mit §. :M. pill ^tbrarg QK306 G5 Library Bureau 55859 S^^S'i This BOOK may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of FIVE CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: i - ^KY3119'5 GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS #^ CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Eontion: FETTER LANE, E.G. C. F. GLAY, Manager GFnmtJurgf) : loo, PRINCES STREET HonUon: WILLIAM WESLEY AND SON, 28, ESSEX STREET, STRAND Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO. ILeipjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS i^efa) lorfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Bombag antj (Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd. All rights reserved GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ENGLER'S STLLABUS DER PFLANZENFAMILIEJSI (SEVENTH EDITION 1912) WITH THE ADDITION OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA BY HUMPHREY G. CARTER, M.B., Ch.B. Cambridge : at the University Press CambrtUge : PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS PREFACE WHAT is known as Engler's System of the Classification of Plants embodied in the Natiir- liche Pfla7tze7ifamilien and in the successive editions of the Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, in the opinion of many modern systematic botanists represents, as a whole, the nearest approach to a natural system that we possess. While specialists may criticise it in one detail or another, and while it is certain that we are as yet far from finality, owing to the numerous lacunae which still exist in our knowledge of different groups, there can be little if any doubt that no other published system of classification rivals Professor Engler's in broad grasp of principle and masterly treatment of complicated detail. It is the conspicuous merit of Professor Engler and his collaborators that they have kept constantly presented to botanists in the successive editions of the Syllabus the best scheme that could in their judgment be devised at the moment. The present work is intended to familiarise students of British Vascular Plants with Engler's system in its latest form and thus both to habituate British floristic students to the use of a more natural system than that S-b' ^ 5 ^ vi Preface to which they have been accustomed in the British Floras that have hitherto appeared, and to serve as an introduction to the use of the Syllabus, the Natiirliche Pflanzenfa}nilie7i and the Pflanzenreich. The major divisions of the vascular plants with their diagnoses are taken, to a large extent, verbatim from the Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (7th Edition 1912). Professor Engler and his publishers have most kindly and readily accorded their assent to this very free use of their publication. In a few cases Engler's arrangement has been de- parted from. Thus the nomenclature of the larger divisions of Pteridophyta has been somewhat modified in order to secure uniformity in the terminations of the names of Orders (Reihen). Prof Bower's arrangement of the Leptosporangiate Ferns into Simplices Mixtae and Gradatae has been adopted as representing the most rational grouping, though the distinct suborder of Filicales, Hydropteridineae, has been retained owing to the difficulty of assigning with certainty the Marsi- liaceae and Salviniaceae to their proper places in the Eufilianean series. The Family Polypodiaceae, practically equivalent to the Mixtae of Bower, has been retained and divided into tribes according to the arrangement of the Syllabus, since our knowledge of the Systematics of this intricate Preface vii group is not sufficiently advanced to admit of a grouping of the Mixtae into Natural Families. In dealing with the British Genera alone this arrangement does not appear to do much violence to natural affinities so far as they have been ascertained. Among the Flowering Plants Warming's arrange- ment of the Urticales has been followed mainly because of the difficulty of defining the Family Moraceae so as to include Cannabis and Humulus (subfamily Canna- boideae of Engler). In all the other Orders the arrangement of the Syllabus has been closely followed, though the actual diagnoses, especially in cases where an Order or Family is poorly represented in Britain, have been to some extent modified. The Characters of the Genera have either been ob- tained from various sources, such as Hooker's Students Flora and Garcke's Flora von Detitschlandy or are original, and they will, it is hoped, prove useful to students. The following books, besides the Syllabus and Pflanze^ifarniliefiy have been constantly used by me during the compilation of this work. Ascherson and Graebner. Flora des NordostdeutscJien Flachlaudes, 1898-9. Blytt. Haandbog i Norges Flora, 1906. Garcke. Flora von Deutschland. Edited by Dr Franz Niedenzu, 1908. «5 viii Preface Hooker, Sir J. D. The Student's Flora of the British Islands, 1884. Rendle. The Classification of Flowering Plants, Vol, I. Warming. Fr^plante7'ne, 191 2. Willis, J. C. Flowering Plants and Ferns, 1908. My best thanks are due to Mr Tansley for help and advice with the Pteridophytes, to Professor Seward for reading the proofs of the Pteridophytes and Gymno- sperms, and to Dr Moss who has read the entire proofs and given me much valuable advice and assistance throughout. H. G. C. Cambridge, August 191 3, SYNOPTIC INDEX The numbers in the first colmtin refer to pages in this book^ those in the second column refer to pages in Engier^s Syllabus (Ed. 7, 1912). Division I. EMBRYOPHYTA ASIPHO- NOGAMA (ARCHEGONI- ATAE) .... [Subdivision i. Bryophyta] Subdivision 2. PTERIDOPHYTA . Class I. EQUISETARIAE (Equisetales in Syllabus) Order Equisetales (Euequisetales in Syllabus) Fam. Equisetaceae Class 2. LYCOPODIARIAE (Lycopo diales in Syllabus) Order i. Lycopodiales (Lycopodiales eligu latae and ligulatae of Syllabus) Fam, I. Lycopodiaceae Fam. 2. Selaginellaceae . Order 2. Isoetales (Class in Syllabus) Fam. Isoetaceae Class 3. FILICARIAE (Filicales in Syl labus) I 74 1 75 I 88 I 97 2 97 2 97 2 98 2 98-99 2 98 3 99 3 lOI 3 lOI 89 Synoptic hidex Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Order i. Filicales (Filicales Leptosporan giatae in Syllabus) i. osmundaceae Hymenophyllaceae polypodiaceae Marsiliaceae Salviniaceae Order 2. Ophioglossales Fam. Ophioglossaceae Division 2. EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHO N O G A M A {F/ianerogamae auct. ) Subdivision i. GYMNOSPERMAE Class I. CONIFERAE . Fam. I. Taxaceae Fam. 2. Pinaceae Subdivision 2. ANGIOSPERMAE Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES A. Orders with preponderating incon stancy in the number of floral leaves a . Typical achlamydeaus ( not apopetalous) flowers still occur .... a. Achla77iydeous flowers predominate. Great incon stancy itt number of stamens and also of carpels Order i. Pandanales . Fam. I. Typhaceae . Fam. 2. Sparganiaceae /3. Naked floivers still present : but in this order there occur all possible gradations from A- chlamydy to Heterochlamydy, also from Hypogyny to Epigyny. Sporophylls defi- nite or indefinite .... 4 94 5 90 5 90 7 95 7 95 7 96 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 II II 97 103 106 106 108 113 117 117 117 117 117 118 118 18 Synoptic Index XI Order 2. Alismatales . Fam. I. POTAMOGETONACEAE Fam. 2. Naiadaceae . Fam. 3- *Aponogetonaceae Fam. 4- Scheuchzeriaceae Fam. 5- Alismataceae Fam. 6. Butomaceae Fam. 7- Hydrocharitaceae 7. Naked flowers dojninatit. Stamens rarely, and never, indefinite Order 3. Glumiflorae Fam. I. Graminaceae Fam. 2. Cyperaceae . carpels b. Achlamydeous floivers rare : when they occur they are mostly due to reduction and are correlated with spathe- development. Definite number of stamens and carpels dominant, but numerous stame?ts and more than three carpels often occur Order 4. Spathiflorae Fam. I. Araceae .... Fam. 2. Lemnaceae .... B. Orders with typically pentacyclic flowers. Whorls typically isomerous, mostly 3-merous . a. Flowers homochlamydeous to heterochlamy- deous, very rarely by reduction naked. Bracteoid perianths still occur but petaloid perianths pre- dominate. Hypogyny and Actino- morphy preponderate . Order 5. Farinosae Fam. Eriocaulaceae .... II 118 II 119 12 120 12 120 13 120 13 120 14 121 14 121 15 123 15 123 15 123 20 127 128 22 133 22 ^33 23 136 23 137 23 137 ^z 137 23 138 Xll Synoptic Index Order 6. 6. Liliiflorae 24 141 Fam. I. JUNCACEAE . 24 141 Fam. 2. LiLIACEAE 24 141 Fam. 3. Amaryllidaceae . 27 146 Fam. 4. DiOSCOREACEAE 28 147 Fam. 5. Iridaceae 28 148 b. Flowers homochlamydeous to heterochlamydeous but the perianth is always petaloid. Epigyny throughout. Zygomorphy dominant . . . . . Order 7. Microspermae . . . . Fam. Orchidaceae . . . . Class 2. DICOTYLEDONES . Subclass I. ARCHICHLAMYDEAE . a. Amentiflorae (Moss). Mostly trees or shrubs. $ flowers usually, and ? flowers often, in catkins Perianth absent or haplo chlamydeous and bracteoid Order i. Salicales Fam. Salic aceae . Order 2. Myricales Fam. Myricaceae Order 3. *Juglandales Fam. *Juglandaceae Order 4. Pagales . Fam. I. Betulaceae Fam. 2. Fagaceae Order 5. Urticales Fam. I. Ulmaceae Fam. 2. Cannabaceae {Moraceae, Can naboideae in Syllabus) . Fam. 3. Urticaceae . 29 149 29 151 30 152 33 156 33 156 33 157 33 158 33 158 34 159 34 159 34 160 34 160 34 161 35 162 35 162 36 164 36 164 36 167 37 167 Synoptic Index xiu b. Petaloideae (Moss). Flowers haplo- chlamydeous, perianth often petaloid. Diplochlamydeous flowers rare Order 6 Santalales Fam. I. Santalaceae Fam. 2. LORANTHACEAE Order 7. Aristolochiales Fam. Aristolochiaceae Order 8. Polygonales . Fam. POLYGONACEAE . c. (Consisting of the one order Centro spermae.) Corolla usually haplochlamydeous, sepaloid or petaloid. Heterochlamydy, however, is not uncomnion Order 9. Centrospermae . Fam. I. Chenopodiaceae Fam. 2. *Amarantaceae Fam. 3. *AizoACEAE . Fam. 4. PORTULACACEAE Fam. 5. Caryophyllaceae d. Heterochlamydeae (Moss). Orders with predominant heterochlamydy a. Apocarpy and Hypogyny predominant . Order 10. Ranales Fam. I. Nymphaeaceae Fam. 2. Ceratophyllaceae Fam. 3. Ranunculaceae Fam. 4. Berberidaceae j3. Syncarpy and Hypogyny predominant Order 11. Rhoeadales. Fam. I. Papaveraceae Fam. 2. Cruciferae . Fam. 3. Resedaceae . 37 168 37 170 38 170 38 172 38 176 38 176 39 177 39 177 40 179 40 179 40 179 41 181 42 183 42 183 43 184 45 185 45 185 45 185 45 185 46 186 46 187 48 188 48 195 49 195 49 195 50 197 54 201 XIV Synoptic Index Order 12. Sarraceniales .... Fam. Droseraceae .... 7. Apocarpy and Hypogyny still occur but Perigyny becomes more frequent. By sinking of the Gyncucium into the hollow flower-axis Syncarpy and Epigynous insei'tion of the perianth and stamens also takes place Order 13. Resales Fam. I. Crassulaceae Fam. 2. Saxifragaceae Fam. 3. *Platanaceae Fam. 4. RosACEAE Fam. 5. Leguminosae 5. The flowers have predominantly e^ or ^ whorls. Apocarpy and Isomery still occur, but Syncarpy and Oligomery of the Gyn aecitim preponderate. Pleiomery of Gyn Order 14. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Order 15. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. Fam. (uctU7n rare . Geraniales . 1. Geraniaceae 2. OXALIDACEAE 3. LiNACEAE 4. polygalaceae 5. euphorbiaceae 6. Callitrichaceae Sapindales . 1. Buxaceae 2. Empetraceae 3. Aquifoliaceae 4. Celastraceae 5. *Staphyleaceae 6. Aceraceae . 7. *HlPPOCASTANACEAE 8. Balsaminaceae 54 54 54 201 202 61 203 54 203 55 204 55 204 56 209 57 210 59 215 223 61 223 62 223 63 224 63 226 63 235 63 236 64 241 64 241 65 241 65 241 65 244 65 245 66 246 66 246 66 247 67 249 Synoptic Index xv Order i6. Rhamnales . 67 250 Fam. Rhamnaceae . . 67 250 Order 17. Mai vales . . . 67 252 Fam. I. TiLiACEAE 68 253 Fam. 2. Malvaceae . 68 253 e. Flowers spirocyclic or of 5-4 whorls. Syncarpy the rule {Apocarpy in the more primitive, exotic families). Tendency for gynaeciu7n to become sunk in flower-axis Order 18. Parietales Fam. I. GUTTIFERAE . Fam. 2. Elatinaceae Fam. 3. Frankeniaceae Fam. 4. *Tamaricaceae Fam. 5. Cistaceae Fam. 6. ViOLACEAE . 69 257 69 257 69 261 70 264 70 264 70 264 71 266 71 266 f. The flowers are cyclic and the sinking of the gynaecium into the hollow flower-axis is general : connatio7i of gynaeciti?n and flower-axis predomi7iates . . . . . 