THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS
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THE GENERA

OF

SOUTH AFRICAN PLANTS.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016 with funding from

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates

https://archive.org/details/generaofsouthafr00harv_0

SOUTH AFEICAN PLANTS.

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., F.R.S. & L.S., M.R.I.A.,

AND PROFESSOR OP BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN, ETC.

Seronts ©tttttxm.

EDITED BY

J. D. HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., D.C.L. Oxon., LL.D. Cantab., etc. etc.,

DIRECTOB OF THE HOYAL GARDENS, KEW.

CAPE TOWN: J. C. JUTA.

LONDON : LONGMAN, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,

1868.

TRINTEP BY J. E. TAYLOR AND CO.,

LITTLE QVEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN YIELDS, LONDON.

581-1 1*&

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PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

It was the wish of my late friend, the author of the ‘ Genera
of South African Plants,’ # that I should after his decease edit
the materials he had prepared for a Second Edition of that
work. These materials embraced descriptions of the genera
of the principal families of flowering plants, except the
Graminea , which were left in a very incomplete state, and the
Restiacea, which were untouched ; and there were also left a
few other small families to be worked up, together with the
tables of the Natural Orders, and keys, etc. The Gr amine ce
have been kindly completed by an intimate friend of Dr. Har-
vey and myself, — General Munro, C.B. ; and the Restiacece
by my friend Dr. Masters. I have also thought it right to
add the genera of Perns (for the descriptions of which I am
indebted to Mr. J. G. Baker) and of the allied small Orders.

It was not Dr. Harvey’s intention to have (as in the First
Edition) included the other Orders of Cryptogams ; of these
little was known in 1838, whereas now, in 1868, owing greatly
to his own exertions, especially amongst the Mosses and Alga,
the number of known South African genera possibly rivals

* Published in 1838, at Cape Town, where the author (then in his
twenty- eighth year) held the appointment of Colonial Treasurer.

567288

(>*

PREFACE.

that of the Phsenogams, and to introduce descriptions of them
would therefore swell this volume to inconvenient proportions.

The Introduction to Botany has been taken from that at-
tached to Dus. Harvey and Sokder’s ‘ Flora Capensis,’ with
a few very slight additions or modifications.

The Keys to the Natural Orders I have constructed to the
best of my ability, and so arranged them as to harmonize as
much as possible with the sequence of the Orders adopted by
Dr. Harvey in the body of the work. Such being the case,
I would add that it does not throughout express my own
views of the affinities of the Orders as expressed by the Jus-
sietjajx system ; it does so, however, to a very great extent,
and this for two reasons : firstly, because Dr. Haryey pro-
fessedly followed the ‘ Grenera Plantarum ’ of Mr. Bentham
and myself, so far as that work had proceeded, and for the
remaining Orders (after Rubiacece) he, in the main, followed
a manuscript with which I supplied him, giving a rough sketch
of Mr. Bentham’s and my own ideas as to the sequence,
etc., of the most important alliances or cohorts of Dicoty-
ledons, and of the Orders they contain.

I have thought it proper to reprint with this edition so
much of Dr. Haryey’ s Introduction to the First Edition as
explains his motives for undertaking the work, and other
matters connected with the history of the Cape Botany ^hat
may prove interesting. I must refer the reader to his Pre-
faces to the three volumes of the ‘ Flora Capensis ’ for such
further information upon the latter subject as brings our
knowledge down to the period of his decease (1866).

The number of South African flowering plants supposed to
be contained in European Herbaria was, in 1838, estimated
by Dr. Haryey at 7860, comprised in 937 genera; this was
before the exploration of the Natal district. The number is
estimated in the present edition at 8777 species, contained in
1209 genera.

PREFACE.

7#

It only remains to add my regrets that so long a term has
elapsed between the death of the gifted and amiable author
and the appearance of his work ; this is chiefly due to the fact
that it was upwards of a year before the MSS. were placed in
my hands, and to the heavy pressure of my own official duties,
which has unavoidably retarded its progress through the press.

Royal Gardens , Kewy
May 27th , 1868.

INTRODUCTION.

[The following passages from the First Edition of the
4 G-enera of Cape Plants,’ are equally applicable to this. —
J. D. H.]

I hate been requested by many admirers of flowers to re-
commend some introductory work on Botany ; and it would
at first seem that I might have taken a much easier method of
satisfying their demands than by writing a book for the pur-
pose. So many excellent introductions to Botany have been
published, that I could not have done better than to place
them in a row before inquirers, to choose from. And this I
should have done, had an Introduction to Botany been all that
was wanting. But I soon found, on cross-questioning, that
something very different was required. One lady told me that
she knew already what 44 calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistils, and
all that” meant ; and another had penetrated the mystery of
Monandria, Diandria, etc., and did not want to be told that
over again ; what they desired was, a book in which they could
discover the names of every plant that struck their fancy in
rambling through the fields — in short, a Flora Capensis.

Here I found myself completely at fault, for there seemed
little use in recommending the Flora of Thttneerg, or the
more ancient writings of Burmann, for even could they be
procured — which would not be without much difficulty — they
would have proved perfectly useless to my lady friends, who,
not being blue-stockings, could have derived little instruction
from the crabbed Latin in which they are written.

Being desirous, however, to afford every assistance in my
power to these would-be votaries of my favourite study, the

10*

INTRODUCTION.

idea of writing a Flora Capensis occurred to me ; but it re-
quired only a moment’s consideration to perceive that such a
work, to be useful, must not be a compilation from published
sources, but must proceed from a very laborious examination
of species, consume a long series of years in preparation, and
require a much more extensive acquaintance with South
African vegetation than I possess, or have at present the
means of acquiring. And what were my poor disciples (in
posse ) to do while I was thus slowly acquiring the means of
meeting their wishes ? There seemed little chance of my
being able to do anything to facilitate their approach to the
science for many years, until the idea of the present work
occurred to me, — a work which, though very far from supply-
ing the place of a Flora, would at least make some approaches,
towards one, and would show that, if I could not do all I
wished to assist their labours, I was perfectly willing to do all
that was in my power.

And it struck me also, that by publishing now , thus show-
ing that I was in earnest in my wish to undertake a Flora
Capensis, it might be the means of introducing me to many
persons interested in Botany, and living in remote districts of
the country, who might, perhaps, be willing to unite with me
in amassing materials from which a future Flora should pro-
ceed. That there are many such I am willing to believe ; for
it is hardly possible that a well-educated person can have con-
tinually under his eye so many and such beautiful flowers as
are scattered all over the country, without occasionally feeling
an admiration of their structure, and a desire to learn some-
thing of their affinities and properties. A little sympathy
and encouragement are often all that are wanting to make
Botanists of these. Intercourse by letter, and interchanges
of specimens, foster the incipient taste, till it “ take root
downward and bear fruit upward.”

Botany is essentially a science of observation, and the more
observers in a country to be investigated, and the more widely
they are dispersed, the greater will be the chance of com-
piling a perfect Flora. Every plant has its peculiar district —
its “ range,” as it is technically called ; some species are more

INTRODUCTION.

11#

widely distributed than others, some are extremely local, and
some absolutely confined to a single spot. The importance,
therefore, of indiscriminate collections -of every plant of every
neighbourhood, must be obvious. By this means we shall
secure all the local plants, and be able to define the limits of
the range of the more diffused, — a most interesting and im-
portant part of Botany. And in few countries do the ranges
of species present more curious results than in South Africa.
The intervention of a plain, a river, a range of hills, often pro-
duces a remarkable change of species ; and a comparison of
the plants of any two districts a hundred miles asunder, shows
even among common plants, a Flora almost entirely distinct
in species. It is well known that the Ericce are, with the ex-
ception of a few stragglers, confined to the South-Western
districts ; the arborescent Aloes and succulent Euphorbice to
the Eastern ; the Stapelice chiefly to the Northern ; the Acan-
thaceae , Eubiacece , Bignoniacece , and several other small but
remarkable orders to the Eastern ; that Bestiacea , which cover
the Western districts, are gradually supplanted by Grasses as
we approach the Eastward ; that Leucadendron argenteum is
confined to Table Mountain, and the Broteacece generally are
much more numerous in the Western than the Eastern dis-
tricts. It would be very easy to extend these general remarks
on the geographical range of our families and genera, but I
rather defer a question of this sort until an extended basis of
observations made in all parts of the country shall have been
laid, from which a correct sketch of the geography of South
African plants may be drawn. And I may take this oppor-
tunity of adding, that I am most anxious to obtain information
on this very important subject.

But I fear that many who might, from their position, ma-
terially assist the progress of Botanical Science by making
observations on, and collections of, the plants of their neigh-
bourhoods, lie under the erroneous supposition that because
they have little or no knowledge of Systematic Botany, they
are incapable of making collections or observations that can
be useful to a botanist. These should recollect that the
greatest botanists are at best only students ; there was a time

12*

INTRODUCTION.

when Linnaeus and Jussieu were as ignorant as themselves,
and would have continued so had they waited for intuitive
knowledge. Sharp eyes and willing hands are the grand re-
quisites for a botanical collector ; and if these be once set in
motion, knowledge of affinities and structure will gradually
follow as operations extend. Many of the most successful
collectors of plants, by whose labours in all countries the
science has been so extended and enriched, have been persons
ignorant of, or but slightly acquainted with, Botany at the
time of their mission.

There is one simple way in which all such persons may ren-
der important services, and by which they may gradually ac-
quire the experience which they would fain possess at start-
ing ; namely, by collecting and drying specimens of the plants
of their neighbourhood indiscriminately , without favour or
affection, from the tall forest tree to the moss or the lichen
on its trunk. From such collections only, sent from all parts
of the country to a common centre, can a Flora Capensis,
in any degree worthy of the subject, be prepared ; and should
I be favoured with such, and with the confidence of the col-
lectors, it will give me very great pleasure to promote their
views in this way, by undertaking the preparation, to the best
of my ability, of a Flora of South Africa. Confined as my
residence necessarily is to the neighbourhood of Cape Town,
I must trust to such help as I may thus receive for all plants
found beyond the narrow limits of the Cape District ; and it
therefore depends very much on persons attached to Botany
and scattered over the country, whether I shall ever be able
to undertake a Flora at all. I stand before them as a Can-
didate.

W. H. Harvey.

OxrE Town, July 1, 1838.

OUTLINES OF AN INTRODUCTION

TO

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

I. Definitions.

[ Taken, with slight alterations and additions , and by permission of the
author, from Mr. Bentham’s admirable introduction to his ‘ Handbook of
the British Flora.’]

1. A Flora of any country consists of descriptions of all the wild or
native plants of that country, so drawn up and arranged that the student
may easily identify any plant with the corresponding description.

2. The descriptions should he clear , concise , accurate , and characteristic, so
that each may he applied to the plant it is intended for, and to no other ;
they should he arranged as nearly as possible under natural divisions, so
as to facilitate the comparison of each plant with that most nearly allied
to it ; and when numerous they should he accompanied hy analytical tables ,
in which the prominent characters of the species are synoptically presented
to the eye, and so contrasted and divided that the student, hy carefully
comparing the peculiarities or characters of his plant with the characters
laid down in the tables, may he guided with the least delay to the
description belonging thereto.

3. Descriptions, to he clear and readily intelligible, should he expressed,
if possible, in ordinary, well-established language ; hut, for purposes of
accuracy, it is necessary not only to give a more precise, technical meaning
to many terms often used vaguely in conversation, hut also to introduce
purely technical words and phrases, to express parts of plants, or forms or
conditions, which are of little use except to the botanist. Our object in
these introductory outlines is to define and explain all technical or techni-
cally limited words made use of in the Flora.

4. Mathematical accuracy, however, must not he expected. The forms
assumed hy plants and by their parts are all hut infinite. Names
cannot be invented for all, nor is strict accuracy in application always
attainable. The parts to he described are never precisely regular, nor is
the same part precisely of the same form in two individuals of the same
species : the botanist’s definitions partake in this uncertainty, and his aim
should he, by a few forcible words, to strike out a character applicable to
average individuals of the species to be described.

11

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

§ 1. The Plant in general.

5. Under the common term Plant botanists include every being that
has vegetable life ; from the lofty forest tree to the moss upon its stem, the
mouldiness on our decaying provisions, or the green scum that floats on
stagnant water.

6. Every portion of a plant which has a distinct office or function to
perform in the operations of vegetable life is called an Organ.

7. The organs of plants are of two kinds, the elementary and the
compound.

8. Elementary organs are those ultimate parts or tissues of which the
body of a compound vegetable consists, viz. cellular tissue, woody tissue,
and vascular tissue.

9. Compound organs are formed by various combinations of the elemen-
tary, and appear under the form of Hoot, Stem, Leaves, Flowers,
Fruit. Of these the three first, whose function is to assist in the growth
of the plant, are termed Organs of vegetation ; and the two last, whose office
is the formation of seed, are the Organs of reproduction.

10. All these compound organs, in some shape or other, exist at some
period of the life of most, if not all, flowering plants , technically called
pheenogamous or phanerogamous plants ; which all bear fioxvers of more or
less complex structure, and are all propagated by seeds containing a germ
or embryo plantlet. Flowerless or cryptogamic plants (Ferns, Mosses, Fungi,
Lichens, Seaweeds, etc.) have either very imperfect representatives of
flowers, or are absolutely flowerless ; and are invariably propagated, not
by seeds, but by spores , which do not contain any distinct germ or
embryo.

11. The elementary organs will be described afterwards ; we shall con-
sider the compound under the following heads : Root, Rootstock, Stem,
Leaves, Stipules, Bracts, Inflorescence, Flower, Perianth, Disk, Pistil,
Ovule, Receptacle, Fruit, Seed.

§ 2. The Root,

12. The primary Root, or descending axis, grows downwards from the
base of the stem, divides and spreads in the earth or water, and absorbs
food for the plant through the extremities of its branches.

13. Roots ordinarily produce neither buds nor leaves ; their branches,
called fibres when slender and long, proceed irregularly from any part of
their surface ; and they increase in length by constant small additions to
their extremities.

14. Though roots proceed usually from the base of the stem or root-
stock, they may be formed at the base of any bud, especially if the bud lie
along the ground, or elsewhere on the stem, if this is placed in circum-
stances favourable for their development.

15. Roots are

fibrous, when they consist chiefly of slender fibres ;
tuberous , when either the main root or its branches are thickened into
short, fleshy, or woody masses called tubers ;
tap-roots, when the main root descends perpendicularly, emitting
only very few fibrils, as in the Carrot.

§ 3. The Rootstock or Rhizome.

16. The Stock of a herbaceous perennial, in its complete state, includes
a small portion of the summits of the previous year’s roots, as well as of
the base of the previous year’s stems. Such stocks will increase yearly so
as at length to form dense tufts. They will often preserve through the

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Ill

winter a few leaves, amongst which are placed the buds, which grow out
into stems the following year, whilst the underside of the stock emits new
roots from or amongst the remains of the old ones. These 'perennial stocks
only differ from the permanent base of an undershrub in the shortness of
the perennial part of the stems, and in their usually less woody texture.

17. In some perennials the stock consists merely of a branch, which
issues in autumn from the base of the stem, either above-ground or under-
ground, and produces one or more buds. This branch, or a portion of it,
alone survives the winter. In the following year its buds produce the new
stem and roots, whilst the rest of the plant has died away. These annual
stocks , called sometimes hybernacula , offsets, or stoles , keep up the communica-
tion between the annual stem and root of one year and those of the following
year, thus forming altogether a perennial plant.

18. The stock, whether annual or perennial , is often entirely under-
ground, or root-like. To this some botanists limit the terms rootstock or
rhizome.

19. The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, succulent rootstock, as
well as to a root (15) of that shape. The tuber of an orchis, by some called
a knob, is an annual tuberous rootstock with one bud at the top. A potato
is an annual tuberous rootstock with several buds.

20. A bulb is a subglobose or conical rootstock, formed chiefly of the
fleshy bases of the preceding year, or of the undeveloped leaves of the fu-
ture year, or of both ; it emits roots from its base, and a stem and foliage from
its centre, and frequently forms bulblets or offsets in the axils of its scales.

21. Bulbs are,

scaly, when their scales are thick, narrow, and loosely imbricated,
as in the white Lily ;

tunicated, when the scales are thin, broad, and closely rolled round
in concentric layers, as in the Onion.

22. A corm is a fleshy, starchy, and solid rootstock, shaped like a bulb,
but not scaly, though often coated with the membranous leaf-bases of a
previous season ; its buds are naked, and small in comparison to the fleshy
base from which they spring. The Ixias, Gladioluses, etc., afford examples
of this form of rootstock.

§ 4. The Stem.

23. The Stem grows upwards from the root, bears buds which grow out
into leafy branches, and finally produces flowers and fruit.

24. Stems are,

erect, when they spring perpendicularly from the root or stock ;
decumbent, or ascending, when they spread nearly horizontally at the
base, and then gradually turn upwards and become erect ;
procumbent , when they spread along the ground for the whole or the
v greater portion of their length ;
prostrate, when they lie still closer to the ground ;
creeping, when they emit roots at their joints. This term is also
applied to rhizomes or roots, when they spread horizontally.
tufted ( ccespitose ), when short, and growing in thick, cushion-like
tufts.

diffuse, when spreading loosely without being strictly decumbent or
procumbent.

25. Weak stems are said to twine when they support themselves by
winding spirally round any object ; • and to climb when they support them-
selves by their leaves, or by special clasping organs called tendrils, which
are usually either imperfectly formed leafstalks or flowerstalks. Twining
stems are sometimes called voluble. Sarmentose stems or branches are woody,
long, and weak.

8’ b 2

IV

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

26. Suckers are young plants formed at the end of creeping, underground
rootstocks.

27. Scions, runners , and stolons , or stoles , are names given to young plants
formed at the end, or at the nodes (28) of branches or stocks, creeping
wholly or partially above-ground, and sometimes to the creeping stocks
themselves.

28. A node is a definite point on the stem or on a branch, at which one
or more leaves are given off, and an internode is the portion of a stem com-
prised between two nodes. The nodes are pervious when the pith passes
continuously through them, and closed or impervious when it is interrupted
by partitions, as in grasses, etc.

29. Leafbuds are small conical bodies, usually covered with scales, and
found in the axils (33) of leaves of the previous season or of earlier growth ;
when occurring in other positions, as they sometimes do, they are con-
sidered adventitious or irregular. They contain the germs of future
branches.

30. Branches (or leaves) are,

opposite , when two proceed from the same node at opposite sides of
the stem ; whorled or verticillate, when several proceed from the
same node, arranged regularly, like the spokes of a wheel,
round the stem.

geminate , or in pairs, when two proceed from the same node,
at the same side of the stem.
ternate , in threes, when three spring from one point.
fascicled, when several spring from the same or nearly the same
apparent point.

alternate , when one only proceeds from each node, one on one side,
and the next above or below on the opposite side of the stem.
decussate , when opposite, but each pair placed at right angles to the
one next above or below it ;
distichous , when in two ranks ; tristichous , in three, etc.
scattered, when placed irregularly round the stem ; but this is often
confounded with alternate.

secund, when all start from or turn towards one side of the stem,
like the teeth of a rake.

31. Branches are,

forked , when they divide at the end into two or more equal
branches ;

dichotomous , when each 2-pronged fork is again divided, and this
mode of division several times repeated ;
trichotomous, when the forks are 3-pronged, and this repeated ;
umbellate, when divided at the apex into several branches, and the
central one not larger than the rest.

32. The straw-like stems of grasses and some other endogens are

often called culms .

§ 5. The Leaves.

33. Leaves are expansions which issue laterally from the stem and
branches, and usually bear a leafbud (29) in their axil, i.e. in the angle
formed by the leaf and the branch.

34. An ordinary leaf consists of an expanded, usually flat blade or
lamina , joined to the stem by a footstalk or petiole. The extremity of the
lamina next the stem is the base , the opposite extremity the apex, and a
line separating the upper and under surfaces, the margin.

35. Leaves are,

sessile, when the blade rests on the stem without the intervention
of a petiole.

• INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

V

Lea vies are,

amplexicaul , or stem-clasping, when the sessile base of the blade is not
a mere point, but forms more or less of a ring, clasping the stem
horizontally.

perfoliate, when the base of the blade not only clasps the stem, but
closes round it on the opposite side, so that the stem appears to
pierce through the membrane of the leaf itself.

decurrent , when the edges of the leaf are continued down the stem,
so as to form raised lines, or narrow stem-borders called wings.

sheathing, when the base of the blade, or of the expanded petiole,
forms a vertical sheath round the stem for some distance above
the node.

36. Leaves (and flowers) are called radical, when they spring directly
from a rhizome or stock, or are inserted so close to the base of a stem as to
appear to spring from the root or stock. Leaves are cauline, when they
spring from the main portions of the stem ; rameal, when from a branch.

37. Radical leaves are rosulate , when they spread in a circle on the
ground ; cauline or rameal leaves axe fascicled or tufted, when the leaves of
two or more nodes are brought close together in a pencil-like tuft, by the
non-development of the intemodes ; as in Aspalatlius, Asparagus, etc.

38. Leaves are,

simple and entire , when the blade consists of a single piece, and the
margin is nowhere indented ; simple being used as the opposite to
compound, and entire as the opposite to dentate , lobed, or divided.

ciliate, when bordered with straight hairs, or hair-like teeth ; cilio-
late when the hairs are small.

dentate, or toothed, when the margin is slightly notched at regular
distances into what have been compared to teeth. Such leaves
are serrate when the teeth are pointed like those of a saw ;
crenate , when blunt and rounded. The diminutives serrulate,
crenulate are used to express minutely serrate or minutely crenate.
The hollows between the teeth are respectively called serratures
and crenatures.

sinuate, when the margin is bluntly indented, with broad, shallow,
and irregular hollows between the projections (like the bays
between the headlands of a coast) ; wavy, or undulate, when the
edges of such a leaf ^re not flat, but bent up and down (like
the waves of the sea). The hollows between the projections are
called sinuses.

lobed or cleft, when more deeply indented or divided, but so that
the incisions do not reach the midrib or petiole. The teeth or
sections of such leaves are called lobes.

divided, when the incisions reach the midrib or petiole, but the parts
so divided off, called segments , do not separate from the petiole,
even when the leaf falls without tearing.

compound, when divided to the midrib or petiole, and the parts so
divided off, called leaflets, separate, at least on the fall of the
leaf, from the petiole, as the whole leaf does from the stem,
without tearing. The petiole of a compound leaf is sometimes
called the common petiole (because common to all the leaflets,
which often are united to it by petiolules or individual petioles) ;
sometimes the rachis, a term also applied to the inflorescence
(57).

39. Leaves are more or less distinctly marked by veins, which, starting
from the stalk, diverge or branch as the blade widens, and spread over it
in various patterns. These veins represent the woody and vascular
system (170) of the leaf. The principal ones, when prominent, are often

VI

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

called ribs or nerves ; the smaller branches then retaining the names veins
or veinlets. When one principal nerve runs direct from the stalk towards
the apex of the leaf, it is called the midrib. When several start from the
stalk, diverge slightly without branching* and converge again towards the
summit, they are said to be parallel, although not mathematically so. The
venation is said to he reticulate or netted, when the veins and veinlets are
inosculated together like the meshes of a net; such veins are said to
anastomose together.

40. The lobes, segments, or leaflets of leaves are,

pinnate, when several succeed each other on each side of the midrib or
common petiole (compared to the branches of a feather). A
pinnately-lobed leaf is called pinnatijid. A pinnately-lobed or
divided leaf is called lyrate, when the terminable lobe or segment
is very much larger and broader than the lateral ones ; runcinate ,
when the lateral lobes are curved backwards towards the base
of the leaf ; pectinate , when the lobes resemble the teeth of a
comb.

palmate or digitate, when several diverge from the same point ; com-
pared to the fingers of a hand. A leaf with palmate lobes is
called palmatijid.

ternate, when three only start from the same point. A leaf with
temate lobes is called trifid. A leaf with 3 leaflets, like a trefoil,
is trifoliolate ; and when the common petiole is prolonged beyond
• the insertion of the lateral leaflets, carrying forward the terminal
one a short distance, it is pinnately trifoliolate or unijugate.
pedate, when the division is at first temate, but the two outer branches
are forked, the outer one of each fork again forked, and so on,
and all the branches start from near the base ; vaguely compared
to the foot of a bird. A leaf with pedate lobes is called pedatifid.

41. The teeth, lobes, segments, or leaflets may be again and again
toothed, lobed, divided, or compounded. Some leaves are 3-4 or many
times divided or compounded. In the latter case they are termed
decompound.

42. The number of leaves, or of their parts, is expressed adjectively by
the following numerals, derived from the Latin : —

uni-, bi-, tri-, quadri-, quinque-, sex-, septein-, octo-, novem-, decern-, multi-,

1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many-,

prefixed to a termination, indicating the" part referred to.

Thus,

unidentate, bidentate , multidentate , mean 1-toothed, 2-toothed, manv-
toothed.

bifid, trifid, multifid : — 2-lobed, 3-lobed, many-lobed.
miifoliolate, bifoliolate : — with one leaflet, with two leaflets, etc.
unijugate , bijugate , multijugate , with one, two, or many pairs of
pinnce, or leaflets of a pinnate leaf.
bipinnate , tripinnate, etc., twice pinnate, thrice pinnate.
biternate, triternate, twice temate, thrice temate.

43. Leaves, or their parts or any other flat organs of plants are,
linear, when long and narrow, at least 4-5 times as long as broad,

with two margins nearly parallel ;
subulate, or awl-shaped , when long and narrow, tapering to a sharp
point ; pungent , when the point is rigid and piercing.
lanceolate, when three or more times as long as broad, broadest just
below the middle, and tapering towards the summit ;
cuneate , when broadest above the middle, blunt at the apex, and
taporing to the base ; compared to an invortod wedge ; fiabelli-
form or fan-shaped, is broadly cuneate and rounded at top.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Vll

Leaves are,

deltoid , equilateral-triangular, or shaped like a Greek A : when ap-
plied to the tooth of a calyx , the base of the triangle is sup-
posed to rest on the calyx tube.

spathulate , when the broad part near the top is short, and the nar-
row, tapering part long, compared to a spatula, or flat ladle.
oblong (or broadly linear) when 2-4 times as long as broad, with
subparallel sides and blunt extremities ;
ovate , when about twice as long as broad, broader below the middle,
or shaped like the longitudinal section of an egg ; obovate is
the same form reversed, the narrow end being at base.
orbicular, or rotund, when approaching to a circular form.
oval, or elliptical, when broadest in the middle, with curved sides,
like an ellipse, or oval.

transversely oblong , or oblate , when conspicuously broader than long.
rhomboidal, or rhomboid, when shaped like the mathematical figure
called a rhombus.

falcate , shaped like a scythe, curved with nearly parallel sides and a
sharp point.

44. Intermediate forms are expressed by combining two terms. Thus,
a linear -lanceolate leaf is long and narrow, yet rather broader below the
middle and tapering to a point ; ovato-lanceolate is broad towards the base,
yet tapering towards the apex, etc.

45. The apex or summit of a leaf is,

acute , or pointed, when it is sharp, or forms an acute angle.
obtuse, or blunt, when it forms an acute angle or oftener is rounded.
acuminate, when suddenly narrowed near the top and then pro-
longed into an acumen , or projecting point, which may be acute
or obtuse, linear or tapering ; cuspidate is either synonymous
with acuminate, or else used to express a more exaggerated
degree of acumination, with a more sudden, sharper, and more
rigid point.

truncate, when the end is cut off nearly square.
retuse, when very obtuse or truncate, and slightly indented in the
middle;

emarginate or notched, when more decidedly indented at the end of
the midrib.

mucronate, when the midrib is produced beyond the apex in the
form of a small point ; mucronulate when it projects very little.
aristate, when the point is long and fine, like a bristle.

46. The base of the leaf is liable to the same variations of form as the
apex, but the terms commonly used are tapering or narrowed for acute and
acuminate ; rounded for obtuse ; and cordate for emarginate. But the term
cordiform, cordate , or heart-shaped leaf, is restricted to an ovate and acute
leaf, cordate at base, with rounded auricles ; and obcordate to an obovate,
deeply emarginate or subbilobed leaf or leaflet, with rounded lobes. The
word auricle is more strictly applied to the prolonged base of sessile and
stem-clasping leaves.

47. If the auricles (46) are pointed, the form is said to be sagittate when
the points are directed downwards, as in the head of an arrow ; hastate ,
when the points diverge horizontally, compared to a halbert.

48. A reniform leaf is broader than long, very obtuse at apex, slightly
but broadly cordate at base, with rounded auricles, compared to a kidney.

49. In a peltate leaf, the stalk, instead of proceeding from the lower
edge of the blade, is attached to the under surface, often near the lower
edge, but sometimes in the very centre of the blade ; the nerves radiate
from the point of attachment of the petiole, or proper base of the leaf It

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

is structurally a cordato or reniform leaf whose auricles are confluent ;
just as a perfoliate leaf (35) is the amplexicaul, in a similar condition.

50. In their consistence, leaves or other flat organs are,

fleshy , when thick and soft ; succulent is generally applied in the
same sense, hut implies the presence of more juice ;
coriaceous , or leathery, when firm and dry, or very tough ;
membranous , when thin and not stiff ;

scarious , or scariose , when very thin, more or less transparent, and
not green, yet rather stiff.

51. Solid leaves (or stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of plants not
flattened) are,

acerose , or acicular , very slender, like needles ;
setaceous , bristleform ; capillary, when very slender, like hairs ;
ovoid , when egg-shaped, with the broad end downwards ; obovoid,
if the broad end be upwards.
globular , or spherical , round like a ball ;

conical, cone-shaped, tapering upwards ; and obconical, tapering down-
wards, if in both cases a cross-section shows a circle.
pyramidal, when tapering upwards, obpyramidal , when tapering
downwards, if in both cases a cross-section shows a triangle or
polygon.

fusiform, when broad in the middle and tapering to each end like a
spindle, and not angular.

cylindrical, when not perceptibly tapering and not angular.
terete, cylindrical, with the cross-Section circular ;
moniliform , and torulose, when terete and constricted at intervals.
trigonous , rather bluntly 3-angled ; triquetrous, sharply 3-angled.
flattened, or depressed, when vertically compressed.
compressed, when laterally flattened ; and obcompressed (a bad term)
sometimes used in the sense of dorsally compressed.
meniscoid, shaped like a watch-glass.
patelliform, saucer-shaped.

52. The mode in which unexpanded leaves are disposed in the leaf bud
is called their vernation, or prcefoliation : it varies considerably, but is
rarely noticed in descriptive botany.

§ 6. Stipules.

53. Stipules are leaf-like or scale-like appendages at the base of the
leafstalk or on the node of the stem. They are often absent, when the
leaf is exstipulate ; when present they are generally two, one at each side
of the petiole, and they sometimes appear to protect the young leaf before
it is developed. They vary extremely in size and appearance ; and are
either free, i. e. separate from the petiole, or adnate, i. e. laterally attached
wholly or in part to the petiole. They often afford excellent characters
in distinguishing plants from each other, and ought always to be closely
observed.

54. Stipellce, or secondary stipules, ar esimilar organs, sometimes found
on compound leaves at the points where the leaflets are inserted.

§ 7. Bracts.

55. A Bractea or bract, is either the leaf from the axil of which a flower
is developed, when this differs in appearance from an ordinary leaf ; or
else it is any reduced leaf situated on the branches of the inflorescence (57)
below the calyx.

56. When flower-stalks are branched, and have bracts at their first as
well as at their second and subsequent ramifications, the formor aro called
general, the latter partial bracts, or bracteoles. The terms general and

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

IX

partial are also applied to involucres (64) when similarly situated. The
word bracteole is sometimes given to the uppermost bracts, when much
smaller or very different from the lower ones.

§ 8. Inflorescence.

57. The Inflorescence of a plant is the arrangement of the flowering
branches, and of the flowers upon them. An inflorescence is a flowering
branch, or the flowering summit of a plant above the last stem-leaves, with
its branches, bracts, and flowers.

58. A flower or an inflorescence is terminal when at the summit of a
stem or leafy branch ; axillary, when in the axil of a lateral leaf.

59. A peduncle, or flowerstalk, is the stalk either of a solitary flower or
of an inflorescence ; in the latter case it may he either simple or branched.
A pedicel is the ultimate branchlet of an inflorescence, supporting a single
flower.

60. A scape is a peduncle that proceeds from the rootstock, or from so
near the base of the stem as to appear radical, provided always that it
bears no leaves at all, or that the leaves are reduced to mere scales or
bracts.

61. The inflorescence is centrifugal , when the terminal flower opens
first, and those on the lateral branches are successively developed ; centri-
petal, when the lowest flowers open first and the main stem continues to
lengthen, developing fresh flowers. Both these kinds of inflorescence may
be combined on the same plant ; the main branches may be centripetal,
and the flowers on the lateral branches centrifugal, or vice versa.

62. An Inflorescence is,

a Spike, or spicate , when the flowers are sessile along a single un-
branched axis, called the rachis. Catkin is the name given to
the spicate inflorescence of several trees whose flowers are
reduced to scaly bracts or are very imperfect ; as in the Oak,
Willow, etc. Spadix is a fleshy spike round which is rolled a
single large bract, or spathe, as in the Arum plant [Richardia
JEthiopica). The inflorescence of a Palm is usually a branching
spadix.

a Raceme, or racemose, when the flowers are borne on pedicels along
a single unbranched axis, also often called the rachis.

a Panicle , or paniculate , when the axis is divided into branches,
each bearing two or more flowers.

a Head, or capitate , when several sessile or subsessile flowers are
collected into a compact, head-like cluster. The short, flat, or
conical axis on which the flowers of a head, or capitulmn , are
seated, is called the receptacle — a term also given to the torus or
thalamium of a single flower.

an Umbel, or umbellate , when several branches or pedicels spring
from the same (apparent) point, i. e. from an axis reduced to a
point. (It is essentially the same as a raceme with the axis sup-
pressed ; or as a head, with long-stalked flowers.) An umbel is
said to be simple, when each of its branches or rays supports a
single flower ; compound, when each ray supports a partial
umbel, or umbellule.

a Corymb, or corymbose, when the branches or pedicels starting from
several points on a short, but not suppressed axis, all attain
nearly the same level. It is a flat-topped or fgstigiate panicle
or short raceme.

a Cyme , or cymose inflorescence, is a centrifugal panicle, and is fre-
quently corymbose. The terminal flower opens first. The

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

lateral branches, successively developed, are usually forked
( dichotomous or trichotomous) . Sometimes after the first forking
the branches are no longer divided, but produce a succession of
pedicels on the upper side, forming apparently unilateral
racemes ; but they differ from true racemes by the pedicels
springing, not from the axil of the bract, but from a point
opposite its insertion or above or below it. This variety, called
a scorpioid cyme , is found in Drosera, the Boraginece, and many
other plants ; when young the branches are frequently rolled
back at the top like the tail of a scorpion, whence the name.

63. Bracts are generally placed singly under each branch of the in-
florescence, and under each pedicel ; bracteoles are usually two, one on each
side, on the pedicel, or close under the flower, or on the calyx itself ; but
bracts are also frequently scattered along the floral branches without
axillary pedicels.

64. When several bracts are collected in a whorl, or are so close together
as to appear whorled, or are closely imbricated round the base of a head
of flowers or an umbel, they are collectively called an Involucre. The
bracts composing an involucre are variously termed, according to their
appearance, leaves , leaflets , bracts , or scales, when placed close beneath the
calyx, they form an epicalyx. Palece, or chaff, of the receptacle are the
inner scale-like bracts of Composites, grasses, and some other plants,
when of a thin, yet rigid substance, usually narrow, and pale or trans-
lucent. Glumes are the bracts of sedges and grasses.

§ 9. The Flower.

65. A flower is a terminal bud, enclosing the organs of reproduction by
seed. An unopened flower is called a flower-bud, or alabastrum ; and the
period between the opening of a flower and the commencement of withering
is called its anthesis.

66. The parts of a flower or floral organs are — 1st, the perianth , con-
sisting either wholly of calyx , if in a single whorl ; or of calyx and corolla,
if in a double whorl ; 2nd, the stamens, or fertilizing organs ; 3rd, the
pistil , which contains the ovules, or germs of the future seed.

67. A complete flower is one in which the calyx, corolla, stamens, and
pistil are all present ; a perfect flower is one in which all these organs, or
such of them as are present, are capable of performing their several func-
tions. An incomplete flower is one in which some of the floral organs are
wanting ; and an imperfect flower one in which some organs are so altered
as to be incapable of performing their proper functions. Imperfect organs
are said to be suppressed, abortive , or rudimentary , if very much reduced in
size and almost obliterated.

68. A flower is,

dichlamydeous , when the perianth is in two distinct whorls.

monochlamydeous, when the perianth is in one whorl, or when
calyx and corolla are so consolidated as to appear in a single
piece.

asepalous, when there is no calyx.

apetalous, when there is no corolla.

naked, when there is no perianth.

hermaphrodite , or bisexual, when both stamens and pistil arc prosent
and perfect.

male , or staminate , when stamens, but no pistil, or only an imperfect
one, are present.

female , or pistillate , when there is a perfect pistil, but no stamens, or
only imperfect ones, present.

neuter, when both stamens and pistils are imperfect or absent.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XI

A flower is,

barren , or sterile , when it produces no seed.
fertile , when it does produce seed.

69. The flowers of a plant or species are said collectively to he,
unisexual , or diclinous , when the flowers are all either male or

female.

monoecious , when the male and female flowers are distinct, hut on
the same plant.

dioecious , when the male and female flowers are on distinct plants.
polygamous , when male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers are
variously mixed on the same plant.

70. A head of flowers, or capitulum, is heterogamous, when male, female,
hermaphrodite, and neuter flowers, or any two of these, are included in
it; homogamous , when all the flowers are of one kind and structure. A
spike or head is androgynous , when male and female flowers are mixed in
it. (See Composite, Aroidece, Cyperacece, etc.)

71. As the scales of buds are leaves undeveloped or reduced in size, shape,
and consistence, and bracts are leaves likewise reduced in size and occa-
sionally altered in colour ; so the parts of the flower are considered as
leaves still further altered in shape, colour, and arrangement round the
axis, and often more or less combined with each other.

72. To understand the arrangement of the floral parts let us take a
complete flower, in which all the parts axe free from each other; definite in
number, i. e. always the same in the same species ; and symmetrical or
isomerous, i. e. when each whorl consists of the same number of parts.
The flower of Flax ( Linum ), of Crassula, or of Oxalis, answers to this
description : the two first consist of 4, the last-named of 5 whorls of
altered leaves, placed immediately one within the other.

73. The Galyx forms the outer whorl. Its parts are called sepals.

74. The Corolla forms the next whorl. Its parts, called petals, usually
alternate with the sepals, i. e. the centre of each petal is immediately over
the interval between two sepals.

75. The Stamens form one or two or more whorls within the petals.
If two, those of the outer whorl (the outer stamens) usually alternate with
the petals, and are consequently opposite to the sepals ; those of the inner
whorl (the inner stamens) alternate with the outer ones, and are conse-
quently opposite the petals. If there is but one whorl of stamens, they
most frequently alternate with the petals ; sometimes (as in Rhamneoe and
Frimulacece) they are opposite the petals and alternate with the sepals.

76. The Pistil forms the innermost whorl. Its parts, called carpels,
usually (when definite and isomerous) alternate with the inner row of
stamens.

77. In an axillary or lateral flower (58) the upper parts of each whorl
(sepals, petals, stamens, or pistil), are those that are next the main axis of
the stem or branch ; the lower those that are furthest from it ; the inter-
mediate are said to be lateral.

78. The number of parts in each whorl of a flower is expressed adjec-
tively by the following numerals, derived from the Greek :

mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octo-, ennea-, deca-, etc., poly-,

1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, many-,

prefixed to a termination indicating the whorl referred to.

79. Thus, a Flower is,

disepalous, trisepalous, etc., as there are 2, 3, etc., sepals.
dipetalous, tripetalous , etc., as there are 2, 3, etc., petals.
diandrous , triandrous , etc., as there are 2, 3, etc., stamens.
digynous , trigynous, etc., as there are 2, 3, etc., separate carpels.

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TNTKODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Thus, a flower is,

dimerous , trimerous , etc., if symmetrical, according as there are 2,
3, etc., parts in each whorl.

80. Flowers are unsymmetrical , or anisomerous , strictly speaking, when
any one of the whorls has a different number of parts from the others ;
hut when the carpels alone are reduced in number, the flower is still
frequently called symmetrical, or isomerous, if the calyx, corolla, and
staminal whorls have all the same number of parts.

81. Flowers are irregular when the parts of any one of the whorls are
unequal in size, dissimilar in shape, or do not spread regularly round the
axis at equal distances. In descriptions, it is more especially irregularity
of the corolla that is referred to ; a slight inequality in other parts does
not prevent the flower being classed as regular, if corolla or perianth be
regular.

§ 10. The Perianth , and Calyx or Corolla.

82. The Calyx or outer whorl of the perianth is usually green, smaller
than the corolla, and of coarser texture ; sometimes very minute, rudi-
mentary, or obsolete altogether ; sometimes imperfectly whorled, or not
whorled at all, or composed (as in Cactus ) of a large number of sepals , of
which the outer ones pass gradually into bracts, and the inner ones into
petals.

83. The Corolla or inner whorl of the perianth is usually coloured,
larger than the calyx, and of a more delicate texture, and in popular lan-
guage is often called the flower. Its petals, except in double flowers , are
rarely indefinite in number, and the whorl more rarely broken than in the
calyx. Sometimes the petals are very small, rudimentary, reduced to
scales (as in Thymelece ), or absent altogether.

84. In very many cases the so-called simple Perianth is one in which
the sepals and petals are nearly similar in form and texture, and present
apparently a single whorl. The real nature of such a perianth may be
detected by examining an unopened flower-bud, when one half of the
parts will be found placed outside of the others (as in Anthericum , Ornitho-
galum , Rumex , etc.), indicating an arrangement in two whorls, or calyx
and corolla. Hence different authors may describe the same flower diffe-
rently, either as having a single or a double perianth.

85. In the following terms the prefixes expressive of the modifications
of the corolla and its petals are equally applicable to the calyx and its
sepals, or to the perianth and its segments.

86. The Corolla is,

monopet alous (sometimes called gamopetalous ), when the petals are
united or soldered together, either entirely or at the base only,
into a cup, tube, or ring.

polypetalous (or dialipetalous ), when they are all separate or free
from the very base.

87. When the petals are partially united in a monopetalous corolla, the
lower consolidated portion of the corolla is called the tube , whatever be its
shape, and the free upper portions of the petals are called the teeth, lobes ,
or segments , according as they are short or long in proportion to the whole
length of the corolla. When the calyx or corolla enlarges after flowering
it is called accrescent ; when it falls early, deciduous or caducous.

88. The flat expanded portion of a petal, corresponding to the blade of
the leaf, is called its limb or lamina ; and the stalk, corresponding to the
petiole, its claw. When there is no claw, the petals are sessile.

89. The cestivation of a corolla is the arrangement of the petals, or their
free portions, in an unexpanded bud. It is valvate , when the edges of the
petals touch, but do not overlap ; imbricate , when the edges overlap each
other, at least near the top ; twisted , contorted , or convolute, when each petal

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Xlll

obliquely overlaps the adjoining one on one side, and is overlapped by
the adjoining one on the other side. In valvate aestivation, if the edges
are much indexed, the aestivation is said to be induplicate ; involute , if the
margins are inrolled ; and reduplicate , if the margins project outwards into
salient angles ; plicate , when folded together in plaits ; crumpled , when
puckered irregularly, as in the petals of a poppy.

90. In general shape the Corolla is,

tubular , when the whole or the greater part forms a tube or a
cylinder.

campanulate , when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup
or bell.

urceolate, when the tube is swollen, but contracted at the top, and
slightly expanded again into a narrow rim, as in many
Heaths.

rotate or stellate , when the petals or lobes are spread out horizontally
from the base, or nearly so, like the rays of a wheel or star.

hypocrateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindrical,
and the upper portion expanded horizontally. In this case the
term tube is restricted to the cylindrical part, and the horizontal
portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to the base or
not.

infundibuliform ox funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical below,
but gradually enlarged upwards into a subcampanulate limb,
of which the lobes either stand erect or spread horizontally.

The upper orifice of the tube of a monopetalous corolla is often called its
mouth or throat.

Irregular corollas have received various names ; some of the most im-
portant are

bilabiate , or two-lipped corolla, when in a four or five-lobed corolla
(or calyx) the two or three upper lobes stand obviously apart,
like an upper lip, from the two or three lower lobes, that form
an under lip.

personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a
projection from the base of the upper or lower lip, called a
palate ; as in Snapdragon, Nemesia , etc.

ringent, when strongly two-lipped and the orifice of the tube very
open.

spurred, when the tube, or the lower part of the petal has a conical,
hollow projection, compared to the spur of a cock; saccate,
when the spur is short and round, like a little bag ; gibbous ,
when swollen or enlarged at one side.

resupinate , or reversed, when the under lip is turned up, or appears
so.

The above terms are mostly applied to monopetalous corollas. Terms
applied to certain forms of corolla distinctive of certain Natural Orders will
be explained under the respective Orders.

§11. The Stamens.

91. The stamens or fertilizing organs of a flower, though in a theoretical
point of view regarded as metamorphosed leaves, are yet, except in a few
cases of petal-like stamens, very different in shape and aspect from leaves,
sepals, or petals.

92. Usually a stamen consists of a stalk or filament , bearing at the
summit an anther, divided into two pouches or cells. These anther-cells
are filled with pollen, commonly existing as minute grains, forming a
yellow dust, which on the expansion of the flower is scattered abroad
from an opening in each cell, called a slit or pore. The part of the anther

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

which connects the two cells is called the connective ; it is sometimes a
mere line, but often variously expanded, causing the cells to separate more
or less.

93. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet Still the
stamen is perfect ; but if the anther, which is the essential part, be want-
ing, or does not contain pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said
to be barren , abortive , or rudimentary (67), according to the degree to
which the imperfection is carried. Imperfect stamens are often called
staminodia.

94. In unsymmetrical flowers the stamens of each whorl are sometimes
reduced in number below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in
several Natural Orders or genera they are multiplied indefinitely. The
terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers which have
really but one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. When
several stamens are united into one piece, the flower is said to be
synandrous.

95. Stamens are,

monadelphous , when united by their filaments into one company or
cluster. This cluster either forms a ring or tube round the
pistil, or, if the pistil be wanting, occupies the centre of the
flower.

diadelphous , when so united into two clusters. In many Leguminosce
9 stamens are united by their filaments into a tube, slit on the
upper side, and a tenth, placed in the slit, is free. In Fumariacece
there are two equal groups, each consisting of 3 (or rather J, 1,
■J) stamens.

triadelphous , pentadelphous , polyadelphous , when so united into 3, 5,
or several clusters.

syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil,
the filaments usually remaining free ; as in the Composites.

didynamous, when (as in a bilabiate flower) there are 4 stamens
in two pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the
other.

tetradynamous , when (in Crucifer ce) there are six, four of them longer
than the others.

96. An Anther is,

adnate , when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appear-
ing to lie their whole length along the upper part of the
filament.

versatile , when attached near their middle to the extreme point of
the filament, so as to swing loosely.

innate , when firmly attached by their base to the apex of the fila-
ment. This is a modification of adnate.

97. Anther-cells may be parallel ; or diverging at a less or a greater
angle ; or divaricate , when placed end to end, so as to form a nearly straight
line. The end of each anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is gene-
rally called its apex or summit , and the other end its base ; but by some
authors the sense of these terms is reversed.

98. Anthers have often on their connective, or on their cells, appen-
dages termed bristles ( setee ), spurs , crests , points , glands , etc. : according to
their appearance. (See Diosmeez , Ericacece , etc.)

99. Anthers have occasionally only one cell ; this may take place either
by the disappearance of the septum between two very closely-placed
cells, which thus become confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency
of one cell, when the anther is said to be dimidiate , or halved.

100. Anthers at maturity will open or dehisce , to let out the pollen,
either by valves , pores , or slits. The dehiscence is said to be introrse when

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XV

the slit or opening faces the pistil ; extrorse , when the opening is towards
the circumference of the flower.

101. Very peculiar structures of the anther and pollen will be described
under the Orders Asclepiadece and Orchidece.

§ 12. The Pistil.

102. The Pistil or female system always occupies the centre of the
flower and terminates the growing axis. It consists of one or more carpels ,
containing the germs of one or more seeds. The pistil is usually sessile ;
if stalked, its stalk is called a podocarp (but this must not be confounded
with the gynobasis or gynophore) (127).

103. A complete pistil consists of three parts : —

1, the ovary or enlarged base, which includes a cavity or cell

{loculus), containing one or more ovules (117), which are the
earliest condition of the future seeds.

2, the style, a prolongation of the carpel usually proceeding from

the summit, sometimes from the side of the ovary, and sup-
porting

3, the stigma . This is various in appearance, sometimes a mere

point to the style, sometimes a flattish cushion, sometimes a
narrow line, sometimes a broad lamina ; but it always consists
of loosely cellular substance, destitute of epidermis, and covered
with minute protuberances, called papillce. It is through the
stigmatic tissue that the fertilizing influence of the pollen is
conveyed to the ovules.

104. The style is often wanting, and the stigma is then sessile, but in the
perfect pistil there is always at least one ovule in the ovary, and some
portion of stigmatic tissue. Without these the pistil is imperfect, and said
to be barren, abortive, or rudimentary according to the degree of imper-
fection.

105. The ovary being the essential part of a pistil, most of the terms
relating to the number, arrangement, etc., of the carpels apply specially to
the ovary. In general, the term ovary is used to designate all the carpels
of a flower, especially if they are at all united.

106. The number of carpels or ovaries in a flower is frequently reduced
below that of the parts of the other floral whorls, even in flowers otherwise
symmetrical. In a comparatively small number of genera the carpels are
more numerous than the petals, or indefinite; in these cases they are
either arranged in a single whorl, or form a head or spike in the centre of
the flower, as in the Buttercup and Anemone.

107. The terms monogynous , digynous, etc., poly gy nous (1, 2, or many
ovaries) are vaguely used, applying sometimes to the whole pistil, some-
times to the carpels alone, and sometimes to the styles or stigmas. When
a more precise nomenclature is used, the flower is monocarpellary, when the
pistil consists of a single, simple carpel ; hi-, tri -, etc., or polycarpellary ,
when the pistil consists of 2, 3, or many carpels, whether separate or united.

108. A pistil is syncarpous when the carpels are united into one com-
pound ovary ; apocarpous, when the carpels are free or separate.

109. A compound ovary is,

unilocular, or one-celled , when there are no partitions between the
ovules, or when the partitions do not meet, so as to divide the
cavity into several chambers.

plurilocular, or several-celled, when completely divided into two or
more cells by partitions called dissepiments {septa). These
dissepiments are usually vertical, radiating from the centre or
axis of the ovary to its circumference.

XVI

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

A compound ovary is,

hi-, tri-} quadri-y etc., or multilocular, according to the number of the
cells, or loculi, 2, 3, 4, or many.

110. In general the number of cells or dissepiments, complete or partial,
or of rows of ovules, corresponds with that of the carpels, of which the
ovary is composed. But sometimes each carpel is divided completely or
partially into two cells, or has two rows of ovules, so that the number of
carpels appears double what it really is. Sometimes, again, the carpels
are so completely combined as to form a single cell, with a single ovule,
although it really consists of several carpels ; but in these cases the ovary
is generally described as it appears, as well as such as it is theoretically
supposed to be.

111. In apocarpous ovaries the styles are usually free, each bearing its
own stigma ; very rarely (as in Asclepiadece ) the larger portion of the
styles or the stigmas alone are united, while the carpels remain separate.

112. Syncarpous flowers are said to have,

several styles, when the styles are free from the base.

one style with several branches, when the styles are connected at the
base, but separate below the point where the stigmas or
stigmatic surfaces commence.

one simple style with several stigmas, when united up to the point
where the stigmas or stigmatic surfaces commence, and then
separating.

one simple style , with branched, lobed, toothed, notched, or entire stigma
(as the case may be) when the stigmas also are more or less
united or subdivided.

113. In general the number of styles, or of branches of the style or
stigmas, is the same as that of the carpels, but sometimes that number is
doubled, especially in the stigmas, and sometimes the stigmas are much
subdivided or penicillate , that is, divided into a tuft of hair-like branches,
as in some species of Drosera.

114. An entire stigma is said to be punctiform when it appears like
the mere point of the style; capitate, when globular, like the head of a pin.

115. The placenta is the part of the inside of the ovary to which ovules
are attached, sometimes a mere point or line on the inner surface, often
more or less thickened or raised. Placentation therefore is the indication
of the part of the ovary to which ovules are attached.

116. The placentas are,

apile, when the ovules are attached to the axis or centre, that is, in
plurilocular ovaries, when they are attached to the inner angle
of the cell ; in unilocular simple ovaries (which have almost
always an excentrical style or stigma) when the ovules are
attached to that side of the ovary nearest to the style ; in uni-
locular compound ovaries, when the ovules are attached to a
central axis, cushion, or column, rising up from the base of the
cavity, and either free at the top (free central placenta), or
attached also to the summit of the cavity.

parietal, when the ovules are attached to the inner surface or walls
of the cavity of a one-celled compound ovary. Parietal pla-
centae are usually slightly thickened or raised lines; some-
times broad surfaces nearly covering the inner surface of the
cavity ; sometimes projecting far into the cavity and constitu-
ting partial dissepiments, and even meeting in the centre, but
without cohering there. In the latter case the distinction
between the one-celled and several-celled ovary sometimes
almost disappears.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XVI 1

§ 13. The Ovule.

117. The ovule is a minute body borne by the placenta (115) and
destined, after fertilization, to become the seed. At first it is merely a
cellular excrescence, but as it enlarges it acquires a definite form and
structure, and when fully grown consists of a central mass or nucleus , en-
closed in one or two bag-like coats, the outer called pr inline, the inner
secundine. The nucleus is the essential part ; in it the embryo is formed
after fertilization. The coats afterwards become the integuments of the
seed.

118. The chalaza is that point at which the base of the nucleus is con-
fluent with the coats of the ovule, and is generally discoloured in the seed.
The foramen is the common aperture of the coats, opposite the apex of the
enclosed nucleus, and through which the pollen is admitted in fertiliza-
tion : in the seed it is called the micropyle.

119. Ovules are said to be,

ortkotropous or straight (or atropous ), when the chalaza or organic
base coincides with the apparent base of the ovule, and the
• foramen is situated at the opposite extremity, the ovule having
a rectilinear axis : as in the Nettle, Dock, Fig, etc.
campylotropous or incurved, when, the base remaining the same, the
axis is curved down and the foramen directed towards the base ;
as in the Caryophylleee and many leguminous plants.
anatropous or inverted, when the chalaza, in an ovule with rec-
tilinear axis, is removed to the point most distant from the
hilum, and the foramen brought close to the hilum. It is like
an orthotropous ovule reversed on its cord ; the cord adhering
to one side of the ovule and becoming more or less incorporated
with its coats. Such an adhering cord, appearing either like a
line or a ridge, is called the raphe : it connects the hilum with
the chalaza. Anatropous ovules are much the commonest;
good examples of distinctly marked raphe and chalaza may be
found in the Orange and the Pansy.
amphitropous or half-inverted, when the raphe extends but half the
length of the ovule, and the chalaza and foramen, at opposite
ends, are about equidistant from the hilum : as in the Mallow
tribe, the Primrose, etc.

§ 14. The Receptacle and relative attachment of the Floral Whorls.

120. The Receptacle, or torus, is the extremity of the peduncle (above
the calyx) upon which the corolla, stamens, and ovary are inserted. It is
sometimes little more than a mere point, but it is often more or less
lengthened, thickened, or otherwise enlarged. [The term receptacle is also
extended to the summit of a branch or inflorescence, on which the flowers
of a head are inserted, as in the Compositce.~\

121. A dish, or disc, is a circular enlargement of the receptacle, usually
cup-shaped, flat, or cushion-shaped ( pulvinate ), and often of a waxy or
fleshy appearance. It is situated either immediately at the base of the
ovary within the stamens, or between the petals and stamens, or bearing
the petals or stamens or both at its edge, or quite at the extremity of the
receptacle, with the ovaries arranged in a ring round it or under it.

122. The disk may be entire, toothed, lobed, or divided into a number of
parts, usually as many or twice as many as the stamens or carpels. When
the parts of a divided disk are separate and short, they are often called
glands.

123. Nectaries are either the disk, or small deformed petals, or abortive

XV111

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

stamens, or appendages at the base of the petals, or stamens or any small
bodies within the flower which do not look like petals, stamens, or carpels.
The term nectary is nearly obsolete.

124. When the disk bears the petals and stamens on its rim, it is fre-
quently adherent to and confluent with the tube of the calyx : or it is ad-
herent to the outside of the ovary ; or adherent both to calyx-tube and
ovary. Hence arise the three following important distinctions in the
relative insertions of the floral whorls : —

Petals and stamens, or, as in common language, flowers, are,

hypogynous (i. e. under the ovary), when they or the disk that hears
them are entirely free or separate from both calyx and ovary.
The ovary in this case is said to be free or superior ; the calyx
free or inferior ; the petals as being inserted on the rece2)tacle.
perigynous (i. e. round about the ovary), when the disk hearing the
petals is quite free from the ovary, hut is more or less com-
bined with the calyx-tube. The ovary is then still described
as free or superior , even though the combined disk and calyx-
tube may form a deep cup with the ovary lying in the bottom ;
the calyx is said to he free or inferior ; the petals as being in -
serted on the calyx.

epigynous {i. e. upon the ovary), when the disk hearing the petals is
combined both with the base of the calyx-tube and the outside
of the ovary ; either closing over the ovary so as only to leave
a passage for the style, or leaving more or less of the top of
the ovary free, hut always adhering to it above the level of the
insertion of the lowest ovule (except in a few cases when the
ovules are suspended from the apex of the cell). In epigynous
flowers the ovary is described as adherent or inferior ; the calyx
as adherent or superior ; the petals as inserted on or above the
ovary.

125. When there are no petals, the insertion of the stamens determines
the difference between hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers.

126. When both petals and stamens are present,

in hypogynous flowers the petals and stamens are usually separate,
but sometimes they are confluent at base. In that case, if the
petals are distinct from each other, and the stamens are mona-
delphous, the petals are often said to he inserted on, or com-
bined with , the staminal tube ; if the corolla is gamopetalous and
the stamens distinct from each other, the latter are said to he
inserted on the tube of the corolla.

in perigynous flowers the stamens are usually inserted immediately
within the petals, or alternating with them on the edge of the
disk, or even on the unenlarged part of the receptacle^
in epigynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are
usually inserted as in perigynous flowers ; when the corolla is
gamopetalous, the stamens are often combined at the base with
the tube of the corolla, or, as it is more frequently expressed,
inserted on the tube.

127. When the receptacle is distinctly elongated below the ovary, it is
often called a gynobase , gynophore , or stalk of the ovary.

128. An epigynous disk is a name given either to the thickened summit
of the ovary in epigynous flowers, or very rarely to a real disk or en-
largement of the receptacle closing over the ovary.

129. In the relative position of any two parts of the flower, whether in
the same or in different whorls, they are,

connivent, when nearer together at the summit than at the base.
divergent, when further apart at the summit than at the base.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XIX

Any two parts of the flower are,

coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be
separated with little or no laceration. Each of the two cohe-
rent parts may be said to be adherent to the other, but the
latter term is often used to express a closer union than mere
coherence. [Some authors restrict cohesion to the connation
or confluence of parts of the same whorl ; and adhesion to the
connation or confluence of parts of different whorls.]

connate , when so closely united that they cannot be separated with-
out laceration. Each of the two connate parts, and especially
that one which is considered the smaller or of the least import-
ance, is said to be adnate to the other.

free, when neither coherent nor connate.

distinct is also used in the same sense, but is likewise applied to
parts distinctly visible, or distinctly limited.

§ 15. The Fruit .

130. The Fruit consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the
flower persist at the time the seed is ripe, usually enlarged and altered in
shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the
period of maturity, when it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to
the ground with the seed.

131. Fruits are often said to be simple, when formed in a single flower ;
compound (or more properly collective'), when they proceed from several
flowers closely packed or combined in a head. In descriptive botany a
fruit is always supposed to result from a single flower, unless the contrary
be stated. In compound fruits (the fruits of several flowers) the involucre
or bracts often persist and form part of the fruit, but very seldom so in
simple fruits.

132. The pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary and
whatever adheres to it exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, ex-
clusive also of the persistent receptacle, or of whatever portion of the
calyx persists round the ovary without adhering to it.

133. Fruits may be divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy , and
juicy) and dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out
the seeds ; indehiscent , when they do not open spontaneously, but fall off
with the seeds. Succulent fruits are almost always indehiscent.

134. The principal succulent fruits are,

the berry , in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or
pulpy, with the exception of the outer skin or rind, called the
epicarp. The seeds are usually immersed in the pulp.

the drupe or stone-fruit, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of
two distinct portions, an outer succulent one called the sarcocarp
or mesocarp (covered by a skin or epicarp) and an inner dry en-
docarp, called the putamen or stone. When there are two or
more stones, they are called pyrenes.

135. The principal dry fruits are,

the achene, or akene, including all one-seeded, dry and hard, inde-
hiscent, seed-like small fruits, popularly called “naked seeds.”
Such fruits may arise from free one-seeded carpels (as in the
Buttercup) ; or from adherent or inferior carpels (as in the
Composites.)

the utricle, similar to the akene, but with a thin and loose mem-
branous pericarp.

the nut, a hard, one-celled, one-seeded fruit like an akene, but
larger, and usually resulting from a plurilocular ovary, all of
whose cells and ovules, save one, become obliterated in the ripe
fruit ; as in the Hazel-nut, Acorn, etc. c 2

XX

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

the samara or key-fruit , a nut or akene, having a broad wing at
apex or margin (as in the Ash).

All the above are indehiscent.

The principal dehiscent dry fruits are,

the follicle, a pod formed of a single free carpel, dehiscent, along its
ventral or seed-bearing suture only (as in the Larkspur , the
Asclepiadece, etc).

the capsule, a pod or dehiscent fruit of any compound pistil, whether
formed from an inferior or a superior ovary. The pyxis, or
pyxidium, is only a capsule which opens by a circular, horizontal,
nearly medial line, cutting off the upper half like a lid.

136. Peculiar names given to the fruit or parts of the fruit in Cruciferce,
Leguminosce, Rosacece, Cucurbitacece, JJmbelliferce, and some other large
Orders, will be explained under those Orders.

137. The dehiscence of a capsule is said to be septicidal, when the carpels
separate at the line of junction; in this case the placentae are either
marginal, or attached to the more or less inflexed margins, constituting
the dissepiments. The dehiscence is locuUcidal, when the margins of the
carpels remain joined, while the dorsal sutures split open ; in this case the
placentae or dissepiments will be borne in the middle of the valve. Septi-
fragal dehiscence, in which the valves fall away, leaving persistent dis-
sepiments or axile placentae, may occur either in septicidal or loculicidal
capsules. Circular, horizontal dehiscence (as in a pyxis) is called circum-
scissile. When in a fruit, consisting of one-seeded carpels, the carpels fall
away either closed or nearly closing round the seed, each segregated
carpel is called a coccus .

§ 16. The Seed.

138. A seed is the fertilized ovule arrived at maturity. It is almost
always, except in Conifers, enclosed in the pericarp. It contains, when
ripe, an embryo or young plant, either filling or nearly filling the cavity,
but not attached to the outer shell or skin of the seed ; or immersed in, or
lying close to, a mealy, horny, oily, or fleshy substance, called the albumen
or perisperm. The presence or absence of this albumen, that is, the dis-
tinction between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds, is one of great im-
portance. The embryo or albumen can often only be found or distin-
guished when the seed is quite ripe, or sometimes only when it begins to
germinate.

139. The shell of the seed consists usually of two separable coats. The
outer coat, called testa, is usually the principal one, and in most cases the
only one attended to in descriptions. It may be hard and crustaceous, or
thin and membranous, or thin and chartaceous or papyraceous (like parch-
ment or paper), or rarely succulent. It is sometimes expanded into wings,
or bears a tuft of hair, cotton, or wool, called a coma. The inner coat is
called tegmen.

140. The funicle (115) or stalk by which a seed is attached to the
placenta, is occasionally enlarged into a membranous, pulpy, or fleshy ap-
pendage, which sometimes almost closes over the seed ; this is called an
aril. A strophiole or caruncle is a similar appendage, originating in the
testa. Seeds having an aril are said to be arillate.

141. The hilum (115) is the scar left on the seed when it separates from
the funicle. The micropyle (118) is the mark indicating the position of the
foramen of the ovule.

142. The Embryo consists of the radicle or root-stem ; one or two coty-
ledons or primary leaves (seed-leaves) ; and the plumule , or first leaf-bud
of the young plant. In many seeds, especially when there is no albumen,
these several parts are very conspicuous ; in others they are difficult to dis-

INTRODUCTION TO I30TANY.

XXI

tinguish ; and in some cases the embryo cannot be found until the seed
begins to germinate.

143. The micropyle (141) always indicates the position of the extremity
of the radicle, whose direction, either as respects the fruit or the seed, it is
often important to notice. The radicle is said to be

superior , if pointing towards the summit of th e fruit,
inferior , if pointing towards the base of the fruit.

§ 17. Accessory Organs.

144. Under this name are included various external parts of plants
which often do not appear to act any essential part, either in the vegeta-
tion or reproduction of the plant. They may be classed under four heads —
Tendrils and Hooks , Thorns and Prickles , Hairs , and Glands.

145. Tendrils are either abortive petioles, or abortive peduncles, or
abortive ends of branches. They are simple or branched, flexible, and coil
round any object within their reach, in order to support the plant to which
they belong. Hooks are similar holdfasts, but of a firmer consistence, not
branched, and only hooked at the extremity.

146. Thorns and Prickles. A thorn or spine is a sharply-pointed, rigid
extremity of a branch, or abortive petiole, or abortive peduncle ; it is
organically connected with the woody system of a plant. A prickle is a
sharply-pointed, rigid excrescence from the epidermis , or outer skin ; it is
not connected with the woody system, and may occur on a branch, on the
petiole, on the veins of a leaf, on the peduncle, or even on the calyx or
corolla. A plant is spinous if it has thorns, aculeate if it has prickles.

147. Hairs , in the general sense, or the indument (or clothing) of a plant
include all those processes .from the epidermis which have been called
bristles , hairs , down, cotton , or wool.

The epidermis or surface is said to be,

smooth or even , when without any roughness whatever.
glabrous , when without hairs of any kind; glabrescent , or glabrate ,
when the hairs are deciduous.

striate , when marked with parallel lines, either slightly raised or
merely coloured.

furrowed or ribbed , when the parallel lines are more distinctly
raised.

The epidermis, or surface, is said to be,

viscous, viscid , or glutinous, when covered with a sticky or clammy
exudation.

tuber culate or warted, when covered with minute, blunt, wart-like
prominences.

muricate, when covered with short, hard, sharp prominences.
punctate, when covered with minute dots.
foveolate, when covered with small pits.

echinate , when the prominences are longer and sharper, almost
prickly.

setose, or bristly, when bearing stiff, straight hairs.
glandular-setose , when the' setce, or bristles , are tipped with a minute,
glandular head or drop.

glochidiate , when the setae are hooked at the point.
pilose , when the surface is thinly sprinkled with rather long, simple
hairs.

hispid, when more thickly covered with rather stiff hairs.
hirsute, when the hairs are dense and not so stiff’.
downy ore pubescent, when the hairs are short and soft; puberulent,
when very short or minute ; velvety or velutinous, when very
dense, like the pile of velvet.

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

The epidermis, or surface, is said to be,

strigose, when short, stiff hairs lie close-pressed to the surface, and
all in one direction ; strigillose , when such hairs are very short
or small.

tomentose or cottony , when the hairs are soft, short, dense, somewhat
interwoven, and usually white or whitish.
woolly , when the hairs are loosely intricate and long, like wool.
mealy or farinose , when the hairs are very minute, intricate, and
white, and come off readily, having the appearance of meal or
dust.

canescent , canons , or hoary , when the hairs are minute, close-pressed,
and white, and not readily to be distinguished separately by
the eye, but giving a general whitish hue to the epidermis.
glaucous or glaucescent, when of more or less a pale bluish-green, often
covered with a bloom like that on a plum or cabbage-leaf.

148. Hairs are often branched. If forked from the base, the forks
spreading in opposite directions, the hairs are said to be attached by the
centre. If several branches radiate horizontally, the hairs are stellate , or
star-like. Stellate hairs become stellate scales when the rays are confluent
at base ; and the surface is said to be scaly or lepidote.

149. The term gland is given to several different productions, and
principally to the four following : —

1. Small, wart-like or shield-shaped bodies, either sessile or some-

times stalked, of cellular or somewhat fleshy consistence, occa-
sionally secreting a small quantity of oily or resinous matter, but
more frequently dry. They are generally few in number, often
definite in their position and form, and occur chiefly on the
petiole or principal veins of leaves, on the branches of in-
florescences, or on the stalks or principal veins of bracts, sepals,
and petals.

2. Minute raised dots, usually black, red, or dark-coloured, of a

resinous or oily nature, always superficial and apparently
exudations from the epidermis. They are often very numerous
on leaves, bracts, sepals, and green branches, and occur even on
petals and stamens, more rarely on pistils. When raised on
slender stalks they are called pedicellate glands , or glandular
hairs, according to the thickness of the stalk.

3. Small, globular, oblong, or linear vesicles filled with oil, im-

bedded in the substance of leaves, bracts, floral organs, or
fruits. They are often very numerous, like transparent dots ;
sometimes few and determinate in form and position. In the
pericarp of Umbelliferce they are remarkably regular and con-
spicuous, and take the name of vittce.

4. Lobes of the disk, or other small, fleshy excrescences within the

flower, whether from the receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamens, or
pistils.

II. Anatomy and Physiology.

(. Abridged from the writings of Professor Lindley and Professor Asa Gray.)

150. Vegetable Anatomy , or the study of the microscopical structure of
the compound organs of plants, and Vegetable Physiology , or the study of
the functions which each organ performs during life, are distinct and
extensive branches of botany, with which the merely systematic botanist,

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XX111

or the student who uses a Flora for the purpose of ascertaining the names
of plants, has not necessarily much concern. In this outline, therefore, we
shall treat of these cognate sciences very briefly.

§ 1. The Elementary Organs.

151. If a very thin slice of a plant (say, of a succulent leaf or fruit) be
magnified, it will be found to be made up of variously-shaped and arranged
ultimate parts or elementary organs , forming a sort of honeycombed
structure. The ultimate parts are called cells.

152. A cell, in its simplest state, is a closed membranous sac, formed of
a substance permeable by fluids, though usually destitute of visible pores.
When cells are combined, the mass is called a tissue ; but each cell is a
distinct individual, separately formed and separately acting, though co-
hering with the cells with which it is in contact, and partaking of the
common life and action of the tissue of which it forms a part. The mem-
branes separating the cells are called their walls.

153. Botanists usually distinguish the following tissues : —

(a) cellular tissue , called also pulp and parenchyma, consists of
roundish, oblong, cylindrical, hexagonal, or stellate thin-walled
cells, and is found in every plant. All the soft part of leaves,
the pith of stems, the pulp of fruits, and all young growing
parts are formed of cellular tissue ; and very many crypto-
gamic plants possess no other tissue. In it also are centred
the most active functions of the living vegetable. It is the
first tissue formed, and continues to be formed while growth
continues, and when it ceases to be active, the plant dies.

(5) woody tissue, or pleurenchyma, consists of long, slender cells
tapering to each end, of a thicker, stronger, and much tougher
substance than cellular tissue, but otherwise similarly or-
ganized. It constitutes the principal part of the wood, of the
fibrous inner bark, and of the nerves and veins of leaves, sepals,
and petals. It is not found in the lower Orders of Cryptogams.

(c) vascular tissue, or trachenchyma, consists of very thin-walled,

elongated tubes, variously marked. This tissue is of two prin-
cipal kinds, the spiral vessel and the duct. Spiral vessels , often
called tracheae, contain highly elastic spiral fibre, usually capable
of being unrolled ; they meet or overlap at the ends, and where
two such vessels adhere, the intervening membrane is absorbed,
* and they communicate freely. They are found round the pith
in stems, and in all parts that emanate from it, especially along
the nerves and veins of leaves ; very rarely they occur in the
wood or bark. Ducts are tubes usually of much greater diameter
and length than the spiral vessel, containing a spiral fibre in-
capable of being unrolled, and often broken into imperfectly
spiral bars, or rings, or dots, or disposed like the rungs of a
ladder. They occur chiefly in the wood ; are abundant in the
wood of Ferns ; but absent from the wood of Conifers ; their
functions are not clearly ascertained.

(d) luticiferous tissue , or cinenchyma , consists of uninterrupted, ana-

stomosing, thick-walled tubes, which contain a peculiar fluid
called latex, usually turbid ; often coloured red, white, or yellow,
but often colourless. The use of this tissue is unknown.

154. Various modifications of cellular, woody, and vascular tissues are
distinguished by vegetable anatomists, but need not be here enumerated.
Other false elementary organs, such as air-vessels , cysts, turpentine-vessels ,
oil-reservoirs, etc., are all either intercellular cavities, or large cells filled
with peculiar secretions.

XXIV

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

155. A young and vitally active cell consists of the following parts : — 1,
the outer wall, a permeable, transparent membrane, formed of a chemical
substance called cellulose ; 2, a mucilaginous film lining the wall, and
called “ the primordial utricle 3, the nucleus , or centre of cell-function or
life, a soft, subgelatinous body occupying the middle of the cell, or ex-
centrical; and 4, a viscid fluid, called protoplasm, filling the space be-
tween the nucleus and the primordial utricle. As the cell increases in
size, its contents change ; and finally, when it has attained its proper
dimensions, the wall formed of cellulose alone remains as a persistent
fabric, the nucleus is absorbed or dried up, and the protoplasm passes out
into younger cells.

156. The principal organized contents of cells are : —

(a) sap , the first product of the digestion of the inorganic food of
plants : it contains the elements of vegetable growth in a
dissolved condition.

( b ) sugar , of which there are two kinds, cane-sugar and grape-sugar ,

usually exists dissolved in the sap. It is found abundantly in
growing parts, in fruits, and in germinating seeds.

(c) dextrine , or vegetable mucilage, a gummy substance intermediate

between sugar and starch.

( d ) starch or fecula , one of the most universal and conspicuous of
cell-contents, and often so abundant in farinaceous roots and
seeds as to fill the cell-cavity. It consists of minute grains,
called starch-granules , which vary in size and shape, and are
marked with more or less conspicuous concentric lines. Starch
is unaffected by cold water, but forms a jelly with boiling water,
and turns blue when tested by iodine.

{e) chlorophyll , the green matter of plants, is of a resinous nature,
and contains nitrogen. It is formed only under the action of
sunlight, and is usually most abundant in the layers of cells
immediately below the surface.

(/) chromule , a name given to a similar colouring-matter when not
green.

(y) wax, oils , camphor , and resinous matters are common in cells ;
also various mineral substances, either in an amorphous state
or as microscopic crystals, when they are called raphides.
These last are peculiarly abundant in the tissues of the Cacti
and Rhubarb.

§ 2. The Epidermis and its Processes.

157. The Epidermis, or outer skin of plants, is formed of one or more
layers of vertically flattened, firmly coherent, and usually empty cells,
with thin and transparent, or with thick and opaque walls. It covers all
parts exposed to the air, except the stigma and glands ; bfit is absent in
parts submerged under water. It serves to protect the tissues from the
immediate action of the air or of drought.

158. The epidermis is pierced by minute spaces between the cells, called
stomates. They are oval or mouth-shaped, bordered by lips, formed of two
or more elastic cells so disposed as to cause the stomate to open in a moist,
and to close up in a dry state of the atmosphere. They communicate with
intercellular cavities, and are obviously designed to regulate evaporation
and respiration. Stomates are found abundantly on leaves, especially on
the lower surface ; in succulent leaves, though abundant, they are often in
an imperfectly organized condition, and seemingly inactive.

159. Hairs are minute, transparent expansions of cellular tissue, pro-
ceeding from the epidermis. The hairs of roots are active absorbents ;

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XXV

those of stems and leaves serve to protect the surface, or to control evapo-
ration, and sometimes act also as absorbents. They are more frequent on
plants inhabiting dry or exposed situations, or on veiy Alpine plants,
which are alternately exposed, at brief intervals, to extremes of heat and
cold.

§ 3. The Root.

1 60. Anatomically the root differs from the stem in wanting normally
developed leaf-buds (29), stomates (158), and in Exogens, a distinct pith.
It increases in length by constant small additions to its extremity, and
thus is enabled to force its way through the soil, and to diverge when
rocks or obstacles oppose its progress.

161. The functions of the root are to fix plants in or to the soil or other
substance on which the plant grows, to absorb nourishment either from
the soil, or in the case of aerial roots, from the air, and to transmit it
rapidly to the stem. Absorption takes place through the younger fibres
or the extremities of the root-branches, and through hairs which are
formed on all young roots, when growing vigorously. The nutriment
thus absorbed consists chiefly of carbonic acid and nitrogen, or nitrogenous
compounds, dissolved in water.

162. Parasites are plants whose roots bury themselves in the cellular
structure of other plants, and subsist on nourishment sucked out of the
plant which they attack. Epiphytes are those whose roots attach them-
selves to other plants without penetrating into their cellular tissues.

§ 4. The Stem.

163. Anatomically the stem consists of a cellular and a fibro-vascular
system. The cellular system developes both vertically, as stems increase
in length, and horizontally, as they increase in diameter. The fibro-
vascular system is gradually introduced vertically, and serves to bind
together and strengthen the cellular. It may be compared to the bony
skeleton, the cellular to the flesh.

164. The stems of flowering plants are formed on one or other of the
two following types : —

the Exogenous structure , in which the woody system is deposited in
annual concentric layers between a central pith and an exterior
separable bark. Plants having this structure of stem are

XZxogens.

the Endogenous structure , in which the woody system is deposited,
not in concentric rings, but in separate, small bundles or
threads of woody fibre, running through the cellular system
without apparent order. In such stems there is no distinct
pith, nor separable bark. Plants having this structure of
stem are called Endogens.

165. The stems of the lower Cryptogamia consist wholly of cellular
tissue ; those of Ferns have an imperfect fibro-vascular system derived
from the bases of old petioles.

166. In an exogenous stem a new layer or ring of wood is annually
formed between the outermost preceding layer and the inner surface of
the bark. In an endogenous , the new wood bundles are mingled with the
old, or deposited toward the centre of the stem, whence they diverge to-
wards the circumference in the lower part of their course. In an Exogen
therefore the oldest, hardest, and most compact wood is found towards the
centre of the stem ; in an Endogen towards the circumference.

167. Anatomists distinguish the following parts in an Exogenous stem: —
{a) the pith, which is only active in young stems or growing

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

branches, consists of cellular tissue, occupying the centre or
longitudinal axis of the stem.

(b) the medullary sheath , which surrounds the pith, abounds in

spiral vessels (153, c), and is in direct connection, through its
ramifications, with the leaf-buds, and the veins and nerves of
leaves.

(c) the wood, which lies directly on the medullary sheath, is formed

of woody tissue (153, b ), through which, in most cases, ducts
(153, c), variously disposed, are interspersed. A new circle of
wood is annually formed, on the outside of the circle of the
previous year ; the age of a stem therefore may be ascer-
tained, in a large number of cases, by counting the numbers of
its rings of wood : in some cases of tropical trees and ever-
green trees of temperate climates, several rings of wood are
formed in a year. The older and denser, comparatively sap-
less wood, is called heartwood of duramen , and is often
coloured ; the younger, living and incompletely formed, is the
sapwood or alburnum , and is usually white.

{d) the medullary r ays, which originate in the pith, traverse the
wood, and terminate in the bark, and are formed of cellular
tissue : they occur as vertical plates, radiating from a centre,
and keep up a communication between the living portion of the
interior of the stem and its outer surface. As the heartwood
is formed the inner portions of the medullary rays die. In
wood they are what carpenters call the silver-grain.

(e) the bark, which lies outside the wood, and forms the outer layer
of the stem. It is coated by the epidermis (157), and like the
wood, consists of concentric layers ; namely, the corky layer, or
dry, outer bark, formed of hard, compressed cells ; the cellular
or green or middle bark, formed of loose, thin-walled, pulpy
cells, containing chlorophyll (156, e) ; and the liber or inner
bark, formed of long, tough, woody tissue, called bast-cells. The
liber, like the wood, is annually deposited ; the green layer is
a product of the first year only, being soon choked by the corky
envelope.

168. The mineral food of plants, absorbed by the roots, passes upwards
through the younger wood of the stem, mixing with previously organized
matter, but not being essentially altered ; in this state it is called sap or
crude sap. The crude sap, as it ascends through the stem, is attracted into
the leaves, where it is exposed to the direct action of sunlight, under which
influence alone can assimilation take place. As assimilated or elaborated
sap, it is returned into the stem, and either used up in the processes of
further growth, or deposited either in the wood, in the stock, in the peren-
nial part of the stem or root, or in any other part of the plant where matter
is stored up for future use.

§ 5. The Leaf.

169. Anatomically the leaf consists of a central fibro-vascular system or
woody skeleton, derived from the woody system and medullary sheath of
the stem ; a cellular system surrounding the fibro-vascular, and interwoven
with it, and derived from the middle bark ; and an outer skin or epidermis,
pierced by stomates.

170. The fibro-vascular system is arranged on two principal types : —

(a) the exogenous, in which the nerves and veins branch irregularly

and usually anastomose into a sort of network.

(5) the endogenous, in which the principal nerves usually extend

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XXY11

unbranched from the base to the apex, and are connected by
cross-bars or unbranched veins.

The first of these types is generally characteristic of Exogens , the latter
of Endogens ; but there are various intermediate conditions, and some
Endogens have been called Dictyogens, because they have netted- veined
leaves ; several Exogens also have straight- veined leaves.

171. Leaves usually extend horizontally, and have an upper and an under
surface, differing in anatomical structure. In the cellular stratum of the
upper surface the cells are closely set and placed vertically, with their
smallest ends next the surface ; in the lower stratum the cells are more or
less horizontal, more loosely placed, and very generally have large empty
spaces between them.

172. Leaves are functionally the most active of the vegetable organs.
In them the process of digestion or assimilation is chiefly conducted.

173. Assimilation is the name given to the process which accom-
plishes these following results

1. The chemical decomposition of the oxygenated matter of the sap,
and of the carbonic acid which is absorbed by the leaves ; re-
sulting mainly in the liberation of pure oxygen, the fixation
of carbon and the elements of water in the tissues of the plant.

Thus, through the powers of life, and under the influence of solar light
and heat, oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and carbon , or some of these, uniting
in certain proportions, become gluten, chlorophyll, gum, sugar, or starch, etc. ;
and in like manner all other vegetable compounds pass from dead matter
into the condition of living substance.

174. The oxygen liberated by plants during the process of assimilation
passes into the air ; and as assimilation is constantly going on during sun-
light, the amount of oxygen thus poured into the air by plants is enormous,
and indeed, so far as we know, vegetation is the only great operation in
nature which restores to the air that free oxygen gas which is consumed
by animals, and in all processes of combustion is indispensable to animal
life.

III. Classification.

175. It has been already said (2) that descriptions of plants should be
arranged, as nearly as possible, under natural divisions, so as to facilitate
the comparison of each plant with those most nearly allied to it. The
descriptions here alluded to are descriptions of species ; the natural divisions
of the Flora refer to natural groups of species.

176. A species comprises all the individual plants which resemble
each other sufficiently to make us conclude that they may all have descended
from a common parent stock. These individuals may often differ from
each other in striking particulars, such as colour of flower, size of leaf,
etc. ; but such differences, observation teaches us, may occur in seedlings,
raised from one individual.

177. When a number of individuals of a species differ from the majority
in any striking particular, they constitute a variety. If the variety
generally comes true from seed, it is often called a race.

178. A Variety can be propagated with certainty only by grafts, cut-
tings, bulbs, or tubers, or other method which produces a new plant by
the growth of buds taken from the old one. A race may very frequently,
but not with certainty, be propagated by seed.

179. The known species of plants (now nearly 100,000) are far too
numerous to be studied without classification. To facilitate their study,
an admirable system, invented by Linnaeus, has been universally adopted,
viz. one common, substantive name is given to a number of species which

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

resemble each other more than they do any other species ; the species so
brought together are collectively called a Genus, and the common name
is the generic name . Each species is further distinguished from the others
of the same genus by the addition of an adjective- epithet, or specific
name. Every species has thus a botanical name of two words. In Latin,
the language usually used for the purpose, the first word is a substantive
usually of Greek origin and Latinized, and designates the genus ; the
second, usually a Latin adjective, indicates the species.

180. The genera thus formed being very numerous, they have been
grouped together on similar principles — associating those which resemble
each other most nearly — into Families or Natural Orders, to each of
which a name has been given. This is, however, for the purpose of study
or comparison. In speaking of a species it is only necessary to give the
generic and specific names. The name of a Natural Order or Family, in
Latin, is an adjective plural, usually formed from the name of some one
typical genus, generally the best known, the first discovered, or the most
marked. Thus Ranunculacece is the Order of which the Ranunculus is the
typical genus ; Geraniacece the Order of the Geranium and its allies, etc.

181. The number of species included in a genus, or the number of
genera in an Order, is very unequal. Some genera contain but one,
others but two or three species ; in others, several hundred species are
associated together. There is a similar discrepancy in the number of
genera in the several Orders.

182. Orders are collected into Classes ; and where Orders contain a
large number of genera, or genera a large number of species, a further
subdivision is required. The names of the several groups most generally
adopted are as follows, beginning with the most comprehensive or highest
divisions —

Classes :

Genera :

Subclasses or Alliances.

Natural Orders :

Suborders.

Tribes.

Subtribes.

Divisions.

Subdivisions.

Subgenera.

Sections.

Subsections.

Species :

Varieties.

183. Classes, Orders, Genera, and their subdivisions, are called natural ,
when, in forming them, all resemblances and differences are taken into
account, valuing them according to their importance ; artificial , when
resemblances and differences in some one, or very few particulars only, are
taken into account.

IY. Collection, Preservation, and Examination of Plants.

184. Though plants can be most easily and satisfactorily examined
when freshly gathered, yet as time will rarely admit of this being done,
and as it is also desirable to compare with other plants previously observed
or collected, specimens must be selected for leisurely observation at home,
and for preservation for future reference.

185. A botanical Specimen should be, as much as possible, an epitome
of the species which it represents, and if the species be variable, several
specimens are necessary. To be perfect, it should have root , stem , leaves,
fiowers (both open and in bud), and fruit (both young and mature). It is
not always, however, possible to gather such complete specimens ; but the

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XXIX

collector should aim at completeness. Fragments , such as leaves without
flowers, or flowers without leaves, are of comparatively little use.

18(3. All small plants , not exceeding 15 inches in height, should be
plucked up by the roots, the whole plant forming a single specimen ; or,
if a many-stemmed plant, or one much branched near the base, and which
if dried whole would make too dense a mass of branches or stems, it may
he divided, at the origin of the branches , into several specimens.

187. If the plant to he dried he of greater length than 15 inches, and if
it he thought desirable — either from the lower leaves differing from the
upper, or from the branches being long and naked — to preserve the stem
unbroken , the specimen may he folded in lengths of 15 inches. This is
often done with Grasses , Sedges , and Ferns ; and should be done in the
cases of all long-stemmed, lax -leaved herbaceous, and with tall bulbous
plants, in order to preserve an indication of their habit.

188. Herbaceous plants of large size, and specimens of the branches of
shrubs and trees must he broken into pieces, say 10-15 inches long, the
length varying with the nature or ramifications of the plant. The object
is to preserve as much of the peculiar aspect of the plant as is possible.

189. At least a dozen specimens of each plant should (when practicable)
be gathered, for the purpose of exchanging with other botanists. A col-
lector can scarcely have too many duplicates, especially when his explora-
tions are made in a little-frequented district. Many collect much more
extensively.

190. The collector should he provided with : —

1. A quantity (at his discretion) of any stout, coarse, unsized paper,

of uniform dimensions, say 12 inches by 18. Old newspapers
answer the purpose, and common packing-paper, whity-brown,
or brown, is most excellent. Blotting-paper is much too tender
and expensive.

2. A smaller quantity of very thin, unglazed paper, or chemist’s

filtering -paper, for drying plants with delicate corollas (see 200).

3. Several flat, perforated boards, the size of the paper. Open

wooden frames, with cross-bars, or frames of strong wire-work
lattice, are better than boards, as they permit a freer evapora-
tion.

4. A light portfolio of pasteboard, covered with calico, fitted up with

12-20 leaves of strong brown paper, furnished with a strap and
buckle for closing, and another for slinging over the shoulders,
is better and more portable than the old-fashioned collecting-
box. The specimens, as gathered, are placed between the
leaves, and may be crowded together, if not left too long
without sorting.

5. A bag or haversack is also useful for collecting rigid-leaved or

shrubby plants, that might injure those in the portfolio.

191. If the plants be gathered in dry weather, no time should be lost in
placing them under pressure ; but they may be preserved for a day or two,
if sprinkled with water, and enclosed in a tin box in a cool situation. Ticket
the specimens, and add notes made whilst collecting.

192. On returning from the field, sort the specimens into those that are
fleshy or juicy , and those that are of a drier nature, and dry them in
separate bundles. If mixed together, the former are very apt to injure
the latter, and to retard their drying.

193. The drying process is as follows : — Take one of the flat boards or
frames, and lay three or four sheets of the drying-paper upon it. On
these lay specimens, placing them as closely as they will lie without over-
lapping each other. Cover the specimens with a similar layer of paper ;
and on this lay other specimens ; repeating alternately a layer of paper

XXX

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

and of specimens, till you have either placed in paper all the specimens
collected, or made a sufficiently thick pile. Cover the pile with one of the
flat hoards, and place upon it a heavy weight, — large stones or hags of
sand answer perfectly. If travelling, leather straps and buckles, drawn
tightly across the bundle, are used instead of weights.

194. After the specimens have lain a day under pressure, the paper
about them must be removed, and dry papers substituted ; and this process
should he repeated at intervals of a day or two till the plants are perfectly
dry. If many sheets of paper he placed between each layer of specimens,
or if open frames he used instead of boards, the changes need not he so
frequent. In changing it is not necessary to lift every specimen from the
sheet on which it lies ; hut if a dry sheet he placed over the specimens,
the latter, with the moist sheet, may he tilted over to the dry, and the
moist sheet then removed, and this process repeated through the bundle.
Much time and trouble may thus he saved.

195. On the first day of shifting a sharp look-out should he kept for
caterpillars , which are apt to secrete themselves in flowers, and, if not at
once removed, will quickly destroy the specimens under pressure.

196. In fine weather the bundles of specimens, weighted or strapped,
may he exposed to the strongest heat of the sun ; hut as this causes a
rapid extraction of moisture, in order to ensure its passing away, the
plants must, on bringing in, and while still warm, he shifted into fresh
papers : otherwise mouldiness and decay, and not exsiccation, will ensue.
Artificial heat, not greater than 140°, may he substituted in wet weather.

197. In drying plants within the tropics, and in all damp and hot
climates, frequent shifting of papers is necessary ; if neglected, the
specimens will either fall to pieces, or become mouldy and rotten.

198. Fleshy fruits should he preserved in spirits ; or carefully stretched,
and the seeds or hard parts dried.

199. Succulent plants, Heaths, and plants with compound leaves (such as
Mimosece ), should he dipped (all hut the flowers) for a few seconds into
boiling water, before being placed in the drying-papers. This will kill
them, promote the drying of succulents, and prevent the Heaths, etc.,
from shedding their leaves.

200. Plants with delicate corollas ( Iridecc , Oxalidece, etc.), should he
placed between single leaves of very thin and soft, unglazed paper
(filtering or tissue-paper). In shifting to dry papers the tissue-paper
is not to he removed, hut lifted with its contents to the dry layer.
This will prevent the flowers from curling up or perishing.

201. Wlien the specimens are quite dry and stiff, a single sheet of paper
is sufficient between each layer ; they may he placed still more closely on
the sheets, hut not piled one on another ; and, finally, in sending specimens
from a distance, great care must he taken to protect the bundles, by
sufficient covering, from the effects of external moisture, or from the
attacks of insects.

202. Having dried his plants, the student begins to form his Herba-
rium, or Hortus Siccus. The first step is to assort the specimens, first
into their classes ; then into subclasses , Orders , genera , and species. When
this is done, he selects such specimens of such species as he wishes to
retain for future reference, consigning the remainder to separate bundles
labelled “ duplicates ,” and keeping them for exchange with other
botanists.

203. The specimens selected, having first been examined and named,
are either fastened with thin glue to pieces of stiff white or cream-coloured
cartridge-paper of a uniform size, or placed loosely, or secured by cross-
bands or pins, in double sheets of soft paper. In either case the species
belonging to each genus are placed within a common wrapper of strong

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XXXI

paper, and the name of the genus and Natural Order to which it belongs
written on the left-hand comer near the base.

204. The most convenient size for the sheets of paper is 16 inches long
by 10£ wide.

205. No more than one species should ever be fastened on one sheet of
paper ; but as many specimens as will conveniently fit may be placed side
by side.

206. The name, place of growth, soil, elevation above the sea, season of
flowering, colour of the flower, and if a shrub or tree, the height, nature
of the wood, etc. and any useful information respecting the species, and
not deducible from the specimen, — should be written on an attached label
or on the sheet to which the specimen is fixed.

207. The sheets of species arranged under their genera and Orders, are
kept in cabinets made with compartments to suit the size of the paper
used.

208. When it is required to examine or dissect flowers or fruits that
have been dried, it is necessary to soften them. If the parts are very
delicate, this is best done by gradually moistening them in cold water ;
in most cases steeping them in boiling water or in steam, is usual, and is
much quicker. Very hard fruits and seeds will require long boiling in
order to dissect them easily.

209. For dissecting and examining flowers in the field, a penknife and
a pocket lens of two or three powers, from half an inch to two inches focus,
are sufficient. At home it is more convenient to have a mounted lens or
simple microscope, with a stage holding a glass plate, upon which the
flowers to be dissected may be laid, and a pair of dissecting -knives, one of
which should be narrow and pointed, or a fine needle fixed in a handle ;
the other should have a pointed blade, with a sharp edge, to make clean
sections across the ovary. A compound microscope is rarely necessary,
except in cryptogamic botany. For the simple microscope, lenses of i,
a-, 14 inch focus are sufficient.

210. Many species vary within limits which it is very difficult to express
in words. It may also happen that the specimen gathered may present
some occasional or accidental anomalies peculiar to that single one, or to a
very few individuals of the species. Hence the difficulty constantly ex-
perienced by the young student, and not seldom by the more expert
botanist, of recognizing the various forms of a species by the technical
characters assigned to it in a Flora. It may be useful, therefore, to point
out a few of the anomalies likely to be met with, and we may divide them
into two classes, as follows : —

1. Aberrations from the ordinary type or appearance of a species , for
which some general cause may be assigned.

A bright light and open situation, particularly at considerable ele-
vations or in high latitudes, without too much wet or drought,
tends to increase the size and heighten the colour of flowers, in
proportion to the stature and foliage of the plant.

Shade, on the contrary, especially if accompanied by richness of soil
and sufficient moisture, tends to increase the foliage and draw
up the stem, but to diminish the number, size, and colour of
the flowers.

A hot climate and dry situation tend to increase the hairs, prickles,
and other productions of the epidermis, to shorten and stiffen
the branches, rendering thorny plants yet more spinous. Mois-
ture in a rich soil has a contrary effect.

The neighbourhood of the sea, or a saline soil or atmosphere, im-
parts a thicker and more succulent consistence to the foliage
and almost every part of the plant, and appears not un-

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INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

frequently to enable plants usually annual to live through the
winter. Flowers in a maritime variety are often much fewer,
hut not smaller.

The luxuriance of plants growing isolated in a rich soil, and the
dwarf, stunted character of those crowded in poor soil are well
known. It is also well known how gradually the specimens of
a species become stunted as we advance into the cold, damp
regions of the summits of high mountain-ranges, or into high
northern latitudes ; and yet it is very frequently for want of
attention to these circumstances that numbers of false species
have been added to enumerations and Floras. Luxuriance en-
tails not only increase of size of the whole plant or of particular
parts, but increase of number of branches, or leaves, or leaflets
of a compound leaf ; or it may diminish the hairiness of the
plant or induce thorns to grow out into branches, etc.

Capsules which, while growing, lie upon or close to the ground, will
often become larger, more succulent, and less readily dehiscent,
than those which are not so exposed to the moisture of the
soil.

Herbs eaten down by sheep or cattle, or crushed underfoot, or
burnt over, or otherwise checked in their growth, or trees or
shrubs cut down to the ground, if then exposed to favourable
circumstances of soil and climate, will send up luxuriant side-
shoots, often so different in the form of their leaves, in their
ramification and inflorescence, as to be scarcely recognizable for
the same species.

Annuals which have germinated in spring and flowered without
check, will often be very different in aspect from individuals
of the same species, which having germinated later, are stopped
by summer droughts or the approach of winter, and only flower
the following season upon a second growth. The latter have
often been mistaken for perennials.

Hybrids, or crosses between two species, come under the category
of anomalies from a known cause. Frequent as they are in
gardens, where they are artificially produced, they are probably
rare in nature. Absolute proof of the origin of a plant found
wild is of course impossible ; but it is pretty generally agreed
that the following particulars must always coexist in a wild
hybrid. It partakes of the characters of its two parents ; it is
to be found isolated or almost isolated, in places where the two
parents are abundant ; if there are two or three, they will
generally be dissimilar from each other, one partaking mor ■ of
one parent, another of the other ; it seldom ripens good seed ;
it will never be found where one of the parents grows alone.
Where two supposed species grow together, intermixed with
numerous intermediates bearing good seed, and passing more or
less gradually from the one to the other, it may generally be
concluded that the whole are varieties of one species. The
beginner, however, must be very cautious not to set down a
specimen as intermediate between two species, because it
appears to be so in some, even the most striking characters,
such as stature and foliage. Extreme varieties of one species
are connected together by transitions in all their characters,
but these transitions are not all observable in the same speci-
men. The observation of a single intermediate is, therefore, of
little value, unless it be one link in a long series of intermediate
forms, and, when met with, should lead to the search for other
connecting links.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

XXX111

2. Accidental aberrations from the ordinary type , that is, those of
which the cause is unknown.

These require the more attention, as they may sometimes lead the
beginner far astray in his search for the genus, whilst the
aberrations above reduced more or less to general laws, affect
chiefly the distinction of species.

Almost all species with coloured flowers are liable to occur occa-
sionally with white flowers.

Many may be found, even in a wild state, with double flowers, that
is, with a multiplication of petals.

Plants which have usually conspicuous petals will occasionally
appear without petals, either to the flowers produced at par-
ticular seasons, or to all the flowers of particular plants ; or the
petals may he reduced to narrow slips, or variously cut.

Flowers usually very irregular (81) may, on certain individuals,
lose'more or less of their irregularity. Spurs may disappear, or
he produced on all, instead of only one of the petals.

One part may he occasionally added to or subtracted from the usual
number of parts in each floral whorl, more especially in regular,
polypetalous flowers.

The relative adhesion of the floral whorls may vary ; hypogynous
stamens appearing in flowers usually with perigynous, and
free or half-free ovaries in flowers usually with adherent.

Plants usually monoecious or dioecious may become occasionally
hermaphrodite, or hermaphrodite plants may produce occa-
sionally unisexual flowers by the abortion of the stamens or of
the pistils.

Leaves alternate where they are usually opposite ; cut or divided
where usually entire ; variegated or spotted where usually of
one colour, or the reverse, — must also he classed among those
accidental aberrations which the botanist must always he on
his guard against mistaking for specific distinctions.

d

XXXIV

INDEX TO TERMS, ETC.

[The numbers refer to the paragraphs in the foregoing Introduction .]

Aberrations, 210.
Abortive, 67, 93,- 104.
Accessory organs, 144.
Accrescent, 87.
Acerose, 51.

Achene, 135.

Acicular, 51.

Aculeate, 146.

Acumen, 45.
Acuminate, 45.

Acute, 45.

Adherent, 124, 129.
Adhesion, 129.

Adnate, 53, 96, 129.
Adventitious, 29.
Estivation, 89.

Akene, 135.
Alabastrum, 65.
Albumen, 138.
Albuminous, 138.
Alburnum, 167.
Alternate, 30, 74.
Amphitropous, 119.
Amplexicaul, 35.
Amyloid, 156.
Analytical tables, 2.
Anastomose, 39.
Anatropous, 119.
Androgynous, 70.
Anisomerous, 80.
Annual, 17, 18.
Anther, 92, 96.
Anthesis, 65.
Apetalous, 68.

Apex, 34, 45, 97.
Apocarpous, 108.

Aril, arillus, 140.
Aristate, 45.

Artificial, 183.
Ascending, 24.
Asepalous, 68.
Assimilation, 168, 171.
Atropous, 119.

Auricle, 46, 47.

Axil, 29, 33.

Axile, 116.

Axillary, 58.

Axis, 109.

Bark, 164, 167.

Barren, 68, 93, 104.

Base, 34, 97.

Berry, 134.

Bi- (2 in composition).
Bicarpellary, 107.
Bidentate, 42.

Bifid, 42.

Bifoliate, 42.

Bijugate, 42.

Bilabiate, 90.

Bilocular, 109.

Bipinnate, 42.

Bisexual, 68.

Biternate, 42.

Blade, 34.

Bract, 55, 64.

Bracteole, 64, 56.
Branch, 30, 112.

Bristles, Bristly, 98, 147.
Bud, 185.

Bulb, 20.

Bulblet, 20.

< Caducous, 87.

Csespitose, 24.

Calyx, 43, 66, 73, 82.
Campanulate, 90.

Campy lotropous, 119.
Canescent, 147.

Canous, 147.

Capillary, 51.

Capitate, 62, 114.
Capitulum, 62, 70.
Capsule, 135.

Carpel, 76, 102.
Caruncule, 140.

Catkin, 62.

Cauline, 36.

Cells (elementary), 151,
152.

Cells (of anthers), 92.
Cells (of the ovary), 103.
Cellular tissue, 8, 153.
Cellulose, 155, 173.
Centrifugal, 61.
Centripetal, 61.

Chalaza, 117.

Character, 2.
Chartaceous, 139.
Chlorophyll, 156, 173.
Chromule, 156.

Ciliate, 38.

Ciliolate, 38.
Circumscissile, 137.

Class, 182, 202.

Claw, 88.

Cleft, 38.

Climbing stem, 25.

Coats, 139.

Coccus, 137.

Coherent, 129.

Collection of specimens,
131.

Coma, 139.

Common petiole, 38.
Complete, 67, 72.
Compound, 62, 197, 131.
Compressed, 51.
Confluent, 99.

Conical, 51.

Connate, 129.

Connective, 92.
Connivent, 129.
Contorted, 89.

Convolute, 89.

Cordate, 46.

Cordiform, 46.
Coriaceous, 50.

Corm, 22.

INDEX TO TERMS,

XXXV

Corolla, 66, 74, 82, 83.
Corymb, 62.

Corymbose, 62.

Cotton, 147.

Cotton^, 147.

Cbtyledons, 142.
Creeping, 24.

Crenate, 38.

Crenature, 38.

Crenulate, 38.

Crestsr 98.

Crude sap, 168.
Crumpled, 89.
Crustaceous, 139.
Cryptogamous plants, 10.
Culm, 38.

Cuneate, 43.

Cuspidate, 45.
Cylindrical, 51.

Cyme, 62.

Cymose, 62.

Cysts, 154.

Deca- or Decern- (10 in
composition).
Deciduous, 87.
Decompound, 41.
Decumbent, 24.
Decurrent, 35.

Decussate, 30.

Definite, 72.

Dehisce, 100.

Dehiscence, 100.
Dehiscent, 133.

Deltoid, 43.

Dentate, 38.

Depressed, 51.

Dextrine, 156.

Di- (2 in composition).
Diadelphous, 95.
Dialipetalous, 86.
Diandrous, 79.
Dichlamydeous, 68.
Dichotomous, 31, 62.
Diclinous, 67.
Didynamous, 95.

Diffuse, 24.

Digitate, 40.

Digynous, 79, 107.
Dimerous, 79.

Dimidiate, 99.

Dioecious, 69.
Dipetalous, 79.
Disepalous, 79.

Disk, 121.

Dissepiment, 109.
Dissolved, 156.

Distichous, 30.
Divaricated, 97.
Diverging, 97, 129.
Divided, 38, 122.
Divisions, 182.

Double flowers, 83.

Down, 147.

Downy, 147.

Drupe, 134.

Dry, 133.

Ducts, 153, 167.

Duramen, 167.

Echinate, 147.

Elaborated sap, 168.
Elementary organs, 7, 15 1 .
Elliptical, 43.

Emarginate, 45.

Embryo, 14, 117, 138,
142.

Endocarp, 134.

Endogen, 164, 170.
Endogenous, 164, 166.
Ennea- (9 in composi-
tion).

Entire, 38, 122.

Epicalyx, 64.

Epicarp, 134.

Epidermis, 146, 157.
Epigynous, 124, 126.
Epigynous disk, 128.
Epiphyte, 162;

Erect, 24.

Even, 147.

Exalbuminous, 138.
Exogen, 164, 166, 170.
Exogenous, 164, 166.
Exstipulate, 53.

Extrorse, 100.

Families, 179.

Fascicled, 30, 37.
Fastigiate, 62.

Female, 68.

Fertile, 68.

Fibre, 13.

Fibrous roots, 15.
Filaments, 92, 93.
Flabelliform, 43.

Fleshy, 50, 133, 192.
Floral whorls, 120.
Flower, 10, 65, 68, 79,
84, 185.

Flowering plants, 10.
Follicle, 135.

Foramen, 117.

Forked, 31.

Foveolate, 147.

Free, 53, 72, 80, 124, 129.
Fruit, 130, 143, 185.
Function, 6.

Funiculus, 140.
Funnel-shaped, 90.
Furrowed, 147.

Fusiform, 51.

G-amopetalous, 86.

Genus, genera, 182, 202,
203.

Gibbose, 90.

Glabrate, 147.
Glabrescent, 147.
Glabrous, 147.

Glands, 98, 144, 149.
Glandular-setose, 147.
Glaucous, 147.

Globular, 51.

Glochidiate, 147.

Glume, 64.

Gluten, 173.

Glutinous, 147.

Gum, 173.

Gynobasis, 102, 127.
Gynophore, 102, 127.

Hairs, 144, 147, 159.
Hastate, 47.

Head, 62.

Hepta- (7 in composi-
tion).

Herbarium, 202.
Hermaphrodite, 68.
Heterogamous, 70.

Hexa- (6 in composi-
tion).

Hilum, 141.

Hirsute, 147.

Hispid, 147.

Hoary, 147.
Homogamous, 70.

Hooks, 144, 145.
Hybemaculum, 17.
Hybrids, 210.
Hypocrateriform, 90.
Hypogynous, 124, 126.

Imbricate, ,89.

Imperfect, 67.
Impervious, 28.
Incomplete, 67.
Incurved, 119.
Indehiscent, *123.
Indumentum, 147.
Induplicate, 89.

(I 2

xxxvi

Inferior, 124, 143.
Inflorescence, 55, 57.
Infundibuliform, 90.
Innate, 196.

Insertion, 124, 126,
Intemode, 28.

Introrse, 100.

Involucre, 64.

Involute, 89.

Irregular, 81, 90.
Isomerous, 72.

Knob, 19.

Lamina, 88, 34.
Lanceolate, 43.

Lateral, 77.

Latex, 153.

Leaf, 33, 64.

Leafbud, 29.

Leaflet, 38, 64.

Leaves, 33, 64, 169, 185.
Lepidote, 148.

Limb, 88, 90.

Linear, 43.

Linear-lanceolate, 44.
Lobe, 38, 87.

Lobed, 38, 122.
Loculicidal, 137.

Loculus, 103, 109.

Lower, 77.

Lyrate, 40.

Male, 68.

Margin, 34.

Mealy, 147.

Medullary rays, 167.
Medullary sheath, 167.
Membranous, 50, 139.
Meniscoid, 51.

Mesocarp, 134.
Micropyle, 117, 141.
Midrib, 39.
Monadelphous, 95.
Monandrous, 94.
Moniliform, 51.

Mono- (1 in composition).
Monocarpellary, 107.
Monochlamydeous, 68.
Monoecious, 69.
Monogynous, 107.
Monopetalous, 86.

Mouth, 90.

Mucronate, 45.
Mucronulate, 45.

Multi- (many in compo-
sition)..

INDEX TO TERMS.

Muricate, 147.

Naked, 68.

Natural, 2, 183.

Natural Order, 179, 182,
203.

Nectary, 123.

Nerve, 39.

Netted, 39.

Neuter, 68.

Node, 27, 28.

Novem- (9 in composi-
tion).

Nucleus, 117, 155.

Nut, 135.

Obcompressed, 51.
Obconical, 51.

Obcordate, 46.

Oblate, 43.

Oblong, 43.

Obovate, 43.

Obovoid, 51.
Obpyramidal, 51.

Obtuse, 45.

Oct- or Octo- (8 in com-
position).

Offset, 17, 20.

Opposite, 30.

Orbicular, 43.

Order, 202.

Organs, 6,* 7, 9.
Orthotropous, 119.

Oval, 43.

Ovary, 103, 105.

Ovate, 43.

Ovoid, 51.

Ovule, 66, 117, 203.

Palate, 90.

P&lea, palese, 64.
Palmate, 40.

Palmatifid, 40.

Panicle, 62.

Paniculate, 62.

Papillae, 103.
Papyraceous, 139.
Parallel, 39, 97*
Parenchyma, 153.
Parietal, 117.
Patelliform, 51.
Pectinate, 40.

Pedate, 40.

Pedatifid, 40.

Pedicel, 59.

Peduncle, 59.

Peltate, 49.

Penicillate, 113.

Penta- (5 in composi-
tion).

Perfoliate, 35.

Perennial, 16, 18.
Perianth, 66, 82.
Pericarp, 132.
Perigynous, 124, 126.
Perisperm, 138.
Personate, 90.

Pervious, 28.

Petal, 74.

Petiole, 34.

Petiolule, 38.
Phaenogamous Plants, 10.
Phanerogamous Plants,
10.

Pilose, 147.

Pinnate, 40.

Pinnately - trifoliolate,
40.

Pinnatifid, 40.

Pistil, 66, 76, 102.
Pistillate, 68.

Pith, 167, 164.

Placenta, 115.
Placentation, 115.

Plant, 5.

Plicate, 89.

Plumule, 142.
Plurilocular, 109.
Podocarp, 102.

Pollen, 92.

Poly- (many-, in compo-
sition).

Polyandrous, 94.
Polygamous, 69.
Polygynous, 107.
Polypetalous, 86.

Pore, 92, 100.
Praefoliation, 52.
Preservation of speci-
mens, 182, etc.
Prickles, 116, 140, 144.
Primine, 117.

Primordial utricle, 155.
Procumbent, 24.
Prostrate, 24.
Protoplasm, 155.
Puberulent, 147.
Pubescent, 147.
Pulvinate, 121.

Punctate, 147.
Punctiform, 114.
Pungent, 43.

Putamen, 134.

Pyramidal, 51.

NDEX TO TERMS.

xxxvii

Pyrenes, 134.

Pyxis or Pyxidium, 135,
137.

Quadri- (4 in composition) .
Quinque- (5 in composi-
tion) .

Race, 177, 178.

Raceme, 62.

Racemose, 62.

Rachis, 62, 38.

Radical, 36.

Radicle, 142.

Rameal, 36.

Raphe, 119.

Raphides, 156.

Ray, 62.

Receptacle, 62, 120, 124.
Reduplicate, 89.
Reniform,- 48.

Resupinate, 90.
Reticulate, 39.

Retuse, 45.

Rhizome, 18.

Rhomboid, 43.

Ribs, 39.

Ribbed, 147.

Ringent, 90.

Root, 12, 160, 185.
Rootstock, 18.

Rosulate, 37.

Rotate, 90.

Rotund, round, 43.
Rudimentary, 67, 93, 104.
Runcinate, 40.

Runner, 27.

Saccate, 90.

Sagittate, 47.
Salver-shaped, 90.
Samara, 135.

Sap, 156, 168.

Sapwood, 167.

Sarcocarp, 134.
Sarmentose, 25.

Scale, 64, 148.

Scaly, 21, 148.

Scape, 60.

Scarious (or scariose),
50.

Scattered, 30.

Scion, 27.

Scorpioid, 62.

Section, 38, 182.

Secund, 30.

Secundine, 117.

Seed, 10, 138.

Segment, 38, 87.

Sepal, 72.

Septem- (7 in composi-
tion).

Septum, septa, 109.
Septicidal, 137.

Serrate, serrulate, 38.
Sessile, 35, 88.
Septifragal, 137.
Serrature, 38.

Setae, 98, 147.

Setaceous, 51.

Setose, 147.

Sex - (6 in composition).
Sheathing, 35.

Simple, 62, 38, 131.
Sinuate, sinus, 38.
Smooth, 147,

Spadix, 62.

Spatha, 62.

Spatulate, 43.

Species, 175, 176, 182,
202, 205.

Specimen, 184, 185, 205.
Spherical, 51.

Spicate, 62.

Spike, 62.

Spine, spinous, 146.
Spiral vessels, 153.

Spore, 10.

Spurred, 90, 98.

Stamens, 66, 75, 91, 94.
Staminate, 68.
Staminodia, 93.

Starch, 156.

Stellate, 90, 148.

Stem, 23, 163, 185.
Stem-clasping, 35.
Sterile, 68.

Stigma, 104.

Stipellse, 54.

Stipule, 53.

Stock, 16.

Stole, or stolon, 17, 27.
Stomates, 158.
Stonefruit, 134.

Striate, 147.

Strigulose, 147.

Strigose, 147.

Strophiole, 140.

Style, 103, 104.

Subclass, 182, 202.
Suhgenus, 182.
Suborder, 182.
Subsection, 182.

I Subtribe, 182.

Subulate, 43.

Succulent, 33, 50.

Sucker, 26.

Superior, 124, 143.
Symmetrical, 72.
Synandrous, 94.
Syncarpous, 108.
Syngenesious, 95.

Tapering, 46.

Taproot, 15.

Teeth, 87.

Tegmen, 139.

Tendril, 25, 144, 145.
Terete, 51.

Temate, 30, 40.

Tetra - (4 in composition).
Tetradynamous, 95.
Testa, 139.

Thoms, 144, 146.

Throat, 90.

Tomentose, 147.

Toothed, 38, 122.
Torulose, 51.

Torus, 62, 120.

Tracheae, 153.

Tri- (3 in composition).
Tribe, 182.

Trichotomous, 31, 62.
Trifid, 40, 42.

Trigonous, 51.
Triquetrous, 51.
Tristichous, 30.
Truncate, 45.

Trunk.

Tube, 87, 90.

Tuber, 15, 19.
Tuberculate, 147.
Tuberous, 15.

Tubular, 90.

Tunicated, 21.

Twine, 25.

Twisted, 89.

Two-lipped, 90.

Typical, 179.

Umbel, 62.

Umbellate, 31, 62.
Undulate, 38.

Uni- (1 in composition).
Unijugate, 40, 42.
Unilocular, 109.
Unisexual, 69.
Unsymmetrical, 80.
Upper, 77, 171.
Urceolate, 90.

Utricle, 135.

XXXV111

INDEX TO TERMS.

Valvate, 89.

Valves, 100.

Variety, 122, 177, 178.
Vascular tissues, 8, 153.
Vegetable Anatomy, 150.
Vegeatble Physiology,
150.

Vein, 39.

Velutinous, 147.
Ventral, 135.
Vernation, 52.
Versatile, 96.
Verticillate, 30.
Viscid, viscous, 147.
Vittae or vittas, 149.
Voluble, 25.

Warted, 147.
Wavy, 38.
Whorled, 30.
Wing, 35, 139.
Woody tissue, 8
Wool, 147.
Woolly, 147.

, 153.

XXXIX

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, OEDEES, ETC.,
OF THE SOUTH AFEICAN FLOEA.

In the following pages I have endeavoured to group the
Natural Orders of Sooth African plants in such a manner as
to afford some indication of the principles according to which
they have been brought into the sequence adopted in this
work by Dr. Harvey. This sequence is in the main that pro-
posed by Jussieu, and carried out by De Candolle, and most
subsequent authorities. In so far as the limitation and order
of the Classes and Subclasses and of the Cohorts and Orders
of Monocotyledons and Acotyledons is concerned, it is no
doubt a very natural system; but this is not so with the
Orders of Angiospermous Dicotyledons, the arrangement of
which is very artificial. The principle upon which De Candolle
arranged the latter Orders involved two assumptions : one, that
plants with their floral whorls complete, and each whorl regular
and composed of separate parts (as Polypetalece Thalamiflorce) ,
were more highly organized than those with fewer floral whorls,
and these irregular, and their constituent parts combined (as
in Monopetalece , etc.) ; — the other that the presence of but one
whorl in the perianth, or of no perianth, indicated that such
Orders should be kept apart from the rest. Advanced know-
ledge has, however, carried conviction to many minds, that
Dicotyledonous plants with combined organs are really more
highly organized than those with these parts free ; that irre-
gularity of flower prevails in the highest organized groups,
and that the majority of the Orders with reduced floral enve-
lopes are really members of other Orders whose prevailing
features are of a complex and high type.

The fact is, that the Dicotyledonous Orders cannot be ar-
ranged in a linear series, — but as descriptions and arranged
collections of them must follow a linear series, the Candollean
is adopted for its facility, and because none better (though
several others as good) has been proposed. It further pos-
sesses this advantage, that most of the Orders of the highest

xl TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

types (as Leguminosce , Composite and other Monopetalce)
stand towards the middle of the series, and the Orders of a
lower type occupy the ends ; thus the complete-flowered
plants with much separated organs are those with which the
series begins, and the incomplete-flowered Orders (some of
which have no recognized affinity with higher ones) occupy
the end of the series.

The extent to which this system is artificial is best illus-
trated by a few examples, thus : —

10, Bixacece, passes into 58, Passiflorece, various genera ac-
tually uniting the tw~o.

16 and 17, Caryophyllece , passes into 62, Ficoidece , 99, Phyto-
laccece , 101, Amaranthacece , and 101, Paronychiece.

22, Malvacece , passes into 109, Fuphorbiacece.

34, Olacinece , passes into 65, Cornea , 66, Lorantliacece , and 108,
Santalacece ; and many other cases might be quoted of Orders
removed to three far distant groups by one or two characters
alone, and these very inconstant ones. If it is asked, why
then not bring all together ? The auswer is, if we do, — 1,
we should lose all means of finding the locality of any genus,
without hunting through every group ; and 2, we must often
then intercalate between two Orders that are most closely re-
lated, another Order containing a vast number of plants not
so much related to either Order as these two Orders are to one
another. Tor instance, if we bring Euphorbiacece in between
Malvacece and Tiliacece , we break up the character of the class,
subclass, group, series, and cohort under which Malvacece and
Tiliacece are classed, and thrust between these a vast host of
Euphorbiaceous genera that are not so nearly related to Mal-
vacece as Tiliacece are.

It must then be clearly understood, that the Natural Orders
established throughout the vegetable kingdom are in the main
perfectly natural groups, but that the so-called Natural sys-
tem of plants is by no means a natural one, in respect of the
sequence of the Dicotyledonous Orders, and that this is be-
cause they cannot be arranged naturally in a linear series.
To classify these Orders arbitrary characters have been sought
and used, which bring a larger proportion of them into proper
position and sequence, but remove others very far from their
proper places. — J. D. Hooker.

CONSPECTUS OF THE CLASSES, COHOETS, ETC.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES. — Stem, when perennial, with
pith concentric layers of wood and bark. Leaves usually with
branched and netted venation. Perianth usually of 4 or 5

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

xli

parts in a whorl, or multiples of 4 or 5. Embryo with 2 co-
tyledons. In germination the radicle lengthens and branches.

Subclass I. ANGtO&PERMEiE. Order 1-116.

Group I. Polypetalese.

Series 1. Thalamiflora:.

Cohort 1. Ranales ....

. . . Orders 1-4

99

2. Parietales . . .

... „ 5-12

99

3. Polygaline® .

... „ 13-14

99

4. Cary ophy lline® .

... „ 15-18

99

5. Guttiferales . .

... „ 19-21

99

6. Malvales . . .

... „ 22-24

Series 2.

Disciflora.

Cohort 7. Geraniales . .

8. Olacinales . .

. . . „ 34-35

99

9. Celastrales . .

. . . „ 36-38

99

10. Sapindales . .

. . . „ 39-40

Series 3.

Calyciflora.

Cohort 11. Rosales . . .

. . . Orders 41-49

99

12. Myrtales . .

. . . „ 50-55

99

13. Passiflorales

. . . „ 56-60

99

14. Ficoidales . .

. . . „ 61-62

99

15. Umbellales . .

. . . „ 63-66

Group II. Monopetalese.

Series 1. Ovary inferior.

Cohort 16. Rubiales Orders 67-68

99

17. Compositales .

* * • 99

69-70

99

18. Campanales

71

Series 2. Ovary superior.
Cohort 19. Ericales . . .

. . . Orders

i 72

99

20. Jasminales .

. . . „

73-74

99

21. Primulales . .

. . . „

75-76

99

22. Plantaginales .

• * • 99

77

99

23. Sapotales . .

• 99

78-79

99

24. Gentianales

• • •

80-83

99

25. Convolvulales .

• • • 33

84-86

99

26. Personales . .

87-92

99

27. Verbenales . .

• * • 99

93-96

Group III. IMIonochlamydeEe.

Cohort 28. Nyctaginales

. . . Orders 97

„ 29. Chenopo'diales .

. . . „

98-102

,, 30. Pen®ales '. .

• • • „

103-104

„ 31. Laurales . .

. . . „

105-107

„ 32. Santalales . .

. . . „

108

„ 33. Euphorbiales .

. . . „

109

„ 34. Urticales . .

. . . „

110

xlii

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

Group IV. Achlamydese.

Cohort 35. Amentales Orders 111-113

„ 36. Rhizanthales .... „ 114

,, 37. Piperales ,, 115

Anomalous Order of Dicotyledons.

116. Podostemaceae.

Subclass II. GYMN OSPERMEJE. Orders 117-119.

Class II. MONO COTYLEDONES.— Stem, when peren-
nial, without separable bark, wood, and pith. Veins of the
leaf usually parallel, and if netted the veinlets are transverse
and parallel. Perianth, when present, 3-6-merous. Stamens
3-6. Embryo with one cotyledon ; the plumule lies in a cavity
at its side. Radicle rarely elongating and branching.

Group I. Petaloidese.

Subclass I. Ovary inferior.

Cohort 1. Hydrales Orders 120

„ 2. Amomales „ 121-122

„ 3. Iridales „ 123-127

Subclass II. Ovary superior.

Cohort 4. Alisraales

„ 5. Arales

„ 6. Palmales

„ 7. Liliales

„ 8. Commelynales . . .

„ 9. Restiales . . . . .

Orders 128-129
„ 130-131

„ 132

„ 133-136

„ 137-138

„ 139-140

Group II. Glumacese.

Cohort 10. Glumales Orders 141-142

Class III. ACOTYLEDONES, or CRYPTO Gr AMiE. —
Plants cellular or vascular, without true stamens, pistil, or
ovules. Organs of fructification usually very minute, giving
origin to microscopic spores, by which the species are propa-
gated. Spores germinating by a prothallium, or by micro-
scopic threads.

Subclass I. ACROGENS.

Cohort 1. Filicales Orders 143-146

„ 2. Muscales „ 147-151

Subclass II. THALLOGENS. Orders 152-154.

OF TilE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

xliii

CONSPECTUS OE THE OBDEES.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

Subclass I. Angiospermeas. — Ovules enclosed in an ovary,
and seeds in a seed-vessel.

Group I. POLYPETALEiE.

Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter of distinct petals.
(The exceptions are very numerous ; for in all the large Orders, genera
occur that want calyx or corolla, or both, and in some the petals cohere or
are united into a monopetalous corolla.)

Series I. Thalamiflorse. — Sepals distinct, usually herbaceous, inferior.
Stamens inserted usually immediately under the ovary, rarely on a lobed or
expanded disk, free from the calyx, very rarely on the base of the petals.
Ovary very rarely inferior.

Cohort I. Ranales. — Stamens very numerous (few, and opposite the petals
in Menispermacece) . Carpels distinct or immersed in a fleshy torus in
Nymphceacece. Embryo small, in fleshy or mealy albumen. — Herbs,
rarely shrubs or trees.

Order 1. JR anunculacece (p. 1). All herbaceous but Clematis.

” 3 usually 3- or 6-merous.

„ 4. Nymphceacece (p. 4). All aquatics.

Cohort II. Parietales. — Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovary 1-celled,
with parietal placentation, rarely (as in Crucifer a) divided into 2 cells
by a membranous expansion of the placenta.

Order 5. PapaveraceafaS). ) These orfer8 are usuaI1 united>

„ 6. Fumounaceee (p. 5). ) J

„ 7. Cruciferce (p. 6). Herbs, all with alternate exstipulate leaves.

„ 8. Capparidece (p. 11).

„ 9. Resedacece (p. 13).

„ 10. Bixacea (p. 13). Has equal affinity with Cohort 13, Passifiorales.
„ 11. Violariece (p. 17).

,, 12. JDroseracece (p. 17). More closely allied to 44, Saxifragece.

Cohort III. PoLYGALiNEiE. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals and
petals each 5, rarely 3 or 4. Stamens 5 or 10. Ovary 2 -celled, usually
of 2 carpels ; ovules numerous, horizontal or pendulous and solitary.
Albumen fleshy, rarely absent.

Order 13. Poly galea (p. 18). Flowers very irregular.

„ 14. Pittosporece (p. 19). Flowers regular.

Cohort IV. Caryophyllineje. — Flowers regular. Sepals 2-5, free, rarely
united. Petals as many, connate at the base in some Portulacece. Sta-
mens as many as the petals, alternate with them. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules
attached to a free basal placenta. Embryo usually curved round mealy
albumen. — Chiefly herbs.

Order 15. FranJceniacece (p. 20). Embryo straight.

„ 16. Caryophyllaceee (p. 20).

xliv

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

Order 17. Portulacece (p. 23). Ovary inferior in Portulaca.

„ 18. Tamariscinecp, (p. 25). Albumen 0 in Tamarix.

Cohort V. Guttiferales. — Flowers regular. Sepals and petals 4 or 5,
the former imbricate. Stamens usually indefinite. Ovary 3-many-
celled, ovules attached to the inner angles of the cells. — Leaves usually
opposite and exstipulate.

Order 19. Elatinacece (p. 25).

„ 20. Hypericinea (p. 25).

„ 21. Guttiferce (p. 26).

Cohort YI. Malvales. — Flowers regular. Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5, val-
vate. Petals 4-5, twisted in bud. Stamens usually very numerous, free
or monadelphous. Ovary 3-many-celled, or of 3 or many free carpels ;
ovules attached to the inner angles of the cells. Leaves stipulate.

Order 22. Malvaceae (p. 27). Stamens united to base of connate petals.
Anthers 1-celled, opening outwards.

„ 23. S 'terculiacece (p. 30). Anthers 2-celled, opening outwards.

Flowers 5-7-merous, unisexual and apetalous in Sterculia.

„ 24. Tiliacece (p. 32) . Inner bark very tough, often used as cordage.

Disk sometimes conspicuous.

Series II. Disciflorese. — Sepals distinct, rarely connate, imbricate,
rarely valvate, or adnate with the ovary. Disk usually very evident ; ex-
panded into a torus or a ring, or conspicuous lobes or glands. Petals
inserted at the base of the disk. Stamens usually definite, inserted at the
base of or upon or within or between the lobes of the disk. Ovary free, or
immersed in the disk, rarely inferior.

Cohort VII. GrERANlALES. — Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals and pe-
tals 3-5. Disk annular, within the stamens, or of glands alternating with
the petals. Stamens usually definite. Carpels free or combined ; ovules
1-2, attached to the inner angle of the cells or carpels, pendulous, with
the raphe towards the axis.

Order 25.

yy

yy

yy

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

jj

31.

32.

33.

Linece (p. 34). Disk 0 in Erythroxylon.

Malpighiacece (p. 35). Calyx-lobes often with glands at back.
Zygophylleae, (p. 36). Petals twisted, 0 in Augea and Seetzenia.
Geraniacece (p. 38). Flowers often irregular. Disk 0 in Im-
patiens.

Rutacece (p. 41). Leaves with pellucid dots. Disk and petals
0 in Empleurum.

Ochnaceae (p. 46). Sepals persistent. Disk enlarged after
flowering.

Rurseracece { p. 47). Flowers usually polygamous. Disk usually
cup-shaped.

Meliacece (p. 47). Stamens usually monadelphous.

Chailletiacece (p. 49). Petals 2-lobed.

Cohort VIII. Olacinales. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Calyx small. Petals, if present, often valvate. Disk cup-shaped or
glandular. Stamens definite. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-3 ovules pendu-
lous from a central placenta, or 2- or more celled, with 1-2 ovules pen-
dulous from the top of each cell ; ovules with the raphe turned away
from the axis. — Leaves simple, usually exstipulate.

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

xlv

Order 34. Olacinece (p. 49). Disk annular or 4-5-lobed.

„ 35. Ilicinece (p. 50). Disk 0.

Cohort IX. Celastrales. — Flowers regular or irregular, always small
and usually hermaphrodite. Sepals and petals 4-5. Disk cushion-like
and adnate to the base of. the calyx. Stamens definite on the margin
or base of the disk. Ovary 2- or more celled, free or immersed in the
disk ; ovules 1-2, erect from the base of the cells, with the raphe next
the axis, rarely 3-6, attached to the inner angle of the cells. — Leaves
simple, except in Ampelidece.

Order 36. Celastrinece (p. 51) . Flowers small. Ovary sometimes sunk in
disk. Ovules 6-8 in Cathastrum and Putterlichia.

„ 37. Rhcimnece (p. 55). Ovary often inferior or adhering to the calyx.

Petals often absent, always minute.

„ 38. Amjpelidece (p. 57). Petals valvate, often cohering at the tips.

Cohort X. Sapindales. — Flowers regular or irregular, usually unisexual.
Disk adnate to the base of the calyx. Stamens definite or indefinite, in-
serted upon or within the disk. Ovary 1- or more celled ; ovules 1-2 in
each cell, erect from its base, or pendulous from a basal funicle. — Leaves
often compound.

Order 39. Saypindacece (p. 58). Petals usually 1 fewer than the calyx-lobes,
or 0, often with a claw at the base. Stamens often 8, and disk
often unilateral.

„ 40. Jnacardiacece (p. 62). Petals 0 or as many as calyx-lobes.

Stamens usually twice as many.

Series III. Calycifiorse. — Sepals connate into a more or less distinct
tube, which is free or adnate to the ovary. Disk usually indistinguishable
from the calyx-tube. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted with the sta-
mens on the calyx-tube or on the base of its lobes. Ovary very often more
or less inferior.

Cohort XI. Fosales. — Flowers regular or irregular, usually 5-merous and
hermaphrodite. Stamens definite or indefinite. Carpels 1 or more, free,
rarely united more or less ; styles usually distinct, or separable. — Leaves
simple or compound.

Order 41. Connaracece (p. 65).

„ 42. Leguminosce, (p. 65). Stamens indefinite in Mimosece.

„ 43. Rosacece (p. 93.) Petals 0 in Alchemilla , Poterium , and Cliffortia.

„ 44. Saxifrages (p. 97). Disk large in Brexia.

„ 45. Crassulacece (p. 99). Perigynous scales opposite the carpels in

many species.

„ 46. Hamamelides (p. 102). Flowers unisexual and apetalous in

Tricliocladus. Grubbia should perhaps be referred to Santa -
' lacece.

„ 47. Bruniaces (p. 103). Petals connate in Lonchosioma.

„ 48. Haloragece (p. 106). Flowers very imperfect in all the species.

„ 49. Balanophores (p. 107). Flowers extremely imperfect. The

Order has been placed next to Santalacece recently by Dr.
Eichler, of Munich.

Cohort XII. Myrtales. — Flowers usually both regular and hermaphrodite.
Stamens definite or indefinite, 4-5-merous. Disk 0 or covering the ovary.

xlvi

TABLE OE THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

Ovary inferior ; style very rarely divided. — Leaves simple, and usually
entire.

Order 50. J Rhizophoreoe (p. 108). Ovary free in Weihea.

„ 51. Combretacece (p. 109). Flowers polygamous and apetalous in

Terminalia.

„ 52. Myrtacece (p. 110).

„ 53. Melastomacece (p. 112). Anthers often of two forms and colours

in each flower.

„ 54. Lyihrariece (p. 114). Heteropyxis has stamens opposite the

petals, and pellucid dotted leaves as in Myrsinece.

„ 55. Onagrarieee (p. 116). Montinia has unisexual flowers and

parietal placentas.

Cohort XIII. Passiflorales. — Flowers regular, unisexual or hermaphro-
dite. Calyx free or connate with the ovary. Stamens various. Ovary

1- celled, with parietal placentae.

Order 56. Turner acece, (p. 119).

„ 57. Loasacece (p. 119). Ovary 3-celled in the only Cape genus, with

cells 1-ovuled.

„ 58. Passiflorece (p. 120).

„ 59. Cucurbitacece (p. 122).

„ 60. Begoniacece (p. 128). Ovary 2-3-celled.

Cohort XIV. Ficoidales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, usually regular. Calyx
free or adnate to the ovary. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Ovary 1-
celled, with parietal placentae, or 2- or more celled, with basilar ovules.
Embryo usually curved. — Leaves quite entire or 0.

Order 61. Cactece (p. 129). Succulent, leafless, spinous plants.

„ 62. Ficoidece (p. 129). Petals often 0. Stamens sometimes hypo-

gynous. (Closely related to Caryophyllece and Phytolacceee.)

Cohort XV. Umbellales. — Flowers small. Calyx adnate to the ovary.
Stamens as many as the petals. Disk crowning the ovary. Ovaryin-
ferior, 1-2- or more celled ; styles usually free ; ovules 1 in each cell,
rarely 2, pendulous. Ripe carpels indehiscent. Embryo minute, in
copious albumen. — Leaves often compound.

Order 63. TJmbelliferce (p. 135).

„ 64. Araliacece (p. 146).

„ 65. Corneee (p. 147).

„ 66. Loranthacece (p. 148). Corolla monopetalous in Loranihus.

Flowers unisexual in Viscwm. (This Order should be placed
next to Santalacece.)

Group II. MON OPETALEiE.

Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla j the petals of the latter
combined.

Series I. Ovary inferior.

Cohort XVI. Rubiales. — Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube. Ovary

2- or more celled ; style usually simple or 2-fid at the apex only ; ovules
1 or more in each cell. — Leaves very rarely toothed or cut.

Order 67. Rubiacece (p. 148).

„ 68. Valerianece (p. 157). Fruit 1-celled in Valeriana.

or THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

xlvii

Cohort XVII. Compositales. — Stamens inserted on the corolla- tube.
Ovary 1-celled ; style simple or 2-fid at the apex ; ovules solitary. —
Leaves simple or compound.

Order 69. Dipsacece (p. 158). Corolla imbricate. Stamens free.

„ 70. Composites (p. 158). Corolla valvate. Anthers united.

Cohort XVIII. Campanales. — Stamens usually epigynous. Ovary 2-10-
celled ; style simple ; ovules usually numerous. — Herbs, rarely shrubs j
leaves simple.

Order 71. Lobeliacece (p. 209). Petals sometimes free in CypMa. Ovules
solitary in each cell in Sccevola . Stamens on the corolla in
Phigiophyllum.

Series II. Ovary superior.

Cohort XIX. Ericales. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Stamens as
many as corolla-lobes, hypogynous or epigynous, rarely on the corolla,
all equal. Disk usually evident. Ovary 3-more-celled ; style and stigma
simple ; ovules numerous on the inner angle of the cells. — Usually shrubs
or trees ; leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple.

Order 72. Ericaceae (p. 215).

Cohort XX. Jasmin ales. — Flowers often unisexual, regular. Petals some-
times free. Stamens 2 or more, inserted on the corolla, alternate with
its lobes. Disk 0. Ovary 1-2-celled ; style simple or 2-fid ; ovules 1-2
in each cell. — Shrubs or trees ; leaves opposite, simple or compound.

Order 73. Jasminece (p. 219).

„ 74. Salvador acece (p. 220). Petals free.

Cohort XXI. Primtjlales. — Flowers usually hermaphrodite, regular.
Petals very rarely free. Stamens 4-5, all opposite the corolla-lobes,
small. Ovary 1-celled, with free central placenta. — Herbs shrubs or
trees ; leaves simple, alternate, exstipulate.

Order 75. Myrsinece (p. 220). Ovary inferior in Mcesa. Petals free in
Embelia.

„ 76. Primulacece (p. 221). Ovary half inferior in Samolus.

(Order 94. Plumbaginece , should come here.)

Cohort XXII. Plantagunales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Corolla
persistent. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes, filaments long and
pendulous ; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style simple ; stigma
filiform, hispid. Fruit dehiscing transversely. — Herbs.

Order 77. Plantaginece (p. 223).

Cohort XXIII. Sapotales. — Flowers often hermaphrodite, regular. Co-
rolla 4-24-lobed. Stamens (with alternating staminodes) solitary or in
fascicles opposite the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-12-celledj cells 1-2-ovuled.
Stigma as many lobed as cells. — Trees or shrubs.

Order 78. Sapotacece (p. 223) .

,, 79. Ebenacece (p. 224).

Cohort XXIV. Gentianales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Corolla
4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the corolla-lobes. Ovary 2-

xlviii

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

celled, with usually numerous ovules in each cell ; stigma simple or 2-
lobed. Fruit a capsule or berry. — Leaves opposite, usually without
stipules and quite entire.

Order 80. Asclepiadece (p. 226). Pollen collected in masses like those of
Qrchidece.

„ 81. Apocynece (p. 244).

„ 82. Loganiacece (p. 248). Leaves often stipulate.

„ 83. Gentianece (p. 250). Leaves alternate in tribe Meny anthem.

Cohort XXY. Convolvulales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Corolla
4-10- usually 5-parted ; lobes plaited in aestivation. Stamens as many as
and alternate with corolla-lobes. Ovary on a disk, 2-4-celled ; ovules
definite or indefinite ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. — Leaves almost always
alternate.

Order 84. Convolvulacece (p. 253). Carpels separate in Falkia and Di-
chondra.

„ ? 85. Hydrophyllaceoe (p. 256).

„ 86. Solanaceee (p. 256).

Cohort XXVI. Personales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular. Corolla
often 2-lipped. Stamens usually fewer than the corolla-lobes, and un-
equal in length. Ovary on a disk, 2-celled (rarely 1-celled), many-ovuled ;
style usually slender ; stigma simple or 2-fid. — Leaves almost always
opposite, exstipulate.

Order 87. Scrophulariacece (p. 259).

„ 88. Lentibularinece (p. 273) Ovary 1-celled, with free central

placenta.

„ 89. Orobaneheee (p. 274). Leaves 0, or reduced to alternate scales.

„ 90. Bignoniaceee (p. 274).

,, 91. Gesneriacem (p. 276). Leaves often alternate.

„ 92. Acanthacece (p. 279).

Cohort XXVII. VerbenalRS.— Flowers irregular, rarely regular, herma-
phrodite. Corolla usually unequally 2-lipped. Stamens usually fewer
than the corolla-lobes, often unequal in length. Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells
1-ovuled ; style usually filiform ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Fruit a 2-4-
celled berry or drupe of 4 little nuts. — Leaves opposite or alternate.
Order 93. Verbenacece (p. 287).

„ 94.# Plumbagineee (p. 295). Flowers regular. Corolla often of 5
petals, with as many opposite stamens. Ovary 1-celled, with
3-5 styles.

„ 95. Poraginece (p. 296).

„ 96. Labiates (p. 301).

Group III. MONOCHLAMYDEiE.

Perianth consisting of one series, there being no distinct <?alyx and corolla,
regular or nearly so in all but 107, Proteaceee.

Cohort XXVIII. Nyctaginales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Peri-
anth coloured, upper part deciduous, lower hardening round the fruit.
Stamens definite, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style 1.

* I introduce this Order here, in conformity with Dr. Harvey’s sequence
of the Orders, but it should be placed under Cohort XXI. Primulales.

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

xlix

Order 97. Nyctaginea (p. 308).

Cohort XXIX. Chenopodiales. — Flowers usually hermaphrodite and re-
gular. Perianth various. Stamens usually definite and perigynous.
Ovary 1-celled, with 1 or several ovules ; styles 1 or more. Fruit inde-
hiscent. Embryo usually curved in mealy albumen. — Herbs, very rarely
shrubs or trees.

Order 98. Polygonece (p. 309). Ovary 1-ovuled.

„ 99. Phytolaccece (p. 310). Ovary of many 2-ovuled carpels.

„ 100. Chenopodiece (p. 311). Flowers irregular and unisexual in
various genera.

,, 101. Amarantacece (p. 315).

„ 102. Paronychieee (p. 319).

Cohort XXX. Pen ales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth 4*
lobed. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the perianth, or 8, 4 op-
posite and 4 alternate. Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 2-4-ovuled ; stigmas
4 or 1, 4-lobed. Fruit capsular. — All shrubs, with opposite entire
leaves.

Order 103. Penceacece (p. 321).

„ 104. Geissolomece (p. 323).

Cohort XXXI. Laukales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, usually regular. Pe-
rianth herbaceous, or coriaceous tubular and 4-5-lobed, or spreading and
4-9- lobed. Stamens definite, inserted on the perianth. Ovary free, 1-
celled ; ovules 1 or several, pendulous ; style and stigma simple. Fruit
indehiscent. — Shrubs and trees with alternate leaves.

Order 105. Thymelece (p. 323). Bark very tough.

„ 106. Laurinece (p. 327). Anthers opening by valves.

„ 107. Proteacece (p. 328). Perianth often irregular.

Cohort XXXII. Santalales. — Flowers often unisexual. Perianth usually
minute, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, opposite the perianth-lobes. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled, with 2-4 ovules pendulous from a free central placenta ;
stigma usually lobed. Fruit 0, indehiscent. — Herbs shrubs or trees.

Order 108. Santalacece (p. 332).

Cohort XXXIII. Euphorbiales. — Flowers unisexual. Perianth various,
sometimes wanting. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovary 2- or more
celled ; cells 1-2-ovuled ; stigmas as many as the ovary-cells or a9 often
lohed. Fruit capsular, very rarely fleshy. — Herbs shrubs and trees of
very various habit.

Order 109. fiuphorbiacece (p. 334).

Cohort XXXIY. Urticales. — Flowers usually unisexual and regular.
Perianth herbaceous, of 3 or more lobes or leaflets. Stamens usually as
many as the perianth-lobes and opposite them ; filaments indexed in bud,
elastic. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style simple or 2-fid. Fruit never
capsular, often compound. — Herbs shrubs and trses of very various habit.

Order 110. Urticacea (p. 342) .

(See Cohort XXXV. Rhizanthales.)

Group IV. AC HL AM YDEiE.

Perianth 0 ; the stamens and pistils being usually placed in the axils of

e

1

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.,

the bracts of cones or catkins. Flowers almost always minute and uni-
sexual.

Cohort XXXV. Amentales. — Flowers unisexual, in the axils of the scales
of catkins. Stamens usually indefinite. Ovary 1- or more celled. Fruit
rarely capsular, most often 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs with deciduous
stipules.

Order 111. Betulaceee (p. 346).

„ 112. Salicinece (p. 347).

„ 113. Myricece (p. 347.)

Cohort XXXVI. Rhizanthales.* — Flowers unisexual. Perianth supe-
rior, fleshy, valvate or imbricate. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous.
Ovary 1-celled, with parietal or pendulous many-ovuled placentas. Seeds
very minute. — Parasitical plant, with leaves reduced to scales or 0.

Order 114. Baffiesiacece (p. 348).

Cohort XXXVII. Piperales. — Flowers minute, uni- or bisexual, in slender,
rarely short, dense catkins, that are usually clothed with minute peltate
scales or bracts. Stamens 2 or more, free. Ovary 1-4-celled ; cells 1-
ovuled. Fruit various, usually a small berry. — Herbs or undershrubs,
with jointed stems and usually opposite leaves.

Order 115. Piperacece (p. 349).

Order of altogether doubtful affinity.

„ 116. Podostemacece (p. 350).

Subclass II. GtymjN'osperme^:. — Ovules naked, not enclosed
in an ovary, usually placed in the axils of the bracts or scales
of a cone.

Order 117. Gnetacece (p. 351).

„ 118. Conferee (p. 352j.

„ 119. Cycadece (p. 353).

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Group I. PETALOIDEiE.

Flower with a distinct and usually coloured perianth of 1 or 2 whorls.

Subclass I. Epigynejs. — Ovary inferior.

Cohort I. Hydrales. — Flowers hermaphrodite, regular. Perianth in 2
series, or 1, or absent. Embryo exalbuminous. — All aquatics.

Order 120. Hydrocharideoe (p. 355).

Cohort II. Amomales. — Flowers very irregular, hermaphrodite. Perianth
of 2 or more series, outer often petaloid. Stamens 1-2. Ovary 3-celled;
cells with numerous ovules.

Order 121. Scitaminece (p. 355).

„ 122. Orchidaceae (p. 356).

* This Cohort, being monochlamydeous, should have come in after
XXXIV. Urticales.

OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FLORA.

li

Cohort IIT. Iridales. — Flowers usually quite regular, hermaphrodite.
Perianth-lobes all petaloid. Stamens 3 or 6. Ovary 3-celled; cells with
numerous ovules. Seeds albuminous.

Order 123. Burmanniacece (p. 369).

„ 124. Dioscoridece (p. 370).

„ 125. Iridece (p. 370). Perianth sometimes irregular.

,, 126. Hcemodoracece (p. 376). Perianth inferior in some genera, and

ovules solitary in some.

„ 127. Amaryllideoe (p. 378).

Subclass II. Hypogyne^]. — Ovary superior.

Cohort IV. Alismales. — Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual.
Perianth in 2 series, or 1 or 0, outer or all herbaceous. Stamens de-
finite or indefinite. Albumen 0. — Aquatic plants.

Order 128. Alismacece (p. 385).

„ 129. Naiadece (p. 386).

Cohort Y. Arales. — Flowers regular or irregular, usually unisexual and
arranged in a spadix ; often very incomplete. Perianth 0, or of a few
scales or hair-like organs. Stamens various. Ovary usually 1 -celled, 1-
or many-ovuled. Fruit never capsular.

Order 130. Aroidece (p. 388).

„ 131. Typhacece (p. 390).

Cohort YI. Palmales. — Flowers regular, usually arranged on a spadix.
Perianth of 6 leaflets in 2 series. Stamens usually 6, hypogynous.
Ovary 1-3-celled, cells 1-ovuled.

Order 132. Palmece (p. 390).

Cohort VII. Liliales. — Flowers usually regular and hermaphrodite. Pe-
rianth of 6 pieces in 2 rows, outer usually petaloid. Stamens 6, opposite
the perianth-lobes. Ovary 3-celled ; cells many-ovuled. Fruit usually
capsular. *

Order 133. Liliacece (p. 391).

„ 134. Melanthacea (p. 403).

„ 135. Smilacece (p. 405).

„ 136. Juncece (p. 407). Perianth coriaceous or almost glumaeeous.

Ovary 1-celled in Luzula.

Cohort VIII. Commelynales. — Flowers regular or irregular, hermaphro-
dite. Perianth of 6 segments in 2 rows : outer herbaceous or gluma-
ceous, inner petaloid. Stamens very unequal, some much smaller and
usually wanting perfect anthers. Ovary 1- or 3-celled ; cells few- or
many-ovuled. Fruit capsular.

Order 137. Commelynece (p. 408).

„ 138. Xyridecs (p. 410) .

Cohort IX. Eestiales. — Flowers regular or irregular, unisexual. Perianth
of 4 or 6 glumaeeous or scarious segments in 1-2 rows, or wanting or
reduced to a scale. Stamens 1-3, free or united in a cup. Ovary usually
3-celled; ovules 1 pendulous in each cell. Fruit capsular, membranous
or rigid, 1-3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

lii

TABLE OF THE CLASSES, ORDERS, ETC.

Order 139. Frioccmlinece (p. 411). Anthers 2-celled.

„ 140. Restiacea (p. 411). Anthers 1-celled.

Gkoup II. GLUMACEiE.

Flowers minute, in the axils of chaff-like scales or bracts, which are
usually arranged in spikes, spikelets, or catkins. Perianth 0, or very im-
perfect.

Cohort X. Gltjmales. — Characters of the Group.

Order 141. Cyperacece (p. 416). Anthers attached at base.

„ 142. Graminea (p. 427). Anthers versatile.

Class III. ACOTYLEDONES or CRYPTOGAMS.

Subclass I. Acrogens. — Stems and leaves obviously distinct,
the former increasing by additions to their summits. Spores
contained in distinct capsules.

Cohort I. Filicales.— Stems with vascular tissue.

Order 143. Filices (p. 458).

„ 144. Lycopodiacece (p. 470).

„ 145. Marsileacece (p. 471).

„ 146. Equisetacece (p. 471).

Cohort II. Muscales. — Stems without vascular tissue.

Order 147. Musci*

„ 148. Jungermanniece.

„ 149. Marchantieoe.

„ 150. Ricciacece.

„ 151. Characece.

Subclass II. Thallogens. — Stems and leaves not obviously
distinct, the whole plant cellular and consisting of variously
formed fronds (often called thalli ) or of threads of simple cells.
Spores usually immersed in the substance of the frond.

Order 152. Lichens.

,3 153. Fungi.

„ 154. Alga.

* This and the following Orders (148-154) are not included in this
work, as explained in the preface. — J. D. H.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS.

Subclass I. THALAMIFL OBAE.

Order I. HANUNCULACEiE.

Flowers bisexual. Stamens many, hypogynous ; filaments
slender ; anthers adnate. Carpels separate, few or many. —
Climbing shrubs or herbs.

Climbing, slender shrubs, with opposite leaves ... 1. Clematis.

Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate or radical.

Sepals coloured like petals (no true petals).

Sepals 4-5. Carpels few, without tails .... 2. Thalictrttm.

Sepals many. Carpels many, with tails .... 3. Anemone.

Sepals green. Petals present.

Petals with simple claws. Carpels of fruit fleshy 4. Knowltonia.

Petals with a scale or pit on the claw. Carpels

of fruit dry 5. Ranunculus.

1. CLEMATIS, Linn.

Sepals 4-8, coloured like petals, yalvate in the bud. Petals
none. Carpels many, 1-seeded, dry, with hairy tails. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 1 ; Thes. Cap. t. 8, 9.

Climbing or suberect, vine-like shrubs. Leaves opposite, 2-3-pinnate ;
leaflets stalked, toothed or deeply cut. Flowers mostly white. — There are
4 South African species, found eastward from Swellendam to Port Natal.

2. THALICTRUM, Tourn.

Sepals 4-5, coloured, imbricate in bud, soon falling. Petals
none. Carpels 4-5, 1-seeded, dry, shortly beaked. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 3.

Herbs. Stems erect, branched, leafy. Leaves alternate, 3-4-pinnate ;
leaflets stalked, toothed or lobed. Flowers panicled, small, yellowish or
greenish ; stamens conspicuous. — 2 South African species ; found on moun-
tains in the eastern districts, Caflraria, and Natal.

3. ANEMONE, Hall.

Involucre 2 -3-leaved, below the flower. Sepals many, co-

B

2

I. RANUNCULACEjE.

loured, imbricate, soon falling. Petals none. Carpels very
many in a tuft, dry, 1-seeded, with hairy utails. — FI. Cap. \.p. 3 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 7.

Herbs. Leaves from the rootstock, stalked, lobed or cut, sometimes very
much divided. Peduncles simple or branched, 1- or few-flowered. Flowers
white or rosy, conspicuous. — 3 South African species : A. Capensis, from
Table Mountain to Swellendam ; A. Caffra , in the Eastern districts and
Caffraria ; A. Fanninii , n. sp., at the Dargle Farm, Natal.

4. KNOWLTONIA, Sajish.

Involucre none. Sepals 5, green, imbricate, falling. Petals
5-15, whitish yellowish or greenish, flat, with naked claws.
Carpels many in a tuft, 1-seeded, when ripe fleshy; style
falling off. — FI. Cap. i. p. 4.

Herbs, with very acrid juice. Leaves from the rootstock, stalked, 3-
parted or twice 3-parted ; leaflet stalked, toothed or cut. Flowers in
branching cymes or umbels, dull-coloured. — An endemic genus, consisting
of 5, perhaps 6 (. K . bracteata> mss., n. sp.) species, dispersed through the
colony.

5. RANUNCULUS, Hall.

Sepals 3-5, green or yellowish, imbricate, falling. Petals
5-10, flat, yellow or white, with a minute fleshy scale or pit
near the base on the inside. Carpels many, tufted, 1-seeded,
dry in fruit, pointed or beaked. — FI. Cap. i. p. 5.

Herbs. Stems weak, leafy. Leaves stalked, deeply cut, lobed or mul-
tifid in our species. — 6 South African species, dispersed: 5 with yellow
flowers are terrestrial ; 1 {FL. aquatilis ), with white flowers, grows in ponds
and rivers.

Order II. ANONACEiE.

Plowers bisexual. Sepals 3, valvate. Petals 6, in two
rows. Stamens many, hypogynous ; filaments thickened up-
wards ; anthers fixed. Carpels several, separate or cohering.
— Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, entire, alternate, without
stipules. Plowers leathery, lateral, on short stalks.

Carpels separate, on short pedicels.

Petals imbricate. Ovules many 1. Uvaria.

Petals valvate. Ovules 1-2, erect 2. Popowia.

Carpels confluent into a many-seeded fruit 3. Anona.

1. UVARIA, Linn.

Petals 6, imbricate in two rows, plano-convex. Stamens
very many, compressed, with a prolonged connective. Torus
little-raised, hairy. Carpels oblong, furrowed on the inner
face ; style continuous ; ovules many, in two rows. Berries
many- or 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 8.

