 
ashy-green, margined with deeper green: the tail- 
feathers are the same: the beak and legs are ash- 
coloured. The sexes are similar, 


GENUS CI[L—JORA, Horsfield. 


Rostrum mediocre, rectum, || Beak moderate, straight, ra- 


validiusculum, basi latius, ther stout, broad at the 
apicem versus subcom- base, towards the tip some- 
pressum, attenuatum; cul- what compressed, attenu- 
mine rotundato, leviter ar- ated; culmen rounded, 
cuato, post nares producto, shghtly arcuated,  pro- 
apice vix inflexo, emargi- duced behind the nostrils, 
nato; tomia subdiaphana, its tip scarcely inflected, 
acuta. emarginate ; cutting edges 


subdiaphanous, acute. 
Nares ovatee, parvee, in foved |} Nostrils oval, small, placed 


elongata anticé attenuata || im an elongated groove, 
site. attenuated in front. 

Ale breves : remiges; 1 spu- || Wings short: first quill spu- 
ria; 3—8 longiores, sub- rious; 3—8 longest, nearly 
squales, 2 abrupte, 9 et equal, second abruptly, the 
sequentes gradatim bre- || ninth and following gra- 


viores. dually, shorter. 


SYLVIAD&. Q17 


Sp. 1. Jo. scapularis. . Lenn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 152. 

Jo. olivaceo-viridi flava; remigibus nigricantibus, externe flavido, 
interné albo marginatis ; abdomine pectoreque flavis. 

Jora of an olive-yellow-green ; with the quills dusky, edged ex- 


ternally with yellow, internally with white; the belly and 
breast yellow. 


Scapular Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. 336. 


Innasits Java. Length five inches: plumage in 
general greenish-yellow: breast and body yellow: 
wings short: quills dusky, edged on the outer mar- 
gins with yellowish, and on the inner with white: 
tail even at the end, exterior feathers pale on the 
. edges. 


GENUS CIII—BRACHYPTERYX, Horstield. 


EMSS mediocre, tape Beak moderate, slightly cul- 


tratum, basi latius, ultra trated, broad at the base, 
medium subconicum, at-|| beyond the middle sub- 
tenuatum; culmen inter conic, attenuated ; culmen 
nares carinatum, deinde carinated between the nos- 
rotundatum, apicem ver- trils, then rounded, arched 
sus arcuatum; mandibula towards the tip; the man- 
lateribus marginatis, apice || dible marginated on the 
inclinata. edges, inclined at the tip. 

Nares maxime, supra et|| Nostrils very large, above 
postice membranf clause. and behind closed by a 

membrane. 
Ale brevissime. Wings very short. 
Pedes elongati. Legs elongated. 


Sp. 1. Br. montana. Linn. Trans. (Horsf-) v. xiii. p. 157. 
Br. cerulescente-grisea, subtus pallidior, abdomine albido; remigi- 
bus rectricibusque fuscis, externé carulescente-grisco marginatis. 


218 SYLVIADZ. 


Blue-grey B achypteryx, beneath paler; with the abdomen 
whitish ; the quills and tail-feathers brown, externally edged 
with blue-grey. 

Mountaineer Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. vii. p. 124. 


Inuasits Java. Length six inches: beak rather 
stout : nostrils large : plumage in general bluish-grey, 
paler beneath : belly whitish : quills brown, margined 
outwardly with blue-grey ; tail the same, rounded and 
longish. 


Sp. 2. Br. sepiaria. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. p. 158. 

Br. olivaceo subfulvescens, subtus dilutior ; guld abdominisque 
medio albidis. : 
Fulvous-olive Brachypteryx, paler beneath ; with the throat and 

middle of the abdomen whitish. 
Batavian Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. vil. 125. 


Inuasits Java. Length five inches: plumage in 
general fulvous-olive, paler beneath : chin and middle 
of the belly whitish: vent testaceous bay-colour: quills 
and tail brownish-bay, externally more inclined to 
bay, the two middle feathers of an uniform hue. 


ae. 


GENUS CIV.—SYLVIA, Wolf. WARBLER. 


Rostrum gracile, subdepres- |) Beak slender, subdepressed, 


sum, basi subrectum, ver- ||. nearly straight at the base, 
sus apicem plus minusve more or less inclined to- 
inclinatum ; mandibula in- wards the tip; the dower 
Jerior recta, integra. mandible straight, entire. 


FicepuLa, Beckstein. 


Turse are solitary birds; they build usually in 
holes, and subsist on insects, worms, and berries. 


SYLVIADA. 219 


Sp. 1. Sy. Rubecula. Steph. v. x. p. 711.—Britain and other 
parts of Europe. 


Sp. 2. Sy. Suecica. Steph. v. x. p. 660.—Europe. 


Sp. 3. Sy. pheenicura. Steph. v. x. p. 670.—Britain and other 
parts of Europe. : 


Sp. 4. Sy. erithracus. Steph. v. x. p. 674.—Sy. Tithys. Steph. 
v. X. p. 671.—Sy. Gibraltarensis. Steph. v. x. p. 673.—Sy. 
atrata. Steph. v.x. p. 677.—The south of Europe. 

Sp. 5. Sylvia Ruppeli. Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f. 1. 

Sy? vertice guld colloque anticé nigris, albo marginatis ; corpore 
supra griseo, infra albo; lateribus cinereis ; rectrice exteriore. 
utringue alba, basi macula nigra. 

Warbler with the crown, throat, and neck in - front Lele mar= 
gined with white; the body above grey, beneath white; the 
irides ash-colour; the outer quill on each side white, with a 
black spot at the base. 


Innasits Candia. Length five inches: the male 
has the top of the head, the throat, and fore part of 
the neck, fine black; sprinkled, during the moulting 
season, with some white edged feathers: the cheeks 
are ashy-black: a white line commences at the gape, 
passes down the sides of the neck, and surrounds the 
black on the throat : the nape, the mantle, and the 
back are deep grey : the wings are dusky-brown, but 
the greater coverts, impending the secondaries, are 
edged on both webs with whitish-grey: the eight 
middle tail-feathers are black ; the outer on each side 
is white, with a small black spot at the base; and the 
. second is black, with a large longitudinal white dash 
at its tip: the under parts of the plumage are white : 
-the sides are of an ashy tinge: the beak is black, with 
a white dash at the base of the under mandible: the 
legs are brownish. 


290 SYLVIAD&. 


Sp. 6. Sy. melanopogon. Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f. 2. 

Sy ? saturate-fusca, vertice strigisque longitudinalibus dorsi nigris ; 
caudda valdé cuneatd. , 

Deep-brown, Warbler with the crown and longitudinal dorsal 
stripes black ; the tail greatly wedged. 


Inunasits Italy. Length five inches: beak much 
compressed, slender, and subulated: wings short : tail 
moderate: the forehead, top of the head, and occi- 
put sooty black, the lores with a black dash: the eye- 
brows white: the nape, the back, the rump, and the 
wings are reddish-brown ;, each feather on the middle 
of the back having a broad black stripe down the 
shaft: the wing-coverts are also dusky-black in the 
middle: the tail is reddish-brown above and ashy 
beneath : the throat, a portion of the fore part of the 
neck, and the middle of the belly are white; the rest 
of the under parts are brownish: the beak is brown 
at its base, and black at its tip: the legs are brown. 


Sp. 7. Sy? Cayana. Steph. v. x. p. 655.—Dauuria. 

Sp. 8. Sy? Africana. Steph. v. x. p. 615.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 9. Sy? cyanocephala. Steph. v. x. p. 684.—Cayenne. 

Sp. 10. Sylvia speciosa. Temm. Pl. Col. 293. f. 2. 

Sy ? saturate-cyanea, infra cinereo-cerulea, crisso albido ; tectri- 
cibus inferioribus caude castaneo-rufis ; alis macula alba. 

Deep-blue Warbler, beneath ashy-blue, with the vent whitish ; 
the lower tail-coverts chesnut-red ; a white spot on the wings. 


Ivuazirs Brazil. The prevailing colour of the 
upper parts of the plumage of this species is deep 
blue; which also forms a broad edging to the fea- 
thers of the wings and tail; the inner webs of the 
last being black: the fifth and sixth quills have a 


SYLYIADE. 221 


white spot at their base: all the under parts of the 
plumage are ashy-blue, tinged with whitish towards 
the vent: the lower tail-coverts are chesnut red, and 
form a distinguishing character: the beak and legs 
are black. 


Sp. 11. Sy? Blackburnia. Steph. v. x. p. 627.—Sylvia lateralis. 
Steph. v. x. p. 659.—North America. 

Sp. 12. Sy? coronata. Steph. v. x. p. 636.—North America: 

Sp. 13. Sy? Sialis. Steph. v. x. p. 663.—North America. 


~ GENUS CV.—MELIZOPHILUS, Leach. SONG-BIRD. 


Rostrum debile, gracillimum. || Beak weak, very slender. 

Orbite nude. | Orbits naked. 

Ale breves. Wings short. 

Cauda subelongata cunei- |} Tail elongated, wedged. 
formis. 


Tur species of this genus inhabit damp, marshy, 
and barren places; and flirt their tails after the 
manner of the Wagtails. 


Sp. 1. Me. Dartfordiensis. 

Sylvia Dartfordiensis. Steph. v. x. p. 717. pl. 56.—Sylvia 
Provincialis. Z'emm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 211.—Britain and 
Europe. - ; 

Sp: 2. Me? subalpinus.—Sylvia subalpina. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 
2 Edit. i. 214.—Temm. Pl. Col. 6. f. 2-; 251. f. 2, 3.—Sub- 
alpine Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 87. 

ME? cinereo-plumbeus, mento, guld, pectore hypochondriisque vI= 
naceo-rufis ; ventris medio albido; rostri baso fascidque gulart 
albis. 

Ashy-lead coloured Song-bird with the chin, throat, breast, and 
irides vinaceous-red ; the middle of the belly EBSD ; the base 
of the beak and fascia on the throat white. 


223 SYLVIADE. 


Innasits Southern Europe. Length six inches: 
the beak is feeble and straight: the orbits are naked 
and red: the adult male in the spring has the top of 
the head, the cheeks, the nape, and the back of an 
ashy-leaden blue, more or less tinged with ashy-brown, 
according to the season: the base of the beak, anda 
band on the sides of the throat, white: the chin, 
throat, and breast, vinaceous-red, varied in some pe- 
riods with whitish: the middle of the belly whitish : 
the sides more or less vinaceous : the wings are of a 
dusky-ash edged with reddish-ash : the tail is black, 
or dusky-brown; the lateral feather white on its 
outer web towards the tip; the rest, except the two 
middle ones, with the tip white: the base of the lower - 
mandible of the beak is'yellowish, the rest deep brown. 
The female has the upper parts less pure in colour: 
the white band on the side of the throat is less di- 
stinct : the throat is whitish: the breast slightly tinged 
with vinaceous-red : the sides less distinctly vinaceous, 
and the under parts whitish. 


Sp. 3. Me? sardus. 

ME? cinereus, capite saturatiore ; femoribus rufescentibus ; ventris 
medio vinaceo-albido; alis caudéque nigricantibus ; rectrice ex- 
teriore utringue albo marginatd. 

Cinereous Songbird, with the head deeper; the thighs reddish ; 
the middle of the belly vinaceous-white ; the wings and tail 
dusky ; the outer feather of the last on each side edged with 
white. 

Sylvia sarda. Marmora. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 204. 
Temm, Pl. Col. 24. f.2.—Marmora Warbler. Lath Gen. Hist. 
vii. 39. 


InnasitTs Sardinia. Length five inches : orbits of 
a vermilion colour: crown, cheeks, and fore part of 


SYLVIADZ. Q9S 


the neck, dusky-ash colour, deepest on the forehead, 
and about the eyes: back and rump dusky-ash : nape, 
sides of the neck, breast, and flanks paler in colour, 
inclining to rufous on the thighs: middle of the belly 
white, tinged with vinaceous: wings and tail dusky ; 
the outer feathers of the latter edged with white : legs 
yellowish. ‘The female has the plumage of a lighter 
colour, and is dusky-ash between the beak and eye. 


GENUS CVL—MALOBOS, Vieillot. SOFT-TAIL. 


Rostrum gracillimum, rec- | Beak very slender, straight, 
tim, integrum, brevissi-| entire, short; the upper 

- mum; mandibula superior t mandible scarcely arched, 
vix arcuata. ’ ; 

Nares basales, laterales. | Nostrils basal, lateral. 


Rictus ciliatus. Gape ciliated. 

Tarsi gracilis. | Tarst very slender. 

Digiti exteriores ad articu- | Outer tocs united to the se- 
lam secundam connexi. | cond jomt 


Alz brevissimz, rotundatz. | Wings very short, rounded. 
Cauda longissima, gracilis. | Tail very long, slender. 


Tuese birds inhabit the old world and Australasia: 
they construct their nest with great ingenuity, of 
cotton and other filamentous materials. 


Sp. 1. Ma. cyanens. 
Sylvia cyanea. Steph. cv. x. p. 754. pl. 58—Van Dieman’s 

Land. 

Sp. 2. Ma galactotes Tenm. Pl. Col. 65.7.1. 

Ma. rufo-cinereus, strigis latis longitudinalibus nigris notatis ; 
infra Wido-isabellinus ; gud abba 3 rectriciius, duabas mediis 
exceplis, macwla nigré versus apicem. 


Q24 SYLVIADH. 


Ashy-red Soft-tail, longitudinally dashed with black; beneath 
whitish isabella colour; with the throat white; the tail-fea- 
thers (the two middle excepted) with a black spot towards 
the tip. 


Inuazirs New Holland. The middle of all the 
feathers of the upper parts of the plumage is adorned 
with a large black longitudinal dash; and the edges 
are ash, tinged more or less with reddish : the same 
colour, but more brilliant, forms a broad edging 
to the quills, and is expanded over the middle tail- 
feathers : the remainder of the latter are ashy-brown, 
with a large black spot placed at some distance from 
their tip, which is black: the throat is white: the 
rest of the under parts is of a whitish-isabella colour : 
the beak and the legs are yellow. 


Sp. 3. Ma. gularis. 
Muscicapa malachura. Steph. v. x. p. 407. La Queue gazée. 

Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. iii, 130. f. 2.—New Holland. 

Sp. 4. Ma. pectoralis. 
Turdus brachypterus. Steph. v. x. p. 221.—New Holland. 

Sp. 5. Ma, magnificus. Temm. 

Sp. 6. Ma. marginalis, Temm. Pl. Col. 65. f. 2. 

Ma. supra fuscus, pennarum marginibus pallidioribus aut rufes- 
centibus, infra, guld, superciliisque albis ; pectore abdomineque 
Susco maculato. 

Soft-tail, above brown, with the edges of the feathers paler or 
reddish ; the under parts, throat, and eyebrows white ; the 
breast and abdomen spotted with brown. 


Inuapits Java. Tail very long and much wedged ; 
the outer feathers on each side being one inch and 
nine lines (French) long, and three of the middle four 
inches and a half: the feathers of the back and wings 


S 


SYLVIADA. 925 


i 


are edged with whitish-brown or reddish, with their 
centres dusky-brown: the rest of the upper parts. is 
brownish, with small brown stripes: the tail and the 
quills are ashy-brown ; the throat, the eyebrows, and 
the under parts are white, with a belt of dusky points 
on the breast: the thighs as well as the abdomen are 
of an isabella tint, marked with a brown stripe in the 
- middle of each feather: the legs and the upper mandible 
of the beak are brown; the under mandible white. 


Sp. 7. Ma. longicaudus. 

Sylvia longicauda.. Steph. v. x. p. 756.—India. 

Sp. 8. Ma. Capensis. 

Sylvia macroura. Steph. v. x. p.724.—Le Capolier. Le Vaill. 

Ois. d’ Afriq. iiie p. 129, 130. f- 11.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 9. Ma. subflava. 

