HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OK THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Library of SAMUEL GARMAN JiAJi-^Y^' JUh^^L^ \^1%. * ^)clo^ iJ X^AvV A^ LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS UNIVERSITY SERIES ni S-Hl The Genera of Fishes From Linn^us to Cuvier, 1758-1833, Seventy-Five Years, WITH THE Accepted Type of each. • A Contribution to the Stability of Scientific Nomenclature. BY David Starr Jordan ASSISTED BY Barton Warren Evermann STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY SERIES Inheritance in Silkworms, I. Vernon Lyman Kellogg, Professor of Entomology. 89 pp., 4 plates. 1908. Price $1.00. The Opisthobranchiate Mollusca of the Branner-Agassiz Expe- dition TO Brazil. Frank Mace McFarland, Professor of His- tology. 105 pp., 19 plates. 1909. Price, $1.00. A Study of the Normal Constituents of the Potable Water of THE San Francisco Peninsula. John Pearce Mitchell, Assis- tant Professor of Chemistry. 70 pp., i map. 1910. Price, 50c. 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Vl-'^ £. ^ l«J^v LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS UNIVERSITY SERIES The Genera of Fishes From Linn^us to Cuvier, 1758- 1833, Seventy-Five Years, WITH THE Accepted Type of each. A Contribution to the Stability of Scientific Nomenclature. BY David Starr Jordan ASSISTED BY Barton Warren Evermann STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1917 ^r Stanford University Press \^ CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 7 I. Linnseus, Systema, Ed. X, 1758 11 II. Gunner, Berglachs, 1761 16 III. Schsefer, Ratisbon, 1761 16 IV. Osbeck, Reise, China, 1762 17 V. Gronow, Zoophylaceum, 1763 17 VI. Linnaeus, Museum, 1764 22 VII. Houttuyn, Natural History, 1764 22 VIII. Linnseus, Systema, Ed. XII, 1766 23 IX. Miiller, Delineationes, 1767 24 ^ X. Geoffroy, /IQ Plantes, 1767 24 XI, XII. \z\vaoni, Dictionnaire, II, 1768 24 XIII. Gouan, Historia, 1770 28 XIV. Koelreuter, Rarorum, 1770 28 XV. Forster, Remora, lyyi 28 XVI. Briinnich, Regalecus, 1771 28 XVII. Catesby & Edwards, Carolina, 1771 28 XVIII. Giildenstadt, Acerina, 177^ 32 XIX. Forskal, Descriptiones, 177s 32 XX. (Klein), Schauplatz, I-III, i77S-^77^ 34 XXI. Scopoli, Introductio, 1777 41 XXII. Forster, Icones, 1777 42 XXIII. {K\€m), Schauplats,lW,W, 1777 42 XXIV. Forster, Enchiridion, 1778 43 XXV. (Klein), Schauplatz, VI-X, 1778-1781 43 XXVI. Herrmann, Sternoptix, 1781 44 XXVII. Houttuyn, Japan, 1782 44 XXVIII. Bloch, Ichthyologia, 1786 44 XXIX. Bloch, Fisch Arten, 1787 44 XXX. Ahl, Murcena, 1787 45 XXXI. Ascanius, Sildetusten, 1788 45 XXXII. Bloch, Papageyiische, 1788 45 XXXIII. Bloch, /cA^o/o^ia, III, 1788 45 I THE GENERA OF FISHES PAGE XXXIV. Browne, Jamaica, Ed. II, 1789 45 XXXV. Linck, Neueste, 1790 49 XXXVI. Bloch, Ichthyologia, IV, 1790 49 XXXVII. White, New South Wales, 1790 50 XXXVIII. Valmont, Dictionnaire, Ed. IV, 1791 50 XXXIX. Shaw, Stylephorns, 1791 50 XL. Walbaum, Artedi Piscium, 1792 50 XLI. Bloch, Ichthyologia, VI, VII, 1792-93 50 XLII. Rose, Synonymia, 1793 51 XLIII. Latham, Saivfish, 1794 52 XLIV. Vahl, Ccecula, 1794 52 XLV. Bloch, Ichthyologia, VIII, IX, 1794-95 53 XLVI. Fabricius, Campylodon, 1793 53 XLVII. Volta, Blochius, 1796 54 XLVIII. Lacepede, Polyodon, 1797 54 XLIX. Cuvier, Tableau, 1798 54 L. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Polypterus, 1798 54 LI. Retzius, Lampris, 1799 54 LII. Shaw, Trachichthys, 1799 55 LIII. Cuvier, Anatomic, 1800 55 LIV. Lacepede, Poissons, I, II, 1798-1800 55 LV. Bloch & Schneider, Systema, 1801 57 LVI. Lacepede, Poissons, III, IV, V, 1802-03 60 LVII. Sewastianoff, Acarauna, 1802 68 LVIII. Commerson, in Lacepede, 1798-1803 69 LIX. Plumier, in Lacepede, 1798-1803 71 LX. Shaw, General Zoology, IV, V, 1803-04 73 LXI. Herrmann, Notistium, 1804 74 LXII. Giorna, Poissons, 1805 74 LXIII. Quensel, Flunderslagte, 1806 74 LXIV. Dumeril, Zoologie, 1806 75 LXV. Dumeril, Torpedo, 1806 y^ LXVI. Humboldt, Eremophilus, 1806 76 LXVII. Dumeril, Cyclostomes, 1808 76 LXVIII. Tilesius, Krusensterns Reise, 1809 76 LXIX. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Poissons du Nil, 1809 76 LXX. Pallas, Labra.v, 1810 yy LXXI. Risso, Nice, 1810 yy LXXII. Rafinesque, Caratteri, 1810 yy LXXIII. Rafinesque, Indice, 1810 81 CONTENTS LXXIV. LXXV. LXXVI. LXXVII. LXXVIII. LXXIX. LXXX. LXXXI. LXXXII. LXXXIII. LXXXIV. LXXXV. LXXXVI. LXXXVII. LXXX VIII. LXXXIX. XC. XCI. XCII. XCIII. XCIV. xcv. XCVI. XCVII. XCVIII. XCIX. c. CI. CII. cm. CIV. cv. CVI. CVII. CVIII. CIX. ex. CXI. CXI CXII. PAGE Steller, in Tilesius, i8i i 83 Pallas, Zoographia, 181 1 83 Leach, Squalus, 1812 84 Montagu, Xiphotheca, 1812 84 Fischer, Zoognosia, 1813 84 Fischer, Eleginus, 1813 85 Leach, Hippocampus, 1814 85 Mitchill, Fishes of New York, 1814 86 Rafinesque, Leptopus, 1814 86 Rafinesque, N^etnochirus, 181 5 86 Rafinesque, Precis, 1814 87 Rafinesque, Analyse, 1815 87 Cuvier, Recherches, 1815 93 Blainville, Prodrome, 1816 94 Cuvier, Antennarius, 1817 96 Cuvier, Hydrocyon, 181 7- 19 96 96 96 106 106 107 107 107 107 108 108 108 109 109 no no Ill 113 113 114 114 114 115 115 116 Le Sueur, Catostomus, 1817 Cuvier, Rcgne Animal, Ed. I, 181 7 Oken, I sis, 1817 Cloquet, Dictionnaire, 181 7- 19 Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Suite, 1818 Le Sueur, New Species, 1818 Ranzani, Epidesmus, 181 8 Blainville, Dictionnaire, 1818 Rafinesque, Opsanus, 181 8 Rafinesque, Discoveries, 1818 Rafinesque, Further Discoveries, 1818. . Rafinesque, Fluviatile Fishes, 1818 Rafinesque, Further Account, 1818 Rafinesque, Prodrome, 1818 Rafinesque, Hemiplus, 1820 Rafinesque, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820. Tilesius, Australia, 1820 Risso, Alepocephalus, 1820 Goldfuss, Handbuch, 1820 Le Sueur, Mollienesia, 1821 Hamilton, Ganges, 1822 Leach & De la Heche, Dapedium, 1822. , (A ). Schinz, Thierreich, 1822 , Van Hasselt, Java, 1823 1- THE GENERA OF FISHES PAGE CXIII. Desmarest, Decade, 1823 116 CXIV. Nardo, Sqiiatinoraja, i8.?4 116 CXV. Mitchill, Saccopharynx, 1824 117 CXVI. Valenciennes, Cernie, 1824 117 CXVII. Otto, Propterygia, 1824 117 CXVIII. Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage Freyciuet, 1824 117 CXVIII (A). Harlan, Saurocephalus, 1824 118 CXIX. Konig, I cones, 1825 118 CXX. Bowdich, Fishes Madeira, 1825 119 CXXI. Risso, Europe Meridionale, 1826 119 CXXI (A). Germar, Geognosie, 1826 120 CXXII. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Mer Rouge, 1826 120 CXXIII. Kaup, Rachycentron, 1826 121 CXXIV. Nardo, Proctostegus, 1827 121 CXXV. Nardo, Aphanius, 1827 121 CXXVI. Harwood, Serpentiform Fish, 1827 121 CXXVII. Cloquet, Sandat, 182^ 122 CXXVIII. Riippell, Rothes Meer, 1828 122 CXXIX. Fleming, British Animals, 1828 122 CXXX. Stark, Natural Flistory, 1828 123 CXXXI. Lesson, Ichthyophis, 182S 123 CXXXII. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Poissons, II, 1828 123 CXXXIII. Bory de St. Vincent, Sandat, 1828 124 CXXXIII (A). Sedgwick & Murchison, Dipterus, 1828 125 CXXXIV. Cuvier, Rcgne Animal, Ed. II, 1829 125 CXXXV. Agassiz & Spix, Piscium Brasilianum, 1829 131 CXXXVI. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Poissons, IV, 1829 133 CXXXVII. Cocco, Argyropelecus, 1829 133 CXXXVIII. Cocco, Nyctophus, 1829 133 CXXXIX. Cocco, Schedophilus, 1829 133 CXL. Serville, Faune Frangaise, 1829 134 CXLI. Valenciennes, Osteolepis, 1829 134 CXLII. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Poissons, V, VI, 1830 134 CXLIII. Bennett, Sumatra, 1830 136 CXLIV. Brown, Fischarten, 1830 136 CXLV. Hays, Saurodon, 1830 136 CXLVI. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Poissons, VII, VIII, 1831. . . 136 CXLVII. Jardine, Acestra, 1831 137 CXLVIII. Gray, Twelve Genera, 1831 138 CXLIX. Gray, Hardwicke, India, 1831-33 138 CONTENTS 5 PACK CL. Gray, Fish, China, 1831 139 CLI. Gray, Micropus, 1831 139 CLI (A). Lesson, La Coquille, 1830 140 CLII. Minding, Lehrhuch, 1832 140 CLIII. Nilsson, Prodromus, 1832 140 CLIV. Agassiz, Fischreste, 1832 140 CLV. Von Meyer, Palceologia, 1832 141 CLVI. Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1832 141 CLVI (A). Rafinesque, Trinectes, 1832 142 CLVII. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Poissons, IX, 1833 142 CLVIII. Lowe, Alepisaurus, 1833 143 CLIX. Lowe, Leirus, 1833 143 CLX. Cocco, Tylosurus, 1833 143 CLXL Cocco, Mupus, 1833 143 CLXIL Cocco, Ruvettus, 1833 144 CLXIIL Nardo, Skeponopodus, 1833 144 CLXIV. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, 1833 144 Recapitulation 146 INTRODUCTION The leading purpose of the Commission * of the International Con- gress of Zoology is to give stability to nomenclature. To that end num- erous cases of doubt have been resolved by the Commission. But the work done thus far has been largely piecemeal, and by this method it cannot be always made consistent with itself. Recently the Commission has undertaken to fix generic names on a larger scale, covering, for ex- ample, all those in use in a given group. In some small classes of ani- mals this has been possible. In larger ones, it demands a study of the literature more detailed than any one has yet attempted. Recently efiforts have been made to secure stability by fiat, using names more or less current, without serious regard to the law of priority. To accept this plan would merely accentuate the confusion already exist- ing and which has arisen through just such disregard of fundamental rules. It seems to us that the attempts thus far have mostly begun at the wrong end. The need is not to confirm modern errors but to give nom- enclature a solid basis for the long future. Stability must rest on a thor- ough study of the foundations of biological nomenclature, after which the Commission's authority can be used to confirm the results of such studies. There is no middle ground between using the oldest eligible names in any given group and using whatever names we please. With the latter *The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature consists (May 1917) of the following persons: Carl Apstein, Berlin; David Starr Jordan, Stanford Uni- F. A. Bather, London; versity; Joel A. Allen, New York J. H. Kolbe, Berlin ; Raphael Blanchard, Paris, (President) ; F. S. Monticelli, Naples; Ph. Dautzenberg, Paris; Dr. Roule, Paris; Ernst Hartert, Tring, England ; S. Simon, Paris ; Dr. Horvath, Budapest; Henry Skinner, Philadelphia; W. Evans Hoyle, Cardiff; Leonhard Stejneger, Washington; Dr. Handlirsch, Vienna; Charles Wardell Stiles, Washington, Karl Jordan, Tring; (Secretary). [7] 8 THE GENERA OF FISHES alternative, Systematic Zoology and Botany would come to a condition of hopeless despair. There can be no finality when the question of ac- ceptance or rejection of names is left as a matter of personal preference. Binomial nomenclature has its recognized beginning with the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturce of Linnaeus, pubUshed in 1758 with the assumed date of January i. These names of Linneeus constitute the orig- inal framework of Zoological Taxonomy. In the nomenclature of this early period, there are two main elements of doubt: the first relates to the eligibiUty of authors who have for one reason or another not accepted the Linngean Code; next of authors whose works, published before the Linnsean Code, have been revised more or less and reprinted after the date of the Tenth Edition of the Systema Naturce. In all of these the species are designated by a descriptive phrase, as was the custom before Linnseus began the practice of "scientific bookkeeping" in Systematic Zoology. The writings of Gronow, Schaefer, and Valmont de Bomare come under the first of these heads; those of Klein (Gesellschaft Schauplatz), Browne, Catesby, and Osbeck, under the other. Commer- son and Plumier, whose manuscript names were pubUshed by an author who did not accept them, come under a third head. It is the judgment of the present writer, that the best interests of Ichthyology would have been served by adopting the rule followed by Jordan & Evermann {Fishes of North and Middle America, 1898). In this work all writers who use polynomial phrases for the designation of species are disregarded as factors in nomenclature, however regular their practice may be as to genera. It is not a question of justice to able naturalists who, like Gronow and Browne, failed to adopt the Linnaean Code, solely because they had never heard of it. It is the convenience of future naturalists which is now concerned. This would apparently be best served by the exclusion of all these. The arguments against such exclusion are mainly two : Brisson in 1760, polynomial as to species, had a stronger grasp on the significance of genera than any other ornithologist of his time. He has been called "the Father of Ornithology." Most students of birds wish to retain Brisson's genera as foundation-stones in nomenclature. There are good reasons for accepting Brisson as an exception. Similar exceptions may be demanded in other groups. It is desirable, but not vitally necessary, that all accepted rules be general, without exception ; but as a member of the International Commission of Nomenclature, the present senior author has made no objection to the recognition of Brisson. The other argument is this : these writers have published generic names which INTRODUCTION 9 appear in systematic lists, like that of Sherborne (Index Animalium). The Commission has already approved the names of Gronow and Com- merson. If the present Commission should decide to reject the whole series of "irregulars," some future Commission may reverse the decision, placing the element of priority above that of regularity. This possibility we cannot forestall, while if once accepted there would be no successful movement for their rejection. Previous decisions of the Commission, as to Gronow and Commerson, point in the direction of general acceptance. It is especially important to have the status of questioned authors determined as soon as may be, not only for the convenience of ichthyol- ogists but for workers in other fields which may be afifected by questions of preoccupation. More important than the question of acceptance or rejection of some or all of the questioned genera, is the securing of a final decision. This the Commission will be asked to make as soon as practicable. Pending this decision it is perhaps wise for systematic workers to refrain from acceptance of the names questioned. The other problem is the assignment of generic types to the genera of authors who had no conception of types. In doing this we have fol- lowed as closely as may be the rules adopted by the Congress of Zool- ogy, having especial regard to the "first reviser." In some cases we have been in doubt on account of conflicting usages or even rules. But in such cases the weight of authority of the Commission when exercised should serve to turn the scale. With the authors subsequent to Cuvier, 1829, this matter rarely offers any embarrassment. The later authors mostly look upon a genus, not as a pigeon-hole with arbitrary boun- daries, but rather as a group of species, with certain definite structural marks clustered around some definite species, the type of the genus. The writer asks from his colleagues the fullest criticism both as to matters of fact and of opinion, before placing the contents of this paper formally before the International Commission. We would es- pecially request information concerning omissions. There are no doubt numerous generic names overlooked in dictionaries and in obscure publications. We have arranged in chronological order the generic names of fishes published in the first seventy-five years of the history of ichthyological taxonomy. The determination of the validity of genera is treated only incidentally. Our main problem is the fixation of the type. Stanfoiid University^ California, June i, 1917. The Genera of Fishes from Linngeus to Cuvier 1758 to 1833 I. LINN^US, Systema Naturce, Ed. X, Vol. I, 1758. Karl Linne (Carolus Linn^us). The generic names of Linnaeus represent, with one change and two or three additions, the system of Ichthyology as developed in 1738 by his friend and fellow-student, Peter Artedi, a naturalist whose knowl- edge of fishes was far greater than that of Linnaeus. The types of most of the Linnaean genera have been accepted by common consent. As a rule we have not questioned the current application unless com- pelled to do so by the insistence of established rules. Petromyzon Linnaeus, 230, after Artedi ; type Petromyzon marinus L. Unquestioned. Raja Linnaeus, 231, after Artedi; type Raja batis L. Spelled also Raia, by authors. Squalus Linnaeus, 231, after Artedi; type Squalus acanthi as L. Restriction to S. acanthias and relatives, Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiologia Ski- liana, 1810, 45, and by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 497. Gray, Cat. Chond., 1851, following Bonaparte, 1838, uses the name Squalus for the allies of Carcharhinus commersonianus. But this use of the name is no more a speci- fication of a type than is that of Rafinesque, and the more formal choice of type by Gill reinforces the former. Swainson, 1838, chooses Carcharodon carcharias L. Chimaera Linnaeus, 236; type Chimera monstrosa L. Unquestioned. Lophius Linnaeus, 236, after Artedi ; type Lophius piscatorius L. Unquestioned. Acipenser Linnaeus, 237, after Artedi ; type Acipenser sturio L. Unquestioned. Muraena Linnaeus, 244, after Artedi ; type Mur^na Helena L, Unquestioned, except by Bleeker, who takes as type Mur^na anguilla L., the first species named by Artedi. [II] 12 THE GENERA OF FISHES Gymnotus Linnaeus, 246, after Artedi ; type Gymnotus carapo L. Unquestioned, except by certain authors who take as type Gymnotus elec- TRicus L. which appears first in the Twelfth Edition of the Systema Natures. Trichiurus Linnaeus, 246, after Lepturus Artedi; type Trichiurus LEPTURUS L. Monotypic. Anarhichas Linnaeus, 247, after Artedi ; type Anarhichas lupus L. Monotypic. Usually and more correctly spelled Anarrhichas. Ammodytes Linnaeus, 247, after Artedi ; type Ammodytes tobianus L. Monotypic. Stromateus Linnaeus, 248, after Artedi ; type Stromateus fiatola L. Unquestioned. Xiphias Linnaeus, 248, after Artedi; type Xiphias gladius L. Monotypic. Callionymus Linnaeus, 249, after Artedi ; type Callionymus lyra L. Unquestioned. Uranoscopus Linnaeus, 250, after Artedi ; type Uranoscopus scaber L, Monotypic. Trachinus Linnaeus, 250, after Artedi; type Trachinus draco L. Monotypic. Gadus Linnaeus, 251, after Artedi; type Gadus morhua L. By common consent. Blennius Linnaeus, 256, after Artedi ; type Blennius ocellaris L. as restricted by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. Ophidion Linnaeus, 259, after Artedi ; type Ophidion barbatum L. Unquestioned. Cyclopterus Linnaeus, 260, after Artedi ; type Cyclopterus lumpus L. Unquestioned. Echeneis Linnaeus, 260, after Artedi ; type Echeneis naucrates L. (misprinted neucrates). First restriction by Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 239. In 1864, loc. cit. 60, Gill proposed to adopt as type Echeneis remora, this being the only species noted by Artedi, and in Linnaeus's earlier writings. But as Linnaeus referred both species to Echeneis, this change seems not warranted. Coryphaena Linnaeus, 261, after Artedi; type Coryph^na hippurus L. Unquestioned. Gobius Linnaeus, 263, after Artedi; type Gobius niger L. By common consent. Cottus Linnaeus, 264, after Artedi ; type Cottus gobio L. First restriction by Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 1829, 142. "Ce genre avait pour type primitive, un petit acanthopterygien de nos rivieres, a LINN^US, 1758 13 tete large," etc. Later restricted to Cottus scorpius L. (Myoxocephalus Steller =AcANTHOCOTTUS Girard), by Putnam, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, I, No. I, 3, 1863. Scorpaena Linnaeus, 266, after Artedi ; type Scorp^na porcus L. Unquestioned. Zeus Linnaeus, 267, after Artedi ; type Zeus faber L. Unquestioned. Pleuronectes Linnaeus, 268, after Artedi ; type Pleuronectes platessa L. First restriction by Fleming, Philos. Zool., 1822. Some writers have taken Pleuronectes maximus L. as type, following a quasi-designation by Fleming in 1828. Chaetodon Linnaeus, 272, after Artedi ; type Ch^todon capistratus L, First restriction by Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1817, ;is, and by Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fish xV. A., 1883. All authors, except Bleeker, have used the name for the same group. Artedi places first in his list under Ch^todon the species called Ch.«todon arcuatus, a Pomacanthus. Bleeker takes this species as type, re- placing PoMACANTHUS with Ch^todon, and Ch^todon by Tetragonoptrus. Sparus Linnjeus, 277, after Artedi ; type Sparus aurata L. First restriction by Fleming, Philos. Zool., 1822. This decision has been gen- erally, but not universally accepted. Labrus Linnaeus, 282, after Artedi; type Labrus bimaculatus L., the earliest type designated by Bonaparte (1839), under the name of L. VETULUS Bloch. By common consent restricted to Labrus viridis and closely allied forms. Sciaena Linnaeus, 288; type Sci^na umbra L. Complex species, to be considered as identical with Cheilodipterus aquila Lacepede. First exact restriction by Cuvier, 1815. Sci^na umbra, based on Artedi, is a mixture of two species, Sci^na aquila (Lac), and Corvina nigra (Bloch). It is the proper type of the genus Sci^na, but its component parts are not congeneric. The two species were confused until Cuvier (Mem. du Museum, 1815, and later in the Regne Animal, Edition II, 1829, made clear the difference and definitely chose aquila as the type of Sciaena. Jordan & Evermann have adopted Corvina nigra, under the name of Sci^na umbra, as type of Sci^na. An argu- ment can be made for either arrangement, but convenience is best served and prob- ably justice also by accepting the nam,e umbra for the species called aquila and recognizing this as type of Sci^na. The two species concerned should then stand as Sci^na umbra L. and Corvina nigra (Bloch). Bleeker has chosen as type Sci^NA cirrosa, the species placed first by Artedi, the type of Umbrina Cuvier. Perca Linnaeus, 289, after Artedi ; type Perca fluviatilis L. By common consent. Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 295, after Artedi; type Gasterosteus acule- ATUS L. By common consent. 14 THE GENERA OF FISHES Scomber Linnaeus, 297, after Artedi ; type Scomber scombrus L. By common consent. Mullus Linnaeus, 299; type Mullus barbatus L. By common consent. Trigla Linnaeus, 300, after Artedi; type Trigla lyra L. By common consent. Cobitis Linnaeus, 300, after Artedi; type Cobitis t^nia L. By common consent. Silurus Linnaeus, 304, after Artedi ; type Silurus glanis L. By common consent. Loricaria Linnaeus, 307, type Loricaria cataphracta L. Monotypic. Salmo Linnaeus, 308, after Artedi ; type Salmo salar L. By common consent. Trutta Linnaeus, as "Trutt^," 308; type Salmo trutta L. Type by tautonomy. Osmerus Linnaeus, as "Osmeri," 310, after Artedi; type Salmo eper- LANUS L. By common consent. Coregonus Linnaeus, as "Coregoni/" 310, after Artedi; type Salmo LAVARETUS L. By common consent. Characinus Linnaeus, as "Characini," 311, after Gronow ; type Salmo gibbosus L. First restriction by Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1895, 215. Replaces Charax Gronow, Epicyrtus Miiller & Troschel, Anacyrtus Giinther. Its use hinges on its eligibility, as Linnsus used only the plural form Characini as a section Salmo. If not accepted, Charax Gronow (1763), Scopoli (1777), would replace it, with the same type. The same slight doubt applies to Trutta, Osmerus and Coregonus, all used in the plural form only by Linnaeus. In our judgment all are eligible. Fistularia Linnaeus, 312; type Fistularia tabacaria L. Monotypic. Esox Linnaeus, 313; type Esox lucius L. This type was indicated, somewhat arbitrarily, in Opinion 58 of the Interna- tional Commission, accepting the view of Cuvier, and current usage both before and after Linnseus. Klein chose the name Lucius for the Pike, this name being adopted in the Gesellschaft Schauplatz. Rafinesque first separated the marine gar- fishes from the pike, calling the former Esox, the latter Lucius. But neither ever stated formally that Esox belone L. was the type of Esox. In view of the argu- ments available on either side, we may "let sleeping dogs lie," and follow common custom, strengthened by the authority of the Commission. LINN^US, 1758 15 Argentina Linnseus, 315, after Gronow, (Museum Ichthyologicium, a pre-Linnaean work) ; type Argentina sphyr^na L. Monotypic. Atherina Linnaeus, 315, after Artedi ; type Atherina hepsetus L. Monotypic. Mugil Linnaeus, 316, after Artedi; type Mugil cephalus L. Monotypic. Exocoetus Linnaeus, 316; type Exoccetus volitans L. = E. evolans L. ( ^ Halocypselus Weinland). Monotypic. Polynemus Linnaeus, 317, after Gronow and Artedi; type Polynemus PARADISEUS L. The first real restriction seems to be that of Giinther, Cat. Fishes, II, i860, 319. No type is specified, but the non-congeneric species, P. quinquarius L., is removed to form the genus Pentanemus, a name originally employed by Artedi, but changed to Polynemus by Gronow. As this species, quinquarius, was the only one known to Artedi or to Gronow, Dr. Gill, with numerous writers, ourselves included, has regarded it as the type of Polynemus. But common usage with the formal selection of P. paradiseus L. as type by Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis Fishes, 1883, should prevail. Clupea Linnaeus, 317, after Artedi; type Clupea harengus L. Unquestioned. Cyprinus Linnaeus, 320, after Artedi; type Cyprinus carpio L. Unquestioned. Mormyrus Linnaeus, 327; type Mormyrus cyprinoides L. Unquestioned. Balistes Linnjeus, 327, after Artedi ; type Balistes vetula L. Unquestioned. Ostracion Linnaeus, 330; type Ostracion cubicus L. As restricted by Swainson 1839, by Sleeker 1865, and in recent usage. Unquestioned, except by Kaup, who takes as type O. triqueter L., a species referred to Lactophrys Swainson. O. cubicus L. is type of Cibotion Kaup. Tetraodon Linnaeus, 332, after Artedi ; type Tetraodon testudineus L. This genus has been variously treated by authors, but justice and convenience are best served by the choice of T. testudineus as type. Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 1865, appears to be the first reviser. He observes : "C'est une de ces especes qui est devenue le type du genre Linneen ... en efifet le Tetraodon testudineus, qui est la premiere des especes de Tetraodon de la Dixieme Edition du Systema Naturcc." Several writers have since indicated as type T. lineatus L. a species of Ovoides. Diodon Linnaeus, 334, after Artedi ; type Diodon hystrix L. Unquestioned, except by Bleeker, who takes the first species named, Diodon atinga L. 16 THE GENERA OF FISHES Centriscus Linnaeus, 336, after Gronow; type Centriscus scutatus L. Monotypic, a fact overlooked by various authors who choose Centriscus scoLOPAx L., 1766. Syngnathus Linnaeus, 336, after Artedi ; type Syngnathus acus L. By common usage. The earliest restriction as approved by the International Commission is that of Jordan, Opinion, 45, 103, 1912. Pegasus Linnaeus, 358, after Gronow ; type Pegasus volitans L. Monotypic. IL GUNNER, Nachricht von Berglachs, welche Coryph^noides rupes- TRis genannt werden kann: Throndhjemske Selskab, Schriften III, 1761. JoHAN Ernst Gunner. Coryphaenoides Gunner, 43, 50 ; type Coryph^noides rupestris Gun- ner. in. SCH^FER, Piscium Bavarico Ratisbonensium, 1761. Jacob Christian Sch^fer. The descriptions in this paper are exact and very elaborate ("in universum describiendibus"). The nomenclature is eccentric — in part mononomial, and the names are perhaps not exactly used in the sense of genera. The perch is called Perca vulgaris and again Perca fluvia- TILIS. Names perhaps not eligible as mononomial: Cernua Schaefer, 37 ; type Cernua seu perca fluviatilis minor Schae- f er = Perca cernua L. Equivalent, if accepted, to Gymnocephalus Bloch, Acerina Giildenstadt, Cernua Fleming. Schraitzer Schaefer, 38; type Schraitzer Ratisbonensium = Perca schr^tzer L. Equivalent to Leptoperca Gill. Asperulus Schaefer 59; type Zindel ratisbonensis Schaefer = Perca zingel L. Equivalent to Zingel Oken. Asper Schaefer 59; type Asper verus Schaefer, "Streber ratisbonensis" = Perca asper L. Equivalent to Aspro Cuvier, not of Commerson. OS BECK, 1762 17 IV. OSBECK, Reise durch China, 1762. Per Osbeck. Osbeck, a pupil of Linnaeus, published in 1757 the record of his travels in China. This work is wholly binomial, but being earlier than 1758, the Latin edition, "Iter Chinensis," iyS7^ cannot be used in nomen- clature. The German edition, Reise durch China, bears the date of 1762, and is here considered. A Swedish version dates from 1765, an English edition from 1771. The case is exactly parallel with that of Hassel- quist's "Iter Palestinum/' published in 1757, and reprinted in German in 1762. Hasselquist, like Osbeck, was a pupil of Linnaeus, and adopted the Linnaean Code. In Opinion 57, the Commission of Nomenclature re- jected Hasselquist's work and its translation. "The German translation by Gadebusch, published in 1762, does not give validity to the names published in the original edition in 1757." The present writers question the wisdom of this decision. The names of Osbeck are questioned as translations of work prior to 1758. Apocryptes Osbeck, 130, 1762; type Apocryptes chinensis Osbeck, GoBius PECTiNiROSTRis GmeUn. ■ Apocrypytes is close to Boleophthalmus but distinct. xA.pocryptes Cuvier is a different genus. Albula Osbeck, 309, 1762; type Albula chinensis Osbeck. Same as Salanx Cuvier, not Albula Gronow 1763. If accepted, the genus commonly called Albula must receive a new name, Butyrinus Lacepede. V. GRONOW, Zoophylaceum; Zoophylacii Gronoviana . . . Animalia qua; in museo siio adservat, etc., 1763. LoRENZ Theodor Gronow (Laurentius Theodorus Gronovius). In this work of Gronow, printed in 1763, before its author had be- come acquainted with the Sy sterna Naturce, the genera of fishes are well defined, in a system which runs closely parallel with the system of Ar- tedi (1738), but the species, as with Artedi, have polynomial designa- tions only. In addition to the genera earlier named by Artedi and Lin- naeus, Gronow has a number of new names. Two of these, Amia and Hepatus, conflict with Linnsean genera of 1766. The completed manu- 18 THE GENERA OF FISHES script work of Gronow, written in 1780, called Sy sterna Ichthyologicum, in which binomial names were attached to species, after the Linnaean fashion, became the property of the British Museum, by which institu- tion it was published in 1854. This work, as edited by John Edward Gray, does great credit to the scientific discrimination of Gronow ; but at that late date, exactly a hundred years after Gronow's first paper, "Museum Ichthyologicum/' nearly all of his new names became syno- nyms. Fortunately for the interests of nomenclature, most of Gronow's names were adopted in 1777 by Scopoli, Introd. Hist. Nat. Several other names have been used by subsequent authors, as Gmelin, Bloch and Cuvier; so that the adoption of the names of Gronow works less confusion in the system than might be expected. The suppression of Amia, Liparis, Zoarces, Conger, and Scarus, with the transposition of Amia, are the results most to be regretted. As the few new names of Gronow have lain unnoticed for a century and a half, it seems a pity to revive them. The present writer believes, as already stated, that it would be a wise rule to exclude from the system all post-Linnsean writers who failed to adopt the binary designation of species. As how- ever Brisson, 1760, "the Father of Ornithology," was a writer of this type, it may be possible to make an exception in his case, preserving his genera of Birds. But Ichthyology gains little to atone for the confusion resulting from the introduction at this late day of the names of Gronow, Klein and other polynomial writers not hitherto absorbed into the sys- tem. The generic names of Gronow have been, however, formally ac- cepted by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 20, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Contributions, No. 1938) : "Gronow, 1763, is binary, though not consistently binomial. Article 25 de- mands that an author be binary and Article 2 demands that generic names shall be uninomial. Under these articles, Gronow's names are to be accepted as complying with the conditions prescribed by the Code to render a name available under the Code." The eligibility of the generic names of Gronow is questioned as not. conforming to the Linncean code in the terminology of species. Callorhynchus Gronow, 31 ; type Chimera callorhynchus L. (Cal- LORHYNCHus PINNA DORSi etc. Gronow). Unquestioned : accepted by later writers. Cyclogaster Gronow, 55; type Cyclopterus liparis L. (Cyclogaster BELGIS KRINGBURGK (GronOw). The name Liparis used for this genus by Artedi in 1738 was changed to Cy- GRONOW, 1763 19 CLOGASTER by Gronow. Liparis was restored by Scopoli in 1777, and has been used by nearly all subsequent authors. Gonorhynchus Gronow, 56; type Cyprinus gonorhynchus Gmelin. Monotypic. The name was adopted by Schlegel, 1846, replacing Rhynch^us Richardson. Also by Scopoli, 1777. Uranoscopus Gronow, 57; type Cottus gobio L. Synonym of Cottus L. Cynasdus Gronow, 60; type Sparus aurata L. (Cyn^dus cauda lu- NULATA etc. Gronow). This genus is an assemblage of Sparoid fishes, essentially equivalent to Sparus of Linnaeus, and includes species of several modern genera. Jordan (Smithson. Publ. No. 1938 : Opinions on zoological nomenclature) has proposed to treat Cyn^dus as a synonym of Sparus, having Sparus aurata as type. Holocentrus Gronow, 65; type Holocentrus sogo Bloch (Holocen- TRUS MAXILLA SUPERIORE LONGIORE GronOw). This name, taken from Artedi, was revived by Scopoli, 1777, and by Bloch, 1790, who changed the spelling to Holocentrum, the form used by Artedi. This neuter form has been used by most authors from Cuvier to Giinther. Coracinus Gronow, 66; type Dipterodon capensis Guv. & Val. (Cora- ciNus cauda-lunata Gronow). Not Dipterodon Lacepede. If accepted, replaces Dichistius Gill. Scarus Gronow, 67; type Labrus viridis L. (Scarus viridis Gronow), This genus of Gronow unfortunately contains no species of the group later called Scarus, the two other species enumerated being Cichlids from Surinam. Callyodon Gronow, 72; type Scarus croicensis Bloch (Calliodon cap- iTE SUBACUTO Gronow). Callyodon, if eligible, must replace Scarus Forskal, 1775, as the name of this large and wide-spread genus. The name Scarus of Gronow, applied to a species of Labrus, antedates its use for a parrot-fish. The genus called Calliodon by Cuvier (C. spiNiDENs), is distinct from Callyodon of Gronow (Calliodon of Bloch & Schneider), and must stand as Cryptotomus Cope. Revived by Scopoli, 1777. Enchelyopus Gronow, 77, after Klein; type Blennius viviparus L. (Enchelyopus corpore lituris etc. Gronow). This genus as proposed by Klein in 1744 contained a variety of fishes, eel- shaped but with ventral fins. As used by Gronow it is practically equivalent to ZoARCES Cuvier, and to this type it was restricted by Gill, 1863. Enchelyopus Bloch & Schneider (type Gadus cimbrius L., a species unknown to Gronow), should stand as Rhinonemus Gill. Enchelyopus Gronow must unfortunately supersede Zoarces Cuvier. Pholis Gronow, 78; type Blennius gunnellus L. (Pholis maculis ANNULATUS etc. Gronow). Revived by Scopoli, 1777. Replaces Mur^noides Lacepede and Gunnellus Cuvier, (not Pholis Cuv. & Val.). Monotypic. 20 THE GENERA OF FISHES Amia Gronow, 80; type Apogon moluccensis Cuv. & Val. (Amia caput CATHEOPLATEUM GronOw). Equivalent to Apogon Lacepede, 1802. Eleotris Gronow, 83 ; type Gobius pisonis Gmelin = Eleotris gyrinus Cuvier & Valenciennes (Eleotris capite plageoplateo etc. Gronow ) . The name Eleotris was used for the same group by Bloch & Schneider in 1801, and by all later authors. Clarias Gronow, 100; type Clarias orontis Giinther (Clarias Gronow). Accepted by Scopoli, 1777, and by other writers. Monotypic. Albula Gronow, 102; type Esox vulpes L. = Albula conorhynchus Bloch & Schneider. Revived by Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Antedated by Albula Osbeck. Equiva- lent to BuTYRiNUS Lacepede. Also used by Scopoli, 1777. Aspredo Gronow, 102, after Linnaeus, 1754; type Silurus aspredo L. (AsPREDO ciRRis ocTO Gronow). Anableps Gronow ; type Cobitis anableps L. Anostomus Gronow, 112; type Salmo anostomus L. (Anostomus Gronow). Adopted by Miiller & Troschel, 1845. Equivalent to Schizodon Agassiz, 1829. Monotypic. Revived by Scopoli, 1777. Synodus Gronow, 112; type Salmo synodus L. This genus, equivalent to Saurus Cuvier, was revived by Scopoli, i777- Monotypic. Hepatus Gronow, 113; type Teuthis hepatus L. = Ch^t odon chir- URGUS Bloch, not Acanthurus hepatus Cuv. & Val. (Hepatus MUCRONE REFLEXO GronOw). Hepatus Gronow is based on two species, on which two Linnaeus based his genus Teuthis. The latter is a substitute for the former, and the two were ac- cepted as identical by Scopoli. Of the two species mentioned by Gronow, hepatus L. and javus L., Gronow had, according to Dr. Giinther, a specimen of the first. This we may take as type of both Hepatus and Teuthis hepatus. This example belonged to the species called later Ch^todon chirurgus by Bloch. This species must be regarded as the type of the genus Hepatus. Cuvier & Valenciennes have used the name Hepatus L. for an East Indian species, Colocopus lambdurus Gill. They were mistaken in supposing that this species was the one examined by Gronow. The restriction here made is that of the first reviser, Jordan, Tanaka & Snyder, Cat. Fish Japan, 1913, 214. If accepted, Hepatus replaces Teuthis and Acan- thurus. Umbra (Kramer) Gronow, 114; type Cyprinodon krameri Walbaum. (Umbra krameri Gronow). Revived by Scopoli, 1777, and Miiller, 1842, as Umbra crameri Miiller. GRONOW, 1763 21 Erythrinus Gronow, 114; type Salmo erythrinus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (= Erythrinus Gronow). The name was revived by Miiller & Troschel, 1846, and is in general use. Monotypic. Used also by Scopoli, 1777. Cataphractus Gronow, 115; type Pegasus draconis L. (Cataphractus coRPORE tetragone Gronow). This genus is a synonym of Pegasus L. Solenostomus Gronow, 119; type Fistularia tabacaria L. (Solen- OSTOMUS CAUDA BiFURCA etc, Gronow). Solenostomus is equivalent to Fistularia. The genus Solenostomus Lace- pede, 1803, typified by Fistularia paradoxa Pallas, must receive a new name, if the names of Gronow are accepted. Charax Gronow, 123; type Salmo gibbosus L. (Charax maxilla in- feriore etc. Gronow). This name is equivalent to Characini L.