'ji i-j\ Order 1 9. Myrtiflorae Fam. I. Thymelaeaceae . Fam. 2. Elaeagnaceae Fam. 3. Lythraceae .... Fam. 4. EpiLOBiACEAE(Oenotheraceae) Fam. 5. Halorrhagaceae . Fam. 6. Hippuridaceae Order 20. Umbellales Fam. I. Araliaceae .... Fam. 2. Umbelli ferae Fam. 3. Cornaceae .... Subclass 2. METACHLAMYDEAE A. Polypetaly, as well as sympetaly, occurs. Two whorls or one 71 274 72 275 72 276 72 276 73 283 74 284 74 285 74 285 74 285 75 286 80 290 80 291 XVI Synoptic Index whorl of stamens. Hypogyny predominates, but epigyny also occurs Order i. Ericales Fam. I. PiROLACEAE Fam. 2. Ericaceae Order 2. Primulales . Fam. Primulaceae Order 3. Plumb aginales Fam. Plumbaginaceae B. (C. in Syllabus). Sympetaly dominant Stamens always in one whorl Union of Carpels sometimes imperfect. Hypogyny usual Order 4. Contort ae .... Fam. I. Oleaceae Fam. 2. Gentianaceae Fam. 3. Apocynaceae C. (D. in Syllabus). Sympetaly constant Only one whorl of stamens present. Carpels usually 2, always perfectly united Zygomorphy frequent a. Perianth hypogynous . Order 5. Tubiflorae Fam. I. Convolvulaceae Fam. 2. Polemoniaceae Fam. 3. Borraginaceae Fam. 4. Verbenaceae Fam. 5. Labiatae Fam. 6. Solanaceae . Fam. 7. Scrophulariaceae Fam. 8. Orobanchaceae . Fam. 9. Lentibulariaceae 80 291 80 291 80 291 81 292 83 295 83 295 84 296 85 296 85 300 85 300 85 300 86 Z^Z 87 303 87 308 87 308 88 308 88 308 88 310 89 311 91 zn 91 315 94 320 95 322 97 327 97 329 Synoptic Index xvii Order 6. Plantaginales Fam. Plantaginaceae . b. Perianth epigynous a. Stamens free .... Order 7. Rubiales Fam. I. RuBiACEAE . Fam. 2. Caprifoliaceae Fam. 3. Adoxaceae . Fam. 4. Valerianaceae Fam. 5. Dipsacaceae, |S. Stamefis conniving or partly united Order 8. Cucurbitales Fam. CUCURBITACEAE . Order 9. Campanulatae Fam. I. Campanulaceae Fam. 2. Compositae . 98 332 98 332 98 333 98 333 99 333 99 333 99 336 100 337 lOI 337 lOI 338 lOI 338 102 ZZ^ 102 338 102 340 102 340 103 342 GLOSSARY OF WORDS RELATING TO PERIANTH Achlamydeous. Apochlamydeous. Apopetalous. H aplochlamydeous. D iplochlamydeous. H omochlamydeous. Heterochlamydeous. With no j>erianth (naked). Perianth absent by reduction. Corolla absent by reduction. Having a perianth consisting of a single whorl. Having a perianth consisting of two whorls. D iplochlamydeous with both whorls of the same kind. D iplochlamydeous with whorls clearly unlike each other. I7t Floral Forfnulae K = Calyx. C = Corolla. A = Androecium. G = Gynaecium. ^ = not native, © = doubtfully native. Division I. EMBRYOPHYTA ASIPHONO- GAMA (ARCHEGONIATAE). Plants with marked alternation of generations. Sexual geiieratioji {gametophyte) bearing antkeridia, in which spermatozoids arise, and archegonia, each containing an egg-cell. The fertilized egg-cell gives rise to an embryo, which for some time or throughout life remains attached to, and nutritively dependent on, the gametophyte. The embryo grows into the asexual generation {sporophyte), eventually producing spores, which again give rise to the gametophytes. [Subdivision i. Bryophyta (not included in this work). Gametophyte thalloid or leafy, free living. Sporophyte (sporogonium) leafless, attached through- out life to the gametophyte : no true roots.] Subdivision 2. PTERIDOPHYTA. Gametophyte {protkallus) thalloid, usually vegetating independently, rarely completely enclosed in the spore. Sporophyte a cormophytic plant with true leaves and roots, early becoming independent of the gametophyte, and bearing spores in separate organs {sporangia) borne on or in connection with the leaves. Class I. EQUISETARIAE. Leaves generally small in relation to the stem, in alternating whorls. Stele with separate collateral bundles. Peltate sporangiophores aggregated in cones. Sporangia bulky, attached to the ^• Librarv 2 Equisetaceae, Lycopodiaceae inner surface of the lamina of the sporangiophore. Homosporous or (in some extinct forms) heterosporous. Order Ec[uisetales (including all living forms). Homosporous. Family Equisetaceae. Rhizomes subterranean often bearing distinct sterile and fertile shoots. Bases of leaf-whorls united into sheaths enclosing the base of the internode above. Branching axillary. Epispore splitting into two spirally wound threads ielatei's). Pro- thal/i hrsinch.Qd, often functionally dioecious, AntJieridia and archegonia sunken. Speiinatozoids multiciliate. Only genus : Equisetum. Class 2. LYCOPODIARIAE. Leaves usually small in relation to stem. Stem with one or more haplosteles•^. Sporangia single in axils, or on adaxial faces of fertile leav^es. Homosporous or heterosporous. Spermatozoids biciliate. Order i. Lycopodiales. Small leaved herbs of erect or creeping habit. Sporophylls mostly aggregated in cones. Suborder i. Eligulatae. Homosporous forms without ligule. Family LYCOPODIACEAE. Erect or suberect herbs with modified haplostele. ProtJialli generally subter- ranean, saprophytic, with symbiotic fungus. Embryo often living a subterranean life for some years. Only British genus : Lycopodium. t Haplostele. The cauline vascular cylinder in its simpler form, in which the centre is occupied by xylem, and this is typically surrounded by phloem, pericycle and endodermis (Brebner, Ann. Bot. 1902, p. 523 and Tansley, Evolution of Filicinean Vascutar System.^ 1908). Selaginellaceaey Isoetaceae 3 Suborder 2. LiGULATAE. Heterosporous forms with ligule. Family Selaginellaceae. Erect or suberect herbs. Haplostelic or polystelic. Rhizophores often arising exogenously and bearing endogenous roots. Leaves rarely spiral, more often in two dorsal and two ventral rows. Sporophylls aggregated in cones, which contain both macro- and microsporophylls. Macrosporangia tj-pi- cally with four macrospores, microsporangia with numerous microspores. Embryo with two cotyledons. Only genus : Selaginella. (The British species is haplostelic with spirally ar- ranged leaves.) Order 2. Isoetales. Submerged subaquatic or terrestrial plants with very short unbranched fleshy stems, bearing alternating whorls of sterile and fertile, elongated, subulate or filiform leaves. Stele with anoma- lous secondary thickening. Sporangia bulky, single, in pit on adaxial face of leaf base adjoining the ligule. Macrosporangia with numerous macrospores, microspore angia with very numerous microspores. Sterile trabeculae between the spores. Spermatozoids multiciliate. Only family: IsOETACEAE. Only genus : Isoetes. Class 3. FILICARIAE. Leaves almost always large in relation to the stem, often highly compound, mostly with circinate vernation. Stem haplostelic, solenostelicf t Solenostele. A stele in which the vascular tissue is arranged in a hollow cylinder of xylem lined within and without by phloem, pericycle and endodermis, and the continuity of which is inter- rupted by leaf-gaps which do not overlap (Tansley, I.e.). 1—2 4 Osmundaceae or dictyostelicf, departure of leaf-traces in all but haplostelic forms making definite leaf-gap in the stele. Sporangia on the undersides or on the edges of ordinary foliage leaves, or of modified leaves {sporophylls) with reduced laminae ; in the latter case the sporophylls are not aggregated on special shoots, or special regions of the shoot. Spermatozoids multiciliate. Order i. Filicales. Sporangia mostly arising from single cells, more rarely from groups or from several layers of cells, usually in definite aggregates {sori\ Prothallus not subterranean, generally flat. Suborder i. FiLlciNEAE. Wall of the sporangium typically with a prominent cell row or cell group iannubLs) concerned with the dehiscence of the spor- angium. Spores all alike producing comparatively large free-living monoclinous or diclinous prothalli. SiMPLlCES (Bower). Sporangia grouped in sori each containing few sporangia of simultaneous origin on a flat or nearly flat receptacle or spread over the lower surface of the fertile leaf, relatively large, sessile or subsessile, with a large spore output. Annulns trans- verse or oblique or (as in the British genus) represented by a group of thickened cells. Indiisium typically absent. Family OSMUNDACEAE. Stem upright covered with the bases of spirally arranged leaves. Stele with con- tinuous mantle of peripheral phloem and anastomosing xylem strands surrounding a pith, Petiolar vascular t Dictyostele. A stele in which the hollow cylinder of the solenostelic type is interrupted by leaf-gaps which overlap (Brebner, I.e.). Hymenophyllaceaey Polypodiaceae 5 strand horseshoe-shaped in cross section. Sporangia massive, shortly stalked with vertical dehiscence, not arranged in sori, but thickly set on the surface of special, often reduced, fronds or pinnae. Only British genus : Osmunda. Gradatae (Bower). Sporangia basipetal, on a more or less elongated receptacle, of moderate size, shortly stalked, with medium spore output. Annidiis oblique. Indushtm a basal cup, entire or 2-lipped. Family Hymenophyllaceae. Rhizomes creeping, haplostelic, bearing fronds with thin filmy laminae which have no stomata or intercellular spaces in the mesophyll. Sori marginal on the ends of excurrent veins. Prothalli filiform. Indusium tubular. Trichomanes. Prothalli flat. Indusium 2-lipped. Hymenophyllum. MiXTAE (Bower). Sporangia of various ages mixed without regular orientation, grouped in sori^ on flat or nearly flat receptacles, more rarely scattered over the leaf, typically small, with thin elongated stalks and with small spore output. Annulus vertical, incomplete, dehiscence transverse. Indtisitmi various or absent. Family POLYPODIACEAE. Rhizome of various habit, typically dictyostelic. Tribe i. Woodsieae. Sort globose, often sub- marginal. Indusinni cup-shaped, opening laterally or splitting irregularly. Spores bilateral. Indusium often ciliate, attached basally. Woodsia. Indusium hooded, attached laterally. Cystopteris. 6 Polypodiaceae Tribe 2. Aspidieae. Sori circular or subcircular in outline, flattish ; indiisium attached centrally, peltate. Sorus cordate, indusium reniform, attached in the sinus or absent. Dryopteris (including Phegopteris). Sorus circular, indusium attached in the centre. Polystichum. Tribe 3. Asplenieae. Sori elongated to linear, de- veloped along veins from which the lateral indtisium springs. Subtribe i. Blechiiinae. Sori on veins parallel to the midrib of pinna or pinnule of special fertile leaves. Only British genus : Blechnum. Subtribe 2. Aspleninae. Sori on lateral veins of pinna or pinnules of ordinary fronds. Indusium with single flap entire. Asplenium. Indusium with single flap, margin lacerate. Athyrium. Indusium with two flaps, one on either side of sorus. Scolopendrium. Tribe 4. Pterideae. Sori elongated to linear, de- veloped along special veins. Indusiuju mostly absent, sometimes developed as an infolding of the leaf margin. Subtribe I. Gymnograinminae. 5^n" occupying the whole of the fertile veins. Only British genus : Gymnogramme. Subtribe 2. Cheilanthinae, Sori occupying the distal ends of the fertile veins. Only British genus : Cryptogramme. Subtribe 3. Adiantinae. Sori occupying the distal ends of the fertile veins, within the revolute leaf margin. Only genus : Adiantum. Marsiliaceae, Salviniaceae y Subtribe 4. Pteridinae. Sori on intramarginal vein- anastomoses, covered by the indusial leaf margin. Only British genus (sorus with an additional inner indusial ciliate flap) : Pteridium (= Pteris auct.). Tribe 5. Polypodieae. Leaves separating from rhizome by definite absciss-layers. Indtisium absent. Only British genus (sori circular) : Polypodium. Suborder 2. Hydropteridineae. Wall of sporan- gium without ammlits. Spores of two kinds (hetero- sporous). Macrospores borne singly in macrosporangia, and each developing a female prothallus. Microspores numerous in each microsporangium, and developing minute few-celled male prothalli. Family i. Marsiliaceae. Rhizome of sporophyte solenostelic with two rows of leaves. Sori enclosed in special organs {sporocarps) which arise as branches of the leaves. Female prothallus producing a single arche- goniiim. Only British genus (leaves filiform) : Pilularia. Family 2. SALVINIACEAE. Rhizome of sporophyte floating, haplostelic, with two or three rows of partly submerged leaves, on which the sori, enclosed in ifidtisia, are borne. Female prothallus producing several arche- gonia. Leaves in two rows, deeply bilobed. True roots presentf. *Azolla. Order 2. Ophioglossales. Fertile leaves with one or more simple or pinnate branches bearing the bulky, t Cf the exotic genus Salvifiia which is rootless. 