Sylvia subflava. Steph. v. x. 611.—Le Citrin. Le Vaill. Ois. 

d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 127.—Africa. 

Sp. 10. Ma. Africanus. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 170.—Sylvia 
Africana. Steph. v. x. 615.—Le Fluteur. Le Vaill. Ois, 
d’ Afrig. iii. pl. 112.—Africa. . 

Sp. 11. Ma. diophrys. 

Ma. ferrugineo-fuscus subtus albidus, vertice rufo ; supra infraque 
oculos strigé nigra; caudd valdé cuneata. 

Rusty-brown Soft-tail, beneath whitish ; with the crown rufous ; 
a black stripe above and beneath the eyes; the tail greatly 
wedged. 

Le double Sourcil. Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afrig. vii. pl. 128. f. 1, 2.— 
Motacilla diophrys. Shaw, Nat. Misc. xxiii. pl. 973.—Double 
streaked Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 44. 


Inuasits Africa. Length six inches and a half: 
beak rather stout, dusky black; crown of the head 
deep rufous: plumage above pale ferruginous brown, 
beneath dirty-white, with a tinge of rufous on the 

ACB RE Tia 15 


226 SYLVIAD&. 
flanks and under the tail: on each side of the head 
two streaks of black, the one above the eyes, the 
second beneath it, in the direction of the jaw: tail 
much wedged: the two middle feathers three inches 
long, the outer not more than three quarters of an 
inch; all of them pointed at the edges: legs dusky 


black. 


GENUS CVIL.—SYNALLAXIS, Vicillot. 


Rostrum gracile, acutum, || Beak slender, acute, much 


valdé compressum, «basi 
glabrum; mandibula su- 
perior subarcuata, inferior 
recta. 

Rictus glaber. 

Nares basales, oblong, basi 
plumosi. 

Pedes mediocres, validi, di- 
giti exteriores aquales, ad 
medii basin connexi. 

Ale brevissime, rotundate, 
remex secunda brevissima. 

Cauda longissima, cuneata, 
rectricibus 
natis. 


latis acumi- 


compressed, its base gla- 
brous; the wpper man- 
dible rather arcuated, the 
lower straight. 

Gape smooth. 

Nostrils basal, oblong, plu- 
mose at the base. 


| Legs moderate, stout, the 


outer foes equal, connected 
at the base to the middle. 
Wings very short, rounded, 
the second quill shortest. . 
Tail very long, wedged, its 
feathersbroad and pointed. 


Tue birds of this genus are all natives of America : 


like those of the last genus, they usually construct 
their nests with great art. 


Sp. 1. Sy. rutilans. Temm, Pl. Col. 227. f. 1. 

Sx, supra ventre inferiore crissoque rufo-olivaceis ; capite, latert- 
bus colli, pectore, tectricibusque alarum castanco-rufis ; guld 
macula nigra. 


ty 
YY 


GI. 
ey 
Ye 


y Yi, if Yy yy 
yy, 


RUTILANS. 


ie ne ny 


. 
“at ving 


. 
wie 


ans’ Ye au ie a Fork 
mney ie 


SYLVIADA. 297 


Synallaxis with the upper parts, lower belly, and vent rufous- 
olive; the head, sides of the neck, breast, and wing-coverts 
chesnut-red ; the throat with a black spot. 


Beak stout, silvery at its base and black at the 
tip; the forehead, eyebrows, cheeks, sides of the 
neck, the breast, and wing-coverts bright chesnut- 
red: throat with a longitudinal black spot: wings 
dusky, edged with chesnut: tail plain dusky: the 
upper parts of the body, the lower belly and vent, are 
olive, shaded with deep red. 


Sp. 2. Sy. albescens. Temm. Pl. Col. 227. f. 2. 

Sy. cinereo-oltvaceus, subtus albus 3 vertice occipiteque rufis; guld 
albidd ; ventre lateribusque rufescentibus. 

Ashy-olive Synallaxis, beneath white ; with the crown and occiput 
red; the throat whitish ; the belly and sides reddish. 


Uprer mandible of the beak black, lower whitish : 
throat white, shaded with black : the chin, middle of 
the abdomen, and the vent white: the rest of the 
belly and the sides of the body reddish-ash: the top 
of the head and occiput bright-red: lesser wing-co- 
verts tinged with the same hue: the forehead, eye- 
brows, and checks are deep grey : the nape, the back, 
the wings, and tail-feathers are ashy-olive : tail broad 
and long. 


Sp. 3. Sy. garrula. — 

Sy. fuscus, infra albescentibus ; plumis frontalibus rigidis, acumi- 
natis, rufis; strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus ; cauda 
mediocri, rotundata. 

Brown Synallaxis, whitish beneath ; with the frontal feathers 
stiff, pointed and rufous; a stripe before and behind the eyes 
whitish; the tail moderate, rounded. 

Malurus garrulus. Swain. Zool, Illust. pl. 138. 


IIS SYLVIAD&. 


Mr. Swatnson says the colours of this bird are 
altogether plam: but it is remarkable for its very 
singular nest, which is built in low trees, formed 
externally of dried sticks, without any neatness, and 
is usually three or four feet long, resembling at a 
distance a thick twist of bean-stalks thrown in the 
branches by accident: sometimes two of these nests 
appear as if joined together, and there is an opening 
on the side, besides one at the top. 


Sp. 4. Sy.cinerascens. Temm. Pl. Col. 227.f. 3. 

Sy. cinereo-olivaceus, infra griseo-cinereus ; mento albo nigroque 
maculato ; collo anticé nigro; alis cauddque rufescentibus. 
Ashy-olive Synallaxis, beneath greyish-ash ; with the chin spotted 
with black and white ; the neck black in front ; the wings and 

tail reddish. 


Beak small and black: all the upper parts of the 
plumage are ashy-olive: the wings and the tail are 
reddish: the chin is spotted with black and white : 
the fore part of the neck is black: all the under parts 
of the plumage are greyish-ash: the tail is greatly 
wedged, and the shafts of the feathers elongated. 


Sp. 5. Sy. tecellata. Zemm. Pl. Col. 311.f. 1. 

Sy. fuscus ochraceo varius et nigricante striatus ; ventre albo ; 
verticé pectoreque rufis ; lateribus crissoque rufo-flavis ; collo 
antice flavo nigro alboque tessellato, 

Brown Synallaxis varied with ochraceous, and striped with dusky ; 
the crown and belly white ; the sides and vent rufous-yellow; 
the neck in front tessellated with yellow, black, and white. 


LeEenctTH seven inches: remarkable for its various 
colours: the fore part of the neck has four nearly 
square spots, of which the one on the throat is fine 


SYLVIAD. 229 


yellow: beneath this is a large black space, with a 
white space on each side: the top of the head and 
the bend of the wing are chesnut-red : the rest of the 
upper parts and the feathers of the wings and tail are 
brown, varied with deep ochraceous, and dashed with 
dusky: the tail is very long, conical, with brown 
shafts: the middle of the belly is white; the breast 
is clear red; and the sides as well as the vent are 
reddish-yellow, 


Sp. 6. Sy. setaria. Temm. Pl. Col. 311.f- 2. 

Sy? capite subcristato, pennis frontalibus nigris medio alba; pone 
oculos strigd alba; dorso, alis, cauddque rufis ; collo anticé 
pectoreque albis, pennis fusco marginatis. 

Synallaxis with the head slightly crested, its feathers and those 
of the forehead black, with the middle white ; behind the eyes 
a white stripe ; the back, wings, and tail red ; the neck in front 
and breast white, the feathers edged with brown. 


Lerneru seven inches: the head is adorned witha 
slight crest ; the feathers of which it is composed, as 
_well as those of the forehead, are black, with a white 
stripe in the direction of the shaft: behind the eyes 
is a small white streak : the fore part of the neck and 
the breast is white, the feathers finely edged with 
brown: the belly is dull reddish-white: the vent 
tinged with red: the nape and sides of the neck are 
ashy striated with whitish: the back, wings, and tail 
are lively red: the greater quills are dusky, and the 
tail-feathers are dusky on their inner webs, except 
the three lateral ones, which are entirely rufous: the 
under mandible of the beak is white at the base. 

Sp. 7. Sy? stenura. 
Sy? ferrugineo-rufus supra nigro striatus 3 fronte, loris, fuscidque 
oculari albis; capite et nuché pennis nigris albo marginalis. 


250 SYLVIAD &. 


Rusty-red Synallaxis streaked with black above ; with the fore- 
head, lores, and stripe through the eyes white ; the head and 
nape with black feathers edged with white. 

Muscicapa stenura. Temm. Pl. Col. 167.f: 3. 


Leneru four inches: the forehead, lores, and a 
band, in which the eyes are placed, are pure white: 
the head and nape are clothed with black feathers, 
which are banded with white: the prevailing colour 
of the rest of the plumage is rusty-red, the upper 
parts being dashed with black: the throat and the 
middle of the belly are whitish-yellow: the tail is 
dusky edged with white: the beak and the legs are 
black. 


GENUS CVIII.—TROGLODYTES, Cuvier. WREN. 


Rostrum gracile, integrum, | Beak slender, entire, straight, 


rectum, aut pauld curva- or alittle curved; the man- 
tum: mandibule sequales. dibles equal. 
Ale breves, rotundate. Wings short, rounded. 
Cauda ascendens. Tail ascending. 
Pollex brevis. Hind-toe short. 


Sp. 1. Tr. Europzus. Steph. v. x. p. 763. pl. 60.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 
Sp. 2. Tr, furvus. Steph. v. x. p. 764.—North America. 
GENUS CIX.—REGULUS, Cuvier. GOLD-CREST. 


Rostrum gracillime, breve, || Beuk very slender, short, 


rectum, lateratim subcom- | straight, slightly com- 
pressum: mandibula su- | pressed laterally: the 
perior versus apicem te- | «upper mandible slightly 
nuitér laciniata. | laciniated towards the tip. 


Nares pennis duabus recum- | Nostrils covered with two 


hentibus tecta. recumbent feathers. 


SYLVIADE. 2831 


A. Capite cristate. A, Head crested. 
Sp. 1. Re. vulgaris. Steph. v. x. p. 758. pl. 59.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 
Sp. 2. Re. Calendulus. Steph. v. x. p. 760.—North America. 


B. Capite haud cristato. B. Head not crested. 


Sp. 3. Re? Trochylus. Cuvier. 

Sylvia Trochilus, Steph. v. x. p. 742.—Britain and other 
parts of Europe. 

Sp. 4. Re? hypolais. 

Sylvia hypolais. Steph. v. x. p. 746.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 

Sp. 5. Re? Sylvicolus. 

Sylvia Sylvicola. Steph. v. x. p. 748. pl. 57.—Sylvia Sibilatrix. 
Temm. Pl. Col. 245. f. 3.—Britain and other parts of Europe. 
Sp. 6. Re? Nattererii. 

RE? cinereo-fuscus, subtus albus; dorso olivaceo; alis caudaque ni- 

' gricante-cinereis ; pennarum marginibus viridescentibus ; supra 
oculos strigé lata alba. 

Ashy-brown Gold-crest? beneath white; with the back oliva- 
ceous ; the wings and tail dusky-ash ; the edges of the feathers 
greenish ; above the eyes a broad white stripe. 

Sylvia Nattererii. Z'emm. Man. d’Orn, 2 Edit. i. 227.—Temm. 
Pl. Col. 24. f. 3.—Natterer’s Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii- 
p. 40. 


Innasits Southern Europe. Length four inches 
and a quarter : beak brown, the lower mandible white: 
crown and nape ashy-brown: back and lesser wing- 
coverts the same, with an olive tinge: over the eyes 
a broad white streak : all the under parts clear white : 
quills and tail dusky-ash, with the edges of the fea- 
thers greenish: legs deep ash. The female differs 
in being of a paler cast. | 


Q32 SYLVIAD A. 


Sp. 7. Re? rufus. 

Sylvia rufa. Steph. x. p. 668.—Europe. 
Sp. 8. Re? estivus. 

Sylvia estiva. Steph. v. x. p. 750.—North America. 
Sp. 9. Re? pensilis. 

Sylvia pensilis. Steph. v. x. p. 628.—St. Domingo, 
Sp. 10. Re? mystaceus. 

Sylvia Trichas. Steph. v. x. p. 682.—North America. 
Sp. i]. Re? Canadensis. 

Sylvia cerulescens. Steph. v. x.p. 651.—North America. 
Sp. 12. Re? Mauritianus. 

Sylvia Mauritiana. Steph. v. x. p. 665.—The Isle of France. 
Sp. 13. Re? thoracicus, 

Motacilla thoracica. Steph. v. x. p. 562. pl. 50.—Africa. 
Sp. 14. Re? Guira. 

Sylvia Guira. Steph. v. x. p. 691.—Brazil. 
Sp. 15. Re? annulosus, 

Sylvia annulosa. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 164, 165 ?—Sylvia 


palpebrosa. Temm. Pl. Col. 293. f. 3?—Sylvia Madagascariensis. 
Steph. v. x. p. 720.—Southern parts of the old world. 


GENUS CX.—EGITHINA.  Vieillot. 


Rostrum longiusculum, va- || Beak elongated, rather stout, 
lidiusculum, magis mi- more or less arched and 
nusve arcuatim deflexum, deflexed, cylindric, emar- 
cylindricum, versus api- ginate towards the tip. 
cem emarginatum. | 

Ale breves; remex prima | Wings short; the first quill 
secunda brevior. shorter than the second. 


Sp. ]. 4g. leucoptera? Vieillot. 
JEG. supra olivaceo-virens, subtus flava ; vertice atro 3 rectricibus 
exterioribus apice albis ; rostro nigricante ; pedibus fuscis. 


SYLVIADA. 233 
Aagithina above olive-green ; beneath yellow; with the crown 
dark-coloured ; the outer tail-feathers white at the tip, the beak 
dusky, the legs brown. 
Sylvia leucoptera. Steph. Gen. Zool. v. x. p. 753 ? 


Inuasits North America. 


GENUS CXI.—BUDYTES, Cuvier. 


Rostrum gracile, cylindri- || Beak slender, cylindric, 


cum, rectum; mandibula straight; the wpper man- 
superior iter nares angu- dible angulated between 
lata, apice laciniata. the nostrils, its tip lacini- 
: ated. 

Penne scapularie \ongiores. || Scapulary feathers long. 

Cauda elongata. Tail elongated. 

Tarsi elevati. Tarst elevated. 

Unguis posticus pollicem lon- || Hinder claw longer than the 
glus, arcuatus. toe, arcuated. 


Sp. 1. Bu. flava. 


Motacilla flava. Steph. v. x. p. 560.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 


Sp. 2. Bu. boarula. 


Motacilla boarula. Steph. v. x. p. 554. pl. 49.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 


THERE are several other species of this genus, but 
I have not been able to identify them. 


GENUS CX1I.—MOTACILLA Auctorum. WAGTAIL. 


Rostrum gracile, cylindri-|| Beak slender, cylindric, 


cum, rectum; mandibula straight; the wpper man- 
superior inter nares angu- dible angulated between 
lata, apice laciniata. the nostrils, its tip lacini- 


ated. 


234 SY LVIADZ&. 


Penne scapularia longiores. || Scapulary feathers long. 
Unguis posticus pollicem || Hinder claw shorter than the 


brevior, feré rectus. toe, nearly straight. 
Tarsi elevati. Tarsi elevated. 
Cauda elongata. Tail elongated. 


Sp. 1. Mo. alba. Steph. v. x. p. 545.—Britain and other parts of 
Europe. 

Sp. 2. Mo. cinerea. Steph. v. x. p.550.—Europe. 

Sp. 3. Mo. variegata. 

Mo. niger, corpore subtus, superciliis, fascid longitudinali alarum 
rectricibusque exterioribus albis. 

Black Wagtail, with the body beneath, eyebrows, a longitudinal 
fascia on the wings, and the outer tail-feathers white. 

Pied Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vi. p. 320. pl. civ. 