=Epicyrtus Miiller & Troschel, 1846, said to be preoccupied, and Anacyrtus Giinther, 1864, presented as a substitute for Epicyrtus, all with the same type. Charax Risso (C. puntazzo) belongs to the very different family Sparid.e. Revived by Scopoli, 1777. Mystus Gronow, 124; type Bagrus halepensis Guv. & Val. (Mystus cirris octo capite longioribus Gronow). The genus Mystus as defined by Gronow contains five species, not congeneric. The name is taken from Russell's History of Aleppo, who describes the species called Bagrus or Hypselobagrus halepensis as Mystus. Of the generic names included, that of Hypselobagrus Giinther, 1864, is the most recent. The species named "Mystus" by Russell may be taken as the type of "Mystus" which will, if accepted, supersede Hypselobagrus. Mystus Lacepede, 1805, (Mystus clupe- oiDES Lacepede) is a species of Coilia Gray, 1831, an Engraulid fish. Also Scopoli. Plecostomus Gronow, 127, after Artedi; type Loricaria plecostomus L. (Plecostomus dorso dipterygio Gronow). If accepted, replaces Hypostomus Lacepede ; it is now in general use. Callichthys Gronow, 127; type Silurus callichthys L. (Callichthys cirris Gronow). Unquestioned, being accepted by later writers. Mastacembelus Gronow, 132; type Ophidium simack Walbaum, 1792 = Rhynchobdella haleppensis Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Mastacembelus maxillis subacutis Gronow). Revived by Cuvier & Valenciennes. The generic name Rhynchobdella Bloch & Schneider included both species assigned by Gronow to Mastacembelus. In dividing the group, Cuvier & Valenciennes assigned the former name to Ophidium aculeatum Bloch, Gronow's second species, leaving Mastacembelus for his first. Before Gronow, Klein, 1744, had used the name Mastacembelus for an entirely different group. In this he had been followed by Bleeker, who recognized, at first, generic names of earlier date than 1758. 22 THE GENERA OF FISHES Channa Gronow, 135 ; type Channa orientalis Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Channa Gronow). This monotypic genus was accepted by Bloch & Schneider, 1801, and Scopoli. Gasteropelecus Gronow, 135; type Clupea sternicla L. (Gastero- PELECUS Gronow). Monotypic. The name was revived by Pallas in 1769. Leptocephalus Gronow, 135 ; type Leptocephalus morrisi Gmelin, the larva of Mur^na conger L. (Leptocephalus Gronow). This name, based on a larval conger, and revived by Scopoli in 1777, is held to replace Conger Houttuyn, 1764, and of Cuvier, 1817, given to the adult of the same species. As Leptocephalus has been in use more than a century as the col- lective name of the peculiar translucent expanded larvae of the Conger and other eels, it would be well to restrict its use to those forms, reserving the genus to which the type belongs, the earliest name given to the adult fish, Conger Houttuyn. Gymnogaster Gronow, 136; type Trichiurus lepturus L. (Gymno- gaster Gronow). Equivalent to Trichiurus L. Monotypic. Pteraclis Gronow, 136; type Coryph^na velifera Pallas, 1770 (Pter- ACLis PiNNATA Gronow) 1777. The name Pteraclis was used by Gronow, 1772. It is monotypic and unques- tioned. VI. LINN^US, Museum Adolphi-Frederici, II, 1764. Carolus Linn^us. Cepola Linnaeus, 63; type Cepola rubescens L. = C. t^nia L. (also in Syst. Nat., 1766.) VII. HOUTTUYN, Natuurlike Historie volgens den Heer Linnceus, 1764. Martin Houttuyn. This work we have not seen. Mr. Garman (in lit.) quotes: Conger Houttuyn, VII, 103 ; type Mur^na conger L. This name might well be retained for the Conger eel, leaving Leptocephalus to its time-honored special use as a designation for the larval forms of Conger and similar eels. Torpedo Houttuyn, VII, 453; type (not named) Raja torpedo L. Apparently this fixes the name Torpedo on the Electric Ray. LINN^US, 1766 23 VIII. LINN^US, Systema Natures, Ed. XII, 1766. Carolus Linn^us. This edition contains four genera in addition to those given in the Tenth Edition. Cepola Linnaeus, 445 ; type C. t^nia L. = C. rubescens L. Unquestioned. Amia Linnaeus, 500; type A. calva L. The generic name Amia appears in the Twelfth Edition of the Systema NaturcE, in 1766. It had been used earlier by Gronow, in 1763, for a percoid genus, later called Apogon by Lacepede. In the opinions already rendered by the Commission, it was decided that the generic names in Gronow's Zoophylaceum, published in 1763, between the tenth and twelfth editions of the Systema Naturce, should be adopted, although his names for species were polynomial. Gronow was an excellent ichthyologist, with broader knowledge than Linnaeus, and later adopted the Linnaean nomenclature. In view of the fact that his names are not in current usage, and that he had not then accepted binomial nomenclature, most recent authors have rejected them, unless revived by some binomial writer. The transfer of Amia from the ganoid to a percoid genus is, however, peculiarly undesirable, and it may be urged that general convenience justifies a special exception in this case. If Amia be used for Apogon, Amia L. is replaced by Amiatus Rafinesque, 1815. Teuthis, 507, after Browne ; type Ch^todon c^ruleus Bloch = Teu- THis HEPATUS L. in part. The name Teuthis was applied by Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of the Sys- tema Naturcp, to the two species which formed the genus Hepatus of Gronow, in 1765. These were named Teuthis hepatus and Teuthis javus. The name Teuthis was borrowed from Browne, a non-binomial author. The two Linnaean species belong to different families. The species first named hepatus may be re- garded as the type of Hepatus, as already indicated. The name Teuthis should properly go with T. hepatus, as the name is borrowed from Browne, who applied it to a single species, confused with Teuthis hepatus by Gronow and Linnaeus, the Ch.etodon c^ruleus of Bloch. This species is a near relative of the type of Hepatus. This decision follows the arguments of Dr. Gill. It is reasonable, but not above question. Meanwhile several authors, notably Cantor and Giinther, use Teuthis for T. javus (Siganus Forskal), while others suppress it altogether. Still others misspell it, as Theutys, Theutis, etc. Elops Linnaeus, 508; type Elops saurus L. Monotypic. 24 THE GENERA OF FISHES IX. MULLER, Delineationes Natures, II, 1767, 141 (fide Sherborne, Index Animalium). Philip Ludwig Statius Muller. Not seen by us. Acus Muller, 141 ; type probably Syngnathus acus L. Equivalent to Syngnathus L. Orbis Muller, 141 ; type probably Diodon hystrix L. Equivalent to Diodon L. We copy these references from Sherborne. In a memoir by Professor Miiller,, 1774, vol. Ill, p. 341, Acus appears as a specific name under Syngnathus acus, and again, 1774, IV, 341, as a vernacular under Esox belone. Under Diodon HYSTRIX (III, 327) he quotes "Orbis maximus spinosus." Mr. Garman, who gives us these references, remarks : "I would say that neither of these is available as a generic name." Neither is used in Miiller's supplement to the Systema Natures,. 1776. X. GEOFFROY, Descriptions de 719 Plantes etc., 1767. fixiENNE Louis Geoffroy. This paper we have not seen. We copy from Sherborne. Ichthyocolla Geoffroy, 399; type presumably Acipenser huso L. The name, meaning fish-glue, was early applied to the fish producing it. Prior to Huso Brandt, as a name for a subgenus of sturgeons. Harengus Geoffroy, 405 ; type presumably Clupea harengus L., in which case it is a synonym of Clupea. Lucius Geoffroy, 407; type presumably Esox lucius L. Trutta Geoffroy, 719; type presumably Salmo trutta L. XL VALMONT DE BOMARE, Dictionnaire Raisonne Universe! d'Histoire Naturelle, 1764, 1768, 1774, 1791. Jean Christophe Valmont de Bomare. The eligibility of Valmont's names is questioned as binomial only by accident, and not accepted as genera by the author himself in 1791. Of this work we have examined four editions, the first bearing date of 1764; the "new edition," considerably enlarged, of 1768; the second VALMONT DE BOM ARE, 1 764 2S edition, apparently mostly identical with the "new edition," 1775; and the fourth, still larger, in 1791. The dictionary received no consideration in ichthyological nomencla- ture until the appearance of the elaborate treatise on the sharks of the world, "Plagiostomia"' by Samuel Garman, (Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. XXXVI, 1913). In this work Mr. Garman makes brief reference to Valmont de Bomare as a worthy author hitherto ignored in taxonomy. "The selec- tion of one authority because he favored binomials more than another, has led to much uncertainty among names and to many changes. It has led authors to belittle and to ignore excellent works which at their time of publication and much later ranked in accuracy and influence among the first of the scientific publications of this period." Mr. Stejneger in- forms me that a Danish edition of this Dictionary exists. An examination of four editions of the Dictionnaire of Valmont de Bomare shows it to be a compilation pure and simple, that he did not in- tend to give any new scientific names to animals or plants, but that, in a few cases, he copied binomial appellations from earlier authors which might be construed as revived in a scientific sense. It is therefore worth while to examine these cases in detail. First Edition, 1764. In the first edition, bearing date of 1764, there is no case of the use of anything resembling scientific nomenclature, although Valmont often gives a Latin equivalent to his French names. It is evident, however, that the work of Artedi, Klein, Gronow, and Linnseus in which genera and species are formally recognized, is unknown to him. Thus, accompanied by fair descriptions compiled from other authors, he gives the following: "AiOL, en Latin, Scarus, un des plus beaux," etc. (vol. I, p. 95). "Alose, Alosa, poisson de mer qui remonte" (vol. I, p. 105). "Anchois, en Latin, Apua, petit poisson," etc. (I, 13, 3). "Anguille, Anguilla, poisson allonge," etc. (vol. I, p. 133). "Congre, Conger, excellent poisson," etc. (vol. II, p. 58). "Daurade, Aurata vulgaris, Espece de poisson," etc. (vol. II, p. 225). "fipiNOCHE, PiSCIS ACULEATUS (vol. II, p. 306). "Glaucus, bien des ichthyologues donnent ce nom a trois sortes de poissons, I au Derbio, 2 au Liche, 3 au veritable Glaucus/' etc. (vol. II, p. 512). 26 THE GENERA OF FISHES "Hareng, Halec, Les harengs sont des poissons de passage," etc. (vol. II, p. 6io). "ToRPiLLE, Torpedo ou Tremble, Torpedo poisson/' etc. (p. 458). "Grappe marine, Uva marina." These are plainly not scientific names. While the writer evidently grasps more or less clearly the meaning of genus and species, he has no conception of binomial nomenclature, as distinct from Latin equivalents of the vernacular names in French. Thus no one would take "Piscis aculeatus" as a generic and specific name for the stickleback or Uva marina for the Alga (Sargassum) known as Sea-Grape. Further along (Edition II) occurs "Poisson petrifiee'' indicated as 'Tchthyo- lithus," which certainly is not the name of any genus. No scientific names, generic or specific, can be held to bear date from this first edi- tion, 1764, of the dictionary of Valmont de Bomare. "NouvELLE Edition," 1768, and "Edition II," 1775. The "Nouvelle edition," dated 1768, is the one examined by Mr. Gar- man. Except for the paging it seems substantially identical with the edition of 1775, formally called the "second." It has a few binomial terms, mostly among the sharks. The use of Latin equivalents for the French vernacular is still continued, but these assume more frequently a binomial form, especially in the rather elaborate index. The first edition (octavo) contains no index. In the editions of 1768 and 1775 the only new names to be consid- ered are Galeus, Mustelus, Vulpecula, and Catulus. On page 116 (Edition II) we read: "Cagnot bleu, galeus glaucus. Grand poisson cartilagineux de la famille des chiens de mer." Then follows a fair account of the Great Blue Shark (Squalus glaucus L. ; Prionace glauca of recent writers), taken from the description of the "Chien de mer bleu" of Rondelet (de Piscibus, 1558, p. 296). Rondelet begins "Galeus glaucus, en Langue- doc, Cagnot bleu, poisson cartilagineux," etc. He uses the name "Chien de mer," or Galeus in a general sense, including the "Aiguillat" (Acan- THiAs), the Emissole, ("Galeus l^vis"), the "Chien de Mer fitoile, Galeus asterias," the "Melandre, Galeus canis," and the "Chien de Mer bleu, Galeus glaucus." The other sharks are treated under diflFerent heads by Valmont. The entire arrangement appears in the index to the same volume, "Cagnot bleu, Galeus glaucus," does not appear in the Fourth Edition (1791). VALMONT DE BOMARE^ 1 768 27 On page cxxxvii "Mustellus'' is defined : "Espece de Chien de mer, c'est le Galeus stellatus des auteurs." The name Squalus mustelus L. was mostly based on Artedi's refer- ences to the "fimissole" or unspotted dog-fish, the Galeus l^vis of Rondelet and Valmont. The specific name mustelus should remain with that species. On the "l.^vis" the name Mustelus of Linck in 1790 was clearly based. The same species, the "fimissole Commune," is clearly the type of Mustelus Cuvier ( 1817). But if the name Mustelus Valmont be accepted, its type must be the dog-fish with round spots, Squalus stellatus of Risso, Mustelus asterias Valmont. On page ccxxii of the Index occurs the name "Renard Marin, Vulpecula marina." This is apparently borrowed from Willughby and it refers to Alopias vulpinus, the "Sea Fox" of modern authors. The name is not a "scientific" term, but merely a Latin rendering of the vernacular. Catulus rests on Catulus vulgaris, which is Scylliorhinus can- icuLA L. But the name is not available in any case, being preoccupied by Catulus Kniphof, a genus of insects. In the fourth edition (1791) Valmont gives a Hst of the genera of fishes. All those of Linnaeus (1766) are enumerated, but no others and none of his own names are included in the list. Evidently he did not regard himself as having made additions to scientific nomenclature. The eligibility of Valmont' s names is questioned as binomial only by accident, and not accepted as genera by the author himself in i/pi. Galeus Valmont de Bomare, I, 371, 1768; type Squalus glaucus L. "Cagnot bleu, galeus glaucus," with description. If regarded as eligible Galeus will replace Prionace and Cynocephalus. Vulpecula Valmont de Bomare, III, 740, 1768; type Vulpecula mar- ina" Valmont = Squalus vulpinus Bonnaterre = Squalus vul- PES Gmelin. "Vulpecula marina; renard marin;" with description. If eligible, Vulpecula will replace Alopias Rafinesque, 1810. Catulus Valmont de Bomare, IV, 51, 1768; type Squalus caniculus L. (Catulus major vulgaris Ray). According to Sherborne, Index Animalium, it is preoccupied by Catulus Knip- hof, De. Pedic, p. 16, 1759, a genus of insects. Equivalent to Scylliorhinus Blainville. Mustelus Valmont de Bomare, Ed. II, 746, 1768, and Ed. Ill, 1775, Ixxxi ; type Galeus asterias Valmont = Mustelus canis Mitchill, 1815 = Mustelus stellatus Risso, 1826. "Galeus asterias aut Mustelus stellaris. Chien de mer a taches rondes." 28 THE GENERA OF FISHES XIII. GOUAN, Historia Piscium, 1770. Antoine Gouan. Trachipterus Gouan, 104 ; type Trachipterus gouani = Cepola TRACHYPTERA Gmelin. Lepadogaster Gouan, 105; type Lepadogaster gouani Gouan. Lepidopus Gouan, 107; type Lepidopus gouani Gouan (Trichiurus CAUDATUS Euphrasen). XIV. KCELREUTER, Piscium Rarorum; Novi Comm. Act. Petropolit. VIII, 1770. Joseph Gottlieb Koelreuter. Mola Koelreuter, 337; type Mola aculeata Koelreuter. Antedates Mola Cuvier. XV. FORSTER, Catalogue of Animals of North America, 1771. John Reinhold Forster. Remora Forster, 20; type Echeneis remora L. Equivalent to Remora of Catesby and of Gill. XVI. BRUNNICH, Collectio Nova Scriptorum Societatis Scientiarum Hafnensis, 1771. M. T. Brunnich. Regalecus Brunnich, III, 418; type Regalecus remipes Brunnich (Ophidium glesne Ascanius). Also described in 1788. XVII. CATESBY and EDWARDS, Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, 1731-1750, by Mark Catesby; Edition Second, 1771, by George Edwards. CATESBY & EDWARDS, 1 77 1 29 The large folio volume in which Mark Catesby published the record of his visit to the Bahamas and other parts of America has had an im- portant place in the history of American Ichthyology. Numerous edi- tions of this work with the same plates have been pubUshed in German, French and English. Two of these, the Edwards' Edition of 1771, and the edition quoted as "Catesby, Pise. Imag., Etc., in 1777," are subsequent to Linnaeus and may perhaps deserve consideration in nomenclature, although apparently not eligible in view of Opinion 57, which regards the post-Linncean trans- lation of Hasselquist as ineligible. These editions contain tables showing the Linnsean names of Catesby's species. Except as an evidence of "re- vision," these have no bearing on Catesby's "genera." If the generic names with polynomial specific names, of Gronow, Klein, and others are accepted, we can hardly refuse notice to the Latin nouns used by Catesby as republished by Edwards. These nouns have the force of genera, and being built about actual specimens they are mostly monotypic ; while those of Gronow and Klein are subdivisions of a system, each covering as a rule many species. The names of Catesby are listed as genera in Sherborne's Index Animalium by an author who is rather critical of Latin vernaculars. But Catesby v/rote before Artedi and Linnaeus had framed the idea of a genus. He was not therefore consciously engaged in the differentiation of generic groups. He was not, to borrow a phrase from Mr. Stejneger, "playing the game." For this reason it seems to us that his names should not be admitted to the system. It is, however, very important to have a decision once for all in this matter. The names in Edwards' Catesby are of doubtful eligibility as being Latin vernacular nouns rather than genera, and as a reprint virtually un- changed of a pre-Linncean work. Umbla Catesby, i ; type Esox barracuda Shaw (Sphyr^na picuda Bloch & Schneider). "Umbla minor, maxima maxillis longi- ORiBUS, the Barracuda" Catesby. Equivalent to Sphyr^na and prior to it, if accepted in the system. Mormyrus Catesby, 2; type Ul^ma lefroyi (Goode). "Mormyrus ex ciNEREO nigricans, the Bone-fish" Catesby. Identification somewhat uncertain. The name in any event is subsequent to Mormyrus L. Saurus Catesby, 2; type Salmo fcetens L. "Saurus ex cinereo ni- gricans, the Sea Sparrow Hav/k" Catesby. Identical with Synodus Gronow, 1763. 30 THE GENERA OF FISHES Albula Catesby, 6; type Mugil curema Cuv. & Val. ("Albula baha- MENSis Catesby). A synonym of Mugil L., subsequent to Albula Gronow, 1763, and Albula Osbeck, 1761. Hirundo Catesby, 8; type Cypselurus sp., "Hirundo" Catesby. Not Hirundo L., 1758, a genus of Swallows. Turdus Catesby, 9; type Lutianus griseus (L.) "Turdus finnis branchialibus carens, the Mangrove Snapper" Catesby. Not Turdus, 1758, a genus of Thrushes. Alburnus Catesby, 12 ; type Cyprinus americanus L. = Menticirrus americanus. "Alburnus americanus, the CaroHna Whiting'' Catesby, type of Cyprinus americanus L., Syst. Nat., X, 321. If accepted, the genus Alburnus must replace Menticirrus Gill, and the genus of Cyprinid^ called Alburnus by Rafinesque and Agassiz must receive another name. Cugupuguacu Catesby, 14; refers to Epinephelus maculosus (Cuv. & Val.). ("Cugupuguacu brazil, the Hind" Catesby). Catesby's fish is not that called Cugupuguacu by Marcgrave. If this barbarous name be allowed it will replace Epinephelus. But it is evident that Cugupuguacu, Petimbuabo and Acarauna are not in any sense generic names, but attempts on the part of Catesby to identify his species with those called in Brazil by these vernacular names. In the case of Acarauna, Catesby is himself doubtful. Even in case names used in an actual generic sense, as Umbl.a., Aurata, Unicornis were allowed, Cugupuguacu and Acarauna should be rejected. Saltatrix Catesby, 14; type Gasterosteus saltatrix L., which is based on Catesby's figure, ("Saltatrix, the Skipjack"). If allowed, will replace Pomatomus Lacepede, 1802. Suillus Catesby, 15; type Lachnolaimus suillus Cuvier, "Suillus" Catesby, based on Catesby's figure. If allowed, Suillus will replace Lachnolaimus Cuvier. Aurata Catesby, 16; type Calamus calamus (Cuv. & Val.). "Aurata BAHAMENSis, the Porgy," Catesby. Not Aurata Fleming, 1828, which is Sparus L. If allowed, Aurata will re- place Calamus Swainson. Salpa Catesby, 17; type Sparus synagris L. (Lutianus synagris, based on "Salpa purpurascens variegata, the Lane Snapper," Catesby. Prior to Salpa Forskal, 1775. If allowed, Salpa would replace Neom^nis or Lutianus and perhaps add further to the confusion among the Salpoid Tunicates, although it is claimed that an earlier name, Dagysa, must replace Salpa Forskal. CATESBY & EDWARDS, 1 77 1 31 Novacula Catesby, i8; type Scarus c^ruleus Bloch. "Novacula cm- RULEA, the Blue-fish," Catesby. Name a synonym of Callyodon Gronow, but prior to Novacula Cuvier, which is a synonym of Xyrichthys Cuvier. Petimbuabo Catesby & Edwards, i8; refers to Fistularia tabacaria L. "Petimbuabo brazil, the Tobacco Pipe-fish," Catesby. A synonym of Fistularia L., but obviously not intended as a generic name. Unicornis Catesby, 19; type Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck). "Unicornis piscis bahamensis, the Bahama Unicorn-fish," Catesby. If accepted, would replace Osbeckia Jordan & Evermann. Bagre Catesby, 23; type Silurus catus L. (Ameiurus catus L.) "Bagre secund^ speciei Marcgravei affinis, the Cat-fish," Catesby. If accepted, Bagre must replace Ameiurus. Harengus Catesby, 24; type Clupea sardina Poey. "Harengus MINOR bahamensis, the Pilchard," Catesby. Equivalent to Harengula Cuv. & Val., and, if allowed, would replace the latter. Anthea Catesby, 25 ; refers to Mesoprion analis Cuv. & Val. A spe- cies of Neom^nis, Girard. "Anthea quartus rondeleti, the Mutton-fish," Catesby. Not intended as a generic name, being wrongly identified with the fourth Anthia of Rondelet. Remora Catesby, 26; type Echeneis remora L. "Remora, the Suck- ing-fish," Catesby. Equivalent to Remora Forster, and of Gill. Solea Catesby, 2y ; type Pleuronectes lunatus L., based on Catesby's figure. "Solea lunata et punctata, the Sole," Catesby. Not Solea of Klein nor of subsequent writers. If allowed, Solea would replace Platophrys ; and Solea of Klein, Quensel, Rafinesque and Cuvier would require a new name. Orbis Catesby & Edwards, 28; type Tetraodon testudineus L. "Or- Bis L.EVIS variegatus, the Globe-fish," Catesby. A synonym of Tetraodon L. Psittacus Catesby, 29; type Labrus catesb^i Lacepcde. "Psittacus piscis viridis bahamensis, the Parrot-fish," Catesby. Not Psittacus L., 1758, a genus of parrots. Acus Catesby, 30 ; type Esox osseus L. ' "Acus maxima squamosa viridis, the Green Gar-fish," Catesby. Equivalent to Psalisostomus Klein and Lepisosteus Lacepede. 32 THE GENERA OF FISHES Acarauna Catesby, 31 ; refers to Holacanthus cilaris L. "An aca- RAUNA MAJOR PINNIS CORNUTIS AN PARU BRASILIENSIBUS ?, the Angel-fish," Catesby. This name cannot be used to replace Holacanthus as it represents a very doubtful identification on the part of Catesby ; not at all a generic division. Vipera Catesby, 9, Appendix ; refers to Vipera marina Catesby (Chauliodus sloani Bloch & Schneider). As it is a fish, it cannot belong to the genus Vipera L. Vipera marina is apparently merely a vernacular name, sea-viper or viper-fish being intended. Cataphractus Catesby, 9, Appendix ; type Silurus cataphractus L. = Doras cataphractus of authors = Cataphractus ameri- canus Catesby. This name, being preoccupied, cannot replace Doras Lacepede. XVIII. GULDENSTADT, Acerina piscis ad PerccB genus pertinens: Nov. Comm. Acad. Petropol., 1774, XIX. Anton Johann von Guldenstadt. Not seen by us. Acerina Giildenstadt, 455; type Perca cernua L. (Acerina kabir Giildenstadt). Equivalent to Cernua Schsefer. XIX. Descriptiones Animalium quce in Itinere Orientali Ohservavit, by Petrus Forskal (edited after the death of the author by Carsten Niebuhr). 1775. Siganus Forskal, X ; type Scarus rivulatus Forskal. No definition. This genus has been of late years generally called Teuthis, but apparently this Linnsean name should remain with the group for which Browne first used it. Torpedo Forskal, 1775, 16; type Raja torpedo (not of Linnaeus) = Silurus electricus Gmelin, Malapterurus electricus Lacepede. Forskal describes the Electric Cat-fish of the Nile under the erroneous name of Raja torpedo L. He questions whether it might be allied to Mormyrus or whether it might find a place among the torpedoes of Rondelet, or might it be type of a new genus. "Aut potius novum constituere genus. Certe determinatur tor- pedinis character genericus : Piscis branchiostegus : apertura lineari, obliqua supra pinnae pectorales ; corpore nudo : pinnis ventralibus seu abdominalibus ; dentibus numerosissimis densis, subulatis." This statement leaves no question as FORSKAL, 1775 33 to the species in mind, but Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764, if available, is of still earlier date. Salaria Forskal, X and 22; type (without specific name) = Blennius BASILISCUS L. The genus is equivalent to Blennius L. Not Salarias Cuvier. Scarus Forskal, 25; type Scarus psittacus Forskal. The type no doubt intended was Labrus scarus L., of the Mediterranean "an- tiquo nomine oxdgog" ; but that species was not mentioned by Forskal, and another must be taken as the type. The name Scarus was earlier used by Gronow as a synonym of Labrus. Scarus of Forskal must give way to Callyodon of Gronow if the names of Gronow are to be adopted. This is unfortunate, as Callyodon has been used by most authors as the name of another genus in the same family. Abu-defduf Forskal, 59; type Ch^todon sordidus Forskal. Equivalent to the later Glyphisodon of Lacepede, 1803. The definition of this genus admits of no question. It occurs in the same paragraph with the equally accurate definition of Acanthurus. It may receive objection as a barbarous name. It was probably a "stop-gap" word for which Forskal intended to supply a Latin equivalent. This his editor after his death failed to do and we must apparently take it as it stands : "A generic name is a name without necessary meaning." (Baird.) Acanthurus Forskal, 59 ; type Ch^todon sohal Forskal ; to be replaced by Hepatus Gronow, if Gronow's names are adopted; otherwise by Teuthis L. Later restricted by authors to the first species named. Ch. unicornis. Besides these names, clearly eligible, Forskal lists a number of sub- ordinate groups or subgenera, under Perca, Scarus and Sci^na. Some of these are properly and fully defined, and would be accepted without question if in Latin. But all are in Arabic, and may perhaps be taken as vernacular words, as one might divide a genus into "Groupers,'*' "Snappers" and "Porgies." We may perhaps reject them on the same ground as that on which we reject "les spheroides." In addition to these more or less formal names are two sections, one under Scarus called "dentibus Abudjubbe," equivalent to Cheilinus Lac, and one "dentibus Harid," equivalent to Scarus. Louti and Daba are above reproach, except as to their Arabic origin. Abuhamrur is defined by reference to its type species. Naqua is based on a species referred with doubt to Sci^na. Ghanan, Schour and Tahhmel are names only, identifiable by the correspondence with the Arabic names of their type species. These names of Forskal doubtfully eligible, being vernacular and not meant as sub generic. 34 THE GENERA OF FISHES Naqua Forskal, xvii ; type Sci^na gibba Forskal. With definition as "Piscis marinis rubri obscuris, an Scisna 48?" Equivalent to Genyoroge Cantor, 1850. Louti Forskal, 44; type Perca louti Forskal. With full definition. Equivalent ' to Variola Swainson, 1839, which apparently it should replace. Daba Forskal, 44; type Perca areolata Forskal. With full definition. Epinephelus Bloch, 1798, which apparently it should replace. Abuhamrur Forskal, 44; type Sci^ena hamrur Forskal. With definition by reference to the type species. Priacanthus Cuvier, 1817. Hobar Forskal, 44; type Sci^na bohar Forskal. With short definition. Lutianus Bloch, 1790. Farer Forskal, 44; type Sci^na sammara Forskal. With definition. Holocentrus Gronow, 1763. Ghanan Forskal, 44; type Sci^na ghanam Forskal. Without definition. Scolopsis Cuvier, 1817. Djabub Forskal, 44; type Sci^na jarbua Forskal. With definition. 'Therapon Cuvier, 1817. Gaterin Forskal, 44 ; type Sci^na gaterina Forskal. With scanty definition. Plectorhinchus Lacepede, 1800. Schour Forskal, 44; type Sci^na nebulosa Forskal. Without definition. Lethrinus Cuvier, 1817. Tahhmel Forskal, 44; type Sci^na tahhmel Forskal. Without definition. Kyphosus Lacepede, 1800, subgenus Opisthistius Gill, 1862. XX . KLEIN, Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, nach den Richtigsten Beo- bachfungen und Versuchen, in lAlphabetischer Ordnung. Durch eine Gesellschaft der Gelehrten. Weidmann, Leipzig. (Quoted as "Gesellschaft Schauplatz.") No author named, the account of the fishes compiled from Historia Piscium Naturalis Klein, perhaps by Philip Ludwig Statins Miiller, pro- fessor at Erlangen. Vol. I, 1775; vol. II, 1776; vol. Ill, 1776; vol. IV, 1777; vol. V, 1777; vol. VI, 1778; vol. VII, 1779; vol. VIII, 1779; vol. X, 1781. Jakob Theodor Klein. KLEIN, 1775 35 In a recent monograph of the sharks and rays (Plagiostomia: Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, XXXVI, 1916) Mr. Samuel Gar- man calls attention to the availability in nomenclature of names of genera accepted from Klein, a pre-Linnaean writer, in a post-Linnsean dictionary called "Neuer Schauplatz," or for convenience "Gesellschaft Schau- platz." This publication began, according to Mr. Carman, as a transla- tion of Valmont de Bomare, but later it was extended and improved. We find no copy of this work in the libraries of Washington and New York. It is probable that the copy in Mr. Carman's possession, which its owner has kindly placed at our disposal, is the only one now in the United States. Mr. Carman remarks: "The Schauplatz referred to above is anony- mous, it is true, but it gives the authorities for its generic and specific names, and thus its citations amount to republication after 1758, by the original authors, previous as the first publication may have been." All the generic names used by Jacob Theodor Klein in his Historia Piscium Naturalis, 1740 to 1744, are here reproduced and accepted, thus bringing them for consideration into eligibility in scientific nomenclature. If accepted they therefore replace nearly all competing names except those of Artedi (1738) accepted by Linnaeus (1758), and those of Gronow (1763)- Toward the middle of the eighteenth century the idea of genus among animals as a basis of classification became common property among nat- uralists. The name of the genus was recognized as consisting of a single word, but, until 1758, the species was indicated by a descriptive phrase attached to the name of the genus. By the device of binomial nomenclature, Linnaeus made the system coherent, allotting to genus and species each a single word, the first a noun, the second of the nature of an adjective or genitive. In zoology, scientific nomenclature therefore dates from January i, 1758, the time of the development of this system by Linnaeus in the Tenth Edition of his Sy sterna Natures. Prior to Linnaeus, on the basis of definite genera with polynomial species, three distinguished ichthyologists had separately developed, with- out knowledge of each other's work, a system of classification of fishes. These were Peter Artedi, "the Father of Ichthyology," in Upsala, in 1738; Jacob Theodor Klein, in Jena, 1740 to 1744; and Lorenz Theodor Gronow, in Leyden, 1754 to 1780. Of these authors the work of Artedi was the most compact and accurate, that of Klein the most elaborate, and that of Gronow based on the most material. Artedi's work was the basis of Linnaeus's classification of the fishes. The principal part of the work 36 THE GENERA OF FISHES of Gronow was published in 1763. His names have been accepted as eligible by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. In this paper we give a list of these genera of Klein together with the Linnsean type, each as understood or as indicated by the present writer. In deciding on the type, the writer has been materially aided by the possession of a copy of Klein's Historia Piscium Naturalis, which was once the property of his commentator, Dr. Johann Julius Walbaum of Greifswald, and which contains profuse annotations in Walbaum's own handwriting. Dr. Walbaum himself published in 1792 (Petri \Artedi sued Genera Piscium, 589-587) a classified record of the genera of Klein, but without actually accepting these as part of the System. Later Walbaum printed an Index to all these early names of various authors, as Ichthyologia Enodata sive Index Reriim (Leipzig, 1793). In this Index the generic and other names used by previous writers are arranged in alphabetical order with indication of the Linnaean synonymy. This again does not, in the view of the Zoological Commission (Opinion 21), involve the accept- ance of any of these names. A reprint of Klein's Historice Piscium Naturalis was published, with notes by Walbaum, in 1802. In the Gesellschaft Schauplatz Klein's names are frankly adopted, and the chief serious objection to be raised is that the species are named polynomially. We here omit those names in the Schauplatz, as Acipen- SER, Cyprinus, Xiphias, etc., which had been used by Linnaeus and were already accepted in the System with the same significance. We are in- debted to Mr. Carman for the verification of the list and for the insertion of page references. Illustrations of the method of the elliptical and disorderly Schauplatz are the following. In vol. I, p. 918, 1777, we read: "Botte. Rhombus, ein Kleinisches Fischgeschlecht, welches Linne, Pleuronectes G. 163, Mliller Seitenschwimmer, Richter Butten nennt," etc. Description follov/s. In III, p. 512, we find: "Greete, Kleinische, eine Art platteise, But- ten, Richter: s(iehe) Botte, Rhombus, des Kleins und unsern Artikel Th. I, s. 918 ; desgleichen Plunder, Passer 4 des Kleins und unsern Artikel Th. Ill, s. 151" etc. "Passer 4" is the species called "Passer asper s(eu), squamosus Rondelet. This species is Pleuronectes limanda L. With (eight) other species named polynomially, it is set forth in the Schauplatz, after Klein. The quotations from Miiller probably refer to the Niirnberg Edition of the Sy sterna Naturce, published in German by Professor Philip KLEIN, 1775 37 Ludwig Statius Miiller of Erlangen, in 1776. This edition in its Supple- ment contains a few new specific names but no new genera, so far as noticed.* The reference to "Richter," refers apparently to a work published at Leipzig, in 1754, by J. G. O. Richter, entitled "Ichthyotheologie, oder Versuch die Menschen aus Betrachtung der Fische su Bewunderung des Schopfers su fiihren." This we have not seen, but quote the title from Bosgoed. The same work appears in Dutch, in 1768, as "Godleerende Vischkunde." The names in the "Gesellschaft Schauplats" are all of doubtful eligi- bility, because not adopting the Linnccan Code as to species, and possibly because published in an anonymous dictionary. Conger Klein, I, 22, 1775 ; type Muilena conger L. "Conger pinna membranacea" Klein. A synonym of Conger Houttuyn. Enchelyopus Klein, I, 32, 1775 ; type Trichiurus lepturus L. "En- CHELYOPUS CAPITE PRODUCTO SERPENTINO" Klein. A synonym of Trichiurus L., not Enchelyopus Gronow. Brama Klein, I, 61, 932, 1775; type Cyprinus brama L. "Brama PRiMi RADIO pinn^ dorsalis simplici" Klein. Brama, if accepted, replaces Abramis Cuvier, and the marine genus now called Brama would take the name of Lepodus Rafinesque. Galeus Klein, I, 70, 1775; type Squalus galeus L. "Galeus rostri EXTREMA PARTE PELLUCIDA" Klein. Equivalent to Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816 = Galeus Cuvier, 1817, not Galeus Valmont, 1768, nor of Rafinesque, 1810. Trutta Klein, I, 115, 1775; type Salmo trutta L. "Trutta tota argentea" Klein. A synonym of Trutta L. Leuciscus Klein, I, 172, 1775; type Cyprinus leuciscus L. "Leuciscus SUPRA linea lateralis" Klein. Leuciscus Klein would replace Leuciscus Cuvier, Rafinesque, Agassiz, for the same group. Pelamys Klein, I, 176, 1775 ; type Scomber scombrus L. "Pelamys CORPORE castigato" Klein, the "makarel" of Willughby. The genus, based on the tunnies and the mackerels, is exactly coterminous with Scomber L. If regarded as eligible, the genus of snakes, Pelamys Daudin, must receive a new name. *See "On the Fishes Described in Muller's Supplemental Volume to the Sys- tema Naturce of Linnseus," D. S. Jordan, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., i8go, p. 48. 