II. ANONACEiE.

3

1 South African species : U. Caffra , E. Mey., from Natal ; a climbing
shrub, 'with laurel-like leaves, 2-5 inches long, l-2£ inches wide. Flowers
solitary, lateral, nodding. Petals downy. Berry as large as a cherry.

2. POPOWIA, Endl.

Petals 6, valvate in two rows, short, broadly ovate, concave,
not spreading. Stamens many, wedge-shaped, with a pro-
longed connective. Torus little raised. Carpels 5 or many ;
style capitate ; ovules 1-2, erect. Berries globose or egg-
shaped, stalked. — Benth. and Book . Gen. Bl. i. p. 25. Guat-
teria, FI. Cap. i. p. 9.

P. Caffra , H. and S. ( Cuatteria Caffra, Sond. !), from Natal, is a climb-
ing shrub, 10-20 feet high, hanging in festoons from the branches of trees.
Leaves oblong, 3-4 inches long, pale or livid beneath. Flowers 2-4 toge-
ther, on short stalks, cream-coloured.

3. ANONA, Linn.

Petals mostly 6, valvate in two rows, the outer fleshy, con-
cave, scarcely spreading, inner smaller, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens many, with a prolonged ovate connective. Torus hemi-
spherical. Carpels many, mostly connate ; style oblong ;
ovules solitary. Berries fleshy, obtuse, confluent into a many-
celled fruit. — Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. i. p. 27.

A. Senegalensis , Pers., a shrub 6-12 feet high, is found near Natal.
Leaves ovate, feather-nerved and netted-veined beneath, pubescent. Fruit
edible, 1^-2 inches diameter, ‘‘well-flavoured” (W. T. Gerrard).

Order III. MENISPERMACEiE.

Flowers minute, unisexual, green. Stamens definite (few),
mostly monadelphous ; filaments short ; anthers fixed. Car-
pels 1-3, separate ; ovules solitary. Fruit of fleshy, oblique,
very small drupes. — Slender climbing half-shrubs, with alter-
nate, simple, netted-veined leaves. Flowers in axillary cymes
racemes or umbels.

Female flowers with 3-5 petals and 3-5 sepals ; style

3-fid 1. Stephania.

Female flowers with 1 petal and 1 sepal ; style 3-fid . 2. Cissampelos.

Female flowers with 2 petals and 2 sepals ; style none . 3. Antizoma.

1. STEPHANIA, Lour.

Flowers dioecious. Male : Sepals 6-10, in two rows. Pe-
tals 3-5, shorter than the sepals, obovate, rather fleshy. Sta-
minal column peltate at the apex ; anthers sessile, in a mar-
ginal ring. Female : Sepals 3-5. Petals as in the male
flower. Carpel 1 ; style 3-parted. Drupe compressed, dor-

4

III. MENISPERMACEiE.

sally tubercled, hollowed on both sides. — BentJi. and Hook.
Gen. PI. p. 37. Homocnemia, FI. Cap. i. p. 10.

A single species, Homocnemia Meyeriana , Miers, from Natal. A vine-
like twiner, with peltate, ovate-orbicular, many-nerved, pubescent leaves.
Flowers in umbels.

2. CISSAMPELOS, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Male : Sepals 4, separate. Corolla
cup-shaped, nearly entire, shorter than the sepals (composed
of 4 confluent petals). Staminal column peltate at the apex ;
anthers 4-12, sessile in a marginal ring. Female : Sepal 1,
anterior. Petal 1 (or 2 confluent) in front of the sepal, clasp-
ing the ovary. Carpel 1 ; style 3-fid. Drupe kidney-shaped ;
nut compressed and wrinkled at edges. — FI. Cap. i. p. 10.

Mostly twining, slender, shrubby plants. Leaves simple, petioled, en-
tire, ovate reniform or cordate, often peltate. Male flower in cymes ;
female racemose, densely tufted in the axils of leafy bracts. — 3 Cape spe-
cies, 2 of which are confined to the Eastern district and Natal.

3. ANTIZOMA, Miers.

Flowers dioecious. Male flower as in Cissampelos. Female :
Sepals 2, opposite, very concave, fleshy, slightly imbricate in
bud. Petals 2, opposite the sepals, minute, scale-like, orbi-
cular, fleshy, hyp ogy nous. Carpel 1, ob ovate ; style none ;
stigma obsolete or bluntly 2-lobed. Fruit unknown. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 11.

Endemic. Suberect or twining shrubs. Leaves linear or lanceolate, en-
tire, opaque, leathery, on very short petioles ; the petiole armed at base
with a dorsal spur-like spine. — 5 reputed species (probably over-estimated),
from the Northern and North-Eastern frontiers.

Order IY. NYMPHiEACEiE.

Flowers bisexual, large and showy. Petals numerous, in
several rows. Stamens many ; filaments flat ; anthers adnate.
Carpels numerous, sunk in a fleshy torus, and thus concreted
into a many-celled ovary. — “ Water-lilies.” Leaves on long
stalks, cordate or peltate.

1. NYMPH1EA, Linn.

Sepals 4, at the base of the fleshy torus, in which the carpels
are sunk. Petals and stamens numerous, in several rows, co-
vering the sides of the torus. Ovary many-celled ; stigmas
sessile, radiating. Berry leather-coated, irregularly bursting ;
seeds many, lodged in pulp.

Water-plants, with submerged prostrate rootstocks, throwing up leaves

IY. NYMPHiEACEiE.

5

and flower3. Leaves on long, terete petioles, cordate. Flowers on simple
peduncles. — 1 South African species, N. stellata , with blue or rarely white,
sweet-scented flowers, standing out of the water. It is found in rivers and
ponds throughout South Africa.

Order Y. PAPAVERACE.®.

Blowers bisexual. Sepals 2-3, deciduous. Petals 4-6,
equal, spreading, crumpled in the bud. Stamens many ; fila-
ments slender ; anthers adnate. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or se-
veral parietal placentae ; ovules many. Capsule many-seeded.
- — The Poppy family. Herbs, with coloured, narcotic juices.

1. PAP AVER, Linn.

Ovary globose or obovoid, crowned with 4-20 radiating, li-
near, sessile stigmas. Capsule oblong, dry, opening by small
pores under the stigmas ; placentae projecting into the cavity,
and dividing it into several incomplete chambers. Seeds very
numerous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 15.

1 South African species, P. aculeatum , Th. ; the Wild Poppy. Radical
leaves many, sinuous or pinnatifid, setose and bristly ; stem-leaves sessile,
very hispid. Flowers scarlet-orange, on long peduncles. — Native of the Nor-
thern and Eastern districts. P. horridum , DC., from Australia, is a syno-
nym of this species.

Order VI. EXJMARIACEiE.

Plowers bisexual. Sepals 2, minute, scale-like. Petals 4,
unequal, connivent in pairs, one or both of the outer pair
spurred or saccate at base. Stamens 6, diadelphous, 3 in each
parcel. — Grlabrous, often glaucous, twining herbs, with much-
divided leaves, and small, purple white or yellow, racemose
flowers.

Fruit many-seeded, capsular.

Capsule bladder. like, subglobose 1. Cysticapnos.

Capsule lanceolate, compressed 2. Corydalis.

Fruit 1 -seeded, indehiscent.

Fruit flattened, orbicular 3. DiscocapnoS.

Fruit subglobose, not flattened 4. Ftjmaria.

1. CYSTICAPNOS, Boerh.

Capsule 2-valved, bladdery ; epicarp inflated, spongy within ;
endocarp delicately membranous, supported by slender fila-
ments in the centre of the cavity, and. bearing at the margins
of the valves many-seeded placentae. Seeds compressed,
beaked. — FI. Cap. i. p. 16.

6

VI. EUMARIACEiE.

Endemic. C. Africana , the only species, is frequent near Capetown;
also at Stellenbosch and Swellendam. Its bladdery capsules are 1 inch
in diameter, pointed, and splitting into two boat-like valves.

2. CORYDALIS, DC.

Capsule pod-shaped, compressed, 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves
separating from a persistent, placentiferous replum (or frame) .
Seeds lenticular, beaked. — FI. Cap. i. p. 16.

3 South African species, all annuals, with climbing stems and multifid
leaves.

3. DISCOCAPNOS, Ch. and Schl.

Fruit (a utricle) orbicular, flattened, membranous, with a
marginal wing, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed lenticular, beaked.
— FI. Cap. i. p. 18 ; Thes. Cap. t. 10.

Endemic. D. Mundtii, the only species, is found near Capetown, etc.
It is like the common “ Fumitory,” but differs in its flattened fruit.

4. FUMARIA, Linn.

Fruit subglobose (not flattened), dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded.

F. officinalis , L., the common “Fumitory,” is a weed of cultivation, in-
troduced from Europe. Grows in waste places and old gardens.

Order VII. CRUCIFERS.

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, clawed,
mostly equal, spreading in the form of a cross. Stamens 6, 4
long and 2 short ; anthers versatile. Ovary 2-celled, with pa-
rietal placentae. Fruit a long pod ( siliqua ) or a short one
(silicula). Seeds without albumen. — Herbs or shrublets, with
alternate leaves and no stipules. Flowers in racemes, white
yellow purple or sky-blue. — Many garden vegetables, such as
Cabbage, Turnips, Mustard, Cress, Radishes, Horseradish etc.,
and garden flowers, such as Stocks, Wallflowers, etc., belong
to this Order.

A. Siliqttosa:. Fruit-pod several times as long as
broad.

* Pod with flat or flattish valves.

Calyx equal at base (not spurred).

Seeds with flat, accumbent cotyledons (0 = ).

Pod linear-elongate, narrow ; valves not

elastic 4. Arabis.

Pod acute at each end ; valves bursting with

elasticity 5. Cardamine.

Seeds with long, twice-folded cotyledons (0 1| || ||).

Pod linear or beaded 13. Heliophila.

Calyx 2-spurred at base 12. Chamira.

** Pod 2-edged or 4-angled, with keeled valves . . 3. Barbarea.

VII. CRUCIFERS.

7

*** Pod with convex, round-backed valves.

Pod dehiscent when ripe.

Seeds with flat accumbent cotyledons (0 = ).

Sepals elongate, erect, saccate at base . 1. Matthiola.

Sepals spreading, equal at base ... 2. Nasturtium.

Seeds with flat incumbent cotyledons (0 ||) 7. Sisymbrium.

Seeds with broad cotyledons folded over

the radicle (0 >>) 11. Brassica.

Pod indehiscent ; seeds as in Heliophila . 14. Carponema.

B. Siliculos.®. Fruit-pod short, few- or 1-seeded,
less than thrice as long as broad.

* Pod dehiscent.

Pod with flattish valves and a broad septum.

Cotyledons accumbent (0 = ) . . . . 6. Alyssum.

Cotyledons elongate, twice folded on the

radicle (0 || || ||) 13. Heliophila.

Pod with keeled valves and a narrow septum.

Seeds 1 in each cell 9. Lepidium.

Seeds several in each cell 10. Capsella.

** Pod indehiscent ; seeds solitary.

Pod deeply 2-lobed or 2-parted.

Petals minute, shorter than the sepals . 8. Senebiera.

Petals much longer than the sepals . .15. Brachycarpea.

Pod orbicular or ovate.

Pod ovate, beaked, with convex, wrinkled

valves 16. Cycloptychis.

Pod orbicular, with flat valves . . .17. Palmstruckia.

1. MATTHIOLA, E. Br.

Sepals erect, the 2 lateral saccate at base. Pod subterete,
elongate, with round-backed valves. Stigma thickened, its lobes
erect, connivent. Seeds compressed, 1-seriate; cotyledons
accumbent. — FI. Cap. i. p. 20.

1 South African species : M. torulosa, a rigid, branching, tomentose
herb, with stellate pubescence ; radicle-leaves subsinuate. Flower pur-
plish.— Northern districts and frontier.

2. NASTURTIUM, E. Br.

Sepals spreading, equal at base. Pod nearly cylindrical,
long or short, with round-backed valves. Styles short or
longish ; stigma 2-lobed. Seeds small, turgid, 2 -seriate ; coty-
ledons accumbent. — FI. Cap. i. p. 21.

Water or marsh plants. — 2 South African species : N. officinale (common
Watercress), with white flower ; N. fluviatile, E. M., with yellow flower ;
the latter an Eastern district plant.

3. BARBAREA, E. Br.

Sepals erect, equal at base. Pod 4-sided, 2-edged, the
valves keeled at back, awnless at the apex. Stigma capitate.
Seeds not margined, 1-seriate. — FI. Cap. i. p. 22.

8

VII. CRUCIFERS.

1 species : B. pracox, R. Br., a roadside weed, introduced from Europe.
Stem branching ; lobes lyrate-pinnatifid ; flower small, bright yellow.

4. ARABIS, Linn.

Sepals erect or spreading, equal, or the lateral saccate at
base. Pod linear, compressed, with flat valves. Seeds in a
single or double row .—FI. Cap. i. p. 22. Also Turritis, L. ;
FI. Cap. 1. c.

2 South African species, found on high mountains of the Eastern district.
Flowers white.

5. CARDAMINE, Linn.

Sepals erect or spreading, equal at base. Pod linear or sub-
lanceolate, mostly acute at each end ; valves flat, nerveless,
opening with elasticity. Seeds ovate, not margined, 1-seriate.
— FI. Cap. i. p. 23.

1 South African species : C. Africana , found in damp woods throughout
the colony. Lobes on long petioles, 3 -partite ; the leaflets petiolate, ovate-
acuminate, toothed. Flowers small, white.

6. ALYSSUM, Linn.

Sepals erect, equal at base. Petals entire. Stamens
toothed or entire. Pod orbicular or elliptical, the valves flat
or convex in the centre. Seeds 1-4 in each cell, compressed,
sometimes margined ; cotyledons accumbent. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 23.

Small annuals or perennials, covered with whitish stellate pubescence.
Leaves entire. Flowers white or yellow.— 2 South African species.

7. SISYMBRIUM, All.

Sepals spreading, equal at base. Filament toothless. Pod
subterete, sessile ; valves convex, usually 3-nerved. Seeds
several, ovate or oblong ; cotyledons incumbent or oblique. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 24.

Roadside weeds or weed-like plants, glabrous or hispid. Leaves either
simple, pinnatisect or decompound. Flowers mostly yellow, rarely white.
— 8 reputed South African species.

8. SENEBIERA, DC.

Sepals spreading. Petals very small. Stamens 2-4-6.
Pod 2-parted, subcompressed, indehiscent ; valves subglo-
bose, ridged or crested. Seeds solitary. — FI. Cap. i. p. 27.

Littoral or roadside weeds, widely dispersed over the globe, decumbent or
prostrate. Leaves entire or mostly pinnatifid. Flowers very minute, in
short racemes opposite the leaves. Smell very pungent. — 4 South African
species.

VII. CRUCIFERiE.

9

9. LEPIDIUM, Linn.

Sepals equal at base. Pod ovate or subcordate ; tbe valves
keeled; cells 1-seeded. Seeds 3-cornered or compressed. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 28.

The garden Cress (Z. sativum) is the type of this widely-dispersed
genus. Sonder enumerates 10 species in FI. Cap. These are weed-like
plants, with entire or variously and irregularly-cut leaves and small flowers
in terminal elongating racemes.

10. CAPSELLA, Yent.

Sepals flattisb, equal at base. Pod triangular or wedge-
sbaped, the valves boat- shaped, wingless ; cells many-seeded. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 31.

1 species, Shepherd’ s-purse, a common weed throughout the temperate
zones ; introduced from Europe.

11. BRASSICA, Linn.

Sepals erect or spreading, the lateral often saccate at base.
Pilament toothless. Pod long, subterete, with a beak (some-
times indehiscent and 1-seeded) ; the valves convex, 1-3-
nerved, the lateral nerves often flexuous ; septum membranous
or spongy. Seeds 1-seriate, subglobose or oblong; cotyle-
dons broad, conduplicate (0 >>). — FI. Cap. i. p. 3. Also Sina-
pis, Koch; FI. Cap. i . p. 32.

Cabbage, Turnip, Mustard, etc. Mostly biennials, natives of the tempe-
rate zones. Lower leaves petioled, lyrate or pinnatifid ; cauline sessile,
subentire. Racemes elongate ; flowers yellow. — 4 South African species.

12. CHAMIRA, Thunb.

Calyx 2-spurred at base. Pod substipitate, oblong, com-
pressed, with a subulate beak. Seeds compressed, immargi-
nate ; cotyledons elongate, twice folded on the radicle. — FI.
Cap. i. p. 32.

Endemic. C. cornuta , the only species, is a weakly, glabrous annual.
Lower leaves opposite, reniform-cordate, 2 inches long, 3-4 inches wide ;
upper alternate deeply cordate, the uppermost acuminate. Flowers small,
white. — About Simon’s Town and near Saldanha Bay.

13. HELIOPHILA, Linn.

Sepals equal at base. Pilaments of lateral stamens simple,
or with a tooth near the base. Pod sessile or stipitate, dehis-
cent, long or short, compressed, linear, oblong or lanceolate, the
margins straight or undulate ; valves l-3-nerved,flattish, mostly
membranous ; septum hyaline ; style short or long ; stigma
2-lobed. Seeds many or few, sometimes solitary, 1-2-seriate ;

10

VII. CRUCIFER JE.

cotyledons twice folded on the radicle. — FI. Cap. i. p. 35 ;
Ikes. Cap. t. 166.

A large woolly South African genus of upwards of sixty species. These
are distributed under the following sections : —

1. Leptormtts. Pods linear, moniliform ; the beads oval. Herbs.

2. Ormisctjs. Pods linear, moniliform ; beads globose. Herbs.

3. Selenocarpe.®. Pods oval or suborbicular. Herbs.

4. Orthoselis. Pods linear, with straight or straightish margins.
Herbs or shrublets.

5. Pachystylium. Pods linear ; style short and thick. Pubescent
half-shrubs.

6. Lanceolaria. Pods lanceolate. Glabrous shrublets and half-shrubs.

14. CARPONEMA, Sond.

Pod sessile, indehiscent, linear, terete, tapering to each end,
somewhat constricted between the seeds, with a very thin
septum, 2-celled, one cell smaller and empty, the other several-
seeded ; valves hardened, nerveless ; style conical. Seeds in a
single row, oblong, terete, immarginate, separated by cross-
partitions ; cotyledons twice folded on the radicle. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 35.

Endemic. 1 species, C. filiforme, Sond., a glabrous or pilose annual,
12-18 inches high. Leaves linear, the lower long ; racemes long ; flowers
blue or purple ; pods pendulous, 1 inch long. — Found on the Cape flats.

15. Bit ACHY C ARPiE A, DC.

Sepals equal at base. Pod indehiscent, deeply 2-lobed, with
a very narrow septum ; valve very convex, netted and ridged ;
cells 1-seeded. Seeds with long, linear cotyledons, spirally
rolled on the radicle. — FI. Cap. i. p. 33.

An endemic genus of 2 species, natives of the West and North-West
districts. Glabrous, half-shrubby perennials, with oblong or linear entire
leaves ; long leafless racemes, and handsome yellow or purple flower.

16. CYCLOPTYCHIS, E. Mey.

Pod hard-shelled, indehiscent, orbicular-ovate, beaked ; sep-
tum orbicular ; valves somewhat convex, with raised ridges,
radiating from a prominent keeled centre ; seeds solitary in
each centre ; cotyledons long, linear, twice folded on the ra-
dicle.— FI. Cap. i. p. 34 ; Thes. Cap. t. 59.

An endemic genus of 2 species, natives of the Western districts. They
resemble Brachycarpcea in aspect, but differ in fruit.

17. PALMSTRU CKI A, Sond.

Pod sessile, orbicular, very much flattened, indehiscent, 1-
locular, 1-seeded. Seeds orbicular, compressed, with a mem-
branous marginal wing ; cotyledons linear, incumbent, twice-
folded.

VII. CRUCIEERiE.

11

Endemic. A glabrous, erect herb, with remote, linear-filiform leaves.
Flowers unknown. Fruiting racemes long ; ripe pods 7-8 lines long and
wide, rounded at top, with a very short style ; valves flattish, nerveless.
— This plant was found by Thunberg, about 1772, on the Onderste Bogge-
veld ; no more recent collector has met with it !

Order YIII. CAPPARIDE^].

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 4. Petals 4-8 or more, clawed,
often unequal, sometimes none. Stamens 4, 6, or many, not
tetradynamous. Ovary 1-locular, with 2 parietal placentae.
Fruit a dry capsule or fleshy berry. Seeds without albumen ;
embryo curved or spirally rolled. — Trees shrubs or herbs,
with alternate simple or compound leaves. Pubescence often
glandular and fetid.

Tribe 1. Cleome.®. Fruit a dry, dehiscent, pod-like capsule. Annual or
perennial herbs ; leaves simple or compound. (Gen. 1-2.)

Torus small, depressed or inconspicuous 1. Cleome.

Torus tapering into a stalk-like gynophore .... 2. Gynandbopsis.

Tribe 2. C apparel. Fruit a fleshy, indehiscent berry. Shrubs or
trees. (Gen. 3-6.)

Calyx-tube obconical, persistent ; limb of 4 deci-
duous valvate lobes ; torus elongate, filiform.

Berry ovoid, 1-celled, few- or many-seeded ... 3. Niebtjhria.

Berry cylindrical, torulose, transversely many-

ceLLed, each cell l-3eeded 4. M®rtja.

Calyx of 4 deciduous separate sepals, not united into
a tube at base.

Torus long, slender, filiform. Stamens 4-8 . . 5. Cad aba.

Torus short, hemispherical. Stamens few or many 6. Capparis.

Tribe 1. Cleome^:. (G-en. 1-2.)

1. CLEOME, Linn.

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted, persistent or deciduous. Pe-
tals equal or unequal, sessile or clawed, entire ; convolute
imbricate or open in the bud. Torus short or depressed,
sometimes produced behind into a process or gland. Stamens
4-6-8 or more, either all perfect or some sterile, very generally
unequal and decimate, the filaments often thickened under the
apex. Ovary sessile or stipitate ; ovules many ; style none or
elongate. Capsule mostly elongate, sometimes inflated, 1-
celled, with thin valves. — FI. Cap. i. p. 55. Also Polanisia,
Fajin. FI. Cap. i.p. 56. Dianthera, Kl. ; FI. Cap. i. p. 57 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 136. Tetratelia, Sond. ; FI. Cap. i. p. 58.

A large tropical and subtropical genu9 of herbs or half-shrubs, mostly
strongly scented. Leaves simple or compound. The following subgenera
are represented in the South African flora : —

1. Eucleome. Stamens 6, fertile. (2 species.)

12

VIII. CAPPABIDEiE.

2. Polanisia. Stamens 8-12, fertile. (2 species.)

3. Dianthera. Stamens 4-10 ; 2-8 short and sterile ; 2 anterior alone
fertile, very long, declinate. (3 species.)

4. Tetratelia. Stamens 8 ; 4 sterile, short ; 4 fertile, elongate. (1
species.)

All the Cape species are natives of the Northern or North-Eastern fron-
tier, or of the regions beyond the Northern bonndary.

2. GYKAJNDROPSIS, DC.

Sepals 4, short, spreading. Petals 4, clawed. Stamens 6,
inserted on the summit of a long stalk-like torus ; filaments
subequal ; anthers 2-celled, fertile. Ovary stipitate ; ovules
many ; stigma subsessile. Capsule pod-like, 1-celled, 2-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds rugose. — FI. Cap. i. p. 55.

Annuals, chiefly tropical. G. 'pentaphylla is found on the Asbestos
Mountains and Magalisberg; it is a native of the West Indies, but now
naturalized throughout the tropics generally.

Teibe 2. Cappaeea:. (Gen. 3-6.)

3. NIEBUHRIA, DC.

Calyx with a funnel-shaped, persistent tube, and a 4-parted,
deciduous limb ; lobes valvate in aestivation. Petals 0 or
very small. Torus filiform, long or shorter, cylindrical. Sta-
mens many, on the apex of the torus ; filaments filiform.
Ovary on a long stipe, 1-celled ; ovules many or few. Berry
ovoid or subglobose, 1-celled, many- or few-seeded. — Niebuhria,
FI. Cap. i. p. 60 ; and Boscia, FI. Cap. 1. c. ; Thes. Cap. t. 134.

Small trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 3-foliate or
simple. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary or corymbose. — 5 South
African species, of which 3 have 3-foliate, and 2 simple leaves. 4 are na-
tives of the Eastern district, or Natal ; 1 ( Boscia angustifolia , H.) of
Namaqualand.

4. MJERUA, Eorsk.

Calyx with a funnel-shaped, persistent tube, and a 4-parted,
deciduous limb ; lobes valvate. Petals 0, or 4 in the throat
of the calyx. Torus filiform, elongate, cylindrical. Stamens
many, inserted in the middle of the torus ; filaments free or
connate at base. Ovary on a long stipe ; ovules many ; stig-
ma subsessile. Berry cylindrical, torulose, transversely many-
celled ; cells 1-seeded.

Trees, chiefly tropical, often glaucous. Leaves simple, quite entire.
Flowers axillary or terminal. — M. Angolensis has been recently found in
the Natal country by Mr. Gerrard ( Gerr . and M‘K. ! 1148).

5. CADABA, Forsk.

Sepals 4, separate, unequal, deciduous, concave, the two
outer valvate in the bud and covering over the 2 inner. Petals

Till. CAPPARIDEiE.

13

(2-4 or) none. Stamens 4-8, fertile, inserted on the apex of
a long, filiform torus, which has a hood- or bottle-shaped ap-
pendage at its base, on the upper side. Ovary stipitate, ob-
long, 1-locular ; ovules many ; stigma sessile. Berry cylin-
drical, fleshy and indehiscent, or leathery, splitting irregularly.
— FI. Cap. i. p. 59 ; and Schepperia, FI. Cap. 1. c. ; Th.es. Cap. t.
60 and t. 135.

Shrubs, glabrous or glandular, sometimes leafless. Leaves simple or 3-
foliolate. Flowers axillary, solitary or racemose. — 2 South African species :
C.juncea (Schepperia juncea, DC.), a native of dry plains in the Northern,
North-Western, and Eastern districts ; and C. Natalensis , Sd., found in
Natal and British Caffraria.

6. CAPPARIS, Linn.

Sepals 4-5, free or connate at base, valvate or imbricate.
Petals 4, rarely more, imbricated. Torus small, hemispherical.
Stamens mostly numerous, sometimes 8, on the torus; filaments
free. Ovary stipitate ; ovules many ; stigmas sessile. Berry
on a long stipe, globose or cylindrical, many- or few-seeded.
Seeds lying in pulp ; embryo spirally rolled. — FI. Cap. i.p. 61.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing or scrambling, unarmed or spiny.
Leaves simple. — 9 Cape species, all Eastern or from Natal.

Order IX. RESEDACEAD.

Blowers bisexual, small, green or white. Sepals several,
persistent. Petals minute. Stamens 3 or several. Ovary
1 -celled, open at the summit, with 3-4 parietal placentae.
Bruit a gaping capsule. Seeds without albumen ; embryo
curved. — Small herbs or suffrutices, with alternate, simple or
cut leaves. “ Mignonette” belongs to this Order.

1. OLIGOMERIS, Cambess.

Calyx 4-5-parted, the segments sometimes unequal. Petals
2, alternate with the upper sepals, flat, simple (not lobed),
without appendage, separate or connate at base. Torus obso-
lete. Stamens 3-8, hypogynous ; filaments subulate, flat,
united at base into a cup, persistent ; anthers deciduous.
Ovary 1-celled, 4-angled, with 4 conical points ; placentae 4,
parietal ; ovules many. Capsule membranous, inflated, open
at the summit, 4-horned. — FI. Cap. i. p. 64.

Small, slightly fleshy perennials ; leaves very narrow, undivided ; flowers
minute, white, in terminal, bracteate spikes. — 4 species, found on dry hills
in various parts of the colony.

Order X. BIXACEiE, Endl.

Blowers small, often unisexual, regular. Sepals often

14

X. BIXACEiE.

united at base, persistent; sometimes partly adnate to the
ovary. Petals sometimes wanting, rarely large. Stamens de-
finite or indefinite, hypogynous or rarely perigynous. Ovary
1-locular, with parietal placentae. Emit either a fleshy berry,
or a pulpy, dehiscent capsule. Seed albuminous ; embryo
straight, central. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple
leaves ; often spiny.

Suborder 1. Bixinea:. Ovary quite free. Stamens bypogynous. (Gren. 1-7.)
Flowers bisexual or polygamous. Style columnar or short.

Sepals deciduous. Petals 10-12, much larger than the

sepals 1. Oncoba.

Sepals 4-5, persistent. Petals 4-5, small, deciduous 2. Rawsonia.

Calyx persistent, deeply 10-12-fid in 2 rows ; petals

none 3. Scolopia.

Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Stigma subsessile. Ovule

solitary 4. Xylosma ?

Flowers unisexual, dioecious. Styles as many as the
carpels.

Anthers opening by slits. Petals 0.

Calyx 6-10-fid in a double row ; capsule .... 5. Trimeria.

Calyx 5-7-fid in a single row ; berry 6. Dovyalis.

Anthers opening by pores. Petals 5, with a scale at

base 7. Kiggelaria.

Suborder 2. Homalinea. Flowers bisexual. Ovary half-inferior.

Stamens perigynous. (Gren. 8.)

Calyx with a conical, adherent tube, and a 10-30-fid
limb ; the segments in two rows 8. Homxlium.

Suborder 1. Bixineas. (Gren. 1-7.)

1. ONCOBA, Forsk.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, deciduous, imbricated.
Petals 6-12, much larger than the sepals, obovate, clawed, im-
bricate. Stamens many, inserted in several rows on a fleshy
torus; filaments filiform; anthers linear or oblong, erect,
opening by slits. Ovary with 3-10 parietal placentae ; style
simple ; stigma radiate ; ovules many. Berry leathery, pulpy
within ; seeds numerous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 66.

Trees or shrubs, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes spinous. Leaves
simple, entire or serrulate. Flowers terminal, large, white or yellow. — 3
South African species ; 2 found at Natal, 1 at Delagoa Bay.

2. RAWSONIA, Harv. and Sond.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals 4-5, very unequal,
concave, imbricate, persistent. Petals 4-5, unequal and con-
cave like the sepals and not longer, deciduous. Petaloid
scales (staminodia) opposite the petals and longer, each with
a 2-lobed, fleshy gland at base. Stamens many, in several

X. BIXACE.E.

15

rows, the inner bypogynous, the outer attached to the base of
the petaloid scales ; anthers sagittate, erect. Ovary on a con-
vex torus, with 4-5 parietal placentas; ovules many;" stigma
subsessile, 4-5-parted. Fruit . . . ? — FI. Cap. i. p. 67.

R. lucida is a Natal shrub, with glossy, exstipulate, serrate leaves, and
axillary, subcapitate spikes of (yellow ?) flowers.

3. SCOLOPIA, Schreb.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx persistent, with a short, conical
tube, and a 10-12 -parted limb ; the segments in two rows, the
inner smaller. Torus fleshy, filling the calyx-tube, its margin,
opposite the bases of the outer calyx- segments cut into nume-
rous, glandular lobules. Stamens very many, in several rows
within the margin of the disk, slightly perigynous ; filaments
capillary ; anthers 2-celled, acuminate or horned, splitting.
Ovary free, sessile, with 2 indexed placentae ; ovules few ;
style filiform ; stigma subcapitate: Berry fleshy, few-seeded.

— Phoberos, Lour. ; FI. Cap. i. p. 67.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. — 3 species found in the Eastern dis-
trict ; others recently at Natal.

4. XYLOSMA, Eorst.

Flowers dioecious. Male : Sepals 4-5, scale-like, often
ciliate, imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens many, often sur-
rounded by a glandular disk ; anthers short, versatile, splitting.
Female : Ovary on an annular disk ; placentae parietal, 1
(or 2-3-6) ; ovule solitary (or few) ; style none (or entire
or divided) ; stigma dilated. Berry indehiscent, small, l-(or
few-) seeded. — Thes. Cap.

Trees, often spiny. Leaves toothed, rarely entire. Flowers shortly ra-
cemose or tufted in the axils of the leaves, minute. X. monospora , Harv.,
recently found near Natal by Mr. Cooper.

5. TRIMERJA, Harv.

Flowers dioecious. Male : Calyx 6-10-parted in a double
row, the inner larger. Disk bearing marginal glands opposite
each of the outer lobes of the calyx. Petals 0. Stamens
9-10, subperigynous, inserted in parcels of 3-4, alternating
with the glands of the disk. Female : Calyx as in the male,
but without glands. Ovary free, sessile, with 3 parietal pla-
centae ; styles 3, short, persistent; ovules 1-2 on each placenta.
Capsule dry, 3-valved, 1-3-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 68.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3- or many-nerved, toothed. Flowers
minute, spiked or panicled. — 2 species, from Eastern frontier and Natal.

16

X. BIXACEiE.

6. DOVYALIS, E. Mey.

Flowers dioecious. Male : Sepals 5-8, tomentose, scarcely
imbricate. Petals none. Stamens 12-20 or many, inserted on
a fleshy, glandular disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers didymous,
short. Female : Ovary seated on a lobed, fleshy disk, with
2-6 or more, strongly inflexed placentae ; ovules solitary or
few, pendulous ; styles as many as the placentae, spreading.
Berry indehiscent, pulpy within, few-seeded. Seeds glabrous
or woolly. — FI. Cap. i. p. 69. Also Aberia, FI. Cap. i. p. 70,
and ii. ( Suppl .) p. 584.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, entire or toothed,
alternate. Flowers axillary, small ; the males tufted, females solitary.
There are two sections or subgeneray viz. : —

1. Dovyalis, E. M. Seeds glabrous. (2 species.)

2. Abeeia, Hochst. Seeds woolly. (4 species.)

In the ‘ Flora ’ I retained Aberia as distinct from Dovyalis , but the recent
discovery of two new species with intermediate characters, has induced me
to unite them. One of these, the “ Kei apple” ( Aberia Caffra, Hook. f.
and Harv.), has 6 (or probably more) styles and placentae. There is abso-
lutely no difference whatever in habit between the species of the two sub-
genera.

7. KIGGELABIA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-parted, deciduous ; sepals val-
vate in bud. Petals 5, imbricate, leathery, each with a fleshy
gland at its base inside. Male : Stamens 10, crowded in the
base of the calyx ; filaments short ; anthers hard and dry, 2-
celled, opening by terminal pores. Female : Ovary sessile,
with 2-5 parietal placentae ; styles 2-5, short ; ovules many.
Capsule globose, pubescent, leathery, several-seeded, bursting
imperfectly into 2-5 valves, — FI. Cap. i. p. 71.

Endemic shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, entire or denticulate.
Male flowers in axillary cymes ; female solitary. — 3 species.

Subokdek 2. Homaline^:.* (Gen. 8.)

8. HOMALIUM, Jacq.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx persistent, with a conical tube
and multipartite (10-30-cleft) limb ; segments in two rows,
the inner ones largest. A gland opposite the base of each
of the outer segments. Stamens perigynous, alternating with
the glands singly or in parcels of 2 or 3 ; filaments filiform ;
anthers didymous, opening longitudinally. Ovary half-infe-
rior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentae ; styles 3-5, subulate,

* This Suborder is usually regarded as a distinct Order, and placed in
Calycijlorce. I retain it here on account of the very intimate relationship
between Domalium, Scolopia, and Trimeria.

X. BTXACEJE.

17

divergent ; ovules few, pendulous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 72 (Black-
wellia).

Shrubs or small trees, mostly tropical. Leaves toothed or entire, sim-
ple. Flowers in axillary or terminal spikes, racemes or panicles. — 1 or
perhaps 2 species found at Natal.

Order XI. VIOLARIE.®.

Blowers bisexual. Sepals 5, persistent, separate. Petals
5, unequal, the lower one spurred at base. Stamens 5 ; fila-
ments broad and flat ; anthers adnate, conniving round the
stigma. Ovary 1-locular, with 3 parietal placentas. Capsule
3-valved, bearing the seeds in the middle of each valve. —
Herbs or half- shrubby plants, with alternate, simple, entire or
cut, stipuled leaves. Blowers axillary, solitary or variously
arranged. “ Yiolet ” and “ Pansy.”

Sepals eared at base 1. Viola.

Sepals not eared at base 2. Ioniditjm.

1. VIOLA, Linn.

Sepals 5, nearly equal, prolonged at base into ear-like lobes.
Petals 5, unequal, the under one ( labellum ) spurred or saccate
at base. — FI. Cap. i. p. 73 ; Thes. Cap. t. 46.

Herbs or small under, hrubs. — 2 South African species, with linear or
linear-lanceolate leaves, and subulate stipules. Flowers violet-blue. Na-
tives of the South-Western districts. V. arvensis , Murr., a weed of culti-
vation, is naturalized throughout the colony.

2. IONTIDIUM, Vent.

Sepals 5, unequal, not prolonged at base. Petals 5, very
unequal, the under one ( labellum ) much larger than the rest,
with a dilated and concave claw, shortly spurred or saccate at
base. — FI. Cap. i.p. 74 ; Thes. Cap. t. 47.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, serrate or entire,
stipulate. Flowers axillary or in terminal racemes.— 4 South African spe-
cies, natives of the Eastern district and Natal.

Order XII. DROSERACEAD.

Blowers bisexual, regular. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5,
equal. Stamens 5, on slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled,
with 3-5 parietal placentas, or 3-celled ; styles 1-3-5, often
forked or multifid. Capsule dry, splitting. — Herbs or under-
shrubs, covered with viscidly glandular hairs. “ Sundew or
Catch-fly.” *

Styles 3-5, 2-fid or 2-partite. Ovary 1-celled .... 1. Drosera.

Style 1, simple, stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled ... 2. Roridula.

c

18

XII. DltoSERACEiE.

1. DROSERA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, obovate. Stamens 5 ; anthers
adnate, opening by slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal
placentas ; ovules many ; styles 3-5, 2-fid or 2-partite, the
branches undivided or multifid. Capsule membranous, 3-5-
valved, many-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 75 ; Thes. Cap. t. 26.

Stemless or caulescent herbs. Leaves scattered or rosulate, bearing on
the upper surface and margin glandular hairs, stipulate. Flowers in scor-
pioid cymes or secundly racemose, rarely solitary ; rosy purple or white,
handsome. Petals very delicate, soon withering. — 8 South African species,
dispersed through the colony.

2. RORIDULA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, oval or oblong. Stamens 5 ;
anthers adnate, opening by pores. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules soli-
tary or in pairs, pendulous from the summit ; style simple ;
stigma capitate. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds solitary. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 79.

Shrublets, very viscid and gland-hairy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire or pinnatifid, 2-3 inches long, lg— 2 lines wide. Flowers
spiked or racemose. — 2 species, natives of the Western district.

Order XIII. POLYGALEiE.

Plowers bisexual, irregular. Sepals 5, unequal, the two
lateral often coloured like petals. Petals 3-5 ; the two lateral
small ; the lower (keel) large, enclosing the stamens and ovary,
and often crested in front. Stamens 8, monadelphous ; an-
thers opening by pores. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary,
pendulous. Fruit a capsule or drupe. — Small shrubs, half-
shrubs, or herbs. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules.
Flowers racemose or spiked.

Sepals very unequal, the two lateral wing-like.

Fruit a 2-celled, oblong or obcordate capsule ... 1. Polygala.

Fruit a fleshy, ovoid drupe 2. Mundtia.

Fruit 1-celled, dry, indehiscent, winged at the apex . 4. Securidaca.

Sepals subequal, similar ; fruit an oblong capsule ... 3. Muraltia.

1. POLYGALA, Linn.

Sepals 5 ; the two lateral much larger than the rest, wing-
like and coloured. Petals 3-5, united at base and attached
to the staminal tube ; the lower boat-shaped, usually crested
below the apex ; the lateral small, simple or 2-fid ; upper fre-
quently wanting. Stamens 8, united into a split tube, and
hidden within the lower petal ; anthers fixed, 1-celled, opening
by terminal pores. Style bent upwards ; stigma oblique.

XITT. POLYGALEiE.

19

Capsule 2-celled, membranous, compressed, dehiscing at the
margins ; seeds mostly pubescent. — FI. Cap. i. p. 80.

A cosmopolitan genus. — About 40 South African species (several recently
discovered at Natal, undescribed), dispersed. Shrubs, half-shrubs, perennial
or annual herbs. Juice very bitter, tonic.

2. MUNDTIA, Kunth.

Sepals, petals, and stamens as in Polygala. Style com-
pressed, thickened upwards, 2-lobed, the posterior lobe hori-
zontal, the anterior vertical. Fruit a fleshy, ovoid, 1-2 -seeded
drupe. — FI. Cap. i. p. 95.

M. spinosa, a spinous, much-branched, rigid shrub, with oblong, ob-
ovate, cuneate or linear, thick, glabrous leaves, and red or white flowers, is
common throughout the colony. The succulent fruit is eaten by birds and
children.

3. MURALTIA, Neck.

Sepals 5, dry and membranous, subequal, the two lateral
somewhat longer than the rest. Petals and stamens as in
Polygala. Capsule membranous, compressed, with 4 horns or
tubercles at its upper angles ; very rarely hornless. — FI. Cap.
i.p. 95.

An endemic genus of upwards of 50 species. They are small but rigid
shrubs or half- shrubs, with tufted or rarely scattered, rigid, mostly pungent-
mucronate, narrow, entire leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile or
pedicellate, bright purple, 3-bract ed at base.

4. SECURIDACA, Linn.

Calyx and stamens as in Polygala. Two lateral petals
attached to the base of the staminal tube, separate from the
keel, erect, connivent; keel about of equal length, concave,
helmet-shaped, erect or 3-lobed ; upper petals rudimentary
or 0. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Fruit
samaroid, indehiscent, hard or woody at base and often crested,
produced at the apex into a long or shortish wing. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 585.

Shrubs or shrublets, often climbing ; natives of America, Africa, and
Asia. Leaves mostly entire and 2-glanded. Racemes or panicles terminal
or axillary. S. oblongifolia, also a native of Abyssinia, occurs at Algoa
Bay.

Order XIY. PITTOSPORE^l.

Flowers perfect, regular or suboblique. Sepals 5, separate,
imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous, imbricate, longer than the
sepals, generally with an erect claw and spreading limb.
Stamens 5, hypogynous, free, alternate with the petals ; an-
thers versatile. Torus small, conical. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-5-)

c 2

20

XTY. PITTOSPOREiE.

celled ; style single, terminal ; ovules many, axile. Fruit
capsular, or fleshy and pulpy. — Trees or shrubs, commonly
glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Flowers
white blue yellow greenish or red, conspicuous.

1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

Sepals separate or connate at base. Petals 5, their claws
erect, connivent ; limbs spreading. Filaments subulate. Ovary
sessile, imperfectly 2-5-celled ; style short ; stigma capitate.
Capsules subglobose or obovate, with leathery, thick, septife-
rous valves. Seeds lying in viscid resin, smooth. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 443.

A considerable genus, widely dispersed, chiefly in the southern hemi-
sphere. P. viridiflorum , Sims, the only Cape species, is a glabrous shrub,
common in the Eastern district, Caffraria, and extending to Natal. Leaves
obovate, tapery at base, very entire, leathery, shining ; panicle subumbel-
late, terminal. Petals yellow-green.

Order XY. FEANKENIACEJE.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed,
ribbed, persistent, hardening after flowering. Petals 4-5,
with long claws, deciduous. Stamens mostly 6. Ovary 1-
celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas ; ovules many. Capsule
enclosed in the calyx, many-seeded ; seeds albuminous, with
an axile embryo. — Small, perennial, or half-shrubby plants,
with crowded, small, narrow leaves. Flowers purple or white.

1. FRANKENIA, Linn.

The only genus of the Order. — FI. Cap. i. p. 114.

3 species found in South Africa, natives of salt-marshes or seashores.

Order XYI. CARYOPHYLLEiE *

Flowers bisexual, regular. Calyx 4-5-cleft or parted,
persistent, imbricate. Petals 4-5, entire or 2-fid, or minute
or 0. Stamens 4-10, inserted with the petals on a hypogy-
nous or slightly perigynous ring ; filaments filiform ; an-
thers 2-celled. Torus often minute (in some Silenea elon-
gate, stipe-like). Ovary free, 1-celled, or rarely at base 2-5-

* The following genera, included in this Order in ‘ Flora Capensis,'
(following the views of Bentham and Hooker) are removed as follows : —
Corrigiola, Herniaria , Pollichia, to Paronychie.® ; Orygia , Glinus, Mollugo ,
Pharnaceum , Hypertelis , Codanthum , Psammatropha, Adenogramme , and
Polpoda, to Ficoide^:.

XVI. CART OPHYLLEiE .

21

celled ; styles 2-5, spreading, or more or less combined,
stigmatose on tbe upper surface ; ovules 2 or many, on cords
rising from tbe bottom of tbe ovarian cavity, free or united in
a central column. Capsules membranous or crustaceous,
opening by apical teeth or splitting into valves, rarely sub-
indehiscent or opening transversely. Seeds reniform, subcom-
pressed ; embryo curved round the albumen or excentric. —
Herbs or half-shrubby plants ; branches mostly swollen at the
nodes. Leaves opposite, quite entire, exstipulate or with mem-
branous stipules. Flowers in cymes panicles or clusters.

Tribe 1. Sileneje. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Petals and stamens
hypogynous, borne, with the ovary, on a stipe-like “ gynophore,” rarely
sessile. Petals clawed. Styles separate to the base. Stipules 0. (Gen.

1-3.)

Styles 2. Calyx bracteate at base ....... 1. Dianthtjs.

Styles 3. Calyx nude at base, 5-toothed 2. Selene.

Styles 5. Calyx nude at base, with leafy lobes ... 3. Agrostemma.

Tribe 2. Alsinea:. Sepals 4-5, separate to the base, or nearly so.
Petals and stamens hypogynous. Petals not clawed. Styles separate to
the base. Stipules 0 or membranous. (Gen. 4-7.)

Stipules none ; petals 2-fid.

Styles 3 4. Stellaria.

Styles 4-5 5. Cerastium.

Stipules membranous ; petals entire.

Styles 5. (Petals white.) 6. Spergttla.

Styles 3. (Petals pink or purple.) 7. Spergularia.

Tribe 3. Polycarpea:. Calyx as in Alsinece ; also the petals, but com-
monly much smaller or obsolete. Style simple at base, 3-fid or rarely 2-fid
above. Stamens 5 or fewer. Stipules membranous. (Gen. 8-10.)

Petals deeply 2-fid or 4-fid .8. Drymaria.

Petals entire.

Sepals membranous, not keeled .9. Polycarp^a.

Sepals membranous-edged, sharply keeled . . . . 10. Polycarpon.

Tribe 1. Silenea. (G-en. 1-3.)

1. DIANTHUS, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 or more close-lying bracts
at base. Petals 5, with long claws, often toothed or lacerate.
Stamens 10. Styles 2, filiform. Capsules cylindrical or ob-
long, opening by 4 teeth. — FI. Cap. i. p. 122.

Herbs or small half-shrubs. Leaves generally grass-like. Flowers ter-
minal, solitary or in cymes or panicles. — The garden Pink and Carnation
belong to this genus. 9 reputed South African species, several of them
depending on very slight characters, are dispersed through the colony.

2. SILENE, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed, ebracteate at base. Petals 5, on

22

XYI. CAltYOPHYLLE^E.

long claws, the limb entire, 2-fid or multifid. Stamens 10.
Ovary partially 3-5-celled at base, 1-locular above. Styles 3.
Capsules opening by 6 teeth. — FI. Cap. i. p. 125.

Mostly herbaceous, often annual, dispersed over the globe. Leaves
broad or narrow, frequently pubescent or viscidly hairy. — 13 Cape species.

3. AGROSTEMMA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, leathery, with 5 long, leafy, spreading lobes.
Petals 5, clawed, not coronate. Stamens 10. Styles 5.
Capsules opening by 5 teeth. — FI. Cap. i. p. 129.

A. Githago, Linn., the “ Corn-cockle,” a weed of cornfields, introduced
from Europe.

Tribe 2. Alsike^. (Gren. 4-7.)

4. STELLARIA, Linn.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals 2-fid or 2-parted. Stamens 8-10,
rarely fewer. Styles 3. Capsules opening by 6 teeth. — FI.
Cap. i. p. 130.

S. media , Till, (common Chickweed), a cosmopolitan weed, occurs in
cultivated ground.

5. CERASTIUM, Linn.

Sepals and 2-fid petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Styles 4-5.
Capsules opening by 8-10 teeth. — FI. Cap. i. p. 130.

Weeds and weed -like plants, mostly hairy, often clammy. Sonder de-
scribes 4 species, one of which is a weed of cultivation.

6. SPERGULA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals herbaceous, membrane-edged. Pe-
tals 5, ovate, entire, subhypogynous. Stamens 5-10, onasub-
hypogynous ring. Styles 5. Capsules 5-valved. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 135.

Small herbs of temperate climates. S. arvensis, Linn., is a weed in neg-
lected fields.

7. SPERGULARIA, Pers.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals herbaceous, obtuse. Petals 5, en-
tire, subhypogynous. Stamens 10, rarely 5-3, on a subhypo-
gynous ring. Styles 3. Capsules 3-valved. — FI. Cap. i.p.
134. Lepigonum, Fries .

Small cosmopolitan herbs, found by the seashore and in salt soil, through-
out the colony. Flowers purplish or rosy, pretty. Leaves awl-shaped,
fleshy, with membranous stipules.

Tribe 3. Polycarpe^:. (Gren. 8-10.)

8. DRYMARIA, Willd.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, deeply 2-4-lobed or parted.

XVI. CARYOPIIYLLKiE.

23

Stamens 5 or fewer, subhypogynous. Ovary many-ovuled.
Style filiform, 3-fid above. Capsules membranous, 3-valved,
many-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 135.

JD. cordata, W.. a common South American plant, was found at the
Hanglip by Mundt. It has cordate or roundish leaves, bristle-like stipules,
and small white flowers in forked, much-branched cymes.

9. POLYCARP JEA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals more or less membranous, concave,
nerveless, not keeled, entire, pointless. Petals 5, subhypogy-
nous, entire or 2-dentate. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovary
many-ovuled; style 3-fid. Capsules 3-valved, many-seeded. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 133.

Small, much-branched herbs, common to the tropical and subtropical
regions of both hemispheres. Leaves opposite or pseudo-verticillate, linear,
oval, or spathulate. Stipules shining, silvery, copious. Flowers in tufts
or corymbose cymes. — P. corymbosa , Lam., a widely-dispersed species,
occurs at Port Natal.

10. POLYCARPON, Loeffl.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals herbaceous, membrane-edged, com-
pressed, strongly keeled and mucronate. Petals 5, entire or
emarginate. Stamens 3-5. Ovary many-ovuled. Style 3-fid.
Capsules 3-valved, many-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 133.

Small herbs. P. tetrwphyllum , a decumbent, forked, much-branched
annual, with obovate, opposite or 4-nate leaves, panicled flowers, short
emarginate white petals, and silvery stipules, is a common weed by road-
sides and in waste places throughout the colony.

Order XVII. PORTULACEiE.

Plowers regular, perfect. Sepals fewer than the petals,
commonly 2, rarely 5, free or adnate to the ovary, strongly
imbricate. Petals 4-5, rarely many, hypogynous or rarely pe-
rigynous, free or connate, imbricate, withering early. Stamens
inserted with the petals, mostly definite. Ovary free or half-
inferior, 1-celled ; style 2-3-fid ; ovules 2 or many, on long,
slender cords rising from the base, and either free or united
in a central column. Capsules membranous or crustaceous,
splitting into as many valves as the style branches. Seed as in
Caryoyhyllece. — Herbs or shrubs, mostly succulent and gla-
brous. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, often fleshy.
Capsules half-inferior, opening transversely, many-

seeded 1. POETTJLACA.

Capsules 3-valved, splitting longitudinally.

Seeds winged, numerous 2. Anacampseros.

Seeds wingless, numerous 3. Talinum.

Fruit 3-winged, indehiscent, 1-seeded 4. Portulacaria.

24

XVII. POltTULACEJE.

1. PORTULACA, Linn.

Sepals 2, united at base into a tube attached to the ovary,
free above, deciduous. Petals 4-6, free or slightly connate at
base. Stamens 8 or many. Ovary half-inferior, many-ovuled ;
style deeply 3-8-fid. Capsule membranous, half-inferior,
splitting across (circumscissile) about the middle. — FI. Cap.
ii . p. 381.

Small, fleshy, widely-dispersed herbs. P. oleracea is a common weed in
gardens throughout the colony. P. quadrifida and P. pilosa are rare.

2. ANACAMPSEROS, Sims.

Sepals 2, at length deciduous. Petals 5, very fugacious.
Stamens 15-20 or more, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, ad-
hering to them. Ovary free, many-ovuled ; style filiform,
3-fid at the apex. Capsules conical, 1-celled, 3-valved, the
valves often 2-partite, and then apparently 6-valved ; seeds
many-winged. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 382.

A South African genus of 9 species, natives of dry plains to the north and
north-east. Yery dwarf plants. Leaves roundish or ovate, or lanceolate,
fleshy, sometimes very minute. Stipules membranous, larger than the
leaves, much split. Flowers sessile, involucred or on long peduncles,
opening only in sunshine.

3. TALINUM, Juss.

Sepals 2) ovate, separate, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral.
Stamens 10-30, inserted with the petals, and often adnate to
them. Style filiform, 3-fid at the apex. Capsules 3-valved,
1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless, many. — FI. Cap. ii.^?.
385.

Chiefly Asiatic and American. T. Caffrvm, E. and Z., the only South
African species, grows in Caffraria. It is a glabrous perennial, £-1 foot
high. Leaves oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, with revolute margins.
Flowers solitary, in the axils of the upper leaves.

4. PORTULACARIA, Jacq.

Sepals 2, persistent, membranous. Petals 5, persistent,
equal, obovate, hypogynous. Stamens 5-7, inserted with the
petals ; anthers short, often imperfect. Ovary ovate, 3-angled ;
style 0 ; stigmas 3, spreading. Fruits 3-quetrous, 3-winged,
indehiscent, 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 385.

Glabrous, fleshy shrubs or small trees, natives of South Africa. Leaves
opposite, roundish, flat, deciduous. Peduncles opposite ; pedicels 1-flowered,
in threes. Flowers very small, rosy. “ Speckboom.” — 2 species : P. Afra,
Jacq., grows in the Karroo and in the Eastern district; P. dAamaquensis ,
Sond., in Namaqualand.

Order XVIII. TAMARISCINEiE.

Mowers bisexual, minute, regular, 4-5-parted, spiked or ra-
cemose. Stamens 4-5, united at base into a ring. Ovary 1-
celled, with parietal placentas ; ovules many ; styles 3. —
Shrubs, with minute, scale-like, crowded or imbricate leaves.

1. TAMARIX, Linn.

Sepals 4-5, unequal, imbricated. Petals 4-5, hypogynous,
equal. Stamens 4-10 on the glandular margin of a fleshy, hy-
pogynous ring ; filaments separate at base. Styles 3. Cap-
sules 3- rarely 2-4-valved, many-seeded ; seeds with a terminal
tuft of silky hairs. — FI. Cap. i. p. 119.

Small shrubs, growing in deserts or in salt soils. Leaves very minute,
often reduced to mere scales. Flowers pink or white, conspicuous by their
abundance, in terminal spiked racemes.— T. articulata , Vahl, is found in
Namaqualand.

Order XIX. ELATINACEiE.

Plowers bisexual, , regular. Sepals 2-5, separate. Petals
2-5. Stamens as many or twice as many. Ovary 2-5-celled ;
ovules many; styles 2-5. Capsule splitting into 2-5 valves.
Seeds without albumen. — Small herbs or half-shrubs, growing
in wet places. Leaves opposite, entire or toothed, with inter-
petiolar membranous stipules. Flowers axillary.

1. BERG-IA, Linn.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, those oppo-
site the petals shortest, and occasionally wanting. Ovary 5-
celled ; styles 5 ; ovules many. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved,
many-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 115 ; Thes. Cap. t. 24, 133.

4 South African species, dispersed through the colony.

Order XX. HYPERXCINEjE.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricate.
Petals 5, unequal-sided, spirally twisted in the bud, and often
black-dotted at margin. Stamens numerous, united in 3-5
parcels ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary imperfectly 3-5-celled ;
styles 3-5, spreading ; ovules many. Fruit a dry or fleshy cap-
sule, 1-5-celled. Seeds without albumen. — Shrubs or herbs,
with resinous juice. Leaves opposite, very entire, mostly pel-
lucid-dotted, simple, exstipulate. Flowers showy, but not
fragrant.

26

XX. IlYPERICINEiE.

1. HYPERICUM, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals equal, or 2 outer largest. Petals 5.
Stamens many, in 3-5 parcels. Ovary sessile, 1- or imper-
fectly 3-5-celled. Capsule commonly splitting. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 117.

A cosmopolitan genus, much more numerous in the northern hemisphere.
There are 2 South African species, small herbs, with opposite, sessile, dotted
leaves, and yellow cymose flowers. A third species ( H . humifusum), proba-
bly of European origin, occurs among Drege’s Cape plants ; no habitat
given.

Order XXI. GUTTIFEBJE.

Flowers regular, commonly dioecious or polygamous. Sepals
2-6, rarely more, very strongly imbricate, or decussate in pairs.
Petals as many as sepals, hypogynous, strongly imbricate or
twisted. — Male : Stamens mostly many, hypogynous ; fila-
ments mostly short and thick, free or variously connate ; an-
thers thick, mostly opening outwards. Ovary rudimentary or
more or less formed. — Female : Staminodia surrounding ovary,
mostly definite or fewer than in the male. Ovary sessile on a
flat or fleshy torus, 2- or many-celled ; stigmas as many as
the ovarian cells, sessile or subsessile, radiating or connate in
a peltate disk, rarely on a long style ; ovules 1 or many axile.
Fruit mostly fleshy, or with a leathery coat, pulpy within,
rarely dehiscent. Seeds thick, without albumen. — Mostly
tropical trees and shrubs, with resinous juice, and opposite,
quite entire, simple, exstipulate leaves.

1. GARCINIA, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 4, decussate. Petals 4, im-
bricate.— Male : Stamens many, free or connate in an entire
or 4-lobed mass, or tetradelphous ; anthers sessile or on fila-
ments, erect, 2-celled, opening by slits or pores, rarely 4-
celled. — Female and hermaphrodite : Staminodia 8 or many,
few or variously combined. Ovary 2-12-celled ; stigma
broadly peltate, entire or variously lobed ; ovules solitary,
erect. Berry coated. Seeds enclosed in pulp.

Tropical trees, with yellow juice; some of them yield the gamboges of
commerce. Leaves leathery. Flowers terminal or axillary. — A species
10-12 feet high, with cream-coloured flowers, and beautiful dark green,
glossy, acute leaves, which (if new) may be called G. Gerrardi, has recently
been found in the Umvote district, Natal, by Mr. Gerrard (n. 1181).

27

Order XXII. MALVACEAE.

Flowers bisexual, regular, mostly conspicuous. Calyx 5-fid,
with valvate aestivation, mostly involucelled at base. Petals
5, strongly twisted in bud, withering and persistent, attached to
the base of the staminal column. Stamens many, united in a
tube, concealing the ovary and styles ; anthers reniform,l-celled.
Carpels 3-5 or many, free or combined in a several-celled
ovary. Fruit dry or fleshy. Seeds with a curved embryo,
plaited cotyledons, and little or no albumen. — Leaves alter-
nate, simple, palmately nerved, often lobed, stipuled.

Tribe 1. Malvea:. Staminal column bearing anthers at or to the very
summit. Carpels separable at maturity. Stigmas as many as the carpels.
(Gen. 1-6.)

Styles filiform, stigmatose along the upper side ; calyx
furnished with an involucel.

Involucel of 6-9 bracteoles 1. Althea.

Involucel of 3 bracteoles 2. Malva.

Styles capitellate, the stigmatic tissue confined to the
apex.

Calyx with an involucel.

Ovules solitary. Involucel 3-bracted 3. Malvastrum.

Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. Involucel 3-leaved or

3-fid 4. Sph^ralcea.

Calyx nude at base.

Ovules solitary 5. Sida.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel 6. Abutilon.

Tribe 2. Urenea:. Staminal column bearing anthers on its outer surface,
the apex with none, protruding, truncate or 5-toothed. Carpels separable
at maturity. Stigmas twice as many as the carpels (10), capitellate at the
summit. (Gen. 7.)

Involucel 5-20-leaved 7. Pavonia.

Tribe 3. Hibiscea:. Staminal column bearing anthers on its outer sur-
face, the apex nude, protruding, truncate or 5-toothed. Carpels united into
a several-celled capsule. Stigmas as many as the carpels (3-5), capitate.
(Gen. 8-10.)

Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3 ; bracteoles 3 or many ... 8. Fugosia.

Ovary 5-celled.

Involucral bracteoles 5 or many, separate .... 9. Hibiscus.

Involucral bracteoles united in a toothed cup . . .10. Paritium.

Tribe 1. Marvel. (Gren. 1-6.)

1. ALTHJEA, Linn.

Involucel of 6-9 bracteoles, united at base. Staminal co-
lumn antheriferous at the summit. Ovary of many carpels ;
ovules solitary ; styles as many as the carpels, stigmatose

28

XXII. MALVACEJE.

along the inner face. Fruit of many reniform, dry, 1-seeded,
separable carpels. — FI. Gap. i. p. 158.

Annuals or perennials, natives chiefly of the northern hemisphere. A.
Ludwigii, Linn., a hispid, much-branched annual, with nearly glabrous,
deeply 5-lobed leaves, and axillary white flowers, occurs at the Orange River.
A. Burchellii , DC., an endemic species, is unknown to me.

2. MALVA, Linn.

Involucel 3-bracted, persistent. Staminal column bearing
anthers at the multifid summit. Ovary of many carpels ;
styles as many as the carpels, stigmatose along the inner
face ; ovules solitary. Fruit of many dry, 1-seeded, hard-
shelled, indehiscent, separable carpels ; seed filling the cavity.
— FI. Cap. i . p. 159.

Herbs, natives of temperate climates. M. parvijlora, Linn., a prostrate
procumbent plant, with long-petioled, reniform, bluntly 5-7-lobed leaves,
and small, clustered, subsessile, axillary flowers (a European weed), occurs
on roadsides and in waste places.

3. MALVASTRUM, A. Gray.

Involucel 3-bracted or wanting. Styles capitellate. Other
characters as in Malva. — FI. Cap. i. p. 159.

Herbs or small shrubs, known from Malva by the capitate stigmas.
Leaves lobed, stipuled. Flowers axillary or racemose. About 15 South
African species, dispersed.

4. SPHJERALCEA, St. Hil.

Involucel of 3 (or 2) narrow bracteoles, or monophyllous
and 3-fid. Staminal column and stigmas as in Malvastrum.
Ovules 2-3 in each carpel. Fruit of many compressed, 2-
valved, dehiscing, 2-3-seeded carpels, separating at maturity
from a central torus. — FI. Cap. i. p. 165. Also Sphseroma,
Harv. 1. c. p. 166.

Herbs or shrubs, with the habit of Malvastrum. — 4 South African species,
natives of the Western and Northern districts ; 2 have 3-leaved and 2 have
3-fid involucels, the latter constituting the subgenus Sphceroma.

5. SIDA, Linn.

Involucel 0. Staminal column antheriferous at its mul-
tifid summit. Ovary of 5-15 carpels ; styles 5-15 ; stigmas
capitellate ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit of 5-15 1-seeded
carpels, dehiscent at the summit and at length separating ;
seed 3-cornered, suspended. — FI. Cap. i . p. 166.

An immense tropical or subtropical genus, very various in aspect. 5 spe-
cies in the Eastern district and at Natal, of which 2 are endemic, the others
subtropical weeds. — Leaves entire or lobed, often penninerved. Flowers
small, yellow or white.

XXII. MALYACEJE.

29

6. ABUTILON, Tourn.

Ovules 3 or several in each carpel. Fruit of numerous
membranous, 3- or more-seeded carpels, opening by the ven-
tral suture and subpersistent. Other characters as in Sida. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 168.

2 (or more) species in the Eastern districts of Natal. Herbs or shrubs,
often with very soft, velvety, cordate, subentire leaves.

Tribe 2. Urexe^;. (Gen. 7.)

7. PAVONTIA, Cav.

Involucel 5-15-leaved, persistent. Staminal column naked
and 5-toothed at the apex, bearing stamens on its outer sur-
face. Ovary of 5 carpels, united round a central axis ; styles
confluent below, 10-cleft above ; stigmas 10, capitate. Fruit
of 5 indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — FI. Cap. i. p. 169.

Shrubs or herbs, chiefly tropical or subtropical, variable in habit. — 2 spe-
cies from the Eastern district and 4 from Natal.

Tribe 3. HiBiscEiE. (Gen. 8-10.)

8. FUGOSIA, Juss.

Involucels 3 or several, often small or deciduous, sometimes
tooth-like. Calyx 5-fid. Staminal column naked and 5-
toothed at the apex, bearing stamens on its outer surface.
Ovary 3-4-celled, cells 3- or many-ovuled ; style club-shaped
at the summit, 3-4-furrowed, or divided in 3-4 short erect
lobes. Capsule 3-4-valved. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 587.

Shrubs or half-shrubs, chiefly subtropical, with the habit of Hibiscus.
Leaves entire or lobed, rarely parted. Flowers mostly yellow. Calyx and
petals often black-dotted. — 2 South African species : F. Gerrardi , found
by Mr. Gerrard near Ladismith, Natal ; F. triphylla , in Damaraland, by
Mrs. Kolbe.

9. HIBISCUS, Linn.

Involucel 5-20-leaved. Petals expanded. Staminal column
5-toothed at the apex, bearing stamens on its outer surface.
Ovary 5-celled ; style 5-cleft ; stigmas 5, capitate ; ovules nu-
merous. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal, enclosed in
the persistent calyx. — FI. Cap. i. p. 170.

A large and varied tropical and subtropical genus, usually with large,
handsome, bright-coloured flowers. Leaves entire or lobed, sometimes
multipartite, often stellate-pubescent. — 25 species, many of them endemic,
mostly natives of the Eastern district and Natal. H. JSthiopicus, Linn., is
found throughout the colony ; and H. Trionum , Linn., an equally dispersed
(annual) weed of cultivation.

30

XXIT. MALVACEAE.

10. PARITIUM, A. Juss.

Involucel monophyllous, 10-12-toothed or cleft. Petals and
staminal column as in Hibiscus. Ovary 5-celled, each cell
partially divided into two by a spurious parietal dissepiment ;
ovules numerous. Capsule 5-celled, the cells imperfectly 2-
locular. — FI. Cap. i. p. 177.

Tropical trees, mostly growing near the sea. Leaves cordate, entire or
lobed ; stipules broad, ovate. Flowers yellow, with a dark centre. — P.
tiliaceum occurs at Natal, on the coast.

Order XXIII. STERCULIACEiE.

Plowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calyx mono-
phyllous, mostly persistent, 5-(rarely 3-4-7- )fid, valvate in
bud. Petals 5, free or attached to the staminal tube, twisted,
or 0. Stamens monadelphous, either merely united at base
into a ring, or combined in a longer or shorter tube ; sta-
minodia often alternating with stamens ; anthers 2-celled,
opening outwards. Ovary free, of 1-2-5 carpels, more or less
united; style entire or splitting into as many branches as
there are carpels ; ovules 2 or many. Fruit dry, capsular or
rarely indehiscent. — A large and varied Order, known from
Malvaceae by its 2-celled anthers. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
simple or digitate. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, race-
mose or cymoso-paniculate, or reduced to solitary flowers.
Petals very frequently persistent, withering.

Tribe 1. Sterculie.®:. Flowers unisexual. Calyx mostly coloured.
Petals 0. Anthers 5-15, on the apex of a long or short column. Ripe
carpels free, sessile or stipitate 1. Sterculia.

Tribe 2. Dombeye.®. Flowers bisexual. Petals often persistent, flat.
Stamens (in the Cape genera) united at base into a cup, alternating singly
or in parcels of 2-3, with 5 strap-3haped staminodia. (Gen. 2-3.)

Bracts deciduous. Fertile stamens 2-3 2. Dombeya.

Bracts persistent. Fertile stamens 5 5. Melhania.

Tribe 3. Hermannl®. Flowers bisexual. Stamens 5, connate at base ;
no staminodia. (Gen. 4-6.)

Ovary 1-celled, unequal-sided ; style lateral 4. Waltheria.

Ovary 5-celled, many-seeded ; style central.

Filaments broadly linear, oblong or obovate .... 5. Hermannia.
Filaments abruptly dilated in the middle 6. Mahernia.

Tribe 1. Sterculieje.

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

Flowers unisexual, without petals. Calyx coloured, campa-
nulate or tubular, 5-7-cleft or parted, the segments leathery.

XXIII. STERCULIACEJ3.

31

— Male : Staminal column shorter or longer than the calyx,
solid, bearing anthers at the 5-10- toothed apex ; anthers ad-
nate, 2-celled, opening outwards. — Female : Staminal column
adnate to the carpophore, the abortive anthers at the base of
the ovary. Ovary stipitate, of 5 connivent or partially connate
carpels ; styles more or less united ; ovules many. Follicles 5
or fewer, leathery or ligneous, few- or many-seeded. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 178; Thes. Cap. t. 3.

Trees, chiefly subtropical. S. Alexandria Harv., our only species, was
found near Uitenhage by Dr. Alexander Prior.

Tribe 2. Dombeye^e. (G-en. 2-3.)

2. DOMBEYA, Cav.

Involucre 3 -leaved, unilateral, deciduous, sometimes 0.
Calyx 5-parted, at length reflexed, persistent. Petals 5,
obovate, unequal-sided, convolute in bud, flat when expanded,
persistent. Stamens united at base, 5 imperfect (stammodia),
strap-shaped or filiform, 10-15 fertile, antheriferous, alternat-
ing with the sterile in parcels of 2-3 ; anthers oblong, erect.
Ovary sessile, 3-5-celled ; style 3-5-cleft, with revolute
arms, stigmatose above ; ovules 2-4 in each cell. Capsules
leathery, 3-5-celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 220 ; Thes. Cap. t. 89,
137-138.

Subtropical shrubs and small trees, chiefly African. Leaves cordate or
lobed, many-nerved. Flowers rosy or white, in umbels or corymbs, the
petals somewhat enlarged after flowering, and drying to a papery consist-
ence. 6 South African species, natives of the Eastern district, Caflraria,
and Natal.

3. MELHANIA, Forsk.

Involucre 3-leaved, persistent. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5,
obovate, unequal- sided, convolute in bud, erect. Stamens
united at base, 5 sterile, strap-shaped, 5 alternate fertile,
shorter ; anthers sagittate, erect. Ovary 5-celled ; style 5-fid
at the summit; ovules numerous. Capsules 5-celled. — FI.
Cap. i . p. 221.

Small, softly hairy, half-ligneous or herbaceous plants. Leaves ovate or
oblong. Peduncles axillary, 1-2-flowered. — 4 South African species, natives
of the Eastern district and Natal.

Tribe 3. Hermannie^j. (Gren. 4-6.)

4. WALTHERIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, 10-nerved, with or without a 3-leaved lateral
involucel. Petals 5, oblong, with slender claws. Stamens 5,
opposite the petals ; filaments united into a tube at base ;

82

XXTIT. STERCULIACEjE.

anthers oblong, erect, 2-celled. Ovary oblique, 1-celled, 2-
ovuled ; style lateral. Capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, 1-seeded.
— FI. Cap. i. p. 180.

Herbs or shrubs, chiefly tropical. W. Indica , Linn., a widely-diffused
species, occurs at Magalisberg.

5. HERMANNIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-cleft, often inflated. Petals 5, with hollow claws,
spirally twisted in bud. Stamens 5, opposite the petals ; fila-
ments connate at base, broad, flat, oblong or obovate ; anthers
erect, taper-pointed. Ovary shortly stipitate, 5-celled ; styles
coalescing, separable. Capsules coriaceous, 5-celled, 5-valved,
many-seeded, simple or crested at the summit. — FI. Cap. i.

p. 180.

Small shrubs or undershrubs, almost all South African. Pubescence
stellate, woolly, velvety, glandular or scanty. Leaves entire, toothed
or pinnatifid, often plaited. Peduncles axillary or subterminal, pseudo-
racemose. Flowers yellow or orange, rarely creamy or white, often sweet-
scented. — Upwards of 70 Cape species, dispersed.

6. MAHERNIA, Linn.

Pil aments of the stamens suddenly dilated and mostly tu-
berculated in the middle or cruciform. Other characters as
in Hermannia. — FI. Cap. i. p. 207.

Small plants, with the habit of Hermannia. Peduncles mostly 2-flowered,
terminal or opposite the leaves ; pedicels slender, bracteolate at base.
Flower nodding, red orange yellow or violet. — 33 (or more) South African
species, dispersed.

Order XXIV. TILIACEJE.

Like SterculiacecB , but the stamens not connate or tubular
at base, and usually numerous ; anthers 2-celled, opening in-
wards.— Trees shrubs or herbs, with mostly stellate pubes-
cence, and stipulate simple leaves.

Flowers 4-parted ; outer stamens beaded, without

anthers 1. Sparmannia.

Flowers 5-parted.

Fruit fleshy, of 1 -4 hard-shelled drupes 2. Grewia.

Fruit a globose or oblong capsule, covered with hooked

or straight, sharp and rigid bristles 3. Trifmfetta.

Fruit a pod-like capsule, 2-5-valved, splitting, many-

seeded 4. Corchortjs.

1. SPARMANNIA, Th.

Sepals 4, lanceolate, pointless, deciduous. Petals 4, ob-
ovate, spreading horizontally. Stamens very many, the outer

XXIY. TILTACEJE.

33

sterile, bearded, ihe inner fertile, with nodose filaments.
Ovary sessile, 4-celled ; ovules many ; style single ; stigma
5-toothed. Capsules globose or oblong, 4-celled, 4-valved,
loculicidal, covered with rigid bristles. — FI. Cap. i. p. 223.

Shrubs or small trees, with pubescent, long-petioled, 5-7-angled or lobed
leaves, and umbellate white flowers. — 2 South African species : S. Africana ,
from the South-Eastern district, and S. palmata , from Caffraria and NataL

2. GEEWIA, Linn.

Sepals 5, linear, leathery, coloured within, deciduous. Pe-
tals 5, each with a nectariferous gland or pit at base, inserted
at the base of a short columnar torus which supports the
stamens and ovary. Stamens many ; filaments filiform ; an-
thers roundish. Ovary 2-4-eelled ; style simple. Drupe 2-4-
lobed, containing 2-4 hard-shelled, 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded
nuts. — FI. Cap. i.p. 224.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, entire or serrulate, 3-7-nerved at
base, often pale beneath. Pubescence stellate. Flower purple or yellow,
in cy mules or solitary. Petals often shorter than the sepals. — 11 South
African species, dispersed.

3. TRIUMFETTA, Linn.

Sepals 5, linear, membranous, coloured, hooded at the point
and dorsally mucronate, deciduous. Petals 5, without glands,
inserted at the base of a short columnar torus, which supports
the stamens and ovary. Stamens definite, 5-30 ; filaments
thread-like ; anthers roundish. Ovary 2-5-celled, the cells
divided by a false parietal vertical septum ; ovules in pairs ;
style filiform ; stigma 2-5-lobed. Capsules subglobose, co-
vered with straight or hooked prickles, 2-5-celled ; cells 1-2-
seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 227 ; Thes. Cap . t. 52.

Shrubs half-shrubs or herbs, common in tropical countries. Leaves
variable in shape in the same species, entire or lobed, serrate, many-nerved,
often with glands on the serratures. Flower small, yellow or orange, soli-
tary or clustered. — 4 species occur in the Natal country

4. CORCHORUS, Linn.

Sepals 4-5, ovate or lanceolate, unequal, deciduous. Petals
4-5, obovate, clawed, hypogynous. Stamens many, mostly
indefinite. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 2-5-celled ;
ovules many ; style short ; stigmas 2-5. Capsules pod-like or
roundish, 2-5-celled, 2-5-valved, loculicidal, many-seeded.

Herbs or half-shrubs, chiefly tropical. Leaves alternate, serrate, the
teeth sometimes bristle-pointed. Flowers yellow, axillary or opposite
leaves. — 4 species, found at Natal and on the North-Eastern frontiers of
the Cape colony.

I)

Order XXY. LINE.®.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free or united
at base, imbricate. Petals as many, mostly twisted. Stamens
as many (or twice or thrice as many) as petals,. connate in a ring
at base ; anthers 2-eelled. Glands 5, entire or 2-fid, adnate
to the staminal tube, sometimes obsolete. Ovary free, 3-5-
celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, pendulous ; styles 3-5, distinct
or more or less united ; stigma terminal. Fruit capsular or
fleshy. Seeds with or without albumen. — Herbs shrubs or
trees, mostly glabrous. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite,
simple, entire or crenato-serrulate. Stipules present or ab-
sent. Flowers racemose or cymose, or clustered or solitary,
axillary. Petals blue yellow or white, rarely red, mostly very
fugitive.

Tribe 1. Line.®. Petals twisted, fugitive. Stamens as many as petals.
Capsule opening through the septa. No stipules.

Herbs or undershrubs 1. Linum.

Tribe 2. Erythroxyle^e. Petals imbricate, each with a plaited scale
at base inside. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Drupe fleshy, in-
dehiscent.

Shrubs 2. Erythroxylon.

1. LINUM, Linn.

Sepals 5, entire. Petals 5, twisted, fugitive. Stamens 5,
perfect, alternating with as many tooth-like abortive filaments.
Styles 5, rarely 3, separate or connate below ; stigmas capitel-
late or linear. Capsules spuriously 10-celled, 10-seeded ;
seeds without albumen. — FI. Cap. i. p. 308.

Small undershrubs or herbs, found throughout the temperate zone. Leaves
alternate, quite entire, sessile, without stipules. Flowers yellow. — 4 Cape
species, dispersed.

2. ERYTHROXYLON, Linn.

Sepals 5-6, connate at base or free. Petals as many, im-
bricate, deciduous, furnished at base on the inside with a
plaited, mostly 2-lobed scale. Stamens 10-12, united at base
into a short glandless or 10-glanded tube, often a little pro-
longed beyond the insertion of the filaments. Ovary 3-, rarely
4-celled ; ovules 1-2 ; styles 3-4, distinct or more or less
united at the apex, capitate or clavate. Drupe 1-celled, 1-
seeded ; seed albuminous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 233.

Shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous. Leaves alternate, entire, pe-
tioled. Stipules within the petiole. Flowers small, whitish, axillary.
— 3 species, found near Natal.

Order XXVI. MALPIGHIACEiE.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, some
or all of the segments 2-glanded at back. Petals 5, clawed,
spreading. Disk expanded or often inconspicuous. Stamens
10 (5 sometimes abortive), connate at base. Ovary of 3 or 2
imperfectly united carpels, 3-2-lobed ; ovules solitary. Albu-
men 0. — Shrubs, erect or climbing, with mostly opposite, sim-
ple, mostly entire leaves, and corymbose or racemose, red or
yellow flowers. Pubescence silky.

Carpels each with a single dorsal wing 1. Acridocaepus.

Carpels each 2- or several-winged.

Styles 3. Petals fringed 2. Triaspis.

Style 1. Petals sagittate-ovate 3. Tristellateia.

1. ACRIDOCARPUS, Guill. and Perr.

Calyx 5-fid, minutely glandular or glandless. Petals un-
equal, clawed, glabrous, subentire. Stamens 10, all perfect ;
filaments distinct, short, rigid ; anthers large, cordato-lanceo-
late, glabrous. Ovary 3-celled, hairy, each lobe with a dorsal
wing ; styles 2, very long, divergent, filiform, flexuous, acute,
coiled up in aestivation. Samaras 1-2, on an oblong recep-
tacle expanding above into a straight or oblique wing, which
is thickened along its upper margin. — FI. Cap. i. p. 231 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 19.

Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire,
glabrous or silky. Racemes or corymbs terminal or lateral. Flower yel-
low.— 3 species in the Natal country.

2. TRIASPIS, Burch.

Calyx short, 5-parted, without glands. Petals longer than
the calyx, clawed, fringed. Stamens 10, fertile, unequal, con-
nate at base and adnate to the stipe of the ovary. Carpels 3,
each expanded into a wing at each side, and united into a
3-lobed, 6-winged, shortly stipitate ovary ; styles 3, glabrous,
elongate, flat, acute. Samaras 3 or fewer, winged at the mar-
gin, the wing shield-like, sometimes interrupted at the apex,
commonly dorsally crested in the middle. — FI. Cap. i. p. 232.

Mostly climbers. T. Jiypericoides, Bell., an erect shrub 3-4 feet high,
with opposite, linear, glabrous leaves and rosy flower, was found by Bur-
chell at Kosi Font, lat. 27° 52'.

3. TRISTELLATEIA, Thouars.

Calyx 5-parted, with minute glands or none. Petals
clawed, keeled externally, glabrous, sagittate- ovate. Stamens
10, fertile, connate at base, those opposite the petals longer.

XXYT. MALPI GHIACEAS.

30

Ovary 3-lobed, the lobes many-crested dorsally ; style 1 (the
other 2 reduced to papillae), slender, elongate. Samaras 3,
many-winged ; the wings narrow, elongate, stellately-patent. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 591.

Climbers, with opposite or quaternate leaves, the petioles often 2-glanded.
Racemes terminal and lateral. Flowers yellow. — F. Madagascariensis,
Poir., was gathered at Delagoa Bay by Commander Owen.

Oedee XXYII. ZYGOPHYLLE^].

Flowers bisexual, regular or irregular. Calyx 4-5-parted.
Petals 4-5, clawed, twisted, rarely 0. Stamens 8-10 ; fila-
ments frequently furnished with a scale at base. Ovary
sessile or on a short gynophore, furrowed or winged, 5-celled ;
ovules axile, 2 or several ; style single, terminal, rarely 5
separate styles. Fruit capsular or fleshy. — Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves opposite, mostly compound, stipulate. Flowers soli-
tary, axillary or terminal, yellow or white, rarely red.

Petals 4-5.

Fruit thorny and tubercled, indeliiscent. Leaves

pinnate 1. Tkibttlus.

Fruit capsular, 4-5-angled, dehiscent.

Filaments simple at base.

Anthers linear. Ovary densely silky .... 2. Sisyndite.

Anthers cordate. Ovary glabrous .... 4. Fagonia.

Filaments each with an entire or bifid scale at

base 5. Zygophyllum.

Petals 0.

Styles short, filiform. Stamens 10. Leaves simple,

fleshy 3. Augea.

Styles 5. Stamens 5. Leaves 3-foliate .... 6. Seetzenia.

Tribe 1. Tribtjleaj. Seeds without albumen. (Gen. 1-3.)

1. TRIBULUS, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous or persistent, imbricated. Pe-
tals 5, spreading, longer than the calyx. Stamens 10; fila-
ments subulate, the 5 opposite the calyx-lobes with a gland
externally at base ; anthers cordate, introrse. Ovary sessile,
in a short 10-lobed cup, hairy, 5-celled ; ovules 3-4 in each
cell ; style short or 0, rarely filiform ; stigma large, 5-angled.
Fruit depressed, 5 -angled, of 5 indehiscent, dorsally tubercu-
lated, thorny or winged, spuriously plurilocular carpels, each
loculus 1-seeded. Seeds without albumen. — FI. Cap. i. p. 352.

Weeds and weed-like, diffuse or prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, one
usually much smaller than the other, abruptly pinnate ; leaflets in several
pairs. Flowers yellow or white. — 2 species : one a common weed through-
out the country, the other found at Springbokkell by Zeylier.

XXVII. ZYGOPIIYLLEiE.

37

2. SISYNDITE, E, Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes somewhat imbricate. Petals 5, at
first short and truncate, at length oblong, longer than the
calyx. Stamens 10, hypogynous ; filaments subulate, glabrous,
equalling the calyx ; anthers linear, versatile, 2-celled, longi-
tudinally slitting. Hypogynous scales 5, circling the ovary
opposite the sepals. Ovary sessile, very hairy, 5-angled, 5-
celled ; ovules solitary, erect ; style filiform, hairy, thickened
into a clavate, 5-furrowed stigma. Fruit capsular, 5-lobed,
the carpels compressed, ovate, acute, cross-furrowed, in all
parts clothed with long golden-yellow hairs, at length separat-
ing and opening by the ventral sutures. Seed compressed,
erect ; testa membranous ; embryo without albumen ; cotyle-
dons thick; radicle short, superior. — FI. Cap. i. p. 354 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 120.

S. spartea, E. M., is a broorp-like bush, found between Natvoet and the
G-ariep, 2-3-chotomous and quite glabrous. Leaves opposite, minutely
stipulate, pinnate, the petiole terete and like a twig, elongate ; leaflets mi-
nute, subopposite, distant, in few pairs, Flowers large and handsome,
axillary.

3. AUGEA, Th.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, valvate. Petals 0. Hypogynous
disk cup-shaped, membranous, 10-toothed, with subulate-seta-
ceous teeth. Stamens 10, inserted between the teeth of the
disk ; filaments very short, broad, trifid, the medial segment
bearing an anther; anther fixed below the middle, oblong.
Petaloid scales linear, white, bifid, outside the stamens and
opposite them. Ovary angular, glabrous, 10-celled ; ovules pen-
dulous ; style short, filiform ; stigma simple. Capsules 10-
angled, 10-valved. Seeds solitary, without albumen. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 355.

A. Capensis, Th., is an annual, glabrous, fleshy, Karroo-land herb, with
the aspect of Mesembryardhemum. Leaves connate, terete, obtuse, flattish
above. Stipules short. Flowers axillary, solitary or 2-3 together.

Tribe 2. Ztgophylle^e. Seeds albuminous. (Gen. 4-6.)

4. FAGONIA, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, clawed, longer than
the calyx. Stamens 10, hypogynous, equal; filaments fili-
form, naked at base, erect ; anthers cordate. Ovary sharply
5-angled, 5-celled ; style 5-anglecf, continuous with the ovary ;
stigma acute. Capsules pyramidal, 5-sided, of 5 cocci, which
fall away when ripe from a persistent axis. — FI. Cap. i. Add.

p. 21*.

Small herbs. F. Cretica , Linn., a procumbent, much-branched, glabrous

XXVII. ZYU0141Y LLEyE.

38

or glandularly-pubescent plant, with 3-foliolate leaves and lilac-purple
flowers with bright orange stamens, has been found in Namaqualand by
Mr. Wyley.

5. ZYGOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Calyx 4-5-parted, persistent or deciduous, imbricate. Pe-
tals 4-5, clawed, twisted, imbricate. Stamens 8-10 ; filaments
subulate, with an entire bifid or tripartite scale at base. Disk
fleshy, 8-10-angled. Ovary 4 -5-angled or lobed, 4-5-celled ;
ovules 2 or more ; style furrowed, continuous with the ovary ;
stigma minute. Capsules 4-5-angled or winged, 4-5-celled,
few- or several-seeded. — FI. Cap. i. p. 355.

Small shrubs or half-shrubs. Leaves fleshy or membranous, simple or
bifoliolate ; stipules membranous or spinous. Flowers solitary, white or
yellow. — 25 Cape species.

6. SEETZENXA, E. Br.

Calyx 5-parted, valvate. Petals 0. Stamens 5, opposite the
calyx-segments; filaments subulate, naked; anthers introrse,
2-celled, subglobose-didymous. Ovary oblong, 5 -celled ; ovules
solitary ; styles 5, terete, reflexed ; stigmas capitate. Cap-
sules ovoid, 5-coccous, the cocci separating from a central
5-angled axis. — FI. Cap. i . p. 365.

A woolly or glabrous, Clanwilliam, etc., half-shrub, with jointed branches,
trifoliolate leaves, intrapetiolar stipules, and axillary, 1-flowered peduncles.

Order XXVIII. GrERANIACEiE.

Blowers bisexual, regular or irregular. Sepals 5, rarely
fewer, mostly separate and imbricate, the upper ones some-
times spurred. Petals 5 or fewer or 0, imbricate or twisted
in bud. Torus commonly with 5 glands alternating with the
petals, usually prolonged through the centre of the ovary.
Stamens 5-10-15 or fewer by abortion ; filaments mostly
connate at base, rarely free ; anthers versatile, 2-celled.
Ovary 3-5-lobed, 3-5-eelled, rarely 2-celled ; carpels united to
the axis below, above either prolonged into a beak, continued
into a style, or beakless, with free or partially united styles, or
crowned with sessile stigmas. Ovules 1, 2 or many, axile.
Fruit rarely indehiscent. Seeds with or without albumen ;
embryo straight or curved, often green. — Herbs or shrubs of
various aspects.

Tribe 1. Oxalide.®. Flowers regular. Petals convolute. Stamens 10,
connate at base. Ovary beakless. Styles 5, separate ; stigmas capitate.
Capsules many-seeded. Leaves compound, without stipules.

Usually trifoliolate herbs 1. Oxalis.

XXVIII. UEItANIACEJE.

39

Tribe 2. Geraniea:. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals unequal,
strongly imbricate. Stamens 5-7-10-15, monadelphous or polyadelphous.
Ovary beaked, the beak prolonged into a style ; stigmas 5, linear. Carpels
l-seeded, tailed. Leaves mostly .simple, variously cut or multifid, stipulate.

Flowers regular.

Stamens 15, in parcels of 3 each 2. Monsonia.

Stamens 15, monadelphous 3. Sarcocaulon.

Stamens 10, monadelphous 4. Geranium.

Stamens 5, monadelphous 5. Erodium.

Flowers irregular. Stamens 7 or fewer. Petals |,
or the lower absent ; back sepal tubular at base,
the tube connate with the pedicel 6. Pelargonium.

Tribe 3. Balsamineje. Flowers irregular. Sepals coloured, very un-
equal, the posterior spurred, two anterior very small or none. Petals hy-
pogynous. Stamens 5, short. Ovary beakless ; stigma sessile. Capsules
bursting with elasticity.

Herbs 7. Impatiens.

Tribe 1. Oxalidea;.

1. OXALIS, Linn.

Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5, convolute, their
claws conniving into a funnel-shaped tube. Stamens 10, con-
nate at base, 5 alternate shorter. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled,
beakless ; ovules few or many ; styles 5, filiform ; stigmas
capitate or pencilled. Capsules deeply 5-lobed, globose or
oblong ; seeds 1 or several, albuminous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 313.

A cosmopolitan genus, particularly abundant in the southern hemisphere.
Leaves compound ; leaflets rarely 1 or 2, commonly 3, sometimes many
and digitate. Flowers red purple white yellow or streaked. — There are
(at least) 108 Cape species, all herbaceous, and most of them bulb-rooted ;
they blossom in the winter and early spring months.

Tribe 2. Gteraniea:.

2. MON SONIA, Linn. f.

Sepals equal at base, mucronate. Petals spreading equally,
longer than the calyx. Stamens 15, connate at base and
spreading in 5 parcels, each of 3 stamens, whose filaments co-
here for half their length. Ovary 5-lobed, beaked; ovules so-
litary.— FI. Cap. i.p. 254.

Annual or perennial, herbaceous or half-shrubby plants, with slender
stems. Leaves simple, subentire, toothed, or deeply-lobed or cut. Pe-
duncles 1-2, or umbellately several-flowered. — 8 Cape species, dispersed.

3. SARCOCAULON, DC.

Sepals equal at base, mucronate. Petals spreading equally.
Stamens 15, connate at base ; filaments subulate, not coher-
ing in parcels. — FI, Cap. i. p. 256.

40

xxvni. geraniacejE.

Divaricately-branched, fleshy or succulent, rigid shrubs, armed with
spines formed from persistent and hardened petioles. Leaves obovate or
obcordate, entire or crenate. Peduncles 1 -flowered. — 3 species: in the
Northern, North-Western, and North-Eastern districts.

4. GERANIUM, Linn.

Sepals equal at base. Petals spreading equally. Stamens
10, all perfect, the alternate longer. Glands at the base of
the longer stamens. — FI. Cap. i. p. 257.

A cosmopolitan genus. — 5 Cape species, all slightly suffruticose. Slender
perennials, with palmately-lobcd or cut and multifid, long-petioled leaves.
Peduncles 1-2-flowered, opposite the leaves or in the forks of the branches.

5. ERODIUM, L’Her.

Sepals equal at base. Petals spreading equally. Stamens
5, perfect, bearing anthers ; 5 sterile, subulate or obsolete.
Glands at the base of the sterile stamens. — FI. Cap. i. p. 259.

Herbs, rarely undershrubs. Leaves simple, either pinnatipartite, pinna-
tifid, cut or digitately parted. Peduncles mostly umbellately several-
flowered. — 5 Cape species, of which 2 are endemip, 3 probably of European
origin.

6. PELARGONIUM, L’Her.

Calyx 5-parted, the upper segment produced at base into a
slender nectariferous tube, which is decurrent along the
pedicel and actuate to it. Petals 5, rarely but 4 or 2, more or
less unequal. Filaments 10, unequal, monadelphous ; 2-7
bearing anthers, the rest abortive.

A large genus, chiefly South African. — -About 163 Cape species, distri-
buted under the following sections : —

1. Hoarea. Stemless, with tuberous roots. Petals 5 or 4.

2. Seymoitria. Stemless, with tuberous roots. Petals 2.

3. Polyactium. Caulescent, with tuberous roots. Leaves lobed or
pinnatipartite. Umbels many-flowered. Petals subeqiial, obovate, entire
or multifid.

4. Otidia.. Stem succulent and knobby. Leaves fleshy, pinnately or
bipinnately cut. Petals subequal, the upper eared at base.

5. Ligtjlaria. Stem either succulent or slender and branching. Leaves
rarely entire, mostly much cut or pinnatisect. Petals rather unequal, spa-
thulate, the upper tapering at base.

6. Jenkinsonia. Shrubby or succulent. Leaves palmately-nerved or
lobed. Two upper petals on long claws, very much larger than the lower.
Stamens 7.

7. Myrrhidium. Slender, suffruticose or annual. Leaves pinnatisect.
Petals 4 (rarely 5), two upper largest. Calyx segments membranous,
strongly ribbed and mucronate or taper-pointed.

8. Peristera. Herbaceous, diffuse, annual or perennial. Leaves
lobed or pinnatifid. Flowers minute. Petals scarcely longer than the
calyx. (Habit of Geranium or Erodium.)

9. Campylia. Stem short, subsimple. Leaves on long petioles, undi-
vided, entire or toothed. Stipules membranous. Flowers on long pedicels.

XXVIII. GERANIACEAJ.

41

Two upper petals broadly obovate, three lower narrow. Fertile sta-
mens 5, two of the sterile ones recurved.

10. Dibrachya. Much branched, with weak jointed stems. Leaves
peltate or cordate-lobed, fleshy. Petals obovate. Stamens 7, the two
upper very short.

11. Eumorpha. Slender, suffruticose or herbaceous. Leaves on long
petioles, palmately 5-7 -nerved, reniform, lobed or palmatifid. Petals un-
equal, the 2 upper broad. Stamens 7.

12. G-laucofhyllum. Shrubby. Leaves fleshy, simply or ternately
compound, the lamina articulated to the petiole. Stamens 7.

13. Ciconium. Shrubby, with fleshy branches. Leaves either obovate
or cordate-reniform, palmately many -nerved, undivided. Petals all of one
colour, scarlet pink or white. Stamens 7, 2 upper very short.

14. Cortusina. Caudex short, thick, and fleshy ; branches (if any)
slender and half-herbaceous. Leaves reniform or cordate, lobulate, on long
petioles. Petals subequal, 2 upper broader. Stamens 6-7.

15. Pelarguum. Much-branched shrubs or undershrubs, not fleshy.
Leaves entire or lobed (never pinnatipartite). Stipules free. Inflorescence
frequently panicled, the partial peduncles umbellate. 2 upper petals
longer and broader than the lower. Stamens 7.

Tribe 3>. Balsamine^:.

7. IMPATIEHS, Linn.

Blowers irregular. Sepals 3, rarely 5, coloured, imbricate,
the two lateral flat, the two anterior, when present, small, the
hinder one very large, produced at base into a hollow spur.
Petals 3, the anterior concave, the lateral 2-fid. Glands 0.
Stamens 5 ; filaments short, flat ; anthers conniving round the
pistil. Ovary oblong, 5-celled ; stigma sessile, 5-toothed or
lobed ; ovules many. Capsules 5-valved, the valves bursting
with elasticity and falling off. Seed exalbuminous. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 312.

A large genus, chiefly from tropical Asia. — 1 Cape species (perhaps 2 ?),
found in the Eastern district and at Natal.

Order XXIX. RUTACEiE.

Blowers bisexual (or rarely unisexual), mostly regular.
Sepals 4-5, imbricate. Petals 4-5. Stamens inserted at the
base or on the margin of the torus, as many or twice as many
as the petals, rarely fewer or more numerous, free or rarely
united into a tube. Disk between the stamens and ovary,
annular or expanded. Carpels 4-5, rarely more or fewer,
united into a 2-5-lobed, or solid ovary ; styles either free or
united into one, long or short ; ovules 2 in each cell. Bruit
various, capsular or berried ; seeds with or without albumen.
—Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, gland-dotted and strongly
scented. Habit various.

42

XXIX. EUTACEiE.

Leaves simple.

Flowers bisexual, 5-parted.

Ovary stipitate. Fruit a rough, 5-celled capsule 1. Calodendron.
Ovary sessile. Fruit of 3-5 separate cocci.

Staminodia 0.

Petals clawed, bearded on the limb.

Style short ; stigma capitate .... 2. EtrcH astis.

Style long, much protruded 3. Macrostylis.

Petals sessile, not bearded 4. Diosma.

Staminodia 5, one between each stamen.

Style short ; stigma capitate.

Petals channelled, the staminodia infolded

in the channel . . 5. Coleonema.

Petals flat ; staminodia free.

Petals clawed, the claw bearded ... 6. Acmadenia.

Petals subsessile, broad, nude ... 7. Adenandra.

Style as long as petals ; stigma simple.

Petals sessile. Flowers axillary . . .8. Barosma.

Petals clawed. Flowers terminal . . 9. Agathosma.

Flowers unisexual, 4-parted ; carpels solitary.

Petals 0. Leaves lanceolate, dotted .... 10. Emplettrum.

Petals 4. Leaves acicular, not pellucid, dotted . 11. Empleurldium.

Leaves trifoliolate 13. Toddalia.

Leaves abruptly pinnate ; ovary lobed 12. Zanthoxylon.

Leaves unequally pinnate ; ovary solid 14. Clausena.

Teibe 1. Diosme.®.

1. CALODENDEON, Tb.

Calyx short, 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, oblongo-lanceo-
late, much, longer than the calyx. Stamens 10, inserted
under a short, tubular disk, 5 fertile, 5 alternate (staminodia)
sterile and petaloid. Ovary stipitate, shortly 5-lobed ; style
filiform, elongate. Capsules stipitate, ligneous, roughly tu-
bercled, 5-angled, 5-celled, septicidally 5-valved ; seeds 2 in
each cell, angular. — FI. Cap. i. p. 371.

C. Capense , Th., is a noble tree, a native of the Eastern district and
Natal. Leaves decussate, petioled, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, acute or ob-
tuse, pellucid-dotted, evergreen, 4-5 inches long. Flowers in terminal
panicles ; petals white, with purple, glandular spots. The “ Wilde Kasta-
nien ” of colonists.

2. EUCHJETIS, Bartl. and Wendl.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals broadly clawed, oblongo-lanceolate,
with a transverse beard. Stamens 5, fertile, shorter than the
calyx ; anthers rounded, with an apical gland ; staminodia 0.
Ovary deeply sunk in the cup-shaped, 5-lobed disk, 5-lobed ;
style short ; stigma capitate. Fruit of 5 cocci, shortly horned
at the summit. — FI. Cap. i. p. 371.

Small, slender shrubs, with scattered, rarely opposite, lanceolate, keeled

XXIX. BUTACE.fi.

43

leaves, and terminal, capitate or glomerate flowers. — 5 species from the
Western and Midland districts.

3. MACROSTYLIS, B. and W.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals clawed, spathulate, bearded in the
middle. Stamens 5, fertile, exserted ; staminodia 0 ; anthers
roundish, with a minute, apical gland. Disk closing over
the ovary, perforated by the style. Ovary deeply 3-5-lobed;
style lengthening after flowering, slender at base ; stigma ob-
tuse. Cocci 3-5, horned. — FI. Cap. i. p. 441.

Small bushes, with alternate or opposite, short, nerve-keeled leaves,
pellucid-dotted along the margin and nerve. Flowers small, white or rosy,
subumbellate at the end of the twigs. — 8 species, natives of the Western
district.

4. DIOSMA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals sessile, obovate, longer than the
calyx, nude (not bearded). Stamens 5, fertile, shorter than
the petals ; staminodia 0 ; anthers roundish, with a sessile,
apical gland. Disk fleshy, 5-lobed, cup-like. Ovary sunk in
the disk, small, deeply 5-lobed ; style short ; stigma capitate.
Cocci 5, longer than the calyx, rough, horned at the summit. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 373.

Small shrubs, with alternate or opposite, linear-acute, channelled, serru-
late or ciliate, gland-dotted leaves ; and white or reddish, terminal, sub-
solitary or corymbose flowers. — 11 species, all (except D. vulgaris , which is
everywhere) found in the Western district.

5. COLEONEMA, B. and W.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx,
tapering at base into a channelled claw. Stamens 5, fertile,
equalling the sepals ; anthers roundish, tipped with a sessile
gland ; staminodia 5, filiform, nude, enclosed within the
channels of the petals. Disk cup-like, crenate. Ovary deeply
5-lobed ; style short ; stigma capitate. Cocci 5, compressed,
rough, shortly horned at the summit. — FI. Cap. i. p. 377.

Shrubs with scattered, linear leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, white or
purple. — 4 species, 3 of which are chiefly Western.

6. ACMADENIA, B. and W.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals clawed, the claw bearded within
(except in A. psilopetala) . Stamens 5, fertile, equalling the
claws of the petals ; anthers ovate or oblong, tipped with an
erect, sessile, conical gland ; staminodia filiform, short or ob-
solete. Disk cup-like, entire or 5-crenate. Ovary 4-5-lobed,
sunk in the disk ; style short ; stigma capitate. Cocci 4-5,
compressed, horned at the apex. — FI. Cap. i . p. 379.

44

XXIX. llUTACEiE.

Small shrubs, with imbricate (rarely scattered), linear, oblong or round-
ish leaves. Flowers terminal, either solitary or few together, rarely in
many-flowered heads. — 14 species, chiefly in the South-Eastern district.

7. ADENANDRA, Willd.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals broadly obovate, with very short
claws, nude. Stamens 5, fertile, shorter than the calyx ; an-
thers oblong, erect, tipped with a stalked, spoon-shaped or
globose, at length reflexed gland ; staminodia also tipped with
a gland. Disk cup-like, 5-10-crenate. Ovary sunk in the
disk, 5-lobed; style short ; stigma capitate, 5-crenate. Cocci
obtuse or horned, glandularly-muricate above. — FI. Cap. i. p.
384.

Yirgate or much-branched shrubs, with scattered, rarely opposite,
pellucid-dotted leaves, and terminal, sessile or pedicellate flowers, wThich
are larger and handsomer than in the allied genera. — 21 species, natives of
the Western and South-Eastern districts.

8, BAROSMA, Willd.

Calyx 5-cleft or parted. Petals much longer than the calyx,
oblong, subsessile. Stamens 5, fertile, longer than thepetaloid
or filiform staminodia, which alternate with them ; anthers
ovoid, glandless or with a minute apical gland. Disk cup-like,
entire or lobed. Ovary 5-lobed ; style long, filiform ; stigma
simple. Cocci eared at apex, gland-xlotted. — FI. Cap. i. p. 392.

Small shrubs, with mostly opposite leaves, gland-serrated. Flowers on
axillary twigs, solitary or tufted ; very rarely subumbellate and terminal. —
15 species, among which is B. crenulata , Hook., the true “ Buku,” though
others are indiscriminately collected for it, particularly B. serratifolia , W.

9. AGATHOSMA, Willd.

Calyx 5-parted, rather unequal. Petals longer than the
calyx, clawed. Stamens 5, fertile, alternating with as many
filiform or petaloid staminodia ; anthers subglobose. Disk
cup-like, crenulate or lobed. Ovary 2-4-lobed; style long,
filiform ; stigma simple. Cocci mostly 3, horned. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 399.

A large genus of small shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite leaves.
Flowers at the ends of the branches, capitate or umbellate; in one species
axillary. Petals white red or lilac-purple. — 100 (or more) species, dis-
persed.

10. EMPLEURUM, Soland.

Plowers monoecious. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals and disk 0.
Stamens 4 ; anthers large, 4-sided, the cells divergent and
prolonged beyond the sessile, apical gland. Ovary of 1, rarely
2 carpels ; style short ; stigma simple. Fruit lanceolate,
compressed, tapering upwards into a beak. — FI. Cap. i. p. 441.

XXTX. RUTACE/E.

45

E. serrulatum , Ait., is a 2-3 feet high shrub, with close-set, lanceolate, 1-2
inches long, gland-serrate leaves. Male and female flowers on different
branches, axillary. It is found as far east as TJitenhage, at least.

11. EMPLEURIDIUM, Sond.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-parted, persistent ; the sepals
acute, imbricate. Petals 4, deciduous, sessile, ovate-rotund,
inserted under the edges of a fleshy, 4-lobed disk. — Male :
Stamens 4, on the margin of the disk ; filaments subulate,
short ; anthers didymous, glandless. An abortive ovary. —
Female : Ovary (not seen) . Capsules oblong, follicular, open-
ing at the side, and tipped with a short, persistent style ; seed
solitary. — FI. Cap. i. p. 442 ; Thes. Cap. t. 77.

E. juniperinum , S. and H., is a small undershrub, found by Ecklon, near
Caledon. It is not gland-dotted in any part. Leaves scattered, acicular,
6-12 lines long, 4 line wide, scabrous on the margin and keeL Flowers
axillary, very minute.

Tribe 2. Zanthoxylea.

12. ZANTHOXYLON, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4- (3-5-) parted, small. Petals
hypogynous, as many as the calyx lobes, imbricate. — Male :
Stamens as many as petals, alternating with tbem ; filaments
free, subulate. A rudimentary ovary. — Female : Stamens
0 or abortive Carpels 1-5 on a fleshy disk, separate or sub-
coherent ; ovules 2 in each carpel ; Styles terminal, cylindri-
cal, short or long ; stigma capitate. Capsules leathery, 1-5,
sessile or stipitate, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded; seeds black and
shining. — FI. Cap. p. 445.

Trees and shrubs of both hemispheres, armed with very large and strong
thorns on the branches and stem, and often with prickles on the petioles
and leaves. Leaves in our species abruptly pinnate, dotted. Flowers
small, panicled. — 3 Cape species, all Eastern.

Tribe 3. Toddaliea.

13. TODDALIA, Juss.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 2-5-toothed, lobed or
parted. Petals 2-5, imbricate or valvate. Torus inconspicu-
ous or slightly elongate. — Male : Stamens 2, 4, 5 (or 8, those
opposite the petals abortive), inserted at the base of the torus ;
filaments subulate ; anthers oblong. A rudimentary, simple,
or 4-lobed ovary. — Female : Ovary ovoid, oblong or globose,
sessile or substipitate, 2-7 -celled, very rarely 1-celled ; style
short or 0 ; ovules 2. Fruit leathery or fleshy, dotted, sub-
globose, 2-7-celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 446. Also Yepris, Comm.,
FI. Cap. i. p. 447.

XXIX. RUTACEJE.

16

Shrubs, unarmed or aculeate. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate, dotted.
Flowers small, in cymes or panicles. — 3 species, 1 from the Eastern district,
2 irom Natal.

Tribe 4. Attrantieas.

14. CLAUSENA, Burm.

Calyx 4-5-lobed or parted. Petals 4-5, free, mostly deli-
cate, elliptical or roundish, imbricate. Stamens 8-10, free,
the alternate shorter ; filaments dilated at or below the middle,
and often concave, subulate above ; anthers short. Disk
stipe-like. Ovary 4-5-(rarely 2-3-)celled, stipitate ; style
mostly distinct, at length deciduous ; stigmas obtuse, entire
or lobed ; ovules 2, collateral or superposed. Berry ovoid,
oblong or globose, 2-5-celled (or abortively 1-celled), few- or
1-seeded. Seed with a membranous coat, and no albumen. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 444 ( under Myaris, Fr.).

Trees chiefly Asiatic. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets membranous, en-
tire or crenulate, sometimes oblique. Panicles terminal or axillary ; flowers
small, white. C. inrsqualis, Oliv., our only species, is common in the
Eastern district and at Natal.

Order XXX. OCHNACEiE.

Blowers bisexual, regular. Sepals 4-5-6, rigid, persistent,
imbricate. Petals as many, rarely twice as many, deciduous,
sessile. Torus enlarged after flowering, never annual or glan-
dular. Stamens definite or indefinite ; filaments short ; an-
thers long, erect, opening by pores or slits, hard and dry.
Ovary 2-10-lobed (or elongate, 1-10-celled) ; style simple,
subulate. Bruit of 2 or more drupes (or capsular).— Trees
or shrubs, with watery (not resinous) juice. Leaves alternate,
stipulate, glabrous, coriaceous, shining, mostly serrulate.

1. OCHNA, Schreb.

Sepals 5, coloured, persistent, imbricate. Petals 5-10, ob-
ovate or oblong, deciduous. Torus thick, lobed or elevated in
the centre. Stamens many ; anthers linear, basifixed, opening
by short or long, terminal pores. Ovary deeply 3-10-lobed ;
styles connate, or partly free, central. Drupes 3-10, or fewer,
sessile on the enlarged torus. — FI. Cap. i. p. 448.

Chiefly tropical trees or shrubs. Flowers yellow ; the calyx after
flowering red or vinous-purple, brightening as the fruit advances. Leaves
simple, shining, serrulate or subentire. — 3 species, all natives of the Eastern
district and Natal.

Order XXXI. BURSERACEiE.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-fid or parted,
imbricate or valvate. Petals 3-5, deciduous. Disk annular
or cup-like, free or adnate to the calyx tube. Stamens mostly
twice as many as petals, on the margin or at base of the disk ;
anthers subglobose or oblong, versatile. Ovary 2-5-celled,
often with a short style; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit
drupaceous, indehiscent, 2-5-celled. — Trees or shrubs, balsami-
ferous or oily. Leaves 3-foliolate or pinnate, rarely opposite,
without stipules ; leaflets very rarely pellucid- dotted. Flowers
small, racemose or panicled.

Flowers on very short, 1-flowered peduncles . . 1. Balsamodendron.

Flowers many, in a long peduncled panicle ... 2. Protium.

1. BALSAMODENDRON, Kth.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx urqeolate or tubular, 4-toothed,
persistent. Petals 4, suberect, linear-oblong, induplicate-
valvate. Disk erect, cup -like. Stamens 8, on the margin of
the disk, erect, free ; the alternate shorter. Ovary girt by the
disk, 2-3-celled, tapering into a short style ; stigma 4-lobed.
Drupe ovoid or globose, 1-3-celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 526.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets 3-5, sessile, dot-
less. Flowers on very short (1-2 lines long) peduncles, solitary or tufted.
B. Cajpense , Sd. ; on the North-Western frontier, near the Gariep.

2. PROTIUM, W. and A.

Calyx small, cup-like, 4-6-fid or toothed, valvate. Petals
4-6, erect or spreading, linear-oblong, valvate. Disk urceolate,
covering the calyx-tube, margin free. Stamens 8-12, inserted
under the margin of the disk, unequal, erect, free. Ovary
girt at base by the small disk, ovate, 2-4-celled, tapering into
a short style ; stigma 3-4-lobed. Drupe fleshy, globose, 1-4-
celled. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 592.

Small, halsamineous trees. Leaves toward the end of the twigs, 3-folio-
late or imparipinnate ; leaflets in few pairs, entire or denticulate. Panicles
on long peduncles, diffusely branched. Flowers small. — Readily known
from Balsamodendron by its inflorescence. P. Africanum, H., found near
Durban, Natal, by Gerrard and M'Ken.

Order XXXII. MELIACEiE.

Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Calyx short, 4-5-fid or
parted, imbricate. Petals 4-5, longer than the calyx, twisted
or imbricate, sometimes connate and valvate. Stamens 8-10
(rarely 5-16-20) ; filaments inserted outside a fleshy disk,

48

XXXIT. MELIACE7E.

more or less united in a tube, which is entire or toothed at
the apex ; anthers sessile or subsessile on the staminal tube,
included or exserted, erect, 2-celled. Disk various. Ovary
free, 3-5-celled ; style simple ; stigma peltate. Ovules 2,
collateral. Fruit a capsule, drupe or berry. — Trees or shrubs.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, mostly pinnatipartite, in Tur-
roea simple.

Leaves simple. Petals and staminal tube both very long 1. Turba:a.
Leaves simply pinnate.

Fruit a dry, splitting capsule 2. Tbichilia.

Fruit a leathery, nearly juiceless, indehiscent, 2-5-celled

berry 3. Ekebeegua.

Leaves doubly pinnate. Fruit a drupe 4. Melia.

1. TURRiEA, Linn.

Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 5, very long, strap-
shaped, convolute in bud. Stamens 10, connate in a long tube,
10-toothed at the summit ; anthers sessile between the teeth.
Ovary sessile, 5-10-20-celled ; style 1 ; stigma thickened.
Capsules 5-celled, cells 2-1-seeded, the valves septiferous.
Seeds compressed. — FI. Cap. i. p. 244.

Shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves. Flowers on short twigs, solitary
or tufted. — 2 South African species, natives of the Eastern frontier and
Natal.

2. TRICHILIA, Linn.

Calyx short, 4-5-toothed or cleft. Petals 4-5, erect or
spreading, imbricate. Staminal tube 8-10-cleft or 8-10-parted,
rarely entire, the segments linear, entire or 2-toothed, bearing
anthers between or on the teeth ; anthers erect, exserted.
Disk annular. Ovary sunk in the disk, 2-3-celled ; style long
or short ; stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsules coriaceous, 2-3-celled,
2-3-valved. — FI. Cap. i. p. 246 ; Thes. Cap. t. 76.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly American. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in axillary
panicles. — 3 South African species, all found near Natal.

3. EKEBERGIA, Sparm.

Calyx short, 4-5 -fid ; the lobes obtuse, imbricate. Petals
4-5, scarcely longer than the calyx, elliptical or oblong, imbri-
cate in bud. Stamens 10, united in a short, campanulate,
10-toothed tube ; the teeth bearing anthers. Ovary 4-5-celled,
girt by an annular disk ; style short, thick ; stigma obsoletely
lobed. Berry dry, leathery, globose, 4-5-celled, 1-5-seeded.
Seeds arillate. — FI. Cap. i. p. 246.

E. Capensis , Sp., the only species, is a handsome, ash-like tree, native of
the Eastern district, Caflraria, and Natal.

XXXTI. MELIACE2E.

49

4. MELIA, Linn.

Calyx small, 5-fid. Petals 5, linear- oblong, spreading, con-
volute in bud. Stamens 10, the filaments connate into a 20-
toothed tube, the anthers sessile within the throat of the tube.
Ovary on a raised torus, 5-celled ; style filiform ; stigma
5-angled. Drupe with a 5-furrowed and 5-celled bony stone.
— FI. Cap. i. p. 245.

M. AzedaracJi, Linn., the “ Cape Lilac,” or “ Pride of China,” is cultivated
throughout the colony, and partly naturalized.

Order XXXIII. CHAILLETIACEAD.

Elowers bisexual or unisexual. Sepals 5, free or connate,
coriaceous, imbricate. Petals 5, inserted at the base of the ca-
lyx, and rather longer, free and equal or connate and unequal,
with broad claw and narrow 2-fid limb, tipped by an indexed
process, which is connate with the margins of the lobes of the
petals. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals, alternating with
the lobes of the disk or with hypogynous glands ; anthers ob-
long, 2-celled. Hypogynous glands 5, scale-like. Ovary free,
2-3-celled ; ovules in pairs, pendulous ; styles 2-3, free or
partly united. Pruit drupaceous. — Trees or shrubs, chiefly
tropical.

1. CHAILLETIA, DC.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals separate, broad-clawed, deeply 2-
parted or 2-fid. Stamens 5, equal ; anthers oblong, the con-
nective thickened. Hypogynous glands 5, opposite the petals,
distinct or united in a 5-lobed disk. Ovary subglobose ; styles
1-3, free or connate, short or long and slender. Drupe
leathery, dry, 1-2-celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 450.

Chiefly tropical. C. cymosa, Hk. Ic. t. 591, our only South African spe-
cies, is a very dwarf, little branched, leafy, villous shrub. Leaves 3-4
inches long, 6-10 lines wide, alternate, crowded, narrow-oblong, obtuse,
glabrous and netted- veined. Cymes shorter than the leaves. Found at
Aapjes river, by Burke and Zeyher.

Order XXXIY. OLACINE^].

Plowers regular, perfect or unisexual. Calyx small, 4-5-
toothed, lobed or parted. Petals 4-5, free or connate in a
monopetalous corolla, valvate or minutely subimbricate. Sta-
mens 4-10, inserted with the petals and often more or less
adnate to them ; filaments mostly free ; anthers 2-celled.
Disk annular or 4-5-divided. Ovary free, 1-celled (or spuri-

E

50

XXXI Y. OLACINEJE.

ously 3-5-celled) ; ovules 2-4, rarely 1, pendulous from the
summit of a thread-like, free, central placenta, or attached to
the sides of the ovary, or of the false septa ; style simple.
Fruit in the unaltered or enlarged calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Seed with much albumen.

Petals 4-5, hairy within. Stamens 8-10 1. Ximenia.

Petals 4-5, glabrous. Stamens 4-5 2. Apodytes.

Corolla rotate (monopetalous), bearing the stamens . . 3. Cassinopsis.

1. XIMENIA, Linn.

Calyx small, 4-5-toothed, unchanged in fruit. Petals 4-5,
hypogynous, valvate, narrow, bearded within. Stamens twice
as many ; anthers linear, erect, opening by opposite slits.
Ovary 3-celled at base; style simple; ovules 3, linear, pen-
dulous from a central placenta, which is free at summit, or at-
tached to the wall of the cavity. Drupe fleshy. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 235 ; Thes. Cap. t. 126.

X. Capra , Sond., our only South African species, grows at Magalisberg
and Natal.

2. APODYTES, E. Mey.

Calyx small, 4-5-toothed, unchanged in fruit. Petals 4-5,
hypogynous, free, valvate, glabrous. Stamens 4-5, alternate
with the petals and slightly attached to them at base ; fila-
ments thickish ; anthers oblong or linear, dorsally affixed.
Ovary 1-celled, often thickened on one side at the apex ; style
oblique or excentric ; ovules 2, superposed, pendulous from
an adherent placenta. Drupe fleshy, oblique, compressed,
with a protuberance on one side. — FI. Cap. i. p. 235.

Trees or shrubs. A. dimidiata , E. M., the only Cape species, occurs
chiefly in the Eastern district, Caffraria, and Natal. It turns blackish in
drying. Leaves ovate-oblong, glossy above, very entire. Flowers minute,
in terminal, much-branched panicles.

3. CASSINOPSIS, Sond.

Calyx 5-fid. Corolla rotate, 5-fid, the segments oblong,
slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at the base or
in the throat of the corolla, alternating with its lobes ; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers oblong-cordate, 2-celled. Disk 0.
Ovary sessile, 1-celled, 2-1-ovuled ; ovules superposed, pendu-
lous from the apex of the cavity. Drupe nearly dry, ovato-
globose. Seed inverted, compressed ; embryo minute, in the
apex of copious albumen. — FI. Cap. i.p. 473 ; Thes. Cap. t. 168.

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite, entire or toothed, petioled leaves,
and axillary cymes of minute flowers. — 2 South African species : C.
Capensis, Sond., found throughout the Eastern district and in Caffraria ;
C. tinifolia, H., found in Zululand.

51

Order XXXV. ILICINE.®.

Flowers regular, bisexual. Calyx 3-6-parted, imbricate.
Petals 4-5, rarely more, free or combined in a rotate corolla,
bypogynous, deciduous, imbricate. Stamens as many as the
petals, free or attached to the base of the corolla ; filaments
subulate ; anthers introrse. Disk 0. Ovary free, 3-5- or
many-celled ; style 0 or terminal ; ovules 1-2, pendulous.
Fruit a fleshy drupe, containing 3-18 bony, 1-seeded cells. —
Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen, with shining leaves.

1. ILEX, Linn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx small, 4-6-toothed, persistent.
Corolla rotate, 4-6-parted, the segments obtuse, imbricated.
Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla ; filaments su-
bulate ; anthers introrse, erect. Ovary sessile, 4-6-celled ;
ovules 1-2, pendulous ; stigmas 4-6, sessile. Drupe fleshy,
subglobose, crowned with the stigmas. — FI. Cap. i. p. 473.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, widely dispersed. I. Capensis, our only spe-
cies, found throughout the colony, is a large shrub or small tree, with ob-
long or lanceolate, shining, entire leaves, and axillary, fascicled, white
flowers.

Order XXXVI. CELASTEINEiE.

Flowers mostly bisexual. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed or parted,
imbricate, persistent. Petals 4-5, short, spreading, sessile
under the margin of the disk, imbricate. Stamens 3-5 (rarely
2-10), inserted at the base, on the margin, on the surface, or
on the lobes of the disk ; filaments mostly short ; anthers 2-
celled. Disk conspicuous, convex or expanded or lobed.
Ovary sessile on or partly immersed in the disk, 3-5- (rarely 1-)
celled ; style short, simple or 2-3-fid ; ovules commonly 2,
mostly erect, rarely pendulous. Fruit a capsule drupe or
berry, or winged ( [samara ) ; seeds with or without albumen. —
Trees and shrubs, often spinous. Leaves opposite or alternate,
mostly leathery, simple. Flowers axillary, small.

Tribe 1. Celastre2E. Stamens inserted on or beneath the margin of a
conspicuous, fleshy disk. Anthers introrse.

Fruit capsular, dehiscent.

Leaves alternate.

Ovules about 6 in each ovarian cell .... 1. Putterlichia.

Ovules 2 in each ovarian cell.

Yalves of capsule not winged 2. Gtmnosporia.

Valves of capsule dorsally winged .... 3. Pterocelastrtjs.

E 2

52

XXXVI. CELASTRINE^E.

Leaves opposite.

Ovary 3-celled ; ovules in pairs, erect . . .

Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 6-8, parietal ....
Fruit a fleshy, indehiscent drupe.

Ovules solitary, erect. Leaves opposite . . .

Ovules in pairs, pendulous. Leaves opposite . .

Ovules in pairs, erect.

Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Leaves opposite
Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite
or alternate

4. Catha.

5. Cathastrum.

6. Hartogia.

7. Matjrocenia.

8. Latjridia.

9. Elaiodendron.

Tribe 2. Hippocrates. Stamens 3 (rarely 2-4-5), inserted much
within the margin of the disk ; filaments flat ; anthers extrorse.

Fruit a 1- or several-seeded berry. Seeds wingless. 10. Salacia.

Tribe 1. Celastre^:. (G-en. 1-9.)

1. PUTTERLICHIA, Endl.

Calyx flat, 4-5 -parted. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens
4-5, spreading, inserted under tlie margin of the disk ; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers subglobose. Disk thick, hemispheri-
cal, ribbed. Ovary half-sunk in the disk, 3-5-angled, 3-5-
celled ; style 3-5-angled ; stigma 3-5-lobed ; ovules 6 in each
cell, 2-seriate. Capsules obtusely 3-angled, 3-celled, loculici-
dally 3-valved ; cells 3-6-seeded. Seeds with a fleshy arillus,
albuminous. — Celastrus, Sect. 1, in FI. Cap. i. p. 453.

Glabrous, spiny shrubs, with alternate or tufted, obovate leaves, and
axillary, diffusely -branched cymes of white flowers. — There are 2 species,
one of them dispersed, the other Eastern.

2. GYMNOSPORIA, W. and A.

Calyx 4-5-fid or parted. Petals 4-5, sessile, spreading.
Stamens as many, inserted on or under the margin of the disk.
Disk widely spread, 4-5-lobed or crenate. Ovary very gene-
rally with a broad base confluent with the disk, 3 -angled or
pyramidal, 2-3-celled ; style short ; stigmas 3 ; ovules in pairs,
erect. Capsules obovoid or subglobose, 3-angled or globose,
2-3-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds with or without an aril, albu-
minous.— Celastrus, # Sect. 2, FI. Cap. i. p. 454. Also Scyto-
phyllum, F. and Z. (which has dehiscent fruit), FI. Cap. i. p.
471.

A large genus of shrubs, often spinous. Leaves alternate, entire or
toothed, sometimes pubescent. Flowers in axillary cymes or tufts. — Up-
wards of 20 South African species, dispersed.

* The true Celastrus , Linn., differs in having an ovary seated on , but not
immersed in, the disk, and by other characters. Its species, about 18 in
number, are chiefly Asiatic ; a few American and Australian, and one from
Madagascar. They are mostly climbing shrubs, without spines.

XXXVI. CELASTRINEiE.

53

3. PTEROCELASTRUS, Meisn.

Ploral characters nearly as in Gymnosporia. Capsules carti-
laginous, 3-6-winged, 1-3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, slowly
dehiscing, the valves septiferous in the middle ; cells 1-2-
seeded. Seeds with a thin, membranous arillus, albuminous. —
FI. Cap. \.p. 461.

South African shrubs, with alternate, leathery, quite entire leaves and
axillary, small, white, cymose or tufted flowers. — 6 species, dispersed.

4. CAT HA, Porsk.

Calyx 5-lobed, small. Petals 5, erecto-patent. Stamens 5,
on the margin of the disk ; filaments subulate ; anthers 2-
parted. Disk thin, with an undulate margin. Ovary ovoid,
immersed in the disk, free, 3-celled ; style short, thick ; stigmas
3 ; ovules in pairs, erect. Capsules linear- oblong, 3-celled, 3-

valved, 1-3-seeded. “ Ripe seeds winged.” — Methyscophyllum,
FI. Cap. i. p. 463.

C. edulis, Forsk. ( = Methyscophyllum, glaucum E. and Z.), the “ Bosjes-
man’s-the” of the colonists, grows in North and South Africa and in Arabia.
The leaves, chewed to excess, are intoxicating. Leaves opposite, glaucous,
lanceolate, acuminate, repando-serrate, with revolute margins, netted- veined.
Peduncles axillary, dichotomous, short.

5. CATHASTRUM, Turcz.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes rounded, fimbriate. Petals 5,
obovate, ciliolate, revolute. Stamens 5, inserted under the
margin of the disk ; filaments thickish, recurved ; anthers sub-
cordate, affixed to the broadish apex of the filaments. Disk
thin, obtusely 5-angled. Ovary sessile on the disk, narrowed
at base, oblique, free, 1-celled ; style short, stigma thick, uni-
lateral, peltate ; ovules 4-8, in two rows, ascending. — FI. Cap.
i.p. 526.

C. Capensis , Turcz., the only species, is a glabrous shrub, with opposite,
petioled, oblong or linear-oblong, leathery, obtuse, undulate, entire leaves,
and short, axillary cymes of small flowers. The fruit is unknown. It in-
habits woods in Uitenhage.

6. HARTOGIA, Thnnb.

Calyx 4-5-fid. Petals 4-5, spreading. Stamens 4-5, be-
tween the lobes of the disk. Disk annular, 4-5-lobed. Ovary
sessile, scarcely confluent with the disk, pyramidal, 2-3 -celled,
tapering into a thick style ; stigma obtuse ; ovules solitary in
each cell, erect. Emit ovoid, dry, indehiscent. Seed without
albumen. — FI. Cap. i. p. 464.

H. Capensis , Th., the only species, is a shrub with opposite, leathery
glaucous leaves, with revolute, serrulate margins. Cymes axillary ; flowers
small, white. Found in the Western and middle districts.

5 4

XXXYI. CELASTRINES.

7. MATJROCENIA, Linn.

Calyx minute, 5-parted. Petals 5, longer than the calyx.
Stamens 5, under the margin of the disk, longer than the
petals ; filaments filiform ; anthers broadly oblong. Disk cup-
like, sinuate, 5-lobed. Ovary sessile on the disk, not confluent
with it, ovoid, 2-3-celled ; stigmas sessile, 2-3-lobed ; ovules
in pairs, pendulous. Drupe ovoid, fleshy, 1-3-celled. Seed
albuminous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 465. Cassine, Linn., BentJi. and
Hook.f. Gen. PI. i. p. 363.

M. Capensis , Sond., the only species, is a glabrous shrub, with 4-angled
twigs, opposite, leathery, quite entire, glossy leaves, and axillary short,
cy mules of small white flowers. It is frequent in the Western districts.

8. LAURIDIA, E. and Z.

Calyx 4-parted, the lobes strongly imbricate. Petals 4,
ovate-oblong, revolute, with an uneven margin, imbricate.
Stamens 4, on the margin of the disk ; filaments broad-based,
flattish, subulate ; anthers broadly oblong. Disk adnate to the
calyx-tube, the limb thin, obscurely lobed. Ovary subimmersed
in the disk, 2-celled ; style very short ; stigma 2-lobed. Drupe
rather dry, 2-celled, 1-2-seeded, with a crustaceous stone. — FI.
Cap. i. p. 468.

L. reticulata, E. and Z., the only species, is a glabrous, trichotomous
shrub, with opposite, very entire, or sparingly toothed, netted-veined leaves,
and axillary, paniculate-racemose, small flowers. It grows in the Eastern
district. — As a genus, Lauridia scarcely differs from Elceodendron.

9. ELCEODENDRON, Jacq. f.

Elowers sometimes polygamous. Calyx 4-5-parted. Petals
4-5, spreading. Stamens 4-5, under the margin of the disk ;
filaments short, subulate ; anthers subglobose. Disk thick,
expanded, 4-5 sinuate-angled or lobed. Ovary pyramidal,
confluent with the disk, mostly 3-angled, 3-celled, rarely 2-5-
celled ; style very short ; stigma 2-5-lobed ; ovules in pairs,
erect. Drupe dry or pulpy, 1-3-celled. Seed albuminous. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 467. Also Cassine, S. and H.,p. 465, and Mys-
troxylon, F. and Z., 1. c.,p. 469.

A considerable genus, of which there are about 18 Cape species, dispersed.
Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or toothed, glabrous or pubescent,
leathery, mostly evergreen. Peduncles axillary ; flowers small.

Tribe 2. Hippocrates.

10. SALACIA, Linn.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, imbricate.
Stamens 3 (very rarely 2 or 4), inserted on the inner margin

XXXYI. CELASTRINEJ3.

of the disk, close to the ovary, free or connate with the ovary ;
filaments flattened, recurved ; anthers mostly extrorse, 2-1-
celled. Disk thick, flat or conical, sinuate. Ovary immersed
in the disk, 3-celled, tapering into a short or longer style ;
stigma simple or 3-lobed ; ovules 2, 4, or more, axile. Fruit
berried, 1-3-celled ; cells 1-4-seeded. Seed exalbuminous. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 230.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing. — 1 South African species, found near
Natal, with alternate leaves. Flowers in axillary tufts.

Order XXXYII. RHAMNE^].

Flowers perfect, regular. Calyx-limb 4-5-fid, the lobes
acute, valvate in bud. Petals 4, 5 or 0, inserted in the
throat of the calyx, usually small, hood- shaped or flat. Sta-
mens 4-5, inserted with the petals and opposite them. Disk
perigynous (rarely 0), either thick, filling the calyx-tube, or
annular, or cup-like, simple or lobed. Ovary sessile, free or
more or less adnate to the calyx-tube ; 3- rarely 2-4-celled ;
style erect, simple or cleft; ovules mostly solitary, erect.
Fruit fleshy or capsular. Seeds mostly albuminous. — Trees or
shrubs, often spiny, sometimes climbing. Leaves simple, al-
ternate or opposite, often 3-5-nerved, or narrow-linear, 1-
nerved. Flowers small, in axillary cymes or terminal, capitate.

Ovary quite free (not adhering to the calyx-tube).

Ovary sunk in and confluent with the flat, 5-angled disk . 1. Zizyphtjs.

Ovary not sunk in or confluent with the disk.

Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube ; styles 3-4 2. Khamnus.

Disk fleshy, filling up the calyx-tube, but not confluent

with the ovary ; style simple 3. Scutia.

Ovary more or less adhering to the calyx-tube ; fruit inferior or half-in-
ferior.

An erect shrub, with expanded, penninerved, serrate leaves ;

flowers panicled, glabrous 4. Noltea.

A climbing shrub, with expanded, penninerved, entire

leaves ; flowers in axillary cymes, glabrous 5. Helinus.

Small erect shrubs, with crowded, often linear, entire leaves,
and flowers in heads or spikes, rarely panicled ; calyx
hairy 6. Phylica.

1. ZIZYPHTJS, Juss.

Calyx 5-fid, the tube broadly obconic, the lobes ovate,
spreading, keeled within. Petals 5, rarely 0, hood- shaped.
Disk flat, 5-angled, the margin free. Stamens 5, exserted.
Ovary immersed in the disk and confluent with it at base, 2-
rarely 3-4-celled ; styles 2-3, free or connate, divergent.
Drupe fleshy, globose or oblong, 1-3-celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 475.

56

XXXVII. RHAMNE.E.

Shrubs or trees, often trailing, mostly armed with hooked prickles.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, entire or crenate, 3-5-nerved. Cymes axillary,
few-flowered. — 3 South African species, from the Northern and Eastern
districts.

2. RHAMNUS, Linn.

Calyx 4 -5-fid ; tube urceolate, tbe lobes triangular, erect or
spreading, keeled witbin. Petals 4-5 or 0, hooded or flat.
Stamens 4-5, with very short filaments. Disk clothing the
whole calyx-tube, the margin thin. Ovary free, ovoid, hidden
in the calyx-tube, 3-4-celled, tapering into a 3-4-lobed style.
Drupe fleshy, oblong or globose, girt by the persistent base of
calyx ; stone 2-4-celled.— FI. Cap. i. p. 476.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves opposite, penninerved, entire or toothed.
Flowers axillary, racemose or cymose. — 2 South African species, natives of
the Eastern district and Natal.

3. SCUTIA, Comm.

Calyx 5-fid, with a hemispherical or turbinate tube, the lobes
ovate, thickened at the point, deciduous. Petals 5, clawed,
erect, flat or hooded. Stamens 5. Disk filling up the tube
of the calyx, the margin free, undulate. Ovary ovoid or glo-
bose, hidden in the disk, but not confluent with it, free, 2-4-
celled, tapering into a short simple or 2-4-fid style. Drupe
obovoid or subglobose, dry or sparingly fleshy, girt by the
cup-like base of the calyx ; stone 2-4-celled. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 477.

GTlabrous, unarmed or spiny shrubs, often with angular twigs. Leaves
approaching in pairs, but not strictly opposite, petioled, coriaceous, penni-
nerved. Flowers in axillary tufts or umbels. — S. Commersoni , Br., the only
South African species, is common in woods, from Swellendam to Natal.

4. NOLTEA, Echb.

Plowers polygamous. Calyx 5-fid, the tube turbinate ; lobes
ovate, erect or recurved. Petals 5, cucullate, sessile. Sta-
mens 5, equalling the petals. Disk thin, lining the calyx-
tube, the margin inconspicuous. Ovary half-inferior, 3-lobed
at summit, 3-celled, tapering into a 3-angled style. Drupe
dry, obovoid, girt below the middle by the persistent and ad-
herent calyx-tube, 3-lobed, the lobes dorsally keeled. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 478.

N. Africana , Rchb., the only species, grows wild in the Eastern district
and at Natal ; it is commonly cultivated throughout the colony. Leaves
alternate, oblongo- lanceolate, serrated, penninerved, obtuse. Flowers small,
white, in terminal or axillary panicles.

5. HELINTJS, E. Mey.

Calyx-tube obconical, adhering to the ovary ; limb 5-parted,

XXXVII. RHAMNEiE.

57

spreading, deciduous. Petals 5, hooded, inserted on the mar-
gin of the disk. Stamens 5, as long as petals. Disk epigy-
nous, flattish, filling the calyx-tube. Ovary 3-cel led ; style
3-fid. Fruit inferior, coriaceous, obovate-globose, areolate at
summit, 3-coccous ; cocci crustaceous, dehiscing within. — FI.
Cap. i.p. 478.

Climbing, tendrilled shrubs, with slender, angular branches, and alter-
nate, entire, cordate leaves. Flowers umbelled. H. ovata , E. Mey., grows
on the Eastern frontier and at Natal.

6. PHYLICA, Linn.

Calyx-tube obconic, urceolate or cylindrical, adherent to the
ovary, its limb 5-fid or parted ; lobes hairy outside, mostly
persistent. Petals wanting or bristle-shaped, or hooded. Sta-
mens 5, short. Disk epigynous, and filling up the calyx-tube,
distinct or inconspicuous. Ovary inferior, 3 -celled ; style
short, rarely elongate, 3-fid. Fruit inferior, globose or ovoid,
areolate, smooth or tomentose, with a leathery outer coat, 3-
coccous within ; cocci at length opening, on the inner face. —
FI. Cap. i. p. 479.

A large genus, chiefly South African. Small, much-branched shrubs,
with alternate, crowded, entire, linear, lanceolate or rarely ovate leaves.
Flowers in terminal, bracteate spikes or heads, rarely pedicellate, and either
solitary or panicled. — 58 South African species, dispersed.

Order XXXYIII. AMPELIDE.®.

Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual. Calyx small, entire
or 4-5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4-5, separate or cohering,
valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5, opposite the petals, inserted at
the base or between the lobes of the disk ; filaments subulate ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled. Disk various. Ovary very com-
monly sunk in the disk, 2-6-celled ; cells 1-2-ovuled ; style
single or 0. Fruit a berry. Seeds erect, with very hard, bony
coats, and abundant fleshy albumen. — Mostly climbing or trail-
ing shrubs, with knobbed or jointed stems. Leaves petioled,
simple or compound. Flowers small, mostly green.

1. VITIS3 Linn.

Calyx cup-like, 4-5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or co-
hering in a cap. Stamens 4-5. Ovary ovoid or sub-4-fid,
2-celled (very rarely 2-4-celled) ; style filiform or 0 ; ovules
in pairs. Berry 1-2-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 248. Also Cissus, Linn. ; FI. Cap. i. p. 249 ; T/ies. Cap. t. 65.

Cirrhose, mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs. Leaves simple or com-
pound, rarely 2-pinnate ; leaflets entire, serrate or cut. Stipules membra-

58

XXXYIII. AMPELIDEiE.

*

nous or 0. Peduncles opposite the leaves. Flowers small, cymose, panicled
or spiked. The Grape Vine is the type of this genus. — There are about 18
South African species, all but V. Capensis , which is dispersed, natives of
the Eastern district and Natal.

Order XXXIX. SAPINDACEAS.

Flowers regular or irregular, frequently polygamous. Se-
pals 4-5, free or connate, often unequal, imbricate, rarely val-
vate. Petals 0 or .3-5, imbricate. Disk various, rarely defi-
cient, often unilateral. Stamens 8, rarely 5-10 (very rarely
2^-12 or many), mostly hypogynous, inserted either within
the disk, sometimes unilateral, straight or declined, or rarely
round the base of the disk. Ovary entire or lobed, mostly 3-
celled, or 1-4-celled ; style simple or divided, terminal ; ovules
1-2, rarely more in each cell, ascending. Fruit capsular or
indehiscent, often pulpy within. Seeds rarely (in Melianthece)
albuminous. — Trees and shrubs, rarely half-herbaceous. Leaves

alternate, mostly pinnate, rarely simple.

Fruit membranous, inflated, 3-4- lobed and celled.

Fruit 3 -lobed, the lobes dorsally winged.

Calyx 4-parted. Herbaceous, tendril-bearing

climbers 1. Cardiospermttm.

Calyx 5-parted. An erect, rigid shrub ... 2. Erythrophysa.

Fruit 4-lobed, the lobes sharply angled or winged.

Calyx 4-parted. Petals equal. Stamens 8,

monadelphous 8. Aitonia.

Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Petals unequal. Sta-
mens 4, 2 long and 2 short 9. Melianthus.

Fruit fleshy or leathery. Carpels 2-3-4, not com-
pressed or winged.

Sepals and petals 4. Ovary 2-lobed 3. Schmidelia.

Sepals and petals 5. Ovary 3-4- celled.

Stamens 8-10. Ovary 3-celled.

Ovary lobed. Fruit 3-coccous 5. SapinduS. #

Ovary undivided. Fruit drupaceous ... 4. Hippobromus.

Stamens 5. Ovary bluntly 4-kngled, 4-celled . 10. Bersama.

Fruit strongly compressed or winged, not inflated.

Petals 3. Stamens 5-8. Capsule 2-4-winged . 6. Dodonaia.

Petals 4. Stamens 4. Capsule oblong, com-
pressed, 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds winged . 7. Pt^eroxylon.

Tribe 1. Sapende^:. (G-en. 1-5.)

1. CARDIOSPERMUM, Linn.

Flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, concave,
imbricate, the 2 outer small. Petals 4, in opposite pairs, the
2 larger with a large scale, 2 smaller with a small crested
scale at base. Disk unilateral, undulate, swelling into 2 glands
opposite the lower petals. Stamens 8, excentric. Ovary ses-

XXXIX. SAPINDACEiE.

59

sile or stipitate, 3-celled ; style short, 3-fid ; ovules solitary.
Capsule 3-lobed ; lobes inflated, membranous, veiny, loculici-
dally opening. — FI. Cap. i. p. 237.

Mach-branched, half-herbaceous climbers. Leaves 2-ternate or decom-
pound, the common petiole bearing tendrils. Flowers in axillary racemes
or panicles. — C. Halicacaba, Linn., a common tropical weed, is found at
Natal.

2. EEYTHROPHYSA, E. Mey.

Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx campanulate, oblique,
coloured, 5-lobed, the lobes obtuse, unequal. Petals 4 (the
place of the fifth vacant), inserted under the margin of a fleshy,
cup-like disk, on long, linear, pilose claws ; limb oblong, ob-
tuse, hooded at base, and furnished with a short, petaloid,
toothed and crested, but beardless scale. Stamens 8, ascend-
ing, inserted together under a fleshy gland, on that side of the
flower where the fifth petal is deficient ; filaments hairy ; an-
thers oblong, 2-celled. Ovary shortly stipitate, 3-angled,
tapering into a short 3-angled style, 3-celled ; ovules in pairs,
one above the other. Eruit inflated, of 3 membranous, dor-
sally-winged, valveless carpels, connate by their inner faces.
Seed solitary, globose, exalbuininous. — FI. Cap. i. p. 237.

JE. undulata , E. Mey., the only species, is a rigid, glabrous shrub, with
imparipinnate leaves on winged petioles, and racemose red flowers. It
grows in Namaqualand.

3. SCHMIDELIA, Linn.

Flowers irregular, polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, in oppo-
site pairs, hooded, membranous, imbricate, the outer small.
Petals small or 0, glabrous or bearded. Disk unilateral, either
lobed or swelling in glands opposite the petals. Stamens
more or less excentric, short. Ovary excentric, 2-celled,
compressed or 2-parted ; style 2-3-lobed or partite ; ovules
solitary. Fruit of 1-2 ovoid or globose, leathery or fleshy car-
pels.— FI. Cap. i. p. 238.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical. Leaves rarely 1-, commonly 3-foliate.
Flowers small, in axillary racemes. — 5 South African species, in the Eastern
district and at Natal.

4. HIPPOBROMTJS, E. and Z.

Flowers regular, polygamous. Sepals 5, persistent, rounded,
concave, unequal, imbricate. Petals 5, obovate, glabrous,
ciliate-fringed, without scale. Disk annular. Stamens 8,
central, exserted ; filaments glabrous. Ovary subglobose, 3-
celled, silky ; style short ; stigma 3-fid ; ovules mostly solitary.
Fruit globose, leathery, 3-celled, indehiscent. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 241.

60

XXXIX. SAPINDACEiE.

//. alata , E. and Z., the only species, is a resiniferous tree, with abruptly
pinnate leaves, the common petiole winged . Panicles axillary, short ;
flower reddish, velvety. It is common in woods in the Eastern district and
at Natal.

5. SAPINDUS, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 imbricating
sepals. Petals 4, 5, 6, naked or bearded on the base inside,
or having a scale above the claw. Stamens 8-10, rarely more,
inside an annular disk. Ovary 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled ; style
1 ; stigmas 3. Fruit fleshy or leathery, of 3 (or 1-2) oblong
or globose, indehiscent cocci. — FI. Cap. i. p. 240.

Trees, with pinnate or (rarely) simple, leathery leaves. Flowers in
axillary racemes or terminal panicles. — 3 Cape species, found in the Eastern
district and at Natal.

Tribe 2. Dodoxea:. (G-en. 6-8.)

6. DODONEA, Linn.

Flowers deciduous. Sepals 2-5, imbricate or valvate. Pe-
tals 0. .Disk in the male obsolete, in female small. Stamens
5-8, central ; filaments very short ; anthers linear- oblong,
bluntly 4-angled. Ovary sessile, 3-6-angled, 3-6-celled ; style
3-6-fid ; ovules in pairs. Capsules membranous or leathery,
2-6-lob ed, the lobes dorsally winged. — FI. Cap. i. p. 241.

A large genus, chiefly Australian. — 2 South African species, one of them
dispersed, the other at Natal. Leaves simple, obovate-oblong, lanceolate or
linear-lanceolate, glabrous, often gummy. Flowers racemose, green.

7. PTEROXYLON, E. and Z.

Flowers polvgamo-dioecious. Sepals 4, short, obtuse.
Petals 4, at first erect, slightly imbricate, then spreading, con-
cave. Disk annular, 5-crenate. Stamens 4, at the base of the
disk ; filaments glabrous ; anthers oblong. Ovary compressed,
obcordate, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; styles 2 or connate in 1 ;
stigma capitate. Capsules compressed, 2-lobed at apex, cor-
date at base, 2-celled, 2-seeded, at length 4-parted. Seeds
compressed, with a membranous wing. — FI. Cap. i. p. 242 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 17.

P. utile, E. and Z., is a tree (Sneezewood) with pinnate leaves, the leaf-
lets unequal-sided, in 5-8 pairs. Racemes panicled, axillary, shorter than
the leaves. Woods in the Eastern district.

8. AITONIA, Linn. f.

Calyx deeply 4-parted, slightly imbricate, deciduous. Pe-
tals 4, much longer than the calyx, erect, oblong, sessile, con-
volute-imbricate: Stamens 8, hypogynous, monadelphous,

exserted ; filaments decimate, subulate, fiat, their dilated bases

XXXIX. SAPINDACEiE.

G 1

confluent. Disk cup-like, crenulate, fleshy, within the sta-
mens. Ovary sessile, 4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules in pairs ; style
filiform, exserted. Capsules inflated, membranous, deeply 4-
lobed, sharply 4-angled, 4-celled.' — FI. Cap. i. p. 243.

A. Capensis, Linn, f., the only species, is a shrub with narrow linear
evergreen leaves, purple flowers and bladdery capsules, found in the Uiten-
hage, Albany, etc., districts.

Teibe 3. Meliantheaj. (Gen. 9-10.)

9. MELIANTHUS, Linn.

Flowers perfect. Calyx compressed, oblique at base, sub-
saccate, 5-parted, segments very unequal, imbricate. Petals 5,
excentric, the fifth very minute or 0, decimate, subperigy-
nous, narrow, long-clawed, tomentose in the middle. Disk
thickened, unilateral, covering the gibbous base of the calyx,
secreting honey. Stamens 4, hypogynous, inserted within the
disk, didynamous, and curved. Ovary oblong, 4-lobed, 4-
celled ; style central, incurved, filiform, 4-toothed at apex ;
ovules 2-4 in each cell. Capsules membranous, deeply 4-
lobed, 4-celled; cells 1-seeded. Seeds albuminous. — FI. Cap. i.
p. 367.

Glabrous or hoary, often glaucous, often strong-scented. Leaves alter-
nate, stipuled, pinnate ; leaflets sharply-toothed or entire. Racemes axil-
lary and terminal. — 5 species, two of which are dispersed, three North-
Western.

10. BERSAMA, Presen.

Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious. Sepals 5, subequal,
free, or two more or less connate, imbricate. Petals 5, un-
equal, clawed, the front one larger, the claws nude or glandu-
lar at apex, imbricate. Disk unilateral, semi-annular or sub-
complete, raised. Stamens 4, central, inserted with the disk,
either all connate or 2 free. Ovary oblong, terete, 4-5-celled ;
style elongate, curved ; ovules solitary, erect. Capsules glo-
bose or oblong, coriaceous or ligneous, 4-5-celled, loculicidally
4-5-valved, valves septiferous. Seed arillate, albuminous. —
Natalia, Hochst. ; FI. Cap. i. p. 369.

Trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets entire or
serrulate. Racemes terminal, lateral, simple j flowers small, white. — 2
South African species, both found near Natal.

Genes of enceetain Affinity.

GREYIA, Hook, and Harv.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent, its segments obtuse, subequal,
imbricate. Petals 5, oblong, sessile, deciduous, coriaceous,
imbricate. Stamens hypogynous, in two rows, those of the
outer row (staminodia) 10, without anthers, their very short

G2

XXXIX. SAP1NDACE-®.

filaments adnate to the inner face of a fleshy, cup-like, 10-
crenate disk, and each crowned with a peltate gland ; those of
the inner row 10, fertile, free, alternating with the staminodia,
much exserted ; filaments subulate, declined ; anthers termi-
nal, short, didymous, opening at the sides ; pollen oval, very
soon shed. Ovary free, deeply 5-furrowed, formed of 5 in-
duplicate-valvate carpels, 1-celled, tapering into a subulate,
exserted, decimate style ; stigma minutely 5-toothed ; ovules
on sutural placentas, very numerous. Capsules deeply 5-lobed,
of 5 follicular, papery carpels, slightly cohering at the su-
tures. Seeds minute, with membranous testa, and a small
straight embryo, in the base of copious, fleshy albumen. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 309.

6r. Sutherlandi, Thes. Cap. t. 1, is a middle-sized tree or large shrub,
with alternate, simple, exstipulate leaves. Petioles clasping at base. Leaves
subrotund, cordate at base, 2-4 inches diameter, multilobulate and crenate,
glabrous. Eacemes terminal, densely many-flowered ; flowers crimson,
very showy. Grows near Natal. — By Dr. Hooker this genus is regarded
as a genuine Sapindacea, of the tribe Melianthece. Though I allow that
there are many points of agreement in the general structure of the flower,
yet I am of opinion that the 1 -celled ovary, parietal placentas, indefinite
and very numerous ovules, copiously albuminous seeds, and minute , straight
embryo are all important characters at variance with Sapindacece.

Order XL. ANACA&DIACEiE.

Flowers either complete, polygamous or unisexual. Calyx
3- 7-fid or parted, sometimes enlarged after flowering, rarely
irregularly torn. Petals 3-7, rarely 0, free, sometimes en-
larged after flowering. Disk annular (rarely stipitate). Sta-
mens mostly twice as many as petals, rarely only as many or
numerous, inserted at the base of the disk. Ovary in the
female mostly ovoid, 1-celled ; in Spondieee 2-5-celled, or rarely
of several separate carpels ; in the male, 3-4 empty separate
or confluent carpels ; styles 1-3. Ovules solitary, pendulous,
either from the side of the ovary or from a slender cord rising
from its base. Fruit mostly drupaceous, 1-5-celled. Seed
exalbuminous. — Trees or shrubs, with caustic, balsamic or
gummy juice. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, without
stipules.

Tribe 1. Anacaediea:. Ovary 1-celled, with one ovule (sometimes with

3-4 empty carpels).

Stamens 8. Sepals and petals 4 1. Odina.

Stamens 4-5.

Calyx unchanged in fruit.

Drupe compressed, wingless 2. Khtts.

Drupe much compressed, sharply edged. Style 1 3. Botryceras. *

XL. ANACARDIACEiE.

63

Fruit compressed, oblique, broadly winged.

Styles 3 4. Smodinguttm.

Calyx in fruit enlarged and coloured 5. Loxostylis.

Tribe 2. Spondie.®. Ovary 2-5-celled; ovules 1 in each cell.

Male flower spiked. Stamens 12-15 6. Sclerocarya.

Male flower panicled. Stamens 8-9 7. Harpephyllum.

Tkibe 1. A^acakdiea:. (G-en. 1-4.)

1. ODINA, Roxb.

Mowers poly gamo- dioecious. Calyx 4-5-lobed, persistent, tbe
lobes imbricate. Petals 4-5, patent or reflexed. Disk annular,

4- 5 crenate. — Male : Stamens 8-10, under the disk. Barren
ovary 4-5-parted. — Pemale : Ovary sessile, free, oblong, 1-
celled ; styles 8-4. Drupe compressed, oblong-reniform,
crowned with the persistent styles. — FI. Cap. i. p. 503.

Large trees, Indian and African. Leaves usually pinnate ; leaflets oppo-
site, subsessile, entire, pale beneath. Racemes terminal, tufted. Flowers
small. — 2 South African species, both from Magalisberg.

2. RHUS, Linn.

Blowers polygamo- dioecious. Calyx small, 5-6-parted, per-
sistent. Petals 5-6, oblong or ovate, spreading. Stamens

5- 6. Ovary subglobose, 1-celled (abortive in the male flower);
styles 3, free or connate. Drupe nearly dry or slightly fleshy,
1-celled, containing a bony, 1-seeded nucleus. — FI. Cap. i. p.
504.

A large and varied cosmopolitan genus. The leaves in the Cape species
are either 3-foliate or simple. Flowers panicled, small, green. — Perhaps 60
(several undescribed newly-discovered at Natal) South African species,
dispersed.

3. BOTRYCERAS, Willd.

Blowers dioecious. — Male: Calyx 4-5-cleft nearly to the
base, spreading ; lobes oblong, imbricate. Petals 4-5, lanceo-
late, reflexed. Stamens 4-5, around the base of the fleshy,
annular disk. Ovary 0. — Bemale : Calyx and corolla per-
sistent, as in the male, but the petals are oblong, obtuse.
Ovary ovate, compressed, 1-celled ; style 1, thick, oblique ;
stigmas 3, bristly. Bruit with a membranous pericarp, com-
pressed, winged at the margin, rugose, tipped with the persis-
tent style.