Inuasits India. In size and shape allied to M. 
alba: general colour black : from the forehead a broad 
streak of white passes over the eye to the nape on 
each side: beneath from the breast white: a broad 
band of white passes longitudinally through the middle 
of the wings: the two middle tail-feathers black, the 
others white: tail rounded at the end: beak and legs 


dusky. 


Sp. 4. Mo. australis. 

Mo. ardosiaco-niger, infra flavo-alba ; fronte utringue guld ma- 
culdque pone oculos albidis; rectricibus exlerioribus albis ; 
caudd cuneatd. ; 

Slaty-black Wagtail, beneath yellowish-white; with the forehead 
on each side, the throat, and spot behind the eyes whitish ; the 
outer tail-feathers white ; tail wedged. 

Southern Wagtail. Lath. Gen. Hist. ». vi. p. 322. pl. civ*. 


Innasirs New Holland. Length nearly seven 
inches: beak black: irides hazel: head, neck, and 


SYLVIAD&. 935 


back, for the most part slaty-black: on each side of 
the forehead, from the nostrils, a patch of white, com- 
municating with the chin, which is also white : behind 
the eye another white patch: under parts from the 
breast yellowish-white: wing-coverts white, marked 
with longish dusky spots: quills brown: tail long, 
cuneiform, the two middle feathers two inches and a 
half long, the exterior one inch and a half; colour 
dusky, with the ends more or less pale, or whitish, the 
two outer wholly white: legs long, blue-black. 


GENUS CXIIJI.—ENICURUS, Temminck. 


Rostrum elongatum, basi la- || Beak elongated, broad at the 


tius, versus medium su- base, suddenly compressed 
bitd compressum, attenua- towards the tip, attenu- 
tum, apice abrupté cur- ated, the tip abruptly 
vato. curved. 

Nares in sulco sitee, mem- || Nostrils placed in a groove, 
bran4 elevata. with an elevated mem- 

brane. 

Unguis posticus robustus, || Hinder claw robust, short, 
brevis, curvatus; tars? gra- curved ; ¢arst slender, ele- 
ciles, elevati. vated. 

Cauda furcata. Tail forked. 


Two species have been discovered of this genus ; 
both of them inhabit Java: their manners greatly 
resemble those of the Wagtails: they live solitary on 
the borders of rivers or mountain torrents, pursuing 
with rapidity insects and worms, upon which they sub- 
sist: they flirt their tail like the above-mentioned 
birds. 


230 SYLVIAD. 


Sp. 1. En. coronatus. Z'emm. Pl. Col. 118. 

En. atra, pileo cristato, ventre, uropygio, fascid, afarum rectri- 
cibus extimis totis, ceteris apicibus niveis ; caudd longissimda. E 

Dark-coloured Enicurus, with the pileus crested, and “with 
belly, rump, bar on the wings, outer tail-feathers entirely, end 
tips of the rest snow-white ; the tail very long. 


Motacilla speciosa. Linn. Teens (Horsf. dig ‘xiii. D. 155. 


Leneru of the body four inehies ene a hades Bnd of 
the tail six inches :—“ the extremity of the quill-fea- 
thers has a slight cast of brown; the head, except 
the crest, the meee neck, breast, upper part of the 
abdomen, and the interior tail- feathers, are most in- 
tensely black, exhibiting, when exposed to a strong 
light, a lustre of blue: at the extremity of three or 
four of the secondary wing-feathers is a very narrow 
band of white: the feathers of the hypochondria are 
elongated and delicately villous: the beak is black ; 
the feet are flesh-coloured.”—Hors/eld. 


Sp. 2. En. velatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 160. 

En. supra ardosiaco-niger; subtus albus; mento colloque anticé 
nigris; fronte fascia alba; alis nigris basi albo; cauda nigra ; 
rectricibus externis tolis reliquis bast, intermediisque apice, 
albis. 

Enicurus above slaty-black ; beneath white; with the chin and 
neck in front black; a white frontal band; the wings black, 
white at the base; the tail black; its outer feathers entirely, 
the rest at the base, and the tips of the middle ones, white. 


ConsIDERABLY less than the former species : fore- 
head with a white band, which extends from eye to 
eye: all the upper parts of the head, the cheeks, the 
nape, the upper half of the back and the scapulars 
are slaty-black: the chin, and a portion of the fore 


PUTER 


‘ 
\ 


See 
SSN 
SQ 


ENICURUS CORONATUS. 


Ades ae he | 


SYLVIADE. 937 


part of the neck, are plain black, extending on the 
sides of the latter to the nape: the rest of the front 
of the neck, the breast, all the under parts, and the 
rump are pure white: the sides are of a slaty hue: 
the wimgs are black, with the base of the feathers 
white: the two lateral tail-feathers on each side, as 
well as the base of all the others, are white ; the rest of 
the feathers are black, except the tips of the two in- 
termediate ones, which are white: the beak is black, 
with short velvety black feathers at its base: and the 
legs are flesh-colour. The female differs in having 
the top of the head of an ashy-brown: the throat 
whitish, and the dusky hue on the back more ashy 
than in the male. 


GENUS CXIV.—MEGALURUS, Horsfield. 


Rostrum mediocre, rectum, || Beak moderate, straight, ra- 


validiusculum, subcom- ther stout, slightly com- 


pressum, valdé gradatim 
attenuatum; culmen ro- 
tundatum, inter nares ca- 
rinatum. 


pressed, very gradually at- 
tenuated; culmen round- 
ed, carinated between the 
nostrils. 


Ale cauda breviores.- Wings shorter than the tail. 


Pedes validi; tarsi elongati; Legs stout; tarsi elongated ; 
the lateral toes equal, the 


middle long. 


digitt laterales squales, 
medius longus. 


Sp. 1. Me. palustris. Zinn. Trans. ( Horsf-) v. xiii. p. 159. 

Me. fuscus, dorso griseo-testaceo vario; capite griseo et fusces- 
cente vario ; subtus albidus, pectore tenuiter fusco strigata. 

Brown Megalurus with the back varied with testaceous-grey ; the 
head variegated with grey and brownish ; beneath whitish, with 
the breast lightly striped with brown. 


Fenny Warbler. Lath, Gen. Hist. vii. p. 125. 


238 SYLVIADE. 


Inuabits Java. Length nine inches: beak rather 
stout: plumage brown, mixed on the back with tes- 
taceous-grey: head varied with brownish-grey ; be- 
neath whitish: breast slightly streaked with brown : 
tail elongated and wedged : legs rather stout. 


GENUS CXV.—ANTHUS, Beckstein. PIPIT. 


Rostrum basi glabrum, gra- || Beak glabrous at the base, 


cile, rectum, subcylindri- 
cum, marginibus versus 
mediis introrsum deflexis ; 
mandibula superior ad 
apicem emarginata, infc- 
riorem longius. 


slender, straight, rather 
cylindric, the edges to- 
wards the middle inter- 
nally deflexed ; the upper 
mandible emarginate at the 
tip and longer than the 


lower. 
Unguis posticus arcuatus, || Hinder claw arcuated, or 
aut rectus. straight. 
Remex secunda elongata, in- || Second guzll long, entire. 
tegra. 


Tuts genus is divisible into two sections ; the first 
having the hind claw much arcuated, and the birds 
contained therein frequently perching, while those of 
the second have the claw of a true Lark, and usually 
reside upon the ground. 


Sp. 1. An. trivialis. 

Alauda sepiaria. Steph. v. x. p. 542.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 
Sp. 2. An. agrestis. 

Alauda agrestis. Sleph. v. x. p.527.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 


SS 


mn Lbs OSG EL 


SSS, 


AN 


Ada 


THUS 


RICHARDI. 


Vi bp 


oF, 


SYLVIADE. 939: 


Sp. 3. An. pratensis. 
Alauda pratensis. Steph. v.x. p.540.—Britain and other parts 
of Europe. 


Sp. 4. An. campestris. 

Alauda Mosellana. Steph. v. x. p.523.—The south of Europe. 

Sp. 5. An. Capensis. 

Alauda Capensis. Steph. v. x. p. 510.—The Cape of Good 

Hope. 

Sp. 6. An. rufus. 

Alauda rufa. Steph. v. x. p. 519.—South America. 

Sp. 7. An. fulvus. 

Alauda fulva. Steph. v. x. p. 516.—South America. 

Sp. 8. An. ruber. . 

Alauda rubra, Steph. v. x. p.517.—North America. _ 

Sp. 9. An. Richardi. Vzedl. Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 
263. Temm. Pl. Col. 101. jun. Vigors, Zool. Journ. v. 1. 
p- 41. pl. 14, 

An. olivaceo-fuscus, albido nigroque varius; subtus ‘abbidee: pec- 
tore rufescente maculis nigris; rectricibus duabus externis albo- 

' marginatis ; pedibus hallucisque ungue longissimis. 

Olive-brown Pipit varied with whitish ane black; beneath whitish: ow. 
with the breast reddish spotted with black ; the two outer tail- — 
feathers margined with white ; the legs A hinder claw very 
long. 

Alauda rubra, var. “Steh: v. x. p. 518 ?—Richard’s Lark, Lath. 
Gen. Hist. v. vi. p. 294. 


Inuazits Britain and Southern Europe. Length 
six inches and a half: upper mandible of the beak 
brown, the lower yellowish : irides brown : top of the 
head, back, and scapulars brown, the feathers deeper 
in the middle, with the edges and tips paler: a pale 
streak over the eyes: the throat and belly white: 
breast light rufous, with a band of broad lance-shaped 
spots: sides pale rufous: wings and tail blackish, 


940 SYLVIAD. 


edged with yellowish-white: outer tail-feathers en- 
tirely white; on the adjoiming one a large conical 
white spot : legs long, yellowish: length of the hind 
toes and claws one inch. 


Sp. 10. An. petrosus. 
Alanda obscura. Steph. v. x. p. 536.—England. 


GENUS CXVI—SAXICOLA, Beckstein. WHEATEAR. 


Rostrum basi altits quam la- || Beak higher than broad at 


tum, rectum, inter nares the base, straight, angu- 

angulosum, ad apicem in- lated between the nostrils, 

curvatum; mandibula in- incurved at the tip: the 

Jerior superiorem brevior, lower mandible shorter 

recta, obtusa. than the upper, straight, 
obtuse. 

Ale penna spuria. Wings with a spurious quill. 


Remex secunda longissima. || Second quill longest. 


OENANTHE, Vieillot—VitiFLora, Stephens. 


TueEse are lively birds, and stand high on their 
legs: they build on the ground, and are insectivo- 
rous. 


Sp. 1. Sa. cachinans. Yemm. Man. d'Orn. 2. Edit. i. 236.— 
Turdus leucurus. Steph. v,. x. p. 230. pl. 22.—Spain. 

Sp. 2. Sa. cnanthe. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 237.—Vi. 
cenanthe. Steph. v. x. p. 565.—England and Europe. 

Sp. 3. Sa. stapazina. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i, 239.—Vi. 
rufa, Steph. v. x. p.569.—Europe. 


Sp. 4. Sa. aurita. Temm. Man, d’Orn. 2 Edit. i, 241.—Temm. 
Pl.'Col. 257. f- 1. 


SYLVIAD. BA ft 


Sa. supra pailide rufa, infra alba; fasctd oculari nigra; alis 
rectricibusque duabus intermediis nigris, ceteris albis apicibus 
nigris. 

Wheatear above pale rufous, beneath white ; with a black stripe 


through the eyes; the wings and two middle tail-feathers black ; 
the rest white, with black tips. 


Black-eared Wheatear. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 56. 


Inuabits Southern Europe. Length six inches 
and a quarter: the general colour of the plumage above 
pale rufous, beneath white: through the eye, from 
the beak, a broad black patch, which extends over the 
ears: tail for three-fourths of the length white, the 
rest black; but the wings and middle tail-feathers 
are black, and the outermost chiefly so: beak and 
legs black. The female has the patch on the ears 
dusky, marked with rufous: nape and back rufous- 
brown : throat dirty white: breast pale rufous: the 
rest of the plumage nearly as in the male. 


Sp. 5. Sa. leuacomela. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit.i.243. Temm. 
Pl. Col. 257. f. 3.—Muscicapa leucomela. Steph. v. x. 328.— 
Muscicapa melanoleuca. Steph. v. x. 328,—Eastern Europe. 


Sp. 6. Sa. leucothoa. Cwvier. 7 
Vi. leucorrhoa. Steph. v. x. 574. pl. 52.—Africa. 

Sp. 7. Sa. Hottentotta. 

Vi. Hottentotta. Steph. v. x. p.573.—L'imitateur. Le Vaill. 

Ois. d Afrigq. iv. pl. 181. male; 182. young.—Africa. 

Sp. 8. Sa. familiaris. 

Sa. griseo-fusca, infra pallidiore ; pectore, hypochondrits, auribus 
uropygioque rufis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis totis fuscis, 
reliquis fuscis rufo marginatis. 

Grey-brown Wheatear, paler beneath; with the breast, flanks, 
ears, and rump rufous; the two middle tail-feathers entirely 
brown, the rest brown edged with rufous. 

V. XI. Bs Me 16 


Q42 SYLVIADZ. 


Traquet familier. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 183.—Familiar . 
Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 100. 


Inuasits Southern Africa. Plumage in general 
grey-brown, slightly tinged with rufous; deeper on 
the upper parts : the breast and flanks, ears and rump, 
rufous : the two middle tail-feathers brown, the others 
the same, with the outer edges rufous: legs black : 
beak and eye brown. J emale rather less. 


Sp. 9. Sa. montana. 

Sa. nigra, ventre, humeris, tectricibus caude margineque exterior 
rectricium exteriorum basi albis. 

Black Wheatear with the belly, shoulders, tail-coverts, and outer 
margins of the exterior tail-feathers at the base, white. 

Traquet montagnard. Le Vaill. Ois. d’ Afrig. v. iv. pl. 184. f: 2. 
Namaqua Warbler. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 102. 


Ivwaxsits Southern Africa. Beak and legs black : 
eye reddish-brown : plumage in general black, except 
the belly, shoulders, upper and under tail-coverts, 
and the outer margins of the exterior tail-feathers 
from the base, which are white. The young are 
wholly of a fine grey, inclined to blue above: quills 
grey on the edges: the two middle tail-feathers black, 
the others partly white : rump and shoulders whitish- 
grey: beak and legs brown. After the second moult 
the crown and nape become grey: back, wing-coverts, 
chin, throat, and breast black ; shoulders mixed with 
white: the rest as above. 


Sp. 10. Sa. pileata. 
Vi. pileata. Steph. v. x. 568.—Africa. 


Sp. 11. Sa. formicivora. 


SYLVIADA. 945 


. Sa. fusca infra pallidiore, pennarum margine rufo, mento albido, 
macula humerali alba. 

Brown Wheatear, beneath paler; with the feathers edged with 
rufous ; the chin whitish ; the shoulder with a white spot. 
Traquet Fourmillier. Le Vaill. Ois. d’Afrig. v. iv. pl. 186, 

187. 


Iyuasirs Southern Africa. Length six mches and 
a half: beak stout, black: general colour of the plu- 
mage brown, beneath paler; the feathers edged with 
pale rufous: chin nearly white: on the shoulders a 
white patch. Female smaller, brown; without the 
white on the shoulders. 


Sp. 12. Sc. caprata. 

Sylvia caprata. Steph. v. x. 630.—Luzonia. 

Sp. 13. Sa. fulicata. 

Sylvia fulicata. Steph. v. x. p. 616.—The Philippine Islands. 

Sp. 14. Sc. Philippensis. 

Sylvia Philippensis. Steph. v. x. p. 616.—Le Traquet patre. 

Le Vail. Ois. d’ Afriq. iv. pl. 180.—The Philippine Islands. 

Sp. 15. Sa, Rubicola. Temm. Man. Orn. 2 Edit. i. 246.— 
Sylvia Rubicola. Steph. v. x. p. 709. pl. 58.—Britain and 
Europe. 