38 THE GENERA OF FISHES Harengus Klein, I, 209, 1775 ; type Clupea harengus L. "Harengus vulgaris" Klein. Synonym of Clupea L. Amphisilen Klein, I, 280, 1775; type Centriscus scutatus L. "Am- phisilen" Klein. Monotypic. A synonym of Centriscus L., and Amphisile Cuvier. Latargus Klein (misprint for Lathargus), I, 298, 1775; type Anar- hicas lupus L. "Latargus rostro retuso dentis horridis" Klein. Synonym of Anarhichas L. Monotypic. Leiobatus Klein, I, 316, 1775 ; type Raja oxyrhynchus L. "Leio- batus rostro omnium longissime producto" Klein. Synonym of Raja L. Includes all smooth rays. Synagris Klein, I, 442, 1775; type Sparus aurata L. "Synagris DORSO obscure viride" Klein. A synonym of Sparus L. Includes many sparoid fishes. Mystus Klein, I, 535, 1775; type "Mystus fluviatilis" Klein = Cyp- RiNus BARBUS L., not Mystus Gronow, 1763. Equivalent to Barbus Cuvier. Passer Klein, I, 816, 1775 ; type Pleuronectes flesus L. 'Tasser CUTE DENSIS TUBERCULIS." Not of Brisson, 1760, a genus of birds. A synonym of Flesus Moreau. Glaucus Klein, I, 829, 1775 ; type Scomber glaucus L. "Glaucus ACULEATUS MACULIS IN UTROQUE LATERE" Klein. Glaucus, if allowable, replaces C^siomorus Lacepede, a genus distinct from Trachinotus Lacepede, 1803. Hypodis Rafinesque, 1810, is the same. Rhombus Klein, I, 918, 1775, VIII, 88, 1779; type Pleuronectes RHOMBUS L. "Rhombus omnium minimus palm^ longi- tudine." This name antedates Rhombus Da Costa, 1776, a genus of Snails. If eligible, it replaces Bothus Rafinesque, and is equivalent to Rhombus Cuvier, 1817. The other nominal species of Rhombus are synonyms of the Turbot, Psetta max- ima (L.). Rhombotides Klein, I, 922, 1775 ; type Ch^todon c^ruleus Bloch. "Rhombotides obscure ceruleus" Klein, after Catesby. Synonym of Acanthurus Forskal, and of Teuthis of Browne and Linnasus, Klein suggests as substitute names, if Rhombotides is not acceptable, Europus and Psetta. KLEIN, 1775 39 Sargus Klein, I, 966, 1775; type Sparus sargus L. "Sargus pinnis vENTRALiBus" Klein. Sargus, if allowed, replaces Diplodus Rafinesque, and Sargus Cuvier. The genus of Insects called Sargus would in this case require a new name. Dasybatus Klein, I, 991, 1775; type Raja pastinaca L. "Dasybatus CAUDA SQUAMEis ossEis" Klein. Dasybatus, if allowed, replaces Dasyatis Rafinesque and Trygon Adanson. Intended to include all the rough-skinned rays. Prochilus Klein, I, 1043, 1775; type, as here restricted, "Prochilus L^VIS LATERIBUS CARINATUS" Klein (BlENNIUS PHOLIS L.). Equivalent to Pholis Cuv. & Val., a name used earlier for another genus by Gronow and Scopoli. In this sense Prochilus is a subgenus under Blennius. . . On plates in Bleeker's Atlas, Prochilus is used instead of Amphiprion, the species named first by Klein being Amphiprion ephippium (Bloch). We find, however, no formal restriction of Prochilus by Bleeker. Labrax Klein, II, 32, 1775, and VIII, 164, 1779; type Perca labrax L. "Labrax sive Lupus" Klein. Labrax, if allowed, replaces Dicentrarchus Gill = Labrax Cuvier, 1817. Not Labrax of Pallas, 1810, which is Hexagram mos. Percis Klein, II, 45, Ed. 2, 1776; type Perca cernua L., as restricted by Bleeker, Systema Percarum Revisum. "Percis pinnis sex anteriore parte dorsalis 14" Klein. Equivalent to Cernua Schaefer 1761, Gymnocephalus Bloch & Schneider 1801, to AcERiNA Cuvier 1817, and Cernua Fleming 1828; not Percis Scopoli 1777, nor of Cuvier. Narcacion Klein, II, 237, 1776; IV, 726, 1777; type Raja torpedo L. "Narcacion demta CAUDA siNuosA ciRCULARis" Klein. Narcacion, if accepted, replaces Torpedo Dumeril, not of Forskal. If rejected, Narcobatus Blainville is next in date. Monotypic. Maenas Klein, II, 360, 1776; type Sparus m^na L. "M^nas dilute viRiDis" Klein. M^nas would replace M^na Cuvier. Cicla Klein, II, 412, 1776; type Labrus viridis L. "Cicla viridis oper- culorum" Klein. Synonym of Labrus L. Comprises all the species of Labrus L., called Turdus or Merula by authors, these names also signifying "thrush." If accepted, Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 1801, would require a new name. Rhina Klein, II, 587, 1776; type Rhina souatina L. "Rhina sive squatina"' Klein. Rhina, if allowed, replaces Squatina Dumeril. 40 THE GENERA OF FISHES Rhinobatus Klein, II, 593, 1776; type Raja rhinobatus L. "Rhino- BATUS SEU Squatino raja" Klein. Rhinobatus would replace Rhinobatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, and Syrrhina Miiller & Henle, based on the same species. Solea Klein, III, 115, 1776; type Pleuronectes solea L. "Solea SQUAMIS MINUTIS" Klein. Solea Klein would replace Solea Rafinesque, Solea Quensel and Solea Cuvier. Pseudopterus Klein, III, 139, 1776; type Gasterosteus volitans L. "PsEUDOPTERus QUI Perca amboinensis" Klein. Replaces, if allowed, Pterois Cuvier. Tetragonoptrus Klein, III, 153, 1776; type Ch^todon capistratus L. "Tetragonoptrus l^vis ad caudam brunnea" Klein. Synonym of Ch^todon L. Bleaker uses this name in place of Ch^todon, as Artedi's "type" of Ch^todon — that is, the species first named — is a Pomacanthus. But Artedi included also true species of Ch^todon in his list, and the name was adopted by Linnsus from his own use of it, in the Amoenitates Acadenticicr. Batrachus Klein, III, 202, 1776; type Lophius piscatorius L. "Ba- TRACHUS RICTUQUE RAN^" Klein. Synonym of Lophius L., not Batrachus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Mastaccembelus Klein, III, 271, 1776; type Esox belone L. "Mas- TACCEMBELUS MANDIBULIS LONGISSIMIS" Klein. Not Mastacembelus Gronow, 1763 ; stands as Belone Cuvier. Platiglossus Klein, III, 300, 1776; type Halichceres marginatus Rijppell. "Platiglossus subrufus souamulis l^vibus" Klein. Accepted by Bleaker as Platyglossus. Klein's figure is crude, but recog- nizable. Lucius Klein, III, 506, 1776; type Esox lucius L. "Lucius . . . ros- TRO quasi anserino" Klein. Synonym of Esox L. = Lucius Rafinesque. Cestracion Klein, III, 523, 1776; type Squalus zyg^na L. "Cestra- ciON fronte acus" Klein. Cestracion, if accepted, replaces Sphyrna Rafinesque and Zycena Cuvier. Cestracion Cuvier is a different genus, Heterodontus Blainville, Centracion Gray. Trichidion Klein, III, 592, 1776; type Polynemus virginicus L. "Tri- CHIDION CORPORE OBLONGO" Klein. A synonym of Polynemus L. as restricted by authors generally. Monotypic. Asperulus Klein, III, 686, 1776; X, 236, 1781 ; type Perca zingel L. "ASPERULUS VEL ASPREDO DORSO ACUTO" Klein. Identical with Zingel Oken. Monotypic. scopoLi, 1777 41 Corystion Klein, III, 762, 1776; type Trigla lapponica L. "Corys- TION CORPORE GRANULATO" Klein. A synonym of Trigla L. In volume III of the Gesellschaft Schatiplats, lyyG, pp. 61-73, is given a list of the genera of fishes. This includes so far as we note all those proposed by Klein and those of Linnaeus also, those of Klein appearing first. The names are not in alphabetical order, but follow the sequence of Klein's Historia Piscum Naturalis. This seems to imply a post-Linnsean acceptance of all of Klein's genera, even were their use in the text rejected. One new name appears : Pristis Klein, III, 61, 1776; type "Pristis, der Sageschnautz." Equivalent to Pristis Linck. XXI. SCOPOLI, Introductio ad Historiam Naturalem, Prague, 1777. JoHANN Anton Scopoli. x\ descriptive catalogue of the genera of animals and plants. The genera of fishes are mostly those of Linnaeus and Gronow. No types are named save in the two new, Percis and Pteridium. The following names given by Gronow are not accepted by Scopoli : Enchelyopus (regarded as a synonym of Blennius), Eleotris (= GoBius), Plecostomus (=Loricaria), Coracinus (=Sci^na), Cal- LORHYNCHUS (=ChIM^RA), CaTAPHRACTUS (^PeGASUS), GyMNO- gaster (= Trichiurus), Cyclogaster (=Liparis), Hepatus, ( = Teuthis) ; Amia is used only in the Linnsean sense. Liparis (Artedi) Scopoli, 453; type (not named) Cyclopterus liparis L. Percis Scopoli, 454 ; type Cottus japonicus Pallas. Equivalent to Hippocephalus Swainson, 1839, not Percis Klein. Pteridium Scopoli, 454; type Coryph^na velifera Pallas (Pteraclis Gronow). The following names of Gronow are introduced into Linnsean nomen- clature by Scopoli, without mention of type. These date from Scopoli, 1777, if the Zoophylaceum of Gronow, 1763, be not accepted. 42 the genera of fishes Erythrinus, 449 Mystus, 451 Synodus, 449 Callichthys, 451 Callyodon, 449 Aspredo, 453 HOLOCENTRUS, 449 ChARAX, 455 (misprinted Holocenthrus) Clarias, 455 Gonorhynchus, 450 Cyn/edus, 455 Albula, 450 Pholis, 456 Umbra (Kramer), 450 Mastacembelus, 458 Anableps, 450 Channa, 459 Anostomus, 451 XXII. FORSTER, Icones Inedifce; Bibliotheca Banksiae, 1777. John Reinhold Forster. Echidna Forster, 181; type Echidna variegata Forster = Mur^na echidna Gmelin. This generic name, according to Kaup, first appears in 1777, in the Iconas Ineditce. It must be retained for the genus of fishes, and is not available for the genus of mammals named Echidna bv Cuvier, = Tachyglossus. XXIII. KLEIN, Gesellschaft Schauplatz, vols. IV, V, 1777. Jakob Theodor Klein. Oncotion Klein, IV, 46, 1777 ; type Cyclopterus lumpus L. "Onco- tion colore nigricante" Klein. A synonym of Cyclopterus L. Cynocephalus Klein, IV, 161, 1777; type Squalus glaucus L. "Cynocephalus glaucus" Klein, as restricted by Gill. Cynocephalus Boddsert is of later date. Equivalent to Prionace Cantor. Callarias Klein, IV, 327, 1777; type Gadus morrhua L. "Callarias soRDiDE olivaceus" Klein. Synonym of Gadus L. Crayracion Klein, IV, 788, 1777; type Tetraodon spengleri Bloch. "CrAYRACION LyEVISSIMUS EX TERREO RUFESCENS" Klein. A synonym of Tetraodon L. The type of this genus was first fixed by Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 1865, 65. Bleaker observes: "La premiere espece du genre complique que Klein en 1742 deja nomma Crayracion etant le Tetraodon spengleri des auteurs ou au moins une espece extremement voisine, je propose d' indiquer sous ce nom generique toutes FORSTER, 1778 43 les especes a tentacule nasale non perforce. . . . Le nom de Crayracion est anterieur de plusicurs annees a celui de Tetraodon et devrait etre substitue a ce dernier si le type du genre n'etait pas reconnu a un genre distincte du Crayracion LiCvissiMUs de Klein." This lixes the type of Klein on the species figured by him, but Bleeker is in error in supposing Tetraodon spengleri to be a species with closed nostrils. The proper name for that group — (Arothron Miiller : Tetraodon of several authors) seems to be Ovoides Cuvier. Cataphractus Klein, IV, 828, 1777; type Cottus cataphractus L. "Cataphractus rostro resimo" Klein. Not Cataphractus Gronow. Stands as Agonus Lacepede. Capriscus Klein, V, 427, 1777; type Balistes capriscus Gmelin. "Capriscus tribus aculeis" Klein. Synonym of Balistes L. Cestreus Klein, V, 460, 1777; type Mugil cephalus L. "Cestreus DORSO REPANDO" Klein. A synonym of Mugil L. XXIV. FORSTER, Enchiridion, 1778. John Reinhold Forster. Harpurus Forster, 84; type Harpurus fasciatus Forster. Equivalent to Hepatus, Teuthis and Acanthurus. XXV. KLEIN, Gesellschaft Schauplats, vols. VI to X, 1778 to 1781. Jakob Theodor Klein. Solenostomus Klein, VI, 32, 1778; type Fistularia tabaccaria L. "SOLENOSTOMUS CUTE GLABRA" Klein. Synonym of Fistularia. If Solenostomus is accepted, a new^ generic name is required for Solenostsmus Lacepede. Sphyraena Klein, VI, 464, 1778; type Esox sphyr^na L. Would replace Sphyilena Rose, unless Umbla Catesby is available. Gobio Klein, VII, 178, 1779; type Gobius niger L. "Gobio branchi- ARUM OPERCULIS ET VENTRE FLAVICANTIBUS'' Klein. If allowed, Gobio Klein becomes a synonym of Gobius L. and a new name would be required in place of Gobio Cuvier. Hippnrus Klein, VII, 788, 1779; type Coryphv^na hippurus L. "Hip- PURUS pinnis BRANCH l^libus" Klein. Synonym of CoRypH.«:NA L. 44 THE GENERA OF FISHES Blennus Klein, VIII, 589, 1779; type Blennius ocellaris L. "Blen- Nus PiNNicEPS coLORis" Klein. Synonym of Blennius L. Psalisostomus Klein, X, 154, 1781 ; type Esox osseus L. "Psaliso- STOMUS OMNIUM MAXiMUs" Klein. If allowed, replaces Lepisosteus Lacepede. XXVI. HERRMANN, Schreihen ueber eine neues Americanisches Fischgeschlecht, Sternoptix : Der Naturforscher, 2 Stuck, vol. XVI, 1781. JoHANN Herrmann. Sternoptix Herrmann, 8, 36 ; type Sternoptix diaphana Herrmann. Monotypic. XXVII. HOUTTUYN, Beskrivning van Eenige Japanske Visschen: Actse Harlemensis, XX, pt. 2, 1782. Martin Houttuyn. Centrogaster Houttuyn, 333 ; type Centrogaster fuscescens Houttuyn. A synonym of Siganus Forskal. XXVIII. BLOCH, Natiirgeschichte der Ausldndischen Fische. Nine parts, 1785 to 1795. Part 2, 1786. Mark Elieser Bloch. Kurtus Bloch, II, 122, 1786; type Kurtus indicus Bloch. Also written Kyrtus and Cyrtus. Monotypic. Macrourus Bloch, II, 150, 1786; type Coryph^na rupestris Fabricius, the "Ingmingoak" = Macrourus berglax Lacepede, which is not the same as Coryph^noides rupestris Gunner. XXIX. BLOCH, Ueber Zwey Merkwurdige Fisch-Arten: Abhandlungen Bohmischer Gesellschaft, I, 1787. Notacanthus Bloch, 278; type Notacanthus chemnitzi Bloch. This name was changed by Bloch in 1797 to Acanthonotus and the species to AcANTHONOTUs NASus. Monotypic. AHL, 1787 45 XXX. AHL, De Murcena et Ophichtho, 1787. Jonas Nicholas Ahl. Ophichthus Ahl, 5 ; type Mur^na ophis L., as restricted. Unquestioned. XXXI. ASCANIUS, Beretning urn Silde-Tusten : Dansk. Selsk. 1788. P. ASCANIUS Regalecus Ascanius, III, 419; type Ophidium glesne Ascanius. Other dates have been quoted, for example "Icones," 1772, a series of plates of objects in nature. This may not be the oldest. XXXII. BLOCH, Charactere und Beschreibung des Geschlechts der Papageyfische, Callyodon : Abhandlungen Bohmischer Gesell- schaft, IV, 1788. Mark Elieser Bloch. Callyodon Bloch, 242; type (presumably) Scarus croicensis Bloch. Not seen by us. XXXIII. BLOCH, Naturgeschichte der Ausldndischen Fische, III, 1788. Gymnetrus Bloch, III, i ; type Gymnetrus hawkeni Bloch. A synonym of Regalecus. XXXIV. BROWNE, Civil and Natural History of Jamaica, Second Edition, 1789. Patrick Browne, M. D. Originally published in 1756, reprinted in 1789, with a table showing the Linnaean equivalents of species named, and perhaps other revisions. No changes have been noted in the systematic part. In the original edi- tion of 1756, as in later editions, the author refers to the works of Artedi and Gronow, with both of whom he was familiar. His recognition of genus as a technical term and not as a mere Latin noun is unmistakable. Browne adopts various genera of Artedi (later accepted by Linnasus), and to these he adds twelve new genera of his own. The species are 46 THE GENERA OF FISHES indicated by polynomial terms, to which are added the EngUsh vernac- ular names current in Jamaica. The History of Jamaica is the ablest of all the works describing a local fish-fauna, prior to Linnaeus, in quality comparable to the work of Osbeck, Hasselquist, and even of Forskal. The revised republication of the work in 1789 may perhaps make the names of Browne eligible in nomenclature, if other authors rigidly cor- rect as to generic names but polynomial as to species are to be consid- ered. We have examined the original edition and the edition of 1789. The names of Browne are perhaps not eligible as not binomial and as occurring in a slightly revised reprint of a pre-Linncean tvork. Following the precedent of Opinion 57, rejecting Hasselquist {Iter Palestinum) , Browne's work would not be regarded as available. Solenostomus Browne, 441 ; type "Solenostomus corpore terete sub- ROTUNDO etc., the Trumpeter" = Fistularia tabaccaria L. This name, if eligible, antedates Solenostomus Klein and Solenostomus Lace- pede. Monotypic. Menidia Browne, 441 ; type "Menidia corpore pellucido, linea later- al! LATiORi argentea" = Atherina browni Gmelin, 1789. This name, if accepted, replaces Anchoviella Fowler, besides rendering Men- idia Bonaparte ineligible. Monotypic. Amia Browne, 442; type "Amia subargentea labris tEQualibus ossic- ULUS branch iostegus vigintiduobus, the Tarpon" = Megalops atlanticus Cuv. & Val. This name is equivalent to Tarpon Jordan & Evermann. It is however pre- occupied by Amia Gronow and by Amia L. Browne refers also to Amia, a sec- ond species, "the Ten-pounder," which is Elops saurus L., type of the genus EiOPS. Mormyra Browne, 445; type "Mormyra major c^rulea et aureo varia, the larger Painted Parrot-fish" = Scarus vetula Bloch & Schneider. The name Mormyra, too close to Mormyrus L., is subsequent to Callyodon of Gronow, and to Scarus Forskal. Three other species of Parrot-fish are placed by Browne in Mormyra. Synonym of Callyodon. Plagusia Browne, 445 ; type "Plagusia subcinerea cauda attenuata, the little Brown Sole with a pointed tail" = Pleuronectes plagusia Bloch & Schneider, 1801 = Symphurus plagusia Jor- dan & Evermann. The name Plagusia was adopted for this genus by Cuvier in 1829. It had however been earlier (1806) used by Latreille for a genus of Crustaceans. BROWNE, 1789 47 Browne's name Plagusia, if available, has priority over Symphurus Rafinesqvie, 1820, as well as over the numerous later names applied to this group, the best known of which are Aphoristia Kaup and Ammopleurops Giinther. As there is a still earlier species, Plagusia plagiusa L., in this genus, the present species may perhaps stand as Plagusia ornata Lacepede, "plagiusa" being only a variant spelling of the same word. Helops Browne, 445 ; type "Helops nigrescens varie nebulatim, the Hog--fish of Catesby" = Labrus rufus L. If Helops, with this type, is accepted, it will eliminate the much confused generic name Bodianus Bloch, based on the same type (Bodianus bodianus Bloch = Labrus rufus L.). Harpe Lacepede and Cossyphus Cuvier are later names for the same genus. The first species indicated by Browne under Helops is Lach- NOLAiMus MAxiMUS (Walbaum), the "Suillus or Great Hog-fish" of Catesby. This is "Helops rufescens iride partim rubra, partim albida, macula nigra POST piNNiM dorsalem, the Hog-fish" of Browne. In the interest of nomenclature, it would be better to suppress Bodianus rather than Lachnolaimus^ if Helops is found eligible. Cromis Browne, 449 ; type "Cromis subargenteo oblongus radiis anterioribus dorsalis ^gre pungentibus, the Drummer" = Labrus cromis L. = Pogonias chromis of authors. Browne cites four species of his genus Cromis, the "Silver Shad" (Gerres cinereus), the Red-mouth Grunt (Htemulon plumieri), the Stone Bass (Diapterus brasilianus), and the Drummer (Pogonias cromis). As the last named became Labrus cromis L., we may take it as the type of the genus Cromis of Browne, if the latter is eligible. Cromis would then, if accepted, re- place Pogonias Lacepede. Chromis Cuvier, 1815, a more correct spelling of the same word, would then give place to Heliases Cuvier. Macrocephalus Browne, 449; type "Macrocephalus argentea major LINEA LATERALIS RECTA NIGRA, the SnOok" = SCLENA UNDECIM- ALis Bloch. Monotypic. Equivalent to Centropomus Lacepede. Preoccupied by Macro- cephalus Swederus, 1787, a genus of Insects. Pelmatia Browne, 449; type "Pelmatia major squamis vix perspicuus, the Mud-fish" = Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede. The name Pelmatia, if accepted, replaces Gobiomorus, which in turn has re- placed the excellent name Philypnus of Cuvier. The first species named under Pelmatia by Browne is "Pelmatia minor squamis majusculus, the Bullhead." This is Dormitator maculatus (Bloch). Browne gives a long and correct account of Pelmatia, and notes that his "sec- ond sort," the mud-fish, is "most esteemed and grows frequently to the length of 17 to 20 inches. It is the most delicate fish I have yet known, when in full per- fection." 48 THE GENERA OF FISHES Thynnus Browne, 451 ; type "Thynnus bontii corpore crassiori et BREvioRE etc., The Boneeto" = Scomber felamys L. This use of the name Thynnus is later than that of Fabricius, 1775, for a genus of Insects. It antedates Thynnus of Cuvier and it is equivalent to Thyn- nus of Liitken, a name later changed to Euthynnus by its author. Scomber PELAMYS L., the Oceanic Bonito, is the Bonito of Cuba and Jamaica, where the Northern Bonito, Sarda sarda, is unknown. Of the "Boneeto," Browne observes that it is "a dry coarse fish, not much esteemed, though a hearty wholesome food." Should stand as Euthynnus Liitken. Monotypic. Saurus Browne, 452 ; type "Saurus argenteus cute longitudinalis etc., the Leather Coat" = Scomber saurus Bloch & Schneider = Oligoplites saurus of authors. Not Saurus Cuv. & Val., which is Synodus Gronow. If Browne's names are accepted, Saurus must replace Oligoplites Gill, its type species standing as Saurus saurus (Bloch & Schneider). Two other species of Saurus are enum- erated by Browne, the "Red-tailed Jack" and the "White-fish." Teuthis Browne, 454; type "Teuthis fusca c^ruleo nitens, the Doc- tor (Turdus rhomboides Catesby)"^ Ch^todon c^ruleus Bloch. The first application of the name Teuthis (xeuOig, a squid) to a fish is that of Browne in 1756. Linnaeus in 1766 accepted Browne's name Teuthis, and sub- stituted it for Gronow's name Hepatus, 1763. The republication of Teuthis in 1789 would help to fix the generic name Teuthis with Browne's original species. Hepatus Gronow was primarily based on a specimen of the West Indian species called Ch^todon chirurgus by Bloch, with which Ch^todon c^ruleus Bloch, the type of Teuthis, is strictly congeneric. The other species concerned, Teuthis jAvus L., wrongly referred by Gronow to Hepatus, should stand as Siganus For- skal. Cuvier and Valenciennes, according to Giinther, were in error in referring Gronow's specimen, the type of Teuthis hepatus L., to an East Indian species, since called Colocopus lambdurus Gill. The four species entangled in the confusion superimposed upon Browne, should, as Gill has shown, stand as follows : Hepatus or Teuthis c^ruleus (Bloch & Schneider). Hepatus or Teuthis hepatus L. Colocopus lambdurus Gill. Siganus javus (L.). Rhomboida Browne, 455 ; type "Rhomboida alepidota argentea pin- Nis OMNis BREViBus, the Silvcr-fish" ^ VoMER BROWNi Cuv. & Val., 1833. The generic name Rhomboida antedates that of Vomer Cuvier, and, if ac- cepted, the type species would stand as Rhomboida browni (Cuv. & Val.) = Platysomus spixi Swainson, a species distinct from the northern Vomer setipin- Nis (Mitchill). Under Rhomboida, Browne mentions also "Rhomboida major alepidota, the Larger Silver-fish, with long fins (Zeus Cauda bifurca Artedi)." This must be LINCK, 1790 49 Selene vomer L. A third species is "Rhomboida squamosa ex argentea, the Portu- gise." This seems to be Pomacanchus arcuatus L., the "Portugais" of the French Antillan fishermen. XXXV. LINCK, Magasin Neuestes aus der Physik imd Naturgeschichte, Gotha, 1790. H. F. LiNCK. This work we have not seen ; we quote from Gill. Mustelus Linck, 31; type Squalus mustelus L. = Mustelus l^vis of authors. Equivalent to Pleuracromylon Gill, not quite the same as Mustelus Valmont. Pristis Linck, 31 ; type Squalus pristis L. Unquestioned. Rhinobatos Linck, 32 ; type not specified : Raja rhinobatos L. Equivalent to Rhinobatus Klein. Callichthys Linck, 32 ; type not specified : Silurus callichthys L. Equivalent to Callichthys Gronow. Alosa Linck, 35 (scarcely defined) ; type not specified: Clupea alosa L. = Alosa Cuvier. Thymallus Linck, 35; type not specified: Salmo thymallus L. = Thymallus Cuvier. Mela Linck, 37; type Diodon mola L. Equivalent to Mola Koelreuter and Cuvier. Soarus Linck (misprint for Saurus), 37; type not specified and un- identifiable. Barbatula Linck, 38 ; type Cobitis barbatula L. Replaces Oreias Sauvage ; Orthrias Jordan & Fowler. XXXVL BLOCH, Naturgeschichte der Ausldndischen Fische, IV, 1790. Mark Elieser Bloch. Bodianus Bloch, IV, 48 ; type Bodianus bodianus Bloch, by tautonomy. Replaces Harpe Lacepede. By first restriction, Cuvier and Gill, the type would be Bodianus guttatus Bloch, a species of Enneacentrus Gill. Tautonomy has precedence in this case. Lutianus Bloch, IV, 105 ; type Lutianus lutianus Bloch. Unquestioned. Also spelled Lutjanus. 50 THE GENERA OF FISHES XXXVII. WHITE, Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790. J. White. Enoplosus White, plate 39; type Ch^todon armatus White. Lacepede quotes the name Enoplosus from White. We have not seen this paper, and the name may have been first printed by Lacepede. XXXVIII. VALMONT DE BOMARE, Dictionnaire etc.. Edition IV, vol. VIII, 1791. Jean Christophe Valmont de Bomare. Acus Valmont ; type Acus aristotelis Valmont = Syngnathus ACUS L. After Willughby. Same as Syngnathus L. XXXIX. SHAW, Description of Stylephorus chokdatus, a new fish : Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, I, 1791- George Shaw. Stylephorus Shaw, I, 90; type Stylephorus chordatus Shaw. Monotypic. XL. WALBAUM, Artedi Piscium, 1792. JoHANN Julius Walbaum. Curimata Walbaum, 80; type Salmo marcgravii Walbaum, based on "Charax maxilla superiore longiore" Gronow, which is Salmo CYPRINOIDES L. Curimata should replace Curimatus Cuvier for this genus. XLI. BLOCH, Naturgeschichte der Ansldndischen Fische, VI, VII, 1792, 1793- Mark Elieser Bloch. Anthias Bloch, VI, 97, 1792; type Labrus anthias L. ^Anthias SACER Bloch. Unquestioned. Aylopon Rafinesque is a substitute name, Anthias being said to be preoccupied. We do not find it so. Anthia, a genus of Beetles, dates from 1801. ROSE, 1793 51 Epinephelus Bloch, VII, n, 1793; type Epinephelus marginalia Bloch = Perca fasciata Forskal, by general consent. The genus Epinephelus was based on E. afer, E. marginalis, E. merra, and E. ruber. Marginalis and merra are congeneric, and belong to the great group called Epinephelus by Gill, Bleeker, and nearly all recent authors. Of these, marginalis is typical. The species named tirst, afer, has been on that account chosen as type by Fowler, 1907. This species was separated as the type of Alph- ESTES by Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Ruber was named as type by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. This species under another name (acutirostris Guv. & Val.) became the type of Parepinephelus Bleeker, 1875. Justice and convenience are best served by retaining the name Epinephelus for its chief components, as understood by nearly all authors. Otherwise the genus would stand as Cerna Bonaparte, 1837, unless, with Fowler, we recognize Epinephelus gigas (Perca gigas) L. as the type of Serranus Cuvier, 1817, a change we think unnecessary. If the subgenera of For- skal, with Arabic names, are recognized, Epinephelus must give place to Daba. Gymnocephalus Bloch, VII, 24, 1793; type Perca schr.^tzer L., equiv- alent to Cernua Schaefer, Acerina Cuvier, and Cernua Fleming. Johnius Bloch, VII, 132. 1793; type Johnius carutta Bloch, as re- stricted by Gill. Lonchiurus Bloch, VII, 143, 1793 ; type Lonciiiurus barbatus Bloch, 1793=: Perca lanceolata Bloch, 1788. Monotypic. Corrected by later writers to Lonchurus. Cataphractus Bloch, VII, 80, 1793; type Silurus callichthys L. as here restricted. A synonym of Callichthys. XLII, ROSE, Petri Artedi Angermannia-Sueci Synonymia Nominum Piscium etc. Greifswald. Edition II, 1793. Anton Ferdinand Rose. This article, published as a supplement to Walbaum's Artedi Piscium, enumerates the generic names of Artedi and others, the species in their original polynomial form. In an Appendix are given a few new generic names, mostly taken from Aristotle. These genera are not described, nor are their species named, but the synonymy is fully given. Some of them had been already used by other authors. In our judgment, these names are eligible, and a few maintain priority of date. Phycis Rose, 11 1 ; type qpuxig Aristotle, Phycis tinca Bloch & S^^h'^eider, Gadus blennioides Briinnich. This is identical with Phycis Bloch & Schneider, 1801 ; the latter, but not the former, antedated by Phycis Fabricius, 1798, a genus of Insects. Phycis Rose re- places Emphycus Jordan & Evermann, 1898. 52 THE GENERA OF FISHES Cicla Rose, 112; type "Cicla vix palmaris"' Rose, xix^r] Aristotle, a species of Labrus, perhaps L. viridis L. Cicla Klein is identical with that of Rose. Schneider, more correctly, wrote the word Cichla, but applied it to a different group. Sphyraena Rose, 112; type aqpiiQaiva Aristotle = Esox sphyr^na L. This antedates Sphyr^na Bloch & Schneider, 1801, for the same genus. Hepatus Rose, 113; type fjjtaxos Aristotle, which is probably Labrus HEPATUS L., the type of the genus Paracentropristis Bleeker. Hepatus Gronow is wholly different. Capriscus Rose, 114; type xajiQioxog Diphili, xduiQog Aristotle, which is probably Balistes capriscus L. A synonym of Balistes L. Taenia Rose, 114; type taivia Aristotle = Cepola t^nia L. The genus is equivalent to Cepola L., and is preoccupied in Worms by T^nia L. Pholis Rose, 116; type q)orig Aristotle = Blennius pholis L. Equivalent to Pholis Cuv. & Val., not of Scopoli, 1777. Citharus Rose, 116; type xiddpog Aristotle = Pleuronectus lingua- tula L. Equivalent to Citharus Bleeker, 1862, and Eucitharus Gill, 1888; not Citharus Reinhardt, 1838, which is Hippoglossoides. Liparis Rose, 117; type "Liparis nostras Johnson" = Cyclopterus LIPARIS L. Equivalent to Cyclogaster Gronow and Liparis Scopoli. Chelon Rose, 118; type %dKk(x)v or x^Xoyv Aristotle, Chelon of Gesner, which is probably Mugil chelo Cuv. & Val. Probably equivalent to Ch^nomugil Gill, but the European and American types need further comparison. XLIII. LATHAM, Essay on the various species of Sazv-Fish: Trans- actions of the Linnsean Society of London, 1794. John F. Latham. Pristis Latham, II, 276; type Squalus pristis L. Same as Pristis Linck. XLIV. VAHL, Beskrivelse af en nye Fiskeslhegt: Shrivt. Naturh. Selsk., Kjobenhavn, III, 1794. M. Vahl. Caecula Vahl, III, 2, 149 ; type C^cula pterygera Vahl. Monotypic. BLOCK, 1795 53 XLV. BLOCH, Naturgeschichte dcr Ausldndischen Fische, VIII, 1794; IX, 1795- Mark Elieser Bloch. Platystacus Bloch, VIII, 52, 1794; type Platystacus cotylephorus Bloch, as usually restricted. Ophicephalus Bloch, VIII, 137, 1794; type Ophicephalus punctatus Bloch. Unquestioned. Corrected by later writers to Ophiocephalus. Sphagebranchus Bloch, IX, 88, 1795 ; type Sphagebranchus rostratus Bloch. Monotypic. Gymnothorax Bloch, IX, 83, 1795; type Gymnothorax mur^na Bloch = MuR^NA HELENA L. A synonym of Mur-^na L. Giinther, Cat. Fish, VIII, p. 100, 1870, restricts the names to allies of Mur^na afra = Lycodontis McClelland, an arrangement apparently not defensible, as Gymnothorax was plainly a substitute name for Mur,ena, and must retain the same type, Mur^na Helena L. Synbranchus Bloch, IX, 86, 1795 ; type Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch. Name corrected by later writers to Symbranchus. Platycephalus Bloch, IX, 96, 1795; type Platycephalus spathula Bloch = CoTTus iNSiDiATOR Forskal = Callionymus indicus L. Unquestioned. Gastrobranchus Bloch, XII, 51, 1797; type Gastrobranchus c^cus Bloch ^Myxine glutinosa L. A synonym of Myxine L. Acanthonotus Bloch, XII, 113, 1797; type Acanthonotus nasus Bloch, 1797= NOTACANTHUS CHEMNITZI Bloch, I787. A needless substitute name for Notacanthus. XLVI. FABRICIUS, Beskrivelse over to sieldne Gronldndske Fiske: Skrivt. Naturhist. Selskab. Kjobenhavn, 1793, II. Otto Fabricius. Campylodon Fabricius, 12; type Campylodon (fabricii Reinhardt), 1838. A synonym of Notacanthus Bloch. Mononomial and monotypic. 54 THE GENERA OF FISHES XLVII. VOLTA, Ichthyolithologia Veronensis, 1796. Serafino Volta. Blochius Volta, 53; type Blochius longirostris Volta (Family Blochiid^, fossil). XLVIII. LACEPEDE, sur le Polyodon feuille: Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom., 1797. Bernard Germain ^tienne de la Ville-sur-Illon Comte de Lacepede. The name of this author should be written Lacepede. Sherborne, Index Ani- maliutn, says : "A letter dated 1831 is signed 'b. g. e cte. de Lacepede.' This spell- ing and accentuation should be adhered to." Polyodon Lacepede, 49 ; type Polyodon folium Lacepede. Monotypic. XLIX. CUVIER, Tableau Elcmentaire, 1798. Georges Jean Leopold Nicolas Frederic Cuvier. Mola Cuvier, 323 ; type Diodon mola L. Equivalent to Mola Koelreuter. Prior to Orthagoriscus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Monotypic. Murasnophis Cuvier, 329 ; type Mur^na helena L. A synonym of Mur^ena L. L. GEOFFROY SAINT HILAIRE, Description d'nn nonveau Genre de Poisson: Bull. Soc. Sci. Philom., Ill, "An X de la Repub- lique," 1798. £tienne Geoffroy Saint Hilaire. Polypterus St. Hilaire, 97 ; type Polypterus bichir St. Hilaire. Monotypic. LI. RETZIUS, Lampris, En ny Fiskslagt Beskriven: Vet. Acad. Nya Handl., Stockholm, XX, 1799. A. J. Retzius. Lampris Retzius, 91 ; type Zeus guttatus Briinnich = Zeus regius Bonnaterre. SHAW, 1799 55 LII. SHAW, Naturalist's Miscellany, 1799. George Shaw. Trachichthys Shaw, 378; type Trachichthys australis Shaw. Monotypic. LIII. CUVIER, Lecons d'Anatomie Comparee, 1800. Georges Cuvier. Ovoides Cuvier, i, tab. i; type Ovoides fasciatus Lacepede = Tetro- DON STELLATUS. After "les Ovoides Lacepede," 1798. Replaces Arothron M tiller. LIV. LACEPEDE, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, *vol. I, 1798; II, 1800. Bernard Germain £tienne de la Ville-sur-Illon, Comte de Lacepede (here called "Citoyen La Cepede"). The generic names in Volume I, 1798, and Volume II, 1800, to page 160, are nearly all given in French vernacular and are therefore ineli- gible. Scientific forms for most of these were supplied by Dumeril, Zoologie Analytique, 1806, from which work the generic names in ques- tion must be dated. Aodon Lacepede, I, 297, 1798; type Squalus massasa Forskal, as re- stricted by Jordan & Evermann. A shark, perhaps imaginary, with no teeth and with long pectorals. The Latin name Aodon is used, as well as the French "les Addons." Ovoides (Lacepede), 521, "les Ovoides"; type "l'Ovoide fasce." A front view of Tetraodon stellatus L. Equivalent to Ovoides Cuvier. Spheroides (Lacepede) Dumeril (les Spheroides), II, 22, 1800; type LE Spheroide tubercule Lacepede. A front view of Tetraodon spengleri Bloch. A synonym of Tetraodon as here understood. * Of this work we have before us two reprints, neither with the original pag- ination. This, however, we are able to give, through the kindness of Mr. Henry W. Fowler of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, who has supplied us with a complete list of the genera and the pages on which they occur. In the original edition the author styles himself "Citoyen La Cepede." 56 THE GENERA OF FISHES Macrorhynchus (Lacepede) Dumeril (les Macrorhynques) ; type le Macrorhinque argente Lacepede, Syngnathus argenteus Osbeck. Probably replaces Dicrotus Giinther. Caecilia Lacepede), II, 134, 1800 (les C^cilies) ; type Cecilia bran- DERiANA Lacepede ^= Mur^na c^ca L. Not CECILIA L., a genus of Amphibians. A synonym of Sphagebranchus Bloch. Monopterus (Lacepede), Dumeril, II, 138, 1800 (les Monopteres) ; type Monopterus javanensis Lacepede. Notopterus Lacepede, II, 189, 1800; type Gymnotus kaperat Bonna- terre (Gymnotus notopterus Pallas). Ophisurus Lacepede, II, 195, 1800; type Mur^na serpens L. as re- stricted by Risso, 1826. Triurus Lacepede, II, 200, 1800; type Triurus bougainvillei Lace- pede, later called Pomatias by Bloch & Schneider. Unidentified. A deep-sea fish, apparently allied to Aulostomatomorpha Alcock, but without ventral fins. Apteronotus Lacepede, II, 208, 1800; type Apteronotus passan Lace- pede = Gymnotus albifrons L. Must replace Sternarchus Bloch & Schneider. Odontognathus Lacepede, 220, 1800; type Odontognathus muricatus Lacepede. Macrognathus Lacepede, II, 283, 1800; type Ophidium aculeatum L. Replaces Rhynchobdella Bloch & Schneider, with the same type. The name Macrognathus was used by Gronow in 1754 (but not in 1763) to designate the group called Belone Cuvier. Comephorus Lacepede, II, 312, 1800; type Callionymus baikalensis Bonnaterre. Monotypic. Rhombus Lacepede, II, 312, 1800; type Stromateus alepidotus L. Preoccupied, replaced by Peprilus Cuvier. Muraenoides Lacepede, II, 324, 1800; type Blennius mur^noides Sujef (Blennius gunnellus L.). Equivalent to Pholis Scopoli, 1777. Calliomorus Lacepede, II, 343, 1800; type Callionymus indicus L. Synonym of Platycephalus Bloch. BLOCK & SCHNEIDER, 180I 57 Batrachoides Lacepede, II, 351, 1800; type Batrachoides tau La- cepede. Not Gadus tau L. Because the body is said to be covered with scales, "molles, petites, minces, rondes, brunes, bordees de blanc et arrosees par une mucosite tres abondantes," we cannot identify this genus with the naked Gadus tau L., which is identical with the type of Opsanus Rafinesque. Oligopodus Lacepede, II, 511, 1800; type Coryph^na velifera Pallas. Equivalent to Pteraclis Gronow. Hiatula Lacepede, II, 522, 1800; type Hiatula gardeniana Lacepede ^ Labrus onitis L. = Labrus hiatula L. Not Hiatula Modeer, 1793, a genus of Mollusks. Gives way to Tautoga Cuvier. Tffinioides Lacepede, II, 532, 1800; type TyENioiDES hermannianus Lacepede. Gobioides Lacepede, II, 576, 1800; type Gobius broussoneti Lacepede, as restricted by Jordan & Evermann, 1898. Gobiomorus Lacepede, II, 583, 1800; type Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede, as restricted by Jordan. Replaces Philypnus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Gobiomoroides Lacepede, II, 592, 1800; type Gobiomoroides pison Lacepede = Gobius pisonis L., a species of Eleotris Gronow. Monotypic. Gobiesox Lacepede, II, 595, 1800; type Gobiesox cephalus Lacepede. Monotypic. LV. BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, Systema Ichthyologia, 1801. Mark Elieser Bloch. Edited and extended by Johann Gottlob Schneider. Batrachus Bloch & Schneider, 42; type Batrachus surinamensis Schneider, as restricted by Jordan & Evermann. The name has been usually applied to the congeners of Gadus tau L., not of Bloch, the group called Opsanus by Rafinesque. But no ally of the scaleless Gadus tau is placed in Batrachoides by Lacepede or in Batrachus by Schneider, only scaly species being known to either. Enchelyopus Bloch & Schneider, 50; type, as first restricted, Gadus cimbrius L. (Rhinonemus cimbrius Gill). Not Enchelyopus of Gronow, which is Zoarces Cuvier, nor of Klein, which is Trichiurus. 