8 Ophioglossaceae marginal sporangia which arise from groups of cells. Prothallus tuberous, subterranean with numerous sunken antheridia and archegonia. Family OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. Stem short, vertical, sunk in the earth and sending up a few leaves which take several years to develop. Sterile leaf-segment pinnate. Pinnules with digitate nerves. Fertile segments branched. Botrychium. Sterile leaf-segment simple, entire with reticulate veins. Fertile segment unbranched, spike-like. Ophioglossum. Division 2. EMBRYOPHYTA SIPHONOGAMA {Phanerogainae auct.). Alternation of generations obscured by seed formation. Sporophyte cormophytic, very various, heterosporous. The inegaspore {embryo sac) is not discharged from the sporangium {ovule) which after fertilisation ripens to form a seed. Microspore {pollen grain) on germination forming a tube. Ant/m'idium represented by a single cell which divides to form two naked generative cells which in the lowest Gymnosperms become transformed into Spermatozoids. Subdivision i. GYMNOSPERMAE. Microspor- angia on under surface of sporophylls. Carpels not fused together to form an ovary, thus no stigma is present. The microspores {polle^t grains) germinate at the micropile. Seeds naked on the ovuliferous scales or on a direct prolongation of the axis. Prothalhis {endosperm) formed before fertilisation. Taxaceae, Pinaceae 9 Class I. CONIFERAE. Stem much branched. No vessels in secondary wood. Leaves mostly narrow, linear or lanceolate. Flowers diclinous. Perianth o or bracteoid. Cotyledons 2-15, free. Fam. I. Taxaceae. (7^;^^/.y solitary or few. Seed drupaceous exserted. Subfamily Taxoideae. Stamens with 3-8 pollen sacs. Carpels with two ovules or the % floivcr reduced to a single ovide. Tribe Taxeae. % flower reduced to a solitary terminal ovnle. Only British genus (Mesophyll with no resin canals) : Taxus.' Fam. 2. Pinaceae. Resin canals always present in leaves. Micro- and megasporophylls numerous, arranged in cone-like yZ^ze'^rj". Seeds not exserted. Tribe i. Abietineae. Leaves spiral. Carpels divided into cover-scales and ovuliferous scales, the latter with two ovules side by side on the upper surface. I. Only long shoots present with spiral evergreen leaves. Bark greyish white. Leaves flat, emarginate with two white lines beneath. Cones erect, scales deciduous. *Abies. Bark reddish. Leaves 4-angled in section, acute. Cones pendulous, scales persistent. *Picea. As Picea but leaves flat. *Tsuga (including *Pseudo- tsuga with long 3-fid cover-scales). lo Pinaceae 2. Long and short shoots present. Long and short shoots both with deciduous leaves. Cone-scales broad, coriaceous, persistent. *Larix. Long and short shoots both with evergreen leaves. Cone-scales deciduous. *Cedrus. Long shoots with scales, short ones with 2-5 evergreen leaves. Cone-scales woody, persistent. Pinus. Tribe 2. Cupressineae. Leaves opposite or whorled. Ovules erect. Cone-scales fleshy and confluent in fruit. Only British genus : Juniperus. Subdivision 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Ovules en- closed in an ovary formed of coherent carpels or of one carpel with coherent margins. Stigma present to receive pollen. Class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Embryo with one cotyledon. Mature stem with closed vascular bundles. Parallel venatio7i predominant. Flowers often 3-merous. A. Orders with preponderating inconstancy in the number of floral leaves. (For B see page 23.) a. Typical acJilamydeous {jiot apopetalous) flowers still occur. (For b see page 21.) a. Achlamydeous powers predominate. Great inconstaticy in number of stamens and also of carpets. (For /3 see page 11.) Order i. Pandanales. Marsh herbs (or tropical trees and lianes). Leaves linear. Lnjlorescence cylindrical or spherical. Flowers naked or with haplochlamydeous, bracteoid perianth, diclinous, fj with 00 -i stamens^ % with 00 -I carpels. Seed with endosperm. Typhaceae, Sparganiaceae 1 1 Fam. I. Typhaceae. Herbs with rhizomes and distichous, Hnear leaves. Inflorescence cyh'ndrical, % flowers below, '. Flowers globose, yellow. Nuphar. Tribe 2. Tetrasepaleae. K 4, C 00 . Flowers expanded, white, blue, or red. Nymphaea. Fam. 2. Ceratophyllaceae. Submerged aquatics with whorls of transparent, forked leaves, which later become cartilaginous. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, haplochlamydeous, diclinous, monoecious. ^ perianth about 12. Stamens 12-16. % perianth about 9-10. Carpel i with one apical, orthotropous ovule with one integument. Style long, subulate. Only genus : Ceratophyllum. Suborder 2. Ranunculineae. Flozuers spiral to cyclic. Ovnles on the ventral suture. Fam. 3. Ranunculaceae. Mostly acrid herbs. Leaves often divided. Flowers rarely completely cyclic, haplo- or heterochlamydeous, in first case with petaloid perianth between which and androecium honey-leaves are often present, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic or zygo- morphic. Stamens usually numerous, free. Carpels oc -i usually free with 00 -i ovules. Fruit of one-seeded achenes or many-seeded follicles, or a berry {Actaea). Endosperm copious. A. Ovides on both sides of ventral suture, rarely solitary. Fruit a follicle with 00 -i seeds. *Tribe I. Paeonieae. i^/i^w^r.? usually solitary, without honey-leaves. Carpels fleshy. Outer integtiment longer than inner. Only genus : *Paeonia. Ranunculaceae 47 Tribe 2. Helleboreae. Flowers i or several. Carpel wall ra.re\y fleshy. Oiiter integiiinent not longer than inner. I. Honey-leaves without spur. Sometimes absent. A. Leaves undivided or merely lobed. Honey- leaves absent. Caltha. B. Leaves deeply lobed or compound. Honey- leaves present. f Leaves palmately lobed or compound, a. Honey-leaves flat with naked hone)'-pits. Trollius. /3. Honey-leaves tubular, at least at base. Leaves palmately divided, sepals membranous, de- ciduous. *Eranthis. Leaves pedate. Sepals herbaceous, persistent. Helleborus. ft Leaves doubly ternate or pinnate, fruit a berry. Actaea. n. Honey-leaves with spur. 1. Flowers actinomorphic with five honey-leaves. Aquilegia. 2. Flowers zygomorphic with two honey-leaves. Honey-leaves sessile, dorsal sepal spurred. *Delphinium. Honey-leaves stalked, dorsal sepal hooded. ©Aconitum. B. Ovule solitary at base of ventral suture. Achene one-seeded. Tribe 3. Anemoneae (only tribe). Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Sepals valvate. Clematis. Herbs. Leaves spiral. Sepals 4-5, inconspicuous. Honey-leaves o. Thalictrum. 48 Berberidaceae Herbs. Leaves spiral. Scape with involucre of 3 leaves. Sepals 4-20. Honey-leaves o. Anemone. Herbs. Leaves spiral. Sepals 5-8. Honey-leaves 5-16, conspicuous. *Adonis. Herbs. Leaves spiral. Sepals 5, spurred. Honey- leaves small, tubular. Flower-axis ultimately elongate. Myosurus. Herbs. Leaves spiral. Sepals 3-5, not spurred. Honey-leaves 5, flat, petaloid. Ranunculus. Fam. 4. Berberidaceae. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers solitary or race- mose, cyclic, homo- or heterochlamydeous, hermaphro- dite 3-2-merous, actinomorphic. Perianth with 2-4 whorls, two whorls of honey-leaves often present. Stamens in two whorls, anthers opening by lids or valves. Carpel i, rarely several, with 00 -i ovules on ventral suture or basal. Two integuments. Fruit a berry. Seed with endosperm. Subfamily Berberidoideae. Leaves pinnate, or terminal leaflet alone present. Honey-leaves present. Tribe i. Berberideae. Inflorescence on lateral short shoots. Only British genus (flowers 3-merous, fruit a berry) : Berberis. *Tribe 2. Epiniedieae. Liflorescence terminal. Only British genus (flowers 2-merous. Petals with discolorous appendages, fruit dehiscent) : *Epimedium. /3. Syncarpy and Hypogyny domina7it. (For a see page 45, for 7 see page 54.) Papaveraceae 49 Order II. Rhoeadales. Usually herbs. Flowers often racemose, cyclic (except androecium in some cases), usually heterochlamydeous, hypogynous, actino- morphic or zygomorphic. Carpels (co-2). Ovules W\\h two integuments. Suborder I. Rhoeadineae. /^/^ec^^rj" usually hetero- chlamydeous. Sepals usually 2. Fam. I. Papaveraceae. Herbs, often with white or coloured latex. Floivers hermaphrodite, usually nodding in bud. Sepals 2. Petals usually 4. Stamens 00 , or if only 4-2, then branched from the base. Carpels (2-16) with parietal place?itae and 00 ovules, or with one basal ovule. Fruit usually capsular. Einbryo minute. Endosperm oily. Subfamily i. Papaveroideae. Petals without spur. Stamens 00 . Carpels 2-co . Tribe i. Chelidonieae. Latex yellowish or reddish. Style ending in two undivided branches which alternate with the placentae. Stigmatic surface within and on the edges of these branches. Only British genus : GChelidonium. Tribe 2. Papavereae. Latex yellow or white. Stigmas lying above the placentae. a. Fruit long, dehiscing to the base. Fruit with septum. Glaucium. Fruit with no septum. Flowers violet. *Roemeria. b. Fruit elongate, ovoid or globose, dehiscent above. Stigmas 4-5, style distinct. Meconopsis. Stigma subsessile, on a disc. Papaver. c. 4 50 Cruciferae Subfamily 2. Fumarioideae . Flowers mostly transversely zygomorphic. One of two outer petals gibbous or spurred. Stamens opposite them, each stamen divided from the base into three. Ovules numerous, fruit a 2-valved capsule. Corydalis. Ovules 2, fruit i -seeded, indehiscent. Fumaria. Suborder 2. Capparidineae. Floivers hetero- chlamydeous. Sepals 4 or more. Fam. 2. Cruciferae. Annual or perennial herbs usually with unicellular simple or branched hairs. Leaves spiral, exstipulate. Flowers in bractless racemes, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. K 2 + 2. C 4. A 2 (short) + 4 (long). G (2). Placentation parietal, but ovary is 2-loc on account of growth of septum {rephnn) from placentae. Stigmas 2 on short style above pla- centae. Fruit mostly capsular. Eiidosperm absent. Position of cotyledons and radicle as follows : O 1 1 notorhizal (radicle incumbent). o = pleurorhizal (radicle accumbent). o > > orthoplocous (cotyledons conduplicate). The following arrangement of the British Cruciferae is according to de Candolle and is adapted from Hooker's Students Flora, ed. 3. See also Syllabus, ed. 7, p. 1 98, where another arrangement is given. A. Siliquosae. Pods usually much longer than broad, dehiscent throughout their whole length, not compressed at right angles to septum. Tribe i. Arabideae (Siliquosae pleurorhizae). Seeds I -seriate (2-seriate in Arabis and Nasturtium). Coty- Crticiferae 5 t ledons flat Radicle accumbent o : :. {Flozjcrs white, yellow or lilac.) a. Stigmatic lobes erect, or decurrent to the style. Matthiola. /3. Stigma small, simple, terminal. Hairs forked. Lateral sepals pouched. Pods com- pressed or 4-angled, valves i -nerved. *Cheiranthus. Hairs simple or o. Pods terete, valves turgid, not elastic. Seeds minute, 2-seriate. Nasturtium. Pods 4-angled, valves keeled. Seeds oblong. Flowers yellow. Barbarea. Pods flat, valves i -nerved, not elastic. Plowers mostly white. Arabis. Rhizome not fleshy. Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle filiform. Cardamine. Rhizome fleshy. Pods flat, valves elastic. Funicle dilated. Dentaria. Tribe 2. Sisymbrieae (Siliquosae notorhizae). Seeds usually I -seriate. Cotyledons flat. Radicle incumbent o 1 1. {Flowers as above.) Glabrous, or hairs simple and spreading. Flowers yellow. Sepals equal. Stigma obtuse. Sisymbrium. Hairs appressed, branched. Flowers yellow. Stigma obtuse. Erysimum. Hairs spreading. Flowers w^hite or lilac, fragrant. Lateral sepals gibbous. Stigmas decurrent on st>'le. *Hesperis. Tribe 3. Brassiceae (Siliquosae orthoplocae). Seeds i-2-seriate. Cotyledorts longitudinally folded o > >. Radicle incumbent. {Flozvers yellow.) Pods terete or angled. Seeds i -seriate, globose. Brassica. 4—2 5 2 Cruciferae Pods compressed. Seeds 2-seriate, compressed. Diplotaxis. B. Siliculosae. Pods short, dehiscent through their whole length. a. Latiseptae. Pods compressed parallel to the replum, which is hence as broad as the pod's greatest diameter. Tribe 4. Alysseae (Latiseptae pleurorhizae). Seeds 2-seriate. Radicle accumbent o ziz. Pods oblong, compressed, many-seeded. Draba (including Erophila). Pods circular, 2-8-seeded. *Alyssum. Pods globose, many-seeded. Cochlearia. Tribe 5. Camelineae (Latiseptae notorhizae). Seeds 2-seriate. Radicle incumbent o j j. Tall herbs, flowers small, cauline leaves auricled. *Camelina. Tribe 6. Subularieae (Latiseptae diplecolobae). As Camelineae, but cotyledons curved with lengthened bases turned up in direction of radicle. Scapigerous water-herb with subulate leaves. Subularia. b, Angustiseptae. Pod much compressed at right angles to replum, which is hence narrow. Tribe 7. Thlaspeae (Angustiseptae pleurorhizae). Cotyledons straight, radicle accumbent o z=. {^Flowers white.) Pods obovate, notched. Petals equal. Filaments without scales. Thlaspi. Pods orbicular. Petals white or lilac, very unequal. Filaments without scales. Iberis. Criiciferae 53 Pods oblong-. Petals white, unequal. Filaments with scales. Teesdalia. Pods oblong. Petals equal. Filaments without scales. Hutchinsia. Tribe 8. Lepidieae. Cotyledons straight, incurved or longitudinally folded. Radicle incumbent o . {Flowers white.) Pods many-seeded. Capsella. Pods 2-4-seeded. Lepidium. Tribe 9. ^m(://;/^(^;'/'m^(Angustiseptaediplecolobae). Cotyledons induplicate. Radicle incumbent. Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Coronopus. C. Nucamentaceae. Pods indehiscent, i -celled, I -seeded. Tribe 10. Isatideae (Nucamentaceae notorhizae). Radicle incumbent o 1 1 . Only British genus : ©Isatis. D. Lomentaceae. Fruit with transverse dissepi- ments, separating into i -seeded joints. Tribe 11. Cakilineae (Lomentaceae pleurorhizae O =). Radicle accumbent. Cotyledons flat. Pods compressed, of two dissimilar joints. Only genus : Cakile. Tribe 12. Raphaneae (Lomentaceae orthoplocae o > >). Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons longitudinally folded. Pods of a lower slender seedless and an upper globose i-seeded joint. Crambe. Pods elongate, of 2-several similar joints. Raphanus. Suborder 3. Resedineae. Flozvers spiro-cyclic, heterochlamydeous. 