Sp. 16. Sa. Rubetra. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. i. 249.—Sylvia 
Rubetra. Steph. v. x. p. 706.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 17. Sa. sperata. 

Sylvia sperata. Steph. v. x. 708.—Southern Africa. 

Sp. 18. Sa. melanura. Temm. Pl. Col. 257.f. 2. 

Sa. obscure-cinerea, subius albido-cinerea; alis fuscescentibus ; 
cauda rotundata nigra. 

Dull ash-coloured Wheatear, beneath whitish-ash ; with the wings 
brownish; the tail rounded, black. 


Iyuasits Arabia. Length five inches and a half’: 
all the upper parts of the plumage are dull-ash ; and 


24.4, PIPRIDE. 


the under parts whitish-ash: the wings are slightly 
tinged with brown: the tail is a little rounded, and 
entirely black: the beak and legs are black. 


FAMILY V.—PIPRIDZ. 


Rostrum breve aut elonzatum, dilatatum, gracile vel robustum, 
Oo z 
bast magis minusve trigonum: rictus ciliatus, plerumque am- 
§S SS ] q 
plissimus : pedes simplices, digitis tribus anticis, uno postico. 
The Pipride have the deak short or elongated, dilated, slender 
Fo) >] > 
or robust, base more or less trigonal: the gape ciliated, fre- 
quently very wide: the legs simple, with three toes before and 
one behind. 


Tue birds contained in this family differ very con- 
siderably from each other in habit ; those of the six 
first genera more immediately approximating to the 
Sylviadae, and the rest gradually receding from that 
group, and resembling the Merulide or Todide. 
Those of the former group usually devour insects and 
grains, are very lively, fly and creep incessantly among 
the branches of trees, frequently attack other birds, 
lay a great number of eggs, and mostly reside in the 
temperate regions of the old world. ‘The others live 
more exclusively upon fruits and berries, and lay but 
few eges, im some instances only two; and generally 
reside im the warmer regions of the new world. 


GENUS CXVII.—£GITHALUS, Vigors. 


Rostrum subelongatum, te- || Beak rather elongated, slen- 


nue, rectum, acutum, coni- der, straight, acute, conic, 
cum, basi subtrigonum ; subtrigonal at the base; 
culmine inter plumas ca- the beak extended among 


pitis retrorsum extendente. the feathers of the head, 


PIPRIDZ. Q45 


Nares setis opertis. 

Ale mediocres, rotundate ; 
remige prima brevissima, 
secunda et septima aequali- 
bus, tertia, quarta, et quinta 
- feré sequalibus longissimis, 
-sexta paulo breviore. 


|| Nostrils clothed with bristles. 
Wings moderate, rounded, 


with the first gual very 
short, the: second and se- 
venth equal, the third, 
fourth, and fifth nearly 
equal and longest, the sixth 


rather shorter. 
Pedes mediocres. Legs moderate. 
‘Cauda mediocris, subfurcata. || Tail moderate, a trifle forked. 


Tuts genus, characterized by my friend Mr. Vigors 
in the second volume of the Zoological Journal, has 
the beak more slender and pointed than the Titmice; 
and in the construction of its nest it exhibits more 
ingenuity than those birds. 


Sp. |. Ag. pendulinus, 
Parus pendulinus. Steph. v. x. p. 66.—Parus Narboniensis. 
Steph. v. x. p. 68.—Europe. 


Sp. 2. Aig. Capensis. 
Parus Capensis. Steph. v. x. p.48.—Southern Africa. 


GENUS CXVIII.—PARUS, Linne. TITMOUSE. 


Beak furnished at its base 
with small feathers point- 


Rostrum basi plumulis an- 
trorsum directis instruc- 


tum, subrobustum, utrin- 


ine forwards, somewhat 


que subcompressum vel 
subovale, perszepe gracilli- 
mum, acutissimum: man- 
dibula superior recta, in- 
clmata; wfcrior apice ro- 
tundato aut acuto. 


robust, a little compressed 
on each side, or somewhat 
oval, often very slender, 
and acute; the wpper man- 
dible straight, inclined; the 
lower rounded or acute at 


the tip. 


246 PIPRID&. 


A. Caudé breve. 
A, With the tail short. 


Sp. 1. Pa. major. Steph. v. x. p. 37.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 2. Pa, ater.. Steph. v. x. p. 57. pl. 6.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 3. Pa, palustris. Steph. v. x. p. 56.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 4. Pa. ceruleus. Steph. v. x. p. 40.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 5. Pa. cristatus. Steph. v. x. p. 64.—Britain and Europe. 

Sp. 6. Pa. cyanus. Steph. v. x. p. 39.—Pa. knjaescik. Steph. 
v. x. p- 45.—Northern Europe. 

Sp. 7. Pa. Sibiricus. Steph. v. x. p. 44.—Pa. Lathami. Steph. 
v. X. p» 45 ?—Siberig. 

Sp. 8. Pa. atriceps. Linn. Trans. ( Horsf.) v. xiii. 160. Temm. 
Pl. Col. 287. f. 2. 

Pa. carulescente-griseus, subtus albidus ; capite c@eruleo-atro, 
malis albis. 

Blue-grey Titmouse, beneath whitish ; with the head dark-blue ; 
the cheeks white. 

Javan Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 251. 


Innazits Java. Length five inches and a half. 
plumage above bluish-grey, beneath whitish: head 
blue-black : cheeks white : tail consists of twelve fea- 
thers, the exterior of which are white: the next tipped 
with white ; and the interior uniform in colour with 
the rest of the plumage. 


Sp. 9. Pa. atricapillus. Steph. v. x. p. 52.—Pa. Hudsonicus. Steph. 
v. x. p. 53.—North America. 

Sp. 10. Pa. bicolor. Steph. v. x. p. 65.—North America. 

Sp. 11. Pa. furcatus. Temm. Pl. Col. 287.f. 1. 

Pa ? cinereo-olivaceus, infra flavus ; caudd furcatd. 

Olivaceous ash-coloured Titmouse, beneath yellow ; with the tail 
forked. 

Tanagra Sinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 470? 


Innasits China. Length five inches and a quar- 
ter: the throat is of a fine citron-yellow, the colour 


PIPRID&. Q47 


changing to a golden hue on the breast : the middle 
of the belly, the under tail-coverts, the lores, and 
round the eyes, are isabella-yellow: the top of the 
head and the nape are olivaceous, passing to ash- 
colour on the top of the back; the rest of the upper 
parts of the body, the scapulars, two broad dashes 
resembling whiskers, and the sides are leaden ash- 
colour: the tail is slightly forked, and is of a deep- 
ash, with the tip of each feather black : the two greater 
wing-coverts have a white lunule at the tip: the inner 
webs of the wing-feathers are dusky, the outer golden- 
red, with their edges deep yellow: the beak and legs 
are brown: several crisped feathers clothe the lores 
and orbits of the eyes, and point forwards : the upper 
tail-coverts are very long. 


B. Caudé corpore longiore. 
B. With the tail longer than the body. 


Sp. 12. Pa. caudatus. Steph. v. x. p. 59.—Britain and Europe- 


GENUS CXIX.—CALAMOPHILUS, Leach. REED-BIRD. 


Rostrum feré ut in Pari, sed |) Beak nearly as in the Tit-— 


mandibula superiore apice mice, but the wpper man- 
paulo recurvato. dible, at its tip, 1s some- 
what recurved. 
Cauda elongata, cuneata. Tail elongated, wedge-shap- 
ed. 
Pedes gracillimi. Legs very slender. 


Tuts genus differs in several minor characters from 
the Titmice, and the habits of the only species known 


248 PIPRIDA. 


are totally distinct : it affects marshy places, and con- 
structs its nest among rushes. 


Sp. 1. Ca. biarmicus. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 17.—Parus biar- 


micus. Steph. v. x. p. 62. pl. '7.—Britain, and throughout the 
old continent. 


GENUS CXX.—MEGISTINA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum subrobustum, basi || Beak somewhat robust, gla- 


glabrum, paulo lateratim brous at the base, a little 
compressum, supra con- compressed laterally, con- 
vexum, integrum, apice vex above, entire, hooked 
aduncum. at the tip. 

Nares patule. Nostrils open. 


Unguis posticus longissimus. || Hind-claw longest. 


Sp. 1. Me. Stromei. 

Parus Strémei. Steph. v. x. p. 70.—Norway. 

Sp. 2. Me. lugubris. 

ME. vertice gula collo anticé lateribusque nigris ; nucha, dorse 
scapulisque cinereo-fuscis, alis cauddque fuscis, pennarum mar- 
gine albido cinereis ; temporibus et corpore subtus griseo-albis. 

Megistina with the crown, throat, neck in front, and on the sides, 
black ; the nape, back, and scapulars ashy-brown ; the wings 

- and tail brown, the feathers edged with ashy-white ; the tem- 
ples and body beneath greyish-white. 

Parus lugubris. Zemm. Man. d’ Orn. 2 Edit.i. 293.—Lugubrous 
Titmouse. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 255. 


Innasirs South-eastern Europe. Length six inches: 
beak and legs deep grey: top of the head black : throat, 
part of the front, and the sides of the neck, black : 
nape, back, and scapulars ashy-brown : wings and tail 
cinereous, the feathers frmged with whitish-ash : tem- 


PIPRIDA. Q4G 


ples and all the under parts of the body greyish-white : 
irides brown. Greatly allied to the last. 


GENUS CXXI.—TYRANNULUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum brevissimum, sub- || Beak very short, rather slen- 


gracile, supra convexum, der, convex above, entire, 
integrum, apice inelina- inclined at the tip. 
tum. 

Remiges prima ad quartam || First to the fourth quills 
longissimee. | longest. 


Sp. 1. Ty. elatus. 


Ty. cristatus virescens, subtus cinereo-albidus ; occipite crissoque 
pallide flavis ; tectricibus alarum margine rectricibusque late- 
ralibus apice albis. 

Crested greenish Tyrannulus, beneath ashy-white; with the 
occiput and vent pale yellow; the edges of the wing-coverts 
and lateral tail-feathers white at the tip. 

Sylvia elata. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 529.—Le Roitelet-mesange. 
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.v. 375.—Gold-naped Wren. Lath. Gen. 
Hist. v, vii. 205. 


Ivuasits Cayenne. Less than the common Gold- 
crest, the beak very short: upper parts of the body 
brownish-green, inclined to brown on the head: across 
the back part of the head a bar of jonquil yellow, and 
rather full of feathers, as is the whole head, and ca- 
pable of being erected as a crest : wings and tail dusky- 
green: across the first two pale bars: the second 
quills have pale edges; and the tail, except the two 
middle feathers, is tipped with dusky-white : the fore 
part of the neck pale ash-colour: breast and belly 
greenish : towards the vent and sides pale yellow: legs 


dusky. 


250 PIPRID&. 


Sp. 2. Ty. obsoletus. 

Ty. olivaceo-viridis, sublus albidus ; capite occipite nuchdque 
griseis, alis fuscis fasciis duabus macularum rufarum com- 
positis. 

Olive-green Tyrannulus, beneath whitish ; with the head, occiput, 
and nape grey ; the wings brown, with two rows of red spots. 

Muscicapa obsoleta. Temm. Pl, Col. 275. f. 1. 


Inunasirts Brazil. Length about four inches: the 
top of the head, the occiput, and the nape pure grey : 
the shoulders, the back, and the edges of the tail- 
feathers are slightly tmged with greenish : the wings 
brown, marked with two ranges of reddish spots, and 
the edges of the quills of a reddish-grey : all the under 
parts are whitish, with the fore part of the neck tinged 
with greyish, the side of the breast with deep grey, 
and the rest with yellowish: the upper mandible of 
the beak is brown, the lower yellowish. 


Sp. 3. Ty? ventralis. ; 

Ty? viridescens, infra flavescente viridis; fronte regione rostri 
et oculari albo viridique variis; alis fascits duabus macularum 
flavarum compositis. 

Greenish Tyrannulus, beneath yellowish-green ; with the fore- 
head, the space round the beak and eyes varied with white and 
green; the wings with two rows of yellow spots. 

Muscicapa ventralis. Temm. Pl. Col, 275.f. 2. 


Innasits Brazil. Length four inches and a half: 
the forehead is shaded with small recurved bristles : 
the beak is long, poited, and depressed at the base : 
the upper parts of the body and edges of the wing 
and tail-feathers are green: the forehead and the 
space round the beak and eyes are clothed with small 
feathers, varied with white and greenish: on the 
wing-coverts are two ranges of small yellowish spots ; 


PIPRID. 251 


the three secondary feathers nearest the body are 
tipped with similar spots: the chin is tinged with 
whitish; the rest of the under parts are dull yellow- 
green. 


Sp. 4. Ty? virescens. 

Ty ? viridescens, infra flavescente-viridis 3 guld albidd. 

Greenish Tyrannulus, beneath yellowish-green ; with the throat 
whitish. 

Muscicapa virescens, Zemm. Pl. Col. 275. f. 3. 


Inuasits Brazil. Length near five inches: greatly 
allied to the last, the colours being disposed in the 
same way: the chief distinction consists in this spe- 
cies wanting the spots on the three secondary quills 
nearest the body: this has also the tail proportionally 
longer : the beak stouter, shorter, less depressed, and 
with fewer bristles. ‘The female is less brilliant in 
colour. 


GENUS CXXII—PARDALOTUS, Vieillot. 


Rostrum brevissimum, sub- || Beak very short, somewhat 


robustum, basi lateratim robust, the base laterally 
dilatatum, integrum, coni- compressed, entire, conic, 
cum, apice crassum; man- || its tip thick: the upper 
dibula superior subar- mandible a little arcuated ; 
cuata; imferior subtus the Jower convex beneath. 

convexa. . 


TueEse birds are all natives of Australasia and the 
adjacent islands. 


Sp. 1. Pa. punctatus. 
Pipra punctata. Steph. v. x. p. 30,—New Holland. 


952 PIPRIDA. 


Sp. 2. Pa. striatus. 

Pipra striata. Steph. v.x. p. 29. pl. 4—Van Diemen’s Land. 
Sp. 3. Pa. gularis. 

Pipra gularis. Steph. v. x.p.17.—Sylvia hirundinacea. Steph. 
v. x. p. 613.—The Society Islands. 


Sp. 4. Pa. superciliosus. 
Pipra superciliosa. Steph. v. x. p. 34.—New Holland. 


Sp. 5. Pa. Australis. 

Pa. oltvaceo-viridis, dorso fulvo maculato; guld pectore tectrici- 
busque caude inferioribus flavis ; ventre pallide fuscescente ; 
vertice nigro albo maculato; lined albé a nares ad oculos. 

Olive-green Pardalotus, with the back spotted with fulvous ; the 
throat, breast, and under tail-coverts yellow ; the belly pale 
brownish ; the crown black, spotted with white; a white line 
from the nostrils to the eyes. 

New Holland Manakin. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. f. 238. 


‘“‘ Lenctu four inches and a half: beak black : the 
crown black, marked with round white spots: from 
the nostrils to the eyes a white streak: sides under 
the eyes, and of the neck to the wing, grey and dusky 
mixed: the back glossy olive-brown: on the middle 
of each feather a glossy buff-coloured spot: rump pale 
tawny, or ferruginous: chin and middle of the neck 
before, as far as the breast, fine yellow, growing wider 
as it approaches the latter: belly dirty pale brown, 
or buff-colour : under tail-coverts fine yellow: wings 
and tail black ; on the ends of the wing-coverts and 
second quills are white spots: the greater quills frmged 
with a paler colour at the tips: tail remarkably short, 
all but the two middle feathers marked at the tips 
with white: legs dusky. The female with the throat 
scarcely tinged with yellow.” 


PIPRID &. 253 


GENUS CXXIIL—PIPRA Auctorum. MANAKIN. 