58 THE GENERA OF FISHES Phycis Bloch & Schneider, 56; type Blennius phycis L. (Phycis tinca Bloch & Schneider). Equivalent to Phycis Rose, 1793; not Phycis Fabricius, 1798, a genus of Butterflies. Periophthalmus Bloch & Schneider, 63 ; type Periophthalmus papilio Bloch & Schneider. Eleotris Bloch & Schneider, 65; type Eleotris Gronow (Gobius pisonis Gmelin). The name is borrowed from Gronow, whose Eleotris is the Eleotris of Cuvier and subsequent authors. But Eleotris pisonis is indicated by Schneider as "a species of doubtful relations, perhaps a Periophthalmus." We let the current arrangement stand, though on shaky foundation, unless the names of Gronow are finally accepted. The genus Eleotris of Bloch & Schneider represents an utter confusion of species, many of them not gobies at all. Brama Bloch & Schneider, 98; type Sparus raji Bloch. Not Brama Klein, which is Abramis Cuvier. Monocentris Bloch & Schneider, 100; type Gasterosteus japonicus Houttuyn. Monotypic. Sphyraena Bloch & Schneider, 109; type Esox sphyr^na L. Equivalent to Umbla Catesby. Subsequent to Sphyr.ena Rose. Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider, 164; type Trichogaster fasciatus Bloch & Schneider. Centronotus Bloch & Schneider, 165; type Centronotus fasciatus Schneider. A synonym of Pholis Scopoli. Percis Bloch & Schneider, 179; type Percis maculata Schneider. Not Percis Klein nor of Scopoli. Replaced by Parapercis Bleeker. Mono- typic. Trichonotus Bloch & Schneider, 179; type Trichonotus setiger Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Monoceros Bloch & Schneider, 180; type Monoceros biaculeatus Bloch & Schneider (Ch^todon unicornis Forskal). Name preoccupied in Mollusks. Equivalent to Naso Lacepede. Grammistes Bloch & Schneider, 182; type Perca sexlineata Thun- berg. A jumble of striped fishes, restricted by Cuvier to the Grammistes of Seba, G. sexlineatus. Synanceja Bloch & Schneider, 194; type Scorp^na horrida L. By common consent. Commonly written Synanceia. BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 180I 59 Amphiprion Bloch & Schneider, 200; type Lutjanus ephippium Bloch. Amphacanthus Bloch & Schneider, 206; type Ch^todon guttatus Bloch. Equivalent to Teuthis L. as restricted = Siganus Forskal. Alphestes Bloch & Schneider, 236; type Alphestf-S afer Bloch & Schneider. Cephalopholis Bloch & Schneider, 311; type Cephalopholis argus Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Replaces Enneacentrus Gill. Calliodon Bloch & Schneider, 312; type Calliodon lineatus Bloch & Schneider (Scarus croicensis Bloch). Equivalent to Callyodon Gronow^. Cichla Bloch & Schneider, 336; type Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider as restricted by Heckel, 1840. Name to be changed if Cicla Klein is eligible. Rhina Bloch & Schneider, 353 ; type Rhina ancylostomus Bloch & Schneider. Not of Klein ; equivalent to Rhamphobatis Gill. Rhinobatus Bloch & Schneider, 353 ; type Raja rhinobatus Forskal. Equivalent to Rhinobatos Linck. Anableps Bloch & Schneider, 389 ; type Anableps tetrophthalmus Bloch & Schneider (Cobitis anableps L.). Equivalent to Anableps Gronow and of Scopoli. Synodus Bloch & Schneider, 396; type Esox synodus L. Replaces Saurus Cuvier. Chauliodus Bloch & Schneider, 430; type Chauliodus sloani Schneider. Albula Bloch & Schneider, 433 ; type Albula conorhynchus Schneider (Esox vuLPES L.). Albula Gronow. Not Albula Osbeck. To stand as Butyrinus Lacepede, if Osbeck's names are accepted. Poecilia Bloch & Schneider, 453 ; type Pcecilia vivipara Bloch & Schneider. By common consent. Polyodon (Lacepede) Bloch & Schneider, 457; type "le Polydon feuille" Lacepede, i798 = Squalus spathula Walbaum. Rhynchobdella Bloch & Schneider, 479 ; type Rhynchobdella orient- ALis Bloch & Schneider = Ophidium aculeatum Bloch. As restricted by Cuvier. A synonym of Macrognathus Lacepede, 1800. Sternarchus Bloch & Schneider, 497; type Gymnotus albifrons L. A synonym of Apteronotus Lacepede, 1800. 60 THE GENERA OF FISHES Orthagoriscus Bloch & Schneider, (misprinted Orthragoriscus), 510; type DiODON mola (Bloch). Equivalent to Mola Kcelreuter. Bogmarus Bloch & Schneider, 518; type Bogmarus islandicus Bloch & Schneider (Gymnogaster arcticus Briinnich). A synonym of Trachipterus Gouan. Monotypic. Gymnonotus Bloch & Schneider, 521 ; type Gymnotus carapo L. (cor- rected spelling for Gymnotus). Ovum Bloch & Schneider, 530; type Ovum commersoni Bloch & Schneider = "l'Ovoide fasce, Lacepede, 1798. Monotypic. Equivalent to Ovoides Cuvier. Ovum Martin, 1764, is recorded by Sherborne as a "vernacular name only." Typhlobranchus Bloch & Schneider, 537; type Typhlobranchus spur- lus Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic, not identified. A river eel of Tropical America, without gill- openings. Doubtless a synonym of Symbranchus. Gnathobolus Bloch & Schneider, 556; type Odontognathus mucro- NATUS Lacepede. • Equivalent to Odontognathus. Pomatias Bloch & Schneider, 559; type Triurus bougainvillei Lace- pede. Equivalent to Triurus. Fluta Bloch & Schneider, 565 ; type Monopterus javanensis Lacepede. Equivalent to Monopterus. Like the two preceding, a needless substitute name. LVL LACEPEDE, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, vol. Ill, 1802; IV and V, 1803. Bernard Germain Lacepede. Scomberoides Lacepede, III, 50, 1802; type Scomberoides commerson- ianus Lacepede (Scomber lysan Forskal). Caranx Lacepede, III, 57, 1802; type Scomber carangus Bloch = Caranx hippos L., as restricted by Bleeker, the first reviser. The generic name Caranx was taken by Lacepede from the manuscripts of Commerson, who first applied the name to Scomber speciosus Forskal. In revising the genus, Bleeker referred speciosus to a new genus, Gnathanodon. This view Dr. Gill accepted at first, but later selected speciosus as the type of Caranx, leaving some older name as Tricropterus Rafinesque or Carangus Griffith for the bulk of the species of this extensive group. Later, by the process of elimination, Caranx ruber was selected by Jordan as type of Caranx. On the whole it seems LACEPEDE, 1803 61 most just, as it is certainly most convenient, to recognize the right of Bleeker as "first reviser." Caranx carangus is congeneric with C. ruber. Trachinotus Lacepede, III, 78, 1802; type Scomber falcatus Forskal. Caranxomorus Lacepede, III, 82, 1802 ; type Scomber pelagicus L. Synonym of Coryph^na L. Caesio Lacepede, III, 85, 1802; type C^sio c^ruleoaureus Lacepede. Caesiomorus Lacepede, III, 92, 1802; type C^siomorus bailloni Lace- pede. Genus probably valid ; equivalent to Glaucus Klein. Coris Lacepede, III, 96, 1802; type Coris aygula Lacepede. Gomphosus Lacepede, III, 100, 1802; type Gomphosus c^ruleus Lacepede. Naso Lacepede, III, 105, 1802; type Ch^todon fronticornis L. Adopted from Commerson ms. Commerson writes Naseus, but the form Naso occurs first. Identical with Monoceros Bloch & Schneider, the latter pre- occupied. Kyphosus Lacepede, III, 114, 1802; type Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepede. Osphronemus Lacepede, III, 116, 1802; type Osphronemus gouramy Lacepede. Written Osphromenus by Giinther. Trichopodus Lacepede, III, 125, 1802 ; type Trichopodus mentum Lacepede (Osphronemus gouramy Lacepede). Monodactylus Lacepede, III, 131, 1802; type Monodactylus falci- form is Lacepede. Called PsETTUS by Commerson in ms. as quoted by Lacepede. Monotypic. Plectorhinchus Lacepede, III, 134, 1802; type Plectorhinchus CH^TODONOiDES Lacepede. Monotypic. Replaces Diagram ma Cuvier. Pogonias Lacepede, III, 137; type Pogonias fasciatus Lacepede = Labrus cromis Lacepede. Bostrychus Lacepede, III, 144, 1802 ; type Bostrychus sinensis Lace- pede. Not BosTRicHus Geoffroy 1762, a genus of Insects. Replaced by Bostrich- THYS Dumeril, 1806, by PsiLUS Fischer, 1813, and by Ictiopogon Rafinesque, 1815. Bostrychoides Lacepede, III, 144, 1802; type Bostrychoides oculatus Lacepede. Monotypic. Hemipteronotus Lacepede, III, 214, 1802; type Hemipteronotus quin- quemaculatus Lacepede (Coryph^na pentadactyla Gmelin). 62 THE GENERA OF FISHES Coryphaenoides Lacepede, III, 219, 1802; type Coryph^noides hout- TUYNi Lacepede (Coryph^na japonica Houttuyn). Not CoRYPH^NOiDES Gunncr. Replaced by Branchiostegus Rafinesque, 1815, which is earlier than Latilus Cuvier & Val., 1830. Aspidophorus Lacepede, III, 221, 1802; type Aspidophorus armatus Lacepede (Cottus cataphractus Lacepede). Equivalent to Agonus Bloch & Schneider. Aspidophoroides Lacepede, III, 227, 1802; type Aspidophoroides tranquebar Lacepede (Agonus monopterygius Bloch & Schneider). Scomberomorus Lacepede, III, 292, 1802; type Scomberomorus PLUMiERi Lacepede (Scomber regalis Bloch). Centropodus Lacepede, III, 303, 1802; type Scomber rhombeus For- skal. A synonym of Monodactylus Lacepede. Centronotus Lacepede, III, 309, 1802; type Centronotus conductor Lacepede ( Gasterosteus ductor Lacepede). Not Centronotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Pholis Scopoli). Replaced by Naucrates Rafinesque. Lepisacanthus Lacepede, III, 320, 1802; type Lepisacanthus japon- icus Lacepede (Gasterosteus japonicus L.). Equivalent to Monocentris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Monotypic. Cephalacanthus Lacepede, III, 323, 1802; type Gasterosteus spina- rella L. The young of some species of Dactylopterus. Monotypic. Dactylopterus Lacepede, III, 325, 1802; type Dactylopterus pirapeda Lacepede (Trigla volitans L.). Equivalent to Cephalacanthus Lacepede. Prionotus Lacepede, III, 336, 1802; type Prionotus evolans Lacepede. Monotypic. Peristedion Lacepede, III, 368, 1802; type Peristedion malarmat Lacepede (Trigla cataphracta L.). Monotypic. Istiophorus Lacepede, III, 374, 1802; type Scomber gladius Brous- sonet. Monotypic. Spelled Histiophorus by Cuvier. Apogon Lacepede, III, 411, 1802; type Apogon ruber Lacepede (Mul- LUS imberbis L.). Monotypic. Equivalent to Amia Gronow. LACEPEDE, 1803 63 Macropodus Lacepede, III, 416, 1802 ; type Macropodus viridiauratus Lacepede. Monotypic. Cheilinus Lacepede, III, 529, 1802; 'type Cheilinus trilobatus Lace- pede. Monotypic. Cheilodipterus Lacepede, III, 539, 1802; type Cheilodipterus lineatus Lacepede^ Cheilodipterus octovittatus Cuv. & Val., as restricted by Cuv. & Val. Hologymnosus Lacepede, III, 556, 1802; type Hologymnosus fas- ciATUs Lacepede (Coris annulatus Lacepede, 1802). Equivalent to Coris. Ostorhinchus Lacepede, IV, 23, 1803; type Ostorhinchus fleurieu Lacepede. Monotypic ; subgenus of Apogon. Dipterodon Lacepede, IV, 165, 1803 ; type Dipterodon hexacanthus Lacepede. A species of Apocon, as restricted by Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North Mid. Anier., 1106. Not Dipterodon Cuvier. Centropomus Lacepede, IV, 248, 1803 ; type Sci.«na undecimalis Bloch, by common consent, as restricted by Cuvier. Originally a peculiarly confused jumble of species. Taenianotus Lacepede, IV, 303, 1803; type T^nionotus triacanthus Lacepede, restricted by Cuv. & Val., Hist. Poiss., IV, 371. Micropterus Lacepede, IV, 324, 1803; type Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. Monotypic. Harpe Lacepede, IV, 426, 1803; type Harpe c^ruleoaureus Lacepede (Labrus rufus L.). A synonym of Bodianus Bloch and of Helops Browne. Pimelepterus Lacepede, IV, 429, 1803 ; type Pimelepterus bosci Lace- pede. Monotypic. A synonym of Kyphosus Lacepede. Cheilio Lacepede, IV, 432, 1803; type Cheilio auratus Lacepede (Labrus inermis Forskal). Pomatomus Lacepede, IV, 435, 1803; type Pomatomus skib Lacepede (Perca saltatrix L.). Monotypic. The name afterwards improperly transferred by Cuvier to a genus of Apogonid^, Epigonus Rafinesque. 54 THE GENERA OF FISHES Leiostomus Lacepede, IV, 438, 1803 ; type Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede. Monotypic. Centrolophus Lacepede, IV, 441 ; type Perca nigra L, Leiognathus Lacepede, IV, 448; type Leiognathus argenteus Lace- pede (Scomber edentulus Bloch). Monotypic. Prior to Equula Cuvier. Acanthinion Lacepede, IV, 499, 1803 ; type Ch^todon rhomboides L. Equivalent to Trachinotus. Chaetodipterus Lacepede, IV, 503 ; type Ch^todipterus plumieri Lace- pede (Zeus faber Gmelin). Monotypic. Pomacentrus Lacepede, IV, 505, 1803; type Ch.^todon pavo Bloch, By general consent. Pomadasys Lacepede, IV, 515, 1803; type Sci^na argentea Forskal. Monotypic. Prior to Pristipoma Cuvier. Pomacanthus Lacepede, IV, 517, 1803; type Ch^todon arcuatus L., as restricted by Cuvier. Holacanthus Lacepede, IV, 525, 1803; type Ch^todon tricolor L., as restricted by Cuvier. Enoplosus (White) Lacepede, IV, 540, 1803; type Ch^todon armatus White. Monotypic. Glyphisodon Lacepede, IV, 542, 1803; type Glyphisodon moucharra Lacepede (Ch^todon saxatilis L.). Equivalent to Abudefduf Forskal. Usually written Glyphidodon. Aspisurus Lacepede, IV, 556, 1803; type Ch.etodon sohar Forskal. Monotypic. Equivalent to Acanthurus Forskal, Teuthis L. Acanthopodus Lacepede, IV, 558, 1803; type Acanthopodus argen- teus Lacepede (Monodactylus falciformis Lacepede). A synonym of Monodactylus. Selene Lacepede, IV, 560, 1803; type Selene argentea Lacepede (Zeus vomer Cuvier). Argyreiosus Lacepede, IV, 566, 1803 ; type Zeus vomer L. Monotypic. A synonym of Selene. Gallus Lacepede, IV, 583, 1803; type Callus virescens Lacepede (Zeus gallus L.). Monotypic. Not Gallus L., a genus of hens. Replaced by Alectis Rafin- esque and Gallichthys Cuvier, LACEPiDE, 1803 65 Chrysotosus Lacepede, IV, 586, 1803; type Zeus luna Gmelin. A synonym of Lampris. Monotypic. Capros Lacepede, IV, 590, 1803; type Zeus aper L. Monotypic. Achirus Lacepede, IV, 658, 1803; type Pleuronectes achirus L. As fixed by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. Achirus fasciatus Lacepede was wrongly supposed to be identical with Pleuronectes achirus L. Makaira Lacepede, IV, 688, 1803; type Makaira nigricans Lacepede. Monotypic. A synonym of Istiophorus. Cirrhitus Lacepede, V, 2, 1803; type Cirrhitus maculatus Lacepede. Monotypic. Written Cirrhites by Cuvier. Cheilodactylus Lacepede, V, 5, 1803; type Cheilodactylus fasciatus Lacepede, Monotypic. Misgurnus Lacepede, V, 16, 1803; type Cobitis fossilis L. Monotypic. Fundulus Lacepede, V, -i.y, 1803 ; type Fundulus mudfish Lacepede (Cobitis heteroclita Gmelin). Colubrina Lacepede, V, 40, 1803 ; type Colubrina chinensis Lacepede. An unidentified Chinese painting, probably fictitious. Butyrinus Lacepede, V, 45, 1803; type Butyrinus banana Lacepede (ESOX VULPES L.). Equivalent to Albula of Gronow and of Schneider, not Albula Osbeck. Should apparently replace Albula Gronow. Tripteronotus Lacepede, V, 47, 1803; type Tripteronotus hautin Lacepede (Salmo lavaretus L.). Mutilated example. Equivalent to Coregonus L. Ompok Lacepede, V, 49, 1803 ; type Ompok siluroides Lacepede. Replaces Callichrous Hamilton. Macropteronotus Lacepede, V, 84, 1803; type Macropteronotus CHARMUTH Laccpede (Silurus anguillaris L.). Identical with Clarias Gronow. Malapterurus Lacepede, V, 90, 1803; type Silurus electricus L. Monotypic. A synonym of Torpedo Forskal. Pimelodus Lacepede, V, 93, 1803; type Pimelodus maculatus Lace- pede. As restricted by Cuvier, Gill and authors. Doras Lacepede, V, 116, 1803; type Silurus carinatus L. Pogonathus Lacepede, V, 120, 1803 ; type Pogonathus courbina Lace- pede. Identical with Pogonias Lacepede, 1802. 66 THE GENERA OF FISHES Plotosus Lacepede, V, 129, 1803; type Platystacus anguillaris Bloch (SiLURUS ANGUILLARIS Forskal). Ageneiosus Lacepede, V, 132, 1803; type Ageneiosus armatus Lace- pede (SiLURUS MILITARIS L.). Macrorhamphosus Lacepede, V, 136, 1803 ; type Silurus cornutus L. Equivalent to Centriscus Cuvier, not of Linnaeus. Centranodon Lacepede, V, 138, 1803; type Centranodon japonicus Lacepede (Silurus imberbis Houttuyn) = Callionymus in- DICUS L. Monotypic and unidentifiable, perhaps based on rough notes of Platy- CEPHALU?. Hypostomus Lacepede, V, 144, 1803 ; type Hypostomus guacari Lace- pede (Loricaria plecostomus L.). Monotypic. Identical with Plecostomus Gronow. Corydoras Lacepede, V, 147, 1803; type Corydoras geoffroy Lace- pede (Cataphractus punctatus Bloch). Tachysurus Lacepede, V, 150, 1803; type Tachysurus sinensis Lace- pede. A Chine.se picture of some species of Arius Cuvier, which name it replaces, if identifiable. Osmerus Lacepede, V, 229, 1803; type Salmo eperlanus L. Equivalent to Osmeri L. Coregonus Lacepede, V, 239, 1803 ; type Salmo lavaretus L. Equivalent to Coregoni L. Characinus Lacepede, V, 269, 1803 ; type Salmo gibbosus L. Equivalent to Characini L. and to Charax Gronow, Scopoli. Serrasalmus Lacepede, V, 283, 1803; type Salmo rhombeus L. Monotypic. Written Serrasalmo by Cuvier. Megalops Lacepede, V, 289, 1803 ; type Megalops filamentosus Lace- pede. Monotypic. Lepisosteus Lacepede, V, 331, 1803; type Lepisosteus gavialis Lace- pede (ESOX OSSEUS L.). Usually written Lepidosteus. Scomberesox Lacepede, V, 344, 1803 ; type Scomberesox cam peri Lace- pede (Esox SAURUS Walbaum). Monotypic. Aulostomus Lacepede, V, 356, 1803; type Aulostomus chinensis Lacepede (Fistularia chinensis L.). Monotypic. Usually written Aulostoma. LACEPEDE, 1803 67 Solenostomus Lacepede, V, 360, 1803; type Fistularia pakadoxa Pallas. Monotypic. Not Solenostomus Gronow nor of Klein. Hydrargira Lacepede, V, 378, 1803; type Hydrargira sw ampin a Lace- pede (FuNDULUs MAjALis Walbaum). Usually written Hydrargyra. Monotypic. Not separable from Fundulus. Stolephorus Lacepede, V, 381, 1803; type Atherina japonica Hout- tuyn (Spratelloides argyrot^nia Bleeker). Restriction of Jordan & Evermann, 1896. The first species named by Lacepede, Atherina japonica Houttuyn, was un- known to him, and very scantily and incorrectly described by its discoverer. Sev- eral authors — Bleeker, Jordan & Evermann — have assumed this species to be the type, and that it was congeneric with the second species named, from which La- cepede drew up his generic description and of which he gave a figure. Study of the fauna of Nagasaki shows that no species of the modern genus Stolephorus has been yet found there and that the Atherina japonica of Hout- tuyn is most likely a description from rough notes or from memory of Spratel- loides argyrot.«nia Bleeker. Atherina japonica was the first species to be for- mally named as type of Stolephorus. It would have been more convenient to assume the one species known to Lacepede to be his type, reverting to the system of Bleeker, who first acted on this supposition but who named no type formally. In that case Stolephorus would become the equivalent of Anchoviella Fowler, 191 1. Menidia Browne, if available, would replace both. But it is necessary here as elsewhere to recognize the first formally stated type. If this is regarded as identifiable Stolephorus replaces Spratelloides. Mugiloides Lacepede, V, 393, 1803; type Mugiloides chilensis Lace- pede (Esox CHILENSIS Molina). Replaces Pinguipes Cuv. & Val. Chanos Lacepede, V, 395, 1803; type Changs arabicus Lacepede (MUGIL CHANGS L.). Monotypic. Mugilomorus Lacepede, V, 397, 1803; type Mugilomorus anna-caro- lina Lacepede (Elops saurus L.). Synonym of Elops L. Polydactylus Lacepede, V, 419, 1803 ; type Polydactylus plumieri Lacepede (Polynemus virginicus L.). As understood by us at present, a synonym of Polynemus L. Euro (Commerson) Lacepede, V, 421, 1803; type Buro brunneus Lacepede (Teuthis hexagonatus Bleeker). Monotj'pic. Same as Siganus. Mystus Lacepede, V, 466, 1803 ; type Mystus clupeoides Lacepede (Clupea mystus L.), a species of Coilia Gray. The name Mystus is preoccupied. 68 THE GENERA OF FISHES Clupanodon Lacepede, V, 468, 1803 ; type Clupea thrissa L. As restricted by Rafinesque, 1815, through substitution for Clupanodon the more euphonious name of Thrissa. The name Clupanodon has been variously treated. It should properly replace Konosirus Jordan & Snyder, although La- cepede's account of "Clupanodon thrissa" is taken mainly from the West Indian "Caillieu-Tassart," Ophisthonema oglinum (Le Sueur), the Clupea thrissa of Broussonet, but not of Linnaeus. Mene Lacepede, V, 479, 1803 ; type Mene anna-carolina Lacepede (Zeus maculatus Bloch), Mene maculata of authors. Monotypic. Dorsuarius Lacepede, V, 482, 1803 ; type Dorsuarius nigrescens Lace- pede. A species of Kyphosus Lacepede. Monotypic. Xyster Lacepede, V, 484, 1803; type Xyster fuscus Lacepede. Equivalent to Kyphosus. Monotypic. Cyprinodon Lacepede, V, 486, 1803 ; type Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede. Monotypic. Murasnophis Lacepede, V, 627, 1803; type Mur^na Helena Lacepede. Equivalent to Mur^na L. Gymnomuraena Lacepede, V, 648, 1803; type Gymnomur^na doliata Lacepede, As first restricted by Kaup, 1856. Bleeker and Giinther have used G. marmo- RATA Lacepede as type, thus replacing Uropterygius Riippell. A synonym of Echidna. Muraenoblenna Lacepede, V, 652, 1803; type Mur.enoblenna olivacea Lacepede. A synonym of Myxine L. Monotypic. Unibranchapertura Lacepede, V, 656, 1803; type Symbranchus mar- moratus Bloch. A synonym of Symbranchus. LVIL SEWASTIANOFF, Acarauna, Piscium Thoracices, 1796 (1802). Acarauna Sewastianoff, 357; type Acarauna longirostris Sewastian- off (Gomphosus c^ruleus Lacepede). Equivalent to Gomphosus Lacepede, and apparently of later date. Not seen by us. COMMERSON, 1803 69 LVIII. COMMERSON, Lacepcde, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, II, 1798; III, 1800; IV, V, 1803. Philibert Commerson. Commerson was an active and accurate naturalist-explorer who col- lected mainly in the South Seas. His specimens were accompanied by manuscript names, polynomial in form. The author had a full grasp of the meaning of "genus," as he spoke sometimes of a "genus novissi- mum," Xyster, for example. Many of his generic names were adopted by Lacepede and have found their way into the system. The others are here enumerated. These have been formally accepted as eligible by the International Commission (Opinions 23 and 24 as to Antennarius and Aspro). We think that this decision might well be reconsidered as Commerson was not "binomial" and his names were not adopted by the author who first printed them as synonyms. The names of Commerson may be ineligible as not binomial as to species and not accepted by the author who published them. Accepted provisionally by the International Commission. Antennarius Commerson, I, 327, 1798, footnote; type Antennarius BIVERTEX TOTUS ATER PUNCTO MEDIORUM, LATERUM ALBO CommCF- son (in foot-note) = Lophius commersonianus Lacepede. Equivalent to Chironectes Cuvier and Antennarius Cuvier. Regarded as eligible, in Opinion 24, International Commission. Alticus Commerson, II, 458, 1800, footnote under Blennius; type Alticus saltatorius pinna spuria in capite vertice, Blennius SALiENS Lacepede. Accepted by Jordan & Scale, Fishes Samoa, 421, 1806. Equivalent to Rupis- cartes Swainson. Cuv. & Val., XI, 337, 1836, adopted the name Salarias alticus for the Blennius saliens, "un petit Salarias qui nous parait etre celui-la meme pour lequel Commerson a etabli son genre, Alticus." Sciaenus Commerson, III, footnote under Caranxomorus ; type Sci^nus EX Fusco c^rulescens : Caranxomorus sacrestinus Lacepede, Labrus furcatus Lacepede. Identical with Aphareus Cuv. & Val., the name apparently a variant of Sci- jENA. Apparently ineligible. Naseus Commerson, III, 105, under Naso; type Naseus fronticornis Fuscus Commerson (Ch^todon fronticornis L.). Equivalent to Naso Lacepede, Naseus Cuv. & Val. 70 THE GENERA OF FISHES Coryphus Commerson, III, 1802, footnote under Coryph^na ; type CoRYPHUs CHRYSURus UNDiQUE DEAURATUS etc. Commerson, CORYPH^NA CHRYSURUS Laccpede, CORYPH^NA HIPPURUS L. Same as Coryph^na. Elops Commerson, III, 100, 1802, footnote under Gomphosus ; type GoMPHosus TRICOLOR Lacepede. Equivalent to Acarauna Sewastianoff or to Gomphosus Lacepede. Psettus Commerson, III, 1802, footnote under Monodactylus ; type PSETTUS SPINIS PINNARUM VENTRALIUM LOCO DUABUS CommerSOn (Monodactylus falciformis Lacepede). Revived by Cuvier & Valenciennes. A synonym of Monodactylus Lacepede. Not Psettus Klein. Odax Commerson, III, 1802, footnote under Scarus; type Odax odon Commerson = Scarus chadri Lacepede = Scarus nicer Forskal. Monotypic. Equivalent to Callyodon Gronow. If the names of Commerson are accepted, Odax Cuvier requires a new name. Mylio Commerson, III, 131, 1802, footnote under Sparus ; type Mylto lineis longitudinalibus pluribus Commerson Ms. = Sparus MYLIO Lacepede =: Ch^todon bifasciatus Bloch. Equivalent to Sparus L. Aspro Commerson, IV, 273, 1803, footnote; type Aspro dorso diptery- Gio dentibus raris, et longis et exsertis etc. Commerson Ms. :^ Cheilodipterus macrodon Lacepede, as restricted by Jordan, Opinion 23, Zoolgical Nomenclature, 56, 1910. A synonym of Cheilodipterus as now^ restricted. Not Aspro Cuvier. Opisotomus Commerson, IV, 1803, footnote. We have been unable to find this name. Zanclus Commerson, V, 1803, footnote under Ch^todon (misprinted Zanchus) ; type Zanclus transverse fasciatus Commerson Ms. = Ch^todon cornutus Bloch. Monotypic. Revived by Cuvier & Valenciennes, VH, 102, 1831. Oculeus Commerson, V, 289, 1803, footnote under Megalops ; type OcuLEUs seu megalops postremo pinn^ etc. Commerson (Megalops cyprinoides Lacepede). Equivalent to Megalops. Aulus Commerson, V, 1803, footnote under Fistularia ; type Aulus UROGNOMON etc., FiSTULARIA TABACARIA L. Equivalent to Fistularia. PLUMIER, 1803 71 Encrasicholus Commerson, V, 382, 1803, footnote under Clupea; type Encrasicholus mandibula inferiore breviore, t^nia laterali ARGENTEA Commerson (Clupea vittargentea Lacepede). Equivalent to Anchoviella Fowler (Menidia Browne). Pterichthus Commerson, V, 401, 1803, footnote under Exoccetus; type "Pterichthus pinnis pectoralibus radiorum sexdecim ven- tralibus intra corporis /equilibrium nequidem ad anum apice pertingentibus." As indicated by Lacepede, this species, the one placed first by Commerson, seems to be Exoccetus volitans L. A synonym of Exoccetus. Halex Commerson, V, 462, 1803, footnote under Clupea; type Halex coRPORE late catheteplateo ctc. Commerson, Clupea fasciata Lacepede, a species of Leiognathus Lacepede. LIX. PLUMIER, Lacepede, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, II, 1798; III, 1800; IV, V, 1803. Charles Plumier. Le Pere Plumier, a missionary in Martinique, sent to Lacepede num- erous paintings of fishes with descriptions and manuscript names. The generic names used rest on exactly the same basis as those of Commer- son. As they were polynomial and as they were not accepted by the author who published them in synonymy, we think that they should not be con- sidered eligible in scientific nomenclature, a matter which awaits final decision. The names probably not acceptable, as polynomial and as not adopted by the author who printed them. Orbis Plumier, II, 504, 1800, in footnote under Tetraodon ; type Orbis minimus Plumier = Tetraodon plumieri Lacepede = Tetraodon spengleri Bloch. A synonym of Tetraodon. Monoceros Plumier, II, 1800, in footnote under Balistes; type Mono- CERos Piscis CLUsii Plumier. Probably same as Monacanthus ciliatus L. Equivalent to Monocanthus Cuvier. Not Monoceros Zimmermann, 1780, a genus of Gasteropods ; not Mono- ceros Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Asellus Plumier, III, 1802, footnote under Gobiomorus ; type Asellus palustris Plumier (Platycephalus dormitator Bloch & Schneider. Identical with Gobiomorus Lacepede, as restricted. Philypnus Cuvier. 72 THE GENERA OF FISHES Pelamis Plumier, III, 1802, footnote under Scomberoides ; type Pel- amis MINIMA, VULGO SAUTEUR Plumicr (ScOMBER SALIENS Bloch). Identical with Oligoplites Gill. Not Pelamys Klein. Trachurus Plumier, III, 1802, footnote under Caranxomorus ; type Trachurus maximus squamis minutissimis Plumier = Car- anxomorus plumierianus Lacepede = Scomber trachurus L. As here restricted, the same as Trachurus Rafinesque, 1810. Scorpius Plumier, III, 1802, footnote under Scorp^na ; type Scorpius NIGER coRNUTUs Plumier (ScoRP^ENA plumieri Lacepede). The name may be available for the subgenus of Scorp.ena, having the breast scaly (Parascorp^na Bleeker). In the European type of Scorp^na, Scor- p^na porcus L., the breast is scaleless. Sarda Plumier, III, 141, 1802, footnote under Sparus ; type Sarda CAUDA AUREA ET LUNATA Plumier (Sparus chrysurus Bloch). Equivalent to Ocyurus Gill. Not Sarda Cuvier, which requires a new name if the generic names of Plumier are accepted. Monotypic. Erythrinus (Eritrinus) Plumier, IV, 347; type Erythrinus poly- GRAAiMOS, Marignan apud caraibas Plumicr (Honocentrus SOGO Bloch). A synonym of Holocentrus ; name preoccupied. Elsewhere written Eritrinus. Chrysomelanus Plumier, IV, 160, 1803, footnote under Sparus; type Chrysomelanus piscis Plumier, Sparus chrysomelanus Lace- pede, Anthias striatus Bloch. A synonym of Epinephelus. Aper Plumier, IV, 1803, footnote under Sparus; type Aper seu turdus erythrinus, squamis amplis Plumier (Sparus abildgaardi Lacepede). A synonym of Callyodon Gronow. Name preoccupied. Guaperva Plumier, IV, footnote under Selene; type Guaperva marc- GRAvii, VULGO LA LUNE Plumicr (Selene argentea Lacepede). Identical with Selene. Sargus Plumier, IV, 166, footnote under Dipterodon ; type Sargus EX AURO viRGATUS Plumicr (Dipterodon plumieri Lacepede = Sparus synagris L. Same as Neom^enis Girard. Not Sargus Klein nor Cuvier. Not Sargus Fabricius, about 1798, a genus of flies. Pagrus Plumier, IV, 1803, footnote under Bodianus; type Pagrus LEUCOPH^US VULGO VIVANET GRIS APUD MARTINICAM Plumicr = Bodianus vivanet Lacepede = Lutianus griseus (L.). Not Pagrus Cuvier, 1817. Equivalent to Neom^nis Girard ; same as Salpa Catesby. SHAW, 1803 73 Chromis Plumier, III, 546, 1803, footnote under Cheilodipterus ; type Chromis seu tembra aureo-c^rulea litturis fusca variegata Plumier (Cheilodipterus cyanopterus Lacepede), the "grygry" or "grogro" of Martinique, Umbrina coroides Cuv. & Val. The name is older than Umbrina, but later than Cromis Browne. The spe- cific name Umbrina cyanoptera (Lacepede), based on Plumier's figure, must re- place COROIDES and broussoneti for this species. Cheloniger Plumier, IV, 542, 1803, footnote under Cheilodipterus; type Cheloniger ex auro et argenteg virgatus Plumier (Cheilodipterus chrysopterus Lac. (Perca nobilis L.). The name Cheloniger, if eligible, has priority over Conodon Cuvier. Cephalus Plumier, V, 1803; type Cephalus americanus vulgo atoulri Plumier (Mugil cephalus L.). A synonym of Mugil L. Trichis Plumier, V, 1803, footnote under Clupea alosa; type "Trichis bellonii la pucelle'' Plumier. Doubtful, but wrongly identified by Lacepede with Clupea alosa L. Acus Plumier, V, 1803, footnote under Sphyr^na; type Acus Ameri- cana, rostri longiori Plumier (Sphyr^na acus Lacepede). Same as Sphyr^na Rose, 1793. LX. SHAW, General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History, vol. IV, 1803; vol. V, 1804. George Shaw. Anguilla Shaw, IV, 15, 1803 ; type Anguilla vulgaris Shaw (Mur^ena anguilla L.). The name Anguilla has been ascribed to Thunberg, but we find no notice of its use as a generic term prior to Shaw. Vandellius Shaw, IV, 199, 1803. Needless substitute for Lepidopus Gouan. Trichopus Shaw, IV, 392, 1803 ; type Trichopus pallasi Shaw (Labrus trichopterus Pallas). Equivalent to Osphronemus Lacepede. Cephalus Shaw, V, 432, 1804; type Diodon mola L. Equivalent to Mola Cuvier. Not Cephalus Plumier. Trachichthys Shaw, IV, 630, 1803; type Trachichthys australis Shaw. 74 THE GENERA OF FISHES Spatularia Shaw, V, 362, 1804; type Spatularia reticulata (Squalus SPATHULA Walbaum). Synonym of Polyodon Lacepede. LXI. HERRMANN, Ohservationes Zoologicce, 1804. JoHANN Herrmann. Notistium Herrmann, 305, 1804; type Notistium gladius Herrmann. Equivalent to Istiophorus Lacepede. LXII. GIORNA, Memoire Sur des Poissons d'Especes Noiivclles et de genres nouveanx: Memoires de I'Academie Imperiale de Torino, XVI, 1 803- 1 808. Michel Esprit Giorna. Lophotes Giorna, 19, 1805 ; type Lophotes cepedianus Giorna. Coelorhynchus Giorna, 18, 1805 ; type Ccelorhynchus la ville Giorna. Trachyrhynchus Giorna, 18, 1805; type (not named) Lepidoleprus trachyrincus Risso, 1810. An earlier paper of Giorna is quoted by Dean, Memoire sur cinq pois- sons dont deux sont d'espcces nouvelles . . . et les trois autres sont de nouveaux genres: Mem. Acad. Imp. Torino. The date of this paper is variously given. The three genera above noted were not named. Giorna would not give the nomenclature until he heard from Lacepede, to whom he had sent descriptions and drawings. The two species indicated were Raia giorna Lacepede and Balistes buniva Lacepede. LXIII. OUENSEL, Forsdk at Narmdre Bestdmma och naturligare Upp- stdlla Svensk Artenm af Flunderslagte: Kong. Vet. Akad. Nya Handlung, XXVII, 1806. C. Quensel. Solea Quensel, XXVII, 44, 203, 1806; type Pleuronectes solea L. DUMERIL, 1806 75 LXIV. DUMERIL. Zoologie Analytique, 1806. Andre Marie Constant Dumeril. This work furnishes in the Index, pp. 342, 343, Latin equivalents for French vernacular names used by Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, II, 1798, 1800. (Partly examined by us, some of the pages not verified). Squatina Dumeril, 102, 342; type (not named) Squatina angelus Dumeril (Squalus squatina L.). Equivalent to Rhina Klein. Torpedo Dumeril, 102, 343; type (not named) Raja torpedo L. Not Torpedo Forskal. Same as Narcacion Klein. Narcobatis Blainville. Ovoides (Lacepede) Dumeril, 108, 342; type l'Ovoide fasce. Based on a front view of Tetraodon stellatus L. Equivalent to Ovoides Cuvier and Ovum Bloch & Schneider. Apterichthys Dumeril, 112, 331 ; type Mur^na c^ca L. Substitute for Cecilia Lacepede, preoccupied. A synonym of Sphagebran- CHUS Bloch. Bostrichthys Dumeril, 120, 332; type Bostrychus sinensis Lacepede. Name a substitute for Bostrychus, preoccupied. Spheroides (Lacepede) Dumeril, 342; type "le Spheroide tubercule" Lacepede, 1798. A front view of Tetraodon spengleri Bloch. A synonym of Tetraodon, as restricted by Bleeker. Macrorhynchus (Lacepede) Dumeril, 342; type "Macrorhynque ar- gentee" Lacepede (Syngnathus argenteus Osbeck). A species near Dicrotus prometheoides Bleeker. Probably replaces Dicrotus Giinther. LXV. DUMERIL, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, 1806. Andre Marie Constant Dumeril. Torpedo Dumeril, pi. 21 ; type Raja torpedo L. Not Torpedo Forskal, 1775; replaced by Narcacion Klein or by Narcobatis Blainville. 76 THE GENERA OF FISHES LXVI. HUMBOLDT, Ueber den Eremophiliis und den Astrohlepus, zwei neue Fisch-Gattungen: Observationes Zoologicse, and in Philos. Mag., XXIV, 1806. Alexander von Humboldt. Eremophilus Humboldt, 17, 329; type Eremophilus mutish Hum- boldt. Astroblepus Humboldt, 19, 331 ; type Astroblepus grixalvh Hum- boldt. LXVH. DUMERIL, Dissertation sur les Poissons Cyclostomes, 1808. Andre Marie Constant Dumeril. Ammocoetus Dumeril; type Petromyzon planeri L. The larva of Lampetra fluviatilis (L.) and of Petromyzon marinus L. Preferably retained, under the usual spelling, Ammoccetes, as a designation for larval lampreys. Otherwise replaces Lampetra Gray, 1854; type Petromyzon FLUVIATILIS L. LXVHI. TILESIUS, Descriptions de quelques Poissons: Krusenstern's Reise um die Welt., Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, H, 1809. W. G. VON TiLESIUS. Not seen by us. Ericius Tilesius, 213, 1809; type Ericius (japonicus Houttuyn). A synonym of Monocentris Bloch & Schneider. Hexagrammos (Steller) Tilesius, Actse Academ. Petropol, H, 335, 1809; type Hexagrammos stelleri Tilesius (Hexagrammos ASPER Tilesius). Often written Hexagram mus. LXIX. GEOFFROY SAINT HILAIRE, Poissons du Nil, de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee: in Description de I'Egypte, publee par Napoleon le Grand, Histoire Naturelle, I, 1809- 1827. fixiENNE Franqois Geoffroy Saint Hilaire. In this huge folio a few species of fishes are described in great detail, with steel engravings. The work is in three parts, published in 1809, PALLAS, 181O 77 1818, and 1825, respectively, the second and third parts being prepared by Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire. Polypterus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, I, 1809; type Polypterus bichir St. Hilaire. LXX. PALLAS, Labraces novum piscium genus Oceani Orientalis : Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb., 11, 1810. Peter Simon Pallas. Labrax Pallas, 11, 382, 1810; type Labrax lagocephalus Pallas. Not of Klein nor of Cuvier. A synonym of Hexagram mos Steller. LXXL RISSO, Ichthyologie de Nice, 1810. Anastase Risso. Cephalopterus Risso, 14; type Raja giorna Lacepede. Not Cephalopterus of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds. Equiva- lent to MoBULA Rafinesque. Lepidoleprus Risso, 197; type Lepidoleprus trachyrhynchus Risso. A synonym of Trachyrhynchus Giorna. Tetragonurus Risso, 347; type Tetragonurus cuvieri Risso. LXXn. RAFINESQUE, Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi e Nuove Specie di Animale e Piante della Sicilia, April i, 1810. CONSTANTINE SaMUEL RaFINESQUE-ScHMALTZ (later written simply "Rafinesque"). Carcharias Rafinesque, 10 ; type Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, The intended type was Squalus carcharias L., but C. taurus is the only species actually mentioned. Monotypic. Replaces Odontaspis Agassiz. Not Car- charias Cuvier, 1817. Dalatias Rafinesque, 10 ; type Dalatias nocturnus Rafinesque. Gray in 1851 restricted Dalatias to D. sparophagus Rafinesque. Swainson, 1838, formally restricted Dalatias to Dalatias nocturnus, which seems to be a species of Centrophorus Miiller & Henle, probably C. granulosus. Tetroras Rafinesque, 11; type Tetroras angiova Rafinesque. A second-hand and erroneous description, possibly referring to Cetorhinus maximus, but unrecognizable. Monotypic. 78 THE GENERA OF FISHES Isurus Rafinesque, ii; type Isurus oxyrhynchus Rafinesque. Monotypic. Replaces Oxyrhina Agassiz. Cerictius Rafinesque, 12; type Cerictius macrourus Rafinesque. Apparently imaginary. Alopias Rafinesque, 12; type Alopias macrourus Rafinesque (Squalus vuLPiNus Bonnaterre). Monotypic. Heptranchias Rafinesque, 13; type Squalus cinereus Gmelin. Monotypic. Galeus Rafinesque, 13; type Galeus mustelus L. As restricted by Jordan & Evermann, 1896, after Leach, 1812. Later restricted to Pristiurus melastomus by Garman. Not Galeus Valmont, nor Galeus Cuvier. Rafinesque describes one new species of Galeus, G. melastomus, but refers in the text to Galeus catulus and Galeus mustelus. Unless Galeus Valmont holds, in place of Prionace, Galeus becomes a synonym of Mustelus Linck. Hexanchus Rafinesque, 14; type Squalus griseus L. Monotypic. Replaces Notidanus Cuvier. Etmopterus Rafinesque, 14; type Etmopterus aculeatus Rafinesque. Monotypic. Replaces Spinax Cuvier. Rhina Rafinesque, 14; type Squalus squ.