B. laurinum , Willd., the only species, is a large, glabrous and resinous
shrub, with simple, elliptic-oblong, penninerved, serrate leaves.

4. SMODINGIUM, E. Mey.

Blowers polygamous. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5,
oblong, deciduous. Stamens 5 ; filaments subulate. Ovary
free, sessile, 1-celled; styles 3. Bruit compressed, the margin

64

XL. ANACAItDIACEiE.

winged, obliquely-oblong, on both sides multivittate ; the
vittse flexuous, parallel. — FI. Cap. i. p. 523.

8. argutum is a glabrous shrub, with long-stalked, 3-foliolate leaves ;
leaflets coarsely serrate, lanceolate, penninerved. Flowers minute, in ter-
minal panicles. Found near Natal.

5. LOXOSTYLIS, Spreng.

Flowers polygamous, Calyx 5-parted, segments imbricate,
membranous, lanceolate ; in the female flower enlarged after
flowering, leafy. Petals 5, lanceolate, imbricate. Disk of 5
2-fid, perigynous glands. Stamens 5, between the glands of
the disk; the filaments unequal. Ovary (in the female) ob-
lique, compressed, 1-celled ; styles 3, lateral, unequal ; stigmas
capitate. Drupe small, oblique, compressed, hidden within
the large leafy calyx. — FI. Cap. i. p. 524.

L. alata , Spreng., the only species, is a small, glabrous tree. Leaves
imparipinnate ; leaflets opposite, subsessile, lanceolate, entire, the common
petiole winged. Flowers in terminal panicles. — Eastern district and Natal.

Tribe 2. Spohdie^. (Glen. 6-7.)

6. SCLEROCARYA, Hochst.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious ; males spiked. Sepals 4, co-
loured, suborbicular, imbricate. Petals 4, oblong, obtuse,
spreading, reflexed, imbricate. Disk depressed, entire. Sta-
mens in the males 12-15 ; in the female fewer, some abortive.
Ovary subglobose, 2-3-celled ; styles 2-3, short, thick, distant ;
stigmas peltate. Drupe rather fleshy, with a hard, woody
nucleus, 2-3 celled. — FI. Cap. i. p. 524.

African trees or shrubs. S. Caffra , Sond., our only species, has impari-
pinnate leaves ; leaflets 5-13, ovate or elliptical, shortly cuspidate, with long
petiolules. Male spikes 2-4, terminal. — Magalisberg and Natal.

7. HARPEPHYLLUM, Bernh.

Flowers dioecious ; males panicled. — Males : 4-5-fid, the
lobes obtuse, imbricate. Petals 4-5-fid, longer than the calyx,
imbricate. Disk crenate. Stamens 8-9, beneath the margin
of the disk. Ovary rudimentary, 4-lobed. — Females : Flowers
unknown. Drupe obovate, smooth, with a 2-celled, bony
stone. — FI. Cap. i. p. 525 ; Thes. Cap. t. 125.

H. Caffrum , Bernh., the only species, is a glabrous tree, found in the
Eastern district and Kaffraria. Leaves crowded at the ends of the twigs,
imparipinnate; leaflets sessile, falcate-lanceolate, entire, unequal-sided.
Flowers white, in terminal panicles ; the females unknown.

65

Order XLI. CONNARACE.®.

Flowers mostly bisexual, regular or subirregular. Calyx
5-fid or 4~5-parted, often persistent. Petals 5, perigynous, in-
serted in the bottom of the calyx, sessile or clawed, mostly
imbricate. Stamens 5-10, inserted with the petals ; filaments
free or slightly connate. Ovarian carpels 5 (rarely fewer), se-
parate, either all fertile or some abortive, the fertile 1-celled,
with 2 collateral ascending ovules ; styles terminal, as many
as the carpels. Ripe carpels mostly solitary, follicular,
leathery, rarely indehiscent. Seed solitary, with or without
albumen; radicle remote from the hilum. — Trees or shrubs,
chiefly tropical.

1. CNESTIS, Juss.

Calyx 5-cleft, valvate. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx,
glabrous. Stamens 10 ; filaments free ; anthers at length re-
curved. Carpels 5, sessile ; styles short ; stigmas capitate.
Capsules 1-2, oblong, reniform or cylindrical, and curved or
undulate, velvety without, within clothed with rigid and
stinging hairs. Seed without aril, albuminous. — FI. Cap. i. p.
527.

Shrubs, often climbing. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets coria-
ceous, entire. Flowers in racemose panicles. — C. Natalensis , PI. and Sd.,
is our only species.

Order XLII. LEGUMXNOS.®.

Calyx free, 5-toothed, cleft or parted, equal or unequal, the
odd segment in front. Petals 5 (some or all occasionally
wanting), usually unequal, inserted in the base of the calyx.
Stamens perigynous or hypogynous, definite or indefinite, va-
riously combined. Ovary of one carpel, with 1, 2 or many
ovules, attached sometimes by long cords to the ventral suture ;
style proceeding from the upper margin (i. e. continuous with
the ventral suture) ; stigma simple. Pruit a legume or a
lomentum, rarely drupaceous. Seeds usually exalbuminous.
— A vast Order, very varied in habit, but naturally divisible
into 3 Suborders, as follows : —

1. Papilionace.®:. Corolla papilionaceous ; petals 5, imbricated in aesti-
vation, the upper petal ( vexillum , standard) exterior, folding over the 2
lateral petals (alee, or wings), which fold over the 2 anterior (or carina, or
keel). Stamens 10, all perfect, either diadelphous (9 united and 1 free)
monadelphous or free.

2. Gesalpinie.®:. Corolla irregular or subregular, not papilionaceous ;
petals imbricating, the 2 anterior folding over the 2 lateral, which enclose
the upper petal. Stamens 10 or fewer, free or monadelphous.

3. Mimoseas. Flowers minute, in dense heads or sjhkes. Corolla re-

s'

GO

XLII. LEGTJMINOSiE.

gular, its petals free or united in a tube, valvate in aestivation. Stamens
definite or indefinite.

Suborder 1. Papilionacese.

Tribe 1. Podalyrie.®. Stamens free. Legume 2-valve, continuous*
Shrubs, with simple or palmate-compound leaves.

Legume compressed ; leaves sessile, 3-foliolate ;

flowers yellow 1. Cyclopia.

Legume turgid, woolly ; leaves petioled, simple ;

flowers purple 2. Podalyria.

Tribe 2. Liparie®. Stamens diadelphous (except in Ccelidivm and
Walpersia). Legume 2-valve, continuous. Ovary 1- or several-ovuled.
— Shrubs, with simple, exstipulate leaves.

Stamens diadelphous.

Flowers yellow.

Lowest calyx-segment very large, petaloid . . 3. Liparia.

Lowest calyx- segment not longer than the rest.

Corolla conspicuous. Ovary several-ovuled . 4. Priestleya.

Corolla inconspicuous. Ovary 1-ovuled . . 6. Lathriogyne.

Flowers purple or purplish, the keel darker . . 5. Amphithalea.

Stamens united at base into a short tube, or nearly
free.

Flowers purplish; leaves sessile, with indexed

margins 7. Ccelidittm.

Flowers yellow ; leaves petioled, with reflexed

margins 8. Walpersia.

Tribe 3. G-eniste®. Stamens completely monadelphous. Ovary 2- or
several-ovuled. — Shrubs half-shrubs or herbs, with simple or palmately com-
pounded leaves.

Leaves simple, without stipules.

Legume compressed.

Calyx equally 5-fid, lobes pungent. Yexil

villous 9. Borbonia.

Calyx with the lowest segment very narrow.

Standard glabrous 10. Bapnia.

Legume turgid.

Keel subtruncate, shorter than the alee . . .11. Ettchlora.

Keel sharply rostrate 12. Crotalaria.

Leaves palmately 3-5-7-foliolate (in some Lebeckia
and in Lotononis monophylla , 1-foliolate, hence
apparently simple).

Legume very turgid. Keel sharply beaked ;

flowers racemose 12. Crotalaria.

Legume not turgid (or but slightly so).

Lateral calyx segments connate in pairs ; front
segment separate and narrower.

Standard erect, straight, concave ; keel and

short style straight 13. Pleiospora.

Standard reflexed ; keel indexed, long style
sharply-bent.

Legume straight or falcate 14. Lotononis.

Legume repeatedly folded and twisted
from side to side 15. Listia.

XLTI. LEGUMINOSiE.

G7

Calyx distinctly 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-fid,

lower 3-fid. Legume linear, compressed.

Calyx deeply divided. Corolla conspicuous.

Standard longer than the keel j legume

silky 16. Argyrolobium.

Standard shorter than the keel ; legume
torulose 17. Dichilus.

Calyx shortly 2-lipped. Corolla small. Le-
gumes glandular or viscid-pubescent . - 18. Melolobium.

Calyx bell-shaped, hollow or intruse at base,
shortly 5-fid.

Standard much longer than the keel. A
large shrub 19. Hypocalyptus.

Standard much shorter than the keel. A
slender undershrub 20. Loddigesia.

Calyx oblique, 5-toothed or 5-fid. Stipules 0.

Legume linear, flat, terete or turgid, several-

seeded 21. Lebeckia.

Legume ovate or oblong, winged on upper

side, 1-seeded 22. Yiborgia.

Calyx bell-shaped, acute at base, 5-toothed or
* 5-fid.

Leaves petioled, 3-foliolate, mostly with
stipules 23. Buchenrcedera.

Leaves sessile ; leaflets as if tufted leaves,
without stipules 24. Aspalathus.

Tribe 4. Psoralie^:. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves

never stipelled, variously compound, commonly sprinkled with resinous,
glandular dots.

The only genus 25. Psoralea.

Tribe 5. Trifolie.®. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 2- or several-
ovuled. — Small herbs. Stem erect or trailing, but not climbing. Leaves

palmately or pinnately'3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, never stipelled.

Keel very acute. Legume cylindrical, many-seeded 26. Lotus.

Keel obtuse.

Keel adnate to the wings. Legume hidden in the

calyx 27. Tripolium.

Keel free. Legume longer than calyx.

Legume oval or oblong, 1-4-seeded. Flowers

racemose 28. Melilotus.

Legume linear, curved, many-seeded. Flowers

subumbellate 29. Trigonella.

Legume much-incurved or spirally twisted,

often bordered with spinous teeth .... 30. Medicago.

Tribe 6. Indigofere^:. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers apiculate !
Ovary 2- or many-ovuled. — Stems not twining. Leaves variously com-
pound, rarely 1-foliolate. Flowers racemose. Pubescence often strigose.
Standard reflexed ; keel with a spur at each side ;

flowers red purple or white 31. Indigofera.

Tribe 7. Oalege.®. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary 2-
or several- ovuled. Legume 2-valved, 1-celled. — Stem not twining. Leaves
pinnate, very rarely 1-foliolate, sometimes stipelled. Flowers racemose.
Legume coriaceous or rigid, not membranous.

F 2

08

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

Flowers purple pink or white.

Small shrubs undershrubs or herbs. Legume

coriaceous, compressed, linear 32. Tephrosia.

Trees. Legume hard woody with thick mar-
gins, elliptic or lanceolate, few-seeded,

slowly opening 33. Millettia.

Flowers yellow. Legume very long, slender,

nodose 34. Sesbania.

Legume membranous, pellucid, compressed or
bladdery.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers racemose.

Standard shorter than the acute keel . . . .35. Sutherland ia.

Standard longer than the obtuse keel . . . 36. Lessertia.

Leaves simple. Flowers axillary, minute . . . 37. Sylitra.

Tribe 8. Astragale^e. Stamens diadelphous. Legume completely or

incompletely longitudinally 2-celled, by the introflection of one of the
sutures. — Stem not twining. Leaves pinnate.

Legume with its lower {carinal) suture introflexed . 38. Astragalus.

Tribe 9. Hedysareje. Legume more or less completely jointed, usually
separating at maturity into indehiscent, 1-seeded fragments, sometimes re-
duced to a single joint. — Leaves variously compound or simple.

Leaflets 2-4, from the apex of a common petiole

{/pellucid- dotted) 39. Zornia.

Leaves pinnate ; leaflets in 2 or many pairs.

Stamens 10, in two 5-androus sets. Legume

jointed 40. iEsCHYNOMENE.

Stamens monadelphous. Pod subterraneous, in-
dehiscent 41. Arachis.

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

Calyx tube very long ; corolla inserted in its

throat 42. Stylosanthus.

Calyx short, 2-lipped ; corolla inserted in its
bottom.

Legume many-jointed, spontaneously break-
ing up 43. Desmodium.

Legume imperfectly jointed, not spontaneously

separating 44. Anarthrosyne.

Leaves simple or 1-foliolate.

Unarmed undershrubs or herbs.

Legume separating into 2 or more joints . . 45. AlySICARPUS.

Legume 1-seeded, indehiscent ; flowers axillary.

Leaves obcordate ; stipules free 46. Requienia.

Leaves cordate or lanceolate ; stipules adnate 47. Hallia.

Spinous shrubs. Legume irregularly constricted,
indehiscent 48. Alhagi.

Tribe 10. ViciEjE. Stamens diadelphous, or monadelphous above the
base. — Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole prolonged
into a tendril or excurrent point.

Style with a tuft of hairs below the stigma . . .49. Vicia.

Tribe 11. Phaseole.®. Stamens diadelphous, or monadelphous above
the base. Legume 2-valved, 1-celled. — Stem frequently climbing, prostrate
or diffuse. Leaves usually pinnately-3-foliolate, sometimes 1-foliolate (in
A brus multijugate), stipellate.

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

69

Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovary more than 2-ovuled.

Calyx tubular, obliquely truncate, entire . . .50. Dumasia.

Calyx 4-5-lobed or toothed, or cleft down one
side.

Standard oblong, incumbent, much longer than

the wings and keel. Stamens exserted . . 53. Erythrina.

Standard spreading, not much, if at all longer
than the wings and keel. Stamens included.

Standard with 2 prominent, callous ridges
on the vaulted claw, within.

Calyx subequally 4-5-fid. Style channelled,
with a hooked point and oblique stigma. 55. ViGNA.

Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip very large, of 2

rounded lobes, lower small 54. Canavalia.

Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip short, 2-fid, lower

3-fid 56. Dolichos.

Standard without callous ridges on the claw.

Stamens monadelphous. Flowers minute 51. Teramnus.
Stamens diadelphous.

Calyx 4-fid. Flowers small . . . .52. Galactia.

Calyx 5-fid. Flowers conspicuous. Plant

viscidly hairy 57. Fagelia.

Leaves 3-foliolate (1-foliolate or pinnate). Ovary
2-ovuled.

Ovary glabrous or pubescent. Seeds globose-
reniform, with a short scar, and subcentral seed

cord 58. Rhynchosia.

Ovary hirsute. Seeds oblong, with a linear scar,

and a seed cord affixed near its end (excentric) 59. Eriosema.

Leaves abruptly pinnate, in many pairs. Ovary

many-ovuled. Seeds globose, scarlet and black 60. Abrtjs.

Tribe 12. Dalbergiea:. Stamens monadelphous or variously combined.
Legume either completely indehiscent, or rarely splitting eventually into
rigid, ligneous valves. — Stem woody arborescent or shrubby, sometimes
climbing. Leaves pinnate, with few or many leaflets (rarely 1-foliolate).

Leaflets opposite 61. Lonchocarptjs.

Leaflets alternate.

Anthers versatile. Legume orbicular . . . .62. Pterocarptts.

Anthers terminal. Legume oblong or linear . . 63. Dalbergia.

Tribe 13. Sophorea:. Stamens free. — Stem woody arborescent or
shrubby. Leaves pinnate in many pairs, rarely 1-foliolate.

Leaves pinnate.

Keel blunt, straightish ; legume torulose . . . 64. Sophora.

Keel sharply rostrate ; legume compressed ;

flowers purple 65. Virgilia.

Keel incurved, blunt ; legume flattened, sharp

edged ; flowers yellow 66. Calpgrnia.

Leaves 1-foliolate. Corolla very open .... * 67. Bracteolaria.

Suborder 2. Csesalpinieae.

Leaves simply pinnate.

Stamens 10 ; anthers splitting lengthwise.

70

XLII. LEGUMINOSiG.

Ovary sessile. Legume linear, very long, many-

seeded 68. Parkinsonia.

Ovary stipitate. Legume broadly oblong, few-

seeded 74. Schotia.

Stamens (fewer than 10 perfect) opening by ter-
minal pores 73. Cassia.

Leaves 2-pinnate.

Half-herbaceous plants ; all parts sprinkled with

black dots 70. Melanosticta.

Arborescent.

Legume covered with sharp prickles .... 69. Guilandina.
Legume unarmed.

Flowers pedicelled. Filaments as long as

petals, hairy below i 71. Peltophorum.

Flowers sessile. Filament and style very

short 72. Bttrkea.

Leaves simple, 2-lobed (formed of 2 confluent

leaflets) 75. Bauhinia.

Suborder 3. Mimoseae.

Tribe 1. Eumimose^s. Stamens definite (10) ; pollen powdery.

Flowers uniform, spiked, sessile. Legume breaking

into joints 76. Entada.

Flowers uniform, racemose, pedicelled. Legume

continuous 77. Elephantorhiza.

Flowers of two kinds in the spike ; the upper fer-
tile, the lower neuter, with long, thread-like, barren

filaments 78. Dichrostachys.

Flowers uniform, capitate, sessile. Legume 1-seeded,

semiorbicular 79. Xerocladia.

Tribe 2. Acaciea:. Stamens indefinite ; pollen in small masses.

Corolla small, tubular ; stamens free 80. Acacia.

Corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens shortly tubular at

base 81. Albizzia.

Corolla narrow funnel-shaped ; stamens connate in

a long, exserted tube 82. Zygia.

Suborder 1. Papilionacese. (Glen. 1-67.)

Tribe 1. Podalyrieal (Glen. 1-2.)

1. CYCLOPIA, Vent.

Calyx subequally 5-cleft, with the base indented. Petals
subequal ; standard roundish, plaited at base, with a short, re-
curved claw ; wings oblong, with a cross fold ; keel incurved,
bluntly beaked. Stamens separate, or slightly connate at
base ; filaments dilated. Ovary glabrous, several-ovuled. Le-
gume oblong, compressed, 1-locular, 2-valved, coriaceous. Seeds
strophiolate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 6.

South African shrubs. Leaves sessile, palmately 3-foliolatc ; leaflets
narrow, linear or lanceolate, rarely ovate, glabrous or pubescent, often with

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

71

revolute margins. Stipules 0. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted
at base; flowers bright yellow. — 9 species, chiefly Western and South
Western ; only 1 Eastern.

2. PODALYRIA, Lam.

Calyx widely campanulate, subequally 5 -cleft, with the base
indented. Standard ample, rounded-emarginate, with a short,
recurved claw ; wings obovate, oblique, rather shorter than the
standard, longer than the broad, obtuse keel. Stamens separate,
or slightly connate at base. Ovary sessile, hairy, many-ovuled.
Legume turgid, leathery, villous. — FI. Cap. ii . p. 9.

South African, silky or silvery shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, ex-
panded. Stipules subulate, deciduous. Peduncles 1-2 or rarely 3-4-
flowered. Bracts solitary, falling off before the opening of the flowers.
Flowers purple rosy or bluish- white. — 17 species, chiefly Western and
South-Western.

Tribe 2. Liparie^]. (G-en. 3-8.)

3. LIPARIA, Linn.

Calyx indented at base, with a short tube, 5-lobed ; the 4
upper lobes lanceolate, acute, the lowest very large and broad,
petaloid. Corolla glabrous ; standard oval-oblong ; the wings
oblong, one infolding the other in the bud ; keel straight, acute,
narrow. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile, few-ovuled. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 14.

South African shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate, rigid, pun-
gent, exstipulate. Flowers bright yellow, in terminal heads. — 4 species, all
Western.

4. PRIESTLEYA, DC.

Calyx subequally 5-cleft, the lowest lobe equal to the rest, or
scarcely longer. Corolla glabrous ; standard roundish, shortly
clawed; wings obtuse, subfalcate; keel incurved, ’without late-
ral processes. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile, several-
ovuled. Legume piano-compressed, 4-6-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 15.

South African shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers
yellow, in terminal heads or racemes, or axillary. — 15 species, very few
Eastern.

5. AMPHITHALEA, E. and Z.

Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, shortly clawed,
reflexed ; wings oblong ; keel straightish, obtuse, spurred on
each side. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary 1-4-ovuled. Legume
ovate, 1-2-seeded, rarely oblong, 3-4-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii .p.
21. ; Thes. Cap. 1. 184.

Small, generally heath-like, South African shrubs. Leaves alternate, sim-

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

72

pie, entire, sessilo, exstipulate, often with revolute margins. Flowers purple
or rosy, with the keel dark-tinted, axillary and subsessile or crowded in a
leafy spike. — 9 species, all but 3 either Western or South-Western.

6. LATHBIOGYNE, E. and Z.

Calyx, ovary, and legume, as in the 1-ovuled species of Am-
phitJialea. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx \ the keel
incurved, beaked. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 593.

Only 1 species, L. jparvifolia, E. and Z., found in Hott. Holl. and
Zwarteberg Mountains. A small, twiggy shrub, 12-18 inches high. Leaves
4 lines long, lanceolate, flat, silky and silvery. Flowers 2-4, capitate, ter-
minal, yellow, almost hidden in the very hairy calyx.

7. CCELIDIUM, Vogel.

Calyx nearly equally 5-fid. Standard obovate, shortly clawed,
reflexed ; wings oblong ; keel oblong, straight, obtuse, bluntly
spurred at each side. Stamens monadelphous, the tube often
very short. Ovary 1-ovulate. Legume ovate, 1-seeded. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 24.

Small, much-branched South African shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves
simple, entire, sessile, exstipulate, with the margin mostly inflexed, closely
pubescent on the upper, either glabrous or silky on the lower. — 8 species,
chiefly South-Western.

8. WALPERSIA, Harv.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft ; the two upper lobes broader
than the 3 lower. Petals nearly of equal length, all attached
to the base of the stamina! tube ; standard ovate, with a small
callosity at the top of the claw ; wings oblong, eared at base ;
keel subincurved, bluntly spurred at each side. Stamens
shortly monadelphous, 5 longer. Ovary 2-ovuled ; style subu-
late. Legume P — FI. Cap. ii. p. 26.

W. burtonioides, H., the only species, was found by Zeyher at Glassen-
bosch. A small shrub. Leaves petioled, linear, with reflexed margins.
Flowers axillary, yellow. Calyx 2-bracted at base. Ovary sessile, silky,
with a long style. A very rare, little known plant.

Tribe 3. Geniste^:. (Gen. 9-24.)

9. BORBONIA, Linn.

Calyx acute at base, equally 5-cleft, the segments pungent.
Standard hairy, emarginate ; keel obtuse. Stamens 10, mona-
delphous, with a split tube. Ovary 2- or several-ovuled ; style
filiform ; stigma capitate. Legume linear, compressed, longer
than the calyx, several-seeded (rarely 1-2-seeded). — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 27.

South African shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, very rigid,

XLII. LEGUMINOS^!.

73

many-nerved, sessile or amplexicaul, exstipulate. Flowers yellow, axillary
or terminal, scattered or racemose. — 13 species, chiefly Western and South-
Western.

10. RAFNIA, Thunb.

Calyx unequally 5-fid, the lowest segment narrowest. Co-
rolla glabrous; standard roundish; keel incurved, either sharply
beaked or obliquely truncate. Stamens 10, monadelphous.
Ovary sessile or stipitate, many-ovuled ; stigma capitate.
Legume lanceolate or linear, the upper suture sharp or some-
what winged. — FI. Gap. ii. p. 31.

Glabrous and frequently glaucous South African shrubs and half-shrubs.
Leaves simple, very entire, alternate, exstipulate. Flowers yellow. — 22
species, very few Eastern.

11. EUCHLORA, E. and Z.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the lowest segment much narrower than
the rest. Corolla glabrous ; standard long-clawed, roundish,
reflexed ; wings obtuse, longer than the subtruncate keel. Sta-
mens monadelphous, with a slit tube. Ovary few-ovuled,
hairy ; style glabrous. Legume swollen, ovate, few-seeded. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 38.

E. serpens , E. and Z., the only species, is a small, prostrate undershrub.
Stem, branches, and leaves hairy. Leaves lanceolate, sessile. Peduncles
terminal. Flowers small, purplish, in a dense subcap itate spike. Western
districts.

12. CROTALARIA, Linn.

Calyx sub-2-labiate, the upper lips 2-fid, the lower 3-fid.
Standard large, cordate ; keel falcate-acuminate. Stamens mo-
nadelphous. Ovary 2- or many-ovuled; style long, sharply-bent,
often laterally pubescent. Legume turgid, with very convex
valves, sessile or stipitate, few- or many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 39.

A large genus of both hemispheres, mostly tropical. Leaves either
simple or palmately 3-5-7-folioled, with or without stipules. Flowers ra-
cemose or subsolitary, yellow, rarely purple. — 24 South African species,
dispersed.

13. PLEIOSPOJRA, Harv.

Calyx ovoid, 5-fid, 4 upper segments approaching in lateral
pairs, the lowest narrowest. Standard straight, vaulted ; wings
patent ; keel straight. Stamens monadelphous, with a split
tube. Ovary sessile, tapering into a subulate, straight style ;
ovules numerous ; stigma simple. Legume ? — FI. Cap. ii.

p. 47.

P. cajanifolia , H., the only species, is a shrub, with the aspect of a Pso-
ralea. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets broadly lanceolate, silky. Stipules seta-
ceous. Peduncles terminal and axillary, subcorymbose, each bearing glo-
bose or oblong, spicate heads of flowers. Magalisberg and Crocodile river.

74

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

14. LOTONONIS, DC.

Calyx subequally 5-fid, the lowest segment narrower than
the rest, and unconnected with them, the four upper approach-
ing in pairs, and more or less connate into 2 2-fid lobes, rarely
quite separate, and then all the segments subequal. Standard
obcordate or oblong, commonly pubescent; keel obtuse or
acute. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled. Le-
gume oblong or linear, more or less compressed, many-seeded.
— FI. Cap. ii .p. 47.

A large genus, chiefly South African (a few European and Asiatic).
Leaves very generally 3-foliolate, rarely 5-foliolate, in one case 1-foliolate.
Flowers various, racemose umbelled capitate or solitary, yellow, rarely
purple.

15. LISTIA, E. Mey.

Calyx 3-fid, the front segment subulate, the lateral broader,
each 2-dentate. Keel obtuse, longer than the standard and
wings. Stamens monadelphous. Legume linear, compressed,
many-seeded, repeatedly folded and twisted from side to side.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 66.

L. heteropJiylla , E. Mey., the only species, is a small procumbent plant,
nearly glabrous. Leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets narrow-cuneate or lanceolate-
oblong. Peduncles 1-2 inches long, bearing 6-8 subumbellate yellow
flo wers . — E astern .

16. ARGYROLOBIUM, E. and Z.

Calyx campanulate, deeply cleft, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-
fid, lower 3-fid or 3-toothed. Standard ample, longer than the
keel. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled. Legume
linear, compressed, silky, not glandular, many-seeded. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 67.

Small shrubs, undershrubs or herbs, generally silky or silvery, some
South European and Asiatic. Leaves 3-foliolate, stipuled. Flowers yellow,
peduncled or pedicelled, solitary racemose or subumbelled. — 30 Cape spe-
cies, dispersed.

17. DICHILUS, DC.

Calyx as in Argyrolobium. Standard oblong, shorter than the
blunt keel. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled;
stigma minute. Legume linear, compressed, subtorulose. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 77.

Erect or diffuse, subglabrous half-shrubs. Leaves 3-foliolate. Peduncles
1-2-3-flowered ; flowers yellow. — 3 species, all South African and Eastern.

18. MELOLOBIUM, E. and Z.

Calyx tubular, shortly or deeply 2-lippcd, the upper lip 2-
partite, lower 3-fid or 3-toothed. Corolla not much longer

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

75

than the calyx ; standard oblong ; keel blunt. Stamens mona-
delphous. Ovary several-ovuled. Legume linear, compressed,
torulose, glandular or hairy. — j FI. Cap. ii. p. 77.

Small South African shrubs or half- shrubs, more or less -viscid or glan-
dular, variously pubescent. Leaves petioled, stipuled, 3-foliolate. Flowers
yellow, in spikes or spicate racemes, with 3 bracts under each flower. —
About 11 species, dispersed.

19. HYPOCALYPTUS, Thunb.

Calyx widely bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed, hollowed at base.
Standard roundish, reflexed, longer than the wings and keel.
Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary lanceolate, many-ovuled.
Legume linear, flat, the upper suture thickened, many-seeded.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 81.

H. obcordatus , the only species, is a glabrous, densely leafy shrub, with
palmately 3-foliolate, stipulate leaves and purple flowers. — North-Western.

20. LODDIGES1A, Sims.

Calyx of Hypocalyptus. Standard much shorter than the
wings and keel. Legume ovato-lanceolate, acute at each end,
flat, the upper suture thickened, few-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii .p. 82.

L. oxalidifolia , the only species, is a small, erect or diffuse, glabrous un-
dershrubs, with palmately 3-foliolate leaves, and small purple and white
flowers, in short terminal racemes. Standard and wings white ; keel dark
purple at the point. — Caledon and Swellendam.

21. LEBECKIA, Thunb.

Calyx obliquely bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed, with rounded
interspaces, rarely 5-cleft. Keel obtuse or subrostrate, longer
than the wings, and usually than the standard. Stamens mona-
delphous. Ovary linear, sessile or stipitate, many-ovuled. Le-
gume linear, either flat subcompressed terete or turgid. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 82.

South African shrubs or undershrubs, very diverse in habit. — 24 species,
dispersed, but chiefly Western. They are arranged under five sections, as
follows : —

I. Stiza. Legumes flat. Rigid, spiny shrubs, with 1-foliolate leaves.
(3 species.)

2. Phyllodiastrttm. Legume flat. Glabrous and glaucous, unarmed
lialf-shrubs and herbs, with filiform leaves. (4 species.)

3. Eulebeckia. Legume narrow linear, terete or subterete. Glabrous
and glaucous half-shrubs, with filiform leaves. (4 species.)

4. Calobota. Legume terete or turgid. Keel obtuse, longer than wings.
Shrubs or half-shrubs, pubescent or canescent, with simple or 3-foliolate,
flat leaves. (10 species.)

5. Viborgioides. Legume terete or turgid. Keel subrostrate, scarcely
longer than wings. Rigid, unarmed shrubs, with subsessile, 3-foliolate leaves.
(3 species.)

76

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

22. VIBORGIA, Thunb.

Calyx oblique, shortly 5-toothed. All the petals with long,
slender claws ; standard ovate ; keel incurved or rostrate, longer
than the others. Stamens monadelphous. Ovary stipitate,
few-ovuled. Legume stipitate, ovate or rarely oblong, inde-
hiscent, winged on the upper suture, sharp and thin along the
lower. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 90.

Rigid, slender, sometimes spiny, South African shrubs, with palmately
3-foliolate leaves, and yellow, racemose flowers. — 7 species, natives of the
Western and Northern districts

23. BUCHENRGEDERA, E. and Z.

Calyx bell-shaped, subequally 5-fid. Petals villous, on long
claws ; keel roundish, short and blunt. Stamens monadelphous.
Ovary 8-10-ovuled. Legume obliquely ovate, somewhat tur-
gid, 1-3-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 92.

Densely silky or silvery small shrubs or half-shrubs, with petioled and sti-
puled, 3-foliolate leaves, and white or purple flowers. — 8 species, all Eastern
and beyond the Eastern frontier. Easily known from Asjpalathus by the
petioles and stipules.

24. ASPALATHUS, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, subequally 5-toothed or 5-cleft, or the 2
upper lobes shorter and broader. Standard short-clawed, erect,
keeled at back, spreading ; keel incurved or rarely straight.
Stamens monadelphous, with a split tube. Ovary 2-4-8- or
rarely many-ovuled ; style glabrous, incurved. Legume ob-
liquely ovate or sublanceolate, subcompressed, acute, 1- or few-
seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 94.

A large and most natural South African genus of shrubs and half-shrubs,
with heath-like or furze-like, rarely flat and broadish, sessile, entire leaves,
without stipules. — About 150 species, arranged under 12 sections (fully de-
scribed in FI. Cap.), which may be recognized by the following Key : —

Flowers sessile or short-stalked, solitary or spiked,
capitate Or racemose.

Leaves flat (broad or narrow) .

Leaves glabrous or roughly hairy (not silky) . 1. CephalanthtE.

Leaves silky or very softly and closely hairy . 2. Serice^:.

Leaves terete or 3-sided, linear or subulate.

Claws of keel and wings attached to the staminal

tube 3. Synpetal^:.

Claws of keel and wings quite free from the sta-
minal tube.

Legume obliquely ovate, short. (Flowers

small) 4. Leptanthje.

Legume villous, turgid, ovate or lanceolate,

reflexed. (Flowers sessile, lateral, mediocre) 5. Laterales.
Legume linear-lanceolate, many-seeded . . 6. MacrocarPjE.

XLII. LEOUMINOSiE.

Legume thick, villous, obliquely lanceolate,
several-seeded.

Flowers lateral or subterminal, 1-2 together 7. GrafdieloR/E.

Flowers terminal, subcapitate 8. Pachycarpa:.

Legume glabrous or silky, obliquely lanceolate.

Leaves fleshy. Flowers mediocre or large,

subsessile. Legume glabrous .... 9. Carfosa:.

Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, sessile. Le-
gume glabrous or silky 10. PiFGUES.

Leaves not fleshy. Flowers terminal, soli-
tary, in pairs or racemose 11. Termifales.

Flowers 1 or few, at the end of a long filiform peduncle 12. Pedufculares.

These shrubs are dispersed over South Africa, chiefly in dry, stony or
sandy places.

Tribe 4. Psoralie^i. (Gren. 25.)

25. PSORALEA, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, the lowest lobe
longer and usually broader than the rest. Standard broad,
with reflexed sides ; keel shorter, dark-coloured. Stamens diadel-
phous. Ovary sessile, 1-ovuled ; style slender. Legume con-
cealed in the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 143.

A large, widely-dispersed, tropical and subtropical genus of shrubs half-
shrubs or herbs, in most cases copiously sprinkled with resinous black or
pellucid dots, and strongly resin-scented. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate,
rarely 1-foliolate. Stipules free or attached to the petiole. — 41 South
African species, dispersed.

Tribe 5. Trieolie^. (G-en. 26-30.)

26. LOTUS, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Standard roundish,
spreading, recurved, equalling the prominent, connivent wings ;
keel ascending, narrow, rostrate. Stamens diadelphous. Style
ascending, subulate. Legume linear, terete or subcompressed,
many-seeded, 1-celled, or having septa between the seeds, when
ripe splitting into 2 valves. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 157.

A nearly cosmopolitan genus of herbs or half- shrubs, chiefly from tem-
perate zones. Leaves 3-foliolate. Stipules in pairs or connate, free, large
resembling the leaflets. Peduncles umbellately 2- or many-flowered, with
leafy bracts under the flowers. — 1 South African species, from Natal and
Transvaal ; 3 other doubtful species.

27. TRIFOLIUM, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, unequally 4-cleft or toothed
(sometimes inflated after flowering). Corolla persistent, the
standard longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Legume minute, 1-4-seeded, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 158.

78

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

Herbs, dispersed ovor the globe : “ Trefoil,” “ Clover,” etc. — There are
7 species found in South Africa, of which 3 are endemic, the rest probably
introduced from Europe.

28. MELILOTUS, Tournef.

Calyx bell-shaped, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla deciduous ;
standard and wings longer than the obtuse keel. Stamens
diadelphous. Legume oval or oblong, 1-4-seeded, longer than
the unaltered calyx, indehiscent. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 161.

Annuals or biennials, strongly scented, of Northern origin. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets sharply and coarsely toothed. Flowers
small, yellow or whitish, in racemes. M. parvijiora , Desv., is a weed near
cultivation.

29. TRIGONELLA, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla deciduous ; standard
and wings spreading; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous. Le-
gume linear or oblong-linear, compressed or terete, acuminate,
many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 161.

Strongly-scented herbs, chiefly from the northern hemisphere. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliolate. Flowers racemose, umbelled or subsolitary. T. ha-
mosa, Linn., is found in the Eastern district.

80. MEDICAGO, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, subequally 5-toothed. Standard longer
than the wings and the blunt keel. Stamens diadelphous.
Stigma capitate. Legume 1- or many-seeded, spirally twisted
or falcate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 162.

Herbs, abundant in Central and Southern Europe and Middle Asia, na-
turalized in various countries. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, very rarely im-
paripinnate. Flowers minute, yellow or purple. — 4 species, naturalized at
the Cape.

Tribe 6. Ikdigoeerejg. (Gen. 31.)

81. INDIGOEERA, Linn.

Calyx small, bell- shaped, 5-fid or 5-toothed. Standard round-
ish, reflexed ; keel with a spur or prominence at each side,
near the base. Stamens diadelphous ; the connective of the
anthers apiculate ! ovary 2- or several-ovuled. Legume linear,
terete, compressed or flattened, 1- or several-seeded, mostly
with septa between the seeds. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 163.

A vast genus, found in all hot countries. Shrubs undershrubs or an-
nuals. Leaves imparipinnate or digitate, 3- or many-folioled, rarely 1-
foliolate or suppressed. Hairs commonly rigid, fixed by a middle point, and
set in subparallel lines ; some are softly hairy or villous, a few glabrous.
Flowers purple rosy or white, mostly racemos’e. — About 120 South African
species (several new, as yet undescribed), dispersed.

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

79

Teibe 7. G-ALEGEiE. (Gen. 32-37.)

32. TEPHROSIA, Pers.

Calyx ebracteolate, bell- shaped, subequally 5-toothed or
cleft. Standard suborbicular, large, spreading, silky or villous
externally ; wings adhering to the keel. Stamens monadelphous
or diadelphous. Ovary many-ovuled ; style filiform, glabrous
or bearded. Legume linear, compressed, coriaceous, straight
or curved, sessile or stipitate, continuous or with partitions
between the seeds ; seeds compressed. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 203.

A considerable genus of hot countries. Shrubs half-shrub3 or herbs, with
imparipinnate, rarely digitate or 1-foliolato leaves and free stipules.
Flowers racemose, red purple or white. — 21 South African species, chiefly
from the Eastern district and frontier, Caflraria, and Natal.

33. MILLETTIA, W. and A.

Calyx urceolate, bluntly toothed. Standard recurved, emar-
ginate, longer than the wings, which are longer than the keel.
Stamens imperfectly monadelphous, the upper stamen free
at base. Legume elliptical or lanceolate, few-seeded, hard
and woody, with thickened margins, tardily splitting open. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 211.

Trees of subtropical Africa and Asia. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets opposite,
stipelled. Racemes or panicles axillary or terminal. Flowers purple or
reddish. — 2 South African species, both from Natal.

34. SESBANIA, Pers.

Calyx 2-bracteolate, cup-shaped, subequally toothed or cleft.
Petals subequal in length ; standard roundish, complicate,
crested on the claw or nude ; wings oblong ; keel long- clawed,
ascending, sharply eared or toothed at base. Stamens diadel-
phous, the tube wide and eared at base. Legume very long,
slender, compressed or cylindrical, with thickened sutures,
constricted between the seeds, and divided by cross septa into
many 1-seeded loculi. Seeds cylindrical, oblong. — FI. Cap. ii.

p. 212.

Tropical shrubs or tall herbs. S. aculeata, a tall, mostly glabrous and
glaucous shrub-like annual, several feet high, grows in the Natal country.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, inultijugate ; leaflets linear, obtuse, mucronulate.
Racemes short ; flowers yellow. Pod 1 foot long, not 2 lines wide.

35. SUTHEELANDIA, B. Br.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Standard oblong, shorter than
the oblong, boat- shaped keel, its sides reflexed; wings very short.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary stipitate, many-ovuled ; style
bearded along the upper side and in front below the terminal

80

XLII. LEGUMINOSjE.

stigma. Legume papery, inflated, many-seeded, indehiscent.
Seeds reniform. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 212.

S.fruteseens , the only species, is a shrub, very variable in pubescence,
mostly hoary or canous. Leaves imparipinnate, multijugate. Flowers
handsome, scarlet or bright red, in axillary racemes. On dry hills through-
out the colony.

36. LESSERTIA, DC.

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly and subequally 5-toothed. Stand-
ard obovate, emarginate, expanded, longer than the blunt keel.
Stamens diadelphous. Ovary substipitate, several-ovuled ;
style filiform, ascending, bearded in front below the terminal
stigma. Legume scarious, compressed or inflated, unequal-
sided or linear, at length opening at the apex, several-seeded.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 213.

South African half-shrubs or herb3, mostly canescent. Leaves impari-
pinnate, multijugate; leaflets often alternate, rarely glabrous. Flowers
pink crimson or purple, rarely white, in axillary racemes. — About 30 African
species, dispersed.

37. SYLITRA, E. M.

Calyx sub-2-labiate, 5-fid. Keel erect, round- pointed, shorter
than the subequal standard and attached wings. Stamens mo-
nadelphous. Ovary 4-ovuled; style glabrous, the stigma capitel-
late. Legume scarious, indehiscent, compressed, much broader
than the seeds. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 224 ; Thes. Cap. t. 78.

S. bifiora is a rod-like perennial, with 1-foliolate leaves, and small axillary
flowers. Found near the Gramke river.

Teibe 8. Asteagale.®.

38. ASTRAGALUS, Linn.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Standard equalling
or exceeding the wings ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Ovary many-ovuled. Legume (variable in form) incompletely
or completely divided longitudinally into 2 cells by the intro-
flection of the carinal (dorsal) suture. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 224 ;
Thes. Cap. t, 82.

An immense genus, but chiefly of the northern hemisphere. A. Burlcea-
nus, our only South African species, is a glabrous and glaucous annual, with
large, leafy stipules, pinnate leaves, and small, slender, racemose flowers.
Found at Magalisberg.

Teibe 9. Hedysaeejs. (Gen. 39-48.)

39. ZORNIA, Gmel.

Calyx 2-labiate, the upper lip obtuse, emarginate, the lower
3-fid. Corolla inserted in the base of the calyx ; standard
roundish, with reflexed sides ; wings oblong ; keel of lunate

XLTI. LEGFMTNOSJE.

81

petals cohering in the middle. Stamens monadelphous, the
alternate anthers small. Legume sessile, compressed, 3-6-
jointed, the joints roundish, often hispid. — FI. Cap. ii.p. 225.

Tropical and subtropical herbs or undershrubs. Leaves digitate, of 2-4
pellucid-dotted leaflets. Stipules broad, rigid, peltate. Bracts similar but
larger, enclosing the small flowers. — Z. tetraphylla , a widely-distributed
plant, occurs in the Eastern district and at Natal.

40. 2ESCHYNOMENE, Linn.

Calyx 2-bracteate at base, more or less 2-lipped or 2-parted,
the upper lip entire or 2-fid, the lower either entire 3-fid or
3-toothed. Standard roundish or oblong, simple at base ; wings
oblong, equalling or exceeding the incurved keel. Stamens 10,
in 2 equal parcels, each of 5. Ovary stipitate. Legume sti-
pitate, compressed, exserted, transversely jointed ; joints se-
veral.— FI. Cap. n.p. 225.

Subtropical herbs or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, with many or few pairs of
leaflets, stipuled. Peduncles racemose or 1-flowered, axillary, rarely terminal.
Flowers yellow or reddish. — 3 species, all from Natal.

41. ARACHIS, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. — Male: Calyx-tube very long and
slender (resembling a flower stalk) ; limb 2-partite, the upper
lip 4-toothed, the lower slender, entire. Corolla inserted in
the throat of the calyx ; standard roundish ; wings oblong,
free ; keel incurved, rostrate. Stamens monadelphous, inserted
with the petals. Ovary concealed in the base of the calyx-
tube, subsessile, 2-3-ovuled, abortive. — Female : Calyx, corolla,
and stamens 0 ! Ovary on a quickly elongating, rigid, re-
flexed (pedicel-like) torus, stipitate, 1-celled, with 2-3 anatro-
pous ovules ; style very short ; stigma dilated. Legume
(buried underground) oblong, thick, netted, indehiscent, sub-
torulose, 2-3-seeded. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 226.

A. Jiypogcea (the Earth Nut) is found near Natal, introduced from tro-
pical America. Stems diffuse or trailing. Leaves abruptly 2-jugate ; leaf-
lets obovate, obtuse. Flowers solitary, axillary.

42. STYLOSANTHES, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. — Male : Calyx-tube very long and
slender ; limb deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip 4-fid, the lower
long, entire. Corolla inserted in the throat of the calyx ;
standard roundish ; wings oblong, free ; keel incurved, rostrate,
shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous, with a split
tube. Ovary sessile, in the base of the calyx-tube, commonly
abortive ; style filiform, very long. — Female : Calyx, corolla,

a

82

XLTT. LEGTJMINOSiE.

and stamen 0. Ovary subsessile, erect, 2-ovuled ; style short,
hooked. Legume sessile, mostly 2-jointed ; joints compressed,
the lower often sterile, the upper 1-seeded, separating. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 227.

Weed-like herbs or undershrubs, frequently viscid-pubescent, common in
hot countries. Leaves pinnately 3-folioled. Flowers in dense terminal or
axillary spikes, or solitary or in pairs. — S. setosa , our only species, grows
at the Aapjes river.

43. DESMODIUM, DC.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-fid, lower
3-fid. Standard roundish ; wings oblong, longer than the
straight, obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile,
many-ovuled. Legume several-join ted, the joints compressed,
1-seeded, membranous or rigid, separating at maturity. Seeds
compressed, reniform. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 227.

Herbs or half-shrubs, common in warm countries. Leaves pinnately
3-folioled or 1-folioled. Racemes terminal, slender or dense ; flowers small,
purple or white. — 5 South African species, natives of Caffraria and Natal.

44. ANARTHROSYNE, E. Mey.

Same as Desmodium , but — Legume compressed, linear-sub-
falcate, imperfectly jointed, but not spontaneously separating
into 1-seeded fragments. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 229.

Tropical and subtropical plants, with the habit of Desmodium. A. robusta ,
E. M., a tall, robust plant, 3 feet high, softly tomentose, is found near
Natal.

45. ALYSICARPUS, Neck.

Calyx persistent, glumaceous, deeply 4-parted, the upper
segment emarginate or 2-fid. Corolla papilionaceous, small,
scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens diadelphous. Le-
gume terete or subcompressed, several-jointed, the joints
equal-sided, separating. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 230.

Small weed-like plants of hot countries. Leaves 1-folioled, 2-stipuled ;
stipules and bracts dry. Flowers racemose, pedicelled, in pairs, purple,
inconspicuous. — 2 South African species (endemic), found in Natal and
Zululand.

46. REQUIENIA, DC.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5 -fid, the segments acute, the lowest
longest. Standard obovate ; keel obtuse, 2-petalous. Stamens
monadelphous, the tube cleft above. Ovary sessile, 1-ovuled ;
style short, incurved. Legume oval, compressed, mucronate,
1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 230.

Tomentose-canescent half-shrubs of doubtful affinity. Leaves alternate,
1-folioled ; leaflets obcordate, closely penninerved, mucronate. Stipules
free. Flowers very small, subsessile, solitary or clustered. — It. spheero-
sperma, DC., our only species, is found in Transvaal.

XLIT. LEGUMINOS/E.

83

47. HALLIA, Thunb.

Calyx subequally 5-fid. Standard ovate ; wings oblong,
longer than tbe obtuse keel. Stamens completely monadel-
pbous. Ovary substipitate, 1-ovuled. Legume compressed,
membranous, 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 231.

Small, ascending or trailing slender plants, all South African. Leaves
alternate, simple, very entire, often black-dotted, 2-stipuled. Flowers axil-
lary, solitary, small, purple. — 6 species, dispersed.

48. ALHAGI, Tournef.

Calyx shortly 5-tootbed. Standard obovate, complicate ;
wings oblong ; keel straight, obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Ovary several-ovuled ; style filiform. Legume stipitate, ligne-
ous, terete, few-seeded, irregularly constricted here and there,
but not jointed, indehiscent. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 233.

Undershrubs, natives of the deserts of Northern Africa and Central Asia.
Leaves simple. Peduncles axillary, spinous ; flowers few, red. — Manna is
collected from these plants in the East. A. Maurorum is said to grow in
the Karroo ; but requires evidence to establish it.

Tribe 10. Yicie^). (Gen. 49.)

49. VICIA, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, subequally 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla
much exserted ; standard expanded. Stamens diadelphous.
Ovary subsessile ; the style bent upwards at a right angle,
with a tuft of hairs under the stigma. Legume compressed
or turgid, 2- or many-seeded. Seeds subglobose, wdth an oval
or linear scar. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 233.

Annual or perennial, climbing herbs, natives of the northern temperate
zone ; naturalized in South Africa. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the com-
mon petiole produced into a tendril. Peduncles axillary, 1-2- or many-
flowered. Flowers blue purple yellow or white. — V. sativa and V. atro-
purpurea , both introduced.

Tribe 11. Phaseole^. (Gen. 50-60.)

50. DUMASIA, DC.

Calyx cylindrical, obliquely truncate, entire, 2-bracteolate
at base. Claws of the petals equalling the calyx ; limb of the
standard cordate-oval ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous.
Ovary few-ovuled ; style filiform at base and apex, dilated be-
yond the middle. Legume tapering at base, 2-valved, com-
pressed, few-seeded, contracted between the seeds. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 234.

Twining undershrubs, common in tropical Asia. Leaves pinnately-3-folic

G 2

84

XLTI. LEQUMINOSJE.

late. Racemes axillary. Easily known by its curious calyx. — D. villosa ,
DC., grows at the Knysna.

51. TERAMNUS, Sw.

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-5-fid . Standard obovate, with
a longish claw ; wings narrow-oblong, oblique ; keel shorter,
oblique, obtuse. Stamens monadelphous, the alternate ros-
trate. Ovary sessile, with a short, thick style and capitate
stigma. Legume linear, many-seeded, hook-pointed, septate
within. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 234.

Slender, twining, tropical plants. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets
stipellate, the terminal remote. Flowers minute, oh slender, axillary
peduncles, in pairs, in tufts or interruptedly racemose.— T. labialis , a
common tropical plant, grows in Caffraria and at Natal.

52. GALACTIA, P. Br.

Calyx 2-bracteate at base, 4-fid, the segments acute, nearly
equal. Standard ovate or suborbicular, spreading or reflexed ;
wings oblong, shorter than the subincurved keel. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary several-ovuled, subsessile ; style filiform,
incurved, glabrous ; stigma small. Legume linear, compressed,
with cellular partitions between the seeds, several-seeded. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 235.

Voluble or prostrate herbs or half-shrubs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate ;
leaflets stipelled. Racemes axillary, few-flowered. Flowers small. — G.
tenuiflora, W. and A., a common coast-plant in hot countries, occurs at
Natal.

53. ERYTHRINA, Linn.

Calyx either truncate or 2-labiate, or cleft on one side and
spathaceous. Standard ovate-oblong, without basal ears or calli,
incumbent, very much longer than the wings and the 2-petalous
keel. Stamens straight, exserted, diadelphous or incompletely
monadelphous. Ovary stipitate, many-ovuled ; style straight,
glabrous, with a lateral stigma. Legume indehiscent, com-
pressed between the seeds, tipped with the hardened style.
Seeds oval, with a linear scar. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 236 ; Tfies. Cap.
t. 61, 62.

Trees or shrubs, natives of warm countries. Stem and leaves often
prickly. Leaves pinnately 3-folioled, the terminal leaflets remote. Stipels
glandular. Flowers racemose, large and handsome, scarlet or red. Seeds
commonly red and black.— At least 5 (some new undescribed) South African
species, natives of the Eastern district, Caffraria and Natal.

54. CANA VALIA, DC.

Calyx 2-labiate, the upper lip very large, truncate, emargi-
nate or 2-fid, with broadly rounded lobes ; lower small, sub-

XLII. LEOUMINOSvE.

85

entire or 3-fid. Standard ample, suborbicular, rigid at back,
2-callous within, with a short claw ; wings oblong, eared at base ;
keel equalling the wings or longer, shorter than the standard,
incurved. Disk sheathing. Stamens monadelphous or im-
perfectly diadelphous. Ovary linear, multi-ovulate ; style
incurved, glabrous, with a terminal stigma. Legume com-
pressed, subfalcate, with partitions between the seeds. Seeds
compressed, with a linear scar. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 238.

Climbing or prostrate, tropical or subtropical herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflets subdistant. Stipules
small; stipels minute or 0. Racemes axillary, subspicate; flowers solitary
.or in pairs, rosy purple or white. — 2 species found near Natal, but neither
endemic.

55. VI GST A, Savi.

Calyx 2-bracteate at base, bell-shaped, 4-5-fid (the upper
lobes separate or connate), the lowest lobe longest. Standard
ample, spreading, with an arched and vaulted claw, and 2 cal-
lous ridges at base within ; wings oblong, produced at base or
eared on the claw ; keel not twisted, indexed or rostrate.
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. Disk sheathing.
Ovary linear, several-ovuled ; style compressed and channelled
on one side, incurved ; stigma hooked, oblique. Legume terete
or compressed, subfalcate, subtorulose, with cellular partitions
between the seeds. Seeds subreniform, with a small strophiole.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 239.

Twining or erect, undershrubs or herbs, natives of warm countries. Leaves
pinnately 3-folioled. Flowers on long peduncles, floriferous at summit, or
racemose. The pods of many are eaten as “French Beans V. Catjang
is often cultivated for its pods. — At least 8 species in the Eastern district
and Natal, of which 6 are endemic.

56. DOLICHOS, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-fid or subentire,
lower 3-fid. Standard spreading or incumbent, equalling the
keel, with 2-4-eallous ridges within ; wings oblong ; keel fal-
cate or incurved (or nearly straight), neither twisted nor bent to
one side. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary substipitate, several-
ovuled ; style channelled or terete ; stigma capitate. Legume
compressed, straight or falcate, 2- or several-seeded, with
cellular partitions between the seeds. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 242.

Twining or prostrate plants of warm countries. Leaves pinnately 3-
folioled or rarely 5-folioled, stipellate. Flowers racemose subcorymbose or
solitary, 2-bracteolate, red purple blue or white.— 11 species, of which 10
are endemic, chiefly Eastern.

57. FAGELIA, Neck.

Calyx 5-cleft beyond the middle, the segments linear, acute,

8G

X LIT. LEGUMINOSVE.

straight, the 2 uppermost somewhat connate. Standard re-
flexed; keel very obtuse, longer than the wings. Stamens
diadelphous. Ovary sessile, several- ovuled ; style subulate,
glabrous ; stigma obtuse. Legume turgid, about 6-seeded,
constricted between the seeds, 2-valved. Seeds ovate, stro-
phiolate, with a linear hilum. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 247.

A twining, strong-smelling, viscidly hairy shrnb. Leaves pinnately 3-
folioled, the terminal leaflet remote. Racemes axillary ; flowers yellow,
the keel tipped with purple. — Common in the Western districts.

58. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour.

Calyx bell-shaped, mostly oblique, 4-5-fid, the 2 upper lobes
more or less united, the lowest longest. Petals nearly of equal
length or the wings shorter ; standard obovate or orbicular,
mostly with 2 minute, inflexed ears at base, naked or 2-callous
within ; wings narrow, eared at base ; keel broader, incurved,
obtuse or subrostrate. Stamens diadelphous ; the vexillary
filament quite free, mostly knee-bent. Ovary subsessile, with
2 ovules ; style incurved beyond the middle, quite glabrous
and mostly thickened above, filiform and often haiiy at base.
Legume compressed, oblique or falcate, rarely septate within.
Seeds 1-2, compressed with a lateral short or oblong scar, and
a subcentral seed-cord. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 247.

Climbing or prostrate, rarely erect, herbs or undershrubs, mostly sprinkled
with resinous dots, natives of warm countries. Leaves commonly pinnately
3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate or pinnate, or 2-3-pinnate, plurijugate. Pe-
duncles mostly racemose, rarely umbelled or 1-flowered. Flowers yellow,
streaked with brown, rarely purple. — About 30 South African species (some
new undescribed), dispersed, but chiefly Eastern.

59. ERIOSEMA, DC.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid, the upper lobes sometimes connate.
Petals subequal ; stan,dard obovate or oblong, with inflexed
ears at base ; wings narrow, longer or shorter than the wider,
incurved, obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous. Ovary sessile,
very hairy, 2-ovuled ; style filiform, quite glabrous above the
middle, incurved and often thickened upwards ; stigma small
or capitate. Legume compressed, obliquely orbicular-rhom-
boid or broadly oblong, hairy. Seeds 2-1, compressed, oblong,
obliquely transverse, the seed-cord fixed at one end of a linear
scar. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 258.

Erect or prostrate, rarely twining, herbs or undershrubs of warm countries.
Foliage and inflorescence of Rhynchosia , to which this genus is closely
allied, and from which it is known by the obliquely transverse seeds and
the excentrical seed-cords ; a character easily seen in the unripe fruit. — At
least 9 Cape'-species, all Eastern or from Natal or Transvaal.

XLII. LEGtJMINOSiE.

87

60. ABRUS, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 4-fid or 4-toothed, the upper lobe
entire or 2-fid. Standard ovate, about as long as the subfalcate
keel. Stamens 9, monadelphous, in a split tube ; no vexillary
stamen ! Ovary several-ovuled ; style short, incurved, gla-
brous. Legume oblong, compressed, 4-6-seeded, with parti-
tions between the seeds. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 262.

Diffuse or climbing, slender, woody plants, chiefly of tropical Asia, but
naturalized in the tropics generally. Leaves abruptly pinnate, multij ugate.
Flowers racemose, orange. Seeds oblong, red, with a black spot round the
hilum ; sometimes used as beads. The roots may be used as a substitute
for liquorice. — The common A. precatorius, Linn., grows at Natal; also
A. Icevigatus , Em., an endemic species.

Tribe 12. Dalbergie^. (Gren. 61-63.)

61. LONCHOCARPITS, H. B. K.

Calyx truncate, or shortly 4-5-toothed. Wings slightly co-
hering above the claw of the keel, whose petals slightly cohere
at back, above. Vexillary stamen quite free at base, above
Connate with the rest into a complete tube ; anthers versatile.
Ovary 2- or several-ovuled. Legume flat, oblong or elongate,
membranous coriaceous or ligneous, indehiscent, with a ter-
minal style ; the sutures not winged. Seeds if many, distant,
compressed ; radicle indexed. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 263.

Trees or climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; leaflets op-
posite ; stipels few or 0. Racemes simple or panicled ; flowers violet pur-
ple or white, but not yellow. — L. Philenoptera , Bth., also a native of
Abyssinia, occurs near Lake Ngarai.

62. PTEROCARPUS, Linn.

Calyx turbinate- campanulate, acute at base, oftener incurved,
5-toothed, sub -2 -labiate. Petals of the keel at back, near the
apex, shortly connate or nearly free. Stamens 10, sometimes
monadelphous with a split tube, sometimes equally diadelphous,
And sometimes 1 only free ; anthers versatile. Ovary 6-8-
ovuled. Legume compressed, indehiscent, orbicular or ovate,
more or less oblique or falcate, with a lateral or rarely terminal
style, bearing seeds in the middle, more or less indurated or
thickened, with a surrounding membranous ring or sharp ridge,
sometimes almost completely attenuate-coriaceous or mem-
branous. Seeds 1-3, separated by hard partitions. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 264.

Unarmed, tropical and subtropical trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets
alternate or irregularly opposite. Racemes simple or panicled ; flowers
yellow, rarely whitish, with violet shades ; petals glabrous. — P. sericeus ,
Bth., our only species, grows by the Ilex and Aapjes rivers.

88

xlh. LEoinvirNosiE.

63. DALBERGIA, Linn.

Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, the upper teeth broader, the
lowest longest. Petals of the keel keeled above at the apex.
Stamens 10, monadelphous with a split tube, or 9, the vexillary
wanting ; or equally diadelphous ; anthers small, erect, didy-
mous, shortly opening at the apex, or rarely longitudinally
splitting. Ovary stipitate, few-ovuled. Legume oblong or
linear, rarely falcate, flat, thin, indehiscent, either 1-seeded or
distantly few-seeded, slightly hardened and often netted at the
seed, the margins neither thickened nor winged. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 264.

Trees or climbing shrubs of warm countries. Leaves imparipinnate, the
leaflets exstipelled and mostly alternate. Inflorescence dichotomous, or ir-
regular. Flowers small, purple violet or white. — 3 species in Caffraria and
at Natal.

Tribe 13. Sophore^;. (G-en. 64-67.)

64. SOPHORA, Linn.

Calyx widely bell-shaped, obliquely truncate, obsoletely or
shortly 5-toothed. Petals of equal length ; standard obovate or
roundish, erect or spreading ; wings oblong, clawed, eared at
base ; keel obtuse, straight, its petals imbricating and connate
in the middle, free above. Stamens 10, free, glabrous. Ovary
subsessile, manv-ovuled ; style slightly curved, glabrous. Le-
gume constricted at intervals, indehiscent, wingless, several-
seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 265.

Trees shrubs or herbs, chiefly tropical. Leaves imparipinnate. Flowers
racemose, white blue or yellow. — S. nitens , Bth., our only species, is a
densely silky-silvery shrub, as yet only found by T. Williamson, near Natal.

65. VIRGILIA, Lam.

Calyx widely bell-shaped, shortly 2-lipped, the upper lip
2-fid, lower 3-fid. Standard orbicular, strongly reflexed ; wings
oblong ; keel incurved, rostrate. Stamens 10, free. Ovary ses-
sile, villous, several -ovuled ; style glabrous. Legume coria-
ceous, compressed, tomentose, many-seeded, stuffed between
the seeds, the sutures very obtuse. — FI. Cap. ii . p. 266.

V. Capensis , the only species, is a tree (Wilde Keureboom). Leaves
pinnate, in 6-10 pairs, exstipulate ; leaflets linear-oblong, glossy above, to-
mentose beneath. Flowers rosy-purple, in many-flowered racemes. Found
along riversides, throughout the colony.

66. CALPURNIA, E. Mey.

Calyx widely bell-shaped, shortly 5-fid, the 2 upper lobes
semiconnate. Standard erect ; wings oblong ; keel incurved,

XLTI. LEUUMINOSjE.

89

obtuse, 2-fid. Stamens 10, free or connate at base, persistent.
Ovary stipitate, several-ovuled. Legume membranous, com-
pressed, glabrescent, netted, few- or several-seeded, somewhat
winged along the ventral suture, the valves cohering between
the seeds. — FI. Cap. ii . p. 266.

African trees or shrubs. Leaves imparipinnate, multijugate. Racemes
axillary and terminal, the peduncle often panicled. Flowers yellow. — At
least 6 Cape species, all Eastern.

67. BRACTEOLARIA, Hochst.

Calyx 2-bracteolate, deeply 2-lipped, reflexed. Corolla ex-
panded; standard ample, suborbicular ; wings spreading widely;
petals of the keel shortly connate in the middle, spurred at
base. Stamens 10, free, glabrous, exserted. Ovary sessile,
villous, few-ovuled ; style short, reflexed ; stigma simple. Le-
gume unknown. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 268 ; Thes. Cap. t. 20.

B. racemosa , Hochst., the only species, grows near Natal. Leaves
simple, ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers white (?), in axillary ra-
cemes. Another species is found in North Africa.

Suborder 2. Csesalpiniese. (Gen. 68-75.)

68. PARKINSONIA, Linn.

Calyx coloured, with a short urceolate tube, and 5-parted,
subequal, deciduous limb. Petals 5, in the throat of the calyx,
ovate, flat, the upper one with a long claw. Stamens 10, free,
declined ; filaments villous at base. Ovary sessile, many-
ovuled; style subulate, ascending; stigma simple. Legume
very long, acuminate at each end, compressed between the
seeds, 2-valved, many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 269.

Tropical and subtropical shrubs, armed with spines. Leaves pinnate,
multijugate; leaflets small. Flowers racemose, yellow. — P. Africana , Sd.,
our only species, grows in Namaqualand.

69. GUILANDINA, Juss.

Calyx with a short, urceolate tube, and subequally 5-parted
limb. Petals 5, in the throat of the calyx, sessile, nearly equal.
Stamens 10, free ; filaments villous at base. Ovary stipitate,
several-ovuled ; style short ; stigma simple. Legume ovate,
ventricose, compressed, 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, covered with
straight prickles. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 269.

Tropical trees and shrubs, the stem and petioles armed with hooked
prickles. Leaves abruptly 2-pinnate. Flowers in spicate racemes ; bracts
long. — G. Bonduc , Ait., a native of India and Arabia, occurs on the coast,
near Natal.

70. MELANOSTICTA, DC.

Calyx deeply 5-parted, segments deciduous, the lowest

90

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

largest. Petals 5, in the throat of the calyx ; 4 lower ob-
ovate-oblong, subequal ; upper one shorter and broader, with
indexed edges. Stamens 10, free, ascending, equalling the
petals ; anthers short. Ovary sessile, ovate-oblong, 4-ovuled ;
style short, straight. Legume compressed, oblong, setose. —
j FI. Cap. ii. p. 270 ; Tkes. Cap. t. 2.

Small plants, the stem, petioles, leaflets, peduncles, calyx, ovary, and
legumes, sprinkled with black, resinous dots. Leaves 2-pinnate, stipulate
and stipellate. Flowers racemose. — 2 species, from Transvaal and Zulu-
land.

71. PELTOPHOBLJM, Yog.

Calyx-tube turbinate ; limb 5-parted, deciduous, the seg-
ments oblong, reflexed. Petals 5, obovate, curled at the
edge, clawed. Stamens 10, inserted with the petals, free;
filaments equalling the petals, hairy at base, indexed in bud ;
anthers versatile, slitting longitudinally. Ovary sessile, com-
pressed, few-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma peltate, depressed
in the centre. Legume broadly oblong, much compressed,
unarmed, acute at each end, 1-2-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a
subterminal hilum and straight embryo. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 270.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers racemose, yellow.
— P. Africanum , Sd., our only species, is found near Crocodile river and
at Magalisberg.

72. BUKKEA, Hook.

Calyx 5-parted, the segments equal, imbricate. Petals 5,
subequal, spreading. Stamens 10 ; filaments very short, the
alternate slightly longer ; anthers oblong, equal, tipped with
a deciduous gland. Ovary subsessile, 2-ovuled; style very
short ; stigma obliquely peltate, concave, with a wavy margin.
Legume piano-compressed, oblique, narrowed at base, stipitate,
thinly coriaceous, indehiscent. Seeds ovate -orbicular ; embryo
straight. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 271.

B. Africana , Hook., the only species, is a shrub or small tree, with ab-
ruptly 2-pinnate leaves, and axillary, many-flowered racemes. Grows at
Magalisberg.

73. CASSIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base, more or less unequal.
Petals 5, clawed, more or less unequal. Stamens 10, the 3
upper commonly sterile (sometimes wanting) ; fertile anthers
opening by 2 terminal pores or short clefts. Ovary sessile or
stipitate, multiovulate ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Le-
gume terete or compressed, linear, many-seeded. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 271.

A vast tropical genus, much diversified. Leaves abruptly pinnate, often

XLII. LEGUHINOSiE.

01

having glands on the petioles. Flowers yellow or orange. — About 4 South
African species, all Eastern or from Natal.

74. SCHOTIA, Jacq.

Calyx-tube obconical ; limb 4-parted, the segments oval, ob-
tuse, imbricating, deciduous. Petals 6, in the throat of the calyx,
nearly equal. Stamens 10, more or less connate at base ; fila-
ments free above, the alternate shorter ; anthers ovate, longi-
tudinally slitting. Ovary stipitate, ovate, several-ovuied ;
style filiform, elongate ; stigma capitate or simple. Legume
coriaceous, oblong, compressed, the upper margin or both
margins winged. Seeds 1-6, either with the scar naked or
having a large, fleshy, cup-like aril. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 273.

South African trees or shrub. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets leathery, entire.
Flowers panicled, crimson pink or flesh-coloured. — 3 species, from the
Eastern district and Natal.

75. BAUHINIA, Plum.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or bell-shaped ; limb 5-parted, deci-
duous or persistent, its segments separate or cohering in a
reflexed, strap-shaped lobe. Petals 5, clawed, subequal, va-
riously inserted. Stamens 10, monadelphous or free, exserted,
either all fertile or several (5-7-9) sterile ; filaments filiform ;
anthers incumbent, slitting. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 275.

Trees or climbing shrubs, chiefly tropical. Leaves formed of 2 partially
connate or nearly confluent leaflets, resembling a 2-lobed leaf. Flowers
racemose. — At least 4 South African species, all but one Eastern.

Suborder 3. Mimosese. (Gen. 76-82.)

Tribe 1. Eumimose^i.

76. ENT AD A, Linn.

Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled. Calyx bell-shaped,
shortly 5-toothed. Petals 5, free or nearly so. Stamens 10,
anthers gland-bearing. Legume linear, piano-compressed,
margined with thickened, persistent sutures, the valves trans-
versely jointed, separating into 1-seeded, indehiscent fragments.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 276.

Shrubs, mostly climbing. Leaves 2-pinnate, the terminal pair often
changed to tendrils. Spikes of flowers slender, solitary or panicled. — 3
species, all Eastern. One of them, E. scandens, Benth. (the Sword-bean),
grows also in the East Indies.

77. ELEPHANTORHIZA, Benth.

Flowers pedicelled. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Petals lan-
ceolate, at length free. Stamens 10 ; anthers tipped with a
deciduous, stalked gland. Legume straight, compressed, lea-

92

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

thery, the sutures remaining closed, but the long, persistent,
rigid valve separating (as in a siliqua), without transverse
septa, and not pulpy within. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 277.

Glabrous undershrubs, with large fleshy roots (Elandsboontjes). Leaves
2-pinnate, multijugate. Flowers densely spicato-racemose. — 2 species, both
Eastern.

78. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.

Flowers of two kinds in the spike ; the uppermost flowers
hermaphrodite and sessile, as in Fntada, the lower neuter,
with calyx and corolla as in the perfect, 10 long, slender fila-
ments, without anthers, and a rudiment of an ovary. Legume
linear, twisted, compressed, membranaceo-coriaceous, or some-
what fleshy, 1-celled, without pulp, indehiscent or the valves
breaking irregularly from the sutures. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 278.

African and Asiatic shrubs, sometimes spiny. Leaves 2-pinnate. Spikes
of flowers peduncled, nodding, solitary or in pairs. — 2 South African spe-
cies, from Natal and to the north-east of that region.

79. XEBOCLADIA, Harv.

Flowers capitate, sessile. Calyx 5-parted to the base. Pe-
tals 5, free. Stamens 10 ; filaments free, the 5 alternate
shorter ; anthers with a very minute, sessile gland. Legume
sessile, semiorbicular, piano-compressed, 1 -seeded, indehiscent,
the carinal suture arched and wing-bordered. Seed flattened ;
embryo straight. — FI. Cap. ii .p. 278.

X. Zeyheri , H., from Namaqualand, is a small, dry, and very rigid bush,
with pale bark, spinous stipules ; distant, 2-pinnate, deciduous leaves ; and
subsessile heads of flowers.

Tribe 2. Acacie^e.

80. ACACIA, Willd.

Flowers frequently polygamous. Sepals 3-5, either con-
nate in a bell-shaped cup or free. Petals as many, more or
less united in a monopetalous corolla, rarely at length free.
Stamens numerous (mostly more than 50), free or connate at
base, rarely (in male flowers) collected in a central column.
Legume various, mostly dry. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 279.

Trees or shrubs of warm countries. Leaves 2-pinnate. Stipular or
axillary spines often present ; prickles in many. Flowers minute, yellow,
in heads or spikes. — About 20 South African species (some undescribed),
chiefly Northern, Eastern, and from Natal.

81. ALBIZZIA, Duraz.

Flowers mostly bisexual. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-
toothed. Corolla monopetalous, funnel-shaped. Stamens in-

XLII. LEGUMINOSiE.

03

definite, often numerous, united at base into a tube. Le-
gume flat, dry, membranous or papery, with their margins
either dehiscent or indehiscent. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 284.

TJ narmed trees or shrubs. Leaves 2-pinnate. Flowers in heads or spikes,
with long, white or rosy, rarely purple, bundles of stamens. — 2 South
African species : one from Delagoa Bay, the other from Lake Ngami.

82. ZYGIA, P. Br.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla between funnel-shaped
and tubular, shortly 5-lobed. Stamens very many, connate in
a tube much longer than the corolla, spirally twisted in the
bud, free at the summit only. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 284.

Shrubs or trees, with the foliage of Albizzia , from which genus this dif-
fers in the long staminal tube. Z. fastigiata, E. Mey., our only species,
grows near Natal.

Order XLIII. ROSACEA.

Calyx free or adnate with the ovary, open or closed, its
limb mostly regular, 3-4-5-parted (or of twice as many parts,
in two rows). Petals 3-5 or 0, inserted in the throat of the
calyx. Stamens inserted with the petals, indefinite or rarely
definite ; filaments filiform, free. Ovary of one or more, often
many separate carpels (except in Grielum ) ; carpels 1-, 2- or
many-ovuled. Styles 1 to each carpel, terminal or lateral.
Fruit various. Seeds without albumen. — A large and varied
Order, chiefly of the north temperate zone. Leaves alternate,
pinnate or digitate, or cleft or parted, rarely simple. Stipules
mostly attached to the base of the petiole.

Tribe 1. Chrysobalane.®. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped. Carpel soli-
tary, 1-2-celled, mostly attached to one side of the calyx-tube ; ovules 1-2,
erect. Style lateral or basal. Fruit a drupe.

1. Parinarium. (A dwarf shrub, with oblong, obtuse, simple leaves,
white-woolly beneath ; flowers small, corymbose.)

Tribe 2. Dryadeas. Calyx open. Carpels many, 1-ovuled, free, crowded
on a convex or columnar receptacle.

* Shrubs ; calyx h-parted ; fruit juicy.

2. Rubus. (The Bramble or Blackberry.)

** Herbs ; calyx 10-cleft in tivo rows ; fruit dry.

3. Potentilla. Receptacle conical. Carpels without tails.

4. Geum. Receptacle columnar. Carpels with long, twisted tails.

Tribe 3. Sangtjisorbe^:. Calyx-tube turbinate or pitcher-shaped, con-
tracted in the throat. Carpels 1-4, 1-ovuled, free, concealed within the
persistent calyx-tube.

* Flowers with petals , yellow.

5. Leucosidea. Calyx-tube unarmed, limb 10-parted, in two rows.

6. Agrimonia. Calyx-tube armed with hooked bristles ; limb 5-parted.

XLTIT. ROSACE®.

94

** Floivers without petals ; bisexual.

7. Accena. Calyx-tube armed with hooked prickles ; limb 4-5-lobed.

8. Alchemilla. Calyx-tube unarmed ; limb 8-lobed, in two rows.

*** Flowers without petals , unisexual or polygamous.

9. Poterium. Herbaceous. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ; calyx
4-fid.

10. Cliffortia. Small shrubs or half-shrubs. Flowers axillary, sessile,
3-fid.

Tribe 4?. Nettrade®. Flowers bisexual. Calyx-tube concrete with the
ovary. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10. Carpels 5-10, united in a 5-10-.
celled capsule.

11. Grielum. Herbs with many-cleft, lioary leaves, and large, yellow
flowers.

Tribe 1. Chrysobalane®. (G-en. 1.)

1. PARINARIUM, Juss.

Mowers bisexual. Calyx-tube long or short, subequal or
unequal-sided ; limb 5-parted, subequal, imbricate. Petals 5,
rarely 4, sessile or clawed, deciduous. Stamens 10 or many,
shortly connate at base or united in a lateral parcel, all per-
fect or some barren. Ovary adnate to the side of the calyx-
tube, exserted, 2-celled (or partly so) ; ovules solitary, erect ;
style basal, filiform, hairy. Drupe ovoid or globose, with
fibrous or pulpy flesh, and a bony, 1-seeded nut. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 596.

P. Capense , our only species, is a very dwarf bush, the young parts
clothed with foxy hairs. Leaves 2-4 inches long, oblong, obtuse, glabrous
above, white-woolly beneath. Peduncles not much branched. Grows on
the Aapjes river.

Tribe 2. Dryade®. (Gen. 2-4.)

2. RUBUS, Linn.

Calyx-tube open, short ; limb 5-parted, imbricate. Petals 5,
crumpled, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, perigynous. Car-
pels indefinite, on a convex-conical receptacle, 1-ovuled ; styles
subterminal, filiform. Pruit of many little drupes, heaped to-
gether on the dry, hardened receptacle. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 286.

The Raspberry and Bramble. Leaves pinnate or digitate. Flowers
mostly panicled. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

3. POTENTILLA, Linn.

Calyx-tube short, concave, open ; limb 8-10-parted in two
rows, the inner segments valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, deci-
duous. Stamens indefinite. Carpels indefinite, on a convex
receptacle, 1-ovuled ; styles lateral, stigmas simple. Pruit of
dry achenes, sessile, on a dry, hairy receptacle, not tailed. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 228.

XLIII. ROSACEiE.

05

A large genus in the northern hemisphere. — P. supina, Linn., a common
European species, occurs by the Orange river, near its mouth. Leaves
pinnate-parted, the upper 3-par ted ; leaflets sharply and deeply toothed.
Flowers yellow.

4. G-EUM, Linn.

Calyx-tube short, open ; limb 10-parted in two rows, the
inner segment valvate in bud. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens
indefinite. Carpels indefinite, on a columnar receptacle, 1-
ovuled; styles terminal, inflexed or sharply bent; stigmas
simple. Achenes on a long receptacle, tailed with the har-
dened, awn-like, hooked or curved styles. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 289 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 18.

A considerable and chiefly northern genus. — G. Capense, our only species,
grows in the Eastern district and Caffraria. Its leaves are chiefly radical
and lyrate-pinnatisect, the terminal lobe very large. Flowers laxly pa-
nicled or solitary, large, handsome, yellow.

Tribe 3. Saxguisorbeje. (Gen. 5-10.)

5. LEUCOSIDEA, E. and Z.

Elowers bisexual, complete. Calyx-tube obconic, con-
stricted in the throat, with an annular perigynous disk ; limb
10-parted, in 2 rows, persistent, outer lobes short, ovate, inner
lanceolate, acuminate, valvate in bud. Petals 5, ob ovate, de-
ciduous. Stamens 10-12, inserted on the disk. Carpels 2-3,
enclosed in the calyx-tube ; styles exserted, filiform, terminal ;
stigmas hook-pointed. Utricles membranous, enclosed in the
hardened calyx-tube. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 289.

P. sericea is a densely leafy shrub, the “Dwa-Dwa” of the natives, who
use it as an astringent medicine. Leaves pinnate-parted, with 2-3 pairs of
pinnae ; pinnae ovate-oblong, sharply toothed, dark green above, white and
silky beneath. Flowers racemose, greenish -yellow. — Eastern frontier and
Caffraria.

6. AGRIMONIA, Linn.

Calyx naked at base, the tube turbinate, armed with many
hooked bristles constricted at the throat, with an annular
disk ; limb 5-parted, the lobes imbricate, at length closing in.
Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens 12-20. Carpels 2, 1-ovuled,
enclosed in the calyx-tube ; styles terminal, exserted. Achenes
1-2, enclosed in the hardened and densely hook-bristled calyx-
tube. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 290.

A. Pupatoria , Linn., a European, Asiatic and North American species,
occurs in Caffraria and on the east frontier. Leaves interruptedly pinnate ;
leaflets coarsely-toothed. Flowers in terminal, spiked racemes, yellow.

7. ACiENA, Yahl.

Elowers bisexual. Calyx-tube oblong, constricted in the

90

XLITT. ROSACEA!.

throat, bristly or smooth, compressed, 3-4-5-angled, the angles
armed with hooked bristles ; limb 4-, rarely 3-5 -parted, per-
sistent. Petals 0. Stamens 2-5. Carpels 1-2, enclosed in
the calyx-tube, 1-ovulate ; styles terminal, short ; stigma pen-
cilled. Achenes hidden in the hardened, hook-bristled calyx-
tube. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 290.

Herbs or underehrubs of temperate climates. Leaves pinnate-parted, the
segments toothed or cut. Flowers small, green, in spikes or globose heads.
— 2 Cape species, both Western.

8. ALCHEMILLA, Tournef.

Plowers bisexual. Calyx-tube urceolate, constricted in the
throat, with an annular disk, unarmed ; limb 8-parted, in 2
rows, the outer lobes small, with imbricate aestivation. Pe-
tals 0. Stamens 1-4, exserted. Carpels 1-4, in the base of
the calyx-tube, substipitate, 1-ovuled ; styles basal, filiform •
stigmas capitellate. Achenes 1-2, in the calyx-tube. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 291.

Small, hairy herbs of the temperate zones. Leaves alternate, fan-shaped
or reniform, lobed or deeply parted or crenate. Flowers minute, green, in
corymbs or tufts. — 2 Cape species, dispersed.

9. POTERJUM, Linn.

Plowers spiked, polygamous or unisexual, the females in the
upper part of the spike. Calyx-tube turbinate, unarmed, con-
stricted in the throat with an annular disk ; limb 4-parted,
imbricate. Petals 0. Stamens 20-30. Carpels 2-3, en-
closed in the calyx-tube, 1-ovuled ; styles terminal, exserted ;
stigma pencilled. Achenes concealed in the hardened or fleshy,
4-angled calyx-tube. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 292.

P. Sanguisorba , Linn., introduced from Europe, grows near Simon’s
Town. Leaves chiefly radical, of many cut leaflets. Stems branched, laxly
leafy ; spikes globose, terminal, very dense.

10. CLIFFOKTIA, Linn.

Plowers dioecious. Calyx-tube urceolate, unarmed; limb
3-parted (rarely 4-parted). Petals 0. — Male: Stamens in-
definite, 8-20-30-40 ; filaments very slender, much exserted.

- — Pemale : Carpels 2, enclosed in the calyx- tube, 1-ovuled ;
style lateral ; stigmas long, feathery. Achenes 1-2, mem-
brane-skinned, enclosed in the hardened and variously-sculp-
tured, rarely fleshy, calyx-tube. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 292 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 95.

A South African genus, of about 40 small, leafy shrubs or undershrubs.
Leaves properly digitately 3-foliolate, often seemingly simple or l-foliolat,e,
either from the confluence of the 3 leaflets into one, or from the lateral

XLTTT. ROSACEiE.

97

being minute or abortive ; rarely 2-foliolate, the medial leaflets disappearing.
Stipules attached to the petiole. Flowers axillary, small and green, sub-
sessile — C. strobolifera, Linn., is very common from Capetown to Natal ;
the great majority of the other species scarcely extend further east than
Swellendam.

Tribe 4. Neurade.®. (G-en. 11.)

11. GRIELCJM, Linn.

Calyx-tube short, at length concrete with the ovary ; limb
5-lobed ; lobes nearly valvate in the bud. Petals 5, inserted
in the throat of the calyx, large, obovate, convolute in bud.
Stamens 10, inserted with the petals. Carpels 5-10, in the base
of the calyx, confluent with the calyx- tube and with each
other, 1-ovuled ; styles 5-10, filiform, short ; stigmas capitate.
Capsules depressed, 5-10-celled, the cells at length opening in
the axis, 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 304.

South African herbs, growing in sandy places and in salt ground.
Leaves alternate, hoary, pinnately decompound, with narrow segments.
Flowers large, yellow.

Order XLIY. SAXIFRAGES.

Calyx 5-cleft (rarely 3-10-cleft), regular, adnate to the
ovary or free ; limb mostly persistent, sometimes enlarged in
fruit. Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, Rarely wanting,
sometimes cleft or lacerate. Stamens inserted with the petals
in the throat of the calyx, as many as the petals and alternat-
ing, or twice as many, rarely fewer or more numerous. Ovary
inferior or more or less superior, of 2 (rarely 3-5) carpels,
more or less cohering by their inner faces ; ovules commonly
many ; styles distinct, or more or less confluent. Fruit cap-
sular, splitting at maturity through the centre. Seeds almost
always albuminous. — A large and heterogeneous Order, to
which it is nearly impossible to affix natural limits.

Tribe 1. Saxifrages. Herbaceous or half-shrubby plants with exsti-
pulate leaves.

1. Vahlia. Ovary inferior ; styles 2, spreading. Leaves opposite, simple,
linear.

Tribe 2. Cunonies. Shrubs or trees, with opposite leaves and interpe-
tiolar stipules.

2. Cunonia. Flowers racemose. Petals entire. Leaves pinnate.

3. Platylophus. Flowers panicled. Petals 3-fid. Leaves 3-foliolate.

Tribe 3. Escallonies. Trees and shrubs, with alternate, simple, exsti-
pulate leaves. Stamens as many as the petals. Ovary inferior.

4. Choristylis. Flowers 5-fid, minute and green, in axillary panicles.
Leaves ovate, serrate, strongly-nerved, and veiny.

H

98

X LTV. SAXIFRAGES.

Tribe 4?. Bkexiea:. Shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves. Sta-
mens as many as the petals. Ovary superior, 5-angled, 5-celled. Seeds
without albumen.

5. Brexia. Flowers 5-parted, sepals and petals coriaceous, imbricated.
Oavry surrounded by a 5-lobed, imbricate disk. Leaves oblong or obovate,
entire.

Tribe 1. Saxifrages.

1. VAHLIA, Th.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary ; limb 5-parted, persistent,
valvate in bud. Petals 5, spreading, entire, epigynous. Sta-
mens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2 many-ovuled pla-
centas pendulous from the summit of the cavity ; styles 2,
spreading ; stigmas capitate. Capsules membranous, opening
between the styles. Seeds minute, very many. — FI. Cap. ii. p.
306.

V. Capensis , Th., our only species, is a much-branched, lialf-woody
plant, 6 inches to 2 feet long, more or less hairy or smooth ; leaves linear
or lanceolate ; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves. — Found in the
West and North-West districts, and Namaqualand.

Tribe 2. Cunoxie^. (Gren. 2-3.)

2. CUNOmA, Linn.

Calyx free, 5-parted, deciduous. Petals 5, oblong, entire.
Stamens 10. Ovary free, 2-celled, conical, with many-ovuled,
sutural placentas ; styles 2, diverging ; stigmas simple. Cap-
sules conical, 2-horned, 2-celled, separating from base to apex,
from a free, placentiferous column. Seeds many, compressed,
with a narrow membranous wing. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 306.

C. Capensis , Linn., the only species, is a large shrub or small tree, com-
mon throughout the colony, glabrous in all parts. Leaves pinnate ; pinnae
in 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, sharply serrate. Stipules broadly ovate, deciduous.
Racemes axillary, opposite, very many-flowered ; flowers white.

3. PLATYLOPHUS, Don.

Calyx free, 4-(rarely 5-)parted, persisteni, valvate in bud.
Petals 4-5, 3-fid. Stamens 8-10, on the outer edge of a
fleshy, perigynous disk. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell, collateral, pendulous ; styles 2 ; stigmas simple. Cap-
sule turgid at base, compressed above, membranous, 2-celled,
at length splitting ; cells 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 307.

P. trifoliatus, Don, the only species, is a tree 40-50 feet high, glabrous
in all parts, extending at least as far east as Uitenbage, more frequent in the
west. Leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate, mi-
nutely toothed. Panicles axillary, much-branched ; flowers small, white,
almost always 4-parted.

XLTY. SAXIFRAGES.

99

Tribe 8. Escallontes.

4. CHORISTYLIS, Harv.

Elowers polygamous. Calyx-tube obconic, adnate with the
ovary ; limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, inserted within the
margin of the calyx-tube, longer than the lobes, sessile, entire,
persistent, valvate in bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals
and inserted with them ; filaments short ; anthers ovate, 2-
celled, slitting. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled, with axile pla-
centas ; styles 2, short, at first connate, then widely diverging ;
stigma capitate. Capsule more than half-inferior, its co-
nical, acuminate apex girt by the persistent calyx-limb and
petals, opening through the styles. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 308 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 123.

C. rhamnoides, Harv., the only species, is a leafy slirub, extending from the
eastern frontier to Natal. Leaves alternate, ovate, serrate, ribbed and nerved.
Flowers small and green, in axillary panicles.

Tribe 4 P. Brexies.

5. BREXIA, Thouars.

Calyx free, 5-cleft, persistent, with short, acute, leathery
segments, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, inserted outside the
margin of a perigynous ring, leathery, oblong, obtuse, imbri-
cate in bud. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals and in-
serted with them; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong, erect,
basifixed. Annular disk thick, attached to the base of the
ovary, with 5 fimbriate lobes. Ovary superior, 5-angled,
5-celled ; ovules many, on axile placentas ; style short ; stigma
5-lobed. Seeds without albumen ; embryo almond-like. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 597.

B. Madagascariensis, Lindl., was collected at Delagoa Bay by Forbes.
A glabrous and subglaucous shrub, with oblong or obovate entire leaves,
with revolute margins. Flowers green, in imperfect umbels.

Order XLV. CRASSULACEJE.

Calyx free, 4-7-cleft or parted, imbricate. Petals inserted
in the bottom of the calyx, as many as its lobes, regular, free
or connate in an imperfectly tubular corolla, imbricate. Sta-
mens inserted with the petals, as many or twice as many.
Ovary (in the Cape genera) of 4-7 carpels, nearly apocarpous ;
styles terminal, subulate, free. Fruit of 4-7 follicles. Seeds
albuminous. — Succulent plants, with fleshy, entire, rarely
crenate or pinnate leaves. Flowers in Cymes or solitary,
showy or minute.

ii 2

100

XLY. CRASSULACEvE.

Tribe 1. Isostemones. Stamens as many as the petals.

Sepals and petals four.

Ovules 1 in each carpel 1. Helophytttm.

Ovules several in each carpel 2. Bulliarda.

Sepals and petals 5 (or rarely 6-9) .

Carpels, each with a horn-like crest at the back of

the styles 3. Dinacria.

Carpels not crested, tapering upwards.

Corolla subgamopetalous, salver-shaped.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Tube of corolla

not longer than the calyx 4. Grammanthes.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Tube or corolla longer
than the calyx. Anthers subsessile, in

throat 6. Rochea.

Corolla of 5-9 separate or slightly connate petals,

spreading 5. Crassula.

Tribe 2. Diplostemones. Stamens twice as many as the petals.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed .... 7. Cotyledon.

Calyx 4-parted, sessile, narrow. Corolla 4-lobed . . 8. Ealanchoe.

Calyx inflated, shortly 4-lobed. Corolla 4-lobed . . 9. Bryophyllum.

1. HELOPHYTUM, E. and Z.

Calyx 4-fid or 4-toothed. Petals 4, roundish or obovate,
spreading. Stamens 4, shorter than the petals. Scales cu-
neate, truncate. Carpels 4 ; ovules solitary ; styles short. —
FI. Cap.ii.p. 328.

Small marsh or water-plants, with weak, erect or floating, simple or
slightly- branched stems. Leaves opposite, linear, spatliulate or obovate.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes, white. — 2 species, 1 of which is
Eastern, the other diffused.

2. BULLIARDA, DC.

Character as Helophytum, except, carpels several- ovuled ;
follicles several-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 329.

Small, mostly annual, 2-3-chotomous plants, growing in moist ground.
Flowers small, white, terminal, and axillary. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

3. DHSTACRIA, Harv.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, slightly connate at base,
with broad, erect claws and spreading or recurved limbs.
Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Scales narrow-cuneate,
truncate. Carpels 5, several-ovuled, each with a short dorsal
horn at the summit behind the style ; styles short, subulate.
Eollicles several- seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 330.

H. Jiliformis, Harv., the only species, is a small, 3-chotomous annual, na-
tive of the Western district. Leaves obovate or oblong, blunt, fleshy.
Corymbs dense, terminal ; flowers small, white.

XLV. (JltASSULACJiLE.

101

4. GRAMMANTHES, DC.

Calyx bell-shaped, semi-5-fid. Corolla gamopetalous, the
tube as long as the calyx ; limb 5-6-lobed, spreading. Sta-
mens 5-6, attached to the corolla-tube, shortly exserted.
Carpels 5-6, many-ovuled, with subulate styles. Scales very
minute or obsolete. Follicles many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p.
331.

A small, 2-chotomous, glabrous and glaucous annual, very variable in
size of all parts ; found in sandy soil throughout the Western districts.
Stems rigid, wiry ; leaves in distant pairs, fleshy, oblong ovate or sublinear.
Flowers panicled, few or many, or solitary, terminal !, orange yellow or
creamy-white, each petal commonly (not always) having a darker mark
shaped like the letter V.

5. CRASSULA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft, rarely 6-9-parted, spread-
ing or erect. Petals 5 (rarely 6-9), free or connate below,
spreading or erect, or erect with recurved points, ovate ob-
ovate oblong or panduriform or lanceolate, either simple at
the apex or mucronulate or gland-tipped. Stamens 5 (rarely
6-9), shorter than the petals. Scales various. Follicles
several-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 332.

A large genus of succulent shrubs undershrubs or herbs, very variable in
habit and size. Leaves opposite, mostly connate at base, broad or narrow,
flat or round, more or less fleshy, glabrous pubescent or scaly, often carti-
lagineo-ciliate. Flowers white, red, rarely yellow, mostly of small size,
solitary cymose or capitate. — About 100 species (probably more), dispersed,
chiefly in dry ground.

6. ROCHEA, DC.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft. Corolla more or less per-
fectly gamopetalous, salver-shaped, its tube longer than the
calyx ; limb 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 5, adnate to the
claws of the petals ; anthers subsessile, in the throat of the
tube. Scales very small. Carpels 5, several-ovuled ; styles
subulate or clavate. Follicles many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 368.

Shrubby or half-shrubby succulents. Leaves connate or sheathing at
base, fringed with small cilia. Flowers handsome, crimson rosy white or
pale yellow ; some very sweetly scented. — 4 species, all Western.

7. COTYLEDON, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, much shorter than the tube of corolla.
Corolla gamopetalous, with an ovate or linear, 5-angled tube,
and a spreading or reflexed and revolute, 5-parted limb,
spirally twisted in bud. Stamens 10, attached to the base of
the corolla-tube, exserted or subincluded. Scales oval. Car-
pels 5, many-ovuled ; styles subulate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 370.

102

XLY. CRASSTJ LACEiE.

Shrubby half-slirubby or herbaceous succulents. Leaves entire, oppo-
site or scattered. Flowers showy, panicled or racemose, peduncled. — 23
(perhaps more) Cape species, dispersed.

8. KALANCHOE, Adans.

Calyx 4-parted, sepals small, acute. Corolla monopetalous,
salver-shaped, with an urceolate tube and a 4-parted, spread-
ing limb. Stamens 8, attached to the base of the corolla.
Scales 4, linear or oblong. Carpels 4, many-ovnled, with su-
bulate styles. Follicles many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 378.

Succulent undershrubs, with opposite, toothed, entire or pinnatifid, fleshy
leaves. Flowers panicled, yellow red or cream- colour. — 6 Cape species
(perhaps more), dispersed, chiefly Eastern.

9. BRYOPHYLLUM, Salisb.

Calyx inflated, 4-cleft nearly to the middle, valvate in bud.
Other characters as in Kalanchoe. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 380.

Succulent undershrubs. Leaves opposite, fleshy, petioled, imparipinnate
or 1-foliolate ; pinnules crenate. Flowers panicled, yellow changing to red.
B. tubiflorum , H., a little-known species, grows at Delagoa Bay. Others,
probably, may be discovered at Natal or in Zululand.

Order XLYI. HAMAMELIDEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, petioled, penninerved, entire
or toothed leaves. Stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers
small. Floral characters nearly as in Saccifragacece ; but the
anthers are erect, 2-celled, each cell opening by a lateral, in-
trorse valve, or splitting at the sides. Seeds solitary, albumi-
nous.

1. Trichocladus. Flowers unisexual, spiked. Petals 5, long, linear.
Stamens 5.

2. Grubbia. Flowers bisexual, capitate. Petals 4, ovate, hairy. Sta-
mens 8.

1. TRICHOCLADUS, Pers.

Flowers polygamous, monoecious or dioecious ; female flowers
without petals. Calyx 5-cleft, adnate to the base of the ovary,
persistent, valvate in bud. Petals 5, linear-clavate, much
longer than the calyx, with revolute margins, valvate in bud.
Stamens 5, alternate with the petals ; filaments short, thick-
ened in the middle ; anthers erect, adnate, dehiscing by valves.
Styles 2, spreading. Capsules didymous, 2-celled, endocarp
separating from the sarcocarp. Seeds solitary, pendulous. —
FI. Cap. ii. y. 324.

South African shrubs, with opposite or alternate, ovate or oblong leaves,

XLYI. KAMAMELIDEiE.

103

and densely hairy or pubescent twigs and branches. Flowers white, in
terminal spikes.— 2 species, both Eastern and South-Eastern.

2. GRUBBIA, Berg.

Blowers perfect, capitate, in a 2-leaved involucre. Calyx
adnate, its limb abortive, truncate. Petals 4, epigynous, de-
ciduous, ovate, hairy outside, valvate in bud. Stamens 8, the
4 alternating with the petals rather longer, all slightly attached
to the bases of the petals ; anthers 2-celled, minute, roundish,
opening by valves. Ovary inferior, crowned with a fleshy
disk, when young ( fide Dene.) 2-celled, with a pendulous
ovule in each cell ; afterwards 1-celled (the septum breaking
up), with an ovule pendulous fronra central, columnar placenta.
Nuts laterally connate, 1-seeded, crowned by the disk and
style. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 325.

Small, much-branched South African shrubs. Leaves opposite, with re-
volute margins, exstipulate. Flowers 3 or many, soldered together iu
bracteated heads. — 4 species, 1 only going so far east as Uitenhage.

Order XLYII. BBUNIACEJE.

Blowers bisexual, regular, small or minute, sessile, spiked
or capitate, rarely solitary, axillary. Bloral characters nearly
as in Saxifragacece , but the ovules are definite, either solitary
or in pairs, very rarely 10. — Small South African shrubs, with
needle-shaped or heath-like, rarely ovate, crowded, small, very
entire, sessile or subsessile leaves, with a discoloured or
withered tip ( ustulate ). Stipules 0.

Fruit 1-seeded, mostly indehiscent.

Ovary 1-celled. Style 1 1. Berzelia.

Ovary 2-celled.

Style 1. Flowers axillary 2. Tittmannia.

Style 1. Flowers solitary, terminal 3. Thamnea.

Styles 2. Flowers capitate or panicled .... 4. Brunia.

Fruit dicoccous, or a splitting capsule.

Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Flowers capitate.

Styles 2. Petals free, or slightly cohering at base 5. Berardia.

Style 1. Petals free 6. Staavia.

Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Flowers in leafy spikes.

Flowers monopetalous, 5-lobed 7. Lonchostoma.

Flowers 5-petaled. Anthers apiculate .... 8. Linconia.

Ovary 3-celled, 6-ovuled. Style trigonous. Flowers

in spike-like, terminal heads, red 9. Audouinia.

1. BERZELIA, Brongn.

Calyx adnate ; lobes 5, rarely 4, unequal, gibbous. Petals
5, rarely 4, free. Stamens 5-4, longer than the petals. Ovary

104

XLVII. B11UNIACEJ2.

half-inferior, oblique, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style simple, with
a subeonical stigma. Fruit indehiscent, gibbous. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 310.

Heath-like shrubs, with short, 3-angled, imbricate or spreading leaves.
Flowers in globose, terminal heads, white. — 8 species, dispersed.*

2. TITTMANNIA, Brongn.

Calyx-tube spherical, wrinkled and glandular outside, ad-
nate ; limb 5-cleft, with scarious, erect segments. Petals with
the claws 2-keeled inside ; limb roundish-ovate, spreading.
Ovary inferior, spherical, 2-celled, with a membranous septum,
free at the edges ; cells 2-ovuled ; style simple, conical ;
stigma 2-dentate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 312.

A small shrub, with subumbellate branches. Leaves linear, subcylindrical,
wrinkled, incurved, erect, imbricate. Flowers solitary in the axils of the
upper leaves. — Native of Tulbagh and Stellenbosch districts.

3. THAMNEA, Brongn.

Calyx adhering to the ovary at base, free above, with 5 lan-
ceolate, smooth, scarious, imbricate segments. Petals with 2-
keeled claws, and an ovate, spreading limb. Stamens included.
Ovary inferior, crowned by a fleshy disk, imperfectly 2-celled,
4- or 8-ovuled; style simple ; stigma entire. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 324.

T. uniflora , Soland., the only species, f is a small shrub, with filiform, erect,
fastigiate branches. Leaves very small, rhomboid, bluntly keeled, close-
pressed, spirally inserted, the upper ones a little longer than the rest, form-
ing an involucre to the terminal white flower. — A specimen of this, found
by Masson, exists in the British Museum ; no recent collector has found it.

4. BBUNIA, Linn.

Calyx half-adnate. Petals ovate or spathulate. Ovary half-
inferior, 2-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell ; styles 2, diverging.
Fruit indehiscent, rarely septicidal-dehiscent, 1 -seeded. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 313.

Small shrubs, erect or diffuse ; in some the leaves are small, linear or
subulate, and the flowers in heads ; in others (Sect. Beckea) the leaves are
larger, often expanded, ovate cordate or lanceolate, and the flowers in
panicles. — 10 species, chiefly Western, 2 or 3 going east to Uitenhage.

5. BERARDIA, Brongn., ex parte.

Calyx adhering to the ovary at base, free at apex, 5 -cleft.
Petals 5, free or cohering at base. Stamens 5 ; anthers with-

* A species, discovered by Burchell, and not included in FI. Cap., is
figured in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1014. — J. T). H.

f Two additional species, discovered by Burchell, are figured in Hook.
Ic. PI. t. 1011-13. All are Western. — J. D. H.

XLVIJ. BRUNIACEJ5.

105

out any apical appendage. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ;
styles 2. Fruit dicoccous. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 318.

Small, fastigiate slirubs. Leaves small, subulate or rhomboid, keeled,
close-pressed, covering the stem on all sides. Flowers in terminal heads. —
11 species, all west of Swellendam.

6. STAAVIA, Th.

Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary, free above, with 5
subulate lobes. Petals free. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled ;
cells 1-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dicoccous.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 321.

Small shrubs, with linear, spreading leaves. Flowers in terminal, flat-
topped heads, involucrated by numerous, whitish floral leaves. — 6 species,
all from the Western districts.

7. LONCHOSTOMA, Wikstr.

Calyx attached to the half-inferior ovary, 5-cleft. Corolla
monopetalous, tubular, 5-cleft ; segments clawed, spreading.
Stamens 5, very short, inserted in the mouth of the corolla ;
anthers oblong, 2-celled, cells divergent at base. Ovary pu-
bescent, 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; styles 2 or 1. Fruit splitting
from the base, 2-4-valved ; seeds 4, netted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 316.

Erect shrubs. Leaves imbricate, ovate or lanceolate, leathery. Flowers
in terminal, leafy spikes, rosy. — 3 species, all Western.

8. LINCONIA, Linn.

Calyx adhering to the ovary, with a 5-cleft limb ; lobes
short, membranous, smooth. Petals oblong, convolute, enclos-
ing the stamens ; anther-cells divergent at base, their connec-
tive with a conical gland at tip. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled ;
cells 2-ovuled ; styles 2. Fruit dicoccous. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 317.

Erect, fastigiate shrubs. Leaves spreading or loosely imbricate, linear
oblong or ovate-oblong, leathery. Flowers in terminal, leafy spikes, white.
— 3 species, dispersed.

9. ATJDOUINIA, Brongn.

Calyx adhering to the ovary, 5-cleft ; lobes large, imbricate.
Petals with a long, 2-keeled claw, and a spreading, roundish
limb. Stamens included. Ovary half-inferior, 3-celled ; cells
2-ovuled ; style 3-angular ; stigmas 3, short. — FI. Cap. ii. p.
323.

A. capitata, Brongn., the only species, grows on the mountains round
Simonstown, etc. Leaves spirally inserted, linear, imbricate, 3-angled,
scabrous. Flowers crimson, in oblong spikes or heads.

106

Order XLVIII. HALORAGEiE.

Flowers minute, uni- or bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate ; limb
2-3-4-tootbed or entire. Petals 2-3-4 (or 0), epigynous,
with valvate or imbricate aestivation, deciduous. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them, '
rarely fewer. Ovary inferior, 1-3-4- celled ; ovules solitary or
in fours, pendulous ; style, if any, separate, very short ; stig-
mas villous or feathery. Pruit nut-like or fleshy, 1-4-celled.
Seeds pendulous ; embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Leaves on long petioles, all radical. Peduncles

scape-like, bearing a compound spike of minute

flowers 1. Gunnera.

Leaves sessile, entire or toothed. Flowers axillary.

— A creeping or prostrate herb 2. Serpicttla.

Leaves whorled, pectinate-parted. Flowers in ter-
minal spikes. — Water plants 3. Myriophyllum.

1. GUNNER A, Linn.

Flowers unisexual or bisexual. Calyx-tube terete or an-
gular ; limb 2-3-lobed. Petals 2 or 0, coriaceous, deciduous.
Stamens 1-2, opposite the petals ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stigmas 2, long, simple, papillose. Fruit
succulent, with a bony endocarp. Albumen copious ; embryo
very minute. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 571.

Nearly stemless herbs, with long-petioled, reniform, many-nerved, sub-
radical leaves. Scapes tall, ending in a compound spike or thyrsus of
many minute flowers ; the female spikelets occupying the lower half of the
spike. — G. perpensa, our only species, grows in wet ditches throughout the
colony.

2. SERPICULA, Linn.

Flowers unisexual. — Male : Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Pe-
tals 4, oblong, concave. Stamens 4 or 8. — Female : Calyx-
tube 4-angled, 8-ribbed ; limb 4-toothed. Petals and stamens
0. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 4, pendulous ; stigmas 4, long and
feathery. Fruit 8-ribbed, fleshy, with a bony endocarp, 1-
seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 572.

S. repens, Linn., our only species, grows in moist places throughout the
colony. Stems decumbent, creeping. Leaves alternate or the lower oppo-
site, sessile, lanceolate or oval, entire or toothed, ‘often reddish. Stamens 4.

3. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Linn.

Flowers unisexual, rarely bisexual. — Male : Calyx 4-parted.
Petals 4, ovate, caducous. Stamens 4-6-8. — Female : Calyx-
limb 4-parted. Petals 0 or very minute. Stamens abortive
or 0. Ovary 4-celled ; stigmas 4, long, compressed, papulose

XLYIII. HALORAGEJE.

107

on the inner face. Fruit 4-lobed, of 4 nut-like carpels.— FI.
Cap. ii. p. 572.

Water plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, the submerged ones pec-
tinate-parted. Flowers in terminal leafy spikes, or axillary. — M. spicatum,
Linn., a widely-distributed species, occurs in several South African rivers.

Order XLIX. BALANOPHOREiE.

Blowers unisexual, in dense heads spikes or panicles. —
Male : Perianth 3- parted, valvate in bud, or 0. Stamens 1-3,
opposite the segments of the perianth. — Female : Perianth
epigynous 3-lobed or obsolete. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule
solitary, pendulous ; styles filiform, 1-2 or*0. Fruit dry or suc-
culent, indehiscent, the seed filling the cavity. Embryo very
minute, in fleshy or friable albumen. — Fleshy, fungous-like
root-parasites of hot countries. Leaves represented by fleshy,
coloured scales. Flowers either bracteate, involucred, or
naked.

Flowers monoecious, in dense bracteate spikes . . 1. Mystropetalon.

Flowers dioecious, the males panicled ; females con-
crete, in globose heads 2. Sarcophyte.

1. MYSTROPETALON, Harv.

Flowers monoecious, in dense bracteate spikes. — Male : Pe-
rianth 3-parted, 2-labiate, the segments with long claws and
spathulate limbs, valvate in bud, the 2 posterior connate.
Stamens 2, opposite to and inserted on the posterior segments,
conniving ; anthers 2-celled, extrorse, opening longitudinally ;
pollen cubical. — Female : Perianth epigynous, tubular, 3-
toothed. Ovary seated in a cup-like, fleshy disk or recep-
tacle, 1-ovuled ; style filiform, exserted, deciduous ; stigma
capitate, 3-lobed. Fruit subtended by the unchanged recep-
tacle, with a thin, juicy epicarp, and a crustaceous endocarp,
1-seeded. Embryo very minute, in the base of easily-friable
albumen. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 573.

Stem simple, fleshy, densely imbricated with linear-spat hulate scales,
ending in a dense spike of flowers. Female flowers in the lower, males in
the upper part of the spike. Bracts 3 under each flower, 1 anterior, 2 lateral.
Bracts orange. Flowers bright red. — 2 species : M. Polemanni , from How-
hoek Pass ; M. Thomii, from Caledon Baths.

2. SARCOPHYTE, Sparm.

Flowers dioecious. — Male flower panicled ; perianth 3-lobed,
valvate in bud. Stamens 3, opposite the lobes ; filaments free ;
anthers multilocular. — Female flowers in globose heads, densely
crowded. Perianth 0. Ovary seated on a subglobose common

108

XLIX. JJA.LAXOP1LOREA.

receptacle, becoming concrete, unilocular ; stigma sessile, pel-
tate. Syncarpium (compound fruit) globose, berry-like.

S. sanguined, Sparm., the only species, grows on the roots of Ekebergia
Capensis and Acacia Caffra , in Uitenhage and Albany. Stems 9-10
inches high, an inch or more in diameter, dull flesh-coloured or reddish,
branching, imbricated with scales below, ending in a panicled inflorescence.
Smell offensive, like that of rotten fish. Male flowers purplish. Fruit like
a mulberry.

Order L. RHIZQPHOREiE.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary
or nearly free ; limb of 4-12 valvate lobes. Petals as many as
the calyx-lobes, alternate with them, inserted below them,
often cut or jagged. Stamens as many, twice as many or
more ; filaments separate ; anthers erect. Ovary more or less
inferior, rarely quite superior, 2- or more celled; ovules in
pairs, or few in each cell, pendulous ; style simple. Fruit 1-
or few-seeded. Seeds with or without albumen. — Trees or
shrubs, with opposite leaves and axillary flowers, either mari-
time or submaritime.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. Petals entire emargi-
nate or 2-fid. Seed germinating within the fleshy,

indehiscent fruit, exalbuminous.

Calyx 4-fid. Petals 4 1. Rhizophora.

Calyx 5-12-fid. Petals 5-12, 2-fid 2. Beugttikea.

Calyx-tube free. Petals 5, multifid. Capsule 3-celled . 3. Weihea.

1. RHIZOPHORA, Linn.

Calyx- tube obovate, adhering to the ovary ; limb of 4 oblong,
persistent segments. Petals 4, oblong, coriaceous, entire or
emarginate, conduplicate, with a double row of long, woolly,
marginal hairs. Stamens 8 ; anthers nearly sessile, linear-ob-
long. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style conical,
short, 2-furrowed ; stigma 2-toothed. Fruit ovate or oblong,
girt near the base with the persistent calyx-lobes, at length
perforated at the apex by the germinating embryo. Seed ex-
albuminous. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 518.

Trees, growing on muddy seashores in hot countries, with quite entire,
leathery leaves, — R. mucronata, Lam. (Mangrove), occurs near Natal.

2. BRUGUIERA, Lam.

Calyx-tube turbinate, adhering to the ovary ; limb of 5-12
(or 13) persistent segments. Petals as many, oblong, 2-fid,
coriaceous, conduplicate, each embracing 2 stamens, woolly on
the margin. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted in
pairs opposite to them ; filaments unequal, half as long as the

l. RmzopnoRE.E.

109

petals ; anthers linear or sagittate. Ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules
2 in each cell ; style nearly as long as the stamens ; stigma
2-4-toothed. Fruit crowned by the calyx-lobes, at length
perforated by the germinating embryo. Seed exalbuminous.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 514.

Trees and shrubs of muddy seashores, in warm countries. — B. gymno-
rltiza , Lam., grows near Natal.

3. WEIHEA, Spr.

Calyx free, deeply 4-5-parted, the lobes valval e. Petals
4-5, inserted within the calyx-tube, wedge-shaped, palmately
multifid-lacerate. Stamens 20-30, inserted below the petals,
1-seriate ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong, erect, 2-celled.
Ovary free, sessile, globose, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell,
pendulous ; style simple, persistent ; stigma 3-toothed. Berry
dry, girt by the persistent calyx, 3-4-celled, at length dehis-
cent. Seeds solitary in each cell, albuminous. — Spr. Syst. ii.
594. Bichaeia, Thouars. Anstrutheria, Gard. in Calc. Journ.
iv. p. 344. t. 4 ; Walp. Ann. ii. p. 173.

African and Asiatic trees or shrubs, not strictly littoral, but growing near
the sea. Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar, deciduous stipules, and axil-
lary flowers. Mr. Gerrard has recently sent from Natal a species of this
genus, nearly allied to W. Madagascariensis , if it be not the same ; its
leaves are ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, and flowers axillary,
shortly pedicelled, the pedicels 2-bracted at base. Calyx-lobes silky outside ;
stamens about 20.

Order LI. COMBRETACEjE.

Flowers either unisexual or bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, limb 4-5-lobed. Petals inserted at the summit of
the calyx-tube. Stamens as many or twice as many as the
petals. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules few, pendulous ;
style filiform. Fruit a winged or ribbed dry drupe. — Trees or
shrubs, with simple, entire, exstipulate leaves. Flowers in
spikes racemes or heads.

Flowers without petals 1 . Termin alia.

Flowers with 4-5 petals.

Calyx short, 4-toothed. Petals 4. Stamens 8 . . 2. Combretum.
Calyx short, 5-lobed. Petals 5. Stamens 10 . . . 3. Poivrea.
Calyx with a very long, slender tube, 5-toothed. Pe-
tals 5. Stamens 10 4. Quisqualis.

Tribe 1. Termihalie^j.

1. TEBMINTALIA, Linn.

Flowers often polygamous. Calyx-limb deciduous, bell-
shaped, 5-cleft ; lobes acute. Petals 0. Stamens 10, in a

110

TJ. COMBRETACEjE.

double row, longer than the calyx. Ovary 2-3-ovuled. Style
filiform, acutish. Drupe not crowned by the calyx, usually
dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 508.

Trees or shrubs. T. sericea, Burch., our only species, has oblong, silky
leaves crowded round the ends of the branches, and flowers in spikes shorter
than the leaves. — Aapjes river.

2. COMBRETUM, Linn.

Calyx funnel-shaped ; tube as short as the ovary or longer ;
limb bell-shaped, 4-lobed, deciduous. Petals 4, small, in-
serted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 8, in 2 rows,
exserted. Ovary 2-5-ovuled; style exserted, acute. Fruit
4-winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Seed pendulous. —
FI. Cap. ii .p. 508.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves often opposite. Spikes terminal or axillary, some-
times capitate ; flowers small, greenish. — 10 species, all Eastern or from Natal.

3. POIVREA, Comm.

Limb of the calyx funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals
5. Stamens 10, protruded. Ovary 2-3-ovuled; style fili-
form, protruded, acute. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 512.

P. bracteosa , Hochst., our only species, is a Natal shrub, 8-10 feet high,
with ovate or ovate-oblong glabrous leaves, and nodding, bracteate spikes
of reddish flowers.

4. QUISQUALIS, Rumph.

Tube of the calyx slender, produced much beyond the ovary ;
limb 5-lobed. Petals 5, oblong or roundish, obtuse, longer
than the calyx-teeth, imbricate. Stamens 10, inserted within
the throat of the calyx, those opposite the petals longest.
Ovary 4-ovuled ; style filiform, exserted, its base adhering to
the calyx-tube. Drupe dry, 5-furrowed and 5-ribbed, 1-seeded.
Seed pendulous. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 512 ; Thes. Cap. t. 130.

Q. parvijlora , Gerr., our only species, discovered by Mr. Gerrard in the
Natal country, has opposite, oval-oblong, acute, thinly pubescent or glabrate
leaves and terminal spikes of slender flowers. Petals small, shortly oblong.
Anthers subsessile, in 2 widely-separated rows.

Order LII. MYRTACE^l.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary ; limb
4-5-parted or obsoletely lobed. Petals 4-5. Stamens indefi-
nite, inserted with the petals on the fleshy margin of the
calyx-tube. Ovary inferior, 2- or several-celled, with few or
many ovules ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit either a
succulent berry or a dry capsule. Seeds without albumen. —
Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly opposite, quite entire, penni-

LTT. MYRTACEJE.

Ill

nerved, with an intramarginal vein, almost always pellucid -
dotted and aromatic or resin-scented, exstipulate. Flowers
solitary or in cymes panicles or heads. — The Order is very
abundant in South America and Australia, much less so in
Asia, and very scantily represented in Africa.

Tribe 1. Leptospermea:. Fruit dry, capsular, many-celled, dehiscent.
Stamens much-exserted, free. Capsules 2-3-celled . 1. Metrosideros.

Tribe 2. Myrte.e. Fruit a fleshy berry. Leaves dotted.

Calyx-limb almost entire or repand. Petals concrete

into a calyptra 2. Syzygium.

Calyx-limb more or less deeply 4-5-parted. Petals
separate.

Calyx-tube turbinate. Petals 5. Flowers in ter-
minal cymes 3. Acmena.

Calyx-tube globose. Petals 4 (very rarely 5). Pe-
duncles axillary 4. Eugenia.

Tribes 3. Barringtoniea:. Fruit berried or dry, valveless. Leaves
without pellucid dots.

Petals 4. Stamens in many rows, connate at base . 5. Barringtonia.

Tribe 1. LEPTOSPERMEiE.

1. METROSIDEROS, R. Br.

Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, not angular ; limb 5-cleft.
Stamens 20-30, free, very long, exserted. Style filiform.
Capsules 2-3-celled; cells many-seeded. Seeds wingless. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 521.

Trees or shrubs. — M. angustifolia, Sm., our only species, is common by
riversides in many parts of the colony. Its leaves are linear-lanceolate ;
peduncles axillary, umbellate. Flowers yellowish.

Tribe 2. Myrtejl

2. SYZYGIUM, Gsertn.

Calyx-tube obovate ; limb nearly entire or repandly-lobed.
Petals 4-5, roundish, joined into a cap (or calyptra) and falling
off either in that state from the calyx, or immediately after
expansion. Stamens numerous, distinct. Ovary 2-celled,
with few ovules in each cell ; style simple. Berry 1-eelled,
1- or few-seeded. Seed globose ; cotyledons large, fleshy,
nearly hemispherical ; radicle small, inserted between the co-
tyledons below the middle, and concealed by them. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 521.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, quite entire, glabrous. — 8. cor datum >
Hochst., our only species, is a Natal tree, 30-40 ft. high, with subsessile,
elliptic-cordate, leathery leaves, veiny and paler beneath. Cymes terminal,
many-flowered.

112

LIT. MTltTACEJF,.

3. ACMENA, DC.

Calyx-tube turbinate ; limb shortly bell-shaped, either sub-
entire or more or less deeply 5-lobed, involute in bud. Petals
5, small, separate. Stamens numerous, distinct. Ovary 3- or
2-celled ; cells many-ovuled ; style simple, long or short.
Berry globose or oval, 1-seeded.

Australian or Indian shrubs. — A. Gerrardi , Harv. mss., lately found in
Zululand by Mr. Gerrard, is nearly allied to A . Zeylanica. It is arborescent,
with ovate-oblong, acuminate, closely-veined leaves, and terminal, 3-cho-
tomous-multifid cymes ; calyx limb deeply 5-lobed ; ovary 2-celled.

Calyx- tube nearly globose ; limb divided down to the ovary
into 4, rarely 5 segments. Petals 4 or rarely 5. Stamens
numerous, distinct. Ovary “ 11 1

rarely 2-celled. Seeds 1-2, large, roundish ; cotyledons very
thick and confluent ; radicle very small. — FI. Cap. ii . p. 521.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, pellucid-dotted. Peduncles axillary
or terminal, 1- or several-flowered. — About 8 species (some undescribed),
all Eastern or from Natal.

Calyx- tube ovate ; limb 2-3-4-parted ; lobes ovate, obtuse,
concave, persistent. Petals 4, coriaceous, attached to the ring
at the base of the stamens. Stamens numerous, in several
rows ; filaments filiform, long, distinct, combined at the base
into a short ring, all bearing anthers. Ovary 2-4-celled,
crowned by an urceolus sheathing the base of the style ; ovules
2-6 in each cell ; style simple. Bruit fleshy or corky, more or
less 4-angled, crowned by the limb of the calyx, 1-celled.
Seed solitary ; embryo fleshy, not separable into cotyledons
and radicle, formed of 2 concentric, combined layers. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 523.

Tropical trees, growing near the sea. — B. racemosa , Roxb., occurs near
Natal.

Blowers bisexual, regular. Calyx-tube enclosing the ovary,
either quite adnate to it, or attached by its ribs or angles,
leaving interspaces, or rarely quite free ; limb with valvate or
imbricate aestivation. Petals on the summit of the calyx-tube,
as many as its lobes, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted with

4. EUGENIA, Linn.

nearly globose, crowned

Tribe 3. Barrihgtonie^:.

5. BARRIN GTONIA, Borst.

Order LIII. MELASTOMACE.®. .

LIII. MELASTOMACE.E.

113

the petals, either once or usually twice as many, those oppo-
site the petals sometimes abortive ; filaments inflexed in bud ;
anthers 2-celled, opening by terminal pores, or rarely splitting.
Ovary usually plurilocular (rarely unilocular) ; ovules nume-
rous ; style simple ; stigma undivided. Fruit a capsule or
berry. Seeds without albumen. — Leaves opposite, entire,
usually 3- or more ribbed, without pellucid dots, exstipulate.

* Undershrubs, with 3-5-ribbed, rough leaves.

Calyx -limb persistent, with accessory teeth ; anthers

with a club-shaped appendage at base 1. Argyrella.

Calyx-limb deciduous ; tube covered with bristly
scales ; anthers with a 2-fid or 2-parted appendage

at base 2. Dissotis.

*'* Trees and shrubs with 1-nerved, glabrous leaves.

Calyx-tube ovoid ; stamens 8 ; ovary 1-celled ... 3. Memecylon.

Calyx-tube cylindrical ; stamens 5 ; ovary 5-celled . 4. Olinia.

1. ARGYRELLA, Naud.

Calyx-tube bell-shaped ; limb of 5 ovate acute lobes, equal-
ling the tube, twisted imbricate in aestivation, alternating with
as many subulate accessory teeth (not stellato- setose at apex).
Petals obovate. Stamens 10, unequal ; anthers linear-subu-
late, opening by a single pore, recurved, undulate along the
inner side, the 5 larger with the connective very long, pro-
duced beyond the insertion of the filament into a clavate
appendage ; the 5 smaller with a very short 2-dentate connec-
tive, confluent with the apex of the filament. Ovary 5-celled,
half-inferior, the upper half free, 5-lobed, tomentose ; style
filiform. Capsules contained in the persistent calyx. Seeds
cochleate, striate. — Nand. in Ann. Sc. Nat., Ser. 3. xiii. p. 300.
Osbeckia, ex parte, FI. Cap. ii .p. 518.

A. canescens ( Osbeckia canescens, E. Mey. ! ; Graham in Bot. Mag. ! t.
3790 ; O. TJmlaasiana , Hochst.) is an erect, virgate branching undershrub,
found near Natal. All parts pale, tomentose with very minute, stellate
hairs. Leaves sessile or subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, 5-nerved, netted-
veined beneath. Flowers purple, handsome, corymboso-paniculate.

2. DISSOTIS, Benth.

Calyx-tube ovoid, covered with palmately-cut scales, ad-
hering by its ribs to the ovary or at length free ; limb 4-5-
parted, deciduous, many-bristled at the apex. Petals obovate,
ample. Stamens 10, unequal ; anthers linear- subulate, open-
ing by a single pore, sub recurved, the 5 larger with the con-
nective very long, produced beyond the insertion of the fila-
ment into a deeply 2-lobed or 2-parted appendage ; the 5
smaller with a short connective, equally 2-lobed at base.
Ovary crowned with bristles, 1 4-5-celled ; style equal or

i

Ill

LIII. MELASTOMACEiE.

slightly thickened upwards. Capsules included in the urceo-
late calyx-tube, 5-celled. Seeds cochleate. — Benth. in Niger
Flora , p. 346. Osbeckia, FI. Cap. ex parte , ii. p. 518.

To this genus belong Osbeckia eximia, Sond., and O.phceotricha, ITochst.,
botli found near Natal ; the former has 5-merous, panicled flowers ; the
latter 4-merous, capitate.

3. MEMECYLON, Linn.

Calyx-tube hemispherical or subglobose, adnate to the ovary;
limb very short or cup-like, obsoletely 4-toothed or subentire.
Petals 4, oval. Stamens 8, mostly longer than the petals ;
filaments filiform ; anthers short, with a thick connective,
forming a conical spur at base, opening at base by a short slit.
Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovules on a central placenta; style
filiform; stigma simple. Perry crowned with the limb of
calyx, frequently 1-seeded. Seeds with convolute cotyledons.
— Endl. Gen. n. 6269; Benth. Hongkong Flora, p. 117.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly Asiatic. Twigs 4- sided, with tumid nodes.
Leaves opposite, impunctate, 1-ribbed, coriaceous, quite entire. Flowers
axillary, tufted or subcapitate. — A species (as yet undescribed) of this
genus has recently been found, by Mr. Gerrard, near Natal.

4. OLmiA, Th.

Calyx tubular, adhering to the ovary ; limb of 5, rarely 4,
minute teeth. Petals 5-4. Scales 5-4, minute, obovate, al-
ternating with the petals. Stamens 5-4 ; filaments very short,
adnate to the calyx below the scales ; anthers subglobose, 2-
celled, introrse, with a thick connective. Ovary inferior,
5-4-celled ; cells 3-ovuled ; style subulate ; stigma obtuse.
Fruit drupaceous, subglobose, truncate, 3-4-cellcd ; cells
mostly 1-seeded. Seeds with a spirally rolled embryo.— FI.
Cap. ii. p. 519.

O. cymosa , Thunb., is a glabrous shrub or tree, with 4-siaed twigs.
Leaves opposite, petioled, coriaceous, green, shiny above, impunctate, 1-
ribbed and penninerved, quite entire, varying in shape from obovate obtuse
to ovato-lanceolate acuminate. Cymes terminal or axillary, densely many-
flowered. Flowers white. — Found in kloofs, throughout the colony, and
beyond the Eastern frontier.

Order LIY. LYTHRARIEiE.

Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamous. Calyx free, persis-
tent, tubular or bell-shaped, 4-12-toothed, often ribbed. Pe-
tals on the summit of the calyx-tube, deciduous. Stamens
usually inserted at or below the middle of the calyx-tube, as
many or twice as many as the petals ; rarely inserted at the
summit of the tube and opposite the petals. Ovary free, 2-6-

LIV. LYTHRARIEiE.

115

celled, with several ovules in each cell ; style single, filiform.
Capsules enclosed in the base of the persistent calyx-tube, or
girt with the calyx. Seeds without albumen. — Herbs or
shrubs, with simple, entire, exstipulate leaves.

Herbaceous plants.

Stamens 2. A minute, subsimple plant ; leaves subu-
late 1. SUFFRENIA.

Stamens 4 or more.

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsules longer than the calyx 2. Ammannia.
Calyx tubular, cylindrical. Ovary 2-celled ... 3. Lythrum.

Calyx bell-shaped. Ovary 4-celled. Capsules hid-
den in the calyx-tube 4. Nesa:a. •

Shrubs or trees.

Stamens 5, opposite the petals, and inserted with
them ; leaves pellucid-dotted, aromatic ; flowers
small, panicled 5. Heteropyxis.

Tribe 1. Lythrarie^). (G-en. 1-4.)

1. SUFFRENIA, Bellard.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-toothed, with 4 alternate, exterior,
very minute or obsolete alternating teeth, the inner teeth
ovate, acute, erect. Petals 4 (or OF), very minute, fugacious.
Stamens 2, inserted within the calyx-tube, included ; filaments
short ; anthers subglobose. Ovary sessile, 2-celled ; ovules
numerous ; style filiform ; stigma capitate. Capsules oblong,
girt by the calyx, 2-valved. — Thes. Cap. t. 189.

Small marsh plants. — S. Capensis , H., our only species, was found by
Mr. Cooper, on the Draakensberg, Orange Free State. Stems 1-2 inches
high, tufted, subsimple. Leaves opposite, linear- subulate, 2-toothed. Flowers
axillary, £ line long. Petals either 0 or not seen by me.

2. AMMANNIA, Linn.

Calyx 2-bracteolate, bell-shaped, 4-14-nerved, with 4-7
erect, flat teeth, and frequently as many spreading minute or
obsolete alternating teeth. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style simple,
persistent ; stigma capitate. Capsules girt by the calyx,
ovato-globose, delicately membranous, either splitting across
or opening by valves. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 515.

Small, much-branched herbs, growing in wet soil. Leaves opposite,
quite entire. Flowers small, axillary, sessile or pedicelled, usually pink or
red. — 2 South African species, both Eastern.

3. LYTHRUM, Linn.

Calyx bracteated, cylindrical, ribbed or striate, with 4-6
erect broad teeth, and as many spreading, smaller, alternating
teeth. Petals 4-6. Stamens inserted in the middle or at the
base of the calyx-tube, twice as many as the petals or rarely

i 2

116

LIT. LYTIIRARIEvE .

only as many. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma capi-
tate. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled, many-
seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 516.

Herbs, occasionally half-shrubby, with opposite alternate or whorled,
entire leaves. Flowers axillary, purple or purplish, often handsome ; petals
quickly withering.— 3 species, of which 2 are Eastern and endemic, the third
nearly cosmopolitan.

4. NESJEA, Comm.

Calyx hemispherical, bracted or bractless ; ribbed or striate,
with 4-6 erect, triangular inner teeth, and as many smaller,
narrow, or horn-like, spreading outer teeth.. Petals 4-6. Sta-
mens 8-12, nearly equal. Ovary sessile, globose, 4-celled.
Capsules globose or subglobose, covered by the calyx, many-
seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 517.

Herbs, with lanceolate or oblong, nearly sessile, obtuse or acute, entire
leaves. Peduncles axillary, longish, 3-flowered or capitate, and many-
flowered at the summit. — N. floribunda, Sd., our only species, grows near
Natal. Flowers capitate.

Tribe 2. Heteropyxidea:. (G-en. 5.)

5. HETEROPYXIS, Harv.

Plowers polygamous. — Male : Calyx cup-shaped, with 5
erect, triangular lobes. Petals 5, ovate, inserted in the throat
of the calyx, subsessile, pellucid-dotted. Disk, lining the
calyx-tube, thin. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals and
opposite to them ! ; filaments subulate ; anthers 2-celled, versa-
tile. Abortive ovary 2- rarely 3-eelled, many-ovuled ; style
short ; stigma obtuse. — Pemale : Calyx 10-nerved, with 5 erect,
triangular lobes, and as many minute, alternating denticles.
Petals and stamens as in , but the 2-celled anthers abortive.
Ovary 2-celled ; ovules many, on axile placentas ; style fili-
form, much-exserted ; stigma capitate. Capsules oblong, 2-
celled, girt by the persistent calyx. Seeds (unripe only seen).
— Thes. Cap. t. 128.

An aromatic tree or large shrub, found near Natal, with alternate, short-
petioled, lanceolate, pellucid-dotted, penninerved leaves, and dull white
fragrant flowers in terminal or axillary panicles. When I published this
genus in the ‘ Thesaurus ’ I was only cognizant of the male flowers, in which,
however, the ovary, ovules and style, though abortive, were so completely
organized that the flower passed as bisexual. Recently I have received
from my zealous and most obliging friend Mr. Gerrard, the true female
flower and half-ripe fruit. These afford an additional calycine character,
which completely reconciles Heteropyxis to Lythrariece.

Order LY. ONAGRARIE^.

Flowers bisexual, rarely dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate with

LV. ONAGRARIEiE.

117

the ovary, its limb 4-5-lobed, valvate or open in bud. Petals
on the margin of the calyx-tube or 0. Stamens as many or
twice as many as the calyx-lobes, and opposite them. Ovary
inferior, 2-4-5-celled ; style mostly filiform (rarely splitting) ;
stigma 2-^4-5-lobed. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds exalbu-
minous or nearly so. — A considerable Order, chiefly of tempe-
rate climates. Leaves opposite or alternate, exstipulate,
simple, entire, or variously lobed or cut. Flowers either axil-
lary or in racemes or spikes, often showy. The well-known
garden-flowers (Enothera and Fuchsia belong to this Order.

Tribe 1. Jussieu. Flowers bisexual. Petals spirally twisted in bud
(sometimes 0). Ovary 4-5-celled ; ovules numerous ; style filiform. Fruit
capsular. Seeds many, not winged.

Limb of the calyx persistent ; capsule septicidal.

Stamens 8-10 1. Jusslea.

Stamens 4-5 2. Ludwigia.

Limb of the calyx deciduous ; capsule loculicidal.

Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary. Seeds

nude 3. (Enothera.

Calyx-tube not longer than the ovary. Seeds with a

silky tuft 4. Epilobium.

Tribe 2. Montinie.®. Flowers dioecious. Petals imbricate. Ovary
imperfectly 2-celled ; ovules numerous ; style splitting through the middle.
Fruit capsular, 2-valved. Seeds broadly winged.

A glabrous, small shrub, with alternate, simple leaves . 5. Montinia.

Tribe 3. Trapes. Flowers bisexual. Petals imbricate. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules solitary ; style filiform. Fruit a hard, 1-seeded nut.

Water plants, with rhomboid, long-petioled, floating leaves,

and spinous or homed nuts 6. Trapa.

Tribe 1. Jussieje. (Gen. 1-4.)

1. JUSSIiEA, Linn.

Calyx-tube not produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-5-
parted, persistent. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10. Stigma ca-
pitate. Capsule 4-5-celled, crowned by the calyx-lobes and
opening longitudinally between the ribs. Seeds numerous,

small, naked. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 504.

A considerable genus, chiefly of tropical America. — 2 species, one of them
endemic, occur at Natal. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary, yellow.

2. LUDWIGIA, Linn.

Characters as in Fussicea, except stamens 4-5. Petals want-
ing in L. palustris. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 504.

2 species, neither endemic, found in the Eastern district and Natal : L.
palustris (without petals) and L. jussieeoides (with petals).

118

LV. ONAGRARIE./E.

8. (ENOTHERA, Linn.

Calyx-tube much produced beyond the ovary, deciduous ;
limb 4-parted. Petals 4, obcordate. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-
lobed or capitate. Capsule various in form and texture, 4-
celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 505.

A large genus, of American origin. — 2 species (“ Evening Primroses ”)
are naturalized near Capetown.

4. EPILOBIUM, Linn.

Calyx-tube not produced b'eyond the ovary ; limb deeply
4-lobed or 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4, obovate or obcor-
cordate. Stamens 8. Stigma clavate or 4-lobed. Capsule
linear, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal. Seeds with a
tuft of silky hairs at one end. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 506.

Herbs of the temperate zones. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire or
serrulate ; flowers axillary or in terminal bracteate spikes, purple or rosy,
rarely yellowish. — 3 species, of which one is said to be endemic.

Tribe 2. Moutinie^. (G-en. 5.)

5. MONTINIA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the ovary ;
limb short, persistent, 4-toothed, with open aestivation. Pe-
tals 4, ovate, epigynous, imbricate, deciduous. Disk (in the
male) fleshy, 4-angled. Stamens 4 ; filaments short ; anthers
adnate, slitting lengthwise ; pollen trigonous. Ovary inferior,
imperfectly 2-celled, with very prominent, fleshy, multiovulate
placentas, filling up the greater part of the cavity ; style
single, short ; stigma large, deeply 2-lobed. Capsule ligneous,
crowned by the style (now become 2-parted) and the calyx-
limb, 2-celled, splitting through the centre. Seeds 4-6 in each
cell, compressed, with a broad, membranous, marginal wing. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 307.

M. acris, Linn., the only species, is a glabrous, somewhat glaucous shrub,
common all over the colony. Leaves varying from oblong to lanceolate or
linear, entire, margined, 1-nerved, veinless. Flowers small, white, the males
in terminal corymbs, the females mostly solitary.

Tribe 3. Trapes. (Gen. 6.)

6. TRAP A, Linn.

Calyx-tube adnate to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb
half-superior, 4-parted, valvate in bud, then spreading, persis-
tent, with spinous lobes. Petals 4, inserted under a fleshy,
epigynous disk, imbricate in bud, the margins plaited and
wavy, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4, inserted with the

LY. ONAGRARIEiE.

119

petals. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled ; ovule 1 in each cell ;
style cylindrical, simple ; stigma obtuse. Fruit a somewhat
horny nut, 2-4-spined from the enlarged, spinous calyx-lobes,
often with supplementary spines or prominences on the disk,
1-celled, 1- seeded. Seed without albumen.

Water plants, floating on lakes and ponds. — T. bispinosa, Foxb., occurs
at Natal, where its singularly-formed fruits, which are full of farinaceous
substance, are eaten by the Zulu Kaffirs. The submerged leaves are opposite,
pinnatisect, with very narrow lobes, the floating crowded in a rosulate
cluster, petioled, rhomboid, toothed, the petioles swollen and hollow in the
middle, forming floats ; flowers axillary, solitary. The black-brown oval
nut is crowned with 2 straight barbed horns ; and its either side, in the spe-
cimens I have received, is curiously furnished with prominences arranged
like the features of a diabolical face ; a long, hooked nose, a pair of peering
eyes, and a pursed-up mouth. Specimens sent to me by Mr. Sanderson, of
Natal.

Order LVI. TUKNERACEjE.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx tubular, free, 5-cleft. Petals 5,
inserted in the tube or at its summit, twisted in bud, deci-
duous. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary 1-
celled, with 3 parietal placentas ; styles 3, separate or partially
connate ; stigmas fimbriate. Fruit capsular, 3-valved ; valves
placentiferous. Seeds albuminous. — A small Order; scarcely
differing from Passifloreae.

1. TURNER A, Plume.

Calyx coloured, tubular-funnel-shaped, more or less deeply
5-parted. Petals inserted in the throat of the calyx. Sta-
mens 5 ; style 3-fid at the apex ; stigma multifid. Capsule
ovate or oblong, 3-valved. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 599 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 140.

Undershrubs or shrubs, chiefly American.— T. Capensis, H., our only
species, is a very dwarf, hairy plant, with crowded, lanceolate, serrate
leaves, and axillary, small, white flowers. It grows near the Aapjes river.

Order LVLL LOASACEiE.

Flowers bisexual, regular. Calyx adnate to the ovary;
limb 5-lobed. Petals epigynous, 10, in 2 rows, those of the
outer row concave. Stamens indefinite, in many parcels.
Ovary 3-celled. — An Order almost exclusively American,
chiefly near the west coasts of North and South America.

1. KISSENIA, R. Br.

Calyx- tube 10-ribbed ; limb 5-parted, the lobes equal, en-

120

IjVII. LOASACEiE.

larged in fruit, persistent. Petals 10, deciduous, inserted at
the summit of the calyx-tube, 5 outer roundish, concave, 5
inner smaller, ligulate, angularly bent. Stamens indefinite,
those of the outer row barren, with cordate bases. Ovary
turbinate, 3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; styles 3, erect, subconnatc.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 502.

The only species is K. spathulata, Br. ( Fissenia Capensis , Endl. ; Thes.
Cap. t. 98), a robust, bristly undershrub, with alternate, petioled, 5-7-
lobed, toothed leaves, and rather large yellow flowers, disposed in scorpioid,
terminal, bracteate cymes. It is a native of Namaqualand, the mouth of
the Oariep, etc., and extends thence northwards through tropical Africa to
Arabia.

Order LYIII. PASSIFLOREjE.

Plowers bisexual or unisexual. Calyx monophyllous, free,
tubular or rotate ; limb 3-4-5 -cleft or parted. Petals as many
as the calycine lobes, often herbaceous on the outside, con-
tinuous with the apex of the calyx-tube, or inserted much
within the tube, persistent, separate or (rarely) united in a
bell-shaped corolla. Corona various, exterior to the fertile
stamens. Stamens as many or twice as many as the caly-
cine lobes, free or monadelphous ; anthers versatile or fixed.
Ovary mostly stipitate, 1-celled ; ovules many or few, on pa-
rietal placentas ; styles as many as the placentas ; stigmas
thickened. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds on long cords,
mostly arillate, with a furrowed and ridged seed-coat, albumi-
nous.— Climbing (rarely erect) shrubs or herbs.

Flowers bisexual.

Calyx 3-parted. Petals 3, half-herbaceous. Co-
rona double, the outer fringed 1. Teyphostemma.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Dioecious. Corolla 0 or polypetalous.

Calyx 5-fid. Disk with 5 conspicuous glands . 2. Modecca.

Calyx 5-parted. Disk without glands ... 3. Ophiocaulon.

Monoecious. Calyx 3-5-parted. Corolla monope-
talous, 3-5-lobed, herbaceous.

A vine-like climber. Capsule slender, pod-like 4. CeeatiosicyoS.

A suberect, low herb. Capsule ovoid ... 5. Achaeia.

1. TEYPHOSTEMMA, Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Tube of the perianth short, obco-
nical ; limb 6-parted, in 2 rows, the 3 inner segments unequal,
2 of them larger, herbaceous, and white-edged, the third
linear and petaloid. Corona perigynous, annular, double,
the outer fringed, the inner entire or crenulate, bearing the
stamens. Stamens 5, within the rim of the inner corona;
filaments subulate ; anthers erect, sagittate, 2-celled. Ovary

LVIII. PASSIFLOltEiE.

121

subsessile, 1-celled ; ovules few, on 3-4 parietal placentas ;
styles 3-4, filiform ; stigmas capitate. Capsule shortly stipi-
tate, membranous, 3-4-valved, few-seeded. Seeds pendulous,
with a membranous aril, areolate-corrugate. — FI. Cap. ii. p.
499 ; Thes. Cap. t. 51.

T. Sandersoni, H., the only species, grows near Natal. Stems subsimple,
4 inches to 4 feet high, the taller somewhat climbing. Leaves alternate,
sessile or subsessile, 2-stipuled, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, distantly toothed,
netted-veined. Flowers 2-5 lines diameter, greenish, in short axillary ra-
cemes.

2. MODECCA, Lam.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx tubular-conical, bell-shaped, 4-5-
lobed. Corolla of 4-5, ovate oblong or linear, sometimes fim-
briate petals, smaller than the calycine lobes, and inserted
either at the summit of the calyx-tube or far within it. —
Male : Stamens 4-5, inserted in the bottom of the calyx and
opposite its lobes ; filaments subulate, connate in a ring at
base ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, erect. A rudiment of an
ovary. Grlands 4-5, opposite the petals. — Female : Abortive
stamens 5, subulate, girding the ovary. Ovary stipitate or
subsessile, 1-celled ; ovules numerous, on 3 parietal placentas ;
style short or 0 ; stigma dilated or fimbriate. Capsule thinly
fleshy (leathery when dry), subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
Seeds arillate, corrugate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 499 (species 1 and
2) ; Thes. Cap. t. 12.

Mostly vine-like climbers, often with tendrils. Leaves alternate, un-
divided or lobed, the petioles mostly 2-glanded at the apex. Stipules ob-
solete or none. Peduncles axillary ; flowers small, greenish. — About 6
(some undescribed) South African species, all from Natal or Zululand.

3. OPHIOCAULOH, Hook. f.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx-tube very short ; lobes spread-
ing, marked with black lines. Petals 5, subserrate. — Male :
Stamens 5, almost hypogynous ; filaments very short ; an-
thers narrow-linear. G-lands of disk 0 or very obscure. — Fe-
male : Abortive stamens 5, subulate. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ;
stigmas 3, flabellate ; ovules numerous, on 3 parietal placentas.
Capsule sessile, coriaceous, 3-valved, many-seeded.

An African genus of climbing shrubs, with smooth, snake-like stems, full
of gum. Leaves alternate, green, glaucous beneath, entire or lobed. Ten-
drils simple or branched. Flowers small, greenish, in long, peduncled,
axillary cymes. — 1 species, Modecca ? gummifera , Harv. FI. Cap. ii. 501, a
native of the Eastern districts.

4. CERATIOSICYOS, Nees.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx-tube short ; limb of

122

LYIII. PAS3IFL011E2E.

4-5 slender, subulate lobes. Corolla continuous with the
calyx-tube, bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, inserted in
the base of the calyx, free, alternate with the lobes of the co-
rolla, dilated upwards ; anthers adnate to a club-shaped con-
nective, the cells slightly separated, introrse. Grlands as many
as the stamens, and alternating with them, oblong, fleshy. —
Female : Calyx-lobes obsolete. Corolla as in the male.
Grlands as in the male, but smaller. Ovary stipitate, unilocu-
lar ; ovules numerous, on 4-5 parietal placentas ; stigmas 4-5,
subsessile, channelled, 2-lobed. Capsule pod-like, slender,
4-5-valved, several-seeded. — FI. Cap. i\.p. 501.

C. EcJclonii , Necs, the only species, is a slender, nearly glabrous climber,
growing in the Eastern district and at Natal. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed,
membranous. Flowers axillary, greenish, the males in racemes, the fe-
males solitary.

5. ACHARXA, Th.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 3-4-parted. Corolla
bell-shaped, 3- (rarely 4-)lobed, herbaceous, continuous with
the short calyx-tube. Stamens adnate to the tube of the co-
rolla for more than half their length, as many as the lobes and
alternate with them ; filaments dilated upwards, subexserted ;
anthers adnate to a broad, 2-lobed connective, the cells sepa-
rated, introrse. Grlands 3-4, fleshy, in the base of the perianth,
alternating with the stamens. — Female: Calyx and corolla as
in the male, but enlarged in fruit, persistent. Ovary subses-
sile, with 3 glands at base, 1-celled ; ovules few, on 3-4 pa-
rietal placentas ; style 3-4-cleft ; stigmas 3-4, channelled, 2-
lobed. Capsule shortly stipitate, ovoid, membranous, 3-4-
valved, few-seeded. Seeds pendulous, with a small arillus. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 501.

A. tragioides , Th., the only species, is a small, thinly-pubescent, branch-
ing herb, growing in shady places of Uitenhage and Albany. Leaves alter-
nate, petioled, 3-lobed, and cut. Flowers small, green, axillary.

Order LIX. CXJCUEBXTACE^].

Flowers unisexual. Calyx 5-lobed, adnate. Corolla mostly
monop etalous, 5-lobed or 5 -parted, continuous with the sum-
mit of the calyx-tube. Stamens inserted within or at the
mouth of the calyx-tube, 5-3-2, either free or with the anther-
cells monadelphous, or the anthers and filaments variously co-
hering ; anthers usually linear, adnate, extrorse, cells straight
curved flexuous or conduplicate. Ovary inferior, usually with
prominent, parietal placentas, often meeting in the centre,
sometimes 2-3-celled ; ovules many, usually horizontal ; styles

LIX. CUCURBITACEiE.

123

united or distinct ; stigmas 1-3, entire or 2-lobed or parted.
Fruit a succulent or dry berry or gourd. Seeds lying in pulp
or corky or fibrous substance, exalbuminous. — Herbs, with
prostrate or climbing, very long stems, and simple or branched
tendrils. Leaves alternate, petioled, exstipulate, palminerved,
often multifid or lobed, sometimes 3-5-foliolate.

Tribe 1. Cucurbitea:. Ovules horizontal. Stamens usually three.
Fruit decaying or bursting irregularly, rarely 3-valved. Seeds not winged.

§ 1. Cucumerinecs. Anther-cells flexuous or conduplicate (rarely straight
in Cucumis and Momordica).

Corolla rotate or bell-shaped ; limb divided wholly
or nearly to the base.

Calyx-tube short.

Connective of anthers prolonged beyond the

cells 1. Cucumis.

Connective not prolonged.

Calyx-tube without internal scales. Ten-
drils usually branched 2. Citrullus.

Calyx-tube with 2 scales between the sta-
mens. Tendrils simple 3. Momordica.

Calyx-tube long (at least in the female).

Fruit a few-seeded berry 4. Trochomeria.

Gourd dry and fibrous within ; seeds flat . . 5. Luffa.

Gourd fleshy ; seeds with tumid border . . 6. Lagexaria.

Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed to or above the middle,
rarely below it.

Tendrils simple. Fruit a berry 7. Cephalandra.

Tendrils forked or branched. Fruit a gourd . . 8. Cucurbita.

§ 2. Melothriea. Anther-cells straight. Fruit a berry. (See Cucumis
and Momordica in Tribe 1.)

Anthers 3, all 2-celled. Seeds flat 9. Zehxeria.

Anthers 3, 2 of them 2-celled, the other 1-celled.

Female flowers with 3 staminodia. Style with a
tumid annulus at base. Seeds tumid . . . 10. Rhynchocarpa.

Female flower with 3 staminodia. Style without

disk at base. Seeds tumid 11. Pisosperma.

Female flower without staminodia. Style with a

cup-shaped disk at base. Seeds compressed . 12. Mukia.

Tribe 2. Zanoniea:. Ovules and seeds pendulous. Stamens 4 , anthers
1-celled, straight, cohering in pairs. Fruit opening at the apex. Seeds
with a broad wing 13. Gerrardanthus.

Tribe 1. Ctjcfrbite^:.

1. CUCUMIS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx bell-shaped,
5-fid. Corolla spreading, its limb 5-parted. Stamens 3, in-
serted at the base of the corolla, one 1-celled ; anthers flexuous,
rarely straight, terminated by a papillose, lobed prolongation
of the connective. — Female : Calyx and corolla as in the male ;

m

LIX. CUCURBITAGE^.

stigmas 3, thick. Fruit a gourd, 3- or spuriously 6-celled,
many-seeded. Seeds oval, compressed, not margined. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 494.

Annuals or perennials, scabrous, with succulent stems, rarely wanting
tendrils, and angular or deeply-lobed leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary or
tufted, yellow. — 9 ascertained Cape species, several others from Natal, of
which incomplete specimens have as yet only reached us.

2. CITRULLUS, Schrad.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-fid.
Corolla 5-parted, flattish. Stamens 3, inserted at the base of
the corolla, 2 bilocular, deeply parted, the third unilocular ;
connective without any terminal appendage ; anther-cells
flexuous. — Female: calyx and corolla as in the male. Ovary
with 3 prominent placentas, villous or smooth ; style 3-fid ;
stigmas 3, thick. Fruit a globose, rarely oblong, 3- or 6-
celled, many-seeded gourd. Seeds oval, compressed, with ob-
tuse margins. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 492.

C. vulgaris, a prostrate plant, with deeply 3-5-lobed leaves, forked ten-
drils, and axillary yellow flowers, occurs on sandy flats in many places. It
is the “Kaffir Water-melon” and “ Bitter Apple ” of the colonists, and a
wild variety of the common European and Asiatic Water-melon.

3. MOMOKDICA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — 'Male : Panicled and ebrac-
teate or bracteate or solitary, with the peduncle bearing a
large, sessile, clasping bract. Calyx 5-cleft, with a yery short
tube, closed at the base with 2 or 3 horizontal or incurved
scales. Corolla 5-parted to the base, much longer than the
calyx. Stamens 3, one 1-celled ; anther-cells flexuous or con-
duplicate, rarely straight, free or connate. Ovary with 3 pla-
centas ; style simple ; stigmas 3. Glourd fleshy, not fibrous,
prickly, often bursting when ripe, with or without elasticity.
Seeds compressed or tumid, enveloped in a fleshy pulp. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 491.

Annual or perennial climbers, with petiolate, lobed or compound leaves,
simple, rarely 2-fid tendrils and yellow or white flowers. — 4 ascertained
Cape species, dispersed, and some imperfectly known, undesci’ibed.

4. TROCHOMERIA, Hook. f.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx with a cylindrical
or funnel-shaped tube, and a 5-parted limb. Corolla spread-
ing, 5-parted to the base; the lobes sometimes very long.
Stamens 3 ; filaments inserted within the calyx-tube ; anthers
subexserted or included, connivent ; cells conduplicate, 2 bilo-
cular, the third unilocular. Female perianth as in the male.

LIX. CUCURBITACEiE.

125

Ovary 3-celled ; ovules few ; style cylindrical ; stigma fleshy,
3-lobed. Fruit a berry ? — Thes. Cap. t. 9(5, 182, 183.

Perennial climbers, with simple tendrils and more or less deeply-lobed
leaves. Several have a large ciliate or pectinate bract at the base of the
peduncle, others want it. — To this new genus are referred the following
species of c Flora Capensis’ : — Zehneria Garcini ( Trochomeria Hoolceri , H.),
Z. pectinata, Z. Wyleyana , Z. macrocarpa, Z. debilis , and Lagenaria ? sa-
gittate/,. The true Zehneria Garcini of Stocks is different from the species
so named in * Flora Capensis.’

5. LUFFA, Tournef.

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious. Calyx-tube in the
male bell-shaped or turbinate, in the female oblong-clavate ;
limb 5-toothed. Petals 5, somewhat deciduous. — Male : Sta-
mens 3, exserted, 2 bilocular, deeply 2-parted, the third uni-
locular ; anther-cells very flexuous, marginal on a very broad
connective.— Female : Stamens abortive. Style 3-cleft ; stig-
mas reniform or 2-parted. Gourd at length dry and fibrous
within, usually opening by the falling of a terminal lid, some-
times indehiscent. Seeds broadly oval, flattened. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 490.

Climbers, with angular stems, branching tendrils, palmate-lobed leaves
and large, yellow flowers. Male flower racemose ; female solitary. — 2 Cape
species, both Eastern.

6. LAGENARIA, Ser.

Flowers monoecious. Calyx bell-shaped ; segments broadish.
Corolla (white) 5-parted ; petals obovate, springing from
within the calycine rim. — Male : Stamens 3, included ; anthers
subsessile ; cells very flexuous. — Female : Style scarcely any ;
stigmas 3, subsessile, thick, 2-lobed. Gourd hard, dry, inde-
hiscent. Seeds numerous, obovate, compressed, with a tumid
border. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 489.