Rostrum conicum, basi trigo- \| Beak conic, trigonal at the 


num, versus apicem utrin- base, compressed on each 
que compressum,  apice side towards the tip, the tip 
aduncum; mandibula in- bent down: the lower man- 
Jerior apice recurvata. dible recurved at the point. 


Digiti exteriores ad basin || Outer toes united at the base, 
coaliti. 


Att the Manakins inhabit America: they are 
remarkable for their brilliant colours : they flock in 
little troops in damp woods. 


Sp. 1. Pi. Pareola. Steph. v. x. p.14.—Pi. superba. Steph. 7. x- 
p- 14. var?—Manakin tijé. Desmar. Man. et Tang. pl. 50, 
ale Om aos 

Sp. 2. Pi.aureola. Steph. v. x. p.22.—Manakin rouge. Desmar. 
Man. et Tang. pl. 54,55, 56, 57. 

Sp. 3. Pi. leucocapilla. Cuvier.—Pi.leucocilla. Steph. v. x. p. 24. 
—Pi. leucocephala. Sieph. v. x. p. 25—Manakin a tete 
blanche. Desmar. Man. &c. pl. 59. 

Sp. 4. Pi. erythrocephala. Steph. v. x. p. 23.—Manakin a teéte 
dor. Desmar. Man. &c. pl. 60, 61. 

Sp. 5. Pi. rubracapilla. Temm. Pl. Col. 54. f. 3.—Pi. erythro- 
cephala 8. Steph. v. x. p. 23. 

Sp. 6. Pi. serena. Steph. v. x. p. 26.—Manakin varie. Desmar. 
Man. &c. pl. 62, 64. 

Sp. 7. Pi. gutturalis. Steph. v. x. p. 26—Manakin a gorge 
blanche. Desmar. Man. &c. pl. 63, 65. 

Sp. 8. Pi. chloris. Temm. Pl. Col. 172. f. 2. 

Pi. viridis, infra Havescente-viridis ; alis tectricibusgue albo ma- 
culatis 3 guld ventrisque medio flavis. 

Green Manakin, beneath yellowish-green ; with the wings and 
coverts spotted with white ; the throat and middle of the belly 
yellow. 


254 PIPRID®. 


Lenern five inches: on the forehead is a brown 
band: the rest of the head, the region of the eyes, 
the nape, and all the rest of the upper parts of the 
body, are fine grass-green: the wing is black, witha 
double range of whitish spots, forming two transverse 
bars on the coverts: the greater coverts nearest the 
body are also spotted with white : the rest of the wing 
is black, with green edges to all the feathers: the 
tail-feathers are dusky edged with green and tipped 
with whitish: on the ear is a patch of ashy-feathers : 
the throat and the middle of the belly are yellow, 
and the rest of the under parts are yellowish-green : 
the back and legs are bluish: the tail is rather long, 
and a little wedged in shape. 


Sp. 9. Pi. pileata. Natterer. Temm. Pl. Col. 172. f.1. 

P1. castaneo-rufus, infra rufescente-flavus ; pileo occipite nuchdque 
nigris; fronte nigro fuscoque variegato. 

Chesnut-red Manakin, beneath reddish-yellow ; with the pileus, 
occiput, and nupe black ; the forehead varied with black and 
brown. 


LeneTu four inches and a half: the male has the 
top of the head, the occiput, and the nape, plain black : 
the forehead marbled with black and brown: the 
cheeks and the eyebrows lively red: the back, sca- 
pulars, and the wing and tail-coverts are bright ches- 
nut-red: the wing is black, its middle coverts being 
tipped with ashy-chesnut, and the quills edged with 
greenish: the lateral tail-feathers are chesnut-yellow 
at the base, and pure chesnut at the tip: the six 
middle feathers are black with brown tips: all the 
under parts are reddish-yellow: the beak and legs 
are yellow: the tail is a trifle wedged, and is rather 


PIPRIDE. Q55 


long. The female has the black on the head tinged 
with green, and olive-green in lieu of the light ches- 
nut of the male: the wing-coverts are ashy spotted 
with brighter ash; the edges of the feathers being 
slightly edged with greenish: the under parts and 
the tail-feathers are coloured as in the male, but of a 
paler hue: the upper mandible of the beak is be own, 
the lower yellow. 


Sp. 10. Pi. strigillata. TZemm. Pl. Col. 54. f- 1, 2. 

Px. dorso alisque viridis; remigibus fuscis pogoniis tnternis albo 
marginatis; guld viridi-cinerea; corpore subtus flavescente- 
albo, fusco striato: mas. capite crista rufd. 

Manakin with the back and wings green ; the quills brown edged 
with white on their inner webs; the throat ashy-green ; the 
body beneath yellowish-white, striated with brown ; ma/e with 
a red crest. 


Tue male has the top of the head and the occiput 
ornamented with a beautiful shining red crest: the 
back and the wings are green: the tail is very short 
and ashy-green: the quills and the secondaries are 
brown, with their inner webs edged with white: the 
throat is ashy-green: and the rest of the under parts 
are clothed with long, subulated, yellowish-white fea- 
thers, with small brown striz on the edges: the beak 
is brown: the legs yellowish. The female is desti- 
tute of the crest on the head; this part, as well as 
the back, is green: the under parts of the plumage 
are tinged with brown and yellow, and the flanks 
with green. 


Sp. 11. Pi. chlorocapilla. _ 
Pr. supra ceruleus subtus flavus ; capite collo pectoreque viridibus, 
remigibus fuscis virid? marginatis. 


256 PIPRID®. 


Manakin above blue, beneath yellow ; with the head, neck, and 
breast green ; the quills brown edged with green. 
Green-headed Manakin. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. vii. p. 228. pl. eviii. 


** Lenetu four inches: beak stout, dusky-black : 
head, neck, and breast fine pale grass-green: neck 
behind, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts fine blue: 
beneath, from the breast, vent, and under tail-coverts, 
fine golden-yellow: quills dusky edged with green : 
wing-coverts green, changing in some lights to blue : 
tail short, a trifle hollowed out at the end; colour 
dusky, edged with green; the coverts reaching half 
way on it, and the quills to the same distance: legs 
pale brown: the under tail-coverts nearly as Jong as 
the tail.” 


Sp. 12. Pi. Manacus. Steph. v. x. p. 27.—Manakin goitreux. 
Desmar, Man. &c. pl. 58. 


Sp. 13. Pi. caudata. 
Sp. 14. Pi? militaris. Steph. v. x. p. 16. pl. 3. 


Steph. v. x. p- 15. 


GENUS CXXIV.—RUPICOLA, Brisson. 


Rostrum robustum, supra || Beak robust, convex above, 


convexum, ad apicem com- compressed at the tip: the 


pressum; mandibula su- 
pertor emarginata, versus 
apicem adunca; inferior 
recta, acuta. 

Digiti exteriores ad medium 
usque coaliti; pollex lon- 
giusculus, latus; wngwis 
posticus fortis, valdé adun- 


cus. 


upper mandible emargi- 
nate, hooked towards the 
tip; the dower straight, 
acute. 


‘Outer toes connected to the 


middle ; hind-toe lengthen- 
ed, broad ; its claw strong, 
much hooked. 


Pt 60 


CALYPTOMENA VIRIDIS. 


PIPRID#. 257 


Boru the Rupicole inhabit America: they feed 
on fruits ; are said to scratch the ground like poultry: 
form their nests in deep cavernous recesses, and the 
females deposit two eggs. 


Sp. 1. Ru. elegans. 
Pipra rupicola. Steph. v. x. p. 9. 


Sp. 2. Ru.’ Peruviana. 
Pipra Peruviana. Steph. v. x. p. 10. 


GENUS CXXV.—CALYPTOMENA, Rafiles. 


Rostrum depressum, basi la- || Beak depressed, broad at the 


tum, apice adunco ; pennis base, hooked at the tip; 
capitis subtectum. partly covered by the fea- 
save thers of the head. 
Nares rotunde. ; Nostrils rounded. 
Lingua brevis. Tongue short. 
Pedes gressorii. Legs gressorial. 


RupicoLa, Temm. 


Sp. 1. Ca. viridis. Lann. Trans. (Raffles,) xiii. 295. 
Ca. viridis nitens, macula utrinque ad latus nuche; fasciis alarum 
tribus obliquis, remigibusque preter marginem exteriorem atris. 


Shining-green Calyptomena, with a spot on each side of the nape ; 


three oblique stripes on the wings, and the quills, except the 
outer margins, dark-coloured. 
Rupicola viridis. Temm. Pl. Col. 216. 


InuHaBiTs Sumatra. ‘‘ Length six inches and a 
half: the colour is a beautiful green: the head is 
rather large, and its feathers are directed forwards 
from each side in such a manner as nearly to conceal 
the beak, giving the face a very peculiar appearance : 

Ve SIGs eee tle 7 


958 PIPRIDA. 


a little above and before the eyes the feathers are of a 
deep velvet black at their base, and ashy tipped with 
green; and there is a similar spot ‘of black imme- 
diately over the ears: the wings are scarcely longer 
than the body, green, but crossed on the coverts by 
three velvet black bands: the primary feathers, as 
well as the whole under side of the wings, are dusky, 
approaching to black, with the exception of the outer 
margins of some, which are edged with green: the 
tail is short, rounded, composed of ten feathers, which 
are green above, and bluish-black below: the whole 
of the under parts are green: this colour is lightest 
on the sides of the neck and round the eyes: the 
beak is short, wide, much depressed at the base, deeply © 
cleft, and hooked at the point: nostrils oval, at the 
base of the beak, and concealed by the filiform: fea- 
thers that project over them: the eyes are rather 
large: the irides bluish : legs bluish-black : a few fea- 
thers come down over the upper part of the tarsi: 
feet gressorial ; outer toe not much shorter than the 
middle one, with which it is united as far as the last 
joint. ‘The stomach contained nothing but vegetable 
substances, chiefly grains.” 


GENUS CXXVI.—PHIBALURA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum brevissimum, cras- || Beak very short, thick, ro- 


sum, robustum, conico- bust, conic-convex, the 
convexum ; mandibula su- || upper mandible slightly 
perior subarcuata. arcuated. 


Cauda gracile, longissima. || Tail slender, very long, fork- 
furcata. | ed. 


PHITE 


> A 


DN 


LURA 


BE. 


7 


PIPRIDA. I5Y 


Sp. 1. Ph. favirostris. . Vieil. Analyse, Sc. p. 68. (8.) Temm. 
Pl, Col. 118.—Phibalura cristata. Swain. Zool. Ilust. pl. 31. 


Pu. s supra nigra rufoque varia, vertice, remigwous rectricibusque 


nIgTIS ; occipite gulaque rufis ; collo postice, pectoregue nigro 
et albo; ventre superne albo nigrogue maculato. 

Phibsieeves varied with black and rufous, with the crown, 
quills, and tail-feathers black ; the occiput and throat rufous ; 
the neck behind and breast black and white; the upper belly 
pee with ‘black and white. 


[were oad Pash eight inches: the head 
is crested, the feathers of which ane crest 1s composed 
diverging from the centre e, 8 and falling over the sides 
and eee the occiput 5 they are ob a fine chesnut- 
red at their base, and tipped. with deep polished steel- 
black ; which colour also adorns the forehead, lores, 
cheek, and ears: the throat is pure’ white : the breast, 
nape, fore part, and sides of the neck, are whitish, 
transversely banded with yellowish : ‘the feathers of 
the back and rump are biack tipped vy F 
scapulars the same : wings and tail glossy bla 
the edges of the inner webs of all the feather’ spotted 
with litte, and the scapulars nearest the Body’ with 
ashy: all the under parts and under wing-coveri 
are yellowish-white with a spot of bright ye 
the tip of each feather : beak and legs yellow. The 
young have the top of the head Me the nape ashy, 
with slight indications ef red at the base of the fea- 
thers, which are short and not divergent as in the 
adult: the upper parts of the body are tinged with 
greenish, with black spots, and the tips of the feathers 
yellowish : the throat is yellow, marked with black 
spots at the tip of the feathers: the neck and breast 
are marked with white, black, and ash-colour: the 


260 PIPRIDR. 


belly and vent are yellowish, marked with transverse 
black bands: the wings and tail are dull greenish : 
the beak and legs are greenish. 


GENUS CXXV II.—BOMBYCILLA, Brisson. WAXWING., 


Rostrum breve, basi paulo || Beak short, its base a little 


depressum et trigonum, depressed and _ trigonal, 
supra convexum, versus convex above, deflexed to- 
apicem deflexum: mandi- wards the tip; the dower 
bula inferior compressa, mandible compressed, jag- 
laciniata, apice recurvata. ged, its tip recurved. 

Nares ovales, plumis mini-|| Nostrils oval, concealed be- 
mis recurvis obtecte. neath small recurved fea- 

thers. 


BomsBycivora, Temm. 


Sp. 1. Bo. Bohemica, Steph. v. x. p. 421. pl. 34.—Britain and 
other parts of Europe. 
Sp. 2. Bo. Carolinensis. Steph. v. x. p. 422.—North America. 


GENUS CXXVIIL—TERSA, Vieillot. 


Rostrum brevissimum, basi | Beak very short, its base 


valdé depressum, ae much depressed, a little 


pauld carimatum, triangu- | carinated above, triangu- 


| 


lare, marginibus introrsum lar, the edges internally 

deflexis, angustum, versus | deflexed, narrow, inclined 

apicem inclinatum; man- towards the tip; the lower 

dibula inferior subtus pla- mandible flat beneath, its 

na, apice acuta, recurvata. tip acute, recurved. 
Remez prima longissima. __|| First quill longest. 


Sp. 1. Te. Cayana. 
Ampelis Cayana. Steph. v. x. p. 428.—Ampelis tersa. - Steph. 
v. x. p. 437.—South America. 


PIPRID ZA. 


eS 
a 
famed 


GENUS CXXIX.—AMPELIS, Linné. CHATTERER. 


Rostrum nudum, aut basi 
plumis tectum, et trigo- 
num, mediocre, supra sub- 
carinatum, angustum, ver- 
sus apicem curvatum ; 
mandibula inferior subtus 
* paulo plana, apice acuta, 
recurvata. 

Os amplissimum. 

Digitt exteriores basi coaliti. 


Beak naked, or clothed with 


feathers, and trigonal at 
the base, moderate, slightly 


_ cavinated above, narrow, 


curved towards the tip; 
the lower mandible some- 
what flat, its tip acute, re- 
curved. 


Mouth very large. 
Outer toes jomed at the base. 


REMARKABLE for the beautiful purple and azure 
tints with which the plumage is adorned during the 
breeding season: they inhabit damp situations in 
America, and feed upon insects, berries, and tender 
fruits. 


Sp. 1. Am, carnifex. Steph. v. x.p. 425.—Am. cuprea. Steph. 
v. x. p. 426. 


Sp. 2. Am.pompadora. Steph. v. x. p. 430. pl. 36.—Am. cinerea. 
Steph. v. x. p. 427. 


‘Sp. 3. Am. cotinga. Steph. v. x. p. 429. 

Sp. 4. Am. superba. Steph. v. x. p. 436. pl. 38. 
Sp. 5. Am. Maynana. Steph. v. x. p. 433. 

Sp. 6. Am. Hypopyra. Vedllot. 


GENUS CXXX.—CASMARHYNCHUS, Temminck. 


ARAPONGA. 
Rostrum latum, valdé de- || Beak broad, much depress- 
pressum, basi molle, flexile, ed, its base soft, flexible, its 
apice compressum, cor- tip compressed, horny ; the 


neum; mandibula supe- upper mandible notched ; 


| 
| 


PIPRIDZ. 


the dower with its mar- 
gins attenuated and flexi- 
ble, the tip horny. 
Nostrils large, placed to- 
wards the tip of the beak, 
oval, clothed with a pilore 
membrane. 
Wings with the third and 
fourth feathers longest. 
i moderate ; ; tarsi longer 


Sp. 2. Ca. wnielaadeepbaltl 
Ca. oliva-viridis, subtus flavese s fuscis transversim, capite 
omnino nigro. “hee 
Olive-green Casmarhynchus, henea th 
brown stripes; the head gous ag 
Procnias a ae a 


a half: head set kl : irides cinnabar re 


parts of the body green: the lower yellowish 
with darker transverse stripes. Avy 


bi, ates 


Sp. 3. Ca. nudicollis. Yemm. 