\tina L. Monotypic. Identical with Rhina Klein, and Squatina Dumeril. Leiobatus Rafinesque, 16; type Leiobatus panduratus Rafinesque. Monotypic. A synonym of Rhinobatus Linck. Not Leiobatus Klein. Dipturus Rafinesque, 16; type Raja batis L. Monotypic. Identical with Raja L. Dasyatis Rafinesque, 16; type Dasyatis ujo Rafinesque (Raja pastin- ACA L.). Monotypic. Identical with Dasybatus Klein and Trygon Adanson. Orthragus Rafinesque, 17; type Tetraodon mola L. Monotypic. Equivalent to Mola Kcelreuter. Diplanchias Rafinesque, 17; type Diplanchias nasus Rafinesque. Monotypic. Equivalent to Mola. Typhle Rafinesque, 18; type Typhle hexagonus Rafinesque (Syngna- THUS TYPHLE L.). Misspelled Tiphle. Preoccupied by Typhle * Lacepede, 1800, a genus of mam- mals. Replaced by Typhlinus Rafinesque, 1815, and by Siphonostomus Kaup. Monotypic. * Under the head of Cecilia, Lacepede refers to its alleged blindness, a char- acter almost unknown among vertebrates. "Parmi lesquels on ne connoit encore qu'un mammifere, nomme Typhle, et le genre des cartilagineux nommes Gastro- branches qui aient paru completement aveugles." RAFINESQUE, 181O 79 Siphostoma Rafinesque, 18; type Syngnathus pelagicus L. Monotypic. A synonym of Syngnathus L. as the latter is now restricted. Hippocampus Rafinesque, i8; type Syngnathus hippocampus L. (Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque). Oxyurus Rafinesque, 19; type Oxyurus vermiformis Lacepede. A larva, probably of Conger. Scarcina Rafinesque, 20; type Scarcina argyrea Rafinesque. A synonym of Lepidopus Gouan. Luvarus Rafinesque, 22; type Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque. Monotypic. Bothus Rafinesque, 23 ; type, as restricted, Bothus rumolo Rafinesque ( Pleuronectes rhombus L.). Equivalent to Rhombus Klein, of earlier date. Corystion Rafinesque, 24; type Corystion mustazola Rafinesque. Some species of Trachinus L. Monotypic. Merluccius Rafinesque, 25; type Gadus merlucius L. (Merluccius SMiRiDUS Rafinesque). Monotypic. Phycis Rafinesque, 26; type Phycis punctatus Rafinesque. Not Phycis Fabricius, 1798, a genus of Butterflies. Equivalent to Phycis Rose, 1793, vi^hich is not preoccupied. Oxycephas Rafinesque, 31 ; type Oxycephas scabrus Rafinesque. A species of Trachyrhynchus Giorna, 1805. Monotypic. Lepimphis Rafinesque, 33; type Lepimphis hippuroides Rafinesque (Coryph^na hippurus L.). Identical with Coryph^na. Symphodus Rafinesque, 41 ; type Symphodus fulves'cens Rafinesque = Lutianus rostratus Bloch = Labrus scina Forskal. Replaces Coricus Cuvier. Trachurus Rafinesque, 41; type Scomber trachurus L. (Trachurus SAURUS Rafinesque). By general usage and by tautonomy. Tricropterus Rafinesque, 41 ; type by definition, Scomber carangus Bloch (Scomber hippos L.). Not separable from Caranx ; no species named. Hypodis Rafinesque, 41 ; type Scomber glaucus L, Equivalent to Glaucus Klein ; not separable from C^siomorus Lacepede. Centracanthus Rafinesque, 42 (misprinted Centracantus) ; type Cen- tracantus cirrus Rafinesque (Smaris insidiator Cuv. & Val.). Monotypic ; probably a specimen with the dorsal fin torn. This seems to be generically different from Spicaka Rafinesque, Smaris Cuvier. Afterwards spelled Centracantha. 80 THE GENERA OF FISHES Hypacanthus Rafinesque, 43 (misprinted Hypacantus) ; type "Scomber ACULEATUS L." But there is no such species of Linnaeus. Rafinesque elsewhere identifies it with Centronotus vadigo Lacepede, which is the type of Camptogramma Regan, 1903. This name must be replaced by Hypacanthus. Naucrates Rafinesque, 43 ; type Naucrates fanfarus Rafinesque (Gasterosteus ductor L.). Replaces Centronotus Lacepede, preoccupied. Notognidion Rafinesque, 46; type Notognidion scirenga Rafinesque. Unidentified. Monotypic. Spicara Rafinesque, 51 ; type Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque (Sparus SMARIS L.). Equivalent to Smarts Cuvier and having priority. Monotypic. Aylopon Rafinesque, 52 ; type Labrus anthias L. A substitute for Anthias Bloch, said to be preoccupied. We do not find it so. Lopharis Rafinesque, 52 ; type Perca lophar Forskal. Identical with Pomatomus Lacepede. Monotypic. Lepterus Rafinesque, 52; type Lepterus fetula Rafinesque (Strom- ATEUS FIATOLA L.). Identical with Stromateus L. Monotypic. Gonenion Rafinesque, 53; type Gonenion serra Rafinesque (Perca lophar Forskal). Identical with Pomatomus Lacepede. Monotypic. Lepodus Rafinesque, 53 ; type Lepodus saragus Rafinesque ( Sparus rah Bloch). Monotypic. Equivalent to Brama Bloch & Schneider, not of Klein. Replaces Brama Cuvier, if Klein's names are eligible. Tetrapturus Rafinesque, 54; type Tetrapturus belone Rafinesque. Argyctius Rafinesque, 55 ; type Argyctius quadrimaculatus Rafin- esque. Equivalent to Trachypterus Gouan. Tirus Rafinesque, 56; type Tirus marmoratus Rafinesque (Esox SYNODUS L.). Equivalent to Synodus. Lucius Rafinesque, 59; type Esox lucius L. (Lucius vorax Rafinesque). The author attempts to limit the name Esox to Esox belone L., and its allies, an arrangement not accepted by the International Commission, (Opinion 58). Sudis Rafinesque, 60 ; type Sudis hyalina Rafinesque. Monotypic. RAFINESQUE, 181O 81 Sayris Rafinesque, 60; type Sayris recurvirostra Rafinesque (Esox SAURUS Walbaum). A needless substitute for Scomberesox. Cogrus Rafinesque, 62 ; type Cogrus maculatus Rafinesque. CoGRUs is a tenable subgenus of Ophichthus. Piescephalus Rafinesque, 63 ; type Piescephalus adherens Rafinesque (Lepadogaster gouani Gouan). A synonym of Lepadogaster Gouan. Echelus Rafinesque, 63; type by first restriction (Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., Miircsn., p. 30) Echelus punctatus Rafinesque (Mur^na MYRUS L.). Identical with Myrus Kaup, 1856. Restricted later by Jordan & Evermann to species of Conger, but the earliest arrangement must hold. Nettastoma Rafinesque, 66; type Nettastoma melanura Rafinesque. Monotypic. Dalophis Rafinesque, 68; type Dalophis serpa Rafinesque (Sphage- branchus imberbis De la Roche, 1809). Equivalent to C^cula Vahl. LXXIII. RAFINESQUE, Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, May, 1810. CONSTANTINE SaMUEL RaFINESQUE-ScHMALTZ. Onus Rafinesque, 12; type Onus riali Rafinesque (Gadus merluc- cius L.). A needless substitute for Merluccius. Merolepis Rafinesque, 25 ; type Sparus massiliensis Lacepede (Sparus zebra Briinnich). Probably a genus distinct from M^na Cuvier. Gaidropsarus Rafinesque, u, 51 ; type Gaidropsarus mustellaris Raf- inesque (Gadus mustela L.). Antedates Motella Cuvier. Monotypic. Strinsia Rafinesque, 12, 51 ; type Strinsia tinca Rafinesque. Monotypic. Symphurus Rafinesque, 13, 52; type Symphurus nigrescens Rafin- esque. Antedates Aphoristia Kaup, but not Plagusia Browne. Solea Rafinesque, 14, 52; type Solea buglossa Rafinesque (Pleuro- nectes solea L.). Equivalent to Solea Quensel. 82 THE GENERA OF FISHES Scophthalmus Rafinesque, 14, 53 ; type Pleuronectes rhombus L. As later restricted, identical with Bothus Rafinesque and Rhombus Klein. Scophthalmus is based on descriptions, Bothus on specimens of the same two species. Diplodus Rafinesque, 26, 54; type Sparus annularis L. Equivalent to Sargus Cuvier and prior, but not prior to Sargus Klein. Octonus Rafinesque, 29, 54; type Octonus olosteon Rafinesque (Trigla cataphracta L.). Monotypic. Equivalent to Peristedion Lacepede. Cephalepis Rafinesque, 31, 54; type Cephalepis octomaculatus Rafin- esque. A synonym of Regalecus Ascanius. Monotypic. Myctophum Rafinesque, 35, 56; type Myctophum punctatum Rafin- esque. Nerophis Rafinesque, 37, 57; type Syngnathus ophidion L. Monotypic. Carapus Rafinesque, };], 57; type Gymnotus acus L. Prior to Fierasfer Cuvier. Not Carapus Cuvier = Giton Kaup. Sturio Rafinesque, 41, 58; type Sturio vulgaris Rafinesque (Acipenser STURIO L.). Capriscus Rafinesque, 41, 58; type Capriscus porcus Rafinesque (Balistes capriscus Gmelin, "the third division of Lacepede"). Equivalent to Balistes L. Chlopsis Rafinesque, 42, 58; type Chlopsis bicolor Rafinesque. Monotypic. Xypterus Rafinesque, 43, 59 ; type Xypterus imperati Rafinesque. Apparently a synonym of Regalecus Ascanius. Monotypic. Pterurus Rafinesque, 43, 59; type Pterurus flexuosus Rafinesque (Sphagebranchus imberbis De la Roche). Name preoccupied : a synonym of C^cula Vahl. Oxynotus Rafinesque, 45, 60; type Squalus centrina L. Prior to Centrina Cuvier, 1817. Sphyrna Rafinesque, 46, 60; type Squalus zyg^na L, Prior to Zyg^na Cuvier. Torpedo Rafinesque, 48, 60; type Torpedo ocellata Rafinesque (Raja torpedo L.). Not Torpedo Forskal. Mobula Rafinesque, 48, 61 ; type Mobula auriculata Rafinesque (Raja MOBULAR Lacepede). Same as Cephalopterus Risso, preoccupied. STELLER, 181I 83 Cephaleutherus Rafinesque, 48, 61 ; type Cephaleutherus macui.atus Rafinesque. Apparently a deformed Raja. Monotypic. Uroxis Rafinesque, 48, 61; type Uroxis ujus Rafinesque (Raja PASTINACA L.). Monotypic. Equivalent to Dasyatis Rafinesque. Apterurus Rafinesque, 48, 62 ; type Apterurus fabroni Rafinesque. Equivalent to Mobula Rafinesque. Oxystomus Rafinesque, 49, 62 ; type Oxystomus hyalinus Rafinesque, larva of Ophisurus serpens (L.). A synonym of Ophisurus Lacepede. Helmictis Rafinesque, 49, 62; type Helmictis punctatus Rafinesque, 1810. Probably a species of C^cula. Monotj'pic. Epigonus Rafinesque, 64; type Epigonus macrophthalmus Rafinesque. Equivalent to Pomatomus Cuvier, not of Lacepede. Monotypic. Gonostoma Rafinesque, 64 ; type Gonostoma denudatum Rafinesque. Monotypic. Merlangus Rafinesque, 67 ; type Gadus merlucius L. A needless substitute for Onus and Merluccius. LXXIV. STELLER in Tilesius: Mem. Acad. Sci., Petersburg, 181 1. Georg Wilhelm Steller. Myoxocephalus Steller, in Tilesius, IV, 273 ; type Myoxocephalus stelleri Tilesius. LXXV. PALLAS, Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, III, 181 1. Peter Simon Pallas. This important work was printed and partly distributed in 181 1, the bulk of the edition being withheld until 1831. Phalangistes Pallas, 113; type Cottus cataphractus L. As restricted by Jordan & Evermann. Also written Phalangista. Not Pha- LANGiSTA Cuvier, 1800, a genus of mammals. Equivalent to Agonus Lacepede. Elaeorhous Pallas, 122; type Callionymus baicalensis Pallas. A synonym of Comephorus Lacepede. 84 THE GENERA OF FISHES Gasteracanthus Pallas, 228; type Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pallas. Equivalent to Gasterosteus L. Coracinus Pallas, 256; type Coracinus chalcis Pallas (Sci^na nigra Bloch). Equivalent to Corvina Cuvier, 1829. Not Coracinus Gronow, which is Dip- TERODON Cuvier. Lebius (Steller Ms.) Pallas, 279; type Labrax superciliosus Pallas, "Lebius, Chirus vel Labrax Steller, Mss. Obs. Ichthyol." These three names are indicated in Steller's unprinted manuscripts as words from which choice could be made. Chirus (Steller Ms.) Pallas, 279; type Labrax superciliosus Pallas. Like the preceding synonym of Labrax or Hexagrammos. Plagyodus (Steller Ms.) Pallas, 383; type Plagyodus Steller (Alep- isaurus ^sculapius Bean). Equivalent to Alepisaurus Lowe, 1833, the name used by Steller only in an oblique case, "Plagyodontem" and without specific name. LXXVL LEACH, Observations on the genus Squalus, 181 2. William E. Leach. Mustelus Leach, 62; type Squalus mustelus L. LXXVn. MONTAGU, Wernerian Museum, I, 181 2. George Montagu. Xipotheca Montagu, I, 82 ; type Xipotheca tetradens Montagu = Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen). A synonym of Lepidopus. LXXVIIL FISCHER, Zoognosia, Tabulis Synopticus Illustrata, Edition HI, vol. I, 1813. Gotthelf Fischer. A series of Analytical Keys, leading to genera only. Histrio Fischer, 70, 78; type (not named) Lophius histrio L., by tautonomy. Diagnosis erroneous, by misprint "corpus depressum" instead of "corpus com- pressum." Has precedence over Pterophryne Gill and Pterophrynoides Gill. FISCHER, 1813 85 Ogcocephalus Fischer, 70, 78 ; type not named ; evidently by definition, LOPHIUS VESPERTILIO L. Replaces Malthe Cuvier. Orbis (Lacepede) Fischer, 70; no type named. Said to be like Diodon but "ad minus 4 dentes in maxilla superiore." Evi- dently a misprint for "2 dentes." It is probably a synonym of Ovoides Cuvier, the presumable type being Tetraodon lineatus L., the "Orbis" of Salviani and Rondelet. Odontolepis Fischer, 71, 78; no type named. A flounder with "pinnae pectorales tenuissimae aut nullae, reliquis conjunctis." The type may be assumed as Symphurus nigrescens. A synonym of Sympiiurus Rafinesque, 1810. Perhaps species of Monochirus or Microchirus were included. Psilus Fischer, 74. A substitute for Bostrychus Lacepede, which is preoccupied. Equivalent to BosTRicHTHYS Dumeril. Psiloides Fischer, 74. A needless substitute for Bostrychoides Lacepede. Typhlotes Fischer, 75. A substitute for Cecilia Lacepede, preoccupied. A synonym of Sphagebran- CHUS Bloch. Mustellus Fischer, 78; type (not named) Squalus mustelus L. A synonym of Mustelus Linck, not of Valmont. LXXIX. FISCHER, Recherches Zoologiques: Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, IV, second edition, 1813. Eleginus Fischer, 252; type Gadus navaga Koelreuter. Replaces Tilesia Swainson, 1839 (preoccupied) and Pleurogadus Bean, 1885. Not Eleginus Cuv. & Val., 1830, which becomes Eleginops Gill. LXXX. LEACH, Zoological Miscellany, 1814. William E. Leach. Hippocampus Leach, 103; type Syngnathus hippocampus L. (Hippo- campus ANTiQuoRUM Leach). Same as Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810. 86 THE GENERA OF FISHES LXXXI. MITCHILL, Report in Part on the Fishes of New York, 1814. Samuel Latham Mitchill. Stomodon Mitchill, 7; type Stomodon bilinearis Mitchill. . Equivalent to Merluccius Rafinesque. Morone Mitchill, 18; type Morone pallida Mitchill (Perca Americana Gmelin). As restricted by Gill, i860. Tautoga Mitchill, 2'^; type Tautoga niger Mitchill (Labrus onitis L.). Roccus Mitchill, 25; type Roccus striatus Mitchill (Sci^na lineata Bloch). As restricted by Gill. LXXXII. RAFINESQUE, Descrisione di tin Nuovo Genere di Pesce: Specchio delle Scienze, Palermo, 1814. CONSTANTINE SaMUEL RaFINESQUE. Leptopus Rafinesque, I, 16; type Leptopus peregrinus Rafinesque. Monotypic. Name preoccupied and later changed to Podoleptus Rafinesque, 1815. Apparently a synonym of Lophotes Giorna. LXXXIII. RAFINESQUE, Descrisione di tin Nuovo Genere di Pesce , _, Siciliano: Specchio delle Scienze, II, 1815. Nemochirus Rafinesque, II, 100, 105 ; type Nemochirus erythropterus Rafinesque. ■ Unrecognized. The following is Rafinesque's account of this fish : Nemochirus. Corpo lanceolato compressissimo ensiforme, fronte diagonale, bocca dentata, un' ala dorsale longitudinale senza raggi sciolti, ala caudale sciolta, nessun' ala anale, le due ale pettorali filiformi awicinate e situate sotto la gola al posto delle ventrali. Nemochirus erythropterus. Corpo argentato, ale rosse, coda lunulata, con tin raggio intermedio mucronato sciolto lunghissimo e filiforme, tre macchie fosche da ogni lato del dorso. Desfrizione. Lunghezza totale due palmi, muso ottuso, mascella inferiore piu cort'a 'con denti acuti, occhi piccoli neri, iride grande argentina con un cerchio rosso esteriore, opercolo doppio : corpo d'un bel colore argenteo, con tre macchie irregolari fosche di ogni lato del dorso, linea laterale dritta, ventre un poco reti- RAFINESQUE, 1814 87 colato. Ale pettorali rosse Hneari-filiformi acute e con un solo raggio, ala dorsale rossa principiando sopra gli occhi e giungendo sino alia coda, della quale e pero staccata e con circa 200 raggi molli : coda rossa un poco trifida o quasi lunulata con pero il raggio intermedio semplice, sporgente lunghissimo, mentre i laterali sono ramosi con i rami opposti. We are indebted to Mr. H. M. Scudder for a copy of this rare and forgotten description. If this account is correct it is still unknown to science, though hav- ing much in common with Stylephorus cordatus Shaw. LXXXIV. RAFINESQUE, Precis des Decouvertes Somiologiques, 1814. Trisopterus Rafinesque, i6; type Gadus capelanus Lacepede (Gadus MINUTUS L.). According to Risso the name is synonymous with Morua Risso, and must be older. Equivalent to Brachygadus Gill. Monochirus Rafinesque ; type Monochirus hispidus Raf. LXXXV. RAFINESQUE, Analyse de la Nature, ou Tableau de I'Uni- vers et des Corps Organises "La Nature est man Guide et Linneus mon maltre." Palermo, 1815. In this work the entire animal and plant kingdoms are classified, with definitions of the families and higher groups and lists of the known genera. Three hundred and seventy-seven genera of fishes are enumer- ated. Many of these are bare names, without explanation of any sort. Others represent changes of names of genera for reasons not expressed, but apparently because current names were too long, too short, or in- volved a termination (gides, omorus) expressing resemblance. The fishes are divided into two subclasses, Holobranchia with opercles and gill membranes complete, and Atelosia, lacking either opercles or gill membranes. The Holobranchia are divided into Deripia (Jugulares), Gastripia (Abdominales), Thoraxipia (Thoracices), Apodia (Apodes). The Ateleosia are divided into Eltropomia (Sturgeons: Sternoptyx, Pegasus) with one opercle and no gill membrane; Chismopnea, with gill-membranes and one opercle (Chimaera, Balistes, Conger, etc.) ; and Trem apnea, with neither opercles nor gill membranes (eels and sharks). This classification is singularly inept. 88 THE GENERA OF FISHES Dactyleptus Rafinesque, 82. Substitute for Mur^noides Lacepede. Pholidus Rafinesque, 82. A synonym of Pholis Scopoli. Substitute for Enchelyopus Gronow. Pteraclidus Rafinesque, 82. Substitute for Oligopodus Lacepede. A synonym of Pteraclis Gronow. Pacamus, 82 ; nomen nudum. Ictius, 82, "sp. do." That is, based on species of the preceding, i. c, Pacamus. Dropsarus, 82. Evidently an emendation of Gaidropsarus Rafinesque. Trisopterus, 82. Brosme, 82. Batrichtius, 82. A substitute for Batrachoides Lacepede. Ceracantha, 82. Taunis, 82. Plagiusa, 83, "sp. do." That is, species of Pleuronectes; apparently based on Pleuronectes pla- giusa L., thus equivalent to Symphurus Rafinesque, 1810. Holacantha, 83. Substitute for Holacanthus Lacepede. Pomacantha, 83. Nasonus, 83. Substitute for Naso Lacepede. Alectis, 84. Substitute for Gallus Lacepede, which is preoccupied, leaving Alectis as valid. Bostrictis, 84. Substitute for Bostrychus Lacepede: a synonym of Bostrichthys Dumeril, 1806. Pterops, 84, 90. Substitute for Bostrychoides Lacepede. Tasica, 84. Nemipus, 84. Cephalepis, 84. Gymnurus, 84. Substitute for TjEnioides Lacepede. RAFINESQUE, 1815 8@> Polipturus, 84. Substitute for Scomberomorus Lacepede. Orcynus, 84. Substitute for Scomberoides Lacepede. Baillonus, 85. Substitute for C^siomorus Lacepede. Lepicantha, 85. Apparently shortened from Lepisacanthus Lacepede. Gastrogonus, 85. Cephimmus, 85. Substitute for Gymnocephalus Bloch. Lepipterus, 85. Panotus, 85. Substitute for T^nionotus Lacepede. Aylopon, 85. Substitute for Anthias Bloch. Lopharis, 85. Cephacandia, 85. Substitute for Cephalacanthus Lacepede. "Gonurus Lac," 85. Unexplained ; no such name appears in Lacepede. Lepomus, 86. Pomagonus, 86. Mesopodus, 86. Acaramus, 86. Clodipterus, 86, also on 88. Substitute for Cheilodipterus Lacepede. Macrolepis, 86, "sp. do." That is, of Apogon Lacepede. Guebucus, 86. Micropodus, 86. Substitute for Cheilio Lacepede. Megaphalus, 86. Substitute for Gobiesox Lacepede. Pomacanthis, 86. Oxima, 86. Equetus, 86. Substitute for Eques Bloch. 90 THE GENERA OF FISHES Branchiostegus, 86. Substitute for Coryph^noides Lacepede, not of Gunner. Replaces Latilus Cuv. & Val., 1830. "Eleotris Gr., Gobiomorus Lacepede," 86. Epiphthalmus, 86. Substitute for Gobiomoroides Lacepede. Lepimphis, 86. Plecopodus, 87. Substitute for Gobioides Lacepede. Piescephalus, 87. Lumpus, 87, "sp. do." That is, of Cyclopterus. Liparius, 87, "sp. do." That is, of Cyclopterus. Percis Scopoli, 87. Said to be same as Aspidophoroides Lacepide. Aygula, 87. Substitute for CoRis Lacepede. Octonus, 88. Gasterodon, 88. Xysterus, 88. For Xyster Lacepede. Meneus, 88. For Mene Lacepede. Buronus, 88. For Burg Lacepede. Thrissa, 88. Substitute for Clupanodon Lacepede. Megalops, 88. Prinodon, 88. Substitute for Cyprinodon Lacepede. Maturacus, 88. Edomus, 88. Gonipus, 88. Myxonum, 88. Substitute for Mugiloides Lacepede. Trichonotus, 88. Substitute for Mugilomorus Lacepede. RAFINESQUE, l8lS 91 Soranus, 88. Cordorinus, 89. Substitute for Corydoras Lacepede. Amiatus, 89. Substitute for Amia L. Amiatus becomes eligible if Amia Gronow be ac- cepted instead of Apogon. Sayris, 89. Substitute for Scombresox Lacepede. Ramphistoma, 89; "Raf. Belone Gronow." The word Belone was not used in a generic sense by Gronow, but first by Cuvier in 1817. Rafinesque apparently refers to synonymy of the species as quoted from Gronow by Lacepede.* This reference does not seem to justify the substitu- tion of Ramphistoma for Belone. Odumphus, 89. Onopionus, 89. Guaris, 90. Typhlinus, 90, "sp. do." That is, of Syngnathus, earlier called Typhle by Rafinesque, which name is used by Lacepede for a "blind" genus of mammals, but without mention of type. Phyllophorus, 90. Homolenus, 90. This and the two preceding are placed in the same family as Syngnathus. Goniodermus, 90, "sp. do." Of OSTRACION. Cephalopsis, 90, "sp. do." Of DiODON. Orbidus, 90. For "Spheroide" of Lacepede. Oonidus, 90. For "Ovoide" of Lacepede. Tangus, 91. Said to be the same as "Heptaca" Rafinesque. Piratia, 91. Opictus, 91. *In the synonymy of Esox belone Lacepede has this quotation : "Belone et raphis, id est acus. Petri Artedi Synonymia Piscium etc., auctore J. G. Schneider, etc. "Gronov. Mus. i, n. 39. Zooph., p. 117, n. 362." In a hasty reading, Rafinesque must have ascribed both sentences to Gronow, who apparently did not use the name Belone. 92 THE GENERA OF FISHES Ictiopogon, 91. Substitute for Bostrychus Lacepede, which is preoccupied. Dameus, 91. Neleus, 91. Nemochirus, 91. Dipinotus, 91. Symphocles, 91. This and the preceding are placed near Trichiurus. Melanictis, 92. Epimonus, 92, "sp. do." That is, of Balistes, doubtless intended for Monacanthus. Lophidius, 92. Variant of Lophius. Chironectes, "R", 92, "sp. do." Of Lophius. Conomus, 92, "sp. do." Of Lophius. Branderius, 93. Substitute for Cecilia Lacepede, a synonym of Sphagebranchus Bloch. Anopsus, 93. Substitute for Mur^noblenna Lacepede. Gymnopsis, 93. Substitute for Gymnomur^na Lacepede. Helmictis, 93. Rincoxis, 93. Zebricium, 93. Pterurus, 93. Sphyrnias, 93. Variant of Sphyrna Rafinesque. Platopterus, 93. Substitute for Raja L. Epinotus, 93. Lymnea, 93. Podoleptus, 93. Substitute for Leptopus Rafinesque, 1814. A synonym of Lophotes Giorna. Megaderus, 93. Substitute for Echidna Forster. cuviER, 1 815 93 Ictaetus, 93. Sephenia, 93. Megabatus, 93. Apturus, 93. Lampreda, 94, "sp. do." Of Petromyzon. Pricus, 94, "sp. do." Of Petromyzon. This and the preceding doubtless equivalent to Ammo- CCETES Dumeril and Lampetra Gray, the former based on the larval state of lam- preys. LXXXVI. CUVIER, Observations et Recherches Critiques sur differens Poissons de la M edit err annee, et a leur Occasion sur des Poissons d'autres mers plus ou moins Lies avec Eux: Memoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, I, 1815. Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert Cuvier. Glossodus Cuvier, I, 1815; type Argentina glossodonta Forskal. Same as Albula Gronow, Butyrinus Lacepede. Fierasfer Cuvier, I, 119, 312, 359, 1815; type Ophidion imberbe L. Same as Carapus Rafinesque. (Name in French only; dates from Oken, 1817.) Xyrichthys Cuvier, I, 317, 329, 355, 1815; type Xyrichthys cultratus Cuvier (Coryph.^na novacula L.). Epibulus Cuvier, I, iii ; type Sparus insidiator Pallas. Smaris Cuvier, I, iii ; type Sparus smaris L. Myletes Cuvier, I, 115; type Myletes rhomboidalis Cuv. Saurus Cuvier, I, 115; type Salmo saurus L. Chromis Cuvier, 393 ; type Sparus chromis L. Monotypic. Same as Heliases Cuvier, 1817. Crenilabrus Cuvier, 357; type Labrus lapina Forskal (Les Creni- labres). Bonaparte, in 1839, named as type C. pavo, which is the same as C. lapina. Name in French only, dates from Oken, 1817. Corycus Cuvier, 359; type (not otherwise named) Lutianus rostratus Bloch. Based on "les deux derniers Lutjans de M. Risso." Called Coricus by Cuvier in 181 7. A synonym of Symphodus Rafinesque. Tetragonopterus Cuvier, I, 114; type T. argenteus Cuvier. 94 THE GENERA OF FISHES Les Serrans Cuvier. This is not a scientific name. Reference is made to Anthias sacer Bloch. Diacope Cuvier, 360; type Holocentrus bengalensis Bloch. Name preoccupied, replaced by Genyoroge Cantor, 1850. Diagramma Cuvier, 360; type Anthias diagram ma Bloch. A synonym of Plectorhinchus Lacepede. Scolopsis Cuvier, 361; type the Curite of Russell (Scolopsis curite Cuvier). Les Priacanthes Cuvier, 361 ; type Anthias macrophthalmus Bloch. First called Priacanthus by Cuvier in 1817. Les Pristipomes Cuvier, 361 ; type Lutianus hasta Bloch. Called Pristipomus by Oken in 1817. A synonym of Pomadasys Lacepede. Julis Cuvier, 362; type Labrus julis L. By tautonomy and by first restriction. Boops Cuvier, 453 ; type Sparus boops L. By tautonomy. Later called Box Cuvier. The genus Sparus L. is divided into Sargues, Sparus sargus L. ; Daurades, Sparus aurata L. ; and Pagres, Sparus pagrus L. No Latin names are indicated and no type assigned to Sparus L. "Les Cantheres" is a name assigned (p. 485) to Sparus cantharus L. Dentex Cuvier, 486; type Sparus dentex L. By tautonomy, Les Melettes, 457 ; type Clupea brunnichi Gmelin. This group is equivalent to Engraulis Cuvier, 1817. No Latin name is as- signed. On page 14 of this volume the name Sci/ENA umbra L., originally based on two species (the "Maigre" and the "Corb," confounded by Linnaeus), is definitely restricted to the first of these, the Cheilodipterus aquila of Lacepede. This spe- cies then becomes the type of Sci^na, replacing Argyrosomus de la Pylaie and PsEUDOSCi^NA Bleeker. The "Corb" remains as Corvina nigra (Bloch). LXXXVII. BLAINVILLE, Prodrome d'Une Nouvelle Distribution Sys- tematique du Rcgne Animal: Bulletin de la Societe Philomatique, 1816. Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville. Descriptions of the genera indicated appeared also in the Fauna Frangaise, 1820- 1830. The pagination as here given is taken from Garman, Plagiostomia, 1913. Trygoncbatus Blainville, 112; type Raia pastinaca L. Equivalent to Dasyatis Rafinesque. BLAINVILLE, 1816 95 Aetobatus Blainville, 112; type Raja narinari Euphrascn. As restricted by Miiller & Henle, 1838; not as restricted by Cantor, 1850. The latter arrangement would accord better with Blainville's obvious purpose of making Raja aquila his "Aetobatis vulgaris," the best known of these "raies aigles," his type. The first restriction, however, has the sanction of Agassiz, Giin- ther, and Gill. Dicerobatus Blainville, 116; type Raja mobular Lacepede. A synonym of Mobula Rafinesque. Monotypic. Leiobatus Blainville, 121, "Raies lisses"; type Leiobatus sloani Blain- ville. A species of Urotrygon. Not Leiobatus Rafinesque, which is Rhinobatus ; nor Leiobatus Klein, a synonym of Raja. Narcobatus Blainville, 121 ; type Raja torpedo L. Scylliorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales roussettes" ; type Squalus CANicuLA Lacepede. As restricted. Prior to Scyllium Cuvier. Cestrorhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus zyg^na L, A synonym of Cestracion Klein and Sphyrna Rafinesque. Monopterhinus Blainville, 121, "squales a une seule pinnule dorsale" ; type Squalus griseus Gmelin. A synonym of Hexanchus Rafinesque. Monotypic. Acanthorhinus Blainville, 121, "squales epineux"; type Squalus acan- THiAS Lacepede. Equivalent to Squalus L. as restricted by Rafinesque and by Gill. Heterodontus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus philippi Lacepede. The name seems sufficiently different from Heterodon, a genus of snakes of prior date, although from identical Greek roots. Otherwise would stand as Cen- tracion Gray. Monotypic. Cetorhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus maximus Gunner. Monotypic. Galeorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales demi-Requins" ; type Squalus CANIS L. As restricted by Gill, 1864; Squalus mustelus as restricted by Garman, 1913. The former arrangement must hold, replacing Eugaleus Gill. Carcharhinus Blainville, 121 ; type Squalus commersonianus Blain- ville. As restricted by authors. Echinorhinus Blainville, 121, "Squales boucles" ; type Squalus spin- osus Gmelin. Monotypic. 96 THE GENERA OF FISHES LXXXVIII. CUVIER, Sur le genre Chironectes Cuv. (Antennarius Commerson) : Mem. du Mus., Ill, 1817. Georges Cuvier. Chironectes Cuvier, 418; type Lophius commersonianus Lacepede. LXXXIX. CUVIER, Hydrocyon, Chalceus etc. : Memoires du Mu- seum, IV, 1817; V, 1819. Hydrocyon Cuvier, V, 353, 1819; type Hydrocyon forskali Cuvier ("Les Hydrocyns," I, 115). Myletes Cuvier, IV, 449, 1817 ; type Myletes rhomboidalis Cuvier. Tetragonopterus (Artedi) Cuvier, IV, 455, 1817; type Tetragon- OPTERUS ARGENTEUS Cuvier. Chalceus Cuvier, IV, pi. XXI, 1817, V, 351 ; type Chalceus macrolep- IDOTUS Cuvier. XC. LE SUEUR, A new genus of Fishes proposed under the name of Catostomus: Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, 1817. Charles A. Le Sueur. Catostomus Le Sueur, 88; type Cyprinus catostomus Forster (Cato- stomus HUDSONius Le Sueur). XCI. CUVIER, Rcgne Animal, Ed. i, 1817. Le Regne Animal Dis- tribue d'Apres son Organisation. Tome II, 1817 (Reptiles, Fishes, etc.). Georges Cuvier. This epoch-making work marks the advent of the modern epoch in zoological taxonomy. The entire animal kingdom is considered, its fam- ilies and genera are all defined, and the entire system is placed on the sound basis of comparative anatomy. In a number of cases the genera in this work receive French names only. But to all these, Latin forms were immediately supplied in the same year, 181 7, by Ok en, in the I sis. cuviER, 1817 97 Ammocoetes (Dumeril) Cuvier, 119; type Petromyzon branchialis L. The larval form of Petromyzon and Lampetra. Scyllium Cuvier, 124; type Squalus canicula L. As restricted. A synonym of Scylliorhinus Blainville, 1816. Carcharias Cuvier, 125 ; type Squalus carcharias. As shown in the figure of Belon, 60. "Cette figure de Belon est la seule bonne. La plupart des autres sont fausses." Equivalent to Carcharhinus Blain- ville. Not Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810. Lamna Cuvier, 126; type Squalus cornubicus Bloch & Schneider (Squalus nasus Bonnaterre). Zygaena Cuvier, 127; type Squalus zyg^na L. Equivalent to Cestracion Klein, Sphyrna Rafinesque. Galeus Cuvier, 127; type Squalus galeus L. Not Galeus Valmont, nor of Klein, nor of Rafinesque. Equivalent to Gale- ORHiNUS Blainville. Monotypic. Mustelus Cuvier, 128; type Squalus mustelus L. Equivalent to Mustelus Linck. Notidanus Cuvier, 128; type Squalus griseus L. Monotypic. Equivalent to Hexanchus Rafinesque, 1810. Selache Cuvier, 129; type Squalus maximus L. Equivalent to Cetorhinus Blainville, 1816. Monotj'pic. Cestracion Cuvier in Oken, 129, ("Les Cestracions" Cuvier) ; Oken,* Isis, 1 183; type Squalus philippi Bloch & Schneider. Equivalent to Heterodontus Blainville, 1816. Not Cestracion Klein. Spinax Cuvier, 129; type Squalus spinax L. Equivalent to Etmopterus Rafinesque, 1810. Centrina Cuvier, 130; type Squalus centrina L. Equivalent to Oxynotus Rafinesque, 1810. Scymnus Cuvier, 130; type Squalus americanus Gmelin. Monotypic. Preoccupied by Scymnus Kugelmann, 1814, a genus of Beetles; replaced by Scymnorhinus Bonaparte, 1846. Dalatias Rafinesque may be the same. *Oken, Isis, 1817. In Isis, 1817, immediately following the publication of the Regne Animal, Professor L. Oken recapitulated the genera of Cuvier, giving Latin forms to those left by the author with French names only. These occur on pages 1181, 1182, and 1183 (misprinted in the text as 1781, 1782, and 1783^- Several of these were also Latinized by Cloquet, Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturcllc, in 1817, but the date of Oken is earlier. Still others were Latinized by John Stark, Ele- ments of Natural History, Edinburgh, 1828, vol. L As the question of priority is not affected, we leave the names of Cuvier latin- ized by Oken in their proper sequence. 98 THE GENERA OF FISHES Trygon Adanson in Cuvier, 136; type Raja pastinaca L. This name, quoted from Adanson's Manuscript Cours d'Histoire Naturelle, in 1772, has been adopted by several authors. Trygon appears also as a new genus (equivalent to T^niura) of Geoffroy St. Hilaire in the Histoire d'Egypte, with the date of 1825. The name is certainly later than Dasybatus of Klein, with the same type, and also later than Dasyatis Rafinesque. Callorhynchus (Gronow) Cuvier, 140; type Chimera callorhynchus L. Monacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 152, ("Les Monacanthes" Cuvier) ; type Balistes chinensis Bloch. Alutera (Cuvier) Oken, 153, ("Les Aluteres" Cuvier) ; type Balistes MONOCEROS L. Triacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 153, ("Les Triacanthes" Cuvier) ; type Balistes biaculeatus Bloch. Monotypic. Hippocampus Cuvier, 157; type Syngnathus hippocampus L. Equivalent to Hippocampus Rafinesque. Characinus Cuvier, 164; no type named. Equivalent to Characini L., Charax Gronow. Curimatus (Cuvier) Oken, 165, ("Les Curimates" Cuvier) ; type Salmo edentulus Bloch (Salmo cyprinoides L.). Name latinized as Curimatus Oken, 1182, as Curimata by Cloquet. Equiva- lent to Curimata Walbaum, 1792. Anostomus (Gronow) Cuvier, 165; type Salmo anostomus L. Called Leporinus by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Piabucus (Cuvier) Oken, 166, (**Les Piabuques" Cuvier) ; type Salmo argentinus Bloch. Latinized as Piabucus by Oken, as Piabuca by Miiller & Troschel. Citharinus Cuvier, 168; type "le Serrasalme citharine" Geoffroy. Cytharinus Oken, 1182, ("Les Citharines" Cuvier, 1815, L 115). Saurus Cuvier, 169; type Salmo saurus L. Scopelus Cuvier, 169; type Gasteropelecus humboldti Risso. Equivalent to Myctophum Rafinesque, 1810. Aulopus Cuvier, 170; type Salmo filamentosus Bloch. Engraulis Cuvier, 174; type Clupea encrasicholus L. Thrissa Cuvier, 176; type Clupea setirostris Broussonet. Equivalent to Mystus Lacepede, preoccupied. Not Thrissa Rafinesque. Later spelled Thryssa by Cuvier. This genus or subgenus may receive a new name, Thrissocles Jordan & Ever- mann, type Clupea setirostris Broussonet. It is distinguished from Menidia Browne or Anchoviella Fowler, by the greatly prolonged maxillary. cuviER, 1 817 99 Pristigaster Cuvier, 176; type not named. Later fixed as Pristigaster cayanus Cuvier. Chirocentrus Cuvier, 178; type Esox chirocentrus L. (Clupea dorab Gmelin). Sudis Cuvier, 180; type (not named) Sudis gigas Cuvier. Equivalent to Arapaima Mijller and Troschel, 1846 (Vastres Valenciennes, 1846). Not Sudis Rafinesque, 1810. Galaxias Cuvier, 183; type Esox truttaceus Cuvier. Monotypic. Microstoma Cuvier, 184; type Gasteropelecus microstomus Risso. Monotypic. Stomias Cuvier, 184; type Esox boa Risso. Monotypic. Salanx Cuvier, 185 ; type (not named) Salanx reevesi Cuv. & Val. (Albula chinensis Osbeck). Monotypic. Synonym of Albula Osbeck, if the latter name is regarded as eligible. Belone Cuvier, 185; type Esox belone L. Hemi-Ramphus Cuvier, 186; type Esox brasiliensis L. Barbus Cuvier, 192; type Cyprinus barbus L. Gobio Cuvier, 193 ; type Cyprinus gobio L. Not Gobio of Klein, which is identical with Gobius L. If Klein's names are accepted, Gobio Cuvier, based on the common gudgeon of Europe, Cyprinus go- bio L., must receive a new name. Tinea Cuvier, 193 ; type Cyprinus tinca L. Cirrhinus (Cuvier) Oken, 193, ("Les Cirrhines" Cuvier) ; type Cypri- nus cirrhosus Bloch. The name is spelled Cirrhina by Valenciennes. Abramis Cuvier, 194; type Cyprinus brama L. Equivalent to Brama Klein, not of Cuvier. Labeo Cuvier, 194; type Cyprinus niloticus (Forskal) Geoffrey. Not Labeo Bowdich, 1825. Leuciscus (Klein) Cuvier, 194; type Cyprinus leuciscus (L.) Bloch. Identical with Leuciscus Klein. Labia (Cuvier) Oken, 199, ("Les Lebias" Cuvier), Oken, Isis, 1183; type Cyprinodon variegatus Lacepede. Monotypic. Identical with Cyprinodon Lacepede, 1803. Written Lebias by Cuvier. 