Climbing, softly-pubeseent annuals. Tendrils 2-fid. Leaves cordate,
nearly entire; flowers axillary. Fruit often large, pear-shaped or clavate.
— L. vulgaris occurs spontaneously in gardens of Kaffraria.

7. CEPHALANDEA, Schrad.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx short, campanulate, 5-
toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, semi-5-fid, veiny. Filaments
3, inserted at the mouth of the calyx, free, but the connectives
connate, united into a globose, antheriferous head; anthers
distinct, 2 of them 2-celled, the other 1-celled ; cells flexuous.
— Female : Calyx and corolla as in the male. Ovary oblong,
with 3 placentas ; style with a thick, lobed stigma. Fruit a
many-seeded, smooth berry. Seeds compressed, obliquely
subattenuated at base. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 492.

126

LIX. CUCURBITACEiE.

Four ascertained species, some others imperfectly known, all Eastern
and from beyond the Eastern frontier. Herbaceous, climbing perennials,
with 5-lobed leaves, simple tendrils, yellow flowers, and purple fruit.

8. CUCURBITA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-fid.
Corolla bell-shaped, 5-fid. Stamens 3 ; filaments 4 ; anthers one
1-celled and two 2-celled, very sinuous. — Female : Calyx and
corolla of male. Sterile stamens. Ovary 3-5-celled, many-
ovuled ; style 3-fid ; stigmas thickened, 2-lobed. Grourd many-
seeded. Seeds ovate, compressed, with a tumid margin.

Annuals, with branched tendrils and cordate or 3-5-lobed leaves. — To
this belong the universally-cultivated Gourds and Pumpkins of gardeners.

9. ZEHNERXA, Endl.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx hell-shaped,
5-toothed. Corolla spreading, 5-parted. Stamens 3 (some-
times 4), inserted deeply within the calyx-tube, separate ; an-
thers all 2-celled, on a broad fringed connective. — Female :
Calyx and corolla as in the male. Staminodia 3, club-shaped.
Style inserted in a tumid, 3-lobed epigynous disk, 3-fid ; stigmas
3, fleshy. Fruit a few-seeded, subglobose berry, with a tough
skin. Seeds flattish. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 485 (in part).

Perennial climbers, with simple tendrils and cordate, angular or lobed
leaves. Flowers small, white ; the males peduncled, racemose j female in
subsessile imperfect umbels or tufts. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

10. RHYN CHOC ARP A, Schrad.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx bell-shaped,
5-fid. Corolla spreading, 5-parted. Stamens 3 (rarely 4), in-
serted in the tube of the calyx ; filaments short ; anthers free
or connivent, two 2-celled, the other 1-celled; cells oblong,
straight, the connective rarely crested. — Female : Calyx and
corolla as in the male. Staminodia 3. Style inserted in a
tumid, epigynous disk. Fruit a sharply-beaked or taper-
pointed, few-seeded, 3-celled berry. Seeds tumid. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 483 (Coniandra).

Tuberous-rooted, climbing herbs, with simple tendrils, palmate or digi-
tate-parted, rarely reniform, entire leaves, and small, greenish flowers. — 7
species, dispersed.

11. PISOSPERMA, Sond.

Flowers monoecious, aggregated on radical, leafless branches,
the males racemose, the female subsolitary. — Male : Calyx-
tube bell-shaped ; lobes 5, lanceolate. Petals 5, oblong. Sta-
mens 3 ; filaments short ; two anthers 2-celled, the other 1-
celled ; cells linear, straight. — Female : Calyx and corolla as

LIX. CUCURBITACE2E.

127

in the male. Staminodia 3. Style 1, without any epigynous
disk ; stigma thick, lobed. Fruit a small berry with a tough
coat, subglobose, apiculate, 3-celled, (3-12-seeded. Seed tumid.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 498.

A tuberous-rooted perennial. The flowers are borne on very short,
radical branches close to the ground. They are pale yellow, striped with
green ; the males numerous, females few. When the little fruit is almost
ripe, the root sends out long, twining, leafy stems, bearing small, simple
tendrils. Leaves pedatifid, with linear lobes ; the middle lobe very long.
— P. Capense , Sond., grows beyond the Eastern frontier.

12. Mina A, Arn.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed.
Corolla 5-parted ; lobes obtuse. Stamens 3, inserted in the
tube of the calyx ; filaments free ; two anthers 2-celled, the
other 1-celled ; cells linear, straight, cohering ; connective
produced into a conical point. — Female : Calyx and corolla as
in male. Ovary ovoid, setulose, with 2-3 placentas ; style
short, insertedin an annular, fleshy, epigynous disk. Stami-
nodia 0. Fruit a small, smooth or bristly, globose, few-seeded
berry. Seeds oblong-oval, subcompressed, surrounded by a
broad or narrow rim, scrobiculate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 488.

M. scabrella, Arn., a common annual plant of tropical Asia, occurs near
Natal. Stem climbing, with simple tendrils, and angled or lobed hairy
leaves. Flowers small, yellow ; the males tufted, females solitary or ag-
gregated.

Tribe 2. Zanonie^.

13. GEERARDANTHUS, Harv.

Flowers dioecious? — Male: Calyx small, rotate, 5-lobed.
Corolla rotate, 5-parted to the base ; lobes linear-oblong,
fleshy, 2 rather larger than the others. Stamens 4, and 1
sterile ; filaments separate ; anthers 1-celled, linear, cohering
in pairs.— i-Female : Calyx and corolla as in the male. Ovary
long, tapering at base, 3-cornered, with thick placentas and
several pendulous ovules on each placenta. Fruit a long,
funnel-shaped, nearly dry, at length membranous gourd, 3-
valved at top. Seeds many, flat, with a crustaceous testa, and
long membranous wing.

Gr. megarhiza, Dene, and Harv., the only species, grows in the Natal
colony. It has a large, placentiform, tuberous root, lying on the surface of
the soil, 3-4 feet diameter, 1-2 feet thick, slightly acrid and bitter, and
used, as Mr. Gerrard informs me, “ by the Kaffirs for various medicinal
purposes ; among others, they give it to heifers, after the first calf, to in-
crease the quantity of milk ; but it appears to deteriorate the quality, for,
it is said, that cows give no butter during the time they are taking the root.”
Stem woody, tuberculated, very long, rising to the tops of the highest trees,
the branches hanging down in graceful, pendulous wreaths. All parts of

128

LIX. CUCURBTTACEiE.

stem and foliage are glabrous. Branchlets slender, angular. Tendrils long,
2-fid. Leaves petioled, cordate, quite entire, 5-7-nerved at base, membra-
nous, mucronate. Flowers small ; the males on long pedicels, in subum-
bellate fascicles. — This very remarkable plant is named in honour of W. T.
Gerrard, Esq., who collected it in May, 1862, on the Nonoti, and to whom
I am indebted for specimens of male and female flowers and ripe seeds.
For several years Mr. Gerrard* has devoted himself, with an ardour which
repeated attacks of fever and repeated thwartings from the unruly conduct
and superstition of the natives have not abated, to the exploration of the
natural history of Zululand ; and the pages of ‘ Flora Capensis ’ and of
* Thesaurus Capensis,’ so far as published, bear ample witness to his success
in botanical discovery. He has also, in conjunction with Mr. M'Ken, most
generously contributed nearly 2000 species of dried plants to the Dublin
University Herbarium. I have, therefore, peculiar pleasure in inscribing
this genus to his honour. As a genus it will stand next to Alsomitra , Wall.,
but it differs in habit and foliage, as well as in several characters of flowers
and fruit. My friend Professor Decaisne, who has succeeded in raising
young plants at the Jardin des Plantes, joins me in the specific name se-
lected. The seedlings, after forming a few leaves, have already acquired
tubers as large as a pigeon’s egg.

Oedee LX. BEGONIACEiE.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Perianth 4-leaved, coloured.
Stamens many ; anthers adnate, with a thickened connective.
— Female : Perianth with a 3-winged tube, adnate to the ovary,
and a 4-9-parted, coloured limb. Ovary inferior, 3-celled,
with many axile ovules ; stigmas 3, subsessile, fleshy. Cap-
sules 3-winged, membranous, opening by slits ; seeds nume-
rous, without albumen. — Herbs, with swollen nodes, juicy
stems and unequal-sided leaves, with membranous stipules.

1. BEGONIA, Linn.

Capsules opening by arched or longitudinal slits along the
face of the cells. Placentas from the inner angle of the
ovarian cells. — FI. Gap. ii. p. 480.

A large genus, chiefly American and Asiatic. Leaves alternate, petioled,
palmate-nerved, subentire, toothed or lobed, unequal-sided, frequently
semicordate at base, often scaly and brightly coloured on the lower surface.
Flowers cymose, mostly pink or rosy. — About 5 South African species, all
Eastern and from Natal.

Order LXI. CACTE.E.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth many-leaved, imbricating, its
tube adnate to the ovary. Stamens indefinite. Ovary inferior,

* Since the above was written, Mr. Gerrard left Natal upon a scientific
expedition into the interior of Madagascar, where he died of fever in 1866.
—J. I). 11.

LXI. CACTEAI.

129

1-celled, with several parietal placentas ; style filiform, termi-
nal ; stigmas as many as the placentas. Fruit succulent.
Seeds mostly without albumen. — Succulent, mostly leafless
plants, almost all of American origin.

1. KHIPSALIS, Graertn.

Tube of the perianth not produced beyond the ovary ; limb
rotate, of 12-18 short, scale-like lobes, the outer resembling
sepals, the inner petaloid. Stamens many, about equalling
the lobes of perianth. Style filiform ; stigmas 3-6, radiating.
Berry globose, smooth, often crowned with the dried-up limb
of the perianth. Seeds numerous, exalbuminous. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 479.

Slender succulents, growing on trees, with whip-like (or leaf-like, often
jointed) stems, and small, lateral flowers. — R. cassytha, or some closely-allied
species, grows in Caflraria and at Natal ; branches slender, green, terete,
pendulous, remotely scaly.

Order LXII. EICOIDE^l.

Flowers regular, bisexual. Calyx gamosepalous, 4-5-8-cleft,
adnate or free, mostly coloured within. Petals either very
numerous or, more usually, 0. Stamens perigynous or sub-
hypogynous, definite or indefinite, free. Ovary inferior or
superior, 2-5-20-celled or of 2-5 separable cocci; ovules
many or few or solitary, usually on long cords, attached to the
base or inner angle of the cavity ; stigmas as many as the
carpels. Fruit capsular or nut-like. Embryo curved round
a central, mealy albumen. — Herbaceous or suflruticose plants,
with more or less fleshy, mostly quite entire leaves, with or
without stipules. Flowers either showy or minute.

Tribe 1. Mesembeyanthe.®. Petals very numerous, narrow. Stamens
many. Ovary inferior, 5- or many-celled. Capsules 5-20-celled, opening
by as many valves. — Leaves sessile, mostly opposite, without stipules.

Herbs or shrubs, with fleshy leaves and bright

flowers 1. Mesembeyanthemum.

Tribe 2. Tetbagoniea:. Petals 0. Ovary inferior. Drupe 1-9-celled,
indehiscent, often winged. — No stipules.

Herbs or shrubs, with flat, alternate leaves . 2. Teteagonia.

Tribe 3. Aizoidea:. Petals 0. Stamens definite or indefinite, mostly
perigynous. Ovary superior. Capsules loculicidal. — No stipules.

Stamens perigynous.

Stamens about 20, in the base of the calyx-
tube. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules 2-many in
each cell 3. Aizoon.

K

130

LXII. FICOIDEtE.

Stamens 10-40, in parcels on the top of the
funnel-shaped calyx-tube. Ovary 2-celled ;

cells 1-ovuled 4. Acrosanthes.

Stamens 8-10, alternating in pairs with the
lobes of the rotate calyx. Ovary 2-5-

celled ; cells 1-ovuled 5. Galenia.

Stamens hypogynous.

Stamens 5. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary 6. Plinthus.

Tribe 4. Molltjgine.®. Petals mostly 0. Stamens 5, 10 or many,
mostly hypogynous. Ovary superior. Capsule loculicidal. — Leaves usually
stipulate.

Ovary 3-5-celled ; each cell with several ovules.

Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base.

Sepals unequal, cuspidate. Petals 15-20,
shorter than the calyx. Seeds arilled at

base 7. Orygia.

Sepals subequal, ovate. Seeds not arilled.

Stigmas linear. Stipules obsolete . . 8. Mollugo.

Stigmas obovate, fleshy. Stipules sca-

rious, lacerate, conspicuous .... 9. Pharnaceum:.

Calyx 5-fid to the middle or above it . . . 10. C(ELANTHUM.

Ovary 1-2-3- or 5-celled; cells 1-ovuled.

Calyx 5-parted, segments quite entire.

Ovary 3-5-celled 11. Psammatropha.

Ovary 1-celled 12. Adenogramma.

Calyx 4-parted, segments fimbriato-lacerate 13. Polpoda.

Tribe 5. Giesekieze. Petals 5 or 0. Stamens 5 or many, hypogynous.

Ovary superior. Fruit of 2-5 separable nuts.

Petals 0. Ovary of 3-5 carpels. Nuts warted

or crested 14. Giesekia.

Petals 3-5 (rarely wanting). Ovary of 2 plano-
convex carpels.

Carpels flat, with a marginal wing . . . .15. Semonvillea.

Carpels hemispherical, w'ingless, dorsally

pitted 16. Limeum.

Tribe 6. Petals 0. Stamens 5 or many, mostly perigynous. Ovary
superior, 1-5-celled ; cells 1- or many-ovuled. Capsule circumscissile.

Stamens perigynous ; ovary 2 -3 -celled. Flowers

sessile, axillary 17. Trianthema.

1. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Linn.

Calyx 5-, rarely 2-8-lobed, its tube attached to tbe ovary,
tbe lobes unequal, usually leaf-like. Petals very numerous,
linear, in one or many rows, united at the base. Stamens in-
numerable, in many rows, united at base. Ovary 4-20, but
usually 5-celled ; stigmas 4-20, usually 5. Capsules 5-20-
celled, opening like a star at the summit. Seeds very many.
— FI. Gap. ii. p. 387.

A vast genus, chiefly South African, natives of dry sands, Karroo plains,
etc. ; few to the east of the Great Fish river. Leaves mostly opposite,

LXII. FICOIDEiE.

131

thick and fleshy. Flowers mostly terminal, white red or yellow, some
dazzlingly brilliant, opening mostly in bright sunshine. — About 300 species.

2. TETRAGONIA, Linn.

Calyx 4-cleft, rarely 3-5-cleft, its tube adhering to the 4-5-
angled ovary ; lobes coloured within. Petals wanting. Stamens
variable in number, sometimes definite, sometimes fascicled ;
anthers oblong or linear. Ovary inferior, 3-9-celled, by abor-
tion 1-2-celled ; ovules solitary ; styles as many as the ovarian
cells, very short. Drupe or nut winged or horned, indehiscent,

1- 9-celled. Seeds solitary. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 460. •

Herbs or undershrubs, with alternate, flat, fleshy, undivided, usually quite
entire leaves, and axillary, sessile or stalked, green flowers. — 23 Cape species,
dispersed.

3. AIZOON, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, coloured within. Petals 0. Stamens about
20, in the bottom of the calyx, and disposed in 3-5 tufts.
Ovary free, 5-angled, 5-celled ; cells with 2 or many ovules ;
styles or stigmas 5. Capsules 5-celled, opening at the top,
like a star ; cells 2-10-seeded. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 469.

Small herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate, fleshy, quite
entire. Flowers in the axils of the leaves or forks of the stem, mostly
sessile. — 7 species, dispersed.

4. ACROSANTHES, E. and Z.

Calyx 5-parted, coloured within. Petals 0. Stamens 10-
40, 2-seriate, in parcels on the top of the funnel-shaped calyx-
tube, the outer longer ; filaments capillary ; anthers linear.
Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; stigmas 2, filiform. Cap-
sules subglobose, enclosed in the persistent calyx, 1-celled, 2-
valved. Seeds 1-2, fixed to the base. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 473.

Decumbent, forked, glabrous undershrubs. Leaves subconnate, opposite
or in fours. Flowers axillary or in the forks, solitary, peduncled. — 4
species, all Western.

5. GALENIA, Linn.

Calyx 4- or 5-parted, coloured within. Petals 0. Stamens
8-10, in 4 or 5 sets, or 1 or a pair alternating with the calyx-
lobes ; anthers versatile, didymous ; cells turgid. Ovary free,

2- 5-celled, or by abortion 1-celled ; cells 1-ovulate ; styles
2-5. Capsules 2-5-celled, or by abortion 1-celled, 3-5-fur-
rowed or 2-edged, dehiscent, or, if unilocular, indehiscent.
Seeds solitary, shining, striate, fixed to long cords rising from
the base of the cell.— FI. Cap. ii. p. 473.

Herbaceous or half-shrubby, much-branched plants, with alternate or
opposite, fleshy, quite entire leaves, and minute, axillary, mostly sessile
flowers. — 18 species, dispersed.

K 2

132

LXTI. FICOIDE^.

6. PLINTHUS, Fenzl.

Calyx tubular ; limb 5-parted, lobes erect, subequal, co-
loured witbin. Petals 0. Stamens 5, inserted in tbe base of
tbe calyx, alternate with the lobes, hypogynous ; filaments
exserted. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules solitary, pendulous ; style
3-parted. Capsules ovoid, densely papillose, not depressed,
3-celled, loculicidal, 3-valved ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds shining,
striate. — FI. Cap. ii . p. 479.

JP. crypto carpus, Fenzl, found by Drege in the Nieuweveld, is a small,
prostrate sh?ub. Leaves very minute, ovate-trigonous, opposite and alter-
nate. Flowers hidden in the axils of the leaves, minute.

7. OBYGIA, Forsk.

Calyx 5-parted; segments cuspidate, of unequal length.
Petals 15-30, spathulate-linear or oval, shorter than the calyx,
at the base confluent into a fleshy cup. Stamens 12-40, in the
bottom of the calyx, some free, some united at base ; filaments
subulate-triangular ; anthers versatile, oblong. Ovary globose,
5-celled, many-ovuled ; stigmas 5. Capsules dry, roundish,
5-angled, 5-furrowed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds
many, on ascending cords, reniform, black, concentrically
furrowed, arilled at the scar. — FI. Cap. i. p. 136.

O. decumbens, the only species, is a glabrous, glaucous, diffuse plant,
with angular stem and branches ; fleshy, orbicular obovate or elliptical,
entire or retuse, muticous or mucronate, alternate, petioled leaves, and
cymose flowers. It grows in the Eastern and North-Eastern districts, and
is also found in Arabia and the East Indies.

8. MOLLUGO, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments ovate. Petals 0 or numerous,
shorter than the calyx, very narrow, 2-3-forked or setaceous.
Stamens 3-5-20, in the base of the calyx, hypogynous, free or
united in parcels ; filaments subulate ; anthers oblong or glo-
bose. Ovary ovate, 3-5-celled, many-ovuled; stigmas 3-5,
linear. Capsules membranous, 3-5-angled, loculicidally 3-5-
celled. Seeds numerous, on ascending cords, reniform, smooth
or tubercled. — G-linus, FI. Cap. i. p. 136 ; and Mollugo, FI.
Cap. i. p. 137.

Annual or perennial, procumbent, glabrous or stellately-liairy plants,
with alternate or whorled, entire or denticulate leaves, and small umbellate
or clustered flowers. — 3 Cape species, dispersed.

9. PHAENACEUM, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals very obtuse, coloured (white) within
and at the margin. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5 or 12-16 in two
rows, the 5 outer alternating with the sepals; or 20-30, in

LXII. 1'ICOlDEJi.

133

3-5 parcels, connate at base, alternating with a few free sta-
mens. Disk 3-5-fid or 0. Stigmas 3-5, obovate, fleshy,
coloured or white, rarely terete. Capsules membranous, 3-5-
angled, 3-5-celled, 3-5-valved, loculicidal ; cells many-seeded.
Seeds lenticular, smooth, shining. — Pharnaceum, FI. Cap. i. p.
138 ; and Hypertelis, FI. Cap. i. p. 144.

Small, slender, half-shrubby plants or herbs, with setaceous, filiform or
linear, rarely lanceolate leaves ; the cauline leaves alternate, the upper
crowded in dense, brush-like tufts. Stipules conspicuous, either fimbriate
or entire. Flowers in cymes or pseudo-umbels. — About 20 species, dis-
persed.

10. CCELANTHUM, E. Mey.

Calyx funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, semi-5-fid; the segments
petaloid, obtuse. Petals 0. Stamens 5, inserted between the
calyx-lobes, perigynous ; filaments short ; anthers sagittate,
erect, longer than the filaments. Disk 0. Stigmas 3, round-
ish, fleshy. Capsules oblong, 3-angled, 3-celled, many-seeded,
loculicidally 3-valved ; valves septiferous. Seeds globose,
subcompressed. — FI. Cap. i. p. 14<J.

Glabrous annuals, with scape-like, 2-3-forked and racemoso-cymose
stems, springing from a tuft of radical leaves. Leaves obovate oval or
lanceolate. Stipules fimbriato-lacerate. — 2 species, both Western.

11. PSAMMOTROPHA, E. and Z.

Calyx 5-parted; sepals ovate, coloured within and at the
margin. Petals 0. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals ;
anthers globose. Disk 0. Style very short ; stigmas 3-5,
filiform. Capsule 3-5-angled, subglobose, 3-5-celled, 3-5-
valved, loculicidal ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds globose, granulated.
— FI. Cap. i.p. 146.

Small undershrubs or perennial herbs, with or without stipules. Branches
bent at the nodes, with whorled leaves ; sometimes very much branched,
and imbricated with crowded, rigid, 4-ranked leaves. Flowers minute,
umbellate. — 4 species, dispersed.

12. ADENOGRAMMA, Echb.

Calyx 5-parted, ovoid or globose ; sepals coloured within
and at the margin. Petals 0. Stamens 5, alternate with the
sepals, connate at base into a membranous, hypogynous ring ;
anthers ovoid, versatile. Ovary 1-celled, wdth a single ovule on
an ascending cord ; style simple ; stigma capitate. Utricle
indehiscent, conical, straight, compressed or lenticular, ob-
liquely acuminate, smooth or papillated. Seed ovoid, with
a membranous coat. — FI. Cap. i.p. 149.

•Slender, rigid perennials or annuals, dichotomous, diffuse and glabrous.

134

LXII. FICOIDEiE.

Leaves whorled, obovate, lanceolate or linear, with obsolete stipules.
Flowers small, sessile or pedicellate, in sessile, axillary umbels. — 7 species,
dispersed.

13. POLPODA, Presl.

Calyx petaloid, 4-parted ; sepals (snow-white) fringed and
lacerate, imbricated at base with 3-4 hard-margined, basally-
fimbriate bracts. Petals 0. Stamens 4, hypogynous, alter-
nate with the sepals ; filaments exserted ; anther-cells linear,
divaricate at base. Style 2-parted ; branches filiform, erect,
stigmatose. Capsules broadly obcordate, 2-celled, compressed
laterally, loculicidally 2-valved ; valves septiferous. Seed so-
litary, globose-reniform, granulated, black, opaque. — FI. Cap.
i. p. 149.

P. Capensis, the only species, is a diffusely-branched undershrub, the
branches everywhere densely imbricated with minute, linear, hard-margined,
channelled leaves, on each side at base bordered with membranous, fringed,
stipulary laminae. Flowers minute, axillary, sessile, forming long, cylin-
drical, terminal spikes. — Common on hills round Capetown and Kamp’s
Bay.

14. GIESEKIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals often coloured, with membranous
edges. Petals 0. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous, separate, alterna-
ting singly or in parcels of 2 or 3 with the sepals ; filaments
broad-based, subulate. Carpels 5 (sometimes 3-4), sessile on a
small torus, separate ; ovules solitary, erect ; styles 3-5, con-
tinuous with the inner angle of the carpel. Fruit lodged
in the persistent calyx, of 3-5 1-seeded, warted or crested, dry
nuts ; embryo peripheric. — FI. Cap. i. p. 155.

Small annuals or perennials, growing in sandy soil. Stems slender,
spreading, forked. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire, fleshy, generally
paler beneath, and dotted with hard, immersed points. Flowers minute,
greenish, in simple or compound cymes. — 2 Cape species, dispersed.

15. SEMONTVILLEA, Gay.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals separate, herbaceous, with mem-
branous edges. Petals 5 or 0, clawed. Stamens 5-7, hypo-
gynous, the broad-based filaments slightly connate at base.
Ovary compressed, of 2 plano-convex carpels, united by their
flat sides ; styles 2, filiform ; stigmas subcapitate. Fruit orbi-
cular, dry, formed of 2 separable, 1-seeded, indehiscent, plano-
convex carpels, winged round the margin. — FI. Cap. i. p. 152.

Slender, branching, glabrous annuals, found in North and South Africa.
— S. fenestrata, Fenzl, the Cape species, grows on the Northern frontier.
It is 12-18 inches high, much -branched, with very long narrow-linear
leaves, and minute cymose flowers.

LXII. FICOIDEiE.

135

16. LIMEUM, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals connate at base, herbaceous, with
membranous edges. Petals 3-5 or 0, clawed. Stamens 7
(rarely 5-8-10), hypogynous. Ovary subglobose, of 2 hemi-
spherical carpels, united by their flat sides ; styles 2, slender.
Pruit of 2 separable, 1-seeded, indehiscent, hemispherical,
wingless, dorsally-pitted, or echinate carpels. — FI. Cap. i. p.
152.

Small, herbaceous or woody, prostrate or erect perennials or annuals.
Leaves simple, entire, alternate, slightly fleshy, often glaucous and glabrous,
sometimes glandularly hairy. Inflorescence cymoid. Flowers small, white
or greenish-white. — 8 species, dispersed.

17. TRIANTHEMA, Lam.

Calyx 5-parted; sepals coloured within, mucronate below
the apex. Petals 0. Stamens 5-10 to 40 or 70, on the tube
of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled or 1-celled by abortion ; stig-
mas 2, filiform. Capsule opening by a transverse slit at or
below the middle (circumscissile) . Seeds few or many in each
cell, sometimes solitary. — Diplochonium, Fenzl ; FI. Cap. ii.
p. 473 ; and Trianthema, FI. Cap. ii. p. 598.

Fleshy herbs, with opposite, entire leaves, and axillary, sessile, solitary
or clustered flowers. — 3 Cape species, on the North-Western frontier.

Order LXIII. UMBELLIFEKJE.

Flowers usually bisexual, small. Calyx adhering to the
ovary ; limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, on the outside
of a fleshy epigynous disk. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals
and inserted with them. Ovary inferior, of 2 carpels, 2-celled ;
ovules solitary, pendulous ; styles 2, divergent. Pruit dry, of
2 easily separable carpels {mericarps), which cohere by their
inner face {commissure), and are attached to a central slender
axis {carpophore) , but at maturity often separate from it, and
are for a time pendulous from its summit. Each carpel {meri-
carp) is indehiscent, having 5 longitudinal (primary) ribs, and
often also 4 (secondary) intermediate ribs, the ribs being se-
parated by furrows. In the substance of the pericarp are linear,
longitudinal oil-vessels {vittce), which sometimes are opposite
the furrows, sometimes the ribs. Albumen copious, horny.
Embryo minute. — Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, with sheathing petioles, mostly cut or lobed. — {Several
terms often used in describing plants of this Order are given
above , within brackets , immediately after the explanation of
each. The characters ivhich distinguish the genera are mostly

136

LX III. UMJ3LLLIFEItJ2.

taken from the fruit , and are often so minute as to require very
close inspection hy the student .)

Suborder 1. Orthospermese. Albumen (as seen in a cross-section of
the ripe fruit) flat or not grooved on its inner face.

* Umbels simple or imperfect , or flowers capitate.

1. Hydrocotylee . Fruit laterally compressed 1.

2. Sanictjlee. Fruit ovato-globose ; section

circular.

Fruit covered with hooked bristles . . . 2.

Fruit tuberculated 3.

** Umbels compound or perfect.

3. Amminee. Fruit laterally compressed or di-

dymous.

Carpels equal ; leaves much cut or divided.
Carpophore distinct, entire, not 2-parted.
Fruit roundish, didymous. Petals

roundish 4.

Fruit ovate or oblong. Petals ovate . 6.

Carpophore 2-parted.

Furrows of fruit each with 1 vitta.

Margin of calyx obsolete.

Petals roundish, entire . . . . 5.

Petals obcordate 6.

Margin of calyx 5-toothed.

Petals deeply emarginate, white . 7.

Petals obovate, entire, yellowish . 11.
Furrows of fruit each with many vittse.
Fruit ovate. No involucre or invo-

lucel 9.

Fruit subdidymous. Involucre and

involucels present 10.

Carpels equal. Leaves quite entire, undi-
vided 12.

Carpels unequal. Leaves entire, 3-lobed or
3-parted 13.

4. Seselinee. Cross-section of the fruit circular

or nearly so, or the carpels slightly com-
pressed at back (commissure broad).

Vittse under the ribs of the fruit ; none

in the furrows 14.

Vittse under the furrows of the fruit.

Carpels unequal 15.

Carpels equal, hispid or scaly . . . .19.

Carpels equal, glabrous.

Calyx-margin enlarged in fruit, 5-fid.

Carpophore indistinct 16.

Calyx-margin unchanged. Carpophore
distinct and free.

Ribs of fruit obtuse, filiform, lateral
wider. Flowers white . . . .21.

Hydrocotyle.

Sanicula.

Alepidea.

Apium.

Helosciadium.

Petroselinum.

Cartjm.

Ptyohotis.

Rhyticarpus.

PlMPINELLA.

SlUM.

Btjpleurtjm.

Heteromorpha.

Lichtensteinia.

Anesorhiza.

Deyerra.

GEnanthe.

POLEMANNIA.

LXIII. UMBELLIEERJE.

137

Ribs prominent, bluntly keeled, the

lateral wider. Flowers yellow . .18. Fceniculum.

Ribs prominent, filiform, equal . . 20. Seseli.

Ribs sharp, wing-like, equal . . . 17. Glia.

Ribs thick, rounded, corky, wing-like 22. Stenosemis.
Ribs membranaceous, wing-like . . 23. Cnidium.

5. Angkelice.e. Fruit much compressed dorsally,

having a double wing on each side . . .24. Leyisticum.

6. Peucedane.®. Fruit much compressed dor-

sally, with a single sharp or thickened
wing on each side.

Fruit with 5 dorsal ribs, and vittse in the
furrows.

Dorsal ribs slender, filiform.

5 ribs, equidistant, and equally filiform.

Margin of fruit broad. Petals emar-

ginate 25. Peucedanum.

Margin of fruit narrow. Petals en- *

tire 26. Bubon.

5 ribs, equidistant, the three medial

sharply keeled 27. Anethum.

3 ribs, equidistant, 2 lateral distant, mar-
ginal 28. Pastinaca.

Dorsal ribs thick, keeled tubercled or
flexuous 29. Capnophylltjm.

Fruit without dorsal ribs, hairy ; margin

thick. No vittae 30. Pappea.

7. Daucine^:. Fruit somewhat compressed dor-
sally. Carpels with 5 primary, bristly,
and 4 secondary, prickly ridges . . . .31. Daucits.

Suborder 2. Campylospermese. Albumen with a longitudinal furrow
along its inner face (a cross-section of fruit showing it concave on the side

next the commissure).

8. Caucaline^:. Fruit laterally compressed or

subterete ; lateral primary ridges on the
commissure, the dorsal bristly or setose . 32. Torilis.

9. Smyrne^e. Fruit turgid, often laterally com-

pressed ; ribs sometimes obliterated.

Dioecious. Fruit adnate to a large, spinous

involucre 33. Arctopus.

Fruit not involucrate.

Fruit subcompressed dorsally ; dorsal ribs
wing-like ; lateral very small ; furrows

multivittate 34. Hermas.

Fruit ovate, compressed laterally ; ribs 5,
equal, undulate-crenate ; furrows with-
out vittae 35. Conium.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with a
straight point. Fruit laterally compressed, flattened ; carpels

138

LX1II. UMBELLlEEItiE.

without vittse, their 5 ribs nearly filiform, the dorsal and
lateral usually obsolete, the intermediate confluent. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 526.

Small herbs or half-shrubby plants. Umbel simple, commonly 3-flowered,
2 of the flowers sterile ; flowers sessile or pedicelled, white. Involucre in
flower 4-leaved. — 17 Cape species, dispersed.

2. SANICULA, Linn.

Calyx-tube bristly, its margin 5-cleft, leafy. Petals erect,
conniving, obovate, with inflexed tips. Fruit subglobose, not
spontaneously separating ; carpels with obsolete ridges, and
many vittse, covered with hooked bristles ; carpophore indis-
tinct.— FI. Cap. ii. p. 533.

Perennials. S. Europcea, Linn., a common wood-plant in the Northern
hemisphere, occurs in- woods in many places. Leaves radical, palmate-
parted, the lobes 3-fid, sharply toothed ; flowers sessile, in umbellules,
white or reddish.

3. ALEPIDEA, La Eoche.

Calyx-tube glabrous or roughly tubercled ; lobes erect, leafy.
Petals inflexed. Fruit ovate, somewhat laterally compressed,
the cross-section nearly circular ; carpels without vittse,
having 5 filiform or raised inflated ribs ; carpophore at length
free, simple. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 534.

Glabrous herbs, natives of the Cape. — 2 species, both Eastern. Leaves
chiefly radical, oblong, ciliate-toothed with spinous bristles. Partial umbels
with many-leaved involucels.

4. APIUM, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire. Stylopod
depressed. Fruit roundish, laterally compressed, didymous ;
carpels with equal, filiform ridges, the lateral marginal ;
furrows 1- or the outer 2-3-vittate ; carpophore undivided.
Seeds gibbous, convex, flattish in front.

A. graveolens, Linn. (Wild Celery), occurs in the Eastern districts.
Stem furrowed, decumbent ; leaves pinnate, the upper ternate, leaflets
cuneate, cut and toothed ; petals with the point closely involute.

5. PETBOSELINTJM, Hoffm.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, scarcely
emarginate, with a narrow incurved point. Stylopod short,
conical, subcrenulate. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed,
didymous ; carpels with 5 filiform, equal ridges, the lateral
marginal ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ; carpo-
phore 2-parted. Seeds gibbous, convex, flattish in front. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 535.

LXIII. TJMEELLIFERiE.

139

P . sativum (Parsley) is naturalized from Europe. Leaves decompound,
shining ; leaflets much cut. Elowers white or greenish. Involucres few-
leaved ; involucels of many filiform leaves.

6. HELOSCIADIUM, Koch.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals ovate, entire,
with a straight or incurved point. Pruit ovate or oblong,
laterally compressed ; carpels with 5 filiform, prominent, equal
ridges, the lateral marginal ; furrows 1-vittate ; carpophore
distinct, entire. Seeds convex, flattish in front. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 535.

Stems prostrate or erect ; leaves pinnate or ternate, glabrous or hairy. —
2 species, dispersed.

7. PTYCHOTIS, Koch.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, 2-fid, or deeply
emarginate, with a long, indexed point. Pruit compressed,
ovate or oblong ; carpels with 5 equal, filiform, primary ridges,
the lateral ones marginal ; furrows with single vittae ; carpo-
phore 2-parted. Seeds convex, flattish in front. — FI. Cap. ii.
p. 536.

Annual or biennial. Cauline leaves much cut into slender segments.
Umbels axillary ; involucels many-leaved, involucre present or absent ;
flowers white ; fruit smooth or muricated. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

8. CARUM, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete or nearly so. Petals obovate or
elliptic, emarginate, with an indexed point. Stylopod de-
pressed or shortly conical. Pruit ovate or oblong, laterally
compressed; carpels with 5 filiform, equal ribs, the lateral
marginal ; furrows 1-vittate; commissure 2-vittate; carpophore
free, forked or 2-parted. Seeds convex, flattish in fruit. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 538.

C. Ccvpense , Sond., our only species, has a fleshy aromatic root {Fenkel-
wortel ) , a branching stem ; 3-pinnate, capillary -multifid radical leaves, and
sheath-like abortive cauline leaves. Elowers white. — Eastern and Western
districts.

9. PIMPINELLA, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, with a
long indexed point. Pruit laterally compressed, ovate,
crowned with the reflexed styles, whose bases are much
swollen, smooth or hairy ; carpels with 5 filiform, equal ridges,
the lateral marginal ; furrows with many vittsB ; commissure
2-vittate; carpophore free, 2-fid. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 538.

Herbs with 2-pinnatifid or cordate radical leaves and pinnatifid cauline
leaves. Neither involucre nor involucel. Flowers white or yellow. — 2
Cape species, both Eastern.

140

LX1JLI. UMBELLIFEKjE.

10. SIUM, Linn.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obcordate, with
an indexed point. Stylopod depressed or shortly conical.
Fruit laterally compressed, subdidymous ; carpels with 5 fili-
form, equal, obtuse ridges ; furrows and commissure both with
many vittse ; carpophore 2-parted. Seed subterete. — FI. Cap.
Up. 539.

Mostly aquatic or marsh plants. — S. Thunbergii , DC., our only species,
has pinnate leaves, the leaflets ovate, acute, serrate, and stalked lateral
or terminal umbels ; involucre and involucels many-leaved. Flowers white.
Found in Western and Eastern districts and at Natal.

11. RHYTICAUPUS, Sond.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals obovate, entire, involute,
apex acute or acuminate. Fruit roundish, laterally compressed,
crowned with the conical stylopod and short styles ; carpels
rugose, with 5 filiform ridges, the lateral marginal ; furrows
1-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ; carpophore 2-parted. Seeds
convex. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 540.

G-labrous perennials. Stem erect, glaucous ; petioles 3-parted ; leaves
pinnatisect, lobes cuneate or subulate. Flowers yellow. Involucre and
involucels many -leaved. — 2 species.

12. BUPLEURUM, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, with an
involute, broad, obtuse point. Fruit laterally compressed or
somewhat didymous, crowned with the depressed stylopod ;
carpels with 5 acute, winged, filiform or obsolete ridges, the
lateral marginal ; furrows with or without vittse, smooth or
granulate. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 541.

Herbaceous or shrubby glabrous plants. Leaves usually quite entire. —
2 Cape species : J8. Mundtii, a herb with linear-subulate, nerved leaves ;
and JB. diff'orme , a shrub with filiform, rusji-like leaves. The former is
Eastern, the latter dispersed.

13. HETEROMOEPHA, Ch. and Schl.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals roundish, entire, involute,
the apex broad, retuse. Fruit obovate-pyriform, 3-winged ;
carpels unequal, of two forms, the outer one 2-winged, the
inner one 3-winged, wings decurrent from the calyx-teeth ;
furrows 1-vittate; commissure 2-vittate. — FI. Cap. ii ,-p. 542.

H. arborescens is a glabrous shrub, very variable in foliage. Leaves
petioled, ovate or oblong, either quite entire, or 3-lobed, 3-parted or 3-folio-
late. Umbels many-rayed. Involucels many-leaved. Flowers yellow. —
Eastern district and Natal.

LX II I. TJMBELLI FER^E.

m

14. LICHTENSTEINIA, Ch. and Schl.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, with a very long,
indexed point. Pruit nearly terete, crowned with the erect
calycine teeth, surmounted by the short, spreading styles and
conical stylopods ; carpels smooth, 5 -ridged, the ridges fili-
form, equal, the lateral marginal ; vittse large, one under each
ridge, but none in the commissure or furrows ; carpophore 2-
parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 542.

Aromatic perennials. Radical leaves variously cut, simple or 3-parted,
pinnate or 2 -pinnate ; cauline with imperfect laminae. Involucre many-
leaved. Flowers white. — 6 species, dispersed.

15. ANESORHIZA, Ch. and Schl.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals elliptical, acuminate, more
or less emarginate, with an indexed point. Fruit 5-angled,
prismatic, crowned by the calyx and indexed styles ; carpels
convex at back, unequal, one of them 3-winged, the other 4-
winged ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ; carpophore
2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 544.

Biennials or perennials, with aromatic roots ; Anyswartel of colonists.
Radical leaves petioled, pinnate-parted, cauline small and scale- like. Umbels
many-rayed ; involucres many-leaved. Flowers white. — 7 species, dis-
persed.

16. CE NAN THE, Linn.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed, enlarged in fruit. Petals obovate,
emarginate, with indexed points. Stylopod conical. Fruit
cylindrical-ovate, crowned with the long erect styles ; carpels
with 5 obtuse, rather convex ridges, the lateral marginal and
broader ; furrows 1-vittate ; carpophore indistinct. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 547.

Smooth herbs, often aquatic. — O. filiformis, our only species, grows in
dry places in the Western districts. It is an annual, with simple, filiform
linear or lmear-lanceolate leaves. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 subulate
leaves. Flowers white.

17. GLIA, Sond.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed ; teeth triangular, acute, persistent,
not enlarged in fruit. Petals obovate, subemarginate, with an
indexed, lanceolate point. Fruit ovate- oblong, subterete,
crowned with the conical stylopod and spreading styles ; car-
pels with 5 equal, sharp, nearly wing-like ridges, the lateral
marginal ; furrows with single vittse ; commissure 2-vittate ;
carpophore 2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 547.

G. gummifera, Sond., the only species, grows in many places in the
Western districts ; it is the gli of the Hottentots, who prepare from its roots

142

LXIII. UMBELLIFER2E .

an inebriating drink. Leaves pinnate-parted, the lower with broader, the
upper with narrower segments. Involucres many-leaved.

18. FCENICULUM, Adans.

Calyx-margin tumid, obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, in-
volute, with a retuse point. Pruit in a cross-section nearly
circular ; carpels with 5 prominent, bluntly keeled ribs, the
lateral marginal and a little broader ; furrows 1-vittate ; com-
missure 2-vittate. Seed semicylindrical. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 548.

F. officinale (Fennel) is naturalized in various places. Leaves all 3-
pinnate, with capillary, elongated leaflets.

19. DEVEKRA, DC.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals ovate, acuminate, with in-
flexed points. Styles short, at length spreading. Fruit ovate
or roundish, laterally subcompressed, covered with granules or
hairs ; carpels semiterete, often with obsolete ridges ; 1 oil-
vessel in the furrow, and 2 in the commissure ; carpophore 2-
parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 548.

Aromatic, nearly leafless, glaucous, rigid, broom-like herbs. Involucre
4-6-leaved, deciduous. Flowers white. — 2 species, both Eastern ; D.
affhylla with hairy, and D. Burchellii with tuberculated fruit.

20. SESELI, Linn.

Calyx-margin 5 -toothed, the teeth short, thick, sometimes
obsolete. Petals ovate, with inflexed points, emarginate or
nearly entire. Fruit oval or oblong, its cross-section nearly
circular, crowned by the reflexed styles ; carpels with 5 pro-
minent, filiform or elongated, thick ridges, the lateral marginal
and often a little broader ; furrows 1-vittate, the outer rarely
2-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate, rarely 4-vittate. Seed semi-
terete.— FI. Cap. ii. p. 549.

Biennials or perennials, with 3-foliolate pinnate or decompound leaves.
Involucre obsolete ; involucel many-leaved. Flowers white, rarely yellow.
— 3 species, of which 2 are Eastern.

21. POLEMANNIA, E. and Z.

Calyx-margin shortly 5-toothed. Petals elliptical, entire,
with an acuminate, inflexed point. Fruit oblong, its cross-
section nearly circular, crowned with the depressed-conical
stylopod and short styles; carpels with 5 prominent, blunt
ridges, the lateral marginal a little larger ; furrows 1-vittate ;
commissure 2-vittate; carpophore 2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p.
550.

Glabrous shrub3 with petioled, 3-foliolate leaves, the leaflets wedge-

Lxnr. umbelliferjE.

143

shaped, 3-fid or undivided. Umbels many-rayed ; flowers white. — 2 spe-
cies, dispersed.

22. STENOSEMIS, E. M.

Calyx-margin minutely 5-tootb.ed. Petals obcordate, deeply
emarginate, with subulate, indexed points. Fruit roundish-
ovate, its cross-section circular ; carpels with 5 large, rather
winged ribs, the 3 dorsal roundish-obtuse, corky, the lateral
marginal, a little more dilated and sharp-edged; furrows 1-
vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ; carpophore 2-parted. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 551.

Glabrous perennials, with erect, furrowed stem and branches, and petioled,
3-foliolately-pinnate leaves ; leaflets filiform or linear. Involucre of many
lanceolate leaves. — 2 species, both Eastern.

23. CNIDITJM, Cuss.

Calyx-margin obsolete or with very short teeth. Petals
obovate or ovate, emarginate, with indexed points. Cross-
section of the fruit subcircular ; carpels with 5, equal, winged
ridges, the lateral marginal ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure
2-vittate ; carpophore 2-parted. Seed semicylindrical, dat in
front. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 552.

Decumbent or erect plants. — 2 Cape species, very unlike each other ; C.
suffruticosum, decumbent, with 3-pinnatisect, rigid leaves ; and C. Kraussi-
anurn , erect, with reni form- cordate lower and 3-fid upper leaves.

24. LEVISTICUM, Koch.

Calyx-margin obsolete or with short teeth. Petals incurved,
entire, with an acute point. Fruit compressed from the back,
having 2 wings on each side ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, the
wings of the lateral ribs usually twice the breadth of the
others ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure 2-4-vittate ; carpo-
phore 2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 553.

Strong growing, glabrous herbs, with pinnate-parted leaves ; leaflets
obovate, entire. Flowers yellow or yellowish. — L.grandiflorum , Sond., the
only Cape species, is found in the Western districts.

25. PEUCEDANUM, Koch.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals obovate, emar-
ginate or subentire, with indexed points. Fruit dorsally com-
pressed, dat or lenticular, with a dilated, dattened margin ;
carpels with sub equidistant ribs, the 3 intermediate or dorsal
dliform, the 2 lateral lost in the dilated margin ; furrows 1-
vittate, or the lateral 2-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ; carpo-
phore 2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 553.

Glabrous perennials or shrubs. Leaves either pinnate, ternately-cut, or

144

LX1TI. UMBELLIFEBJ3.

multifid. Involucre manj-leaved. Flowers white or yellow. — 17 Cape
species, dispersed.

26. BUBON, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obovate, entire, with an
acute, involute point. Fruit dorsally compressed, lenticular,
with a narrow, flattened margin ; carpels with 5 equidistant
ribs, the 3 intermediate filiform, the 2 lateral lost in the
flattened margin ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate ;
carpophore 2-parted. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 561.

Glabrous and resiniferous shrubs. Leaves ternately compound ; leaflets
veiny. Umbels many-rayed ; involucre and involucels of many linear
leaves. Flowers greenish-yellow. — 5 species, dispersed.

27. ANETHUM, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, involute,
with a retuse point. Fruit dorsally compressed, lenticular,
with a flattened margin ; carpels with filiform, equidistant
ridges, the 3 dorsal sharply keeled, the 2 lateral subobsolete,
confounded with the margin ; furrow filled up with a broad
vitta, 2 in the commissure. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 561.

A. graveolens, Linn. (“ Dill ”), is naturalized in old gardens. It is gi’own
for its pungently aromatic seeds. Annual, glabrous, with decompound
leaves and yellow flower ; no involucres.

28. PASTINACA, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete or minutely-toothed. Petals round-
ish, entire, involute, the apex broad and retuse. Fruit dor-
sally flattened, with a dilated, flat margin ; carpels with very
slender ridges, the dorsal and 2 intermediate equidistant, the
lateral near the outer edge of the dilated margin ; furrows 1-
vittate ; commissure 2- or more-vittate ; carpophore 2-parted.
Seed flat. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 561.

Herbs, with a fusiform, often fleshy root (Parsnip). — P. Capensis, Sd.,
our only species, has pinnate leaves, pubescent beneath, the lateral leaflets
subsessile, entire or 2-fid, terminal 3-lobed ; lobes toothed. Flowers
yellow.

29. CAPNOPHYLLUM, Ghertn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals oblong, subemarginate, with
a sharp, inflexed point. Fruit dorsally compressed, lenticular,
with a flat, dilated margin ; carpels with the 3 dorsal ridges
thick, keeled, flexuous or tubercled, the 2 lateral passing into
the dilated margin ; furrows 1-vittate ; commissure 2-vittate.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 562.

C. Africanum, our only species, is a glabrous, glaucous annual, growing
in sandy ground near the sea in the Western districts. Leaves 2-3-pinnate ;
segments capillary-multifid. Umbels many-ranged. Flowers white.

LXIII. UMBELLIFERA:.

145

30. PAPPEA,* Sond. and Harv.

Flowers hermaplirodite, regular. Calyx-margin obsolete.
Petals ovate, dorsally 2-convex, keeled inside, with a sharp, in-
curved point. Fruit dorsally compressed, lenticular, pilose;
carpels covered with hairs ; ribs none, except the marginal,
which form a broad margin, fringed with vesicles ; commissure
completely joined at the margin; carpophore 2-parted. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 562.

P. Capensis, Sond. and Harv., the only species, is a glaucous and, except
on the fruit, a glabrous, many-stemmed annual, of small size, but curious
structure. Leaves cut into many capillary segments. Umbels sessile
at the base of the stem or the origin of the branches. Flowers white. —
Found by Zeyher near the foot of the Witberg.

31. DAUCUS, Linn.

Calyx-margin 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, with an indexed
lobe, the outer ones often larger and 2-fid. Fruit dorsally
compressed ; carpels with bristly primary ridges ; secondary
ridges equal- winged, with a row of spines ; furrows with single
vittae under the secondary ridges. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 563.

Biennials. — D. Carota, Linn., (the Wild Carrot,) is occasionally found
near cultivation. A hairy plant, with 2-3-pinnate leaves and deeply-cut
leaflets. Umbels of many rays, with a solitary, central, abortive flower.

Suborder 2. Campylospermeae.

32. TORILIS, Spreng.

Calyx-teeth 5, triangular-lanceolate, acute. Petals obovate,
emarginate, with an indexed point, the outer larger, 2-fid.
Fruit laterally compressed ; carpels with 5 primary, bristly
ridges, 3 dorsal and 2 lateral ; the secondary ridges represent-
ed by rows of hook-pointed bristles, filling the furrows ; vittae
solitary, under the secondary bristles ; carpophore setaceous,
2-fid. Seed with its margins indexed. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 564.

Annuals, with multifid leaves, closely pubescent. Umbels opposite the
leaves. Flowers white. — T. Africana, our only species, is common in cul-
tivated ground.

33. ARCTOPUS, Linn.

Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx-margin 5-toothed.
Petals lanceolate, with an incurved, sharp point. — Male : Sta-
mens twice as long as the corolla. Ovary abortive. — Female :
Stamens 0. Styles divaricating, on thick bases. Fruit ovate,
acute or rostrate, crowned with the calyx, its lower half
attached to the involucre, marked with a furrow, not separable

* Pappea , Eckl. and Zey., being restored in Hooker and Bentliam’s
‘ Genera Plantarum,’ this genus is there renamed Choritania , Benth.

L

LXIir. TJMBELLTFERvE.

140

into 2 parts but 2-locular, with 1 cell abortive. Seed 1,
roundish, convex on one side, furrowed on the other. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 564.

Perennial, stemless plants, with rosulate, ciliate leaves, close-pressed to the
ground. Male umbels compound, pedunculate, sterile ; umbellules nearly
globose ; involucre of 5-7 leaves. Female umbels sessile, fertile, girt by 4
or 5 concrete involucral leaves ; these are rigid, netted-veined and spinous-
toothed, enlarging as the fruit ripens. Petals white. — 3 species, dispersed.

34. HERMAS, Linn.

Calyx-margin 5-parted, leafy, persistent. Petals oval-oblong,
acute, keeled, entire, equal. Fruit ovate ; carpels somewhat
inflated, dorsally compressed, 5-ridged, 1 dorsal exserted, 2
intermediate larger, and the 2 lateral very small ; furrows
broad, with many yittse ; carpophore undivided. Seed not
adnate to the pericarp, elliptic, subconcave within. — FI. Cap.
ii. p. 567 ; Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 1001.

Herbs or undershrubs, with simple, subdentate leaves, and compound,
many-rayed, globose umbels. Involucre many-leaved : involucel 3-leaved.
Leaves thickly-woolly on one or both sides. The wool of H. gigantea
(Tundelboom) is used for tinder. — 5 species, dispersed.

35. CONITJM, Linn.

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obcordate, submarginate,
with a short, inflexed point. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed ;
carpels with 5 prominent, equal, subundulated or crenulated
ribs ; lateral ones marginal ; furrows with many striae, but
without vittae ; carpophore 2-fid at the apex. Seed with a
deep, narrow furrow, as if it were longitudinally folded. — FI.
Cap. ii. p. 567.

C. chcerophylloides, E. and Z., our only species, grows in the Eastern
district and beyond the Eastern frontier. Stem scabrid ; leaves 3-4-pinnate,
glabrous ; fruit with very prominent, subundulate, but not crenulate wings.
— The type of this genus is the well-known poison Hemlock (C. maculatum ),
a common European weed.

Order LXIY. ARALIACE.®.

Flowers nearly as in Umbelliferce. Ovary inferior, with 2
or more cells ; ovules solitary, pendulous ; styles or sessile
stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Fruit fleshy, or
nearly dry, 2-many-celled, crowned by the persistent calyx-
limb ; endocarp crustaceous or bony. Albumen copious, horny.
Embryo minute. — Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, chiefly tropi-
cal. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, digitate, pedate
or pinnate.

Fruit roundish, top-shaped, crowned with a large disk . . 1. Cussonia.

Fruit laterally compressed, oblong 2. Panax.

LXIY. ARALIACEiE.

147

1. CUSSONIA, Th.

Calyx-margin 5-7-toothed or entire. Petals 5-7. Stamens
as many as the petals, alternate with them. Ovary top -shaped,
crowned by a broad disk ; styles 2-3, short, erect, distinct,
near together. Fruit 2-3-celled, roundish, somewhat fleshy.
— FI. Cap. ii. p. 568.

Shrubs or small trees, with thick, somewhat fleshy stems. Leaves on
long petioles, glabrous, glossy, sometimes glaucous, palmate or digitate, with
5-9 1 -nerved, entire or lobed leaflets. Flowers in spikes, panicles, racemes
or umbels. — 6 species, dispersed.

2. PAN AX, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx-margin obsoletely 5-toothed.
Petals 5. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; styles 2, di-
vergent ; stigmas simple. Berry laterally compressed, oblong
or orbicular (or didymous, rarely terete-obconic), 2-celled;
cells 1-seeded.

A large and widely-distributed genus of trees, shrubs or herbs, various in
habit. — P. Gerrardi , Harv. MSS., lately found by Mr. Gerrard (No. 1264)
at Ingoma, Natal, is a low tree, glabrous in all parts, with simple, palmately
3-5-lobed leaves, the lobes acuminate, glandularly serrulate ; peduncles axil-
lary, bearing a terminal, simple, many-rayed umbel, and several lateral similar
umbels, which seem to be frequently abortive; fruit oblong, much compressed.

Order LXY. CORNER.

Flowers small, regular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ;
limb 4-toothed. Petals 4, epigynous, with valvate aestivation.
Stamens 4, alternate with the petals, inserted round the
margin of a fleshy disk. Ovary inferior, 2-4-celled; ovules
solitary, pendulous, anatropal ; style single. Fruit fleshy,
with a bony 2-4-celled nucleus. Embryo in the axis of
fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite, exstipulate,
penninerved leaves. Flowers in heads, umbels, cymes or
panicles.

1. CURTISIA, Ait.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, 4-angled ; limb 4-parted. Petals 4,
ovate, valvate. Stamens 4 ; filaments subulate ; anthers ver-
satile, short, didymous. Ovary 4-celled (occasionally 3-celled),
crowned with a hairy disk ; style single ; stigmas 3-4. Fruit
thinly-fleshy, with a bony, 4-celled (or 2-3-celled) nut. Seeds
1 in each cell, pendulous. — FI. Cap. ii. p. 570 ; Thes. Cap. t.
124.

C.faginea , Ait. (Hassagay wood), is a fine tree, found in forests through-
out the colony. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute, rigid, coarsely-toothed, penni-

L 2

148

LXV. CORNER.

nerved, glabrous and glossy above, tomentose beneath. Twigs and inflores-
cence rusty-tomentose. Panicles terminal, much- branched ; flowers minute,
hairy.

Order LXYI. LORANTHACE^].

Mowers bisexual or unisexual, regular. Calyx bracted at
base, adnate ; limb short, often obsolete. Petals 4-8, separate
or more or less cohering, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as
the petals and opposite them ; filaments adhering to the base
or claw of the petal ; anthers 2- or many-celled. Ovary infe-
rior, 1-celled, with a solitary erect ovule adnate to the walls
of the ovary ; style filiform or 0 ; stigma capitate. Pruit a
succulent, 1-seeded berry. Embryo in fleshy albumen. —
Shrubby parasites, chiefly found in hot countries. Leaves
quite entire, opposite or alternate, coriaceous or fleshy, without
stipules. Flowers variously disposed, minute or very showy.

Flowers bisexual. Petals linear or clawed, partly united

in a tubular corolla. Style filiform 1. Loranthus.

Flowers unisexual, minute. Petals sessile, free or connate

at base. Style 0 or very short 2. Viscum.

1. LORANTHUS, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx-limb short, truncate or toothed.
Petals 4-8, with slender claws, more or less united in a tubu-
lar corolla. Stamens inserted on the claws of the petals ;
filaments subulate ; anthers 2-celled. Style filiform ; stigma
capitate. Berry usually crowned by the limb of the calyx. —
FI. Cap. ii. p. 574 ; Thes. Cap. t. 30.

A large, chiefly tropical genus. Flowers usually brightly-coloured, yellow
orange or scarlet, rarely white. — 12 (or perhaps more) Cape species, all
natives, either of the Eastern district or of Natal.

2. VISCUM, Linn.

Flowers unisexual. Calyx-limb obsolete. Petals 3-4, short,
triangular or ovate. — Male : Anthers sessile on the face of the
petals, opening inwards by several pores. — Female : Stamens
0. Style very short or 0 ; stigmas capitate. Berry viscid, 1-
seeded.— FI. Cap. ii. p. 578.

Parasitic shrubs, natives of the warmer parts of the Old World. Stems
forked, often jointed. Leaves opposite or 0. Flowers minute, greenish,
axillary, tufted, or solitary. — 11 Cape species, dispersed, but the majority
Eastern.

Order LXYII. RUBIACE^3.

Flowers regular, mostly bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate ; limb
4-6-lobed or toothed. Corolla monopetalous, epigynous, 4-6-

LXYII. lUJBIACEiE.

149

lobed. Stamens inserted on the corolla, as many as its lobes, and
alternate with them. Ovary inferior, 2- or more-celled ; ovules
1 or many in each cell ; style filiform, often 2-fid (rarely 2-
parted to the base) ; stigma mostly thickened ; long and hairy
in Anthospermece. Fruit various. Seeds with copious albumen.
— Leaves opposite, quite entire, with interpetiolar stipules.
Habit much diversified.

* Cells of the fruit many -seeded.

Tribe 1. Gardenieaj. Fruit fleshy or dry, indehiscent. (Shrubs or

trees.)

Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped, with a very short

limb ; anthers within the tube 1. Bttrchellia.

Corolla salver-shaped, with a very long, slender
tube, and much acuminate, spreading segments ;
stamens exserted 2. Oxyanthus.

Corolla salver-shaped ; stamens exserted ; stigma
club-shaped, simple ; berry dry ; flowers corym-
bose 3. Stylocoryne.

Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped ; anthers exserted ;

stigma 2-dentate ; berry fleshy ; flowers solitary 4. Gardenia.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a very short tube ;

anthers sessile within the tube ; stigmas 2 ; berry

nearly dry ; flowers axillary, sessile, small . . 5. Randia.

Tribe 2. Hedyotidea:. Fruit a dehiscent, 2-celled capsule.

Small herbaceous plants ; corolla salver-shaped . 6. Hedyotis.

** Cells of the fruit 1 -seeded, rarely 2- seeded .

Tribe 3. Gttettarde.®. Fruit a 2-10-celled drupe. Seeds not furrowed

in front. — Shrubs or trees.

Corolla bell-shaped, hairy inside 7. Yangueria.

Corolla tubular, curved, glabrous within, the lobes

callous-subulate at the apex 8. Ancylanthus.

Tribe 4. Alberte^e. Fruit dry, 10-ribbed and furrowed, 2-celled. Seeds
not furrowed in front. — Shrub or tree.

Calyx 5-lobed ; 3 lobes small, 2 large, ear-like, en-
larged in fruit 9. Alberta.

Tribe 5. Cofee acejs. Fruit a 2-celled berry. Seeds with a longitudinal
furrow in front. — Trees or shrubs.

Corolla with valvate aestivation.

Style exserted, filiform ; stigma thickened, un-
divided 10

Style short ; stigma 2-lamellar. Albumen simple 11
Style exserted ; stigma 2-fid , albumen with

chinks and fissures 12

Corolla with imbricate or twisted aestivation.

Corolla salver-shaped, 4-lobed ; style much ex-
serted 13.

Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-fid ; style short ; stigma
large 14

. Canthium..

. Plectronia.

. Grumilea.

. Pavetta.

. Kratjssia.

150

LXVII. RUEIACE^E.

Corolla funnel-shaped, 6-lobed ; style filiform ;
stigma 2-lobed 15. Bunbtjeya.

Tribe 6. Spermacocea. Fruit nearly dry, with 2-6 pyrense or nuts.
Stigma 2-lamellar or globose. — Herbs, rarely shrublets. Stipules commonly
split into many bristles.

Corolla with a long tube, 5-lobed. Flowers in

terminal heads 16. Pentanisia.

Corolla 4-lobed.

Flowers crowded, glomerate or densely whorled.

Capsules splitting longitudinally into 2 parts,

1 open, the other closed 17. Spermacoce.

Capsules membranous, splitting across . . .18. Mitracarpum.

Flowers axillary, subsolitary. Fruit corky, an-
gular 19. Hydeophylax.

Tribe 7- Anthospermea. Flowers mostly dioecious. Fruit nearly dry,
or rarely fleshy, 2-parted or 2-celled. Stigmas 1 or 2, very long and hairy.
— Small shrubs or herbs, with inconspicuous, greenish flowers.
Calyx-margin obsolete. Fruit didymous. Stigmas

2. Flowers panicled 20. Galopina.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Fruit didymous. Stigmas 2.

Flowers axillary or rarely subpanicled .... 21. Anthospermum.
Calyx 4-5-lobed. Fruit 2-1-seeded. Stigma 1.

Flowers axillary 22. Carpacoce.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Fruit 3-4-celled. Stigmas 2.

Flowers axillary 23. Ambraria.

Tribe 8. Stellata:. Fruit 2-parted, dry or fleshy. Style 2-parted or
2-fid ; stigmas capitate. — Herbs, with whorled leaves.

Corolla 5-parted. Fruit fleshy 24. Rttbia.

Corolla 4-parted. Fruit dry 25. Galium.

Tribe 1. Gtardenie^. (Gren. 1-5.)

1. BURCHELLIA, B, Br.

Calyx-tube obovate ; limb equally 5-cleft beyond tbe middle
and prolonged above the ovary. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped,
slightly ventricose, the inner surface of the tube glabrous, ex-
cept a circle of hairs near the bottom ; throat naked ; limb of
5 short, acute, twisted-imbricate-lobes. Stamens inserted in
the middle of the tube ; filaments very short ; anthers in-
cluded. Stigma oblong-clavate, with 5 crests and 5 tufts of
hairs. Berry subglobose, crowned by the calyx, 2-celled. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 2.

B. Capensis, R. Br., the only species, is a large shrub, frequent in forests
to the east of Swellendam. Leaves ovate, acute, downy. Flowers dull-
scarlet, sessile in terminal heads.

2. OXYANTHUS, DC.

Calyx-tube obovate ; limb short, sharply 5 -toothed. Corolla
salver-shaped, with a very long, slender tube, a glabrous

LXVII. ltUBIACEiE.

151

throat, and a 5-parted limb ; segments much acuminate. Sta-
mens 5, in the throat of the corolla, exserted ; anthers acute.
Stigma club-shaped. Berry 2-celled, many-seeded. — FI. Cap.
iii. p. 3.

Shrubs, with elliptic, acuminate, short-petioled leaves, deciduous stipules,
and axillary densely-subcorymbose flowers. — 3 species, all from Natal.

3. STYLOCORYNE, Cav.

Calyx-tube ovate-globose ; limb short, tubular, 5-toothed.
Corolla salver- shaped, with cylindrical tube and 5-parted limb.
Stamens in the throat of the corolla ; anthers linear, very long.
Style exserted ; stigma clavate, undivided or the lobes conso-
lidated. Berry globose, crowned by the calyx, dry, 2-celled ;
placentas spongy. Seeds numerous. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 4.

Trees or shrubs. — S. cuspidata, E. M., found near Natal, is a large, gla-
brous shrub, with petioled, oval-oblong, tapering, membranous leaves, and
axillary, trichotomous corymbs on longish peduncles. Flowers not seen.

4. GARDENIA, Ellis.

Calyx-tube ovate, often ribbed ; limb tubular, truncate,
toothed cleft or parted. Corolla salver-shaped, often with a
long tube, or subcampanulate or funnel-shaped ; limb 5-9-
parted, twisted in bud, then spreading. Anthers 5-9, linear,
nearly sessile in the naked throat of the corolla, exserted.
Style long ; stigma clavate, 2-fid or 2-dentate. Ovary 1-celled,
with 2-5 prominent, incomplete septa. Berry fleshy, crowned
by the calyx, imperfectly 2-5-celled. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 4 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 5.

Trees or shrubs, with solitary, axillary or terminal, often large, showy and
sweetly-scented flowers. — 7 Cape species, all Eastern or from Natal.

5. RANDIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube obovate ; limb tubular, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-
shaped, with a short tube ; limb 5-parted, twisted-imbricate in
bud. Anthers sessile in the throat of the tube, short or long.
Stigma thickened, deeply 2-lobed. Berry nearly dry, crowned
by the calyx, 2-celled, many-seeded. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 7 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 33,34, 35.

Much-branched, rigid, often spiny, small trees or shrubs. Leaves sub-
sessile. Flowers axillary, usually solitary, subsessile. — 2 species, from the
Eastern districts, Caffraria, and Natal.

Teibe 2. Hedyotide^:. (Gen. 6.)

6. HEDY OTIS, Lam.

Calyx-tube ovate or subglobose ; limb 4- rarely 5-toothed.

152

LXVII. RUBIACEJE.

Corolla tubular ; limb 4-, rarely 5-lobed, throat villous or gla-
brous. Stamens a little exserted, or sessile and included.
Stigma simple or 2-fid. Capsules subglobose, membranous,
crowned with the distant calycine lobes, 2-celled, dehiscing at
the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, on subglobose
placentas. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 8.

A very large tropical and subtropical genus. The 17 or 18 Cape species
are chiefly Eastern or from Natal ; they are small herbs, with opposite
leaves, setulose stipules, and either scattered or aggregated small flowers.

Tribe 3. Guettardea;;. (G-en. 7-8.)

7. VAN GUERI A, Comm.

Calyx-tube short, obovate or hemispherical ; limb spreading,
5- or rarely 4-toothed or parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5- rarely

4- cleft, hairy inside, the lobes lanceolate, acute, reflexed.
Stamens with very short filaments, and scarcely exserted, ob-
long, acute anthers. Stigma capitate, cylindrical, thick or
truncate at both ends, obtuse or toothed. Drupe when ripe
not crowned by the calyx-lobes, but having a sinuated terminal
areola, containing 5, or by abortion 4-2, bony 1-seeded nuts
which are obtuse at base, acute at apex. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 13.

Shrubs or small trees, with ovate or oblong leaves, acute stipules and
cymose or panicled, axillary, small, white or reddish flowers. — 7 Cape spe-
cies, all Eastern.

8. ANCYLANTHUS, Desf.

Calyx-tube adnate, hemispherical ; limb 5-parted, the seg-
ments lanceolate. Corolla tubular, incurved, the tube at base
within girt by a ring of stiff, reflexed hairs, otherwise nude,
widening at the throat ; limb subequally 5-parted, the two
upper lobes longer, all erecto-patent, callous-subulate at their
apices. Anthers 5, sagittate, subsessile in the throat of the co-
rolla. Ovary 5-celled ; ovules solitary ; style shortly exserted,
filiform ; stigma cylindrical- mitriform, truncate at base, bluntly

5- lobed at apex. Fruit P — DC. Prod. iv. p. 468.

J. rubiginosa , Desf., first found in Angola, has been sent by Mr. Moffatfc
to Dr. Pappe, from Masilikatzis country. It is a shrub, with hairy
branches and twigs ; short petioled, elliptical, obtuse leaves, pubescent
above, more densely so and netted-veined beneath. Peduncles short,
axillary, about 3-flowered. Flowers pedicellate, over 1 inch long, clothed
externally with foxy or rust-coloured, spreading hairs.

Tribe 4. Alberte^;. (Gen. 9.)

9. ALBERTA, E. Mey.

Calyx-tube turbinate, 10-ribbed ; limb 5-fid, 3 lobes short,
acute, 2 oblong, obtuse, enlarged in fruit. Corolla elongate,

LXVII. ltUBIACE^.

153

tubular, incurved, throat naked ; limb 5-fid, with very short
erect imbricate, acute lobes. Stamens included ; anthers ses-
sile, linear. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; style filiform ;
stigma attenuated, minutely 2-fid. Fruit dry, 10-ribbed and
furrowed, crowned with the two opposite, leaf-like, dilated,
membranous, veiny and coloured calyx-lobes, 2-celled; cells

1- seeded. Seed oblong, convex at back, flat in front — FI. Cap.
iii. p. 16 ; TJies. Cap. t. 45.

A. magnat E. M., the only species, is a shrub or small tree, native of the
Eastern district and Natal, with oblong, obtuse, leathery, glabrous and
glossy leaves, cup-like stipules, and a terminal, much-branched panicle of
purplish, silky flowers.

Tribe 5. Coffeaceje. (Gen. 10-15.)

10. CANTHIUM, Lam.

Calyx-tube ovate ; limb short, 4-5-toothed. Corolla with a
short tube, a bearded throat, and 4-5 spreading lobes, valvate
in bud. Anthers in the throat, scarcely exserted. Style fili-
form, exserted ; stigma undivided, thick, ovato-globose or
mitre-shaped. Berry globose or didymous, crowned with the
calyx-teeth, fleshy, 2-celled. Seeds solitary. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
16 ; Thes. Cap. t. 22.

Unarmed or spinous shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Peduncles axillary,
short, many-flowered. — 2 Cape species, both Eastern.

11. PLECTRONTIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube obovate or oblong ; limb 5-toothed. Corolla
somewhat funnel-shaped ; limb 5-parted ; lobes acute, reflexed,
valvate in bud, throat hairy or nude. Stamens in the throat,
subexserted. Style short ; stigma subcapitate, of two ap-
pressed laminae. Berry fleshy, obovate-oblong, compressed,
didymous, of 2 pyrenae. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 17.

Armed or unarmed shrubs. Peduncles axillary, corymbose. — 5 species,
dispersed.

12. GBUMILEA, Gaertn.

Calyx-tube urceolate ; limb shortly 5-toothed. Corolla with
a short tube, villous in the throat ; limb 5-parted, reflexed,
valvate in bud. Stamens subexserted ; anthers oblong. Ovary

2- celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style exserted ; stigma 2-fid. Berry
globose, 2-seeded, Seed plano-convex, the albumen traversed
by chinks and fissures. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 21.

Shrubs with the habit of CantMum. — G. cymosa , our only species, occurs
in the Eastern district and at Natal.

13. PAVETTA, Linn.

Calyx-tube ovate ; limb 4-toothed or -cleft. Corolla salver-

154

LXV1I. RUBIACEiE.

shaped, with a long, slender tube and a 4-partcd, spreading
limb. Anthers 4, sessile in the throat. Style much exserted;
stigma clavate, entire or nearly so. Berry drupaceous, 2-
celled, crowned with the calyx-limb. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 19 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 131.

Shrubs or small trees, with corymbose, often very handsome, white or
yellow flowers. — 10 Cape species, all Eastern or from Natal;

14. KRAUSSIA, Harv.

Calyx-tube ovate ; limb short, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-
shaped, tube short, obconic, limb 5-cleft, the lobes oblong, im-
bricate in bud ; throat hairy. Stamens in the throat, exserted ;
filaments short ; anthers erect, attenuate. Ovary 2- celled ;
cells 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigma clavate or fusiform, striato-
lamellate, 2-fid, the lobes erect or revolute. Berry globose,
crowned with the calyx-limb, 2- or by abortion 1-seeded. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 22 ; Thes. Cap. t. 21.

Glabrous shrubs, with oblong or lanceolate, acute, glossy, shortly petioled
leaves, abruptly acuminate stipules and axillary cymes of white flowers. —
4 species, all from Natal.

15. BUNBUEYA, Meisn.

Calyx-tube subglobose ; limb shortly 2-labiate, 6-toothed.
Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb 6-lobed, the lobes lanceolate-ob-
long, half as long as the tube, imbricate in bud. Stamens in
the throat, exserted ; filaments short ; anthers linear-oblong,
incumbent. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style filiform,
glabrous ; stigma 2-lamellate, the lobes short, acute. Bruit
. . . — FI. Cap. iii. p. 23 ; Thes. Cap. t. 132.

B. Capensis, Meisn., the only species, is a shrub with the habit of the
Coffee-bush. Leaves shortly-petioled, ovato-lanceolate, tapering to a blunt-
ish point. Cymes axillary, 3-4-flowered, subsessile. — Grows in Caffraria
and Natal.

Tribe 6. SpERMAeocEiE. (Gen. 16-19.)

16. PENTANISIA, Harv.

Calyx-tube ob ovate or turbinate ; limb with 2-3 (rarely 4)
elongate, linear- subulate lobes, and 2-3 small, accessory ones.
Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, a bearded throat, and
a 5-lobed limb. Stamens in the throat, subexserted ; anthers
oblong. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma
2-fid, with linear lobes. Capsules coriaceous, didymous,
crowned by the unequal calyx-lobes, 2-parted into monosper-
mous, indehiscent nuts. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 24,

P. variabilis , the only species, a native of the Eastern district and Natal,
is an extremely variable, glabrous pubescent or hairy, perennial thick-

LXVII. RUBIACEiE.

155

rooted herb. Leaves broad or narrow, sessile ; stipules of 3-4 bristles on
each side ; flowers lilac-purple, in many-flowered, peduncled heads or short
spikes. Flowers very rarely 4-parted.

17. SPERMACOCE, Mey.

Calyx-tube ovate or turbinate ; limb 2-4-lobed, sometimes
with intermediate accessory teeth. Corolla salver- or funnel-
shaped, 4-lobed. Stigma 2-fid or undivided. Fruit crowned
with the calyx, dry, 2-celled ; carpels separating into two 1-
seeded pieces from the apex, one closed by the adnate septum,
the other open. Seed oval-oblong, with a longitudinal furrow.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 23.

Tropical herbs or undershrubs, with 4-sided branches, opposite leaves, and
sheathing, bristle-fringed stipules. Flowers axillary, sessile, crowded. — S.
Natalensis, our only species, occurs at Natal.

18. MITRACARPUM, Zucc.

Calyx- tube ovate ; limb 4-toothed, 2 of the teeth larger
than the others. Corolla salver-shaped, with a terete tube,
having within the base a ring of hairs ; throat nude ; limb 4-
lobed. Stigma 2-fid. Capsule membranous, crowned with the
calyx, 2-celled, with circumscissile dehiscence. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
25.

Herbs, resembling Spermacoce. — ML. Dregeanum , our only species, grows
in Natal. It is hairy, with lanceolate revolute-margined leaves, and flowers
in capitate whorls or fascicles.

19. HYDROPHYLAX, Linn. f.

Calyx-tube ovate, angular ; limb sharply 4-toothed. Corolla
widely funnel-shaped, 4-lobed. Anthers sessile in the throat,
exserted, linear-oblong. Stigma roundly 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
corky, angular, lanceolate or oblong, crowned with the calyx,
2-celled. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 25.

Glabrous, creeping, maritime herbs. Stems terete. Leaves ovate-oblong,
fleshy, joined with the stipules at base into a cup-like, toothed sheath.
Flowers axillary, sessile, 1-2 together. — R. carnosa , Sond., our only species,
occurs in Natal ; it comes close to R. maritima , Linn.

Tribe 7. Anthosperme^:. (G-en. 20-23.)

20. GALOPINA, Thunb.

Flowers often polygamous. Calyx-tube obovate ; limb 4-
toothed, very small. Corolla subrotate, 4-5-parted ; lobes ob-
long, lanceolate, patent-reflexed. Stamens 3-5, in the base of
the corolla ; anthers oblong, slightly exserted. Styles 2, with
long, hairy stigmas. Fruit obovate-didymous, of 2 indehiscent,

156

LXVII. RUBIACE.E.

at length separating carpels, warted at back, 1- seeded, flat in
front. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 26.

Herbaceous perennials, hairy or glabrous, with ovate or lanceolate leaves
and panicled, small flowers, natives of the Eastern district, Caffraria, and
Natal.

21. ANTTHOSPERMUM, Linn.

Flowers dioecious or hermaphrodite. Calyx-tube obovate ;
limb 4-5-toothed. Corolla tubular ; limb 4-5-parted, the
lobes linear or lanceolate, spreading, revolute, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted within the tube ; anthers versatile, exserted.
Styles 2, mostly very short, rarely connate ; stigmas 2, very
long and hairy. Fruit of 2 easily separable, indehiscent, 1-
seeded carpels, which are a little compressed at the raphe, and
joined by a concave commissure. Seeds erect. — FI. Cap. iii.

p. 26.

Small, much-branched, closely leafy shrubs or herbs. Leaves opposite
or whorled, linear or lanceolate, rarely ovate or oblong. Flowers axillary
or very rarely panicled. — 18 species, dispersed.

22. CARPACOCE, Sond.

Flowers polygamous. — Hermaphrodite : Calyx 5-fid ; lobes
subulate, equal or 1 longer. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped,
5-lobed, the lobes spreading, linear-lanceolate, with a reversed
tooth above the thickened apex. Stamens within the tube ;
filaments capillary ; anthers linear-oblong, exserted. Ovary

2- celled, 2-ovuled ; style very short ; stigma single, very long,
hairy. Fruit crowned by the calyx, 2 -seeded, didymous, easily
separable when ripe. — Male : On the same plant ; ovary abor-
tive without style or stigma. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 32.

Small, slender undershrubs, sometimes with a very offensive odour.
Flowers axillary, solitary. — 2 species, dispersed.

23. AMBRARIA, Cruse.

Flowers of Anthospermum , dioecious. Capsule indehiscent,

3- celled, the intermediate cell empty, the lateral 1-seeded ; or

4- celled, 2 cells only fertile. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 33.

Small shrubs, with linear leaves and axillary flowers. — 4 ascertained spe-
cies, all Western ; some others imperfectly known and undescribed.

Tribe 8. Stellate. (G-en. 24-25.)

24. RUBIA, Linn.

Calyx-tube ovate-globose ; limb 4-toothed. Corolla 4-5-
partecl, rotate. Stamens short. Fruit didymous, nearly glo-
bose, dry or juicy. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 34.

LXVII. RUBIACE-E.

157

Herbs or undershrubs, several yielding the red dye called “ madder” from
their roots. Leaves 4-10 in a whorl. Flowers small, greenish- white or
pale yellow. — 3 species, none endemic, in the Eastern districts.

25. GALIUM, Scop.

Calyx-tube ovate-globose or oblong ; limb obsolete. Co-
rolla 4-parted, rotate. Stamens short. Styles 2, with capitate
stigmas. Fruit didymous, roundish, dry, separating into 2
1-seeded carpels. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 35.

Branching, erect or procumbent, weak herbs. Leaves 4 or many in a
whorl. Flowers small, white yellow or greenish. — 14 Cape 3pecies, dis-
persed.

Order LXYIII. VALERIANE^l.

Flowers mostly bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate; limb 3-4-
toothed, often enlarged after flowering. Corolla epigynous,
tubular, subequally 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Stamens
1-5, in the tube, separate. Ovary inferior, 1-3-celled ; ovules
solitary, pendulous ; style filiform. Fruit dry, crowned with
the calyx-limb, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, without albumen. —
Herbs, with opposite, often cut leaves, without stipules.
Flowers in cymes or fascicles, or solitary in the forks.

Calyx unequally toothed, crowning the fruit, un-
changed 1. Valerianella.

Calyx inrolled in flower, opening in fruit into a fea-
thery pappus 2. Valeriana.

1. VALERIANELLA, Poll.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 3.
Stigma undivided or 3-fid. Fruit 3-celled, rather membra-
nous, 2 of the cells only fertile. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 40.

Forking annuals, with oblong or linear, entire or toothed leaves. Flowers
solitary in the forks or corymbose, minute. — Tr. eriocarpa , introduced from
Europe, occurs near Grootvadersbosch.

2. VALERIANA, Linn.

Calyx-limb involute at the time of flowering (resembling a
thickened rim), but at length unfolding into a deciduous pap-
pus, composed of many plumose bristles. Corolla 5-lobed,
gibbous at base. Stamens 3. Fruit 1-celled and 1-seeded at
maturity. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 40.

Herbs or half-shrubs. — V. Capensis , our only species, has imparipinnate-
parted leaves ; the leaflets opposite or alternate, ovate, acute, toothed ;
cymes panicled, pinkish. It grows in various parts of the country.

158

Order LXIX. DIPSACEiE.

Elowers complete, crowded in heads on a common recep-
tacle, surrounded by a general involucre, each flower also
seated in a cup-like, dry, persistent involucel. Calyx adnate.
Corolla epigynous, tubular ; limb oblique, 4-5-lobed, imbricate
in bud. Stamens 4, in the tube, alternate with the lobes, ex-
serted, separate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary,
pendulous ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Fruit a dry utricle,
crowned by the calyx-limb, and enclosed in the cup-like invo-
lucel. Seed pendulous, albuminous. — Herbs or undershrubs,
with opposite or whorled, often pinnatisect or lyrate, exstipu-
late leaves.

Involucral scales imbricate in several rows. Calyx cup-
like or discoid 1. Cephalaeia.

Involucral scales sub-2-seriate. Calyx-limb crowned

with 5 bristles 2. Scabiosa.

1. CEPH AL ARIA, Schrad.

Involucre of many imbricated leaves, shorter than the palese
of the receptacle. Involucel 4-angled, 8-furrowed, with a
4-8-toothed crown. Calyx-limb cup-shaped or discoid. Co-
rolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Fruit 4-sided, crowned by the
limb of the calyx, girt by the involucel. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 41.

Biennials. Leaves toothed orpinnatifid, rarely entire. Heads of flowers
globose ; palese imbricated, outer on^S sterile. Corolla white creamy or
lilac. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

2. SCABIOSA, Linn.

Involucre of many leaves, nearly 2-seriate. Receptacle
with palese. Involucels usually cylindrical, with 8 pit-like
depressions, ending in a bell-shaped or rotate, scarious limb.
Calyx-limb tapering into a neck above the ovary, and ending
in 5 bristles. Corolla 4-5-cleft. Stamens 4. — FI. Cap. iii.
p. 43.

Perennials or undershrubs, with variably cut leaves. Flower-heads flat-
topped, often radiate. — 3 Cape species, of which 2 are endemic, dispersed.

Order LXX. COMPOSITE

Flowers arranged in heads (capitula) on a general recep-
tacle, surrounded by an involucre of several, separate or co-
hering, dry and membranous or green and leaf-like scales or
leaflets (bracts). Heads many- flowered few-flowered or 1-
flowered, separate or crowded in glomerules. Flowers sessile

LXX. COMPOSITE.

159

on a flat or convex receptacle. Calyx-tube adnate ; limb (called
pappus) very much varied, either obsolete, annular, or coroni-
form, toothed, scaly, bristle-shaped or feathery, usually en-
larging as the ovary swells, and more or less persistent.
Corolla epigynous, tubular, with valvate aestivation, either re-
gular and 4-5-toothed, or 1-labiate and strap-shaped ( ligulate ),
or rarely 2-labiate. Stamens in the tube of the corolla, alter-
nate with its lobes ; anthers usually united by their edges into
a tube surrounding the style. Ovary with a single erect ovule ;
style filiform, 2-fid in the fertile flowers, mostly simple in the
abortive. Fruit a small dry nut or achene, usually crowned
with the pappus. Seed without albumen. — A vast and greatly
diversified Order, corresponding to the class Syngenesia in the
Linnean system.

TABLE OF THE TRIBES.

* Disk-flowers tubular , regular , 5-toothed.

Tribe 1. Yernoniace®. Style-branches long, much exserted, filiform,
equally hispid or bristly on the outer surface. — Heads always discoid.
Leaves alternate. (Gen. 1-6.)

Tribe 2. Eupatoriace®. Style-branches long, much exserted, obtuse or
thickened at the point, minutely granulated on the outer surface. — Heads
always discoid. Leaves opposite or alternate. (Gen. 7-10.)

Tribe 3. Asteroide®. Style-branches linear or lance-linear, flattish or
flattened upwards, mostly acute, minutely and equally downy on the outer
surface. — Habit various. (Gen. 11-38.)

Tribe 4. Senecionide®. Style-branches linear, flattish, truncate, bristly
at the apex only or tipped with a short, bristly cone. Habit various. (Gen.
39-124.)

Tribe 5. Cynare®. Style suddenly thickened below the apex, and often
hispid at the point of thickening ; its branches convex, partially cohering or
separate, minutely downy on the outer surface. — Habit various. (Gen. 125-
146.)

** Flowers all strap-shaped and bisexual.

Tribe 6. CiChorace®. Style-branches long, filiform, equally pubescent
on the outer surface. — Juice milky, very bitter. (Gen. 147-154.)

TABLE OF THE GENERA.

Tribe 1. Yernoniace®. (Gen. 1-6.)

Heads several-flowered ; involucre of many imbri-
cating scales.

Pappus none, or a small, fleshy ring.

All the flowers perfect, bisexual, with bell-
shaped corollas 1. Ethulia.

Central-flowers male, funnel-shaped ; marginal

female, filiform, in many rows 2. Litogyne.

Pappus of many bristles, in 2 or more rows.

Involucre scales and leaves spinous-pointed . 3. Hoplophylltjm.

Involucre scales not spinous-pointed ... 4. Yernonia.

Pappus of 7-9 spreading, flat, white scales . . 5. Platycarpha.

Heads 1 -flowered, corymbose ; involucre of 2 op-
posite scales

6. CORYMBIUM.

100

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Tribe 2. Eupatoriace-e. (Gen. 7-10.)

Leaves alternate. Pappus of 3-5 unequal scales . 7. Anisoceleta.
Leaves opposite.

Heads many-flowered.

Pappus of 5-10 broad, toothed, pointed scales 8. Ageratum.
Pappus of 3-5 gland- tipped bristles . . . . 9. Adenostemma.

Heads 4-flowered. Pappus of many slender

bristles 10. Mikania.

Tribe 3. AsteroidEjE. (Gen. 11-38.)

1. Heads conspicuously radiate ; rays blue, pink

or white (not yellow).

Receptacle covered with rigid palese (chaff ) . 12. Amellus.
Receptacle without palese.

Ray and disk-flowers both with bristle-
shaped pappus.

Pappus-bristles plumose (feathered) . . 13. Mairea.

Pappus-bristles rough, but not feathered.

Pappus uniform, of many similar bristles 17. Aster.

Pappus double, outer bristlesvery short 18. Diplopappus.
Ray-flowers without pappus ; disk-flowers
with bristle-shaped pappus.

Disk-flowers fertile, with well -feathered

pappus 16. Charieis.

Disk-flowers sterile, with serrated pappus 14. Gymnostephium.
All the flowers without pappus. Leaves
pinnatifid • 21. Gartjleum.

2. Heads conspicuously radiate ; rays yellow.

Receptacle nude, smooth or minutely rough.

Pappus well-feathered (plumose) . . . .13. Mairea.

Pappus bristle-shaped, rough, in one row.

Anthers not tailed at base 20. Nidorella.

Anthers tailed at base 33. Inula.

Pappus bristle-shaped, in many rows,

copious 11. Alciope.

Pappus double ; outer of short scales, inner

of bristles 34. Pulicaria.

Pappus none - . . . . 15. Anaglypha.

Receptacle conspicuously honeycombed or
fimbrilliferous.

Rays neuter, with glabrous, abortive ovaries 36. Cypselodontia.
Rays female ; all the achenes hairy. Pap-
pus double.

Pappus of several-toothed bristles, outer

shorter 37. Minurothamnus.

Pappus of broad scales, all or half of

them awned 38. Geigeria.

3. Heads heterogamous, either discoid or very im-

perfectly radiate ; the margin flower fe-
male, filiform, or with very short unilabiate
or bilabiate corollas (imperfect rays).

Pappus double; outer of short scales, inner

of bristles 34. Pulicaria.

Pappus single, of few or many slender bristles.

Margin-flower imperfectly ligulate (unila-
biate).

LXX. COMTOSIT^.

161

Rays white ; disk yellow 19. Erigeron.

Ray yellow, as well as the disk .... 20. Nidorella.
Marginal flowers filiform, in 1 row. Leaves

heath-like 25. Leptothamnus.

Marginal flowers filiform, in many rows.

Leaves more or less broad.

Anthers without tails 26. Conyza.

Anthers tailed at the base 32. Blumea.

Pappus 0, or of very minute, flat scales.

Receptacles flat. Disk-flowers 5-toothed,

sterile 31. Denekia.

Receptacles conical. Disk-flowers 4-toothed 27. Dichrocephala.

4. Heads dioecious, discoid ; male and female

flowers in separate heads, on distinct roots.

(Balsamic shrubs or trees.)

Achenes woolly, without pappus 30. Tarchonanthtjs.

.Achenes pubescent, with copious, bristle-
shaped pappus 29. BrachyIuEna.

5. Heads monogamous, discoid ; all the flowers

tubular and perfect.

Receptacles covered with rigid scales (palece) . 12. Amellus.
Receptacles nude.

Anthers not tailed at base.

Pappus bristle- shaped, uniform.

Pappus 1-seriate, very slender, deci-
duous 23. Chrysocoma.

Pappus in many rows, rigid, persistent 24. Pteronia.

Pappus double ; outer of short, narrow

scales ; inner of long, rough bristles . 22. Fresenia.

Anthers tailed at base ; pappus copious, of

many bristles, or of scales and bristles . 35. Pegolettia.

6. Heads compound, i. e. many small, discoid heads

united on a common receptacle, with a general

involucre. Pappus 0 28. Sph^ranthtts.

Tribe 4. Senecionide,®. (Gen. 39-124.)

Subtribe 1. Helianthe.®. Leaves opposite, broad, mostly petioled.
Receptacles bearing paleae among the disk-flowers. Anthers without tails,
short, dark-coloured. Pappus of a few stiff, persistent awns or 0. (Gen.
39-44.)

Achenes beakless, without pappus.

Receptacles flat. Involucral scales 2-seriate,

ovate, acute 39. Eclipta.

Receptacles flattish. Involucre double ; outer of

5, spathulate, spreading, glandular leafy scales 40. Siegesbeckia.
Receptacles conical. Involucral scales short,

Oppressed 44. Spilanthes.

Achenes beaked, bearing 2-5, rigid, retrorsely his-
pid bristles 42. Bidens.

Achenes beakless, with pappus.

Pappus cup-shaped, toothed 41. Wedelia.

Pappus of 8-10, rigid, unequal, rough bristles . 43. Lipotriche.

Subtribe 2. HeleniE/E. Leaves (except in Oedera) alternate. Recep-
tacles nude or bearing paleae. Anthers without tails. Pappus of several

M

162

LXX. COMPOSITE.

flat, dry, separate, conspicuous scales in single rows (in Ursinia with a few
slender bristles as an inner pappus). (Gen. 45-49.)

1. Receptacles without palese. (A glabrous, aqua-

tic herb) 45. Cadiscus.

2. Receptacles bearing palese among the disk-

flowers.

Leaves opposite, linear. Heads conglomerate,

involucred 46. Oedera.

Leaves alternate. Heads separate.

Rays female. Pappus of 2-3 unequal scales. 47. Callilepis.

Ray3 neuter. Pappus of 5 obovate, obtuse
scales. Achenes with a silky tuft at base,

narrow 48. Sphenogyne.

Rays neuter. Pappus of 5 obovate scales,
and 5 inner slender bristles. Achenes ob-
ovate, quite glabrous 49. TJ.rsinia.

Subtribe 3. Anthemide®. Leaves rarely opposite. Heads discoid or

radiate. Receptacles nude or bearing palese. Anthers wholly without
tails, blunt at base. Pappus either 0, or coroniform, or consisting of a few
minute scales or jointed hairs. (Gen. 50-75.)

1. Receptacles bearing palese between the flowers.

Heads radiate. Achenes glabrous. Leaves

opposite 50. Eumorphia.

Heads more or less radiate. Achenes woolly.

Disk-flowers perfect. Leaves pinnatisect . 51. Lasiospermum.
Disk-flowers male. Leaves simple or 3-fid.

Rigid shrubs 75. Eriocephaltjs.

Heads homogamous, discoid. Pappus either

minutely scaly, or of a few short hairs, or 0. 74. Athanasia.

2. Receptacles nude, not bearing palese among the

flowers.

* Heads discoid.

Corolla of disk-flowers 5-tootlied.

Heads homogamous (all flowers similar
and perfect).

Pappus 0 (shrubs or lialf-shrubs).

Corolla glabrous.

Leaves linear, entire 73. Stilpnophytgm.

Leaves cuneate, 3-5-lobed or

toothed 66. Pentzia.

Corolla glandular. Achenes terete . 68. Adenosolen.
Corolla pubescent. Achenes scabrid. 60. Brachymeris.
Pappus membranous, oblique, ear-
shaped.

Small shrubs or undershrubs . . .66. Pentzia.

Annuals, with pinnatisect leaves . 61. Matricaria.
Pappus of several small, equal scales . 67. Marasmodes.
Heads heterogamous ; marginal flowers
filiform, female.

Disk-flowers male, with abortive ova-

ries 65. Hippia.

Disk-flowers fertile, ovuliferous . . . 64. Artemisia.

Corolla of disk-flowers 4-toothed.

Tube of corolla not flattened or winged.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

103

Slimblets or lmlf-woody perennials. j

Achenes glabrous. Flowers all per-
fect 62. Tanacetum.

Marginal achenes villous ; of the

disk glabrous, abortive . . . .63. Schistostephium.

Annuals with pinnatisect leaves . . 61. Matricaria.

Tube of corolla flattened or winged.

Annuals or small, tufted perennials.

Corolla not spurred at base . . . 71. Cotula.

Corolla with a broad spur, infolding

the ovary 70. Otochlamys.

Yirgate shrubs, with entire, sessile

leaves 69. Peyrousea.

** Heads radiate.

Corolla of disk-flowers 4-toothed.

Herbs with multifid leaves.

Disk-flowers flat-tubed. Achenes

flat 72. Cenia.

Disk-flowers terete. Achenes angu-
lar 61. Matricaria.

Small shrubs or half-shrubs.

Rays female. Leaves linear or 3-fid. 58. Adenach^na.

Rays neuter.

Leaves lobed or pinnatifid . . . 52. Lidbeckia.

Leaves linear, entire, silky . . .53. Thaminophyllum.

Corolla of disk-flowers 5-tootlied.

Involucral scales in 1 row, connate or
concrete.

Disk fertile; all the achenes glabrous. 54. Gamolepis.

Disk sterile ; ray-achenes silky, fer-
tile 55. Steirodiscus.

Involucral-scales imbricate, in few or
many rows.

Rays white.

Small shrubs or half-shrubs.

Achenes papillose or glandular.

Receptacles flat. Ray-flowers

some filiform, someligulate. 57. Phymaspermum.
Receptacles convex. Ray-

flowers all ligulate . . .58. Adenach^ena.

Achenes angular, smooth . . 59. Chrysanthemum.
Herbs with multifid leaves . . 61. Matricaria.

Rays yellow.

Heads corymbose ; rays 1-2 . . 56. Iocaste.

Heads solitary, terminal ; rays

several 59. Chrysanthemum.

Subtribe 4. Gnaphalieje. Leaves alternate, very frequently woolly.
Anthers tailed at base. Involucral scales mostly membranous, shining,
not withering. Pappus various. (Gen. 76-106.)

1. Heads 1-flowered, either in spikes or glomerules.

Pappus feathery t . 92. Stoebe.

Pappus 0 93. Perotriche.

2. Heads several-flowered, discoid.

M 2

1G4

LXX. COMPOSITE.

* Homogamous ; all the flowers perfect, 5-
toothed.

Pappus of several, feathery bristles.

Heads large, showy, solitary or corymbose. 79. Helipterum.
Heads small, sessile, in tufts or spikes.

Pappus plumes concrete at base, feathered

in the upper half only 87. Elytropappus.

Pappus plumes separate, feathered

throughout 88. Pterothrix.

Pappus of several, simple or serrate bristles.

Achenes glabrous, smooth or granulated.

Pappus 2-seriate 77. Leontonyx.

Pappus 1-seriate.

Achenes sessile, granulated. Leaves
not pungent.

Pappus rough or serrated .... 78. Helichrysum.
Pappus beaded near the tip . . . 82. Eriosphjera.

Ovaries stipitate, smooth. Leaves

pungent, often spirally twisted . . 84. Metalasia.

Achenes hairy or woolly.

Achenes beakless 85. Lachnospermum.

Achenes with a glabrous, thick beak . . 86. Paciiyrhyncus.

Pappus of 5, ovate, short, toothed scales . 104. Oligodora.

Heterogamous ; disk-flowers perfect ; margi-
nal filiform, female.

Pappus of all the flowers amply feathered . 83. Lasiopogon.
Pappus bristle-shaped.

Marginal flowers without pappus . . . 81. Amphidoxa.

Marginal flowers with pappus, as the disk-
flowers.

Receptacles bearing palese among the

flowers 76. Rhynea.

Receptacles nude or fimbrilliferous.

Pappus 2-seriate 77. Leontonyx.

Pappus 1-seriate.

Female flowers few 78. Helichrysum.

Female flowers very many, in several

rows 80. Gnaphalium.

*** Heteromonoecious ; disk-flowers male ; mar-
ginal female, filiform.

Heads large, solitary ; involucre radiating,

lustrous 95. Ph.enocoma.

Heads small, corymbose ; involucre radiating.

Receptacles very woolly, without palese . 97. Anaxeton.
Receptacles nude in centre, with marginal

palese 96. Petalacte.

Heads small, in tufts or spikes ; involucre not

radiating 94. Trichogyne.

3. Heads several-flowered, radiate ; rays ligulate.

Ray-flowers white or purple, not yellow.

Pappus of several, feathered bristles.

Heads 2-flowered ; bristles feathered

above ....*. 91. Disparago.

Heads 6-15-flowered ; bristles feathered

throughout 89. Amphiglossa.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

165

Pappus of rough bristles, or of alternate
bristles and short scales.

Involucral scales in few rows. (Densely-

tufted herb.) . . • 90. Bryomorpha.

Involucral scales in many rows, bristle-

pointed 98. Athrixia.

Pappus of several, very short scales . . 105. Osmites.

Pappus 0 ; ray neuter 106. Osmitopsis.

Ray-flowers yellow, often coppery beneath.

Receptacles nude. Pappus of many rigid

bristles 99. Antithrixia.

Receptacles nude. Pappus, in the ray, of
short scales ; in the disk, of feathered
bristles 160. Leyssera.

Receptacles honeycombed or fimbrillife-
rous; pappus of several, short, free or
connate scales 102. Nestlera.

Receptacles bearing palese between the
flowers.

Pappus uniform, of separate or connate
scales, or crown-like, entire or cre-

nate 103. Relhania.

Pappus of disk-flowers double, the outer
of short, broad scales ; the inner of 2
long bristles 101. Rosenia.

Subtribe 5. Senecione.®. Leaves alternate. Heads radiate or discoid.
Receptacles nude. Anthers without tails, blunt at base. Pappus of many
or few, slender, hair-like bristles, the marginal flowers sometimes without
pappus. Involucre very usually 1-seriate (often bracteolate at base). (Gen.
107-119.)

1. Heads discoid.

Homogamous ; all the flowers perfect, 5-
toothed.

Involucral scales 5, winged or crested at

back 111. Lophol^ina.

Involucral scales neither winged nor crested.

Style-branches truncate 117. Senecio.

Style-branches minutely cone-topped.

Achenes flattened or winged . . . . 110. Cineraria.

Achenes not flattened.

Pappus in several rows .... 113. Kleinia.

Pappus 1-seriate 112. Cacalia.

Heterogamous or Heteromonoecious ; the mar-
ginal flowers filiform, female.

Shrubby or perennial. Pappus copious.

Disk-flowers fertile. Leaves fleshy, thick 113. Kleinia.
Disk-flowers sterile. Leaves expanded,

glabrous 114. Doria.

Annual. Pappus very scanty . . . . . 107. Stilpnogyne.

2. Heads radiate.

Achenes flattened or winged 110. Cineraria.

Achenes terete or angular.

Pappus copious, in many rows.

Disk-flowers fertile.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

DIG

Involucral scales separate, often brac-

teolate 117. Senecio.

Involucral scales connate, not brac-

teolate, valvate 118. Euryops.

Disk-flowers sterile.

Pappus of very slender, nodulose, ca-
ducous, jointed bristles .... 119. Ruckeria.

Pappus of straight, rigid, persistent

bristles 115. Othonna.

Pappus of few bristles, 1-seriate (sometimes
0 in disk-flowers).

Disk-flowers fertile.

Pappus in disk-flowers of several, in

a ray of few bristles 109. Mesogramma.

Pappus of 4-5 curved, barbed bristles 108. Oligothrix.

Disk-flower3 sterile, without pappus . . 116. Gymnodiscus.

Subtribe 6. Calendule.®. Leaves rarely opposite. Heads radiate,
heteromoncecious, the ray-flowers fertile, the disk-flowers male, with abor-
tive simple styles ; or rarely (in Dimorphotheca ) some or all of the disk-
flowers fertile. Anthers acute or cuspidate at base, or very minutely tailed.
Pappus 0. (Gen. 120-124.)

Achenes quite beakless.

Involucre 1-seriate.

Marginal achenes 3-cornered, either smooth,

tubercled, or sharply toothed on the angles 120. Dimorphotheca.
Marginal achenes covered with thorny points 124. Xenismia.
Involucre in 2-3 rows. Marginal achenes nut-
like, thick-shelled, smooth or wrinkled, 3-cor-
nered or 3-winged 123. Osteospermum.

Achenes produced into a beak.

Achenes broadly 3- winged 121. Tripteris.

Achenes 3-cornered, wingless or nearly so . . 122^ Oligocarpus.

Tribe 5. Cynare^:. (Gen. 125-146.)

Subtribe 1. Arctotide.®. Heads commonly radiate, rarely homoga-
mous and discoid ; rays female or neuter, ligulate. Anthers minutely
tailed. Achenes beakless, turbinate, with a terminal flattened disk, often
villous. Pappus 0, or of broad or narrow, membranous scales, or (in He-
terolepis) of barbed bristles. (Gen. 125-140.)

1. Arctote^:. Involucral scales unarmed, se-
parate, the outer herbaceous, inner mem-
brane-edged, obtuse. Heads radiate.

Rays female, producing achenes.

Achenes with 2 collateral cavities at back.

Pappus of 8 or more membranous

scales 125. Arctotis.

Pappus 0, or of 4-5 minute squamules 126. Venidium.
Achenes solid (no dorsal cavities).

Pappus of several very delicate, narrow
scales.

Filaments of stamens scabrous . . 127. Haplocarpha.
Filaments of stamens smooth . . 128. Lanhtia.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

167

Pappus of 15-20 rigid barbed bristles 132. Heteeolepis.
Rays neuter, never having achenes.

Pappus 0. Achenes 4-sided .... 129. Arctotheca.

Pappus of several scales, hidden among
the long silky hairs that clothe the

achene . 130. Cryptostemma.

Pappus crown-like, minute, crenate.

Achenes tomentose 131. Microstephium.

2. Gorterie^s. Involucral scales, at least the
outer and medial, pungent, and mostly
spinous at the sides, more or less con-
crete. Heads either radiate or discoid ;
rays neuter.

Involucral scales concrete into a cup, toothed

1 or lobed round the apex.

Achenes subglabrous. Pappus crown-
like 133. Gorteria.

Achenes villous. Pappus of thin toothed

scales 134. Gazania.

Involucral scales in 2 or many rows, con-
crete at base only.

Pappus 0. Achenes glabrous .... 135. Cullttmia.

Pappus crown-like, crenate. Achenes
glabrous 137. Stephanocoma.

Pappus splitting into short bristles.

Achenes woolly 136. Hirpicium.

Pappus of many flat, separate scales.

Involucral scales imbricate in many
rows.

Pappus-scales obtuse, denticulate . 138. Stobasa.
Pappus-scales acute or taper-

pointed 139. Berkeleya.

Involucral scales in 2 rows. Pappus
scales fimbriato-plumose .... 140. Didelta.

Subtribe 2. Mutisie.®. Heads commonly radiate, rarely discoid. In-
volucres imbricate. Receptacles nude or fimbrilliferous. Corolla of disk
or ray, or of both, very generally (not always) 2-labiate, or irregularly cleft.
Anthers rigid, in all the Cape genera with long tails. Pollen mostly
smooth. (Gen. 141-146.)

* Shrubs, or dwarf woody plants, none herbaceous.

Leaves very thick and leathery, entire, penni-
nerved, woolly beneath. Stem dwarf or

tall 141. Oldenburgia.

Leaves membranous. Small shrubs or shrub-
lets.

Pappus of many shortly plumose bristles.

Rays female. Shrubs 142. Printzia.

Rays neuter or 0. Half-shrubs . . . 143. Dicoma.

Pappus 0. Receptacles fimbrillate . . . 146. Arrowsmithia.
** Stemless herbs. Leaves radical, petioled.

Scapes 1-headed.

Heads radiate 144. Gerbera.

Heads discoid 145. Perdicium.

168

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Teibe 6. Cichokacejs. (Gen. 147-154.)

Pappus plumose.

Involucre imbricate ; receptacles scaly ; central

achenes beaked 147. Hypoch^eis.

Involucre 1-seriate ; receptacle nude ; all the

achenes beaked 148. Ueospeemum.

Pappus bristle- or hair-shaped.

Achenes with a long beak.

Achenes flattened, smooth or striate. Stem

branched 149. Lactuca.

Achenes oblong, with hard sharp points at
the apex. Leaves all radical. Stem scape-
like, 1-headed 150. Taeaxacum.

Achenes oblong, compressed, the outer with a
short, inner with a long beak. Leaves ra-
dical. Stem branched 154. Anisoeamphos.

Achenes beakless or very shortly beaked.

Achenes 4-5-angled, slightly beaked. Stems
trailing, bearing tufted leaves and axillary

flower-heads 151. Miceoehyncus.

Achenes compressed, beakless. Pappus very

soft and white. Branching herbs . . . 152. Sonchus.

Achenes 5-angled, beakless. Pappus rigid,
discoloured. Branching herbs. Leaves
chiefly radical 153. Hieeacium.

Tribe 1. Vernonie^e. (Gen. 1-6.)

1. ETHULIA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre imbricate ;
scales herbaceous, acute. Receptacle nude. Corolla bell-
shaped, 5-fid. Anthers short, included. Style shortly ex-
serted, its branches bristly. Achenes obconic, 4-angled, 4-
ribbed, glabrous, truncate, and 4-5-angled at the summit.
Pappus an entire, thickened rim. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 47.

Branching, weed-like herbs of hot countries. — E. conyzoides, Linn., a
common tropical plant, occurs at Natal.

2. LITOGYNE, Harv.

Heads heteromonoecious. many-flowered ; central flower
male, funnel-shaped, 5-toothed ; marginal female, in many
rows, filiform, 3-toothed. Involucre imbricate, the scales
acute. Heceptacle nude, depressed. Pappus 0. — Male : An-
thers linear, partly exserted, acute at base. Style simple,
much exserted, the exserted portion hispid all round. Ovary
abortive.' — Pemale : Anthers 0. Style exserted, deeply 2-fid,
the arms glabrous, blunt, spreading. Ovary glabrous, minute,
ovuliferous. Achenes unknown. — FI. Cap. iii .p. 48 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 155.

Much-branchcd, small, rigid plants, with entire or denticlcd, alternate

LXX. COMPOSITE.

ieo

leaves, decurrent as narrow wings along the stem. Heads small, corymbose
or tufted. — 2 species, from the Northern frontier.

3. VERNONIA, Schreb.

Heads few- or many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre
imbricate, shorter than the flower ; scales not pungent. Re-
ceptacle nude or honeycombed. Corolla deeply 5-fid, with
narrow lobes. Filaments smooth ; anthers sagittate. Achenes
glabrous or silky, striate or ribbed. Pappus 2-seriate, the
inner of many, long, serrate bristles, outer of very narrow,
short scales ; rarely both series subequal. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 48 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 156, 157.

A vast tropical and subtropical genus, various in habit. Leaves often
gland-dotted. Heads corymbose or solitary ; flowers rosy-purple or white.
— 15 South African species, all Eastern or beyond the Eastern frontier.

4. HOLOPHYLLUM, DC.

Heads few-flowered, homogamous. Involucre ovate-oblong,
closely imbricate, the broad, rigid scales spinous-mucronate.
Receptacle narrow, fimbrilliferous. Corolla glabrous, tubular,
deeply 5-cleft ; lobes linear. Filaments smooth ; anthers
linear, sagittate. Achenes thick, subtrigonous, densely hairy,
slightly narrowed under the pappus. Pappus in many rows,
persistent, scabrous, the outer bristle-shaped, the inner subu-
late-acuminate.— FI. Cap. iii. p. 53.

Rigid shrubs, with pungent, linear or subulate leaves, and sessile, axil-
lary or terminal heads . — 2 species. W estern and N orth- Eastern districts in
dry places.

5. PLATYCARPHA, Less.

Heads densely crowded, sessile, many-flowered, homoga-
mous. Involucral scales in many rows, lanceolate, scarious,
pungent-mucronate, the inner narrow, resembling palese. Co-
rolla with a long, slender, hispid tube, and 5-parted limb ; the
, lobes linear, with recurved, gland- tipped points. Filaments
smooth ; anthers linear, obtuse, sagittate. Achenes glabrous,
oblong, bluntly 5-angled. Pappus persistent, of 7-9 white,
linear-acuminate, entire, spreading scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 54.

P. glomerata, the only species, is a stemless perennial, with many radical,
petioled, pinnate-parted leaves lying like a star on the ground. Heads
crowded over the crown of the root ; corolla purple. — Found in Uitenhage,
by the Zwartkops river, in salt ground.

6. CORYMBITJM, Linn.

Heads 1-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 2 opposite,
channelled scales, one clasping the other, with 2-3 very small,

170

LXX. COMPOSITE.

outer bracts at base. Corolla salver-shaped, deeply 5-cleft.
Anthers included, simple at base. Achenes tapering at base,
silky. Pappus short, crown-like, irregularly cleft or torn. —
FI. Cay. iii. y. 55.

Nearly stemless plants, with a thick, softly-silky rootstock. Leaves, ra-
dical, linear, parallel-nerved, rigid. Flower-stems nearly nude, with a few
clasping, scale-like leaves, corymbose at summit. Corymbs close or loose ;
flowers pink or white, rarely yellow. — 7 species, dispersed.

Tribe 2. EupatoriacejE. (Gen. 7-10.)

7. ANTISOCHJETA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre ovate, im-
bricate, its scales lanceolate, appressed, shorter than disk.
Receptacle nude. Corolla tubular, deeply 5-cleft. Anthers
sagittate. Style shortly exserted; branches cylindrical, ob-
tuse, nearly smooth. Achenes oblong, striate, scarcely downy.
Pappus of 3-5, narrow-subulate, unequal scales.- — FI. Cap. iii.
p. 57.

A. mxkanioides , DC., the only species, is a half-climbing or scrambling
plant, found near Natal. Leaves alternate, petioled, ovate, 3-5-nerved
at base, coarsely toothed, at length nearly glabrous. Panicle terminal, with
widely-spreading branches, many-headed.

8. AGERATUM, Linn.

Heads manv-flowered, subglobose. Involucre loosely imbri-
cate ; scales acuminate. Receptacle nude. Corolla tubular,
5-fid. Achenes with a basal callus, 5-angled, narrowed at
base. Pappus of 5-10, lacerate or pectinate scales. — FI. Cap.
iii . p. 57.

Herbs, chiefly American. — A. conyzoides, Linn., a common tropical plant,
often cultivated, occurs about Natal. Leaves ovate, rhomboid or cordate,
on longish petioles ; heads corymbose ; flowers lavender blue or white.

9. ADENOSTEMMA, Eorst.

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle flat, nude, honeycombed.
Involucral scales short, in a single or double row, connate at
base, oblong, at length reflexed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-
toothed, villous externally. Style- arms much exserted, di-
lated. Achenes oblong, bluntly angular, crowned with 3-5
short, rigid, spreading, gland- tipped bristles. < — FI. Cap. iii. jp. 58.

Herbs of hot countries. Leaves opposite, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved at
base. Heads panicled, pedicelled ; flowers white. — 2 Cape species, from
Caffraria and Natal.

10. MIKANIA, Willd.

Heads 4-flowered. Receptacle nude. Involucre 4-leaved,

LXX. COMPOSITE.

171

bracteolate. Corolla with a short tube and bell-shaped, 5-cleft
limb. Achenes angular. Pappus of many rough bristles. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 58.

Mostly climbing herbs or shrubs of hot countries, chiefly American.
Leaves opposite, petioled, mostly cordate or sagittate. Heads corymbose ;
corolla pale. — 2 Cape species, both Eastern.

Tribe 3. Asteroide^:. (Gen. 11-38.)

Subtbibe AsterE-E. (Gen. 11-24.)

11. ALCIOPE, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; ray-flowers ligulate, 1-seriate,
female ; disk-flowers 5-cleft, complete. Receptacle nude. In-
volucral scales imbricate, linear, appressed. Style of disk-
flowers deeply 2 -fid, its arms linear, divergent, semiterete,
obtuse, dorsally puberulous. Achenes linear-oblong, angular,
subcompressed, pubescent. Pappus of slender, rough bristles
in many rows, deciduous. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 60.

Branching, erect, South African undershrubs. Stems clothed with close,
white wool. Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or toothed, coriaceous, woolly
beneath. Heads large, ending long branches. — 2 species, both Western.

12. AMELLTJS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, mostly radiate ; rays 1-seriate, female
and fertile ; disk-flowers 5-toothed. Receptacle bearing palese
between the flowers. Involucral scales imbricate, rigid, the
inner like the pale*. Achenes wedge-shaped, compressed,
those of the ray somewhat 4-angled, of the disk smooth, rough-
edged. Pappus of ray of a few, short, unequal scales ; of disk
double, the outer similar to that of the ray, the inner of 4-5
scabrous, deciduous bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 61.

Small South African annuals or rigid perennials. Lower leaves opposite,
upper alternate, oblong, entire or few-toothed. Heads terminal ; rays blue ;
disk yellow. — 8 species, dispersed.

13. MAIREA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays female and fertile ;
disk-flowers 5-toothed, fertile or sterile. Receptacles nude.
Involucre subimbricate. Anthers simple at base. Achenes
piano-compressed. Pappus in 1 row, uniform, of several
feathered (plumose) bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 64.

South African perennials or small shrubs, of various habit. Leaves
alternate. Peduncle 1 -headed or rarely corymbose. Disk yellow ; rays
purple blue or white ; very rarely yellow. — 10 species, dispersed.

172

LXX. COMPOSITE.

14. GrYMN OSTEPHIUM, Less.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays female, in 1 row ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed, sterile, with 2-fid styles, but abortive ova-
ries. Involucral scales imbricate. Achenes of ray-flowers
piano-compressed, rib-margined, beakless, glandular on face ;
of the disk linear, empty. Pappus caducous, of few setae,
either shortly feathery or barbato-serrate ; ray-flowers either
without pappus or with 1-2 bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 67.

Undershrubs, with slender, rod-like, leafy branches. Leaves alternate,
linear or subulate, entire, smooth or ciliate. Heads peduncled, solitary or
corymbose. Rays blue ; disk yellow. — 6 species, none east of Swellendam ?

15? ANAGLYPHA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays 1-seriate, female ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed, perfect. Involucral scales 2-seriate, equal,
acuminate, longer than the disk. Receptacle nude, honey-
combed. Tube of corolla hairy. Achenes obovate, downy,
without pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 68.

A. aspera, DC., a little-known plant, was found by Drege between the
Coega and Zwartkops rivers. It is said to resemble Mairea taxifolia in
aspect.

16. CHARXEIS, Cass.

Heads manv-flowered, radiate ; rays female, in 1 row ; disk-
flowers hermaphrodite, 5-toothed, tubular-bell-shaped. Recep-
tacle honeycombed. Involucral scales 2-seriate, the outer
sharply keeled, inner membrane-edged. Achenes obovate,
compressed, with a thick rim; those of the ray frequently
empty and always wdthout pappus. Pappus of disk-flowers of
several, feathered bristles. — FI. Cap. iii . p. 69.

A small, hairy annual. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, oblong-
lanceolate. Peduncle long, 1-headed, glandular ; rays blue ; disk blue or
yellow. — Western districts.

17. ASTER, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays female, in 1 row ;
disk flowers 5-toothed, perfect, rarely sterile. Receptacle
nude or honeycombed. Involucral scales imbricate, in few or
many rows. Acbenes compressed. Pappus of many serrulate,
caducous or subpersistent, uniform bristles, 1-seriate or pluri-
seriate. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 69 ; Tlies. Cap. t. 154.

A vast cosmopolitan genus, much diversified in aspect. — 46 Cape species,
either annual, perennial or shrubby, dispersed. Leaves rarely petioled,
often small. Heads terminal, solitary. Rays blue white or pink, never

LXX. COMPOSITE.

173

18. DIPLOPAPPUS, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays female, in 1 row ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed, perfect. Receptacle flat, somewhat honey-
combed. Involucre imbricate. Achenes compressed. Pappus
double, the outer of short, inner of long, rough bristles. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 84.

Much-branched shrubs or rigid simple stemmed herbs, differing from Aster
in the pappus. — 5 Cape species, dispersed.

19. ERIGERON, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, heterochromous, radiate ; rays female,
in many rows, linear, equalling the disk (or longer) ; disk-
flowers tubular, 5-toothed, either all perfect, or the outer
female, or all abortive. Receptacle nude, honeycombed, or fim-
brilliferous. Achenes compressed, beakless. Pappus bristle-
shaped, rough, in 1 row. — FI. Cap. iii . p. 86.

A large, chiefly Northern genus. E. Canadense , Linn., a species of
American origin, now universally dispersed, is naturalized in the Eastern
districts and at Natal. Root annual ; stem much-branched ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, ciliate ; heads small, very many, in panicles ; rays very narrow,
scarcely longer than the involucre.

20. NIDORELLA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, homochromous, radiate ; rays female,
very shortly ligulate or 2 -labiate, in 1, 2 or several rows ; disk-
flowers 5-fid, perfect, the central sometimes sterile. Invo-
lucre imbricate. Receptacle honeycombed. Anthers without
tails. Achenes oblong, terete or subcompressed, mostly
downy. Pappus in 1 row, of rough bristles, slightly connate
at base. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 86.

Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly South African. Leaves alternate, toothed
or entire. Heads corymbose, rarely solitary ; disk and ray-flowers yellow.
— 16 species, dispersed.

21. GARULEUM, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, monoecious, radiate ; ray-flowers li-
gulate, female ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, male, with abortive
ovaries. Receptacle convex, nude. Involucral scales 2-seriate.
Style of disk-flowers with divergent arms, hairy outside, glan-
dular at the margins inside. Achenes of ray obovate-oblong,
3-4-ribbed, beakless, roughish ; of disk flat, smooth, empty.
Pappus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 92.

South African undershrubs, with alternate, pinnatifid and toothed leaves.
Heads peduncled, solitary ; rays blue ; disk yellow. — 3 species, dispersed.

m

LXX. COMPOSITE.

22. FEESENIA, DC.

Heads several-flowered, discoid. Involucral scales imbricate,
linear, submembranous at margin, with 1-3 dorsal glands.
Receptacle areolate, narrow. Corolla tubular, glabrous, 5-
toothed, not wider at the throat. Anthers without tails.
Achenes compressed, beakless, silky. Pappus double, the
outer of short, narrow scales, inner of long, rough bristles. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 92.

Glabrous halfshrubs, with linear, opposite or alternate, entire leaves, and
1-headed peduncles. Flowers pale yellow. — 2 species, both Western.

23. CHEYSOCOMA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, discoid. Receptacle somewhat honey-
combed. Involucre campanulate, shorter than the flower,
imbricate, of oblong-lanceolate scales. Achenes flattened,
beakless, hispidulous. Pappus in 1 ro^, of slender, rough
bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 93.

South African small shrubs or rarely herbs, with linear, rarely pinnatifid
leaves. Heads solitary or rarely corymbose, bright yellow. — 9 species,
dispersed.

24. PTEROmA, Linn.

Heads discoid, homogamous, many-flowered, rarely 3-1-
flowered. Receptacle honeycombed ; cells shallow or fringed.
Involucre imbricated, in many rows. Achenes compressed or
top-shaped, glabrous or villpus, rarely shortly beaked. Pap-
pus in many rows, of thickish, straight and rigid, closely-
barbed bristles, often concrete at base. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 95.

A large Cape genus of small, dry or glutinous shrubs. Leaves opposite
or rarely alternate, mostly entire, often ciliate. Heads solitary or corym-
bose ; flowers yellow, rarely purple. — 51 species, dispersed, the majority
Western and North-Western.

Subteibe 2. BACCHAKiDEiE. (Gen. 25-28.)

25. LEPTOTHAMNUS, DC.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers fili-
form, truncate or 2-dentate, female, in 1 row ; disk-flowers
tubular, perfect, 5-tootlied. Receptacle flat, nude, somewhat
honeycombed. Involucral scales imbricate, acuminate, in few
rows. Pappus bristle-shaped, deciduous, of the ray 1-seriate,
of the disk more copious. Achenes compressed, silky. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 111.

Slender undershrubs, with scattered, linear-subulate, rigidly- ciliate leaves,
and terminal, 1-headed peduncles. Flowers yellow, tawny red above. —
2 species, both Eastern.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

175

2 G. CONYZA, Less.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers fe-
male, in many rows, with very slender, filiform, truncate or
2-3-toothed corollas ; central flowers few, male, 5-toothed.
Receptacle flat or convex, nude or fimbrilliferous. Involu-
cral scales in many rows. Anthers without tails. Achenes
flat, mostly glabrous. Pappus 1-seriate, of slender, scarcely
rough bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 111.

Herbs or halfshrubs. Leaves various, often toothed or incised. Heads
peduncled corymbose or panicled. Flowers yellow. Pappus reddish. —
9 Cape species, dispersed.

27. DICHROCEPHALA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous, discoid ; marginal
flowers female, in many rows, slender, filiform, 3-4-toothed ;
central few, male, bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Receptacle nude,
conical. Involucre expanded, nearly 1-seriate ; scales ovate,
subequal. Style included. Achenes compressed, beakless,
the marginal without pappus, central each with 1-2 bristles. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 114.

Annual weeds of warm countries, with alternate, toothed or lyrate leaves,
and globose, small, racemose or panicled heads. — D. latifolia, DC., occurs
in the Eastern district and at Natal.

28. SPHiERANTHTTS, Vaill.

Heads crowded into a globose glomerule (or compound
head), surrounded by a common involucre; each partial head
sessile in the axil of a bract, on a convex, common receptacle.
Partial heads few-flowered, monoecious, all the flowers tubular ;
female filiform, 3-toothed ; male swollen, 5-toothed. Partial
receptacle nude. Partial involucre of several, close-pressed,
imbricate scales. Anthers tailless. Pappus 0. — M. Cap. iii.
p. 115.

Herbs of hot countries. Leaves decurrent, serrate or entire. — S. pedun-
cularis, DC., occurs in Caffraria and at Natal. Flowers purplish.

Subtribe 3. Tarchonanthe,®. (Gen. 29-30.)

29. BRACHYLJENA, R. Br.

Heads many-flowered, dioecious. Receptacle nude. Invo-
lucral scales imbricated, dry, shorter than the flowers. Co-
rolla tubular, unequally 5-toothed. — Male : Anthers tailed at
base, connate, exserted. Style filiform, simple. Ovary hispid,
abortive, with few pappus-bristles. — Pemale : Anthers abor-
tive, separate. Style 2-fid, the arms short and broad. Achenes

17 G

LXX. COMPOSITES.

glandular-pubescent. Pappus double, of rough bristles. — FI.
Cap. iii .p. 115.

Eesinous shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, shortly
petioled, entire or toothed, glabrate above, often tomentose beneath. Heads
in branching racemes or panicles ; flowers yellow. — 5 or 6 species, dis-
persed.

30. TARCHONANTHUS, Linn.

Heads dioecious, several- or few-flowered, or rarely 1-
flowered. Involucre of male heads of 5 scales, connate to
their middle ; of the female, of many separate scales, in a
double row. Receptacle hairy. Corolla tubular- camp anul ate,
5-toothed, hairy and viscid without. — Male : Anthers exserted,
connate, with long, bristle-shaped tails. Ovary abortive.
Nectary (or epigynous disk) of large size, callous, hollow at
top ; style filiform. — Female : Stamens abortive. Nectary 0.
Style exserted, 2-fid, the lobes revolute. Achene very woolly,
without pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 117.

Eesinous shrubs, as in the last genus, from which this is easily known
by the want of pappus and the woolly achenes. — 3 species, dispersed.

Subtribe 4. Inure^e. (Gen. 31-38.)

31. DENEKIA, Thunb.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers in
several rows, female equalling the disk, with 2-labiate corollas,
the lips oval, equal, entire ; disk-flowers funnel-shaped, 5-fid,
sterile. Receptacle nude, flat. Involucre 2-seriate. Anthers
tailed. Style of disk-flower 2-fid, with flattened arms. Achenes
oblong, sessile, beakless. Pappus of the marginal flower 0 ;
of the disk-flowers, a single, slender, palmatifid scale, and a few
small simple scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 118.

Herbs, with alternate, half-clasping, oblong or lanceolate, dentate leaves,
and densely corymbulose or clustered small heads ; flowers white. — 2 spe-
cies, both Eastern.

32. BLUMEA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; marginal flowers in
many rows, female, very slender, filiform ; disk-flowers few,
hermaphrodite, 5-toothed, scarcely dilated upwards. Recep-
tacle flat, mostly nude. Involucre in few rows, subimbricate,
the scales linear, acuminate. Anthers with slender tails.
Achenes terete. Pappus 1-seriate, of many roughish bristles.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 119.

Herbs or halfshrubs, chiefly Asiatic, resembling Conyzce. Leaves alter-
nate, mostly villous. Heads panicled or corymbose ; flowers yellow or pur-
plish.— 4 South African species, all but one beyond the Eastern frontier.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

177

33. INULA, Grsertn.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; ray-flowers in 1 row,
female, mostly ligulate, rarely subtubular, 5-fid ; disk-flowers
perfect, tubular, 5-tootlied. Involucre imbricate. Receptacle,
nude. Anthers tailed. Achenes subterete or 4-angled.
Pappus 1-seriate, of rough bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 121.

A large genus, chiefly European and Asiatic. — I. Africana , Lam., a
little-known plant, is the only species.

34. PULICARIA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; ray-flowers female, 1-
seriate, ligulate (in P. Capensis very short) ; disk-flowers tu-
bular, 5-toothed. Involucre laxly imbricate, in few rows ;
scales linear. Receptacle nude, areolate, flattish. Achenes
beakless, downy, terete. Pappus in 2 rows, the outer very
short, crown-like, toothed ; inner of 10-20 rough bristles. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 121.

Herbs, chiefly European, erect, villous, branched. Cauline leaves clasp-
ing at base, entire or toothed. Peduncles 1 -headed ; flowers yellow. — P.
Capensis , DC., found throughout the colony, varies in being thinly or
densely pubescent.

35. PEGOLETTIA, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre imbricate
in few rows, shorter than the flowers ; scales acute. Re-
ceptacle nude, dotted, flat. Corolla tubular, 5-fid, regular or
subirregular. Anthers 2-tailed at base. Achenes cylindrical,
rib striate, beakless. Pappus in 2 or 3 rows, the inner of
long, rigid, straight, serrate (rarely plumose) bristles ; the
outer much shorter, either of flat, entire or toothed, unequal
scales, or of bristles nearly similar to those of the inner pap-
pus.— FI. Cap. iii. p. 122.

Small, rigid halfshrubs, resembling Pteronioe. Leaves alternate, dotted,
elliptical or linear. Heads ending the branches, yellow. — 6 South African
species, dispersed.

36. CYPSELODONTIA, DC.

Heads many-flowered ; ray- flowers 1-seriate, ligulate, neuter;
disk-flowers deeply 5-fid, hermaphrodite. Involucre imbricate
in several rows, the scales linear, outer squarrose. Receptacle
honeycombed, the cells toothed. Filaments short, hairy ; an-
thers with a prolonged point, tailed. Style of the disk-flower
with obtuse, nearly cohering lobes, downy at back near the
summit. Ray-achenes abortive, glabrous, with a basal tuft of
hair ; of disk, obovate, very villous. Pappus with thick, white,

178

LXX, COMPOSITE.

toothed bristles, few in the ray-flower, copious in the disk-
flower. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 123.

C. JdcJcloniana, DC., is a much-branched undershrub, with alternate, ob-
ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire leaves, white underneath, glabrous and 1-nerved
above. Heads solitary, terminal. Corolla yellow. — Grows in Uitenhage.
Unknown to me.

37. MINUROTHAMNUS, DC.

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers ligulate, female, in 1
row; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, hermaphrodite. Invo-
lucral scales 2 -seriate, the outer shorter, acuminate, inner
longer, obtuse, membrane- edged. Filaments glabrous ; an-

thers shortly tailed. Style 2 -fid, with spreading branches.
Achenes obovate ?, woolly. Pappus in 2 rows, of about 20
straight, yellow, toothed bristles, the outer 10 shorter, the
inner more rigid. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 124.

M. phagnaloides, DC., found by Ecklon in Caledon, is said to have the
habit of Cypselodontia. Unknown to me.

38. GEIGERIA, Griessl.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers 1-seriate, female, ligulate ; disk-
flowers tubular, perfect, 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, erect,
externally glandular-scabrid. Involucre closely imbricate, the
outer scales mostly leaf- tipped, the inner horny, acute or acu-
minate. Peceptacle convex, piloso- or paleaceo-fimbrilliferous.
Anthers tailed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers linear-lan-
ceolate, flattened. Achenes sub trigonous, hairy or pilose,
beakless, narrowed to the base. Pappus 2-seriate, of 10-1G
scales, either all aristate or the outer ones blunt, or all of them
toothed. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 124.

Glabrous or scabrous undershrubs, with rigid leafy stems or nearly stem-
less. Leaves alternate, linear or subulate, 1-nerved, quite entire or toothed,
gland-dotted on each side of the rib. Heads sessile, either terminal or in
the forks, or pseudo-lateral on lengthening branches. .Flowers yellow. —
9 species (1 undescribed), either Eastern or near or beyond the Eastern
and North-Eastern frontiers.

Tribe 4. Senecionide^:.

Sttbtribe 1. Helianthe^e. (Gen. 39-44.)

39. ECLIPTA, Linn.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers in few rows, female, short and
narrow-] igulate ; disk-flowers tubular, 4-toothed, hermaphrodite.
Involucre 2-seriate, of 10-12 ovato-lanceolate, acuminate scales.
Peceptacle plano-convex, with linear-filiform pale*, ciliate at
the apex, and equalling the achenes. Style-arms in the

LXX. COMPOSITE.

179

dislt-flowers linear, flattened, obtuse. Aclienes of ray 3-cor-
nered, of disk flat, without pappus, either pointless or crowned
with 1-3 minute teeth, the younger downy. — FI. Cap. iii. p.

131.

Tropical or subtropical herbs, scabrous or hairy. Leaves opposite, en-
tire or serrate, penninerved. Peduncles axillary, 1-headed. — JE. erecta ,
Linn., a common tropical weed, grows at Natal.

40. SIEGESBECKIA, Linn.

Heads few-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers 1-seriate, female,
ligulate or irregular ; disk-flowers 3-5-toothed, hermaphrodite.
Involucre 2- seriate, the scales covered with gland-headed
bristles ; the 5 outer linear- spathulate, spreading ; the inner
half-clasping the ray- flowers. Receptacle flat, bearing oval-
oblong palesB wTapping round the achenes. Style-arms in the
disk-flowers short, somewhat flattened, very obtuse. Achenes
obovate-oblong, somewhat 4-angled, arching inwards, without
pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 132.

S. orient alls, Linn., a common tropical annual weed, occurs near Natal.
Leaves opposite, ovate, tapering at base, coarsely toothed. Heads small,
yellow.

41. WEDELIA, Jacq.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, female,
in 1 row ; disk-flowers bisexual, tubular, 5-toothed. Invo-
lucre in 2-3 rows, the outer scales leaf-like, inner membranous.
Receptacle somewhat convex, covered with paleae. Style-arms
in the disk-flowers tipped with a short cone. Achenes obovate
or compressed, beakless, with a crown-like or cup-like, often
substipitate pappus, consisting of concrete scales. — FI. Cap. iii.
p. 132.

Chiefly American undershrubs and herbs, with opposite, petioled, serrate
or 3-fid leaves, and solitary, terminal, 1-headed pedicels. Flowers yellow.
— W. Natalensis, Sond., occurs at Natal.

42. BIDEHS, Linn.

Heads radiate or discoid ; ray-flowers ligulate, neuter ; disk-
flowers bisexual, 5-toothed. Involucral scales in a double
row. Receptacle flattish, bearing paleae. Style-arms tipped
with a short cone. Achenes more or less compressed, acu-
leate, tapering into a beak, tipped with 2-5 rigid, retrorsely-
hispid, scabrous bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 133.

A large genus, chiefly American. Stems herbaceous. Leaves opposite,
often pinnate-parted and cut. Rays yellow or white. — B. pilosa, Linn., a
tropical weed, occurs in waste ground in the Eastern district and at Natal.

N 2

180

LXX. COMPOSITE.

43. LIPOTRICHE, E. Br.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers in 1 row, female, broadly ligu-
late, 3-toothed, externally pubescent; disk-flowers bisexual,
tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre 2-3-seriate, loosely imbricate,
the scales lanceolate, leafy. Eeceptacle convex, covered with
flattish, acuminate leafy palese. Style-arms of the disk-flowers
tipped with a hispid cone. Anthers dark- coloured. Achenes
turbinate-prismatic, 3-4-angled, those of the disk subcom-
pressed. Pappus of 8-10, short, rigid, unequal, deciduous,
rough bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 133.

L. Brownii, DC., is a coarse-growing, scabrous herb, with the aspect of
Wedelia. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, the lower 3-lobed, upper hastate-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, serrate. Peduncles 1-lieaded; flowers bright yellow.
— Caffraria and Natal.

44. SPILANTHES, Jacq.

Heads many-flowered, radiate or discoid ; rays ligulate, fe-
male, often short, 1-seriate ; disk-flowers tubular, 4-5-toothed.
Involucral scales in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk,
the outer scales green, inner submembranous, folded. Eeeep-
tacle convex, covered with membranous palese, enwrapping
the flowers. Style-arms of disk-flowers truncate and pencilled.
Anthers blackish. Achenes of disk compressed, beakless,
often ciliate at the sides or naked ; of the ray, 3-cornered or
subcompressed. Pappus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 133.

Annuals or perennials, mostly tropical. Leaves opposite, petioled, or
ovate or ovato-lanceolate, coarsely toothed. Peduncles 1-headed ; flowers
yellow. — S. Africana , DC., grows near Natal.

Subtkibe 2. Helenie.®. (Gen. 45-49.)

45. CADISCUS, E. Mey.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers broadly ligulate, female, in one
row ; disk-flowers bell-shaped, 5-toothed, fertile or the inner
sterile. Involucral scales 8-10, in a single row, concrete into
an 8-10-toothed, cup-like involucre. Eeceptacle honeycombed,
convex. Anthers not tailed, with a large apical scale. Style-
arms truncate, pencilled at apex. Fertile achenes terete,
ribbed and furrowed, slightly beaked, villous at base, pubes-
cent ; sterile linear, smooth. Pappus of the fertile flower of
10-12 rigid, subulate-acuminate, persistent scales ; of the fer-
tile, of more slender bristles- — Ft. Cap. iii. jl?. 134.

C. aquations, E. M., is a glabrous aquatic, found near Groenekloof and
Saldanlia Bay. Stems long and weak, distantly branched, rooting at the
nodes or floating. Leaves alternate, clasping, entire ; peduncles opposite
the leaves, short, 1-headed ; flowers white or yellowish.

r,XX. COMPOS FTtE.

181

4(3. (EDERA, Linn.

Heads crowded in a bracteated cluster, cylindrical, few-
flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers few, female, elongate toward the
circumference of the cluster, short towards the centre ; disk-
flowers tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales ap-
presssed, scarious, in few rows. Receptacle paleaceous. An-
thers tipped with a truncate appendage, without tails. Style-
arms truncate. Achenes wingless, angular-cylindrical, gla-
brous. Pappus of several minute or longish, equal or unequal,
semilanceolate scales, or crown-like, toothed. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
134.

Small, densely leafy, slightly branched, rigid, South African shrubs.
Leaves opposite or ternate, or spirally imbricate, rough-edged. Head-
clusters terminal, sessile; flowers yellow. — 4 species, all Western.

47. CALLXLEPIS, DC.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers in 1 row, ligulate, female ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed. Involucral scales imbricated, lanceolate,
subequal. Receptacle flat, bearing dry, acuminate, rigid,
clasping palese. Style-arms cone-tipped. Achenes glabrous,
of the ray 3-angled, compressed ; of the disk flat. Pappus of
2-3 scarious, acuminate, unequal, keeled scales, sometimes
with 1-2 minute additional. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 136.

Glabrous or pubescent, rigid underslirubs, with subsimple stems. Leaves
rigid, undivided, the lowest opposite, the rest alternate, linear or lanceolate.
Heads terminal, solitary, many-flowered. — 2 species, from Natal and Maga-
lisberg.

48. SPHENOGYNE, R. Br.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers in 1 row, neuter ; disk-flowers
tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual. Receptacle bearing scarious, trun-
cate, flower-clasping palese. Involucral scales imbricate, the
inner larger, amply membrane -tipped. Achenes girt at base
with a circle of long, soft, silky hairs. Pappus of about 5,
obovate, obtuse broad scales, spirally rolled together in the
unopened flower, much enlarged in fruit, and milk-white. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 137.

A large African genus of underslirubs and herbs, strong-scented, with
gland-dotted, mostly pinnate-pai’ted, rarely serrate or entire, alternate
leaves. Peduncles mostly nude, 1-headed, rarely panicled. Flowers yellow ;
the rays in many species coppery or dark brown on the under surface. —
44 species, dispersed ; many very handsome.

49. URSINIA, Grsertn.

Heads as in Sphenogyne , except, — 1. Achenes obovate or
pear-shaped, oblique, distinctly tapering at base, quite gla-
brous, obscurely 5-ribbed. 2. Pappus 2-seriate, the outer (as

182

I, XX. COMPOSITE.

in Sphenogyne) of 5 obovate, white, spiral scales, the inner of
5 slender, white bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 150.

Herbs or sulfrutices, with the habit of Sphenoggne. — 10 species, dispersed.

Subtribe 3. Anthemide^:. (Gen. 50-75.)

50. EUMOEPHIA, DC.

Heads radiate ; rays 1-seriate, female ; disk-flowers bisexual,
5-tootlied, dilated at base above the ovary. Involucre imbri-
cate. Receptacle convex, covered with palete, enclosing the
ilowers. Anthers without tails. Style-arms divergent, obtuse.
Achenes glabrous, prismatic, 3-4-angled, without pappus. —
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 153 ; Harv. Thes. t. 70.

JS. Dregeana , DC., is a small, glabrous shrub, with opposite, imbricate,
linear, very small leaves, and terminal, peduncled heads ; rays white. —
Grows on the Sneeuweberg.

51. LASIOSPERMUM, Lag.

Heads radiate ; rays female, ligulate, or minute and tubular ;
disk-llowers tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales
imbricated, shorter than the disk. Receptacle broad, bearing
palese. Style-arms truncate. Achenes wingless, without pap-
pus, the younger hairy, the old involved in very thick wool. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 153.

Glabrous herbs or undershrubs, with alternate, pinnatisect leaves, and long,

1- lieaded peduncles ; rays, when present, white. — 3 species, dispersed.

52. LIDBECKIA, Berg.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays 1-seriate, ligulate,
neuter ; disk-flowers tubular, bisexual, 4-toothed. Involucre

2- 3-seriate, the scales as long as the disk. Receptacle flattish,
bearing a few filiform shreds. Style-arms truncate. Ovaries
of ray abortive. Achenes of disk fertile, wingless, glabrous,
without pappus, longitudinally ribbed, crowned by a cylin-
drical nectary. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 154.

Undershrubs, with alternate, lobed or pinnatifid leaves, and 1-headed pe-
duncles ; rays white.

53. THAMOTOPHYLLUM, Harv.

Heads few- or many-flowered, radiate ; rays ligulate, neuter ;
disk-flowers bisexual, sharply 4-toothed. Involucral scales
linear, subbiseriate, loosely imbricate, herbaceous. Recep-
tacle nude, narrow or conical. Anthers without tails. Style-
arms truncate. Achenes oblong, subcompressed, glabrous,
crowned with a hardened, conical style-base or nectary. Pap-
pus 0. FI. Cap. iii. p. 155.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

183

Much-branched, twiggy, closely leafy, silky, small shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate, crowded, linear, quite entire, 1-nerved, with reflexed margins. Heads
subsessile or shortly pedicelled, terminal or in leafy racemes. Lays white.
Very near LidbecJcia in floral structure, but extremely different in aspect. —
2 species, in Swellendam and G-eorge.

54. GAMOLEPIS, Less.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, female ; disk-flowers tubular,
5 -toothed, bisexual, fertile. Iuvolucral scales 1-seriate, con-
nate into a cup for ± or \ their length, or more. Receptacle
convex, nude or slightly honeycombed. Style-arms cone-
tipped. Achenes glabrous, wingless, without pappus, with a
terminal areole. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 155.

Small shrubs or herbs, mostly glabrous. Leaves pinnatisect or entire,
alternate. Peduncles 1-headed ; flowers yellow. — 12 species (1 undescribed),
dispersed.

55. STEIRODXSCTJS, Less.

Heads radiate ; rays female, ligulate ; disk-flowers bisexual
but sterile, terete, 5-toothed. Involucre campanulate, 1-se-
riate. Receptacle nude. Ovaries of disk linear, glabrous,
sterile. Style-arms cone-tipped. Achenes of ray obovoid,
silky . — FI. Cap. iii. 159.

Small annuals. Leaves pinnate-parted, the lobes linear- filiform. Heads
terminal, solitary, yellow. — 2 species, both Western.

58. IOCASTEj E. Mey,

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers 1-2-seriate, ligulate, female ; disk-
flowers 12-15, tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre 2-3-seriate, imbri-
cate, the inner scales scarious-tipped. Receptacle nude. Style-
arms truncate. Anthers not tailed. Achenes terete, with
8-10 obtuse, raised striae, glandularly scabrid, without pappus,
truncate. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 180. Oligoglossa, DC. Ft. vi. p. 78.

A glabrous, many-stemmed underslirub, corymbose above. Leaves linear-
subulate, erect, entire, keeled, pungent; heads pedicelled, yellow. — North-
Eastern and Eastern districts.

57 P PHYMASPERMUM, Less.

Heads radiate ; rays of two kinds, some ligulate, some fili-
form ; disk-flowers bisexual, terete, 5-toothed. Involucre cam-
panulate, imbricated. Receptacle nude, flat. Ovary wing-
less, without pappus, papillose-eanescent, elliptical. Style-
arms truncate. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 160.

P. junceum , Less., a very little-known plant, is a much-branched shrub,
with scattered, sessile, linear, keeled, very entire leaves, and solitary, small,
terminal heads.

184

LXX. COMPOSITE.

58. ADENACH^IM, DC.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, in 1 row, female ; disk-flowers
bisexual, 4-5-fld, with a terete tube. Involucral scales shorter
than the disk, in 2-3 rows, subequal, narrow, the inner obtuse.
Receptacle plano-convex, at length subglobose, minutely papil-
lose. Achenes all subterete, without pappus, truncate, and
denticled at the expanded summit ; rib striate, the striae covered
with papillae or glandular granules. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 1G0.

Erect, much-branched, glabrous or pubescent, small shrubs. Peduncles
terminal, 1-headed, short. Leaves alternate, linear, 3-fid or on each side
1-toothed. Rays white, reflexed. — 2 species, of whicli A. parvi folia (££ Good
Karroo ”) is one of the most valuable plants, as pasture, for Merino sheep.

59. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, 1-seriate, female or rarely
neuter ; disk-flowers bisexual, 4-5-toothed, with a compressed,
fleshy, 2-winged tube. Involucre imbricate, the scales mem-
brane-edged. Receptacle nude, flat or convex. Style-arms
truncate. Achenes dissimilar, those of the ray 3-angled or 3-
winged, 2 angles or wings lateral, the third on the inner face ;
of the disk compressed or subterete, with a short facial wing.
Pappus 0 or coroniform. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 161.

Herbs or small shrubs of various habit. Leaves alternate. Rays yellow
or white. — 5 South African species, dispersed.

60. BRACHYMERI3, DC.

Heads 8-16-flowered, homogamous. Involucre campanu-
late-ovate, imbricate ; scales appressed, oval-oblong. Recep-
tacle nude. Corolla pubescent externally, with a short tube,
5-fid. Anthers not tailed. Style-arms truncate, short.
Achenes terete, subcompressed, striate, beakless, scabrid,
without pappus. FI. Cap. iii. p. 163.

H. scoparia , E. M., is a very I’igid, scrubby bush, with very small, thick,
oblong or linear, obtuse, entire silky leaves and small, subsessile, crowded,
subracemose heads. Flowers yellow. — North-Eastern and Eastern districts.

61. MATRICARIA, Linn.

Heads radiate or discoid ; rays ligulate, 1-seriate, female ;
disk-flowers tubular, bisexual, 4-5-toothed, terete. Involucre
imbricate, the scales membrane-edged, subequal. Receptacle
ample, nude, globose or ovate-cpnical ! Style-arms truncate.
Achenes wingless, angular, glabrous, similar in disk and ray,
with a large, epigynous areole. Pappus 0, or shortly toothed,
crown-like or ear-shaped. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 163.

Annuals, with multiparted leaves and solitary or corymbose heads. — 11
Cape species, of which 5 have white rays and 6 are discoid ; dispersed.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

185

62. TANACETUM, Linn.

Heads discoid, either hoinogamous or heterogamous, having
a few marginal, female, 2-3-4-toothed flowers. Involucre im-
bricate. Receptacle convex, nude. Corolla terete, 4-toothed.
Achenes sessile, angular, glabrous, with a large epigynous disk.
Pappus either 0 or minute and coroniform, entire or somewhat
toothed, often oblique. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 167.

A large genus in the Northern hemisphere, various in habit. Leaves
alternate. Heads corymbose or solitary. — 3 Cape species, all Eastern or
from Natal.

63. SCHISTOSTEPHIXJM, Less.

Heads discoid, heterogamous ; marginal flowers female, with
very short, bilabiate corollas ; disk-flowers bisexual, but com-
monly abortive, 4-toothed. Involucre imbricate. Receptacle
convex, nude. Achenes sessile, of the disk glabrous, ovuli-
ferous, with 2-fid styles, of the margin silky, obovate. Pap-
pus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 168.

Shrubs or halfshrubs, silky or tomentose. Leaves alternate, flabelliform
and many-nerved, or pinnatisect. Heads corymbose ; flowers yellow. — 3
species, all Eastern.

64. ARTEMISIA, Linn.

Heads discoid, homo- or heterogamous ; marginal flowers
in 1 row, often female, 3-toothed, with a long, exserted, 2-fid
style ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, bisexual (sometimes abortive)
or male. Involucre imbricate ; scales membrane-edged. Re-
ceptable nude or hairy-fimbrilliferous. Achenes obovate, with
a small, epigynous disk. Pappus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 169.

A very large genus in the Northern hemisphere.— A . Afra, the only
Cape species, is a leafy undershrub ; the leaves canous beneath, 2-pinnate-
parted, with linear, acute, entire or toothed pinnules ; heads racemoso-
paniculate, small. Grows from Swellendam eastwards to Natal. “ Worm-
wood,” “ Southernwood,” and “ Taragon,” are familiar examples. of culti-
vated species.

65. HIPPIA, Linn.

Heads discoid, heterogamous ; marginal flowers in 1 row,
female, filiform ; disk-flowers male, 5-toothed. Involucral
scales subbiseriate, elliptical or ovate, membrane-edged. Re-
ceptacle nude, convex. Marginal achenes roundish, flattened,
with marginal ribs or wings ; of disk, abortive. Pappus 0. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 170.

Herbs or undershrubs, with the odour of Chamomile. Leaves alternate,
mostly pinnatisect, rarely entire. Heads small, yellow, corymbose. — 4
species, dispersed.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

18G

GO. PEHTZIA, Thunb.

Heads homogamous. Involucre obovate, equalling tbe
disk, its scales imbricate, scarious. Beceptacle flat or con-
vex, sparingly fimbrilliferous. Corolla 5- rarely 4-toothcd.
Acbenes angular, wingless, sessile. Pappus membranous,
shortly tubular, irregularly torn, oblique or ear-shaped. — FI.
Cap. iii . p. 171.

Small, rigid, mostly canescent shrubs or halfshrubs. Leaves alternate,
variously toothed, cut, or pinnatisect. Heads terminal, yellow, corymbose
or solitary. — 10 species, dispersed.

07. MABASMQDES, DC.

Heads homogamous. Involucre ovate, imbricate, the outer
scales scarious at tip. Beceptacle narrow, nude. Corolla-
tube short, glandular ; limb 5-toothed. Anthers not tailed.
Achenes terete, beakless. Pappus of several, separate, mem-
branous, obtuse scales. — FI. Cap. iii . p. 175.

Rigid, glabrous undershrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile, thickish, linear-
tcx ete, quite entire. Heads small, at the ends of the branches, subsessilc.
— 2 species.

68? ADEN OSOLEH, DC.

“ Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre imbricate,
in about 3 rows. Beceptacle convex, nude. Corolla-tube
glandular, dilated at base and closely adhering to the ovary,
the throat dilated, bell-shaped, 5-fid. Anthers tailless, ex-
serted in the sterile, subincluded in fertile flowers. Style-arms
exserted, capitellate. Achene terete, without pappus.” (DC.)
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 175.

A. tenuifolius , DC., found near Uitenhage, by Ecklon, is a small shrub,
with the habit of a Marasmodes.

69. PEYBOUSEA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, discoid, homogamous. Involucre
hemispherical, the scales in 2-3 rows, of subequal length, longer
than the disk. Beceptacle flat, nude. Tube of corolla flat-
tened, 2-winged, the limb short, 4-lobed. Style-arms trun-
cate. Achenes flattened, with a thick marginal rim, glabrous,
similar, without pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 176.

Virgate, sparingly -branched, silky and silvery shrubs. Leaves alternate,
sessile, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, quite entire. Heads corymbose. — 1 (or
2 ?) species, South-Eastern.

70. OTOCHLAMYS, DC.

Heads discoid, heterogamous, all the flowers on tooth-like
pedicels ; marginal flowers 1- seriate, female, without corolla ;
disk-flowers 4-toothed; with a widely-winged tube, and pro-

LXX. COMPOSITiE.

187

duced at base into a broad, concave, ear-like spur, which com-
pletely enwraps the ovary and finally the achene ! Involucre
double, the outer of few, broad, loose scales, the inner of few
or many, scarious, appressed scales. Receptacle flat, without
palese, but rough with the persistent, tooth-like pedicels.
Achenes of the marginal flowers flattened, with a marginal
wing ; of the disk-flowers oblong, wingless. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
176.

O. Fckloniana , DC., is a small annual, with opposite, simple or pinnate-
parted, slender leaves, and peduncled, terminal heads. Flowers yellow. —
Found in wet, sandy spots about Capetown.

71. COTXJLA, Gsertn.

Heads discoid, heterogamous, rarely homogamous ; mar-
ginal flowers in 1 or several rows, female, either without co-
rolla or with a short, 2-toothed or filiform one ; disk-flowers
with a flat or winged tube, sometimes shortly 2-eared at base,
and a 4-toothed limb. Involucre 2-3-seriate, of subequal,
blunt scales. Receptacle flat or conical, papillate or nude.
Achenes piano-compressed, often wing-margined, without
pappus ; those of the marginal flowers mostly stipitate. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 177 .

Small annuals or rarely perennials. Leaves rarely opposite or whorled,
often sheathing at base, toothed, cut or pinnate-parted, with narrow lobes.
Peduncles 1-lieaded. — 22 Cape species, dispersed.

72. CENXA, Comm.

Heads shortly radiate or discoid ; rays female, in 1-2 rows,
shortly ligulate or 2 -labiate, or some without corolla, rarely
all the flowers tubular. Disk-flowers compressed, 4-toothed.
Involucral scales 2-seriate. Receptacle convex, nude. Achenes
compressed, wingless, but margined, without pappus. — FI.
Cap. iii . p. 184.

Small, harry annuals or perennials, with pinnatisect, multifid leaves and
1-headed peduncles. The top of the peduncle is usually obconical and
hollow, just beneath the involucre, an appearance which increases as the
head becomes mature. — 4 species, dispersed. C. turlinata is a very com-
mon weed.

73. STILPN OPHYTUM, Less.

Heads discoid, homogamous. Involucral scales imbricated,
dry. Receptacle flat, nude. Achenes oblong, cylindrical,
angularly ribbed or striate and furrowed, or cuneate, sub-
compressed. Pappus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 186.

Glabrous shrubs, with the habit of Athanasia. Leaves linear, entire, al-
ternate, rarely opposite. Heads corymbose, rarely solitary. Flowers yel-
low.— 3 species, dispersed.