Tue characters of this species do not appear to 
have been published. 


LU. 6Z. 


} sii 

By Muh enn 
i} “ip 
jy fp Hy 

Uh Ly th 


ff 
Wy 
yn) 


RT (gi 


CASMARHYNCHOS VARIEGATUS, 


VU. 


S 


MA 


ANY 


PROCNIAS VENTRALIS 


Yi 


yy 
Y 


eee 


BE 


Nt 
HN 


Ahi 


PIPRIDA. 265 


GENUS CXXXI.—PROCNIAS, Hoftfmansegg. 
. BERRY-EATER. 


Rostrum breve, debile, de- | Beak short, weak, depressed, 


pressum, arcuatum, acu- arcuated, acute, its base 
tum, basi aut caruncula- either caruncujated or 
tum aut glabrum. smooth. 


Rictus oculis tenus conti- Gape continued as far as the 
nuus. eyes. 


Inuasir America. Feed upon insects. 


Sp. 1. Pr? carunculatus. 

Ampelis carunculata. Steph. v. x. p. 435. pl. 37.—South 

America. 

Sp. 2. Pr. ventralis. Temm. Pl. Col. 5.f.1. male; f. 2. female. 

Pr. cerulea, fronté jugulo temporibusque nigris; corpore subtus 
in medio albo ; lateribus striis transversis. nigriscentibus ; mas. : 
aut viridis, mento temporibusque griseis ; corpore infra flaves- 
cente, strits obscuré viridibus transversim; foemina. 

Blue Berry-eater, with the forehead, jugulum, and temples black ; 
the body beneath white in the middle; the sides with dusky 
transverse stripes; male: or green, with the chin and temples 
grey ; the body beneath yellowish, with obscure green trans- 
verse stripes ; female. 

Procnias hirundinacea. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 28.—Lindo Chat- 
terer. Lath. Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 192. pl. Ixxxv. 


Iyuasirts Brazil. Length six inches: the male of 
this beautiful bird has the top of the head, the neck, 
the back, the breast, the flanks, and the wings, of a 
splendid azure-blue, which colour borders all the fea- 
thers of the tail and of the secondaries, the rest of 
which is fine black : the middle of the belly is white, 
finely banded transversely with blue : round the beak 
and the eyes, and all the throat, pure deep black : 


204 PIPRIDE. 


the beak and legs black. ‘The female is green where 
the male is blue, but she has no black round the base 
of the beak, on the eyes, or on the throat, the last part 
being griseous, with greyish-green spots. ‘The young 
males resemble the females. 


Sp. 3. P. cyanotropus. Pr. Maz. 1. 160. 

Pr, supra splendidé azureus aut viridis, infra albus ; alis gulaque 
nigris. 

Berry-eater above splendid azure or green, beneath white; with 
the wings and throat black. 

Azure Chatterer. Lath, Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 181. 


Ivuapsits Brazil. An extremely beautiful species : 
if held against the light, the whole bird appears of a 
splendid azure ; and turned from the light, it shows a 
shining bright green: wings and throat black; the 
under part of the body white. 


Sp. 4. Procnias cucullatus. Swain. Zool. Illust. pl. 37. 
Pr? corpore, collo, pectore nigro cucullata; tergo fusco; alis 


cauddque nigris ; tegminum apice, pectoris lateribus et corpore 
subtus flavis ; capite subcristato. 


Berry-eater? with the head, neck, and fore-part of the breast 
hooded with black ; back brown ; wings and tail black ; tip of 


the wing-coverts, sides of the breast and body beneath yellow ; 
head rather crested. 


Lenern eight inches and three quarters: beak 
near an inch, dark cinereous: base furnished with 
bristles: the opening of the nostrils large, round, 
terminal, and nearly naked: the feathers on the crown 
lengthened: the whole head, neck, and fore part of 
the breast black, bordered above by a narrow collar 
of yellow: back and scapulars brown: rump olive : 


PIPRIDA. 265 


sides of the breast, inner coverts, and under parts 
uniform yellow : wing-coverts black, margined with 
olive : those on the shoulders tipped with brown, the 
rest with yellow: quills and tail black, margined 
with olive: wings four inches and three quarters long; 


the first quill very short, the third longer than the 
second : tail four inches long. 


GENUS CXXXII.—CEPHALOPTERUS, Geoffrey. 


Rostrum magnum, basi plu- || Beak large, covered at the 


mulis elevatis tectum, cras- base with elevated feathers, 
sum, versus apicem curva- thick, curved towards the 
tum; mandibula inferior tip, the lower mandible flat 
subtus plana. beneath. 

Frons crista verticali, et pec- || Forehead furnished with a 
tore pennis dependentibus vertical crest, and the 
ornatis. breast with dependent fea- 

thers. : 


Coracina, pars. Vieillot. 
Sp. 1. Co. ornatus. Geoff: Amer. du Mus. xiii. pl. xv.—Ampelis 


umbellata. Steph. v.x. p. 437. pl. 39.—Coracina cephaloptera. 
Temm. Pl. Col. 255.—Brazil. 


GENUS CXXXIII.—GYMNOCEPHALUS, Geoffrey. 


Rostrum basi glabrum, cras- || Beak glabrous at the base, 


sum, arcuatum, apice de- thick, arcuated, its ‘ tip 

clive; mandibula inferior bent down; the lower man~ 
_ subtus plana. dible flat beneath. 

Facies ultra oculos nuda. Face naked beyond the eyes. 


CoRAcINA, pars. Vieillot. 


Sp. 1. Gy. Cayensis. 
Corvus calvus. Shaw, v. vii. p. 352,—Cayenne. 


266 


PIPRID&. 


GENUS CXXXIV.—GYMNODERES, Geoffroy. 


Rostrum breve,  validum, 
basi 
bula superior 
vata. 

Caput plumis velutinis tec- 
tum. 


Collum partim nudum. 


latissimum; mandi-— 
subincur- | 


| Beak short, stout, very broad 


at the base; the wpper 
mandible rather incurved. 


Head clothed with velvety 
feathers. 


Neck partly naked. 


Native of America, and feeds chiefly upon fruits. 


Sp. 1. Gy. foetidus. 
Gracula nudicollis. 


Shaw, v. vii. p. 463 —Gracula feetida. 


Shaw, v. vil. p. 466—South America. 


GENUS CXXXV.—QUERULA, Vieillot. 


basi 
pennis antrorstim directis 


Rostrum 


ornatum, valdé depressum, 
trigonum, supra infraque 
convexum, versus apicem 
curvatum; mandibula in- 
Jerior apice recurvata, gra- 
cillima, acutissima. 


CoTINGA, pars. Cuvier. 


vibrissis et. 


Beak furnished at the base 
with bristles and feathers 
pointing forwards, much 
depressed, trigonal, con- 
vex ‘above and beneath, 
curved towards the tip; 
the lower mandible with 
its tip recurved, very slen- 
der and acute. 


Tue birds of this genus are all natives of America; 
they fly in flocks, and subsist almost exclusively on 


insects. 


Sp. 1. Qu. rubricollis. 
Muscicapa rubricollis. 


Steph. v. x. p. 293. 


PIPRIDA. 267 


Sp. 2. Qu. militaris. 
Coracias militaris. Shaw, v. vii. p. 395. pl. 52.—Ampelis 
cristata. Steph. v. x. p. 425. 
Sp. 3. Qu? cinerea. 
Qu? cinereo-grisea alis cauddque saturatioribus ; corpore infra 
pallide griseo. 
Ashy-grey Querula, with the wings and tail darkest ; the body 
beneath pale grey. 
Le Cotinga cendré. Le Vaill. Amer. et Ind. i. pl. 44.—Cinereous 
Chatterer. Lath Gen. Hist. v. v. p. 187. 
Sp. 4. Qu. scutata. 


Coracias scutata. Shaw, v. vil. p. 401.—Coracina scutata. 
Temm. Pl. Col. 40. : 


Leneru eight inches: beak and legs dusky brown : 
upper parts of the plumage deep cmereous grey; 
with the wings and tail darkest: all the under parts, 
from the chin to the vent, light grey: under the 
wings to the tail, with its coverts, pale grey. 


GENUS CXXXVI.—PACHYCEPHALUS, Swainson. 


Rostrum breve, parvum, basi Beak short, small, furnished 


setulis debilibus ornatum. with weak bristles. 
Caput magnum. Head large. 
Cauda rotundata. Tail rounded. 


Sp. 1. Pa. pectoralis. 

Muscicapa pectoralis. Steph. v. x. p. 360.—New Holland. 
Sp. 2. Pa? australis. 

Parus macrocephalus. Steph. v. x. p. 51. pl. 5.—New Holland. 


Vite sd i 
Cay ee 


Md i ed yey y 


ie {ig Res e Mit py itt , 
ane GL? YF Pe PRY cay 


Oy ABW AY oe a aie At ae au ae ina 


7 ~ : i oes . ot 
” WA at CR ee 5 hall Rei 
y ys ¥ 


fe, 


ae . iba Bobs eon iis “e a =~ epi 


sec Git agit he att ibe 
Masi PLS TIN Wale. coh nal aly Rae) 


2 Oe dh Hi, te sean Lente na : 
aithy beta kay chiki sh MOTs, ahd: ? 
ae sions antes ir pated af ehh 
Q wad) on A ; mer ie HP nt ary ‘a ed ane ee 
od Regeseg gain Spe aa wh at ate eee mh oe = uae 
Tey df bis ada DO asl 


. Waster’ A ae Pan dann ee 
| 7 TP OE Bae Nhe ca 
= Pes aS i A Ram is VES Ly ner hs 


as TB Ts br iat 


i me 


INDEX 


TO 


VOU Xt. PARE IT. 


Accenror 


alpinus 


Calliope 


modularis 


montanellus , 


ACCIPITER 
fringillarius . 


gabar 
minullus 


musicus 


Pennsylvanicus 


—— pileatus 
soloénsis 


torquatus 
velox 


virgatus 


FEGITHALUS 


Capensis 
pendulinus 


FEGITHINA . 
leucoptera 


page 205 


205 
206 
206 
205 


30 
30 
34 
34 
34 
32 
33 
34 
30 
31 
32 


244 
245 
245 


232 


222 


ALCEDO 
Alecyon 


—— Americana 


azurea, Lath. 


Bengalensis . 
—— bicolor . 

— biru 
ceruleocephala 


cristata 
diops, Temm. 


—— ispida . 


Madagascariensis . 


—— maxima 


Asiatica, Swain. 


p. 102 
103 
103 
103 
106 
103 
103 
103 
104 
104 

99 
“103 
104 
103 


melanoptera, Horsf: 100 


meningtin 
purpurea 


semitorquata 


eT ELGTS 


superciliosa . 
—— torquata 


ALECTRURUS 


103 
104 
103 
105 
103 
103 


128 


370 
ALeEcTRURUS tricolor 


AMPELIS 
carnifex 


cotinga 


—— Hypopyra 


Manayana 


pompadora 


superba 


ANTHUS 
agrestis 


campestris 
Capensis 


fulvus . 


petronus 


pratensis 
Richardi 
rubra 


rufa 


- trivialis 


ANT-THRUSH 


AnT-WREN . 


AQUILA 
bellicosa 


chrysaétos 
fucosa . 
heliaca . 


maculosa, Vieil. 


Malaiensis 
—— nevia 


pennata 
Sinensis 


ARTAMUS 


p- 129 


INDEX. 
Artamus, leucorhyn- 
chos . p. 137 
261 viridis . 137 
261 
261 | Astur . 25, 
261 || —— brachypterus 28 
261 gracilis 26 
261 hemidactylus 26 
261 magnirostris . 29 
nitidus . 2 
238 Nove Hollandiz 26 
238 palumbarius . 25 
239 poliogaster 29 
239 radiatus 29 
239 xanthothorax 27 
240 
239 || AsruRINA 24 
239 cinerea . 24 
239 
939 || BeE-EATER . ; 72 
238 Pirik, Lath. 73 
variegated, Lath. . 75 
177 
BERRY-EATER 265. 
172 
BomBYCcILua . 260 
15 Bohemica 260 
15 Carolinensis . 260 
15 
16 || BracnypreRyx 217 
15 montana 217 
18 sepiaria : 218 
15 
15 || Bracnypus . 189 
15 azureus 190 
16 Cafer 189 
Capensis 190 
137 || —— chrysorrhziis 189. 


Bracuypvs, Cochin- 


sinensis 


dispar . 


— hzmorrhousa 


jocosus . 
— Le Vaillantii . 
perspicillatus 


—— phcenicopterus 
- Psidii 

Brunet, Le Vaill. . 
Brunnoir, Le Faull. 


Buso 
- Africanus 


lacteus . 


— microcephalus 


BubDyTES 
boarula 


flava 
BusH-SHRIKE 


BuzzaRD mY 
-—— Turkey, Wilson 


Buteo . 
borealis 


—— busarellus 
—— buson . ; 
— Jackall . 
lagopus 


—— Leverianus 


niger 
—— peecillonotus . 
—— pterocles 


p- 


INDEX. 


192 
190 
192 
191 
189 
191 
191 
192 


190 
182 
a) 
55 


55 
5) 


Bureo, tachardus 
tachiro . 


vulgaris 


CALAMOPHILUS 


biarmicus 


CALYPTOMENA 


viridis . 
Campephaga, Viel. 
Capolier, Le Vall. 


CAPRIMULGIDA: 


CaPpRIMULGUS 
acutus . 
affinis 


— albicollis 
—— Asiaticus 


brachypterus 
Carolinensis . 


Cayanensis 
———= CUS 


Europus 
—— fuscatus 


longicaudus . 


longipennis . 


macrourus 
Nattereri 


pectoralis 


popetue 


psalurus 
rufus 


semitorquatus 


—— strigoides 


torquatus 


Steatornis, Humb. 


Q72 INDEX. 


CaprRIMULGuSs Virgini- 


anus . : : p- 86 
vittatus : eee 
Caracara, Cuvier 10, 11 
CASMARHYNGHUS . Sycu'd wp 
melanocephalus  . 262 
nudicollis |. aoe 
variegatus . - i202 
CATHARTES . , 6 
Illiger 6 

Temm. 6 

gryphus, Temm. 6 
monachus, Temm. . 6 
vulturinus, Temm. 8 
Catharista, Vieil. . 6 


Caterpillar-T: hrush, black, 
Lath. é F . 168 

grey, Lath.” Diss 0) 

yellow, Lath. Facet iv 178) 


CEBLEPYRIS . : Fase | 
Temm. Brews 4 (3) 

bicolor, Temm. . 165 
canus . : one Loot 
jimbriatus, Temm. 164 
labrosus . . 169 
— Le Vaillantii RMIT | 
lineatus, Swain. . 165 
lobatus ; mem WAG 
niger. 6 . 168 


tricolor, Swain. . 166 


CEPHALOPTERUS - 265 
ornatus m OD 


Certhia Cosinsinica, Shaw, 


Cryx 


azurea . 
—— Luzoniensis . 


CHATTERER . 


azure, Lath. . 


p:192 


106 
106 
106 


—— black-headed, Lath. 262 


—— Lindo,- Lath. 


CHAETURA 
australis 


collaris . 


fusca 


Martinicana . 


pacifica 


pelagica 


CincLus 
——— Europzus 


CiRCHETUS . 


brachydactylus 


— cinereus 


CIRCUS. 
acoli 


eruginosus . 


cinerascens 


melanoleucos 


—— palustris 
s—— pygargus 
rutilans 
Citrin, Le Vaill,. . 


cinereaus, Lath. 