100 THE GENERA OF FISHES Schilbe (Cuvier) Oken, 202, ("Les Schilbe" Cuvier), Oken, Isis, 1182; type SiLURUS mystus Hasselquist. Synodontis Cuvier, 203 ; type Pimelodus synodontis Geoffroy. Bagre (Cuvier) Oken, 204, (''Les Bagres" Cuvier), Oken, Isis, 1182; type SiLURUS bagre L. By tautonomy. Latinized as Bagrus by Valenciennes. This generic name must replace Felichthys Swainson and Ailurichthys Baird, for the Gaff-top- sail Cat-fish Felichthys marinus (L), of American waters, unless the earlier name Bagre of Catesby, applied to another genus, be deemed eligible. The name Bagrus, transferred by Cuvier & Valenciennes to another part of the same group of "Bagres," may be replaced by PoRCUS Geofifroy, 1817, as Bagrus is only a vari- ant spelling of Bagre. Morrhua (Cuvier) Oken, ("Les Morues"), 212, 1182; type Gadus MORRHUA L. Same as Gadus L. Merlangus (Cuvier) Oken, ("Les Merlans"), 213, 1182; type Gadus MERLANGUS L. Not Merlangus Rafinesque, 1810. Lota (Cuvier), ("Les Lottes") Oken, 215, 1182; type Gadus lota Bloch. By tautonomy. Mustela (Cuvier), ("Les Musteles") Oken, 215, 1182; type Gadus MUSTELA L. Preoccupied in Mammals : replaced by Motella Cuvier, 1829. Synonym of Gaidropsarus Raf. Brosme (Cuvier), ("Les Brosmes") Oken, 216, 1182; type Gadus BROSME Gmelin. Called Brosmius by Cuvier, 1829. Raniceps (Cuvier) Oken, 217, ("Les Raniceps" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Gadus raninus Miiller. Platessa Cuvier, 220; type Pleuronectes platessa L. Equivalent to Pleuronectes as restricted by Fleming. Hippoglossus Cuvier, 221 ; type Pleuronectes hippoglossus L. Rhombus Cuvier, 222 ; type Pleuronectes rhombus Cuvier. Equivalent to Rhombus Klein, not of Lacepede. Name used in MoUusks, Rhombus Da Costa, 1776. Same as Bothus Rafinesque. Solea Cuvier, 223 ; type Pleuronectes solea L. Equivalent to Solea Quensel and Solea Rafinesque. Monochirus (Cuvier) Oken, 223, ("Les Monochires" Cuvier), Mono- chirus Oken, 1182; type Pleuronectes microchirus De la Roche. Monotypic. Equivalent to Rafinesque. CUVIER, 1 817 101 Plagusia (Browne) Cuvier, 224; type Pleuronectes plagusia L. Equivalent to Plagusia Browne, not of Latreille, 1806, a genus of Crusta- ceans. Lumpus (Cuvier) Oken, 226, ("Les Lumps" Cuvier) Oken, 1182; type Cyclopterus lumpus L. Equivalent to Cyclopterus L. Conger (Cuvier) Oken, 231, ("Les Congres" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type MUR^NA CONGER L. Equivalent to Conger Houttuyn. Alabes (Cuvier) Oken, 235, ("Les Alabes" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type (not named) Cheilobranchus dorsalis Richardson. Said to be identical with Cheilobranchus Richardson, 1848, which it re- places. Carapus Cuvier, ^t^j ; type Gymnotus macrourus Bloch. Not Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. The name is written Carapo by Oken. Re- placed by GiTON Kaup. Fierasfer (Cuvier) Oken, 239, ("Les Fierasfers" Cuvier) Oken, 1182; type Ophidium imberbe L. Equivalent to Carapus Rafinesque, 1810. Monotypic. Lophotes (Giorna) Cuvier, 243, ("Les Lophotes" Cuvier), the name written Lophotus by Oken, 1182; type "le Lophote Lacepede" Giorna (Lophotes cepedianus). Monotypic. Clinus Cuvier, 251 ; type Blennius superciliosus L. Pholis (Artedi) Cuvier, 251; type Blennius pholis Bloch. Not Pholis Gronow. Salarias Cuvier, 251 ; type Salarias quadripennis Cuvier. Opistognathus (Cuvier) Oken, 252, ("Les Opisthognathes" Cuvier), Oken, 1 182; type Opisthognathus sonnerati Cuvier. Monotypic. Sillago Cuvier, 258; type Sillago acuta Cuvier. Julis Cuvier, 261 ; type Labrus julis L. This name has been unfortunately transferred by later writers to a great group of the tropical seas, Thalassoma Swainson. Crenilabrus Cuvier, 262, ("Les Crenilabres" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Labrus lapina Forskal. Valenciennes makes the type Labrus pavo Risso ; but that species is not men- tioned by Cuvier, although identical with L. lapina. Bonaparte, in 1839, named as type C. pavo, which is the same as C. lapina. In 1839, just previous, Swainson observes : "M. Cuvier having expressly stated 102 THE GENERA OF FISHES that the type of his genus Crenilabrus is the Lutjanus verses of Bloch, I have so retained it, placing all the others under the subgenus Cyn^dus." L. VERREs is identical with the type of Bodianus Bloch. We find no such state- ment in Cuvier's writings, and L. verres is ninth of his original species. Cyn^dus Swainson, as restricted by Bonaparte, is identical with Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val. In the Fauna Italica, 156, 1839, Bonaparte assigned types to certain genera of Labroid fishes. Labrus guttatus Bloch was indicated as type of Hemiulis Swainson ; Labrus vetulus Bloch is considered as type of Labrus L. This name, VETULUS, was not used by Linnaeus, but it is a synonym of Labrus bimaculatus L. and Labrus mixtus L. Labrus bimaculatus may thus be regarded as the type of Labrus. Labrus rupestris Bloch is indicated as type of Cyn^dus Swainson. This becomes a synonym of Ctenolabrus Cuv. & Val., of a little earlier date in 1839. Labrus pavo of authors, not of Linnaeus, is recognized by Bonaparte as type of Crenilabrus. This species is not named by Cuvier, but it is identical with Labrus lapina Forskal, a species included by Cuvier. In Swain's excellent review of Swainson (1882) the type of each genus is indicated. The type of Hemiulis (auratus) assigned by Swain is a species of Cheilio Lacepede. The type of CvNi^DUS is C. TiNCA = C. DODERLEiNi Jordan, not Labrus tinca L., a species of Crenilabrus. Bonaparte's selection of types has, however, priority over Swain's. Bonaparte and Swainson recognize Labrus julis L. as type of Julis. The same type, as Labrus pavo Hasselquist, is assigned to Chlorichthys Swainson by Bona- parte. Swain makes the latter a synonym of Thalassoma Swainson. Bonaparte, 1846, selected L. julis L. as type of Ichthycallus Swainson, reducing both Chlorichthys and Ichthycallus to the synonymy of Julis. Coricus Cuvier, 263; type Lutianus virescens Risso (L. rostratus Bloch). Equivalent to Symphodus Rafinesque. Epibulus Cuvier, 264; type Sparus insidiator Pallas. Monotypic. Novacula Cuvier, 265 ; type Coryph^na novacula L. By tautonomy. Afterwards restricted by Cuvier & Valenciennes to Cory- PHiENA fentadactyla Laccpcdc, the genus Hemipteronotus Lacepede. A synonym of Xyrichthys Cuvier, 1815. Chromis (Cuvier) Oken, 266, ("Les Chromis" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Sparus chromis Lacepede. Not Cromis Browne, 1770, nor Chromis Cuvier, 1815. Called Heliases by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Plesiops (Cuvier) Oken, 266; type not named. Afterwards described as Plesiops nigricans Riippell. Equivalent to Phakop- teryx Riippell, 1828. Smaris Cuvier, 269 ; type Sparus smaris L. A synonym of Spicara Rafinesque. Boops Cuvier, 270; type Sparus boops L. Later called Box Cuv. & Val. Sargus Cuvier, 272 ; type Sparus sargus L. Equivalent to Sargus Klein and Diplodus Rafinesque. cuviER, 1817 103 Aurata (Cuvicr) Oken, 272, ("Les Daurades" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Sparus aurata L. Equivalent to Sparus L., as restricted by Fleming. Later called Chryso- PHRYS by Cuvier. Pagrus Cuvier, 272 ; type Sparus argenteus Bloch & Schneider (Sparus pagrus L.). Not P.-VGRUS Plumier. Dentex Cuvier, 273 ; type Sparus dentex L. Diacope Cuvier, 275 ; type Diacope seb^ Cuvier. Name preoccupied in butterflies (Diacope Hiibner, 1816) ; replaced by Gen- YOROGE Cantor, 1850. Equivalent to Naqua Forskal, 1775, a name doubtfully eligible. Serranus Cuvier, 276, ("Perche de mer ou serran") ; type Perca CABRiLLA L. ("le Serran proprement dit"). Serranus cabrilla is usually assumed as the type of the genus Serranus, and therefore of the family Serranid^. But no species of the genus as thus re- stricted is mentioned by Cuvier by scientific name. Cuvier, however, remarks : ""La Mediterranee en produit beaucoup dont les plus communs s'y confondent sous les noms vulgaires de Perche de mer, de Serran, etc." This refers to Ser- ranus cabrilla and Serranus scriba. The first of these may be retained as type, following general custom, although its scientific name is not mentioned. Other- wise Holocentrus gigas Bloch & Schneider, which is explicitly mentioned, must be taken, in which case Serranus disappears, as a synonym of Epinephelus Bloch, and the name Serranellus Jordan & Eigenmann, a sub-generic term for Serranus scriba, would stand for the genus, as in Fowler's arrangement (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, 266). Plectropomus (Cuvier) Oken, 277, ("Les Plectropomes" Cuvier), Plectropomus Oken, 1182, Plectropoma of Cuv. & Val. ; type as restricted Bodianus maculatus Bloch. Cantharus Cuvier, 278; type Sparus cantharus L. ("Les Canthares," 1815-) Name preoccupied; replaced by Spondyliosoma Cantor, 1850. Pristipomus (Cuvier) Oken, 279, ("Les Pristipomes" Cuvier), Oken, 1182, (Pristipoma of Cuvier & Valenciennes); type Lutjanus hasta Bloch. Equivalent to Pomadasys Lacepede. Scolopsis Cuvier, 280; type "le Kurite, Russell" (Scolopsides kurita Cuv. & Val.). Called Scolopsides by Cuvier. Diagramma (Cuvier) Oken, 280, ("Les Diagrammes" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Anthias diagramma Bloch. Equivalent to Plectorhynchus Lacepede. 104 THE GENERA OF FISHES Priacanthus (Cuvier) Oken, 281, ("Les Priacanthes" Cuvier), Oken, 1 183; type Anthias macrophthalmus Bloch. Equivalent to Abuhamrur Forskal, a name doubtfully eligible. Polyprion (Cuvier) Oken, 282, ("Les Polyprions" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type Amphiprion americanus Bloch & Schneider. Acerina Cuvier, 283; type Perca acerina Cuvier (Perca cernua L.). Called Cernua by Schaefer and by Fleming, Acerina by Giildenstadt, Percis by Klein, and Gymnocephalus by Bloch. Stellifer (Cuvier) Oken, 283, ("Les Stelliferes" Cuvier), Stellifer Oken, 1 182; type Bodianus stellifer Bloch. Monotypic. Pterois (Cuvier) Oken, 286, ("Les Pterois" Cuvier), Oken, 1183; type SCORP^NA VOLITANS Bloch. Equivalent to Pseudopterus Klein, which may not be eligible. Paralepis Cuvier, 289; type Coregonus paralepis Risso Ms., Para- LEPis coregonoides Risso. Monotypic. Prochilus Cuvier, 294; type Sclena macrolepidota Bloch. Name preoccupied in mammals by Prochilus Illiger, 1811. Replaced by Dor- MITATOR Gill. Sander (Cuvier) Oken, 294, ("Les Sandres" Cuvier), Sander Oken, 1 1 82; type Perca lucioperca L. Terapon Cuvier, 295 ; type Holocentrus servus Bloch. Error for Therapon. Equivalent to Djabub Eorskal, which is doubtfully eligible. Zingel (Cuvier) Oken, 296, ("Les Cingles" Cuvier), Zingel Oken, 1 182; type Perca zingel L., Asperulus Schasfer. Umbrina Cuvier, 297 ; type Sci^na cirrhosa L. Otolithes (Cuvier) Oken, 299, ("Les Otolithes" Cuvier), Otolithes Oken, 1 182; called Otolithus by Cuvier & Valenciennes; type Johnius ruber Bloch & Schneider. Anclyodon (Cuvier) Oken, 299, ("Les Ancylodons" Cuvier), Oken, 1 182; type Lonchurus ancylodon Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Preoccupied ; replaced by Macrodon Schinz ; Sagenichthys Berg, 1895- Antennarius (Commerson) Cuvier, 310, "Les Chironectes (Anten- narius Commerson)" Cuvier; type Lophius commersonianus Lacepede, Antennarius antenna tricorne Commerson, in Lacepede. Afterwards called Chironectes by Cuvier, the name preoccupied. cuviER, 1817 105 Malthe Cuvier, 311 ; type Lophius vespertilio L. Equivalent to Ogcocephalus Fischer, 1813. Thynnus Cuvier, 313; type Scomber thynnus L. Not Thynnus Browne. The name Thynnus Cuvier is preoccupied, and has been replaced by Thunnus South and later by Albacora Jordan. Orcynus Cuvier, 314; type Scomber germon Lacepede (Scomber ALALONGA Gmelin). Name preoccupied by Orcynus Rafinesque, 1810, and replaced by Germo Jordan. Citula Cuvier, 315; type ("I'espece est nouvelle") Sci^na armata Forskal. Seriola Cuvier, 315; type Caranx dumerili Risso. Nomeus Cuvier, 315; type Gobius gronovii Gmelin. Monotypic. Vomer Cuvier, 316; type Vomer browni Cuvier. Equivalent to Rhomboida Browne, 1789, which is probably not eligible. Spinachia Cuvier, 320; type Gasterosteus spinachia L. Monotypic. Lichia Cuvier, 321 ; type Scomber amia L. Blepharis Cuvier, 322; type Zeus ciliaris Bloch. Monotypic ; name preoccupied, replaced by Blepharichthys Gill. A syno- nym of Alectis Rafinesque. Equula Cuvier, 323 ; type Centrogaster equula Gmelin. A synonym of Leiognathus Lacepede. Atropus (Cuvier) Oken, 324, ("Les Atropus" Cuvier), Oken, 1182; type Brama atropus Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. Not separable from Citula. Oligopodes (Risso) Cuvier, 328, ("Les Leptopodes Cuvier, Oligopodes Risso") ; type "I'OHgopode noir, Risso." Described by Risso, 1826, as Oligopus nicer, apparently a species of Pterac- Lis. Cuvier distinguishes Pteraclis as "Les Oligopodes" and Olicopodes as "Les Leptopodes." Chelmon Cuvier, 334 ; type Ch^^todon rostratus Bloch. Platax Cuvier, 334; type Ch^todon teira Bloch. Heniochus Cuvier, 335 ; type Ch^todon macrolepidotus Bloch. Ephippus Cuvier, 335 ; type Ch^todon orbis Bloch, as restricted by Cuv. & Val., 1831. Toxotes Cuvier, 338; type Labrus jaculator Bloch & Schneider. Monotypic. 106 THE GENERA OF FISHES Anabas Cuvier, 339; type Perca scandens Daldorf. Monotypic. Fiatola Cuvier, 342; type Stromateus fiatola L. Equivalent to Stromateus L. Seserinus (Cuvier) Oken, 342, ("Les Seserinus" Cuvier) ; type "Ses- erinus Rondelet" (Seserinus rondeleti Cuvier). This is apparently a young Stromateus, microchirus (Bonelli). Premnas Cuvier, 345 ; type Ch^todon biaculeatus Bloch. Monotypic. Temnodon Cuvier, 346; type Cheilodipterus heptacanthus Lace- pede. Monotypic. Equivalent to Pomatomus Lacepede. The name Pomatomus was arbitrarily transferred to a different genus (Epigonus Raf.) by Cuvier. Amphisile (Klein) Cuvier, 350; type Centriscus scutatus L. Equivalent to Centriscus L. and Amphisilen Klein. XCII. OKEN, Isis, 1817. L. Oken. On pages 1182-83 (misprinted 1782-83), Professor Oken gives Latin equivalents to all the French names in the first edition of the Regne Animal of Cuvier, as indicated above. XCIII. CLOQUET, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles de Levrault (Articles on Fishes), 1816 to 1830. HiPPOLYTE CloQUET. (Latinizes several of Cuvier's names, as previously done by Oken.) Zingel Cloquet, 1817; ''les cingles" Cuvier, called Zingel by Oken; type Perca zingel L. Eptatretus (Dumeril) Cloquet, XV, 134, 1819; type Gastrobranchus DOM bey Lacepede. Replaces Heptatrema Dumeril and Bdellostoma Miiller. ST. HILAIRE, 1818 107 XCIV. GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE, Suite de I'Histoire des Poissons du Nil, Plates dated 181 7, 181 8. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Porcus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 303, 1818; type Silurus bajad Forskil. Equivalent to Bagrus Cuv. & Val. but not to "les Bagres" Cuvier, 1817, Ba- GRE Oken. Porcus should probably replace Bagrus, which is a latinization of Bagre, the vernacular Spanish name for the larger cat-fishes. Heterobranchus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 305, 1818; type Heterobranchus BiDORSALis Geoffroy St. Hilaire. XCV. LE SUEUR, Description of Several New Species of North American Fishes: Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1818. Charles A. Le Sueur. Somniosus Le Sueur, 222; type Somniosus brevipinna Le Sueur, Squalus microcephalus Bloch & Schneider. Platirostra Le Sueur, 223 ; type Platirostra edentula Le Sueur. Same as Polyodon. Hiodon Le Sueur, 366; type Higdon tergisus Le Sueur, Often spelled Hygdon. XCVI. RANZANI, Descrizione di un Pesce, un Nuovo Genere del Tcenioidei: Opusculo Sci. Bologna, II, 1818. Camillo Ranzani. Epidesmus Ranzani, 133; type Epidesmus maculatus Ranzani. Synonym of Regalecus. XCVII. BLAINVILLE, Poissons Fossiles: Nouveau Dictionnaire, XXVII, 1818. Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville. Not seen by us. Anenchelum Blainville; type Anenchelum glarisianum Blainville (fossil: Lepidopid^). 108 THE GENERA OF FISHES Chirurgus Blainville; type (perhaps Ch^todon chirurgus Bloch). Not seen by us : probably a synonym of Hepatus and Teuthis. Palaeoniscum Blainville, 320; type Pal^oniscum frieslebenense Blainville (fossil). Written Pal^oniscus by Agassiz. Palaeothrissum Blainville, 320; type Pal^othrissum macrocephalum Blainville (fossil). Synonym of Pal^oniscum. Palaeorhynchum Blainville, XXVII, 314, 1818; type Pal.^orhynchum GLARisiANUM Blainvillc. Palaeobalistum Blainville, 338; type Diodon orbicularis Volta (fossil). XCVIII. RAFINESQUE, Description of two new Genera of North American Fishes, Opsanus and Notropis : American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, January 1818. CONSTANTINE SaMUEL RaFINESQUE. Opsanus Rafinesque, 203; type Opsanus cerapalus Raf. (Gadus TAU L.). This genus has been usually and wrongly called Batrachus. Notropis Rafinesque, 204; type Notropis atherinoides Raf. (Al- BURNUS rubellus Agassiz). XCIX. RAFINESQUE, Discoveries in Natural History: American Monthly Magazine, September 181 8. Glossodon Rafinesque, 354 ; type Glossodon harengoides Raf. (Hiodon TERGisus Le Sueur). A synonym of Hiodon, regarded by Rafinesque as too "similar to Diodon in sound." C. RAFINESQUE, Further Discoveries in Natural History : Amer, Monthly Magazine, October 1818. Pogostoma Rafinesque, 445 ; type Pogostoma leucops Rafinesque. A myth drawn by Audubon. Dinectus Rafinesque, 445 ; type Dinectus truncatus Raf. A mythical sturgeon, drawn by Audubon. RAFINESQUE. 1818 109 Litholepis Rafinesque, 445 ; type Litholepis adamantinus Raf . The "Devil-jack Diamond Fish," drawn by Audubon, a mythical gar-pike of which the scales will "turn a rifle ball." This remarkable paper is based on paintings of fishes "seen down the river" by Audubon. Rafinesque was, in 1818, a guest at Audubon's house at Hendersonville, Kentucky. One night, bats entered the win- dow. Rafinesque was convinced that they were of a new species, and used Audubon's costly violin to beat them down. Audubon in return showed him paintings of remarkable fishes. Rough copies of these are found in Rafinesque's note-books, preserved in the Smithsonian Institu- tion. Their introduction into Science was a practical joke on the part of the great ornithologist. Rafinesque also mentions as new genera, by name only, without ex- planation : Cheilobus, Miniculus, Oplictis, Leptosoma and Glanis. These can have no place in the system. CI. RAFINESQUE, Description of Three New Genera of Fluviotile Fish, PoMOxis, Sarchirus and Exoglossum : Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., November 1818. Pomoxis Rafinesque, 417; type Pomoxis annularis Raf. Sarchirus Rafinesque, 419; type Sarchirus vittatus Raf. Young of Lepisosteus osseus. Exoglossum Rafinesque, 421 ; type Exoglossum annulatum Raf, (Cyprinus maxillingua Le Sueur). Maxillingua Rafinesque, 421 ; type Cyprinus maxillingua Le Sueur. Same as Exoglossum. Hypentelium Rafinesque, 421 ; type Exoglossum macropterum Raf. (Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur). Replaces Hylomyzon Agassiz. CII. RAFINESQUE, Further account of Discoveries etc. : Amer. Monthly Magazine, November 181 8. Noturus Rafinesque, 41 ; type Noturus flavus Raf. 110 THE GENERA OF FISHES CIII. RAFINESQUE, Prodrome de Jo Nouveaux Genres et d'Animaux Decouverts dans I'interieur des £tats Unis d'Amerique durant r Annie 1818: Journal de Physique, de Chymie et d'Histoire Nat- urelle, Paris, June 1819. Aplodinotus Rafinesque, 419; type Aplodinotus grunniens Raf. Spelling corrected by Gill to Haploidonotus. Etheostoma Rafinesque, 419; type Etheostoma blennioides Raf. As determined by Agassiz. Later fixed on Etheostoma flabellaris Ra- finesque by Jordan & Evermann. Replaces Diplesion Rafinesque and Hyostoma Agassiz. Leucops Rafinesque, 419; type Pogostoma leucops Raf. A myth of Audubon. Aplocentrus Rafinesque, 420; type Aplocentrus calliops Raf. Mythical ; after Audubon. Calliurus Rafinesque, 420; type Calliurus punctulatus Raf. A synonym of Micropterus Lacepede. Lepomis Rafinesque, 420; type, as stated by the author, Labrus aur- ITUS L. Pomotis Rafinesque, 420 ; type also stated to be Labrus auritus L. Apomotis Rafinesque, 420; type Lepomis cyanellus Raf. Notemigonus Rafinesque, 421 ; type Notemigonus auratus Raf. (Cyprinus crysoleucas Mitchill). Amphiodon Rafinesque, 421; Amphiodon alveoides Raf. (Misprint for Alosoides.) Replaces Elattonistius Gill & Jordan. Amblodon Rafinesque, 421 ; type Amblodon bubalus Raf. The "Buffalo-fish," to which the large blunt pharyngeal teeth of Aplodinotus were wrongly ascribed. A complex; the name Amblodon later restricted by Ra- finesque to Aplodinotus grunniens, while the Buffalo-fish became type of Ictio- Bus Rafinesque. Cycleptus Rafinesque, 421; type Cycleptus nigrescens (Catostomus ELONGATUS Le Sueur). Pilodictis Rafinesque, 422 ; type Pilodictis limosus Raf. A myth. CIV. RAFINESQUE, Annals of Nature, I, 1820. Hemiplus Rafinesque, 6; type Hemiplus lacustris Raf. (Cyprinus CRYSOLEUCAS Mitchill). Same as Notemigonus Rafinesque, 1819. RAFINESQUE, 182O 111 CV. RAFINESQUE, Ichthyologia Ohiensis, 1820. It was the fortune of Professor Rafinesque to be one of the first to explore two of the richest fish faunas of the world, that of Sicily and that of the Ohio River. His various papers show his pecuUar traits, in- tense activity, keen philosophical insight, and hopeless slovenliness in method. Stizostedion Rafinesque, 2^; type Perca salmonea Raf. (Perca vitrea Mitchill). Lepibema Rafinesque, 23 ; type Perca chrysops Raf. Pomacampsis Rafinesque, 23 ; type Perca nigropunctata Raf. Mythical, being one of Audubon's practical jokes. Ichthelis Rafinesque, 27 ; type Labrus auritus L. A needless substitute for Lepomis, which is transferred (p. 30) to species of MiCROPTERUS Lacepede. Telipomis Rafinesque, 2y ; type Lepomis cyanellus Raf. A needless substitute for Apomotis. Aplites Rafinesque, 30; type Lepomis pallida Raf. A species of Micropterus. Nemocampsis Rafinesque, 30; type Lepomis flexuolaris Raf. A species of Micropterus. Dioplites Rafinesque, 32 ; type Lepomis notata Raf. Also a synonym of Micropterus. Ambloplites Rafinesque, 33; type Lepomis ichtheloides Raf. (Bodi- ANus rupestris Raf., 1817). Aplesion Rafinesque, 36; type Etheostoma calliura Raf. The young of Micropterus. Diplesion Rafinesque, 37; type Etheostoma blennioides Raf. A synonym of Etheostoma Raf. See opinion 14, Comm. Zool. Nomenc. Pomolobus Rafinesque, 38; type Pomolobus chrysochloris Raf. Dorosoma Rafinesque, 39; type Dorosoma heterura Raf. (Megalops cepediana Le Sueur). Clodalus Rafinesque, 43 ; type Hiodon clodalus Le Sueur. Same as Hiodon. Minnilus Rafinesque, 45 ; type Minnilus dinemus Raf. This is apparently the same as Noteopis Raf., 1818. 112 THE GENERA OF FISHES Dobula Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus dobula L.), Equivalent to Leuciscus Cuvier. Phoxinus Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus phoxinus L.). Alburnus Rafinesque, 45; type not named (Cyprinus alburnus L.). Luxilus Rafinesque, 47; type Luxilus chrysocephalus Raf. (Cyprinus CORNUTUS Mitchill). Chrosomus Rafinesque, 47; type Chrosomus erythrogaster Raf. Semotilus Rafinesque, 49; type Semotilus dorsalis Raf. (Cyprinus atromaculatus Mitchill). Rutilus Rafinesque, 50 ; type Leuciscus rutilus L. Plargyrus Rafinesque, 50; type Rutilus plargyrus Raf. (Cyprinus CORNUTUS Mitchill). Pimephales Rafinesque, 52; type Pimephales promelas Raf. Moxostoma Rafinesque, 54 ; type Catostomus anisurus Raf. Ictiobus Rafinesque, 55 ; type Catostomus bubalus Raf. Spelled IcHTHYOBUS by Agassiz. The name Amblodon was based, in part, on the same species, and may be held as tenable for this genus. Laptops Rafinesque, 64; type Pimelodus viscosus Raf. (Silurus oli- varis Raf.). Opladelus Rafinesque, 64; type Pimelodus nebulosus Raf. (Silurus OLIVARIS Raf.). Written Hopladelus by Gill. A synonym of Leptops. Ameiurus Rafinesque, 65; type Pimelodus cupreus Raf. (Pimelodus natalis Le Sueur). Ilictis Rafinesque, 66; type Pimelodus limosus Raf. (Silurus olivaris Raf.). A synonym of Leptops. Picore" '^ Rafinesque, 70; type Esox vittatus Raf. A drawing in Rafinesque's note-book shows this to be a mythical species of "pickerel."' Cylindrosteus Rafinesque, '/2; type Lepisosteus platostomus Raf. Atractosteus Rafinesque, 75 ; type Lepisosteus ferox Raf. Sturio Rafinesque, 79; type Acipenser maculosus Le Sueur. Carpiodes Rafinesque, 56; type Catostomus cyprinus Le Sueur. As fixed by Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. TILESIUS, 1820 113 Teretulus Rafinesque, 57; type Catostomus aureolus Le Sueur. As fixed by Jordan, 1877. Decactylus Rafinesque, 60; type Catostomus bostoniensis Le Sueur (Cyprinus teres Mitchill) as restricted by Jordan. Catostomus teres is probably the tenable name, as the earlier name com- MERSONi Lacepede is very doubtful. Ictalurus Rafinesque, 61 ; type Silurus punctatus Raf. Elliops Rafinesque, 62 ; type Pimelodus maculatus Raf. A synonym of Ictalurus. Eurystomus Rafinesque, 65 ; type Catostomus megastomus Raf. An Audubonian myth. Sterletus Rafinesque, 80; type Acipenser serotinus Raf. (Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur). Dinectus Rafinesque, 80 ; type Dinectus truncatus Raf. Another of Audubon's mythical paintings, representing, as suggested by Rafin esque, "only a sturgeon incorrectly drawn." Pegedictis Rafinesque, 85 ; type Pegedictis ictalops Raf. Apparently a confusion of notes on Catonotus flabellaris and Cottus rich ARDSONi. The species is therefore unidentifiable. Best regarded as a synonym oi CoTTUS. Proceros Rafinesque, 87; type Proceros maculatus Raf. A myth, not of Audubon but of "Mr. M. of St. Genevieve." CVL TILESILIS, De Piscium Australium Novo Genere: Memoires Academie Sciences, Petersburg, 1820. W. G. VON TiLESIUS. Balistapus Tilesius, 310; type (Balistes aculeatus L.). CVIL RISSO, Alepocephalus, nouveau Genre de Poissons: Memoires de I'Academie Royale de Turin, XXV, 1820. Anastase Risso. Alepocephalus Risso, 262 ; type Alepocephalus rostratus Risso. 114 THE GENERA OF FISHES CVIII. GOLDFUSS, Handbuch Zoologie, II, 1820.* Georg August Goldfuss. Batrachops Goldfuss; type Lophius commersonianus Lacepede. Substitute for Chironectes, preoccupied. Equivalent to Antennarius. CIX. LE SUEUR, Description of a new Genus and Several New Species of Fresh-Water Fish Indigenous to the United States: Jour. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, 1821. Charles A. Le Sueur. Mollinesia Le Sueur, 2 ; type Mollinesia latipinna Le Sueur. ex. HAMILTON, An Account of the Fishes found in the River Ganges and its Branches: Edinburgh, 1822.! Francis Hamilton [formerly Buchanan]. (Often quoted as Francis Hamilton-Buchanan.) Callichrous Hamilton, 149; type Silurus bimaculatus Bloch. Synonym of Ompok Lacepede. Cynoglossus Hamilton, 365 ; type Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton. Monotypic. Bola Hamilton, 368; type Bola coitor Hamilton. As restricted by Jordan. Coius Hamilton, 369; type Coius cobojus Hamilton (Perca scandens Daldorf). As here restricted by us. The first species named, Coius vacti Hamilton, is Lates colonorum. The genus Coius is grossly unnatural and is best served by relegation to synonymy. Hamilton observes : "The Cobojus by the natives is considered as the prototype of their genus 'Coi' from which the name Coius is derived." Equivalent to Anabas Cuvier. Chanda Hamilton, 370; type Chanda ruconius Hamilton. The first unquestioned species named. It is a species of Leiognathus Lace- pede. The others named belong to Ambassis Cuvier. * "Acanthiotus Goldfuss" quoted by Agassiz (Nomenclator) is merely a mis- print for ACANTHONOTUS. t We are indebted to Mr. John Smallwood for the record of the genera of Hamilton. LEACH & DE LA BECHE, 1 822 115 Sisor Hamilton, 379 ; type SisoR rabdophorus Hamilton. Monotypic. Corica Hamilton, 383 ; type Corica coborna Hamilton. Monotypic. Apparently an ally of Clupeoides Bleeker. Not CoRicus Cuvier. Chela Hamilton, 383 ; type Cyprinus cachius Hamilton. The first species named; as restricted by Bleeker, 1862. Giinther later re- stricts it to C. GORA Hamilton. Replaces Cachia Giinther. Barilius Hamilton, 384 ; type by tautonomy Cyprinus barila Hamilton. The first species named. Bangana Hamilton, 385 ; type Cyprinus dero Hamilton. The first species named: probably replaces Tylognathus Heckel and Lobo- CHEiLus van Hasselt. Puntius Hamilton, 388; type Cyprinus puntio Hamilton. By tautonomy. Restricted to Cyprinus sophore Hamilton by Bleeker. Danio Hamilton, 390; type Cyprinus dangila Hamilton, The first species named ; as restricted by Bleeker. Morulius Hamilton, 391 ; type Cyprinus morala Hamilton. The first species named ; restriction by Bleeker. Cabdio Hamilton, 392 ; type Cyprinus jaya Hamilton. The first species named. Garra Hamilton, 393 ; type Cyprinus lamta Hamilton. The first species named; as restricted by Bleeker. Replaces Discognathus Heckel. CXI (A). LEACH & DE LA BECHE, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, (2) 1822. William E. Leach. Dapedium Leach & De La Beche, 45 ; type Dapedium politum Leach (fossil). Written Dapedius by Agassiz. CXI (B). SCHINZ, Das Thierrekh, II, 1822. H. R. SCHINZ. Macrodon Schinz, 482 ; type Lonchurus ancylodon Bloch & Schneider. Replaces Ancylodon Cuvier, 1817, preoccupied by Ancylodon Illigcr, 181 1, a genus of mammals. Macrodon is prior to Sagenichthys Berg, 1895, also a sub- stitute for Ancylodon. Not Macrodon Muller & Troschel, which is replaced by HoPLiAS Gill, 1903- 116 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXII. VAN HASSELT, (Poissons de Java) : AUgemeine Konst. en Letterbok, II, 1823. Jan Coenrad van Hasselt. Homaloptera Van Hasselt, 130; type Homaloptera fasciata Van Hasselt. Crossocheilus Van Hasselt, 132; type Crossocheilus oblongus Van Hasselt. Hampala Van Hasselt, 132; type Hampala macrolepidota Van Has- selt. Lobocheilus Van Hasselt, 133; type Lobocheilus falcifer Van Has- selt. A synonym of Bangana. Nemacheilus Van Hasselt, 133 ; type Cobitis fasciatus Valenciennes. Acanthopsis Van Hasselt, 133 ; type Acanthopsis dialyzona Van Has- selt. Acanthophthalmus Van Hasselt, 133 ; type Acanthophthalmus fas- ciatus Van Hasselt. Homaloptera Van Hasselt, 133; type Homaloptera fasciata Van Has- selt. Oxygaster Van Hasselt, 133; type Oxygaster anomalurus Van Has- selt. CXIII. DESMAREST, Premiere Decade Ichthyologique, 1823. Anselme Gaetan Desmarest. Diabasis Desmarest, 34; type Diabasis parra Desmarest. Not Diabasis Hoffmansegg, a genus of beetles, 1819. Replaced by H^mulon Cuvier. CXIV. NARDO, Osservasione Aggiunte all' Adriatica Ittiologia, 1824. Gian Domenico Nardo. Squatinoraja Nardo; type Squatinoraja colonna (Rhinobatus COLUMNS Miiller & Henle). A synonym of Rhinobatus. MITCHILL, 1824 117 CXV. MITCHILL, Description of an Extraordinary Fish : Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., I, 1824. Samuel Latham Mitchill. Saccopharynx Mitchill, 82 ; type Saccopiiarynx flagellum Mitchill. CXVL VALENCIENNES, Description du Cernie: Mem. du Museum, Paris, XI, 1824. AcHiLLE Valenciennes. Polyprion Valenciennes, 265 ; type Polyprion cernium Valenciennes. CXVII. OTTO, Propterygia hyposticta, Nova Acta Acad., 1824. B. C. Otto. Propterygia Otto, in; type Propterygia hyposticta Otto. A deformed Raja, with the pectoral fins free from the head, similar to Ceph- ALEUTHERUS Rafinesquc. CXVIII. QUOY & GAIMARD, Voyage Autour du Monde . . . Execute sur les Corvettes I'Uranie et la Physicienne. Under Captain Louis de Freycinet, 1824. Jean Rene Constantine Quoy ; Joseph Paul Gaimard. This important work, which closely preceded the second edition of the Rcgne Animal, adopted a few unpublished names from Cuvier's manuscripts. Anampses (Cuvier) Quoy & Gaimard, 276; type Anampses cuvier Q. & G. Monotypic. Gerres (Cuvier) Quoy & Gaimard, 293; type Gerres vaigiensis Q. & G., which is Sci^ena argyrea Forskal. 118 THE GENERA OF FISHES In this paper the genus Gerres is mentioned for the first time. But two species are named, G. vaigiensis and G. gula. The former belongs to the modern genus XysTv^ma Jordan & Evermann, the latter to Eucinostomus Baird. When Gerres was later defined by Cuvier in the Regnc Animal, Sci^na argyrea, which is identical with G. vaigiensis, is included, and G. gula is not mentioned. It would appear that G. vaigiensis must be taken as type, thus replacing Xyst^ma. Jordan & Evermann have taken an American species, Gerres lineatus (Hum- boldt) as type. This species is named by Cuvier, but not by Quoy & Gaimard. It cannot therefore serve as the type of Gerres. The genus called Gerres by Jordan & Evermann must apparently stand as Diapterus Ranzani. If Gerres is regarded as preoccupied by Gerris Fabricius, a genus of insects of earlier date, the sub- stitute name of Catoch^num Cantor, 1850, should be used. Percophis Quoy & Gaimard, 351 ; type Percophis brasilianus Q. & G. Monotypic. Priodon (Cuvier) Quoy & Gaimard, 377; type Priodon annulatus Q. &G. A species of Naso Lacepede. CXVIII (A). HARLAN, Saurocephalus: Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ill (fossil fish), 1824. Richard Harlan. Saurocephalus Harlan, 339; type Saurocephalus lanciformis Harlan. CXIX. KONIG, Icones Fossiles Sectione, 1825. C. KONIG. ."Bucklandium Konig, 4 ; type Bucklandium diluvii Konig. Monotypic. Ampheristus Konig, pi. XV, fig. 190; type Ampheristus toliacus Konig. Monotypic. CXX. BOWDICH, Fishes of Madeira, 1825. T. Edward Bowdich. Labeo Bowdich, 122; type Labeo sparoides Bowdich. A sparoid fish; not Labeo Cuvier, 1817. BOWDICH, 1825 119 Anomalodon Bowdich, 237 ; type Anomalodon incisus Bowdich. Apparently a synonym of Pomadasys Lacepede. Diastodon Bowdich, 238; type Diastodon speciosus Bowdich (Labrus SCROFA Cuv. & Val.). This genus appears valid. It is near Lepidaplois Gill, but with much smaller scales. Seleima Bowdich, 238; type Seleima aurata Bowdich. A synonym of Kyphosus Lacepede (K. incisor). Amorphocephalus Bowdich, 238 ; type Amorphocephalus granulatus Bowdich. A synonym of Xyrichthys Cuvier. CXXI. RISSO, Histoire Naturelle des Principales Productions de I'Europe Meridionale, vol. Ill, Paris, 1826. Anastase Risso. Lamia Risso, 123 ; type Squalus cornubicus L. Monotypic. A synonym of Lamna Cuvier, 1817. Acanthias Risso, 131 ; type Squalus acanthias L. Equivalent to Squalus L. as restricted. Scyphius Risso, 185 ; type Scyphius fasciatus Risso. A synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque, 1810. Ones Risso, 214; type Gadus mustela Bloch. A synonym of Gaidropsarus Rafinesque. Lotta Risso, 217; type Gadus elongatus Otto. A variant of Lota Cuvier, 1817 ("Les Lottes") ; apparently not eligible as a substitute for Molva Fleming. Mora Risso, 224; type Mora mediterranea Risso. Morua Risso, 225 ; type Gadus capelan Lacepede. According to Risso, a synonym of Trisopterus Rafinesque, 1814; prior to Brachygadus Gill (Gadus minutus L.). Monotypic. Tripterygion Risso, 241 ; type Tripterygion nasus Risso. Monotypic. Diana Risso, 267; type Diana semilunata Risso. Monotypic. Aphia Risso, 287 ; type Aphia meridionalis Risso. Apparently a young Atherina. Monotypic. Fiatola Risso, 289; type Fiatola fasciata Risso. Monotypic. Apparently a young Stromateus. 120 THE GENERA OF FISHES Ausonia Risso, 341 ; type Ausonia cuvieri Risso. A synonym of Luvarus Rafinesque. Aurata Risso, 355 ; type Aurata semilunata Risso. A synonym of Sparus L. as restricted by Fleming. Macrostoma Risso, 447 ; type Macrostoma angustidens Risso. Not Macrostomus Wied, a genus of insects; replaced by Notoscopelus Giinther. Alpismaris Risso, 458; type Alpismaris risso Risso. The young of Synodus. Paralepis Risso, 472; type Paralepis coregonoides Risso (Coregonus MACR^NULA RisSO, 1810). CXXI (A). GERMAR, Keferstein's Deutschland's Geognosie Darge- stellt, 1826. E. F. Germar. Ichthyolithus Germar, IV, 96; type Ichthyolithus esociformis Germar. Perhaps identical with Leptolepis. Ichthyolithus, a term for fossil fishes used by early authors, is perhaps not intended as a scientific name. CXXII. GEOFFROY ST. HILAIRE, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la Mer Rouge et de la Mediterranee, 1826. Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Trygon Geoffroy St. Hilaire ; type Trygon grabatus Geoffroy St. Hilaire. This species is not noticed by recent writers. It is apparently a species of TvENiuRA Miiller & Henle, 1842, allied to T^niura lymma (Forskal). This is generically distinct from the type of Trygon (Adanson) Cuvier, 1817. St. Hilaire makes no reference to Adanson, from whose manuscripts Cuvier took the name. It is plain that the date of the article which contains the name Trygon is subse- quent to 1825, as a footnote relates to a paper read in October 1825, and printed in November. Hence we assume the date of the present paper as 1826. In any event Trygon St. Hilaire is preceded by Trygon Cuvier, and both are later than Dasyatis Rafinesque and Dasybatis Klein. KAUP, 1826 121 CXXIII. KAUP, Beitrdge zur Amphihiologie und Ichihyologie: Isis, XIX, 1826. JoHANN Jacob Kaup. Not seen by us. Rachycentron Kaup, 89; type Rachycentron typus. Name amended in 1827 (Isis, p. 624) to Rachycentrum. Replaces Elacate Cuvier. Narke Kaup (Ueber Narke, 65) ; type Raja capensis Gmelin. Replaces Astrape Gray. CXXIV. NARDO, De Proctostego Novum Piscium: in Diario Chem. et Hist. Nat. Ticino, vol. I, 1827. GlAN DOMENICO NaRDO. Proctostegus Nardo, I, 18, 42; type Proctostegus proctostegus Nardo. A synonym of Diana Risso. CXXV. NARDO, Prodromus Observationem et Disquisitionem, Adri- atic ce Ichthyologice: Giorn, Fisica de Pavia, I, 1827. Aphanius Nardo, 17, 23; type Aphanius nanus Nardo (Cyprinodon calaritanus Guv. & Val.). A valid genus replacing Lebias of authors (not of Cuvier) and Micromugil Gulia, 1861. Local name "Nani vel noni." Acentrolophus Nardo, 11; type Acentrolophus maculatus Nardo (Perca nigra Gmelin). Substitute for Centrolophus Lacepede, regarded as inapplicable. Leptosoma Nardo, 15, 22; type Leptosoma atrum Nardo. Name preoccupied in Crustacea, Leach, 1819. "Stogio bastardo" ; synonym probably of MoNocHiRUS. Pastinacae Nardo, 11 ; type Raja pastinaca L. Lasvirajae Nardo, 11 ; type Raja miraletus L. CXXVI. HARWOOD, On a Newly Discovered Genus of Serpentiform Fishes: Philos. Trans., 1827. J. Harwood. Ophiognathus Harwood, 49; type Ophiognathus ampullaceus Har- wood. A synonym of Saccopharynx Mitchill. 122 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXXVII. CLOQUET, Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle: Nouvelle Edition, XXX, 1827. HiPPOLYTE ClOQUET. Sandat Cloquet, XXX, 126, 129; type Perca lucioperca L. Based on "Les Sandres" Cuvier. A synonym of Sander (Cuvier) Oken. CXXVIII. RUPPELL, Atlas su der Reise in Nordlichen Afrika: Fische des Rothen Meeres, 1828. Eduard Ruppell. Pharopteryx Ruppell, 15; type Pharopteryx nigricans Ruppell. A synonym of Plesiops Cuvier as later shown by Ruppell. Lutodeira (Van Hasselt) Ruppell, 17; type Lutodeira indica (Mugil CHANGS L.). A synonym of Changs. Monotypic. Scoliostomus Riippell, 17; same type. A synonym of Changs. Haliophis Ruppell, 49 ; type Mur^na guttata Forskal. Monotypic. Pastinachus Ruppell, 82 ; type Raja sephen Forskal. Same as Hypolophus Miiller & Henle. Not Pastinaca Nardo. Asterropteryx Riippell, 138; type Asterropteryx semipunctatus Riip- pell. CXXIX. FLEMING, History of British Animals, 1828. John Fleming. Selanonius Fleming, 169; type Selanonius walkeri Fleming: Squalus nasus (Bonnaterre). A synonym of Lamna Cuvier. Encrasicholus Fleming, 183 ; type Clupea encrasicholus L. Synonym of Engraulis Cuvier, 1817. Monotypic. Gobitis Fleming, 189; type Cobitis t^nia L. A perversion of Cobitis. Morhua Fleming, 190; type Gadus morrhua L. A synonym of Gadus L. Molva Fleming, 197;. type Gadus molva L. STARK, 1828 123 Cernua Fleming-, 212; type Perca cernua L. Same as Cernua Schsefer or Acerina Giildenstadt. Cataphractus Fleming, 216; type Cottus cataphractus L. A synonym of Agonus Bloch & Schneider. Spinachia Fleming, 219; type Gasterosteus spinachia L. CXXX. STARK, Elements of Natural History, Edinburgh, 2 vols., 1828. John Stark. Latinization of several of Cuvier's names, some of them differing from the form chosen by Oken. These are the following: Brosmus Stark, i, 425 ; type Gadus brosme Miiller. Same as Brosme Oken, 1817. Sandrus Stark, i, 452; type Perca lucioperca L. Same as Sander Oken. Stelliferus Stark, i, 459; type Bodianus stellifer Bloch. Same as Stellifer Oken. Cingla Stark, i, 465; type Perca zingel L. Same as Zingel Oken. Daurada Stark, i, 465; type Sparus aurata L. A synonym of Sparus L. CXXXI. LESSON, Description du Nouveau Genre Ichthyophis: Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Paris, IV, 397, 1828. R. P. Lesson. Ichthyophis Lesson, 397; type Ichthyophis pantherinus Lesson. Name preoccupied ; replaced by Uropterygius Riippell. CXXXII. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, vol. II, 1828. Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes. The first two volumes (the first one being anatomical and descrip- tive) of this great work preceded the second edition of the Regne Ani- mal. The third and fourth volumes, also dated 1829, appeared in the last half of the year. The second edition of the Regne Animal, Vol. II, con- 124 THE GENERA OF FISHES taining the fishes, appeared in the first half of the year 1829, according to Mr. Fowler. Labrax Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, 55; type Perca labrax L. (Larbax LUPUS C. & v.). This is Labrax of Klein, but not of Pallas, 181 1. Lates Cuvier & Valenciennes, 88 ; type Perca nilotica L. Lucioperca Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, no; type Perca lucioperca L. (LUCIOPERCA SANDRA CuV. & Val.). A synonym of Sander Oken. Huro Cuvier & Valenciennes, 125; type Huro nigricans (Labrus sal- MoiDES Lacepede). The genus is identical with Grystes. Both are synonyms of Micropterus Lacepede. Etelis Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, 127; type Etelis carbunculus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Diploprion (Kuhl & Van Hasselt) Cuvier & Valenciennes, 137; type DiPLOPRiON BiFASciATUM Kuhl & Van Hasselt. Monotypic. Pomatomus (Risso) Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, 171 ; type Pomatomus TELESCOPIUM RisSO. Not Pomatomus Lacepede. Stands as Epigonus Rafinesque. Ambassis (Commerson) Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, 175; type Centro- POMUS AMBASSIS Lacepcdc (Ambassis commersoni Cuv. & Val.), Sci^NA SAFGHA Forskal. Aspro Cuvier & Valenciennes, II, 188; type Perca asper L. Equivalent to Asper Schsefer and Asperulus Klein. Not Aspro Commerson. Perca asper is probably generically distinct from Zingel (Cuvier) Oken. The genus may stand as Asper Schaefer or Asperulus Klein, both names of question- able eligibility. Mesoprion Cuvier {Rcgne Animal, 143), Cuv. & Val., II, 441; type Lutianus lutianus Bloch. Name a substitute for Lutjanus, regarded as barbarous. CXXXIII. BORY DE SAINT VINCENT, Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle, XIII, 201, 1828. Jean Baptiste George Marie Bory de St. Vincent. Sandat Bory de St. Vincent, XIII, 204, 1828; type Perca lucioperca L. A synonym of Sander Oken. SEDGWICK & MURCHISON, 1828 125 CXXXIII (A). SEDGWICK & MURCHISON, Fossil Fishes: Trans. Geol. Soc. (2), III, 1828. Adam Sedgwick and Roderic Impey Murchison. Dipterus Sedgwick & Murchison, 143 ; type Dipterus valenciennesi Sedgwick & Murchison. CXXXIV. CUVIER, Le Rcgne Animal, distribue d'Apres son Organi- sation: Edition II, Vol. II (Fishes etc.), 1829. Georges Cuvier. A work of great importance, constituting with the first edition in 1817 the foundation of modern Ichthyology. The classification of fishes by Cuvier was for the first time solidly based on the true basis of Com- parative Anatomy. According to Henry Weed Fowler {Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1907, 264) the first, second, fourth and fifth fascicles of the second volume (Fishes etc.) of the Second Edition of the Rcgne Animal appeared in January, February and March 1829. The third was delayed until about July. The third and fourth volumes of the Histoire Naturellc des Pois- sons appeared later in the same year, 1829. These facts do not afifect nomenclature, so far as we observe. We are indebted to Mr. Fowler for the pagination of the Rcgne Animal, our two copies being reprints. Acerina Cuvier, 144 (Cuv. & Val., Ill, 3) ; type Perca cernua L. Identical with Cernua Schasfer , Acerina Giildenstadt, Percis Klein, and Gymnocephalus Bloch. The eligibility of these earlier names awaits decision. Rypticus Cuvier, II, 144 (Cuv. & Val., HI, 60) ; type Anthias sapo- NACEus Bloch. More correctly written Rhypticus. Pentaceros Cuvier, 145 (Cuv. & Val., Ill, 30) ; type Pentaceros CAPENSIS C. & V. This name has been regarded as preoccupied by Pentaceros Schulte, 1760, a star-fish.* It has been replaced by Quinquarius Jordan. This change may not be necessary. According to Prof. Walter K. Fisher Pentaceros of Schulte is not properly a generic name but a quasi-vernacular. Pentaceros Schroter, 1782, a name for the same animal is doubtfully tenable. *Dr. Fisher {Smithson. Misc. Coll., no. 1799, 1908) explains that Schulte ("Versteinerte Seesteme") following the pre-Linnsean work of Linck {Dc Stel- 126 THE GENERA OF FISHES Centropristes Cuvier, 145 (Cuv. & Val, III, 56) ; type Centropristes NIGRICANS Cuv. & Val. (Labrus striatus L.). Later written Centropristis. Gristes Cuvier (Cuv. & Val., Ill, 54) ; type Labrus salmoides Lace- pede. A synonym of Micropterus Lacepede. Later written Grystes. Chironemus Cuvier (C. & V., 78), 146; type Chironemus georgianus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Pomotis Cuvier, 147 (C. & V., Ill, 99) ; type "Pomotis vulgaris'' (Perca gibbosa L.). No reference is made to Rafinesque's genus Pomotis, proposed in 1819, with "Labrus auritus L." as type. The description of Cuv. & Val. refers to the spe- cies called Perca gibbosa by Linnaeus (Eupomotis gibbosus of Gill & Jordan). To this same species Rafinesque later transferred his generic name Pomotis. Stands as Eupomotis Gill & Jordan. Centrarchus Cuvier 147 (C. & V., Ill, 84) ; type Cychla ^enea Le Sueur. A synonym of Ambloplites Rafinesque, 1820. Labrus irideus Lacepede, usu- ally accepted as the type of Centrarchus, is noted by Cuvier as an uncertain species which the author had not seen. The genus typified by irideus Lacepede ( = MACROPTERUS Lacepede) must stand as Eucentrarchus Gill, and its family as MiCROPTERiD^, as Fowler has already indicated. Dules Cuvier, 147 (C. & V., Ill, iii) ; type Dules auriga Cuvier. Fowler (1907) regards Dules as preoccupied by Dulus Vieillot, 1816, a genus of birds. He gives a new name, Eudulus, to Dules auriga. Datnia Cuvier, 147 (C. & V., Ill, 138) ; type Coius datnia Hamilton (Datnia argentea Cuv. & Val.). Palates Cuvier, 148 (C. & V., Ill, 145) ; type Pelates quadrilineatus Cuv. & Val. lis Marinis, 1793) divides the star-fishes into three "genera" ("Geschlechte"), to which he gives group names, the five-rayed forms being under the "genus" "quin- quifidas." Under these are several kinds or species ("Arten"), one of them, "Der fiinfhornichte, Pentaceros, hat funf tiefe ausgeschweifte Seiten und lange kol- bichte oder zugespitzte Strahlen. Die hierher gehorigen Arten sind entweder platt, Plan^, oder ab hockericht und bauchericht, Gibb^." Obviously this is not scientific nomenclature. "Schroter in 1782 (Musci Gottwaldiani Testaceorum, Stellarum marinum etc., Niirnberg, 58) used Pentaceros, but he is not a consistent binomialist, and his 'generic' names are not tenable." It is evident that Pentaceros has no standing in nomenclature prior to its use by Cuvier & Valenciennes, unless given it by Schroter in 1782, a matter which awaits decision. cuviER, 1829 127 Helotes Cuvier, 148 (C. & V., Ill, 149) ; type Therapon sexlineatus Quoy & Gaimard. Monotypic. Trichodon (Steller) Cuvier, about 150 (C. & V., Ill, 153); type Trachinus trichodon Steller (Trichodon stelleri Cuv. & Val.). Monotypic. Myripristis Cuvier (about 150), (C. & V., Ill, 160) ; type Myripristis jacobus Cuv. & Val. Beryx Cuvier (about 150), (C. & V., Ill, 222) ; type Beryx decadacty- Lus Cuv. & Val. Pinguipes Cuvier, 153 (C. & V., Ill, 2']'j) ; type Pinguipes brasilianus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. A synonym of Mugiloides Lacepede. Upeneus Cuvier (about 160}, (C. & V., Ill, 446) ; type Mullus bifas- ciATUs Lacepede. As first restricted by Bleeker. Later Bleeker transferred the name Upeneus to the first species named by Cuvier & Valenciennes, Mullus vittatus Forskal, already the type of his own genus Upeneoides. Mullus bifasciatus became then Parupeneus. This reversal seems to us unjustified. The name has been spelled Hypeneus. Upeneus should stand. Hemitripterus Cuvier, 164; type Cottus tripterygius Bloch & Schneider. Hemilepidotus Cuvier, 165 ; type Cottus hemilepidotus Tilesius. Monotypic. Sebastes Cuvier, 166; type Perca norvegica Miiller. Blepsias Cuvier, 167 ; type Blennius villosus Pallas. Monotypic. Apistes Cuvier, 167; type Apistes alatus Cuvier. Agriopus Cuvier ("Les Agriopes"), 168; type Blennius torvus Wal- baum. Pelor Cuvier, 168; type Scorp^na didactyla Pallas (Pelor obscurum Cuvier). Monotypic. Name preoccupied for a genus of beetles, 1813. Replaced by Inimicus Jordan & Starks (type Pelor japonicum Cuv. & Val.). P. filamento- suM Cuv. & Val. cannot be taken as the type of Pelor, as Cuvier names bill one species, the others being then undescribed. This species, with two of the pectoral rays tipped with filaments, may belong to a different genus. Oreosoma Cuvier (about 170) ; type (not named) Oreosoma atlan- TicuM Cuvier. 128 THE GENERA OF FISHES Corvina Cuvier, 173 ; type Sci^na nigra Gmelin ; part of Sci^na UMBRA L. The species Sci^na umbra L., the type of the genus Sci^na, was two-fold, a complex about evenly divided of the species called ScIv5;na nigra Gmelin and Cheilodipterus aquila Lacepede. The synonymy was disentangled by Cuvier {Mem. du Museum, 1815) and the name Sci^na umbra retained in place of S. aquila. In accepting this decision we restore the generic name Corvina, for the "Corb," which becomes Corvina nigra, while Sci.^na replaces Argyrosomus de la Pylaie and Pseudosci^na Bleeker for the "Maigre," which remains Sci^na umbra L., the type of Sci^na L. Haemulon Cuvier, 175; type H^mulon elegans Cuvier (Sparus sciuRus Siiaw). Lobotes Cuvier, 177; type Holocentrus surinamensis Bloch. Monotypic. Scolopsides Cuvier, 178; type Scolopsides kurita Cuvier. Called ScoLOPSis in Edition I. Dascyllus Cuvier, 179; type Ch.etodon aruanus L. Monotypic. Heliases Cuvier; type (not indicated) Heliastes insolatus Cuv. & Val. Identical with Chromis Cuvier, 1815, not Cromis Browne, 1789, nor Chromis Plumier. Chrysophris Cuvier, 181 ; type Sparus aurata L. A synonym of Sparus L. Pagellus Cuvier (about 182) ; type Sparus erythrinus L. Pentapus Cuvier ("Les Pentapodes") (about 182) ; type Sparus vit- TATUS Bloch. Lethrinus Cuvier (about 182) ; type Sparus chcerohynchus Bloch & Schneider. Oblada Cuvier, 185 ; type Sparus melanurus L. Monotypic. Maena Cuvier ; type Sparus m.ena L. Taurichthys Cuvier, 192; type Taurichthys varius Cuvier. A subgenus of Heniochus Cuvier. Psettus (Commerson) Cuvier (about 193) ; type Ch^etodox rhombeus Bloch & Schneider. Synonym of Monodactylus Lacepede. Dipterodon Cuvier (about 195) ; type Dipterodon capensis Cuvier. Not Dipterodon Lacepede, 1803. Monotypic. Replaced by Dichistius Gill. Pempheris Cuvier, 195 : type Kurtus argenteus Bloch & Schneider (Pempheris touea Cuvier). cuviER, 1829 129 Auxis Cuvier, 199; type Scomber rochei Risso (Scomber thazard Lacepede). Sarda Cuvier, 199; type Scomber sarda Bloch. Later (1831) called Pelamys by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Monotypic. Not Sarda Plumier. Cybium Cuvier, 199; type Scomber commersoni Lacepede. A synonym of Scomberomorus Lacepede, 1803. Thyrsites Cuvier (about 200) ; type Scomber atun Euphrasen. Gempylus Cuvier, 200 ; type Gempylus serpens Cuvier. This is identical with Lemnisoma of Lesson, but the date of Lemnisoma is 1830. Elacate Cuvier, II, 203, as "les Elacates," the Latin name dating from C. & v., 1831 ; type Elacate motta C. & V. Synonym of Rachycentron Kaup. Olistus Cuvier, II, 209; type (not named) Olistus malabaricus Cuv. & Val Scyris Cuvier, II, 209; type "le gal d'Alexandrie," Scyris indica Cuv. & Val. Not separable from Alectis Raf. Blepharis Cuvier (about 210) ; type Zeus cill^ris Bloch. Name preoccupied, replaced by Blepharichthys Gill. A synonym of Alectis. Peprilus Cuvier, 213; type Peprilus crenulatus. Probably the young of Peprilus alepidotus Cuvier. Monotypic. Same as Rhombus Lacepede, not of Klein. Astrodermus (Bonelli) Cuvier (about 215) ; type Astrodermus gut- tatus BonelU Ms. (Diana semilunata Risso). Axinurus Cuvier, 225 ; type Axinurus thynnoides Cuvier. Monotypic. Priodon Cuvier, 225 ; type Priodon annularis Cuvier. Polyacanthus (Kuhl) Cuvier, 227; type Triciiopodus colisa Hamilton. Helostoma (Kuhl) Cuvier, 228; type Helostoma temmincki Cuvier. Monotypic. Spirobranchus Cuvier, 229; type Spirobranchus capensis Cuvier. Monotypic. Myxodes Cuvier, 238; type (not named) Myxodes viridis Cuv. & Val. Cirrhibarbus Cuvier ("les Cirrhibarbes") 238; type (not named) CiRRHIBARBIS CAPENSIS CuV. & Val. Monotypic. Zoarces Cuvier (about 240) ; type Blennius viviparus L. Equivalent to Enchelyopus Gronow, 1763. 130 THE GENERA OF FISHES Platyptera (Kuhl & van Hasselt) Cuvier, 248; type Platyptera MELANOCEPHALA K. & V. H. Name preoccupied, replaced by Rhyacichthys Boulenger. Chirus (Steller) Cuvier, about 250; type Labrax lagocephalus Pallas. Substitute for Labrax Klein. Antennarius (Commerson) Cuvier (about 251); type Lophius com- mersonianus Lacepede. Accepted as a substitute for Chironectes Cuvier, 1817, preoccupied. Maltha Cuvier, 252; type Lophius vespertilio L. Synonym of Ogcocephalus Fischer. Monotypic. Lachnolaimus Cuvier, 257; type Lachnolaimus suillus Cuvier. SuiLLUS of Catesby. Monotypic. Anampses Cuvier, 259; type Anampses cuvieri Quoy & Gaimard. Clepticus Cuvier, 261 ; type Clepticus genizara Cuvier. Monotypic. Malacanthus Cuvier, 264; type Coryph^na plumieri Bloch. Calliodon Cuvier ("les Calliodon"), (about 265) ; type Scarus SPINIDENS Q. & G. Not identical with Callyodon Gronow nor of Bloch & Schneider. Replaced by Cryptotomus Cope, 1871. Odax Cuvier (about 265) ; type Scarus pullus Forster. Monotypic. Not Odax Commerson. Mallotus Cuvier, II, 305; type Salmo grcenlandicus Bloch (Clupea viLLOSA Gmelin). Thymallus Cuvier, 306; type Salmo thymallus L. Regarded by some as preoccupied by Thymalus Latreille, 1802, a genus of beetles ; replaced by Choregon Minding, 1832. But the scantily noted Thymal- lus of Linck, 1791, has priority over Thymalus, if acceptable. The root-words of Thymallus and Thymalus are not identical, Thymallus being a Latin name of the Grayling. Coregonus Cuvier ; type Salmo oxyrhynchus L. Alosa Cuvier, 319; type Clupea alosa L. Same as Alosa Linck. Chatoessus Cuvier, 320; type Megalops cepedianus Le Sueur. As restricted by Cuv. & Val. Equivalent to Dorosoma Rafinesque. Thryssa Cuvier; type Clupea setirostris Broussonet (Thrissa Cuv. &Val., 1817). Not Thrissa Rafinesque, 1815. To be replaced by Thrissocles Jordan, a new generic name. AGASSIZ, 1829 131 Motella Cuvier, 334; type Gadus mustela L. Substitute for Mustela Cuvier, 1817, preoccupied in mammals. Identical with Gaidropsarus Rafinesque, 1810. Monochir Cuvier, 336; type Pleuronectes microchirus De la Roche. Substitute for Monochirus, preoccupied. Not sufficiently different. Osteoglossum (Vandelli) Cuvier (about 390) ; type Osteoglossum vANDELLi Cuvier. Gymnarchus Cuvier (about 390) ; type Gymnarchus niloticus Cuvier. Triodon Cuvier (about 390) ; type Triodon bursarius Reinwardt. Anacanthus (Ehrenberg) Cuvier (about 390) ; type (not named) Raja uarnak Forskal. Monotypic. Replaces Himantura Miiller, 1837. Heterotis Ehrenberg ; type Sudis niloticus Cuv. & Val. Quoted from the Regne Animal by Giinther, but we do not find it there. Ap- parently it appears first in Cuv. & Val, XIX, 465, 1846. CXXXV. AGASSIZ (and Spix), Selecta Genera et Species Piscium quos in Itinere per Brasiliam, 18 ij, 1820, Collejit Dr. J. B. de Spix, 18 2p. Louis Agassiz and Jean Baptiste Spix. The date of this work is apparently a little later than that of the Second Edition of the Regne Animal. Acanthicus Spix, 2 ; type Acanthicus hystrix Spix. Rhinelepis Spix, 2 ; type Rhinelepis aspera Spix. Cetopsis Agassiz, 8; type Cetopsis c^cutiens Agassiz. Hypophthalmus Spix, 9; type Hypophthalmus edentulus Spix. Phractocephalus Agassiz, 10 ; type Phractocephalus bicolor Agassiz. Platystoma Agassiz, 10; type Silurus lima Bloch & Schneider. Name preoccupied by a genus of flies, Meigen, 1803. Glanis Agassiz, 10; type not named. Name given in dative case only "In Glanide Agass." Substitute for Bagre Cuvier, rejected because of barbarous origin. Afterwards (1856) Glanis was revived as the generic name for the Greek cat-fish, Glanis aristotelis Agassiz, which is perhaps a Parasilurus. 132 THE GENERA OF FISHES Ceratorhynchus Agassiz, lo; type Silurus militaris Bloch & Schneider. Not L. Name given in genitive only as "Ceratorhynchi." Genus close to Ageneiosus Lacepede but with the two short barbels replaced by erectile bony weapons. Centrochir Agassiz, 14; type Doras crocodili Humboldt. Based on a species of Doras "non modo pinna pectorali uniradiata sed etiam appendice quadriradiata primse caudalis maxime." Sorubim Spix, 24; type Silurus lima Bloch & Schneider. Replaces Platystoma. Xiphorhynchus Agassiz, 18; type Salmo falcatus Bloch. Salminus Agassiz, 18; type Hydrocyon brevidens Cuvier. Osteoglossum (VandelH) Agassiz, 46; type Osteoglossum vandelli Cuv. & Val. Ischnosoma Spix, 47; type Ischnosoma bicirrhosum Spix. A deformed Osteoglossum. Glossodus (Cuvier) Agassiz, 48; type Glossodus forskali Agassiz (ESOX VULPES L.). Same as Albula Gronow. Anodus Spix, 57 ; type Anodus elongatus Spix. Prochilodus Agassiz, 57 ; type Prochilodus argenteus Spix. Leporinus Spix, 58; type Leporinus novemfasciatus Spix. Schizodon Agassiz, 58; type Schizodon fasciatus Agassiz. Same as Anostomus Gronow. Rhaphiodon Agassiz, 59; type Rhaphiodon vulpinus Agassiz. Cynodon Spix, 59, 76; type Cynodon gibbus Spix. As restricted by Eigenmann. Not Cynodonta Schuhmacher, 1817, a genus of mollusks. Name changed to Rhaphiodon because earlier used in botany. Xiphostoma Spix, 60, 78; type Xipkostoma cuvieri Spix. Micropteryx Agassiz, 102; type (not named) Seriola dumerili Cuvier. Substitute for Seriola, preoccupied in botany. A synonym of Seriola Cuvier. Corniger Agassiz, 119; type Corniger spinosus Agassiz. Pachyurus Agassiz, 125; type Pachyurus squamipinnis Agassiz. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, 1829 133 CXXXVI. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, IV, 1829. Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes. Hoplichthys Cuv. & Val., IV, XIX, 1829; type Hoplichtiiys langs- DORFii Cuv. & Val. Called Hoplichthys in table of contents, Oplichthys in the text. Oplichthys Cuv. & Val., IV, 264, 1829; type Oplichthys langsdorfii Cuv. & Val. A variant in spelling. Bembras Cuv. & Val, IV, 282 ; type Bembras japonicus Cuv. & Val. Minous Cuv. & Val, IV, 420, 1829; type Minous woora Cuv. & Val. Name changed to Corythobatus by Cantor, 1850, on account of Minois Hiib- ner, 1816, a genus of butterflies. Hoplostethus Cuv. & Val., IV, 469; type Hoplostethus mediterran- Eus Cuv. & Val. CXXXVII. COCCO, Su Alcuni Nuovi Pesce del Mar di Messina: Archivio della R. Academia Peloritano, 1829. Anastasio Cocco. Argyropelecus Cocco, 146; type Argyropelecus hemigymnus Cocco. CXXXVIII. cocco, Su Alcuni Nuovi Pesci del Mar di Messina: Giorni Sci. Lett. Sicilia, XXVI, no. yy, 1829. Nyctophus Cocco, 44; type Nyctopkus rafinesquei Cocco. Substitute for Myctophum. CXXXIX. COCCO, Sullo Schedophilus Medusophagus: Giorn, Cabin de Messina, I, 30 to 32; also quoted as Innom. Messina Ann., Ill, 1829, p. 57. Schedophilus Cocco, 30, 57; type Schedophilus medusophagus Cocco. We have seen none of these papers of Cocco. 134 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXL. SERVILLE, Faune Frangaise, 1820 to 1830. "Livraison 24 par M. Serville" contains the fishes. This bears no date, but it was probably issued about 1829. It is not quoted by Cuvier, nor does it quote Cuvier. The date is not important, as no question of priority is concerned. This work is commonly ascribed to Blainville, who with Vieillot, Desmarest, Serville and others edited the series. In any event, the work is based on Blainville's Prodrome. All of Blainville's generic names ending in batus are here changed to batis. Audinet-Serville. Dasybatis Serville, 12, 1829 ("raies epineuses") ; type Raja batis L. Same as Raja. Narcobatis (Blainville) Serville, 45 ("raies torpilles") ; type Raia torpedo L. Same as Narcacion Klein, Torpedo Dumeril, not of Forskal. Called Narco- BATUS by Blainville, 1816. Pristibatis Serville, 49 ("raies scies") ; type Squalus pristis L. (Pristibatis antiquorum Blainville). CXLI. VALENCIENNES, Poissons Fossiles: Trans. Geol. Soc, III, 1829. Achille Valenciennes. Osteolepis Valenciennes, 144; type Osteolepis macrolepidotus Valen- ciennes. CXLII. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Pois- sons, Vols. V (January) and VI (July) 1830. Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes. Larimus Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 146; type Larimus breviceps Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Nebris Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 149; type Nebris microps Cuv. & Val. Not Nebria Latreille, 1802, a genus of beetles. Monotypic. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, 183O 135 Lepipterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 151 ; type Lepipterus francisci Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Boridia Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 154; type Boridia grossidens Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Conodon Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 156; type Conodon antillanus Cuv. & Val. (Perca nobilis L.). Monotypic. Same as Cheloniger Plumier. Eleginus Cuvier & Valenciennes, 158; type Eleginus maclovinus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Not Eleginus Fischer, 1813. Replaced by Eleginops Gill. Micropogon Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 213; type Micropogon lineatus Cuv. & Val. (Perca undulata L.). The original types of lineatus were from New York. Latilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 368; type Latilus argentatus Cuv. & Val. (Coryph^na japonica Houttuyn). A synonym of Branchiostegus Rafinesque, 1815. Macquaria Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 377 ; type Macquaria austra- lasica Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Etroplus Cuvier & Valenciennes, V, 486; type Etroplus meleagris Cuv. & Val. (Ch^todon suratensis Bloch). As restricted by Bleeker. Box Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 346; type Sparus boops L. (Box vul- garis Cuv, & Val.). A synonym of Boops Cuvier. Scatharus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 375 ; type Scatharus gr^cus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Crenidens Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 377; type Crenidens forskalii Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Aphareus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 485 ; type Labrus furcatus Lacepede. Monotypic. Aprion Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 544 ; type Aprion virescens Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Apsilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VI, 548; type Apsilus fuscus Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. 136 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXLIII. BENNETT, Catalogue of the Fishes of Sumatra: in Life and Public Services of Sir Stamford Raffles, 1830. Edward Turner Bennett. Monotaxis Bennett, 688; type Monotaxis indica Bennett (SciyENa GRANDOCULis Forskil). Replaces Sph^rodon Riippell. CXLIV. BRONN, Ueber Zwei Fossile Fischarten: Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie, 1830. Heinrich Georg Bronn. Tetragonolepis Bronn, 30; type Tetragonolepis semicinctus Bronn. Monotypic. CXLV. HAYS, Saurodon: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, III, 1830. I. Hays. Saurodon Hays, 475; type Saurodon leanus Hays (fossil). CXLVI. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Pois- sons, VII (January) and VIII (October), 1831. Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes. Chelmon Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 86 ; type Ch^todon rostratus L. Zanclus (Commerson) Cuv. & \'al., VII, 92, 1831 ; type Ch^todon cornutus L. Drepane Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 132; type Ch^todon puncta- tus L. Scatophagus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 136; type Ch^todon argus L. Psettus (Commerson) Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 240; type Psettus COMMERSONI CuV. & Val. ( MONODACTYLUS FALCIFORMIS Lace- pede). Pempheris Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 296; type Pempheris oualen- sis Cuv. & Val. JARDINE, 1 83 1 137 Toxotes Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 310; type Sci^na jaculatrix Pallas. Monotypic. Colisa Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 359; type Colisa vulgaris Cuv. & Val. (Trichopodus colisa Hamilton). Same as Trichogaster Bloch & Schneider as restricted by Cuv. & Val. Spirobranchus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 392; type Spirobranchus capensis Cuv. & Val. Monotypic. Bryttus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 454, 461 ; type Bryttus punctatus Cuv. & Val. Same as Apomotis Rafinesque. Nandus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 481 ; type Nandus marmoratus Cuv. & Val. (Coius NANDUS Hamilton). Rhynchichthys Cuvier & Valenciennes, VII, 504; type Rhynchichthys PELAMiDis Cuv. & Val. The young of Holocentrus. Lichia Cuvier & Valenciennes, VIII, 340, 1831 ; type Scomber amia L. Chorinemus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VIII, 367 ; type Scomberoides COMMERSONIANUS Laccpede. A synonym of Scomberoides Lacepede. Aplodactylus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VIII, 476; type Aplodactylus PUNCTATUS Cuv. & Val. Usually written Haplodactylus. Aphritis Cuvier & Valenciennes, VIII, 483 ; type Aphritis urvilli Cuv & Val. Monotypic. Bovichtus Cuvier & Valenciennes, VIII, 487; type Callionymus dia- CANTHus Carmichael. CXLVII. JARDINE, Acestra, 1831. Sir William Jardine. Acestra Jardine; type Syngnathus ^quoreus Rafinesque. A synonym of Nerophis Rafinesque. We take this incomplete reference from Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 91. 138 THE GENERA OF FISHES CXLVIII. GRAY, Description of Twelve New Genera of Fish found by General Hardwicke in India: Zool. Misc., 1831, 7-10. John Edward Gray. Centracion Gray, 5 ; type Centracion zebra Gray. Equivalent to Heterodontus Blainville, regarded as preoccupied by Heterodon Latreille, a genus of serpents. Temera Gray, 7, 152; type Temera hardwickei Gray. Monotypic. Also in 111. Ind. Zool. Botia Gray, 8 ; type Botia almorh^ Gray. Nandina Gray, 8; type Cyprinus nandina Hamilton. Chaca Gray, 8; type Platystacus chaca Hamilton. Coilia Gray, 9; type Coilia Hamilton: Gray. Raconda Gray, 9 ; type Raconda russelliana Gray. Moringua Gray, 9 ; type Moringua lateralis Gray. Also in 111. Ind. Zool, 95. CXLIX. GRAY, Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the collection of General Hardwicke. Two volumes of excellent plates, but without text; the plates not paged, but with manuscript numbers. Vol. I, 1830-1832, Vol. H, 1833- 1834. The exact dates are uncertain. The first five of the following occur in CXLVHI ; also, pp. 8, 9. Ailia Gray, 85, 1831 ; type Ailia bengalensis Gray. Acanthonotus Gray, 85, 1831 ; type Acanthonotus cuvieri Gray (Ailia bengalensis Gray). Name preoccupied. Same as Ailia. Based on injured specimen. Anacanthus Gray, 85, 1831 ; type Anacanthus barbatus Gray. Name preoccupied by Anacanthus Ehrenberg, 1829. Replaced by Psiloceph- ALUS Swainson. Diplopterus Gray, 87, 1831 ; type Diplqpterus pulcher Gray. Not identified ; said to have two anal fins. Name preoccupied in birds, Boie. Rataboura Gray, 95, 1831 ; type Mur^na rataboura Hamilton (Rata- boura hardwickei Gray). Same as Moringua Gray, but with line priority. GRAY, 1833 139 Bedula Gray, 88, 1833; type Bedula nebulosa Gray. A synonym of Nandus Cuv. & Val., 1831. Pterapon Gray, II, 88, 1833 ; type Pterapon trivittatus Gray (Sci^na jarbua Forskal). A synonym of Therapon Cuvier. Amora Gray, II, 90, 1833, corrected in manuscript to Anaora; type Amora tentaculata Gray. Not identified. A platycephalus-like fish with tentacles over eye and spinules on sides. Perhaps a species of Thysanophrys Ogilby. Apterygia Gray, II, 92, 1833 ; type Apterygia ramcarate Gray. Same as Raconda Gray. Tor Gray, II, 96, 1833; type Cyprinus tor Hamilton (Tor hamiltoni Gray). Replaces Labeobarbus Bleeker. Bengala Gray, 96, 1833 ; type Cyprinus elanga Hamilton. Replaces Megarasbora Giinther, 1868. Amanses Gray, II, 98, 1833; type Amanses hystrix Gray (Monacan- THUS scoPAS Cuvier). Acarana Gray, II, 98, 1833; type Ostracion auritus Shaw. Also in Annals Nat. Hist., i, no, 1838. Girella Gray, II, 98, 1833; type Girella punctata Gray. CL. GRAY, Description of three nezv species of fish including two un- descrihed genera discovered by John Reeves in China: Zoological Miscellany, 1831. Leucosoma Gray, 4; type Leucosoma reevesi Gray (Albula chinen- sis Osbeck). Monotypic. A synonym of Salanx Cuvier and of Albula Osbeck. Samaris Gray. 4; type Samaris cristatus Gray. Monotypic. CLI. GRAY, Description of a new genus of Percoid fish, discovered by Samuel Stutchbury in the Pacific Seas: Zoological Miscellany, 1831. Micropus Gray, 20; type Micropus maculatus Gray. Name preoccupied by Micropus Wolf, 1810, a genus of birds. Replaced by Caracanthus Kroyer, 1844 (C. typicus). 140 THE GENERA OF FISHES CLI (A). LESSON, Voyage Antour du Monde sur la corvette La Coquille, under Captain L. I. Duperrey, 1830. R. P. Lesson. Lemnisoma Lesson, 160; type Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson. A synonym of Gempylus Cuvier. CLIL MINDING, Lehrhiich, Naturgeschichte der Fische, 1832. Julius Minding. Not seen by us. Pompilus Minding, 108; type Gasterosteus ductor L. Same as Naucrates. Choregon Minding, 119; type Salmo thymallus L. Substitute for Thymallus Cuvier, regarded as preoccupied by Thymalus Latreille, 1802, a genus of beetles. But the two names seen to be from different roots. Thymallus Linck, with a word or two of definition, is older than Thy- malus Latreille. CLIII. NILSSON, Prodromns IcJithyologice Scandinavicce, 1832. S. NiLSSON. Salvelini Nilsson, 7; type Salmo salvelinus L. (Salmo alpinus L.). As group name. The normal form Salvelinus used by Richardson, Fauna B or call Americana, III, 169, 1836. CLIV. AGASSIZ, Fossile Fischreste: Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie, 1832. Louis (Jean Rodolphe) Agassiz. Ptycholepis Agassiz, 142 ; type Ptycholepis bollensis Agassiz. Uraeus Agassiz, 142 ; type Ur.eus furcatus Agassiz. Name preoccupied by Wagler, 1830. Replaced by Caturus Agassiz, 1834. Sauropsis Agassiz, 142 ; type Sauropsis latus Agassiz. Pholidophorus Agassiz, 145; type Pholidophorus macrocephalus Agassiz. Semionotus Agassiz, 144 ; type Semionotus bergeri Agassiz. VON MEYER, 1832 141 Lepidotes Agassiz, 145; type Lepidotes gigas Agassiz (Cyprinus ELVENSis Blainville). Later written Lepidotus. Leptolepis Agassiz, 146; type Leptolepis bronni Agassiz. Acanthoessus Agassiz, 149; type Acanthoessus bronni Agassiz. Later called Acanthodes. CLV. VON MEYER, Palceologica, 1832. H. VON Meyer. Lepidosaurus von Meyer, 208 ; type Lepidotus unguiculatus Agassiz. A synonym of Lepidotes. CLVI. BONAPARTE, Iconografia della Fauna Italica: III, 1832-1841. Carlo Luciano Principe Bonaparte (otherwise Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino). An elaborate and finely illustrated work, issued in fascicles, these being numbered but not paged. The number of the fascicle is noted below, with the approximate date of each. Cerna Bonaparte, 18, 1832; type Perca gigas Briinnich (Labrus GUAZA L.). A synonym of Epinephelus Bloch as now restricted. Microchirus Bonaparte, 28, 1832; type Pleuronectes microchirus De la Roche. MoNOCHiRUS Cuvier, not of Rafinesque. Monochirus Bonaparte,* 28, 1832; type Solea monochir Bonaparte. Same as Monochirus Rafinesque. Squalius Bonaparte, 96, 1834; type Leuciscus squalus Bonaparte (Cyprinus cephalus L.). Same as Leuciscus. Telestes Bonaparte, 103, 1834; type Telestes muticellus Bonaparte. Ichthyococcus Bonaparte, 138, 1834; type Ichthyococcus ovatus Bonaparte. Name later altered to Coccia by Giinther because of its objectionable form. * For sake of completeness we add the remaining new genera of the later fascicles of the Fauna Italica. 142 THE GENERA OF FISHES Lampanyctus Bonaparte, 139, 1834; type Lampanyctus bonapartei Bonaparte. Chlorophthalmus Bonaparte, 144, 1834; type Chlorophthalmus AGASsizi Bonaparte. Scardinius Bonaparte, 146, 1834; type Leuciscus scardafa Bonaparte. Membras Bonaparte, 1836; type (an "exotic species" not named except by reference to Valenciennes) ; Atherina martinica Cuv. & Val. Replaces Kirtlandia Jordan & Evermann. Menidia Bonaparte, 1836; type (an "exotic species" not directly named) Atherina menidia L. Hepsetia Bonaparte, 1836; type Atherina boyeri L. Not separable from Atherina L. Ichthyocoris Bonaparte, 1836; type Blennius varus Risso. A synonym of Blennius L. CLVI (A). RAFINESQUE, Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowl- edge, I, 1832. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Trinectes Rafinesque; type Trinectes scabra Rafinesque (Pleuro- NECTES MOLLIS Mitchill). A subgenus under Achirus. CLVII. CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Pois- sons, IX, 1833. Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes. Hynnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, IX, 95 ; type Hynnis goreensis Cuv. & Val. Nauclerus Cuvier & Valenciennes, IX, 247 ; type Nauclerus compres- sus Cuv. & Val. Young of Naucrates. Porthmeus Cuvier & Valenciennes, IX, 255; type Forth meus argent- eus Cuv. & Val. Psenes Cuvier & Valenciennes, IX, 259; type Psenes cyanophrys Cuv. & Val. LOWE, 1833 143 Lampugus Cuvier & Valenciennes, IX, 317; type Scomber pelagicus L. Same as Coryph^na L. Aphredoderus (Le Sueur) Cuv. & Val., IX, 445; type Aphredoderus GiBBOSus Le Sueur (Scolopsis sayanus Gilliams). Monotypic. CLVIII. LOWE, Description of a New Genus of Acanthopterygian Fishes: Proc. Zool, See. London, 1833. Richard Thomas Lowe. Alepisaurus Lowe, 104 ; type Alepisaurus ferox Lowe. Monotypic. Equivalent to Plagyodus Steller, 181 1. CLIX. LOWE, Characters of a New Genus and of Several New Species of Fishes from Madeira: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I, 1833. (Also repeated in other papers.) Leirus Lowe, 142 ; type Leirus bennetti Lowe = Centrophorus ovALis Cuv. & Val., 1833 = Mupus imperialis Cocco, 1833. Same as Mupus Cocco of the same date. Leirus may be given precedence. CLX. cocco, Lettere al Signor Risso su alcuni Pesci Novelli: Giorn. Sci. Lett. Sicilia, XLII, no. 124, 1833. Anastasio Cocco. Tylosurus Cocco; type Tylosurus cantraini Cocco (Esox imperialis Rafinesque). CLXI. COCCO, Su Alcuni Pesci dei Mare di Messina: Giorn. Sci. Lett. Sicilia, XLII, 1833. Mupus Cocco, 20; type Mupus imperialis Cocco (Centrolophus OVALIS Cuv. & Val.). Same as Leirus Lowe of the same date. 144 THE GENERA OF FISHES CLXII. COCCO, Osservationes Peloritani, XIII, April 1833. Ruvettus Cocco, 1833, 18; type Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco. CLXIII. NARDO, De Skeponopodo novo piscium genere et de Guebucu Margravii; Species illi cognata: Mem. Assem. Nat. Vienna, Isis, 1833, fasc. 416. GlAN DOMENICO NaRDO. Skeponopodus Nardo, 416; type Skeponopodus typus Nardo (Xiphias IMPERATOR Bloch & Schneider). A synonym of Tetrapturus. CLXIV. AGASSIZ, Poissons Fossiles, 1833. Louis Agassiz. Catopterus Agassiz, II, 3 ; type Catopterus analis Agassiz. A synonym of Dipterus. Amblypterus Agassiz, II, 3, 28; type Amblypterus latus Agassiz. Notagogus Agassiz, 10; type Notagogus pentlandi Agassiz. Microps Agassiz, II, 10; type Microps furcatus Agassiz. Perhaps not distinct from Pholidophorus ; name preoccupied in beetles, Meigen, 1823. Pachycormus Agassiz, II, 11; type Elops macropterus Blainville. Thrissops Agassiz, II, 12; type Thrissops formosus Agassiz. Megalurus Agassiz, II, 13; type Megalurus lepidotus Agassiz. Aspidorhynchus Agassiz, II, 14; type Esox acutirostris Blainville. Saurostomus Agassiz, II, 14; type Saurostomus esocinus Agassiz. Near to Pachycormus; perhaps not distinguishable. Gyrodus Agassiz, II, 16; type Gyrodus macrophthalmus Agassiz (MiCRODON ABDOMINALIS AgaSsiz). Microdon Agassiz, II, 16; type Microdon elegans Agassiz. Name preoccupied by Meigen, 1803, a genus of Diptera. Pycnodus Agassiz, II, 16; type Zeus platessus Blainville (Coryph^na APODA Volta). AGASSIZ, 1833 145 Cyclopoma Agassiz, IV, 17, 1833 ; type Cyclopoma gigas Agassiz. Calamostoma Agassiz, II, 18; type Syngnathus breviculus Blainville. Monotypic. Acanthodes Agassiz, II, 19; type Acanthoessus bronni Agassiz. A needless substitute for Acanthoessus. Smerdis Agassiz, IV, 32, 1833 ; type Perca minuta Blainville. 