188

LXX. COMPOSITE.

74. ATHANASXA, Linn.

Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid, homogamous. In-
volucre imbricate, scarious (except in A. capitata , where the
outer scales are leafy) . Receptacle bearing paleae between the
flowers. Corolla 5-toothed. Anthers without tails. Achenes
oblong, sharply 5-angled or winged. Pappus either of several
short, flat, unequal scales, or of swollen, jointed, short, deci-
duous hairs, or 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 187.

Small shrubs or undershrubs, strongly scented and glandular. Leaves
scattered, either entire, toothed, lobed or pinnate-parted. Heads mostly
corymbose. — 40 species, dispersed.

75. ERIOCEPHALUS, Linn.

Heads 10-15-flowered, heterogamous ; rays female, with a
2-fid style and mostly ligulate, the ligule broadly obovate,
toothed, sometimes very short and small ; disk-flowers tubular,
5-toothed, male. Involucre double, the outer hemispherical,
of 4-5 ovate, free scales ; inner of cohering scales, very woolly
externally. Receptacle bearing paleae. Achenes of ray flat-
tened, wingless, without pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 199.

Much -branched, rigid, mostly silky or silvery shrubs. Leaves small, al-
ternate or opposite, or tufted, mostly linear, simple or 3-fid, rarely glabrous,
Heads pedicelled or sessile, racemose, umbellate or solitary, subglobose,
after flowering becoming very woolly. — 17 species, dispersed.

Subtribe 4. Gnaphalie,®. (Gen. 76-106.)

76. RHYNE A, DC.

Heads heterogamous, discoid ; disk-flowers about 15, perfect,
5-toothed ; marginal flowers about 5, filiform, female. Invo-
lucre imbricate, the inner scales with scarious, white, radiating
points. Receptacle bearing linear, deciduous paleae between
the flowers. Anthers shortly tailed. Achenes obovate-
oblong, beakless, downy. Pappus in 1 row, bristle-shaped. —
FI. Cap. iii . p. 204.

R. 'phyliccefolia , DC., the only species, is a tall, straggling halfshrub,
with canous branches. Leaves alternate, decurrent, lanceolate, green above,
white beneath, with subrevolute margins. Heads in subsessile, compound
corymbs ; inner involucral scales and palese snow-white.— Natal.

77. LEONTONYX, Cass.

Heads 20-30-flowered, homo- or heterogamous, discoid ; a
few of the marginal flowers female, filiform, the rest 5-toothed,
perfect. Involucre imbricate, the outer scales very woolly,
inner long, rigidly membranous, hooked or straight. Recep-
tacle nude. Achenes sessile, oblong, granulated. Pappus in n

LXX. COMPOSITE.

189

double row, copious, of very slender caducous bristles. — FI.
Gap. iii. p. 205.

Densely woolly, herbaceous or half-shrubby, small plants, differing from
Helichrysum only by their more copious pappus. — 5 species, dispersed.

78. HELICHRYSUM, Vaill.

Heads many- or few-flowered, discoid, either homogamous,
all the flowers tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual ; or heterogamous,
the marginal flowers filiform, female, very few or in a single row.
Involucre imbricating, dry and membranous. Receptacle with-
out palea?, either nude, honeycombed, toothed or fimbrillife-
rous. Achenes beakless, sessile, usually minutely granulated
(in H. ericoides silky). Pappus in 1 row, of many or few,
slender, scabrous or serrulated bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 207.

A vast genus of herbs or underslirubs. Stem and leaves mostly woolly.
Involucre either white rosy horn-colour or yellow. Corolla yellow, very
rarely purple. — 137 South African species, dispersed.

79. HELIPTERUM, DC.

Characters as in Helichrysum , except : Pappus plumose.
Heads homogamous. Receptacle honeycombed. — FI. Cap. iii.
p. 256.

Undershrubs or herbs, with woolly stems and leaves, resembling the more
showy species of Helichrysum. Involucral scales either white yellow red
or purple, glossy. — 12 Cape species, dispersed.

80. GNAPHALIUM, Linn.

Characters as in Helichrysum , except : Marginal female,
flower filiform, in many rows, or much more numerous than
the central, bisexual flowers. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 260.

Herbs, often annual, resembling the small-flowered species of Helichry-
sum. Leaves woolly. Involucral scales, in the Cape species, either white
pale horn-colour or straw-colour. — 10 Cape species, dispersed.

81. AMPHIDOXA, DC.

Characters as in Gnaphalium , except : Marginal female
flowers without pappus ; disk-flowers with 5-6 caducous
pappus-bristles, barbellate at the apex only. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
263.

A. gnaphaloides , DC., found in Uitenhage and Albany, is a small, de-
cumbent or trailing plant, resembling a Gnaphalium. Leaves oblong-spa-
thulate, undulate, thinly silky or cobwebbed. Heads corymbose ; inner
involucral scales milk-white, obtuse, radiating.

82. ERIOSPHJERA, Less.

Heads crowded in globose, densely woolly glomerules, about
10-fiowered, homogamous. Corolla 5-toothed, terete, glabrous.

190

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Involucral scales in few rows, linear, enveloped in wool.
Receptacle nude. Achenes narrow-obovate, angular, granu-
lated. Pappus caducous, of few^ very slender, h air-like bristles,
smooth below, towards the apex beaded with swollen, roundish
cells. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 264 ; Thes. Cap. t. 149.

E. Oculus-Cati , Less., the only species, is a small woolly annual, with
wiry stems and obovate, scattered leaves. Only found by Thunberg ; the
locality unknown.

83. LASIOPOGON, Cass.

Heads glomerated, many-flowered, heterogam ous, the mar-
ginal flowers filiform, female, in one or more rows ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales in few rows, li-
near, scarious, immersed in wool. Receptacles nude. Achenes
obovate, subcompressed, glabrous. Pappus in 1 row, plumose,
with very long plumes. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 264 ; Thes'. Cap. t. 150.

Small annuals, with the aspect of Eriosphcera , but a very different pappus.
— 2 Cape species.

84. METALASIA, R. Br.

Heads few- or many-flowered, homogamous ; all the flowers
tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales closely imbri-
cated, the outer shorter, often acute or acuminate, inner
mostly dilated and coloured at apex, dry and rigid. Receptacles
nude. Young achene tapering to each end, somewhat stipitate
and beaked ; ripe achenes sessile. Pappus 1-seriate, of several
rather broad, serrulate or clavate bristles, — FI. Cap. iii. p. 265.

Erect or spreading, small shrubs. Branches closely leafy throughout.
Leaves alternate, sessile, coriaceous, linear or oblong (small), with involute
margins, concave and woolly above, convex and mostly glabrous beneath,
very frequently spirally twisted and pungent. Heads mostly corymbose or
fascicled, having in 2 species from 100 to 200 flowers, in all the others from
3 to 10 flowers. — 20 species, dispersed.

85. LACHNOSPERMUM, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, homogamous, discoid. Involucre
turbinate, the scales closely imbricate, with subpungent tips.
Receptacles with a few marginal palese. Corolla tubular, 5-
toothed. Achenes oblong, angular, the young ones villous at
the angles, the full-grown densely hairy. Pappus 2-seriate,
of slender, serrulate bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 272.

A slender straggling shrub, with spreading branches, leafy to the summit.
Leaves minute, linear-terete, obtuse or mucronulate, slightly twisted, with
axillary leaf-tufts, margins involute as in Metalasia. Heads solitary or sub-
corymbose. — L. ericoides, W., the only species, grows in Namaqualand.

86. PACHYRHYNCHUS, DC.

Heads about 10-flowered, homogamous, all the flowers 5-

LXX. COMPOSITE.

191

toothed, bisexual. Involucre at first oblong, with short, leafy,
villous accessory scales or bracts ; the true scales long, sca-
rious, shining, at length spreading. Receptacles nude, flat.
Achenes ovate, very villous, sessile, crowned with a glabrous,
thick beak. Pappus pilose, of roughish bristles, in several
rows. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 272.

JP. xeranthemoides , DO., is a little-known, villous and canescent lialf-
shrub, with sessile, lanceolate or oblong, callous-tipped, entire, crowded
leaves ; and straw-coloured involucral scales.

87. ELYTROPAPPUS, Cass.

Heads 2-8-flowered, homogamous. Involucral scales ob-
long, imbricate, horny. Receptacles nude. Achenes beakless,
sessile. Pappus of several, broad-based bristles, united in a
ring at base, plumose in their upper half, with a very minute
or rarely a cup-shaped, external rim. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 273.

Much-branched shrubs, growing in dry ground. Leaves minute or
lieath-like, mostly spirally twisted, more or less glandular and strongly
scented. Heads small, subsessile in the axils of the upper leaves, solitary
or few together, as if spiked. — 6 species, chiefly Western ; one of them, the
“ Bhinoster Bosch,” is the pest of the farmer, and finds its way every-
where.

88. PTEROTHRIX, DC.

Heads 3-10-flowered, homogamous. Other characters as in
Amphiglossa. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 275.

Small, spinous or unarmed shrubs, similar in habit to the next genus. —
3 species, dispersed.

89. AMPHIGLOSSA, DC.

Heads 6-20-flowered, heterogamous, radiate ; ray-flowers
ligulate, sometimes very minute and shorter than the involu-
cre ; disk-flowers bisexual, 5-toothed. Involucre cylindri-
cal, imbricate, scarious. Receptacles nude. Achene glabrous.
Pappus of many, very slender, deciduous, separate bristles,
closely and amply feathered through their whole length, with
or without a minute, external annulus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 276.

Small, much-branched shrubs. Leaves small, linear or subulate, glabrous
and convex externally, woolly within, with inflexed edges. Heads sessile,
terminal. — 3 species, dispersed.

90. BRYOMORPHE, Harv.

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers few, ligulate,
female ; disk-flowers bisexual, 5-toothed. Involucre imbricate
in few rows, the scales linear, separate, caducous. Receptacles
naked. Anthers tailed. Style-arms truncate. Achene gla-
brous, beakless, sessile. Pappus of several, slender, scabrous

192

LXX. COMPOSITE.

bristles in a single row. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 277 ; Tlies. Cap. t.
151.

B. Zeyheri , II., the only species, is a minute, densely-tufted, moss-like
plant, forming level-topped cushions on mountain-tops. Leaves linear-
subulate, mucronate, on both sides closely silvery. Heads solitary, termi-
nal, half-sunk among the upper leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers purple. —
On Table Mountain ; Hott. Holl. Mountains and G-enadendal Mountains.

91. DISPARAGO, Gtertn.

Heads 2-flowered, one flower ligulate, either female or neu-
ter, the other bisexual, 5-toothed. Involucre oblong, scales
horny, linear, in few rows. Receptacle narrow. Achene
oblong, glabrous or woolly. Pappus of 5 or many bristles,
naked below, plumose above, often wanting in the ray-flowers.
— FI. Cap. iii .p. 277.

Dwarf, heath-like shrubs. Leaves spirally twisted, crowded, sessile,
linear or subulate, involute, within tomentose, without glabrate or cob-
webbed. Heads in terminal, round or oblong, very dense glomerules.
Corolla purple or white. — 5 species, dispersed.

92. STCEBE, Linn.

Heads 1-flowered. Involucral scales oblong, imbricate, dry-
membranous, the outer short and often woolly. Corolla tubu-
lar, 5-toothed. Pappus of 5 or many bristles, naked below,
plumose above, slightly united at base into a ring ; in many
species a small rim or annulus, exterior to the pappus.
Achene glabrous or woolly, sessile, beakless. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
279 (Stcebe and Seriphium, Auct.).

Small, rigid shrubs or halfshrubs. Leaves crowded, narrow, often pun-
gent, very entire, often spirally twisted, woolly and concave within, glabrate
externally. Heads in dense tufts or in spikes. Flowers mostly purple or
white. — 18 species, dispersed.

93. PEROTRICHE, Cass.

Characters of Stoebe, except : Pappus 0 ! — FI. Cap. iii. p. 285.

P. tortilis , Cass., found on the Cape flats, is so like Stcebe perotriehoides
in aspect, that it may easily be mistaken for it ; it is always distinguishable
by the want of pappus.

94. TRICHOG-YNE, Less.

Heads several-flowered, monoecious, all the flowers tubular ;
female marginal, 1-6, among the innermost involucral scales
or paleae ; male numerous, central, 5-toothed. Involucral
scales loosely imbricate. Receptacles with marginal paleae,
nude in the centre. Pappus 0 in the female flowers ; in the
male 1-seriate, of slender bristles, plumose in the upper part.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 285.

LXX. COMPOSIT./E.

193

Depressed, densely leafy undershrubs. Leaves minute, linear, as in
Stoebe. Heads in tufts or spikes.— 7 species, dispersed.

95. PHCEHOCOMA, Don.

Heads very many-flowered, monoecious, all the flowers tu-
bular, 5-toothed ; marginal female, in a single row ; central
male, with abortive stigmas. Involucre imbricate ; inner
scales lanceolate, radiating. Receptacle nude. Pappus in one
row, of many rough bristles ; in the female flowers variously
cohering, in the males club-shaped. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 287.

P. proltfera ;, Don, the only specie.?, is a much-branched, robust, small
shrub, with tomentose branches. Twigs very short, closely imbricated
with minute, scale-like, bluntly ovate, glabrous leaves. Heads large, ter-
minal, solitary ; involucre imbricate in many rows, the scales woolly at
base ; outer short, appressed ; inner very long, radiating, acuminate, rosy-
purpie. — Mountains in Stellenbosch, Worcester, and Caledon.

96. PETALACTE, Don.

Heads 10-20-flowered, monoecious, all the flowers tubular,
5-toothed ; marginal few (1-3) female, hidden among the in-
nermost involucral scales ; the rest male. Involucre imbri-
cate, the outer scales scarious, very hairy ; inner clawed,
with petaloid (white) radiating, obtuse laminae. Receptacle
with marginal paleae, nude in centre. A chenes beakless, gla-
brous, the central abortive. Pappus in one row, of slender
bristles, those of the male flowers subplumose or clavate at
the apex. — FI. Cap. iii . p. 288.

Small shrubs or halfshrubs, with woolly, entire, spathulate or obovate
leaves. Heads corymbose. — 2 species, both Western.

97. ANAXETON, Cass.

Heads few-flowered, monoecious, all the flowers tubular, 5-
toothed ; 1-2 female, the rest male. Involucral scales in many
rows, dry, loosely imbricate, the innermost clawed, spathulate,
with a roundish (white rosy or purple) lamina. Receptacle
without palese, woolly or glabrous. Style in the males quite
simple. Achenes sessile, cylindrical, beakless, the fertile gra-
nulated or pubescent. Pappus of a few scabrous or shortly
plumose bristles, shorter than the flower.— FI. Cap. iii. p. 289.

Small shrublets, erect or ascending. Leaves coriaceous, rigid, entire,
mucronate, with revolute margins. Heads in peduncled corymbs ; involu-
cral scales white or rosy -purple. — 6 species, all Western.

98. ATHRIXIA, Ker.

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous ; ray-flowers in a single
row, ligulate or 2-ligulate, female ; disk-flowers bisexual, 5-
toothed, tubular. Involucre turbinate, the scales closely im-

o

194

LXX. COMPOSITE.

bricate in many rows, aristate, recurved at the points. Re-
ceptacle nude. Achenes oblong, beakless, sometimes with a
tuft of hairs at base, sometimes nude, glabrous or pilose.
Pappus of rough bristles in a single row ; or of bristles and
short, serrulate scales alternating. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 291.

Undershrubs. Leaves decurrent or sessile, linear or narrow (rarely ovate-
lanceolate), rigid, with revolute edges, tomentose beneath. Heads terminal,
solitary ; rays white or purple. — 6 species, all, but C. Capensis , Eastern.

99. AHTITHRIXIA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, the ray-flowers ligulate, flat,
female ; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre imbricate,
the scales linear-oblong, with dry, obtuse points. Receptacle
nude. Achenes terete, glabrous, with a small pubescent stipe,
subrostrate. Pappus in one row, of very many, rigid, rough-
ish bristles, slightly united at base. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 293.

A. fiavicoma , DC., the only species, is found on the Camiesberg. A
small, dwarf, branched and twiggy shrub. Leaves opposite, linear, short,
obtuse, woolly above, glabrate beneath. Heads terminal solitary ; disk and
ray yellow.

100. LEYSSERA, Linn.

Heads many- or few-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate,
female, with shorter ovaries ; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed,
bisexual. Involucre imbricate, of dry scales. Receptacle
subfimbrilliferous. Achenes terete, shortly beaked, with a
terminal areole. Pappus in one row; in the ray-flowers of
short scales ; in the disk, of long, plumose bristles, alternating
with small scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 393.

Undershrubs or herbs. Branches slender, leafy, ending in one-headed
peduncles ; leaves linear, often tufted ; flowers yellow. — 3 species, from the
Western and Northern districts.

101. ROSENIA, Thunb.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, female ;
disk-flowers tubular, bisexual, 5-toothed, the teeth erect.
Involucre imbricate, the scales dry, membrane-edged. Re-
ceptacle bearing conduplicate, scarious paleae. Achenes beak-
less, glabrous ; of the ray 3-cornered, 3-ribbed ; of the disk
terete, furrowed. Pappus of the disk-flowers in two rows,
the outer of many short, broad scales, the inner of 2 long
bristles ; of the ray of many short scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
294.

A rigid shrub. Leaves minute, opposite, decussate. Heads terminal,
solitary. — Only found by Thunberg ; a very rare and little-known plant.

102. NESTLERA, Spreng.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers female, ligulate

LXX. COMPOSITE.

195

disk-flowers 5-tootlied, tubular, perfect. Involucral scales
imbricate in several rows, the inner scales longer, membranous,
arid. Receptacle without palese, either honeycombed or fim-
briate. Achenes beakless, sessile, glabrous or pubescent.
Pappus short, either a toothed crown or of several, short, se-
parate or connate scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 295. (Nestlera and
Polychsetia, Less.)

Small, arid, rigid shrubs ; rarely biennials or annuals. Leaves alternate
or opposite, sessile, linear or oblong, entire. Flowers yellow. Heads
solitary, terminal or in the forks. — 11 species, dispersed.

103. RELHANXA, L’Her.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers 1-seriate, female,
ligulate ; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual, sometimes
sterile. Involucre ovate or cylindrical, the scales hard and dry,
closely imbricating. Receptacle flat, bearing palese between
the flowers. Achenes linear-prismatic, glabrous or pubescent,
slender, sometimes shortly beaked. Pappus either crown-like
and shortly-toothed or subentire ; or of many small, sharp
scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 298. (Relhania, Eclopes, and Rhyn-
chopsidium, Auct.)

Small rigid shrublets or rigid annuals, often gummy. Leaves alternate
or opposite, entire, small. Heads terminal, solitary or corymbose. Flowers
yellow. — 16 species, dispersed.

104 ? OLIGODORA, DC.

Heads 5-flowered, homogamous ; flowers 5- toothed, tubular,
perfect. Involucre imbricate, subtrigonous, .the scales ap-
pressed, the innermost with the margin clasping round the
outer achenes. Receptacle narrow, paleaceo-fimbrilliferous,
the scales folding round the achenes. Style-arms included,
obtuse and pilose at the apex. Anthers tailed ? Achenes
cylindrical, smooth. Pappus of 5 ovate, short, toothed scales.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 303.

O. dent at a, DC., is a little-known undershrub, from the Aderberg.
Leaves alternate, thickish, sessile, toothed, mucronate. Heads corymbose.

105. OSMITES, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, female ;
disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucre hemi-
spherical, the scales multiseriate, herbaceous, subequal. Re-
ceptacle flat, bearing scarious palese. Anthers tailed. Achenes
sessile, beakless, glabrous or downy, somewhat 4-sided, com-
pressed. Pappus of many short scales. — FI. Cap. iii .p. 303.

Undershrubs, with alternate, crowded, sessile, oblong obovate or linear,

o 2

196

LXX. COMPOSITE.

entire toothed or pinnatifid, gland-dotted and strongly -scented leaves.
Heads solitary ; rays -white. — 6 species, dispersed.

108. OSMITOPSIS, Cass.

Characters as in O smites, except : Bay-flowers neuter.
Pappus 0. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 305.

0. asteriscoides , Cass., is a closely leafy, erect, balsamic shrub, found on
Table Mountain summit, and in similar situations in the Western districts.
Leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire or nearly so, pubescent or glabrous.
Heads terminal ; rays white.

Subtribe 5. Senecioneje. (Hen. 107-119.)

107. STILPHOGYHE, DC.

Heads 7-8-flowered, heterogamous, discoid, all the flowers
tubular ; 3 marginal, 3-toothed, female ; 4-5 central, bisexual,
5-toothed. Involucral scales 5-7, in 1 row, equalling the
disk, valvate, connate at base. Beceptacle nude, narrow.
Style-arms in the central flowers short, bearded at the trun-
cate summit ; in the marginal longer, terete, downy. Achenes
oblong, tapering to both ends, granulated ; those of the female
flowers without pappus. Pappus in the disk-flowers 1-seriate,
of many scabrid bristles.— FI. Cap. iii. p. 306.

S. bellidioides , DC., is a small, glabrous annual of Namaqualand.
Leaves on long petioles, roundish, cuneate at base, bluntly 5-7-lobed, occa-
sionally with 1-2 runcinate lobes on the petiole. Stem filiform, nude,
branched. — Flowers yellow.

108. OLIGOTHRIX, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers about 5, female ;
disk-flowers 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucre 1-seriate, hemi-
spherical, nude at base, of 12-15 connate, striate scales. Be-
ceptacle nude, flat. Anthers exserted, enclosing the style.
Achenes obtusely 5-angled, beakless, granulated on the angles.
Pappus of 5 very caducous, wavy, barbellate bristles. — FI. Cap.
iii. p. 306.

O. gracilis , DC., is a wiry, glabrous, branching annual, found on the
Aderberg. Stems branched from the base ; leaves small, eared and stem-
clasping, oblong-lanceolate, dentate. Flowers yellow.

109. MESO GRAMMA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers 1-seriate, ligu-
late, female. Involucral scales 1-seriate, slightly calycled, of
about 20 acuminate scales, each marked by 2 linear, intramar-
ginal glands. Beceptacle flat, nude. Disk-flowers tubular,
5-toothed, 5-lineate, the medial nerves strongly marked, in-
tervals pellucid or faintly nerved. , Style-branches truncate.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

197

Young achenes compressed ; adult 5-angled, tapering to each
end, ciliate on the angles, with a very short beak covered with
thick bristles, resembling an outer pappus. Pappus 1-seriate,
bristle-shaped, very slender, deciduous ; in the disk-flowers of
many, in the ray of few bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 306.

A rigid, glabrous perennial, found near Verleptpram on the Gariep.
Stems branched above. Leaves on long petioles, pinnatisect, the lobes
lanceolate, toothed. Branches ending in nude, 1-headed pedicels, subco-
rymbose. Corolla pale yellow, with red medial lines.

110. CINERARIA, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, rarely discoid, mostly radiate ; rays
ligulate, female ; disk-flowers tubular, 5-toothed, the medial
nerve strongly marked. Involucre 1-seriate, mostly calycled,
the scales membranous-edged. Receptacle nude, flat. Style-
arms in the disk-flowers tipped with a short cone. Achenes
mostly flattened, often (at least the outer ones) winged at
margin. Pappus in 1 or more rows, capillary, caducous. — FI.
Cap. iii.jp. 307.

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly petioled, the petiole often
eared at base, the lamina lobed, toothed or lyrate-pinnatisect, or reniform.
Heads mostly corymbose. — 22 species, dispersed.

111. LQPHOL1ENA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, all the flowers tubular, 5-fid, with a
terete tube ; the marginal flowers mostly cleft on the inner
side, with abortive anthers ; those of the disk bisexual, some-
times abortive. Involucre 5-leaved, the scales free, leaf-like,
broadly keel-crested at back, winged at the sides. Receptacle
honeycombed. Style-arms in the perfect flowers elongate,
downy at back, produced at apex into a long, everywhere his-
pid, subacute appendix. Achenes angular, beakless, gla-
brescent, ciliate at the angles, the central often abortive.
Pappus multiseriate, bristle-shaped, scarcely rough. — FI. Cap.
iii. p. 314.

L. Dregeana , DC., a robust, glabrous undershrub, with alternate, half-
clasping, oblong, obtuse, rigid, entire, 3-nerved leaves and subcorymbose
heads ; is found near Natal.

112. C AC ALIA, Linn.

Heads several-flowered, homogamous ; all the flowers tubu-
lar, 5-fid, bisexual. Involucre 1-seriate, of 5-30 scales, with
a few bracteoles at base. Receptacle nude. Style-arms
tipped with a short cone, hispid at base. Achenes oblong,
beakless, glabrous. Pappus 1-seriate, of many rigid, scabrous
bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 315.

198

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Chiefly an American and Asiatic genus. C. ? cissampelina , DC., the
only Cape species, is a climbing halfshrub, cobwebby, becoming glabrate ;
leaves petioled, bluntly 3-5-angled, 5-7 -nerved, netted- veined, with mu-
cronate angles; peduncles axillary, short, corymbose ; heads 9-10-flowered.
— Found on the Katberg.

113. KLEINIA, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, discoid, almost homogamous (in 1-2
species heterogamous) ; all the flowers tubular, 5-toothed.
Involucre 1-seriate, many-leaved, with a few small bracte-
oles at base, rarely nude. Receptacle nude, flat. Style-arms
tipped with a short cone, ciliate at base. Achenes beakless.
Pappus bristle-shaped, roughish, in many rows. — FI. Cap. iii.
p. 315.

Fleshy herbs or shrubs, sometimes nearly stemless, often glaucous.
Leaves alternate, mostly quite entire, often very thick and juicy. Flowers
white or pale yellow. — 18 Cape species, dispersed.

114. DORIA, Less.

Characters as in Othonna , except : Heads discoid. Corolla
of the marginal female flowers tubular, truncate, shorter than
the involucre, never ligulate. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 320.

Herbs or shrubs, with completely the aspect of Othonna. — 27 species,
dispersed.

115. OTHOINA, Linn.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, female ; disk-flowers
male, tubular, 5-toothed. Involucral scales 1-seriate, never
calycled, more or less concrete before opening, and strictly
valvate. Receptacle convex or subconical, honeycombed, some-
times pilose. Style of male flowers simple, tipped with a
hispid cone. Anthers rounded at base ! Achenes of the ray-
flowers oval, hairy or glabrous, with very copious, bristle-
shaped pappus in many rows ; of the disk-flowers abortive,
slender, glabrescent, with 1-seriate pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
327 ; Thes. Cap. t. 15.

Small shrubs or herbs, mostly glabrous, often glaucous. Roots in the
herbaceous species often tuberous. Leaves entire or variously cut, lobed
or toothed ; either membranous coriaceous or fleshy. Heads solitary or
corymbose. — 58 Cape species, dispersed.

116. GYMHODISCUS, Less.

Heads several-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers shortly ligu-
late, female ; disk-flowers 5-fid, male. Involucral scales 1-
seriate, connate at base, not calycled. Receptacle nude.
Achenes glabrous, ovate or obovate. Pappus 1-seriate in the
ray ; 0 in the disk-flower. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 345.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

109

Small annuals. Leaves chiefly radical, rosulate, lyrate or linear. Stem
branched. Heads small, corymbose, yellow.— 2 species, both Western.

117. SENECIO, Linn.

Heads either discoid homogamous or radiate ; ray-flowers
ligulate, female ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucre
1-seriate, rarely quite nude at base, usually more or less
calycled ; involucral scales frequently with withered or dark
tips, membrane-edged, often 2-nerved. Receptacle nude or
honeycombed. Style-arms of the disk-flowers truncate.
Achenes terete, truncate or slightly tapering at the summit.
Pappus multiseriate, pilose, caducous, the bristles straight, very
slender, roughish. — FI. Gap. iii. p. 346. (Seuecio and Brachy-
rhyuchos, DC.)

A vast, cosmopolitan genus, of many hundred species, of which nearly
180 are found at the Cape. Some are trees, others shrubs, halfshrubs,
stemless perennials or annuals. Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow or
purple.

118. EURYOPS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays female, ligulate ; disk-
flowers 5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales 1-seriate, their
margins more or less concrete, valvate in aestivation. Recepta-
cle convex or conical, mostly honeycombed. Style-arms trun-
cate. Achenes roundish or snbcompressed, wingless, beakless.
Pappus multiseriate, caducous, of rough, brittle, flexuous
bristles, the outer ones often deflexed or decurrent. — FI. Cap.
iii. p. 408 ; Thes. Cap. t. 153.

Small shrubs, all but one South African. Leaves alternate, crowded,
coriaceous or fleshy, entire, serrate, 3-fid, or pinnate-parted. Peduncles
nude, 1-headed. Flowers yellow. Involucre never calycled. — 26 species,
dispersed.

119. RUCKERIA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, heteromoncecious, radiate ; rays
ligulate, female ; disk-flowers mostly abortive. Involucre 1-
seriate, the scales more or less concrete at base. Receptacle
subconvex, areolate. Style-arms in the disk-flowers truncate.
Ray-achenes oblong, terete, those of the disk slender, abortive,
velvety. Pappus in many rows, similar, caducous, the bristles
exceedingly slender, slightly nodulose, jointed, smooth, at
length aggregated in copious woolly tufts. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 416.

Undershrubs or herbs, with the habit of Euryops. Stem leafy at base,
ending in long, nude, 1 -headed peduncles. Leaves pinnate-parted. Flowers
yellow. — 3 species, all Western.

200

LXX. COMl’OSITiE.

Subtribe 6. Calendule^e. (Gen. 120-124.)

120. DIMORPHOTHECA, Vaill.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, female ; disk-flowers 5-toothed,
either all abortive or all bisexual, or (more usually) the outer
ones bisexual, inner male, with abortive style and ovary. In-
volucre 1-seriate, of linear, acuminate scales. Receptacle
flat, becoming convex, nude or with a few deciduous palese.
Style of the fertile disk-flower shortly 2-fid, the arms diverging,
round-topped, glandular at margin and piliferous externally ;
of the female ray-flowers with long, glabrous arms. Achenes
without pappus, straight, those of the ray wingless, obconic,
3-cornered, tuberculated or sharply toothed, rarely smooth ;
of the disk flattened, with marginal, thick, wide wings. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 417 ( including Acanthotheca, DC. /).

Herbs or undershrubs, very often viscid and glandular. Leaves alternate,
toothed lobed or pinnate -parted, rarely entire, often scabrid. Heads ter-
minal, solitary ; disk-flowers yellow brown or rarely purple ; rays white
with purple underside, or purple or yellow. — 20 species, dispersed.

121. TRXPTERXS, Less.

Heads many-flowered, monoecious, radiate; rays ligulate,
female ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, bisexual, but sterile. Invo-
lucre 1-2-seriate, the scales free, often membrane-edged. Re-
ceptacle nude, flat. Anthers minutely setose. Styles of ray

2- fid ; of disk undivided. Achenes of ray 3-cornered, the
angles produced in mostly unequal wings, the sides smooth or
echinate, straight, substipitate, beaked, the beak hollow, on
one side closed with a hyaline membrane. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 424.

Herbs, undershrubs or rigid shrubs, mostly glandularly viscid and strongly
scented. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire or toothed or cut. Heads
panicled or terminal, solitary. Rays yellow white or purplish. — 27 species,
dispersed .

122. OLIGOCARPUS, Less.

Heads few-flowered, monoecious ; rays ligulate, female ;
disk-flowers male. Involucre 1-seriate. Receptacle nude.
Achenes of ray sessile, polymorphous, terete or 3-gonous,
scabrous or smooth, or ridged and pitted, wingless or minutely

3- winged, beaked or nearly or quite beakless, the beak either
solid and horn-like, short and knob-like, or hollow and cup-
like ! — FI. Cap. iii. p. 433.

A small, many-stemmed, hairy and glandular annual. Leaves alternate.
Fruit varying as above, often on the same root ! — Dispersed, but commoner
in the Eastern district.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

201

123. OSTEOSPERMUM, Linn.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays ligulate, female ; disk-
flowers tubular, 5 -toothed, male, with abortive ovary and
style. Involucre in few rows, the scales free. Receptacle
nude, rarely setigerous. Achenes of ray drupaceous or nut-
like, thick, very hard, glabrous, beakless, without pappus. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 433.

Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbaceous. Leaves alternate, very rarely
opposite, toothed entire or pinnatifid. Heads yellow. Achenes bluntly
or sharply 3-angled, or 3-winged occasionally. — 38 species, dispersed.

124 P XEHISMIA, DC.

“ Heads monoecious ; ray-flowers 5-7, female, ligulate ; disk-
flowers 10-12, tubular, 5-toothed, male. Involucral scales
oblong, in a single row. Receptacle without palese. Rays
obtuse, ciliate at base. Anthers .... Style .... Achenes
of disk 0 ; of ray thick, glabrous, without pappus, everywhere
bristling with thick, rigid thorns. Seeds thickish, oblong, ta-
pering at base.” {DC.) — FI. Cap. iii . p. 446.

X. acanthosperma, DC., is a many-stemmed annual of the Kaus moun-
tains (unknown to me). Leaves alternate, oblong- cuneate, toothed at the
point, tapering at base. Heads small, at the ends of the branches.

Tribe 5. Cyha.re.ze. (Gren. 125-146.)

Subtbibe 1. Arctotide2e. (Gen. 125-140.)

125. ARCTOTIS, Linn.

Heads radiate ; rays female, ligulate ; disk-flowers 5-toothed,
bisexual. Involucre bell-shaped, its scales in several rows,
free, the outer small, herbaceous, inner longer, obtuse, scari-
ous-membranous. Receptacle honeycombed, fimbrilliferous.
Filaments smooth. Achenes mostly pubescent, copiously
silky (in most species) near the base, ovate, dorsally 3-5-
winged or ridged, the lateral wings or ridges inflexed, either
entire or toothed, the medial straight, narrower. Pappus in
2 rows, paleaceous, the scales of the inner row mostly 8, spirally
twisted before the opening of the flower, sometimes very small.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 448.

Stemless or caulescent, unarmed herbs. Leaves alternate, petioled, va-
riously cut or subentire, often hoary on one or both sides. Heads peduncled,
solitary. — 30 species, dispersed.

126. VEOTDIUM, Less.

Characters of Arctotis , except: Achenes mostly glabrous,
without any basal tuft of silky hairs. Pappus 0, or of 4 very
minute unilateral scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 458.

202

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Herbs with the aspect of Arctotis. — 18 species, dispersed.

127. HAPLOCARPXIA, Less.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, female ; disk-flowers 5-
toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales imbricate, multiseriate,
the outer acuminate, inner scarious. Receptacle nude, flat.
Filaments granulated ! Achenes wingless, turbinate, silky or
glabrous, with a tuft of silky basal hairs. Pappus 1-seriate, of
many narrow, tapering, very delicate, diaphanous, nerved
scales. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 464.

Stemless perennials. Radical leaves numerous, petioled, entire or lyrate-
pinnatifid, tomentose with white hairs beneath. Scapes 1-headed, longer
than the leaves. — 4 species, dispersed.

128. LANDTXA, Less.

Characters of Haplocarpha , except : Filaments quite smooth !
— j FI. Cap. iii. p. 466.

Stemless perennials, with many radical leaves. Scapes shorter than the
leaves. — 2 species, both Eastern.

129. ARCTOTHECA, Wendl.

Heads radiate ; ray-flowers ligulate, neuter ; disk-flowers
bisexual. Involucral scales imbricate in many rows, the
outer linear, herbaceous, inner larger, scarious, very obtuse.
Receptacle honeycombed, fimbrilliferous. Filaments papil-
lose! Achenes ovate, somewhat 4-sided, without wings or
pappus. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 467.

A. repens, W., is a caulescent, creeping or decumbent herb. Leaves
petioled, lyrate-pinnatifid, green and mostly smooth above, white-woolly
beneath. — Found about Capetown and in the Western districts.

130. CRYPTOSTEMMA, R. Br.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, neuter, often irregularly cleft
or cut or 2-ligulate ; disk-flowers bisexual. Involucral scales
in many rows, imbricated, the outer narrow, herbaceous ; inner
membranous, obtuse. Receptacle honeycombed. Filaments
scabrous ! Achenes wingless, very thickly clothed with long,
soft, silky hairs. Pappus 1-seriate, paleaceous, hidden among
the hair of the achene. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 467.

Stemless or caulescent herbs, more or less tomentose. Leaves very va-
riable in size and incision, lyrate-pinnatifid, runcinate or rarely undivided.
Rays yellow ; disk dark-coloured. — 2 species. C. calendulaceum is a com-
mon weed in waste places throughout the colony.

131. MXCROSTEPHxuM, Less.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, neuter ; disk-flowers 5-toothed,

IXX. COMPOS TTiE.

203

bisexual. Involucral scales multiseriate, imbricate, unarmed,
the inner membrane-edged. Beceptacle slightly honeycombed.
Filaments scabrous ! Achenes wingless, tomentose. Pappus
1-seriate, crown-like, crenate, callous at base, membranous at
apex, after flowering turned inwards. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 468.

M. niveum , Less., the only species, is a decumbent or creeping plant,
closely white-woolly in most parts. Leaves long-petioled, roundish-ovate,
repand. Peduncles 1-headed ; flowers yellow, not showy. — It grows on
and near sandy seashores, from Capetown to Natal.

132. HETEROLEPIS, Cass.

Heads radiate; ray-flowers female, ligulate; disk-flowers
5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales free, in 2-3 rows, the
outer lanceolate-acuminate, dorsally woolly ; inner longer,
oval, with a membranous, fringed apex. Beceptacle honey-
combed, villous in the middle. Bay-flowers with a very mi-
nute, cirrhiform inner lobe ; the outer ample, 4-toothed. Fila-
ments smooth. Anthers shortly tailed. Style smooth, 2-fid.
Achenes very villous, oblong. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 469.

TJndershrubs with the young branches woolly. Leaves crowded, sessile,
linear, tomentose below, margins recurved. Heads terminal, solitary.
Flowers yellow. — 3 species, all Western.

133. GOBTEBIA, Gsertn.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, neuter ; disk-flowers very
sharply 5-toothed, some of the outer fertile, having a 2-fid
style and abortive stamens, the central ones sterile, with a
simple style and perfect stamens. Involucral scales multi-
seriate, concrete into an urceolate, at length closed tube, the
apices linear-subulate, free, at length squarrose. Beceptacle
nearly nude. Filaments smooth. Achenes obovate, 3-angled,
narrowed at base, barbed at apex, otherwise subglabrous, with
a short crown-like pappus ; outer skin of the achene membra-
nous, easily peeling off. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 469.

Hispid annuals, the seed germinating within the closed involucre, which
remains like a bulb, through which the fibrous root pierces. Leaves alter-
nate, entire or toothed, scabrous above, white beneath. Heads solitary or
subcorymbose, terminal. — 4 species, all Western.

134. GAZAHIA, Gsertn.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate, neuter ; disk -flowers 5-toothed,
bisexual. Involucral scales in 2 or several rows, concrete
below into an urceolate cup, toothed round the apex. Becep-
tacle honeycombed, the cells shallow. Filaments smooth.
Achenes wingless, very villous. Pappus 2-seriate, of very de-
licate, scarious, toothed scales, often hidden in the wool of the
achene. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 471.

201

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Herbaceous, unarmed, perennial or rarely annual plants, stemless or caules-
cent. Leaves either crowded at the crown of the root or scattered along the
stem, variable in shape on the same plant, very rarely glabrous, commonly
white-tomentose beneath. Peduncle nude, 1-headed. Heads often of large
size, very showy ; the rays rarely white, usually yellow or orange, often dark
brown at base or eye-spotted, reflecting peacock colours ; disk-flowers dark.
— 24 species, dispersed.

135. CXJLLUMIA, R. Br.

Heads radiate; ray-flowers ligulate, neuter; disk-flowers
5-toothed, bisexual. Involucral scales multiseriate, concrete
at base, the outer pectinate-spinous, similar to the leaves,
inner entire or fimbriate, pungent. Receptacle very deeply
pitted, the walls of the pits raised, enclosing the achenes ;
apices setigerous. Achenes angular, glabrous, without pappus.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 480.

Small shrubs or undershrubs. Branches leafy to the summit; leaves alter-
nate, margined with slender, spinous cilia ; heads terminal, sessile ; flowers
yellow. — 14 species, dispersed.

136. HIRPICIUM, Class.

Heads radiate ; rays neuter ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, bi-
sexual. Involucral scales concrete at base, multiseriate.
Receptacle shortly honeycombed. Filaments smooth. Achenes
wingless, covered with long, soft hairs. Pappus 1-seriate,
coroniform, splitting into bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 485.

Much-branched dwarf-shrubs. Leaves sessile, linear, with revolute mar-
gins, white beneath. Heads terminal, solitary.— 2 species, both Western
and North-Western.

137. STEPHANOCOMA, Less.

Character as in Stobcea, except : Pappus-scales 1-seriate,
very short, at first concrete into a crenate, cup-like crown,
afterwards partially separating. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 485.

S. carduoides , Less., is a thistle-like herb, with many long, deeply pinna-
tifid or pinnate-parted, spinous-toothed, green, undulate radical leaves, and
decurrent stem leaves, shorter but similar. Heads discoid, subcorymbose
or panicled. Bristles of the receptacle very long and rigid. — Eastern
districts.

138. STOBCEA, Thunb.

Heads either discoid, all the flowers tubular and bisexual, or
radiate, the rays neuter. Involucral scales in many rows,
concrete at base, pungent-spinous. Receptacle honeycombed,
the cells deep, nearly enclosing the achenes, cleft at the apex
into bristle-shaped fimbrils. Stamens smooth. Achenes tur-
binate, furrowed, glabrous downy or villous. Pappus-scales in
1-2 rows, equal, or the alternate narrower, oval or oblong,

LXX. COMPOSITiE.

205

obtuse, toothed at the apex. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 486 (inch Apuleia ,
Less.).

South African thistle-like herbs or underslirubs, with yellow flowers.
Leaves very spiny, mostly pinnatisect. — 43 (or 46) species, dispersed.

139. BERKHEYA, Ehrh.

Heads radiate, rarely discoid ; rays neuter ; disk-flowers bi-
sexual. Involucral scales free or more or less concrete, in few
or many rows, spinous-pointed. Receptacle honeycombed or
deeply pitted. Filaments smooth. Achenes mostly silky
or pubescent, rarely glabrous. Pappus-scales 2-seriate, lan-
ceolate or subulate, acute or very much acuminate, serrate-
fimbriate, or ciliate-serrulate, or entire. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 501.

Herbs, often thistle-like, or small shrubs. Leaves rigid, alternate or
opposite, more or less ciliate or spinous-tootlied. Heads solitary or ter-
minal.— 25 species, dispersed.

140. DIDELTA, L’Her.

Heads mostly radiate ; rays neuter ; disk-flowers 5-toothed,
bisexual. Involucral scales concrete at base, in 2 rows ; the
scales of the rows very unequal, sometimes the outer, some-
times the inner scales largest. Receptacle honeycombed, the
margins of the cells rigidly fimbrilliferous. Filaments smooth.
Achenes wingless. Pappus 1-seriate, paleaceous, the scales
fimbriate-plumose. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 510.

Small rigid shrubs or herbs, sometimes annual. Leaves opposite or
alternate, entire or sinuate-toothed, unarmed or spinous. Heads terminal,
solitary ; flowers yellow. — 5 species, dispersed.

Subtribe 2. Mutisiace.®. (Gen. 141-145.)

141. OLDENBXJRG-IA, Less.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, all the flowers bisexual ;
corollas of disk-flowers nearly regular, very deeply 5-fid ; of
the ray bilabiate, the outer lip long, strap-shaped ; the inner
minute, 2-fid. Involucral scales unarmed, linear, acuminate
or acute, several-nerved, the inner herbaceous. Receptacle
nude. Corolla glabrous ; filaments smooth ; anthers tailed.
Style glabrous, its arms very short, obtuse. Achenes turbi-
nate, beakless. Pappus of many, shortly plumose, equal
bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 512.

Very rigid, woody dwarf herbs or shrubs. Leaves leathery, 1-nerved,
glabrous above, very hairy beneath. Heads large, purple. — 3 species,
dispersed.

142. PRIHTZIA, Cass.

Heads radiate ; rays ligulate (rarely bilabiate), female ;
disk-flowers regular, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes revolute. Involu-

20G

LXX. COMPOSITE.

oral scales imbricate, lanceolate. Receptacle nude, honey-
combed. Filaments glabrous ; anthers exserted, long-tailed.
Achenes beakless, oblong, villous. Pappus copious (save in
P. Suttoni), in many rows, of shortly plumose or barbed
bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 513 ; Thes. Cap. t. 158.

Branching, more or less tomentose shrubs. Leaves alternate, sessile,
crowded, woolly beneath, mostly nude above. Heads terminal ; rays
white blue or purple ; disk yellow. — 5 species, dispersed.

143. DICOMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered, discoid or radiate ; rays, when pre-
sent, neuter, ligulate, bilabiate or terete-tubular ; disk-flowers
regular, 5-parted, the lobes longer than tube ; corolla generally
pubescent. Involucral scales imbricate in many rows, equal-
ling the disk, entire, acuminate, often pungent, broad or
narrow. Receptacle honeycombed. Anthers with long,
barbed tails ; filaments glabrous. Achenes turbinate, villous,
beakless, often 10-ridged. Pappus in 2 or more rows, of
shortly plumose bristles. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 515 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 68.

Small undershrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or toothed. Heads solitary.
— 11 species, dispersed.

144. GERBERA, Gron.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; ray-flowers in 1 or 2 rows,
those of the inner row, when present, short and subtubular, of
the outer bilabiate, the outer less ligulate, 3-toothed, the
inner minute, 2-fid ; disk-flowers subbilabiate, the outer 3-,
inner 2-fid. Involucral scales oblong or lanceolate, imbricate,
subherbaceous. Receptacle nude. Anthers tailed. Achenes
beaked or nearly beakless. Pappus copious, of rough bristles.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 519.

Stemless, perennial herbs. Leaves all radical, petioled, entire or pinnate-
lobed. Scapes 1-headed. Flowers yellow or orange, the rays often coppery
outside. — 15 species, dispersed.

145. PERDICXUM, Lag.

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; marginal flowers female, 1-
seriate, tubular, bilabiate, the outer lip shortly ligulate, 3-
toothed, inner shorter, 2-parted, with linear lobes ; disk-flowers
also bilabiate, the outer lip unequally 3-toothed, inner 2-
parted. Involucral scales leafy, imbricate, lanceolate, ap-
pressed. Anthers tailed. Achenes ovate-oblong, beaked ;
terminal callus dilated. Pappus multiseriate, of scabrous
bristles, falling off with the epigynous disk or annulus. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 523.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

207

Small, stemless lierbs, with the aspect of Taraxacum. Leaves radical,
ruminate, glabrous or canous. Scapes 1-headed, short. — 2 species, Western
and North-Western.

GENUS OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITY.

146. ARROWSMITHIA, DC.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; rays ligulate, female, in 1
row ; disk-flowers 5-toothed, sterile ; all the corollas woolly
on the tube. Involucral scales scarious, imbricate, the
inner membrane-tipped. Receptacle flat, clothed with linear-
setaceous fimbrils. Anthers cuspidate at base, with very
slender, partly adnate, bristle-shaped tails. Style thickened
upwards, its arms short, convex, obtuse, equally pubescent.
Achenes without pappus, those of the ray compressed ; of the
disk terete, empty. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 524,

A rigid, halfshrub, like a Relhania. Branches leafy to the summit ;
leaves rigid, alternate, spreading or reflexed, sessile, lanceolate, pungent,
entire, with recurved edges, glabrous above, tomentose beneath. Heads
terminal, sessile ; flowers yellow. — Grows on the Katberg.

Tribe 6. Cichorace^. (G-en. 147-154.)

147. HYPOCHJERIS, Vaill.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovate-oblong or bell-
shaped ; the scales imbricate. Receptacle bearing palese
among the flowers. Achenes glabrous, rough, with sharp
points, the marginal ones (in our species) beakless, the central
with a long, slender beak. Pappus 2-seriate, the outer of
short bristles, the inner plumose. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 525.

H. glabra, Linn., a common European weed, occurs apparently in a state
of nature throughout the colony. Leaves radical, sinuate or runcinate,
subglabrous ; scapes glabrous, branched or simple.

148. UROSPERMUM, Scop.

Involucre campanulate, of about 8 1 -seriate scales, concrete
at base into a tube. Receptacle without paleae, fimbrilliferous.
Corolla hairy on the apex of tube. Achenes sessile, rough
with sharp points, beaked ; beak inflated at base, very long.
Pappus 1-seriate, plumose. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 527.

Annuals or biennials. — P. picroides , Desf., a weed of European origin, is
common in waste ground. Leaves runcinate, toothed, the cauline with
toothed ears ; involucre bristly.

149. LACTUCA, Tourn.

Heads many- or few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, im-
bricate, 2-4-seriate, calycled. Receptacles nude. Achenes
flattened, wingless, abruptly produced into a slender beak.

208

LXX. COMPOSITE.

Pappus hair-like, very soft, soon falling off. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
526.

Annual or perennial, mostly glabrous. Stems much-branched, rigid.
Heads generally panicled. — 2 species, dispersed.

150. TARAXACUM, Hall.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer scales
(or calycle) small, either erect or spreading, inner 1-seriate,
erect, all frequently callous-tipped. Receptacle nude. Achenes
oblong, striate, muricate on the strise or spiny near the apex,
produced into a long, slender beak. Pappus pilose, multise-
riate. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 526.

Stemless herbs, with crowded radical, entire or runcinate, mostly glabrous
radical leaves, and 1-headed, nude scapes.' — T. fulvipilis , H., a minute
species, was found on Los Tafelberg by Drege.

151. MICRORHYNCUS, Less.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, the scales
membrane-edged, the outer much shorter, imbricate. Re-
ceptacle nude. Achenes 4-5-angled, subrostrate (beak very
short), ribbed and furrowed, the ribs smooth or cross-ridged.
Pappus copious, pilose. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 527.

Glabrous perennials. — M. Dregeanus , DC., found at Natal, has long,
trailing stems, sometimes 8-10 feet long, rooting at intervals. Leaves
tufted at the nodes, obovate, denticulate ; pedicels scarcely uncial, among
the leaf tufts ; flowers yellow.

152. SOHCHUS, Linn.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricate. Achenes
wingless, compressed, beakless, longitudinally ribbed, the ribs
often cross-ridged or muricate. Pappus soft, very white, of
very slender, multiseriate hairs. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 527.

Annuals or perennials. Leaves entire or pinnatisect, runcinate or lyrate.
Flowers yellow. — 4 native species, perennial ; and S. oleraceus , the common
Sowthistle of Europe, a weed everywhere.

153. HIERACIUM, Linn.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre ovate, often cylindrical,
composed of linear, obtuse or acuminate, 2-many-seriate, im-
bricate scales. Receptacle nude. Achenes 5-angled, sub-
* striate, beakless, clavate oblong or fusiform. Pappus persistent,
1-seriate, rigid, of rough, often discoloured, bristles. — -FI.
Cap. iii. p. 529.

A vast cosmopolitan genus, of which there are 2 Capo species. Leaves,
in our species, chiefly radical; stem branched, several- or many-headed.

LXX. COMPOSITE.

209

154. ANISORAMPHUS, DC.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, the
scales broadly linear, the outer 2-ranked, short ; inner sub-2-
seriate, elongate. Receptacle nude. Achenes oblong (im-
mature only seen), compressed, striate, beaked ; beaks of the
outer short, of the inner longer. Pappus pilose, multiseriate,
yellowish. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 251.

A small plant, like a Hieracium or Hypochceris. Radical leaves oblong,
glabrous, toothed ; cauline few, linear, entire. Stem 2-3-headed, glabrous
below, rough with rigid, black bristles above. Involucre with similar
bristles. — Found on the Windvogelberg ; unknown to me.

Order LXXI. CAMPANULACEiE.

Calyx 5-(3-10-)lobed, rarely truncate ; its tube wholly or
partly adhering to the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely
cleft nearly or quite to the base, regular or irregular ; the
lobes valvate or induplicate in bud. Stamens as many as the
corolla- lobes, alternate with them, epigynous, free from corolla,
or rarely inserted on its tube ; filaments broad-based ; anthers
2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary inferior or half-inferior,
2-10-celled ; ovules many or few, or rarely solitary ; style
simple. Fruit a capsule or berry ; rarely a drupe or nut.
Seeds albuminous. — Herbs or rarely shrubs, often with milky
acrid juice. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite), mostly toothed,
sometimes lobed or much cut, without stipules. Flowers in
racemes, panicles or solitary.

Tribe 1. Lobelie.®. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, 1-2-lipped, with
a split or rarely an entire tube, persistent. Anthers cohering in a tube
round the stigma ; pollen ovoid, smooth. Style glabrous ; stigma girt
with a circle of hairs, mostly 2-lobed. Juice milky. (G-en. 1-9.)

Capsule 1-celled, elongate, 3-valved 1. Grammatotheca.

Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves septiferous,
rarely opening by pores.

Tube of corolla cleft down one side to the base.

Corolla subregular, 5-parted or lobed.

Corolla-lobes lanceolate ; 2 lower anthers

bristle-tipped 2. Metzleria.

Corolla-lobes ovate ; anthers all bearded . 3. Monopsis.

Corolla 1-labiate, 5-fid ; lobes equal ; 2 lower

anthers bearded 4. Isolobus.

Corolla 2-labiate.

Upper lip of corolla 3-, lower 2-fid; anthers

all bearded 5. Parastranthus.

Upper lip of corolla 2-, lower 3-fid ; anthers

all, or the 2 lower bearded 6. Lobelia.

Corolla 3-parted ; the 2 upper petals separate,
clawed ; 3 lower connate into a 3-fid lip ;
anthers all bearded 7. Dobrowskya.

P

210

LXXI. CAMPANULACEA5.

Tube of corolla funnel-shaped, not cleft at one
side.

Corolla subregular, the 5 lobes subequal, erect. 8. Enchysia.

Corolla 2-labiate, 2 upper lobes small, 3 lower

larger, reflexed 9. Laueentia.

Tribe 2. Campanttleas. Corolla monopetalous (rarely 4-5-petaled),
regular. Anthers separate ; pollen globose, bristly. Style pubescent ;
stigma nude (not in a cup), mostly 2-3-5-lobed. Juice mostly milky.
(Gen. 10-17.)

Capsule 2-5-celled, opening at apex ; stamens free
(not on corolla-tube).

Capsule opening regularly at the summit with
valves.

Corolla 4-5-parted to the base or nearly so . 10. Lightfootia.
Corolla 4-5-toothed or lobed, tubular or bell-
shaped.

Corolla cylindrical, small, 5-lobed at apex.

Capsule 5-celled, cells alternate with

calyx-lobes 11. Miceocodon.

Capsule 2-celled, wholly inferior . . . 12. Leptocodon.

Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, 5-lobed at
apex, or serni-5-fid ; capsule half- superior,

2-5-celled 13. Wahlenbeegia.

Capsule elongate, slender, splitting into 5 li-
near pieces ; calyx-lobes deciduous .... 14. Prismatocaepus.
Capsule crowned by the calyx-lobes, opening by

a terminal pore 15. Roella.

Capsule 1-celled, with an incomplete septum;
stamens free ; ovules 4, basal.

Corolla with a very long, narrow tube . . . 16. Meecieea.

Capsule 3-celled ; corolla tubular ; stamens on
the corolla-tube.

Ovules 2 in each ovarian cell 17. Siphocodon.

Ovules several in each cell ? 18. Rhigiophyllum.

Tribe 3. Cyphiea:. Petals 5, separate or partially cohering by their
claws above the base, spreading more or less irregularly in the form of a
labiate corolla. Anthers separate, rigid, mostly hispid at back ; pollen
globose. Style glabrous ; stigma obtuse, simple, nude or with an imperfect
indusium. Capsule 2-celled, half-superior, manv-seeded, opening by
valves.

Character of the tribe 19. Cyphia.

Tribe 4. Goodenoviea:. Corolla monopetalous, irregular, the tube split
in front ; limb 5-parted, 1-2-lipped ; lobes induplicate in bud. Anthers
separate or cohering ; pollen simple or compound. Style single (very
rarely 2) ; stigma fleshy, girt with a cup-like indusium.

Corolla 1 -labiate ; anthers free ; drupe dry or

fleshy ; seeds solitary 20. Scatvola.

Tribe 1. Lobelie^;. (G-en. 1-9.)

1. GRAMMATOTHECA, Presl.

Calyx-tube elongate, linear-triquetrous ; limb 5-parted,

LXXI. CAMPANULACEiE.

211

spreading or reflexed. Corolla tubular ; tube cleft the whole
length ; limb 2-labiate, upper lip 2-, lower 3-lobed. Anthers
all bearded. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule linear, 3-sided, 1-
celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; valves coherent above and
below, 2 of them placentiferous. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 532.

G. erinoides, found in wet places throughout the colony, is a glabrous
perennial, with erect or decumbent stems, compressed above. Leaves al-
ternate, remotely denticulate, varying from obovate to linear. Flowers
axillary, blue. Ovary 4 lines to 1 inch long.

2. METZLERIA, Presl.

Calyx-tube hemispherical ; limb 5-parted. Corolla split
down the back, 5-parted, subregular ; lobes lanceolate, the 3
lower connate at base, spreading, 2 upper free. Anthers sub-
incurved, the 2 lower bristle-tipped, rarely bearded. Capsule
globose, 2-valved. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 532.

Small, decumbent annuals, with alternate leaves and minute, axillary,
solitary flowers. — 4 species, dispersed.

3. MONOPSXS, Salisb.

Calyx-tube obconical or hemispherical ; lobes equal, linear,
acute. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped, with a cleft tube ;
limb rotate, 5-lobed, lobes subequal, roundish. Anthers all
bearded. Stigmas 2. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 534.

Small, diffuse annuals, with conspicuous, deep blue or purple flowers, on
vei’y long, slender, axillary pedicels. Anthers yellow. Leaves linear-
lanceolate. — 2 species, dispersed.

4. XSOLOBUS, A. DC.

Calyx-tube turbinate or obconical, elongate. Corolla with
a split tube, 1-labiate, 5-fid ; lobes equal, spreading. Anthers
of the 2 lower stamens bristle-tipped. Stigma 2-lobed. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 535.

Perennials. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers solitary, axillary or
aggregated at the apex, white or purplish, small (2 lines long). — 2 species,
dispersed.

5. PARASTRANTHUS, G. Don.

Calyx 5-cleft ; tube cylindrical or obconical. Corolla cleft
in front, 2-labiate, upper lip of 3 lobes, lower of 2 lobes,
smaller. Anthers all bearded. Stigma 2-fid. Seeds roundish,
very minute. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 536.

Perennials, with sessile, toothed leaves and terminal racemes of subsessile
or pedicelled, yellow blue or white flowers. — 3 species, dispersed.

6. LOBELIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed ; tube subconical, ovoid or hemispherical.

p 2

212

LXXI. CAMPANULACEA3.

Corolla 2-labiate, the tube cylindrical or funnel-shaped, cleft
at back ; upper lip 2-lobed, often smaller, erect ; lower lip
spreading or pendulous, 3-lid. Two lower, or all the anthers
bearded. Ovary inferior or half-superior. Capsule 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded, opening at the apex. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
537.

Erect or procumbent herbs or smdll shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers
pedicelled, mostly in terminal spikes or racemes, blue in the Cape species. —
26 species, dispersed.

7. DOBROWSKYA, Presl.

Calyx-tube turbinate or hemispherical. Corolla split down
the back, 3-parted, the 2 upper petals distinct, clawed, erect ;
3 lower connate into a 3-fid lip. Filaments and anthers con-
nate, all the anthers bearded. Stigmas 2, linear, revolute. —
FI. Cap. iii. p. 549.

Annual or perennial. Leaves alternate, opposite, or 3-5 in a whorl.
Flowers axillary, on long pedicels, blue. — 5 species, dispersed.

8. EISTCHYSIA, Presl.

Calyx 5-lid; tube ovoid. Corolla funnel-shaped, subre-
gular, the tube not split ; lobes subequal, suberect. Two
lower anthers tipped with 4 bristles. — FI. Cap. iii.^>. 551.

Small annuals, with racemose, white or purplish flowers. — E. secunda ,
Sond., a native of the Western district, is our only species.

9. LAURENTIA, Mich.

Calyx 5-lid or 5-toothed. Corolla-tube not split, cylin-
drical, straight ; limb fc2-labiate, 2 upper lobes smaller, erect,
lower lip larger, 3-lobed, reflexed. Filaments free at base,
connate in the middle ; anthers included, glabrous, the 2 lower
only tipped with hairs or bristles. Capsule ovoid, inferior.
8eeds minute. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 552.

Small, glabrous herbs, with blue or whitish flowers, on terminal or axillary
pedicels. — 4 species, dispersed.

Tribe 2. Campaxule^:. (Gren. 10-17.)

10. LIGHTFOOTXA, L’Her.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-parted to the base, or rarely
deeply 5-lid. Filaments broad, ciliated ; anthers free, cadu-
cous. Ovary 3-, rarely 5-2 -celled ; style thicker upwards ;
stigmas 2-3-5, short. Capsule mostiy half-superior, 2-5-
celled, opening by apical valves ; cells (when 5) opposite the
calyx-lobes. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 554.

Small shrubs, rarely herbs or annuals. Leaves sometimes opposite,

LXXI. CAMPANULACE4i.

213

usually with tufts of smaller ones in the axils, sessile, small. Flowers
mostly racemose, white or blue. — 25 species, dispersed.

11. MICROCODON, A. DC.

Calyx 5-cleft ; tube ovoid or spherical. Corolla 5-lobed at
the apex, small, cylindrical. Stamens free ; filaments very
slender, not broad-based. Style filiform; stigmas 5. Cap-
sule 5-celled, half-superior, opening by 5 valves at top ; cells
alternating with the calyx-lobes. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 564.

Small annuals. Leaves alternate or subopposite ; small, narrow, upper
ones longest. Flowers terminal, sessile or pedicelled, small. — 4 species,
dispersed.

12. LEPTOCODON, Sond.

Character of Microcodon, except : Capsule quite inferior,
2-celled. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 584.

A small annual with the aspect of Microcodon.

13. WAHLENBERGIA, Schrad.

Calyx 5-3-fid. Corolla 5-3-lobed at the apex, rarely 5-
cleft to the middle, funnel-shaped bell-shaped or tubular.
Stamens 5-3, free ; filaments broad at base. Style included,
pilose above ; stigmas 5-2. Capsule 5-3-2-celled, opening
by as many apical valves ; valves septiferous in the middle ;
cells, when 5, opposite the calyx-lobes. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 566.

A very large, widely-dispersed genu3, chiefly from the Southern hemi-
sphere. Annual or perennial herbs, rarely halfshrubs. Leaves rarely
opposite, generally more numerous and larger in the lower half of stem.
Peduncles forked, often long, terminal or axillary ; pedicels slender.
Flowers drooping, mostly blue ; capsules erect. — 46 Cape species, dis-
persed.

14. PRISMATQCARPTJS, L’Her.

Calyx 5-lobed ; tube cylindrical, narrow, elongate, 5-nerved,
the nerves alternating with the lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped,
rarely bell-shaped, or with a cylindrical tube, 5-lobed or 5-fid.
Ovary quite inferior, 2-celled. Base of the style persistent ;
stigmas 2. Capsule cylindrical or 5-angled, 2-celled, bursting
first at the apex ; then the calyx-lobes falling off, splitting
from top to bottom into 5 narrow segments. — FI. Cap. iii. p.
585.

Rigid undershrubs or herbs, with alternate narrow leaves. Flowers ter-
minal, solitary or 2-3 together, sessile or subsessile. — 14 species, dispersed.

15. ROEXjLA, Linn.

Calyx 5-fid ; tube cvlindrical or ovoid-oblong. Corolla

214

LXXI. CAMPANULACEA3.

funnel-shaped, tubular or bell-shaped, ample, 5-lobed. Ovary

2- celled ; stigmas 2, thick. Capsule cylindrical, 2-celled,
quite inferior, topped by the persistent, perforated base of the
style as by an operculum, at length opening at the apex by an
ample orifice, without valves. Seeds scabrous, large. — FI.
Cap. iii. p. 591.

Rigid undershrubs or herbs, all South African. Leaves crowded, mostly
narrow, rigid, with axillary leaf-tufts. Flowers sessile, terminal or rarely
fascicled. — 11 species, dispersed.

16. MERCIERA, A. DC.

Calyx 4-5-cleft ; tube ovoid. Corolla tubular, 4-5-lobed ;
tube very narrow. Stamens 4-5, free ; filaments very slender
at base, much longer than the anthers. Ovary inferior, with
an incomplete septum, 1-celled ; ovules 4 (or 2 ?) in the
bottom of the ovary. Style filiform, usually exserted, gla-
brous ; stigmas 2, very short. Capsule unknown. — FI. Cap.
iii .p. 595.

Small undershrubs, with the aspect of Roella ciliata. Branches very leafy.
Leaves sessile, linear-subulate, rigid, ciliate, with axillary leaf-tufts. Flowers
sessile, axillary ; corollas very long and narrow. — 2 species, both Westernf

17. SIPHOCODON, Turcz.

Calyx 5-parted ; tube ovoid. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed at
apex ; tube narrow. Stamens 5 ; filaments short, inserted in
the middle of the tube of the corolla ; anthers longer than the
filaments. Ovary circumscissile below the calyx-lobes, 3-
celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; stigmas 3, revolute. Capsule open-
ing across, the upper part falling off, the cup-like remains

3- celled ; cells 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 596.

A slender, glabrous halfshrub, like a Thesium. Leaves alternate, linear,
minute, scale-like, appressed. Flowers blue, shortly peduncled, racemose,
racemes often panicled. — Found in Caledon.

Doubtful Genus.

? 18. Rhigiophyllum, Hochst.

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes longer than the ovoid tube. Corolla tubular,
very slender and long, 5-lobed at apex. Stamens 5, subincluded ; filaments
inserted on the corolla-tube below the throat. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ;
cells with many ovules ; style filiform, exserted ; stigmas 3-lobed, recurved.
Capsule 3-celled (ripe not known). — FI. Cap. iii. p. 597.

A rigid, small shrub, like a Roella. Leaves imbricate, squarrose, entire.
Flowers capitate. — Found near Elin, Zwellendam, by Krauss.

Tribe 3. Cyphiejej.

19. CYPHIA, Berg.

Calyx-tube turbinate, adhering to the ovary ; limb 5-parted,

LXXI. CAMPANU LAOEiE.

215

the segments subequal. Petals 5. their claws conniving in a
split tube or slightly cohering above or below ; limbs sub-
equal, spreading as a 2-lipped corolla. Stamens 5 ; filaments
pilose ; anthers free, often hispid at back. Ovary inferior or
half-inferior, 2-celled, many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma with
an obsolete, ciliate indusium. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
— FI. Cap. iii. p. 597.

Erect or climbing perennial herbs, mostly with succulent or tuberous,
edible roots. Leaves alternate, undivided or pinnate-parted or lobed.
Flowers blue white or pint. — 20 species, dispersed.

Tribe 4. GtOODehoyie^}.

20. SCiEVOLA, Linn.

Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary; limb 5-parted or 5-
toothed, or nearly entire. Corolla longitudinally cleft down
one side and opened out into a 1-labiate or secund, 5-lobed
limb, the lobes winged at the sides. Anthers free. Stigma
with a ciliate indusium. Drupe fleshy or dry, crowned by the
calyx-lobes, 1-4-celled; cells 1-seeded. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 604.

A large but chiefly Australian genus of varied habit. — S. Thunbergii ,
E. and Z., our only species, is a seacoast shrub, with obovate, obtuse, fleshy,
glabrous leaves, and axillary, short, forked peduncles. — Found along the
South and South-Eastern coasts.

Order LXXII. EEICACE^].

Tribe Erice^:.

Flowers 4-parted. Corolla marcescent, monopetalous, either
bell-shaped globose ovoid tubular or salver- shaped, 4-lobed.
Stamens 4-8, hypogynous ; anthers usually connate before the
flowers open, opening by pores, or rarely slitting. Ovary free,
1-2-4-, very rarely 8-celled ; ovules 1 or many in each cell.
Fruit dry, mostly capsular and dehiscent. — Small shrubs or
under shrubs, with entire, evergreen, small, usually narrow and
very generally whorled leaves. — The “ Heaths.”

Subtribe 1. Etjericejs. Ovary 4-8-celled ; ovules 2 or more in each cell.

Stamens 8 (very rarely 6-7).

Sepals 4, in opposing pairs, much longer than the

deeply 4-lobed corolla 1. Macnabia.

Calyx equally 4-parted or rarely 4-fid ; corolla very
variable in size and shape, but rarely (and then
not greatly) shorter than the calyx 2. Erica.

Calyx unequally 4-fid or parted, one sepal larger,

frequently revolute ; corolla minute .... 3. Pbilippia.

216

LXXII. EIUCACEvE.

Stamens 4.

Calyx 4-parted, one lobe larger ; corolla bell-shaped,

deeply 4-fid 4. Eeicinella.

Calyx subequally 4-parted ; corolla tubular or

ovoid, limb shortly 4-fid 5. Bla:eia.

Subtribe 2. Salaxidea:. Ovary 1-4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled.

Stamens 8 (rarely 6-7).

Calyx equally 4-fid or parted ; stigma obtuse,

slender or capitate 6. Eeemia.

Calyx unequally 4-fid, one segment larger ; stigma

very large and peltate 11. Salaxis.

Stamens 4 (rarely 3).

Stigma obtuse.

Calyx equally 4-cleft or parted 7. Geisebachia .

Calyx thick or thickish, ovate-campanulate, 4-

toothed, rarely semi-4-fid ; corolla 4-fid . . 8. Simocheilus.

Calyx thickish, either compressed and 2-lobed,

or tubular and 4-toothed ; corolla 2-fid ! . . 9. Sympieza.

Stigma cup-shaped or peltate 10. Scyphogyne.

1. MACNABIA, Lehm. and Benth.

Calyx 4-parted ; sepals cartilaginous, opposed in pairs, the
2 outer keeled, 2 inner flattish. Corolla much shorter than
the calyx, deeply 4-fid. Stamens 8, free ; anthers slender, 2-
parted, muticous, opening by a longitudinal slit. Ovary 4-
celled ; ovules several ; style uncinate ; stigma obtuse. Cap-
sule 4-angled, 4-celled, loculicidal. Seeds membrane-winged.
— DC. Prod. vii. p. 612.

M. montana, Lehm., is a glabrous, rigid shrub, found in Uitenhage (not
“ near Capetown ”). Leaves 3 in a whorl ; flowers on the ends of short
twigs, disposed along the rod-like branches, white.

2. ERICA, Linn.

Calyx equal, either 4-parted or 4-fid. Corolla tubular,
salver-shaped, ovoid bell-shaped or globose, 4-lobed. Sta-
mens 8 (rarely 6-7) on a glandular, hypogynous disk ; fila-
ments free or rarely monadelphous ; anthers terminal or sub-
lateral, either muticous or crested or tailed at the insertion
of the filament, opening by short or longer terminal pores.
Ovary 4 (very rarely 8-celled) ; cells 2- or many-ovuled ;
stigma various. Capsule 4-celled, loculicidal. — DC. Prod. vii.
p. 613.

A vast genus of over 400 species, the greater number of which are South
African, and well known in European gardens as “ Cape Heaths.” Though
several species are dispersed, and some (as E. cerinthoides) occur from
Capetown to Natal, the great bulk are found to the westward of Uitenhage,
very many of the finest occurring in George and Swellendam. They
usually grow on sandstone or in sand, and many are limited to very small

LXXII. ERICACEiE.

217

3. PHILIPPIA, Kl.

Calyx 4-fid or -partite, one sepal larger, often revolute. Co-
rolla small, subglobose. Stamens 8 ; filaments connate or
free ; anthers muticous, connate or conniving. Ovary 4-
celled, the cells several-ovuled ; stigma peltate. Capsule 4-
valved. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 695.

Leaves 3-6 in a whorl ; flowers minute, ternate, umbellate or capitate ;
bracts 0. — There are 2 Cape species. They resemble species of Salaxis , or
of the subsection Arsace in the genus Erica.

4. ERICINELLA, Kl.

Calyx 4-parted, lowest sepal larger. Corolla bell-shaped ;
limb 4-lobed, suberect. Stamens 4, rarely 5, free. Ovary

3- 4-celled, cells many-ovuled ; stigma peltate. — DC. Prod. vii.
p. 697.

E. multiflora , Kl., the only Cape species, found on the Winterberg, has
tailed anthers. As a genus this does not differ from Blceria , except by the
unequal calyx.

5. BLJERXA, Linn.

Calyx 4-parted, subequal. Corolla ovoid-bellshaped or
tubular, shortly 4-fid or toothed. Stamens 4, free. Ovary

4- celled, cells several-ovuled; stigma obtuse or peltate. — DC.
Prod. vii. p. 697.

Small heath-like shrubs ; leaves 2-3-4 in a whorl ; flowers terminal,
umbellate or capitate ; bracts 3. Only differs from Erica by the number
of stamens.— 9 species, chiefly west of George.

6. EREMIA, Don.

Calyx equal, deeply 4-fid or partite. Corolla ovoid-bell-
shaped or globose : limb 4-fid. Stamens 6-8 (rarely 5). Ovary
2-4-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; stigma obtuse, slender or capitate.
Capsule 1-4-celled. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 699.

Heath-like shrubs ; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, often squarrose or hispid.
Flowers terminal, glomerate or umbellulate, small; bracts 3. — 7 species,
chiefly Western.

7. GRXSEBACHIA, Kl.

Calyx equally 4-fid or -partite. Corolla ovoid-bellshaped
or subtubular, 4-fid. Stamens 4 free ; filaments either his-
pidulous or glabrous ; anthers lateral or terminal. Ovary
2-4-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; stigma obtuse. Capsule abortively
1-3-celled. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 700. Also Acrostemon, Kl. ;
DC. 1. c.,p. 702.

Small shrubs, resembling the Eremice, differing in the number of stamens.
Flowers 'terminal, capitate. Leaves and calyces hairy, with simple or
plumose hairs. — 16 species, west of George.

218

LXXII. EltICACEiE.

8. SIMOCHEILUS, Kl. and Benth.

Calyx thickened (or rarely thinnish), sometimes very thick,
tubular-bellshaped or turbinate, 4-toothed or rarely semi-4-fid.
Corolla ovoid or obovate-tubular, 4-fid. Stamens 4, free ;
filaments glabrous ; anthers terminal or lateral. Ovary 1-2-4-
celled, cells 1-ovuled ; stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-4- or 1-
celled, dehiscent or indehiscent. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 702. Also
Syndesmanthus, Kl ., DC. 1. c. p. 706, and Codonanthemum,
Kl ., DC. 1. c. p. 707.

Small shrubs ; leaves 3-4 in a whorl, often hispid. Flowers terminal,
capitate. — 28 species, dispersed.

9. SYMPIEZA, Licht.

Calyx thickish, either compressed and 2-lobed, or tubular-
bellshaped and 4-toothed. Corolla obovate or tubular-club-
shaped, oblique, the limb 2-fid, conniving. Stamens 4, free ;
anthers terminal, muticous. Ovary 2-celled, cells 1-ovuled ;
stigma obtuse. Capsule 2-1-celled. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 705.

Leaves 3 in a whorl ; flowers capitate, small. Readily known by the
corolla. — There are 5 species, in Worcester and Swellendam.

10. SCYPHOGYNE, Brongn.

Calyx more or less deeply 4-fid or 4-toothed, equal or the
lowest segment larger or more free. Corolla small, ovoid,
oblong, globose or cup-like, 4-fid. Stamens 3-4, free or mo-
nadelphous ; anthers muticous. Ovary 1-4-celled ; ovules so-
litary ; stigma expanded cup-like or peltate. Capsule 1-4-
celled.— DC. Prod. vii. p. 709. Also Coilostigma, Kl ., DC. 1. c.
708, and Codonostigma, Kl., DC. 1. c. 709.

Small or very small heath-like shrubs. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flowers
minute, in terminal heads or subsessile in the upper axils. — 14 species, dis-
persed.

11. SALAXIS, Salisb.

Calyx 4-fid, one segment larger or more free. Corolla small,
subglobose ; limb shortly 4-fid. Stamens 6-8 ; filaments free
or monadelphous. Ovary 1-4-celled, cells 1-ovuled ; stigma
large, peltate. Capsule 1-4-celled, indehiscent or separating
into 1-seeded carpels. — DC. Prod. vii. p. 710. Also Lageno-
carpus, Kl., DC. 1. c.

Shrubs resembling Philippia, but differing in the solitary ovules.
Flowers small and green. Leaves 3 in a whorl. — 12 species, all Western.

219

Order LXXIII. JASMINES.

Flowers mostly bisexual, rarely apetalous or polypetalous.
Calyx monophyllous. Corolla regular, 4- or many-lobed.
Stamens 2, on tbe corolla-tube. Ovary free, 2-celled ; ovules
definite ; style 1. Fruit either a double berry, a drupe, or a
capsule. — Trees or shrubs, rarely herbaceous, with opposite,
entire or pinnate leaves.

Suborder 1. Oleinese. Corolla valvate in bud, sometimes polypetalous.
Ovules pendulous. Seeds pendulous, with copious albumen.

Corolla with a short tube and 4-parted limb 1. Olea.

Suborder 2. Jasmine*. Corolla twisted, imbricate in bud. Ovules

erect. Seeds erect, with little or no albumen.

Shrubs. Corolla salver-3liaped. Stamens included. Fruit

a twin berry 2. Jasminum.

Shrubs. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens exserted. Fruit

a woody capsule, splitting lengthwise 3. Schrebera.

Small undershrubs. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit of 2

globose, membranous capsules, splitting across ... 4. Menodora.

1. OLEA, Tourn.

Calyx short, 4-toothed. Corolla with short tube and 4-
parted, spreading limb. Stamens 2, inserted at the base of
corolla-tube, shortly exserted. Ovary 2-celled ; style short ;
stigma 2-fid or subcapitate. Drupe fleshy, with a bony, mostly
1- seeded stone. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 283.

The Olive. — 6 or 8 species, dispersed.

2. JASMINUM, Tourn.

Calyx tubular, 5-8-lobed parted or toothed, or subentire.
Corolla salver- shaped, with a long tube and 5-8- or more-
parted, spreading limb. Stamens 2, included. Ovary 2-lobed ;
style simple, 2-lobed. Berry didymous ; cells 1-seeded. — DC.
Prod. viii. p. 301.

The Jasmine. Leaves simple or pinnate. Flowers white or yellow. — 5
or 6 species, Eastern or at Natal.

3. SCHREBERA, Roxb.

Calyx ' cup-shaped, subentire or toothed. Corolla salver-
shaped, with a long tube and 5-7-parted, spreading limb. Sta-
mens 2, shortly exserted. Ovary 2-lobed ; style simple, 2-
lobed. Capsule thick and woody, obovate, loculicidal, split-
ting into 2 boat-shaped valves. Seeds with an oblong,
membranous wing. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 674 ; Thes. Cap. t. 163.

S. Saundersice, H., our only species, is a beautiful jasmine-like shrub, with

220

LXXI1I. JASMINEJ3.

sweet-scented flowers and pinnate leaves ; occurs in several parts of the
Natal colony. The only other known species is Indian.

4. MENODORA, H. B. K.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-10- or many-cleft, with narrow
lobes. Corolla shortly funnel-shaped, with a terete tube,
mostly hairy within ; limb 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Sta-
mens 2, exserted. Style filiform ; stigma subcapitate ; ovary
2-lobed ; ovules 2-4 in each cell. Capsule didymous, carti-
laginous, each carpel opening by a transverse slit. — DO. Prod.
viii. p. 316 ( including Bolivaria, p. 315) ; Hook. Ic. Plant,
t. 586.

Undershrubs, natives of South America and Mexico, as well as of the
Northern and North-Eastern frontiers of the Cape colony. — We have 2
species : M. Africana , Hook., a much-branched, diffuse plant, with multi-
fid leaves ; and M. juncea , Harv. (n. sp.), an erect, nearly leafless, virgate
plant, flowering at the ends of the branches.

Order LXXIV. SALVADORA.CE.ZE ?

1. MONTETIA, L’Her.

Blowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx shortly 4-5-cleft, valvate
in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, linear-lanceolate, longer than
the calyx, valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5, alternate with the
petals, inserted into the margin of a fleshy, hypogynous disk ;
filaments subulate ; anthers versatile, 2-celled. — Female :
Calyx and corolla as in the male. Stamens abortive. Ovary
free, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, erect or ascending ; stigma
sessile, globose. Berry 1-2-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous,
with a green embryo and fleshy, strongly cordate cotyledons.
- — FI. Cap. i. p. 474.

M. barlerioides, L’Her., the only species, occurs in Uitenhage. It
is a glabrous shrub, with opposite branches and twigs. Leaves opposite,
petioled, with axillary, solitary or 2-nate spines. Flowers small and green-
ish, in dense axillary tufts. — Its true place in the system is extremely
doubtful. I place it here at the suggestion of Hr. Hooker.

Order LXXV. MYRSXNE^.

Flowers bisexual or polygamous, small. Calyx 4 -6-toothed
or cleft, free or half-adnate to the ovary. Corolla mostly
monopetalous, regular, 4-6-lobed or parted,, rarely of 4-5 pe-
tals ; lobes mostly twisted to the left in bud. Stamens as
many as the lobes of corolla and opposite them, fertile (some-
times alternating with as many petaloid staminodia). Ovary

LXXY. MYRSINEiE.

221

free or half- inferior, 1-celled ; ovules sunk in a fleshy, central
placenta. Fruit indehiseent, usually drupaceous, with a thiu
flesh. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, mostly entire,
petioled, exstipulate leaves. Often resiniferous.

Ovary half or wholly inferior. Corolla 5-lobed .... 1. M.ESA.

Ovary quite free.

Petals 5, separate 2. Embelia.

Corolla 4-5-lobed 3. Myrsine.

1. MiEJSA, Forsk.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx adnate, 2-bracted at base, 5-
lobed. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, the lobes short, blunt, twisted
or imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, included; anthers cordate.
Ovary inferior or half- inferior ; style short ; stigma capitate.
Berry concrete with the calyx, ovoid. Seeds numerous. —
DC. Prod, viii . p. 77; Thes. Cap. t. 129.

Asiatic or African shrubs or trees. — 2 Cape species, both from Caffraria
and Natal.

2. EMBELXA, Bunn.

Calyx 5-parted or coarsely 5-toothed. Petals 5, imbricate
or twisted. Stamens 5, each connate with the base of the op-
posing petal ; anthers much shorter than the filament, ovoid.
Ovary ovoid or depressed ; style short ; stigma obtuse or ca-
pitellate ; ovules 4-1, often abortive, attached to the bottom of
the ovarian cavity. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — DC. Prod. viii.
p. 83 ; Thes. Cap. t. 127.

Shrubs or small trees, often climbing. Flowers racemose or panicled,
small. Leaves entire. — E. Kraussii , the only Cape species, occurs near
Natal.

3. MYRSINE, Linn.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4-5-fid. Corolla subrotate,
4 -5-parted. Stamens 4-5 ; filaments very short, inserted at
the base of the corolla ; anthers erect, lanceolate, longer than
the filament. Ovary globose ; style short ; stigma capitate ;
ovules 4-5, imbedded in a spherical placenta, peltate. Drupe
globose, with a hard seed. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 92.

Small shrubs or trees. — 3 or more Cape species, dispersed. M. Africana ,
a small twiggy shrub, with myrtle-like leaves, is common everywhere.

Order LXXYI. PBIMULACE^].

Flowers bisexual. Calyx 4-5-lobed, persistent, free or half-
adnate. Corolla regular, 4-5-lobed (or rarely 5-petaled),
rarely 0. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the tube of corolla, 1 oppo-

222

LXXYI. PRIMULACEvE.

site each lobe. Ovary free or half-inferior, l-celled ; ovules on
a fleshy central placenta, peltate ; style 1. Capsule l-celled,
opening by teeth or valves, or splitting across the middle into
2 halves. — Herbaceous plants, very rarely slightly ligneous at
base ; known from Myrsinece by habit and the capsular fruit.
The “Primrose” and “Auricula,” and many more spring
flowers of English gardens, are of this Order.

Ovary quite free. Calyx and corolla deeply 5-parted.

Stamens glabrous. Capsule opening at top by 5-10

valves 1. Lysimachia.

Stamens hairy. Capsule splitting across into 2 hemi-
spheres 2. Anagallis.

Ovary half-inferior. Corolla salver-shaped, its 5 lobes
alternating with 5 scales in the .throat 3. Samoltts.

1. LYSIMACHIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla subrotate or bell-shaped, 5-parted,
longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, at the base of the corolla.
Capsule globose, opening at the apex by 5-10 valves, many-
seeded. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 60.

A large genus, chiefly of the Northern hemisphere. — L. nutans ( Lubinia
atropurpurea , V.), our only species, grows in the Eastern district. It is a
glabrous, subsimple herb, with lanceolate, entire leaves and a terminal ra-
ceme of handsome, tubular-bellshaped, nodding, dark purple flowers.

2. ANAGALLIS, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, longer than
the calyx, very deeply 5-parted. Stamens 5, inserted at the
base of the corolla ; filaments bearded. Capsule globose,
splitting across the middle into hemispherical halves, many-
seeded. — FI. Cap. iii. p. 69 ; Thes. Cap. t. 4.

Small annuals or perennials, mostly diffuse. Leaves opposite or alter-
nate. Flowers bright scarlet rosy purple or white, opening in sunshine.
The “ Pimpernel,” or “ Poor Man’s Weather-glass,” a weed naturalized
from Europe, is common. There are also 2 or 3 perennial African species
in the Eastern district and at Natal.

3. SAMOLUS, Linn.

Calyx half-inferior, 5-fid. Corolla salver-shaped or bell-
shaped ; limb 5-parted, with 5 alternating scales crowning the
tube. Stamens 5, inserted in the base of the corolla ; anthers
basifixed. Ovary half inferior, many-seeded. Capsule open-
ing at top by 5 valves. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 72.

Herbs, found chiefly on muddy seashores. Flowers white, small. — 2
Cape species, dispersed.

223

Order LXXYII. PLANT AGINEiE.

Sepals 4-3, persistent, imbricate. Corolla tubular, scarious,
persistent, with a 4-3-parted limb. Stamens 4, inserted in
the base of the corolla-tube, alternate with its lobes. Ovary
free, 2-4- rarely 1-celled ; ovules 1 or many ; style simple ;
stigma hispid, filiform, simple, rarely 2-fid. Fruit a pyxidium
(membranous, transversely slitting), enclosed within the dry
corolla. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, with small, spiked flowers,
and radical or scattered leaves. Astringent and mucilaginous.

1. PLANTAGO, Linn.

Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla tubular, with a
4-parted limb. Stamens 4, much exserted, slender. Style
simple. Fruit 2- or many-seeded. — DC. Prod. xiii. p. 693.

The Cape species of this cosmopolitan genus have radical leaves and
scapes. — Species dispersed.

Order LXXYIII. SAPOTE.E.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla re-
gular, with as many or twice as many lobes as the calyx.
Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and opposite
them, or twice as many ; anthers 2-celled, mostly extrorse,
often taper-pointed ; sterile stamens petaloid, frequently pre-
sent. Ovary free, of several cells ; style 1 ; ovules solitary,
axile. Fruit a drupe or berry. Seeds with or without albu-
men.— Trees or shrubs, mostly tropical, with milky-juice,
leaves alternate, entire, penninerved ; stipules 0. Flowers
axillary, solitary or tufted or umbelled. Fruit often edible.

Corolla 5-lobed or parted. Stamens 5 and 5
barren 1. Sideroxylon.

Corolla 12-24-parted or lobed.

Corolla-lobes in 1 row ; anthers shorter than

filament 2. Labottrdonnaisia.

Corolla-lobes in 2 rows ; anthers longer than
filaments ; sterile stamens alternating with
fertile 3. Mimusops.

1. SIDEROXYLOH, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate. Corolla semi-5-fid, 5-fid, or nearly
5-parted ; the lobes spreading, imbricate in bud. Stamens in-
serted in the tube of corolla ; 5 sterile, petaloid, included ; 5
fertile opposite the lobes ; the anthers ovate, obtuse, shorter
than the filament. Ovary hairy, mostly 5-celled (4-2-celled) ;
style rather longer than the ovary. Fruit berried, ovoid or
globose. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 177.

224

LXVIII. SAPOTE^E.

S. inerme , Linn., called “ Melkhout,” is common throughout the colony.
Flowers small, axillary.

2. LABOURDONNAISIA, Boj.

Calyx 6-parted ; lobes 2-seriate, the aestivation of each row
valvate. Corolla 12-17-parted ; lobes 1-seriate, reflexed,
linear, entire, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as the co-
rolla-lobes, all fertile ; filaments slender ; anthers lanceolate-
mucronulate, cordate at base, shorter than the filament.
Ovary subglobose, hairy, 6-celled ; style cylindrical. Berry
leathery, full of milky juice, globose or ovoid, 1-seeded. — DC.
Drod. viii. p. 194.

Chiefly Mauritian trees. A species has recently been found at Natal by
Mr. Gerrard.

3. MIMUSOPS, Linn.

Calyx 6-8-parted, the lobes 2-seriate. Corolla 18-24-
parted ; tube short ; lobes thrice as many as those of the
calyx, linear, in 2 rows ; those of the outer row 12-16, two
opposite each calycine lobe ; of the inner 6-8, one opposite
each calycine lobe. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube ; the
fertile as many as the inner corolla- lobes and opposite them ;
filaments short ; anthers lanceolate- sagittate, longer than the
filament, the sterile alternating with the fertile, ovate, acute
or acuminate, hairy at back. Ovary 6-8-celled, hairy ; style
cylindrical. Berry globose or oblong, 1-2-seeded. — DC. Drod.
viii. p. 201.

Trees and shrubs, with leathery, shining leaves and tufted, axillary,
white, often fragrant flowers. — 3 or 4 species in Caffraria and Natal.

Order LXXIX. EBEFACEJE.

Flowers dioecious or rarely bisexual. Calyx 3-7-lobed, per-
sistent. Corolla regular, 3-7-lobed, often externally silky,
twisted, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the
corolla, or hypogynous, 6 or many, separate or connate in
pairs opposing each lobe of corolla ; filaments short ; anthers
basifixed, introrse, linear-lanceolate. Ovary free, 3-12-celled ;
ovules solitary or in pail’s ; styles separate or united. Berry
globose or ovoid, often few-seeded. Seeds albuminous. — Trees
and shrubs of hot countries, without milky juices. Leaves
alternate or subopposite, entire, exstipulate. Cymes or ra-
cemes axillary or terminal.

Flowers bisexual, 5-lobed. Stamens 10 1. Royena.

Flowers dioecious.

Calyx and corolla 4-7-lobed or cleft.

LXXIX. EBEXACE2E.

225

Female flowers wholly without stamens, racemose . 2. Euclea.

Female flowers with 8 abortive stamens, solitary . . 3. Diospyros.

Calyx cup-like. Corolla 3-fid. Flowers solitary, sessile 4. Maba.

1. ROYENA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual or polygamous. Calyx 5-parted, rarely
5-lobed, pubescent, frequently enlarged after flowering. Co-
rolla 5-fid, bell-shaped ; the lobes obtuse, twisted to the left.
Stamens 10, attached to the base of the corolla, 2 placed be-
fore each corolla- lobe in 1 row ; filaments short ; anthers
linear-lanceolate, often hispid. Glands 10, round the base
of the ovary. Ovary hairy, when fertile 4-10-celled; when
barren of fewer cells ; style 2-5-lobed. Berry leathery. —
DC. Prod. viii. p. 210.

Shrubs, all South African. Leaves alternate, entire ; peduncles axillary,
mostly 1-flowered ; flowers greenish-yellow, turning black in drying. — 17
species, dispersed.

2. EUCLEA, Linn.

Flowers dioecious ; female without stamens ; male with
a rudimentary ovary. Calyx 4-7-lobed, not enlarging. Co-
rolla 4-7-lobed, bell-shaped, longer than the calyx; lobes
obtuse, twisted to the left. Stamens 10-32 (the number va-
riable in the same species), inserted at the base of corolla;
anthers lanceolate, longer than the filaments. Ovary 4-celled ;
styles 2, 2-lobed, glabrous. Berry globose, by abortion 1-celled,
1-seeded. — DC. Prod. viii. 215.

Cape shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, often undulate, glabrous
or pubescent, and axillary, racemose, white flowers. — 15 species, dispersed.

3. DIOSPYROS, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 4-6-lobed or rarely irregularly
cleft. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 4-6-fid ; lobes twisted
to the left. Stamens, in the males, 8-50, often 16, inserted at
base of corolla, or partly on the torus ; filament shorter than
the linear-lanceolate anther ; in the female flower mostly 8,
barren. Ovary in female 4-8- or 10-12-celled, in males
abortive ; styles 2-4, connate at base, mostly 2-lobed. Berry
globose or ovoid, covered by the mostly enlarged calyx, 4-8-
eelled. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 222.

Trees of hot countries, with very hard, heavy, dark-coloured wood, of
which Ebony is a well-known example. — D. Capensis , A. DC., has ellip-
tical, glabrous leaves ; solitary or ternate, sessile male flowers, a bell- or cup-
shaped slightly lobed calyx, and a deeply 5-fid corolla twice as long as the
calyx. Locality not known.

Q

220

LXXIX. EUENACEiE.

4. MABA, Forst.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx cup-like, either entire semi-3-fid
or 3-fid. Corolla urceolate or bell- shaped, 3-fid ; lobes twisted
to the left. Male : Stamens 3-6, sometimes 9-12, connate
in pairs, hypogynous, surrounding the abortive ovary ; fila-
ments slender ; anthers linear, often apiculate. — Female :
Stamens 0 or 6-7, abortive, on the corolla-tube. Ovary 3-
celled; cells 2-1-seeded ; stigma 3-parted. Berry ellipsoid,
rarely globose, smooth, 3-2-celled, not very fleshy. — DC.
Drod. viii. p. 240; Thes. Cap. t. 110.

Shrubs, often growing near the sea, with alternate, small, subsessile
leaves and solitary or twin axillary, sessile flowers. Corolla externally
hairy. — M. Natalensis, H., is our only species.

Order LXXX. ASCLSPIADE^].

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, regular, valvate or twisted
in bud, the throat usually provided with an appendage called
the corona, which may be tubular or cup-shaped, entire or
divided into distinct segments in 1 or more series, often adnate
to the staminal tube, and then apparently an appendage of
the anthers. Stamens 5, at the base of the corolla-tube, the
short filaments usually connate in a tube (called gynostege)
enclosing the pistil ; anthers 2-celled, rarely 4-celled, opening
inwards ; pollen coalescing into masses (pollinia) as nume-
rous as the anther-cells, which are 1-2-celled, pendulous, erect
or horizontal, and affixed in pairs, in fours or singly to 5
stigmatic processes (corpuscles) ; rarely pollen in granular
masses, each grain of 4 granules. Carpels 2 ; ovules nume-
rous ; styles 2, close together, mostly short ; stigma 1, com-
mon to both styles, dilated. Follicles 2, or 1 by abortion ;
seeds mostly with a tuft of silky hairs at the hilum, albumi-
nous.— Climbing or erect, shrubby or herbaceous plants, often
with tuberous roots, and often with milky juices : many are
leafless, with succulent stems. Leaves opposite, quite entire,
without stipules.

Tribe 1. Peeiploceje. Pollen-masses 5-20, granular (4 granules to
each grain), affixed singly or in fours to the dilated apex of each of the 5
corpuscles of the stigma. Filaments either free or connate.

Corolla with scales in the throat, alternating with
the lobes.

Filaments of the stamens quite free.

Corolla salver-shaped ; stamens in its base ;
anthers dorsally hairy, with a long, slender,

plumose crest 1. Ectadium.

Corolla subrotate or funnel-shaped ; stamens

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

227

in its throat ; anthers sagittate, acute, gla-
brous 2. Raphionacme.

Filaments connate ; throat-scales thread-like,

much longer than the corolla ...... 3. Leptopatia.

Tribe 2. Secamonea. Anthers 4-celled, glabrous ; filaments connate.
Pollen-masses 20, very minute, erect, affixed in fours to each of the 5 cor-
puscles of the stigma.

Corolla subrotate, without scales in throat ; corona
of 5 compressed, falcate folioles adnate to the
gynostege 4. Secamone.

Tribe 3. Euasclepiadea:. Filaments connate ; anthers 2-celled. Pol-
len-masses 10, attached in pairs to each of the 5 corpuscles of the stigma,
pendulous.

1. Corona-staminea 0.

Corolla bell-shaped ; throat and tube without

scales 5.

Corolla urceolate ; lobes very short, inflexed-
valvate ; tube hairy within at base ... 6.

Corolla urceolate ; lobes short, twisted to the
left, imbricate ; tube 5-angled, with 5 pro-
minences alternating with as many tufts
of reflexed hairs 7.

2. Corona of 5, simple, entire or 2-fid folioles,

without crests or horns on their inner sur-
face (sometimes with a short, projecting
lamella).

Erect herbs or halfshrubs (not twiners).

Stigma prolonged beyond the anther- tips.

Corona of 5 rounded folioles. Stigma

pyramidal 8. Parapodium.

Corona of 5 erect, fleshy, oblong, obtuse,
broadly- clawed folioles. Stigma cylin-
drical, capitate 9. Cordylogyne.

Corona of 5 lanceolate-acuminate, flat,
dorsally -keeled folioles. Stigma barrel-
shaped 10. Krebsia.

Stigma depressed or flat, pentagonal.

Corona of 5 subulate, erect, keeled fo-
lioles, longitudinally furrowed on the

face 11. Mackenia.

Corona of 5 cordate or oblong, flat, ob-
tuse folioles, narrowed at base . . . 12. Peri glos sum.

Corona of 5 fleshy, broad-based, ovate,
roundish, oblong or strap-shaped fo-
lioles 13. Xysmalobitjm.

Twining shrubs or halfshrubs.

Corona of 5 oblong, tongue-shaped folioles,
with narrow, reflexed margins at the base

of^the gynostege 14. Glossostephanus.

Corona of 5 membranous, thin, flat folioles,

at the summit of the gynostege . . .15. Oncinema.

Q2

Astepkanus.

Hamax.

Microloma.

223

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

3. Corona of 5, more or less concave or hooded fo-

lioles, or, if of flat or flatfish folioles, then
furnished on the face witli tongue-shaped or
horn-like crests, or prominent, longitudinal
ridges.

Erect herbs or shrubs (not twiners).

Corolla bell-shaped. Corona of 5 expanded
folioles, bearing on face 2 parallel longi-
tudinal ridges 16. Pachycarpits.

Corolla rotate, reflexed or spreading.

Corona of 5 complicate-cucullate, late-
rally compressed folioles, with strongly

indexed margins 17. Gomphocarpus.

Corona of 5 spreading, flat, oblong, ob-
tuse, nerved folioles, having at base 2
collateral, tongue-like processes . . 18 . Fanninia.

Corona of 5 broad-based folioles, having
on the face a tongue-shaped process ;

follicles smooth 19. Lagarinthus.

Corona of 5 broad-based folioles, each
with 2 lateral, tooth-like, and a medial
subulate-acuminate lobe, opposite to
which latter, on the face, is a similar
tongue-like process ; follicles softly

echinate 20. Aspidoglossum.

Corona of 5 oblong or ovate, truncate or
3-toothed or emarginate folioles, having
on the face a tongue-shaped, simple
2-fid or 2-partite process ; follicles
softly echinate 21. Schizoglossttm.

Twining shrubs. Corona of 5 cucullate fo-
lioles, having a beak-like process on the
face. Leaves deeply cordate, long-petioled 22. Pentarrhinum.

4. Corona either single and cup-like, with an en-

tire or lobed margin, or double, the outer
sinuate -lob ed, short, inner of 5 folioles.

Corona single, cup-like, entire, crenate or
toothed.

Twining or trailing plants, with ovate or

cordate leaves 23. Cynoctonttm.

Fleshy, succulent, climbing, leafless shrubs 24. Sarcocyphula.

Corona double, the outer annular, inner of 5
folioles.

Fleshy, succulent, climbing, leafless shrubs. 25. Sarcostemma.
Twining plants, with cordate leaves . . .26. Djemia.

5. Corona double or triple, monophyllous, the

folioles more or less concrete at base, ta-
pering into linear or subulate points.

Corona monophyllous, 5-fid, the segments
furnished on the inside with a tooth-like
process 27. Endotropis.

Corona triple, each of 5 folioles ; 5 outer op-
posite the lobes of corolla ; folioles of the
medial row 3-fid, of the inner undivided . 28. Eustegia.

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

229

Corona tubular ; folioles concrete in 3 rows ;
outer 15-toothed ; medial of five 3-lobed
segments ; inner of 5 subulate-acuminate
segments. Anthers tipped with an oblong,
membranous bag! 29. Fockea.

Tribe 4. Stapeliea:. Pollen-masses ascending or erect (other charac-
ters as in Euasclepiadece) .

Pollen-masses opaque (without any pellucid spot) .

Corona 5-parted or of 5 separate folioles.

Slender, erect herb. Corolla-lobes narrow-

spathulate 30. Tenaris.

Climbing shrubs or halfshrubs. Flowers small.

Corona of 5 acute or subacute folioles ; fol-
licles without wings 31. Tylophoea.

Corona of 5 reniform folioles ; follicles

broadly 4-winged 32. Deegea.

Corona 0. Corolla either nude or hairy
within or with scales in the throat,
alternating with the lobes.

Corolla with 5 tooth-like scales in the

throat 33. Gymnema.

Corolla without scales, hairy within . . 34. Bhyssolobium.

Pollen-masses pellucid at one end, or at the inner
side.

Corolla with a conspicuous tube, more or less
inflated, at least at base, often flask- or
pitcher-shaped.

Corolla salver-shaped. Corona bluntly 5-

lobed 35. Barrowia.

Corolla-tube bottle- bag- or pitcher-shaped.

Corona double ; outer of 5 spreading, spur-
like lobes ; inner of very short obtuse
lobes opposite the anthers ; follicles to-

rulose 36. Riocrettxia.

Corona bell- shaped in a double row, the
lobes 5, 10, 15, those opposite the anthers

longer ; follicles cylindrical 37. Ceropegia.

Corolla rotate or bell-shaped, with a short, wide
tube.

Stems leafy, herbaceous or ligneous ; roots
mostly succulent.

Corona double, obviously in 2 rows.

Outer corolla of five 2-fid 2-dentate or 2-
parted folioles ; inner of 5 simple,
oblong folioles ; corolla-lobes mostly

long and narrow 38. Dicha;lia.

Outer corolla bell-shaped, 10-toothed
round the margin ; inner of 5 subulate
folioles ; corolla-lobes ovate, short . 39. Decaceras.

Corona in 1 row, of 5 pieces or lobes.

Corolla-lobes linear, reflexed. Corona-fo-

lioles acuminate, attenuate, eared at base 40. Macropetalum.
Corolla widely bell-shaped. Corona-fo-
lioles shortly 3-lobed, the medial lobe
longer 41. Brachystelma.

230

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEJ3.

Corolla subrotate, small. Corona-folioles
deeply 2-fid, with a very long, taper-
pointed process on the face. Flowers

in umbels 42. Lophostephus.

Corolla bell-shaped, with a short limb.

Corona-folioles short, bluntly 3-cuspi-

date. Flowers in umbels .... 43. Sisyeanthus.

Corona gamophyllous, saucer-shaped, with
5 short, truncate lobes and rounded in-
terspaces 44. Mickastee.

Stems leafless, thick and fleshy, 4- or many-
angled.

Corolla with a tooth-like lobe between each

of its larger lobes. Corona double . . 45. Hueenia.

Corolla 5-lobed, without any tooth-like in-
termediate lobes.

Corona of 5 dorsally-toothed folioles . . 46. Piaeanthus.

Corona double.

Stems 4-angled, with toothed ridges.

Corolla fleshy 47. Stapelia.

Stem many-angled, thorny. Corolla

membranous, large and flat . . . 48. Hoodia.

Tribe 1. Periploceje. (Gren. 1-3.)

1. ECTADXUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted; sepals deciduous. Corolla salver-shaped,
with a subcampanulate short tube ; lobes 5, spreading, twisted
to the left ; throat with 5 lanceolate, compressed, subexserted
scales, alternating with the lobes. Stamens inserted in the
base of the corolla-tube ; filaments free, very short ; anthers
dorsally hairy, tapering into very long plumose crests. Pollen-
masses 20, composed of spherical grains, each of 4 pollen-
granules, affixed to the 5 oblong-truncate corpuscles. Stigma
5-angled, apiculate. Follicles smooth, slender, divaricate. —
DC. Frod. viii.y>. 500.

E. virgatum , E. Mey., is an erect, rod-like undershrub of Namaqualand,
with opposite, linear, acute leaves, and axillary, cymose, peduncled flowers.

2. RAPHIONACME, Harv.

Calyx short, 5-parted; sepals deciduous. Corolla subro-
tate ; limb 5-parted, the segments spreading, imbricate in
bud ; throat with 5 taper-pointed, simple or deeply 3-lobed
scales, alternating with the segments. Stamens in the throat,
subexserted ; filaments free, short ; anthers attached at base
to the margin of the stigma, sagittate, with a broad connective,
mucronate, glabrous. Pollen-masses 5, granular (each grain
of 4 pollen-granules), affixed to the dilated apices of 5 spoon-

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEJ3.

231

shaped corpuscles. Stigma conico-pyramidal, 5-angled. Fol-
licles smooth, tapering, divaricate. — Thes. Cap. t. 66.

Small, branching herbs, with turnip-like fleshy roots, erect or rarely
climbing. Leaves opposite, glabrous or hairy. Flowers in cymes or fas-
cicles, terminal or axillary, purple or green. — 10-12 species in the Eastern
district and at Natal.

3. LEPTOPJETIA, Harv.

Calyx short, 5-parted ; segments ovate. Corolla rotate,
5-parted, the segments lanceolate- oblong, slightly twisted
to the left ; throat with 5 subulate- filiform, very long and
slender, much-exserted scales. Filaments connate, free at
apex only ; anthers free from stigma, sagittate, cohering by
their triangular- acuminate, glabrous crests. Pollen-masses
granular (each grain of 4 pollen-granules), affixed to 5 deeply
2-fid corpuscles. Stigma depressed, with a conoidal umbo.

A climber, with the habit and many of the characters of Pentopetia ,
Dene., recently found by Mr. Grerrard near Natal.

Tribe 2. Secamoxe^:. (Gren. 4.)

4. SECAMONE, E. Br.

Calyx very short, 5-fid. Corolla rotate or subcampanulate,
deeply 5-parted, the lobes twisted to the right, glabrous or
pubescent within. Corona 5-leaved, folioles laterally com-
pressed, decurrent below along the gynostege, free above, fal-
cate or ligulate, simple. Pollen-masses 20, erect, attached
by fours to each of the 5 small, fleshy corpuscles. Stigma
short or elongate, entire or absolutely 2-lobed. — DC. Prod.
viii. p. 501.

Decumbent or voluble, rarely suberect shrubs. Leaves opposite, coria-
ceous. Cymes or panicles axillary ; flowers often minute, not always. — 4
Cape species, Eastern and from Natal.

Tribe 3. Euasclepiade^;. (Glen. 5-29.)

5. ASTEPHANUS, B. Br.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals erect, acute. Corolla bell-shaped or
ovoid-bellshaped, the throat and tube without scales. Corona
0. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia small, ovoid or
roundish, pendulous. Stigma elongate, mostly 2-fid, rarely
simple or depressed. Follicles smooth. — DC. Prod. viii. p.
507 ; Thes. Cap. $.91.

Voluble or decumbent undershrubs, with opposite glabrous leaves. Cymes
or umbels interpetiolar ; flowers small, mostly pale. — 6 or 7 species, dis-
persed.

232

LXXX. ASCLEPIAD KiE.

6. HiEMAX, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla urceolate, with a very short limb,
the lobes hood-shaped, indexed, valvate ; tube angular within,
round the gynostege reversely hairy. Corona 0. Anthers
membranous-tipped. Pollinia taper-pointed, pendulous. Stig-
ma prominent, obtuse, entire. Follicles smooth, often solitary.
— DC. Prod. viii. p. 509.

Rigid, spinous, divaricately-branched shrubs, with minute, deciduous,
cordate leaves, and very small, umbelled flowers. — 2 species, Northern and
North-Eastern.

7. MICROLOMA, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals acute, sometimes longer than corolla.
Corolla urceolate, 5-fid, the lobes short, twisted to the left ;
throat nude ; tube swollen, 5-angled, with 5 scales or promi-
nences, 1 under each sinus, alternating with as many tufts of
reflexed hairs. Corona 0. Anthers membranous-tipped.
Pollinia compressed, pendulous. Stigma apiculate. Follicles
smooth. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 510 ; TJies. Cap. t. 92.

Voluble or erect, sometimes spiny undershrubs, with opposite, narrow
leaves, and interpetiolar umbels of small, waxy, red flowers.

8. PARAPODIUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, somewhat bell-shaped,
twisted to the left. Corona 5-leaved ; folioles rounded, alter-
nate with the corolla-lobes, on each side decurrent in a very
short tube. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia compressed,
taper-pointed, pendulous. Stigma pyramidal, 5-furrowed, ob-
tuse.— DC. Prod. viii. p. 511.

An erect herb (unknown to me), with subopposite leaves, and alternate,
never axillary, peduncled umbels, lateral between each pair of petioles. —
Found on the Witberg.

9. CORDYLOGYNE, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, bell-shaped ; segments
concave below, with recurved tips. Corona 5-parted ; folioles
connate at base, erect, fleshy, with broad, linear claw and ob-
long limb truncate at base, very obtuse at apex, and having,
on the inner face, a small, transverse, projecting lamella.
Anthers membrane-tipped. Stigma long, exserted, cylin-
drical-capitate. Follicles solitary, smooth, slender. — DC.
Prod. viii. p. 518.

A slender, erect herb, glabrous except the peduncles and calyx. Stems
virgate ; leaves very narrow, with revolute margins ; peduncles many-
flowered, the flowers crowded, small, yellow-green. — Native of the Eastern
frontier and Caflraria.

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

233

10. KREBSIA, Harv., not E. and Z.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 -parted ; segments
very concave below, with . reflexed, velvety, opaque apices.
Corona 5-leaved ; folioles from a broad base, lanceolate-acumi-
nate, erect, flat within, dorsally keeled, with indexed apices.
Anthers with large membranous tips, applied to sides of stig-
ma. Stigma projecting, barrel-shaped, bluntly 5 -angled, con-
cave at summit. Follicles ?

A branching undershrub, 6-12 inches high. Leaves narrow-linear, long,
with revolute margins, glabrous. Peduncles interpetiolar, very short or
obsolete ; flowers umbellate, vellow-green, of mediocre size. This has
nearly the corolla of Cordylogyne , but a very different corona and stigma.
— Sent by Mrs. F. W. Barber and Mr. H. Bowker from Kreili’s country
(No. 293), and by Mr. Gerrard from Buffalo Biver, Natal (n. 1309). The
generic name is in honour of Herr Krebs, a meritorious collector of South
African plants.

11. MACKEHIA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, the lobes oblong,
dat, spreading. Corona 5-leaved, the lobes subulate, acute,
erect, longer than the gynostege, keeled, with a longitudinal,
medial furrow on the face, the margins at base and that
of the sinus redexed. Anthers membrane-tipped. Stigma
pentagonal, dattish, with a 5-nippled umbo in the centre.
Follicles indated, solitary, covered with long, slender, plumose,
soft shreds.

Erect, hairy herbs, with the aspect of Schizoglossum atropwrpureum and
S. virens. — 2 species, one sent by Mrs. F. W. Barber and Mr. Bowker from
Kreili’s country, and by Dr. Sutherland from Natal ; and both found at
the Dargle farm by Mr. Fannin (n. 36 and 48). Named in honour of
Mr. J. M'Ken, Esq., Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Natal, a very zealous
and successful collector of the plants of the Natal colony.

12. PERXG-LOSSXJM, Dene.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals lanceolate. Corolla deeply 5-dd,
the segments erect, oblong, conniving. Corona 5-leaved ; fo-
lioles cordate or oblong, flat, narrowed at base, obtuse, thick-
ened in the middle, equalling the gynostege, bearing on the
inner face a deshy, adnate prominence. Anthers membrane-
tipped. Pollinia compressed, linear or taper-pointed, pendu-
lous. Stigma depressed, 5-angled. — DC. Prod. viii. p 520 •
Thes. Cap. t. 111.

Erect, simple or branched herbs, with long, narrow-linear leaves, with
revolute margins and terminal or interpetiolar peduncles, bearing dense
heads of greenish flowers. — 3 species, from Caffraria or Natal.

234

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEJE.

13. GLOSSOSTEPHANUS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted ; segments
narrow, reflexed. Corona 5-leaved ; folioles simple, attached
to the base of the gynostege, oblong, with narrow, reflexed
margins, above flattish, tongue-shaped. Anthers with small,
membranous tips. Pollinia ovoid, taper-pointed, pendulous.
Stigmas elongate, subpyramidal, emarginate. — DC. Prod. viii.
p. 521.

A glabrous twiner, with narrow-linear or sublanceolate, petioled leaves.
Peduncles extra-axillary, slender, laxly several-flowered, short; flowers
small. — Western districts.

14. ONCINEMA, Arn.

Calyx 5-fid. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted, with a short
tube. Corona inserted at the summit of the gynostege, of 5
membranous, thin, flat folioles. Anthers membrane-tipped.
Pollinia compressed, narrow-oblong, pendulous. Stigma co-
nical-rostrate, elongate, sub-2-apiculate. Follicles P — DC.

Prod. viii. p. 526.

A climbing, glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite, narrow. Cymes interpe-
tiolar, diffuse, dichotomous, few-flowered. — Found by Roxburgh in the last
century ; locality unknown.

15. XYSMALOBIUM, F. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla widely bell-shaped, deeply 5-lobed
or rotate, 5-parted ; limb spreading or reflexed, glabrous or
bearded. Corona at the summit of the staminal column, 5-
parted, the folioles fleshy, spreading or rarely erect, ovate
roundish oblong or strap -shaped, simple within, or rarely
with a prominent ridge on the face, very rarely the apex in-
flexed. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia compressed, pen-
dulous, taper-pointed or truncate. Stigma pointless. Follicles
yentricose, bearing soft shreds, the petiole twisted.' — DC. Prod.
viii. p. 519 ; Thes. Cap. t. 112.

Erect herbs, resembling GompJiocarpi in habit, and only distinguishable
by the corona. Flowers large or small, in interpetiolar or terminal, pedun-
cled or sessile umbels. — 12 or 14 species, all Eastern.

16. PACHYCAFPUS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla widely bell-shaped, spreading, more
or less deeply 5-lobed. Corona 5-parted ; folioles horizontal,
of various shapes, mostly longer than the gynostege, expanded
(the margins not indexed), bearing on the face two more or
less projecting, longitudinal, subparallel ridges, which are

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

235

usually truncate at base, with salient angles. Other charac-
ters as in Xysmalobium.

Erect herbs, with the habit of Xysmalobium, but a different corona.
There are several species, having the largest flowers of any of the allied
genera. By Decaisne (DC. Prod. viii. p. 562) these plants are included in
Gomphocarpus, but the structure of the corona is very different, as is also
the form of corolla.

17. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, mostly reflexed.
Corona 5-parted, erect or suberect, as long as the gynostege
or much longer, complicate-cucullate, laterally compressed, the
margins strongly indexed, the inflexion greatest above, where
the angles are often salient, directed toward the stigma ; apex
either truncate or variously twisted. Other characters as in
Xysmalobium. — DC. Prod. vii .p. 556 ; Thes. Cap. t. 67, 97, 192-5.

Shrubs undershrubs or erect herbs, with opposite leaves. Peduncles ter-
minal and interpetiolar, umbellately many-flowered. Flowers mediocre,
smaller than in P achy carpus. — Many species, dispersed; several still un-
described.

18. PAHHINIA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted; segments flat,
spreading, bearded at apex. Corona 5-leaved ; folioles hori-
zontally spreading, longer than the gynostege, flat, oblong,
obtuse, with a medial nerve, furnished at base on the inside
with two collateral, tongue-like processes. Anthers mem-
brane-tipped. Pollinia compressed, ob ovate, pendulous. Stigma
depressed-pentagonal. Follicles ?

F. caloylossa, H., the only species, is a small, pubescent herb, with op-
posite, oblong leaves. Peduncles interpetiolar, umbelled. Flowers
inch across, handsome. — Discovered at the Dargle Farm, Natal, by Mr.
George Fannin (n. 49), to whose honour this genus is dedicated.

19. LAGARIJNTTHUS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, rotate, the lobes erect
or spreading. Corona 5-parted ; folioles free, dilated at base,
furnished with a tongue-shaped process on the inner side.
Anthers tipped with a broadish membrane. Pollinia com-
pressed, taper-pointed, suspended. Stigma depressed, ob-
scurely 5-angled. Follicles smooth, fusiform. — DC. Prod. viii.
p. 555.

Erect, slender herbs, with narrow leaves. Flowers small, green or
brownish, in extra-axillary peduncles, umbellate. — 4 or 5 species, dispersed.

20. ASPIDOGLOSSUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, rotate. Corona 5-parted

236

LXXX. ASCLEPlADEiE .

to the base or nearly so ; folioles or segments broad-based,
oblong, flattish or concave, tapering into a medial subulate-
acuminate lobe, opposite to which, on the face of the foliole,
is a similar tongue-like process ; lateral lobes or angles short,
erect or indexed. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia com-
pressed, taper-pointed, pendulous. Stigma depressed, muti-
cous. Follicles clothed with soft shreds. — DC. Prod. viii. p.
555.

Erect herbs, often with narrow leaves. Umbels axillary, subsessile ;
flowers small, green or brown. — Several species (some undescribed), dis-
persed, chiefly Eastern.

21. SCHIZOGLOSSUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted, spreading. Co-
rona 5-parted ; folioles oblong or ovate, subtruncate or obso-
letely 3-toothed or emarginate at apex, furnished on the face
with a tongue-shaped or 2-fid or 2-parted process, directed
towards the stigma. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia
pendulous. Stigma muticous. Follicles clothed with soft
shreds. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 553.

Erect herbs, with the habit of Aspidoglossum, from which this genus dif-
fers in the corona-folioles wanting the central acumination. — Several species,
some undescribed.

22. PENTARRHmUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 5-fid, the segments spread-
ing or reflexed. Corona 5-parted ; folioles cuneate or ovate,
truncate, with the entire or basally-lobulate margins indexed,
and furnished within with a beak-like, indexed process. An-
thers membrane-tipped. Pollinia ovoid or oblong, suspended.
Gynostege short. Stigipa depressed, with two medial nipples.
Follicles ovoid, fleshy, covered with soft, short shreds. — DC.
Prod, viii.y). 553 ; Thes. Cap. t. 11.

Climbing plants, with deeply cordate, long-petioled leaves and axillary,
racemose, many-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, greenish. Fruit edible,
but insipid.

23. CYNOCTOIUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Corona tubular,
plaited, simple, either subtruncate or 5-10-crenate or toothed
round the mouth, no inner laciniae. Anthers membrane-tipped.
Pollinia clavate, subcompressed, pendulous. Stigma 2-lobuled
or attenuate, with a 2-fid apex. Follicles slender, smooth,
reflexed. — DC. Prod. v. p. 527.

Voluble or trailing plants. Leaves cordate or ovate. Peduncles axillary,
many-flowered ; flowers umbellate, small, brown or white.

LXXX. ASCLEPTADEiE.

237

24. SAECOCYPHULA, Ilarv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate. Corona cup-shaped, 5-
crenate, with swellings (as if saccate) between the crenatures.
Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia ovoid, pendulous, fixed
at the apex. Stigma depressed. Eollicles P — Thes. Cap. t.

191.

S. Gerrardi, H., is a leafless, succulent, branching climber, with the
habit of Sarcostemma viminale (with which it sometimes grows intermixed !),
but from which it differs in the simple corona, not very unlike that of
a Cynoctonum. — Natal.

25. SAECOSTEMMA, E. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, more or less deeply 5-fid,
or urceolate-rotate, sinuately 5-lobed, the lobes sometimes
with interposing teeth. Corona double, the outer cup-shaped
or annular, crenate, more or less attached to the gynostege or
to the corolla-tube, inner 5-leaved ; folioles fleshy, roundish,
acuminate, longer than the outer corona. Anthers membrane-
tipped. Pollinia club-shaped, pendulous. Stigma apiculate.
Pollicles slender, smooth. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 537.

Erect or climbing, leafless or leafy shrubs. The 2 Cape species are leaf-
less, with jointed, succulent stems and rotate corollas. Flowers in lateral
umbels.

26. DJEMIA, E. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate. Corona double ; outer
short, annular, sinuate, 10-parted, the alternate lobules small ;
inner 5-leaved ; folioles below somewhat spurred, above pro-
longed into a subulate, indexed point. Anthers membrane-
tipped. Pollinia compressed, taper-pointed, pendulous. Stigma
pointless or convex in the middle. Follicles smooth or clothed
with soft shreds. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 543.

Voluble plants, with opposite, cordate leaves. Peduncles axillary, elon-
gate. Flowers racemose ; corolla-lobes ciliate. — 1 Cape species, near the
mouth of Orange River.

27. ETTDOTEOPIS, Endl.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-fid, the segments
spreading, papillose within. Corona monophyllous, 5-fid, the
segments opposite the anthers, furnished on the inside with a
short process or tooth, and separated by a wide sinus, promi-
nent outwards. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia round-
ish, pendulous. Stigma somewhat pointed, 2-lobed. Eollicles
smooth, hoary, taper-pointed. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 546.

Climbing or trailing plants, with cordate leaves. Flowers umbelled,
axillary. — 1 Cape species, Eastern.

238

LXXX. ASCLEPTADEtE.

28. EUSTEGIA, E. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-fid. Corona triple, each
of 5 folioles, the outermost inserted in the throat of corolla,
opposite the segments, the others alternating with the outer ;
the folioles of the medial corona 3-parted,of the inner undi-
vided. Anthers membrane-tipped. Pollinia taper-pointed, pen-
dulous. Stigma nearly pointless. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 545.

Small, decumbent, branching herbs, with narrow, hastate leaves and sub-
umbellate, small flowers. — 4F species, Western.

29. EOCKEA, Endl.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals keeled. Corolla ca.mpanulate, 5-fid,
the segments linear-lanceolate, attenuate, spreading or reflexed,
papillose within. Corona campanulate, tubular, triple, the
folioles concrete at base ; outer with the mouth 15-lobed, lobes
'unequal, short, 5 smaller ; medial longer, of 5 concave, 3-lobed
segments, the middle lobe subulate ; inner of 5 subulate-
acuminate, entire segments, opposite those of the medial
corona. Anthers tipped with an oblong, very delicately
membranous bag ! Pollinia {fide Endl.) “ ovoid, affixed to the
tapering apex, pendulous.” Grynostege sessile. Stigma sub-
umbonate. Follicles smooth, rostrate, by abortion solitary. —
DC. Prod. viii. p. 545. Chymocormus, Harv. in HooJc. Lond.
Journ. i . p. 23.

Climbing or trailing herbs, with large, tuberous, succulent roots. Leaves
opposite, coriaceous. Flowers small, greenish, subsessile, in extra-axillary
tufts or solitary. The flowers seem to be sometimes polygamous ; I have
repeatedly sought in my specimens for pollinia, but never found any. — 3
species.

Tribe 4. Stapelieje. (Gen. 30-48.)

30. TENAEIS, E. Mey.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla subrotate, 5-parted, the
segments narrow-spathulate, papillose below. Corona in-
serted at the apex of the gynostege ; of 5 short, cucullate,
sharply emarginate folioles, alternating with the stamens, fur-
nished at the base within with two tooth-like processes ; and
5 internal, subulate teeth, opposite the stamens. Anthers
small, without membranous tip, fleshy. Pollinia erect, round-
ish. Stigma 5-angled, flattish. Follicles in pairs, slender,
smooth, erect, on a straight peduncle. — DC. Prod. viii. p. GOG ;
TJies. Cap. t. 43.

A slender, erect herb with very narrow leaves and pretty, purplish
flowers. — Frequent on the Eastern frontier.

31. TYLOPHOEA, E. Bp.

Calyx 5- fid ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Corolla ro-

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEiE.

239

tate, 5-parted. Corona 5-parted ; folioles simple, acuminate,
fleshy, more or less affixed to a prominent gynostege, very
rarely overtopping the stigma. Anthers membranous-tipped.
Pollinia transverse or subascending, or erect, minute, ventri-
cose. Stigma pointless, prominent, obscurely emarginate.
Follicles smooth, taper-pointed, compressed, somewhat angular
on one side. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 606.

Climbing, vine-like plants, with ovate-acuminate or lanceolate, petioled
leaves, and interpetiolar peduncles. Flowers Small. — 2 Cape species, on
the Eastern frontier and at Natal.

32. DREG-EA, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-leaved. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-fid, the lobes ob-
scurely emarginate, twisted to the left. Corona 5-parted ;
folioles fleshy, reniform, adnate to the gynostege. Anthers
minute, tipped by a long, obtuse membrane. Pollinia erect,
affixed at base to a long cord, ovoid, small. Stigma conical,
emarginate. Follicles in pairs, divaricate, broadly 4- winged,
smooth. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 618 ; Deless. lc. Sel. v. t. 86.

D. Jloribunda, E. Mey., the only Cape species, is a climbing shrub, with
ovate-acuminate, glabrous leaves, and small, white, umbelled flowers, on
terminal or interpetiolar peduncles. When in fruit, it will at once be re-
cognized by its 4-winged follicles. — Eastern frontier and Natal.

33. GYMNEMA, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals erect, ovate, small. Corolla rotate,
5-fid ; the lobes scarcely longer than the calyx, often triangu-
lar, thickish, twisted in bud ; throat with 5 decurrent, fleshy,
tooth-like scales, alternating with the lobes, channelled in
front. Corona 0. Anthers with a short membranous tip.
Pollinia erect, basifixed, ovoid, on very short cords. Follicles
smooth. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 621.

An African and Indian genus of several species. — The only Cape species
(G. MlXenii, H.), was found in 1863 by Mr. M‘Ken, in a damp ravine
near Sydenham, Natal.

34. RHYSSOLOBIUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat ovoid-bellshaped,
densely hairy within, without scales in the throat. Gyno-
stege included. Corona 0. Anthers membranous-tipped.
Pollinia subovoid, erect. Stigma apiculate, obscurely emargi-
nate. Follicles turgid, short, ridge-furrowed lengthwise. —
DC. Prod. viii. p. 626.

R. dumosum , E. M., is a much-branched, rigid, hoary shrub, resembling
Hamax Massoni. Leaves small, on the ends of small branches. Flowers
1-2, interpetiolar, very minute. Unknown to me ; found in Namaqua-
land.

240

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEJE.

35. BARROWIA, Dene.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals lanceolate, erect. Corolla with a
long, terete tube, inflated at base, and a 5-lobed, spreading
limb ; lobes lanceolate, obtuse, induplicate-valvate in bud ;
the throat nude. Grynostege included. Corona membranous,
bluntly 5-lobed, the lobes opposing the anthers, attached to
the base of the gynostege. Anthers tipped with an erect,
short point. Pollinia .ovoid, on very delicate cords, the apex
pellucid and constricted. Stigma flat, 5-angled, minutely
apiculate. Follicles ? — DC. Frod. viii. p. 629 ; Deless. Ic. Sel.
v. t. 88.

B. jasminijlora , Dene., is a trailing or climbing herb, with oblong or
lanceolate, scabrous leaves, and handsome, white, jasmine-like flowers, in
interpetiolar umbels. Found by Burchell ; more recently by Miss Owen
in Zululand, and by Burke and Zeyher at Magalisberg.

36. RIOCREUXIA, Dene.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla with a swollen base, flask-
shaped ; the limb of 5 lanceolate, glabrous lobes cohering by
their apices. Grynostege included, stipitate. Corona 2-seriate,
the outer folioles narrow, spreading, rigid, spur-like, inserted
at the summit of the gynostege ; inner, opposite the anthers,
very short, obtuse, fleshy. Anthers not membranous-tipped.
Pollinia erect, ventricose, with an oblique, pellucid, incurved
crest. Stigma 5-angled, obscurely apiculate. Follicles slen-
der, elongate, smooth, torulose. — DC. Frod. viii.^?. 640 ; Deless.
Ic. Sel. v. t. 91.

Halfslirubby climbers, with cordate leaves, and greenish or dark purple,
often streaked flowers, resembling those of Cerogegia. — Perhaps 2 species,
natives of the Eastern frontier and Natal.

37. CEROPEGIA, Linn.

Calyx short, 5-parted. Corolla tubular, more or less in-
flated at base, pitcher- or flask-shaped, with (usually) a funnel-
shaped throat ; limb 5-parted, the lobes erect, spreading or
pendulous, free or cohering at the tips, often ciliated, valvate
in bud. Corona bell-shaped or rotate in a double row,
5-10-15-lobed, the lobes opposite the anthers usually longer,
strap- shaped, often conniving. Anthers nude at tip. Pollinia
erect, roundish or ovate, pellucid on the inner margin. Stig-
ma blunt. Follicles cylindrical, smooth. — DC. Frod. viii. p.
641 ; Thes. Cap. t. 14 (the plate is incorrect ; the lobes of
corolla should be pendulous).

Halfshrubs or herbs, with numerous fleshy roots, climbing or rarely sub-
erect ; leaves various or 0 ; flowers solitary or few together, very curious

LXXX. ASCLEPIAJDEiE.

241

and varied in aspect, but dull in colour. — There are several species, natives
of the Eastern frontier and Natal.

35. BRACHYSTELMA, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, with projecting or re-
flexed sinuses ; limb 5-parted ; segments acuminate, spreading.
Corona 5-leaved ; folioles adnate to the middle of the gyno-
stege, 3-lobed, short, the lobes opposite the anthers simple and
longer, “ furnished at base within with 2 more or less pilose
teeth.” G-ynostege included. Anthers not membrane-tipped.
Pollinin erect, obliquely ovate, with a pellucid, subtruncate,
oblique apex. Follicles in pairs, slender, smooth, erect, on
a straight peduncle. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 646.

Herbs with large tuberous turnip-shaped roots, opposite, pilose, broad-
ish or narrow leaves, and solitary or 2-3-nate, interpetiolar, brown flowers.
— Several species, some undescribed, all Eastern.

36. DICHiELIA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, with projecting or
reflexed sinuses ; limb 5-parted; segments taper-pointed (often
linear-elongate), rarely panduriform, erect, mostly cohering
by the tips, rarely free. Corona double ; the outer of 5 2-fid,
2-dentate, or 2-parted, or of 10 simple, ligulate folioles
adnate to the middle of the gynostege ; the inner of 5 simple,
linear-oblong or spathulate folioles, opposite the anthers.
Other characters as in Brachystelma. — Thes. Cap. t. 93.

Herbs, with tuberous roots, etc., as in Brachystelma ; from which this
genus differs in the structure of its corona, and very generally by the co-
hering tips of the corolla-lobes. T>. Gerrardi and another unpublished
species from Natal want this character, and differ slightly from the rest
in habit. — There are several species.

37. MACROPETALUM, Burch, mss.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, the segments narrow-
linear, very slender, reflexed. Corona 5-parted ; folioles acu-
minate, attenuate, overtopping the erect gynostege, sagittate-
eared at base, the ears rounded. Anthers tipped with a small
membrane. Pollinia erect, subobovate, on one side and below
with the margin pellucid, affixed to a small corpuscle. Stigma
conoid, scarcely overtopping the stamens, 5-angled at base.
Follicles erect, slender, the adult coalescing below, free above,
glabrous. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 626.

M. Burchellii , Dene., is a very slender, glabrous, straight, erect herb,
with filiform leaves, and pale green flowers, 3-5 together, on extra-axillary
pedicels. — Found by Burchell between Klaar-water and Litakun.

E

212

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEJE.

38. DECACERAS, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, spreading,
deeply 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, subacute. Corona double ; the
outer cup-like, 10-toothed round the edge, the teeth approach-
ing in pairs ; inner of 5 subulate, simple folioles, opposite the
anthers, inserted considerably within the margin of the cup.
Other characters as in Brachystelma and Dichcelia. — Thes. Cap.
t. 114.

Scarcely different from Dichcelia, except in the form of the corolla, and
the complete confluence of the parts of outer corona. — D. Huttoni , H.,
grows on Botha’s Hill, Grrahamstown.

39. MICRASTER, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla shortly and widely bell-shaped,
5-lobed ; lobes acuminate, spreading. Corona gamophyllous,
membranous, saucer-shaped, with 5 very short truncate lobes,
separated by shallow, rounded sinuses, and each bearing on its
face a fleshy ridge (or adnate inner foliole ?) opposite the an-
ther. Other characters as in Brachystelma.

M. pulchellus, H., sent from Natal by Mr. Sanderson (342), is a trailing
herb; root unknown to me. Stems simple? Leaves ovate, acute, petioled,
in subdistant pairs, small. Flowers axillary, dark purple, 2-3 lines dia-
meter, resembling a minute starfish. It is known from Brachystelma by
its corona only.

40. LOPHOSTEPHUS, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate -bellshaped, spreading,
5-lobed ; lobes ovoid, fleshy, margined, straight in bud. Co-
rona deeply 5-parted, the folioles deeply 2-fid, bearing on the
inside (opposite the anthers) a very long, strap-shaped, taper-
pointed process. Anthers nude at tip. Pollinia ovoid, erect,
basifixed, with the apex and part of inner margin pellucid.
Stigma 5-angled, depressed. — Thes. Cap. t. 113.

A trailing, softly leafy plant, with many fascicled, somewhat fleshy roots.
Leaves cordate. Flowers small, with white tube, and brown, velvety
limb, in peduncled, lateral umbels. — One described species ( L . mollis , H.),
from the Eastern mountains.

41. SISYRANTHUS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, with acute sinuses, 5.-
lobed ; lobes erect, short, either bearded within or nude.
Grynostege included. Corona 5-parted ; folioles short, broad,
3-cuspidate, the cusps bluntly deltoid. Anthers nude or cili-
ate at tip. Pollinia erect, oblong, pellucid obliquely at the
apex. Stigma depressed. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 490 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 115, 116.

Erect, virgate, very slender, rigid herbs, with many fascicled, somewhat

LXXX. ASCLEPIADE2E.

243

fleshy roots. Leaves narrow-linear, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers small,
in many-flowered, interpetiolar umbels. — 2 (or perhaps 4) species, natives
of the Eastern frontier and Natal.

42. PIARANTHUS, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-fid, fleshy. Gyno-
stege included. Corona simple, 5-parted ; folio les dorsally
toothed. Anthers nude at tip. Pollinia erect, pellucid at one
side. Stigma pointless. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 650 ; Mass. Stap.
t. 24, 31, 35, 23, 24 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1648.

Leafless succulents, with the habit of Stapelia ; differing in the corona.
— 6 species, natives of dry plains, and on the Northern frontier.

43. HUERNIA, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the limb 10-cleft, the
alternate lobes small, tooth-like. Gynostege included. Co-
rona double ; the outer 5-parted, with 2-fid lobes ; inner of 5
broad-based, awl-shaped folioles, alternating with the outer
segments. Other characters as in Piaranthus. — DC. Prod.
viii. p. 650 ; Mass. Stap. t. 2, 6, 3, 4, 7 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1662,
1227, 2401, etc.

Leafless succulents, as the last genus. — 11 species, from Karroo plains,
etc.

44. STAPELIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-fid, fleshy. Grynostege
often exserted. Corona double ; the outer folioles or segments
entire or parted ; the inner horn-like, simple or 2-fid. Anthers
nude at tip. Pollinia erect, pellucid on one side. Stigma
depressed. Follicles smooth, erect. — DC. Prod. viii. t. 652 ;
Mass. Stap. t. 11, et passim.

Fleshy, branching, leafless plants, the stems and branches very generally

4- angled, with toothed ridges. Flowers mostly handsome (but detestably
scented), purple or greenish or spotted ; sometimes delicately fringed. —
About 90 species, natives of dry plains, etc.

45. HOODIA, Sw.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, the tube very short ; limb
very large, dilated, concave, membranous, nerved, obsoletely

5- lobed, lobes tipped with a sharp point. Grynostege included.
Corona double ; outer 5 -fid, the lobes rounded, erect, incurved,
obtuse, 2-fid, with an intermediate inflexed tooth ; inner of
broad-based, oblong, obtuse folioles, alternating with those of
the outer row. Other characters of Stapelia. — DC. Prod. viii.
p. 664 ; Mass. Stap. t. 40. Scytanthus Gordoni, Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 625.

244

LXXX. ASCLEPIADEA.

H. Gordons Sw., our only species, is an erect, fleshy and thorny, many-
angled succulent, bearing solitary, shield-shaped, delicate flowers, 2-4 inches
n diameter. — Native of Namaqualand.

Order LXXXI. APOCYNEiE.

Calyx 5- (or 4-) parted, imbricate. Corolla hypogynous, ga-
mopetalous, regular, 5- (or 4-)lobed, deciduous, twisted-imbri-
cate in bud. Stamens on the corolla, as many as its lobes,
and alternate with them ; filaments distinct ; anthers 2-celled ;
pollen powdery. Carpels 2, either distinct or united into a
bilocular ovary ; styles confluent upwards ; stigma 1. Fruit
follicular, capsular, berried or drupaceous. Seeds many or
few ; albuminous. — Shrubs or rarely herbs, mostly with a
milky, poisonous juice. Leaves mostly opposite, quite entire,
without stipules. Chiefly tropical and subtropical.

Ovary single, 2-celled.

Ovules solitary in each cell 2. Toxicophlcea.

Ovules more than 1 in each cell.

No cup-like disk round the ovary .... 1. Cartssa.

A cup-like disk girding the ovary .... 3. Rauwolfia.

Ovary double, of 2 separate carpels ; style
simple.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, shortly 5-lobed, de-
ciduous ^ 4. PIPTOL.ENA.

Calyx 5-parted.

Trees shrubs or undershrubs, not spiny or
fleshy.

Corolla salver-shaped, with short, obtuse
lobes.

Linear glands within the calyx, at base

of lobes ; anthers taper-pointed . . 5. Tabern^montana.

No . glands within the calyx ; anthers

obtuse 6. Ooniorna.

Corolla funnel-shaped ; lobes very long,
linear-subulate ; 5 2-partite scales in
the throat 7. Strophanthus.

Succulent shrubs, armed with twin-spines
in the place of stipules.

Calyx glandular within at base ; anthers
on short filaments ; seeds comose at each
end 8. Adenitjm.

Calyx-lobes not glandular within ; an-
thers sessile ; seeds comose at the scar
only 9. Pachypodium.

1. CARISSA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted; lobes unequal, with a row of subulate,
fleshy glands at base within. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube
hairy within. Anthers longer than the filaments, lanceolate,

LXXXI. APOCYNEiE.

245

obtuse or pointed. Ovary 2-celled, glabrous, with a thick
septum; ovules few; style thickened upwards; stigma 2-
lobed, hairy, falling off. Berry globose or ovoid (eatable),
few- or 1-seeded; seeds peltate, scabrous. — DC. Prod. viii. p.
331.

Milky shrubs with forked, spreading branches, opposite, rigid leaves and
forked or twice-forked spines in the forks of the branches. Peduncles di-
chotomous, often terminal ; flowers white, sweet-scented. Fruit very deli-
cious, plum-like. — 3 or 4 species, in the Eastern districts and at Natal.

2. TOXICOPHLCEA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted, with an obsolete, crenate disk inside at
base, outside the corolla; lobes short. Corolla-tube much
longer than the calyx, cylindrical, slightly swollen in the
throat, thinly hairy within ; limb of 5 short, ovate, unequal-
sided, imbricated lobes. Stamens 5, in the throat, included ;
anthers longer than the filaments, cordate. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules solitary ; style elongate, filiform ; stigma conico-capi-
tate, 2-fid. Berry ovoid, 1- rarely 2-seeded. — DC. Prod. viii. p.
336 ; Harv. Thes. t. 16.

Unarmed trees or large shrubs, with poisonous bark. Leaves opposite,
rigid, penninerved, glabrous. Flowers in dense, axillary fascicles ; corolla-
tube in. long ; limb 1 line long. — 2 species, in the Eastern district and
at Natal.

3. RAUWOLFIA, Plum.

Calyx 5-parted or 5-fid ; the lobes not glandular, often ob-
tuse. Corolla 5-fid or semi-5-fid ; tube cylindrical, wider at
base and apex, mostly hairy within, the throat especially so ;
lobes twisted to the right. Stamens inserted in the middle of
the corolla-tube or above it ; anthers lanceolate, longer than
the filaments. A cup-like disk, often crenate, girding the
ovary. Ovary 2-celled, of 2 imperfectly cohering carpels ;
ovules 2-5 in each cell ; style about equalling the ovary ;
stigma capitate, hairy, 2-fid. Drupe didymous, subglobose,
with 2 more or less connate bony cells. — DC. Prod. viii. p.
336; SoncL in Linn, xxiii. p. 77.

Shrubs or small trees, chiefly American, with opposite or whorled leaves,
and terminal, peduncled cymes or umbels. Flowers small. — 2 species, found
at Magalisberg and Natal.

4. PIPTOLJENA, Harv.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, at base within muricated with
glands ; lobes ovate, obtuse ; tube after flowering falling off by
a circular slit a little above its base. Corolla somewhat funnel-
shaped, its tube much more slender than the calyx and
scarcely longer, swollen in the throat ; lobes obliquely ovate,

246

LXXXI. APOCYNEA.

spreading ; anthers in the throat, sagittate, conniving (but not
cohering) in a half-exserted cone, tipped with empty crests
filaments very short. An annular disk girding the ovary.
Carpels 2, separate ; style single, cup-like at the summit, with
2 retrorsely barbed appendages ; stigma 2-lobed. Follicles 2,
berry-like, widely spreading, with thick rind. Seeds many,
ovoid, nude, lying in pulp. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 357.

P. Dregei is a large tree, growing in swamps at Natal. Leaves opposite,
with an interpetiolar ring, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Flowers yellowish-
white, handsome, in terminal cymes.

5. TABERNTJEMONTANA, Plum.

Calyx 5-parted, with linear glands inside at the base of the
lobes. Corolla salver-shaped; tube inflated below or above,
mostly narrower in the middle ; throat nude, rarely glandular ;
lobes obtuse. Stamens in the swollen part of corolla-tube ;
anthers on very short filaments, mostly sagittate, taper-
pointed, rarely linear, mostly included. Disk 0. Carpels 2,
separate, appressed, glabrous ; style simple, glabrous ; stigma
among the anthers, with a basal ring, capitate, 2-lobed. Fol-
licles 2 or 1, linear-oblong or subglobose, more or less fleshy,
pulpy ; ovules many ; seeds few or many, lying m pulp. — DC.
Prod. viii. p. 361.

Tropical trees and shrubs ; branches often forked. Leaves opposite, the
petioles short, often expanded or connate at base in false interpetiolar
stipules. Cymes axillary and often in terminal pairs ; flowers white or
yellow. — 2 species, at Natal.

6. GONIOMA, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted; lobes glandless, ovate, obtuse, crenulate.
Corolla salver-shaped, the tube from the middle rather wider
and angular, constricted at the summit, hairy within from the
middle to the apex ; throat without appendage ; lobes ovate-
cordate, obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted a little above the middle
of the tube ; anthers oblong, 2-lobed at base, obtuse, much
longer than the very slender filaments. Disk 0. Carpels 2,
subconnate at base, ovoid- acute, glabrous ; style 1 ; stigma
ovoid-oblong, 2-lobed. Follicles terete, widely spreading ;
seeds flat, with an oblong, encircling netted wing. — DC. Prod.
viii. y. 387.

An erect, glabrous undershrub, with opposite, narrow, leathery leaves, and
terminal cymes of yellow flowers. — Native of the Northern frontier.

7. STROPHANTHUS, DC.

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes at base within furnished with
glands. Corolla with a funnel-shaped tube, its lobes linear-
subulate, much longer than the tube, broad-based ; throat fur-

LXXXI. APOCYNEiE.

247

nished with a 2-fid or 2-parted scale alternating with each
lobe. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the tube ; fila-
ments linear, thickish ; anthers linear-sagittate, adhering to
the stigma, mucronate or aristate, sometimes dorsally hispid.
Disk 0. Carpels 2, ovoid or subglobose, many-ovuled ; style
1 ; stigma capitate, cylindrical, ringed at base. Follicles (in
S. Capensis ) solitary, lanceolate-acuminate, rigid; seeds li-
near-oblong, compressed, acute, with an ample, silky apical
coma ; embryo nearly as long as the horny albumen ; radicle
very long. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 417. Also Christya, Ward
and Harv. in Hook. Journ. Dot. iv. p. 134. t. 21 ; DC. 1. c.
416.

Climbing or rarely erect African and Asiatic shrubs ; leaves opposite or
wliorled ; cymes terminal, laxly-flowered ; lobes of corolla 1-2 inches long,
very narrow. — 2 species ; 1 in Caffraria, the other at Natal.

8. ADENIUM, Kcem. and Sch.

Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes lanceolate, glandular within.
Corolla-tube cylindrical and narrow at base, then swollen,
pubescent on both sides, the swollen part longer than the
narrow, cylindrical-funnel-shaped ; lobes shorter than the
tube, obtuse. Stamens on the top of the narrow portion of
the tube ; anthers linear- sagittate, attached to the stigma,
much longer than the filaments, 5 ovate glands circling the
ovary. Carpels 2, ovate, compressed, glabrous ; ovules many ;
style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2-dentate, with a basal ring. Fol-
licles? Seeds (in A. Hongliel , fide DC.) cylindrical-prismatic,
comose at both ends, the lower coma less caducous. — DC.
Prod. viii. p. 411 ; Thes. Cap. t. 117.

A. Namaquanwn ., Wyl. (the “Elephanf’9 Trunk”) is a singular shrub of
Namaqualand, having a thick and fleshy trunk 5-6 feet high, tapering up-
wards, tuberculated throughout, each tubercle armed with 2 long, straight
spines ; the apex of the stem crowned with a tuft of obovate-oblong, obtuse,
velvety, ribbed leaves 4-5 inches long, among which are short, few-
flowered cymes of purple flowers.

9. PACHYPODIUM, Lindl.

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate, without internal basal
glands or scales. Corolla with a 5-angled cylindrical or some-
what funnel-shaped tube, externally puberulent, internally, be-
low the insertion of the stamens, furnished with 5 reversely
hairy lines, without scales ; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers ses-
sile above the middle of the tube, sagittate, with or without a
terminal crest, attached to the stigma. Grlands 5, fleshy,
girding the ovary. Carpels 2, ovate, glabrous ; ovules many ;
style 1 ; stigma oblong, shortly 2-fid. Follicles compressed,

248

LXXXI. APOCYNEiE.

suberect ; seeds subcompressed, comose at the scar. — DC.
Prod. viii. p. 424.

Fleshy, small shrubs, with immense tuberous roots, and twin-thorns on
the branches, in the position of stipules. Leaves one to each pair of
thorns. Flowers rosy or white toward the end of the branches. — 2 or 3 ?
species, natives of the Karroo plains, etc. Scarcely distinct from Adenium.

Order LXXXII. LOGANXACEjE.

Calyx free, 5-4-lobed or parted. Corolla regular, rarely
irregular, hypogynous, 5-4- or several-lobed, valvate, twisted
or imbricate in bud. Stamens on the corolla-tube, commonly
as many as the lobes, rarely fewer or more numerous. Ovary
2-celled or rarely 3-1-celled ; ovules amphitropous or rarely
anatropous ; style simple ; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Fruit
capsular or berry-like. Seeds mostly peltate, albuminous. —
Shrubs, trees, rarely herbs, with opposite, entire leaves, and
interpetiolar stipules, or at least a stipular line connecting the
bases of the leaves.

Tribe 1. Strychnea:. Corolla valvate in bud. Fruit a pulpy berry.
Stamens in the throat, exserted; anthers separate;

calyx short 1. Strychnos.

Stamens in base of tube, included , anthers united by
interwoven hairs ; calyx-lobes slender, longer than
corolla 2. Brehmia.

Tribe 2. BuddleiEjE. Corolla imbricate in bud. Fruit a dry, septi-

cidal capsule.

Stamens much exserted.

Corolla, after opening, splitting across above the base 3. Nuxia.

Corolla not splitting above the base 4. Chilianthus.

Stamens included or just reaching the throat of corolla-

tube 5. Buddlea.

Tribe 1. Strychneje. (G-en. 1-2.)

1. STRYCimOS, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed, short. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped ;
the throat nude or bearded ; limb 5-parted, lobes spreading,
valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat of the
corolla ; filaments short ; anthers more or less exserted.
Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, continuous with the ovary ;
ovules many or few. Berry with a rind, 1-celled, many- or
few- or 1-seeded ; seeds lying in pulp, discoid, with a ventral
scar, velvety or smooth. — DC. Prod. ix. y. 12 ; Thes. Cap. t.
164.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, chiefly tropical. Leaves 3-5-nerved ;
cymes axillary or terminal. — 4 or 5 species, from Eastern frontier and
Natal.

LXXXII. LOGAXIACEiE.

249

2. BREHMIA, Harv.

Calyx 4-6-parted ; segments subulate, longer than the co-
rolla. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-6-lobed ; lobes erecto-patent,
valvate in bud ; throat bearded. Stamens inserted in the base
of the corolla, included ; filaments filiform ; anthers cordate,
basifixed, connivent, fringed with long, curled, interwoven hairs.
Ovary on a crenate disk, ovate, 1-celled ; ovules many, on a
central fleshy placenta, peltate ; style very short, conical ;
stigma subcapitate. Berry with a thick rind, globose, 1-celled,
many-seeded. Seeds lying in pulp, peltate. — DC. Prod. ix. p.
18.

B. spinosa ( Strychnos spinosa , Lam.) occurs in the Eastern district,
Caffraria, and at Natal ; it is also a native of Madagascar. It is a large
shrub or small tree, with angular, spreading, spiny branches and 3-nerved
leaves. The fruit, which is about as large as a small orange, contains a
sweet and not unwholesome pulp, and is cultivated for the table in the
Eastern districts.

Tribe 2. Buddleiea:. (G-en. 3-5.)

3. NUXIA, Lam.

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-fid. Corolla-tube short, rarely sub-
exserted, transversely slitting above the base shortly after the
flower opens ; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, exserted; an-
thers ovate, becoming 1-celled by confluence. Ovary tomen-
tose, 2-celled ; ovules many ; style simple, obtuse. Capsules
2-valved, septicidal ; valves 2 -fid or subentire, with indexed
edges. Seeds many. — DC. Prod. x. p. 434.

Trees or shrubs, natives of North and South Africa. Leaves glabrous or
hairy, opposite or subverticillate, mostly entire. Elowers small, in cymes or
panicles. — 3 South African species, Eastern.

4. CHILIANTHUS, Burch.

Calyx 4-fid. Corolla- tube short, rarely subexserted, not trans-
versely slitting at base ; lobes 4, spreading. Stamens 4, ex-
serted ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary tomentose, 2-celled ; ovules
few or several ; style filiform ; stigma capitate. Capsules as
in Nuxia. Seeds sometimes solitary. — DC. Prod. x. p. 435.

Cape trees or shrubs. Leaves tomentose on one or both sides, opposite,
entire toothed or lobed. Flowers minute, panicled. — 4 species, all Eastern.

5. BUDDLEA, Linn.

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-fid. Corolla- tube short or long ; limb
spreading or suberect, 4-parted ; segments short. Stamens 4',
either inserted in the throat, the anthers subsessile or within
the tube, the anthers reaching the throat, or included. Style

250

LXXXII. LOGANIACEJS.

clavate at the summit. Capsules as in Nuxia . — DC. Prod. x.
p. 43G.

Trees or shrubs, natives of Asia, Africa, and especially South America,
mostly tomentose or woolly. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence various. —
3 Cape species, all Eastern.

Order LXXXIII. GENTIANE^].

Calyx free, commonly 5-(occasionally 4-12-)lobed, persistent.
Corolla hypogynous, usually regular, marcescent ; limb of as
many lobes as the calyx, twisted-imbricate (in Menyanthece in-
duplicate). Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes.
Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled ; ovules numerous on
the inflexed margins of the carpels ; style continuous with the
ovary or deciduous ; stigmas 2 or 1. Fruit capsular, rarely a
berry, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds albuminous. — Herbs, rarely
shrubby, very often glabrous, not milky, but very bitter in all
parts. Leaves opposite (in Menyanthece alternate), mostly
connate at base, entire, exstipulate. Natives chiefly of the
temperate and colder zones.

Tribe 1. Ettgentiane.e. Leaves opposite. Corolla twisted-imbricate

in the bud. Terrestrial. (Gen. 1-7.)

Flowers red or purple (rarely white). Stamens
much exserted, decimate. Perennials.

Anthers straight (not spirally twisted) . . . . 1. Chironia.

Anthers spirally twisted.

A fleshy ring within the calyx, outside the

corolla 2. Orphittm.

No fleshy intra-caly cine ring 3. Plocandra.

Flowers yellow (rarely pale). Stamens shortly ex-
serted or included, not declinate. Annuals.

Anthers at length recurved.

Anthers exserted 4. SeBcEA.

Anthers included ; 1 gland at apex, 2 glands

at base 5. Lagenias.

Anthers straight, unchanged.

Corolla with slender tube. Anthers separate,

on short filaments 6. Belmontia.

Corolla with wide tube, funnel-shaped. An-
thers united by their edges, opening out-
wards ; 1 large gland at apex, 2 minute
glands at base 7. Exoch^nitjm:.

Tribe 2. Menyanthece. Leaves alternate. Corolla induplicate in bud.

Water or marsh plants. (Gen. 8-9.)

Erect marsh plants, with ovate leaves. Capsules

2-valved 8. Yillarsia.

Floating water plant, with cordate-orbicular leaves.

Capsules valveless, decaying 9. Limnanthemum

LXXXIII. GENTIANE^].

251

Tribe 1. Eugentiane^:. (G-en. 1-7.)

1. CHIRONIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted or 5-fid. Corolla rotate, marcescent ; limb
5-parted. Stamens 5, in the throat, exserted, declinate ; an-
thers not twisted, valves rigid, involute, cells confluent above.
Ovary 1-celled, half-2- or half-4-celled ; ovules many ; style
incurved, deciduous ; stigma undivided, capitate or clavate,
rarely 2-lobed. Capsules 2-valved, septicidal or rarely fleshy.
— j DC. Prod. ix. p. 39.

Perennial herbs or half- shrubs, all natives of South Africa. Flowers
handsome, red ; anthers very large, yellow. — 11 species, dispersed.

2. ORPHIUM, E. Mey.

Character of Chironia , except : Disk ample, fleshy, annular,
between the calyx and corolla. Anthers spirally twisted. —
PC. Prod. ix. p. 43.

O. frutescens ( Chironia frutescens ) is a villous, much-branched bush,
common on the Cape flats, with oblong-lanceolate or narrow leaves, and
handsome, rosy flowers.

3. PLOCANDRA, E. Mey.

Character of Orphium , except : no intra-calycine disk.
Ovary 1-celled; style straight. — PC. Prod. ix. p. 43.

Herbs, growing in marshy spots, with numerous radical or subradical
long leaves, and tall, sparsely leafy stems, cymose-paniculate at summit.
Flowers red or white. — 3 species, natives of Eastern frontier and Natal.

4. SEBiEA, R. Br.

Calyx 4-5-parted or 4-5-fid, the segments dorsally keeled
or winged, or 4-leaved, the sepals not keeled. Corolla funnel-
shaped or salver-shaped, marcescent, the tube cylindrical, at
length inflated ; limb 4-5-parted. Stamens inserted in the
throat; anthers erect, exserted, at length recurved. Ovary
by the indexed edges of the valves 2-celled ; style deciduous ;
stigma clavate or capitate, mostly 2-lobed. Capsules 2-valved,
2-celled, septicidal. — PC. Prod. ix. p. 5 2.

Annuals, natives of the Southern hemisphere. Cymes terminal ; flowers
yellow or whitish. — About 10 South African species.

5. LAGENIAS, E. Mey.

Character of Sebcea, except : Anthers included, just within
the throat of corolla-tube, at length recurved, at the apex 1-
glanded and at base 2-glanded. — PC. Prod. ix. p. 54.

A small annual, with narrow leaves and yellow flowers, found near Cape-
town.

252

LXXXIII. GENTIANE^].

6. BELMONTTIA, E. Mey.

Character of Sebcea, except : Corolla salver-shaped, with a
slender, cylindrical tube, wider at summit. Anthers included,
straight, on very short filaments.— DC. Prod. ix. p. 54.

Annuals, with the habit of Sebcea ; flowers yellow, very bright. — 3
species, dispersed.

7. EXOCHJENIUM, Griseb.

Character of Sebcea, except : Stamens inserted much within
the corolla-tube ; anthers erect, joined together by the inner
edges of their cells, dehiscing on the outer face, minutely
2-glanded at base, crowned at apex by a single, oblong, subca-
pitate gland ; filaments slender, distant, equalling the anthers.
— DC. Prod. ix. p. 55.

E. grande , G-riseb., is an annual, w’ith the aspect of Belmontia , found in
Caffraria and at Natal. Flowers larger than in the allied genera, yellow.

TkIBE 2. MENYANTHEiE. (Gen. 8-9.)

8. VILLARSIA, Yent.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-fid, the segments united at base.
Corolla deciduous, rotate or funnel-shaped, 5-parted or deeply
5-fid, fleshy, the lobes nude or fimbriated, destitute of glands on
the petals. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube ; filaments equal at
base ; anthers erect, unchanged. Ovary girt by 5 glands,
1-celled ; style mostly distinct, persistent ; stigma 3-lobed.
Capsules 1-celled opening at top by two valves. — DC. Prod. ix.
p. 136.

Marsh-growing perennials, with entire, alternate leaves, the lower
crowded and petioled. Flowers in cymes, yellow. — V. ovata , Yent., our
only species, is common throughout the colony.

9. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmel.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments united at base. Corolla deci-
duous, rotate, submembranous, fugitive, 5-parted ; segments
variously fimbriated, on one side bearing glands. Stamens 5,
on the tube ; filaments equal at base ; anthers erect, un-
changed. Ovary girt by 5 glands, 1-celled ; style short, per-
sistent ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, valveless, opening
after long maceration. — DC. Prod. vi. p. 138.

Perennial floating herbs, with the habit of Nymphcea. Leaves on very
long petioles, floating, peltate or cordate. Flowers yellow, springing near
the summit of the petiole. — 2 Cape species, both Eastern.

253

Order LXXXIY. CONVOLVULACEjE.

Corolla 5-parted or cleft, persistent. Corolla funnel- or bell-
shaped, the limb 5-plaited or 5-lobed, twisted in bud. Sta-
mens 5, alternate with the lobes of corolla ; filaments broad-
based ; anthers 2-celled. An annular disk usually under the
ovary. Ovary either single, 2^-celled, rarely 1-celled, or of
2-4 separate carpels ; ovules 1-2 in each cell or carpel. Style
simple or 2-fid, rarely 2-parted. Emit capsular or indehiscent,
1^1-celled ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds glabrous or hairy ; em-
bryo (except in Cuscutece) with leafy, wrinkled cotyledons, in
mucilaginous albumen. — Stems herbaceous or ligneous, most
commonly climbing or trailing. Leaves alternate, entire or
lobed. Flowers large and handsome.

Tribe 1. Convolvuleje. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Carpels united

in a solid ovary. Capsule dehiscent. (Gen. 1-8.)

Style simple.

Ovary 3-4-celled.

Stigma capitate-2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled ... 1. Batatas.

Stigma capitate-granulated. Ovary 3 -celled . 2. Pharbitis.
Ovary 2-celled.

Sepals equal or subunequal.

Stigma capitate, 2-lobed 3. Ipomcea.

Stigmas 2, linear, revolute 4. Convolvulus.

Sepals very unequal, imbricated in 2-3 rows, the

2 outer large and decurrent 5. Aniseia.

Ovary 1-celled (the young ovary sometimes half-2-
celled).

Two opposite bracts enclosing the calyx ... 6. Calystegia.

No enclosing bracts. Sepals unequal .... 7. Shutereia.

Style 2-fid, or 2 separate styles.

Styles 2, 2-fid. Leaves sessile, entire 8. Evolvulus.

Tribe 2. Dichondre.®. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Carpels 2-4j
separate. (Gen. 9-10.)

Corolla 5-fid. Ovary 2-parted 9. Dichondra.

Corolla crenate. Ovary 4-parted 10. Falkia.

Tribe 3. CuscuTEiE. Embryo without evident cotyledons, worm-like.
Carpels united. Plants parasitical, leafless.

Characters same as the tribe 11. Cuscuta.

Tribe 1. Contolvule^e. (G-en. 1-8.)

1. BATATAS, Humph.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-shaped. Stamens included. Style
single ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed. Ovary 4-celled, or by abor-
tion 3-2-celled. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 337.

Trailing or twining herbs or half-woody plants, sometimes with large

LXXXIY. CONVOLVULACEtE.

254

fleshy roots. The “Sweet Potato” (B. edulis) is the type of the genus.
B. paniculate or “Natal Cotton-plant,” a widely- dispersed tropical species,
grows at Natal. It has palmate, 5-7-fid leaves, many-flowered peduncles,
purple flowers, and seeds covered with long coarse hairs.

2. PHABBITIS, Chois.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell- or bell-funnel-shaped. Style single ;
stigma capitate-granulate. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled ; cells 2-
ovuled.

Tropical and chiefly American plants. — P. hispida , Chois. ( Convolvulus
major of Garden), occurs as an escape from gardens.

3. IPOMCEA, Linn.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Stamens in-
cluded. Style 1 ; stigmas capitate, mostly 2-lobed. Ovary
2-celled ; cells 2-seeded. Capsules 2-celled. — DC. Prod. ix.
p. 348.

A very large, tropical and subtropical genus, very various in habit. —
Many species on the Eastern frontier and in Natal.

4. CONVOLVULUS, Linn.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Style 1 ; stigmas
2, linear-cylindrical, often revolute. Ovary 2-celled; cells
2-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 399.

A large genus, chiefly of temperate climates, varied in habit. — Several
species, dispersed through the colony.

5. ANISEIA, Chois.

Sepals 5, in 2-3 rows, the 2 outer larger, inserted below
the rest and decurrent on the peduncle, the third interme-
diate ; and two inner ones smaller. Corolla bell-shaped.
Style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed, capitate or often flattened. Ovary
2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Capsules 2-celled. — DC. Prod. ix. p.
429.

Mostly tropical plants, differing from Ipomcea in the calyx.- — A. calyste-
gioides, Ch. ( Ipomoea crassipes, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4068), grows at Natal.

6. CALYSTE GI A, B. Br.

Two opposite bracts concealing the calyx. Sepals 5, equal.
Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed, lobes
linear or flattened. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, becoming 1-
celled. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 433.

Herbs, with the habit of Convolvulus, known at once by the bracts en-
closing the calyx. To this genus belongs the common English White
Hedge-convolvulus (C. sepium), extensively cultivated in temperate regions,
and indigenous in Australia and Chili, as well as in England, but not in
South Africa.

L XXXIV. COUVOLVULACE^.

255

7. SHUTEREXA, Chois.

Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Style 1 ; stigma
2-lobed, lobes ovate, flattened. Capsules 1-celled, 4-seeded. —
DC. Prod. ix. p. 435.

S. bicolor , Ch., is a villous twiner, with ovate-cordate, entire or sinuate-
angled leaves, and bracteate, mostly 1-flowered peduncles. Outer sepals
larger, enclosing the others. Corolla villous externally. — Seashores near
Natal.

8. EVOLVULUS, Linn.

Sepals 5. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped or rotate. Ovary
2-celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, 2-fid ; stigmas thickened. Cap-
sules 2-celled. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 441.

Much-branched, small, diffuse, but not twining plants, mostly tropical.
Leaves sessile, entire. Flowers capitate or scattered.

Tribe 2. Dichondre^. (G-en. 9-10.)

9. DICHONDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-fid. Ovary 2-parted ;
styles 2 ; stigmas thickened. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 451.

Small, prostrate herbs, with reniform -cordate, pubescent or silky leaves,
and short, 1-flowered peduncles. — D. repens is found at the Cape.

10. FALKXA, Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-parted. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped,
crenate. Ovary 4-parted ; styles 2 ; stigmas globose. — DC.
Prod. ix. p. 451.

A small, prostrate herb, with cordate-spathulate, glabrous, long-petioled
leaves, and short, 1-flowered peduncles. — Common through the colony.

Tribe 3. Cfscute.®.

11. CUSCUTA, Tourn.

Calyx 5-, rarely 4-fid. Corolla globose-urceolate or tubu-
lar ; limb 5-, rarely 4-fid. Stamens 5-4, attached to the tube
of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, usually subtended by
as many scales attached to the base of the corolla. Ovary 2-
celled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2, rarely connate ; stigmas various.
Fruit capsular or indehiscent. Embryo spiral or curved, filiform,
more or less spirally twisted within the albumen ; cotyledons
obsolete. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 452 ; Thes. Cap. t. 39, and 1. 119.

Parasitical, thread-like, leafless herbs, germinating in the soil, but soon
attaching themselves by disk-like suckers to the stems of neighbouring
plants ; when this occurs, the primary root withers away, and the parasite
thenceforth draws its nourishment from the plant to which it has fixed
itself. Flowers white, small but pretty, and often very sweetly scented. —
There are several Cape species.

256

Order LXXXV. HYDROPHYLLACEJE ?

(The genus Codon , of doubtful affinity, is referred here by A. De Candolle.)

1. CODON, Boyen.

Calyx 10-12-parted, the lobes subulate, erect, the alternate
rather smaller. Corolla bell- shaped, rather longer than the
calyx, 10-12-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, imbricate in bud,
the alternate rather smaller. Stamens 10-12, in the base of
the corolla, the alternate shorter ; filaments dilated at base,
subulate ; anthers 2-celled, incumbent, obtuse, much shorter
than the filament. Ovary ovoid-acute, glabrous, imperfectly
2-celled, with 2 parietal, many-ovuled placentas nearly meeting
in the middle ; style semi-2-fid ; stigmas slender. Capsules
enclosed in the persistent calyx, loculicidally splitting into 2
valves. — DC. Prod. x. p. 588 ; Andr. Pep. t. 325.

A rigid annual, in all parts sprinkled with sharp white prickles. Leaves
alternate, petioled, ovate-oblong, repand, somewhat fleshy, with the prickles
chiefly at the margins and on the petioles. Flowers solitary or subracemose.
Corolla large, white variegated with purple. — Found in the Karroo and on
the Northern frontier.

Order LXXXYI. SOLANE^].

Calyx 5, rarely 4-6-10-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-fid,
regular, equal, deciduous ; aestivation plaited or imbricate.
Stamens inserted on the corolla, alternate with its lobes and
as many ; sometimes one abortive. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 1-
celled ; ovules mostly indefinite ; style continuous ; stigma
obtuse. Fruit a capsule or berry. Seeds with much albumen,
and often an excentric embryo. — Herbs shrubs or trees, with
alternate, exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence cymose or forked,
rarely a true raceme. Properties more or less narcotic ; the
Tobacco, Nightshade, Cape Gooseberry, Capsicum, Tomato,
and Potato, are familiar examples.

Fruit a many- seeded berry.

Anthers opening by terminal pores 1. Solanum.

Anthers splitting lengthwise.

Calyx enlarged and inflated in fruit.

Enlarged calyx 5-parted, with sagittate segments ;

ovary 3-5-celled 2. Nicandra.

Enlarged calyx deeply 5-fid, with subulate seg-
ments ; ovary 2-celled 4. Withania.

Enlarged calyx 5-toothed, 5-angled, closing over

the fruit; ovary 2-celled 3. Physalis.

Calyx unaltered after flowering ; corolla funnel-

shaped or tubular 5. Lycium.

LXXXYI. SOLANACEiE.

257

Fruit a many- or few-seeded capsule.

Calyx deciduous, tubular ; capsule thorny, 4-celled . 6. Dattjea.

Calyx persistent.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid ; corolla funnel-shaped ; cap-
sule 2-celled, many-seeded 7. Nicotian a.

Calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes acuminate, unequal ;

corolla long-tubular ; capsule 2-celled, few-sefeded 8. Retzia.

1. SOLANUM, Linn.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-1 0-) parted, cleft, toothed or crenate, or
subentire. Corolla rotate or cup-like, with a short tube, and
a plaited, spreading 5 -fid or -angled limb. Stamens in the
throat, exserted ; filaments short ; anthers free or rarely con-
nate, opening by terminal pores. Berry 2- (rarely 3-4-) celled,
many-seeded. Embryo peripheric, spiral. — DC. Prod. xiii. p.
27.

A vast, chiefly tropical and subtropical genus of herbs shrubs or trees,
often very ornamental ; many prickly or spiny, glabrous or hairy, with
simple or stellate pubescence. Leaves penninerved or palminerved, entire
or variously cut or lobed. Cymes at first terminal, often becoming lateral
or extra-axillary by subsequent growth. — 33 Cape species are described in
DC. Prod. ; but several, from Natal and Zululand, are yet undescribed.

2. NTICANDRA, Adans.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, inflated, the angles compressed,
the segments sagittate. Corolla bell-shaped, with a plaited,
subentire, 5-angled limb. Stamens subexserted ; filaments
with dilated bases, connivent ; anthers ovate, splitting. Ovary
3-5-celled, many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma subcapitate.
Fruit a 3-4-celled, dry berry, enclosed in the inflated calyx. —
DC. Prod. xiii. p. 433.

N. physaloides , Gsertn., originally from Peru, is now naturalized in most
warm countries, including our Eastern districts and Natal. It is a branch-
ing annual, with angular branches, glabrous, ovate oblong, sinuous leaves,
and 1-flowered, lateral peduncles.

3. PHYSALIS, Linn.

Calyx 5-fid or 5-toothed, vesicular after flowering. Corolla
rotate-bellshaped, plaited, with a 5-angled limb. Stamens in-
cluded ; filaments free, filiform ; anthers erect, connivent,
splitting. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma
capitate. Berry globose, 2-celled, concealed in the inflated,
nearly closed, 5-angled calyx. — DC. Prod. xiii.^?. 434.

Annual or perennial herbs, with entire or angle-lobed leaves, and solitary,
lateral flowers. P. Peruviana, “the Cape Gooseberry,” is naturalized
throughout the colony, and P. Hermanni , Dun., occurs at Natal.

258

LXXXVI. SOLANACEiE.

4. WITHANIA, Pauquy.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid or 5-parted, the segments subulate,
inflated after flowering, and more or less covering the berry.
Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped or subrotate, longer than the
calyx, 5-fid. Stamens included ; filaments subulate, often di-
lated at base ; anthers oblong, splitting. Ovary clasped by a
thin, glandular disk, 2-celled, many-ovuled. Style simple ;
stigma capitate. Berry globose, 2-celled, more or less con-
cealed in the inflated calyx. — DC. Prod, xiii . p. 453.

W. somnifera , Dun., a common Mediterranean and Indian weed, occurs
in the Eastern district and at Natal. It is perennial, half- woody, more or
less hairy with soft, stellate hairs, with ovate or obovate, entire, obtuse
leaves, and clustered, short-stalked flowers, producing small, red berries.

5. LYCIUM, Linn.

Calyx 5-toothed or 3-o-fid. Corolla funnel-shaped or tubu-
lar, the limb 5-10-fid or toothed, sometimes plaited. Stamens
inserted in the middle or near the base of the corolla-tube,
included or exserted ; anthers splitting. Ovary 2-celled,
many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma subcapitate. Berry 2-
celled. — DC. Prod. xiii. p. 508.

Small trees or shrubs, often spiny, with very rigid, divergent branches
and twigs. Leaves alternate, entire, sometimes tufted. Peduncles axillary
or terminal, solitary, in pairs or umbellate, rarely corymbose. — 17 Cape
species are described in DC. Prod., dispersed.

6. DATURA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, often angular, 5-fid at the summit or split-
ting down one side, at length circularly separating above the
base, the upper part falling off. Corolla funnel-shaped, with
a spreading 5-toothed, plaited limb, twisted in bud. Stamens
included or subexserted ; anthers splitting. Ovary imperfectly
4-celled; style simple. Capsule rough or thorny, 4-celled,
4-valved. — DC. Prod. xiii. p. 538.

Poisonous and fetid, herbaceous or arborescent plants. D. Stramonium ,
Linn., “ the Thorn-apple,” is a naturalized weed at the Cape.

7. NICOTIANTA, Tourn.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, semi-5-fid. Corolla funnel- or
salver-shaped, the limb plaited, 5-lobed, twisted in bud. Sta-
mens included; anthers splitting. Ovary 2-celled, many-
ovuled ; style simple ; stigma capitate. Capsule in the
persistent calyx, 2-celled. — DC. Prod. xiii. p. 556.

N. Tdbacum , Linn., “the Virginian Tobacco,” is the type of this genus,
which includes annuals, perennials, shrubs, and trees, chiefly American.
N.fruticosa , Linn., a very obscure species, is said, but probably incorrectly,

LXXXYI. SOLANACEJE.

259

to be South African ; and N. glauca, Grah., a glaucous species, from Buenos
Ayre3, has been extensively cultivated, and is now, in some places, natural-
ized at the Cape. No truly indigenous Cape species is known to me.

8. RETZIA, Thunb.

Calyx 5-fid, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, unequal. Co-
rolla with a long tube, 5-lobed at summit, the lobes imbricate-
twisted. Stamens in the throat ; filaments short ; anthers
splitting. Ovary oblong, glabrous, 2-celled ; ovules few (1-4)
in each cell ; style filiform, equalling the corolla-tube ; stigma
2-lobed. Fruit an oblong, 2-celled, 2-valved, few-seeded cap-
sule. Embryo straight, subterete, in fleshy albumen.— DC.
Prod. xiii. p. 581.

A rare and little-known shrub, found by Thunberg between Hott. Holl.
Kloof, and the How Hoek. Leaves crowded, sessile, lance-linear, rigid,
erect, quite entire, the lower glabrous, upper pubescent. Flowers sessile
among the upper leaves ; yellowish ?

Order lxxxyii. SCROPHULARIACE.E.

Calyx 4-5-lobed or parted, free, persistent. Corolla usually
irregular and 2-labiate or personate, sometimes subequal, 5 or
rarely 4-6-7-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, rarely equal,
sometimes only 2 ; anthers 2- or 1-celled. Ovary 2-celled ;
ovules many in each cell ; style simple ; stigma 2-lobed or en-
tire. Eruit capsular, rarely fleshy. Seeds albuminous. —
Herbs shrubs or trees, some found in all countries, very varied
in habit. Inflorescence cymose or racemose.

Suborder 1. Antirrhinidese. Corolla with imbricate-2-labiate aestiva-
tion, the back-lobe outermost.

* Corolla saccate or spurred at base.

Tribe 1. Hemimerideve. Corolla rotate, rarely tubular or personate ;
capsule splitting into 2 valves.

Corolla with 2 pouches or spurs at base.

Stamens 2 ; corolla expanded, 4-lobed, yellow . . 1. Hemimeris.

Stamens 4 (the 2 front ones very rarely barren).

Corolla expanded or concave ; filaments of the

front stamens curved round at base ... 2. Diascia.

Corolla with a very wide tube ; stamens decli-

nate 3. Colpias.

Corolla personate with a single pouch or spur at
base.

Capsule compressed, septicidal ; valves boat-
shaped 4. Nemesia.

Capsule subglobose, loculicidal 5. Diclis.

Tribe 2. Antirrhine.®. Corolla tubular ; capsule opening by pores.

Corolla personate, spurred at base 6. Linaria.

s 2

2 GO

LXXXYII. SCROPHTTLA-UIACEiE .

** Corolla neither saccate nor calcarate at base.

Tribe 3. Chelone.®. Calyx-lobes or segments imbricate in aestivation.
Corolla tubular, tube long or ovoid-inflated. — Inflorescence compound.
Stamens 4 ; in Ixianthes the two anterior barren.

Calyx 5 -parted.

Fruit capsular, dehiscent.

Corolla-tube long, incurved, limb short, oblique ;
stamens declined, exserted ; capsule very ob-
lique 7. Phygelius.

Corolla-tube ovoid-ventricose, limb 2-labiate,
the upper lip galeate, erect, 2-dentate, lower

inflated, 3-lobed 8. Bowkeria.

Corolla tubular, limb sub-2-labiate, all the seg-
ments spreading, flat ; stamens ascending ;
capsule ovate -or oblong 10. Freylinia.

Fruit an indehiscent berry ; corolla-lobes 5,

spreading, flat 11. Teedia.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed or toothed.

Calyx wide, cup-like, shortly 3-5-lobed ; corolla
tubular, wider upwards, limb oblique, with 5,
broad, short, flat lobes 9. HalleriA.

Calyx semi-5-fid; corolla-tube short, limb 2-labi-
ate, the upper lip 2-fid, with flat lobes ; the
lower very large, concave, boat-like, very shortly
3-fid at apex . . , 12. Anastrabe.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-fid, lower 2-
parted ; corolla-tube wide, short, inflated, upper
lip erect, shortly 2-fid, lower flat, widely 3-lobed 13. Ixianthes.

Tribe 4. Escobedie.®. Calyx ample, 5-toothed or 5-lobed, valvate in
aestivation. — Inflorescence centripetal, peduncles oppositely 2-bracteate.

Calyx loosely ovate-campanulate, angular, inflated ;
corolla funnel-bellshaped, with wide, spreading
lobes 14. Melasma.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-fid ; corolla bell-
shaped or globose, with a widely 5-lobed, oblique
limb 15. Alectra.

Tribe 5. G-ratioleje. Calyx-lobes imbricate in aestivation. Corolla tu-
bular or very rarely rotate. — Inflorescence centripetal (spiked or racemose),
very rarely (in Manulea) irregularly compound.

^Leaves all (even the lowest) alternate.

Prostrate or densely tufted ; leaves crowded ;
flowers axillary, sessile ; capsule short, com-
pressed upwards, obcordate 16. Aptosimtjm.

Rigid, much branched, often viscid ; leaves alter-
nate ; flowers axillary or subracemose ; capsules

ovate-oblong, acute 17. Peliostomum.

**Leaves, or at least the lower ones, opposite.

Anthers 1 -celled.

Calyx 2-labiate.

Anthers of the 2 upper stamens larger, in-
cluded ; of the 2 lower in the throat, small
or deficient 18. Nycterinia.

LXXXVII. SCEOPHTTLABIACEiE.

261

Anthers all alike, exserted ; bract adnate to

the pedicel . . . , 19. Polycarena.

Calyx subequally 5-fid ; anthers all alike, ex-
serted ; bract adnate to the pedicel . . . 20. Phyllopodium.

Calyx 5-parted ; bracts free from pedicel.

Corolla subrotate, with a very short tube . .21. Sphenandra.

Corolla not rotate ; somewhat funnel- or sal-
ver-shaped.

Corolla-tube dilated in the throat, short or

long 22. Chanostoma.

Corolla viscid, tube incurved or gibbous at

the apex 23. Lyperia.

Corolla-tube straight, not dilated in the

throat 24. Manulea.

Anthers 2-celled.

All the stamens inserted in the corolla-tube ;
calyx 5-parted, the back segments larger ;

stamens 4, perfect 25. Herpestis.

The anterior stamens inserted in the throat of the
corolla, either sterile or toothed at base.

Calyx tubular, obliquely 5-toothed ; anterior

stamens antheriferous, arched 26. Torenia.

Calyx 5-parted ; anterior stamens reduced to

unequally 2-lobed rudiments 27. Ilysanthes.

Suborder 2. Rhinanthidese. Corolla imbricate in aestivation, the back
lobe never outermost in bud.

* Flowers axillary , solitary or fascicled, rarely cymose.

Tribe 6. Sibthorpie.e. Leaves alternate or with the flowers tufted at
the nodes, rarely opposite, not connate ; floral leaves either similar or the
upper smaller.

Creeping or aquatic herbs.

Calyx 3-lobed ; corolla minute, 5-fid ; anthers 2-

celled 28. Glossostigma.

Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla rotate-bellshaped, 5-fid ;

anthers 1-celled 29. Limosella.

Erect herbs or undershrubs.

Corolla tubular, limb 5-lobed, sub-2-labiate j an-
thers 1-celled 30. Camptoloma.

Corolla rotate, 4-fid ; anthers 2-celled . . . .31. Scoparia.

** Inflorescence racemose , centripetal.

Tribe 7. Veronicea:. Stamens 2 (or 4 distant) ; anthers 2-celled.
Corolla subequally 4-fid, with a short tube and

spreading limb 32. Veronica.

Tribe 8. Buchnerea. Stamens 4, approaching in pairs ; anthers 1-
celled.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-fid or toothed.

Capsule straight, dry ; limb of corolla short.

Corolla-limb subequally 5-fid 33. Bechnera.

Corolla-tube incurved, limb 2-labiate, spreading 34. Striga.

Capsule straight, fleshy ; limb of corolla very
large ; calyx-tube long, 5-toothed 35. Cycnitjm.

2G2

LXXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

Capsule ovate, obliquely rostrate ; calyx bell-
shaped ; corolla with a long slender tube, and

ample 5-parted limb 36. Rhamphicarpa.

Calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla clavate-tubular, gale-
ate, incurved at apex, obliquely open in front,
limb obsolete 37. Hyobanche.

Tribe 9. Gerardie.ze. Stamens 4, approaching in pairs ; anthers 2-
celled, cells often mucronate, either equally fertile or one smaller and ste-
rile.

Style gradually thickening into a club-shaped stigma.

Anther-cells but slightly unequal ; anthers free . 38. Graderia.
Anther-cells very unequal.

Corolla funnel- or rotate-bellshaped ; branching,

slender annuals or perennials 39. Soptjbia.

Corolla tubular, tube incurved, limb spreading ;

leafless, highly coloured, root-parasites . . 40. Axjlaya.

Style abruptly thickened into a capitate stigma ;
calyx inflated ; corolla-tube long, incurved, limb
2-labiate ; a leafless root-parasite 41. Haryeya.

Tribe 10. EuphrIsiea:. Upper lip of the corolla galeate or concave,
erect. Stamens 4 ; anthers 2-celled.

Calyx inflated-bellshaped, shortly 4-lobed ; capsule
turgid, with thick placentas ; leaves opposite ;
flowers yellow 42. Trixago.

Suborder 1. Antirrhimdeae.

Tribe 1. Hemimeridea. (Gen. 1-5.)

1. HEMIMERIS, Thunb.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla expanded, sub-2-labiate, 4-fid, tbe
upper segment very shortly emarginate, the lower segment
very large, the lateral short and wide ; 2 pouches at the base
of the lower lip, and 2 tooth-like appendages, clasping the
stamens at the side of the throat. Stamens 2 ; anthers 1-
celled. Capsule subglobose, septicidally 2-partible. — DO.
Prod. x. p. 253.

Small, diffuse annuals. Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered,
deflexed after flowering ; flowers yellow. — 3 species, Western.

2. DIASCIA,# Link and Otto.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla expanded or concave, the upper
lip 2-fid; lower 3-fid, the medial lobe often emarginate, all
wide ; the throat, under the upper lip, furnished with 2
hollows, sacs or spurs, without appendage. Stamens 4, didy-

* I omit Schistanthe, Kze. (DC. 1. c. p. 251), as probably founded in
error; it is thus characterized: — “Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla re-
supinate, the limb expanded, 5-fid, the back (apparently front) lobes sepa-
rate even to the base of the corolla, the throat under the anteal lip 2-
saccate. Capsules ovate, obtuse, emarginate, septicidal.” Said to resemble
Alonzoa incisifolia ; possibly only a monstrous state of that common gar-
den plant.

LXXXYII. SCR0P1IULARIACEJE.

263

namous, the filaments of the lower ones curved round at base
and clasping the upper, sometimes dilated and appendiculate,
rarely without anthers ; anthers 1-celled, mostly cohering.
Capsule subglobose or elongate, obtuse, not compressed, sep-
ticidal. — DC. Prod. x. p. 256.

Annual or rarely perennial herbs, the lower or all the leaves opposite.
Pedicels axillary and solitary, or the upper tufted and racemose. Flowers
often red. — 21 species, dispersed.

3. COLPIAS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube ample, declinate at base, in-
curved ascending, 2-gibbous or shortly 2 -saccate in front ;
limb with 5 subequal, broad, spreading lobes. Stamens 4,
short, declined, didynamous ; filaments incurved but not cir-
cumflexed ; anther-cells at length confluent. Style emargi-
nate. Capsule ovoid, acuminate, septicidal, with 2-fid valves.
— DC. Prod. x. p. 259.

A branching shrublet, softly hairy. Leaves petioled, roundish-cordate,
toothed or cut. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered ; corolla about 8 lines long.
— N amaqualand.

4. NEMESIA, Vent.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, the upper lip 4-fid,
lower entire or emarginate, palate convex, the throat, under
the palate, prolonged into a single pouch or spur. Stamens
4, didynamous, the lower filaments curved round at base and
clasping the upper ; anthers 1-celled, mostly cohering in pairs.
Capsule compressed, septicidally 2-valved, the valves boat-
shaped, somewhat keeled. — DC. Prod. x. p. 260.

Herbs, annual or perennial, rarely halfshrubby. Leaves opposite.
Flowers racemose, rarely axillary ; corolla yellow white violet or parti-
coloured.— 28 species, dispersed.

5. DICLIS, Benth.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, the upper lip 2-fid,
lower 3-fid, the tube under the upper lip 1-spurred. Stamens
as in Nemesia. Capsules subglobose, emarginate, loculicidally
2-valved, the valves entire or scarcely cloven. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 264.

Creeping herbs, mostly turning black in drying. Leaves opposite, petio-
late, toothed. Pedicels solitary, axillary, 1-flowered. — 2 South African
species, Eastern and at Natal.

Tribe 2. Antirrhine.®. (G-en. 6.)

6. LIN ARIA, Juss.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, tube spurred at
base, upper lip erect, with a prominent, large or small palate.

264

LXXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEJE.

Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers 2-celled, cells oblong. Cap-
sules'ovoid or globose, cells opening by one or more valved-
pores, the lower cell rarely small and indehiscent. — DC. Prod.
x. p. 266.

L. spuria , Mill., a widely-dispersed plant, of European origin, is common
on rubbish heaps, etc., about Capetown. It is a much-branched, diffuse,
villous annual, with alternate, roundish cordate leaves, and axillary, long-
pedicelled flowers.

Tribe 3. Chelone^;. (Gen. 7-13.)

7. PHY GEIiIUS, E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube elongate, incurved, the limb
oblique, with short, rounded lobes. Stamens 4, declined, ex-
serted, a minute rudiment of a fifth at base of corolla ;
anther-cells parallel, scarcely confluent at summit. Capsules
very oblique, with the after-cell much larger, slowly opening
septicidally at the apex. ? — DC. Prod. x. p. 300.

A glabrous halfshrub, with 4-angled stems, opposite, petioled, ovate or
ovato-lanceolate leaves, and cymoso-paniculate, scarlet flowers. — Witberg
and Natal.

8. BOWEERIA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the back one wider,
imbricate in bud. Corolla ovoid-ventricose, 2-labiate, the
upper lip galeate, erect, 2 -toothed, lower inflated-cymbiform,
3-lobed at apex. Stamens 4, in the base of the corolla, didy-
namous, included (with a fifth rudiment) ; anthers 2-celled,
the cells equal, parallel, pointless. Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled ;
ovules numerous ; style filiform ; stigma simple. Capsules
not seen. — Thes. Cap. t. 37.

Shrubs, glabrous or hairy, subviscid, with opposite or 3-nate broad,
toothed, veiny, rigid leaves, and terminal, few-flowered cymes. Flowers
red ? — 2 species, from the Eastern district and Natal.

9. HALLERIA, Linn.

Calyx cuplike-bellshaped, with 3-5 broad, short lobes.
Corolla tubular, widening upwards, with an oblique, shortly
5-lobed limb, the lobes flat. Stamens 4, scarcely declined,
mostly exserted or subexserted ; anther-cells distinct. Emit
fleshy, indehiscent, with fleshy placentas at length filling the
cavity. — DC. Prod. x. p. 301.

Glabrous shrubs. Leaves ovate or oblong. Pedicels mostly tufted ;
corolla red. — 3 species, dispersed.

10. FKEYLINIA, Colla.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, the 5-lobed limb sub-2-
labiate, all the segments spreading and flattish. Stamens 4,

LXXXVII. SCR0PHTJLARIACEJ3.

265

ascending; anther-cells parallel, sub distinct ; a short rudiment
of the fifth stamen in base of corolla. Style capitate, stigma-
tose at the apex. Capsules ovate or oblong, septicidal, the
valves leathery, 2-fid. — DC. Prod. x. p. 333.

Shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite or the upper scattered, en-
tire, shining. Panicles or racemes terminal ; flowers orange or lilac. — 4
species, dispersed.

11. TEEDIA, Eud.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular ; limb with 5 spreading,
flattish lobes. Stamens 4, ascending ; anther-cells parallel,
distinct. Style short, thickly capitate at apex. Berry 2-
celled, indehiscent. Seeds numerous. — DC. Prod. x. p. 334.

Small shrubs with opposite, ovate leaves, and few-flowered cymes in the
upper axils, forming a leafy thyrsus. Flowers red. — 2 species, from the *
Western and Northern districts.

12. ATLASTRABE, E. Mey.

Calyx bell-shaped, semi-5-fid. Corolla with a short tube
and 2-labiate limb, the upper lip 2-fid, with flat lobes, the
lower very large, concave, cymbiform, patent, shortly 3-fid at
the apex. Stamens 4, subascendent ; anther-cells confluent
at apex. Style truncate or emarginate. Capsule ovate-ob-
long, septicidal, the valves leathery, 2 -fid. — DC. Prod. x. p.
334.

A shrub, with opposite, petioled, quite entire or serrulate leaves shining
above, white beneath. Flowers in axillary or terminal, many-flowered,
corymbose cymes, tomentose. — 1 or 2 species from Natal

13. IXIANTHES, Benth.

Calyx very deeply 2 -lipped, the upper lip 3-fid, lower 2-
parted. Corolla-tube short, ample ; upper lip erect, shortly
2 -fid ; lower spreading, ample, flat, broadly 3-lobed. 2 anterior
stamens fertile, ascending, their anther-cells thick, divaricated ;

2 back stamens short, with small, empty anthers ; a very short
rudiment of a fifth stamen. Style subentire. Capsule septi-
cidally 2-parted, the valves shortly 2-fid, carrying placentas
on their indexed margins. — DC. Prod. x. p. 335 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 99.

A densely leafy shrub, the young parts hairy. Leaves 3-4 in a whorl,
linear-lanceolate, distantly toothed beyond the middle. Peduncles axillary,
1-flowered, 2-bracteate in the middle. Calyx rigid. Corolla viscid exter-
nally.

Tribe 4. Escobedie^;. (G-en. 14-15.)

14. MELASMA, Berg.

Calyx* loosely ovate-campanulate, leafy, angular, then in-

266

LXXXYII. SCROPIIULAEIACEA.

flated, 5-fid at the apex. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb 5-lobed,
the lobes wide, spreading. Stamens 4, shorter than the co-
rolla, subdidynamous ; anther-cells apiculate at base. Stigma
entire, thickened-tongueshaped. Capsule with entire valves.
— DC. Prod. x. p. 337.

Scabrid or hispid herbs, with opposite, sessile, entire or toothed leaves.
Racemes leafy. Corolla pale. — 2 South African species, dispersed.

15. ALECTRA, Thunb.

Calyx bell-shaped, leafy, shortly or beyond the middle 5-fid.
Corolia bell-shaped or subglobose; limb oblique, broadly 5-
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, shorter than the corolla;
anthers mostly dorsally bearded, cells mucronate or bristle-
tipped at base. Style long, incurved ; stigma thickened-
tongueshaped, entire or emarginate. Capsule with entire or
at length 2-fid valves. — DC. Prod. x. p. 337.

Annuals, rarely root-parasites, with opposite leaves, turning black in
drying. Flowers dull-coloured, veiny, in terminal, leafy spikes or racemes.
— 5 South African species, dispersed.

Tribe 5. Gratiole^. (Gen. 16-27.)

16. APTOSIMUM, Burch.

Calyx 5-fid. Corolla tubular, with a long, wide throat and
spreading, 5-lobed limb ; the lobes rounded, flat, equal. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, included; anthers externally ciliate-
hispid, the cells confluent, opening by a single transverse line ;
those of the back pair often empty. Stigma minutely emar-
ginate. Capsule short, compressed at the apex, obcordate, the
valves shortly loculicidal and septicidal at the apex, adhering
at base to the placentiferous column. — DC. Prod. x. p. 344.

Yery dwarf, prostrate or densely -tufted plants, with ligneous or herba-
ceous stems. Leaves crowded, quite entire, 1-nerved. Flowers sessile,
axillary, 2-bracteate ; corolla veiny, mostly blue or bluish. — 6 South
African species, dispersed.

17. PELIOSTOMUM, E. Mey.

Floral characters as in Aptosimum. Capsule ovate-oblong,
acute, subcompressed at apex, 2-furrowed, the valves to the
very base loculicidal, 2-fid or 2-parted, exposing the entire
placentiferous column. — DC. Prod. x.p. 346.

Small, rigid, often viscid, branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves scat-
tered, entire. Flowers axillary or shortly racemose at the ends of the
twigs, sessile or pedicellate. — 5 species, chiefly from the Northern frontier.
They differ in habit from the Aptosima , as well as in fruit.

LXXXYII. SCEOPHULAKIAOEAL

267

18. NYCTERINIA, Don.

Calyx ovate-tubular, shortly 5-toothed, 2-labiate or 2-parted.
Corolla persistent, with a long tube, at length split at base ;
the throat equal, often hispid ; limb 5-lobed, spreading, lobes
2-fid or entire. Back stamens included, with oblong, erect
anthers ; anterior stamens in the throat, with small, transverse,
mostly empty anthers or 0. Capsule leathery or membranous,
loculicidally 2-valved, oblong, the valves shortly 2 -fid. — DC.
Prod. x. p. 348 ; Thes. Cap. t. 58.

Annual or perennial, somewhat woody herbs, more or less viscid, turn-
ing black in drying. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate, dentate ; the
floral often appressed or adnate to the calyx. Flowers in terminal spikes,
sessile. — 16 species, dispersed.

19. POLYCARENA, Benth.

Calyx membranous, 2-labiate, 2-parted in fruit. Corolla
persistent, the tube at length split ; the throat wider ; lobes
of the limb entire. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers all
similar, exserted. Capsule membranous, ovate. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 350.

Small annuals, mostly viscid. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate,
the floral adnate to the short pedicel. Flowers subsessile, small, in termi-
nal spikes, lengthening as the flowers open. — 10 species, dispersed.

20. PHYLLOPODXUM, Benth.

Calyx membranous at base, subequally 5-fid or 5-parted.
Corolla sub persistent, funnel-shaped, with a short tube ; lobes
of limb entire. Stamens 4, exserted ; anthers alike. Capsule
membranous, ovate or oblong. — DC. Prod. x. p. 352.

Small, rigid, diffuse annuals, turning black in drying. Floral leaf adnate
to the very short pedicel or the calyx. Flowers mostly small, in spikes,
which are subcapitate at first, afterwards lengthened out. — 7 species, dis-
persed.

21. SPHENANDRA, Benth.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deciduous, with a very short tube,
and rotate 5-parted limb, the lobes entire. Anthers 4, ex-
serted, all similar, reniform. Capsule ovate or oblong. — DC.
Prod. x. p. 353.

A subperennial or annual plant, erect, viscidly hairy. Leaves mostly
opposite, oblong-lanceolate ; the floral free from the pedicel, short, ovate,
entire, very acute. Corolla violet. — Eastern district.

22. CHiE NOSTOMA, Benth.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deciduous, funnel- or salver-shaped,
more or less widened at the throat, rarely with a short tube,

268

LXXXYII. SCROPIIULAKIACEiE.

bell-shaped ; lobes of limb entire. Stamens 4 ; anthers
similar, in the throat or exserted. — DC. Prod. x. p. 353.

Herbs or undershrubs, often much-branched and twiggy. Leaves mostly
opposite, mostly toothed ; the floral similar or bract-like. Flowers axillary
or racemose, pedicellate, not turning black in drying. — 26 species, dis-
persed.

23. LYPERIA, Benth.

Calyx 5-parted, the segments linear, not membranous.
Corolla deciduous, the tube long, externally viscid, dorsally
gibbous or incurved at the apex ; throat not dilated ; limb 2-
labiate, the lobes entire or emarginate. Stamens 4, similar,
included. Stigmas clavate-capitate. — DC. Prod. x. p. 357.

Herbs or small shrubs, often much branched. Lower leaves opposite ;
upper alternate, entire, toothed or much cut, often tufted in the axils,
sometimes minute, blackening in drying. Flowers axillary, spiked or ra-
cemose. Capsule viscid. — 30 species, dispersed.

24. MANULEA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-fid, the lobes linear or subulate.
Corolla deciduous, with a long, glabrous or tomentose tube,
nearly straight at apex, the throat not dilated ; limb 5-parted,
equal, or the upper segments approaching or connate. Sta-
mens 4, included, all fertile, or the 2 anterior with small, empty
anthers. Stigmas subclavate, entire. — DC. Prod. x. p. 363 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 197.

Herbs, rarely woody. Leaves mostly crowded at the base of the stem ;
the floral small, bract-like, free. Flowers racemose, the racemes simple
or compound. Corolla mostly orange, not blackening in drying,' honey-
scented. Capsule glabrous. — 25 species, dispersed.

25. HEKPESTIS, GLertn.

Calyx 5-parted, the back lobe wider, sometimes very large,
the lateral inner and narrower, often very narrow. Corolla
with the upper lip emarginate or 2-fid, the lower 3-lobed ;
sometimes all the lobes subequally spreading. Stamens 4,
didynamous contiguous and ascending, or subdistant ; anthers
2-celled, the cells parallel or divaricate. Stigmas concave-
dilated or shortly 2-lobed. Capsule 2-furrowed, the valves 2-
parted or subentire, with indexed margins, exposing the en-
tire, placentiferous column. — DC. Prod. x. p. 392.

A very large tropical genus, of various habit. — H. Monniera, H. B. K.,
our only species, is a very common marsh plant in hot countries. It is a
small, creeping herb, with obovate or spathulate, entire or distantly crenate
nearly nerveless leaves, and axillary, pedicelled flowers.

LXXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

269

26. TORENIA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, plaited or winged, obliquely 5-toothed or 2-
labiate. Corolla ringent ; the upper lip emargiuate or 2-fid ;
lower larger, 3-fid. Back stamens fertile, the anterior ones
arched, antheriferous, with a tooth-like or filiform appendage
at base ; anthers closely approaching or cohering in pairs.
Stigma sub-2-lamellate. Capsule oblong, not exceeding the
calyx. — DC. Prod. x. p. 409.

Mostly plants of tropical Asia. Leaves opposite. Racemes mostly
short, terminal or in the forks. — T. nana , Benth., our only species, is a
minute plant, found by Drege, near Natal.

27. ILYSANTHES, Kafin.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes scarcely imbricate in bud. Co-
rolla with the upper lip short, erect, 2-fid ; the lower larger,
spreading, 3-fid. Two back stamens fertile ; rudiments of the
anterior ones 2-lobed, one lobe glandular, obtuse, the other
acute, either very short and tooth-like or elongate, rarely
bearing an empty anther. Capsule ovate or oblong, equalling
or exceeding the calyx. — DC. Prod. x. p. 418.

Small annuals, growing in wet spots, American and Asiatic. — I. Capensis,
Benth., our only species, grows from Capetown to Port Natal. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate or ovate, entire or dentate. Flowers axillary, pedicelled,
bluish-white, with 2 blue spots on the palate.

Suborder 2. Rhinanthidese.

Tribe 6. Sibthorpie^j. (G-en. 28-31.)

28. GLOSSOSTIGrMA, Arn.

Calyx bell-shaped, short, very bluntly 3-lobed, the back
lobe very wide, sometimes 2-3-toothed. Corolla very minute,
with a 5-lobed limb. Stamens 2 or 4; anther-cells parallel,
confluent at tip. Style spathulate-dilated, shortly 2-lamellate.
Capsule globose, loculicidal. — DC. Prod. x. p. 428.

A minute tropical water or mud plant, with tufted, linear- spathulate
leaves, and axillai’y or tufted, 1-flowered pedicels. Calyx scarcely 1 line
long. — A specimen from the Cape is preserved in Herb. Linn, {fide
Benth.)

29. LIMOSELLA, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla with a short tube
and rotate-campanulate, 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4 ; anther-
cells completely 1-celled by confluence. Style short, clavate-
thickened. Capsule 2-valved, the valves entire, parallel to a

270

LXXXVII. SCROPUULARIACEjE.

very thin, incomplete, placentiferous septum. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 426.

Small, cosmopolitan, water and mud plants, glabrous, tufted or creeping
by stolons. Leaves and peduncles tufted at the nodes ; petiole long and
slender ; lamina quite entire, ovate oblong or linear. Flowers purple or
blue. — 2 South African species.

30. CAMPTOLOMA, Benth.

Calyx 5-parted, subequal. Corolla-tube exserted, dilated
upwards, the limb 5-lobed, sub-2-labiate. Stamens 4, included,
subdidynamous ; anthers reuiform, 1-celled by confluence. Style
scarcely dilated at the summit, obtuse. Capsule narrow-ovate,
septicidal, the valves 2-fid, with indexed margins, exposing the
placentiferous column. — DC. Prod. x. p. 430.

A villous, erect, branching herb, found at Elephant’s Bay. Leaves al-
ternate, petioled, orbicular, crenate, 6-8 lines wide. Peduncles axillary,
3-5-flowered ; bracts minute.

31. SCOPARIA, Linn.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-fid, densely hairy in
the throat. Stamens 4 ; anthers subsagittate, with distinct
cells. Style slightly clavate, truncate or emarginate. Cap-
sule septicidal, the valves entire, membranous, with indexed
margins, exposing the placentiferous column. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 431.

S. dulcis, a common tropical weed, is widely diffused in all warm lati-
tudes.

Tribe 7. Veroxice^:. (G-en. 32.)

32. VERONICA, Linn.

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla-tube short ; limb 4- rarely 5-fid,
spreading, the lateral or the lowest segment narrower. Sta-
mens 2, in the tube, exserted, one at each side of the upper
segment ; anthers with divergent or parallel cells, confluent
at the apex. Stigma subcapitate. Capsule compressed or
turgid, 2-furrowed, more or less loculicidal. — DC. Prod. x. p.
458.

A vast, cosmopolitan genus. — V. Anagallis , a common European and
North Asiatic species, is found in many parts of the Cape. It is an erect,
aquatic herb, with sessile, cordate-amplexicaul leaves, and axillary racemes
of small white or pinkish flowers.

Tribe 8. Buchnereje. (Gen. 33-37.)

33. BUCHNERA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, faintly nerved, shortly 5-toothed. Corolla

LXXXYIT. SCROPHULARIACE^.

271

salver-shaped, with a slender, straight or slightly-curved tube ;
limb spreading, subequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, included;
anthers 1-celled. Capsules straight, with coriaceous valves,
opening when ripe elastically. — DC. Prod. x. p. 495.

Mostly scabrous, rigid herbs, drying black. Lower leaves opposite,
upper alternate ; floral bract-form. Flowers in terminal, dense or inter-
rupted bracteate spikes. — 2 Cape species, dispersed.

34. STRIGA, Lour.

Calyx tubular, ribbed, 5-toothed or 5-fid. Corolla-tube
slender, incurved above ; the limb 2-labiate, upper lip entire
or emarginate or 2-fid, lower 3-fid. Stamens and capsules of
Puchnera. — DC. Prod. x. p. 500.

Scabrous herbs, drying black ; sometimes root-parasites. Lower leaves
opposite, upper alternate, commonly linear and entire, rarely toothed.
Flowers in terminal spikes, purple or scarlet. — 4 Cape species, dispersed.

35. CYCNIUM, E. Mey.

Calyx 2-braeteolate at base, with a long tube, 5-toothed.
Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved ; limb ample, spread-
ing, the upper lip very wide, emarginate or 2 -fid, lower deeply
3-fid, the lobes ovate, entire or undulate. Stamens included,
didynamous ; anthers 1-celled, obtuse. Capsules somewhat
fleshy, straight, acute. — DC. Prod. x. p. 504 ; Thes. Cap. t. 49,
50.

Rigid, scabrous herbs, drying black. Leaves opposite or the upper al-
ternate, toothed or reduced to scales. Flowers large and handsome, axil-
lary or racemose. — 5 or 6 species, Eastern and at Natal.

36. RHAMPHICARPA, Benth.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-fid. Corolla-tube slender, much ex-
serted, straight or curved ; limb of 5 broadly obovate, sub-
equal lobes, or the 2 uppermost connate in a greater or less
degree. Stamens 4, didynamous, included; anthers obtuse.
Capsules ovate, laterally compressed, obliquely mucronate or
rostrate, with coriaceous valves. — DC. Prod. x. p. 504 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 57.

Erect herbs, drying black. Leaves opposite, the upper alternate, narrow,
entire or pinnatisect. Flowers racemose, pedunculate ; corolla in the only
Cape species ( R . tubulosa) purple or pink. — Eastern district and Natal.

37. HYOBANCHE, Thunb.

Calyx-lobes 5, linear-spathulate, 2 anterior cleft nearly to
the base, 3 back ones connate nearly to the middle. Corolla
tubular-clubshaped, incurved, galeate at apex, obliquely and

272

LXXXVII. SCROPHULARIACEiE.

shortly open in front ; the limb obsolete, of very small, tooth-
like lobes. Stamens 4, didynamous, under the galea ; fila-
ments glabrous ; anthers 1-celled, muticous. Ovary ovate,
2-celled, with 2 axile placentas in each cell ; style clavate and
incurved at the apex. Capsules subglobose, fleshy, at length
deliquescing. — DC. Prod. x. p. 505.

A rosy-red, thick-stemmed root-parasite, a great part of the stem under-
ground, imbricated with leaf-scales. Spikes dense, ovate. It varies either
glabrous or densely woolly. — Found throughout the colony.

Tribe 9. Gerardie^. (Gen. 38-41.)

38. GRADERIA, Benth.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, 5-fid. Corolla-tube exserted,
widened upwards; the limb 5-fid, lobes spreading, entire.
Stamens didynamous, included ; anthers free, with divergent,
arched-oblong, mucronulate cells, 1 of each anther narrower,
empty. Style thickened and tongue-shaped at apex, incurved.
Capsule ovate, very obliquely acuminate, compressed, the cells
unequal, dehiscing at back from top to bottom. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 521.

Q. scabra, Bth., the only species, is common in the Eastern districts and
at Natal. Stem herbaceous, rigid, under 1 foot high, scabrous or glabrous.
Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, ovate or lanceolate, entire or cut,
very variable. Flowers in terminal, leafy spikes. Corolla 1 in. long.

39. SOPUBIA, Hamilt.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, teeth short or narrow, valvate
in the bud. Corolla funnel- or subrotate-bellshaped, the lobes
of the limb spreading, entire. Stamens didynamous ; anthers
2 or all cohering in pairs, 1 cell of each anther ovate, submu-
ticous, fertile, the other small, stipitate, empty. Style thick-
ened and tongue-shaped at. apex, obtuse. Capsule ovate or
oblong, rounded or compressed at the apex, retuse or emar-
ginate ; valves entire or 2-fid. — DC. Prod. x. p. 521 ; Thes .
Cap. t. 146.

Annual, slender-branching herbs, Asiatic and African. Leaves narrow,
entire or pinnatifid. Flowers racemose. — 2 Cape species, Eastern district
and Natal.

40. AULAYA, Harv.

Calyx tubular or ovate, 5-fid. Corolla-tube exserted ; limb
erect or spreading, the lobes entire or crenulate. Stamens as
in Harveya. Style thickened and tongue-shaped at apex, in-
curved. Capsules with entire valves. — DC. Prod. x. p. 521 ;
Thes. Cap. t. 36.

LXXXVII. SCR0PHULARIACEA1.

273

Root parasites, with fleshy stems, drying black, glabrous or hairy.
Leaves, in the South African species, scale-like. Flowers sessile or pedi-
celled, in terminal leafy spikes or racemes. In the majority the stem, leaf-
scales, calyx and corolla are brilliantly orange or scarlet ; in others purple,
less bright. — 7 or 8 species, dispersed.

41. HARVEY A, Hook.

Calyx inflated-bellshaped, leafy, 5-angled, semi-5-fid. Co-
rolla with a long, curved tube, slightly constricted in the
middle, inflated above ; limb somewhat ringent, 5-lobed ; the
lobes wavy, lateral reflexed. Stamens didynamous, included ;
1 cell of each anther fertile, ovate, acuminate, the other longer,
subulate, empty. Style abruptly capitate at the apex. Cap-
sule with entire valves. — DC. Prod. x.p. 524 ; Hook. Ic. PI. 1. 118.

H. Capensis , Hook., is a root-parasite, drying black. Stems hairy ; leaf-
scales ovate, opposite or the upper alternate. Flowers large and handsome,
white or rosy, in terminal racemes.

Tribe 10. Euphrasies.

42. TRIXAGO, Stev.

Calyx inflated-bellshaped, shortly 4-lobed. Corolla ringent,
the galea concave, its margins not reflexed, the lower lip
equalling or exceeding the galea, 3-lobed ; lobes spreading ;
palate 2-gibbous. Stamens didynamous, under the galea ;
anther-cells mucronate. Style thickened and obtuse at apex.
Capsules ovate-globose, turgid, with thick, 2-fid placentas. —
DC. Frod. x. p. 543.

T. Apula , Stev. ( Bartsia Capensis , Spr.), a very widely-dispersed annual,
is also frequent at the Cape. Stem 3 in. to 1-2 ft. high, simple or branched,
hispid or villous, more or less viscid. Leaves lanceolate or linear, opposite,
dentate. Flowers yellow, in terminal leafy spikes.

Order LXXXYIII. LENTIBULARINE^l.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla 2-labiate, spurred or
saccate at base. Stamens 2, in the base of the corolla ; an-
thers 1-celled by confluence. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovules
many, on a free central, globose placenta ; style short ; stigma
2-lamellate. Eruit capsular, 1-celled, opening transversely or
by a longitudinal cleft. Seeds minute, without albumen. —
Small, herbaceous, marsh or water plants, with crowded radi-
cal leaves, which are often abortive, and yellow or purple
flowers on slender scapes.

Calyx 2-parted 1. Utricttlaria.

Calyx 5-parted 2. G-enlisea.

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn.

Calyx 2-parted, the upper lobe entire, the lower emarginate

T

274

LXXXVIII. LENTIBULARINEjE.

or 2-dentate. Corolla personate, spurred under the lower
lip ; upper lip erect, subentire ; lower longer, 3-lobed, with a
prominent palate. Style 0 or filiform. Capsules many-
seeded. — DC. Prod. viii.^>. 3.

Small aquatic or marsh herbs, often floating by means of small bladders,
in which case the submerged leaves are multifid ; most of the Cape species
are terrestrial, growing in damp spots, and these have narrow, linear, tufted
radical leaves, often without bladders. Scapes naked. Flowers racemose,
blue purple or yellow. — 4 or 5 Cape species, dispersed.

2. GENLISEA, St. Hil.

Calyx 5-parted, subequal, spreading. Corolla personate,
the upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed, spurred at base. Style
scarcely any. — DC. Prod. viii. p. 25.

Marsh plants, resembling the terrestrial Utricularice , with radical, tufted,
entire leaves. Scapes racemose ; flowers yellow or violet ; pedicels 3-
bracted at base. — 1 Cape species, Eastern.

Order LXXXIX. OROBANCHE^.

Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, mostly 2-
labiate, persistent, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary on a fleshy, unilateral disk (sometimes
reduced to a gland), 1-celled, with 2 opposite pairs of parietal
placentas ; ovules many ; style simple ; stigma 2-lobed. Cap-
sule 1-celled, enclosed within the withered corolla. Seeds
minute, with much albumen. — Leafless or scaly parasites on
the roots of other plants.

1. PHELIPiEA, Tourn.

Blowers bisexual, 2-bracteolate. Calyx tubular, 4-5-fid or
toothed. Corolla ringent, the upper lip erect, 2-fid, lower
spreading, 3-fid. Ovary with 4 geminate, parietal placentas ;
hypogynous gland obsolete ; stigma capitate-2-lobed. Cap-
sules 2-valved at the apex, the valves cohering below. Seeds
very minute and numerous. — DC. Prod. xi. jp. 8.

P. ramosa , C. A. Mey. ( Orobanche ramosa , Linn.), grows in the Cape
flats, near the Salt river. It has a tuberous- based branching stem, the
branches ending in spikes of pale purple, downy flowers. It is also a
native of Europe, Siberia, and Abyssinia.

Order XC. BIGNONIACE.®,

Calyx 5-6-lobed or truncate, sometimes splitting down one
side or 2-labiate. Corolla 5-6-lobed, hypogynous, deciduous,
more or less unequal or 2-lipped, imbricate in bud. Stamens
on the tube, 4 perfect, didynamous, with or without the rudi-

XC. BIGNONIACEJE.

275

ment of a fifth, rarely 5-6, all fertile ; anthers 2-celled. A
tumid disk round the ovary. Ovary 2-celled (rarely 1-celled),
few- or many-ovuled ; style simple ; stigma 2-lamellate. Cap-
sules 2-valved, 2-celled or falsely 4-celled, depressed or com-
pressed, the septum either parallel or at right angles to
the valves, or a fleshy or woody, indehiscent fruit. Seeds
winged in the capsular genera, wingless in the others ; in all
cases exalbuminous. — Trees and shrubs, very rarely herbs, erect
or climbing. Leaves opposite or rarely alternate, mostly com-
pound. Flowers showy.

Tribe 1. Bignoniea:. Fruit a 2-valved, 2-celled capsule. Seeds with
membranous wings. Cotyledons leafy.

Flowers racemose ; corolla 2-lipped ; stamens 4, didy-

namous 1. Tecoma.

Flowers solitary ; corolla funnel- or salver-shaped ;
stamens 5-6-7, subequal.

Calyx cleft on one side ; corolla-tube cylindrical . . 2. Catophbactes.

Calyx 4-5-toothed ; corolla-tube widely bell-shaped 3. Rhigozttm.

Tribe 2. Ceescentiea:. Fruit fleshy or woody, indehiscent. Seeds
wingless. Cotyledons fleshy.

Leaves pinnate ; flowers panicled ; corolla sharply 5-

lobed ; stamens 4, didynamous . . .... 4. Kjgelia.

TbIBE 1. BlGNONIEiE. (Gren. 1-3.)

1. TECOMA, Juss.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla-tube short, dilated
in the throat, 5-lobed, sub-2-labiate or equal. Stamens 4,
didynamous, with rudiment of a fifth ; anthers with divergent
cells. Capsules 2-celled, 2-valved, the septum at right angles
to the valves. Seeds winged. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 217.

T. Capensis , Lindl., a handsome bush, with ash-like leaves and racemes
of scarlet flowers, is cultivated throughout the colony, and found wild, in
great profusion, in many parts of the Eastern Province, in Caffraria, and at
Natal. Its African origin has been questioned by Dr. Seemann, but I
think his opinion supported on very slender evidence, and chiefly defensible
on abstract theoretical grounds. But why may not there be an African
species of Tecoma , — a genus by no means exclusively American, — as well as
an African Menodora , or as a Mexican Hermannia ?

2. CATOPHRACTES, Don.

Calyx cleft on one side, on the other 6-toothed. Corolla
with a cylindrical tube, funnel-shaped in the throat ; limb 6-
lobed, spreading, equal. Stamens 6, rarely 7, subequal, ex-
serted ; anther-cells parallel, free below. Ovary short, conical,
2-celled. Fruit unknown. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 233 ; Doji in
Linn. Trans, xviii. p. 306. t. 22.

Rigid, erect, spiny shrubs, clothed with friable, powdery pubescence.

T 2

276

XO. BIGNONTACEiE.

Branches divaricate. Leaves simple, tufted. Flowers lateral, suhsesaile,
handsome, white. Two species : C. Alexandria Don, found by Sir J. Alex-
ander in Namaqualand, and by Mr. Chapman near Lake N garni; and C.
Kolbeana , Harv., discovered by Mrs. Kolbe in Damaraland.

3. RHIGOZUM, Burch.

Calyx hell-shaped, shortly 4-5-toothed. Corolla funnel-
shaped, with a wide, subeampanulate tube, and an obtusely
5-lobed, spreading, subequal limb. Stamens 5 (rarely 6-7),
subequal and perfect, alternating with the corolla-lobes ; an-
ther-cells parallel, erect, free below. Ovary fusiform, 2-
celled ; ovules many. Capsules compressed, substipitate,
2-celled, the septum parallel with the valves. Seeds widely
winged. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 234.

Rigid, di-trichotomous, spiny shrubs, natives of the Eastern and Northern
districts. Leaves on the twigs alternate or ternate, small ; at the nodes
fascicled, obovate or oblong, glabrous or downy. Flowers mostly solitary
at the nodes, subsessile, yellow. — 2 or 3 species P

Tribe 2. Ceescentiea:. (Gen. 4.)

4. KIGELIA, DC.

Calyx tubular- subeampanulate, 5-fid, with subacute lobes.
Corolla with a short tube, a widely-bellshaped throat, and a
subequally 5-lobed limb ; the lobes ovate, acuminate. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, with a rudiment ; anthers 2-celled, the
cells separate at base. Ovary on a tumid disk, with prominent
placentas, 2-celled ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit pulpy within,
many-seeded. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 247.

K. pinnata , DC., a tree, sent from Natal by Mr. Sanderson, is also a
native of Mozambique. Leaves alternate, pinnate, coriaceous ; leaflets
oval. Panicles on long peduncles, pendulous, springing from the trunk or
from old branches. Corolla large and handsome, red, paler outside.

Order XCI. GESNERIACE.E.

Calyx with 5 teeth, lobes, or distinct sepals. Corolla-tube
long or short ; limb 2-lipped or of 5 spreading lobes, imbricate
in bud. Stamens 2, or 4 in pairs, inserted on the tube, with
sometimes a fifth sterile one; anther-cells distinct or confluent.
Ovary superior or inferior, 1-celled, with 2 entire or lobed
parietal placentas that almost meet in the cavity ; style sim-
ple ; stigma entire or lobed ; ovules few or many. Fruit a
berry or capsule, 1- or many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, rarely
climbers. Leaves opposite or alternate, rarely whorled. A
considerable tropical Order.

Tribe 1. PedalinE2E. Fruit indeliiscent or obscurely dehiscent at the
apex, hard, or fleshy. Seeds solitary or few, scarcely oily, never winged.
Procumbent annuals or perennials.

XCI. GESNERI ACE2E .

277

Corolla widely-ringent, with a large lower lobe ; cap-
sule 2-horned 1. Pretrea.

Corolla tubular-funnelshaped, subequally 5-lobed.

Fruit beaked, shortly spiny at base 2. Rogeria.

Fruit angularly wing-lobed, the lobes rigid, spiny,

and armed with recurve-hooked spines .... 3. Uncaria.

Fruit subcircular, broadly 2-winged round the

margin; seeds solitary 4. Pterodiscus.

Tribe 2. Sesames. Fruit capsular, membranous, dehiscent. Seeds nu-
merous, oily, often winged. — Erect, leafy annuals.

Capsule oblong, 2-4-lobed, acuminate 5. Sesamopteris.

Capsule oblong 4-lobed, shortly 4-horned at apex . 6. Sporledera.

Tribe 3. DidymocarpEjE. Ovary 1-celled, with projecting parietal pla-
centas. Capsule 2-celled, dehiscent, membranous. Seeds numerous, mi-
nute, mostly nude, pendulous. — Stemless perennials.

Capsule pod-like, long and slender, spirally twisted . 7. Streptocarpes.

Tribe 1. Ped alined. (G-en. 1-4.)

1. PRETREA, Gray.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear, subfalcate. Corolla cam-
panulate-ringent, very gibbous at base, the limb broad, 5-lobed,
the lowest lobe ovate, much the longest, 7- striate. Stamens
4, didynamous ; anthers oblong, incumbent. Ovary globose,
2-horned, pubescent ; stigma forked. Fruit hard, 2-horned,

4- lobed ; nuclei 1-celled, 1-2-seeded. Embryo minute. — De-
caisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 5, iii. 333.

P. eriocarpa , Dene., found by the Rev. P. Lemuc near Litakun, is thus de-
scribed:— “ Branches pubescent-hairy ; leaves obtusely tabulate or coarsely
toothed, petioled ; peduncles twice as long as lea’ves ; 2-glanded at base ;
bracts setaceous ; calyx-lobes lanceolate ; corolla broadly ringent, downy ;
fruits cupulate, nerved, horned, pubescent-liairy.” {Dene) — Unknown to
me.

2. ROG-ERIA, Gray.

Calyx 5-fid, persistent. Corolla tubular, somewhat funnel-
shaped, gibbous on the upper side at base, with a short,

5- lobed, sub-2-labiate limb. Stamens 4, included, didynamous,
inserted in the base of corolla-tube ; a minute rudiment of a
5th ; anthers oval, 2-celled. Style filiform ; stigma 2-3-
lamellate. Fruit hard, opening at the apex, beaked, having
near the base 2-5 unequal spines, 2-3-valved, with 4-6 un-
equal cells, the larger several-seeded, the smaller abortive or
1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, 3-angled, with a muricated testa.
— DC. Prod. ix. p. 256 ; Thes. Cap. t. 118.

R. longijiora , Gay, is a strong-growing, procumbent, glabrous and
glaucous annual, growing to the north of the Orange River. Leaves on
long petioles, opposite, broadly-ovate, 2-2 j inches long. Tube of corolla
nearly 3 inches long, the lobes obtuse.

278

XCI. GESNERIACE^J.

3. UNCARIA, Burchell.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; lobes linear, 1 shorter. Corolla
tubulose- funnel shaped, equal at base, with a subequal, 5-lobed
limb, the lobes obtuse. Stamens 4, included, didynamous, in
the base of corolla-tube, with a rudiment of a fifth ; anthers
ovoid. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules several in each cell, crowded,
2-seriate ; stigma 2-lamellate. Fruit ligneous, at length im-
perfectly opening, 2-celled, angularly lobed, the lobes simple,
branched, or sometimes ending in a hooked, very rigid spine.
Seeds numerous, oblong, angular, rough. — Harpagophytum,
DC. Prod. ix. p. 257.

Prostrate, branching herbs, covered with minute white dots. Leaves
opposite, petioled, 5-nerved, palmatifld, the lobes sinuate-cut. Pedicels
axillary, 1-flowered, short. Corolla purple, with a pale tube. The famous
“ Grapple-plant ” of Burchell, found in and beyond the Northern frontier,’
is U. procumbens. — 3 species, all Northern.

4. PTERODISCUS, Hook.

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a
spreading, 5-lobed, subequal limb. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included, with a rudimentary fifth ; filaments with thickened,
woolly bases ; anthers 2-celled, cells triangular, opening by
oblong pores. Ovary ovate, oblique, with a dorsal gland at
base ; style included ; stigma 2-labiate, the lobes subulate.
Fruit leathery, indehiseent, roundish-compressed, broadly
2 -winged round the margin, the disk subtuberculate, 2-celled
(or spuriously 6-celled, 2 cells fertile). Seed solitary, pendu-
lous, oblong, terete-compressed, produced at the apex into a
subulate point, with a pit-like depression. — Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 4117.

A tuberous-rooted herb, with opposite, oblong, sinuate-toothed leaves,
on short petioles 2-glandular at base, and axillary, solitary, very showy
purple flowers. — Found by Burke and Zeyher at Macalisberg.

Tribe 2. Sesames. (G-en. 5-6.)

5. SESAMOPTERIS, DC.

Calyx 5-parted, at length deciduous. Corolla-tube widening
upwards ; limb plaited, sub-2-labiate, upper lip emarginate,
lower semi-3-fid, the medial lobe long. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, with a fifth rudiment ; anthers oval-oblong. Stigma 2-
lamelled. Capsules oblong, bluntly 4-angled or 2-lobed,
furrowed, acuminate with the base of style, 2-valved, 2-celled
(the valves incurved, as if 4-celled). Seeds compressed, with
a membranous wing and flat cotyledons. — DC. Prod. ix. p.
251.

S. pentaphylla , DC., is an erect annual, with long petioled, 5-foliolate

XCI. GESNERIACEiE.

270

leaves, the leaflets narrow, glaucous. Capsules 2-lobed, pubescent. — Found
in the Northern and Eastern districts.

6. SPORLEDERA, Bernh.

Calyx 5-parted, at length deciduous. Corolla with a short
tube, a bell-shaped throat, and a 5-lobed, 2-labiate limb, the
medial lobe of lower lip largest. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Ovary acute, terete, by the inflexed margins of the valves 4-
celled ; stigma 2-lamelled. Capsules oblong, cylindrical-
4-lobed, shortly 4-horned at the apex, on the angles. Seeds
flattish, obovate, rugulose on each side, with a deep marginal
furrow. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 252.

S. triloba :, Bernh., is an erect annual, with opposite, petioled, coarsely
toothed or lobed leaves, and terminal racemes of flowers. — Found at Natal.
S. Kraussiana, Bernh., appears to be a trifling variety.

Tribe 3. Didymocarpeas.

7. STREPTOCARPUS, Lindl.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla tubular funnel-shaped,
widening and either ventricose or compressed at the throat,
with an obliquely 5-lobed. subequal limb. Stamens 5, the
2 anterior fertile, with glabrous, connate, 2-celled anthers, the
cells divergent ; 3 upper sterile, adnate to the tube, tubercu-
lar at tip. Ovary terete, elongate, straight, 1-celled (almost
4-celled from the inflexed didymous placentas) ; stigma 2-
labiate, the lobes reniform, the lower scarcely larger. Capsule
pod-like, terete, spirally twisted, loculicidal. Seeds minute,
oblong. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 270.

The Cape species, of which several are known, are stemless plants, with
rugose, unequal, pubescent or velvety leaves, and 1-2- or many-flowered
scapes. Flowers pale purplish-blue, often very handsome. — Eastern dis-
tricts and Natal.

Order XCII. ACANTHACEiE.

Calyx 4-5-parted, equal or unequal, persistent ; rarely
either multifid or entire and obsolete. Corolla mostly irregu-
lar, more or less 2-labiate, rarely 1-labiate or nearly regular.
Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2 fertile and 2-3 sterile ; anthers
2- or 1-celled. Ovary on a glandular disk, 2-celled ; ovules 2
or more in each cell ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed. Capsules
2-celled, elastically 2-valved, loculicidal ; seeds 2 or more in
each cell, ascending, subtended by rigid, subulate or cup-like,
persistent processes of the placentas ; albumen 0. — Herbs or
shrubs, with opposite, exstipulate leaves and bracteate flowers.
Inflorescence various. The Order is chiefly tropical. (I here

280

XCII. ACANTHACEJE.

have adopted the arrangement of Dr. T. Anderson, given in Pro-
ceedings of Linn. Soc., vol. vii., Bot., p. 13.)

Suborder 1. Thunbergidese. Calyx reduced to a fleshy, entire or se-
veral-toothed ring. Lobes of corolla twisted in aestivation. Seeds sub-
tended by a cup-like process. — Climbing or prostrate, rarely erect plants.

Calyx inconspicuous, hidden under 2 large, leafy

bracts 1. Thunbergia.

Suborder 2. Ruellidese. Calyx herbaceous, 5- rarely 4-parted. Corolla
with twisted aestivation. Seeds subtended by a rigid hooked process, or by
a small nipple. — Not climbers.

Bracts minute or 0 ; capsules subterete.

Corolla straight ; anthers 2-spurred at base ; cap-
sules linear, acute, 4-seeded at apex .... 2. Calophanes.

Corolla straight or curved ; anthers not spurred ;

capsules tumid above, subglobose, many-seeded. 3. Ruellia.

Bracts 2, large, covering the unopened corolla j
capsules obovate, shortly constricted at base,
dorsally compressed.

Bracts membranous, veiny ; calyx 5-parted ;

flowers solitary 4. Petalidium.

Bracts sublierbaceous ; calyx 4-parted ; flowers

in lateral cymules 5. Pseudobarleria.

Bract solitary, large ; 2 short bracteoles ; calyx un-
equally 5-parted ; flowers in dense spikes ... 6. Phaylopsis.

Suborder 3. Acanthidese. Calyx herbaceous, 5- rarely 4-parted. Co-
rolla with imbricate or imbricate -2 -labiate eestivation. Seeds subtended by
a rigid, hooked process.

1. Barberies. Corolla salver-, funnel-, or bell-

shaped, subequally 5-lobed ; lobe3 with imbri-
cate eestivation.

Calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel- or salver-shaped ;

stamens 2-4 7. Barleria.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla bell-shaped ; stamens 4 ;

ovules 4-8 8. Crabbea.

2. Acanthea:. Corolla 1-labiate, 3-5-lobed ; sta-

mens 4 ; anthers 1-celled.

Calyx cruciately 4-parted.

Tube of corolla very short.

tipper calyx-lobe entire, 3-nerved, lower 2-
nerved; capsules with membranous-valves. 9. Blepharis.
Upper calyx-lobe 4- or many-nerved ; cap-
sule papery 11. Acanthus.

Tube of corolla long ; upper calyx-lobe obso-

letely 6-nerved, lower 6-nerved 10. AcanthopsiS.

Calyx 5-parted, scarious, veinless ; corolla 5-

lobed 12. Sclerochiton.

3. Justiciea:. Corolla 2-lipped ; fertile stamens

2 ; anther-cells more or less superposed.

Corolla-tube short, straight ; lower hp 3-fid, the
medial lobe larger than the lateral ; upper lip
shortly 2-dentate ; stamens 2.

XCII. ACANTIIACEiE.

281

Upper lip of corolla concave, compressed,
helmet-shaped ; lower flat ; stamens ex-
serted ; anthers 2-celled, obtuse . . . .13. Dm^ERNOiA.

Upper lip of corolla concave, not helmet-
shaped ; lower convex, rugose ; anthers 2-

celled, the lower cell spurred 14. Jttsticia.

Upper lip of corolla narrow, 2-dentate ; lower
convex, reticulate ; anthers 2-celled, cells
obtuse, subti’ansversely inserted one above
the other obliquely 15. Ecteinanthtjs.

Corolla-tube long, straight or resupinate ; lower
lip with the medial lobe very large, the
lateral linear ; bracts (except in Rhinacan-
thus ) much larger than the calyx.

Tube of corolla resupinate.

Capsules short, the septum in the ripe fruit

breaking off from the valves 16. Dicliptera.

Capsules long, the septum persistent . . .17. Peristrophe.

Tube of corolla straight.

Anthers 2-celled.

Calyx -lobes cohering ; bracts large, 4-

leaved ; flowers in heads 18. Hypoestes.

Calyx 5-parted ; corolla with a very long
tube ; bracts small, subulate ; flowers

panicled 20. Rhinacanthus.

Anthers 1-celled, stamens included ; flowers
not spiked 19. Ramtjsia.

Corolla-tube short, dilated ; lower lip subequally
3-lobed ; stamens 2 or 4 ; bracts small or 0.

Anthers 1-celled, blunt ; flowers spiked . .21. Ruttya.

4. Asystasie^:. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped,
with 2-labiate aestivation. Stamens 4, 2 often
sterile.

Stamens 4, all fertile ; anther-cells mucronate at

base 22. Asystasia.

Stamens 4, 2 sterile ; anther-cells obtuse . . . 23. Mackaya.

Suborder 1. Thimbergidese. (Gen. 1.)

1. THTJNBERGIA, Linn. f.

Calyx minute, cup-like, truncate or many-toothed, concealed
under 2 large, leafy, valvate bracts. Corolla between bell-
and funnel-shaped, inflated in the throat, the limb subequally
5-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers erect,
adnate, the cells parallel, mucronate at base. Stigma funnel-
shaped, sub-2-labiate. Disk thick, circling the ovary. Cap-
sule swollen at base, 2-celled, 2-4-seeded, tapering into a beak.
Seeds subtended by a cup-like ring. — DC. Prod . xi. p. 54.

Climbing or prostrate shrubs or herbs, Asiatic and African. Leaves
mostly angular, often hairy. Flowers axillary, peduncled, solitary or race-
mose, handsome, yellow blue or white, the throat often darker. — 5 South
African species, natives of the Eastern districts and Natal.

282

XCII. ACANTIIACEiE.

Suborder 2. Ituellldese. (G-en. 2-G.)

• 2. CALOPHANES, Don.

Calyx very deeply 5-cleft, the segments setaceous. Corolla
funnel-shaped ; limb 5-fid, subregular. Stamens 4, didynamous,
or 2 ; anthers 2-spurred at base or pointless, cells parallel,
flat, membranous- Capsule lanceolate, 4-seeded in the middle.
DC. Prod. xi. p. 107. Also Chaetacanthus, DC. 1. c. 462 ; Li-
nostylis, Sond. in Linn, xxiii. p. 94.

Herbs or rigid halfshrubs. Leaves small. Flowers opposite, axillary,
sessile, with 2 subulate bracts at base. — 5 South African species, natives of
Eastern district and N atal.

3. RUELLIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, the segments equal or unequal, linear.
Corolla funnel-shaped, the tube subcampanulate upwards ;
limb bluntly 5-lobed, subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous, not
longer than the corolla ; anthers oblong, 2-celled, cells parallel,
equal, pointless or mucronate at base. Stigma subulate, with
a tooth at base, or 2-lamellate. Capsule tumid above, 6-8-16-
seeded. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 143. Also Eabria, E. M. ; DC. 1. c.
p. 113.

Herbs or undershrubs, pubescent or hairy. Flowers axillary, solitary,
spiked or capitate, with small bracts. — 4 South African species, Eastern.

4. PETALIDIUM, N. ab E.

Calyx equal, deeply 5-parted, enclosed in 2 large, veiny,
valvate, boat-shaped bracts. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb
subequally 5-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers
oblong, the cells parallel, mucronate at base. Stigma 2-fid,
the lobes linear. Capsule shortly compressed at base, 4-seeded
in the middle ; septum persistent. — Thes. Cap. t. 143.

P. linifolium , T. Andr., the only South African species, is a rigid, gla-
brous, branching shrub, with narrow linear, acute leaves, and axillary, pe-
dunculate flowers, each sitting in a pair of boat-shaped, papery membra-
nous bracts, netted over with slender, green veins. — Found in Damaraland
by Mrs. Kolbe.

5. PSEUDOBARLERIA, T. Anders.

Bracts 2, opposite, large, covering the calyx and corolla in
bud, and the capsule. Calyx 4-parted, the upper and lower
segments larger, lateral smaller, subulate. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; tube constricted, longer than the equally 5-lobed
limb ; lobes short, with twisted aestivation. Stamens 4, in-
cluded ; filaments equal, inserted in the throat, connate in
pairs at base ; anthers 2-celled, sagittate, cells mucronate at
base. Stigma subulate, shortly 2-lobed at base, slightly revo-

XCII. ACANTHACEA).

283

lute. Capsule ovate, acute, dorsally-compressed, 4-2-seeded.
Seeds tomentose, with a hyaline margin, mucilaginous when
moistened. — T. Anders, in Linn. Soc. Journ. vii. Bot. p. 26.

P. hirsuta , T. A., is a halfshrub, clothed with spreading hairs. Leaves
petioled, broadly ovate ; flowers in lateral cymes.— West Coast, beyond the
frontier, Curror in Herb. Hook.

6. PHAYLOPSIS, Willd.

Calyx 5-parted, the upper segment very large, bract-like.
Corolla 2-lipped, upper lip 2 -fid, lower 3-fid or subringent, the
upper lip entire or 2-dentate. Stamens 4, didynamous, in-
cluded ; anthers 2-celled, with parallel cells. Capsule 2-
celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded at base, with membranous sides, the
septum separating in 2 seed-bearing lamellae. — iEtheilema,
DC. Prod. xi. p. 261.

Leafy branching, herbaceous plants. Spikes axillary and terminal, leafy,
subsessile. — Natal.

Suborder 3. Acanthidese. (G-en. 7-23.)

7. BARLERIA, Linn.

Calyx cruciately 4-parted, the upper and lower lobes much
larger and broader than the others. Corolla funnel-shaped,
the tube long or short, dilated in the throat ; limb 5-parted,
the upper lobe shorter. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted
near the base of the tube, the longer ones equalling the
corolla-tube, the shorter sometimes without anthers ; anthers
linear, 2-celled, cells parallel, pointless. Stigma funnel-
shaped, truncate. Capsules conical-acuminate, 4-2-seeded at
base ; septum entire, adnate. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 223.

Herbaceous or shrubby, of various habit. Flowers axillary or spiked,
with wide or narrow bracts, handsome, mostly blue. — 13 South African
species, Northern and Eastern.

8. CRABBEA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted, subequal, the segments subulate. Co-
rolla tubular or bell-shaped ; limb 5-parted, the 3 upper seg-
ments rather smaller. Stamens 4, included ; anthers 2-celled,
cells contiguous, unequal at base, bristly. Stigma funnel-
shaped, 2-lipped, 1 lip short, narrow, the other dilated, ovate.
Capsule terete, 6-8-seeded. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 162 ; Thes. Cap.
t. 64.

Dwarf undershrubs, often procumbent, with densely crowded leaves.
Spikes axillary, subsessile, capitate, imbricated with large, rigid, veiny,
spine-bordered or rigidly ciliate bracts. — 4 or 5 species, in Caffraria and
Natal.

284

XCII. ACANTHACEiE.

9. BLEPHARIS, Juss.

Calyx cruciately 4-parted, bracteate ; upper segment entire,
3-nerved ; lower 2-nerved. Corolla-tube very short, lip 5-
lobed, 3 often much larger than the others. Stamens 4, sub-
didynamous ; anthers 1-celled. Capsule 2-celled ; 2-4-seeded
at the base. — Blepharis and Acanthodium, Nees in DC. Prod.
xi. pp. 265, 273.

Dwarf shrubs or herbs, often spiny and woody. Flowers in bracteate
spikes. — 11 Cape species, all but one from east of Uitenhage.

10. ACANTHOPSIS, Harv.

Calyx 4-parted, the upper and lower segments much larger,
the former 2-dentate, obsoletely 6-nerved. Corolla 1-labiate,
with a long, slender tube, the lip shortly 5-lobed, the middle
lobe larger, the lateral ear-like. Stamens 4, on the summit of
the corolla-tube, exserted ; anthers 1-celled, bearded, fixed by
the middle on the apex of the filament. Stigma acute, incurved.
Capsule short, ovate, compressed, 2-seeded at base. — DC.
Prod. xi. p. 278.

Herbs with spinous -toothed leaves, and dense, terminal spikes, with mul-
tifid, rigid, spinous bracts. — 2 species, from the Northern frontier.

11. ACANTHUS, Linn.

Calyx 4-parted, the upper and lower segments broader, 4-
or many-nerved. Corolla 1-labiate, lip 3-fid or 3-lobed, often
eared at base, the upper margin entire. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous ; anthers 1-celled, ciliate. Capsule 2-celled, compressed,
papery, 4-seeded. — DC. Prod, xi . p. 269. Also Dilivaria, DC.
1. c. 268.

Herbs or undershrubs. A. ilicifolius , Linn., a widely dispersed maritime
Asiatic species, occurs near Uitenhage.

12. SCLEROCHITON, Harv.

Calyx 2-bracteate, scarious, rigid, 5-parted ; segments sub-
equal, obtuse. Corolla 1-labiate, with an incurved tube,
the throat wider and cleft on the upper side ; limb flat, 5-lobed.
Stamens 4, exserted, subequal; anthers 1-celled, cells semi-
ovate, ciliolate. Stigma obtuse or 2-dentate. Capsule coria-
ceous, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 279 ; Thes. Cap. t.
145.

S. Harveyanus , Nees, is a trailing, shrubby plant, growing on the borders
of woods in Caffraria, with ovate, subglabrous leaves, and axillary, purple
flowers.

13. DUVERN OIA, E. Mey.

Calyx short, bell-shaped, 4-fid, the upper segment 2-dentate.

XC1I. ACANTUACE.®.

285

Corolla ringent, coriaceous, the upper lip compressed, vaulted,
with the margin incurved, especially at the apex, membranous
and emarginate ; lower lip 3-fid, the medial lobe larger. Sta-
mens 2, exserted ; the rudiments of the others adnate to the
corolla, appearing as callous, hairy lines rising from the bases
of the fertile filaments toward the galea ; anthers 2-celled,
the cells parallel, pointless, one a little higher. Ovary ovate,
hairy, 4-ovuled ; stigma obtuse. Capsule ? — DC. Prod. xi. p.
322.

A Natal shrub, with oblong, acute glabrous leaves, 7-9 inches long,
inches wide, and axillary, peduncled, bracteate spikes. Corolla purple,
velvety, 1 in. long,

14. JUSTICIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla-tube short, straight, upper lip
3-fid, concave, not hooded, lower 3-fid, middle-lobe larger than
the lateral, convex, rugose. Stamens 2, fertile, exserted ;
anther-cells superposed, lower spurred. Ovary with 2 or more
ovules in each cell ; style entire, obtuse. Capsule laterally
compressed below, the seeds 2-valved. Seeds tubercled or mu-
cronate, with acute hooks. — Justicia, Rostellularia, Adhatoda,
Monechma, and Eaphidospora, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. p. 368,
384, 411, 426, and 499.

Herbs or shrubs. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, panicled or
spicate, often handsome. — About 20 species, chiefly Eastern.

15. ECTEINANTHUS, T. Anders.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments subequal, ciliate. Corolla 2-
lipped, the upper lip 2-dentate, subfornicate, lower convex,
3-fid, cross-ridged. Stamens 2 ; anther-cells placed one above
the other, inserted sub transversely on the apex of the filament,
oval, pointless. Stigma acute, entire. Capsule ovate, sterile
at base, oblique, 4-seeded. Seeds ovate, compressed, rough-
skinned.— T. Anders, in Linn. Soc. Journ. vii. Dot. p. 45 ; Rhy-
tiglossa, ex parte, Nees in DC. Prod. xi. p. 335.

Small undershrubs or herbs, differing from Justicia by the anthers and
capsule. Leaves sparse, ovate or oblong. Flowers spiked, axillary and
terminal. Bracts small. — 5 species, from Eastern district and Natal.

16. DICLIPTERA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted, equal, sessile in bracteate capitula, the
outer bracts mostly 2, opposite, of larger size. Corolla resu-
pinate, 2-labiate, the lips flat or concave, the upper 3-toothed,
lower 2-dentate or entire. Stamens 2 ; anthers 2-celled, the
cells placed one above the other, pointless. Capsules 2-valved,
2-celled, short, 4-seeded; the septum, in the ripe capsules,

286

XCII. ACANTIIACKJE.

separating from the back and walls of the valves, curving up-
wards with the seeds and seed-hooks. — DC. Prod, xi .p. 473.

Herbs or shrubby plants, mostly tropical. — 3 South African species,
Eastern and from Natal.

17. PEEISTEOPHE, Nees.

Calyx 5-cleft or parted, equal, sessile in bracteated capitula.
Corolla resupinate, 2-labiate, the lips flat, the upper 3-toothed,
lower entire or 2-toothed. Stamens 2 ; anthers narrow, 2-
celled, the cells placed obliquely one over the other, pointless.
Capsules 2-valved, 2-celled, with a long sterile base, cells 2-
seeded at the apex ; the septum adnate, persistent. — DC. Prod.
xi. p. 492.

Herbs, with purple, long-tubed flowers, in axillary or terminal umbellate
and 2-bracteate heads. — 2 species, in the Eastern districts and Natal.

18. HYPOESTES, E. Br.

Calyx 5-cleft or parted, equal, included in a 4-leaved invo-
lucre. Corolla 2- lipped, the lower lip deeply 3-fid. Stamens
2 ; anthers 1-celled, cohering in the bud ; cell lateral on a
narrow connective. Stigma 2-fid. Capsule compressed and
seedless at base, 2-celled and 4-seeded above ; septum adnate,
complete. Seeds tubercled. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 501.

Herbs or shrubs, Asiatic, Australian, and African, very abundant in
Madagascar. — 2 species, in the Eastern districts and Natal.

19. EAMUSIA, Nees, not E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla 2-labiate, the tube long, the
lips about equal, the upper entire, lower 3-fid. Stamens 2, in
the throat, exserted ; anthers 1-celled, glabrous, pointless,
keeled at back, fixed above the base. Stigma entire. Capsule
unknown. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 309.

An undershrub, with angularly bent, slender branches, oval, bluntly
acuminate leaves, and terminal or axillary, spiked flowers. Bracts small.

20. EHINACANTHUS, Nees.

Calyx 5-parted, equal, subtended by small, subulate bracts
and bracteoles. Corolla salver-shaped, 2-lipped, with a long,
slender tube, the upper lip narrow, lower equally 3-fid. Sta-
mens 2, exserted ; anthers 2-celled, pointless, placed one above
the other on the connective. Capsule clavate, with a long,
compressed, barren base, 4-2-seeded above; septum adnate,
complete. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 442.

R.oblongus , Nees, our only species, is an undershrub, found on the Cliumi
mountain by Eckler and Zeyher. Leaves lanceolate-oblong ; panicles
axillary and terminal, 2-3-chotomous ; flowers tufted.

XCII. ACANTIIACEiE.

287

21. RUTTYA, Harv.

Calyx 5-parted ; segments linear-attennate, very long.
Corolla 2-labiate, tbe upper lip erect, semi-2-fid, flat, lower
deflexed, equally 3-parted ; tube wide, shorter than the calyx,
on one side inflated. Stamens in the throat, exserted, fertile
2, with 1-celled, oblique anthers, mucronate at base ; sterile,
tooth-like, very short. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled ;
style slender, pubescent ; stigma 2-fid. Capsule clavate,
barren at base, 4-seeded above. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 309 ; Thes.
Cap. t. 144.

A Natal shrub, 8-10 feet high, with ovate-acuminate leaves, and very
dense, terminal, ovate-oblong or cylindrical spikes of bright red flowers.
Bracts subulate.

22. ASYSTASIA, Blume.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla funnel-shaped ; limb 5-fid,
subequal, the upper lip rather concave. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, included, connate in pairs at base ; anthers 2-celled, the
cells parallel, callous or appendiculate at base. Stigma capi-
tate, 2-lobed. Capsules compressed and barren at base, 4-
seeded above. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 163.

A. Gangetica , T. Anders., a common African and Asiatic species, occurs
at Natal. Branches diffuse, slender ; leaves cordate-ovate or roundish,
small j racemes axillary and terminal, secund ; bracts small.

23. MACKAYA, Harv.

Calyx small, nude, equally 5-parted, the lobes subulate.
Corolla with a cylindrical tube, bell-shaped, the limb veiny,
subequal, erect. Stamens in the throat of the tube ; 2 fer-
tile, with sagittate, 2-celled, equal-sided anthers ; 2 sterile
filiform, without anthers. Style filiform ; stigma minute, 2-
fid. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-ovuled in the middle. Capsule
clavate, with a compressed, barren base, 4-seeded above. —
Thes. Cap. t. 13.

M. bella , Harv., is a graceful shrub, the leaves petioled, ovate-oblong,,
repand, minutely dotted above, glabrous; the flowers in terminal, slender,
secund racemes. Flowers large and handsome, 2 inches long, pale lilac,
pendulous.

Order XCIII. VERBENACEJE.

Calyx tubular, 5-fid or 5-parted, rarely 2-parted, persistent.
Corolla tubular, deciduous, with an irregular, more or less
labiate, rarely subregular limb. Stamens 4, didynamous, or
nearly equal, sometimes with a rudimentary fifth stamen.
Ovary free, 2-4-celled ; style 1, terminal ; ovules mostly soli-

288

XCIII. VERBENACEJ2.

tary, rarely in pairs. Fruit either dry, separating at maturity
into 1-seeded nuts, or drupaceous, with a juicy, fleshy or spongy
sarcocarp. Seeds erect or pendulous, with or without albumen.
— A large Order of herbs shrubs and trees. Leaves commonly
opposite, alternate, in Selaginece , Stilbinece , and a few others
exstipulate. Inflorescence racemose capitate or cymose.

Suborder 1. Verbenese. Corolla with imbricate aestivation. Anthers
2-celled. Seeds erect, exalbuminous, with an inferior radicle. — Leaves oppo-
site or whorled, very rarely alternate.

1. Euverbenea:. Inflorescence indefinite, racemose,
spiked or capitate or rarely solitary, axillary
flowers. Ovules erect. (Calyx tubular.)

Flowers axillary. Ovules 2 in each cell ... 1. Spielmannia.

Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, or panicled.

Ovules 1 in each cell.

Flowers in spikes or heads.

Limb of corolla 5-lobed.

Ovary 4-celled.

Fruit of 2, rough or bristled, 2-celled

nuts 2. Priva.

Fruit of 4, striate or ridged nuts . . 3. Verbena.

Ovary 2-celled.

Calyx herbaceous, splitting in fruit.

Stamens 4, didynamous, perfect . . 4. Bouchea.

Calyx membranous, compressed, 2-
ribbed. Stamens 2 perfect, 2 with-
out anthers 5. Stachytarpha.

Limb of corolla 4-lobed.

Fruit of 2, dry, separate or cohering nuts. 6. Lippia.

Fruit a fleshy or juicy drupe .... 7. Lantana.
Flowers in loose racemes or panicles. Ovary 8-
celled. Fruit concealed in the coloured
calyx 8. Duranta.

2. Viticea:. Inflorescence definite, cymose. Ovules

pendulous. Stamens exserted.

Corolla subequally 5-lobed, with a long tube . 9. Clerodendron.

Corolla 2-labiate. Stamens ascending.

Leaves simple. (Peduncles sometimes 1-

flowered) 10. Cyclonema.

Leaves compound, digitate, very rarely 1-

foliolate 11. Vitex.

3. Avicenniea:. Inflorescence capitate or spiked.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-fid. Ovules pen-
dulous. Embryo germinating within the pe-
ricarp.

Character the same as that of the tribe . . .12. Avicennia.

Suborder 2. Stilbinese. Calyx and corolla with induplicate-valvate
eestivation. Anthers 2-celled. Seeds erect, albuminous, with an inferior
radicle. — Leaves alternate, linear.

Calyx equally semi-5-fid. Corolla-lobes membranous,
blunt. Fruit 1-seeded

13. Stilbe.

XCIir. VERBENACEiE.

289

Calyx deeply and unequally cleft. Corolla-lobes sub-

coriaceous, acute. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded . . 14. Campylostachys.

Suborder 3. Selaginese. Anthers 1-celled, adnate. Seeds pendulous,
with a superior radicle. — Leaves alternate.

Corolla tubular, salver- or funnel-shaped.

Stamens 2. Corolla slender. Calyx 5-toothed . 15. Agathelpis.
Stamens 2 fertile, included ; 2 sterile, in the throat.

Corolla slender. Calyx 5-parted 16. Gosela.

Stamens 4, more or less didynamous, all fertile.

Calyx 5- or 3 -toothed or cleft.

Carpel solitary, 1-seeded 17. Microdon.

Carpels 2, subequal, cohering, each 1-seeded . 18. Selago.

Calyx 4-parted, sub-2-labiate. Carpels 2 . . 19. Walafrida.

Corolla split down the front, 1-labiate, 4-lobed.

Calyx cleft in front.

Carpels 2, equal, each falsely 3-celled, the lateral

cells empty 20. Polycenia.

Carpels 2, very unequal, the back one abortive,

the front 1-celled, 1-seeded 21. Hebenstreitia.

Calyx 2-parted, the segments lateral. Carpels 2,

nearly equal, 1-celled, 1-seeded 22. Dischisma.

Suborder 1. Verbenese. (Gen. 1-12.)

Tribe 1. Euverbeneje.

1. SPIELMANNIA, Med.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube
swollen at base ; throat closed with hairs ; limb 5-fid, nearly
equal, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anther-
cells parallel. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules in each cell 2, erect ;
style short, persistent ; stigma hooked. Drupe succulent,
with a 2-celled nucleus. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 525.

Small, densely leafy shrubs. Leaves opposite or ternate, toothed.
Flowers solitary in the upper axils, sessile, white. — 2 species, one of them
common.

2. PRIVA, Adans.

Calyx tubular, 5-plaited, 5-toothed. Corolla nearly salver-
shaped ; tube cylindrical ; limb 5-fid, subequal, oblique.
Stamens 4, didynamous, included ; anthers erect, sagittate.
Ovary 4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigma lateral,
mostly reflexed. Fruit enclosed in the enlarged membranous
calyx, hard and dry, separating at maturity into 2 normally 2-
celled pieces, dorsally tubercled or echinate, rarely smooth. —
DC. Prod. xi. p. 532.

Weed-like herbs, chiefly tropical. Leaves opposite, petioled. coarsely ser-
rate. Racemes or spikes terminal and axillary, long and slender, with sub-
distant small flowers. — P. dentata , Juss., occurs in the Eastern districts.

U

290

XCIII. VEBBENACEA3.

3. VERBENA, Linn.

Calyx tubular, plaited, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla nearly
salver-shaped ; tube cylindrical, widening upwards, straight or
curved, villous on the inside at the insertion of the stamens
and bearded in the throat ; limb sub-2-labiate, unequally 5-fid.
Stamens 4, included ; anthers ovate, subdidynamous. Ovary on
a ring-like disk, 4-celled ; style equalling the stamens, 2-fid or
2-lobed, one of the arms stigmatose, the other horn-like,
barren. Fruit enclosed in the calyx, separating into 4 pieces,
dry, striate or ridged. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 535.

Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly American. Stems 4-sided. Leaves oppo-
site or ternate, very rarely alternate, entire or multifid. Flowers in spikes
or heads. — V. Bonariensis is naturalized at the Cape, and V. officinalis is
common and seems to be truly wild.

4. BOUCHEA, Cham.

Calyx tubular, elongate, 5-plaited and angled, subequally
5 -toothed, truncate between the teeth. Corolla somewhat
salver-shaped, the limb oblique, sub -2-labiate. Stamens in the
throat of the corolla, 4, didynamous, included ; anthers ovate,
subdidymous. Ovary on a fleshy or disk-like gynophore, 2-
celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style equalling the stamens ; stigma
bent on one side, dilated into a sub-2-lobed, more or less in-
folded lamina. Fruit enclosed in the split and gaping calyx,
of 2 pieces, either separating at maturity or cohering, dry and
hard, mostly smooth. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 557 ; Thes. Cap. t. 28,
t. 190.

Herbs or halfshrubs. Leaves opposite, entire, toothed or pinnatifid.
Flowers in terminal spikes. — Several Cape species, Eastern.

5. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl.

Calyx tubular, compressed, membranous, with herbaceous
(rarely only 2 marginal) ribs, commonly with 2 facial and 3 ob-
solete dorsal ribs, mostly plaited, truncate or 5-toothed or
cleft on one side, or 2-fid, the lobes 2-toothed or entire. Co-
rolla funnel- or salver-shaped, with straight or curved tube*
the throat minutely pubescent ; limb subequally 5-fid. Sta-
mens included, the two upper without anthers, lower pair fer-
tile ; anthers 2-celled, cells linear- oblong, superposed. Ovary
on an annular disk, 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style capillary ;
stigma terminal, peltate-capitate. Fruit enclosed in the
slightly enlarged calyx, of 2 separable pieces. — DC. Prod. xi.
p. 561.

Herbs or shrubs, chiefly American. Flowers in dense, bracteate spikes.
— 1 or 2 Cape species, probably naturalized.

XCIII. VERBEHACE.E.

291

6. LIPPIA, Linn.

Calyx small, tubular, 2-winged 2-keeled or plain, 2-fid, the
lobes more or less 2-toothed, at length commonly 2-parted.
Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped; tube widening upwards; limb
oblique, 4-lobed, sub-2 -labiate, the upper lip entire or 2-fid,
lower 3-fid. Stamens 4, included, didynamous ; anther-cells
parallel. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigma
lateral. Fruit of 2 separating or cohering pieces, dry, girt
with the often 2-parted calyx. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 572.

Herbs or shrubs, mostly American, very generally strongly scented.
Flowers capitate or spiked, small, usually subtended by large bracts.
Leaves opposite or whorled. — L. asperifolia, Rich. (A. Capensis, Spr.), a
shrub common to Africa and South America, and L. nodiflora, , Rich., a
common littoral dwarf species of hot countries, occur in the Eastern district
and at Natal.

7. LANTANA, Linn.

Calyx very small, membranous, subcampanulate, obsoletely
4-toothed, enlarging with the fruit and enclosing it. Corolla
tubular-funnelshaped, the tube much longer than the calyx,
widening upwards ; limb oblique, 4-lobed, sub -2-labiate, the
upper lip entire or 2-fid, lower 3-fid. Stamens 4, included.
Ovary 2-celled; cells 1-ovuled; style short; stigma bent back or
obliquely capitate. Drupe fleshy or juicy, with 2 pyrenes. —
DC. Prod. xi. p. 594.

Shrubs or undershrubs, chiefly American, mostly strongly scented.
Flowers in dense heads, often lengthening into spikes during flowering.
Calyx pubescent, but never villous or hairy. — L. salvicefolia, Jacq., our
only species, is a common shrub in the Eastern district.

8. DURANT A, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5 -ribbed, subplicate, the ribs running out
into 5 subulate teeth, beyond the subtruncate mouth. Corolla
somewhat salver-shaped, the tube longer than the calyx,
slightly incurved ; limb expanded, 5-fid, the lobes rounded,
unequal, pubescent, as is also the throat. Stamens 4, included ;
filaments very short ; anthers sagittate, erect. Ovary 8-celled ;
cells 1-ovuled; style short; stigma subcapitate, suboblique.
Drupe quite hidden in the enlarged, membranous and coloured,
orally-constricted calyx, containing four 2-celled pyrenes. —
DC. Prod, xi .p. 615.

Shrubs of tropical America ; but T>. Plumieri seems to be wild near
Natal. Sent by Burke and Zeyher and by Sanderson.

Tribe 2. Yiticeje.

9. CLERODENDRON, R. Br.

Calyx bell-shaped, rarely tubular, 5-fid or 5-toothed. Co-
ir 2

292

XCIII. YERBENACEiE.

rolla funnel- or salver-shaped ; tube mostly much longer than
the calyx ; limb 5-parted, lobes subequal. Stamens 4, much
exserted, subdidynamous. Ovary 4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled,
ovule pendulous ; style filiform, exserted ; stigma 2-fid, acute.
Drupe juicy or fleshy, contained in the enlarged calyx, mostly
2-4-lobed, containing 4 or fewer 1-celled pyrenes. — DC. Prod.
xi. p. 658.

Shrubs or trees, chiefly tropical. — C. glabrum, Sond., the only Cape spe-
cies, occurs in the Eastern district and Caffraria.

10. CYCLONEMA, Hochst.

Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-fid. Corolla irregular, the tube
reclinate ; limb unequally 5-lobed, 2-labiate, spreading, the
after segment resupinate, concave-galeate, the rest flat. Sta-
mens 4, subdidynamous much exserted ; filaments ascending,
hairy at base, in the bud rolled up under the galea ; anthers
sagittate, cells parallel. Ovary 4-celled ; cells 1-ovulate ;
style filiform, longer than the stamens ; stigma 2-fid. Drupe
scarcely fleshy, with 4 or fewer pyrenes, lobed, sitting in the
small calyx. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 675 ; Thes. Cap. t. 27.

Shrubs or small undershrubs, almost herbaceous, with opposite or ternate,
simple leaves, and axillary, few-flowei’ed, trichotomous cymes, sometimes
reduced to 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate peduncles. — 3 or 4 species, near Natal.

11. VXTEX, Linn.

Calyx cup-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 5-toothed or
5-fid. Corolla 2-labiate, the upper lip 2-fid, the lower 3-fid,
the middle segment larger than the rest and projecting ; throat
often enlarged. Stamens 4, didynamous, ascending, exserted ;
anthers obcordate. Ovary 4-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style
filiform, 2-fid. Drupe in the enlarged and often torn calyx,
juicy, with one 4-celled pyrene. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 682.

Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical. Leaves opposite, mostly digitate,
rarely 1-foliolate. Cymes trichotomous or simple, axillary or panicled. —
3 Cape species, from the Eastern district and Natal.

Tribe 3. Ayicennie^e.

12. AVICENlSriA, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, equal, the sepals concave, obtuse, imbricate.
Corolla-tube short, bell-shaped ; limb 4-fid, the back lobe
mostly broader and shorter. Stamens 4, glabrous, shortly
exserted, subequal ; anther-cells distinct, collateral. Ovary
sessile, ovate, without style, or conoid, tapering into a style,
silky, 2-celled ; ovules in pairs, collateral, pendulous, 1 only
fertilized ; stigmata 2, small. Fruit obliquely ovate, com-

XCIII. VERBENACEJE.

293

pressed, tipped with the rudimentary style ; pericarp coria-
ceous, closely investing the seed (which has no proper integu-
ment). Albumen scarcely any; embryo fleshy, green, erect,
with very thick reniform, conduplicate cotyledons ; radicle
long, thick, densely and softly hairy. — DC. Prod. xi. p. 698.

Littoral, evergreen shrubs or trees of warm countries. Leaves opposite,
leathery, entire, glabrous above, hoary beneath. Peduncles axillary, or
3 at the ends of the branches, mostly 3-headed. Flowers small. — A. offici-
nalis, Linn., a widely- dispersed species, occurs at Natal.

Suborder 2. Stilbinese. (Glen. 13-14.)

13. STILBE, Berg.

Calyx equal, 5-fid to the middle, the segments with indexed
margins, pubescent-ciliate. Corolla 5-fid, the throat hairy ;
segments linear, subtruncate, membranous, the 2 posterior a
little longer, connate. Stamens 4, with a rudimentary fifth.
Utricle thin-shelled, subturbinate, 5-ribbed, 1-seeded. — E.
Mey. in Comm . Drege , p. 279 ; DC. Prod. xii. p. 606. Also
Eurylobium, Hochst., DC. 1. c. p. 607.

Heath-like shrubs, with rigid, linear, crowded, alternate leaves, and ter-
minal, densely spiked or capitate flowers. — A few species, dispersed.

14. CAMPYLOSTACHYS, E. Mey.

Calyx very deeply 5-cleft, the three anterior clefts nearly to
the base. Corolla 4-5-fid ; segments acute, subcoriaceous, 3-
nerved. Stamens 4. Capsule subglobose, 2-celled, 2-seeded,
opening in 4 parts at the apex. — E. Mey. 1. c. p. 278 ; DC. Prod.
xii. p. 605. Also Euthystachys, A . DC. in DC. Prod. xii. p. 606.

Shrubs, with the habit of Stilbe , except that the spikes are more or less
nodding. — 2 species, Western.

Suborder 3. Selagineae. (Glen. 15-22.)

15. AGATHELPIS, Choisy.

Calyx tubular, 5 -toothed, plaited, adnate to its subtending
bract, deflexed in fruit. Corolla- tube long, slender, cylindrical,
curved ; limb subequally 5-lobed, lobes short and fleshy.
Stamens 2, included ; filaments very short. Utricle solitary,
semiterete, enclosed in the calyx. — E. Mey. 1. c. p. 252 ; DC.
Prod. xii. p. 23.

Slender, twiggy undershrubs, with linear leaves and dull coloured, sweetly
scented flowers, in lax, terminal spikes. — Several species, dispersed.

16. GOSELA, Choisy.

Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla with a long tube and short 5-
lobed limb. Stamens 2 fertile, subsessile within the tube, and

294

XCIII. VEEBENACEJi.

2 sterile in the throat. Ovary 2 -celled ; style filiform, elon-
gate ; stigma simple. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 22.

6r. Eckloniana, Ch., is a slender herb, with linear leaves and hairy spikes
of flowers.

17. MICRODOlSr, Choisy.

Calyx tubular, 5- toothed, plaited, scarcely actuate to the
bract at base. Corolla- tube funnel-shaped ; limb sub -2 -labiate,
the two after-segments suberect, the lateral spreading, the
front one deflexed. Stamens 4, didynamous, 2 exserted, 2 sub-
included. Utricle by abortion solitary, semiterete, enclosed
in the calyx. — E. Mey. 1. c. p. 253 ; DC. Prod. xii. p. 23.

Undershrubs, with scattered or tufted leaves, and very dense, terminal
spikes of flowers, subtended by large, expanded, often membranous bracts.
— 4 or 5 species.

18. SELAG-O, Linn.

Calyx 3-5-cleft, free or slightly adnate at base, the anterior
cut generally the deepest. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped or cy-
lindrical ; limb 5- fid, unequally spreading, the back sinus
sometimes shortest. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule 2-
celled or 2-parted; cells 1-seeded. — E. Mey. 1. c.p. 254; DC.
Prod. xii. p. 8.

A large genus of herbs or undershrubs, diversified in aspect. Leaves small,
crowded, scattered or tufted, entire or toothed. Flower-spike capitate, or in
compound corymbs, blue white or cream-coloured, often very sweetly
scented, especially at night. — 71 species, dispersed.

19. WALAFRIDA, E. Mey.

Calyx sub-2-labiate, 4-parted, the front segments rather
broadest. Corolla-tube cylindrical, curved ; limb regular, 5-
lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary subglobose ;
style filiform, exserted ; stigma clavate, incurved. Carpels 2,
at length separating, subsemiglobose, falsely 3-celled ; lateral
cells empty, hairy within, medial 1-seeded. — E. Mey. 1. c. p.
272 ; DC. Prod. xii. p. 21.

An undershrub, found in the Eastern district, 1-1^ foot high, with
ovate, acuminate leaves and spiked flowers. Corolla bluish.

20. POLYCEETIA, Choisy.

Calyx cleft in front. Corolla with its tube deeply cleft in
front, 1-lipped ; lip 4-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, very
short, on the margins of the lip of corolla. Carpels 2, equal,
at length separating, falsely 3-celled, the lateral cells empty,
medial 1-seeded. — E. Mey. 1. c. p. 245 ; DC. Prod. xii. p. 29.

XCIII. VERBENACEjE.

295

Shrubs or herbs, with scattered leaves and densely spiked flowers. —
Several species, dispersed.

21. HEBENSTBEITIA, Linn.

Flowers of Polycenia. Carpels 2, unequal, at length sepa-
rating, 1-celled, the back one often abortive, resting on the
front, which is 1-seeded. — E. Mey. l.c.p. 246 ; DC. Prod. xii.
p. 3.

Undershrubs or herbs, some annual, with narrow, scattered leaves and
long spikes of orange or yellow flowers. — Several species, dispersed.

22. DISCHISMA, Choisy.

Calyx 2-parted, the segments lateral. Corolla and stamens
of Polycenia. Carpels 2, nearly equal, 1-celled, 1-seeded. —
E. Mey. 1. c. p. 250 ; DC. Prod. xii. p. 6.

Separated from Hebenstreitia, on account of the 2-parted calyx. Flowers
in dense villous spikes. — Several species, dispersed.

Order XCIY. PLUMBAGINE.®.

Calyx tubular, persistent, dry, with plicate aestivation. Co-
rolla regular, either tubular or of 5 separate petals. Stamens
5, opposite the petals or the lobes of corolla, hypogynous in
the monopetalous genera, adnate to the claws of the petals
in the polypetalous. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous
from a long cord, rising from the base of the cell ; styles 5
(rarely 3-4). Fruit a utricle ; seed pendulous, albuminous. —
Herbs or halfshrubs, often growing near the sea or in salt
ground, with alternate or tufted leaves, and cymose or fascicled
flowers. Corolla soon withering. Calyx often coloured.

Tribe 1. Plumbagea:. Corolla gamopetalous, salver- or funnel-shaped.
Stamens hypogynous.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 5 glandular ribs . . . . 1. Plumbago.

Calyx ovate, 5-winged, the wings cross-ribbed and fur-
rowed 2. Yogelta.

Tribe 2. Staticea:. Corolla 5-petalled. Stamens attached to the claws
of the petals.

Calyx funnel-shaped, with a 5-nerved, 5-lobed limb . . 3. Statice.

1. PLUMBAGO, Tourn.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, membranous, with 5 broad, green,
glandular ribs. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube exserted ;
limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovary ovate or ob-
long ; style filiform ; stigmas 5, filiform, glandular within.

296

XCIV. PLUMBAaiXEJE.

Utricle membranous, tipped with the hardened style-base,
circumscissed at base, thence to the middle splitting into valves,
which cohere at apex. Seed ovate or oblong. — DC. Drocl. xii.
p. 690.

Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Flowers in spikes. — 2 Cape species,
dispersed.

2. VOGELIA, Lam.

Calyx ovate, vertically 5-winged, contracted at the mouth,
composed of 5 broad, strongly ribbed, papery, cross ridged and
furrowed, slightly cohering sepals. Corolla funnel-shaped,
the tube exserted ; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, hypogynous.
Ovary linear ; style filiform ; stigmas 5, long, linear, glandu-
lar within. Utricle linear- oblong, 5-angled, splitting in 5
valves. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 695 ; Harv. Thes. Cap. t. 198.

Erect, branching underslirubs. Leaves small, scurfy. Flowers in dense
terminal spikes. — 1 Cape species, V. Africana , Lam., a native of the
Northern frontier and Namaqualand.

3. STATICE, Willd.

Calyx mostly funnel-shaped, with a dry, membranous, 5-
nerved, 5- or rarely 10-lobed limb. Corolla of 5, either quite
separate or slightly cohering petals (or very rarely gamopeta-
lous). Stamens 5, attached to the claws of the petals. Ovary
oblong or linear ; styles 5, filiform. Utricle irregularly burst-
ing.— DC. Prod. xii. p. 634.

Perennial herbs of seacoasts and salt ground, with a thick rhizome and
many radical leaves, or branching undershrubs. Leaves coriaceous, mostly
entire. Scapes branching, mostly cymose, the flowers secund, fugacious. —
Several Cape species.

Order XCY. BORAGINEiE.

Calyx 5-4-parted, mostly persistent, sometimes enlarged in
fruit. Corolla 5-lobed, regular or subirregular. Stamens as
many as corolla-lobes, alternate with them. Ovary normally
of 2 bilocular carpels, either combined in a solid body, or 4-
lobed or -parted (like 4 separate carpels) ; ovules solitary ;
style single, simple or once or twice 2-fid. Fruit either fleshy
or dry, drupe-like or nut-like. Seeds pendulous, filling the
cavity ; albumen little or 0 ; cotyledons leafy, flat or plaited.
— A large Order in both temperate and tropical zones. Leaves
alternate, very rarely opposite. Pubescence mostly rough.
Inflorescence a scorpioid cyme, or 1-sided raceme.

XCY. BORAGINEiE.

297

* Ovary undivided ; style terminal.

Tribe 1. Cordiea:. Style twice forked at the summit, rarely 0. Fruit
succulent, 4-seeded. Cotyledons plaited. — Shrubs.

Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Corolla funnel- or

salver-shaped 1. Cordia.

Tribe 2. Ehretiea:. Style 2-lobed at apex. Fruit succulent, 4-seeded.
Cotyledons flat. — Shrubs.

Stamens exserted. Style 2-fid ; stigma capitellate.

Berry fleshy or nearly dry 2. Ehretia.

Stamens included ; style short ; stigma entire or

2-lobed ; fruit of 2 separable carpels or 4-parted 3. Tournefortia.

Tribe 3. Heliotropes. Style simple, terminal. Fruit nearly dry, se-
parable into 2 parts. — Shrubs or herbs.

Corolla salver-shaped, with open throat. Nuts 4,

at length separating 4. Heliotropium.

Corolla salver-shaped, with a constricted, 5 -rayed

throat 5. Heliophttum.

** Ovary deeply 4<-lobed; style simple , rising from the base of the lobes.

Tribe 4. Borages. Ovary consisting either of 2 separate 2-celled car-
pels or deeply 4-lobed. Style springing from the base of the lobes. — Shrubs
or herbs.

Nuts not united to the style or style-base.

Corolla more or less irregular, funnel-shaped,
nude or with small scales at the origin of the
filaments. Nuts imperforate at base.

A small hairy-edged scale at the base of each

stamen 6.

No scale at the base of the stamen .... 7.

Corolla regular, nude or usually with scales or
prominences in the throat, opposite the lobes.

Nuts hollowed out (perforate) at base. Corolla-
tube closed by rough scales.

Corolla-lobes erect. Calyx 5-angled ; lobes

ovate : — an undershrub 8.

Corolla-lobes spreading. Calyx 5-parted or

-cleft 9.

Nuts not hollowed (imperforate) at base.

Corolla open-mouthed. Stigma capitate.

Nuts ovate 10.

Corolla closed with scales. Stigma obtuse.

Nuts compressed 11.

Nuts inserted on a flat, more or less lateral area,
united with the style or style-base, not perfo-
rate at base. Corolla regular, with or without
scales in the throat.

Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Corolla-lobes blunt.

Corolla salver-shaped. Nuts margined, with

hooked bristles 12.

Corolla funnel-shaped. Nuts not margined,
irregularly covered writh hooked bristles . .13.

Calyx enlarged, its segments and those of corolla
taper-pointed 14.

Lobostemon.

Echium.

Stomatechium.

Anchusa.

Lithospermum.

Myosotis.

Echinospermum.

Cynoglossttm.

Trichodesma.

298

XCV. BOEAGINEiE.

TeIBE 1. COEDIEAl.

1. COKDIA, Plum.

Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed (rarely 3-6-8-toothed). Corolla
funnel or salver-shaped ; limb 4-5-parted (rarely 6-12). Style
twice 2-fid, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy,
girt with the persistent calyx. — DU. Prod. ix. p. 471.

Trees or shrubs, mostly tropical, with often handsome flowers. — There
are 2 or more South African species, natives of the interior and Natal.

Teibe 2. Eheetie.®.

2. EHRETIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-lobed, valvate or imbricate in bud. Corolla salver-
shaped or subrotate, the tube long and cylindrical, or short
(sometimes very short), subcampanulate ; lobes 5, imbricate.
Stamens with subulate filaments, exserted ; anthers ovate.
Ovary 4-celled ; style 2-fid or 2-parted ; stigmas mostly capi-
tellate. Berry either fleshy or nearly dry. Seeds with little
or no albumen. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 502 ; Thes. Cap. t. 6.

Shrubs or small trees, chiefly tropical. Leaves alternate or tufted, en-
tire. Flowers cymoso-corymbose. — 2 (or more) species, in the Eastern dis-
trict.

3. TOURNEFOBTIA, Linn.

Calyx 5-4-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, nude in the
throat. Stamens 5-4, included. Style mostly short, rarely 0 ;
stigma undivided or 2-lobed, peltate, subconical. Fruit either
of 2 undivided, 2-celled, 2-seeded carpels, or 4-parted. — PC.
Prod. ix. p. 513.

Erect or climbing shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, mostly
petioled. Scorpioid cymes nude, branching ; corolla white or yellowish.—
T. tuberculosa Cham., our only species, is half herbaceous. Eastern dis-
trict.

Teibe 3. Helioteopea.

4. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted or rarely 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla
salver-shaped, the throat open, sometimes bearded, the lobes
of the limb with a simple plait, or rarely with an intermediate
tooth. Style short ; stigma subconical. Nuts 4, 1-locular,
the young cohering at base, at length separable, not on a
common receptacle. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 531.

Herbs or undershrubs, villous or glabrous. Leaves entire or toothed,
rarely opposite. Cymes scorpioid ; corolla white or purplish. — A large
tropical genus, of which some 5 species are South African.

XCY. EORAGINEJE.

299

5. HELIOPHYTUM, DC.

Calyx 5-parted or 5-fid, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped ;
throat strongly constricted, 5-ray ed, the lobes of limb mostly
undulate. Anthers included. Style very short ; stigma capi-
tate or conical. Nuts 2, separable, 2-celled, 2-seeded, not on a
common receptacle. — DC. Prod. ix. p. 551.

Herbs or undershrubs, with the habit of Heliotro'pium , chiefly American.
— H. lineare, A. DO., the only Cape species, is doubtfully referable here ;
with the habit of a Heliophytum , it has the 4-parted fruit of a Heliotro-
'pium.

Tribe 4. Borages.

6. LOBOSTEMON, Lehm.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes lanceolate. Corolla funnel-shaped,
subregular, the tube about equalling the calyx, gradually
dilating into a nude throat ; lobes ovate, acute, suberect, equal.
Stamens mostly exserted, inserted about or below the middle
of corolla-tube, each furnished on the inside, at base, with a
hairy-bordered, erect or reflexed scale (sometimes very small) ;
anthers subglobose. Style filiform, as long as the stamens ;
stigma simple. Nuts 4, granulate, sub-3-gonous, imperforate
at base. — DC. Prod. x. p. 4.

Herbs or shrubs, all South African, with scattered, sessile, entire leaves,
and racemose, spiked or capitate, mostly blue or purple or pinkish flowers.
— 40 species, dispersed.

7. ECHIUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted (rarely 2-3-4 lobes connate) ; lobes linear-
lanceolate. Corolla-tube cylindrical or funnel-shaped, the
limb unequally and obtusely 5-lobed, the throat dilated, nude.
Stamens unequal, mostly exserted, without any scale or dila-
tation at base ; anthers dorsally fixed. Style filiform, mostly
exserted ; stigmas more or less 2-lobed. Nuts 4, ovate or tur-
binate, rugose, scabrous, imperforate at base. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 13.

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves alternate, entire, mostly very rough. Flowers

spiked or panicled, purple reddish or blue 11 Cape species, besides one or

two naturalized.

8. STOMATECHIUM, Lehm.

Calyx 5-fid, 5 -angled ; lobes ovate, acute. Corolla tubular,
regularly 5-lobed, the lobes roundish, erect, the throat with 5
roundish, fleshy, muricate scales, opposite the lobes. Stamens
in the middle of the tube ; filaments very short ; anthers in-
cluded, acuminate. Style equalling the corolla ; stigma simple.

300

XCY. BOKAGINE^.

Nuts 4, roundish, rough, hollowed out at base. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 40.

S. 'papillosum , Lehm., is a little-known undershrub, with angular stems,
smooth below, scabrous above. Leaves sessile, papillose- scabrid above.
Racemes spicate, secund, in a panicle; corolla blue, small.— Only found by
Thunberg.

9. ANCHUSA, Linn.

Calyx 5-fid or 5-parted. Corolla-tube straight, terete ;
limb oblique or spreading, 5-parted, the throat closed with 5
obtuse, papillose or hispid scales, opposite the corolla-lobes.
Anthers included. Nuts 4, in the bottom of the calyx, hol-
lowed out at base, the hollow with a puckered margin, ridge-
warted, rough between the ridges. — DC. Prod. x. p. 41.

Annual or perennial herbs, with entire leaves. Spikes mostly bracteate,
in pairs; corolla purple blue or white, rarely yellowish. — 2 or 3 South
African species.

10. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted ; lobes equal. Corolla funnel- or rarely
salver-shaped, pervious, the throat nude or rarely with 5
swellings alternating with the stamens, hairy or smooth ; lobes
of limb rounded. Anthers oblong, nearly sessile, and mostly
included. Stigma capitate, sub-2-lobed. Nuts ovate, smooth
or wrinkled, truncate at base, imperforate. — DC. Prod. x. p.
73.

Herbs or undershrubs, variable in aspect. Leaves entire, mostly simply
hairy. Flowers spiked or racemose, bracteate, often small, of several
colours. — 7 or 8 South African species, dispersed.

11. MYOSOTIS, Linn.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-fid or 5-toothed. Corolla salver- or
funnel-shaped, the tube straight, about equalling the calyx,
the limb 5-fid, obtuse, flat or concave, the throat mostly fur-
pished with 5 short, obtuse scales ; corolla-lobes twisted to the
left. Stamens mostly included ; anthers oval-oblong, apicu-
late. Stigma obtuse, sub-2-lobed. Nuts 4, in the bottom of
the calyx, elliptical, compressed, very smooth, quite glabrous,
with a minute basal depression, imperforate. — DC. Prod. x.
p. 104.

Yillous herbs, widely dispersed in the eastern hemisphere, chiefly
northern. Radical leaves tapering into petioles, cauline sessile. Flowers
in scorpioid cymes, lengthening out in flowering. Corolla blue red or white,
very rarely yellow. — A large genus, of which there are 2 Cape species.

12. ECHINOSPERMUM, Sw.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, ijihe throat closed

XCY. BORAGIKEiE.

301

with short scales ; lobes of limb obtuse. Stamens included.
Stigma entire or emarginate. Nuts 4 , laterally affixed to a
central column, imperforate at base, 3-cornered or compressed,
the dorsal surface margined, or more usually girt with 1-3
rows of hooked bristles, otherwise smooth or tubercled. — DC.
Prod. x. p. 135.

Annual or perennial herbs, simple or branched. Leaves oblong, lanceo-
late or linear. Racemes bracteate ; corolla blue or white. — 2 Cape species.

13. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube about as
long as the calyx, the throat closed by blunt scales ; lobes
very obtuse. Stamens included. Stigma entire or emargi-
nate. Nuts 4, imperforate at base, affixed to the style-base,
roundish, convex or depressed, not margined, covered all over
with hooked bristles. — DC. Prod. x. p. 146.

Herbs or rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Racemes mostly spicate,
bracteate or ebracteate ; corolla blue purple or white. — 2 Cape species, 1
with bracteate, the other with ebracteate racemes.

14. TRICHODESMA, R. Br.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-fid, mostly enlarging in fruit, the
lobes broad-based, taper-pointed. Corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx, the tube widely cylindrical, the throat without
scales, the lobes broad-based, taper-pointed, spirally twisted in
bud. Stamens partly exserted ; anthers much longer than
the filaments, conniving in a cone, villous at back, with long,
subulate points. Stigma subsimple. Nuts 4-1, imperforate
at base, attached by the whole inner face to the central,
quadrangular column. — DC. Prod. x. p. 171; Tlies. Cap. t. 40.

Erect, branching, roughly pubescent herbs. Leaves alternate or oppo-
site, sessile, entire. Pedicels lateral, subracemose. Nuts various; in the
Cape species bordered with hooked or swollen bristles. — 2 Cape species,
Eastern.

Order XCYI. LABIATiE.

Calyx tubular, equal or 2-lipped, persistent. Corolla 2-
lipped, upper lip entire or 2-fid, often vaulted, lower 3-lobed.
Stamens 4, didynamous (2 sometimes abortive or absent) ;
anthers 2-celled, cells sometimes confluent or 1 abortive.
Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed ; ovules solitary ; style 1, from the
base of the ovarian lobes ; stigma 2-fid. Bruit of 4 separable
nuts, in the base of the persistent calyx. Seed erect, without
albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with 4 angled stems and strictly
opposite leaves. Flowers in short, whorl-like cymules in the

302

XCVI. LABIATJE.

axils of the upper leaves, or capitate, or in branched cymes,
rarely solitary. Natives generally of the drier and warmer
parts of the globe, very many of them aromatic ; some, as the
Mints, Thyme, Lavender, Patchouli, etc., eminently so. This
large Order, which is very imperfectly represented in South
Africa, is arranged by Bentham under 8 tribes, including 120
genera.

Tribe 1. Ocime.e. Stamens declinate.

* Corolla-lobes of nearly equal length, the 4 upper
more or less connate in an upper lip, the lowest
narrower, declinate, flat or subconcave.

Fruiting-calyx deflexed, the upper tooth very

large, ovate, decurrent on the tube 1. OciMUM.

Fruit-calyx declined, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
ovate, not decurrent j corolla-tube short, in-
cluded 2. Moschosma.

Fruit-calyx suberect, with 5 subequal teeth; co-
rolla-tube long, exserted 3. Syncolostemon.

** Lowest lobe of the corolla elongate, concave.

Upper stamens abortive ; fruit-calyx fleshy . . 4. Hoslundia.

All the stamens fertile.

Fruit calyx toothed, the teeth not spiny, mouth

open 5. Plectranthtjs.

Fruit-calyx truncate, circumcissed at base . . 6. AColanthus.

Fruit-calyx with 5 equal, spinous teeth ... 7. Pycnostachys.

### Lowest lobe of corolla contracted at base, then
saccate, abruptly deflexed ; calyx sharply
5-toothed 8. Hypti&.

Tribe 2. Satureine^e. Stamens distant, straight, spreading, or ap-
proaching under the upper lip of corolla ; anthers 2-celled ; lobes of corolla
fiat.

Corolla subequally 4-lobed ; stamens 4, equal ... 9. Mentha.

Corolla 2-labiate, upper lip erect, subentire, lower 3-

lobed, spreading ; stamens 4, didynamous . . . 10. Micromeria.

Tribe 3. Monarde.®. Stamens 2, straight or ascending ; anthers either
1-celled, or of 2 cells separated by a filiform connective.

Stamens 2, in the throat ; anthers with a long, fili-
form connective, bearing a fertile cell at its upper
end 11. Salvia.

Tribe 4. Stachyde®. Stamens 4, parallelly ascending under the
vaulted or subconcave upper lip of corolla.

Stamens included ; anthers 1-celled ; style bearded

below the apex 12. Acrotome.

Stamens exserted ; anthers 2-celled ; style nude.

Style subequally 2-fid, the lobes subulate.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed or -fid 13. Stachys.

Calyx wider upwards, with 5 large and 5-10

smaller spreading teeth 14. Ballota.

Style unequally 2-fid, one lobe very short ; corolla
very hairy.

XCYI. LABIATJE.

303

Upper lip of corolla not longer than the lower.

Calyx 8-10-toothed 15. Lettcas.

Calyx 5-toothed 16. Lasiocorys.

Upper lip of corolla much longer than lower,

erect, entire 17. Leonotis.

Tribe 5. Ajugejs. Stamens as in Stachydece , but the upper lip of
corolla very short or deflexed or obsolete.

Upper lip of corolla 4-parted, lower much larger,

concave 18. Tettcritjm.

Upper lip of corolla emarginate, lower lip 3 'fid . . 19. Ajuga.

Tribe 1. Ocime^:.

1. OCIMTJM, Linn.

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, winged by the decur-
rent margins of the upper, roundish or ob ovate, membranous
tooth, deflexed after flowering, the throat nude or rarely hairy
within. Corolla-tube mostly shorter than the calyx, not
ringed inside, the throat mostly bell-shaped, limb 2-lipped;
upper lip 4-fid, lower scarcely longer, decimate, entire, flat or
shortly concave. Stamens 4 ; filaments free, the upper often
with a tooth or tuft of hairs at base. Style shortly 2-fid, the
lobes subequal. Disk of 1-4 fleshy glands. Nuts ovoid or
subglobose, smooth. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 31.

Herbs or small shrubs, from the warmer parts of the globe. Floral
leaves bract-like, commonly deciduous. Cymules 6-10-flowered, in a lax
raceme. — 8 South African species, all Eastern.

2. MOSCHOSMA ?, Eeichb.

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, with the upper tooth
larger, not decurrent, after flowering sub decimate, naked in
the throat. Corolla-tube included ; limb sub-2-labiate, the
upper lip shortly 4-fid, lower entire, flattish, all the lobes sub-
equal. Stamens 4 ; filaments free, toothless. Style clavate-
capitate. Nuts ovate-compressed, smooth. — D C. Prod. xii. p. 49.

M. ? riparia , Hochst., of which the fruit is unknown, and the genus
therefore doubtful, is our only species : found by Krauss, at Natal. It has
a viscid pubescence ; ovate, petioled, crenate, thickisli leaves, and a much-
branched panicle of small flowers.

3. SYNCOLOSTEMON, E. Mey.

Calyx inflated-tubular, equal or subincurved, the 5 teeth
equal or the lower longest. Corolla-tube straight, exserted,
the upper lip 4-toothed, lower entire, flat or concave. Sta-
mens 4 ; filaments free from each other, but adnate to corolla-
tube, toothless. Style shortly or scarcely 2-fid. Disk lobed.
Nuts oblong, compressed, smooth. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 53.

South African shrubs. Leaves small, tough, often tufted in axils.

304

XCVI. LABIATE.

Racemes terminal, simple or branched. Floral leaves bract-like, deciduous.
Calyces often coloured. — 5 species, from Caffraria and Natal.

4. HOSLUNDIA, Vahl.

Calyx tubular, shortly 5-tootlied, with subequal teeth, in-
flated and berry-like in fruit. Corolla-tube straightish, ex-
serted, the upper lip shortly 3-4-fid, lower somewhat longer,
concave. Two back stamens short, without anthers ; two front
fertile. Style shortly 2-fid. Disk glandular. Nuts concealed
in the fleshy calyx. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 54.

Small shrubs, with much-branched inflorescence. — H. decumbens, Benth.,
from Delagoa Bay, is our only species.

5. PLECTRANTHUS, L’Her.

Calyx at first bell-shaped, 5-toothed, in fruit enlarged, either
decimate straight incurved or inflated, with equal teeth or va-
riously 2-labiate ; or erect, tubular or bell- shaped, equally 5-
toothed. Corolla-tube exserted, gibbous or spurred on the
upper side at base, then declined, bent back or straightish, the
throat equal or rarely inflated ; upper lip 3-4-fid ; lower entire,
mostly longer, concave. Stamens 4, declinate, the lower pair
longer ; filaments free, toothless ; anthers reniform, with con-
fluent cells. Style shortly 2-fid. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 55.

Herbs or shrubs, with terminal, simple or branched, racemose inflores-
cence ; the cymules laxly few-flowered. — Several South African species, all
Eastern.

6. JEOLANTHUS, Mart.

Calyx ovate-bellshaped, truncate, with obsolete teeth, the
throat nude within ; in fruit contracted at the mouth, circum-
scissed at base. Corolla-tube exserted, bent down beyond the
calyx, dilated upwards ; the upper lip bluntly 4-toothed ; lower
entire, longer, concave. Stamens 4 ; filaments free, toothless.
Style shortly 2-fid. Disk glandular. Nuts roundish, com-
pressed.— DC. Prod. xii. p. 80.

Herbs, with somewhat fleshy leaves of small size. Inflorescence laxly
panicled. — JE'.j varvifolius, Bentli., our only species, occurs near Natal.

7. PYCNOSTACHYS, Hook.

Calyx ovate, subequal, with 5 subulate, spinous teeth. Co-
rolla-tube exserted, bent down ; upper lip 4-toothed ; lower
entire, concave. Stamens 4 ; filaments free, toothless. Style
subulate, minutely 2-fid. Nuts roundish, smooth. — DO. Prod.
xii. p. 83.

Erect, rigid herbs, with densely- spiked, terminal inflorescence, the flora
leaves bract-like and shorter than the calyx. — P. reticulata, Benth., our
only species, occurs at Natal.

XCYI. LABIATE.

305

8. HYPTIS, Jacq.

Calyx ovate, bell-shaped or tubular, with 5 acute teeth.
Corolla-tube cylindrical or shortly ventricose ; upper lip of 4
flat, erect or spreading lobes ; lower saccate, during flowering ab-
ruptly deflexed, entire or emarginate, contracted at base and
callous-margined, or on each side toothed. Stamens 4 ; fila-
ments toothless. Style shortly 2-fid or entire. Nuts smooth
or dotted, rarely winged. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 127.

A large, chiefly American, genus of herbs or shrubs. — H. pectinata , Poit.,
a widely-dispersed species, occurs near Natal.

9. MENTHA, Linn.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly so,
nude or villous within. Corolla-tube included ; limb subequal,
4-fid, the upper lip rather broader, emarginate. Stamens 4,
equal, erect, distant ; filaments glabrous, nude ; anthers 2-
eelled, cells parallel. Style shortly 2-fid. Nuts smooth. —
DC. Prod. xii. p. 164.

Herbs, often subaquatic. Inflorescence in dense axillary, spiked or capi-
tate, false whorls. Flowei’s small. Foliage pungently aromatic. “Mints”
of the gardens. — A few occur at the Cape.

10. MXCROMERIA, Benth.

Calyx tubular, 13- or rarely 15-striate, 5-toothed ; teeth
subequal, straight, or slightly in 2 lips, the throat mostly vil-
lous. Corolla-tube straight, nude within, mostly shorter than
the calyx ; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, flattish, entire or
emarginate, lower spreading, of 3 flat subequal lobes. Sta-
mens 4, didynamous, lower longer, ascending, arched, shorter
than the corolla or exserted, divergent at apex ; anthers 2-
celled, the cells parallel or divergent, often oblique. Style
equally or unequally 2-fid. Nuts smooth. — DC. Prod. xii. p.
212.

Small undershrubs or herbs. Inflorescence of axillary or spiked false-
whorls. Flowers small. — M. biflora, Benth., a small, much-branched and
tufted species, occurs in our Eastern district.

11. SALVIA, Linn.

Calyx 2-labiate ; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed lower

2- fid ; throat nude. Corolla with short or long tube, equal or
swelling upwards, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect or rarely spread-
ing, straight or falcate, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading,

3- lobed, the middle lobe broader. Stamens 2 (the upper pair
absent or rudimentary), inserted within the throat of corolla ;
filament short, articulated with the anther, and mostly pro-

x

306

XCYI. LABIATiE.

longed beyond the joint ; anther dimidiate, the connective
long, linear, prolonged backwards under the upper lip of co-
rolla, and bearing a fertile anther-cell at the summit, in front
shorter, variously shaped, with or without a barren cell. Disk
forming an anticous gland. Stvle 2-fid. Nuts glabrous. — DC.
Prod. xii. p. 262.

A vast and widely -dispersed genus, the “ Sage ” of gardens. — There
are many Cape species, some large shrubs, others herbaceous, dispersed
through the colony.

12. ACROTOME, Benth.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, 10-nerved, obliquely 5-10-toothed.
Corolla-tube terete, nude within ; the upper lip erect, suben-
tire, subfornicate ; lower spreading, 3-fid, the medial lobe
wider. Stamens included ; anthers 1-celled, the back ones
short, ovate, front ones twice as long, oblong, nodding on the
recurved filament. Style included, bearded below the tip.
Nuts sharply 3-sided, truncate. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 435.

South African herbs or halfshrubs, known by their anthers and style.
False-whorls axillary, few- or many-flowered. — 3 species, North-Eastern.

13. STACHYS, Linn.

Calyx tubular-bellshaped, 5-10-nerved, equal or obliquely
5-toothed, the teeth equal or the upper larger, or rarely the 3
uppermost united in a lip. Corolla-tube equal, included or ex-
serted, mostly annulate within, most often incurved but dilated
at the throat ; upper lip erect or spreading, usually rather con-
cave, entire or scarcely emarginate, rarely elongate and 2-fid ;
lower mostly longer, spreading, 3-lobed, the medial lobe much
the largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the lower pair longer,
at length often defiexed ; filaments nude ; anthers 2-celled.
Style subequally 2-fid, the lobes subulate. Nuts obtuse. —
DC. Prod. xii. p. 462.

Herbs or shrubs. Whorls few- or several- flowered, mostly in a terminal
raceme. — A large and widely-dispersed genus, of which there are several
Cape species.

14. BALL OTA, Linn.

Calyx funnel-shaped ; tube 10-nerved, with 5-10 teeth,
which are basal ly dilated or connate in an orbicular, spreading,
equal or oblique limb. Corolla-tube subincluded, pilose-an-
nulate within ; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip erect, oblong, sub-
concave, emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-lobed, the medial lobe
emarginate. Stamens ascending under the upper lip ; anthers
exserted, approaching in pairs, 2-celled, the cells at last diva-

XCYI. LABIATiE.

307

ricating. Style 2-fid ; lobes subulate. Nuts obtuse, not trun-
cate.— DC. Prod. xii. p. 516.

Perennial herbs or undershrubs, generally coarsely scented. Leaves
rugged, cordate at base, entire or crenate ; the floral similar. Whorls axil-
lary.— B. Africana, Benth., common through thecolony, is our only species.

15. LEUCAS, Benth.

Calyx tubular or narrow-bellshaped, striate, straight or in-
curved, the mouth equal or oblique, 8-10-toothed. Corolla-
tube included, annulate or nude within ; limb 2-lipped, upper
lip concave, erect, entire or emarginate, very hairy externally,
lower longer, spreading, 3-fid, the medial lobe very large.
Stamens ascending under the galea; filaments nude ; anthers
approaching in pairs, with divaricate cells. Upper lobe of
style very short, lower subulate. Nuts 3-cornered, obtuse. —
DC. Prod, xii .p. 523.

Herbs or undershrubs, often weeds in warm countries. Leaves subentire
or toothed ; whorls axillary, few- or many-flowered. Corolla mostly white.
— 2 species naturalized near Natal.

16. LASIOCOBYS, Benth.

Calyx somewhat bell-shaped, 10-nerved, with 5 ovate
teeth, rarely with interposed toothlets. Corolla-tube in-
cluded, annulate within ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip entire, con-
cave, erect, very hairy without ; lower spreading, scarcely
longer, 3-fid, the medial lobe scarcely wider, emarginate. Sta-
mens 4, ascending ; filaments nude ; anthers in pairs, under
the upper lip, 2-celled ; cells divaricate. Style-lobes subulate,
the lower short or very short. Nuts 3-cornered, obtuse. —
DC. Prod. xii. p. 534.

African undershrubs, allied to Ballota and Leucas. — 1 Cape species, in
the Eastern district.

17. LEONOTIS, B. Br.

Calyx ovate-tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, with an oblique,
10-toothed mouth, the upper tooth larger. Corolla-tube ex-
serted, nude or partly annulate within ; limb 2-lipped, upper
lip concave, erect, elongate, entire, lower short, spreading, 3-
fid, the medial lobe scarcely longer. Stamens under the
galea ; filaments nude at base ; anthers in pairs, 2-celled, diva-
ricate. Upper style-lobe very short. Nuts obtuse. — DC.
Prod. xii. p. 534.

African herbs and halfshrubs, with bright scarlet or orange showy
flowers, in very dense whorls ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, crenate. — 8 Cape
species, Eastern and at Natal.

308

XCYI. LAD I AT vE.

18. TETJCRIUM, Linn.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, rarely inflated, 5-toothed, the
teeth equal or the upper larger. Corolla-tube short, not
ringed within, the 4 upper lobes subequal or unequal, either
oblong and bent down or very short, erect, the lowest very
Large, often concave. Stamens 4, exserted between the upper
lobes of corolla, the lower pair longer ; anther-cells confluent.
Style 2-fid. Nuts mostly roughly ridged, oblique at base. —
DC. Prod. xii. ^?. 574.

A large and dispersed genu3 of herbs and shrubs. — 3 Cape species,
Eastern and at Natal.

19. AJUGA, Linn.

Calyx ovate or globose-bellshaped, subequal, 5-fid or 5-
toothed. Corolla-tube included or exserted, mostly annulate
within, straight or half- twisted ; limb 2-lipped, the upper lip
very short, slightly emarginate, lower elongate, spreading,
3-fid, the side-lobes oblong, the medial wider, emarginate or
2-fid. Stamens 4, ascending, mostly exserted, the lower pair
longer ; anthers with divaricating, at length confluent cells.
Style subequally 2-fid. — DC. Prod. xii. p. 595.

Herbs of the Old World ; but 1 Cape species (A. OpTirydis , Burch.), which
is very common in the Eastern district. Whorls axillary, or the upper
spike'd. Flowers often blue.

Order XCVII. NYCTAGINE2E.

Flowers often involucrate or bracteate. Calyx corolloid,
tubular, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, often constricted in the
middle, subentire or toothed, the lower part becoming har-
dened, persistent, and enclosing the fruit, the upper mostly
falling off. Stamens definite, hypogynous. Ovary 1-celled,
free ; ovules solitary, erect ; style filiform. Fruit enclosed,
within the hardened base of the calyx. Embryo curved round
the albumen ; radicle inferior ; cotyledons leafy. — Leaves
mostly opposite. — Only 1 South African genus.

1. BOERHAAVIA, Linn.

Bracts mostly deciduous. Calyx jointed in the middle,
the lower part cylindrical or obconic, persistent ; the upper
funnel- or bell-shaped, coloured, deciduous, shortly 5-lobed.
Stamens 1, 2, 3, rarely 4, combined in a hypogynous ring,
mostly exserted ; anthers minute, roundish. Ovary minute ;
style as long as the stamens ; stigma obtuse. Fruit enclosed

XCYII. NYCTAGINEiE.

309

in the hardened, mostly 5-ribbed base of the calyx. — DO. Prod.
xiii. p. 449.

Tropical weeds, erect or trailing. Leaves opposite, mostly petioled.
Flowers in irregular glomerules, rarely umbelled, small. — B. Burchellii ,
Cliois., occurs about Natal, etc.

Order XCVIII. P0LYGONE,®.

Flowers bisexual or polygamous. Calyx herbaceous or
corolloid, 3-6-parted, persistent, often enlarging with the
fruit, imbricate in bud. Stamens perigynous, definite, in the
bottom of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, splitting. Ovary
1-celled, free, compressed or triangular ; ovule solitary, erect ;
styles 2-3, free or more or less connate. Fruit an achene
(nut), rarely berry-like, more or less enclosed in the perianth.
Seed erect, albuminous ; radicle superior. — Herbs or shrubs,
with swollen joints. Leaves alternate, their bases clasping or
sheathing, very generally dilated into a perfect sheath (ocrea),
which is membranous, truncate, entire or 2-fid, often ciliate at
margin or torn. Flowers small.

Calyx corolloid, 5-fid ; stamens 8 ; anthers versatile ;
stigmas capitate.

Nuts 3-winged or crested ....,> 1. Oxygonum.

Nuts not winged, compressed or 3-cornered .... 4. Polygonum.

Calyx herbaceous, 6-fid ; stamens 6 ; anthers basifixed ;
stigmas pencilled.

3 outer lobes of perianth in the fruit largest, spini-

ferous at the angles 2. Emex.

3 inner lobes of perianth largest, coloured or veiny ; 3

outer smaller, not spinous % 3. Fumex.

1. OXYGONUM, Burch.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx funnel-shaped, with a short ovoid
tube constricted above the ovary ; limb corolloid, 5-parted,
spreading, the lobes equal, oblong, acute, marcescent. Sta-
mens 8, in the throat, equal, exserted ; anthers versatile.
Ovary 3-cornered ; styles 3, short, exserted, connate at base ;
stigmas capitate. Nut included in the calyx, with 3 membra-
nous wings or suborbicular, emarginate at each end, the faces
flat or furnished with a tooth expanding in a transverse line
into a wing, the wings wider than the seeds, entire or apicu-
late in the middle. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 38.

Herbs, with the habit of Polygonum. Leaves pinnatifid or entire. Ra-
cemes spike-like, terminal, leafless ; bracts sheathing. — 5 species, Eastern.

310

XCYIII. POLYGONEiB.

2. EMEX, Neck.

Flowers polygamo-moncecious. — Male: Calyx herbaceous,
5-6-parted, the lobes equal, spreading. Stamens 4-6 ; fila-
ments short ; anthers basifixed, oblong. — Fern. : Calyx herba-
ceous, 3 -angled, funnel-shaped, 6-fid, enlarged and indurated
in fruit, the 3 outer lobes continuous with the angles of the
tube, spinescent and spreading, the 3 inner smaller, flat, erect.
Styles 3 ; stigmas pencilled. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 40.

Weed-like annuals, common to Southern Europe, Northern and Southern
Africa, and Asia. Stems depressed, branched. Leaves petioled, deltoid-
ovate, entire. Flowers green, in axillary, often racemose tufts. — 1 species,
common through the colony.

3. RUMEX, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, or polygamous or dioecious. Calyx her-
baceous, deeply 6-parted, the lobes imbricate in 2 rows, those
of each row subequal among themselves, those of the inner
row enlarging and closely investing the fruit, coloured or
veiny-membranous, 1 or more of them tubercled at base.
Stamens 6 ; filaments short ; anthers basifixed, oblong. Ovary
3-angled ; styles 3, very short ; stigma multifid. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 41.

Herbs, rarely shrubs ; many of them rank weeds, as the various kinds of
Dock. — Several South African species, dispersed.

4. POLYGONUM, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx corolloid, 5-parted, the lobes sub-
equal, entire, all similar, flat, or the outer 2-3-keeled or dor-
sally winged, at length closing round the nut. Stamens 8
(rarely 7-4), in the bottom of the perianth, often alternating
with the scales* of a perigynous ring ; anthers versatile.
Ovary compressed or 3-cornered ; styles 2-3, sometimes con-
nate ; stigmas capitate. Nut not winged. — DC. Prod. xiv.
p. 83.

A vast, cosmopolitan genus, of which there are several South African
species. — Herbs erect, decumbent or twining. Ocreae membranous, dis-
coloured, cylindric, ciliate or nude or 2-partite or multifid, the floral mostly
leafless. Leaves alternate, various. Flowers axillary, racemose, spiked or
capitate.

Order XCIX. PHYTOLACCEiE.

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious. Perianth single,
4-5-parted ; segments imbricate. Stamens hypogynous, in-
serted on a convex disk or at the base of a disk that lines the

XCIX. PIIYTOLACCEiE.

311

bottom of the perianth, as many or twice as many as the
perianth-segments or more numerous. Ovary of many 1-
celled carpels, forming a whorl on the receptacle ; styles
attached to the inner face of the carpel, recurved, stigmatose
on the inner face ; ovules solitary, basifixed. Fruit of many free
or connate drupes berries nuts or utricles. Seeds with usually
copious floury albumen, round which the embryo is curved.
— Herbs shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire.
Stipules present or 0. Flowers usually spiked or racemose.

1. PHYTOLACCA, Linn.

Flowers 3-bracteate. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid, as-
cending or reflexed. Stamens 5-30, on a fleshy disk. Carpels
5-12, free or connate. Fruit of numerous small, fleshy
drupes, together forming a berry. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 31 ;
Pircunia , p. 29.

Herbs slirubs or rarely trees, with spiciform racemes of greenish flowers.
1 species, native of the Orange and Caledon rivers.

Order C. CHENOPODIE^l.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-2-)parted or cleft, herbaceous, often
changing in fruit, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted in the
base of the perianth, as many as its segments and opposite
them, rarely fewer. Ovary single, free, or nearly so, 1-celled ;
ovule solitary, attached to the base of the cell, sessile or on a
basal cord ; styles 2-4, terminal, more or less united ; stigmas
divergent. Fruit with a membranous pericarp, enclosed in
the more or less altered, persistent calyx. Seed horizontal or
vertical, erect or inverted ; embryo either curved round floury
albumen, or, in the exalbuminous genera, spiral. — Herbs or
halfshrubs, with (mostly) alternate, exstipulate leaves, and
minute, green flowers. Many are found by the seashore or in
salt ground, others by roadsides and in rubbish. None are
poisonous. Many contain large quantities of carbonate of
soda.

* Stems not jointed, leafy ; leaves expanded, pe-
tioled.

Flowers bisexual, ebracteate; ovary depressed ;

seed horizontal 1 . Chenopodium.

Flowers monoecious or ^dioecious ; the females
bracteate ; seed erect.

Female flowers with a minute, 3-5-parted

calyx ; fruit subglobose 2. Exomis.

Female flower without calyx ; fruit com-
pressed.

Bracts in fruit dilated, appressed, erect . 3. Atkiplex.

312

C. <ClIENOPODIEiE.

Bracts in fruit inflated, hard and corky . 4.

** Stems not jointed, leafy ; leaves linear or sub-
terete, sessile.

Lobes of the fruit-calyx dorsally winged.

Flowers ebracteate ; styles 2, elongate-fili-
form 5.

Flowers 2-bracteate ; style 1 ; stigmas 2 . 11.
Lobes of the fruit-calyx not dorsally winged.
Flowers axillary, solitary or in small glo-
merules.

Styles 2, elongate ; ovary depressed-glo-
bose ; seed horizontal 6.

Styles 0 ; stigmas 3-5 ; ovary cylindri-
cal, ovate, truncate ; seed vertical . . 10.

Flowers in slender, leafless spikes ; styles

4 ; nut 8-ribbed 7.

Stems or branches jointed, succulent, leafless ;
flowers partly concealed under the truncate
apices of the upper joints.

Fruit-calyx closed, minutely winged at apex . 8.

Fruit-calyx open, inflated, not winged ... 9.

Obione.

Kochia.

Caroxylon:

Echinopsilon.

SlJiEDA.

Wallinia.

Salicornia.