192 
» . 292 


14 
14 
14 


4l 
42 
Al 
41 
42 
42 

wt 
43° 

225 


Colaris, Cuvier. p- 


Colon, D’Azara . 


Conpor 


Coracias, Shaw 


CoRaciIna . 2 


Vieil. 


scutata, Temm. 

Corvus melanops, Lath. 
Cotinga : : 5 
cendré, Le Vaill. . 


CRAB-EATER | 

Cravate noire, Le Vaill. 
Criniger, Temm. 

Crow, black-faced, Lath. 
Cudor, Le Vaill. . 
Curouge, Le Vaill. 


CurRUCcA 
arundinacea . 


atricapilla 
-— Certhiola 
Cetti 
Cisticola 


conspicillata . 
fluviatilis 


galactotes 


garrula 
Locustella 
—— luscinia 


melanocephala 
WA XIII. 126 1G 


cephaloptera, Temm. | 


INDEX. V/s 
96 || Curruca nevia p. 209 
126 nisoeria . 211 
orphea . 210 
6 passerina 211 
oman pone 208 
—- Salicaria 209 
—— sericea . 208 
pee —— sylvia 210 
a —— sylviella 21) 
he —— Turdoides 209 
au venusta 214 
163 
267 CycLaruis 149 
267 Guianensis 149 
melanocephaius 149 
se | eae virgatus 149 
200 
143 CyMmInDIS 21 
163 albidus . 24 
189 Baccha . 24 
139 Cayanensis ~ 23 
coronatus 23 
207 || —— hamatus 22; 
209 uncinnatus Fay 
210 
212 || CypeseLus : Sui yas): 
209 Cayanensis, Steph. 81 
213 collaris, Pr. Max. 76 
Z10 ||} ——— comatus 82 
213 Klecho . 81 
209 leucorrhous . 81 
211 longipennis, Temm. 82 
213 melba . 8] 
208 || —_— Sinensis ra 
210 vulgaris 81 


Q7 4 


DaceLo 


cyan otis 


gigantea 
—— pulchella 


DzDALION 
cachinans 


melanops 


Daprrius 


ater 


Dicrurus 


eeratus . 
albiventris 


Balicassius 


cerulescens . 


Ceylonensis . 


cinerascens 
forficatus < 
Hottentottus 
Indicus 


Malabaricus . 


—— mystaceus 
remifer 


Double sourcil, Le Vaill. 


Drongo bronze, Le Vaill. 
moustache, Le Vaill. 


Drongolon, Le Vaill. 
Drongri, Le Vaill. 


Vaill. 


DryMorHILa 
atra 


a ventre blanc, Le 


179 
179 
180 


192 
192 


235 
236 
236 


199 


99 
96 
95 


INDEX. 
. 100 || Daymopuixa leucopus _ p. 177 
102 longipes , 
101 || —— trifasciata 
101 variegata 
_ || DuLus 
25 Ne : 
Dominicensis 
25 
25 
EAGLE - A ; 
o Azara’s, Lath. 
Fe crowned, Lath. 
marine, Lath. 
er aes Tyrant, Lath. 
138 
140 Ear-Ow.r 
138 || Echenilleur, gris, Le Vaill. 
138 jaune, Le Vaill. 
140 noir, Le Vaill. 
138 || Edolius, Cuvier 
138 || —— cinerascens, Horsf. 
139 || —— puellus, Temm. 
139 || —— remifer, Temm. 
140 
139 || Exanus 
140 - furcatus 
225 melanopterus 
138 Riocourii 
139 
Enicurus 
139 coronatus 
140 velatus . 
Espionneur, Le Vaill. 
140 
EuryLaiIMus 
177 Corydon 
180 cucullatus 


INDEX. QS 


Eurycaimus, Horsfieldii p. 94 || Fatco Malaiensis, Reinw. 


Javanicus, Horsf. 95 |} , p. 15 
nasutus : . 95 || —— niger, Wils. . . As 
—— niveus . : ere) 

EvrysTomus : - 96) —— nitidus, Lath. Bye, 


anrael : eine: Nove Hollandie, 
—— Madagascariensis . 96 Lath. sritibn hit comb 


orientalis . So a Nove Zelandie, 
Lath. : 3 Seidl | 
Fatco . ‘ 3 . 387 || ——- palustris, Pr. Max. 43 
salon . p su a! Pennsylvanicus, 
albidus, Cuvier . 24 Wils, E : Ae GI 
—— Aldrovandi, Temm. 40 || -—- peregrinus . e439 
agquilinus, Gmel. . 10 || —— pileatus : se 
aterrimus, Temm.. 10 || —— pecilonotus, Cuv.. 47 
atricapillus . . 20|| —— poliogaster, Natt. . 29 
aurantius  . Rennes (0) pterocles, Temm. . 46 
brachydactylus, Temm. 14 || —— ptilorhynchus, Temm. 44 
brachypterus . - 28 || —— punctatus . oo 


chiquera , sn ON ——=) Luzocounees, Level, sa 49 
cinerascens, Mont. 42 || —— rufipes . : rpuulven eI) 
— cinereus, Viel. . 15 


rupicolus DEE sn 8 
rutilans,Temm. . 43 


coronatus, D’ Azara 23 


degener, Illiger . 11 severus .°. nue 
diodon, Temm. . 35 Soloénsis, Horsf. . 34 
femoralis . . 389|| ——Sparverius . wi) Be 
—— frontalis 5 nied S subbuteo EY) 
— fuscus, Cuvier . 16 || —— tibialis Teens Lae 
— gracilis i - 26 || ——tinnunculoides . 40 


tinnunculus . 5 aye) 


hamatus, Illiger . 22 
hemidactylus, Temm. 26 torguatus, Cuvier . 30 
— Ichthyaétus, Horsf. 12 tyrannus, Pr. Max. 20 


Islandicus. . . 39 || —— uncinnatus, Temm. 22 


leucogaster, Lath. _ 13 velox, Wilson ye ol 
—— Limneétos, Horsf. 18 virgatus . . 32 
-—— Macei, Cuv. . petty fs) | 


xanthothorax, Temm. 27 


276 


Facon : : p- 


Salvador, Lath. 
slate-coloured, Lath. 


FALCONIDE 


—— ACCIPITRINA 
—— AQuILINA 

—— BurTeonina . 
FaLconina . 


—— MILVINA 


‘ 


FaLtcuncuLus 
frontatus 


Ficedula, Beckst. . 
Fleuteur, Le Vaill. 


FLY-CATCHER 

celestial, Lath. 
—- clicking, Lath. 
Sork-tailed, Lath, . 
mantled, Lath. 
Paraguan, Lath. . 


—— Peruvian, Lath. 
small, Lath. . 
spectacle, Lath. 


starry, Lath. 
— white-necked, Lath. 


ForMIcivora 
brevicauda 


—— cirrhata 
ferruginea 


maculata 
mentalis 


INDEX. 
37 || Formicivora nigricollis p.173 
43 rufimarginata 175 
32 
GALBULA 106 
9 albirostris 107 
ceycoides 2 AOS 
_ grandis, Steph. . 108 
? paradisea 107 
ay rubricollis 107 
S7  eaS viridia SIAN 107 
4§ 

GAMPSONYX . 36 
a Swainsonii 36 
149 
218 || Goat-suCKER 84 
995 || ——- cold-river, Lath. 93 

Javan, Lath. 88 

115 long-tailed, Lath. . 89 
116 scissors-tailed, Lath. 84 
113 
133 GosHAWK 25 
4 
127 GRALLARIA 182 
126 rex é ‘ a> 2a 
116 tinniens 182 
113 
125 || GRALLINA 188 
119 melanoleuca . 188 
172 || GRAUCALUS. A cael Wi 6 
174 bicolor . 165 
175 fimbriatus 164 
176 lmeatus 165 
172 melanops 163 
175 Nove Guinez 163 


Graucatus Papuensis 
tricolor . 


Griveron, Le Faill. 
Grivetin, Le Vaill. 


GUBERNETES 5 


Cunninghami 


Guira-Yetapa, D’ Azara 


GyYMNOCEPHALUS. 
Cayanensis 


’ GYMNODERES 
—— feetidus 


GYPAETOS 
Beckstein 
alpinus , 


Gypagus, Vieil. 


GYPOGERANIDA 


GYPOGERANUS 
Africanus. 


Hatcyon 


atricapillus 
Cancrophagus 


-— Capensis 


—— chlorocephalus 
cinnamominus 


collaris . 


—— Coromandus . 


diops 
leucocephalus 


melanopterus 


sacer 


277 


INDEX. 
p. 163 || Haucyon Senegalensis  p. 100 
. 166 Smyrnensis . . 99 
196 
309 HALCYONIDZ aH Od 
HALizETUS . , Need 0? 
Le Blagrus : 4 JG 
a leucocephalus a 8) 
Hay leucogaster_. x 13 
265 macei . ; Sond 
265 Ponticerianus oe blo 
vocifer . : semi I 
266 vulturinus . are (3 
266 
Harpacus . : . 34 
8 bidentatus . S85 
6 || —— diodon . : £ ibe. 
8 
Harpy . : 3 kG 
6 
Harpyia , ; Sea o. 
4 imperialis. aed Ir 
4|| Harrier. f elas | 
5 
Hawk . ; : BOND) 
98 black, Wilson . 48 
99 sharp-shinned, Lath. 31 
a Hausse-col noir, Le Vaiil. 200 
os HIRUNDINIDE  . 75 
98 || HirunDo . ; REITs 
100 ambrosiaca . i 80 
99 || —— Americana . ho ZF 
100 Borbonica S) ey ay 
100 Capensis 
98 Cayenensis . Si es 


278 


Irrunpo chalybea 


cristata 


Daurica 


Dominicensis 


esculenta 


fasciata 


———— itera |. 
Francica 


fuciphaga 


fuscata . 


— gularis : 
-—— Indica , 
Javanica 


jugularis -— . 
—— Klecho, Horsf. 
leucogaster, . 


—— leucoptera 
—— Ludoviciana . 
melanoleuca . 


montana 


nigra 


palustris 


Panayana 
—— riparia . 
rufa 


—— rufifrons 
rustica . 


Senegalensis 
Tahitica 
tapera . 


torquata 
urbica . 


violacea 
Honey-BuzzarpD . 


Horn-Ow_ . 


INDEX. 
. 80 || Hower 
80 || Hydrobata, Vieil. . 
80 
7 Hyxopui.us 
80 poicillotis 
80 || —— thoracicus 
78 
77 |\ IpycrER 
80 aquilinus 
78 
80) TorTInia 
80 plumbea 
7/7 
i [erax 
82 Leach . 
81 cerulescens . 
77 || Imitateur, Le Vaill, 
81 || Importune, Le Vaill. 
79 
81 IRENA . 
80 carinata 
80 puella f 
80 Jaboteur, Le Vaill. 
80 
80 || JacaMaR 
80 
80 || JACAMEROPS . 
80 grandis 
81 || Janfredric, Le Vaill. 
80 Jokowura . § 
wh 
81 || Jora 
_ 80 scapularis 
44 Kai-a-lora 
55 || KInGsFISHER 


Kire 


LANIARIUS 


barbarus 


LANIIDE . 


Lanio . 


atricapilla 


Lanius 


{Ethiopicus . 
— Americanus . 


Antiguanus . 
Bacbakiri 
bicolor . 


——- Capensis 
Carolinensis . 


Ceylonus 
collaris . 


Collurio 
crassirostris ° 
—  Cubla . 
excubitor 


gutturalis 


Italicus 
—— lineatus, Leach 
Ludovicianus 


meridionalis . 


orientalis 


personatus 
ruficollis 


—. virgatus, Temm. 


Lark, Richard’s, Lath. . 


Leptopleryx, Horsf. 


Madagascariensis . 


INDEX. 279, 
50 || Lortot, Le Vail. p- 193 
coudougnan . 193 
15] d’or 193 
15] rieue 193 
132 MALAcONOTUS 161 
atrococcineus 162 
150 || —— Blanchoti 161 
150 dorsalis 162 
erythropterus 162 
144 olivaceus 162 
146 
147 || Maturus 223 
148 Africanus 225 
147 Capensis 229 
146 cyaneus 224: 
146 diophrys : 223 
147 galactotes 224 
147 garrulus, Swains. . 227 
146 gularis . 224 
146 longicaudus . 2H5 
148 magnificus 224 
146 marginalis 224 
145 pectoralis 224 
147 subflavus Para) 
145 
_, || MANAKIN 253 
154 
147 a gorge blanche, 
142 Desm. ; 253 
145 a téte blanche, Desm. 253 
148 a téte d’or, Desm. .. 253 
146 goureux, Desm. 256 
145 green-headed, Lath. 256 
149 New Holland, Lath. 252 
rouge, Desm. 253 
239 -. ae 
tije, Desm. 2590 
137 varie, Desm. 253 


230 


Manikup, Desm. . 


Le Mantele, Le Vaill. 
Martin, purple, Catesby 


MEGALURUS 


palustris 


MecistTina . 


lugubris 
—— Stroemei 


MELIZOPHILUS 
Dartfordiensis 


sardus . 


subalpinus 


MEROPIDE . 


Meroprs 


apiarius : 
—- Cayennensis . 


Shaw . 
erythropterus 
gularis 


——- ornatus - 
—— Philippensis . 


Savignil 


Senegalensis . 
Sumatranus . 
superbus 

superciliosus . 


ubicus . 


Urica . 
viridis . 


Merula, Briss. 


ceruleocephalus, 


INDEX. 


MERULID/: 


Mitvus 

ater 
Forskahlii 
ictinus . 


| Molenar, Le Vaill. 


Moreunus . 
albescens 


atricapillus 
Guianensis 


—— Limnzétos 
—— maculosa 
—— Manduyti 
—— niveus . 
—— occipitalis 
—— ornatus 
Sonnini 


——— tyrannus 


urubitinga 


MoTACILLA. 
alba 


australis 


cinerea 


variegata 


MuSscICAPA . 


albicollis 


diophrys, Shaw 
-—— gularis, Raffles 
—-— pectoralis, Shaw 
speciosa, Horsf. 


Alector, Temm. 


INDEX. 281 


Muscrcapa atricapilla _ p. 


MUSCICAPID p. 109 


azurea . 
Banyumas Muscirera. . : ev hO 
— bicolor . ‘ é Temm. , . 109 
ceesia —— barbata ; pare 
cantatrix, Temm. . Borbonica . i lobe 
— Colon cerulea , easel ale 
— cucullata carinata, Swains. . 142 
diops Ceylonensis - .. 111 
eXimia .. corenata 2 fbb 
flammea cristata : Sib 
flammiceps flabellifera C eErkto 
fusca flavigastra . S12 
grisola . Indica . ‘ rege A 
—- gularis labrosa, Swains. . 169 
hirundinacea leucocephala . see lube 
hyacinthina . melanocephala . 111 
Indigo . 4 = mutata : shes dole 


—— luctuosa, Temm. —— paradisi : eV 


Malabaricus . —— perspicillata ‘ - 113 


—— miniata 4 ‘ —— pulsator : eae WP 
multicolor futicilla 7 ee 
obscura ‘ scapularis _ . RS BTS 

Horsf. i 

— obsoleta, Temm. MyIorHEeRaA . i LS] 
parva Temm. . d - 172 
psalura _ bambla . : : 182 
Senegalensis cantans : SLES 
speciosa Colma . i 4 yale! 
stellaris : — Coraya. : - 18! 


stenura, Temm. Serruginea, Temm. 176 
formicivora . - 181 
lineata . } - MEST 
mentalis, Temm. . 175 
rufimarginata, Temm.175 


— strictothorax, Temm. 160 


straminea 


tyrannus, Linn. 
ventralis, Temm. . 


virescens, Temm. 


282 


Myoruonus . 
cyaneus 


metallicus 


Myothera, Cuvier . 


Temm. . 


Myrmothera, Vieil. 


Neophron, Savigny 


Nightingale . 


greater . 