146 THE GENERA OF FISHES RECAPITULATION. Suggested Changes in Generic Nomenclature of Fishes. A. Changes resting in Priority. The following changes from current Nomenclature, apparently jus- tified by the law of priority and the accepted rules, result from the present survey. Acanthoessus Agassiz: in place of Acanthodes Agassiz (fossil). Alabes Cuvier: Cheilobranchus Richardson. Alosa Linck : Alosa Cuvier. Anacanthus Ehrenberg: Himantura Miiller. Anchoviella Fowler: Stolephorus Bleeker (not Lacepede). Apteronotus Lacepede: Sternarchus Bloch & Schneider. Bagre Cuvier: Felichthys Swainson, Ailurichthys Baird. Barbatula Linck : Oreias Sauvage, Orthrias Jordan & Fowler. Bengala Gray (1833) : Megarasbora Giinther, 1868. Bodianus Bloch : Harpe Lacepede. Branchiostegus Rafinesque : Latilus Cuv. & Val. Caranx Lacepede : Carangus Griffith. Catonotus Agassiz : Ethestoma Jordan, not Raf . Cephalopholis Bloch & Schneider: Bodianus Cuv. & Val. (not Bloch). Enneacentrus Gill. Chelon Rose : Ch.enomugil Gill. Citharus Rose : Eucitharus Gill. Clupanodon Lacepede: Konosirus Jordan & Snyder. Conger Houttuyn : Conger Cuvier. Corvina Cuvier: Sci^na Jordan & Evermann (not of Cuvier), Cora- ciNus Pallas. Curimata Walbaum : Curimatus Cuvier. Diapterus Ranzani: Gerres Jordan & Evermann (not of Quoy & Gaimard). Echeneis L. : Leptecheneis Gill. Echelus Rafinesque : Myrus Cuvier. Etheostoma Rafinesque: Diplesion Raf. RECAPITULATION" 147 Eucentrarchus Gill: Centrarchus Jordan & Evermann (not of Cuv. & Val.). Gaidropsarus Rafinesque : Motella Cuvier, Gerres Cuvier ; Xyst^ma Jordan & Evermann. Gnathanodon Bleeker: (Caranx speciosus). Hemiulis Swainson (as restricted by Bonaparte, 1839) : Halichceres Riippell, Chcerojulis Gill. Histrio Fischer: Pteryphryne Gill, Pterophrynoides Gill. Hoplias Gill: Macrodon Muller & Troschel. Hypacanthus Rafinesque: Camptogramma Regan. Inimicus Jordan & Starks : Pelor Cuv. & Val. Leucichthys Dybowski : Argyrosomus Agassiz. Lycodontis McClelland: Gymnothorax Giinther (not of Bloch). Macrodon Schinz : Ancylodon Cuvier, Sagenichthys Berg. Macrognathus Lacepede: Rhynchobdella Bloch & Schneider. Macrorhynchus Lacepede : Dicrotus Giinther, Membras Bonaparte: Kirtlandia Jordan & Evermann. Merolepis Rafinesque: (Smaris zebra). Micrometrus Gibbons : Abeona Girard. Mola Koelreuter : Mola Cuvier, Mugiloides Lacepede: Pinguipes Cuvier. Narke Kaup : Astrape Gray. Naso Lacepede : Monoceros Bloch & Schneider. Ompok Lacepede: Callichrous Hamilton. Ovoides Cuvier : Ovoides Lacepede. Pastinachus Riippell: Hypolophus Muller & Henle. Pentanemus Giinther: Polynemus Gill (not of L. as restricted). Peprilus Cuvier : Rhombus Lacepede. Phycis Rose : Phycis Bloch & Schneider. Plagyodus Steller: Alepisaurus Low^e. Poecilichthys Agassiz: Etheostoma Jordan & Evermann (not of Raf- inesque as restricted). Polynemus L. : Polydactylus Lacepede. Porous St. Hilaire : Bagrus Cuv. & Val. Quinquarius Jordan : Pentaceros Cuvier. Remora Forster: Remora Gill. Sardina Antipa (S. pilchardus). Sardinella Val., Amblygaster Bleeker, Sardinia Poey, Sciaena L. : Argyrosomus De la Pylaie, Pseudosci^na Bleeker. Scylliorhinus Blainville: Catulus Smith. 148 THE GENERA OF FISHES Sphyraena Rose : Sphyilena Bloch & Schneider. Spicara Rafinesque: S maris Cuv. Stolephorus Lacepede : Spratelloides Bleeker. Syngnathus L. : Siphostoma Raf . Thrissocles Jordan * : Thryssa Cuvier. Thymallus Linck: Thymallus Cuvier. Tor Gray (1833) : Labeobarbus Bleeker. Torpedo Houttuyn : Torpedo Dumeril. Trisopterus Rafinesque : Morua Risso, Brachygadus Gill. Typhlinus Rafinesque : Typhle Rafinesque, Siphonostomus Kaup. Xystramia t Jordan: Glossamia Goode & Bean (not of Gill). Zoramia I Jordan: Mionorus Jordan & Seale (not of Kreflft). B. Changes resulting from the operations of Opinions 20, 57. Taking the precedent of Opinion 20, which admits as eligible the generic names of Gronow, and that of 37, admitting those of Brisson, the following changes seem necessary, the status of Klein being almost identical with that of Gronow. Amia Gronow : instead of Apogon Lacepede. Amiatus Rafinesque : Amia L. Brama Klein: Abramis Cuvier. Callyodon Gronow : Scarus Forskal. Cestracion Klein: Sphyrna Rafinesque. Coracinus Gronow : Dipterodon Cuvier. Cyclogaster Gronow : Liparis Scopoli. Dasybatus Klein: Dasyatis Rafinesque. Enchelyopus Gronow : Zoarces Cuvier. Glaucus Klein : Hypodis Rafinesque, C^siomorus Lacepede. Hepatus Gronow: Teuthis L., Acanthurus Forskal. Labrax Klein : Dicentrarchus Gill. Lepodus Rafinesque : Brama Bloch & Schneider. Leuciscus Klein : Leuciscus Cuvier. Masnas Klein : M^na Cuvier. Mystus Gronow: Hypselobagrus Giinther. Narcacion Klein: Narcobatus Blainville. * Type Clupea setirostris Broussonet. t Type Glossamia pandionis Goode & Bean: See Copea, 1917, p. 46. i Type Apogon gr^ffei Giinther : See Copea, 1917, p. 46. RECAPITULATION 149 Pristis Klein: Pristis Linck. Prochilus Klein: Pholis Cuv. & Val. (preoccupied). Pseudopterus Klein : Pterois Cuvier. Rhina Klein : Squatina Dumeril. Rhinobatus Klein: Rhinobatus Linck. Rhombus Klein: Both us Rafinesque. Sargus Klein : Diplodus Rafinesque, Sargus Cuvier. (new name) Cichla Bloch & Schneider. (new name) Solenostomus Lacepede. C. Changes resulting from the operations of Opinion 24, which legalizes the names of Commerson in Lacepede. Those of Plumier in Lace- pede are precisely similar. Alticus Commerson : in place of Rupiscartes Swainson. Cheloniger Plumier : Conodon Cuvier. Chromis Plumier: Umbrina Cuvier. Unless Cromis Browne is ac- cepted. Encrasicholus Commerson : Anchoviella Fowler. Pagrus Plumier : Neom^nis Girard. Sarda Plumier: Ocyurus Gill, (new name) Pagrus Cuvier. (new name) Sarda Cuvier. (new name) Odax Cuvier. D. Hypothetical changes in Nomenclature according to the law of prior- ity hut doubtfully eligible, being revised reprints or translations of pre-Linncean authors; apparently to he rejected under Opinion _57.. Albula Osbeck : Salanx Cuvier. Apocryptes Osbeck: A valid genus, near Boleophth/vlmus Bloch & Schneider. Butyrinus Lacepede : Albula Gronow. Cromis Browne : Pogonias Lacepede. Heliases Cuvier: Chromis Cuvier. Helops Browne : Bodianus Bloch. Menidia Browne : Anchoviella Fowler, Encrasicholus Commerson. Pelmatia Brow^ne: Gobiomorus Lacepede, Philypnus Cuvier. Plagusia Browne : Symphurus Rafinesque. Rhomboida Browne : Vomer Cuvier. Saurus Browne : Oligoplites Gill. 150 THE GENERA OF FISHES E. Changes as under D but the alleged generic names, perhaps to be re- garded as Latin vernaculars. Acus Catesby: Psalisostomus Klein, Lepisosteus Lacepede. Alburnus Catesby: Menticirrus Gill. Bagre Catesby: Ameiurus Rafinesque. Harengus Catesby: Harengula Cuv. & Val. Salpa Catesby : Neom^nis Girard. Saltatrix Catesby: Pomatomus Lacepede. Solea Catesby: Platophrys Swainson. Suillus Catesby: Lachnolaimus Cuvier. Unicornis Catesby: Osbeckia Jordan & Evermann. (new name) Alburnus Rafinesque. (new name) Solea Quensel. F. Changes in accord with the law of priority, but questionable on ac- count of irregidarities not yet passed upon by the Commission of Nomenclature. Abuhamrur Forskal: Priacanthus Cuvier. Asper Schsefer: Aspro Cuvier. Asperulus Schsefer: Zingel Oken. Cernua Schsefer: Acerina Giildenstadt, Gymnocephalus Bloch. Daba Forskal: Epinephelus Bloch. Djabub Forskal : Therapon Cuvier. Galeus Valmont : Prionace Cantor. Gaterin Forskal : Plectorhynchus Lacepede. Ghanan Forskal: Scolopsis Cuvier. Hobar Forskal : Lutianus Bloch. Louti Forskal : Variola Swainson. Mustelus Valmont : Cynias Gill. Pleuracromylon Gill : Mustelus Leach. Quinquarius Jordan : Pentaceros Cuvier, Ramphistoma Rafinesque : Belone Cuvier. Schour Forskal: Lethrinus Cuvier. Schraitzer Schaefer: Leptoperca Gill. Tahmel Forskal : Kyphosus Lacepede. Vulpecula Valmont: Alopias Rafinesque. G. Changes due to virtual preoccupation of names now in use. If we follow the current practice of regarding generic names in words otherwise similar and from identical roots, the same word if differing RECAPITULATION 151 only in gender, in the presence or absence of the initial h in words of Greek origin, or by the use of i or o as a connective, the following changes are necessary in the current nomenclature, as given by Jordan & Evermann, Fishes N. M. America, 1898. Cenisophius Bonaparte : in place of Leucos Heckel, on account of the earlier Leucus. Centridermichthys Richardson: Trachidermus Heckel; Trachy- DERMA. Cheilonemus * Baird : Leucosomus Heckel ; Leucosoma. Cremnobates Giinther: Auchenipterus Giinther; Auchenopterus. Cynicoglossus Bonaparte : Microstomus Gottsche ; Microstoma. Eudulus Fowler: Dules Cuvier; Dulus. Evermannellus Fowler: Odontostomus Cocco ; Odontostoma. Haloporphyrus Giinther : Lepidion Swainson ; Lepidia. Hemiulis Swainson (as restricted by Bonaparte, 1839) ; Halichceres Riippell ; Halichcerus. Hypolophus Miiller: Pastinachus Riippell; Pastinaca, Nebrodes Garman : Nebrius Riippell ; Nebria. Notoscopelus Giinther : Macrostoma Risso ; Macrostomus. Pisciregia Abbott: Gastropterus Cope; Gastropteron. Podateles Boulenger : Ateleopus Schlegel ; Atelopus. Quassilabia Jordan & Brayton : Lagochila J. & B. ; Lagocheilus. Scaphirhynchops Gill: Scaphirhynchus Heckel; Scaphorhynchus. Scytaliscus Jordan & Gilbert : Scytalinus J. & G. ; Scytalina. Stenesthes f Jordan : new name for Stenotomus Gill ; Stenotoma. Thrissocles Jordan : new name for Thryssa Cuvier ; Thrissa. Xiphister Jordan & Gilbert: Xiphidion Girard ; Xiphidium. H. Questionable cases, similar to G. Catochaenum Cantor : Gerres Cuvier, on account of the prior Gerris. Centracion Gray : Heterodontus Blainville ; Heterodon. Choregon Minding: Thymallus Cuvier; Thymalus. Corythobatus Cantor: Minous Cuv. & Val. ; Minois. (new name) Chloea Jordan & Snyder; Chloeia. (new name) Gramma Poey; Grammia. (new name) Nebris Cuvier; Nebria; Nebrius. *Type Cyprinus corporalis Mitchill, Cyprinus bullaris Rafinesque. t Type Sparus chrysops L. INDEX In the following list, the names of genera apparently valid are left unmarked; d indicates doubt of one form or another; s indicates synonyms, apparently never to be revived or added to the system. Abramis, d, 99 Abuhamrur, d, 34 Abu-defduf, d, 33 Acanthias, s, 119 Acanthicus, 131 Acanthinion, s, 64 Acanthodes, s, 145 Acanthurus, s, 33 Acanthoessus, 141 Acanthonotus Bloch, s, 53 Acanthonotus Gray, s, 138 Acanthopodus, s, 64 Acanthopsis, 116 Acanthophthalmus, 116 Acanthorhinus, s, 95 Acaramus, s, 89 Acarana, 139 Acarauna Catesby, s, 32 Acarauna Sewas., s, 68 Acentrolophus, s, 121 Acerina Giild., d, 32 Acerina Cuvier, s, 104, 125 Acestra, s, 137 Achirus, 65 Acipenser, 11 Acus, s, 24, 31, 50, 73 Aetobatus, 95 Ageneiosus, 66 Agriopus, 127 Ailia, 138 Alabes, loi Albula Osbeck, d, 17 Albula Gronow, d, 20, 30, 42, 59 Alburnus Catesby, d, 30 Alburnus Raf., 112 Alectis, 88 Alepisaurus, d, 143 Alepocephalus, 113 Alopias, d, 78 Alosa, 49, 130 Alphestes, 59 Alpismaris, s, 120 Alticus, d, 69 Alutera, 98 Amanses, 139 Ambassis, 124 Amblodon, d, no Ambloplites, iii Amblypterus, 144 Ameiurus, 112 Amia Gronow, d, 20 Amia L., d, 23 Amia Browne, s, 46 Amiatus, d, 91 Ammocoetes, s, 97 Ammoccetus, 76 Ammodytes, 12 Amora, s, 139 Amorphocephalus, s, 119 Amphacanthus, s, 59 Amphiodon, no Amphiprion, 59 Amphisile, s, 106 Amphisilen, s, 38 Ampheristus, 118 Anabas, 106 Anableps, 20, 42, 59 Anacanthus Ehr., 131 Anacanthus Gray, s, 138 Anampses, 117, 130 Anarhichas, 12 Ancylodon, s, 104 Anenchelum, 107 Anguilla, 73 Anodus, 132 Anomalodon, s, 119 Anopsus, s, 92 Anostomus, 20, 42, 93 Antennarius, 69, 104, 130 Anthea, s, 31 Anthias, 50 Aodon, s, 55 Aper, s, 72 Aphanius, 121 Aphareus, 135 Aphia, s, 119 Aphredoderus, 143 Aphritis, 137 Aplites, s, III Apistes, 127 Aplesion, s, in Aplocentrus, s, no Aplodactylus, 137 Aplodinotus, d, no Apocryptes, d, 17 Apogon, d, 62 Apomotis, no Aprion, 135 Apsilus, 135 Apterichthys, s, 75 Apteronotus, 56 Apterurus, s, 83 Apterygia, s, 139 Apturus, s, 93 Argentina, 15 Argyctius, s, 80 Argyreiosus, s, 64 Argyropelecus, 133 [153] 154 THE GENERA OF FISHES Asellus, s, 71 Asper, d, 16 Asperulus Schaefer, d, 16 Asperulus Klein, s, 40 Aspidophoroides, 62 Aspidophorus, s, 62 Aspidorhynchus, 144 Aspisurus, Sj 64 Aspredo, 20, 42 Aspro Comm., s, 70 Aspro Cuvier, s, 124 Asterropteryx, 122 Astroblepus, 76 Astrodermus, 129 Atherina, 15 Atractosteus, 112 Atropus, s, 105 Aulopus, 98 Aulostomus, 66 Aulus, s, 70 Aurata, s, 30, 103, 120 Ausonia, 120 Auxis, 129 Axinurus, s, 129 Aygula, s, 90 Aylopon, s, 80, 89 Bagre Catesby, s, 31 Bagre, 100 Bagrus, d, 100 Baillonus, s, 89 Balistapus, 113 Balistes, 15 Bangana, 115 Barbatula, 49 Barbus, 99 Barilius, 115 Batrachoides, 57 Batrachops, s, 114 Batrachus, s, 40, 57 Batrichtius, s, 88 Bedula, s, 130 Belone, d, 99 Bembras, 133 Bengala, 139 Beryx, 127 Blennius, 12 Blennus, s, 44 Blepharis, s, 105, 129 Blepsias, 127 Blochius, 54 Bodianus, d, 49 Bogmarus, s, 60 Bola, 114 Boops, 94, 102 Boridia, 135 Bostrichthys, 75 Bostrictis, s, 88 Bostrychoides, 61 Bostrychus, s, 61 Bothus, d, 79 Botia, 138 Bovichtus, 137 Box, 135 Brama Klein, d, ^y Brama Cuvier, d, 58 Branchiostegus, 90 Branderius, s, 92 Brosme, 88, 100 Brosmus, s, 123 Bryttus, ^, 137 Bucklandium, 118 Buro, s, 67 Buronus, s, 90 Butyrinus, d, 65 Cabdio, 115 Csecilia, s, 56 Cascula, 52 Csesio, 61 Csesiomorus, d, 61 Calamostoma, 145 Callarias, s, 42 Callichrous, s, 114 Callichthys, 21, 42, 49 Calliodon, 59, 130 Calliomorus, s, 56 Callionymus, 12 Calliurus, s, no Callorhynchus, 18, 98 Callyodon, 19, 42, 45 Campylodon, s, 53 Cantharus, s, 103 Capriscus, s, 43, 52, 82 Capros, 65 Caranx, 60 Caranxomorus, s, 61 Carapus Raf., 82 Carapus Cuvier, s, loi Carcharhinus, 95 Carcharias Raf., 77 Carcharias Cuvier, s, 97 Carpiodes, 112 Cataphractus, s, 21, 32, 43, 51, ^23 Catopterus, s, 144 Catostomus, 96 Catulus, s, 2.7 Centracanthus, 79 Centracion, d, 138 Centranodon, s, 66 Centrarchus, s, 126 Centrina, s, 97 Centriscus, 16 Centrochir, s, 132 Centrogaster, s, 44 Centrolophus, 64 Centronotus Schn., s, 58 Centronotus Lac, s, 62 Centropodus, s, 62 Centropomus, 63 Centropristes, 126 Cephacandia, s, 89 Cephalacanthus, d, 62 Cephalepis, s, 82, 88 Cephaleutherus, s, 83 Cephalopholis, 59 Cephalopsis, s, 91 Cephalopterus, s, 77 Cephalus, s, 7^ Cephimmus, s, 89 Cepola, 22, 2^ Ceracantha, s, 88 Ceratorhynchus, 132 Cerictius, s, 78 Cerna, d, 141 Cernua, d, 16, 123 Cestracion Klein, d, 40 Cestracion Cuvier, s, 97 Cestreus, s, 43 Cestrorhinus, .y^ 95 Cetopsis, 131 Cetorhinus, 95 Chaca, 138 Chsetodipterus, 64 Chsetodon, 13 Chalceus, 96 Chanda, 114 Channa, 22, 42 Chanos, 67 Characinus, s, 14, 66, 98 INDEX 155 Charax, 21, 42 Chatoessus, s, 130 Chauliodus, 59 Cheilinus, 63 Cheilio, 63 CheilodactyIu3, 65 Cheilodipterus, 63 Chela, IIS Chelmon, 105, 136 Chelon, 52 Cheloniger, d, 73 Chimaera, 11 Chirocentrus, 99 Chironectes, s, 92, 96 Chironemus, 126 Chirurgus, s, 108 Chirus, s, 84, 130 Chlopsis, 82 Chlorophthalmus, 142 Choregon, s, 140 Chorinemus, s, 137 Chromis Plumier, s, 7^ Chromis Cuvier, d, 93, 102 Chrosomus, 112 Chrysomelanus, s, 72 Chrysophris, s, 128 Chrysotosus, s, 65 Cichla, d, 59 Cicla, d, 39, 52 Cingla, s, 123 Cirrhibarbus, 129 Cirrhinus, 99 Cirrhitus, 65 Citharinus, 98 Citharus, 52 Citula, 105 Clarias, 20, 42 Clepticus, 130 CHnus, loi Clodalus, s, III Clodipterus, s, 89 Clupanodon, 68 Clupea, 15 Ccbitis, 14 Ccelorhynchus, 74 Cogrus, 81 Coilia, 138 Coius, s, 114 Colisa, s, 137 Colubrina, d, 65 Comephorus, 56 Conger, d, 22, 37, loi Conodon, d, 135 Conomus, s, 92 Coracinus Gronow, d, 19 Coracinus Pallas, d, 84 Cordorinus, s, 91 Coregonus, 14, 66, 130 Corica, s, 115 Coricus, J, 102 Coris, 61 Corniger, 132 Corvina, d, 128 Corycus, s, 93 Corydoras, 66 Coryphsena, 12 Corypha^noides Gunner, 16 Coryphsenoides Lac, s, 62 Coryphus, s, 70 Corystion, s, 41, 79 Cottus, 12 Crayracion, s, 42 Crenidens, 135 Crenilabrus, 93, lOI Cromis, d, 47 Crossocheilus, Ii6 Cugupuguacu, s, 30 Curimata, 50 Curimatus, s, 98 Cybium, s, 129 Cycleptus, no Cyclogaster, d, 18 Cyclopoma, 145 Cyclopterus, 12 Cylindrosteus, 112 Cyncedus, s, 19, 42 Cynocephalus, d, 42 Cynodon, s, 132 Cynoglossus, 114 Cyprinodon, 68 Cyprinus, 15 Daba, d, 34 Dactyleptus, s, 88 Dactylopterus, d, 62 Dalatias, d, 77 Dalophis, s, 81 Dameus, s, 92 Danio, 115 Dapedium, 115 Dascyllus, 128 Dasyatis, d, 78 Dasybatis, s, 134 Dasybatus, d, 39 Datnia, 126 Daurada, s, 123 Decactylus, 113 Dentex, 94, 103 Diabasis, Sj 116 Diacope, s, 94, 103 Diagramma, s, 94, 103 Diana, 119 Diastodon, 119 Dicerobatus, s, 95 Dinectus, s, 108, 113 Diodon, 15 Dioplites, s, in Dipinotus, s, 92 Diplanchias, s, 78 Diplesion, ^,111 Diplodus, d, 82 Diploprion, 124 Diplopterus, 138 Dipterodon Lac, s, 63 Dipterodon Cuvier, s, 128 Dipterus, 125 Dipturus, s, 78 Djabub, d, 34 Dobula, 112 Doras, 65 Dorosoma, in Dorsuarius, s, 68 Drepane, 136 Dropsarus, s, 88 Dules, d, 126 Echelus, 81 Echeneis, 12 Echidna, 42 Echinorhinus, 95 Edomus, Sj, 90 Elseorhoiis, s, 83 Elacate, s, 129 Eleginus Fischer, 85 Eleginus Cuvier, s, 135 Eleotris, 20, 58, 90 156 THE GENERA OF FISHES Elliops, s, 113 Elops Comm., s, 70 Elops L., 23 Enchelyopus Gronow, d, 19 Enchelyopus Klein, s, 37 Enchelyopus Schn., s, 57 Encrasicholus Comm., d., 71 Encrasicholus Fleming, s, 122 Engraulis, 98 Enoplosus, 50, 64 Ephippus, 105 Epibulus, 93, 102 Epidesmus, s, 107 Epigonus, 83 Epinephelus, d, 51 Epimonus, s, 92 Epinotus, s, 92 Eptatretus, 106 Epiphthalmus, s, 90 Equetus, s, 89 Equula, s, 105 Eremophilus, 76 Ericius, s, 76 Eritrinus, s, 72 Erythrinus Gronow, 21, 42 Erythrinus Plumier, s, 72 Esox, 14 Etheostoma, no Etelis, 124 Etmopterus, 78 Etroplus, 135 Eurystomus, s, 113 Exocoetus, 15 Exoglossum, 109 Farer, d, 34 Fiatola, s, 106, 119 Fierasfer, d, 93, lOI Fistularia, 14 Fluta, s, 60 Fundulus, 65 Gadus, 12 Gaidropsarus, 81 Galaxias, 99 Galeorhinus, 95 Galeus Valmont, d, 27 Galeus Klein, d, 37 Galeus Raf., s, 78 Galeus Cuvier, s, 97 Gallus, s, 64 Garra, 115 Gasteracanthus, s, 84 Gasterodon, s, 90 Gasteropelecus, 22 Gasterosteus, 13 Gastrobranchus, s, 53 Gastrogonus, s, 89 Gaterin, d, 34 Gempylus, 129 Gerres, 117 Ghanan, d, 34 Girella, 139 Glanis, s, 131 Glaucus, d, 38 Glossodon, s, 108 Glossodus, s, 93, 132 Glyphisodon, d, 64 Gobiesox, 57 Gobio Klein, s, 43 Gobio Cuvier, d, 99 Gobioides, 57 Gobiomoroides, s, 57 Gobiomorus, 57 Gobitis, s, 122 Gobius, 12 Gomphosus, 61 Gonenion, j, 80 Goniodermus, s, 91 Gonipus, s, 90 Gonorhynchus, 19, 42 Gonostoma, 83 Gonurus, s, 89 Gnathobolus, s, 60 Grammistes, 58 Gristes, s, 126 Guaperva, 5, 72 Guaris, s, 91 Guebucus, s, 89 Gymnarchus, 131 Gymnetrus, 45 Gymnocephalus, j, 51 Gymnogaster, .$■, 22 Gymnomuraena, s, 68 Gymnonotus, s, 60 Gymnopsis, j, 92 Gymnothorax, s, 53 Gymnotus, 12 Gymnurus, J, 88 Gyrodus, 144 Haemulon, 128 Halex, s, 71 Haliophis, 122 Kampala, 116 Harengus, s, 24, 31, 38 llarpe, s, 63 Ilarpurus, s, 43 Heliases, d, 128 Helmictis, s, 83, 92 Helops, s, 47 Helostoma, 129 Helotes, 127 Hemilepidotus, 127 Hemiplus, s, no Ilemipteronotus, 61 Hemiramphus, 99 Ilemitripterus, 127 Heniochus, 105 Hepatus, d, 20, 52 Ilepsetia, s, 142 Heptranchias, 78 Heterobranchus, 107 Heterodontus, d, 95 Heterotis, 131 Hexagrammos, 76 Hexanchus, 78 Hiatula, s, 57 Hiodon, 107 Hippocampus, 79, 85, 98 Hippoglossus, 100 Hippurus, s, 43 Hirundo, s, 30 Histrio, 84 Hobar, d, 34 Holacantha, s, 88 Holacanthus, 64 Holocentrus, 19, 42 Hologymnosus, s, 63 Homaloptera, 116 Homolenus, s, 91 Hoplostethus, 133 Hoplichthys, 133 Huro, s, 124 Hynnis, 142 Hypacanthus, 80 INDEX 157 Hydrargira, s, 67 Hydrocyon, 96 Hypentelium, 109 Hypostomus, 66 Hypodis, s, 79 Hypophthalmus, 131 Ichthelis, ^,111 Ichthyococcus, 141 Ichthyocolla, s, 24 Ichthyocoris, s, 142 Ichthyolithus, s, 120 Ichthyophis, s, 123 Ictaetus, s, 93 Ictalurus, 113 Ictiobus, d, 112 Ictiopogon. s, 92 Ictius, s, 88 Ilictis, s, 112 Ischnosoma, s, 132 Tstiophorus, 62 Isurus, 78 Johnius, 51 Julis, 94, lOi Kurtus, 44 Kyphosus, 61 Labeo Cuvier, 99 I^abeo Bowd., s, 118 Labrax Klein, d, 39 Labrax Pallas, i, 77, 124 Labrus, 13 Lachnolaimus, 130 Lasviraja, s, 121 Lamia, s, 119 Lamna, 97 Lampanyctus, 142 Lampreda, s, 93 Lampris, 54 Lampugus, s. 143 Larimus, 134 Latargus, s, 38 Lates, 124 Latilus, s, 135 Lebia, s, 99 Lebius, s, &4 Leiobatus Klein, s, 38 Leiobatus Raf., s, 78 Leiobatus Blain. s^ 95 Leiognathus, 64 Leiostomus, 64 Leirus, 143 Lemnisoma, s, 140 Lepadogaster, 28 Lepibema, 11 1 Lepicantha, s, 89 Lepidoleprus, s, 77 Lepidopus, 28 Lepidosaurus, s, 141 Lepidotes, 141 Lepimphis, s, 79, 90 Lepipterus Raf., s, 89 Lepipterus Cuv., 135 Lepisacanthus, s, 62 Lepisosteus, d, 66 Lepodus, d, 80 Lepomis, no Lepomus, s, 89 Leporinus, 132 Lepterus, s, 80 Leptosoma, s, 121 Leptocephalus, 22 Leptolepis, 141 Leptops, 112 Leptopus, s, 86 Lethrinus, d, 128 Leuciscus, 37, 99 Leucops, s, no Leucosomus, s, 139 Lichia, 105, 137 Liparis, d, 41, 52 Liparius, s, 90 Litholepis, s, 109 Lobocheilus, s, 116 Lobotes, 128 Lonchiurus, 51 Lopharis, s, 80, 89 Lophidius, s, 92 Lophius, II Lophotes, 74, loi Loricaria, 14 Lota, TOO Lotta, s, 119 Louti, d, 34 Lucioperca, s, 124 Lucius, d, 24, 40, 80 Lumpus, s, 90, 101 Lutianus, d, 49 Lutodeira, s, 122 Luvarus, 79 Luxilus, 112 Lymnea, s, 92 Macquaria, 135 Macrocephalus, s, 47 Macrodon, 115 Macrognathus, 56 Macrolepis, s, 89 Macropodus, 63 Macropteronotus, s, 65 Macrorhamphosus, 66 Macrorhynchus, 56, 75 Macrostoma, s, 120 Macrourus, 44 Maena, d, 128 Msenas, d, 39 Makaira, s, 65 Malacanthus, 130 Malapterurus, 65 Mallotus, 130 Malthe, s, 105, 130 Mastaccembelus, s, 40 Mastacembelus, s, 21, 42 Maturacus, s, 90 Maxillingua, s, 109 Megabatus, s, 93 Megaderus, s, 92 Megalops, 66, 90 Megalurus, 144 Megaphalus, s, 89 Melanictis, s, 92 Meletta, s, 94 Membras, 142 Mene, 68 Meneus, s, 90 Menidia Browne, d, 46 Menidia Bon., d, 142 Merlangus, .y, 83, 100 Merluccius, 79 Merolepis, 81 Mesopodus, s, 89 Mesoprion, s, 124 Microchirus, 141 Microdon, s, 144 Micropodus, s, 89 Micropogon, 135 Microps, s, 144 Micropterus, 63 Micropteryx, s, 132 Micropus, s, 139 158 THE GENERA OF FISHES Microstoma, 99 Minnilus, J, III Minous, 133 Misgurnus, 65 Mobula, 82 Mola, 28, 49, 54 Mollinesia, 114 Molva, 122 Monacanthus, 98 Monocentris, 58 Monoceros, s, 58, 71 Monochir, s, 131 Monochirus Raf., 87 Monochirus Cuvier, s, 100 Monochirus Bon., s, 141 Monodactylus, 61 Monopterhinus, s, 95 Monopterus, 56 Monotaxis, 136 Mora, 119 Morhua, s, 122 Moringua, d, 138 Mormyra, s, 46 Mormyrus, 15, 29 Morone, 86 Morrhua, s, 100 Morua, s, 119 Morulius, s, 115 Motella, s, 131 Moxostoma, 112 Mugil, 15 Mugiloides, 67 Mugilomorus, s, 67 Mullus, 14 Mupus, s, 143 Murasna, 11 Mursenoblenna, s, 68 Muraenoides, s, 56 Mursenophis, s, 54, 68 Mustela, s, 100 Mustellus, s, 85 Mustelus Valmont, d, 27 Mustelus Linck, d, 49 Mustelus Raf., .?, 84 Mustelus Cuvier, s, 97 Myctophum, 82 Myletes, 93, 96 Mylio, s, 70 Myoxocephalus, 83 Myripristis, 127 Mystus Gronow, 21 Mystus Klein, s, 38 Mystus Scopoli, 42 Mystus Lac, s, 67 Myxodes, 129 Myxonum, s, 90 Nandina, 138 Nandus, 137 Naqua, d, 34 Narcacion, d, 39 Narcobatis, s, 134 Narcobatus, d, 95 Narke, 121 Naseus, s, 69 Naso, 61 Nasonus, s, 88 Nauclerus, s, 142 Naucrates, 80 Nebris, 134 Neleus, s, 92 Nemacheilus, 116 Nemipus, s, 88 Nemocampsis, s, iii Nemochirus, 86, 92 Nerophis, 82 Nettastoma, 81 Nomeus, 105 Notacanthus, 44 Notagogus, 144 Notemigonus, no Notidanus, s, 97 Notistium, s, 74 Notognidion, s, 80 Notopterus, 56 Notropis, 108 Noturus, 109 Novacula, s, 31, 102 Nyctophus, s, 133 Oblada, 128 Octonus, s, 82, 90 Oculeus, s, 70 Odax Plumier, s, 70 Odax Cuvier, d, 130 Odontognathus, 56 Odontolepis, Sj 85 Odumphus, Sj 91 Ogcocephalus, 85 Oligopodes, s, 105 Oligopodus, s, 57 Olistus, 129 Ompok, 65 Oncotion, s, 42 Onopionus, s, 91 Onos, s, 119 Onus, s, 81 Oonidus, s, 91 Ophicephalus, 53 Ophichthus, 45 Ophidion, 12 Ophiognathus, s, 121 Ophisurus, 56 Opictus, s, 91 Opisotomus, .y, 70 Opisthognathus, 101 Opladelus, s, 112 Oplichthys, s, 133 Opsanus, 108 Orbidus, s, 91 Orbis, s, 24, 31, 71, 85 Orcynus, s, 89, 105 Oreosoma, 127 Orthagoriscus, s, 60 Orthragus, s, 78 Osmerus, 14, 66 Osphronemus, 61 Osteoglossum 131, 132 Osteolepis, 134 Ostorhinchus, 63 Ostracion, 15 Otolithes, 104 Ovoides, 55, 75 Ovum, s, 60 Oxima, s, 86 Oxycephas, s, 79 Oxygaster, 116 Oxynotus, s, 82 Oxystomus, s, 83 Oxyurus, s, 79 Pacamus, s, 88 Pachycormus, 144 Pachyurus, 132 Pagellus, 128 Pagrus Plumier, d, 72 Pagrus Cuvier, d, 103 INDEX 159 Palaeobalistum, io8 Palseoniscum, 103 Palaeorhynchum, 108 Palaeothrissum, s, 108 Panotus, s, 89 Paralepis, 104, 120 Passer, s, 38 Pastinaca, s, 121 Pastinachus, d, 122 Pegasus, 16 Pegedictis, d, 113 Pelamis, s, 72 Pelamys, s, 37 Pelates, 126 Pelmatia, d, 47 Pelor, s, 127 Pempheris, 128, 136 Pentaceros, d, 125 Pentapus, 128 Peprilus, 129 Perca, 13 Percis Klein, s, 39 Percis Scopoli, d, 41 Percis Schn., s, 58 Percis Raf., s, 90 Percophis, 118 Periophthalmus, 58 Peristedion, 62 Petimbuabo, s, 31 Petromyzon, il Phalangistes, s, 83 Pharopteryx, s, 122 Pholidophorus, 140 Pholidus, s, 88 Pholis Gronow, 19 Pholis Scopoli, 42 Pholis Rose, s, 52 Pholis Cuvier, s, loi Phoxinus, 112 Phractocephalus, 131 Phycis Rose, 51 Phycis Schn., s, 58 Phycis Raf., s, 79 Phyllophorus, s, 91 Piabucus, s, 98 Picorellus, s, 112 Piescephalus, s, 81, 90 Pilodictis, s, no Pimelepterus, s, 63 Pimelodus, 65 Pimephales, 112 Pinguipes, s, 127 Piratia, s, 91 Plaguisa, ,f, 88 Plagusia Browne, d, 46 Plagusia Cuvier, s, loi Plagyodus, 84 Plargyrus, s, 112 Platax, 105 Platessa, s, 100 Platiglossus, 40 Platirostra, s, 107 Platopterus, s, 92 Platycephalus, 53 Platyptera, s, 130 Platystacus, 53 Platystoma, s, 131 Plecopodus, .y, 90 Plecostomus, 21 Plectorhinchus, , 61 Plectropomus, 103 Plesiops, 102 Pleuronectes, 13 Plotosus, 66 Podoleptus, s, 92 Poecilia, 59 Pogonathus, s, 65 Pogonias, 61 Pogostoma, ,y, 108 Polipturus, s, 89 Polyacanthus, 129 Polydactylus, s, 67 Polynemus, 15 Polyodon, 54, 59 Polyprion, 104, 117 Polypterus, 54, 77 Pomacampsis, ,y, in Pomacantha, s, 88 Pomacanthis, s, 89 Pomacanthus, 64 Pomacentrus, 64 Pomadasys, 64 Pomagonus, s, 89 Pomatias, s, 60 Pomatomus Lac, 6^ Pomatomus Cuvier, s, 124 Pomolobus, III Pomotis Raf., s, no Po'motis Cuv., s, 126 Pomoxis, 109 Pompilus, s, 140 Porcus, 107 Porthmeus, 142 Premnas, 106 Priacanthus, d, 94, 104 Pricus, s, 93 Prinodon, s, 90 Priodon, s, 118, 129 Prionotus, 62 Pristibatis, s, 134 Pristigaster, 99 Pristipomus, s, 94, 103 Pristis, 41, 49, 52 Proceros, s, 113 Prochilodus, 132 Prochilus Klein, d, 39 Prochilus Cuvier, s, 104 Proctostegus, s, 121 Propterygia, s, 117 Psalisostomus, d, 44 Psenes, 142 Psettus, s, 70, 128, 136 Pseudopterus, d, 40 Psiloides, s, 85 Psilus, s, 85 Psittacus, s, 31 Pteraclidus, .y, 88 Pteraclis, 22 Pterapon, s, 139 Pterichthus, s, 71 Pteridium, s, 41 Pterois, d, 104 Pterops, s, 88 Pterurus, .y, 82, 92 Ptycholepis, 140 Puntius, 115 Pycnodus, 144 Rachycentron, 121 Raconda, 138 Raja, n Ramphistoma, d, 91 Raniceps, 100 Rataboura, d, 138 Regalecus, 28, 45 Remora, 28, 31 Rhaphiodon, 132 160 THE GENERA OF FISHES Rhina Klein, d, 39 Rhina Schn., d, 59 Rhina Raf., s, 78 Rhinelepis, 131 Rhinobatos, s, 49 Rhinobatus, 40, 59 Rhomboida, d, 48 Rhombotides, s, 38 Rhombus Klein, d, 38 Rhombus Lac, s, 56 Rhombus Raf., d, 100 Rhynchichthys, s, 137 Rhynchobdella, s, 59 Rincoxis, s, 92 Roccus, 86 Rutilus, 112 Ruvettus, 144 Rypticus, 125 Saccopharynx, 117 Salanx, d, 99 Salaria. s, 3;} Salarias, loi Saltatrix, s, 30 Salminus, 132 Salmo, 14 Salpa, s, 30 Salvelinus, 140 Samaris, 139 Sandat, s, 122, 124 Sander, 104 Sandrus, s, 123 Sarchirus, s, 109 Sarda Plumier, d, 72 Sarda Cuvier, d, 129 Sargus Klein, d, 39 Sargus Plumier, d, 72 Sargus Cuvier, s, 102 Saurocephalus, 118 Saurodon, 136 Sauropsis, 140 Saurostomus, 144 Saurus Catesby, d, 29 Saurus Browne, d, 48 Saurus Cuvier, s, 98 Sayris, s, 81, 91 Scarcina, s, 79 Scardinius, 142 Scarus Gronow, s, 19 Scarus Forsk., d, 32 Scatharus, 135 Scatophagus, 136 Schedcphilus, 133 Schilbe, 100 Schizodon, s, 132 Schour, d, 34 Schraitzer, d, 16 Sciasna, 13, 93 Scisenus, s, 69 Scoliostomus, s, 122 Scolopsides, s, 128 Scolopsis, d, 94, 103 Scomber, 14 Scomberesox, 66 Scomberoides, 60 Scomberomorus, 62 Scopelus, s, 98 Scophthalmus, s, 82 Scorpgena, 13 Scorpius, 72 Scylliorhinus, 95 Scyllium, s, 97 Scymnus, s, 97 Scyphius, s, 119 Scyris, s, 129 Sebastes, 127 Selache, s, 97 Selanonius, s, 122 Seleima, s, 119 Selene, 64 Semionotus, 140 Semotilus, 112 Sephenia, s, 93 Seriola, 105 Serranus, 94, 103 Serrasalmus, 66 Seserinus, s. 106 Siganus, 32 Sillago, loi Silurus, 14 Siphostoma, s, 79 Sisor, 115 Skeponopodus, s, 144 Smaris, s, 93, 102 Smerdis, 145 Soarus, s, 49 Solea Klein, d, 31 Solea Quensel, d, 40, 74, 81, 100 Solenostomus Gronow, s, 21 Solenostomus Klein, s, 43 Solenostomus Browne, s, 46 Solenostomus Lac, d, 67 Somniosus, 107 Soranus, s, 91 Sorubim, 132 Sparus, 13 Spatularia, s, 74 Sphagebranchus, 53 Spheroides, s, 55, 75 Sphyrasna, 43, 52, 58 Sphyrna, 82 Spicara, 80 Spinachia, 105, 123 Spinax, s, 97 Spirobranchus, 129, 137 Squalius, s, 141 Squalus, 11 Squatina, d, 75 Squatinoraja, s, 116 Stellifer, 104 Stelliferus, s, 123 Sterletus, s, 113 Sternarchus, s, 59 Sternoptix, 44 Stizostedion, ill Stolephorus, 67 Stomias, 99 Stomodon, s, 86 Stromateus, 12 Strinsia, 81 Sturio, s, 82, 112 Stylephorus, 50 Sudis Raf., 80 Sudis Cuv., s, 99 Suillus, s, 30 Symphocles, s, 92 Symphodus, 79 Symphurus, 81 Synagris, s, 38 Synanceja, 58 Synbranchus, 53 Syngnathus, 16 Synodontis, 100 Synodus, 20, 42, 59 INDEX 161 Syphyrnias, s, 92 Taenia, s, 52 Taenianotus, 63 Taenioides, 57 Tachysurus, d, 66 Tahhmel, d, 34 Tangus, s, 91 Tasica, s, 88 Taunis, s, 88 Taurichthys, 128 Tautoga, 86 Telestes, 141 Telipomis, s, iii Temera, 138 Temnodon, s, 106 Terapon, 104 Teretulus, s, 113 Tetragonolepis, 136 -Tetragonopterus, 93, 96 Tetragonoptrus, s, 40 Tetragonurus, 77 Tetraodon, 15 Tetrapturus, 80 Tetroras, s, 77 Teuthis, d, 23, 48 Therapon, 104 Thrissa, s, 90, 98 Thrissocles, 130 Thrissops, 144 Thryssa, s, 130 Thymallus, 49, 130 Thynnus, s, 48, 105 Thyrsites, 129 Tinea, 99 Tirus, s, 80 Tor, 139 Torpedo Houttuyn, 22 Torpedo Forsk., 32 Torpedo Raf., s, 75, 82 Toxotes, 105, 137 Trachichthys, 55, 73 Trachinotus, 61 Trachinvis, 12 Trachipterus, 28 Trachurus, 72, 79 Trachyrhynchus, 74 Triacanthus, 98 Trichidion, s, 40 Trichis, s, 73 Trichiurus, 12 Trichiodon, 127 Trichogaster, 58 Trichonotus, 58, 90 Trichopodus, s, 61 Trichopus, s, 7$ Tricropterus, s, 79 Trigla, 14 Trinectes, 142 Triodon, 131 Tripteronotus, s, 65 Tripterygion, 119 Trisopterus, 87, 88 Triurus, 56 Trutta, 14, 24, 37 Trygon, s, 98, 120 Trygonobatus, s, 94 Turdus, s, 30 Tylosurus, 143 Typhle, s, 78 Typhlinus, 91 Typhlobranchus, s, 60 Typhlotes, s, 85 Umbla, s, 29 Umbra, 20, 42 Umbrina, 104 Unibranchapertura, s, 68 Unicornis, s, 31 Upeneus, 127 Urasus, s, 140 Uranoscopus L., 12 Uranoscopus Gron., s, 19 Uroxis, s, 83 Vandellius, s, 73 Vipera, s, 32 Vomer, d, 105 Vulpecula, dj 27 Xiphias, 12 Xiphorhynchus, 132 Xiphostoma, 132 Xipotheca, s, 84 Xypterus, s, 82 Xyrichthys, 93 Xyster, s, 68 Xysterus, s, 90 Zanclus, 70, 136 Zebricium, s, 92 Zeus, 13 Zingel, d, 104, 106 Zoarces, d, 129 Zygasna, s, 97 UNIVERSITY SERIES The Evolution of Brazil Compared with that of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon America. 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DEC 2 6 1928 LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS UNIVERSITY SERIES The Genera of Fishes PART II. FROM AGASSIZ TO BLEEKER, 1833-1858, TWENTY-SIX YEARS, WITH THE ACCEPTED TYPE OF EACH. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STABILITY OF SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE BY DAVID STARR JORDAN Chancellor-Emeritus of Stanford University Member of the international Commission of Zoological Nomenclature STANFORD UNIVERSITY^ CALIFORNIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1919 Stanford University Press CONTENTS Page Introductory Note 163 Additions, Etc., to Part 1 167 7. Houttuyn, Historic, 1764 167 9. Muller, Delineationes, 1767 167 10. Geoffrey, 719 Plantes, 1767 168 17A. Gronow, Pteraclis, 1772 168 17B. Giildenstadt, Sterleta, \772 168 20. Klein, Schauplatz, I, 1775 168 31 A. Klein, Schauplatz, VIII, 1779.... 168 3 IB. Brunnich, Vaagmaer, 1788 168 45. Bloch, Ausldndische, IX, 1795.... 168 47. Volta, Ichthyolithologia, 1796.... 169 55. Bloch & Schneider, 5'y.y^^ma, 1801 169 56. Lacepede, Poissons, IV, V, 1803 169 56A. Lacepede, Nouvelle Hollande, 1804 169 56B. Bory, Afrique, 1804 170 67. Dumeril, Cyclostomes, 1808 170 72. Rafinesque, Caratteri, 1810 170 75 A. Perry, Arcana. 1811 170 75B. Humboldt, & Valenciennes, Voy- age, 1811 170 85. Rafinesque, Analyse, 1815 170 91. Cuvier, Regne Animal, I, 1817.... 171 92. Oken, Isis, 1817 171 97. Blainville, Fossilcs, 1818 171 108. Goldfuss, Handbuch, 1820 171 110. Hamilton, Ganges, 1822 172 112. Van Hasselt, Java, 1823 172 119. Konig, Icones, 1825....: 172 119A. Le Sueur, New Salmo, 1825.... 172 119B. Adanson, Histoire Naturelle, 1825 172 121. Risso, Meridionale, 1826 173 121. A.. Riley, Squaloraia, 1826 173 128. Riippell, Rothes Meer, 1828 173 128A. Thienemann, Lehrhuch, 1828.. 173 132. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, II, 1828 173 134. Agassiz, Brazil, 1829 173 135. Cuvier, Regne Animal, II, 1829.. 173 136. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons. Ill, 1829 173 Page 136A. Smith, South Africa, 1829 174 136B. Bancroft, Sea Devil, 1829 174 142. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, 1830 174 143 Bennett, Sumatra, 1830 174 143A. Bennett, Mauritius, 1830 174 146A. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, VII, VIII, 1831 175 146B. Bonaparte Saggio, 1831 175 147A. Eichwald, Rossicc, 1831 176 150A. Gray, Miscellany, 1831 176 151B. Miinster, Petrefakten, 1832 176 151 C. Couch, British Fauna, 1832 176 151D. Nardo, Pesci nuovi, 1832 176 151E. Krynicki, Schilus, 1832 176 152. Minding, Lehrbuch, 1832 176 153 Nilsson, Scandinavice, 1832 176 153A. Reinhardt, Gronland, 1832 176 164. Agassiz, Fossilcs. II, IV, 1833.... 177 165. Brandt & Ratzeburg, Medezi- nische, 1833 177 166. Cocco, Peloritani, 1833 178 167. Cocco, Lettere, 1833 178 168. Cocco, Messina, 1833 178 169. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, IX, 1833 178 170. Gray, Illustrations, 1833 178 171. 172. Lowe, New Genus, 1833 179 173. Lowe, Madeira, 1833 179 174. Nardo, Skeponopodus, 1833 179 175. Reinhardt, Skandinavisk, 1833.... 179 176. Agassiz, Fossile Fische, 1834 179 177. Agassiz, Bohmen, 1834 180 178. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, V, 1834 180 179. Costa, Cenni, 1834 180 180. Griffith, Cuvier, 1834 180 181. Henle, Narcine, 1834 180 182. Munster, Rabenstein, 1834 180 183. Quoy & Gaimard, Astrolabe, 1834 180 184. Agassiz, Karpfen, 1834 180 IV THE GENERA OF FISHES, PART 11 Page 185. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, 1835. 181 223. 186. Agassiz, Glarner-S chief er, 1835 181 224. 187. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pots- 225. sons, X, 1835 181 226. 188. Gottsche, Pleuronectes, 1835 181 227. 189. Joannis, Nil, 1835 182 228. 190. Meyen, Peru, 1835 182 191. Muller, Myxinoiden, 1835 182 229. 192. De la Pylaie, Recherches, 1835.. 182 193. Riippell, Abyssinien, 1835 184 230. 194. Schultze, Hexabranchus, 1835.... 184 231. 195. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, III, 232. 1836 184 196. Agassiz & Hibbert, Burdiehouse, 233. 1836 185 234. 197. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, XI, 1836 185 235. 198. Heckel, Scaphirhynchus, 1836.... 185 199. Heckel & Fitzinger, Acipenser, 236. 1836 185 237. 200 Lienard, Maurice, 1836 185 201. Miinter, Capitosaurus, 1836 185 238. 202. Richardson, Arctic, 1836 185 239. 203. Richardson, B or eali- Americana, 240. III. 1836 186 204. Riippell, Nil, 1836 186 241. 205. Yarrell, British Fishes, 1836 186 242. 206. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, III, 243. V, 1837 186 244. 207. Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, III, 245. 1837 186 246. 208. Cantraine, Messina, 1837 188 247. 209. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- 248. sons, XII, 1837 188 249. 210. Egerton, Fossil Fishes, 1837 189 211. Fitzinger, Natterer, 1837 189 250. 212. Fries, Pterycombus, 1837 189 251. 213. Geinitz, Muschelkalk, 1837 189 214. Heckel, Beitrdge, 1837 189 252. 215. Kutorga, Dorpat, 1837 189 253. 216. Miiller & Henle, HaiHsche, 1837. 189 254. 217. Muller & Henle, Cartilaginous Fishes, 1837 189 255. 218. Redfield, Connecticut, 1837 190 256. 219. Reinhardt, Bythites, 1837 190 257. 220. Smith, Squalus, 1837 190 258. 221. Thompson, Echiodon, 1837 190 259- 222. Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, III, 262. IV, 1838 190 263. Page Buckland, Bagshot Sands, 1838.. 191 Cocco, Messina, 1838 191 Gray, Aracana, 1838 192 Heckel, Caschmir, 1838 192 Lowe, Maderensiuni, 1838 192 Miiller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 1838 192 Miiller & Henle, Leptocharias 1838 193 Nordmann, Hexacanthus, 1838.. 193 Reinhardt, Gronland, 1838 193 Swainson, Natural History, I, 1838 193 Agassiz, Steinkerne, 1839 194 Agassiz, Old Red Sandstone, 1839 194 Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles, II, IV (part), 1839 194 Bonaparte, Systema, 1839 194 Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, XIII, XIV, 1839 194 Lay & Bennett, Beechey, 1839.... 195 Lowe, Madeira, 1839 195 M'Clelland, Indian Cyprinidce, 1839 ' 195 M'Clelland. CyprinidcB, 1839 195 Mitchell, Australia, 1839 196 Miiller, Cyclostomen, 1839 196 Miinster, Kupferschiefer, 1839.... 196 Nardo, Mola, 1839 196 Owen, Lepidosiren, 1839 196 Owen, Fossil Fishes, 1839 196 Ranzani, Mola, 1839 196 Richardson, Van Diemen's Land, 1839 197 Storer, Massachusetts, 1839 197 Swainson, Natural History, II, 1839 197 Bennett, Whaling Voyage, 1840.. 206 Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1840.. 206 Cuvier & Valenciennes, Pois- sons, XV, 1840 206 Eichwald, Fossil Fishes, 1840 206 Heckel, Natterer, 1840 207 Lowe, Madeira, 1840 207 Miinster, Kupferschiefer, 1840.... 207 ■261. Miinster, Bayreuth, 1840 207 Nordmann, Pontica, 1840 207 Owen, Odontography, 1840 207 CONTENTS Page 264. Ranzani, Piscium, 1840 207 265. Richardson, Australia, 1840 208 266. Thompson, India, 1840 208 267. Agassiz, Ceard, 1841 208 268. Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1841.... 208 269. Eichwald, Caspio-Caucasica, 1841 208 270. Fleming, New Skate, 1841 208 271. Heckel, Aulopyge, 1841 209 272. Hogg, Protomelus, 1841 209 273. Lowe, Madeira, 1841 209 274. W\\\