Arthrocnemum.

Suborder 1. Cyclolobese. Embryo annular. (G-en. 1-9.)

1. CHENOPODIUM, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, ebracteate. Calyx 5-fid or 5-parted, the
segments concave, never appendicled. Stamens 5, rarely
fewer, in the base of the perianth ; anthers ovate. Ovary de-
pressed-globose ; styles 2 (rarely 3), united below, subulate.
Fruit depressed, enclosed in the subglobose calyx. Seed hori-
zontal, lenticular ; albumen central, copious ; embryo annular,
coiled round the albumen. — DC. Frod. xii . pt. 2 . p. 61.

Herbs, many of them weeds of cultivation, of the temperate zones.
Leaves triangular-rhomboid, entire or toothed, often mealy. Flowers glo-
meruled, in panicles or spikes. — Several species.

2. EXOMIS, Moq.

Flowers either monoecious or bisexual. Male flowers and
the bisexual ebracteate. Calyx 5-parted; segments ovate,
acute, concave. Stamens 5 ; anthers ovate. — Female 2-brac-
teate. Calyx 3-4-5-parted, sometimes 0 ; segments very mi-
nute, scarcely conspicuous. Styles 2, connate at base. Fruit
subglobose, partly or quite enclosed in dilated or unchanged
bracts ; pericarp adhering to the seed, thiclrish, fleshy. Seed
vertical, lenticular ; embryo annular, peripheric. — DC. Frod.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 89.

Shrubby, glaucous plants of salt ground. Leaves alternate, pctiolcd,
entire. Flowers terminal, in spikes, or axillary and glomerate. — 2 species,
Eastern.

C. CHENOPODIEiE.

313

3. ATRIPLEX, Gtoertn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Males ebracteate. Calyx

3- 5-parted, not appendicled. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous ; an-
thers subrotund. Pistil rudimentary. — Female usually 2-
bracteate, the bracts in fruit dilated, erect, appressed, distinct
or united at base. Calyx 0. Staminodia and nectary 0.
Styles 2, filiform, united at base. Fruit compressed, enclosed
in the bracts ; pericarp very thin, separate from the seed.
Seed vertical, lenticular ; embryo annular, peripheric. — DC.
JProd. xiii. pt. 2 . p. 90.

Herbs or shrubs of salt ground and waste places, throughout the tempe-
rate zones, often scurfy or mealy. Leaves alternate, petioled, mostly
hastate or triangular, toothed or entire. Flowers crowded in glomeruled
spikes. — Several species.

4. OBIONE, G-aertn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Males ebracteate. Calyx

4- 5-parted, not appendicled. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous ; an-
thers ovate. — Female 2-bracteate ; bracts more or less united,
at length inflated, hardened or corky, connivent. Calyx 0.
Styles 2, setaceo-filiform, united below. Fruit compressed,
enclosed in the capsule-like bracts ; pericarp very thin, mem-
branous. Seed vertical, ovate, beaked; embryo annular. —
DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 106.

Herbs or shrubs, mostly scaly, scurfy or mealy, of a pale or whitish
colour. Leaves alternate or opposite, ovate or rhomboid, entire or den-
ticled. Flowers crowded in glomerules. Chiefly known from Atriplex
by its inflated bracts, and by habit. — 0. portulacoides, a widely- dispersed
species, occurs at the Cape.

5. KOCHIA, Moq.

Flowers bisexual or abortively female, ebracteate. Calyx
urceolate, 5-fid, the lobes at length expanding dorsally in
membranous, transverse wings. Stamens 5, mostly exserted,
in the base of the calyx ; anthers ovate. Ovary depressed-
globose ; styles 2, elongate-filiform, divaricate. Fruit de-
pressed, enclosed in the ray-winged calyx ; pericarp membra-
nous. Seed horizontal ; embryo annular. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2.
p. 130.

Villous or pubescent herbs or halfshrubs. Stems slender. Leaves alter-
nate, sessile, terete or flat. Flowers axillary, solitary or few together, the
female winged, the bisexual imperfectly so. — 2 Cape species.

6. ECHmOPSILON, Moq.

Flowers bisexual or abortively female, ebracteate. Calyx
urceolate, 5-fid, the lobes at length bearing dorsally 5 spine-like,
spreading appendices (or sometimes minute tubercles). Sta-

314

C. CIIENOPODIEiE.

mens 5, exserted, in the base of the calyx ; anthers ovate.
Styles 2, setaceous, much exserted, divaricate. Eruit as in
Kochia. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 134.

Pubescent, villous or silvery herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate,
sessile, narrow-linear, flat or seraiterete. Flowers axillary and terminal. —
JE. diffusa ( Chenolea diffusa , Th.), our only species, is a decumbent, littoral
plant, with silvery foliage and axillary flowers. Common on various parts
of the coast.

7. WALLINIA, Moq.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx deeply urceolate, 5-fid ;
segments herbaceous, entire, unchanged. Stamens 5, in the
base of the calyx ; filaments compressed ; anthers sagittate.
Ovary ovate ; styles 4, short, approaching in pairs, linear-
clavate. Eruit nut-like, ellipsoid, scarcely compressed, 8-
ribbed, sitting on a callus, surrounded by the sepals ; pericarp
herbaceous, closely adhering to the seed. Testa of seed bony ;
embryo subannular.— DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 143.

An erect, branching herb, with alternate, entire, glabrous, fleshy leaves.
Flowers sessile, minute, glomerate, dispersed in dense, slender, simple, leaf-
less spikes. Bracts membranous, acute, persistent.

8. SALICORNIA, Tourn.

Flowers bisexual or polygamous, not scaly, immersed in
hollows of the axis of inflorescence. Calyx bag-like, toothed
at margin, at length thickened, and furnished with a minute,
transverse wing. Stamens 1-2, hvpogynous. Ovary ovate ;
styles 2, subulate, connate at base. Eruit utricular, com-
pressed, included in the closed, minutely- winged calyx ; peri-
carp thin, hispidulous, adhering to the seed. Seed vertical ;
embryo conduplicate, thick, green ; cotyledons dilated ; albu-
men eccentric, small. — DC. Prod. xiii.^tf. 2 . p. 144.

Herbs or halfshrubs, growing in salt ground or by the muddy seashore,
with jointed stems, leafless or minutely leafy, succulent and glabrous.
Branches opposite. Joints truncate, the uppermost bearing flowers. —
S. herbacea is common on the Cape flats, etc.

9. ARTHROCNEMUM, Moq.

Character of Salicornia , except : Calyx ventricose, truncate
or 3-5-toothed, never appendicled. Fruit enclosed in the
open, inflated, fleshy calyx ; pericarp membranous, free from
seed. Embryo half-annular, greenish ; albumen central and
lateral, copious or scanty. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 150.

Plants, with the- aspect of Salicornia. — A. fruticosum, Moq., grows abun-
dantly at Hout Bay and other parts of the coast.

C. CIIEN0P0DIE2E.

315

Sueorder 2. Spirolobese. Embryo spiral. (Gen. 10-11.)

10. SUJEDA, Moq.

Flowers mostly bisexual, bracteolate. Calyx urceolate, 5-
parted ; segments equal, tbickisb, fleshy, at length inflated and
berry-like, sometimes dry and subcarinate (but never horned
or winged). Stamens 5, hypogynous. Ovary cylindrical-
ovate, truncate, sometimes with an annular disk ; style 0 ;
stigmas 3-5, compressed-lanceolate, papillose, divergent.
Fruit utricular, compressed, in the closed calyx ; pericarp very
thin, filmy, free. Seed vertical ; albumen 0 or scarcely any ;
embryo in a flat spiral, terete. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 155.

Herbs or halfshrubs, of salt ground and seashores. Leaves alternate,
sessile, subterete, fleshy. Flowers axillary, mostly glomerulate. — S.indica ,
Moq., occurs at the Cape.

11. CAROXYLON, Thunb.

Flowers bisexual, 2-bracteate. Calyx 5-parted, the seg-
ments at length dorsally-winged transversely, the apex erect
or rarely, in fruit, reflexed. Stamens 5, hypogynous ; fila-
ments flat. Disk cup-like, sometimes crenate. Ovary de-
pressed-globose ; style long or short ; stigmas 2, subulate or
ovate, papillose above. Fruit utricular, depressed, enclosed
in the hardened 5-rayed calyx ; pericarp membranous. Seed
horizontal, depressed-globose ; albumen 0 ; embryo coiled up
or conical-spiral, green. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 172.

Herbs or undershrubs, glabrous or pubescent, rarely nearly leafless.
Leaves alternate or opposite, sessile, subcylindrical, fleshy. Flowers axil-
lary, sessile, solitary or subsolitary. — 4 South African species ; colonial name,
“ Canna-bosch.”

Order Cl. AMARANTACE.SE.

Calyx 3-5-parted or -cleft, dry and membranous, mostly
coloured, persistent, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as
the segments, and opposite them, or fewer, with or without
alternating barren stamens ; anthers 2-1-celled. Ovary
single, ovate, compressed, free, 1-celled, 1- or several-ovuled ;
ovules affixed to cords rising from the base of the cavity ;
style terminal, simple ; stigma capitate, or 2-3 filiform stigmas.
Fruit 1- or many-seeded, mostly enclosed in the unaltered
calyx ; pericarp membranous (very rarely juicy), indehiscent
or circumscissile. Embryo curved round copious, floury albu-
men.— Herbs or undershrubs of the warmer zones. Leaves
opposite or alternate, exstipulate, very rarely fleshy, mostly
quite entire. Flowers small, capitate spiked or panicled.

310

CI. AMARANTACEiE.

Except by its membranous, not herbaceous calyx, this Order
scarcely differs technically from Chenopodiece , but in habit it
differs widely.

Tribe 1. Celosieae. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovuled. Fruit
many-seeded. (Gen. 1-2.)

Stamens without interposed staminodia .... 1. Celosia.

Stamens alternating with long, 2-fid staminodia . . 2. Hermbstasdtia.

Tribe 2. Achyrantheas. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit
1-seeded. (Gen. 3-10.)

Lateral abortive flowers 0.

Stamens, free. Fruit splitting across .... 3. Amaranths.

Stamens united in a cup. Fruit indeliiscent.

No staminodia.

Segments of calyx equal, subvillous, erect . 4. Psilotrichum.

Segments of calyx unequal, spreading, and

plumose at apex 5. Trichinium.

Staminodia between the stamens.

Stigmas 2 ; staminodia triangular, entire . 6. ^Erva.

Stigma 1-capitate.

Segments of calyx subequal, villous ; leaves,

save the lowest, alternate 7. Sericocoma.

Segments of calyx unequal, glabrous, har-
dening ; leaves opposite 8. Achyranthes.

Lateral flowers abortive, changed into hooked
bristles or spines.

Staminodia flat, toothed or lacerate, between the

stamens 9. Cyathula.

Staminodia 0 10. Pupalia.

Tribe 3. Gomphreneas. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. (Gen.
11-12.)

Stamens united in a short cup at base ; staminodia

minute, tooth-like 11. Alternanthera.

Stamens united in a tube below ; staminodia long,
tongue-like 12. Telanthera.

Tribe 1. CELOSiEiE. (Gren. 1-2.)

1. CELOSIA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted, Calyx 5-parted, the segments
-equal, spreading, glabrous. Stamens 5, united in a cup ; no
staminodia ; anthers 2-celled, oblong. Ovary many-ovuled ;
style long or short ; stigmas 2-3, minute, recurved. Eruit
many-seeded, splitting across the middle. Seeds vertical. —
DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2.p. 240.

Erect, glabrous herbs, with alternate, petioled leaves, and brightly shin-
ing, white or coloured flowers, crowded in spikes or panicles. The “ Cock’s-
comb ” is a garden example. — C. trigyna , a common African species, occurs
at Natal.

Cl. AMARANTACEiE.

317

2. HERMBSTJEDTIA, Reich.

Characters as in Celosia, except that elongate, 2-fid stami-
nodia alternate with the perfect stamens, which are united at
base into a short tube. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 246.

South African undershrubs, erect, branching, glaucous. Leaves alternate.
Flowers in long spikes or terminal heads ; bracts coloured. — 3 species, in
Caffraria and at Natal.

Tribe 2. AcHTRASTTHEiE. (G-en. 3-10.)

3. AMARAHTUS, Tourn.

Flowers polygamo-moncecious, 3-bracted. Calyx 5- rarely
3-parted; segments equal, erect, glabrous. Stamens 5-3, free ;
filaments subulate ; no staminodia ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style 0 ; stigmas 2-3, subulate, spreading.
Fruit ovate, 2-3-beaked, splitting across the middle, 1-seeded.
Seed vertical. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2 . p. 255.

Herbs, often weeds, throughout the tropics and warmer zones. Leaves
alternate. Flowers small, purplish or green, in panicled spikes or glome-
rules. — A. Thunbergii , Moq., and A. Blitum, Linn., diffused.

4. PSILOTRICHUM, Bl.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx 5-parted ; segments
subequal, erect, glabrous or villous. Stamens 5, in a short
cup ; filaments filiform ; staminodia 0 ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style long ; stigma capitate. Fruit ovate,
indehiscent, 1-seeded, quite hidden in the closed calyx. — DC.
Prod. xiii. pt. 2.p. 279.

Herbs or undershrubs, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves opposite, petioled,
entire. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes. — 1 tropical species, pro-
bably Eastern.

5. TRICHmiUM, R. Br.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx 5-parted ; segments
subequal or unequal, erect, at length spreading at the tip,
villous-plumose. Stamens 5, combined in a cup or tube ; no
staminodia ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style
long ; stigma capitate. Fruit obovate or ovate, valveless, 1-
seeded, enclosed in the connivent base of the plumose-tipped
calyx. — PC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 297.

Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly Australian, many of great beauty. — T. Zey~
Tieri , Moq., our only species, has tufted or opposite, narrow linear, glabrous,
pale green leaves, and pale brown flowers, with white, silky long hairs.

6. JERVA, Forsk.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx 5-parted, the segments
equal, erect, woolly. Stamens 5, united in a cup at base ;

318

CI. AMARANTACE2E.

filaments subulate ; staminodia toothed or subulate-triangular ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigmas 2,
minute, rarely elongate. Fruit roundish, valveless, 1 -seeded,
enclosed in the calyx. — DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 299.

More or less white-tomentose herbs or halfshrubs, with alternate or op-
posite leaves, and minute flowers in terminal and axillary, dense, short
spikes. — 2 South African species, besides the common yE. lanata.

7. SERICOCOMA, Fenzl.

Flowers bisexual, solitary or 2-3 together, the solitary or
medial flowers 3-bracted, the others 2-bracted. Calyx 5-parted ;
segments equal or unequal, mostly pointless, villous exter-
nally ; the two outer ones sometimes longer and spinous.
Stamens 5, united in a cup ; filaments filiform ; staminodia
small, scale-like, flat, entire or ciliolate. Ovary 1-ovuled ;
style simple, straight or oblique ; stigmas capitate. Fruit
ovoid or obovoid, valveless, 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.
— DC. Prod. xiii. pt. 2 . p. 306.

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, the lowest sometimes op-
posite. Flowers in cylindrical or capitate, terminal spikes, spreading after
flowering. — 6 species, dispersed.

8. ACHYEANTHES, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx 5-4-parted ; segments
subequal, erect, mostly glabrous, at length hardened. Sta-
mens 5-4, united in a cup ; filaments narrow ; staminodia 5,
flat or concave, toothed or lacerate at apex, rarely entire, some-
times produced into a dorsal, erect, toothed or fringed appen-
dix ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style longish ; stigmas
capitate. Fruit 1-seeded, valveless, enclosed in the calyx. —
DC. Prod, -nii.pt. 2 . p. 309.

Herbs or undershrubs, of warm countries. Leaves opposite. Flowers
spreading, glabrous, in slender or ovate spikes, rarely in heads. Bracts
subulate, very acute, mostly glabrous. — 4 Cape species.

9. CYATHULA, Lour.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted, subternate ; the medial fertile,
the lateral sterile and changing into hooked bristles. Calyx
5-parted ; segments subequal, erect, hispid. Stamens 5, united
in a cup ; filaments subulate-linear ; staminodia 5, flat, toothed
or lacerate at apex, sometimes 2-fid, and sometimes produced
at back into an erect, slender, 2-fid appendage ; anthers 2-
celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style longish; stigma capitate. Fruit
oblong, valveless, 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. — DC. Prod.
xiii. pt. 2. p. 325.

Cl. AHARANTACEiE.

319

Herbs or undershrubs, of warm countries. Leaves opposite, rarely tufted.
Flowers in terminal spikes or heads, at length subreflexed. — 3 Cape species.

10. PUPALIA, Juss.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted, ternate ; the medial fertile,
lateral changed into hooked bristles or sharp spines. Calyx
5-parted ; segments subequal, erect, pilose. Stamens 5, united
in a very short cup ; filaments subulate ; staminodia 0 ; an-
thers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma capi-
tate. Fruit as in Cyathula. — DC. Frod. xiii. pt. 2 . p. 331.

Undershrubs, of warm countries. Branches and leaves opposite, rarely
alternate or fascicled. Flowers glomerate, erect, at length spreading, forlm-
ing interrupted spikes. — 3 or 4 South African species.

Tribe 3. G-omphrenea:. (G-en. 11-12.)

11. ALTERN ANTHERA, Forsk.

Flowers bisexual, rarely polygamo-dioecious, 3-bracted.
Calyx 5-parted ; segments equal or unequal, erect, glabrous
or villous. Stamens 5, united in a cup at base ; filaments fili-
form ; staminodia very minute, tooth-like, entire ; anthers 1-
celled. Ovary 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigma capitate or 2-
lobed. Fruit valveless, 1-seeded, more or less enclosed in the
calyx. — DC. Drod. xiii. pt. 2. p. 350.

Much-branched herbs, of warm countries, mostly villous. Leaves oppo-
site. Flowers in terminal or axillary heads. — 1 or 2 species at the Cape.

12. TEL ANT HER A, E. Br.

Flowers bisexual, 3-bracted. Calyx 5-parted ; segments
equal or unequal, erect, glabrous or villous. Stamens 5,
united in a tube below ; filaments filiform ; staminodia elon-
gate, tongue-shaped, toothed at the apex ; anthers 1-celled.
Ovary 1-ovuled ; style short ; stigma capitate. Fruit valve-
less, 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx. — DC. Drod. xiii. p. 362.

Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly American and tropical. Leaves opposite.
Flowers in terminal or axillary heads. — T. maritima , a common plant of
West Tropical Africa, is stated by Sparmann to be South African also.

Order CII. PARO NYC HXE.ZEL

Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth of 4-5 seg-
ments, imbricate, free or connate at the base. Petals 5 in
Corrigiola. Stamens usually as many as the perianth-seg-
ments, sometimes with alternating staminodia, hypogynous or
perigynous ; filaments free or connate at the base ; anthers
usually short. Ovary sessile, free, ovoid or 3-gonous, 1-celled ;

320

CII. PAKONTCTITEtE .

style 1, terminal, seldom 2-3, 2-fid, rarely 3-fid, stigmatose on
the inner face ; ovule 1 (rarely 2), erect or pendulous from a
basal funicle. Fruit a minute 1-seeded nut or utricle, enclosed
in the calyx. Seed erect or inverted, with farinaceous albu-
men and a lateral or central, straight or curved embryo. —
Herbs, sometimes shrubby at the base. Leaves usually oppo-
site and quite entire, stipulate, in SclerantJius connate at base,
serrulate and exstipulate. Flowers small, solitary or in cymes.

Leaves opposite or alternate, stipulate. Style 1, simple
or 2-3-fid.

Perianth of 5 obtuse lobes. Petals 0. Leaves oppo-
site 1. Herniaria.

Perianth urceolate, with 5 aristate lobes. Leaves sub-

verticillate 2. Pollichia.

Perianth 5-parted. Petals 5. Leaves alternate . . 3. Corrigiola.

Leaves opposite, connate at the base, exstipulate.

Styles 2.

Calyx hardening 4. Scleranthus.

1. HERNIARIA, Linn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Calyx 4-5-fid ; seg-
ments equal or unequal, obtuse. Petals as many, very minute,
or 0. Stamens 3-5, perigynous. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled ; style
short, 2-fid or 2-parted ; ovule erect. Utricle membranous,
enclosed in the calyx. — DC. Procl. iii. p. 367.

Diffuse herbs. Leaves opposite or alternate, often crowded. Stipules
scarious. Flowers minute, green, axillary. — 1 species, also European and
Asiatic, diffused.

2. POLLICHIA, Soland.

Flowers surrounded at the base by at length somewhat
fleshy bracts. Calyx urceolate, 5-6-lobed ; lobes small, mu-
cronate, at length fleshy ; mouth closed with a thickened
lobed disk. Petals 0, or minute. Stamens 1-2, on the throat
of the perianth. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled, narrowed into a fili-
form, twisted style, with 2-fid stigma ; ovules 2, basilar.
Utricle globose, included in the perianth-tube, 1-seeded. — DC.
Prod. iii. p. 377.

A diffuse herb. Leaves subwhorled, narrow. Stipules scarious. Flowers
minute, axillary, crowded. — 1 species, found in the Eastern districts ; ex-
tends to Arabia. Fruit eaten by the Hottentots.

3. CORRIGIOLA, Linn.

Calyx herbaceous, deeply 5-fid ; lobes obtuse. Petals 5,
perigynous, as long as the calyx. Stamens 5, perigynous.
Ovary 1-celled ; style very short ; ovule 1, suspended from a
basilar funicle. Nut crustaceous, ovoid, turgid, 3-angled, en-
closed in the rugulose calyx. — DC. Prod. iii. f. 366.

CII. PAR0NYCHIEJ3.

321

Diffuse herbs. Leaves alternate, rather fleshy and glaucous. Stipules
8carious. Flowers small, eymose corymbose or panicled. — 1 diffused Euro-
pean species, probably introduced.

4. SCLERANTHUS, Linn.

Perianth funnel-shaped or tubular, at length indurate ; lobes
4-5, erect or incurved. Stamens 1, 2, 5, or 10, inserted on
the throat of the calyx. Ovary ovoid ; styles 2, distinct, fili-
form ; stigmas capitate ; ovule 1, suspended from a basilar
funicle. Utricle included in the thickened perianth-tube. —
DC. Prod. iii. p. 378.

Small, rigid herbs, densely tufted. Leaves opposite, connate at the base,
subulate. Stipules 0. Flowers very small, green. — 2 species, both Euro-
pean and perhaps introduced.

Order CIII. PEN^ACEiE.

Calyx coloured, persistent, enlarging, tubular, 4-lobed.; the
lobes valvate or reduplicate in bud. Stamens 4, in the throat,
alternate with the lobes of the perianth ; anthers actuate to a
thickened connective, 2-celled. Ovary free, 4-celled ; cells
2-4-ovuled ; style terete or 4-cornered ; stigma 4-lobed or 4
stigmas. Capsule loculicidal, 4-valved. Seed exalbuminous ;
embryo fleshy, with minute, scarcely-visible cotyledons. —
Shrubs or undershrubs, with opposite, entire leaves, and sub-
sessile, mostly bracteolate flowers in the upper axils.

Tribe 1. Peiosea:. Ovules in each cell 2, erect. (Gen. 1-4.)

Style 4-angled or 4-winged ; stigmas 4, flat, placed
crosswise.

Style 4- winged 1. Pena:a.

Style 4-angled (not winged) 2. Stylapterus.

Style terete ; stigma 4-lobed, capitate.

Calyx-tube not longer than the lobes. Stamens in-
cluded 3. Brachysiphon.

Calyx-tube longer than the lobes. Stamens exserted 4. Sarcocolla.

Tribe 2. Endoneme^:. Ovules in each cell 4, 2 ascending, 2 pendulous.

(Gen. 5-6.)

Calyx-tube 4-ribbed, scarcely longer than lobes.

Flowers crowded in a terminal, bracteate spike . . 5. Glischrocolla.

Calyx-tube long, cylindrical. Flowers axillary, scat-
tered 6. Endonema.

Tribe 1. Peh^e^:. (Gren. 1-4.)

1. PENiEA, Linn.

Calyx-tube scarcely longer than the limb, about equalling
the bract, valvate in bud. Filaments very short ; anther-cells

Y

822

CUT. PENjEACEJE.

much shorter than the thickened connective, 2-valved, the
margins of the valves ciliate. Ovary smooth ; cells 2-ovuled
at base ; stigmas 4, flattened, cruciate, each decurrent as a
band along the (thus 4-winged) style. Capsule covered with
the enlarged calyx, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds erect. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 484.

Branching shrublets. Leaves flat, the uppermost suddenly passing into
broader, coloured bracts. Bracteoles very minute, in pairs. Flowers in the
upper axils, coloured. — 6 species, dispersed.

2. STYLAPTERUS, A. Juss.

Characters as in Penaa, except : Ovary roughish ; style 4-
sided (but not 4-winged). Capsule in the torn calyx, more or
less nude, the bracts and bracteoles deciduous. — DC. Prod. xiv.
p. 486.

Shrublets, with flat or acerose heathlike leaves. Flowers in the upper axils
and very caducous, thin, often ciliate ; bracts and bracteoles sometimes
wanting altogether ? — 3 species.

3. BRACHYSIPHON, A. Juss.

Calyx-tube oblong ; lobes about as long, valvate or redupli-
cate-valvate in bud. Filaments very short ; anther-cells
shorter than the thick connective, the valves entire. Ovary
smooth, oblong ; style filiform, terete ; stigma small, 4-lobed.
— DC. Prod. xiv. p. 487.

Shrublets, with flat or rarely acicular leaves, and flowers in the upper
axils. — 6 species.

4. SARCOCOLLA, Kth.

Calyx-tube oblong ; lobes shorter than the tube, reduplicate-
valvate in bud. Stamens exserted ; anthers equalling the fila-
ments, the cells nearly equalling the connective, the valves
entire. Ovary smooth ; cells 2-ovuled ; style slender, terete ;
stigma capitate, 4-lobed. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 488.

Shrublets, with flat, imbricated leaves, and ample, coloured, often resin-
ous bracts, and flowers crowded at the tops of the branches. — 4 species,
Western.

Tribe 2. Endokeme^i. (Gen. 5-6.)

5. GLISCHROCOLLA, A. DC.

Calyx-tube oblong, 4-ribbed ; lobes rather shorter than the
tube, reduplicate-valvate in bud. Filaments short, thick ;
anthers cordate-ovate ; cells oblong, longer than the warted
connective, introrse. Ovary smooth, 4-celled, each cell 4-
ovuled ; the ovules in pairs, 2 upper ascending, 2 lower pen-

CIII. PEtfiEACEJE.

323

dulous ; style filiform ; stigma obsoletely 4-lobed. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 490.

A shrublet, with ovate -imbricate leaves, 1-lf inch long, j-1 wide,
margined, with a prominent nerve beneath. Flowers crowded at the ends
of the branches, with large, coloured, but not glutinous bracts.

6. ENDONEMA, A. Juss.

Calyx with a long, cylindrical tube ; lobes shorter, ovate,
acute, thickened within, valvate in bud. Filaments erect, as
long as the anthers or longer ; anthers ovate ; cells scarcely
shorter than the connective, entire, margined. Ovary smooth ;
ovules 4 in each cell, 2 erect, 2 pendulous ; style slender,
equalling the calyx-tube ; stigmas 4, small. Capsule oblong,
4-valved. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 490.

Shrubs, with solitary flowers, in the axils of coloured leaves. — 2 species.

Order CIY. GEISSOLOME^.

[The genus Geissoloma, formerly referred to Penceaeece , differs in having
imbricate aestivation of the perianth ; in the number and insertion of sta-
mens, the versatile anthers, and albuminous seeds.]

1. GEISSOLOMA, Lindl.

Calyx 4-parted, subtended by 2-fariously imbricated, scaly
bracts, persistent ; segments ovate, mucronate, imbricate in
bud. Stamens 8, in the bottom of the perianth, the 4 alter-
nating with the lobes rather shorter than the others ; anthers
much shorter than the filaments, ovoid, 2-lobed at base, versa-
tile, mucronulate, with an obsolete connective. Ovary free,
4-lobed, 4-celled ; ovules in each cell 2, pendulous ; styles 4,
at first cohering as 1, then separating ; stigmas minute. Cap-
sule 4-celled, loculicida. Seeds solitary, pendulous ; albumen
copious, fleshy ; embryo about as long, central, with linear,
fleshy cotyledons and a short radicle. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 492.

A shrub, with opposite, ovate-subcor$ate, entire, margined leaves, and
axillary, solitary, bracteate flowers. Perianth and bracts membranous,
nerved. — Clanwilliam and Swellendam.

Order CY. THYMELEjE.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx corolloid or rarely herbaceous,
tubular, deciduous or persistent, 4-5-lobed, the lobes imbri-
cate in bud. Hypogynous scales 4-8, minute, free or united
in a cup, rarely perigynous, sometimes wanting. Fertile sta-

324

CV. THYMELEJE.

mens 2-4-5, 1-seriate, opposite tlie lobes, or 8-10, 2-seriate,
inserted on the perianth ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 1-
celled (rarely 2-celled) ; ovule 1, pendulous ; style filiform.
Fruit a nut or drupe. Seed solitary ; albumen 0 or thin ;
radicle superior. — Shrubs or rarely trees, with very tough
bark ; simple, quite entire leaves, without stipules ; and capi-
tate, umbelled, racemose or spiked, rarely solitary, often
pubescent flowers.

Tribe 1. Daphnes. Calyx without any scales or glands in the throat
or within the tube.

Flowers pedicelled, in pedunculate, terminal umbels . 1. Peddiea.

Flowers sessile, either in heads or spikes or axillary.

Anthers subsessile within the throat of perianth . 3. Arthrosolen.

Anthers on setaceous or subulate filaments, some or
all exserted.

Flowers in terminal, peduncled, involucred heads 2. Dais.

Flowers axillary or spiked.

Nut dry, with a hard shell 4. Passerina.

Berry fleshy, containing a hard seed .... 5. Chymococca.

Tribe 2. Gnidiea;. Calyx having scales or glands, either in the throat
or more or less within the tube.

Glands more or less concealed in the tube. Anthers
on conspicuous filaments.

Glands oblong, in the middle of the tube. Flowers

subsolitary 7. Cryptadenia.

Glands filiform or scale-like, in the upper part of
tube, partly hidden among the hairs of throat.

Flowers mostly capitate 8. Lachnasa.

Glands or scales at the summit of the tube, conspi-
cuous. Anthers subsessile.

Calyx with a 4-parted limb.

Stamens 4 6. Struthiola.

Stamens 8 9. Gnidta.

Calyx with 5-parted limb. Anthers 10 .... 10. Lasiosiphon .

Tribe 1. Daphnes. (Gren. 1-5.)

1. PEDDIEA, Harv.

Calyx coloured, deciduous, the tube conical-cylindrical, con-
tinuous ; limb 4-5-lobed ; lobes short, revolute. Stamens
8-10, inserted above the middle of the tube, 2-seriate ; an-
thers subsessile, oblong, obtuse. A cup-like, membranous,
crenate disk under the ovary. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ;
ovule pendulous ; style filiform, deciduous ; stigma de-
pressed-capitate. Drupe nude. Embryo exalbuminous. — DC.
Prod. xiv. p. 528.

P. Africana is a glabrous shrub, with forking branches, scattered or sub -
opposite, obovate-oblong, shining leaves, and umbellate, pedunculate
flowers. — Found near Natal.

CY. THYMELEiE.

325

2. DAIS, Linn.

Calyx coloured, funnel-shaped, the tube slender, continuous
or at length bursting across above the ovary, pubescent within ;
limb 5-lobed, regular ; throat without scales. Stamens 10, in-
serted in the throat in a double row ; filaments conspicuous,
setaceous, the alternate shorter, the upper row or all exserted ;
anthers oblong. A membranous cup beneath the ovary. Style
lateral, capillary, exserted ; stigma capitate. Berry fleshy or
dry, enclosed in the base of the calyx. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 528.

Shrubs, with scattered or opposite, large, flat, veiny leaves, and terminal
peduncled heads, girt with a 4-leaved involucre. — D. cotinifolia , the only
South African species, grows in the Eastern district and at Natal.

3. ARTHROSOLEN, C. A. Mey.

Calyx coloured, funnel-shaped, the tube jointed below the
middle, the upper part deciduous, lower persistent ; limb 4-5-
parted, spreading; throat without scales. Stamens 8-10, in
the throat ; anthers subsessile, oblong or linear, 2-seriate, the
upper half exserted, lower included. No hypogynous scales.
Style lateral, filiform, included ; stigma papillate, capitate.
Nut enclosed in the persistent base of the perianth. — DC.
Prod. xiv. p. 559.

Shrubs or undershrubs, with scattered or rarely opposite, sessile leaves,
and axillary or capitate and involucrate flowers. — 9 species, dispersed.

4. PASSERINA, Linn.

Calyx salver-shaped, the tube mediocre, thin, narrowed and
at length bursting above the ovary, the lower part persistent,
enwrapping the fruit, or at length splitting and falling off ;
limb 4-parted, petaloid, spreading ; throat without scales.
Stamens 8, 1-seriate in the throat; filaments subulate, ex-
serted, dilated at base. No hypogynous scales. Style la-
teral, near the apex of the glabrous ovary, equalling the tube
of perianth ; stigma half-exserted, capitate. Nut enclosed in
the calyx-tube or at last nude, ovate, with a hard, dry shell. —
DC. Prod. xiv. p. 561.

Heath-like shrubs, with tomentose branches, and decussately opposite,
small, dorsally- keeled or convex, narrow leaves ; flowers small, axillary or
in terminal spikes, each subtended by a dilated bract. — 4 species, dispersed.

5. CHYMOCOCCA, Meisn.

Character as in Passerina , except that the fruit is a fleshy,
nude berry, containing a hard-shelled seed. — DC. Prod. xiv. p.
565.

1 or 2 species, with the habit of Passerina , dispersed.

320

CV. THYMELEJ3.

Tribe 2. Gnidie,®. (Gen. 6-10.)

6. STRUTHIOLA, Linn.

Calyx 2-bracteolate, coloured, with a long, slender, cylin-
drical tube, jointed and deciduous above the ovary, the throat
widened ; limb 4-parted ; lobes equal, spreading. Glands
8 or 12 or rarely 4, fleshy or horny, oblong, erect, exserted on
the rim of the throat, each girt with a circle of shining hairs,
and all of them more or less confluent at base. Anthers
4, subsessile in the throat, included. No hypogynous scales.
Ovary sessile ; style lateral, capillary, equalling the calyx-
tube ; stigma capitate. Nut enclosed in the persistent base
of perianth. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 566.

Heath-like shrubs or undershrubs, mostly with long, slender branches, op-
posite or rarely scattered, mostly linear leaves and flowers, in terminal leafy
spikes, often very-sweetly scented. — 19 species, .dispersed.

7. CRYPTADENIA, Meisn.

Calyx coloured, funnel-shaped ; the tube jointed over the
ovary, the upper part deciduous ; the throat pubescent, with-
out scales ; limb 4-parted ; the lobes as long as the tube or
longer, spreading, glabrous within. Glands 8, oblong, sessile,
sub-l-seriate, in the middle of the tube. Stamens 8, 2-seriate,
inserted above the glands ; filaments capillary, bearded. No
hypogynous scales. Ovary glabrous ; style lateral, equalling
the tube ; stigma capitate. Nut in the hairy base of calyx.
— DC. Prod. xiv. p. 573.

Heath-like shrublets or undershrubs, with opposite, decussate, sessile,
linear or needle-shaped, glabrous leaves, and terminal, subsolitary, purplish
or rosy, externally silky flowers. — 5 species, Western.

8. LACHNJEA, Y. Royen.

Calyx coloured, funnel-shaped, pubescent within and with-
out (very rarely glabrous within), the tube narrowed and at
length jointed and deciduous above the ovary ; limb 4-parted,
spreading ; the lobes equal or unequal in pairs. Glands 8,
in a double or single row beneath the insertion of the sta-
mens, included or half-exserted, filiform or scale-like, partly
hid among the hairs of the throat. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, ex-
serted, inserted in the throat ; filaments conspicuous ; anthers
basifixed, obtuse. No hypogynous scales. Ovary sessile, gla-
brous ; style lateral, capillary ; stigma capitate, exserted. Nut
ovoid, in the base of calyx. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 574.

Shrubs with slender branches, opposite or scattered leaves, and flowers in
terminal, nude or involucred heads, rarely axillary, subsolitary. — 18 species,
dispersed.

CY. THYMELEiE.

327

9. GNIDIA, Linn.

Calyx coloured, funnel-shaped ; tube jointed, deciduous
above the ovary ; limb 4-parted, regular. Glands or scales
4 or 8, inserted on the rim of the throat, exserted, petaloid or
fleshy, 2-lobed or entire, glabrous or rarely tomentose. An-
thers 8, subsessile in the throat, the upper ones half-exserted.
Hypogynous ring obsolete or small. Ovary sessile ; style
lateral, equalling the tube ; stigma capitate. Nut in the base
of calyx. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 580.

Heath-like shrubs or undershrubs (rarely with broad leaves), with capitate
or spiked, rarely solitary and axillary, often involucred flowers. — 41 species,
dispersed.

10. LASIOSIPHON, Fresen.

Character as Gnidia , except : Calyx with a 5-parted limb.
Scales 5, petaloid, glabrous, entire or 2-fid. Anthers 10. — DC.
Prod. xiv. p. 593.

Shrubs with the habit of Gnidia, with terminal, often peduncled, invo-
lucred heads of flowers seated on a villous, convex receptacle. Base of
perianth very hairy with long hairs ; tube pubescent, glabrous within. — 12
South African species, mostly Eastern.

Order CVL LAUMNEJE.

Flowers bisexual or unisexual, small. Calyx mostly free,
herbaceous or petaloid, usually 6-fid (rarely 4-9), the lobes
imbricating in 2 rows. Stamens perigynous, definite, in 3-4
rows, some (or all in the female flower) changed into glands
scales or petaloid membranes (staminodia) , those of the outer
rows introrse, of the inner extrorse ; anthers adnate, 2-4-
celled, opening by valves. Ovary single, usually free, 1-
eelled ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; style simple. Fruit fleshy
or dry, nude or enclosed in the enlarged calyx-tube. Seed
exalbuminous. — Chiefly tropical trees or shrubs, abundant in
Asia and America, very rare in Africa. Leaves simple, mostly
undivided and very entire, densely netted with veinlets, rigid,
without stipules.

Suborder 1. Laurese. Forest trees or shrubs.

Anthers 2-celled. Fruit enclosed in the calyx-tube . 1. Cryptocarva.

Anthers 4-celled. Fruit sitting in the cup-like base of

calyx 2. Oreodaphne.

Suborder 2. Cassythese. Leafless, filiform, twining parasites.
Character the same as that of the Suborder .... 3. Cassytha.

328

CVI. LAURLNEJB.

1. CRYPTOCARYA, R. Br.

Blowers bisexual, panicled, bracteate. Calyx funnel- shaped,
6-fid, tbe tube urceolate, persistent, enlarging, somewhat
narrow in the throat, the lobes equal or subequal, at length
deciduous. Fertile stamens 9, in the throat ; filaments short,
flat, the 3 innermost with a sessile gland at each side at base ;
anthers ovate-oblong, 2-celled, the 3 inner extrorse. Stami-
nodia 3, shortly stipitate, ovate-oblong, acute, without glands.
Style filiform, short ; stigma subcapitate. Ovary completely
immersed in the calyx-tube. Fruit hidden in the fleshy or dry,
enlarged calyx-tube. — DC. Prod. xv. p. 68.

Trees of both hemispheres, with alternate leaves and axillary or terminal,
short panicles of flowers. — 2 South African species.

2. OREODAPHNE, Nees.

Flowers mostly dioecious, panicled or racemose, nude. Calyx
rotate or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, the lobes equal or sub-
equal, deciduous. Fertile stamens 9 (in the female changed
into glands or scales) ; filaments short, the 3 inner with basal
glands ; anthers ovate or oblong, 4-celled, the cells super-
posed, 3 inner extrorse ; staminodia 0 or obsolete. Berry
sitting in the short, cup-like base of calyx. — DC. Prod. xv. p.
111.

Trees, chiefly American. O. bullata , Nees, which yields the well-known
“ Stinkwood ” of cabinet makers, is the only Cape species.

3. CASSYTHA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx urceolate or at first rotate,
6-fid, persistent, the 3 outer lobes smaller, the tube at length
globose and fleshy. Fertile stamens 9, in the throat; fila-
ments short, broad ; anthers 2-celled, the 3 inner extrorse,
with glands at base, alternating with 3 triangular or gland-
like staminodia. Ovary enclosed in the calyx-tube, free ;
style short ; stigma depressed. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy
calyx-tube. — DC. Prod. xv.p. 252.

Leafless, cord-like parasites, scrambling over bushes, etc., like Cuscutce ,
and similarly attached by lateral disks. Flowers capitate, spiked or race-
mose, each 3-bracted at base. — 2 Cape species, of which C. Capensis is com-
mon throughout the colony.

Order CYII. PROTEACE.E.

Calyx 4-cleft or 4-parted ; lobes valvate in bud. Stamens
perigynous, 4 (1 sometimes sterile), opposite the lobes of the
perianth ; anthers 2-celled, splitting. Ovary free, sessile or
stalked, 1-celled ; ovules solitary or in pairs (or numerous in

evil. PROTEACEiE.

329

2 rows) ; style simple, terminal ; stigma terminal or lateral.
Fruit (in the African genera) a 1- seeded nut or drupe. Albu-
men 0. — Trees, shrubs or undershrubs, very varied in aspect,
with rigid, exstipulate, entire or multifid, alternate, rarely
opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers either capitate, spiked
or axillary, rarely umbelled. The species are chiefly natives
of the Western districts.

Flowers dioecious (male and female on different plants).

Male flowers racemose ; nuts exserted, bearded . 1. Aulax.

Male flowers capitate ; nuts glabrous, hidden under

the broad scales of a cone-like involucre ... 2. Leucadendron.

Flowers bisexual and fertile or rarely polygamous in
the same inflorescence.

Flowers in many-flowered or indefinitely few-
flowered, terminal or axillary heads.

Calyx irregular, 2-labiate, 3 lacinise (or all) co-
hering.

Antheriferous apices of calyx cohering ; nuts

bearded, tailed by the persistent style . . 3. Protea.

Antheriferous apices separate ; nuts smooth,

not tailed 4. Letjcospeemum.

Calyx distinctly 4-cleft, regular.

Nut sessile, smooth ; leaves flat, expanded,

entire or toothed 5. Mimetes.

Nut pedicellate, hairy or glabrescent ; leaves

filiform, 3-pinnatiparted or rarely entire . 6. Seerubia.

Flowers in 1-flowered or definitely 2-6-flowered
involucred heads, which are congested in ter-
minal spikes or head-like glomerules.

Calyx regular ; stigma vertical, clavate.

Nut sessile, entire at base; leaves flat, the

upper entire or cut, lower pinnatiparted . 7. Nivenia.

Nut pedicellate or emarginate at base ; leaves
linear, entire or some of the lower decom-
pound 8. Sorocephalus.

Calyx irregular, 1 segment larger ; stigma ob-
lique, dilated 9. Spatalla.

Flowers in spikes or racemes (not capitate).

Anthers sessile in the apices of the calyx-lobes ;
nut bearded ; spikes terminal ; leaves alter-
nate, quite entire 10. Faurea.

Anthers on short filaments at the base of the 4-
parted calyx ; drupe velvety ; racemes axil-
lary ; leaves whorled, serrated 11. Brabeium.

1. AULAX, Berg.

Flowers dioecious, the male in racemes, nude ; female capi-
tate, bracteate. Calyx regular, 4-parted ; segments, in the
males, bearing anthers in the middle. Hypogynous scales in
male 0, in female 4. Ovary 1-ovuled ; stigma oblique, clavate,
hispidulous, emarginate. Nut exserted, ventricose, bearded.
— DC. Prod. xiv. p. 211.

330

CV1I. PltOTEACEiE.

Glabrous, low shrubs, the flowering branches umbellate. Leaves narrow,
sessile, quite entire. — 2 species, Western.

2. LEU CADENDRON, Herm.

Flowers dioecious, both sexes in involucred heads, the female
involucre cone-like. Calyx regular ; segments bearing anthers
in the concave apex. Stigma oblique, clavate, hispidulous,
emarginate. Nut sometimes winged, enclosed within the
scales of the cone-like involucre. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 212.

Trees or shrubs, silky, silvery, pubescent or glabrous. Leaves quite
entire, mostly sessile. Heads terminal, solitary. — 49 species, dispersed.

3. PROTEA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, capitate, the head many-flowered, invo-
lucred with persistent, coriaceous, imbricate often-coloured
bracts ; receptacle flat or convex, mostly glabrous. Calyx
elongate, slender, 2-labiate, 3 of its lobes cohering in one lip
and mostly aristate, the fourth free ; anthers sessile in the
spoon-like apices of the perianth -lobes, linear, the connective
mostly crested. Style subulate, persistent ; stigma cylin-
drical or subulate. Nut tailed by the style, rigidly hairy all
over. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 230.

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves quite entire, flat or channelled, often mar-
gined. Heads large, mostly terminal. — 60 species, dispersed.

4. LEUCOSPERMUM, R. Br.

Flowers bisexual, capitate, the head terminal, many-flow-
ered, globose or oblong: receptacle flattish, paleaceous; invo-
lucre multiseriate, the bracteoles imbricated, appressed. Calyx
1-labiate, (3 or rarely all) of the claws of the segments coher-
ing, their spoon-shaped apices separate, antheriferous. Style
filiform, deciduous ; stigma glabrous, mostly much thickened,
sometimes obliquely truncate, very generally angular or fur-
rowed. Nut crustaceous, sessile, subglobose, smooth. — DC.
Prod. xiv. p. 253.

Small trees or generally low shrubs, erect or trailing, with sessile, flat or
concave, entire or callous-denticulate leaves and mostly terminal heads of
yellow flowers. — 23 Cape species, dispersed.

5. MIMETES, Salisb.

Flowers bisexual, capitate, the head axillary, rarely terminal,
few- or many-flowered, sometimes wrapped in a concave leaf ;
receptacle flat, with narrow, deciduous palese or 0 ; involucre
many-leaved, membranous, rarely coriaceous, often coloured,
multiseriate, imbricate or 1-sided. Calyx regular, 4-parted,
the segments distinct, antheriferous in the apices. 4 hypo-

CYII. PROTEACE^l.

331

gynous scales. Style filiform, deciduous ; stigma subulate,
slender. Nut sessile, ventricose, smooth. — DC. Prod. xiv. p.
262.

Shrubs, with the habit of Leucospermum, but mostly axillary heads of
red or purple (not yellow) flowers. Leaves flat or concave, entire or callous-
dentate, mostly veiny and pubescent. — Heads in the axils of the upper
leaves or terminal. — 14 species, dispersed.

6. SERRURIA, Salisb.

Flowers bisexual, capitate ; the head globose, indefinitely
many-flowered, involucred or nude ; involucre multiseriate,
persistent, the scales membranous, imbricate. Calyx subregu-
lar, 4-fid, the claws distinct, apices concave, antheriferous.
Hypogynous scales 4. Style filiform, deciduous ; stigma
vertical, glabrous, clavate or cylindrical, mostly furrowed.
Nut on a short stipe, ovoid or ventricose, hairy or glabrescent.
sometimes beaked with the style-base. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 283.

Small shrubs, with terete-filiform, 3-fido-pinnatiparted, rarely undivided
leaves, and purple flowers iu solitary, corymbose or glomerated heads. — 52
species, dispersed.

7. NIVENIA, R. Br.

Flowers bisexual, capitate ; the heads 4-flowered, involucred,
disposed in dense, terminal spikes or rarely in a glomerule,
each head subtended by a bract ; involucre 4-leaved, persistent,
hardened in fruit ; receptacle nude. Calyx regular, 4-fid, en-
tirely deciduous ; the apices concave, antheriferous. Hypo-
gynous scales 4. Style filiform, deciduous, angle-furrowed
above ; stigma vertical, clavate, obtuse, rarely conic-capitate.
Nut sessile, ventricose, shining, entire at base. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 299.

Erect, virgate shrubs, with dimorphous leaves, the upper more or less
entire, dilated and flat, the lower pinnatiparted or 2-3-ternate. Flowers
purple. — 13 species, dispersed.

8. SOROCEPHALUS, R. Br.

Flowers bisexual, capitate, heads 6-1-fiowered, involucred,
crowded in a dense terminal head-like spike ; involucre 3-6-
leaved, subtended by a bract, not changed in fruit ; receptacle
nude. Calyx regular, 4-fid, quite deciduous ; the apices con-
cave, antheriferous. Hypogynous scales 4. Style filiform,
deciduous; stigma vertical, clavate. Nut on a short stipe or
emarginate at base, ventricose. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 303.

Erect, virgate shrubs, with narrow-linear, flat or filiform, entire leaves,
or the lower leaves sometimes 2-pinnatifid. Flowers purplish. — 11 species,
dispersed.

332

CV1I. PltOTEAOEiE.

9. SPATALLA, Salisb.

Flowers bisexual, capitate ; beads 4-1-flowered, involucred,
spiked or racemose, each subtended by a bract ; involucre 4-
leaved, not changed in fruit ; receptacle nude. Calyx subirre-
gular, 4-fid, quite deciduous ; the apices concave, antheriferous,
the inner segment mostly largest. Hypogynous scales 4,
subulate. Style filiform, deciduous ; stigma oblique, dilated,
concave or subconvex. Nut on a short stipe, ventricose. —
DC. Prod. xiv. p. 306.

Heath-like shrubs, with filiform, undivided leaves. Flowers purplish.

10. FAUREA, Harv.

Flowers bisexual, regular, spiked. Calyx clavate- tubular,
equal, cleft below by the bursting forth of the style, 1-
labiate, reflexed, at length quite deciduous ; the apices long,
cohering, concave, antheriferous. Hypogynous scales 4, free,
membranous, acute. Ovary sessile, densely silky ; style fili-
form, straight, glabrous ; stigma subclavate, 4-furrowed, obtuse,
obscurely nodulose at base. Nut sessile, ovate, clothed with
long, straight hairs, tailed by the (at length deciduous) style.
— DC. Prod. xiv. p. 344.

Shrubs or small trees, with simple, quite entire, vertical leaves, and sub-
sessile, densely-flowered, terminal spikes. — 2 species, natives of the Natal
country.

11. BRABEIUM, Linn.

Flowers polygamous (commonly male, with a barren pistil),
regular, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved, regular, deciduous. Stamens
4, with short filaments, attached to the base of the perianth
segments. Hypogynous scales connate in a tube. Ovary ses-
sile ; style filiform ; stigma vertical, clavate. Drupe dry, sub-
globose or elliptical, subcompressed, villous, with a bony stone.
— DC. Prod. xiv. p. 344.

A tree, with whorled, simple, serrate leaves, and axillary, spiked ra-
cemes of white, sweet-scented flowers. Colonial name, “ Wild Castanjes,”
or Caffre Chestnut. — Native of the Western districts.

Order CYIII. SANTALACEiE.

Perianth-tube adhering to the ovary ; limb superior, 4-5-
rarely 3-fid ; the lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 4-5, opposite
the lobes of the perianth, inserted at their base. Ovary infe-
rior, 1-celled ; ovules 2-4 ; pendulous from near the apex of a
central, cord-like placenta ; style simple ; stigma often lobed.
Fruit nut- like or drupaceous. Seed solitary, with fleshy albu-

CYIII. S ANT AL ACEJ3 .

333

men and axile embryo. — Trees, sbrubs, undersbrubs or berbs,
often having parasitical attachment to the roots of other
plants. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, exstipulate,
often glaucous. Flowers small, greenish, white or pale-yellow.

Calyx not prolonged as a tube above the ovary. (Large
shrubs, with opposite leaves.)

Calyx 4-lobed ; lobes deciduous in fruit .... 1. Osyris.

Calyx 5-lobed ; lobes persistent in fruit .... 2. B-hoiocarpus.

Calyx sensibly prolonged as a tube above the ovary.

(Small shrubs or herbs, with alternate, often
minute leaves.)

Flowers bisexual ; calyx 5-lobed.

Fruit a thin-shelled, fleshy drupe 3. Osyridocarpus.

Fruit a dry, hard- shelled, ribbed nut .... 4. Thesium.

Flowers dioecious ; calyx 4-lobed ; leaves small or

scale-like 5. Thesidium.

1. OSYRIS, Linn.

Flowers bisexual (or dioecious). Tube of the calyx slender
in the males ; in the females or hermaphrodite obconic ; limb
deeply 3-4-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, with or without a few
deciduous hairs on the surface. Stamens 3-4 ; filaments
short ; anthers 2-celled. Disk concave, with round lobes,
- covering the upper and undivided part of perianth. Ovary
fleshy ; style short ; stigmas 3-4. Drupe ovoid-globose,
crowned with broken vestiges of the limb and disk. — DO.
Prod. xiv. p. 632.

Shrubs or trees, chiefly of the Northern hemisphere. — O. compressa ,
A. DC. ( Fusanus compressus, Lam.), our only species, is a common, glau-
cous shrub, with opposite leaves, very variable in shape.

2. RHOIOCARPUS, A. DC.

Flowers bisexual, 5- rarely 6-fid ; tube narrow-obconic ;
lobes ovate, acute, persistent, with a tuft of hairs on the sur-
face. Stamens with slender filaments and 2-celled anthers.
Disk subconcave, with very obtuse, short lobes. Style cylin-
drical-conical ; stigmas 5, short. Ovary fleshy. Drupe ovoid,
crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx. — DO. Prod.
xiv. p. 634.

A shrub, with the habit of Osyris compressa , from which it is known by
the persistent, 5-fid limb of perianth. — Eastern districts.

3. OSYRIDOCARPUS, A. DC.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx obconical at base, and there ad-
hering to the ovary, prolonged upwards into a cylindrical-
funnel-shaped tube, 5-lobed at apex, a tuft of hairs on the
middle of each lobe. Stamens 5, inserted beneath the lobes
near the apex of tube ; filaments slender, equalling the 2-

334

CVIII. SANTALACEJE.

celled anthers. Disk spread thinly over the tube, inconspicuous.
Style elongate, obtuse or sub-3-lobed. Drupe ellipsoid,
crowned by the (finally deciduous) limb of calyx. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 635 ; Thes. Cap. t. 199.

Slender shrubs, scrambling or half-climbing through larger shrubs ; the
branches pendulous. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.
Flowers axillary, 1-3 together. — 1 Eastern district and Natal species,
another in Abyssinia.

4. THESIUM, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Calyx prolonged above the ovary, the
free part salver-, funnel-, or bell-shaped ; 5- (rarely 4-)lobed,
persistent or at length deciduous ; lobes mostly with a tuft of
hairs, rarely glabrous. Stamens at the base of each lobe ;
filaments linear. Disk mostly indistinct. Style reaching the
stamens or much shorter ; stigma obtuse or capitate. Nut
ellipsoid, dry, mostly crowned by the persistent limb of calyx,
nerve-ribbed. — DC. Prod. xiv. p. 637.

Herbs or small shrubs, widely dispersed in the Eastern hemisphere.
Leaves alternate, mostly narrow and glabrous, rarely expanded. Flowers
commonly cymose, sometimes capitate, spiked panicled or dispersed. — 62
species at the Cape, from various parts of the colony.

5. THESIDIUM, Sond.

Flowers dioecious. Calyx above the ovary bell-shaped or
subrotate, 4- (rarely 5-)fid, glabrous, except a tuft of hairs in
the male flowers towards the anthers. Males : Stamens at
base of each lobe ; filaments slender. Females : Style short ;
stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Nut as in Tliesium. — DC. Prod.
xiv. p. 673.

Annuals or small undershrubs. Leaves alternate, minute, often scale-
like. Flowers axillary, sessile or subsessile, mostly solitary, in lax spikes.
— 6 species, dispersed.

Order CIX. EUPHORBIACEAJ.

Flowers unisexual. Calyx free, 4-6-cleft or -parted, valvate
or imbricate, rarely 2- or many-leaved or 0. Petals usually 0,
when present alternating with the calyx-lobes, short and scale-
like or well developed. — Male flowers : Stamens definite or
indefinite, free or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. — Female
flowers : Ovary sessile or stipitate, 2-3- or many-celled, the
margins of the valves inflexed and adnate to a central column ;
ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous ; styles as many as the
carpels, free or variously united or obsolete ; stigmas united
or distinct. Fruit (very rarely fleshy) of 2-3 or more. (usually

CTX. EUPIIORBIACEiE.

335

3) cocci, which generally split into 2 valves, and break off
from a central, persistent columnar axis. Seeds albuminous ;
embryo central ; cotyledons usually flat or flattish, sometimes
leafy. — Trees shrubs and herbs, very varied in habit, frequently
with an acrid, milky juice. Leaves mostly alternate, with or
without stipules.

Series 1. Uniovulate. Ovules 1 in each cell.

Several monandrous male flowers and a solitary fe-
male together in a calyx-like, fleshy, 4-5-lobed in-
volucre (milky plants) 1. Euphorbia.

Male and female flowers separate.

Male flowers (at least) furnished with petals.

Stamens united in a central column.

Stamens 10; petals longer than the calyx . 3. Jatropha.

Stamens 5 ; petals short 4. Cluytia.

Stamens free.

Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5, clawed .... 5. Croton.

Calyx 2-parted, sepals horned ; petals 2 . . 6. Ceratophorus.

Male flowers without petals.

Stamens many or very many (at least 50).

Stamens polyadelphous ; filaments much-

branched 2. Ricinus.

Stamens monadelphous ; flowers clustered

within two large leafy-veined bracts . . .13. Dalechampia.

Stamens free ; flowers not bracted.

Calyx of both sexes 3-4-parted ; sepals

entire 14. Claoxylon.

Calyx of male 5-parted ; of female 6-7-

parted ; the sepals pectinate-pinnatifid . 15. Ctenomeria.
Stamens few, never more than 20.

Ovary 2-celled ; capsule 2-coccous.

Trees or shrubs, with long-petioled, round-
ish leaves 7. Mappa.

Herbs, with narrow, subsessile leaves . . 11. Seidelia.

Ovary 3-4-celled ; capsules 3-4-coccous.

Stamens 2-3.

Male-calyx 3-parted ; female 3-8-parted,
the segments pectinate-pinnatifid (twin-
ing, hairy halfshrubs) 10. Tragi a.

Male-calyx cup-like, crenulate ; female
3 -toothed (trees and shrubs, with milky

juice) 16. Stillingia.

Stamens 8-16.

Styles 3, divergent, coloured, multifid . 8. Acalypha.

Styles 3, deeply 2-fid 9. Adenocline.

Style 1, short and thick ; stigma 3-4-

lobed 12. Plukenetia.

Series 2. Biovulate. Ovules in pairs in each cell.

Flowers furnished with petals.

Calyx 5-fid ; the lobes thick, triangular, valvate in

bud 19. Briedelia.

Calyx 5-parted ; sepals villous, imbricate in bud . 23. Lachnostyles.

336

crx. eupiiorbtacEjE.

Flowers destitute of petals.

Stamens free.

Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 2-3-celled . . . .17. Cyclostemon.

Capsule 3-4-celled, falling asunder.

Dioecious : Males in racemes ; females on

few-flowered peduncles 18. Hy.enanch:e.

Monoecious : Males tufted ; females solitary . 21. Pleiostemon.

Drupe fleshy, 1-celled, 1-seeded 20. Antidesma.

Stamens 3-5, united in a column, surrounded by
glands 22. Phyllanthits.

Series 1. Uniovtjlate. (Gren. 1-16.)

1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious, several monandrous, nude, male flowers
(or stamens), surrounding a single female flower (or stipitate
pistil), within a calyx-like, cup-shaped, 4-5-lobed, fleshy invo-
lucre (or calyx). — Males : True calyx and corolla 0. Stamen
jointed to a pedicel. — Female : Flowers on a lengthening
pedicel. Calyx minute or obsolete, beneath the ovary. Ovary
3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; styles 3, 2-fid. Capsules 3-coccous ;
cocci elastically 2-valve. — Endl. Gen. 5766 ; Baill. Euph. p.
281, t. 1 and 2 ,f. 1-14; DC. Prod, xv.pt. 2. p. 7.

A vast genus of milky-juiced plants ; annuals, perennials or succulent
leafless shrubs or trees. Many of the latter are South African, inhabiting
dry or rocky situations throughout the colony.

2. RICINUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted, valvate in bud.
Stamens very many ; filaments much-branched, polyadelphous.
— Female : Calyx as in male. Ovary globose, 3-celled, cells
1-ovuled; style short; stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumose. Cap-
sules 3-coccous, echinate or smooth. — Endl. Gen. 5809 ; Baill.
Euph. p. 289. 1. 10 and 11. f. 1-5 ; DC. JProd. xv.pt. 2. p. 1016.

R. communis , Linn., the Castor-oil plant, is commonly grown and partly
naturalized throughout the colony.

3. JATROPHA, Kth.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted ; lobes gland-
edged, convolute in bud. Petals 5, longer than the calyx-
lobes, alternating with 5 glands, twisted in bud. Stamens 10,
those opposite the calyx-lobes stronger ; filaments united in a
central column. — Female : Ovary girt by 5 glands, 3-celled, cells
1-ovuled ; styles 3, separate ; stigmas peltate. Capsules 3-
celled. — Endl. Gen. 5805 ; Baill. Euph. p. 294. 1. 14./! 10-27 ;
DC. Prod, xv.pt. 2. p. 1076.

Shrubs or herbs, with milky juice. Leaves entire or lobed, often 2-glan-
dular at base, and stipulate. — Croton Capense, Th., a shrub of the Eastern
district, belongs to this genus, and there are 3 or 4 small, half-woody species
in the Natal country.

CIX. EUPHORBIACEiE.

337

4. CLUYTIA, Ait.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted, imbricate. Pe-
tals 5, short, perigynous, alternating with as many 2-3-fid
glands. Stamens 5, on a central column, supporting an abor-
tive pistil. — Female : Calyx and corolla as in male. Ovary 3-
celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; styles 3, 2-fid. Capsule coccous. —
Endl. Gen. n. 5840; Baill. Euph. p. 328. t. 16. f 1-21 ; EC.
1. c. p. 1043.

South African shrubs or halfshrubs, with alternate, exstipulate, undi-
vided leaves. Inflorescence axillary ; flowers small, green, solitary or tufted.
— Several species, dispersed.

5. CROTON, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-fid or -part-
ed, imbricate or valvate in bud. Petals 5, clawed, pubescent,
alternating with as many glands. Stamens 6-10-20-30 ; fila-
ments free, on a convex receptacle. — Female : Calyx of male.
Petals minute or 0. Disk of 5 glands. Ovary 3-eelled ; cells
1-ovuled; styles 3, 2-fid. Capsule 3-coccous. — Endl. Gen.
n. 5827 ; Baill. Euph. p. 349. t. 17 and 18 ; DC. 1. c. p. 512.

Shrubs or herbs, tropical and subtropical. — 2 or 3 Cape species, in the
Eastern district and Natal.

6. CERATOPHORUS, Sond.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 2-leaved, the folioles

ovate, cucullate, horned. Petals 2, alternate, elliptical or
roundish, concave. Stamens 12-14 ; filaments free, equal, on
the torus; anthers oblong. — Female: Calyx and corolla of
male. Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3, short, 2-fid, recurved. Capsule
3-angled, glabrous, 3-celled ; cells 1 -seeded. — Sond. in Linn.
xxiii. p. 120 ; Baill. Euph. p. 392; DC. 1. c.p. 1129 (Oelonium).

C. Africanus, Sond., the only species, is a tree, with opposite, obovate,
glabrous, crenate-dentate leaves, and greenish, axillary flowers ; the males
tufted, the female solitary. — It is found in the Eastern district and all
Natal.

7. MAPPA, A. Juss.

Flowers dioecious or monoecious. — Male : Calyx 2-3- (or 5-)
parted, valvate in bud. Corolla 0. Stamens 2-12 ; filaments
free or united at base ; anthers globose. — Female : Calyx cir-
cling the base of ovary like a cup, the margin irregularly 2-3-
fid or entire. Corolla 0. Ovary compressed, 2-eelled, pubes-
cent or echinate ; cells 1-ovuled ; style 2-parted, the branches
long, divergent, reflexed, plumose within. Capsule 2-celled,
bristly or smooth. — E7idl. Gen. n. 5788 ; Baill. Euph. p. 428. t.
20. f. 1-7 ; DC. 1. c. p. 991 (Macaranga, sect. 3, Mappa).

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, long-petioled, roundish or peltate leaves
of large size, deciduous stipules, and axillary, simple or branched, bracteate

Z

338

CIX. EUPHORBIACEiE.

spikes of flowers ; male flowers tufted ; female solitary, in the axil of the
bract. — 31. Capensis, E. M., found by Drege, at Natal.

8. ACALYPHA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx 4-parted,
valvate in bud. Stamens 8-16 ; filaments connate at their
thickened bases ; anthers oblong, flexuous. — Female : Calyx
3-5-parted, pubescent, imbricate in bud. Ovary 3-celled ;
cells 1-ovuled ; styles 3, divergent, coloured, multifid. Cap-
sule 3-celled, in the persistent calyx. — Endl. Gen. n. 5787 ;
Baill. Euph.p. 440. t. 20 .f 13-19; DC. l.c.p. 799.

Tropical or subtropical shrubs or herbs, with the aspect of nettles ; alter-
nate, penninerved leaves, with deciduous stipules, and terminal or axillary-
spiked flowers ; the males aggregated, the female solitary under each bract.
— Several Cape species, in the Eastern district and at Natal.

9. ADENTOCLIT7E, Turcz.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted ; the segments
long, narrow, concave. Stamens 10-12 ; filaments free, short,
jointed in the middle ; anthers didymous. Glands 3, on the
receptacle. — Female : Calyx of male. Glands 3, broad, alter-
nating with the cells of the 3-celled ovary ; cells 1-ovuled ;
styles 3, deeply 2-fid. Capsule 3-celled. — Turcz. in FI. 1844,
p. 121 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 456. t. 9 . f. 6. Diplostylis, Send, in Linn.
xxiii. p. 113 ; DC. 1. c. p. 1139.

Small half -woody or lier’:ac30us plants, with opposite or alternate, stipu-
late, narrow, entire or toothed leaves, and axillary or terminal tufted
flowers. — 5 species, dispersed.

10. TRAGIA, Plum.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 3-parted, valvate in bud.
Stamens 2-3 ; filaments short, free. — Female : Calyx 3-8-
parted ; the segments imbricated, pectinate or pinnatifid.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed ; cells 1-ovuled ; style 3-fid. Cap-
sule hispid, 3-celled. — Endl. Gen. n. 5782 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 459 ;
DC. 1. c. p. 927.

Herbaceous or ligneous tropical or subtropical plants, often voluble, hairy,
with alternate, stipuled, penninerved, ovate or cordate, lobed or pinnatisect
leaves and racemose flowers ; the female flowers few, at the base of the
raceme, on long pedicels. — Several species, in the Eastern district.

11. SEIDELIA, Baill.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 3-parted, valvate in bud.
Stamens 2-3, alternate with the calyx-lobes ; filaments free ;
anthers globose. — Female : Calyx 3-parted. Ovary 2-celled,
a gland alternating with each cell ; cells 1-ovuled. — Baill. 1. e.
p. 465. t. 9 .f. 7. Mercurialis sp., Bond, in Linn, xxiii. p. 112 ;
DC. 1. c. p. 947 (Tragia, sect. 11, Seidelia).

CIX. EUPHORBIACEJE.

339

Small glabrous herbs, with simple, alternate, narrow, minutely-stipuled
leaves and axillary flowers. — 2 species.

12. PLUKESTETIA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 4-5-parted, valvate in
bud. Disk of 4-5 glands, alternate with the sepals. Stamens
8-10 ; filaments more or less connate at base, on a raised re-
ceptacle, free above. A rudimentary pistil. — Female : Calyx

4- 5-parted, imbricate. Ovary 3-4-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; style
thick, short ; stigma 3-4-lobed. Capsule 3-4-celled. — Sond.
in Linn. 1. c. p. 110. Sajorium, JBaill. 1. c. p. 480. t. 21. f. 3-4.
Plukenetia and Anabsena, Endl .5784-5785 ; DC. l.c. p. 768.

Twining undershrubs, with alternate, petioled, stipuled, penninerved,
netted, toothed leaves, and axillary, racemose flowers. — P. Africana , Sond.,
found at Magalisberg.

13. DALECHAMPIA, Plum.

Flowers monoecious, the male and female together, within a

2- leaved involucre. — Male : Calyx 4-5-parted, valvate in bud.
Stamens indefinite ; filaments united in a long or short column.
- — Female : Calyx 6-parted in 2 rows, imbricate in bud, or

5- parted, quincuncial ; sepals narrow, entire or laciniated,
often enlarging and growing rigid. Ovary 3 -angled, 3-cel led ;
cells 1-ovuled ; style simple, oblong-clavate ; stigma capitate.
Capsule 3-celled, in the persistent calyx. — Endl. Gen. n. 5768 ;
Baill. l.c.p. 485. t. 3./. 16-13 and *.4./. 1-5 ; DC. l.c.p. 1234.

Twining or climbing undershrubs, with long-petioled, alternate, entire or

3- 5-lobed or -parted leaves and axillary peduncles, the involucral leaves be-
coming membranous and veiny. — D. Cajpensis , Zey., common in the Eastern
district and at Natal.

14. CLAOXYLONT, A. Juss.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 3-4 -parted, valvate in
bud. Stamens very many, on a hemispherical torus ; fila-
ments free ; anther-cells distinct, erect on the apex of the
filament. — Female : Calyx as the male. Disk of 3, fleshy,
coloured glands, alternate with the sepals. Ovary 3 -angled,
3-celled; style 3-parted, the arms reflexed, plumose within.
Capsule 3-celled. — Endl. Gen. 5790 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 491. t. 20.
f. 20-24; DC. l.c.p. 775.

Tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, with red colouring matter in
the veins of the leaves, etc. — C. Caserne , Baill. (Acalypha, Drege, n. 4636)
is our only species.

15. CTENOMERIA, Harv.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted ; segments
veiny, valvate in bud. Stamens 50-60, on a prominent torus ;
filaments free, capillary ; anthers linear, rigid, basifixed. —
Female : Calyx 6-7 -parted ; the segments pectinate-pinnatifid.

z 2

310

CTX. ETJPHORBIACEiE.

Ovary hairy, 3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; styles 3, long, filiform,
densely papillose. Capsule 3-coccous, enclosed in the en-
larged, persistent calyx. — Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. i.
p. 29 ; Baill. Euph. p. 494 ; HO. 1. c. p. 925 (Leptorhachis).

Half-herbaceous, voluble plants, with alternate, petioled and stipuled, .
cordate, penninerved leaves and racemose inflorescence, terminal or opposite
the leaves. — 1 or 2 species, natives of Eastern district and Natal. They
have the habit of Tragia , but differ in the male flowers.

16. STILLINGIA, Gard.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx cup-shaped, crenulate
or shortly 2-3-fid. Stamens 2-3, exserted ; filaments more or
less connate at base. — Female: Calyx 3-toothed. Ovary
sessile, 3-celled ; cells 1-ovuled ; style thick, with 3 reflexed
branches. Capsule 3-coccous, nude. — Endl. Gen. 5780 ; Baill.
Euph. p. 509. Spirostachys, Sond. in Linn, xxiii. p. 107. Scle-
rocroton, Hochst. in Flora, 1845, p. 85 ; DC. 1. c.p. 1155.

Tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, with milky juice ; alternate,
stipuled, entire or serrulate leaves, and terminal, racemose or spiked inflo-
rescence, the males occupying the upper part of the spike, the females 1 or
2, on lon'gish pedicels near the base. — 2 or 3 species, at Natal.

Series 2. Biovulate. (Gen. 17-23.)

17. CYCLOSTEMONT, Blume.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 4-5-parted ; the sepals
unequal, concave, imbricate in bud. Stamens very many ;
filaments slender, free, inserted round a broad, convex disk ;
anthers oblong. — Female : Calyx as in the male, persistent.
Disk fleshy, surrounding the ovary. Ovary depressed, vel-
vety, 3- (or 2-)celled ; ovules in pairs ; style 3-parted (or 2-
parted), the branches thick, spreading, flattened and capitate
at the apex. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 3- (or 2-) celled. — Endl.
Gen. n. 5837 ; Baill. Euph. p. 561. t. 23./! 22-25 ; Harv. Thes.
t. 200 ; HO. 1. c. p. 480.

Nearly glabrous trees, natives of tropical Asia, with entire or toothed,
penninerved, shining leaves, and axillary or lateral inflorescence, both sexes
in tufts. — C. Natalense, Harv., our only species, differs from the Indian
species in having a trilocular ovary. Its yellow flowers are very fetid.

18. HYJE TRANCHE, Lamb.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-8-parted, imbricate in
bud. Stamens 8-30 ; filaments short, free ; anthers ovoid,
extrorse. — Female: Calyx 3-5-7- or multi-parted ; sepals im-
bricate, deciduous. Ovary 3-4- celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style
3-4-parted, branches reflexed. Capsule woody, 3-4-eelled. —
Endl. Gen. n. 5876 ; Baill. l.c. 565. t. 23. f. 29-39 ; HO. l.c. p.
479.

CIX. EUPH0KBIACE2E.

341

H. globosa , Lamb, is a shrub or small tree, with corky branches, opposite
or subverticillate, entire, thick, penninerved leaves, and axillary inflores-
cence ; the females on short, few-flowered peduncles ; the males in longer,
dense racemes. Nuts very poisonous. Native of the Western districts.

19. BRIEDELIA, Willd.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 5-fid ; the lobes thick,
triangular, valvate in bud. Petals 5, alternating with the
calyx-lobes, perigynous, small, oval or spathulate, imbricate in
bud. Disk of 5, rigid, pubescent lamellae, opposite the calyx-
lobes. Stamens 5, united in a central column, at the summit
of which is a rudimentary pistil. — Female : Calyx and corolla
as in the male. Ovary immersed in a 5-fid disk, 2-3-celled ;
cells 2-ovuled; style 2-3-parted, the branches 2-fid. Fruit
fleshy, 2-3-celled, in the persistent calyx. — Endl. Gen. n. 5839 ;
Mill. Euph. p. 582. t. 25. f. 25-34 ; DO. 1. c. p. 492.

Trees or shrubs of the Old World, sometimes scandent. Leaves-alter-
nate, entire or toothed, short-petioled, stipuled, penninerved. Flowers in
axillary tufts, small. — B. micrantlia, PI., occurs at Natal.

20. ANTIDESMA, Burm.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 3-6-cleft or -parted, im-
bricate in bud. Disk annular, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 2-6, op-
posite the calyx-lobes ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled,
the cells widely spreading. A rudimentary pistil. — Female :
Calyx of male. Ovary 1-celled, on a fleshy disk ; ovules 2 ;
stigma subsessile, 3-5-rayed. Drupe fleshy or dry, 1 -seeded,
crowned with the style. — Endl. Gen. n. 1892; Baill. Euph. p.
601 ; Raw. Thes. t. 169 ; DC. 1. c. p. 217.

Trees or shrubs of warm latitudes in the Old World. Leaves alternate,
simple, entire, stipuled. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, in spikes or
glomerules. — A. venosum is found at Natal.

21. PLEIOSTEMON, Sond.

Flowers monoecious. — Male : Calyx 5-6-parted, in 2 rows,
imbricate in bud. Stamens 6-8-10 ; filaments free, on a
convex,, glandular receptacle ; anthers extrorse. — Female :
Calyx as in the male. Ovary on a glandular disk, 3-celled;
cells 2-ovuled ; style 3-parted, the branches 2-fid. Capsule
3-celled. — Sond. in Linn, xxiii. p. 135 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 615 ; DC.
1. c. p. 333 (Phyllanthus, sect. 20, Pleiostemon).

P. verrucosum , Sond., the only species, is a shrub, with warted branches,
alternate, oval, obtuse, glabrous, finely-netted, veined and penninerved
leaves, and axillary flowers ; the males tufted, females solitary. — Eastern
district.

22. PHYLLANTHUS, Sw.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-6-parted,

342

CIX. EUPH0REIACE2E.

in 2 rows. Stamens 3, rarely 5 ; filaments united in a central
column, surrounded by 5-6 glands on a lobed disk ; anthers
extrorse. — Female : Calyx as in the male. Ovary on a glan-
dular disk, 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style 3-parted, the
branches 2-fid or repeatedly forked. Capsule 3-coccous. —
LJndl. Gen. n. 5847 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 621 ; DC. 1. c. p. 274.

Trees shrubs or herbs of both hemispheres. Leaves alternate, penni-
nerved, netted, often distichous. Some are leafless, with flattened, leaf-like
branches (xylophylla). Flowers in axillary tufts. — Several species, near
Natal, some in Eastern district.

23. LACHN OSTYLIS, Turcz.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Calyx 5-parted ; sepals villous,
imbricate in bud. Petals 5, alternate, obovate, glabrous,
shorter than the calyx, inserted on the margin of an annular,
villous-margined disk. Stamens 5 ; filaments shortly connate
round a rudimentary ovary, then free ; anthers ovate, introrse.
Styles (of rudimentary pistils) 3, simple, very villous. — Female:
Calyx and corolla of male. Ovary very hairy, 3-celled ; cells
pubescent within, 2-ovuled ; styles 3, short, villous, above gla-
brous and 2-fid. Capsule pubescent, 3-celled. — Turcz. Bull.
Mosc. xix. p. 503 ; Soud. Linn, xxiii. p. 131 ; Baill. 1. c. p. 663 ;
DC. 1. c. p. 224.

Shrubs, with alternate, short-petioled, 3tipuled, oblong or obovate, penni-
nerved and netted-veined, entire, glabrous leaves, and 1-flowered, solitary
or tufted, axillary peduncles. — 1 variable species, on the Eastern frontier.

Order CX. URTICACE^l.

Flowers mostly unisexual, rarely polygamous or bisexual,
apetalous. Calyx entire or variously cleft or parted ; the lobes
imbricate or valvate-induplicate. Stamens as many as the
calyx-lobes and opposite them, rarely more or fewer, hypogy-
nous ; filaments mostly inflexed in bud ; anthers 2-celled.
Ovary free or more or less adherent, 1-celled, rarely imper-
fectly 2-celled ; styles 1-2 ; ovule solitary, erect or pendulous,
the micropyle always superior. Fruit a berry, nut, achene or
samara. Albumen fleshy or none ; radicle always superior. —
Trees shrubs or herbs, dispersed over the warmer and tempe-
rate regions, very few in the frigid zone. Leaves often with
stinging hairs (nettles), opposite or alternate, stipuled.
Habits various.

Suborder 1. Urticese. Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice. Style sim-
ple or 0. Ovule orthotropous, erect.

Male flowers with 3-5 stamens.

Leaves almost always armed with stinging hairs.

Leaves opposite ; achene equal-sided 1. Uhtica.

CX. URTICACE2E.

343

Leaves alternate ; achene oblique 2. Fleurya.

Leaves destitute of stinging hairs.

Female flowers, calyx monophyllous, with a con-
tracted 2-4-toothed mouth, enclosing the ovary . 3. Pottzolsia.

Male flowers monandrous.

Male and female together in involucred glomerules.

Involucre 3-6-parted 4. Forskohlea.

Involucre bell-shaped, toothed at margin ... 5. Droguetia.

Male and female together in nude glomerules ... 6. Didymodoxa.

Suborder 2. Oeltideae. Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Stigmas 2,
filiform. Ovule campylotropous, pendulous from near the top of the cell.

Male calyx-lobes imbricate. Stigmas 2, deciduous.

Berry naked 7. Celtis.

Male calyx-lobes valvate. Stigmas persistent, feathery.

Berry seated in the persistent calyx 8. Sponia.

Male perianth-lobes valvate. Styles 2, very long,

villous 9. Cha:tachme.

Suborder 3. Morese. Trees or shrubs, with milky juice. Style simple
or 2-fid. Ovule erect or pendulous.

Flowers minute, enclosed in a fleshy receptacle (Fig) . 10. Ficus.

Suborder 1. Urticese.

Tribe 1. Urere^]. (Gen. 1-2.)

1. URTICA, Linn., ex parte.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, glomerulate. — Male : Calyx
4-parted, the segments ovate, hispid. Stamens 4 ; anthers
oblong-reniform. A rudimentary pistil. — Female: Calyx very
deeply 4-parted or 4-sepaled ; sepals or lobes unequal, the
outer smaller. Ovary straight, ovoid ; ovule erect, on a short
basifixed stalk ; stigma sessile or subsessile, penicillate-capi-
tate. Achene compressed, equal-sided, smooth or roughish,
enclosed in the enlarged calyx. — Wedd. Urtic. p. 56, t. 1 C.

Herbs, rarely shrubby, mostly covered with stinging hairs. Leaves op-
posite, toothed or lobed, 5-7-nerved. — The common perennial Nettle (Z7.
dioica) is naturalized from Europe, and there are 1 or 2 native species, in
the Eastern district.

2. FLEURYA, Gaud.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in glomerules or forked or
panicled cymules. — Male : Calyx 4-5-parted ; segments ovate
or lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent. Stamens 4-5. A rudi-
mentary pistil. — Female : Calyx 4-parted or 4-lobed, the lobes
mostly unequal, the inner largest. Ovary in growth becoming
more or less oblique, ovoid ; ovule subbasal, oblique, on a
slender stalk ; stigma sessile, ovate-lanceolate or linear, per-
sistent and at length reflexed. Achene oblique, ovate or
roundish, compressed, mostly rough with raised points on each

344

CX. URTICACEJE.

face, sitting in tlie scarcely enlarged calyx. — Wedd. Ur tic. p.
109. t. 1 A.

Annuals, mostly with stinging hairs. Leaves alternate, serrate, 3-nerved.
— 3 or 4 species, in Eastern district and Natal.

Tribe 2. Boehmerie^e. (Gen. 3.)

3. POUZOLSIA, Gaud.

Blowers monoecious, in axillary or spiked glomerules ; the
male and female often mixed ; bracts small, scarious. — Male :
Calyx 3-5-parted ; segments ovate, shortly acuminate, dorsally
convex, valvate in bud. Stamens 3-5. A rudimentary pistil. —
Female : Calyx tubular, often ovate, nerved, with a narrowed,
2-4-toothed orifice. Ovary enclosed, sessile, apiculate ; ovule
erect or ascending ; stigma filiform, deciduous, villous on one
side. Achene similar to the ovary, enclosed in the calyx,
shining. — Wedd. Urtic.p. 389, t. 13 B.

Shrubs undershrubs or herbs, chiefly tropical, glabrous or pubescent.
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, equal- or unequal-sided, mostly entire,
rarely toothed, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves branched, not reaching the apex
of the leaf. — Urtica procridioides , E. M., is referred here by Weddell.
There is also a second species from Natal.

Tribe 3. Forskohlieje. (Gen. 4-6.)

4. FORSKOHLEA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious, the sexes mostly together within 3-6-
parted, turbinate, axillary involucres, very woolly within ;
rarely the female solitary in a 2-leaved involucre. — Male :
Calyx monophyllous, narrow-tubular at base, dilated above,
obtusely 3-toothed. Stamen 1. No rudimentary pistil. —
Female : Calyx 0. Ovary straight, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate,
woolly, tapering into a filiform, villous-hispid stigma ; ovule
sometimes oblique. Achene straight, compressed, ovate, very
densely woolly. — Wedd. Urtic. p. 532. t. 19 B.

Herbs or undershrubs, armed with rigid, subpungent hairs. Leaves alter-
nate, crenate or toothed, 3-nerved. — 1 Cape species, F. candid a} Linn., with
coarsely serrate, rigid, ovate leaves, white beneath.

5. DROGUETIA, Gaud.

Flowers monoecious, both sexes within gamophyllous, bell-
shaped or ventricose, axillary or racemose-spicate, few- or
many-flowered involucres. — Male : Calyx narrow- tubular at
base, woolly externally, dilated above, enclosing the solitary
stamen in the bud, at length torn open. No rudimentary
pistil. — Female : Calyx 0. Ovary woolly or glabrous ; stigma

CX. URTICACEAl.

345

filiform, villous ; ovule erect or ascending. Achene either
woolly or shining. — Wedd. JJrtic. p. 538. t. 19 A.

Perennial herbs or uudershrubs, chiefly African. Stems smooth. Leaves
alternate or opposite, serrate, destitute of hooked hairs. Involucre toothed,
pubescent or tomentose. — D. ambigua, Wedd. ( Parietaria urticcefolia^
E. M.), is the only Cape species.

6. DIDYMODOXA, E. Mey.

Elowers monoecious, the sexes mixed together, not involu-
crate. — Male : Calyx monophyllous, bract-like, shortly tubular
at base ; the limb hood-like, acuminate ; the margins ciliate,
closely cohering in the lanceolate bud. Stamen 1. — Female :
Calyx wanting or adhering to ovary. Ovary straight, ovate,
tipped with a capitate or shortly filiform, villous, often incurved
stigma; ovule erect. Achene subobliquely ovate, compressed,
one margin keeled or crested. — Wedd. JJrtic. p. 547. t. 15 B.

Weak, procumbent, branching annuals, growing in shady places ; for-
merly referred to Parietaria. Leaves alternate, crenate or quite entire, 3-
nerved ; stipules free, petiolar, scarious, ciliate. Glomerules 5-20-flowered.
Flowers small, green.— 3 species, 2 of them Eastern.

Suborder 2. Celtidese. (G-en. 7-9.)

7. CELTIS, Tourn.

Flowers polygamous, dimorphous. — Male : Calyx 4-5-
parted; the segments concave, strongly imbricate in bud.
Stamens 4-5, inserted under a rudimentary, pilose cushion ;
anthers included, gibbous at base, introrse. — Hermaphrodite :
Calyx deciduous. Stamens as in the male. Ovary on a pilose
disk ; stigmas 2, deciduous. Berry nude, equal-sided. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1851 ; Planch, in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 3. x. p. 263.

Trees and shrubs with alternate, 3-nerved leaves, often serrulate, and
axillary small flowers. — 4 Cape species, in the Eastern districts and at
Natal.

8. SPONTIA, Comm.

Flowers polygamous, 3-morphous. — Male : Calyx 5-parted ;
the lobes subvalvate-induplicate in bud ; the margins minutely
overlapping. Anthers at length exserted, the cells not con-
spicuously gibbous at base, introrse. — Hermaphrodite : Calyx
of male, the lobes less indexed at edges. — Female : Calyx-
lobes flattish, imbricate at base. Berry minute, crowned by
2 feathery styles, and seated in the persistent calyx. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1852. Planch. 1. c. p. 264.

Tropical and subtropical trees. Leaves 3-nerved, mostly greyish and pu-
bescent, serrate. Flowers small, in axillary cymes ; the males and herma-
phrodite often together, the female on separate twigs. — 2 species at Natal.

346

CX. URTICACEiE.

9. CHiETACHME, Planch.

Plowers monoecious ; the males tufted, the females solitary.
— Male : Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes valvate-in duplicate, con-
cave. Stamens 5 ; anthers ovate, apiculate, included. A rudi-
mentary ovary. — Pemale : Calyx small, 5-toothed, persistent.
Ovary ovate, with 2 very long, villous styles. Fruit a nut ? —
Planch. 1. c. p. 266 ; Ptarv. Thes. t. 25.

Cape shrubs, with ovate, subentire, rigid, midribbed, penninerved leaves,
closely netted-veined beneath and tipped with a bristle-shaped point. — 1 or
2 species, in the Eastern districts.

Suborder 3. Morese. (G-en. 10.)

10. FICUS, Tourn.

Receptacles fleshy, closed, globose or pyriform, scaly-bracted
at base. Flowers very many, minute, covering the inner sur-
face of the receptacle, pedicellate, either dioecious or the upper
male, the rest female. — Male : Calyx 3-parted. Stamens 3.
— Female : Calyx 5-fid. Ovary 1-celled, sublateral on a short
pedicel ; ovule pendulous. . Style lateral, filiform. — Pndl. Gen.
n. 1859.

Trees or shrubs of hot countries ; the common Fig being the type of the
genus, which has recently been broken up into several, not here adopted.
Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, stipuled, the stipules large, convolute,
enwrapping the terminal bud, and mostly deciduous. Receptacles (“ figs ”)
axillary, solitary or several together. — There are several Cape species, na-
tives of the Eastern districts and Natal.

Order CXI. BETULACEiE.

Flowers monoecious, in catkins. — Male : Bract peltate, with
lateral scale-like bracteoles, 3-flowered. Calyx scale-like or
4-leaved. Stamens 4. — Female : Bract sessile, entire or 3-
lobed, enlarging with the fruit, 2-3-flowered. Calyx 0 or
scaly. Ovaries 2-3 under each bract, 2-celled ; ovules solitary,
pendulous; style 0; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit of nuts em-
bedded in cone-like receptacles, formed of the hardened and
enlarged scales of the female catkin. Albumen 0. — Trees and
shrubs, chiefly of the Northern hemisphere. The Birch (Be-
tula) and the Alder ( Alnus ) are the only genera.

1. ALNUS, Tourn.

Male : Bracts 5-bracteolate, 3-flowered. Calyx 4-parted.
Anthers ovate, 2-celled. — Female : Bracts imbricate, fleshy,
each with 3 or 4 scales in the axis. Ovaries in pairs under

CXI. BETULACEiE.

347

each scale. False-cone formed of hard ligneous scales. Nuts
compressed, angular, wingless, 1-seeded. — JEndl. Gen. n. 1841.

The common Alder ( A . glutinosa ) is found throughout the colony, appa-
rently wild, but whether truly so or not I cannot say.

Order CXII. SALICINE.SE.

Flowers dioecious, in catkins. — Male : Calyx 0. Disk fleshy,
glandular, annular or cup-like. Stamens 2 or more, inserted
on the torus ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled. — Female :
Calyx 0. Disk as in the male. Ovary sessile, formed of 2
carpels, whose edges are either valvate or more or less in-
flexed, 1-celled ; ovules many, ascending ; styles 2, more or
less connate. Capsule bivalve, many- seeded, splitting through
the centre ; seeds many, minute, hidden in silky hairs of the
seed-stalk. — Trees and shrubs, chiefly of the Northern hemi-
sphere. The Order consists of but two genera, Populus (the
Poplar) and Salix (the Willow).

1. SALIX, Tourn.

Male : Bracts undivided. Disk a gland. Stamens 2-3-5 ;
filaments free or monadelphous. — Female : Bracts as in male.
Styles very short ; stigmas 2-lobed. — Endl. Gen. n. 1993.

The Salix Capensis , Thunb., is said to be one of the greatest ornaments
of the banks of the river Grariep ; S. hirsuta , Thunb., is a silky-leaved form
of the same.

Order CXIII. MYBICE.E.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in simple or branched cat-
kins.— Males in filiform catkins. Bracteoles 2, one on each
side of the bract, sometimes wanting. Calyx 0. Stamens
2-4-6-8, some often abortive ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-
celled, extrorse, basifixed, didymous. — Female : in ovate or
cylindrical catkins. Hypogynous scales 2-6. Ovary com-
pressed or subglobose, 1-celled ; ovule solitary, erect ; style
very short ; stigmas 2, elongate, subulate or lanceolate, papil-
lose. Fruit dry, indehiscent, or covered with fleshy scales and
pseudo-drupaceous, 1-seeded. Albumen 0. — Shrubs, commonly
with balsamic odours. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or
serrated. Stipules 0.

348

CXIII. MYRICEiE.

1. MYRICA, Linn.

Character the same as that of the Order. — Endl. Gen. n.
1839; DC. Prod, xvi . pt. 2 . p. 147.

There are nine Cape species dispersed through the colony. The fleshy
scales that clothe the fruit of some species secrete a sort of vegetable wax,
which may be profitably collected.

Order CXIY. RAFFLESIACEiE.

Calyx monophyllous, regular. Corolla 0. Anthers nume-
rous, in a simple series. Ovary with many, many-ovuled
placentas ; ovules orthotropous. Fruit indehiscent, fleshy,
many-seeded. Seeds microscopic; embryo with or without
albumen, undivided. — Fleshy, leafless, but often scaly, co-
loured parasites on the roots, rarely on the stems of dicotyle-
donous plants.

Calyx fleshy, 3-fid, with valvate aestivation 1. Hydnoka.

Calyx 6-fid, imbricate in the bud 2. Cytinus.

Tribe 1. Hydnore^:.

1. HYDNOKA, Thunb.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx fleshy, tubular, 3 -fid, with
valvate aestivation. Stamens monadelphous ; anthers nume-
rous, longitudinally splitting, connate in a 3-lobed ring, each
lobe opposite one of the segments of the perianth. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled ; stigma sessile, depressed, 3-lobed, each lobe
formed of many, parallel lamellae, distinct down to the cavity
of the ovary, and there placentiferous ; placentas very nume-
rous, pendulous from the roof of the ovarian cavity, every-
where covered with orthotropous ovules. Pericarp globose,
fleshy, filled with the enlarged seed-bearing placentas. Em-
bryo globose, in the centre of cartilaginous albumen. — B. Br.
in Linn. Trans, xix. p. 244 ; Harv. Thes. t. 187-8 ; Endl. Gen.
n. 724.

Fleshy, offensively-scented parasites on the roots of Euphorbia, in the
Western and North-Western districts. Their stems are underground, 4-
angled, and tuberculated along the angles. The flowers 4-6 in. long, issuing
from a tubercle of the stem, with a dull brown, scurfy or irregularly areo-
lated coat ; the segments are internally of a rosy-red, which is also the
colour of the fleshy parts. — 2 species known.

Tribe 2. Cytine^j.

2. CYTINUS, Linn.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx tubular, 4-8-fid
(the Cape species 6-fid), with imbricated aestivation. — Male :

CXIV. RAFFLESIACE2E.

349

Stamens united in a central column, definite (8-12) ; anthers
2-celled, splitting lengthwise, extrorse, linear. Abortive ovary
many-celled, the cells opening into the base of the calyx ;
styles several, crowning the staminal column. — Female : No
stamens. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous (8-16)
parietal, prominent placentas ; ovules very many ; style single ;
stigma capitate, radiate-lobed. Embryo undivided, exalbumi-
nous. — P. JBr. in Linn. Trans, xix. p. 245 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 336 ;
JEndl. Gen. 723.

Somewhat succulent, coloured parasites on roots, with scale-like, imbri-
cated leaves, and axillary, sessile flowers. — C. dioicus , the only Cape species,
occurs on the roots of Eriocephalus about the sides of Table Mountain,
Capetown.

Order CXY. PIPERACE^l.

Flowers bisexual or unisexual, nude (without calyx), sessile
on a fleshy rachis, each subtended by a bract. Stamens 2, 3,
or many, ranged on one side or all round the ovary ; anthers
ovate, extrorse, 2- or 1-celled, adnate. Ovary sessile, solitary,
1-celled ; ovule solitary, erect, basifixed ; stigma sessile, ter-
minal or oblique, simple or 3^4-lobed. Fruit fleshy, 1-seeded ;
embryo minute, enclosed in a special cavity of the copious
albumen. — Shrubs or herbs, often succulent, with jointed
stems, opposite or rarely alternate leaves and spiked flowers.
The common Pepper is a familiar example of the Order.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

A slender, jointed, climbing shrub ; stigmas 2, lance-
olate 1. COCCOBRYON.

Small, succulent herbs, of shady places ; stigma single,

subglobose 3. Peperomia.

Flowers dioecious ; stigmas 3-5, short, sessile ; a slender

climbing shrub 2. Cubeba.

1. COCCOBRYON, Kl.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in dense spikes. Bracts stipitate,
peltate, with an orbicular, membrano-coriaceous, glabrous limb.
Stamens 2, lateral, a third (sometimes wanting) above. Ovary
sessile, ovate ; style short, persistent ; stigmas 2, lanceolate,
thickish, recurved. Berry sessile, globose, pulpy, crowned
with the style. — Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. 16 ; Miq. Pip. 343.

A half- climbing forked shrub, with swollen joints ; ovate leaves, on long
petioles, and peduncled spikes, opposite the upper leaf. — Eastern frontier
and Natal.

2. CUBEBA, Miq.

Flowers dioecious, in spikes, sessile. — Male: (On smaller

CXY. PIPERACEjE.

350

spikes) imbricated with oblong, sessile bracts. Stamens 2-5,
with terete filaments, and ovate or cordate-reniform, 2-celled
anthers. — Bemale : Bracts peltate, persistent, subsessile, ob-
long or orbicular, often hairy beneath. Ovary sessile, ovate ;
stigmas 3-5, sessile, thick, short or shortly lanceolate, recurved,
hispid above. Berry constricted at base, falsely pedicellate,
subglobose ; pericarp thin. — Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. 16 ; Miq.
JPip. p. 285.

Climbing shrubs or small trees, growing in woods. Leaves petioled, 3-
or many-nerved or ribbed, membranous or coriaceous, glabrous or pubes-
cent, those of each sex often differing. Spikes opposite the leaves ; the
male slender, the female thicker and slightly curved. — C. Capensis , Miq.,
the only species, was sent by Yerreaux to Herb. Delessert : no habitat
given.

3. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz and Pav.

Blowers hermaphrodite, in dense or lax spikes. Bract peltate,
petioled or subsessile, persistent or deciduous. Stamens 2,
lateral, free. Ovary ovate or oblong, sessile or half-sunk in
the rachis ; stigma undivided, sessile, deciduous, penieillate.
Berry sessile, nearly dry, obliquely ovate or subglobose. —
Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. 15 ; Miq. Eip. p. 63.

Herbs, chiefly tropical, erect or creeping, succulent. Leaves opposite,
whorled or alternate, mostly petioled. Spikes axillary or opposite the
leaves. — 1 or 2 small Cape species, found in very shady, damp places.

Order CXVI. P0D0STEMACE JE.

Blowers inconspicuous, naked or bursting through a spathe
or with imperfect perianth, or with 3 sepals. Stamen 1 or 0,
hypogynous, distinct or monadelphous, sometimes unilateral.
Ovary 1-3-celled, with numerous ascending anatropous ovules
attached to a fleshy axile or parietal placenta ; style 0 ;
stigmas 1-3. Bruit ribbed, capsular, of 2-3 deciduous valves.
Seeds numerous, minute, exalbuminous. — Branched herbs or
foliaceous expansions, attached to stones in rivulets, always
more or less submerged, often resembling cryptogamous
plants. Blowers inconspicuous, sessile or pedicelled, axillary

or terminal.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth 0 1. Rydrostachys.

Flowers hermaphrodite.

Stamens 2, monadelphous. Perianth a spathe . 3. Sphjsrothylax.

Stamen solitary. Perianth 3-parted 3. Tristicha.

1. HYDROSTACHYS, Petit Thouars.

Blowers dioecious, sessile in the axils of imbricating bracts.
Perianth 0. — Male : Stamen 1 ; filaments forked, each fork

CXYI. PODOSTEMACEiE.

351

bearing half an anther that bursts outwardly. — Female :
Ovary minute, plano-convex ; stigmas 2, filiform ; ovules nu-
merous, on 2 parietal placentas. Capsule bursting by 1 longi-
tudinal slit. Seeds very minute. — Tulasne , Monog. Podostem.
p. 47.

Perennial, stemless water-plants, growing on stones, natives chiefly of Ma-
dagascar. Leaves few, very long, simple or compound, often covered with
appendages. Scapes long, naked or scaly below, above covered with im-
bricating floriferous bracts. — 1 species, from Natal, apparently identical
with a Madagascar one ( U . imbricata ).

2. SPHiEROTHYLAX, Bischoff.

Flowers hermaphrodite, at first sessile in a spathe, which
bursts irregularly, finally exserted on a pedicel. Perianth 0.
Stamens 2, monadelphous, with 2 lateral staminodia ; filament
of the fertile stamens united to the middle ; anthers 2-lobed,
bursting inwardly. Ovary oblique, 1-celled ; stigmas 2, free,
short, linear ; ovules very numerous, on a thick central pla-
centa. Capsule ribbed, 2-valved, very many-seeded. — Tulasne ,
Monog. Podostem. p. 160.

A small, creeping, almost leafless plant, forming small, green expansions
(fronds) on stones under water, which consist of much-branched, interlacing,
linear lobes. Spathes sessile on the fronds. — Only 1 species known, from
Natal.

3. TRISTICHA, Petit Thouars.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth membranous, 3-parted.
Stamen 1 ; anthers ovate, 2-celled, bursting inwardly. Ovary
shortly stalked, 3-celled ; stigmas 3, short, linear ; ovules very
numerous, in the angles of the cells, on very thick placentas.
Capsule 3-gonous, 9-ribbed, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.
— Tulasne , Monog. Podostem. p. 179.

African and American submerged, moss-like plants. Stems slender,
branched. Leaves small, ovate, entire, crowded, scattered or whorled.
Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or crowded. — 2 species, from Natal.

Subclass 2. G YMNOSPPBMPE.

Order CXYII. GNETACEiE.

Flowers in monoecious or dioecious catkins, accompanied by
torn sheaths or palese, the male girt with a 2-fid sheath.
Stamens 1 or more, connate at base or in a column ; anthers
2^4-celled ; cells opening by an oblong pore. Ovules ses-
sile, erect, orthotropous, with a single, double or triple coat,
the outer coat opening by a narrow mouth, the inner produced

352

CXVn. GNETACE7E.

into a long, exserted tube, with an oblique, expanded or lace-
rate mouth. Seed with a hardened or a fleshy coat ; embryo
antitropal, in the apex of fleshy albumen ; cotyledons 2, radicle
superior. — Ligneous plants, of very varied habit ; only 1 South
African, the most wonderful of ligneous plants.

1. WELWITSCHIA, Hook. f.

Polygamo-dioecious ? Plowers in cones ; scales of the
cone quadrifariously imbricate, most of them floriferous,
much enlarged in fruit. Flowers either hermaphrodite
or female. — Hermaphrodite flowers : Perianth 4-leaved, the
leaflets 2-seriate, the inner connate. Stamens 6, monadel-
phous ; anthers 3-celled. Integument of the ovule single,
ending in a stigma- like disk. — Female flowers : Perianth
bladdery, much-compressed, 2-winged. Stamens 0. Ovule
as in the hermaphrodite flower, but the styliform process
straight, with a simple, torn apex. Fruit dry, concealed
within the membranous scales of the female cone. — Abridged
from Hook.f in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. pp. 1-48. t. 1-14.

A. mirabilis, Hook, f., is a most singular, ligneous, 2-leaved plant, gummy
at the crown; it grows in Damaraland, near Waalvisch Bay, and north-
wards to Cape Negro. Trunk very thick, top-shaped or globose, the greater
portion sunk in the soil, more or less compressed beneath the insertion of
the leaves, cross-ridged and furrowed round the circumference, and above
the leaves dilated into 2 ample, depressed, rough, floriferous lobes corre-
sponding to the leaves, at base tapering into a long or short fusiform root,
branching near its lower extremity. Leaves 2 (the persistent cotyledons),
opposite, very long, linear-ligulate, obtuse, thickly coriaceous, soon torn by
the winds and splitting into many longitudinal shreds. Floriferous lobes very
hard, wider than the trunk, depressed in the middle, entire or multilobu-
late, on the top marked with concentric, pitted ridges. Cone-bearing
peduncles numerous, placed on the outer ridges, towards the circumference
of the lobes, forked, terete, tumid and 2-bracteate at the nodes. Fruit-
cones 2 inches long, scarlet, with persistent scales.

Order CXYIII. CONIFERS.

Flowers unisexual : Males of 1 or several monadelphous
stamens in catkins ; anthers 2- or many-lobed, often crested :
Females of naked, atropous ovules, either solitary or in spikes
or in cones. Fruit either a naked seed or a cone. Seed with
a hard crustaceous coat. Embryo in the axis or apex of
floury or fleshy albumen ; cotyledons 2 or more. — Trees or
shrubs, abounding in resin, wdth small, parallel-veined, mostly
perennial leaves. The Pine, Yew, Cypress, etc. are examples.

Suborder 1. Podocarpeae. Ovules solitary or subsoli-

CXYIII. CONIFERS.

353

tary in a lax spike. — Trees or shrubs with linear or ovate,
nerved or nerveless leaves.

1. PODOCARPUS, L’Herit.

Flowers dioecious or rarely monoecious on different branches.
— Male : Catkins terminal or axillary, solitary or tufted,

loosely spiked or subracemose, nude, girt at base with imbri-
cate bracts. Stamens many, on the axis ; filaments very
short ; anthers 2-celled, with a scale-like connective, extrorse.
— Female : In 1-2-flowered spikes, the bracts confluent with a
fleshy rachis, or an ebracteate fleshy rachis serving as a recep-
tacle for the seed. Ovule 1, sessile under the apex of a scale,
inverted, adnate throughout its length to the scale, the outer
coat prolonged into a short neck, covering the inner. Seed
inverted, its outer coat fleshy, inner bony ; embryo in the
apex of fleshy albumen. — Endl. Gen. n. 1800.

Trees or shrubs, widely dispersed. Leaves rarely opposite, commonly
scattered, linear or oblong, 1-nerved or nerveless. — There are a few South
African species, of which the common “ Yellow Wood” (P. latifolius) is the
best known.

Suborder, 2. Cupressinese. Ovules 1 or more, sometimes
many, at the bases of peltate, hard scales, arranged in small
capitate cones. — Trees or shrubs, with alternate opposite or
ternate, narrow or small and scale-like leaves.

2. WIDDRINGTONIA, Endl.

Flowers dioecious. — Male: Catkins terminal, solitary, minute,
with a diphyllous involucre. Stamens many, decussately
opposite on an axis, quadrifariously imbricate ; filaments very
short, produced into an obliquely peltate, scale-like connec-
tive, bearing 2 anther-cells on its underside. — Female: Cat-
kins at the ends of lateral ramuli, solitary. Ovuliferous-scales
4, equal, shortly mucronate below the apex, valvately connate
round a short axis. Ovules 5-10, at the base of each scale,
erect. Cone subglobose, 4-valved, the valves woody, mucro-
nate, erect. Seeds few, winged. — Endl. Gen. n. 1790.

South African trees, the “ Cedars ” of the Cederberg Mountains. Leaves
closely set, alternate, in the young plant linear-acicular, spreading, in the
adults scale-like, densely imbricate, often glanduliferous at back.

Order CXIX. CYCADEiE.

Flowers unisexual. — Male-flowers in cones, each floret con-
sisting of a scale or anther, bearing pollen on its under surface

2 A

354

CXIX. CYCADEiE.

in 2-valved cells, which cohere by twos, threes, or fours. — Fe-
males either collected in cones or surrounding the central bud
in the form of contracted leaves or scales. Ovules exposed on
the margin of the scale or contracted leaf. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy or horny albumen; radicle next the apex of the
seed. — Arborescent plants, resembling small Palms or Tree-
ferns, with cylindrical, simple or branched trunks, crowned
with many long, pinnatisect leaves.

Stem cylindrical ; pinnae of the leaves without mid-
rib, finely many-nerved longitudinally .... 1. Encephalartos.

Stem turnip-like ; pinnae midribbed, with divergent,

forked veins 2. Stangeria.

1. ENCEPHALARTOS, Lehm.

Flowers in catkins. — Male : Catkins peduncled, terminal,
their scales rhomboid-peltate, with a narrow, thickened apex,
covered everywhere on the lower surface, with sessile, 1-
locular anthers. — Female : Cone with rhomboid-peltate scales,
dilated and thickened at the apex. Ovules in pairs, inverted.
Seed with a fleshy covering and a bony coat. — JEndl. Gen.
n. 705.

Trees, with cylindrical, simple trunks, rough with the bases of fallen
leaves. Leaves (or fronds) crowning the trunk, pinnatisect, the pinnae
broad-based, sessile, without obvious midrib, many-nerved, often spinous-
toothed above the middle. — There are several species, natives of the Eastern
district and the countries beyond. Colonial name “ Kafir Bread.”

2. STANGERIA, T. Moore.

Flowers in catkins. — Male : Catkins cylindrical, with rhom-
boid scales, bearing innumerable, 1-celled, subsessile anthers.
— Female : Cone ovoid or shortly cylindrical. Ovules in pairs,
inverted. — Hook.f in Bot. Mag. t. 5121.

A small, ligneous plant, with a short, swollen stem, scarcely scarred.
Leaves few, from the apex of the stem, pinnate, glabrous ; pinnae opposite,
in about 12 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, spinose-serrulate beyond
the middle, with a strong midrib, from which diverge to the margin, very
closely set, subparallel, forked veins. The petiole, scales at base of cones,
and the catkins densely woolly. — S. paradoxa , Moore, found at Natal.

355

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Order CXX. HYDROCHARIDE.®.

Flowers mostly unisexual. Perianth of 3-6 segments,
either all petal-like or the 3 outer smaller and herbaceous,
with a tube adherent to the ovary in the females ; without
any tube in the males. Stamens 3-12. Ovary inferior, 1-
celled, with 3 parietal placentas, or 3-, 6-, 9-celled ; styles 3,
6, or 9, with entire or 2-fid stigmas. Fruit small, ripening
under water, indehiscent. Seeds several, without albumen. —
Aquatic herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers enclosed when
young in an involucre or spathe of 1-3 leaves or bracts.

1. LAGAROSIPHON, Harv.

Flowers dioecious. — Male : Spathe sessile, compressed, 2-fid,
many-flowered ; flowers pedicelled. Perianth 6-parted, peta-
loid, the outer segments larger. Stamens 6, 3 bearing anthers
opposite the outer segment of perianth ; 3 antherless, filiform,
alternate with them ; anthers 2-celled, 2-fid. — Female : Spathe
sessile, oblong, compressed, 2-fid, 1-flowered ; flowers sessile.
Perianth-tube very long, filiform ; limb 6-parted. Stamens 6,
abortive, filiform, short. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3 pari-
etal placentas ; ovules few, erect ; style connate with the
perianth-tube, and as long ; stigmas 3, 2-parted ; lobes mam-
millate. Pericarp membranous, 2-3-seeded. S.eed cylindrical.
— Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 1842, p. 230. t. 22.

L. mnioides is a lacustrine and river plant, wholly submerged, branch-
ing, 1-2 ft. long, slender, pellucid. Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled,
linear-attenuate, 1-nervea, serrulate. Flowers axillary. — Eastern district.

Order CXXI. SCITAMINEiE.

Flowers hermaphrodite, irregular. Perianth superior, of
9 segments in 3 series ; outer (calyx) herbaceous, rarely
petaloid, tubular or spathaceous ; inner of 6 unequal pieces
in 2 series, united into a tube ; upper larger hooded or ex-
panded. Staminodes united to the tube of the inner perianth.
Stamen 1, epigynous ; filament free, usually dilated and
petaloid and winged ; anthers of 2 parallel, introrse cells, ad-
nate to the face of the filament. Ovary 3-celled ; style fili-

2 a 2

356

CXXI. SCITAMINEJE.

form, embraced by the anther-cells ; stigma capitate or 2-
lamellate or dilated ; ovules numerous, horizontal, attached to
the inner angle of the cells. Fruit usually capsular, 3-valved,
crowned with the persistent perianth ; many-seeded. Seeds
with or without an aril ; outer albumen floury ; inner horny ;
embryo straight. — Herbs, with perennial, creeping root-stocks
or tubers. Leaves all radical and sessile or their long sheaths
forming erect stems.

1. KJEMPFERIA, Linn.

Outer perianth (calyx) tubular, slit on one side ; inner of 3
pieces, 3 outer equal narrow ; 3 inner combined into a large
flabelliform 3-lobed lip ; filaments produced above the anther
into a large 2-fid or 3-fid, toothed crest. Stigma fan-shaped,
* ciliated. — Cienkowskia, Schweinfurth , Beitraq , FI. JEthiop. 197.
t. 1.

Stemless herbs, with numerous fascicled tuberous roots. The tubers spin-
dle-shaped, on long stalks. Leaves ovate or lanceolate. Scapes radical,
covered with sheathing, spathaceous bracts. Flowers large and handsome.
— 1 blue-flowered species, from Natal, found by G-errard, and, apparently,
the plant figured in Schweinfurth’s ‘ Flora iEthiopiensis,’ and there called
CienJcowskia JEthiopica.

Order CXXII. ORCHIDACE^].

Flowers bisexual. Perianth with a ringent or irregular 6-
parted limb ; the outer segments usually coloured and the odd
one (by a twist in the ovary) uppermost ; inner segments more
petaloid, two lateral similar, the odd one (labellum) unlike
the others, often lobed or spurred at base. Stamens normally
3, united in a central column, of these (in the Cape genera)
only 1, opposite the back sepal, bears an anther. Anther de-
ciduous or persistent, 2-, 4-, 8-celled ; pollen cohering in
definite or indefinite waxy masses, rarely powdery. Ovary
1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentas ; ovules indefinite ;
style combined with the staminal column ; stigma a viscid
cavity or disk in front of the column. Capsule 3-ribbed,
3-valved. Seeds exalbuminous, minute, with a loose coat. —
Herbaceous plants with simple, entire, generally sheathing or
amplexicaul leaves, either terrestrial with tuberous roots or
epiphytical, attached to other plants or to rocks by cylindrical
or filiform aerial roots. These last, the “ air-plants,” are most
numerous in the Tropics, particularly of America ; a few are
found in our Eastern frontier and beyond it. Of the seven
tribes under which the Order is distributed, but three are
represented in South Africa.

CXXII. ORCHIDACEiE.

357

Tribe 1. Malaxidea:. Anther opercular, deciduous. Pollen-masses
(pollinia) waxy, 2-4-8, without caudicle or separate stigmatic glands.
(Gen. 1-2.)

Petals linear or filiform ; labellum entire ; column

slender r 1. Liparis.

Petals oblong ; labellum 3-lobed, jointed with the

produced base of the short column .. . . . 2. Polystachya.

Tribe 2. VANDEiE. Anther opercular, deciduous. Pollen-masses waxy,

2- 4-8, fixed to a caudicle, united to a deciduous, stigmatic gland. (Gen.

3- 9.)

* Pollen-masses 2.

Labellum wholly spurless.

Sepals and petals free.- — Epiphytes, with
panicled flowers 3.

Sepals and petals connate with the much-
produced base of the column. — Ground
orchids, with racemose flowers .... 5.

Labellum saccate or shortly spurred at base.

Sepals and petals subequal 4.

Petals much larger and brighter- coloured

than the sepals 6.

Labellum with a long, filiform or cylindrical
spur.

Pollen with a short caudicle and triangular
gland 7.

Pollen with a 2-legged caudicle, each leg
with a peltate gland 8.

## Pollen-masses 8, united in fours. Ground
plants, with racemose flowers 9.

Cymbidium.

Cybtopera.

Eulophia.

Lissochiltjs.

ANGR2ECUM.

Mystacidium:.

Calanthe.

Tribe 3. Ophryde.®. Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen masses gra-
nular, indefinitely numerous, clustering round a highly elastic, slender
thread, attached at base to a stigmatic gland. (Gen. 10-39.)

* Labellum with one spur, or at least saccate at
base.

Anther-cells parallel, not divergent at base.

Petals entire.

Labellum 3-5-7-lobed.

Petals spreading, larger than the

sepals 10. Holothrix.

Petals erect, thin, much smaller than

the sepals 20. Schizochilus.

Labellum expanded, multifid, the lobes

filiform 21. Bartholina.

Petals (and labellum) lacero-multifid . . 15. Scopularia.

Anther-cells divergent at base.

Having both radical and cauline leaves
or sheaths.

Spur very short or saccate . . . .11. Peristyltts.

Spur long or very long . . -. . .16. Habenaria.

Having 1-2 radical leaves only; scape
sheathless.

Labellum posticous ; sepals converging,

the lateral saccate 12. Saccidium.

358

CXXII. ORClILDACEiE.

Labellum anticous.

Petals entire.

Sepals membranous, connate at

back ; petals fleshy, acuminate . 14. Monotris.

Sepals herbaceous, converging ;
petals membranous, linear or

lanceolate 17. Tryphia.

Petals toothed, fleshy, converging . 18. Bucculina.

** Labellum boat-shaped at base (not saccate),

3-toothed at apex 32. Brachycorythis.

*** Labellum 2-spurred or 2-saccate at base, hel-
met- or funnel-shaped.

Labellum helmet-shaped ; stigma 2-lipped,
the upper lip very large.

Sepals 3, separate ; petals 2, similar . . 22. Satyrium.

Sepals connate, in a 3-toothed lip ; pe-
tals 0 24. Aviceps.

Labellum funnel-shaped ; stigma minute,

truncate 23. Satyridittm.

«=#** Labellum spurless, rarely subconcave.

(1) Labellum free (not attached to the face of
column).

Labellum posticous.

Sepals spreading ; labellum entire (like

the petals) 13. Pachites.

Sepals converging ; labellum 3-fid . . 19. Stenoglottis.

Labellum anticous.

Back sepal galeate, spurred or saccate at
back.

Pollinia attached to a single gland . . 27. Monadenia.

Pollinia attached to 2 separate glands.

A 2-lobed appendix placed between
the anther and rostellum ; flowers

as in Disa 31. Herschelia.

No appendix between anther and
rostellum.

Petals entire 25. Disa.

Petals 2-lobed or twisted, narrow 28. Schizoditjm.

Back sepal spurless, either somewhat
hood-like or quite flat.

Petals sessile, separate from the sepals.

Sepals valvate in bud ; labellum li-
near or filiform 29. Penthea.

Sepals imbricate in bud; labellum

truncate, small, fleshy .... 30. Borficaria.

Petals clawed, hood-shaped, attached
by the base of their claws to the
separate sepals.

Sepals entire ; petals and labellum

fimbriate 33. Hutton/ea.

Sepals, petals and labellum all fim-
briate 34. Hallackia.

(2) Labellum attached to the face of the column.

Back sepal spurred ; labellum minute, fili-
form (perianth of Dim) 26. Brownleea.

CXXII. ORCHIDACEiE.

359

Back sepal spurless, forming with the pe-
tals a galea.

Lateral sepals spreading, petaloid, saccate

or spurred 39. DlSPERlS.

Lateral sepals not saccate or spurred.

Labeilum clawed, lunate ; column

horseshoe-like 35. Ceratandea.

Labeilum sessile.

Petals unequally -lobed ; anther erect 36. Ommatodium.
Petals undivided ; anther resupinate.

Sepals petaloid ; galea wide-
mouthed 37. Pterygodium.

Sepals membranous ; galea with a
narrow mouth, the petals com-
posing it saccate, fleshy . . .38. Corycium.

Tribe 1. Malaxide^;. (Gren. 1-2.)

1. LIPARIS, Rich.

Sepals spreading, free, the lateral equal at base and mostly
shorter. Petals narrower than the sepals, linear or filiform.
Labeilum ascending or erect, slightly adnate to the base of the
column, often 2-tubercled above the base, entire. Column
elongate, semiterete, incurved, margined at the apex. Anther

2- celled. Pollinia 4, collateral. — Lindl. Orch. p. 26 ; Harp.
Thes. t. 109.

Terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves concrete at base in a pseudobulb, either
membranous and plaited or subcoriaceous with indistinct veins. Flowers
rather small, herbaceous, racemose, rarely yellow or white. — 2 or 3 Cape
species, dispersed.

2. POLYSTACHYA, Hook.

Sepals erect, acute, the lateral larger, connate with the pro-
duced base of the column. Petals smaller. Labeilum sessile,

3- lobed, jointed to the produced base of column, mostly in-
flexed. Column semiterete, short. Anther 2-celled. Pol-
linia 4, collateral, equal, cohering in pairs. — Lindl. Orch.p. 72 ;
Harv. Thes. t. 176, 177, 178, 179. Also Epiphora, Lindl. in
Hook. Comp. Hot. Mag. ii. p. 201.

Caulescent or pseudobulbous epiphytes. Leaves coriaceous, finely-
nerved. Flowers panicled or racemose, yellow, the scape frequently pubes-
cent.— 4 Cape species, natives of the Eastern district and Natal.

Tribe 2. Vakdeje. (Gren. 3-9.)

3. CYMBIDIUM, Sw.

Perianth expanded, the petals and sepals subequal, free.
Labeilum sessile, free, without spur, concave, sometimes
jointed to the base of the column, sometimes shortly connate,

360

CXXII. KCHIDACEJE.

undivided or 3-lobed. Column erect, semiterete. Anthers 2-
celled. Pollinia 2, mostly 2-lobed at back, subsessile on a
triangular gland. — Lindl. Orck. p. 161.

Epiphytes (some terrestrial ?) of various habit. The Cape species re-
ferred to this genus by authors belong to Eulophia ; but Mr. Sanderson ha3
recently discovered near Natal a fine plant ( C . Sandersoni, mss.), which
seems to be a genuine species. It has long, cylindrical pseudobulbs,
coriaceous, many-ribbed leaves, and a tall scape, ending in a panicle of pale
yellow flowers. Found between D’ Urban and Athercliffe, 1860.

4. EULOPHIA, R. Br.

Perianth expanded, the sepals and petals ascending, sub-
equal, either quite free or connate with a more or less pro-
duced column. Labellum spurred or saccate at base, sessile,
concaAre, very generally furnished with crested or bearded longi-
tudinal ridges, sometimes smooth; often 3-lobed, sometimes
undivided. Column semiterete, margined. Anther 1-2-celled.
Pollinia 2, 2-lobed at back or hollow, with a short, linear
caudicle and a transverse gland. — Lindl. Orch. p. 180.

Terrestrial, pseudobulbous plants. Leaves long, rigid, plaited or many-
ribbed. Scape radical, simple or branched, many-flowered. Flowers dull-
coloured, shaded with green, dull purple and white. — Many Cape species,
dispersed.

5. CYRTOPERA, Lindl.

Perianth expanded, sepals and petals ascending, subequal,
connate with the much- produced base of the column. Label-
lum not spurred, concave, subventricose, 3-lobed, marked with
crested or tubercled ridges. Column semiterete, margined.
Anther 1-2-celled. Pollinia 2, 2-lobed at back, with a short,
subtriangular caudicle. — Lindl. Orch. p. 189.

Terrestrial plants, with plaited leaves and fleshy stems, sometimes long
and fusiform, sometimes short. Scapes radical ; flowers racemose. — 2 or 3
Cape species, Eastern.

6. LISSOCHILUS, R. Br.

Perianth expanded ; the sepals small, reflexed or spreading,
herbaceous, free ; the petals much larger, spreading, wing-like.
Labellum saccate at base, concave, subentire or 3-lobed, mostly
connate with the base of the column. Column erect, short,
semiterete. Anther 2-celled, crested. Pollinia 2, 2-lobed at
back, with a short linear caudicle and transverse gland. — Lindl.
Orch. p. 191.

Terrestrial, pseudobulbous plants, resembling Eulophia, from which
genus this chiefly differs by its large petals. Flowers panicled or racemose,
showy, yellow and brown. — Several Cape species.

CXXII. ORCHIDACEjE.

361

7. AN GRiECUM, Pet. Th.

Perianth spreading ; the sepals and petals subequal, free.
Labellum sessile, continuous with the base of the column,
fleshy, undivided, much wider than the petals, prolonged at
base into a sub cylindrical spur, usually much longer than the
perianth. Column small, rarely elongate, semiterete. An-
ther 2-celled, truncate. Pollinia 2, 2-parted, with a narrow,
short caudicle and triangular gland. — Lindl. Orch. p. 245 ;
Harv. Thes. t. 107, 108.

Caulescent epiphyte^, with coriaceous, ligulate leaves, oblique at apex.
Flowers solitary or racemose, mostly white. — Several Cape species, in
Eastern district and Natal.

8. MYSTACIDIUM, Lindl.

Perianth spreading ; the sepals and petals subequal, petaloid.
Labellum with a very long, filiform spur, and undivided limb,
jointed to the base of the column. Column short, straight,
fleshy, semiterete, furnished at the apex, on each side, with a
linear process. Eostellum ovate, elongate, convex, nude.
Anther membranous, 2-celled. Pollinia 2, hollow-backed, with
a long, 2-legged caudicle ; the filiform legs each attached to a
peltate gland. — Lindl. in HooJc. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. p. 205 ;
Harv. Thes. t. 173, 174, 175.

Epiphytes, with the habit of Angrcecum. Spurs of the labellum very
long and slender. — 3 species, natives of Eastern district and Natal.

9. CALANTHE, E. Br.

Perianth expanded, free, or the lateral sepals slightly at-
tached to the labellum, subequal. Labellum connate with the
column, lobed or entire, spurred or hornless, with the disk
lamellate or tubercled. Column short, the rostellum mostly
beaked. Pollinia 8, much attenuate at base, adhering in fours
to a 2-partible gland. — Lindl. Orch. p. 249.

Terrestrial plants, with erect, many-flowered scapes. Leaves broad,
plaited. Flowers white or lilac, rarely yellow. — 1 species, C. sylvatica.
found at Natal.

Tribe 3. Ophrydeje. (Gen. 10-39.)

10. HOLOTHRIX, Rich.

Sepals converging, equal. Petals free, spreading, larger
than the sepals. Labellum spurred, connate with the column,
lobed, concave. Anther erect, with parallel cells. Glands of
the pollinia in two separate hoods. — Lindl. Orch. p. 283.

Small herbs, with 1-2 radical leaves ; a nude scape and minute, green or
greenish flowers. — 4 or 5 species, dispersed.

362

CXXir. OllCHIDACEiE.

11. PERISTYLIS, Bl.

Sepals and petals subsimilar, converging as a hood, or the
lateral sepals spreading. Labellum with a very short spur or
sac at base, entire or 3-lobed. Anther-cells divergent at base.
Grlands nude. Rostellum flat, adnate to the anther. No
fleshy process (as in Habenaria) to the lower tip of stigma. —
Lindl. Orch. p. 297.

A small species, recently found by Mr. Gerrard in Zululand, seems to
belong to this genus. It has the aspect of a Habenaria , and small, green-
ish flowers. . «

12. SACCIDIUM, Lindl.

Sepals converging, the lateral placed beneath the labellum
and saccate. Petals fleshy, spathulate, twice as long. Label-
lum posterior, large, convolute, shortly spurred, fleshy and
cleft at the apex. Anther reclinate, the cells distant at base.
Pollinia small, the gland scarcely distinguishable from the
thick caudicle. — Lindl. Orch. p. 301.

A small, very hairy Orchid, found by Burchell. Leaves unknown. Spike
long, cylindrical, very dense. Flowers small.

13. PACHITES, Lindl.

Sepals spreading, the odd one a little larger. Petals and
spurless ; posterior entire, labellum similar. Anther stipitate,
resupinate, the cells at base nearly adnate, not elongate,
divergent ; glands nude. Stigma with two channelled, pro-
jecting arms, and a very thick rostellum interposed between
the anther and the arms. — Lindl. Orch. p. 301.

A rigid, thick-stemmed plant, 18 in. high, drying brown. Radical leaves
4 in. long, linear, fleshy, membranous, and dilated at base. Spike very
dense, a foot long, cylindrical ; flowers closely appressed. Bracts much
acuminate, larger than the flowers. Sepals ovate, concave, acute. Petals
ovate-oblong ; labellum similar, but narrower. — Found by Burchell.

14. MONOTRIS, Lindl.

Sepals membranous, connate at back, the lateral distinct in
front, much smaller than the labellum and petals. Petals
fleshy, acuminate. Labellum free, fleshy at the apex, 3-fid,
hood-shaped, spurred at base. Anther free, erect ; the cells
diverging at base ; the outer valves dilated, incurved, covering
the gland. — Lindl. Orch. p. 303.

A small plant, with a solitary radical leaf, a retrorscly hispid scape, and
small, secund flowers, resembling thoso of a Holothrix. — Found by
Burchell.

CXXII. ORCIIIDACEA!.

363

15. SCOPULARIA, Lindl.

Sepals membranous, converging, tbe lateral smaller. Petals
membranous, lacero-multifid, convolute round tbe labellum.
Labellum erect, convolute, membranous, spurred, lacero-mul-
tifid at tbe apex. Antber free, erect ; cells close, parallel,
dilated at base, ascending, forming a large, unequal-sided bood
covering tbe glands. — Lindl. Orch. p. 303.

A small Orchid, with 2 roundish radical leaves, a nude, hairy scape, and a
long, subsecund spike of small flowers ; the upper ones of which are barren,
their parts split into innumerable shreds, forming a brush-like crown to the
inflorescence. — First found by Burchell ; common in the Eastern districts,
and varying according to situation.

16. H ABET7 ARI A, Willd.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, or tbe petals narrow and
sometimes 2-parted, all converging over tbe column, or tbe
lateral sepals spreading or reflexed. Labellum 3-lobed or
rarely entire, long-spurred at base. Column free, reclined.
Anther-cells with their bases divergent, adhering to tbe stig-
matic channels. Rostellum flat or elongate and hooded or folded.
2 fleshy processes of the stigma projecting beyond the antber,
sometimes very long, sometimes short. — Lindl. Orch. p. 306.
Also Bonatea, Willd., Lindl. p. 327 ; Harv. Thes. t. 55, 88, 147.

A large genus, widely dispersed, chiefly in the temperate zones. Stem
either leafy at the base, and sheathed above or leafy throughout. Flowers
in a terminal spike or raceme, large or small. — Many Cape species, chiefly
on the Eastern frontier, some of them of great beauty, though the flowers
are not brightly coloured.

17. TRYPHIA, Lindl.

Sepals converging, equal, herbaceous. Petals linear or
lanceolate, membranous, longer than the sepals, erect, adnate
to the base of the labellum. Labellum membranous, spurred,
deeply 3 -5-cleft, connate with the column. Anther erect,
small ; lobes divergent. Rostellum ovate, flat. Glands nude. —
Lindl. Orch. p. 333 ; Harv. Thes. t. 105.

Small herbs with 2 radical leaves, nude scapes, and very delicate, white
flowers in secund spikes. — 3 or 4 species, in the Eastern district.

18. BTJCCULINA, Lindl.

Calyx galeate ; the upper sepals smaller, the lateral ob-
liquely attached to the base of the labellum. Petals fleshy,
erect, toothed, converging (perhaps cohering), twice as large
as the sepals. Labellum concave, deeply 5 -parted, spurred.
Column with the margins produced and adnate to the face of
the labellum. — Lindl. in Hook. Gomp. Bot. Mag. ii. p. 209.

364

CXXII. 0IiCIIIDACE.2E.

A small Orchid, with 2 roundish, glabrous, radical leaves ; a nude, re-
versely hairy scape, glabrous above, ending in a spike of 4-5 flowers.
Open flowers ^ in. across. — Found by Drege between Mierenkastul and
Zwartdoorn river.

19. STENOGLOTTIS, Lindl.

Sepals converging, free, subequal, the medial concave. Pe-
tals thinner, like the lateral sepals. Labellum posterior, spur-
less, lobed, free. Anther erect ; the cells divergent at base ;
glands of the pollinia nude, hidden behind the rostellum.
Eostellum minute, 3-toothed, slightly saccate on each side at
base ; lower lip of stigma long and tongue-shaped. — Lindl. in
HooJc. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. p. 210; Harv. Thes. t. 56.

An herb, with many radical leaves, and a bracteate scape ending in a
lax spike of yellow ? flowers. — Found in the Eastern district and at Natal.

20. SCHIZOCHILUS, Sond.

Sepals erect, free, equal. Petals erect, free, very delicate,
much smaller than the sepals. Labellum adnate to the column,
spurred, fleshy, 3-fid. Anther erect, hooded, with’ parallel
cells. Stigma hollow. — Sond. in Linn. xix. p. 78.

Herbs, with leafy stems, and spiked, yellow or white flowers. — Perhaps
2 species, found in Eastern district and Natal.

21. BARTHOLINA, R. Br.

Perianth ringent. Calyx tubular at base, secund, with
equal segments. Petals parallel with the sepals, falcate.
Labellum spurred, expanded, large ; 3-lobed, the medial lobe
multifid, the lateral 3-fid ; all the lacinise filiform. Anther
erect, elongate, with parallel, cucullate lobes. Pollinia small,
on very long, channelled caudicles ; the glands hidden under
the hoods of the anthers. — Lindl. Orck. p. 333.

Small and most elegant Orchids, with a single, reniform, hairy, radical
leaf ; and a 1-flowered nude stem. Petals white, tinged with violet. La-
bellum very large in proportion, with a rounded outline, cloven into many
slender, comb-like lobules, of a violet colour. — 1 or 2 species, in the Western
district.

22. SATYHIUM, Sw.

Perianth ringent, the lower lip formed by the sub similar
sepals and petals ; the upper lip formed by the helmet-shaped,
2-spurred or 2-saccate posterior labellum. Column sessile or
elongate. Anther resupinate ; the cells parallel or divergent.
Grlands nude, separate. Stigma 2-labiate, the upper lip much
larger than the lower. — Lindl. Orch.p. 335.

Herbs with leafy or many-sheathed stems, and spicate, often handsome,
orange pink crimson or greenish flowers. — Many Cape species, dispersed.

CXXII. CmcniDACEiE.

365

23. SATYRIDIUM, Lindl.

Perianth ringent, the lower lip formed by the suhsimilar
sepals and petals ; the upper by the funnel-shaped, 2-spurred,
acuminate labellum. Column slender, free. Anther straight,
resupinate, with parallel cells. Stigma minute, truncate, at
the apex of the column. Caudicles connate, attached to a
single gland. — Lindl. Orch. p. 345 ; Harv. Thes. t. 87.

A single species, with the habit of Satyrium. — Western district.

# 24. AVICEPS, Lindl.

Perianth ringent, the lower lip 3-toothed, formed of the 3
cohering sepals ; the upper of the helmet-shaped, 2-saccate
labellum. Petals none. Column terete, elongate, hidden
under the galea. Stigma 2-lipped, the upper lip very large,
emarginate ; the lower on each side produced into an arm-like
process. Anther resupinate. Caudicles nude, lying along the
arms of stigma ; glands nude. — Lindl. Orch. p. 345.

A small, densely*leafy plant. Flowers axillary, hid among the upper
leaves. Known from the saccate species of Satyrium by the absence of
petals. — Western districts, rare.

25. DISA, Linn.

Perianth ringent, the upper lip formed of the helmet- or
funnel-shaped, spurred or saccate odd sepal ; the lower lip
formed by the two flat, spreading lateral sepals and the label-
lum. Petals small, erect, adhering to the base of the column.
Labellum free, filiform or dilated, entire or multifid, spurless.
Column 2-parted (the anther and stigma separated). Anther

2 - celled, erect or supine ; with 2 distant, nude glands. Stigma
truncate or convex, with an obscurely 3-lobed disk, often tu-
bercular, at the base of the column. — Lindl. Orch. p. 346 ;
Harv. Thes. t. 41, 85, 86.

A large genus, dispersed through the colony and in Natal, including the
finest of the Cape Orchids, as well as some of the humblest. Habit various;
. leaves either all radical or radical and cauline. Flowers mostly spiked,
rarely solitary. D. grandijlora , the glory of Table Mountain, has flowers

3- 5 inches across.

26. BROWNLEEA, Harv.

Perianth ringent, the upper lip formed of the galeate
spurred odd sepal, and of the two petals whose inner margins
adhere to it ; lower, of the two spreading, flat, lateral sepals.
Labellum minute, inflexed, filiform, its base expanded, and ad-
hering at each side to the column, forming therewith a little
pocket. Anther ascending, 2-lobed. — Lindl. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. Lot. i. p. 16 ; Harv. Thes. t. 103, 104.

366

CXXIT. ORCniDACEJE.

Plants with the habit of Disa ; differing in the petals and labellum.
The genus consists, at present, of 3 species, of which the two first known
were discovered by Rev. J. Brownlee, in Caffraria. Flowers sky-blue
pinkish or white.

27. MONADENIA, Lindl.

Perianth ringent, as in Disa. Petals fleshy. Labellum
free, oblong, fleshy, flat. Column small, 2-parted. Stigma
fleshy, raised, truncate, at the base of the labellum. Anther
resupinate, the caudicles united to a single gland. — Lindl. Orch.
p. 356.

Plants with the habit of the leafy Disas, with dull-coloured, brownish-
purple, greenish or yellowish flowers. — There are several species, dispersed
through the colony.

28. SCHIZODIUM, Lindl.

Perianth ringent, the upper lip formed of the galeate and
spurred back sepal, and the petals ; the lower, of the spreading,
channelled, lateral sepals and the labellum. Petals small,
fleshy at the apex, unequally 2-lobed or obliquely twisted,
often eared at base, attached to the column. Labellum free,
either linear-acuminate, equalling the sepals, constricted above
the base, or broad and more or less undulated on the surface.
Column 2-parted. Stigma fleshy, raised, truncate or hollow
at the base of the labellum. Anther resupinate or horizontal.
Lostellum with either truncate or acuminate, twisted arms.
Pollen-glands 2, nude. — Lindl. Orch. p. 358.

Small plants. Leaves radical, ovate or obovate, spreading, petioled.
Stem rigid, mostly flexuous, sheathing at the bendings. Raceme few-
flowered or flowers solitary. Flowers yellow or pink, the labellum often
spotted. — Several species, in the Western district.

29. PENTHEA, Lindl.

Perianth as in Disa , except the back sepal spurless, either
flattish or hooded. Petals unlike the sepals, mostly fleshy,
attached to the base of the column, converging over the an-
ther. Labellum linear or filiform, simple, free, much narrower
than the petals, separated by a mostly 3-lobed stigma from the
column. Anther terminal, erect or reclinate, with parallel
cells, produced and often divergent at base, lying on the stig-
matic arms. Grlands 2, nude. — Lindl. Orch. p. 360 ; Harv.
Thes. t. 84.

Herbs, of small size, resembling the leafy Discs, with numerous narrow,
channelled or very slender leaves, and corymbose, spiked or solitary, yellow
white or mottled flowers. — Several species, in the Western districts.
Scarcely generically different from Disa.

CXXII. 0BCIIIDACE7E.

3G7

30. FORFICARIA, Lindl.

Perianth concave, ringent. Sepals free, concave, the inter-
mediate spurless, larger than the lateral, and lapping over
them in the bud. Petals free, subulate, abruptly twice bent
in the bud. Labellum fleshy, truncate, free, small. Anther
reclinate, with parallel, close-lying cells, and 2 nude, triangular
glands. Stigma adnate, hollow, simple. — Lindl. Orch. p. 362.

A single species, with rigid, linear, acute radical leaves, and racemose
flowers. — Found in Dutoit’s Kloof by Drege.

31. HERSCHELIA, Lindl.

Perianth ringent, as in Lisa. Petals hidden under the galea,
fleshy, collateral, eared at base, hatchet-shaped at the apex,
twice as long as column. Labellum oblong, fleshy, quite en-
tire. Column small, 2-parted. Stigma fleshy, raised, concave,
at the base of the labellum. Rostellum 3-parted ; the lateral
lobes narrower, acuminate ; a dorsal, linear, 2-lobed appendix
is placed in front of the anther. Anther horizontal, with
parallel, short cells ; glands 2, very large, truncate, horny,
toothed. — Lindl. Orch.jp. 362.

H. ccelestis , Lindl., the only species, grows on the summit of Table
Mountain, flowering in March. It has many setaceous, radical leaves, and
a slender distantly-sheathed stem, 1-2 feet high, ending in a raceme of 4-6,
sky-blue flowers. A most elegant plant, with the aspect of a Disa, sect.
Trichochila.

32. BRACHYCORYTHIS, Lindl.

Perianth oblique. Sepals free, the back one slightly con-
cave, ovate, much smaller than the lateral, unequal-sided ones.
Petals oblong, erect, oblique at base, fleshy in the middle, ad-
nate at base to the column. Labellum longer than the lateral
sepals, coriaceous, concave at base, but spurless, dilated and
3 -toothed at the apex. Anther reclinate, 2-celled, pedicelled,
adnate to the large, ovate stigma, hidden within the cavity of
the labellum. G-lands 2, nude. — Lindl . Orch. p. 363 ; Hare.
Thes. t. 53, 54.

Leafy herbs, with densely-flowered, leafy spikes. — 2 species, natives of
Caflraria and Port Natal.

33. HUTTONJEA, Harv.

Perianth 2-labiate, the upper lip formed of the ovate, quite
entire, flat sepals, of which the lateral are much the largest,
united in a single piece by the bases of the claws of the petals.
Petals with long claws, and a bood-shaped, fimbriate limb.
Labellum free, flat, fimbriate. Anther resupinate ; the cells

3G8

CXXII. OltCIIIDACEiE.

widely diverging at base. G-lands nude. Stigma linear,
transverse. — Harv. Thes. t. 101.

A caulescent plant, with cordate-ovate or roundish, membranous, many-
nerved, subpetiolate leaves, sheathing at base, and a many-flowered spike.
There are two varieties, one with snow-white, the other with purple and
green flowers ; both found on the frontier. This charming plant was dis-
covered on the Katberg by Mrs. Henry Hutton, whose name it deservedly
bears.

34. HALLACKIA, Harv.

Perianth of Huttoncea , except that both sepals and petals
are fimbriate. Labellum concave at base, fimbriate. Anther
supine ; the cells parallel, close-lying at base. Glands . . .
Stigma . . . — Harv. Thes. t. 102.

An elegant plant, with the aspect of Huttonaa , from which it is known
by the anther and the fimbriate sepals. The only specimens I have yet
had for dissection are too imperfect to enable me to ascertain the exact
structure of the stigma, etc. This plant was first sent to me by Mr.
Hallack ; but I believe first discovered by Mr. Fannin, of the Dargle,
Natal, a fact which I did not know when I published it in Thesaurus.

35. CEBATANDRA, Eckl.

Perianth 2-labiate ; the upper sepal and the petals united
in a galea (which is mostly pendulous and anterior) ; the
lateral spreading, free. Labellum clawed, lunate, adnate to
the face of the column, nude or with a fleshy appendix.
Column horseshoe7shaped. Anther resupinate ; the cells
distant, adnate to the stigmatic arms ; glands nude. Stigma
small, 3-lobed, vertical, in the fork of the arms. — Lindl. Orch.
p. 363.

Leafy herbs, drying black. Leaves very narrow, dilated at base, clothing
the whole stem. Roots fascicled, fleshy. Flowers in dense spikes, yellow.
— 5 or 6 species, in the Western districts.

36. OMMATODIUM, Lindl.

Perianth 2 -labiate ; the upper sepal and the unequally -lob ed
concave petals united in a galea ; the lateral spreading, free.
Labellum hastate, sessile, adnate to the column, with a mem-
branous, tubular appendix. Column membranous, truncate.
Anther erect, with distant, subparallel cells, truncate at base ;
glands nude. Stigma horizontal, with incurved arms. — Lindl.
Orch. p. 365.

A 2-3-leaved plant, with a many-flowered, elongate spike of rather small
flowers. Nearly related to Pteryg odium, but with a different anther. —
Western district.

37. PTERY GODIUM, Sw.

Perianth 2-labiate ; the upper sepal and the very large, un-

CXXII. ORCillDACEiE.

369

divided, concave petals united in a galea, mostly posterior ; the
lateral free, spreading. Labellum sessile, adnate to the face
of the column, at base furnished with a large or small tongue-
shaped, erect or indexed appendix. Anther resupinate, the
cells distant, short, adnate to the twisted, incurved stigmatic
arms ; glands nude. Stigma linear, transverse, on each side
produced into an arm. — Lindl. Orch. p. 366 ; Harv. Thes. t \
94.

Herbs, with leafy stems, oblong or ovate leaves sheathing at base, and
solitary or racemose flowers. Flowers yellow white or greenish. — 9 or 10
species, dispersed.

38. COHYCIUM, Sw.

Perianth hooded. Sepals membranous, narrow, the upper
one either free or united with the petals into a galea ; lateral
connate, spreading. Petals concave or saccate, unlike the
sepals, fleshy. Labellum adnate to the face of the column,
entire, either nude or more commonly with a large, simple or
2-lobed appendix. Anther dorsal, resupinate ; cells either
near and parallel or very distant and diverging. Grlands nude.
Stigma narrow, between the base of the labellum and the
connective ; rostellum 3-lobed. — Lindl. Orch. p. 368.

Leafy herbs, drying black. Leaves narrow, sheathing at base. Flowers
small, dull-coloured, densely spiked. — 6 or 7 species, dispersed.

39. DISPEHIS, Sw.

Perianth hooded ; the upper sepal cohering with the petals
into a galea ; lateral saccate, spreading, separate or connate.
Labellum clawed, adnate to the face of the column, ascending
between the lobes of the anther, with or without an appendix.
Anther resupinate or supine ; glands nude. Stigma narrow,
transverse, divaricate, with 2 often twisted arms. — Lindl. Orch.
p. 369 ; ILarv. Thes. t. 106, 148, 171, 172.

Herbs, variable in habit, with many- or few-leaved stems and solitary or
spiked, greenish yellowish white purple or mottled flowers. — Many species,
dispersed.

Order CXXIII. BURMANNIACE.®.

Plowers bisexual, regular. Perianth superior, persistent,
petaloid, tubular or bell-shaped, usually 6-lobed, the 3 inner
lobes smaller or sometimes wanting. Stamens 3-6, included ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled or with 3 parietal
placentas, many-ovuled ; style single, with 3 stigmas. Fruit
capsular. Seeds minute. — Herbs, with usually radical leaves,

2 u

870

CXXIII. BURMANNIACE^:.

and terminal flowers, solitary or in spikes, racemes, cymes or
umbels. Chiefly tropical.

1. BURMANNIA, Linn.

Perianth terete or 3-winged, 6-fid. Stamens 3, opposite
the inner lobes of perianth. Ovary 3-celled. Capsule 3-
celled, incompletely 3-valved.

Leaves radical, numerous, grass-like. Scapes 1-2 ft., or bearing a 2-fid,
many-flowered spike. — 1 Cape species (B. Capensis) on record ; said to have
3-flowered scapes, and a 3-winged perianth. Unknown to me.

Order CXXIY. DI0SC0RIDE.®.

Flowers unisexual, mostly dioecious. Perianth 6-lobed or
divided. Stamens 6 or 3, inserted on the perianth, shorter
than its lobes ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; styles short, united or
separate or 0 ; stigmas 3, entire or 2-fid. Fruit a berry or a
3-angled or winged capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a minute
embryo. — Herbs, mostly with twining stems. Leaves simple
or compound, with digitate or parallel nerves and netted veins.
Flowers small, greenish, in axillary, simple or branched spikes
or racemes.

1. DIOSCOREA, Linn.

Capsule 3-angled or winged, opening loculicidally at the
angles. Seeds winged. — Endl. Gen. n. 1261.

A very large, chiefly tropical and subtropical genus, often having large,
fleshy rhizomes or tubers ; such species constitute the various kinds of
Yam, which are so important as esculents to mankind within the tropics.
The South African species are numerous, especially in Caffraria and at
Natal, and form two groups ; the Testudinarice (or Tortoise-plants), which
have over-ground, perennial, tessellated, hardshelled rhizomes ; these occur
in the Eastern district and frontier; and the Yams, properly speaking,
which have large or small, mostly underground, tuberous rhizomes ; these
are chiefly from Caffraria and Natal, though some grow within the frontier.

Order CXXY. IRIDE^].

Perianth tubular, 6-parted, in two rows, often irregular.
Stamens 3, distinct or monadelphous, opposite the outer seg-
ments of the perianth ; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; ovules numerous ; style 1 ; stigmas
3, dilated, often petaloid, sometimes 2-fid. Capsule 3-celled,
3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous ; embryo cylindrical, in

CXXY. IRIDEiE.

371

fleshy or horny albumen. — Herbs with equitant leaves and
brilliant flowers, rising from spathe-like bracts. Very nume-
rous in South Africa; several of the adopted genera have
very trivial characters, but are mostly natural groups of spe-
cies.

1. Flowers either capitate, corymbose, or in thyrsi; each flower subtended
by m.ore than 2 bracts, or several flowers successively issuing from the
sheath. Ovary generally pedicellate, rarely subsessile or sessile.

Stigmas expanded, petaloid.

Lobes of the stigma 2-fid.

Filaments distinct ; inner perianth-segments nar-
row 1. Mor.ea.

Filaments connate ; inner perianth-segments very

narrow 2. Viettsseuxia.

Lobes of stigma pencil-multifid ; filaments connate 3. Ferraria.
Stigmas not petaloid.

Perianth rotate, 6-parted 4. Aristea.

Perianth tubular; limb 6-parted, spreading or erect 5. Witsenia.

2. Flowers in simple or branching spikes or solitary ; each flower sub-
tended by 2 distichous bracts. Ovary always sessile.

a. Flowers in few- or many-flowered spikes.

Stigmas 3, 2-fid or 2-parted.

Stigmas 2-fid ; perianth-tube long and slender ;
limb spreading, subequal, one segment with

a deep-coloured spot 7. Anomatheca.

Stigmas 2-parted, with long slender lobes.

Flowers in loose, sometimes corymbose spikes,

often secund 6. Ovieda.

Flowers in dense spikes, 2-ranked, the bracts

imbricating 11. Watsonia.

Stigmas 3, cuneate or linear, but not 2-fid.

Stigmas more or less cuneate, expanded or folded.

Bracts herbaceous, brown-tipped ; leaves

plaited 8. Babiana.

Bracts herbaceous, taper-pointed ; leaves rib-
striate.

Perianth-tube gradually expanding into a

ringent or subequal limb 9. Gladiolus.

Perianth-tube suddenly expanding into a

wide throat and ringent limb . . . .10. Antholyza.

Bracts membranous, either torn or subentire . 12. Sparaxis.
Stigmas slender, filiform, often very long.

Perianth 6-parted, the segments taper-pointed. 15. Diasia.

Perianth with a long or short tube ; segments
obtuse or acute, but not tapering.

Bracts scarious.

Bracts toothed ; limb of perianth often

unequal 13. Montbretia.

Bracts truncate, entire or subentire . . 14. Ixia.

Bracts herbaceous.

Perianth with a longish tube and spread-
ing limb.

2 b 2

372

CXXY. IRIDEvE.

Flowers loosely spiked, dull-coloured,

opening in the evening 16. Hesperantha.

Flowers densely spiked, brilliant, diur-
nal 17. Schizostylis.

Perianth-funnel-shaped, with a short tube 18. Geissorhiza.

b. Flowers solitary, on radical scapes, or radical, sub-
sessile.

Stigmas linear, 2-parted. (Scapes mostly obvious.) 19. Trichonema.
Stigmas lamellar, fimbriate-multifid. (Flowers sub-

sessile.) 20. Galaxia.

1. MORiEA, Linn.

Perianth with a short tube, and G-parted, equally-spreading
limb, the 3 inner segments smaller, convolute after flowering.
Filaments distinct. Style slender, 3-cornered ; stigmas 3,
petaloid, 2-3-fid. Capsule membranous, 3-cornered; seeds
angular. — Endl. Gen. n. 1224.

Bulbous plants, resembling the Irides of the Northern hemisphere.
Leaves mostly few and narrow. Flowers yellow white orange or parti-
coloured, pedicellate, rising from crowded or subsolitary, terminal sheaths.
— Many species.

2. VXEXJSSEUXIA, Roche.

Perianth with the inner segments very small and narrow,
otherwise as in Morcea. Filaments connate. Style, etc., of
Moreea. — Endl. Gen. n. 1223.

Slender plants, with the habit of Morcea. — Several species.

3. FERRARIA, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, the segments oblong, equally spreading,
undulate ; the outer wider. Filaments connate in a tube.
Style filiform ; stigmas 3, petaloid-dilated, converging, 2-fid,
the lobes penicillate-multifid. Seeds with a fleshy coat. —
Endl. Gen. n. 1230.

Bulbous plants, with ensiform, thick, nerved leaves, a simple or branched,
densely-leafy stem, and aggregate floral bracts. — Few species, with curious,
brown and spotted, very fugacious, pedicellate flowers.

4. ARISTEA, Soland.

Perianth rotate, G-parted, the spreading segments subequal
or the inner much larger. Filaments distinct, erect or sub-
secund. Style subclavate ; stigmas 3, subcapitate or dilated.
Capsules stipitate or subsessile, prismatic. Seeds compressed.
— Endl. Gen. n. 1232.

Small or tall plants, with tuberous or fleshy fascicled roots. Leaves
swoi’d-shaped, broad. Scape 2-edged, rigid, often branched. Spathes sca-
rious or torn, rarely herbaceous, in tufts, either terminal or in compound

CXXV. IRIDEiE.

373

spikes or thyrsi. Perianth twisted after flowering. Flowers sky-blue or
rarely white.

5. WITSENIA, Thunb.

Perianth tubular, tbe limb 6-fid, equal, spreading or con-
verging. Stamens in tbe tbroat of tbe tube, included ; fila-
ments very short. Style filiform, exserted ; stigma 3-toothed
or very shortly 3-fid. — Endl. Gen. n. 1233.

Almost shrubby, simple or much-branched plants, with tuberous roots.
Stem woody, 2-edged, rough with the bases of old leaves ; branches ending
in fan-like tufts of distichous, sword-shaped, nerved leaves. Peduncles
simple or branched, often corymbose. Flowers blue. — Few species.

6. OVIEDA, Spreng.

Perianth funnel-shaped, with a short or long slender tube,
and 6-parted, erect or spreading limb ; tbe segments equal.
Stamens in the tbroat, erect or subsecund ; filaments subulate.
Style filiform ; stigmas 3, narrow-linear, conduplicate, 2-parted,
with revolute lobes. — Endl. Gen. n. 1236.

Small, bulbous plants, with compressed or angular, simple or branching
stems ; gladiate or channelled leaves, often rigid, with rough edges, the
lower ones falcate ; and laxly spiked or corymbose flowers. Spathes herba-
ceous, with withered tips. Flowers blue or white. — Several species.

7. ANOMATHECA, Ker.

Perianth salver-shaped, with a long, slender tube, constricted
in tbe tbroat ; limb 6-parted ; segments oblong, spreading, the
2 back ones nearer. Stamens in tbe tbroat, subsecund ; fila-
ments short. Style filiform ; stigmas 3, narrow-linear, com-
plicate, 2-fid. Capsule subglobose, somewhat rough with
raised points. — Endl. Gen. n. 1237.

Bulbous plants, with ensiform leaves, a slender, rigid stem, and branch-
ing spikes of subsecund flowers. Flowers crimson, spotted. — 1 or 2 species.

8. BABIANA, Ker..

Perianth-tube long or very long, gradually expanding into a
funnel-shaped, nearly regular or a very irregular, ringent
limb. Stamens in tbe tbroat, ascending. Style filiform ;
stigmas 3, cuneate, folded, entire. Capsule subovate. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1238.