Nieut-Ow. . 


Nisus, Cuvier 


Noctua 
brama . 


castanoptera . 


Cayanensis 


ferruginea 


grallaria 
— hirsuta. 


lineata . 


Maugei 


nudipes 


occipitalis 
Pagodarum . 


passerina 


pusilla . 


pygmexa 
Sonnerati P 


torquata 


NycrEa 
Erminea 


—— Wapacuihu . 


p- 


INDEX. 
187 || Nycrrprus p- 91 
187 grandis 91 
187 Jamaicensis . 91 
182 Steatornis 9] 
177 ; 
eh Ocypterus, Cuvier . 137 
Ginanthe, Vieil. 240 
6 || OISEAUX-PASSEREUX, 
208 Cuvier 71 
208 
ONYCHORYNCHUS . 109 
63 griseus . 110 
30 || —— plumbeus 110 
regius . 110 
63 ; 
64 ORIOLE 193 
63 Or10LUs : 193 
67 fi 
69 aureus . 194 
67 —— Chinensis 193 
ie flavus 193 
67 Wo galbula 193 
— melanocephalus . 193 
67 
- —— monachus 193 
“ — radiatus 194 
63 Goes 
viridis . 194 
65 —— xanthonotus . 193 
63 
68 || Osprey 1l 
63 
64 || Orus 58 
67 Africanus 58 
—— Americanus . 57 
62 Ascalaphus 56 
63 Asio 57 
63 brachyotus 57 


INDEX. 983 


Orus Coromandus p- 58 || Parus cyaneus . p. 246 
Europeus’ . HY ODZ furcatus , . 246 
leucotis. BL, anchor lugubris, Temm. . 248 
macrorhynchus . 59 major . ; . 246 
Sinensis  . AE MSs) palustris. . 246 

—— Virginianus . . 57 || —— Sibiricus : A OH 

Own we : A . 60 || PERCNOPTERUS 6 
horned, African, —— Aigyptiacus . . 7 

Shaw : f RUSCH S aura * : "4 Yj 
Hutum, Lath. 54 || —— Monachus 7h 

—— Mouse, Lath. 61 || —— Uruba . 7 

PACHYCEPHALUS . Th QOZ PERNIS : : - 44 
australis ; OG apivorus : ea 
pectoralis ORT ptilorhynchus . 44 

Phéne, Savigny _. j 8 

PaNDION Sa fa ine adel Has 

—— Americanus . . 12] PHIBATURA . 5 _-258 
halizétus. at ee cristata, Swains. . 259 

—— Ichthyeeétus . ae flavirostris . « 259 

PaRDALOTUS : . 251 || Paysera . f eked 
australis : 2 tPA Sufflator a aii ROE 

— gularis . : -. Jol Pie griesche Blanchot, 
punctatus. ce Le Vaill. . , - 161 
striatus : 1s ASIA Perrin, 
superciliosus . 3p PAI Le Vaill. . : . 147 

Parus . ! ., 245 || Prerr . : ; 5 ERS) 
ateterure ; . 246 
atricapillus . . 246 || Prpra . : . . 203 
atriceps :  OAG aureola. - 200 
bicolor . ; | 2460 caudata : - 256 
czeruleus 2 s IAG — chloris 8 ° c 253 
caudatus.. uIOAG chlorocapilla . AY WATS) 


cristatus ‘ . 246 erythrocephala . 253 


284. 


Prpra gutturalis . p- 


leucocapilla . 


—— Manacus 
—— militaris 


pareola . 
—— pileata . 
rubricapilla 


serena . 
strigillata 


Pipripe& 


PITTA’; 
Bengalensis .« 


cyanoptera 


cyanurus 


erythrogastra 
—— gigas 
glaucina, Temm. 


—— thoracica, Temm. . 
versicolor 


PLATYRHYNCHUS . 
Temm. 
Cancromus 


fuscus 


olivaceus 
ornatus, Desm. 
Plumet-blanc, Le Vaiil. 


PoparGus . ; ; 
—— australis 
—— cornutus, Temm. 


gracilis . 
Javensis 


Ceylonensis, Swains. 


INDEX. 
253 || Poparcus Nove Hol- 
953 landiz p- 93 
256 
O56 PoLyBorus 1] 
A Brasiliensis . ll 
293 
954 degener ; 1] 
253 Nove Zelandiz 11 
253 || Prronops 151 
299 albifrons 151 
cristatus 151 
244 
PRocnias 263 
183 carunculatus . 263 
183 cucullatus 264 
184 cyanotropus . . 264 
183 hirundinacea, Swain. 263 
185 || —— melanocephalus, Pr. 
186 Mae. ; as ectnta OG 
187 ventralis 263 
187 || Psaris, Cuvier 135 
183 Cuvieri, Swains. 136 
114 || Pyrruocorax “194 
133 alpinus . 194 
115 leucopterus 195 
lll sexsetaceus 194 
1 QUERULA  . : - 266 
95 cinerea . 3 267 
15] mnilitaris 267 
rubricollis 266 
91 scutata . 267 
92 || Queue-gazée, Le Vail. 224 
92 || Reclameur, Le Vail. 196 
93 
92 || Reep-BirD . 247 


Reeuyus 
zestivus 


annulosus 
Calendulus 
Canadensis 


guira . , 
— hypolais 


Mauritianus . 
—— mystaceus 


Nattererii 


pensilis 
—— rufus 
-—— Sylvicolus 
thoracius 


— Trochilus 


- vulgaris 


Rocar, Le Vaill. 
Roitelet-mesange, Buff: 


p- 


Rollier & masque noir, Le 


Vaill. 


RuPIcoLa 
elegans 


Peruviana 


viridis, Temm. 


Sagittarius, Vesm. 


SARCORAMPHUS 
Californianus 
Gryphus 
Papa. é 


SAXICOLA 
aurita . 


—— cachinans 


INDEX. 
230 || Saxrcoua caprata . 
232 familiaris 
232 formicivora 
231 fulicata 
232 Hottentota 
232 leucomela . 
231 leucothoa 
232 melanura 
23 montana 
231 cenanthe 
232 || —— Philippensis . 
232 || —— pileata . 
231 Rubetra 
232 ‘Rubicola 
231 sperata 
231 stapazina 
oi, Scors 
5 albifrons 
— Asio 
163 atricapilla 
Ceylonensis . 
256 Leschenaulti . 
27, noctula 
257 || —_. strepitans 
257 ; 
4|| Sea-EAGue . 
Serpentarius . 
6 Africanus, Shaw 
6 i 
6 || SHRIKE : 
6 barred, Lath. 
black and white, 
240 || - Lath. : 
240 Blanchot, Lath. 
240 bronzed, Lath. 


286 


INDEX. 


SurikE Drongri, Lath. p. 140 


—— lineated? Lath. 

— Loggerhead, Wils. 
long-tailed, Lath. . 
— Malimbic, Lath. 
—— puff-backed, Lath. 
_—— Whiskered, Lath. . 


SNAKE-EATER 


SONG-BIRD . 3 } 


SPARACTES 


superbus 


SPARROWHAWK 
Sparvius 


SPECOTHERES 
viridis . 


Spizaétos, Vievl, 
STRIGIDE 


STRIX . 


Africanus, Temm. 


—— Ascalaphus, Savigny 


atricapilla, Natterer 
brama, Temm.,~ 


castanoptera, Horsf. 
ferruginea, Temm. 


flammea 


grallaria, Temm. . 
hirsuta, Temm. 


lactea, Temm. 


Sourcirour, Le Vaill. 


154 
147 
139 
147 
162 
159 


Srrix Lempyt, Horsf: p. 53 


Leschenaulti, Temm. 
leucotis, Temm. 


Maugei, Temm. 


noctula, Reinw. 
— Nove Hollandie . 
occipitalis, Temm. 


—— Pagodarum, Temm. 
pumila, Illig. 
seloputo, Horsf. 


Sonnerati, Temm. 


strepitans, Temm. 
stridula, Linn. 


Sturnus collaris 


SwALLow : 
wire-tailed, Lath. . 


SwirT . 


SYLVIA 
Africana 


— annulosa, Swain. . 
Blackburnia . 


Cayana 

Certhiola, Temm. .« 
Cetti, Temm. . 
Cisticola, Temm. . 


conspicillata, Temm, 


coronata . 
cyanocephala . 
elata, Lath. . 
erythracus 


LI | | 


fluviatilis . 77 


galactotes, Temm, « 


macrorhyncha, Temm. 


53 
57 
59 
67 
52 
61 
63 
65 
68 


INDEX: 2387 


Syxiv1a melanocephala, Syrnia Nisuella- . e262 

Lath. s : p. 210 Uralensis = . : 2 
melanopogon . 220 

—— Natterert, Temm. . 231 SYRNIUM : 2» OL 

EN Ni ——stridulum . 2 =, 62 
nisoria, Temm. PAN 


palpebresa, Temm. 232 || Langara nigerrima, Desm. 131 


palustris, Temm. . 207 || Tangaras-Loriots, Cuvier 130 
paces ees ‘ on AN) Tanypus, Oppel : GD 
phragmitis, Temm. 209 
plumbea, Swain. . 214 || TaNnysyprERA  . - 105 
provincialis, Temm. 221 Meawr. ‘ ij LOD 
e- Tabernlaterwlon 2219) kilcharree, te Vario went | 
appl ; ele Tengke-watu . : Bers KOM 
— sarda, Temm. eee j 
BEL coiieds Nation. 1G 208 Terat-boulan, Le Vaill, 148 
Sialis= 7 : 2 OH Me aa 960 
—— sibilairiz, Temm. . 231 Cayana 2960 
speciosa < a 220 
—— subalpina, Temm. 221 || TuamMNopHiILus . tS2 
—— Suecica . NE) Temm. . F 74 TAQ 
venusta, Temm. . 214 ambiguus. 2 ENN 
atricapillus . . 155 
SYLVIADZ : - 204 bicolor . 4 » los 
Canadensis . + 4lb2 
SYNALLAXIS . : penal) cinnamomeus 2 OO 
albescens ‘ Een ya/} doliatus 5 ako? 
cinerascens . RaIAIRS fasciatus : sid O 
garrula ; Ay ferrugineus . “haalod) 
rutilans : cet Leachii...... sl aya 
setaria . : OME!) lineatus : salad 
—— stenura “ . 229 maculatus . - al53 
— tecellata 5 . 228 || —— mystaceus . BUNS) 
—— nevius . ; IES 
SYRNIA : s . 62 \|——niger . : . 155 
—— Africana : . 62 || —— pileatus ; renin ays) 
Canadensis . . 62 || —— ruficeps ; . 154 


288 


THAMNOPHILUS Stricto- 
thorax 
—— Swainsonii 


torquatus 
— Vigorsii 


THRUSH 


brunet, var. Lath. 
Caffrarian, Lath. 
cravat, Lath. 


gorget, Lath. 
— Importunate, Lath. 
Nauman’s, Lath. 


—— pileated, Lath. 
Rocar, Lath. 


TIMALIA 

—— gularis . 
—— pileata . 
thoracica 


TITMOUSE 
Javan, ea 


Lugubrious, Lath, 


TITYRA 
Cayana 
Cuvieri 


TODIDE 


Topus . 
—— Cuvier . 


griseus, Desm. 
viridis . A 


black-br phe Nes Lath. 


gold-vented, Lath. . 


INDEX. 
Topy . 
160 per familier, ty 
152 faull. : 
157 Se Le V. aah 
153 montagnard, Le 
; Faill. 
195 patre, Le Vaiil. 
200 
189 || TrrcopHoRUsS 
196 barbatus 
200 
189 || TrogLopyTEs 
200 Europeus 
197 furvus . 
202 
203 || Turpus 
199 || —— atricapillus 
—— altriceps, Temm. 
203 || —— atrogularis . 
204 || ——atthis . . 
203 || —— azureus, Temm. 
204 || —— chrysogaster 
- | —— chrysorrheus, Temm., 
245 || —— cinnamomeus 
246 | ——— clamosus 
248 || —— cyaneus, Horsf. 
—— cyanus . r 
135 || —— dispar, Horsf. 
135 eremita 
136 erythropterus 
Guianensis 
5A Hispaniolensis 
97 iliacus . 
109 Indicus 
110 Le Vaillantit, Temm. 
97 leucogaster 


242 
243 


242 
243 


143 
143 


230 
23 
230 


195 
198 
149 
201 
198 
190 
197 
189 
198 
197 
187 
200 
190 
200 
197 
196 
198 
196 
198 
189 
197 


INDEX. 289 


Turpvus lunularis . p: 200 || TyRaNNuLUs ventralis p. 250 
macrourus . 2 498 virescens , Sea 
- Madagascariensis . 198 
—=Manillensis . . 200 || PYRANNUS «183 
—=merula . . . 198 audax . - 138 
——= migratorius «°°. © 196° || ~ ferax : . 138 
ee ory. _ 196 leucogaster . . 133 
SEAS ausictis ; 196 Mexicanus . .- 134 
Naumanni. . 201 Neugeta : - 134 
——olivaceus  . TOO P rex Nuieaee Lownie oboe 
bo 2- Orpheus ©) 0200198 |] — Pitanguass ow oe 128 
— Ourovang . 198 sulfuraceus . . 133 
—palmarum . 5 UNIS) ; 
meceoealig Wi) 198) 200 TYRANT-SHRIKE - 133 
——perspicax . ili che i Ss ! < ‘ged Al 
phenicopterus, ——litturata . . 60 
Temm. ; , shale | UALS. SERS FA . ee aol 
pheenicurus . . 202 
—— pilaris . eae LOAN VANGA: Sf tne: nnn” mere mle D 
—— pipiens . . - 202°) __— australis : a LoOy 
plumbeus  . . (198 | curvirostris . . 150 
- Rocar .. : 799") destructor, Temm. 150 
—— rufifrons . 198}! 
CURIS ee . 196 || Vireo . : : - 130 
saxatilis : © «198 cristatus 4 » 130 
Senegalensis . Ns flavifrons . ules) 
—— Thenca : . 198 || ——= musicus Bay sae S| 
tintinnabulatus . 198 || nigerrimus . =e WB 
torquatus. - 198 || ——-olivaceus . gf IS 
VISCOUS etd oe, | Patiflora, Steph. « OS C2%0 
vociferans. “et OG 
VULTUR : ‘ 5 
TYRANNULUS : . 249 || ——atratus, Wilson . i 
elatus . : . 249 auriculatus 5 
obsoletus » 250 jh Bengalensis . 5 


Ve oxike, PS onl: 19 


f 


290 INDEX. 


Vuitur fulvus” . . p- 5 || Wareuer, fenny, Lath. p. 237 
monachus 5 |= marmora, Lath, . 222 
niger. ; 5 marsh, Lath. «, 207 

—. Uruba, Vieill. 7 mountaineer, Lath. 218 


Namaqua, Lath. . 242 


VULTURE. : ; 5 Natterer’s, Lath. . 231 
—— piping, Lath. ; 202 
VULTURIDZ . 5 Russian, Lath. a 6 
silky, Lath. . . 208 
Waaratn -2) _ 933 || — spectacle, Lath. . 211 
pied, Lath. jentiy gag subalpine, Lath. . 221 
scapular, Euth.”'S° OYG |e Yellow-fronted, 
southern, Lath. . 234 Lath. : p - 131 
WARBLER . f . 218]|Waxwine . : . 260 
barred, Lath. Mera | 
Batavian, Lath. . 218 || WHEATEAR . ‘ - 240 
Cetti, Lath. . . 209 || —— black-eared, Lath. 241 
—— Dalmatian, Lath. 206 
Danubian, Lath. . 214|| WarreruRoatT . eqn 
double-streaked, 
Lath. 225 | WREN : £230 


Familiar, Lath. . 242 || —— gold-naped, Lath. 249 


END OF THE THIRTEENTH VOLUME. 


LONDON: 


PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS. * 


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2. ~ se eet 


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