54 Resedaceae, Droseraceae Fam. 3. Resedaceae. Herbs with spiral leaves. Flowers in racemes, spiro-cyclic, hermaphrodite, zygo- morphic. Flower-axis passing into a short gynophore which expands below the stamens into an eccentric or semilunar disc. K 4-8. C 0-8. A 3-10. G (2-6). Ovary i-locular, open above. Ovules usually many on parietal placentae. Fruit usually a coriaceous capsule open at the top. No endosperm. Embryo curved. Only British genus : Reseda. Order 12. Sarraceniales. Herbs with spiral leaves adapted to insect catching. Flowers spiro-cyclic to cyclic, homo- or heterochlamydeous, hypogynous, actinomorphic. Carpels (3-5) with parietal or axile placentation and 00 ovules. Seeds minute with endo- sperm. Fam. Droseraceae. Herbs, mostly without main root. Leaves stipulate, spiral, often rosulate ; with digestive glands and irritable hairs or tentacles. Flowers cyclic, heterochlamydeous, hermaphrodite, actinomor- phic. K 5-4. C 5-4. A 5-4-00. G (5-3). Styles 5-3, rarely i. Ovary i-locular with 00-3 parietal or basal ovules. Capsule mostly i -celled, loculicidal. Seeds 00 -3 with endosperm. Embryo minute. Only British genus : Drosera. 7. Apocarpy ajtd Hypogyiiy still occur but Perigyny becomes more frequent. By si7iking of the Gy?taecium into the hollow flower-axis Syncarpy and Epigynous i?isertion of the periatith and stamens also takes place. (For /3 see page 48, for S see page 61.) Order 13. Rosales. Flowers cyclic, rarely spiro- cyclic {Rosaceae — Rosoideae), usually heterochlamy- deous and actinomorphic. Carpels often free. Placefitae Crassulaceae, Saxifragaceae 55 sometimes thickened, usually with 00 ovules. — Most of the families of this order are very difficult to demarcate. Suborder i. Saxifragineae. Carpels as many as petals or fewer. Endosperm mostly copious (scanty in Crassulaceae). Fam. I. Crassulaceae. Mostly succulent herbs. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers cyclic, heterochlamydeous, 3-30-merous, haplo- or obdiplostemonous, mostly her- maphrodite and actinomorphic. Petals free or united. Carpels usually isomerous, free or slightly coherent, with glandular scales at base. Ovules mostly 2-seriate on the ventral suture. Fruit of follicles. Seeds small oblong with scanty endosperm. A. Obdiplostemonous. * Petals free. Leaves scattered or 2-3 in a whorl. Flowers 4-5- merous. Sedum. Leaves rosulate. Flowers 6-20-merous. *Sempervivum. ** Corolla tubular, 5-lobed. Cotyledon. B. Haplostemonous. Leaves opposite. Flowers 3-5-merous. Crassula (including Tillaea). Fam. 2. Saxifragaceae. Mostly herbs. Leaves usually spiral. Stiptdes absent or present as outgrowths from the leaf-sheath. Flowers cyclic, usually hetero- chlamydeous and 5-merous (but Carpels mostly oligo- merous), hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Floiver-axis convex, flat, or concave, in the latter case usually united by its whole length to the carpels. Stamens usually 56 Platanaceae obdiplostemonous, but sometimes haplostemonous, more rarely co . Carpels seldom free and as many as petals, mostly fewer, often two. Styles mostly free. Ovary 2-1 -loc with swollen placentae bearing oo ovules in several rows. Seeds minute with copious endosperm and small embryo. Subfamily i. Saxifragoideae. Herbs with spiral leaves. Flowers mostly 5-merous. Carpels 2, rarely 3-4, free or united below. Ovules with two integuments. Tribe i. Saxifrageae. Carpels rarely free, but styles always free. Flowers 5-merous with corolla. Placentation axile. Saxifraga. Flowers 4-merous with no corolla. Placentation parietal. Chrysosplenium. Tribe 2. Parnassieae. Carpels (3-4) forming syn- carpous gynaecium. Style short or absent. Parnassia. Subfamily 2. Ribesoideae. Shrubs with simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers in racemes. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, i-loc, with parietal placentae. Fruit a berry. Only genus : Ribes. Suborder 2. ROSINEAE. Carpels 00 -i. Ovules with. two integuments. Endosperm scant}^ or absent. Fam. 3. Platanaceae. Trees with bark separating in large scales. Leaves spiral, 3-5-lobed, with large connate stipides. Flowers in globose heads, diclinous, cyclic, heterochlamydeous, actinomorphic, 3-8-merous, typically isomerous with four alternating whorls but Rosaceae 57 disturbances of this arrangement by abortion occur. Stamens with short filaments and clavate anthers with peltate prolongation of connective. Carpels free with 1-2 almost orthotropous ovules with two integuments. Fruit a caryopsis. Endosperm scant)-. *Platanus. Fam. 4. Rosaceae. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves spiral. Stipules sometimes adnate to petiole, rarely absent. Flozvers cyclic, usually heterochlamy- deous, actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic. Flower-axis flat, dish- or cup-shaped : sometimes convex in the middle. Sepals^ petals and staj?iens on the edge of the axis, perigynous or epigynous. Petals often orbicular and concave. Stamens mostly 2-4 times as many as sepals, or 00 , rarely 1-5, bent inwards in bud. Cajpels as many as sepals or 2-3 times as many or 00 , rarely 1-4, free or united with the inner wall of the flower-axis, i-locular with usually two anatropous ovules. Styles apical or on ventral side of carpels. Fruit follicular or indehiscent, or drupaceous or a false fruit by union of carpels with flower-axis. Endosperm scanty or absent. Cotyledo7is mostly fleshy, plano-convex. Subfamily ^Spiraeoideae. Filaments narrowed up- wards from broad base. Carpels 12-1 whorled, rarely sunk into flower-axis or on gynophore. Ovules 00 -2. Fruit usually of follicles. * Tribe Spiraeeae, Shrubs rarely herbs. Seeds not winged. *Spiraeat. t The plants often known in Britain as S. Ulmaria and S. Filipendula belong more properly to the genus Ulmaria, subfamily Rosoideae, tribe Ulmarieae. 58 Rosaceae Subfamily Pomoideae, Stipules distinct. Carpels 5-2, united with the inner wall of the hollow flower-axis, usually syncarpous (i.e. united to each other). False fruit formed of carpels + axis + lower part of calyx. A. Carpels free on their ventral sides (i.e. the sides to which the styles are attached). Fruit a drupe with 3-5 partially exserted stones. Cotoneaster. B. Carpels united. Inner wall of carpel cartilaginous when ripe. Pirus. Inner wall of ripe carpel hard, fruit hence a drupe. Leaves lobed. Flowers in corymbose cymes. Crataegus. Leaves undivided. Flowers solitary. *Mespilus. Subfamily Rosoideae. Carpels either 00 , on conical gynophore, rarely few not enclosed in axis, or i-oo enclosed in persistent flower-axis : each carpel with 1-2 ovules. Fruit always indehiscent. Tribe I. Potentilleae. Flower-axis fiat Stamens co , narrowed upwards from broad base. Carpels mostly co , on convex gynophore. No epicalyx. Carpels each with two ovules. Fruit drupaceous. Rubus. Epicalyx present. Carpels with one ovule. Fruit dry, indehiscent. Style not persistent. Achenes on large fleshy receptacle. Fragaria. As Fragaria but achenes on small dry receptacle. Potentilla. Epicalyx. Fruit indehiscent with persistent style. Leaves simple. Scape i -flowered. Petals 8-9. Dry as. Leguniinosae 59 Leaves pinnate. Flowers several. Petals 5. Geum. Tribe 2. Ulmarieae. Flower-axis flat or slightly concave. Filaments narrow at base, soon falling. Only genus: Ulmaria. Tribe 3. Sanguisorbeae. Flower-axis pitcher-shaped, enclosing and usually hardening around two or more achenes. Epicalyx of bristles. Petals present. Styles terminal. Agrimonia. Epicalyx of four leaves. No petals. Styles basal or ventral. Alchemilla. Epicalyx and petals both absent. Poterium. Tribe 4. Roseae. Flower-axis tubular, enclosing 00 carpels, becoming soft when ripe. Only genus : Rosa. Subfamily Prunoideae. Carpel i, rarely more. Style terminal. Ovules 2, pendulous. Fruit drupaceous. Only British genus : Prunus. Fam. 5. Leguminosae. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves of spiral stipulate, often compound. Flowers usually in racemes, cyclic, heterochlamydeous, 5-merous, hypogynous, usually hermaphrodite and zygomorphic. Stamens usually 10, 9 or all often united. Carpel mostly solitary with usually co ovules on the ventral suture which is directed backwards. Style terminal. Fruit a pod or lomentum. Endospenn scanty or absent. Subfamily Papilionatae. Roots in symbiosis with Bacillus radicicola. Flowers zygomorphic. Corolla with descending imbrication in bud. 6o Leguminosae Tribe i. Genisteae. Shrubs or herbs with simple or palmate leaves. Leaflets entire. Calyx 2-lipped. All ten stamens usually united. Pod 2-valved. Herbs. Leaves palmate. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod coriaceous with spongy septa. *Lupinus. Shrubs. Leaves i -foliate. Calyx with two short deeply toothed lips. Genista. Shrubs. Mature leaves spinescent or scaly. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, coloured. Ulex. Shrubs. Leaves 1-3-foliate or absent. Calyx with two short minutely toothed lips. Cytisus. Tribe 2. Trifolieae. Herbs. Leaves usually pinnately 3-foliate. Veins of leaflets ending in teeth. Upper stamen usually free. A. All ten stamens united. Keel beaked. Ononis. B. Upper stamen separate. Keel obtuse. a. Corolla deciduous, claws of petals free. I. Flowers in heads, umbels, or short racemes. Pod straight or curved, mostly linear, often beaked. Trigonella. Pod usually spiral, sometimes broadly oval and bent. Medicago. n. Flowers in long racemes. Pods obovoid. Melilotus. b. Corolla usually persistent, claws of all or of four lower petals united to the staminal tube. Trifolium. Tribe 3. Loteae. Herbs. Leaves pinnate with entire leaflets. Upper stamen separate or united. Pod 2-valved without longitudinal septum. Leguni inosae 6 1 Pod enclosed by the calyx. Anthyllis. Pod long, exserted. Lotus. Tribe 4. Astragaleae. Herbs. Leaves pinnate : leaflets entire. Upper stamen usually free. Pod 2-valved with longitudinal septum derived from suture. Keel obtuse. Pod-septum from dorsal suture. Astragalus. Keel beaked or tip incurved. Pod-septum from ventral suture. Oxytropis. Tribe 5. Hedysareae. Upper sta^nen usually separate. Fruit indehiscent, either a lomentum of several i -seeded joints or consisting of only one such joint. Keel obliquely truncate. Fruit 1-2-seeded, not jointed. ©Onobrychis. Keel beaked. Fruit jointed, curved, laterally com- pressed. Hippocrepis. Keel obtuse. Fruit terete, many-jointed. Ornithopus. Keel beaked. Fruit terete or 4-angled, jointed. *Coronilla. Tribe 6. Vicieae. Mostly herbs. Leaves pinnate with no terminal leaflet but instead a tendril or point. Cotyledons thick. Style filiform, hairy below or all round. Vicia. Style flat, hairy above. Lathyrus. h. The flowers have predomijiantly ^ or \ whorls. Apocarpy and Isomery still occur, but Syticarpy and Oligomcry of the Gyn- aecium preponderate. Pleioniery of Gynaecium rare. (For y see page 54.) Order 14. Geraniales. Herbs (the British species). Flowers cyclic, heterochlamydeous, usually 5-merous. 62 Geraniaceae Carpels (5-2) often separating from each other when ripe. Ovules usually 2-1, more rarely 00, anatropous, pendulous, with ventral raphe and micropyle directed upwards, or, when more than one ovule is present, single ones sometimes occur with dorsal raphe and micropyle directed downwards. Suborder i. Geraniineae. Flowers heterochlamy- deous, mostly actinomorphic. Usually obdiplostemonous (i.e. stamens twice as many as petals, and carpels when isomerous opposite petals). Haplostemony more rarely, or individual stamens may abort in zygomorphic flowers. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels isomerous or oligomerous. Ovules with two integuments. Fam. I. Geraniaceae. Herbs with lobed or divided, often stipulate leaves. Flowers 5-merous, actino- morphic. No real disc present. Petals imbricate or convolute in bud. Stamens 10, sometimes only five fertile. Carpels usually 5, each with 1-2 ovules. Capsnle splitting into five beaked mericarps. Seeds with endo- sperm. Tribe i. Geranieae. Mericarps separating by means of elastic awns. Fertile stamens 10. Styles glabrous within, twisting in flat spiral after dehiscence. Geraniumf . Fertile stamens 5. Styles silky within, twisting in helicoid spiral after dehiscence. Erodium. t The so-called Geraniu?ns of cultivation belong to the South African genus Pelargonium, which differs from the other Geranieae in having a sepaline spur which is adnate to the pedicel and best seen in section. The flowers are slightly zygomorphic. The fruit resembles that of Erodium, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Polygalaceae 63 Fam. 2. OXALIDACEAE. Perennial herbs. Leaves often ternate, showing- sleep-movements. Flowers 5- merous. No real disc. Stamens 10, united below. Carpels isomerous. Fruit a capsule or berry, loculicidal if dehiscent. Endospenn fleshy. Only British genus : Oxalis. Fam. 3. LiNACEAE. Herbs with simple, entire leaves. Flowers 4-5-merous, actinomorphic. Petals often convolute in bud. No real disc. Stamens 5-20, united in a ring below. Gynaecinm quite syncarpous. Ovary often with extra, imperfect dissepiments from dorsal sutures. Fruit a capsule or drupe. Tnht Eidineae. Stamens in one whorl. Frnit a capsule. Flowers 5-merous. Sepals entire. Linum. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals with 2-3 teeth. Radiola. Suborder 2. POLYGALINEAE. /^/^z£'^;'^ actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Stamens in two whorls. Anthers opening by pores. Carpels (2), median. Fam. 4. Polygalaceae. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers 5-merous, zygomorphic. Sepals 5, of which two are petaloid and wing-like. Petals by abortion only 3. Stamens 8. Carpels with one rarely with 2-4 ovules. Fruit a capsule or drupe. Only British genus : Polygala. Suborder 3. Tricoccae. Flowers actinomorphic, diclinous, often very reduced. Carpels usually (3). Seed mostly with caruncle. Fam. 5. Euphorbiaceae. Herbs, shrubs or trees, often with latex. Leaves usually spiral, often stipulate. Inflorescence mostly compound. Stamens as many as 64 Etiphorbiaceae, Callitrichaceae sepals or twice as many or co or i. Carpels usually (3). Fnut usually a capsule splitting into three mericarps. Endospeinn copious. Subfamily Crotonoideae, Each carpel with one ovule. Tribe i. Acalypheae. Latex absent. Calyx valvate. Flowers racemose. ^ usually without corolla. Only British genus : Mercurialis. Tribe 2. Eitphorbieae. Latex present. Flowers in cyathia\. ^ without corolla and usually without calyx, and with only one stamen. Only British genus : Euphorbia. Suborder 4. Callitrichineae. Characters of the family. (Systematic position doubtful. Possible affini- ties with Verbenaceae.) Fam. 6. Callitrichaceae. Slender glabrous herbs, often submerged. Leaves opposite entire, upper often rosulate and floating. Flowers monoecious, naked, often with two falcate bracteoles. ^ of one terminal stamen. J of two transverse carpels. A longitudinal septum makes ovary 4-I0C. Fruit of four drupaceous mericarps. Seeds with endosperm. Only genus : Callitriche. Order 15. Sapindales. Mostly woody plants. (Impatiens is the only British herbaceous genus.) Characters of Geraniales but ovules in the reverse position, either pendulous with dorsal raphe and micro- pyle directed upwards, or ascending with ventral raphe and micropyle directed downwards. + A Cyathium is a condensed cymose inflorescence resembling a single flower. Buxaceae, Celastraceae 65 Suborder i. BuxiNEAE. Flowers haplochlamy- deous. Ovules with two integuments. Fam. I. BUXACEAE. Woody plants. Leaves tnt'wQ, evergreen, exstipulate. Floivers diclinous, sometimes with rudiments of the aborted sporophylls, actino- morphic. Stamens 4-00 . Carpels usually (3) each with 2-1 ovules. Styles separate. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or drupe. Seeds with endosperm. Only British genus (leaves opposite) : Buxus. Suborder 2. Empetrineae. Floivers heterochlamy- deous. Each carpel with one ascending ovule with one integument. Carpels not separating when ripe. Fam. 2. Empetraceae. Ericoid shrubs with linear exstipulate leaves deeply furrowed beneath. Flowers diclinous with rudiments of the aborted sporophylls, actinomorphic. K, C and A 2-3. G (2-9). Fruit a drupe. Only British genus (leaves spiral, stamens 3) : Empetrum. Suborder 3. Celastrineae. i^/tT\\h^m and Hooker. JO Elatinaceae, Tamaricaceae Suborder 2. Tamaricineae. Stamens in whorls or if 00 in bundles. Gynaecmm free on flat flower-axis. Endosperm starchy or absent. Fam. 2. Elatinaceae. Usually small plants growing in wet places and rooting at the nodes. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers small, cyclic, 2-5-merous. Sepals and petals each 2-5, imbricate. Stamens in one or two whorls. Ovary 2-5 -loc with 00 axile ovules with two integuments. Styles as many as loculi, free. Capside septicidal. Only British genus (leaves spathulate) : Elatine. Fam. 3. Frankeniaceae. Usually small shrubs. Stems jointed at the nodes. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx gamosepalous. Petals free, with ligular appendages. Stamens 4-co . Carpels 4-2 with 00 ascending ovules on parietal placentae. Style slender. Stigma 2-5-lobed. Capsule dehiscing between placentae. Seeds with endosperm. Only British genus (petals 5, usually with appen- dages) : Frankenia. *Fam. 4. Tamaricaceae. Herbs or shrubs with minute alternate, entire leaves. Flowers mostly 4-5- merous. Stamens as many as petals or twice as many or 00 in groups. Carpels (5-2). Ovary usually i-loc with 00 basal or parietal ovules. Fmit a capsule. Seeds hairy. Tribe Tamarzceae. Flowers racemose. Seeds with apical tuft of hairs. Only British genus (stamens free) : *Tamarix. Suborder 3. CiSTINEAE. StameJis go , not in bundles. Gynaecium free on flat or convex axis. Endosperm with starch. Cistaceae, Violaceae j \ Fam. 5. CiSTACEAE. Herbs and shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite. Stellate and glandular hairs, the latter with essential oils, often present. K 5-3. C 5-3 or o. A co . G (5-10). Ovaiy usually i -celled with parietal placentae with 00 or 2 more or less orthotropous ovules. Capsule dehiscing between placentae. Seeds with endosperm. Only British genus (ovules 00 , capsule 3-valved) : Helianthemum. Suborder 4. FlaCOURTIINEAE. Staviens often 5. Gynaeciiim free on convex or tubular axis, rarely adnate to axis. Endosperm copious containing oil and proteid bodies. Fam. 6. Violaceae. Herbs or shrubs with alter- nate stipulate leaves. Flowers 5-merous (except gynae- cium), actinombrphic or zygomorphic. Petals sometimes united. Stamens 5. Carpels (3) each with i-oo ana- tropous ovules with two integuments on parietal pla- centae. Fruit a loculicidal capsule or berry. Tribe Violeae. Corolla zygomorphic, two ajiterior stamens spurred. Only British genus (flowers solitary in the leaf axils) : Viola. ^. The flowers are cyclic and the sinking of the gynaechim into the hollow flower-axis is general: connation of gynaeciuin and flower-axis predominates. (For e see page 69.) Order 19. Myrtiflorae. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, bundles often bicollateral. Flowers C}'clic, heterochlamy- deous, rarely apopetalous, haplo- or diplostemonous. usually actinomorphic. Flower-axis concave. Gynae- cinni syncarpous and mostly united to axis. Suborder i. Thymelaeineae. Usually shrubs with entire leaves. Flozuer-axis more or less tubular 72 Thymelaeaceae, Lythraceae (except in ^ Elaeagnaceae). Gynaeciiim of 2-4 carpels, free from the flower-axis. Fam. I. Thymelaeaceae. Shrubs or trees with acrid juice and tenacious, reticulate bast. Leaves entire, alternate or opposite, exstipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite, heterochlamydeous or apopetalous, diplo- or haplostemo- nous, 5-4-merous. G usually i with one pendulous ovule. Style i, terminal or lateral. Fniit often a drupe. Subfamily Thymelaeoideae. Flowers diplostemonous or haplostemonous. Petals scale-like or absent. Carpel I with one ovule. Only British genus (filaments and style very short) : Daphne. Fam. 2. Elaeagnaceae. Shrubs or trees with silvery or brown scales. Flower-axis in J^ flowers flat, in $ and ^ flowers tubular. Flowers mostly 4-merous, homochlamydeous. Androechcni diplostemonous in J* flowers ; in ? haplostemonous and with stamens opposite perianth lobes. Carpel i with one basal ovule. Frtdt a nut enclosed in the fleshy axis. Only British genus (sepals 2, stamens 4): Hippophae. Suborder 2. Myrtineae. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves more often opposite. Floiuers with tubular axis and 2-co carpels forming syncarpous gynaecium which is usually united to axis. Ovules with one integument. Fam. 3. Lythraceae. Herbs or shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers heterochlamydeous or apopetalous, usually 4-6-merous, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Flower-axis cup-shaped or tubular. Calyx valvate with intersepalar stipules. Petals on edge of flower-axis, sometimes absent. Stamens Epilobiaceae I J twice as many as sepals or i-co , inserted deeper than the petals. Carpels (2-6) each with co -2 ovules, free from the flower-axis. Ovary 2-6-loc, ovules co , axile. Style I with capitate stigma. Fruit a capsule. Seeds without endosperm. Tribe Lythreae. Septa of ovary imperfect upwards. Flower-axis tubular. Corolla large. Stamens 12. Fruit dehiscent. Lythrum. Flower-axis campanulate. Corolla small or absent. Stamens 6. Fruit indehiscent. Peplis. Fam. 4. Epilobiaceae (Onagraceae). Usually herbs. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate. Flowers heterochlamydeous, usually hermaphrodite and actino- morphic. Flower-axis tubular. K 2-4, P 2-4, rarely absent. A 4-8, sometimes partially staminodal. G usually (4), united to axis, each with co-i ovules. Style I. 5/'/^7;/<^ entire or 4-lobed. /^r//// various, usually with many seeds. Endosperni scanty or absent. Tribe Oenothereae. Ovary quite inferior. Calyx persistent. Petals short or absent. Stamens 4. Capsule short. Ludwigia. Calyx deciduous. Petals 4, pink or purple. Stamens 8. Capsule long. Seeds with hairs. Epilobium. Calyx deciduous. Petals 4 (yellow in Brit. sp.). Capsule long. Seeds with membranous margin. *Oenothera. Calyx deciduous. Petals 2, white. Stamens 2. P>uit dry, indehiscent. Circaea. Shrubs. Flowers pendulous. Calyx petaloid. Fruit a berry. *Fuchsia. 74 Halorrhagaceae, Araliaceae Fam. 5. Halorrhagaceae. Herbs of very diverse habit. Flowers small, heterochlamydeous, or often apo- petalous. Stamens twice as many as sepals or fewer. Anthers long, 4-angled. Carpels usually (4) united to the tubular axis, each with one pendulous ovule. Styles separate. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with endosperm. Subfamily i. Halorrhagoideae. Petals 2-4 or o. Carpels (2-4) each with one ovule. Only British genus (leaves whorled, deeply pin- natifid. Petals 2-4) : Myriophyllum. Suborder 3. HiPPURIDINEAE. Flowers epigynous. Stamen i. One carpel with one ovule without integu- ment. Fam. 6. HiPPURlDACEAE. Aquatic herbs. Leaves linear, in whorls. Flowers minute, axillary, naked. Carpel I with one undivided style, stigmatic throughout its length. Only genus (stems simple, erect) : Hippuris. Order 20. Umbellales (Umbelliflorae). Flowers mostly in umbels, cyclic, heterochlamydeous, usually haplostemonous, epigynous, 4-5-merous. Carpels (5-1), each carpel with one (rarely two) pendulous anatropous ovules with one integument. Seeds with copious endo- sperm. Fam. I, Araliaceae. Mostly trees and shrubs, often twining or climbing by aid of roots. Leaves alter- nate, simple or compound, often stipulate. Flowers mostly in umbels or heads, 5-merous. Calyx often with obscure limb. Stame7is usually 5. Carpels (i-oo) each Umbelliferae 7 5 usually with one ovule. Micropylc facing outwards. Fruit a berry or drupe. Tribe Schefflereae. Petals valvate. Endospenn some- times lobulate. Only British genus (leaves simple, endosperm lobulate) : Hedera. Fam. 2. Umbelliferae. Herbs with hollow inter- nodes. Leaves alternate with conspicuous sheath, and usually compound lamina. Flowers in simple or com- pound umbels, 5-merous, haplostemonous. Calyx usually inconspicuous. Petals epigynous, tips often inflexed. Staine7is at base of stylopodium. Anthers versatile. G (2), median. Styles 2 arising from epigynous disc (stylopodiiint). Fruit separating into two inericarps pen- dulous on the carpophore, each mericarp with five primary ridges, i.e. two lateral next to the commissure and three dorsal. Four secondary ridges are sometimes present between the primary. Oil canals {yittae) occur in the grooves between \hQ primary ridges: two or more are present on the commissural face of the mericarp. Seed adherent to pericarp. Endosperm copious. Embryo minute. Subfamily I. Hydrocotyloideae. Leaves often simple (peltate in the only British sp.). Flowers in heads or simple umbels. Fruit with woody fibrous cndocarp. Carpophore undivided. Vittae absent or in the primary ridges : never in the furrows. Tribe I. Hydrocotyleae. /'V?//^ laterally compressed. {Commissure narrow.) Only British genus : Hydrocotyle. 76 Umbelliferae Subfamily 2. Saniculoideae. Leaves various. In- florescence as above. Endocarp soft. Styles long sur- rounded at base by annular stylopodinni. Stigmas capitate. Vittae various. Tribe 2. Sanicideae. Commissnre broad. Leaves palmately divided. Umbels irregularly com- pound. Fruit globose, with hooked bristles. Ridges obscure. Sanicula. Leaves palmate. Umbels simple. Bracts large, coloured. Fruit ovoid. Ridges wrinkled or toothed. *Astrantia. Leaves with spinous teeth. Flowers capitate. Fruit rough, ridges absent. Eryngium. Subfamily 3. Apioideae, Leaves various. Flowers usually in compound umbels. Endocarp soft (there may be layer of stereoni beneath epidermis). Style arising from apex of stylopodium. Vittae at first in the furrows, later variously arranged. A. Haplozygieae. Primary ridges more con- spicuous than the secondary. Vittae usually obvious in the furrows. a. Seed furrowed ventrally by the raphe. Tribe 3. Scandicifieae. Crystal-glands present around carpopJiore. Subtribe I. Scandicinae. /^r//// long-cylindrical and beaked, smooth or with short spines. i. Vittae several in each furrow. Conopodium. ii. Vittae i in each furrow, or absent. Fruit smooth, over 2 cm. long, with prominent obtuse ridges and long beak. Scandix. Unibellifei'ae 7 7 Fruit slightly rough, over 2 cm. long. Ridges vers- acute. Carpophore split to middle. Myrrhis. Fruit rather rough, 5 mm. long. Ridges vanishing upwards. Carpophore undivided or shortly bifid. Chaerophyllum. Fruit smooth, under i cm. long. Beak short, ribbed. Anthriscus. Subtribe 2. Ca?tcalmae. Fruit ovoid, secondary ridges spinous. Only British genus : Caucalis (including Torilis). *Tribe 4. Coriandreae. Crystal-glands absent around caifopJiore. Fruit with woody layers beneath the epidermis. Mericarps coherent. *Coriandrum. Tribe 5. Smyrnieae. No crystal-glands. Fruit ovoid. Commissure narrow. Mericarps separating. One vitta in each furrow; ridges entire, slender. Physospermum. Several vittae in each furrow. Stylopodium flattened. Ridges crenate. Conium. Several vittae in each furrow. Stylopodium conical. Ridges obscure. Smyrnium. /3. Seed flat ventrally. RapJie often projecting towards carpophore. Tribe 6. Ammi?ieae. Dorsal and comniissuj-al primary ridges all alike. Seed semicircular in section. Subtribe i. Cariftae. Ridges not prominent. Co}}i- missure narrow. I. Petals entire, with acute or inflexed tips. \'ittae 1-3 in each furrow. yS Umbelliferae Leaves simple, entire. Flowers yellow. Bupleurum. Leaves compound. Flowers white, dioecious. ^ flowers with narrower petals. Trinia. Leaves compound. Flowers white, hermaphrodite. Apium. 2. Petals 2-lobed. Tip long, inflexed. One vitta in each furrow. Calyx teeth minute or absent. Vittae as long as fruit. Carum. Calyx teeth minute or absent. Vittae only in upper half of fruit. Sison. Calyx teeth leafy, ovate, acute. Vittae long. Cicuta. 3. Petals as i, but vittae usually several in each furrow. Leaves pinnate. Calyx teeth acute. Ridges obtuse. Sium. Leaves twice 3-nate. Calyx teeth absent. Ridges slender. Vittae o. Aegopodium. Calyx teeth absent. Vittae many. Pimpinella. Subtribe 2. Seselinae, Ridges prominent, sometimes winged, lateral ones forming continuation of commissural face of fruit. 1. Fruit almost cylindrical. Ridges not thickened or corky. Calyx teeth minute. Petals white, notched. Seseli. Calyx teeth o. Petals yellow, entire. Foeniculum. 2. Fruit as above. Primary ridges acute; outer coat of pericarp loose, corky. Crithmum. 3. Fruit as above. Primary ridges thick, lateral ridges forming a corky rim round the carpel. Umbelliferae 79 Bracteoles short, whorled. Oenanthe. Bracteoles long, unilateral. Aethusa. 4. Fruit as above, lateral ridges thickened or winged. Silaus. 5. Fruit dorsally compressed. Primary ridges broad, thick. Seed grooved ventrally, vittae several. Meum. Seed flat or slightly concave ventrally, vittae many or obscure. Ligusticum. Seed biconvex : one vitta in each of the dorsal furrows. Selinum. Tribe 7. Peucedaneae. Lateral ridges winged, much broader than the three dorsal ridges which are often only feebly developed. Seed narrow in section. Subtribe i . A ngeliciiiae. Lateral ridges of opposite carpels not appressed but gaping. Only British genus : Angelica (including *Archangelica). Subtribe 2. Ferulinae. Lateral ridges appressed, forming a wing round the fruit. Only British genus : Peucedanum. Subtribe 3. Tordyliinae, As Ferulinae but wing hardened. Vittae clavate. Margins of wing thin. Heracleum. Vittae slender. Margins of wing thick. Tordylium. B. Diplozygieae. Secondary ridges as large as or larger than the primary. Tribe 8. Danceae. Secondary ridges spinous. Daucus. 8o Cornaceae, Pirolaceae Fam. 3. Cornaceae. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or spiral, usually entire, exstipulate. Flowers small, in cymes, umbels, or heads, 4-5-merous, mostly haplostemonous. Carpels (4-1) with an epigynous disc, each carpel with one ovule. Micropyle facing outwards or inwards. Style i. Fruit a drupe or berry. Subfamily Cornoideae. Ovary inferior. Raphe dorsal. Only British genus (leaves opposite. Petals 4, val- vate) : Cornus. Subclass 2. METACHLAMYDEAE (Sympe- talae). Perianth in advanced stage of development, always originally double, and the inner whorl gamo- petalous. Polypetalous forms occur but they are closely related to gamopetalous forms. A. Polypetaly, as well as sympetaly, occurs. Two whorls or one whorl of stamens. Hypogyny predominates, but epigyny also occurs. (For B see page 85.) Order i. Ericales. Shrubs and herbs, rarely trees, with simple leaves. Flowers 4-5-merous, obdiplostemo- nous, or the antipetalous whorl of stamens not developed. Petals free or united. Stamens hypogynous or epigy- nous, more rarely united at base with the petals. Carpels (2-00 ), when isomerous opposite petals. Ovary superior or inferior. Ovules with one integument. Fam. I. Pirolaceae. Evergreen or colourless perennial herbs with spiral leaves. Flowers solitary or racemose, 5-4-merous, obdiplostemonous. Petals free or united. Stainens hypogynous. Carpels (5-4) each with 00 minute ovules on fleshy placentae. Capsule Ericaceae 8 1 loculicidal. Seeds with loose testa and fleshy endosperm. Embryo of few cells without cotyledons. Subfamily i. Piroloideae. Anthers recurved before flowering, then erect, opening by two pores. Pollen in tetrads. Only British genus (herbs with broad evergreen leaves): Pirola (including Moneses). Subfamily 2. Monotropoideae. Anthers always erect at the apex of the filament, opening by slits. Pollen simple. Tribe Monotropeae. Ovary 4-5-loc below, i-loc above. Only British genus (colourless root-parasites): Monotropa. Fam. 2. Ericaceae. Usually low shrubs. Leaves mostly evergreen. Flowers solitary or racemose, 5-4- merous, obdiplostemonous. Corolla usually sympetalous. Stamens on the edge of a hypogynous or epigynous disc. Anther-thecae free, tubular, often spreading above and with basal or dorsal appendages. Pollen in tetrads. Gynaecium syncarpous. Ovules i-oo in each carpel on di^W^ placentae. Style i, stigma capitate. Fruit various. Seeds with loose testa and copious efidosperm. Embryo often very short. A. Septicidal capsule. Petals {vqq or \m\\.td. Anthers without appendages. Testa loose, often winged. Subfamily i. Rhododendroideae. As above. Puds scaly. 82 Ericaceae *Tribe I. Ledeae. Flowers actinomorphic. Petals free. Seeds with long wings. (Petals 5, spreading.) *Ledum. *Tribe 2. Rhododendreae. Corolla sympetalous, often weakly zygomorphic. Seeds surrounded by broad wing. (Stamens exserted.) *Rhododendron (including *Azalea). Tribe 3. Phyllodoceae. Petals usually united. Seeds globose or 3-angled, not winged. Embryo cylindrical. Corolla campanulate. Stamens 5. Anthers opening by slits. Capsule 2-3-valved. Loiseluria. Corolla urceolate. Stamens 10. Anthers opening by pores. Capsule 5-valved. Phyllodoce. Corolla urceolate. Stamens 8. Anthers opening by pores. Capsule 4-valved. Dabeocia. B. Berry, drupe or locidicidal capsule. Petals united, deciduous. Anthers appendaged or prolonged into tubes. Subfamily 2. Ai^buloideae. Ovary superior. Tribe 4. Andromedeae. Buds scaly. Capsule locu- licidal. Only British genus (Corolla pitcher-shaped) : Andromeda. Tribe 5. Arbuteae. Buds naked. Berry or drupe. Anthers with two long reflexed appendages. Berry many-seeded with firm endocarp. Arbutus. Drupe with several i -seeded stones. Arctostaphylos. Subfamily 3. Vaccinioideae. Ovary inferior. Tribe 6. Vaccinieae. Petals united. Stamens epi- gynous. Ovary sharply demarcated from peduncle. Only British genus (Filaments straight, Fruit a berry): Vaccinium (including Oxycoccos). Priiiiulaceae 83 C. Capsule. Petals united, persistent, scarious. Anther-thecae opening by pores above. Appendage usually on back of connective. Subfamily 4. Ericoideae. Tribe 7. Ericeae. Buds naked. Leaves small. Carpels with many ovules. Capsule many-seeded. Calyx small, green. Corolla with four lobes. Capsule loculicidal. Erica. Calyx sepaloid, exceeding corolla. Corolla deeply divided. Capsule septicidal. Calluna. Order 2. Primulales. Floivers 5 (rarely 4-8)- merous, usually actinomorphic. Corolla nearly always gamopetalous. Stamens in one whorl, inserted on corolla opposite the lobes {ajitipetalous). Ovary i-loc with 00 -I ovules which have two integmne7its on free central or basal placenta. Fam. Primulaceae. Mostly perennial herbs. Leaves usually spiral, exstipulate. Stamens opposite corolla lobes. Ovary usually superior with 00 whorled or spirally arranged ovules on a free central placenta. Style I. Capsule with usually many-angled and facetted seeds sunk in cavities on the placenta. Tribe i. Androsaceae. Corolla imbricate or quin- cuncial in bud, lobes eventually erect or spreading, never reflexed (in British genera). Subtribe i. Primulinae. Land plants. Corolla lobes entire or bifid. Capsule with valves. Only British genus (Leaves broad. Flowers con- spicuous. Corolla-tube long) : Primula. 6—2 84 Primulaceae Subtribe 2. Hottoniinae. Water plants. Corolla lobes entire. Capsule with valves. Only genus (Leaves all submerged, pinnately divided): Hottonia. *Tribe 2. Cyclamineae. Rootstock often tuberous. Corolla lobes reflexed. Only British genus (Scapes i -flowered) : *Cyclamen. Tribe 3. Lysimachieae. Corolla tube short. Lobes twisted in bud, never reflexed. Subtribe I. Lysimachiinae. Capsule with valves. Leaves subrosulate towards top of scape. Corolla white, lobes 5-9. Trientalis. Leaves spiral, opposite or whorled. Corolla yellow, lobes 5. Lysimachia. Subtribe 2. Anagallidinae, Capsule opening by lid. Corolla absent. Calyx campanulate, coloured. Glaux. Corolla shorter than calyx. Filaments glabrous. Centunculus. Corolla longer than calyx. Filaments villous. Anagallis. Tribe 4. Samoleae. Corolla quincuncial in bud. Ovary half inferior. Only genus (Bracts displaced on to the pedicels) : Samolus. Order 3. Plumbaginales. Corolla polypetalous or gamopetalous. Stamejis in one whorl opposite the petals. Gynaecium (5). Styles 5 or style 5 -fid. Ovary i-loc with one basal anatropous ovule with long funicle and two integuments. (Perhaps connected with Ce7itro- spermae.) Plumbaginaceae, Oleaceae 85 Fam. Plumbaginaceae. Often maritime herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves entire, spiral, often radical. Inflorescefice mostly compound. Flowers with bracts and bracteoles. Calyx often scarious and coloured. Petals free or united. Fruit enclosed in calyx. Tribe Staticeae. Inflorescence compounded of cin- cinni. Stamens united to the corolla. Styles united only at base. Cymes very dense. Styles hairy. Armeria. Cymes lax. Styles glabrous. Statice. B. Sympetaly dominant. Stamens always in one whorl. Union of Carpels sometimes imperfect. Hypogyny usual. (For A see p. 80, for C see p. 87.) Order 4. Contortae. Shrubs and herbs, rarely trees. Leaves usually opposite, entire and exstipulate. Flozvers mostly 5-merous, more rarely 2-6-merous, mostly sympetalous. Corolla usually twisted in bud. Stamens usually isomerous (two in Oleaceae) and inserted on the corolla^ rarely hypogynous. Carpels 2, sometimes free below. Suborder i. Oleineae. Stamens 2. Ovules with one integument. Fam. I. Oleaceae. Woody plants, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple or pinnate. Flowers racemose or cymose, 2-6- merous, mostly sympetalous, more rarely with free petals or apopetalous, hermaphrodite or diclinous. Corolla 4, 5, or 6, free or united. Stamens 2, filaments short. Carpels (2), each carpel with usually two anatropous ovules. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe. 86 Gentianaceae Subfamily Oleoideae. Ovules pendulous from apex of locuH. Tribe i. Fraxineae. Petals free or united only at base, sometimes absent. Fncit winged. Only British genus (Fruit-wing distally produced) : Fraxinus. *Tribe 2. Syringeae. Corolla sympetalous. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with winged seeds. *Syringa. Tribe 3. Oleeae. Petals 4, free or united. Fruit a berry or drupe, mostly i -seeded. Only British genus : Ligustrum. Suborder 2. GENTIAN INEAE. Stamens as many as petals. Ovary superior, 1-2-loc with 00 ovules which have one integument on parietal or Sl^Wq placentae. Fam. 2. Gentianaceae. Annual or perennial, usually glabrous, bitter herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipulate. Flowers cymose, usually 4-5-merous, sympetalous, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic. Sepals free or united. Corolla mostly twisted in bud. Stamens as many as petals, inserted on the corolla. Carpels (2) with usually 00 ovules. Ovary mostly i-loc with parietal placentae. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Subfamily i. Gentianoideae, Leaves opposite. Corolla convolute or imbricate in bud. Pollen grains not compressed. Tribe i. Chironieae. Style slender. Placentae pro- jecting. Leaves connate. Corolla large, rotate. Stamens 6-8. Blackstonia (= Chlora auct.). Apocynaceae 87 Corolla minute, funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigma peltate. Microcala. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4. Stigmas with two lamellae. Cicendia. Corolla funnel-shaped, persistent. Stamens 5. An- thers twisted. Centaurium. Tribe 2. Swertieae. Style short. Placentae not projecting. Only British genus (Corolla subclavate) : Gentiana. Subfamily 2. Menyanthoideae. Leaves alternate. Corolla induplicate valvate. Pollen grains compressed. Leaves 3-foliate. Corolla funnel-shaped. Menyanthes. Leaves orbicular, floating. Corolla rotate. Villarsia. Fam. 3. Apocynaceae. Shrubs or trees, rarely entirely herbaceous, often climbing. Latex present. Leaves opposite, quite entire. Corolla usually twisted in bud. Stamens 4-5, anthers basifixed. Carpels usually 2, free below. Styles united, ending in discoid or globose head which bears the stigmas. Fruit various. Subfamily Plumerioideae. Stamens quite free or loosely attached to stigmatiferous head. Thecae mostly without appendages. Seeds usually without tuft of hairs. Tribe Plumerieae. Carpels 2, free below the style. Only British genus (disc of 2 scales, filaments clavate) : Vinca. C. Sympetaly constant. Only one whorl of stamens present. Carpels usually 2, always perfectly united. Zygomorphy frequent. iVor B see page 85.) a. Perianth hypogynous. (For b see page 98.) 88 Convolvulaceae, Polemoniaceae Order 5. Tubiflorae. Mostly herbs. Flowers typically with four isomerous whorls, but the gynaecium usually shows reduction. When zygomorphic the androecium too shows reduction. Stamens epipetalous. Ovules with one integument. Suborder i. CONVOLVULINEAE. Leaves mostly spiral. Flowers usually actinomorphic. Carpels with few, often only two, ovules, micropile facing downwards. Fruit seldom separating into nutlets (never in British genera). Fam. I. Convolvulaceae. Often left-handed twiners. Flowers often conspicuous, 5-4-merous. Co7'olla mostly induplicate valvate in bud. Stamens inserted at base of corolla-tube. Carpels (2), each with two basal erect ovules. Styles separate or united. Fruit usually capsular. Subfamily i. Convolvuloideae . Autotrophic, with green foliage leaves. Corolla without scales. Tribe Convolvuleae. Style i. Capside dehiscent, 4-seeded. Bracteoles small. Stigma slender. Convolvulus. Bracteoles large, enclosing calyx. Stigma broad. Calystegia. Subfamily 2. Cuscutoideae. Leafless parasites. Corolla usually with ring of scales beneath the stamens. Only genus : Cuscuta. Fam. 2. Polemoniaceae. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves spiral, exstipulate, sometimes pinnate. Flowers 5-merous, usually actinomorphic. Corolla usually twisted to right in bud. Ca7pels (3), each with usually 00 ovides. Style I, trifid. Capside mostly loculicidal. Borraginaceae 89 Subfamily Polemonioideae. Herbs. Embryo green, with ovate or linear cotyledons. Tribe Polemonieae. Flozvers actinomorphic. Only British genus (Leaves pinnate. Corolla almost rotate) : Polemonium. Suborder 2. BORRAGININEAE. As Convolvulineae, but micropile facing upwards. Fruit often separating into mitlets. Fam. 3. Borraginaceae. Mostly hispid herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Floivers in cincinni, 5- merous, mostly zygomorphic. Corolla often with Jiollow folds opposite the lobes. Stamens with short filaments and often subulate anthers. Carpels (2), each with two anatropous ovides. Ovary usually 4-loc by false septa, 4-lobed. Style i, arising from between the lobes. Stigma simple or bifid. Frint usually dividing into four nutlets. Subfamily Borraginoideae. Ovary deeply lobed. Fruit of four or fewer i -seeded nutlets. Endosperm absent. Tribe i. Cynoglosseae. Nutlets inserted by broad ventral surfaces on to conical axis, their tips not pro- jecting beyond point of attachment. Corolla rotate. Nutlets glabrous with inrollcd borders. *Omphalodes. Corolla funnel-shaped. Nutlets with hooked bristles. Cynoglossum. ♦Tribe 2. Eritrichieae. Tips of nutlets projecting beyond narrow point of insertion. Axis conical. 90 Borraginaceae Calyx with alternating teeth. Nutlets tubercled. *Asperugo. Calyx without alternating teeth. Nutlets with bristly rim. *Lappula. Tribe 3. Anchuseae. Axis nearly flat. Nutlets with concave surface of insertion which is often surrounded by a ring. a. Corolla with hollow scales. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed, hollow scales linear, anthers included, without appendages. Symphytum. Corolla rotate, hollow scales short. Filaments with dorsal appendages. Anthers exserted, conniving to form a cone. Borrago. Corolla salver-shaped, hollow scales short. Stamens included, with no appendages. Anchusa (including Lycopsis). b. Corolla without hollow scales. Pulmonaria. Tribe 4. Lithospermeae. Nutlets erect with small flat surface of insertion. No calyx-tube. Corolla imbricate in bud. Stamens included. Nutlets stony. Lithospermum. Calyx-tube short. Corolla imbricate in bud. Sta- mens protruding. Nutlets soft. Mertensia. Calyx-tube long. Corolla twisted in bud. Nutlets smooth. Myosotis. Tribe 5. Echieae. Flowers zygomorphic. Corolla usually without scales. Only genus (Calyx regular) : Echium. Suborder 3. Verbenineae. Z^^z/^.s- mostly opposite or whorled. Flowers mostly zygomorphic. Each carpel Verbenaceae, Labial ae 91 with two ovules, rarely with only one. Fruit often of nutlets. Fam. 4. Verbenaceae. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers mostly zygomorphic. Calyx tubular. Corolla often with curved tube and 2-lipped limb. Stamens mostly 4, didynamous. Carpels mostly (2), each with two ovules', micropyle facing downwards. Ovary usually ultimately 4-loc. Style terminal, simple. Fruit mostly drupaceous (nut- lets in British species). Tribe Verbeneae. Mostly herbs. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Loculi of ovary divided or not. No eyido- sperm. Only British genus : Verbena. Fam. 5. Labiatae. Aromatic herbs and shrubs. Leaves and branches opposite or whorled. Flowers usually zygomorphic, in cymes often forming false ivhorls. K 5. C 5, limb often 2-lipped. A 4, didy- namous, or two stamens and two staminodes, or two stamens and no staminodes, 5th stamen rarely repre- sented by staminode. G (2), each with two erect anatropous ovules. The carpels are folded in between the ovides. Fruit dividing into four nutlets, or fewer by abortion. Subfamily I. Ajugoideae. Calyx-tube \o-\\-x\h\>^^. Corolla I or 2-lipped, rarely almost actinomorphic. Stamens 4, rarely 2. Ovary usually shortly divided, or to one-third its length. Nutlets obovoid with dry pericarp. Endosperm very scanty. Embryo straight. Tribe i. Ajugeae. Calyx lo-ribbed. Corolla either almost actinomorphic or (as in British genera) with ver)- 92 Labiatae short upper lip and lower lip reflexed. Stamens 4 or 2. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets warty or reticulate. Corolla persistent, with ring of hairs within. Upper lip 2-lobed. Ajuga. Corolla deciduous, without ring of hairs. Upper lip absent. Teucrium. Subfamily 2. Scutellarioideae, Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, with helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens \. Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets more or less globular, with dry pericarp, attached by small basal insertion to gynophore- like torus. 5^^<3? transverse. Endosperm d^Q'^^nX. Embryo bent. (Calyx-tube dilated above to form hollow pouch.) Scutellaria. Subfamily 3. Stachydoideae. Calyx-tube with 5-15 ribs. Corolla almost actinomorphic or markedly zygomorphic. Stamens 4 or 2. Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, obovoid or tetrahedric, with dry pericarp and small basal attachment. Seed straight. Embryo straight. Tribe 2. Marrubieae. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-10-toothed. Corolla usually hidden by calyx. Stamens and style included. Only British genus: Marrubium. Tribe 3. Nepeteae. Calyx 1$ -ribbed. Corolla 2-\ipped. Stamens 4, posterior (inner) pair longer or alone present. Only British genus : Nepeta. Tribe 4. Stachyeae. Calyx 5-10-ribbed. Upper lip of corolla concave. Stamens 4, parallel, ascending under the upper lip, anterior {outer) pair longer. Labiatae o^ Subtribe i. Briinelliiiae. Calyx 2-Hpped. Lips closing together in fruit. Upper lip of corolla concave. Only British genus : Brunella. Subtribe 2. Melittiiiae. Calyx broadly campanulate not closing in fruit. Corolla-ttibe dilated throughout. Only British genus : Melittis. Subtribe 3. Lainimae. Calyx tubular not closing in fruit. Corolla-tube not dilated below. A. Anther-thecae transverse during dehiscence. Corolla with hollow scales on palate. Galeopsis. B. Dehiscing anther-thecae vertical or oblique. 1. Nutlets sharply 3-angular with obtuse apex. Leaves serrate. Calyx teeth not spinous. Throat of corolla dilated. Lamium. Leaves incised. Calyx teeth spinous. Throat of corolla not dilated. *Leonurus. 2. Nutlets ovoid with rounded apex. Calyx funnel-shaped, teeth dilated at base or united to form a ring. Ballota. Calyx tubular or campanulate, teeth 3-angular, not dilated or united. Stachys. Tribe 5. Salvieae. Calyx campanulate or tubular. Corolla with helmet-shaped or sickle-shaped upper lip. Stamens 2 (the anterior pair). Connective linear, bearing one fertile theca. Only British genus : Salvia. Tribe 6. Satiireieae. Calyx with five equal teeth or 2-lipped. Corolla with flat lobes, almost actinomorphic or 2-lipped. Stamens 4 or 2, equal or the anterior pair longer. 94 Solanaceae 1. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, ascending under upper lip, spreading above. Corolla-tube recurved. Upper lip concave. Melissa. Corolla-tube almost straight. Upper lip flat. Satureia (Calamintha auct.). 2. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, spreading. Erect. Leaves broad. Calyx tubular. Origanum. Procumbent. Leaves small. Calyx 2-lipped. Thymus. 3. Corolla almost actinomorphic. Stamens spreading. Fertile stamens 4. Mentha. Two anterior stamens alone fertile. Lycopus. Suborder 4. SOLANINEAE. Flowers actinomorphic, or more often zygomorphic, typically 5-merous. Stamens 5 or 4 or 2. Carpels rarely (5), mostly (2), usually with 00 ovules. Fruit mostly capsular, never dehiscent quite to the base. a. Vascular bundles bicollateral. (For y3 see p. 95.) Fam. 6. SOLANACEAE. Herbs or shrubs with spiral leaves. Flowers terminal, single and often supra- axillary, or in cymose, often supra-axillary, i?tfiorescences, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, or rarely zygomorphic. Corolla-lobes mostly folded in bud. Stamens 5 (in zygomorphic flowers one may be stami- nodal). Carpels (2), oblique. Ovules 00 on the septum. Style I . Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds with endosperm. Tribe i. Solaneae. Ovary 2-locular. Shrubs. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens attached above middle of corolla-tube. Fruit a berry. *Lycium. Herbs. Corolla campanulate. Stamens attached at base of tube. Fruit a berry. Atropa. Scrophulariaceae qc Herbs. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule opening by lid. Hyoscyamus. Herbs or shrubs. Corolla rotate. Anthers connivin^^r. Fruit a berry. Solanum. *Tribe 2. Datureae. Ovary 4-locular by growth of secondary dissepiments. (Capsule with spines.) *Datura. /5. Bundles collateral. (For a see p. 94.) I. Ovary 2-locular, usually with co axile ovules. (For n see p. 97.) Fam. 7. Scrophulariaceae. Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves spiral or opposite. Inflorescence various, flowers never terminal. Flowers 5-merous, hermaphro- dite, more or less zygomorphic. Calyx usually persistent. Stajnens rarely 5, mostly 4 or 2. G (2), median (not oblique), each with 00 -few anatropous ovules on the dissepiment. Style i. Fruit a capsule or berry. Subfamily i. Pseudosolanoideae. Leaves mostly spiral. The two posterior (upper) corolla-lobes, or the upper lip, cover the lateral lobes in bud. Five fertile stamens present. Tribe i. Verbasceae. Corolla-tube short or absent. Only British genus (Corolla rotate. Stamens 5) : Verbascum. Subfamily 2. Antirrhinoideae, Lower leaves at least opposite. Aestivation as in Pseudosolanoideae. Fifth {posterior) stamen staminodal or absent. Tribe 2. Antirrhineae. Flowers axillary or race- mose, zygomorphic. Corolla-tube distinct, spurred or saccate at base. Capsule usually opening by pores. 96 Scrophidariaceae 1. Corolla-tube saccate at base. Antirrhinum. 2. Corolla-tube spurred at base. Leaves narrow, pinnately veined. Flowers in ter- minal racemes. Capsule with valves. Linaria. Leaves narrow, pinnately veined. Flowers solitary. Capsule with pores. Elatinoides. Leaves cordate, digitately nerved and lobed. Capsule with small trifid valves. *Cymbalaria. Tribe 3. Cheloneae. Flowers ultimately cymose, zygomorphic. Corolla-tube not spurred or saccate. Only British genus : Scrophularia. Tribe 4. Gratioleae. Inflorescence raiCQmosQ or flowers axillary. Corolla-tube not spurred or saccate. Leaves opposite. Flowers large. Stigma 2-lamellate. *Mimulus. Leaves fascicled. Flowers minute. Stigma clavate. Limosella. Subfamily 3. Rhinanthoideae. The two posterior (upper) corolla-lobes or the upper lip are covered in bud by the lateral corolla-lobes. a. Corolla-lobes all nearly flat. Tribe 5. Digitaleae. Not parasitic. Anther-cells united at end. Corolla-tube short. Stamens 4-8, equal. Sibthorpia. Corolla-tube short. Stamens 2, equal. Veronica. Large herbs. Corolla-tube long, dilated. Stamens 4, didynamous. Digitalis. Small herbs. Corolla-tube cylindric. Stamens 4, didynamous. *Erinus. Orobanckaceae, Lentibulariaceae c^j b. The two upper corolla-lobes form a helmet-shaped upper lip. Tribe 6. RJiinantJieae. Partial and entire parasites. 1. Leaves opposite, narrow. Seeds 1-4, large, not winged. Melampyrum. 2. Leaves opposite. Seeds co , minute, not winged. Upper lip of corolla almost entire. Bartschia. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed. Euphrasia. 3. Leaves opposite. Seeds few, winged. Rhinanthus. 4. Leaves alternate. Seeds 00 , minute, not winged. Pedicularis. II. Ovary i-locular with 00 ovules on more or less parietal placentae. (For I see p. 95, for III see below.) Fam. 8. Orobanchaceae. Annual and perennial, usually brownish, parasitic herbs. Leaves scale-like. Flozvers usually racemose, 5-merous, zygomorphic. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped, tube curved. Stamens 4, didynamous. Carpels (2), median. Each carpel with two parietal placentae with 00 ovules. Style i. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Subterranean leaves fleshy and with cavities. Flowers racemed. Stamens shortly exserted. Lathraea. Subterranean leaves membranous or o. Flowers sub-spikate. Stamens included. Orobanche. III. Ovary \i's>wa\\y i -celled with free central //e 51 Latiseptae notorhizae, tribe 53 latiseptae pleurorhi/af, tribe 52 Lavatera 68 ii6 Index Ledeae, tribe 82 Ledum 82 Leersia 16 Legiiminosae, family 59 Lemna 23 Lemnaceae, family 23 Lemnoideae, subfamily 23 Lentibulariaceae, family 97 Leontodon 109 Leonurus 93 Lepidieae, tribe 53 Lepidium 53 Lepturus 20 Leucojum 28 Ligulatae, suborder 3 Liguliflorae, subfamily 108 Ligusticum 79 Ligustrum 80 Liliaceae, family 24 Liliiflorae, order 24 Liliineae, suborder 24 Lilioideae, subfamily 26 Lilium 26 Limosella 96 Linaceae, family 63 Linaria 96 Linnaea 100 Linnaeeae, tribe 100 Linum 63 Liparideae, tribe 32 Liparis 32 Listera 32 Lithospermeae, tribe 90 Lithospermum 90 Litorella 98 Lloydia 26 Lobelia 103 Lobelioideae, subfamily 103 Loiseluria 82 Lolium 20 Lomentaceae orthoplocae, tribe 53 Lomentaceae pleurorhizae, tribe 53 Lonicera 100 Lonicereae, tribe 100 Loranthaceae, family 38 Loranthineae, suborder 38 Loteae, tribe 60 Lotus 61 Ludwigia 73 Lupinus 60 Luzula 24 Lychnideae, tribe 44 Lychnis 44 Lycium 94 Lycopodiaceae, family 2 Lycopodiales, order 2 Lycopodiariae, class 2 Lycopodium 2 Lycopsis 90 Lycopus 94 Lysimachia 84 Lysimachieae, tribe 84 Lysimachiinae, subtrihe 84 Lythraceae, family 72 Lythreae, tribe 73 Ly thrum 73 Maianthemum 27 Malaxis 32 Malva 68 Malvaceae, family 68 Mai vales, order 67 Malveae, tribe 68 Malvineae, suborder 68 Marrubieae, tribe 92 Marrubium 92 Marsiliaceae, family 7 Matricaria 106 Matthiola 5 1 Meconopsis 49 Medicago 60 Melampyrum 97 Melandryum 44 Melanthioideae, subfamily 25 Melica 19 Melilotus 60 Melissa 94 Melittinae, subtribe 93 Melittis 93 Mentha 94 Menyanthes 87 Menyanthoideae, subfamily 87 Mercurialis 64 Mertensia 90 Mesembryanthemeae, tribe 42 Mesembryanthemum 42 Mespilus 58 Metachlamydeae (Sympetalae), sub- class 80 Meum 79 Mibora 1 7 Microcala 87 Microspermae, order 29 Milium 17 Index Mimulus 96 Mixtae (Bower) 5 Moenchia 43 Molinia 19 Monandrae, subfamily 31 Moneses 81 Monocotyledones, class ro Monotropa 81 Monotropeae, tribe 8r Monotropoideae, subfamily 81 Montia 42 Moraeeae, tribe 29 Muscari 26 Myosotis 90 Myosurus 48 Myrica 34 Myricaceae, family 34 Myricales, order 34 Myriophyllum 74 Myrrhis 77 Myrtiflorae, order 71 Myrtineae, suborder 72 Naiadaceae, family 12 Naias 1 2 Narcisseae, tribe 28 Narcissinae, subtribe 28 Narcissus 28 Nardus 20 Narthecium 25 Nasturtium 51 Neottia 32 Neottieae, tribe 32 Nepeta 92 Nepeteae, tribe 92 Nucamentaceae notorhizae, tribe 53 Nuphar 46 Nuphareae, tribe 46 Nymphaea 46 Nymphaeaceae, family 45 Nymphaeineae, suborder 45 Nymphaeoideae, subfamily 45 Obdiplostemonous (Crassulaceae), family 55 Oenanthe 79 Oenothera 73 Oenothereae, tribe 73 Oleaceae, family 85 Oleeae, tribe 86 Oleineae, suborder 85 Oleoideae, subfamily 86 Omphalodes 89 Onagraceae, family 73 Onobrychis 61 Ononis 60 Onopordon 108 Ophioglossaceae, family 8 Ophioglo.ssalcs, order 7 Ophioglossum 8 Ophrydeae, trilx.' 31 Ophrys 31 Orchidaceae, family 30 Orchis 31 Origanum 94 Ornithogalum 26 Ornithojius 61 Orobanchaceae, family 97 Orobanche 97 Oryzeae, tribe 16 Osmunda 5 Osmundaceae, family 4 Oxalidaceae, family 63 Oxalis 63 Oxycoccos 82 Oxyria 39 Oxytropis 61 Paeonia 46 Paeonieae, tribe 46 Pandanales, order 10 Paniceae, tribe 16 Panicoideae, subfamily 16 Panicum 16 Papaver 49 Papaveraceae, family 49 Papavereae, tribe 49 Papaveroideae, subfamily 49 Papilionatae, subfamily 59 Parideae, tribe 27 Parietales, order 69 Parietaria 37 Parietarieae, tribe 37 Paris 27 Parnassia 56 Parnassieae, tril>e 56 Paronychieae, tril^ 44 Pedicularis 97 Peplis 73 Petaloideae (Moss) 37 Peta-sites 106 Peucedaneae, tribe 79 Peucedanum 79 Phalarideae, tribe 16 8-3 ii8 Index Phalaris i6 Phanerogamae, di\dsion 8 Phegopteris 6 Phleum 17 Phragmites 18 Phyllodoce 82 Phyllodoceae, tribe 82 Physospermum 77 Physurinae, subtribe 32 Phyteuma 103 Phytolaccineae, suborder 42 Picea 9 Picris 109 Pilularia 7 Pimpinella 78 Pinaceae, family 9 Pinguicula 98 Pinus 10 Pirola (including Moneses) 81 Pirolaceae, family 80 Piroloideae, subfamily 81 Pirus 58 Plantaginaceae, family 98 Plantaginales, order 98 Plantago 98 Platanaceae, family 56 Platanus 57 Pleonandrae (Diandrae), subfamily 30 Plumbaginaceae, family 85 Plumbaginales, order 84 Plumerieae, tribe 87 Plumerioideae, subfamily 87 Poa 19 Poeoideae, subfamily 16 Polemoniaceae, family 88 Polemonieae, tribe 89 Polemonioideae, subfamily 89 Polemonium 89 Polycarpeae, tribe 43 Polycarpon 43 Polygala 63 Polygalaceae, family 63 Polygalineae, suborder 63 Polygonaceae, family 39 Polygonales, order 39 Polygonateae, tribe 27 Polygonatum 27 Polygoneae, tribe 40 Polygonoideae, subfamily 39 Polygonum (including Fagopyioim) 40 Polypodiaceae, family 5 Polypodieae, tribe 7 Polypodium 7 Polypogon 1 7 Polystichum 6 Pomoideae, subfamily 58 Populus 34 Portulaca 42 Portulacaceae, family 42 Portulacineae, suborder 42 Potamogeton 1 2 Potamogetonaceae, family 1 1 Potamogetoneae, tribe 12 Potamogetonineae, suborder 11 Potentilla 58 Potentilleae, tribe 58 Poterium 59 Pothoideae, subfamily 22 Primula 83 Primulaceae, family 83 Primulales, order 83 Primulinae, subtribe 83 Prunoideae, subfamily 59 Prunus 59 Pseudosolanoideae, subfamily 95 Pseudotsuga 9 Pterideae, tribe 6 Pteridinae, subtribe 7 Pteridium {— Pteris) 7 Pteridophyta, subdivision i Pteris 7 Pulicaria 105 Pulmonaria 90 Quercus 36 Radiola 63 Ranales, order 45 Ranunculaceae, family 46 Ranunculineae, suborder 46 Ranunculus 48 Raphaneae (Lomentaceae ortho- plocae), tribe 53 Raphanus 53 Reseda 54 Resedaceae, family 54 Resedineae, suborder 53 Rhamnaceae, family 67 Rhamnales, order 67 Rhamneae, tribe 67 Rhamnus 67 Rheum (including Oxyria) 39 Index Rhinantheae, tribe 97 Rhinanthoideae, subfamily 96 Rhinanthus 97 Rhododendreae, tribe 82 Rhododendroideae, subfamily 81 Rhododendron (including Azalea) 82 Rhoeadales, order 49 Rhoeadineae, suborder 49 Rhynchospora 2 1 Rhynchosporeae, tribe 21 Rhynchosporoideae, subfamily 21 Ribes 56 Ribesoideae, subfamily 56 Roemeria 49 Romulea 29 Rosa 59 Rosaceae, family 57 Rosales, order 54 Roseae, tribe 59 Rosineae, suborder 56 Rosoideae, subfamily 58 Rubia 99 Rubiaceae, family 99 Rubiales, order 99 Rubus 58 Rumex 39 Rumiceae, tribe 39 Rumicoideae, subfamily 39 Ruppia 1 2 Ruscus 2 7 Sagina 43 Sagittaria 14 Salicaceae, family 33 Salicales, order 33 Salicornia 41 Salicornieae, tribe 41 Salix 34 Salsola 41 Salsoleae, tribe 41 Salvia 93 Salvieae, tribe 93 Salviniaceae, family 7 Sambuceae, tribe 100 Sambucus 100 Samoleae, tribe 84 Samolus 84 Sanguisorbeae, tribe 59 Sanicula 76 Saniculeae, tribe 76 Saniculoideae, subfamily 76 Santal.iceae, family 38 Santalales, order 37 Santalineae, suborder 37 Sapindalcs, order 64 Sapindineae, suborder 66 Saponaria 45 Sarraccniales, order 54 Satureia (Calamintha) 94 Satureieae, tribe 93 Saussurea 108 Saxifraga 56 Saxifragaceae, family 55 Saxifrageae, tril)e 56 Saxifragineae, suborder 55 Saxifragoidcae, subfamily 56 Scabiosa 101 Scandicinae, subtribe 76 Scandicincae, tribe 76 Scandix 76 Schefflereae, tribe 75 Scheuchzeria 1 3 Scheuchzeriaceae (Juncaginaceae), family 1 3 Schoenus 2 1 Scilla 26 Scilleae, tribe 26 Scirpeae, tribe 20 vScirpinae, subtril>e 21 Scirpoideae, subfamily 20 Scirpus 21 Sclerantheae, tril)e 44 Scleranthiis 44 Scolopendrium 6 Scorzonerinae, subtribe 109 Scrophularia 96 Scrophulariaccae, family 95 Scutellaria 92 Scutellarioideae, subfamily 91 Secale 20 Sedum 55 Selaginella 3 Selaginellaceae, family 3 Selinum 79 Sempervivum 55 Senecio 107 Senecioneae, tribe 106 Serapiadinae, sul)tnl>e 31 Serratula 108 Seseli 78 Seselinae, subtribe 78 Sesleria 18 Setaria 16 20 Index Sherardia 99 Sibthorpia 96 Sieglingia 18 Silaus 79 Silene 44 Silenoideae, subfamily 44 Siliquosae notorhizae, tribe 51 Siliquosae orthoplocae, tribe 51 Siliquosae pleurorhizae, tribe 50 Silybum 108 Simethis 25 Simplices (Bower) 4 Sison 78 Sisymbrieae (Siliquosae notorhizae), tribe 5 1 Sisymbrium 5 1 Sisyrinchieae, tribe 29 Sisyrinchium 29 Slum 78 Smyrnieae, tribe 77 Smyrnium 77 Solanaceae, family 94 Solaneae, tribe 94 Solanineae, suborder 94 Solanum 95 Solidago 104 Sonchus 109 Sparganiaceae, family 11 Sparganium 1 1 Spartina 20 Spathiflorae, order 22 Specularia 103 Spergula 43 Spergularia 43 Sperguleae, tribe 43 Spiraea 57 Spiraeeae, tribe 57 Spiraeoideae, subfamily 57 Spiranthes 32 Spiranthinae, subtribe 32 Spirodela 23 Spirolobeae (Chenopodiaceae), family 41 Stachydoideae, subfamily 92 Stachyeae, tribe 92 Stachys 93 Staphylea 6^ Staphyleaceae, family d^ Statice 85 Staticeae, tribe 85 Stellaria" 43 Stratioteae, tribe 14 Stratiotes 14 Stratiotoideae, subfamily 14 Suaeda 41 Suaedeae, tribe 41 Subularia 52 Subularieae (Latiseptae dipleco- lobae), tribe 52 Swertieae, tribe 87 Sympetalae, subclass 80 Symphoricarpus 100 Symphytum 90 Syringa 86 Syringeae, tribe 86 Tamaricaceae, family 70 Tamariceae, tribe 70 Tamaricineae, suborder 70 Tamarix 70 Tamus 28 Tanacetum 106 Taraxacum 109 Taxaceae, family 9 Taxeae, tribe 9 Taxoideae, subfamily 9 Taxus 9 Teesdalia 53 Tetrasepaleae, tribe 46 Teucrium 92 Thalictrum 47 Theineae, suborder 69 Thesieae, tribe 38 Thesium 38 Thlaspeae (Angustiseptae pleuro- rhizae), tribe 52 Thlaspi 52 Thymelaeaceae, family 72 Thymelaeineae, suborder 71 Thymelaeoideae, subfamily 72 Thymus 94 Tilia 68 Tiliaceae, family 68 Tillaea 55 Tofieldia 25 Tofieldieae, tribe 25 Tordyliinae, subtribe 79 Tordylium 79 Torilis 77 Tragopogon 109 Trichomanes 5 Tricoccae, suborder 63 Trientalis 84 Trifolieae, tribe 60 Index 121 Trifolium 60 Triglochin 13 Triglochineae, tribe 13 Trigonella 60 Trinia 78 Trisetum 1 8 Triticum (including Agropyrum and Secale) 20 TroUius 47 Tsuga (including Pseudotsuga) 9 Tubiflorae, order 88 Tubuliflorae, subfamily 104 Tulipa 26 Tulipeae, tribe 26 Tunica 45 Tussilago 106 Typha 1 i Typhaceae, family 11 Ulex 60 Ulmaceae, family 36 Ulmaria 59 Ulniarieae, tribe 59 Ulmoideae, subfamily Ulmus 36 Umbellales (Umbelliflorae), order Umbel liferae, family 75 Umbelliflorae, order 74 Urereae, tribe 37 Urtica 37 Urticaceae, family 37 Urticales, order 36 Utricularia 98 Utricularieae, tribe 98 Vaccinieae, tribe 82 Vaccinioideae, subfamily 82 Vaccinium (including Oxycoccos) 82 36 Valeriana 10 1 Valerianaceae, family loi Valeriancae, tribe loi Valerianella lor Vallisnerioideae, subfamily 15 Verbasceae, tribe 95 Vcrbascum 95 Verbena 9 1 Verbenaceae, family 91 Verbeneae, tribe 91 Verbenineae, suborder 90 Veronica 96 Viburneae, tribe 100 Viburnum 100 Vicia 61 Vicieae, tribe 61 Villarsia 87 Vinca 87 Viola 7 1 Violaceae, family 7 1 Violeae, tribe 71 Viscaria 44 Visceae, tribe 38 Viscoideae, subfamily 38 Viscum 38 Wahlenbergia 103 Wahlenbergiinae, subtribe 103 Wolffia 23 Wolffoideae, subfamily 23 Woodsia 5 Woodsieae, tribe 5 Xanthium (05 Zannichellia 12 Zannichellieae, tribe 12 Zostera 1 2 Zostereae, tribe 12 CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PREiiS library N. 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