Bulbous plants, with spiked flowers and coarsely plaited, broad, mostly
downy leaves. The perianth varies greatly in shape, being (as in B. ringens)
sometimes extremely unequal, and in others nearly bell-shaped. Bracts 2,
with a withered apex, the inner deeply 2-fid. — Several species, with blue
purple red or white flowers.

9. GLADIOLUS, Tourn.

Perianth- tube curved, widening upwards ; limb more or less

374

CXXV. IltIDEiE.

ringent or unequal, sometimes very unequal. Stamens and
style ascending. Stigmas 3, cuneate- dilated, undivided. —
Endl. Gen. n. 1239.

A large and widely-dispersed genus. Plants bulbous, variable in habit,
densely-leafy, or slender with few leaves. Leaves broad and ribbed or
narrow. Flowers spiled, often sweetly scented, yellow blue green brown
white scarlet or variously shaded or mottled. Bracts herbaceous, generally
taper-pointed. — Many Cape species.

10. ANTHOLYZA, Linn.

Perianth with a slender, terete or compressed tube, sud-
denly swelling into a wide throat, which expands into a ringent
limb, the upper segment elongate. Stigmas undivided. Cap-
sules globose. Seeds large, roundish, not winged.

Tall, bulbous plants, with leafy stems and spiked scarlet flowers. Closely
allied to Gladiolus , from which it chiefly differs in the seeds. — Several
species.

11. WAT SONIA, Mill.

Perianth with a long or short, curved or straight tube, gra-
dually widening upwards ; limb tubular or bell-shaped, regular
or subirregular. Stamens and style ascending. Stigmas 3,
linear, 2-parted, the lobes filiform. Capsules oblong, coria-
ceous.— E?idl. Gen. n. 1240.

Mostly large, often branching, leafy, bulbous plants, with densely-spiked
mostly pink- or rose-coloured, rarely blue or purple flowers. Leaves ensi-
form, rarely inflated. Bracts scarious above. — The blue- or purple-flowered
species ( W. spicata , triticea , 'plantaginea, and punctata ) form in themselves
a natural group or genus, which Ecklon has called “j Eeilia.” — Several
species.

12. SP Alt AXIS, Ker.

Perianth-tube short, widening into a funnel- or bellshaped,
subregular or rarely ringent, very unequal limb. Stamens
erect, ascending, included. Stigmas 3, narrow wedge-shaped,
channelled, entire. Capsules membranous. — Endl. Gen.n. 1241 .

Plants with reticulated, thickly -coated bulbs, broad, ensiform leaves, and
flexuous or zigzag scapes. Flowers distant, large and very handsome, va-
riously and brilliantly coloured. S. pendula differs from the rest in habit.
Bracts scarious, membranous, lacerated or rarely entire. — Many species.

13. MONTBPETIA, DC.

Perianth with a narrow, often very long tube, gradually
widening into a bell-shaped or salver-shaped, rarely subringent
limb. Stamens ascending. Stigmas 3, narrow, long, entire
or subentire. Capsules coriaceous. — Endl. Gen. n. 1242. Tri-
tonia, Ker.

Bulbous plants, allied on one side to Gladiolus , on the other to Aria; known
from both by the scarious, toothed (not lacerate) bracts. — Many species.

CXXV. IJMDEJ2.

375

14. IXIA, Linn.

Perianth with a long, slender tube, and regular, salver-
shaped limb. Stamens in the throat, free or monadelphous,
spreading or declined. Stigmas 3, narrow-linear, recurved.
Capsules membranous. — Endl. Gen. n. 1243.

Bulbous plants, chiefly leafy at base, with slender, wiry stems, bearing
simple or branched spikes of gaily-coloured flowers. — Many species.

15. DIASIA, DC.

Perianth 6-parted to the base, equal, spreading, segments
taper-pointed. Stamens ascending. Stigmas 3, narrow-
linear, recurved. Capsules turbinate. Seeds few, subglobose.
—Endl. Gen. n. 1244.

Bulbous plants, with weak stems, ensiform, thin, pale-green leaves, and
greenish-yellow, spiked flowers. Bracts subherbaceous. — 2 species, found
in woods or damp, shady places.

16. HESPERANTHA, Ker.

Perianth salver- shaped ; limb equalling the slender tube,
the segments equal, spreading. Stamens on the tube, erect or
spreading. Style filiform ; stigmas filiform, very long, spread-
ing. Capsules oblong. Seeds rugose. — Endl. Gen. n. 1245.

Bulbs with few, sword-shaped or curled leaves, and laxly spiked, dull
coloured flowers, opening in the evening and very sweetly scented. Bracts
herbaceous, entire, one of them as long as the tube of the perianth or
longer. — Colonial name “ Avond-bloomjes.” — Several species.

17 P SCHIZOSTYLIS, Baekh.

Floral characters as in Hesjperantha, but the flowers are
diurnal, densely spiked, and the root is stoloniferous. Seeds
obtusely angled, not margined.

A very beautiful plant, with bright crimson or clear pink flowers, and
tufted leafy stems 3 feet high, has been figured in the Bot. Mag. t. 5422
under the name Schizostylis coccinea , but, though extremely different in
aspect from Hesperantha , it cannot be said to differ by any tangible generic
character yet observed. It grows on mountains in the Eastern frontier, in
Caffreland, and at Natal.

18. GEISSORHIZA, Ker.

Perianth funnel-shaped, with a short tube, and ample,
equally 6-parted, erecto-patent limb. Stamens erect, free.
Style declined ; stigmas 3, elongate, linear, undivided. Cap-
sules membranous. Seeds minute. — Endl. Gen. n. 1246.

Small, bulbous plants, with secund spikes of brightly-coloured, generally
blue or blue and crimson flowers. Bracts herbaceous or slightly withered
"at the tip. Leaves few, falcate or linear. — Several species.

370

CXXV. IRIDEiE.

19. TRICHONEMA, Ker.

Perianth with a short (very rarely a long) tube, funnel-
shaped, the limb 6-parted ; segments equal, spreading. Sta-
mens on the tube ; filaments included. Stigmas 3, linear,
2-parted ; segments recurved. Capsule membranous. Seeds
many, roundish. — Endl. Gen. n. 1247.

Stemless, bulbous plants, with long, linear, grass-like radical leaves, and
simple scapes, bearing solitary, pui-ple yellow white or particoloured flowers.
— Several species.

20. GALAXXA, Thunb.

Perianth with a very long, slender tube and an equally 6-
parted, funnel-shaped, spreading limb. Filaments connate in
a short tube. Stigmas 3, lamellar, fimbriate-multifid. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1235.

Stemless plants, with very fugacious, yellow or purple flowers. Ovary
concealed underground, the long tube resembling a peduncle.— 2 species,
G. ovata , with broad, ovate-oblong, ciliate leaves, and G. graminifolia ,
with linear, channelled, grass-like leaves. Common on dry ground in
winter.

Order CXXYI. HiEMODOEACEiE.

Perianth tubular, coloured (at least) within, on the outside
often woolly or hairy, either adnate at base to the ovary
or free, the limb 6-parted, subequal or unilabiate. Stamens 6,
inserted at the base of the segments, or 3 fertile and 3 (oppo-
site the outer perianth-lobes) barren or altogether wanting ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled. Ovary inferior or superior, com-
posed of 3 carpels, 3-celled (very rarely of 1 carpel and
1-cell) ; ovules 1-2 or many, peltate ; style continuous with
the ovary, simple ; stigma undivided. Capsule often crowned
with the perianth, 3-(l-)celled, loculicidal. Seeds with hard
albumen. — Perennial herbs, with tufted, fibrous roots (often
with red juice), simple or branched stems or scapes only,
alternate, mostly distichous, entire, ensiform and equitant
leaves, and racemose or corymbose, pedicellate flowers. Na-
tive of the Cape, New Holland, and North America.

Ovary inferior ; perianth externally downy or woolly.

Fertile stamens 3, of which 1 has a very large

anther 1. Dilatris.

Fertile stamens 6, similar 2. Lanaria.

Ovary superior ; perianth externally glabrous.

Perianth subirregular ; ovary sharply 3-angled, 3-

celled, with a terminal style 3. Wachendorfia.

Perianth regular; ovary dblique, 1-celled, with a

lateral style 4. Bakbeuetta.

CXXYI. HiEMODORACEJS.

377

1. DILATRIS, Berg.

Perianth petaloid, externally downy, superior, 6-parted,
the segments erect, persistent. Stamens 6, 3 sterile, anther-
less and short, 3 fertile, one of the anthers much larger than
the others. Ovary inferior, 3 -celled ; ovules 1 in each cell,
peltate. Capsules subglobose. Seeds solitary. — Endl. Gen.
n. 1254.

Roots with blood-red juice; leaves radical, equitant, ensiform, rigid,
sheathing at base. Flowers purple or yellow, corymbose or panieled. — 3
species, Western. «

2. LAN ARIA, Thunb.

Perianth petaloid, externally plumose-woolly, superior,
with a short tube, and 6-parted, spreading, equal, persistent
limb. Stamens 6, all fertile ; anthers versatile. Ovary infe-
rior, 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending. — Mndl. Gen.
n. 1256.

L. plumosa , the only species, has a branched, woolly stem, glabrous, ensi-
form leaves, and panieled flowers, which are white-woolly on the outer,
purple on the inner surface. — Grows in Swellendam.

3. WACHENDORFIA, Burm.

Perianth petaloid, villous, 6-parted, irregular, the segments
oblong, the 3 upper erect, 3 lower spreading, subsaccate at
base. Stamens inserted in the base of the perianth, 3 fertile,

3 antherless, short or wholly wanting ; filaments of fertile
stamens declined, rather shorter than the perianth. Ovary
free, sharply 3-cornered, 3-celled; ovules solitary; style fili-
form, terminal. Capsule turbinate, sharply 3-angled. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1251.

Tuberous-rooted, red-juiced plants, with radical, sheathing, nerve-plaited
leaves, pubescent stems, and dull yellowish, racemose or panieled flowers,
brownish on the outside. — Several species, in the Western districts.

4. BARBERETTA, Harv.

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted, regular, the segments oblong,
3-5-nerved, very delicate. Stamens 3, in the base of the
perianth, ascending; filaments subulate, with narrow wings;
anthers incumbent, 2-celled. Ovary oblique (of 1 carpel),
roundish-compressed, sessile on a fleshy disk, free ; ovule soli-
tary ; style lateral, filiform, exserted ; stigma simple. Cap-
sule ?

Roots tuberous ? Leaves radical, equitant, sheathing at base, many-
nerved. Scapes simple, racemose. Bracts 1 to each flower, spathe-like, en-
wrapping the pedicel. Flowers small, bright golden-yellow. — B. aurea ,

378

CXXYI. HJSMODOIIACE^.

H., the only species, was discovered on the Isomo river, Caffraria, by Mr.
Henry Bowker and Mrs. F. W. Barber, and the genus is dedicated to the
latter in gratitude for her many discoveries of new plants in the frontier
districts. With the foliage of Wachendorfia , it has very different flowers
and ovary.

Order CXXYII. AMARYLLXDEiE.

Perianth superior, petaloid, regular or subirregular, 6-
cleft, the outer segments overlapping the inner. Stamens 6
'(rarely more), inserted on the perianth, sometimes cohering
by their dilated bases into a cup (or corona) ; anthers open-
ing inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ; ovules rarely definite ;
style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed or subentire. Fruit either a 3-celled,
loculicidal capsule or a berry. Seeds albuminous. — Grenerally
bulbous rooted plants, stemless or caulescent, with ensiform
leaves, and handsome, liliaceous flowers. This Order differs
from Liliacece by the inferior ovary. I here adopt Mr. Her-
bert’s genera, but many of them have very trivial distinctive
characters.

Suborder 1. Amaryllidese verse. Bulbous- or rarely fibrous-rooted.
Leaves radical. Scapes umbelliferous, rarely 1-flowered. Perianth com-
pletely petaloid. Seed-coat not crustaceous. (Glen. 1-18.)

(1) Perianth with an evident tube and 6-parted limb.

Perianth furnished in the throat with a tubular,

6-lobed corona, bearing stamens between its

lobes 17. Pancratium.

Perianth destitute of corona.

(a) Scape rising above the soil, bearing an
umbel.

Scape hollow within.

Perianth funnel-shaped, the slender
tube gradually widening into a

spreading limb 1. Yallota.

Perianth cylindrical - funnelshaped,

with an erect or erecto-patent limb 2. Cyrtantiius.
Perianth-tube slender below, bell-
shaped above, the limb reflexed . 3. Cyphonema.

Scapes solid (often compressed).

Lobes of perianth 1-3- or 5-nerved,
narrow.

Spathe of several leaves ; stamens

erect, 3 shorter ; style straight . 7. H.®mantiius.

Spathe 2-leaved; stamens subequal,
spreading ; style inclined ... 9. Buphane.

Lobes of perianth many-nerved, broad.

Perianth- tube long and slender, not

much wider in the throat ... 4. Crinum.

Perianth -tube very short ; limb
funnel-shaped, with undulate,
spreading lobes 8. Amaryllis.

CXXYII. AMARYLLIDEiE.

379

Perianth-tube widening upwards,
trumpet-funnelshaped,

Segments flat, subequal ; pedi-
cels elongate 10. Brunsvigia.

Segments convolute at base, 3

smaller ; pedicels shortish . . 11. Ammocharis.

( b ) Scape 1 -flowered and ovary concealed
under ground ; perianth-tube filiform,
very long, scape-like ; limb spreading ;

stamens 6, 12 or 18 18. Gtethyllis.

(2) Perianth 6-parted to the base or nearly so.

Very imperfectly bulbous- or fibrous-rooted
plants.

Perianth funnel-shaped, nodding ; segments
green-tipped ; stamens slightly exserted ;

style erect 5. Clivia.

Perianth widely bell- shaped ; segments broad,

1-coloured ; stamens shorter than seg-
ments ; style curved down then turning up 6. Imantophyllum.

Perfectly bulbous-rooted plants.

Perianth deciduous ; style filiform, not swoll-
en at base.

Anthers middle-fixed, versatile ; filaments

very long 12. Nerine.

Anthers basifixed, erect.

Filaments separate, decurrent on the

short tube 15. Carpolyza.

Filaments united into a cup at base . . 16. Hessea.

Perianth persistent ; style swollen at base.

Stamens connate at base and adnate to

the swollen base of style 13. Strumaria.

Stamens dilated at base but free from base

of style 14. Imhoeia.

Suborder 2. Hypoxidese. Bulbous- or fibrous-rooted. Scapes 1- or
many-flowered, not umbelliferous. Leaves often striate or plaited. Perianth
often discoloured or rough and hairy on the outer surface. Capsule long in-
dehiscent, at length splitting. Seeds with a black, hard coat. (Glen. 19-21.)
Perianth witli a long, slender, scape-like tube ; sta-
mens 6 19. Curculigo.

Perianth 6-parted nearly to the base, persistent.

Stamens 6, epigynous 20. Hypoxis.

Stamens 3, opposite the inner segments of perianth 21. Pauridia.

Suborder 1. Amaryllidese. (Gen. 1-18.)

1. VALLOTA, Herb.

Perianth funnel-shaped, 6-fid, subregular, with a straight,
slender tube gradually widening in the throat. Stamens 6,
those opposite the inner segments on the summit of the tube,
those opposite the outer segments inserted lower down, all
decurrent, subequal, spreading ; anthers incumbent. Style
declined ; stigma subcapitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-angled.

380

CXXVII. AMAltYLLLDEiE.

Seeds compressed, black, winged. — Kunth , Enwm. v. p. 531 ;
Bot. Map. t. 1430.

A handsome bulbous plant. Leaves distichous, linear-strapshaped, ap-
pearing with the flowers. Scape fistular, bearing a few-flowered umbel.
Spathe 2-leaved ; flowers pedicellate, about 3 in the spathe, bright scarlet.
— Eastern district.

2. CYRTANTHUS, Ait.

Perianth tubular- funnelshaped, with an erect or spreading,
6-fid, subequal limb, the inner lobes wider ; tube straight or
curved. Stamens 6, inserted above the middle of the tube,
straight or deflexed, included, the alternate longer ; anthers
incumbent. Style erect or declined, exserted ; stigma slightly
3-lobed. Capsule 3-angled. Seeds compressed, black. — Kunth ,
Enum. v. p. 533; Bot. Mag. t. 271, 1133, 2471, 2634, 2291,
3779, 5374.

Bulbous plants, of which there many species in the Eastern district and
at Natal. Leaves flat or channelled, linear. Scape fistular; spathe 1- or
many-flowered. Flowers pedicellate, often pendulous or cernuous, scarlet
yellow or white, rarely striped.

3. CYPHONEMA, Herb.

Perianth with a straight tube, slender and cylindrical below,
bell-shaped above ; limb regular, peflexed. Filaments in-
curved, the sepaline in the middle of the tube, the petaline in-
serted higher. Style slender ; stigma 3-lobed. — Kunth , l. c.
541.

C. Loddigesianum , Herb., is a bulbous plant, with- a solitary, vernal leaf
and a 2-flowered, autumnal, hollow scape. Flowers whitish, striped with
green, If inches. Pedicels erect.

4. CRIRUM, Linn.

Perianth-tube long and slender, not much widening in the
throat ; limb 6-parted ; segments subequal, many -nerved,
erect, spreading or reflexed. Stamens on the summit of the
tube, elongate, spreading or declined ; anthers versatile, in-
cumbent. Style erect or declined ; stigma obtuse. Capsule
membranous, depressed, irregularly bursting, few-seeded.
Seeds angular-globose, often viviparous. — Kunth , l. c. 547 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2352.

Bulbous plants. Leaves multifarious. Scape solid, many-flowered.— 3
Cape species, Eastern.

5. OLIVIA, Lindl.

Perianth with a short tube, funnel-shaped, subequally 6-
parted, the inner lobes a little longer. Stamens on the sum-
mit of the tube, erect, slightly exserted ; anthers fixed above

CXXVII. AMARYLLIDEJE.

381

the base. Ovary few-ovuled ; style exserted, erect ; stigma
3-lobed. Berry few-seeded. Seeds subglobose-eompressed,
with a fleshy coat. — Kunth , l. c. 584 ; Bot. Mag. (Imantophyl-
lum Aitoni) t. 2856.

A very imperfectly bulbous plant, the base throwing out many tufted,
thick and fleshy fibres. Leaves numerous, radical, distichous, strap-shaped,
rigid, persistent. Scape plano-convex, solid, umbellately many-flowered ;
spathe of several bracts. Flowers pedicelled, nodding, orange-scarlet, green-
tipped. — C. nobilis , the only species, grows in the Eastern districts.

6. IMANTOPHYLLUM, Hook.

Perianth 6-parted nearly to the very base, widely campanu-
late, the segments broadly obovate-lanceolate, subequal, the 3
inner rather larger. Stamens inserted near the base of the
segments and somewhat shorter, spreading ; anthers versatile.
Ovary few-ovuled ; style thick, curved down, then turning
upwards, longer than the perianth. Berry fleshy, few-seeded.
Seeds subglobose, bulbiform. — Bot. Mag. t. 4783.

I. miniatum , Hook., has the habit of Clivia, but its leaves are much larger
and broader, less rigid, with ample clasping bases and acute apices, and the
flowers are erect or cernuous, opening widely, nearly as in Vallota , orange-
scarlet, without green tips. — Native of Natal.

7. HJEMANTHUS, Linn.

Perianth with a straight tube, and deeply 6-parted limb, de-
ciduous, the lobes narrow, 1-3-nerved, equal, erect or spread-
ing. Stamens on the summit of the tube, erect, exserted, 3
longer ; anthers fixed above the base. Ovary few-ovuled ;
style filiform, straight ; stigma simple. Berry globose or ob-
long, 1-2-celled. Seeds solitary, bulb-like. — Kunth , l. c. 586 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 1315, 3373, 1239, 1523, 1075, 1705, 5378, 5532.

Bulbous plants, glabrous or hairy. Leaves few, mostly 2, mostly broad
and short, coriaceous, thickish, erect or prostrate, rarely long, narrow and
channelled. Scape short, mostly compressed or flat, often mottled or
banded ; umbel densely many-flowered. Spathe mostly many-leaved,
rarely 2-leaved. — Many species, dispersed.

8. AMARYLLIS, Linn.

Perianth with a very short tube, funnel-shaped, 6-parted,
subregular or irregular ; segments many-nerved, broad, undu-
late, spreading, somewhat revolute at the apices. Stamens at
the summit of the tube, unequal, declined ; anthers fixed by the
middle, incumbent, curved into a circular arch after bursting.
Style declined ; stigma thickened, sub-3-lobed. Capsule ob-
ovate. Seeds globose, fleshy. — Kunth , l.c. 600; Bot. Mag. t.
733, 1450, 2253.

Fine bulbous plants. Leaves appearing at a different season from the

382

CXXYII. AMARYLLIDEJE.

scapes, numerous, strap-shaped. Scape tall, solid, compressed ; spathe 2-
leaved ; umbel few-flowered. Flowers large, sweet-scented, pedicelled, rosy-
white. — A. Belladonna Linn., is well known in cultivation.

9. BUPHANE, Herb.

Perianth with a short, straight tube and 6-parted, regular
limb, deciduous, the segments narrow, 3-5-nerved, widely
funnel-shaped, reflexed above, subequal. Stamens in the
throat, decurrent, spreading, subequal ; anthers oblong, fixed by
the middle, straight after bursting. Ovules few ; style filiform,
inclined ; stigma subsimple. Capsule turbinate, depressed,
membranous, few-seeded. Seeds bulb -like. — Kunth , l. c. 602.

Plants with large, coated bulbs. Leaves appearing after the flowers,
several, strap-shaped, elongate. Scape compressed, short ; umbel densely
many-flowered ; spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled, erect, mixed with
filiform bracts. — 4 species, of which the poisonous B. toxicaria is the best
known : habit of Hcemanthus .

10. BRUNSVIGIA, Gawl.

Perianth with an evident, longer or shorter tube, curving
upwards, funnel-shaped, deeply 6-parted, deciduous ; segments
subequal, many -nerved, flat, recurved at the apex. Stamens
on the tube, much curved upwards ; anthers versatile, straight.
Ovules numerous ; style curving with the stamens ; stigma
truncate. Capsule 3-angled, membranous. Seeds few, sub-
globose, black-coated. — Kunth , l. c. 605 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2578.

Plants with large bulbs, popularly “ Candelabra Flowers.” Leaves
broad, horizontal. Scape appearing in summer without the leaves ; umbel
many-flowered ; flowers on very long pedicels, red. Spathe 2-leaved. —
— Several species, dispersed.

11. AMMOCHARIS, Herb.

Perianth with a tube widening upwards and a 6-parted re-
gular limb ; segments many-nerved, flat, convolute at base,
spreading- recurved, the alternate smaller. Stamens adnate
nearly to the base of the lobes, declined, then curving up-
wards ; anthers short, middle-fixed. Ovary many-ovuled ;
style curved like the stamens ; stigma obtuse. Capsule tur-
binate.— Kunth , l. c. 611 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1443.

Bulbous plants. Leaves vernal, linear-ensiform, not tubular at base.
Scape compressed, solid ; umbel many-flowered. Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers
pedicelled, suberect. — 3 species.

12. NERXNE, Herb.

Perianth-tube scarcely any ; limb very deeply 6-parted, re-
gular or 2-labiate, deciduous ; segments narrow, 3 -nerved,

CXXVII. AMAKYLLIDEiE.

383

subequal, undulate, spreading-recurved. Stamens in the throat,
very long, erect or declined ; anthers fixed by the middle, ver-
satile, straight. Style filiform; stigma 3-fid. Capsule sub-
globose, membranous. Seeds few, angular. — Kunth , l. c. p.
615 ; Bot. Mag. t. 725, 294, 2124, 2407, 726, 1089, 369.

Bulbous plants. Leaves narrow strap -shaped, appearing after the flowers.
Scape solid ; umbel few- or several-flowered; spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedi-
celled, of moderate size, scarlet or pink. — Several species, of which N.
Sarniensis (the Guernsey Lily) is common about Table Mountain.

13. STRUMARIA, Jacq.

Perianth-tube very short ; limb deeply 6-parted, regular,
persistent; segments subequal, 3-nerved, spreading widely.
Stamens mostly connate at base, adnate at base to the style ;
anthers fixed at back, incumbent. Ovary many-ovuled ; style
filiform, erect, with a swollen, fleshy base ; stigma 3-fid. Cap-
sule membranous, few-seeded.— Kunth, l. c. p. 622.

Small but elegant bulbous plants. Leaves appearing with the flowers,
linear or strap-shaped. Scape solid ; umbel many-flowered ; spathe 2-
leaved ; flowers pedicelled, erect, white or rosy. — 6 species, as here re-
stricted.

14. IMHOFIA, Herb.

Perianth and other characters as in Strmiaria, but stamens
inserted in the base of the perianth, their filaments dilated at
base but separate, free from the style or slightly united to its
base. Style much thickened at base. — Kunth , l.c. p. 625;
Bot. Mag. t. 1620.

Habit of the last genus, from which this scarcely differs. Leaves filiform.
— 4 species.

15. CARPOLYZA, Salisb.

Perianth-tube short, widening upwards ; limb 6-parted, re-
gular, deciduous ; segments 3-nerved, the outer rather wider,
mucronate beneath the lip. Stamens in the throat, 3 longer
than the others ; filaments decurrent ; anthers emarginate,
fixed at back scarcely above the 2-fid base, erect. Ovary few-
ovuled ; style filiform (not swollen at base), erect ; stigma

3- parted, the segments filiform, patent-recurved. Capsule
membranous, few-seeded. Seeds bulb-like. — Kunth , l. c. p.
629 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1383.

C. spiralis ( Hessea spiralis, Berg) is a small but very elegant bulbous
plant, found in wet places, flowering in April and May. Scapes filiform,

4- 6 inches high, spirally-twisted from the base to the middle, thence
straight ; umbel 2-4-flowered ; spathe 2-leaved. Leaves spiral, filiform.
Flowers white.

384

CXXVII. AMARYLLIDEiE.

1 6. HESSEA, Herb., not Berg.

Periantb-tube very short ; limb 6-parted, regular, deciduous?;
segments narrow, subequal, very widely spreading. Stamens
united into a cup at base, erect, at length reflexed ; anthers
elliptic, fixed by their cordate base, erect. Style filiform, erect,
free at base ; stigma 3-fid ; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Seeds
subglobose. — Kunth , l. c. p. 630.

Small, bulbous plants, separated from Strumaria. Leaves linear, ap-
pearing with the flowers. Scape solid ; umbel several-flowered ; spathe 2-
leaved. Flowers on long pedicels, rosy or white. — H. crispa is the com-
monest of the 4 or 5 known species.

17. PANCEATIUM, Linn.

Perianth persistent, with a long, straight tube, widening
into a funnel-shaped throat ; limb 6-parted ; segments many-
nerved, subequal, spreading. Corona turbinate-funnelshaped,
6-lobed, adnate to the limb, staminiferous between the entire
or 2-fid lobes. Stamens 6, erect, equal; filaments subulate,
decurrent ; anthers incumbent. Ovary many-ovuled ; style
filiform, ascending ; stigma capitellate, entire. Capsule mem-
branous. Seeds subglobose. — Kunth, l. c. p. 657.

Bulbous plants, often growing near the sea. Specimens of a very
singular new species of this genus (P. Chapmanni, Harv.) have recently
been sent me from Damaraland by Mr. Chapman and Mr. Baines. It
has a bulbous root, about 1 in. long, §• in. diameter. The leaves are very
slender, linear, like those of Gethyllis , and the scape 3-4 inches high, bears
a solitary, subsessile flower, subtended by 2 small bracts. The flower is
large, white and very delicate, and the generic characters quite those of
a Pancratium.

18. GETHYLLIS, Linn.

Perianth- tube filiform, very long, slender ; limb 6-parted,
spreading. Stamens in the throat, 6-12-18 ; filaments subu-
late, free or connate at base in parcels of 2 or 3 ; anthers
linear, fixed by the sagittate base, erect, straight or spiral ly-
twisted at tip. Ovary 3-celled ; cells very many-ovuled ;
style connate below with the tube of the perianth, above free
and exserted ; stigma capitate. Berry succulent, elongate,
club-shaped. Seeds very numerous, subcompressed, lying in
pulp. — Kunth , l. c. 694 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1088.

Small, bulbous plants, with linear, spirally- twisted leaves, appearing at
a different season from the flowers. Scape 1-flowered, very short, hidden
(with the ovary) underground, the long tube of the corolla resembling a
scape. Spathe 1-leaved, membranous ; flowers sessile, white, delicate and
soon withering. The fruit rises above ground to ripen, and is strongly
scented. It is known to colonial children by the name “ Kukumakranka.”
— 8 species are enumerated, but the number is probably overrated.

CXXYII. AMARYLLIDEJ3.

385

Suborder 2. Hypoxidese. (Gren. 19-21.)

19. CURCULIGO, Grsertn.

Perianth-tube very long and slender ; limb 6-parted, spread-
ing, deciduous. Stamens 6, exserted. Ovary many-ovuled ;
style connate with the long tube of the perianth, free above ;
stigmas 3. Berry oblong, few-seeded. — Mndl. Gen. n. 1263 ;
JBot. Mag. t. 1076, etc.

Our only species ( C . plicata) is a small bulbous plant, with radical, lanceo-
late, plaited leaves, gradually lengthening as the flowers wither, and solitary,
radical, yellow flowers, the ovary remaining under ground, while the perianth-
tube resembles a scape. It is common on dry hills in the winter months.

20. HYPOXIS, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted to the base, spreading, star-like, persis-
tent. Stamens 6, epigynous. Ovules numerous ; style short,
thick, single ; stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded,
crowned with the marcescent perianth, which at length falls
off, carrying with it the top of the capsule, this then bursts
into 3 valves and scatters the seeds. Seeds numerous. — Endl.
Gen. n. 1264; Bot. Mag. t. 662, 709, 1223, etc.

Bulbous- or tuberous-rooted plants, with radical, glabrous or hairy, broad
or narrow leaves. Scapes 1- or many-flowered, simple or branched. Flowers
white or yellow, opening in bright sunlight, star-like and often handsome.
— Many species, throughout the colony ; the larger, hairy kinds, with many-
flowered scapes, are chiefly "from the Eastern frontier and Natal.

21. PAURIDIA, Harv.

Perianth campanulate or spreading, deeply 6-parted, regu-
lar, persistent ; tube wide and short. Stamens 3, inserted on
the perianth, opposite the inner segments, at their base ; an-
thers opening laterally. Style deeply 6-parted (nearly to its
base), 3 segments very short, recurved, channelled, 3 long,
linear, erect, connivent or slightly spreading. Capsule crowned
with the perianth, long indehiscent (as in Hypoxis). Seeds
many, globose, with a black, granulated skin. — Harv. Gen. S.
Afr. Plants , ed. 1. p. 342.

P. hypoxidioides , Harv. {Ixia minuta , Harv.), the only species, is a mi-
nute, bulbous plant, common in April and May about Capetown. Leaves
many, radical, spreading every way, subulate and channelled. Scapes 1-2
inches high, 1-2-flowered ; flowers white. Pedicels deflexed, on the wither-
ing of the flowers. The structure of the style is very peculiar.

Order CXXVIII. ALISMACEiE,

Blowers bisexual or monoecious. Perianth usually 6-parted
in two rows, the inner segments usually petaloid and deciduous,
rarely both persistent; sometimes of 2 sepals only or 0.

2 c

386

CXXVIII. ALISMACEJE.

Stamens 6-18 or indefinite, hypogynous ; anthers 2-celled.
Carpels 3-6 or many, altogether separate or more or less
cohering ; ovules 1-2-5 or indefinitely numerous, erect or
ascending. Fruit dry, either 1-seeded nut-like and indehis-
cent, or 2-many-seeded follicular and opening by the ventral
suture. Seeds exalbuminous. — Water or marsh plants, erect
or floating, stemless or caulescent.

Water plants, with long petioled, oblong floating leaves ;

flowers white, in simple or 2-fid, floating spikes . . 1. Aponogeton.

Marsh plants, with channelled, grassy leaves ; flowers

green, in erect spikes 2. Triglochin.

1. APONOGETON, Thunb.

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 2, coloured, persistent. Stamens
6-18 ; filaments subulate, persistent ; anthers 2-celled. Car-
pels 3-5, erect, beaked ; stigma oblique, minute ; ovules 2-6,
basifixed, ascending. Follicles 3-4, opening inwards, 1-3-
seeded. Seeds erect, exalbuminous. — Edgw. in Hook. Lond.
Journ. JBot. 1844. p. 404.

Water plants, with tuberous, esculent roots; radical, long-petioled,
floating, oblong or lanceolate, many-nerved leaves ; and long, floating or
suberect scapes, bearing 1 or 2 dense spikes of white, sweetly-scented
flowers. The tops of the flowering-stalks, boiled or stewed, are eaten.
— About 3 species, dispersed ; A. distachyon (Water Uintjes) is the com-
monest.

2. TRIGLOCHUST, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth 6-parted ; segments concave.
Filaments very short ; anthers roundish-elliptical, emarginate,
extrorse. Carpels 6, the alternate ones sometimes sterile
and rudimentary ; ovules solitary ; stigmas as many as the
fertile carpels, sessile, plumose. — Kunth Enum. iii. p. 142.

Marsh plants, with narrow, channelled, radical leaves, and simple scapes.
Flowers small, green, minutely pedicelled, in dense spikes. — 3 species, of
which 2, T. maritimum and T. palustre , are common to Europe.

Order CXXIX. NAIADEjE.

Flowers mostly monoecious or dioecious, rarely bisexual.
Perianth often 0; when present, 2-4-parted, herbaceous.
Stamens 1-4, hypogynous ; anthers sessile or on a filament,
1-2-4-celled. Carpels sessile, rarely stipitate, 1-ovuled ; ovule
erect or pendulous ; style 1 or 0 ; stigmas 1-3. Fruit more
or less dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed without albumen.
— Water plants, mostly floating, with delicately cellular leaves ;
some are marine.

CXXIX. NAIADES.

387

Fresh- water or salt-marsh plants.

Flowers in dense, many-flowered spikes ; perianth

4-parted ; stamens 4 1. Potamogeton.

Flowers 2 or more on a slender spadix; perianth 0;

stamens 2 2. Ruppia.

Flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of the leaves ;

perianth 0 ; stamen 1 3. Zannichellia.

Marine, submerged in the sea.

Spadix flat, bearing anthers and ovaries in a double

row, on its upper side 4. Zostera. #

1. POTAMOGETON, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth 4-parted. Stamens 4, opposite
the parts of the perianth ; anthers subsessile, 2-celled, ex-
trorse. Carpels 4 ; style short or 0 ; stigma oblique. Nuts
4, distinct. — KuntJi, l. c. p. 127 ; Endl. Gen. n. 1664.

Caulescent, aquatic, submerged or floating plants. Leaves alternate,
very rarely opposite, stipulate. Stipules connate, separate from the petiole or
leaf, rarely joined with the petiole in a sheath. Spikes spadix-like, pedun-
culate, nude, terminal or axillary. — P. natans , a nearly cosmopolitan spe-
cies, is found in the colony.

2. RUPPIA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, 2 or more sessile on a filiform, axillary
spadix, at first included in the leaf-sheath, then exserted.
Perianth 0. Stamens 2, opposite ; filaments very short, scale-
like ; anthers large, extrorse, 2-celled, cells parallel, distinct,
easily separating. Carpels 4, free, keeled at back, gradually
becoming stalked. Drupes 4 or fewer, on long stalks, com-
pressed, gibbous, crowned with the sessile, discoid stigma. —
Kunth , l. c. p. 122 ; Endl. Gen. n. 1661.

R. maritima is a small submerged plant, growing in estuaries or some-
times in fresh or brackish water, near the sea. It has much the aspect of
Zannichellia, but different floral characters. I gathered it in 1838 in a*
“ Yley,” near the Lighthouse, Gfreenpoint ; fruiting in December.

3. ZANNICHELLIA, Mich.

Flowers monoecious or polygamous (male and bisexual),
solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile. Perianth 0. Male :
Stamen 1 ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, cells divergent
at base. Hermaphrodite : Stamen 1, lateral. Carpels 4,
free, convex-backed, sessile, with a short cup-like sheath at
base ; ovule solitary, pendulous ; style short ; stigma peltate,
disk-like. Nuts 4, subsessile or stipitate, obliquely oblong,
compressed, beaked with the persistent style, more or less
toothed or crested at back. — Kunth , l. c. p. 123 ; Endl. Gen. n.
1662.

2 c 2

388

CXXIX. NAIADES.

Z. palustris is a small, much-branched, submerged plant. Leaves scat-
tered, narrow-linear, flat. Stipules broad, amplexicaul. — Found in ponds,
etc., in various parts of the colony ; and in most parts of the world in
similar situations.

4. ZOSTERA, Linn.

Flowers monoecious. Spathe longitudinally splitting from
the lower part of the leaf, produced into a lamina above.
Spacfix piano-compressed, membranous, nude at back, in front
covered with alternately 2-seriate stamens and ovaries. An-
thers oblong, subsessile, 1-celled ; pollen confervoid. Carpels
fewer than the anthers, 1-celled ; style^ subulate, persistent ;
stigmas 2, capillary. Utricles membranous. — Kanth , l. c. p.
115 ; Endl. Gen. n. 1659.

Z. marina (Sea-Grrass) grows in the sea, on sandy shores all over the
world. Root creeping. Leaves linear, obtuse.

Oeder CXXX. AROIDEJE.

Flowers unisexual, rarely bisexual, sessile on or sunk in a
spadix, which is either nude or invested with a petaloid spathe ;
when (in Lenina ) the flowers are subsolitary, the spadix is ob-
solete. Perianth 0 or 3-4-6-parted, scale-like. Stamens defi-
nite and opposite the lobes of the perianth or indefinite or
solitary, hypogynous ; anthers 1-2- or many-celled, opening
outwards. Ovary single, free, 1- rarely 3 -celled ; ovules soli-
tary or several, ascending or pendulous. Fruit mostly succu-
lent, rarely dry, indehiscent, 1-many-seeded. Embryo in the
centre of fleshy or floury albumen ; plumule 2-3 -leaved. —
Mostly herbaceous plants, with acrid juices, and creeping or
tuberous rootstocks. Leaves usually petioled, with expanded,
ovate, sagittate or pedate-nerved leaves, and simple scapes
bearing undivided spadices. The more reduced forms of the
Order (as Lemna and Pistia) are small floaters.

Tall herbs. Spathes white, convolute at base .... 1. Richardia.

Terrestrial herbs. Spathes green, tubular at base . . 2. Stylochiton.

Floating herbs, with sessile, rosulate leaves .... 3. Pistia.

Minute floating green scales 4. Lemna.

1. RICHARDIA, Kth.

Spathe convolute at base ; limb expanded, marcescent.
Spadix cylindrical, everywhere very densely covered with
flowers, the lower part pistilliferous, with intermixed club-
shaped staminodia, the rest altogether staminiferous. Anthers
many, free, sessile, 2-celled ; the cells attached to a broadly

CXXX. AROlDEiE.

389

cuneate connective, dilated above into a convex, glandular,
2-porous disk, opening through a pore in the summit of the
disk. Carpels many, crowded, free, with 3 parietal placentas,
incompletely 3 -celled ; ovules few ; style short ; stigma convex,
glandular. Berry 1-celled, few-seeded. — Kunth , Enum. iii. p.
57 ; JBot. Mag. t. 832.

Marsh or water plants, with thick rhizomes. Leaves radical, on long
petioles, cordate-hastate, nerved. Spathe large, creamy-white, sweet-
scented. — R. africana , also called Calla JEtMojpica and the “ Lily of the
Nile,” is a common ditch plant throughout the colony ; and another species,
with spotted leaves, has recently been found at Natal.

2. STYLOCHITOW, Schott.

Spathe short ; tubular at the base. Spadix included, inter-
ruptedly clothed with stamens and pistils. Male : Perianth
urceolate ; filaments free, filiform ; anthers 2-celled, bursting
longitudinally; ovary rudimentary. Female: Ovary enclosed
in a cup-shaped perianth ; 2-4- celled ; style exserted ; stigma
hemispherical ; ovules 2 in each cell. — Schott , Erod. Syst.
Avoid . p. 344. Grueinzia, Sonder.

Stemless herbs, with hastate, petioled, radical leaves. — 1 Bpecies, from
Natal.

3. PISTIA, Linn.

Spathe tubular at base, connate with the spadix ; limb
spreading, furnished with a process, involucrating the spadix
above. Spadix interruptedly androgynous ; female at base,
male at the free apex. Anthers 3-8, adnate to the thickened
apex of the spadix, subglobose, opening by a transverse fur-
row. Ovary 1, obliquely placed on the adnate base of the
spathe, 1-celled ; ovules numerous, from a subbasal placenta ;
style terminal, thick ; stigma cup-shaped. Berry few- or
many-seeded. — Kunth , l. c. p. 7.

Floating plants, with long, fibrous roots. Leaves several, sessile, ex-
panding like a rose, entire, nerved. Spadices axillary, solitary, on a very
short scape. — P. stratiotes , or an allied species, is found in still waters at
Natal.

4. LEMNA, Linn.

Spathe androgynous, delicately membranous, sub-bivalve, in
the marginal fissure of a lenticular or oblong frond ; the males
reduced to a stamen, the female to a pistil. Stamen hypogy-
nous, exserted ; filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, didymous,
the cells separate, globose, opening across. Ovary sessile, 1-
celled ; ovules 1-4 ; style short ; stigma depressed. Utricle
membranous, 1-4-seeded. — Endl. Gen. n. 1668 ; E. Bot. 1. 1095.

Small floating plants, covering the surface of stagnant water, and known

390

CXXX. AROIDEiE.

as “ Duck-weed with or without a root ; their body frond-like, lenticu-
lar, rarely nerved, and with a sort of petiole. Flowers minute, bursting
from a slit in the frond. — L. minor, at least, occurs in South Africa. The
5 species of which the Linnsean genus consists, have been recently distri-
buted into 4 genera, based on very slight characters.

Order CXXXI. TYPHACE^J.

Male and female flowers on distinct spadices of the same
plant, closely crowded ; the males reduced to a nude stamen,
many barren ; the females to a pistil. Fertile stamens soli-
tary or 2-4 together and connate by their filaments, mixed
with more numerous scale-like staminodia ; filaments elongate;
anthers 2-celled, erect ; cells parallel. Pistils sessile or
stalked, each surrounded by staminodia. Ovary 1-ovuled ;
ovule pendulous ; style 1 ; stigma tongue-like, long, unilateral.
Fruit 1-seeded, dry ; embryo in fleshy albumen. — Marsh or
aquatic. Stem simple or rarely branched, terete, leafy. Leaves
scattered, narrow, linear, sheathing at the base. Spadices
superposed at the the apices of the stem or branches, globose
or cylindrical ; the lower female, upper male.

1. TYPHA, Linn.

Spadices 2, cylindrical, the male above the female. Fertile
stamens 2-4 together, connate by their filaments. Ovaries on
long stalks ; style long, capillary, — Kunth , l. c. p. 90.

Erect, reed-like marsh plants, with creeping roots. Stem tall, terete,
solid, nodeless, leafy. Leaves with long sheathing bases, linear. Spadices
superposed on the end of the stem. — T. latifolia (the Reed-Mace), a native
also of Europe, N. Asia, and America, is common in the colony by water-
courses, etc.

Order CXXXII. PALM.®.

Flowers bisexual or polygamous, on simple or branched
spadices. Perianth 6-parted, persistent, in a double row ; the
3 outer segments often smaller, the 3 inner sometimes deeply
connate. Stamens in the base of the perianth, usually 6, sel-
dom 3 ; in a few cases indefinite. Ovary 1-3- celled or deeply
3-lobed ; ovules mostly solitary, very rarely in pairs, erect ;
styles as many as the cells, very short, mostly cohering. Fruit
berried or drupaceous, 3-1-celled, 3-1-seeded. Embryo lodged
in a special cavity of the cartilaginous, horny or oily albumen.

The Palms, the great ornaments of tropical scenery, have been justly

CXXXII. PALMiE.

391

styled by Linnaeus, the Princes of the Vegetable Kingdom. They usually
rise with a simple, rarely branched trunk, sometimes to the height of over
100 feet, bearing on its summit a crown of large, pinnate or flabelliform,
branch-like leaves, which are sometimes 10-20 feet long. Only two of this
Order come within the limits of our Flora.

Trunk simple ; leaves pinnate 1. Phcenix.

Trunk branched ; leaves palmate-flabelliform 2. Hyphene.

1. PHCENIX, Linn.

Flowers dioecious, sessile on a branching spadix, girt with a
simple spathe. Outer perianth urceolate, 3-toothed ; inner 3-
parted. Stamens 6 or 3 ; filaments very short, scarcely any ;
anthers linear. Female: Ovary of 3, separate carpels, of
which only one matures ; stigmas hooked. Drupe 1-seeded ;
seed with a longitudinal furrow on one side. Embryo dorsal.
— Endl. Gen. n. 1763.

The well-known Date-Palms. — The only Cape species, P. reclinata , is a
graceful Palm, with erect or reclining stems, and pinnate leaves. It grows*
near the coast in the Eastern district, and comes as far west as “ George.”

2. HYPHJENE, Gsertn.

Flowers dioecious, on a distichously-branched, imperfectly
vagin ate spadix. Outer and inner perianth both 3-parted.
Stamens 6 ; filaments free ; anthers linear, basifixed. Fe-
male : Staminodia 6, rudimentary. Ovary 3- rarely 2-celled ;
stigmas 3-2, sessile. Drupe abortively simple or 2-3-lobed,
with a fibrous sarcocarp and ligneous putamen. Albumen
horny, hollow. Embryo vertical. — JEndl. Gen. n. 1748.

The famous Doum Palm, or “ Gingerbread-nut Tree ” of Nubia, is the
type of the genus ; a second species has recently been observed to the north
of Natal. Trunk in age repeatedly forked. Leaves palmate-flabelliform.

Order CXXXIII. LILIACE^l.

Flowers bisexual, regular or subirregular. Perianth corol-
loid, deciduous or marcescent-persistent, 6-parted or lobed ;
segments 2-seriate, separate or united in a tube or bell-shaped
corolla, with a 6-fid limb, frequently secreting honey at base.
Stamens 6, hypogynous or perigynous, rarely by abortion
fewer ; occasionally a corona or row of barren stamens exterior
to the fertile ones. Anthers introrse, erect or versatile, 2-
celled. Ovary more or less perfectly 3-celled ; ovules either
solitary, few or many ; style single ; stigma simple or rarely
3-parted. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved.
Seeds with membranous, crustaceous or rarely fleshy skins ;
albumen fleshy, copious ; embryo axile. — A vast Order, of very

392

CXXXIII. LILIACEiE.

various habit, including trees shrubs or bulbous or fibrous-
rooted herbs. Leaves mostly linear, rarely petioled or dicho-
tomo-multifid ; bases sheathing. Flowers in racemes, spikes,
umbels or heads or panicled ; often large and showy, sometimes
minute and greenish.

Tribe 1. Hyacinthe.®. Bulbous-rooted, scapigerous plants. Leaves
all radical. Flowers in spikes, racemes or corymbs or corymboso-subcapi-
tate ; pedicels from the axil of a bract, not jointed below the flower. (Gren.

1-15.)

(1) Perianth either tubular or the segments erect,
converging or reflexed at the apices only.

Tul e of perianth longer than the limb.

Limb erect, its lobes 1 -nerved ; stamens in the

middle of the perianth-tube 1. Veltheimia.

Limb of 3 erect and 3 spreading, pluri-nerved

segments ; stamens in the throat, included . 15. TJropetaltjm.

Tube of perianth short or very short.

Tube simple at base 2. Lachenalia.

Tube spurred at base 3. Ccelanthus.

(2) Perianth funnel- or salver-sliaped, with a longer

or shorter tube, or 2-labiate, very unequal-
sided.

Perianth funnel-shaped, at length deciduous ;
filaments filiform.

Perianth-tube plaited within, towards the base 4. Peribcea.

Perianth-tube not plaited within 5. Polyxena.

Perianth salver-shaped, persistent ; filaments di-
lated at base 6. Massonia.

Perianth (of outer flowers) 2-labiate, the upper
lip of 3 short, tooth-like segments, the lower
very large, radiating, deeply 3-lobed .... 7. Daubenya.

(3) Perianth 6-parted, the segments widely spread-

ing ; tube short and wide or 0.

Scape imbricated throughout with cucullate bracts,

under each of which is concealed a flower . . 8. Whiteheadia.

Scape racemose in the upper part, the raceme

crowned with a tuft of leafy bracts .... 9. Ettcomis.

Scape racemose or corymbiferous, not crowned.

Sepals 1-nerved.

Sepals separate nearly to the base; ovary

sessile 10. Scilla.

Sepals converging or connate below, strongly
reflexed above.

Ovary stipitate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell . 11. Drimia.

Ovary sessile ; ovules 7-19 in each cell . 12. Idothea.

Sepals 3- or several-nerved.

Perianth equally spreading ; segments con-
cave 13. Ornithogalum.

Perianth with 3 outer segments spreading,
flattish ; 3 inner erect, converging, with
an inflexed gland at tip 14. Albuca.

Tribe 2. Allied. Bulbous or fascicled-rooted, scapigerous plants.

CXXXIII. LILIACEJB.

393

Leaves all radical. Flowers either in umbels, subtended by a 2-leaved in-
volucre ; or sobtary, terminal, subtended by 2 bracts. (Gen. 16-18.)

Flowers in umbels.

Perianth funnel-shaped ; filaments filiform, ex-

serted 16. Agapanthtjs.

Perianth with a fleshy or scaly corona ; anthers

sessile within the throat, included .... 17. Tulbaghia.
Flowers solitary, terminal (very minute) ; perianth
tubular, 6-toothed ; anthers subsessile within the
lobes 18. Litanthus.

Tribe 3. Antherice.®. Caulescent or scapigerous plants, with fascicled
or rarely tuberous or bulbo-tuberous roots. Stem simple or branched or
scape-like. Flowers racemose or panicled ; the pedicels mostly articulated
with the flower or below it. (Gen. 19-28.)

(1) Perianth cylindrical or bottle-shaped, more or
less tubular ; stamens hypogynous.

Perianth deeply 6-parted or cleft, 3 outer seg-
ments gibbous at base ; leaves thick, fleshy

or very hard and dry 19. Aloe.

Perianth tabular, limb shortly 6-parted ; leaves

grass-like 20. Kniphofia.

(2) Perianth 6-parted ; sepals horizontally spread-

ing.

Sepals 1 -nerved.

Filaments densely bearded in the upper half . 21. Bulbine.
Filaments glabrous.

Stemless, scapigerous plants, with fascicled

roots 22. Bulbinella-.

A climbing, branched, leafless plant, with

tuberous-root 25. Bowiea.

Sepals 3-, 5- or several-nerved.

Stamens 6, all similar and subequal.

Sepals straight after flowering.

Filaments rough with reflexed, sharp points 23. Trachyandra.

Filaments quite smooth 24. Chlorophytttm.

Sepals spirally twisted after flowering . . 26. Cesia.

Stamens 6 ; 5 small, abortive ; 1 with a very
large anther 27. Cyanella.

(3) Perianth campanulate, deeply 6-parted; stamens

perigynous.

Root tuberous ; leaves radical, petioled ; seeds

woolly 28. Eriospermum.

Tribe 4. Methonicete. Caulescent, with leafy, climbing or erect stems
and tuberous roots. Peduncles 1-flowered, extra- axillary or opposite the
leaves. Style deeply 3-fid. (Gen. 29-31.)

Perianth 6-parted to the base.

Sepals strongly reflexed ; stamens and pistil wholly

exserted 29. Methonica.

Sepals erecto-patent ; stamens and style included 30. Littonia.

Perianth tubular-bellshaped, ventricose, 6-toothed
at mouth

31. Sandersonia.

394

CXXXIII. LILIACEiE.

Tribe 1. Hyacenthe^:. (Gen. 1-15.)

1. VELTHEIMIA, Gled.

Perianth tubular- subclavate, deciduous ; limb 6-parted, re-
gular ; tbe lobes short, 1-nerved, suberect. Stamens attached
to the middle of the perianth-tube, subequal, the longer
scarcely exserted. Ovary sessile, oblong, 3-celled, tapering
into a style ; ovules 2-3 in each cell ; style declinate-ascend-
ing, filiform, exserted ; stigma shortly 3-lobed. Capsule dry-
membranous, obovate, sharply 3-an’gle- winged, loculicidal.
Seeds black, rugose. — Kunth , Enum. iv. p. 281.

Bulbous plants, with lanceolate-oblong, undulate, many-nerved leaves.
Raceme densely many-flowered ; the flowers shortly pedicelled, pendulous,
purplish-red ; pedicels 2-bracteate at base. — 2 or 3 species.

2. LACHENALIA, Jacq.

Perianth campanulate or tubular, persistent ; tube short or
very short ; limb deeply 6-parted in 2 rows, segments lying
close, the outer gibbous dorsally under the apex, the inner
longer, narrowed below, recurved at the apex. Stamens at-
tached to the bases of the perianth-segments, often exserted.
Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; ovules many or few ; style filiform,
erect, equalling or exceeding the stamens; stigma obtuse.
Capsule membranous, 3-cornered, 3-celled. Seeds globose,
black. — Kunth , l. c. p. 283.

Bulbous, scapigerous plants. Leaves 1-2- rarely more-nerved, somewhat
fleshy. Racemes lax or dense ; flowers pedicellate or subsessile, cernuous,
pendulous or suberect, yellow red greenish or whitish. — 35 species, many
worthy of cultivation.

3. CCELANTHUS, Willd.

Perianth amply tubular-clavate, persistent ; tube campanu-
late, saccate-spurred at base, the spur adnate to a short pedi-
cel.— Other characters as in Lachenalia. — Kunth , l. c.p. 282.

C. complicatus, Willd., is the only species. — Flowers yellow.

4. PERIBCEA, Kth.

Perianth somewhat funnel-shaped, 6-cleft to the middle,
regular, in fruit cut round the base and deciduous ; the tube
furnished on the inside above the base with 6 halfmoon-shaped
plaits ; segments spathulate-oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, recurved
at tip, the outer somewhat keeled. Stamens at the apex of
the tube, the 3 inner longer, all shorter than the perianth.
Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-celled ; ovules 6 in each cell ; style fili-
form, as long as stamens. Capsule membranous ; cells 1-2-
seeded. Seeds brown, obliquely elliptical. — Kunthj l. c. p. 292.

CXXXIII. LILIACE.E.

395

Small, bulbous, scapigerous plants. Leaves 2-4, linear, fleshy, girt at
base, together with the scape, by a truncate, hyaline sheath. Scape short,
few-flowered ; flowers corymbose, erect, pedicellate, rosy-purple. — 3 species,
of which P. corymbosa ( Hyacinthus corymbosus, Linn.) abounds at Green
Point in March.

5. POLYXENA, Kth.

Perianth tubular-funnelshaped ; tube very long, narrow, in
fruit cut round at base and deciduous ; limb regular of 6 revo-
lute, spathulate-oblong, 1-nerved, nearly equal segments, the
outer somewhat keeled. Stamens at the summit of the tube,
shorter than the perianth-lobes ; filaments filiform. Ovary
sessile ; ovules about 6 in each cell ; style filiform, elongate,
erect. Capsule membranous, roundish. Seeds 1-2 in each
cell, obliquely-elliptical, brownish. — Kunth , l. c. p. 294.

A small, bulbous plant. Leaves 2, lanceolate- oblong. Flowers pale
purple, in a loose corymb between the leaves. — 1 species, from the Western
districts.

6. MASSONIA, Thunb.

Perianth salver-shaped, persistent; tube cylindrical, straight;
limb 6-parted, segments 1-nerved, equal, widely spreading or
reflexed, more or less shorter than the tube. Stamens in the
throat, longer than the limb, erect ; filaments dilated at base.
Ovary sessile ; ovules numerous, rarely few ; style filiform,
very long, erect. Capsule membranous, 3 -angled. Seeds sub-
globose, black, shining. — Kunth , l. c. p. 295.

Bulbous plants. Leaves 2, often appressed to the soil, somewhat fleshy,
mostly broad, nerve-striate, sometimes hairy. Scape very short ; flowers
corymbose ; outer bracts often very broad. — Several species.

7. DAUBENYA, Lindl.

Flowers di-poly-morphous ; inner or upper flowers tubular,
with a very short, subequally 6-parted, spreading limb ; medial
flowers more or less irregular ; peripheric or lowest flowers
very unequally 2-labiate, the upper lip of 3 small, acute seg-
ments ; the lower very large, deeply 3-parted, the lobes oblong,
obtuse. Stamens 6, at the base of the segments of the
perianth, unequal ; filaments subulate, dilated at base ; anthers
versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-angled, tapering into a style ;
ovules 6-10 in each cell. — Kunth , l.c.p. 300 ; Lindl. Lot. Keg.
t. 1813, and 1839. t. 53.

Bulbous, 2-leaved plants, with the habit of Massonia, from which this
genus chiefly differs by the very unequal-limbed, radiating outer flowers of
the capitate, subsessile corymb ; the innermost flowers are nearly as regular
as those of Massonia. Flowers yellow or crimson. — 2 or 3 species ; very
handsome.

396

CXXXIII. LILIACEJ3.

8. WHITEHEADIA, Harv.

Perianth persistent, with a short, wide tube, partly adnate
to the base of the ovary ; limb 6-parted, stellately patent ;
segments oblong, flat, delicately membranous, 3-5-nerved and
veiny. Stamens in the throat, their membrano- dilated fila-
ments united in a coronal ring, quite free from the segments
of perianth. Ovary sharply 3-angled, 3-celled ; ovules many ;
style continuous with the ovary, subulate, recurved ; stigma
simple. Capsule obovate, crowned with the hooked style,
membranous and veiny, broadly 3-winged. Seeds numerous,
black.

W. latifolia , Harv., is a remarkable bulbous-rooted plant, discovered at
Modderfontein, Namaqualand, by the Rev. Henry Whitehead, to whom I
am indebted for many curious plants, and in honour of whom I name this
genus. The leaves (probably 2 ?) are nearly orbicular, 8-10 inches long
and wide, many-nerved, and probably lie flat on the ground, like those of a
Massonia. The scape is 5-6 inches high, and clothed throughout with
closely placed, imbricating, broadly-ovate and cucullate, taper-pointed
bracts, within each of which is concealed a subsessile flower ; the upper-
most bracts being empty, as in Eucomis ; the points of the bracts are re-
flexed. Though nearly related to Eucomis in floral structure, the habit is
very peculiar, and the differences above indicated in the stamens and cap-
sule, and the hooked style seem sufficiently distinctive.

9. EUCOMIS, L’Her.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent ; tube short, furnished
within towards the middle with a papillose or tumid ring ;
segments oblong, inflexed-cucullate at the apex, 1-nerved,
equal, spreading. Stamens in the throat, subequal, adnate at
base to the lobes of the perianth ; filaments membrano-dilated
and slightly connate at base. Ovary sessile, ovate or obovate ;
ovules many or few ; style filiform, erect, equalling the sta-
mens ; stigma depressed-capitate, minute. Capsule coriaceous,
3-angled. Seeds few, black. — Kunth , l.e.p. 301.

Bulbous, scapigerous plants. Leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong, nerve-
striate, thickish. Scape rather tall ; raceme densely many-flowered, bearing
a crown of leaves at its summit. Flowers greenish or whitish. — 6 species.

10? SCILLA, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, urceolate or campanulate, deci-
duous, sometimes persistent ; sepals subconnate at base, 1-
nerved, equal, reflexed at tip. Stamens 6, shorter than the
perianth ; filaments flattened, wider or narrower, more or less
adnate to the sepals at base. Ovary sessile, rarely very shortly
stipitate, 3-angled ; ovules 2-10 in each cell ; style erect.
Capsule membranous, ovate or roundish. Seed black or
blackish. — Kunth , l. c. p. 314 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1355.

CXXXIII. LILIACEiE.

397

Scapigerous, bulbous plants. Leaves thickish, mostly linear. Raceme
few- or many -flowered. Flowers blue purple or rosy, rarely white. — S.
plumbea, , Lindl., the only Cape species, is a doubtful member of this genus,
of which the genuine species are from the northern hemisphere.

11. DRIMIA, Jacq.

Perianth 6-parted nearly to the base, regular, persistent ;
sepals equal, converging and connate at base, 1-nerved, above
widely spreading and reflexed, uncinate-inflexed at apex.
Stamens at the base of the perianth-lobes and about equalling
them, subequal or 3 shorter ; filaments filiform. Ovary shortly
stipitate, depressed-ovate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell ; style fili-
form, erect. Capsule membranous, sharply 3-angled. Seeds
solitary, oblong, dorsally convex, flat in front, chestnut-brown.
■ — Kunth , l. c. p. 338.

Scapigerous, bulbous plants. Leaves nerve-striate ; raceme many-
flowered, simple. Flowers on longish pedicels, dull coloured. — 7 species.

12. IDOTHEA, Kth.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, deciduous ; segments equal,
connate below in a short, campanulate tube, 1-nerved, patent-
reflexed. Stamens at the base of the segments, erect, rather
shorter than the perianth ; filaments a little dilated at base.
Ovary sessile, ovate-conical ; ovules 7-19 in each cell ; style
filiform, deciduous. Capsule dry, many-seeded. Seeds black,
shining. — Kunth , l. c. p. 341.

Bulbous plants, separated by Kunth from Drimia. Leaves appearing
mostly after or before the flowers, narrow. Scape elongate, many-flowered ;
flowers greenish or dull coloured. — 10 species.

13. ORNITHOGALTJM, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent; sepals subconnate
at base, 3-7-nerved, subequal, spreading, concave. Stamens
at the base of the sepals ; filaments flattened, subulate, the 3
inner sometimes wider and longer. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ;
ovules several ; style erect ; stigma thickened. Capsule
membranous. Seeds mostly angular, black. — Kunth , l. c. p.
349.

Scapigerous, bulbous plants. Leaves nerve-striate, thickish, broad or
narrow. Scape tall, racemose, corymbose or subcapitate at the summit,
mostly many-flowered ; flowers pedicelled, erect, white, green, rarely yellow,
orange or scarlet. Bracts membranous. — Many species.

14. ALBUCA, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent ; sepals subconnate at
base, either all or the inner ones only hooded, and with an in-

398

CXXXIII. LILIACE^E.

flexed glandular appendix at the apex, many/nerved, the outer
spreading, flattish, the inner converging. Stamens 6, at the
base of the sepals, the 3 outer shorter and often barren ; fila-
ments filiform, the 3 inner dilated at base. Ovary sessile, 3-
celled ; ovules numerous ; style erect, thick, 3-furrowed.
Capsule papery. Seeds many, black. — Kunth , l. c.p. 373.

Bulbous plants, with the habit of Ornithogalum. Racemes lax ; flowers
on long pedicels, cernuous, green yellowish or yellow or striped green and
white ; pedicels spreading, with a long, membranous bract at base.— Several
species.

15. UROPETALUM, Gawl.

Perianth tubular- camp anulate, long persistent, at length
cut across the base and deciduous ; limb 6-parted, regular,
the segments several-nerved, the outer spreading, often long-
pointed, inner shorter, broader, more highly connate among
themselves, converging. Stamens 6, in the throat, included ;
filaments attached to the perianth- tube, free at the tips only.
Ovary sessile, oblong, triangular ; ovules numerous ; style
erect, bluntly 3-angled; stigma 3-fid. Capsule papery, ob-
ovoid, depressed, sometimes narrowed at base, sharply 3-
angled. Seeds numerous, flattened, margin winged, black. —
Kunth , l. c. p. 377.

Bulbous plants. Leaves linear, thickish. Raceme simple, sparsely
flowered ; pedicels short, bracteate at base ; flowers nodding, greenish or
yellowish. — Several species, some undescribed, from Natal.

Tribe 2. Allied P (Gen. 16-18.)

16. AGAPANTHUS, L’Her.

Perianth funnel-shaped, regular, at length cut across the
base and deciduous, deeply 6-parted ; tube rather short ; seg-
ments sub spat hulate, 1-nerved, the 3 inner rather larger.
Stamens in the throat, decurrent along the tube, declinate, as
long as the segments ; filaments filiform. Ovary sessile ;
ovules several ; style filiform, curved. Capsule membranous.
Seeds flattened, black. — Kunth , l. c. p. 479.

A. umbellatus , L’Her., a well-known garden plant, is a tuberous-rooted,
scapigerous plant. Leaves numerous, radical, broadly linear, thickish.
Scape tall, bearing a very-many flowered umbel, involucred by 2 bracts.
Flowers blue, rarely white. — Grows in various parts of the colony. There
are 3 or 4 varieties, perhaps species.

17. TULBAGHIA, Linn.

Perianth funnel- or salver-shaped, tubular, the tube 3-
angled, crowned either with a 3-lobed, fleshy corona or with 3
petaloid scales ; limb 6-parted, regular ; segments 1-nerved,

CXXXIII. LILIACE2E.

399

spreading, the outer sometimes shorter. Anthers G, sessile in
the throat of the corolla or within the fleshy crown, 3 opposite
the inner segments higher on the tube than the others.
Ovary 3-celled ; ovules several ; style short, thick, terete ;
stigma entire or 3-lobed. Capsule oblong or turbinate. Seeds
black. — Kunth , l. c.p. 480; Harv. Thes. t. 180.

Scapigerous plants, with the odour of Garlic. Root of many thick,
tufted fibres. Leaves narrow, linear. Scapes bearing many-flowered
umbels, subtended by 2 spathaceous bracts. Flowers yellow, brown or
rarely purple or violet.

18. LITAHTHUS, Harv.

Perianth tubular, cylindrical, deciduous, the limb erect,
equal, shortly 6-fid ; lobes ovate, equal. Anthers 6, subsessile
in the throat, included. Ovary sessile, 3-celled, several-
ovuled ; style filiform, as long as the perianth-tube ; stigma
3-toothed. Capsule not seen. — Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
Bot. (1844), iii. p. 314.

A minute, bulbous plant, with 2-3 slender, filiform leaves ; a bristle-like
scape, 1-3 inches high, bearing at its summit a solitary, nodding, greenish
flower, 1| line long and line diameter, subtended by 2 opposite, membra-
nous, middle-fixed bracts. — Found by Zeyher, in 1843, near the Zwartkops
river; also by Drege (n. 8514, C.) ; and recently by H. Bowker and Mrs.
F. W. Barber, in Caffraria.

Tribe 3. Anthericeje. (Gren. 19-28.)

19. ALOE, Tourn.

Perianth sub cylindrical, straight or curved, sometimes ven-
tricose at base, nectariferous, deciduous, 6-parted or cleft, the
segments more or less connate among themselves, the 3 outer
gibbous at base, inner thinner ; limb sometimes irregular or
2 -labiate. Stamens 6, hypogynous, ascending, erect, rarely
declined, equal or 3 shorter, included or rarely exserted.
Ovary sessile ; ovules numerous ; style slender, sometimes
very short ; stigma simple or 3-lobed. Capsule membranous.
Seeds black. — Kunth , l. c. p. 492.

A very large genus of succulents, chiefly South African. Boot. of many
thick, tufted fibres. Stem often shrubby, sometimes arborescent, simple or
branched, or very short. Leaves very closely set, amplexicaul, 3-5- or
many-ranked, sometimes distichous, thick and fleshy, soft or very rigid,
smooth, rough, tubercled or prickly, more rarely toothed or ciliate. Pe-
duncles axillary or terminal, simple or branched, sometimes scape-like ;
flowers racemose, erect or pendulous, often gaily coloured. — Over 150 species,
natives of dry places, mountain-sides, and borders of woods.

20. KNIPHOFIA, Moench.

Perianth tubular-subclavate, slightly curved, terete, 6-
nerved, nectariferous at base ; limb shortly 6-parted, regular ;

1-00

CXXXIIT. LILIACEiE.

segments ovate, suberect. Stamens in tbe base of tbe calyx
(hypogynous), de flexed, mostly exserted. Ovary sessile, ovate-
oblong, 3-angled ; ovules several ; style filiform, elongate*
deflexed. Capsule bluntly 3-angled. Seeds brown-black. —
Kunth , l.c. p. 550; Bot. Mag. t. 4816. Tritoma, Gawl. Velt-
beimia, Willd.

Stemless plants, with fascicled, fleshy roots. Leaves numerous, linear,
taper-pointed, very long, concave, grass-like. Scape simple, ending in a
many-flowered dense raceme ; pedicels very short ; flowers at length pen-
dulous-reflexed, yellow orange or scarlet. — 7 or 8 species.

21. BULBINE, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, marcescent, the segments distinct,
equal, 1-nerved, widely spreading, Stamens at the very base
of the sepals, often declined ; filaments filiform, all (or only 3)
bearded in the upper part. Ovary sessile, blunt- angled ;
ovules few ; style erect or declined, slightly thickened up-
wards, truncate. Capsule subglobose. Seeds angular, black-
ish-brown.— Kunth , l. c. p. 563.

Caulescent or stemless plants, the stem simple and mostly very short.
Roots fascicled, sometimes tuberous. Leaves crowded, fleshy, terete, semi-
terete, triquetrous or flat. Peduncles scape-like, racemose at the summit ;
flowers yellow. — 15 or 16 Cape species.

22. BULBmELLA, Kth.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, marcescent, the segments con-
nate at the very base, 1-nerved, widely spreading. Stamens
at the base of the sepals and shorter ; filaments subulate-
filiform, glabrate. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; ovules in pairs ;
style filiform, elongate ; stigma simple. — Kunth , l. c. p. 569.

Stemless plants, with fascicled roots. Scape leafy at base, simple, race-
mose at the summit ; flowers on long pedicels, yellow or creamy. Leaves
narrow, dry, flat, semiterete or 2-edged. — 6 or 8 species.

23. TRACHYANDRA, Kth.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, at length deciduous ; segments,
connate at base, widely spreading, rarely revolute, equal, dor-
sally 3-nerved (the nerves sub confluent). Stamens at the
base of the sepals and shorter ; filaments flat, slender, re-
trorsely muricate ; anthers erect, linear, fixed just above the
base. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; ovules about 10, sometimes
4-2 ; style filiform, elongate. Capsule 3-angled, the valves
either smooth, ridged or echinate. Seeds black. — Kunth , l. c.
p. 573.

Stemless or subcaulescent plants, with fascicled roots. Leaves narrow,
mostly radical, flat, tliickish, glabrous or pubescent. Peduncle scape-like,

(JXXXTIT. LTLTACEjE.

401

simple or branched. Flowers jointed with the long pedicels, soon withering.
— Many species.

24. CHLOROPHYTUM, Gawl.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, persistent, the sepals connate at
the very base, widely spreading, 3 outer sub-5-nerved, 3 inner
a little longer, narrower, 3-nerved. Stamens hypogynous,
subequal ; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary sessile ; ovules
several ; style filiform, erect ; stigma truncate. Capsule
roundish, 3-angled, depressed, 3-lobed at the summit. Seeds
few, lenticular. — Kunth, l. c. p. 602. Also Hartwegia, Nees,
(which has very minutely papulose filaments, and an acute
stigma, otherwise as in Chlorophytum) , Kunth , l. c. p. 607.

Stemless plants, with fascicled, fleshy roots. Leaves radical, linear or
lanceolate, membranous or rigid. Scape simple or branched. Flowers so-
litary or in pairs, white within, green on the outside. — 6 Cape species.

25. BOWIEA, Harv., not Haw.

Perianth 6-parted, stellately-patent, persistent ; sepals
broadly subulate, 1 -nerved, somewhat keeled, uncinate-in-
flexed at apex. Stamens 6, at the base of the sepals, shorter
than them ; filaments filiform, glabrous, equal, spreading ; an-
thers sagittate at base, erect. Ovary sessile, oval-oblong,
3-celled ; ovules few (5-6) in each cell ; style filiform, erect ;
stigma simple, subcapitate. Capsule coriaceous, ovate-ob-
long, 3-cornered, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds about
4 in each cell, angular subpyriform, black ; placentas at the
apex prolonged into a slender, horn-like process. — Bot. Mag.
t. 5619.

B. volubilis , Harv., is a bulbous plant, when young bearing a few filiform,
terete, radical leaves ; from the top of the bulb ascends a long, twining,
voluble, succulent, branching panicle, bearing many times forked branchlets
in the lower part, and long, pedicelled, laxly-racemose, gi’eenish-white
flowers in the upper. Branchlets filiform, each subtended by a minute
subulate bract, as are also the pedicels. Pedicels either continuous or
jointed at a variable distance below the flower ! — The genus Bowiea
of Haworth, having been long since merged in Aloe , I wish to give the
name of Mr. James Bowie to the present very singular plant, which was
discovered on the Katberg by Mr. Hutton, and has since been found by
Cooper and by Mrs. Bowker on the Isomo, Caffraria.

26 ? CJESIA, R. Br.

Perianth 6-parted, regular, spirally-twisted after flowering,
deciduous ; sepals subconnate at base, 3-nerved, widely spread-
ing, the inner scarcely wider. Stamens at the base of the
sepals and shorter ; filaments filiform, glabrous. Ovary
sessile ; ovules in pairs, erect ; style filiform, elongate, erect.
Capsule 3-lobed ; cells 1-seeded, loculieidal. Seeds black. —
Kunth, l. c. p. 608.

2 n

402

CXXXITI. LILIACEJE.

Stem less plants, with fascicled roots, with the habit of Trachyandra, but
readily known by the spirally-twisted, persistent perianth and solitary seeds.
The genus was founded on several New Holland species, which are said to
have indehiscent seed-vessels. 4 Cape plants have been added, and in
C. Thuribergii , K-. and S., the capsule is as above described.

27. CYANELLA, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, slightly irregular, deciduous ; sepals con-
nate at base and adnate to the base of the ovary, widely
spreading, the lateral outer sepals 5-nerved, the lower 7-9-
nerved, the 3 inner 3-nerved. Stamens 6, at the base of the
perianth, declinate ; filaments short, glabrous, monadelphous ;
anthers of the 5 upper stamens slender (abortive), opening by
terminal pores, of the sixth (lowest), stamen large, perfect,
splitting longitudinally. Ovary partly inferior ; ovules several ;
style filiform, deflexed ; stigma 3-fid. Capsule bluntly 3-
angled. Seeds several. — Kunth , l. c. p. 635.

Plants with tubero-bulbous roots and radical, lanceolate or linear nerve-
striate leaves, sheathing at base. Scape mostly branched. Flowers on long
pedicels, cernuous, purple, rosy, white or yellow, sweet-scented. — C. Capensis,
with bright purple flowers, is common, and there are 4 others.

GENUS OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITY.

28. EHIOSPEHMUM, Jacq.

Perianth 6-parted, urceolate-campanulate, regular, marces-
cent ; sepals connate at base, 1 -nerved, the inner wider and
shorter. Stamens 6, in the throat of the perianth, much
shorter than it ; filaments broad, membranous, persistent.
Ovary sessile, subglobose ; ovules 6-8 in each cell ; style
thickish ; stigma obtuse, simple. Capsule membranous, 3-
celled, loculicidal. Seeds few, densely covered with soft,
woolly hairs. — Kunth, l. c. p. 649.

Stemless plants, with large, unshapely, tuberous roots. Leaves mostly
appearing before the flowers, petioled, with a broad lamina, coriaceous,
nerved. Scapes emerging after the leaves, simple, nude, racemose at the
summit ; pedicels elongate, not jointed to the perianth. — 8 or 9 species.

Tribe 4. Methonice.®. (Gren. 29-31.)

29. METHONTICA, Ilerm.

Perianth 6-parted, marcescent-persistent ; sepals distinct,
lanceolate, narrowed at base, undulate, without nectary, re-
flexed. Stamens 6, at the base of the sepals, very widely
spreading ; filaments long, filiform, straight. Ovary sessile,
obliquely oblong, 3-celled ; ovules numerous ; style filiform,
strongly bent backwards ; stigmas 3, long, narrow, channelled,
patent-recurved. Capsule turbinate, coriaceous, 3-celled,

CXXXIII. LTLTACE2E.

403

septicidal. Seeds numerous, globose, berry-like, scarlet. —
Kunth , l. c.p. 275. Grloriosa, Linn.

Climbing, slender, branched plants, with tuberous roots. Leaves either
scattered opposite or ternate, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, much acuminate,
ending in a tendril. Peduncle extra-axillary or terminal, 1-flowered, elon-
gate. Flowers very handsome, either scarlet orange or tinted with green
and yellow. — M. virescens occurs in the Eastern districts, Caffraria and
Natal, mostly near the coast.

30. LITTONIA, Hook.

Perianth 6-parted, campanulate ; sepals oblong-acuminate,
subcarinate, concave, erecto-patent, furnished at base inside
with a nectariferous pore, margined on each side by a small
scale. Stamens 6, hypogynous, free, shorter than the peri-
anth. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled ; ovules numerous ; style about as
long as the ovary ; stigmas 3, filiform, reflexed. Capsule and
seeds as in Methonica. — Hook. Lot. Mag. t. 4723.

L. modesta , Hook., the only species, was first found by Mr. Sanderson,
at Natal, and has since been sent to me by Mr. H. Bowker from Kreilis
country. It has the root, foliage and general habit of Methonica , but very
different flowers. Peduncle short, opposite the leaves or extra-axillary,
nodding ; perianth orange.

31. SANDERSONIA, Hook.

Perianth tubular-campanulate, ventricose, 6-toothed at the
mouth, at base nectariferous and furnished with 6 short, in-
curved, saccate spurs. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included ;
filaments free, subulate. Ovary sessile, ovoid-oblong, 3-celled ;
ovules numerous ; style short ; stigmas 3, filiform, spreading.
Capsule (ripe not seen). — Hook. Lot. Mag. t. 4716.

S. aurantiaca , Hook., the only species, first found (along with Littonia
modesta ) by Mr. Sanderson, at Natal, has recently been sent to me by Mr.
Bowker, from Butterworth, Kreilis Country, where also it accompanies the
Littonia ! Root tuberous. Stem erect, simple, angular. Leaves alternate,
sessile, lanceolate, taper-pointed, and all but cirrhiferous. Peduncles oppo-
site the leaves or extra-axillary, nodding, 1-flowered ; flowers orange, about
1 inch long, f inch wide.

Order CXXXIV. MELANTHACE M.

Perianth petaloid, regular, 6-divided, the margins of the
segments involute or valvate in bud. Stamens 6 ; anthers
turning outwards (at least in the bud). Ovary free, 3-celled;
ovules many or few ; style deeply 3-fid or 3-parted. Capsule
3-celled, usually septicidal, rarely loculicidal. Seeds albu-
minous.— Chiefly distinguished from Liliacece by the aestiva-
tion, the extrorse anthers, deeply 3-fid style, and usually the
dehiscence of the capsule. Many are poisonous.

2 d 2

404

CXXXIY. MELANT1IACEJE.

Perianth tubular-campanulate, with a 6-parted,

spreading limb 3. Wurmbea.

Perianth of 6, clawed, deciduous sepals.

Claws long ; limb eonvolute-cucullate, bearing a

stamen 1. Androcymbium.

Clawrs moderate ; limb flat or expanded.

Sepals 2-saccate above the claw; styles 3, filiform 2. Melanthium.
Sepals with a dark spot above claw ; stigmas

subsessile ; ovary long 4. Baiomitra.

Perianth of 6, sessile, persistent sepals, reflexed

after flowering 5. Ornithoglossum.

1. ANDROCYMBIUM, Willd.

Perianth 6-parted, deciduous ; segments with long claws,
convolute-cucullate above the claw, the hood nectariferous.
Stamens inserted in the hood-like limb of the sepals, extrorse.
Styles 3, short, distinct. Capsule 3-parted; lobes opening
on the inner face, above. — Kunth , l.c. p. 153.

Bulbiferous, nearly stemless plants, with 2-4 broad, radical, many-nerved
leaves. Flowers subsessile on a very short scape, crowded, hidden among
large, leafy or coloured bracts. — Several species, some undescribed.

2. MELANTHIUM, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, deciduous ; segments clawed, 2-saccate
above the claw, stellately spreading. Stamens 6, inserted at
the base of the sepals ; anthers extrorse. Styles 3, filiform,
distinct. Capsule 3-parted. — Kunth , l.c. p. 154.

Bulbous plants, with simple, few-leaved stems, ending in a few- or many-
flowered spike of white or rosy flowers. Leaves sheathing at base, radical
or cauline, the upper ones short, reduced to sheaths. — 6 or 8 species.

3. WURMBEA, Thunb.

Perianth tubular-subcampanulate, persistent, with a 6-cleft,
spreading limb ; tube with 6 gibbosities externally at base ;
throat plaited. Stamens in the throat of the perianth, ex-
serted. Styles 3, filiform. Capsule 3-parted — Kunth, l.c. p.
159.

Small, bulbous plants, with the habit of Melanthium , and deep purple
flowers. — 3 species.

4. BJEOMITRA, Salisb.

Perianth 6-parted, deciduous ; segments narrowed into claws
below, lanceolate, above the claw marked with a blackish spot,
not glandular, spreading. Stamens inserted near the summit
of the claw. Ovary prismatic, linear, 3-celled ; styles (or sub-
sessile stigmas) very short, revolute. Capsule elongate. —
Kunth , l.c. p. 162.

JB. columellaris , Sal. ( Kolbea Breyniana , Schl.), is a small, bulbous plant,

CXXXIV. MELANTHACEJE.

405

with linear-lanceolate, ciliate, sheathing leaves, and few-flowered scapes.
Flowers shortly pedicelled, yellow, reddish externally ; pedicels 1-bracteate.
— Common near Capetown.

5. ORNXTHOGLOSSTJM, Salisb.

Perianth 6-parted, persistent ; segments subconnate at base,
lanceolate-linear, scarcely clawed, with a gland above the base
inside, widely spreading, reflexed after flowering. Stamens
inserted at the base of the sepals, subhypogynous. Ovary
elliptical, 3-celled ; styles 3, filiform. Capsule elliptical,
loculicidal. — Kunth , l.c. p. 163.

Bulbiferous. Stem simple or branched, leafy, corymboso-racemose at the
summit. Leaves with clasping bases, lanceolate- linear. Flowers on long
pedicels, green or whitish, nodding ; peduncles 1-bracteate at base, widely
spreading or deflexed in fruit. — 2 or 3 species.

Order CXXXY. SMILACE^l.

Perianth petaloid, 6-parted. Stamens 6, in the base of the
sepals, rarely hypogynous. Ovary free, 3-celled ; ovules 1 or
several in each cell ; style usually 3-fid ; stigmas 3. Fruit a
berry ; seeds with a membranous coat, albuminous. — Perennial
herbs, undershrubs shrubs or trees, with fibrous or succulent
roots, or rhizomes. Stems often climbing. Leaves scattered,
sessile or petioled, sometimes reduced to scales.

Perianth with a long, slender tube and spreading or
reflexed limb ; stemless plants, with radical, rigid,
lanceolate or cylindric or terete leaves . . . . 1. Sanseviera.

Perianth tubular-bellshaped, with a short, erect limb ;
climbing plants, with broad, netted-veined leaves

and small flowers 4. Dictyopsis.

Perianth 6-parted to the base or nearly so ; climbing
or suberect halfshrubs or herbs.

Flowers bisexual ; peduncles 1-flowered.

False-leaves in fascicles, subtended by a scale . 2. Asparagus.

False-leaves solitary, subtended by a scale . . 3. Myrsiphyllum.

Flowers dioecious, in umbels ; leaves netted-

veined 5. Smilax.

1. SANSEVIERA, Thunb.

Perianth with a long, cylindrical tube, and 6-parted, spread-
ing or reflexed limb, deciduous ; segments spathulate-linear,
1-nerved, obtuse, equal. Stamens in the throat, exserted,
spreading. Ovules solitary ; style filiform, erect, longer than
the stamens ; stigma capitate, entire. Berries 1 or 3 subcon-
nate, globose, fleshy, 1-seeded. — Kunth , Enum. v. p. 15.

Stemless, with a thick, creeping rhizome. Leaves radical, numerous,
lanceolate, thick and hard, often yielding very tough fibres for textile pur-

406

CXXXV. SMILACE.2E.

po3ea. Scape bracteate, simple* bearing a thyrsus of many flowers ; flowers
in fascicles, short-pedicelled, whitish or yellowish-green. — 1 or 2 Cape spe-
cies, Eastern.

2. ASPARAGUS, Linn.

Flowers bisexual or polygamo-dioecious. Perianth deeply
6-parted, persistent ; sepals equal, 1-nerved, erecto-patent.
Stamens at the base of the sepals, and shorter. Ovules 2-3-9
in each cell ; style filiform, sometimes short, deciduous ; stig-
ma 3-fid, segments recurved. Berry globose, 1- or few-seeded.
— Asparagus and Asparagopsis, Kuntli , l.c. pp. 57, 76.

Undershrubs or branching herbs, often spinous. Leaves scale-like, sub-
tending phyllocladia (or leaf-like ramuli or barren pedicels) of various
form. Peduncles 1-flowered, mostly several together ; flowers small,
greenish or whitish. — Very many species, of which A. Capensis (“ Wagt
een beetjie ”) is known to all.

3. MYRSIPHYLLUM, Willd.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth deeply 6-parted, persistent ;
segments equal, 1-nerved, erecto-patent. Stamens at the base
of the segments, and shorter. Ovules 6 in each cell ; style ter-
minal ; stigma 3-lobed or 3-fid, sometimes undivided. Berry
globose, 3-celled. Seeds in pairs. — Kunth , l.c. p. 105.

Erect or voluble herbs . Leaves scale-like, subtending 1-3 fertile pedun-
cles and 1 sterile (phyllocladium), leaf-like, more or less unequal-sided.
Scarcely distinguishable from Asparagus , except that the “ phyllocladia ”
are more leaf-like and expanded, and solitary (not fascicled). — 8 species
are described.

4. DICTYOPSIS, Harv.

Flowers bisexual. Perianth tubular-campanulate, with a
short, spreading, 6-lobed limb, deciduous ; lobes ovate, 3-
nerved. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth, but
partially adnate to the tube, included. Ovary narrowed at
base (substipitate), 3-celled; ovules in pairs?; style con-
tinuous, columnar ; stigmas 3, capitate. Berry globose, suc-
culent, 4-6-seeded ; seeds very convex dorsallv, flat in front. —
Hook. f. JBot. Mag. t. 5638.

D. Thunbergii, Harv. ( Ruscus reticulatus, Thunb.), a plant common in
the woods of the Eastern districts, Caffraria, and Natal, is the type of this
genus. It has a zigzag, rigid, climbing stem, leafy throughout. The
leaves (not phyllocladia) are subsessile, broadly-ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
rigid, shortly acuminate, with an evident midrib, and many (5-9 on each
side) parallel secondary ribs, all slightly raised, and united, in a net-like
manner, by horizontal, simple, raised veinlets. Peduncles simple and 1-
flowered or subracemose and 3-5-flowcred, rising either from the axils of the
larger leaves or (toward the ends of the branches) from scale-like bracts.
Berry £ inch diameter.

CXXXV. SMILACEiE.

407

5. SMILAX, Linn.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, deciduous ;
segments spreading, 1-nerved, outer mostly larger. Stamens
subhypogynous, club-shaped, shorter than the sepals ; anthers
1-locular, 2-locellate, basifixed, continuous with the filament, at
length recurved. Ovary 3-(rarely 1-6-) celled ; absent in the
male flowers; ovules solitary; stigmas 3 (rarely 4-6), sessile,
elongate, recurved, deciduous. Berry globose, 1-3-celled,
1-3-seeded. Seeds subglobose. — Kunth, l.c. p. 160.

Climbing, evergreen undershrubs ; roots tuberous or fibrous. Stems
mostly prickly, branches flexuous, angular. Leaves scattered, petioled,
often cordate or hastate, reticulated, digitate-nerved ; petioles mostly bearing
2 tendrils above the sheathing base. Flowers in axillary or racemose
umbels, small, white or gi’een. — 1 or 2 species, in the Eastern districts and
at Natal.

Order CXXXYI. JUNCEiE.

Perianth 6-parted, more or less dry or glume-like, persistent.
Stamens 6, on the base of the segments ; or 3, opposite the 3
outer segments ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules
1, 3 or several in each cell ; style 1 ; stigmas 3. Fruit capsu-
lar, 3-valved, loculicidal or rarely indehiseent. Seeds albumi-
nous.— Herbs or rarely half-arborescent plants, with fistular,
channelled or flat leaves and small, capitate or panicled, dry
flowers. These are the true Bushes.

Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules.

Sepals 3-nerved ; tufted or creeping plants, with
simple culms, and terete or flat and grass-like

leaves or leafless 1. J uncus.

Sepals 1-nerved ; plant with a trunk-like stem,
crowned with many broad, serrate, channelled
leaves 2. Peionum.

Ovary 1-celled, with 3 ovules only ; tufted plants with

grass-like leaves 3. Luzula.

Ovary 3-celled, with solitary ovules ; caulescent, with

lanceolate tendril-bearing leaves 4. Flagellaria.

1. JUNCUS, Linn.

Perianth regular, 6-parted ; segments connate at the very
base, dorsally 3-nerved, widely spreading. Stamens 6, rarely 3.
Ovary many-ovuled, 3-(or l-)celled ; style 1, often very short ;
stigmas 3, filiform, villous. Capsule many-seeded. — Kunth ,
iii. p. 315.

Perennial, tufted or creeping plants, rarely annual, growing in damp soil
or marshes. Culms simple, leafless or leafy. Leaves sheathing at base,
terete, channelled or flat ; sheaths entire ; lamina sometimes abortive.

408

CXXXYI. JUNCE2E.

Flowers eymose or panicled, small, 2-bracteolate at base. — Several Cape
species.

2. PRIONUM, E. Mey.

Perianth subregular, 6-parted ; segments free, 1-nerved,
concave; 2 lateral of the outer 3, keeled. Stamens G. Ovary
many-ovuled ; style 0 ; stigmas 3, long, narrow, papillose
within. Capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. — Kunth , l.c. p. 314.

P. palmita, E. Mey. ( Juncus serratus, Thunb.), the well-known Palmiet,
is the type of this genus. It has thick, trunk-like stems or caudices, 4-6
feet high, surmounted by a dense crown of large, broad, serrate, channelled
leaves, from the centre of which rises a much-branched panicle of flowers.
Common in watercourses and marshy ground.

3. LTJZULA, DC.

Perianth regular, 6-parted ; segments connate at the very
base, mostly 1-nerved (rarely 3 -nerved), widely spreading; outer
subcarinate, inner smaller. Stamens 6. Ovary 1-celled ;
ovules 3, erect ; style 1, sometimes very short ; stigmas 3,
filiform, villous. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. — Kunth, l.c.p.
296.

Tufted perennials, sometimes creeping. Leaves grass-like, mostly flat
and thin, often hairy, sheathing at base. Flowers umbelled, eymose or
panicled, more or less branched. Flowers as in Juncus. — L. campestris , a
nearly cosmopolitan species, occurs among Lrege’s plants (n. 3963).

(genus allied to junceje.)

4 ? FLA GELL ARIA, Linn.

Perianth 6-parted, coloured, persistent ; the inner segments '
larger. Stamens 6, hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled, sessile ;
ovules 1 in each cell, basilar, sessile, anatropous ; stigmas 3,
sessile, filiform, spreading. Drupe pea-like, crowned by the
stigmas, 1-seeded, with a fleshy epicarp and bony endocarp.
Embryo minute, in floury albumen. — Kunth , l.c. p. 370.

F. Indica, common in the tropics of the Eastern hemisphere, occurs at
Natal, “ where it is used to fix thatch,” Gerrard. It is perennial, with a
scrambling stem, the branches furnished at base with imbricating scales.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, nerved, ending in a spiral tendril, sheathing at
base. Flowers in terminal panicles, small, often unisexual.

Order CXXXYII. COMMELYNEiE.

Perianth 6-parted, segments in 2 rows ; outer calyx herba-
ceous, inner petaloid Stamens 6 or fewer, hypogynous or
on the base of the segments; anthers of some filaments

CXXXVIt. C0MMELYNEJ3.

400

either wanting or differently formed from the others. Ovary
3-celled ; ovules few in each cell ; style 1 ; stigma 1, obtuse,
capitellate or peltate. Capsule 2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, locu-
licidal. Seeds often in pairs, albuminous. — - Herbs with
sheathing leaves, nodose stems, and quickly-withering flowers.

Flowers issuing from folded, spatlie-like bracts.

Petals separate, the 2 lateral on long claws ; fila-
ments glabrous 1. Commelyna.

Petals united in a tube by their claws ; filaments

bearded at top 4. Cyanotis.

Flowers panicled or corymbose, without involucre.

Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; ovules 2 or more ... 2. Aneilema.

Ovary stipitate, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ... 3. Dithykocarpus.

1. COMMELYM, Linn.

Flowers irregular. Outer perianth-segments unequal, un-
changed, persistent ; the odd one outermost, boat-shaped, the
2 lateral larger, concave, more or less connate along their outer
margins ; inner segments marcescent ; lateral on long claws,
roundish ; odd one smaller, of different form, sessile or
shortly clawed, exterior to the lateral. Stamens 6, free ; 3
fertile ; 3 barren, with cruciate- quadrifid .anthers ; filaments
beardless. Style elongate ; stigma obtuse. Capsule obliquely
3-celled ; lateral cells 2-, dorsal cell 1-seeded. — Kunth , Enum.
iv. p. 35.

Branching, erect or procumbent plants. Leaves [sheathing, broadly-
grasslike. Flowers pedicelled, blue or yellow, springing from a folded or
cucullate, spathe-like bract. — A few Cape species.

2. ANEILEMA, R. Br.

Flowers subregular. Outer perianth-segments navicular,
unchanged, persistent ; inner larger, subequal, deciduous.
Stamens 6, of which 3 2 or 4 are barren ; sometimes 4, of
which 2 are barren. Style elongate ; stigmas simple. Capsule
regularly 3-celled; cells 2- or few-seeded.— Kunth, l.c.p. 04.

Erect or diffuse, branching herbs. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Pedun-
cles terminal, corymbose, forked or panicled ; flowers solitary, pedicelled ;
peduncles 2-bracteolate at base. No spatliaceous bracts, by which charac-
ter these plants are readily known from Comvielyna.— Several species at and
near Natal.

3. DITHYKOCARPUS, Kth.

Flowers more or less regular. Outer perianth-segments
free, navicular ; inner larger, persistent. Stamens 6, hypogy-
nous, all fertile, 3 opposite the outer lobes shorter ; filaments
beardless. Ovary stipitate, 2-celled ; ovules solitary ; style

410

CXXXVII. COMMELYNE2E.

elongate ; stigma subcapitellate. Capsule shortly stipitate,
compressed, didymous, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds solitary. —
Kunth , l.c. p. 76.

Herbs, often viscidly pubescent, creeping at base ; branches simple, erect.
Panicles terminal, simple or branched, bracteate. Flowers pedicelled, sub-
racemose, unilateral, small. — 1 or more Cape species, at Natal. D. Capensis
is the only one mentioned by Kunth.

4. CYANOTIS, Don.

Flowers subregular. ^ Outer perianth-segments connate at
base, navicular, subequal, persistent ; inner longer, their
claws connate in a tube, caducous. Stamens 6, subequal,
hypogynous ; filaments very long, bearded near the top ; an-
thers similar. Ovary sessile, 3-celled ; style 1, thickened up-
wards ; stigma hollow. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 2
in each cell. — Kunth , l.c. p. 102.

Annuals or perennials, mostly diffuse. Flowers blue, on longish, axillary
or terminal peduncles, crowded, involucred by a folded, spathe-like, cordate
bract. — C. nodiflora ( Tradescantia speciosa, Linn.) is common through the
colony, especially in the East.

Order CXXXYIII. XYEIDE^].

Perianth 6-parted, in 2 rows ; outer glumaceous ; inner
petaloid, its pieces with long claws. Stamens 6, 3 fertile in-
serted on the apex of the claw of the petaloid segments of
perianth ; anthers opening outwards. Ovary single, 1-celled ;
ovules numerous, on 3 parietal placentas ; style 3-fid ; stigmas
multifid or undivided. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, Seeds
numerous ; embryo on the outside of floury albumen. — Eush-
like plants, with radical leaves, and densely spiked, yellow
flowers, borne on leafless stems.

1. XYKIS, Linn.

Flowers densely spiked, each from the axil of a rigid, scaly
bract. Perianth double, each of 3 pieces ; outer segments un-
equal, the 2 lateral keeled, glumaceous, persistent, the anticous
thinner and much larger, coloured, in the bud enfolding the
inner, and falling on the opening of the flower; inner seg-
ments petaloid, on long claws, equal ; claws free, but cohering
at the apex with the staminodia ; limbs widely spreading, each
bearing a fertile stamen at its base. Staminodia alternating
with the fertile stamens, hypogynous, free, filiform, 2-fid at
the apex, and cohering with the laminae of the inner segments,
the lobes plumose. Style 3-fid ; stigmas obtuse. Capsule
membranous, many-seeded. — Kunth, JEnum. v. p. 2.

CXXXV III. XYIMDEiE.

411

X. Capensis , Thunb., our .only species, is a small plant, with equitant, ensi-
form, radical leaves, and cone-shaped spikes of yellow flowers, borne on
simple scapes. — Found throughout the colony in marshy situations.

Order CXXXIX. ERIOCAULINE^].

Flowers minute, unisexual, monoecious, rarely dioecious,
collected into bracteate beads. — Male : Perianth in 2 series,
outer of 2-3 glumes, inner tubular 2-3-fid. Stamens 3 -6 ;
filaments inflexed ; anthers 2-celled. — Female : Perianth of 6
pieces in 2 series, the inner broader or reduced to bundles of
bairs. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled ; style short ; stigmas
2-3 ; ovules solitary, pendulous in each cell. Capsule 2-3-
celled, loculicidally 2-3-valved ; cells 1-seeded. Seeds pen-
dulous ; testa coriaceous, shining, ribbed ; the ribs hairy ;
albumen farinaceous ; embryo usually lenticular, removed
from the hilum. — Scapigerous herbs, often minute, usually
growing in marshes. Leaves narrow, usually all radical.
Scapes radical, bearing solitary, minute heads of flowers.

1. ERIOCAULON, Linn.

Flowers usually monoecious ; males in the centre of the
head. — Male : Stamens 2-6, all fertile. — Female : Perianth-
segments 6. Ovary 2-3-celled. Capsule 2-3-celled. — Hindi.
Gen. PI. p. 123.

Usually tropical herbs, with slender, radical, rosulate leaves, transparent
and beautifully septate under the microscope. — There are 2 Natal species.

Order CXL. RESTIACEiE.

{By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S.*)

Flowers dioecious. Perianth glumaceous, persistent, of 6,
rarely 4, distinct or rarely connate glumes in 2 rows ; the
outer 3 equal or more generally unequal, 2 lateral condupli-
cate, and 1 anterior flat or nearly so ; the 3 inner glumes
usually smaller and less rigid than the outer and nearly equal
in form, sometimes exceeding the outer glumes. — Male : Sta-
mens 3 ; filaments adnate at the base to the inner glumes ;
anthers introrse, exserted or included, 1-celled, dehiscing lon-
gitudinally, attached to the filament on the dorsal surface
below the middle. — Female : Ovary 1-3-celled ; ovules soli-

* The following monograph of the genera of Restiacece has been kindly
supplied by Dr. Masters. — J. D. H.

112

CXL. ItESTIACEAS.

tary, straight, pendulous from the upper and inner angle of
each cell of the ovary ; micropyle directed towards the base
of the carpel ; styles 1-3, distinct or connate, sometimes
wanting ; stigmas 1-3, plumose on the inner surface, exserted
or included. Fruit capsular, 1-3-celled, loculieidally dehiscent,
or 1-celled -indehiscent and nucumentaceous. Seed solitary
in each cell of the fruit, pendulous ; testa coriaceous, horny or
membranous ; hilum naked or rarely thickened ; albumen abun-
dant, farinaceous. Embryo lenticular, at one end of the albu-
men opposite to the hilum. — Perennial herbs, with creeping
or erect, scaly rhizomes, from which proceed simple or
branched, leafy or leafless, sterile and fertile, solid or hollow,
terete or angular culms ; sheaths persistent, tubular, split on
one side, on the smaller branches often provided with folia-
ceous mucros. Florets compressed angular or terete, sessile
or stalked, fascicled or spicate, protected by bracts ; spikelets
1- or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes panicles or fascicles,
generally with sheath-like spathes intermixed.

An Order whose members are chiefly to be found in the South-Western
corner of Africa and in the analogous quarter of the Australian continent ; a
few are found elsewhere in Australia, as well as in New Zealand, Tasmania,
and one in Chili. — 1 or 2 species are used for thatching.

Fruit capsular, dehiscent.

Sheaths of the culm persistent 1. Restio.

Sheaths of the culm deciduous.

Capsule 3-celled 2. Dovea.

Capsule 2-celled . .... 3. Askidiosperma.

Fruit indehiscent.

Male and female flowers in dense spikes.

Female flowers 2 or more in each spikelet.

Fruit angular 4. Leptocarpus.

Fruit compressed.

Outer glumes of female perianth winged . 5. Thamnochortus.

Outer glumes of female perianth not winged 6. Cannomois.

Female flowers solitary.

Female flowers on a thick, fleshy stalk . . 7. Hypodiscus.

Female flowers sessile or on a slender stalk . 8. IIypola:na.

Male and female flowers in panicles or fascicles . 9. Fleg-ia.

Male flowers panicled ; female flowers spicate.

Fruit on a fleshy stalk 10. Willdenovia.

Fruit sessile 11. Ceratocaryum.

DOUBTFUL OR LITTLE-KNOWN GENERA.

12. Anthochortus, N. ab Esenb.

13. Craspedolepis, Steud.

1. RESTIO, Linn.

Male and female spikelets of the same form, arranged in
spikes or rarely in loose panicles ; flowers numerous, rarely

OXL. KESTIACEiE.

413

solitary, compressed ; perianth of G unequal glumes. — Males :
Stamens 3 ; pistil rudimentary or wholly wanting. — Female :
Stamens rudimentary or 0. Ovary 2-3-celled ; style 1, dividing
into 2-3 stigmatic branches. Capsule compressed, 1-2-locu-
lar (by abortion), dehiscing longitudinally through the dorsal
suture. — Kunth , Enum. iii. p. 382. Rhodocoma, JVees ab Esen-
beclc ; Kunth , l.c. p. 480. Ischyrolepis, Steudel , Synops. Glumac.
ii. p. 249.

Rush-like plants, with persistent sheaths. — Species 75-80. An equal
number in Australia.

2. DOVEA, Kth.

Flowers fascicled or in dense spikes, more or less triangular,
longer than the bracts. Perianth of 6 unequal glumes in 2
rows ; the inner longer than the outer. — Male : Stamens 3.
Rudiment of pistil 3-lobed or 0. — Female: Staminodia 3, ligu-
late or 0. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled,
surmounted by the persistent base of the style, and splitting
longitudinally at the projecting angles. Seeds with numerous
raised wavy longitudinal ridges. — Kunth , l.c. y>.457.

Rush-like plants, with deciduous sheaths, having the inflorescence and
general aspect of Elegia, with the fruit of Restio. — 7 species, all natives of
the Cape.

3. ASKIDIOSPERMA, Steudel.

Male flowers in a dense panicle or loose spike. Bracts
linear, membranous ; flowers triangular ; glumes acute. —
Female : Flowers in a compact spike ; glumes lanceolate,
lacerated at the margins, the inner 3 longer than the outer.
Staminodes small, strap-shaped. Capsule oblong, compressed,
2-lobed, dehiscent. — A rush-like plant, with deciduous sheaths,
which are of a greenish-blue colour. — Steud. 1. c. p. 257.

A little-known genus, represented by a single species ; when better known,
it will probably be referred to some other genus. So far as at present
known, it seems to connect Elegia or l)ovea with Restio. — 1 species.

4. LEPTOCARPUS, Brown.

Male and female spikelets nearly of the same form, ar-
ranged in spikes or panicles ; many-flowered or rarely with a
solitary flower. Perianth of 6 unequal glumes. — Male : Sta-
mens 3. — Female : Ovary 3-angular, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; stig-
mas 3. Fruit 3-angular, horny, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Sheaths
persistent. — Kunth, l.c. p. 480. Calopsis, Beauv. ; Kunth , l.c.
p. 421.

The species have precisely the habit and appearance of Restio , but are
distinguished by their triangular, 1-celled, indehiscent fruit. — 6 African,
besides a few Australian species.

414

CXL. RESTIACEjE.

5. THAMNOCHORTUS, Bergius, Brown.

Male and female spikelets nearly of the same form, spiked
or panicled, both many-flowered. Perianth of 6 unequal
glumes, the outer lateral pair, especially in the female flowers,
often winged. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style 1, undivided
or with 2-3 stigmatic branches. Fruit compressed, 1-seeded,
indehiscent. — Sheaths persistent. — Kuntli , l.c. p. 428. Sta-
beroha, Kunth , l.c. p. 442.

Plants having the inflorescence of Restio or Leptocarpus , but distin-
guished from the former by the indehiscent fruit, and from the latter by the
winged glume3 and usually by the single style. — 14 species, all South
African.

6. CANNOMOIS, Beauv.

Male and female spikelets dissimilar. — Males numerous,
small, many-flowered, arranged in loose panicles. Perianth of
6 unequal glumes. — Females : Spikelets few, larger than the
males, solitary or in spikes. Fertile flowers 2 or 3, lateral, ru-
dimentary flowers numerous. Perianth of fertile flowers of 6
minute, hyaline, nearly equal glumes. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled,
1-ovuled; styles 2, distinct. Fruit oblong, compressed, leathery,
1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. — The vascular bundle, which
runs up the interior of the fruit to its apex where it enters the
seed, becomes ultimately detached, and then gives exactly the
appearance of a seed pendulous from the end of a raphe or
funiculus. Sheaths of culm persistent. — Kunth, l. c. p. 447. Me-
santhus, Nees ; Kunth , l. c. ^?.484. Cucullifera, Nees ; Kunth ,

1. c. p. 484.

The inflorescence is like that of Thamnochortus, but the female flowers
are very different. — 3 species, all natives of the Cape.

7. HYPODISCUS, Nees ab Esenb.

Male and female spikelets similar, solitary or spicate. —
Males many-flowered. Perianth compressed, unequally G-
glumed. — Female flower solitary. Perianth not compressed,
membranous, of 6 nearly equal glumes on a thick fleshy, or on
a short slender stalk. Ovary 1-celled, sessile or stalked ; styles

2. Fruit bony, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded, stalked, smooth
or tubercled, often surrounded at the base by a lobed, fleshy
disk. — Sheaths of culm persistent. — Kunth , l.c.p. 481.
Bocckhia, Kunth , l.c. p. 448. Lepidanthus, Nees ; Kunth , l.c.
p. 404. Leucoplaeus, Nees ; Kunth, l.c. p. 481.

Plants with the inflorescence and aspect of Restio or Leptocarpus , but
widely different in the female flower. — 11 species, all natives of the Cape.

CXL. BESTIACEJE.

415

8. HYPOLJENA, E. Br.

Male and female spikelets dissimilar. — Males numerous,
many-flowered, small, in spikes or panicles. — Females few, 1-
flowered, spicate. Perianth of 0 unequal or nearly equal
glumes in 2 rows. Ovary sessile, 1-celled ; style 2-3-parted.
Fruit ovoid or subglobose, bony, indehiscent, often surmounted
by a thickened yellow disk or stylopod, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
— Sheaths of culm persistent. — Kunth , l.c.p. 451.

The male plants resemble Hestio , the females Hypodiscus in aspect ; from
the first they differ in the fruit, and from the latter in the sessile fruit, ab-
sence of disk, etc. — 10 species, besides a few others, natives of Australia,
Tasmania, etc.

9. ELEGIA, Thunb.

Male and female spikelets nearly of the same size and form,
arranged in rather loose panicles, 1-flowered. Flowers com-
pressed or triangular. Perianth of 6 glumes in 2 rows, in the
male flowers the outer glumes shortest. Ovary 1-celled by
abortion; styles 3, rarely 2. Fruit triangular, rarely pyri-
form or compressed, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. — Sheaths
of culm deciduous, rarely persistent (K. deusta). — Kunth , l.c.
p. 460.

Readily distinguished from its allies by its deciduous sheaths, panicled
inflorescence, and indehiscent, 1-celled fruit. The latter characters sepa-
rate it from Dovea. — 13 species, all South African.

10. WILLDEN O VIA, Thunb.

Male and female spikelets considerably different in size and
form ; males many-flowered, small, numercus, in loose panicles.
— Male flowers : Bracts and glumes linear, membranous. —
Female spikelets large, solitary, rarely 2 ; bracts coriaceous,
rigid. Flowers solitary, terminal, on a thickened, spongy, 6-
lobed pedicel. Perianth of 6 nearly equal hyaline glumes in
2 rows. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2, rarely 3. Fruit stipi-
tate, cylindrical, horny, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. —
Sheaths of culm persistent. — Kunth , l.c. p. 452. Nematanthus,
JVees ; Kunth , l.c. p. 452.

The female plants are closely allied to Hypodiscus , but the male inflores-
cence is different, and more like that of Ceratocaryum— 8 species, all South
African.

11. CERATOCARYUM, Nees ab Esenb.

Male and female inflorescence dissimilar.— -Male thyrsoid,
bracts and glumes linear-lanceolate, membranous, inner glumes
shortish. — Female spikelets 2-3, spicate. Flowers solitary,
terminal. Perianth sessile, minute, hyaline, of 6 glumes in 2
rows, the inner row smallest. Ovary . . . Fruit sessile, bony,

410

CXL. RESTIA.CE2E.

1-celled, indehiscent, surmounted by the remnants of 2 woody
styles. — Sheaths persistent. — Kunth , l.c.p. 483.

Tall, reed-like plants, with male inflorescence like that of Willdenovia ;
the female spikelets, however, are not solitary, and the flowers, as well as the
fruit, are destitute of stalks. — 2 species, natives of the Cape.

12. ? ANTHOCHORTTJS, Nees ab Esenb.

“ Elowers dioecious. — Males subracemose, protected by
spreading bracts, clusters small, few-flowered, loose, axillary.
Perianth funnel-shaped, 6-parted, chartaceo-membranous ; seg-
ments of equal length, the outer ones narrower. Stamens 3,
opposite to the inner segments ; filaments short, contiguous
at the base ; anthers linear, acute, with a depressed median
furrow at the upper portion, attached above the base, yellow.
Rudiment of the pistil 0. — Eemale flower not known. — Stems
filiform, tortuous, slender, articulate, fasciculately branched.
Sheaths leafless, acute, spreading, membranous ; special
sheaths at the origin of each branch obtuse. Clusters short,
cernuous, solitary in the axils of the upper sheaths. Rachis
filiform, flexuose. Elowers 2-6, remote, shortly stalked,
purple? Bract subperfoliate.” — Nees ah Esenb. in Lindl. In-
trod. Nat. Syst. JBot. ed. 2. p. 451 ; Kunth , l.c. p. 485.

A doubtful genus, established upon some fragments of male plants now
in Dr. Sonder’s herbarium. Probably these are the male plants of a species
of Hypolcena. In the uncertainty as to the true nature of this genus, Nees’s
description is given at length.

13. ? CRASPEDOLEPIS, Steudel.

Spikelets terminal, 1-3. Elowers dioecious. — Males ? —
Eemale flowers spicate. Bracts imbricate, cartilaginous, aris-
tulato-mucronate, mostly sterile, naked, fertile bracts 1-2, fim-
briate at the margin, and provided with 5 stigmatiform appen-
dages ? Sepals 4 ?, hyaline, oblong, lanceolate. Style 1 ;
stigmas 2, shorter than the bracts. Ovary oblong, rather
rough on the surface, half the length of the petals. Eruit . . .
— Steudel , Synops. ii. p. 264.

A doubtful and scarcely -known genus.

Order CXLI. CYPERACE^E.

Elowers arranged in spikelets, consisting of several scale-
like, dry or half-herbaceous bracts, called glumes, arranged
alternately along an axis (rachis or racheole) ; each glume
having in its axil a' solitary, sessile flower. Perianth either 0
or formed of a definite number of bristles ; or disk-like ; more

CXLI. CTPEEACE^.

417

rarely membranous. Stamens bypogynous, commonly 3 ; but
varying from 1-12 ; anthers basifixed, 2-celled, often crested.
Ovary 1-celled ; style 2- or 3-fid ; stigmas undivided or 2-fid ;
ovule 1, erect. Fruit an achene (sometimes enclosed in a bag-
like envelope). Embryo in the base of floury albumen. — The
true “ sedges.” Tufted or creeping-rooted plants, with terete
or more commonly 3-angled, solid culms ; leaves with entire
(not split) sheaths, and variously arranged inflorescence. F ound
in wet and dry places in all parts of the world.

(1) Flowers bisexual ; rarely a few male or female
intermixed.

Glumes 2-ranked (distichous).

Perianth 0.

Spikelets many-flowered.

Style filiform, not swollen at base.

Achene destitute of circling disk . . 1. Cypeeus.

Achene in a lobed, top-shaped disk . 25. Hemichl.ena.

Style with a much- swollen base, jointed

to the ovary and deciduous . ... 9. Abildgaaedia.

Spikelets 1 -few-flowered.

Style filiform, not swollen at base.

Achene destitute of encircling disk.

Style 3-fid ; spikelets in loosely

tufted spikes or umbels ... 2. Maeiscus.

Style 2-fid ; spikelets in densely

compacted heads 3. Kyllingia.

Achene in a cup-like triangular disk . 26. Aceolepis.

Style with a swollen, bulb-like base.

Stamens 3 (lower flowers male) . . 17. Lepisia.

Stamens 5-8 (or 3) (lower flowers male) 18. Elynanthus.
Perianth of bristles, scales, or tubular and
bearing bristles.

Perianth of bristles.

Style tuberous at base.

Perianth of 8 long, hispid bristles ;

style long, 6-fid at apex . . . .19. Buekia.

Perianth of 5, unequal, subhyaline

bristles, 3 of them pubescent . . 20. Ideleeia.

Perianth of 6, hispid or plumose bris-
tles ; style 3-fid 21. Asteeociiaite.

Style equal at base ; bristles 3-6, rough

or plumose 24. Chaitospoba.

Perianth of 3, narrow, 3-fid scales ; the lobes

bristle-shaped 14. Teianoptiles.

Perianth tubular, crowned with 6 capillary

bristles ; spikelets 1-flowered. . . . .23. Cyathocoma.

Glumes imbricated on all sides.

Perianth of bristles or scales.

Style tuberous at base.

Culms leafless, bearing solitary, terminal

spikelets . 4. Eleochaeis.

Culms leafy ; spikelets capitate, corym-
bose or panicled 15. Rhynchospoea.

2 E

418

CXLI. CYPEKACEiE.

Style equal at base.

Spikelets many-flowered.

Perianth of 6 hispid, smooth or plumose

bristles 5.

Perianth of 3 scales, and mostly 3 in-
terposed bristles ; outer glumes hairy 6.
Spikelets 2-flowered ; perianth of 6 short,

pilose bristles 22.

Perianth 0.

Style equal at base.

Spikelets many-flowered.

Glumes simple, without any inner palese
or valves.

No disk surrounding the ovary or

achene 7.

A thickened 2-3-lobed disk under

the ovary 10.

Glumes having within them either
palese or valves.

Palese 2, the larger hyaline, clasping

the flower 12.

Glumes internally bivalve ; the valves
hyaline, clasping the flower . .13.

Spikelets few-flowered, minute, crowded
in a head and mixed with large, imbri-
cated, membranous bracts .... 11.
Style dilated at base.

Spikelets many-flowered ; style-base often

ciliate, deciduous 8.

Spikelets 2-1 -flowered ; achene complete-
ly covered by the cup-like style-base . 16.
(2) Flowers all unisexual ; spikelets either monoe-
cious or androgynous.

Achenes without any special covering.

Inflorescence diffuse ; achenes stony ; culms

3-angled, leafy 27.

Spike solitary, many-flowered ; the terminal
flowers female, the rest male, monandrous,
with very long linear anthers ; culms flat ;
leaves equitant 28.

Male spikes capitate, female axillary ; fruit
inflated, with solid beak 32.

Achenes enclosed in a sac-like envelope.

No bristle or awn within the sac of the achene.
Sacs free in the axil of the glume, 2-dentate 29.
Sacs 3- angled, embracing the rachis of

spikelets 31.

A hooked awn projecting from the sac of
achene 30.

Scieptjs.

Fuibena.

Scleeocha:tium:.

ISOLEPIS.

Ficinia.

Hemicaepha.

Plattlepis.

Melancbanis.

Fimbeistylis.

Cladium.

Scleeia.

Cheysitheix.

Aulacoehynchits.

Caeex.

SCHCENOXIPHIUM.

Uncinia.

Teibe 1. Cypeee^:. (G-en. 1-3.)

1. CYPERUS, Linn.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes distichous, all floriferous

CXLI. CYPERACEiE.

419

and equal or a few of the lower empty and smaller. Perianth
0. Stamens 3, rarely 2-1. Style 3-fid, rarely 2-fid, deciduous.
Achene triangular or rarely compressed, often mucronate by
the persistent base of style. — Kunth , Enum. ii. p. 2.

A large genus. Culms rarely leafless. Leaves grassy, mostly flat.
Spikelets tufted, eapitate or in simple or decompound umbels. — Many Cape
species, in damp or wet soil.

2. MARISCUS, Yahl.

Spikelets 1-2-, rarely 3-5 -flowered. Glumes distichous ; the
lower empty. Perianth 0. Stamens 3. Ovary triangular ;
style 3-fid, deciduous. Achene triangular, sunk in a hollow of
the rachis, often mucronulate. — Kunth , l.c.p. 115.

Habit of Cyperus , from which this differs by the few-flowered spikelets.
Spikelets spicate ; the spikes aggregated in heads, tufts or umbels. — 3 or 4
Cape species.

3. KYLLINGIA, Rottb.

Spikelets compressed, 1-2-flowered, the upper flowers male,
rarely 3-flowered. Glumes distichous, the fertile keeled, the
sterile small. Perianth 0. Stamens 1-3. Ovary compressed ;
style 2-fid, deciduous. Achene compressed, mucronate. —
Kunth , l.c.p. 127.

Culms leafy at base, rarely leafless. Leaves grassy. Heads of spikelets
solitary, rarely 2-3, compact, generally involucred by 2-3 long, leafy bracts.
— Several Cape species.

Tribe 2. SciRPEiE. (Gen. 4-11.)

4. ELEOCHARIS, E. Br.

Spikelets many-, rarely few-flowered. Glumes imbricated
on all sides, similar, a few of the lower empty. Perianth of
0, rarely more or fewer bristles, mostly reversedly hairy ;
very rarely 0. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Style 3-fid, rarely
2-fid, dilated at base. Achene triangular or lenticular, crowned
with the persistent style-base. — Kunth , l.c. p. 139.

Marsh plants, with leafless culms, frequently creeping roots, and terminal,
solitary spikes. — About 2 Cape species.

5. SCIEPUS, Linn.

Spikelets many-, rarely few-flowered. Glumes imbricated on
all sides. Perianth of 6, rarely fewer, hispid, smooth or plu-
mose bristles. Stamens 3, rarely fewer. Style 3-fid, rarely
2-fid, not swollen at base. Achene triangular or compressed,
obtuse or tipped with the base of style. — Kunth , l.c.p. 157.

2 e 2

420

CXLT. CYPEEACEiR.

Culms leafy or leafless, terete or triangular. Leaves grass-like. Spikes
rarely solitary, mostly tufted, capitate or compound-umbellate. — Several
Cape species. Those with solitary heads are only known from Eleocharis
by the unswollen style-base.

G. FUIRENA, Rottb.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes imbricated on all sides,
a few of the outer empty. Perianth of 3 scales alternating
with the angles of the ovary, mostly with as many bristles
interposed, in fruit enlarged, rarely wanting. Stamens 3.
Style 3-fid. Achene triangular, beaked or mucronate by the
style-base, covered by the enlarged scales and bristles. — Kunth,
l.c.p. 180.

Culms angular, leafy. Leaves grassy. Spikes either solitary or in three3
or several in a head, axillary or terminal. Grlumes convex, mucronate or
awned under the blunt apex, the outer hairy. — 3 or 4 Cape species.

7. XSOLEPIS, R. Br.

Spikelets many-, rarely few-flowered. Grlumes imbricated
on all sides, similar. Perianth 0. Stamens 3, rarely fewer.
Style 3-fid, rarely 2-fid, equal at base, deciduous. Achene tri-
angular or compressed, pointless or tipped by the base of style.
— Kunth, l. c. p. 187.

Culms leafy or leafless. Spikelets lateral or terminal, solitary, in pairs,
threes or cluster-capitate ; glomerules solitary or in simple or compound
umbels. — Several Cape species.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS, Yahl.

Spikelets many-flowered. Grlumes imbricated on all sides,
scarcely any empty. Perianth 0. Stamens 3, rarely fewer.
Style 2 -fid, rarely 3 -fid, with a much thickened, often ciliate
base, articulated to the ovary and deciduous. Achene lenti-
cular, rarely triangular, nude and pointless at the apex, girt at
base with a minute, membranous ring. — Kunth , l.c. p. 220.

Stems leafy, angular. Spikelets solitary, geminate, capitate-glomerate or
umbelled ; umbel often compound. Grlumes mostly keeled. — Several Cape
species.

9. ABILDGAARDIA, Yahl.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes distichous, when in fruit
by a twist of the rachis 3-farious, keeled, deciduous, the base
on each side persisting. Perianth 0. Stamens 1-3. Style
3-fid, with a pyramidal-thickened base, articulated to the ovary
and deciduous. Achene subpyriform, triangular, umbonate. —
Kunth , l.c. p. 247.

A. monostachya , our only species, is a small, tufted plant, very pale in

CXLI. CYPEEACEJE.

421

colour, with simple culms, leafy at base only, and solitary, terminal, straw-
coloured spikelets. — Eastern districts.

10. FICHNTIA, Schrad.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes imbricated on all sides.
Perianth 0. Stamens 3. Ovary mostly sitting on a fleshy
disk ; style 3-fid, rarely 2-fid, equal at base, deciduous.
Achene pointed or pointless, flattish on the inner, convex and
bluntly angled on the outer side, very rarely convex on both
sides, mostly on a fleshy entire or 2-3-lobed disk. — Kunth , l.c.
p. 251.

Culms leafy below or leafless. Spikelets very variously disposed ; solitary
or few or many in a cluster or capitate-glomerulate, rarely racemose ; glo-
merules compound or umbelled. Glumes keeled, many-nerved. — Many
species, very diverse in aspect.

11. MELAW CR ANIS, Yahl.

Spikelets few-flowered, minute, crowded in a head and mixed
with large, imbricated, membranous, acuminate, dorsally con-
vex, glume-like bracts, which conceal the spikelets. Glumes
imbricated on all sides. Perianth 0. Stamens 3. Ovary on
a fleshy disk ; style deeply 3-fid, equal at base, deciduous.
Achene 3-angled, obtuse, on a disk. — Kunth , l.c. p. 264.

M. scariosa , the only certain (of 3 or 4) species, looks like a 1-headed
Ficinia, but on examination the inflorescence will be found to be very dif-
ferent. The heads vary in size and the bracts in colour. — Found through-
out the colony.

Teibe 3. Hypolytee^e. (Gen. 12-13.)

12. HEMICARPHA, Nees.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes imbricated on all sides,
obovate-cuneate, deciduous ; inner (palea) smaller ; lateral
very thin, hyaline, clasping the flower. Perianth 0. Stamens
1, sublateral. Style 2-fid. Achene elliptic-oblong, subterete,
umboned, punctulate, enrolled in a hyaline scale. — Kunth , l. c.

p. 268.

A small plant, resembling Isolepis setacea. Culms tufted, leafy at base
leaves setaceous. Spikelets solitary, ovate, obtuse, sessile. Bract l-leaved}
continuous with the culm.

13. PLATYLEPIS, Kth.

Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes (composed of 2 united
by their inner margin) imbricated on all sides, slightly convex,
roundish, narrow-pointed at the apex, spongioso-coriaceous,
internally bivalve, externally subtended by a much smaller

422

CXLT. CYPERACEiE.

cuneate or lanceolate, membranous scale ; valves hyaline,
covering the flower. Perianth 0. Stamens 2-3. Ovary flat-
tened ; style 2-fid, equal at base. Achene obovate-clavate, bi-
convex, shortly stipitate, punctulate, enclosed in the valves of
the larger palea. — Kunth, l.c. p. 269.

P. Capensis , our only species, was discovered by Drege on the Katberg
and in Caffraria. Its culms are slender, tufted, leafy at base, and bear a
head of 1-3 spikelets, subtended by 2 long involucral bracts. The whole
plant is very pale.

Tribe 4. Khynchospore^. (Gren. 14-26.)

14. TRIANOPTILES, .Eenzl.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both bisexual. Glumes distichous,
keeled, boat- shaped, 3 lower empty. Perianth of 3, narrow-
linear, 3-fid scales, villous-ciliate below ; the lobules bristle-
shaped, the medial longer. Stamens 3. Style very long, 2-fid
at the apex, swollen and hairy at the base. Achene obovate,
flat towards the axis, convex and obtusely angled in front,
minutely dotted, beaked, girt by the persistent enlarged peri-
anth scales ; the beak continuous, hairy at tip. — JEndl. Gen.
113 ; Kunth , l.c. p. 287 ( Kcklonia ).

T. Capensis ( Ecklonia Capensis , Steud.), found on Table Mountain, has
simple, leafy culms, and axillary or terminal, subgeminate, many-spikeleted
peduncles. Spikelets tufted, lanceolate, subcompressed, brownish-straw-
coloured.

15. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl.

Spikelets 1-9-flowered, either all the flowers bisexual or the
lower bisexual or female, the rest male. Glumes imbricate
on all sides (or imperfectly distichous), 1-nerved, often mucro-
nate-awned, the lower smaller, empty. Perianth of 6 or more
or fewer bristles, sometimes minute or wanting. Stamens 3
(2-1). Style more or less deeply 2-fid, thickened at base.
Achenes biconvex, beaked with the persistent, conical or subu-
late, hardened style-base.— Kunth, l. c.p. 287.

Culms leafy. Spikelets capitate, corymbose or panicled, brown or straw-
colour. — Few Cape species.

16. CLADITJM, R. Br.

Spikelets 2-1 -flowered, the flowers bisexual, the lower rarely
male. Glumes imbricate on all sides, lower empty. Perianth
0. Style 3-fid (rarely 2- fid), conical-bulbous at base, conti-
nuous. Achene bony, completely covered over by the much
enlarged, cap-like, adherent base of style. — Kunth , l.c. p. 303.

C. Mariscus , an almost cosmopolitan species, is found in Uitenbage.
Culms tall, leafy, ending in a long thyrsus of densely, much-branched pa-
nicles of small, clustered, chestnut-brown spikelets.

CXLI. CYPERACEiE.

423

17. LEPISIA, Presl.

Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper flower bisexual, lower male.
Glumes distichous, boatshaped, keeled, the lower gradually
smaller, mucronate-awned, empty. Perianth 0. Stamens 3.
Style 3-fid, pyramid-thickened at base, continuous with the
ovary. Achene 3-angled, beaked by the style-base. — Kunth ,
l. c. p. 307.

L. ustulata , Pr., has leafy, subterete stems ; filiform channelled, rigid
leaves, and fascicled spikelets, the fascicles in a raceme, subtended by a leaf.

18. ELYNANTHUS, Lestib.

Spikelets 1-4-flowered, the terminal bisexual, 3-6-androus,
the rest male, 5-8-androus. Glumes distichous, keeled-boat-
shaped, lower empty. Perianth 0. Style 3-fid, tuberous at
base. Achene triangular, crowned with the style-base. —
Kunth , l.c. p. 308.

Rigid, leafy culms, and channelled, very narrow leaves. Spikelets
fascicled near the top of the culm ; fascicles racemose. — Few species.

19. BUEKIA, Nees.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both bisexual. Glumes about 5, sub-
distichous, keeled, 3 lower empty. Perianth of 8 long, slender,
hispidulous bristles. Stamens 3. Style very long, 6-fid at
the apex, tuberous at base. Fruit (a nut-like caryopsis)
ovoid globose, papery, smooth, crowned with the style-base,
girt with a callous ring at base. — Kunth , l. c. p. 310.

Culms tall, terete, rigid, 1-leaved at base. Leaves terete, rigid, pungent.
Panicle terminal, contracted, subsimple, from the axil of a pungent, short
leaf. — B. pungens the only species.

20. IDELERIA, Kth.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both bisexual. Glumes few, disti-
chous, boatlike, keeled, the lower empty. Perianth of 5, capil-
lary, whitish-hyaline bristles, pubescent above, 2 of them much
shorter, thinner and glabrous. Stamens 6. Style 3-fid, conical-
thickened and hispid at base. Achene ? — Kunth , l. c. p. 310.

Culms 3-angled, leafy, scabrid. Leaves narrow, rigid, channelled, rough-
margined. Peduncles axillary and terminal, tufted, many-spiked ; spike-
lets tufted, bracteate. All parts very pale. — J. Capensis, Ktli., found near
Ezelbank by Drege.

21. ASTEROCHiETE, ISTees.

Spikelets 2-flowered, both bisexual. Glumes few, disti-
chous, keeled, the lower empty. Perianth of 6 hispid or

424

CXLI. CYPERACEjE.

plumose-pubescent, persistent bristles. Stamens 3. Style
3-fid, pyramid-thickened at base. Achene 3-angled, crowned
or beaked by the style-base and girt by the bristles. — Kunth ,
l.c.p. 311.

Coarse-growing, pale sedges, with 3-angled, leafy culms. Leaves rigid, flat
but keeled. Panicles or thyrsi axillary or terminal ; spikelets solitary or
capitate.— 3 Cape species.

22. SCLEROCHiETITJM, Nees.

Spikelets 2-flowered, upper bisexual, lower male. Grlumes
imbricate on all sides, keeled, lower empty, subulate-awned.
Perianth of 6 short, cartilaginous, pilose bristles. Stamens 3.
Style 3-fid, equal at base. Achene stalked, 3-angled, girt by
the short bristles. — Kunth , l. c. p. 320.

Culms tall, sub-3-gonous, leafy. Leaves narrow linear, keeled, rigid.
Panicle terminal, branched, leafy, nodding; spikelets tufted, bracteate;
bracts long, awned. — 2 species.

23. CYaTHOcOMA, Nees.

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Grlumes distichous, the lower smaller,
empty. Stamens 5-6 ; anthers mucronate. Perianth mem-
branous, tubular, bearing 6 capillary bristles, as long as the
pistil. Style deeply 3 -fid, its base thickened, continuous with
the 3-angular ovary. — Kunth , l. c. p. 322.

Culm jointed, fragile at the joints, rigid. Leaves very roughly serrulate.
Spikelets in axillary, 2-fid, flexuous spikes. — 2 species.

24. CHJETOSPORA, R. Br.

Spikelets 1-5-flowered, all bisexual. Grlumes distichous,
the lower smaller, empty. Perianth of 3-6 scabrous or plu-
mose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-fid, equal at base, deci-
duous. Achene 3-angled, more or less tipped with the per-
sistent style-base, girt with the bristles. — Kunth , l. c. p. 323.

Culms leafy at base. Leaves setaceous, channelled or flat. Spikelets
tufted or subcapitate, rarely axillary and terminal. — 6 Cape species.

25. HEMICHLJENA, Schrad.

Spikelets several- (5-9-) flowered, all bisexual. Grlumes dis-
tichous, boatshaped, keeled, 1-2 lower empty. Perianth 0.
Stamens 3. Style 3-fid, equal at base, deciduous. Achene
flat inside, convex-angled without, scarcely umbonate, sitting
in an irregularly lobed, turbinate disk. — Kunth , l. c. p. 330.

Culms simple or branched, leafy. Spikes terminal, solitary or several in
a tuft. Glumes brown. — 3 Cape species.

CXLI. CYPEEACEiE.

425

26. ACROLEPIS, Schrad.

Spikelets 2-3-flowered. G-lumes distichous, the lower
empty. Perianth 0. Stamens 3. Style deeply 3-fid, equal
at base, deciduous. Achene crustaceous, 3-angled, umbonate,
sitting in a cup-like, triangular disk, with a crenate margin. —
Kunth, l. c. p. 330.

Culms much branched, leafy. Spikelets terminal and lateral, peduncled.
— “ The genus differs from Hemichl&na by the smaller, few-flowered spike-
let, furnished at base with an accessory bract, the joints of the rachis closer,
and a thin sterile glume terminating the spike let.” — Nees.

SCHCENUS, R. Br. — Thunberg has several species under this genus,
which require re-examination as to their general character. I therefore
omit the genus. — Kunth , l.c. p. 334.

Tribe 5. ScLERiNEiE. (Gen. 27-28.)

27. SCLERIA, Linn.

Monoecious. — Male : Spikelets mixed with a few female and
androgynous spikelets, many flowers. Glumes imbricate on
all sides, the outer subdistichous, empty. Stamens 3-2-1.—
Pemale: Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes few. Styles 3-fid.
Androgynous spikelets several-flowered, the lower flower
female, the rest male. Achene stony or crustaceous, on a
more or less 3-lobed (often ciliate, fimbriate or multifid) disk.
— Kunth , l.c.p. 339.

Culms 3-angled, leafy. Leaves 3-5-nerved, rigid, grass-like ; vagina
often prolonged, at both sides, above the starting-pomt of leaf-blade. Spike-
lets panicled, racemose or spiked. — Several Cape species.

28. CHRYSITHRIX, Linn.

Spikelet many-flowered, androgynous, outer flowers many,
male, monandrous, each from a single glume, central flower
female, nude. Glumes imbricate on all sides, the inner linear,
acute, 1 -nerved, hyaline-membranous, deciduous, outer larger,
coriaceous, empty ; receptacle conical. Perianth 0. Anthers
linear, with a very long, hispidulous crest. Style deeply 3-fid ;
ovary pear-shaped. Fruit ? — Kunth , l. c. p. 365.

Culms strongly compressed, broad, simple, leafy at base. Leaves equi-
tant, broadly linear, straight, resembling the culm, rigid. Spikelet solitary,
ovate-oblong, from the axil of a short, terminal, sheathing leaf. — 2 species.

Tribe 6. Caricike.®. (Gen. 29-32.)

29. CAREX, Linn.

Spikelets androgynous or monoecious, very rarely dioecious.
Glumes imbricate on all sides, 1-flowered. Flowers uni-

426

CXLI. CYPEEACEJE.

sexual. — Male: Perianth 0. Stamens 3, in the axil of the
glume. — Pemale: Ovary enclosed in a saccate palea; style

2- 3-fid. Achene lenticular or 3-angled, enclosed in the en-
larged 2-dentate, saccate utricle. — Kunth, l. c.p. 368.

A vast genus, diffused over the world. Culms triangular, leafy. Spike-
lets variously disposed, mostly many-flowered. — Several Cape species
Eastern.

30. UNCINIA, Pers.

Spikelets androgynous, male in the upper, female in the
lower half. Glumes imbricate on all sides. Perianth 0.
— Male: Stamens 3. — Pemale: Ovary enclosed in a saccate
utricle, and having at its base (within the sac) a hooked awn ;
style 3-fid, rarely 2-fid. Achene enclosed in the persistent
and enlarged sac ; awn persistent, exserted. — Kunth , l.c.p. 524.

Culms 3-angled ; leaves grassy ; spikelets solitary, terminal, erect. — 1
Cape species.

31. SCHCENOXIPHIUM, Nees.

Spikelets disposed in compound spikes, the terminal of each
branchlet male, the lateral androgynous, subdistichous, sessile,
bracteate at base. — Male spikelets many-flowered ; glumes
imbricate all round. Stamens 3. Androgynous ; upper flower
male, the basal flower female. Glume (or palea) of the
female flower opposite the bract, contiguous to the common
rachis, 2-keeled, embracing the pistil and the base of the
racheole, its margins more or less connate so as to form a 3-
angled sac, persistent in fruit. Perianth 0. Style 3-fid.
Achene 3-angled, beaked by the style-base, covered by the
persistent, saccate palea. — Kunth, l. c. p. 528.

6 species, resembling androgynous Carices.

32. ATJLACORHYNCHUS, Nees.

Spikelets monoecious, the female axillary. — Male : Glumes
distichous, 4-5, papery-membranous, all except the lowest fer-
tile. Stamens 3 ; anthers long, erect, cuspidate. — Pemale :
Glumes as in the male, imbricate all round, 6-7, the lower all
sterile, the uppermost alone fertile. Perianth 0. Style elon-
gate, attenuate below, deeply 3-fid, with long, twisted, hispidu-
lous branches ; base thick, 3-furrowed, persistent. Pruit utri-
cular, roundish, obsoletely 3-angled, inflated, nerve-veined,
beaked by the continuous style-base, the beak thick, deeply

3- furrowed, obtuse, with a solid point. — Kunth , l. c. p. 535.

Male spikes many, tufted at the apex of the culm, subcapitate ; fema le
distant, 1-2 in the axils of the leaves. — 1 species.

427

Order CXLII. GRAMINE^.

Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in spikelets, which
consist of 3 or more (rarely 2 or 1) chaff-like glumes (scales
or bracts), which are arranged alternately on opposite sides of
the spikelet, and are convex outwardly. Two (sometimes 1 or
3) lowest glumes empty, often differently shaped from the
others, the succeeding or flowering glumes (lower palese of
many authors) each enclosing a small scale (palea). Within
the palea, or between it and the flowering glume, is the real
flower, consisting of 2, rarely 3 or 6, microscopic scales, to-
gether with 3, rarely 1, 2 or 6 stamens, and 1 ovary. Scales
(lodicules or squamules of authors) generally 2 and lateral.
Stamens with slender filaments and linear, rarely oblong,
2-celled, versatile anthers. Ovary 1-celled ; style divided into
2-3 long or short feathery stigmas, rarely simple ; ovule 1,
erect. Fruit a 1-seeded caryopsis (or grain), free or often
adherent to the palea or to both the palea and flowering glume,
both or one of which may be hardened; pericarp very thin,
usually closely adherent to the seed. Seed with a lateral
furrow ; testa extremely thin, adherent to the farinaceous al-
bumen and (usually equally thin) pericarp ; embryo minute,
at the base of the albumen. — The Grasses are annual or
perennial herbs, rarely arborescent, as the Bamboo, with cylin-
dric or compressed, never 3 -angled, stems (culms), which are
jointed, and almost invariably hollow except at the nodes.
Leaves alternate, entire, parallel-veined, usually long and
narrow, sheathing at the base ; sheathing part distinct from
the blade, split to its junction with the culm, and usually pro-
vided with a membranous ring or appendage where the blade
joins it. Spikelets generally arranged in terminal spikes,
racemes or panicles.

The study of the great Order of Grasses, the most widely distributed of
all flowering plants, and most useful to man, has occupied the attention of
many able botanists, who are far from agreed as to the exact nature of
their floral envelopes ; that is to say, as to what organs of other plants
they are the counterparts. The Cape genera not having been worked up
by Dr. Harvey, are here supplied by his and my friend Colonel Munro,
the only living botanist who is familiar with this difficult Order. The
arrangement, limitation, and characters of the tribes and subtribes are also
Colonel Munro’ s, and, being here for the first time published, they will be
studied by botanists with great interest. In adopting for the floral enve-
lopes the terms Flowering glumes, Palea, etc., Colonel Munro follows the
course adopted in the Colonial Floras, but is by no means satisfied that
they express truly the relationship of these organs, and is decidedly of
opinion that the term lower palea should replace that of flowering glume.
The ordinal characters I have taken from Mr. Bentham’s * Flora Hong-
kongensis.’ — J. D. H.

428

CXLIT. GIIAMINE2E.

Analysis of Tribes and Subtribes.

Tribe 1. Panicese, R. Rr. — Spikelets articulated closely below the
lowest glume, 2- very rarely 3-flowered. Upper glume always containing
the most perfect and only fertile flower. Axis of spikelet never, Rluffia
excepted, produced beyond the flowering glume. Scales never more than
2. — (In subtribe Mayadece the spikelets are monoecious and the sexes dis-
similar, and occupy different parts of the panicle.)

Subtribe 1. Ettpanicejs. Flowering glume never awned with a twisted
awn, occasionally mucronate, never bearded at the base. Empty and
flowering glumes frequently similar in consistence. Flowering glume and
palea generally hardening in fruit and always enclosing the grain, which is
shorter than the palea. Palea of fertile flower never deficient.

Subtribe 2. Tristegineze. Flowering glume (in Cape species) bearded
at base and awned with a twisted awn. In other respects as in Eupanicece.
— Panicle generally loose.

Subtribe 3. Andropoginejs. Flowering glume very often awned with
a twisted awn, and palea never hardening in fruit, often extremely thin
and always thinner than the barren glumes. Grain often longer than the
palea, which is occasionally absent. — Spikelets generally placed 2 together,
often very dissimilar, not inserted in hollows of the rachis.

Subtribe 4. Mayadeze. Spikelets monoecious, occupying different parts
of the panicle. Males very numerous. Females few, generally concealed
in a somewhat bony (hardened) involucre.

Tribe 2. Phalaridese, Munro. — Spikelets articulated sometimes as in
Panicece, and sometimes at the base of the pedicels, near the main axis, 3-
or apparently 1-flowered. Outer empty glumes laterally compressed, often
united at base, longer than the rest. Flowering glume terminal, generally
hairy, with 2 rudimentary glumes below it. Otherwise as in Panicece. —
(Intermediate between Panicece and Poacece.)

Tribe 3. Poacese, R. Rr. — Spikelets always (except in Fingerhuthia)
articulated above the lowest glume, 1- or many-flowered. — Lowest flower,
with very few exceptions, perfect ; terminal flower never (except in two
genera of Rambusece ) more perfect than those below it. Axis of the spike-
let almost invariably terminated by an imperfect glume, which is frequently
reduced to a small point or bristle. Scales 3 in Stipacece and Rambusece,
2 in all other subtribes. Stamens 1-3, rarely 6. Fruit always shorter than
the flowering glume.

Subtribe 1. Agrostideze. Spikelets with one flowering glume and an
occasional rudiment of a second. The callus, inside the empty glumes,
generally rounded and often bearded. Flowering glume thin. Awn, if
present, dorsal, slender, and not twisted.

Subtribe 2. Stipacece. Spikelets always 1-flowered. Callus generally
sharp-pointed. Flowering glume thickened and (except in Lasiagrostis)
closely enveloping the palea. Awn always present, terminal, simple or
3-cleft, frequently twisted. Scales 2-3.

Subtribe 3. Oryze.e. Spikelets 1-3-flowered, laterally compressed, only
1 flower perfect. Lowest glumes generally rudimentary, often almost
obsolete. Flowering glume occasionally awned with a terminal awn, which
is never twisted. Scales 1-2. Stamens (in the Cape species) 6.

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

429

Subtribe 4. Chloride.®. Spilt elets rarely 1-, generally several-flowered,
sessile, or in Leptochloa very shortly pedicellate, on the under side of a
flattened, unjointed racliis. One or two of the lowest flowers occasionally
abortive or imperfect. Lowest glume very persistent, generally strongly
keeled and 1-nerved. Awn of flowering glume, if present, not twisted.
Ovary never hairy at top. Seed free or enclosed in a loose pericarp.

Subtribe 5. Avenace®. Spiltelets 2- or many-flowered, pedicellate, their
rachis generally slender, 1 or 2 lowest flowers occasionally male or neuter.
Axis always prolonged into an imperfect or rudimentary glume. Lowest
glume membranous, often equalling or exceeding the flowering gluipes.
Flowering glume rarely blunt, generally awned on the back or between the
teeth, with a mostly twisted or bent awn. Ovary occasionally hairy at top,
either free or adnate to the palea.

Subtribe 6. Festucace®. Spikelet3 rarely 2-, generally many-flowered,
pedicellate or very rarely almost sessile, axis always ? prolonged into an
imperfect glume which is generally rudimentary or bristle-like. Flowering
glume, (in Pappophorum multifid,) often entire and blunt, sometimes awned,
but the awn is never twisted and, except perhaps in Bromus, is always ter-
minal. Empty glumes generally as thin or thinner than flowering glumes,
the lowest occasionally absent. Fruit free or adnate to the palea. Styles
always 2, except perhaps in CeratocMoa. Scales 2. — (In Ehrharta the
2 lowest florets, and in Phragmites the lowest are sterile.)

Subtribe 7. Bambuse®. Spikelets (in Cape genera) many-flowered with
the axis prolonged into an imperfect glume. Scales 3. Stamens 3 or
6. Styles 2 or 3. — Arboreous or shrubby grasses. Leaves articulated at
base.

Subtribe 8. Hordeace®. Spikelets 1- or many- flowered, sessile or very
shortly pedicellate on opposite sides of a zigzag, jointed rachis, either soli-
tary or 2-3 together. Empty glumes not keeled, unequally nerved, stand-
ing at right angles to the axis of the spike, upper one sometimes deficient.
Otherwise as in Festucacece.

Analysis of Genera.

Tribe 1. Paniceae.

Subtribe 1. Eupanice®.

(a) Spikelets apparently 1-flowered, generally al-

most sessile and on one side of a flattened
rachis. Lowest glume always obsolete;
lowest flower always neuter. Flowering
glume and palea hardening in fruit. —

Glumes nearly always thick

Spikelets arranged in a compact, spike-like
panicle. Flowering glume and palea not
hardening conspicuously in fruit. Flower-
ing glume of lowest spikelets with several
rows of hooked bristles

( b ) Spikelets evidently 2-flowered. — (In Bluff}, a

incompletely 3 -flowered. In some species
of Panicum the lowest glume is extremely
small and almost obsolete.)
f Spikelets naked (not surrounded by an invo-
lucre), never more than 2 together on the
same pedicel.

1. Paspalum.

2. Tragus.

430

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

Lowest flowering glume neuter or male.

Flowering glume and palea (the latter
generally flattened) hardening in fruit.

The 2 lowest glumes generally not very
dissimilar and almost exactly opposite.

Inflorescence almost every form of panicle.

(In the subgenus Digitaria the lowest
glume is generally very small, and the
spikelet3 are arranged mostly in pairs on
one side of digitate or clustered rachis. In
subgenus Orthopogon the 3 lowest glumes
are generally long pointed and strongly
nerved) 3. Panicum.

Spikelets on very short, few-flowered ra-
cemes, which are more or less deeply
immersed in alternate hollows on one side
of the thickened rachis of the solitary,
terminal spike. — Leaves flat. Otherwise
as in Panicum 4. Stenotaphrum.

Anomalous Genus. — Axis of the spikelet pro-
longed into a delicate filament (rudimen-
tary glume). All the glumes and palese
mucronate, the flowering ones not harden-
ing conspicuously in fruit. Both flowers
contain scales. Paleae remarkably eared on
each side towards the base. — Spikelets
arranged in digitate racemes. Leaves

generally hairy 5. Bluffia.

ft Spikelets involucrated at their base. — The
involucre is extremely short, little more
than a beard in Tricholcena.

Involucre of uniform bristles, persistent,
principally placed on one side of the
spikelet. Flowering glume and palea
much hardened in fruit, and the glume
generally wrinkled on its outer surface.

— Spikelet generally gibbous 6. Setaria.

Involucre persistent, of 2 forms, some of
the bristles being feathered and some
simply scabrous, completely surrounding
the spikelet. 2 lowest glumes very small.

Anthers penicillate. Grain obovate . . 7. Penicillaria.

Involucre extremely short, beard-like, falling
off with the spikelet, which is silkily hairy,
terminal and solitary on a long, slen-
der pedicel. Glumes distant and alter-
nate, the 2 lowest extremely dissimilar.

Flowering glumes very small 8. Tricholaina.

Involucre (falling off with solitary spikelet)
composed of scabrous bristles, uniform
in structure, unequal in length, 1 bristle
extremely long. — Inflorescence densely
spicate. Styles united at base .... 9. Gymnothrix.

Involucre embracing 2-3 spikelets, composed
of 2 kinds of bristles, some long feathered

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

431

towards the base, others merely scabrous.

Otherwise as in preceding 10. Pennisetttm.

Involucre becoming very hard, (composed of
the thickened lower glumes of the spike-
lets, which are united at their base,) en-
closing 4-6 or more spikelets placed at the
top of a common pedicel. Scales absent . 11. Anthephora.

Subtribe 2. Tristeginea:.

Spikelets small, scattered along the branches of

a compound panicle. Awn slender . . . .12. Arukdinella.

Spikelets large, 1-3 together at the end of the

branchlets. Awn strong, l|-2 inches long . 13. Tristachya.

Subtribe 3. Andropoginea:.

o. Spikelets apparently 1-flowered. Lowest glume
absent. Barren glume with a simple not
twisted awn. Panicle dense, spike-like . . 14. Perotis.

(3. Spikelets evidently 2-flowered, 3 glumes pre-
sent.

* Spikelets in pairs equally fertile,
f Glumes all awnless.

Spikelets indented in the axis of a flattened

rachis 15. Hemarthria.

Panicle dense, cylindrical, lowest glumes

thin 16. Imperata.

Panicle much divided, dense, lowest glume

very thick ,17. Eriochrysis.

ff Flowering glume with a twisted awn.

One fertile and one neuter flower in each
spikelet.

Panicle touch divided. Main rachis not

jointed 18. Eulalia, Trin.

Panicle composed of 3-5 rather slender,

spike-like branches 19. Pollinia, Trin.

One fertile and one male flower in each
spikelet 20. Spodiopogon.

** Spikelets in pairs, only one fertile.

Pedicelled spikelet fertile, lowest one sessile,
male 21. Trachypogon.

Pedicelled spikelet, male or neuter, seldom
awned.

Fertile spikelet not awned.

Lowest glumes of fertile spikelet empty,

taper-pointed or 2-fid 22. Elionurus.

Lowest glume of fertile spikelet male,
glume of one or both spikelets pro-
longed into a very long beak . . .23. Vossia.

Fertile spikelet awned, almost sessile.

Fertile spikelet cylindrical. Upper
flower female, strongly awned, pedi-
cellate ; male flat. Spike simple, soli-
tary 24. Heteropogon.

Fertile spikelets generally flattened, with
lowest glume prominently nerved in
jointed spikes or spike-like branches.

432

CXLII. OEAMINEJE.

Articulation of spikelet generally ob-
lique 25. Andropogon.

Fertile spikelets ovate, rounded on the
back, in a decompound panicle with
unjointed branches. Articulation of
spikelets transverse. Lowest glume
thickened, inconspicuously nerved in

the middle 26. Sorghum.

*** Spikelets in threes, central sessile hermaphro-
dite, two lateral pedicellate, male, terminating
the branches of an open panicle .... 27. Chrysopogon.
Spikelets fascicled, 4 or 6 neuter or male,

spikelets surrounding the solitary fertile one 28. Anthistiria.

Subtribe 4. Mayade.®.

Male spikelets numerous towards the top, fe-
male spikelet solitary at the base of the un-
jointed fascicled spikes 29. Coix.

Tribe 2. Phalaridese.

Flowering glume awnless, with 2 rudimentary
glumes between it and the 2 outer empty

glumes. Stamens 3 30. Phalaris.

(Hierochloe and Holcus will be found in Avenacece.)

Tribe 3. Poacese.

Subtribe 1. Agrostideas.

a. None of the glumes awned or pointed or mu-
cronate.

Flowering glume sessile, naked at base, gene-
rally 1 -nerved. Grain loose in pericarp . 31. Sporobolus.
j8. Outer glumes either awned or pointed or mu-
cronate.

Outer glumes nearly equal, acute, not much
longer than the. flowering 3-5-nerved
glume, which in all the Cape species is
awned on back. — Callus with a short beard
or naked. Terminal rudimentary glume

often visible 32. Agrostis.

Outer glumes long awned, longer than the
awned flowering glume. Callhs not

bearded 33. Polypogon.

Callus bearded with hairs, which are as long

as flowering glume 34. Calamagrostis.

Subtribe 2. Stipaceas.

Awn simple, scarcely twisted, between the lobe3

of the 2-fid, silky, flowering glume . . . .35. Lasiagrostis.

Awn simple, much twisted, terminal at the undi-
vided point of the coriaceous flowering glume . 36. Stipa.

Awn 3- fid between the lobes of the 2-fid or emar-

ginate flowering glume 37. Stipagrostis.

Awn 3-fid, terminal at the undivided point of the

flowering glume 38. Aristida.

Subtribe 3. Oryze^e.

Outer glumes obsolete. Flowering glume and

palea rigid, herbaceous 39. Leersia.

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

433

Outer glumes short but visible, flowering glume

and palea membranous 40.

( Oryza (Rice) is only known in a cultivated state.

found in Festucacece.)

Subtribe 4. Chloride J5.

Spikes simple, solitary, terminal.

Spikelets 1-flowered, indented in the rachis.
Flowering glumes hairy 41.

Spikelets 4-5-flowered, 2 lowest flowering
glumes sterile, 3rd fertile 42.

Spikelets 4-flowered, lowest flowering glume
fertile, upper sterile .. 43.

Spikes 2 or more together, digitate or fascicled,
rarely somewhat panicled.

Spikelets with 1 perfect flowering glume and a
rudimentary upper one, both outer glumes
pointless . . , . 44.

Spikelets with 1 perfect flowering glume and
rudimentary upper one, 2nd outer glume
awned below the apex 45.

Spikelets many-flowered, several flowering
glumes and a terminal imperfect one. Flow-
ering glume pointed 46.

Spikelets narrow, many-flowered ; several
perfect flowering glumes, terminal one im-
perfect. All glumes awnless and blunt . . 47.

Spikelets many-flowered, 1-3 perfect flowering
glumes and several imperfect. Flowering
glumes long-awned 48.

Spikes racemose panicled or glomerate.

Spikelets 1-flowered 49.

Spikelets several-flowered, two lowest flowering
glumes sterile. Spikes few, 4-7 .... 50.

Spikelets shortly stalked, several-flowered, lower
flowering glumes perfect, in racemose spikes. 51.

Spikelets very shortly stalked, several-flowered,
lower flowering glumes perfect, in compound
and decompound racemes 52.

Subtribe 5. Avenace.®.

Spikelets with lowest flower only fertile, upper
rudimentary or male.

Lowest flowering glume very thick and strongly
awned ; upper rudimentary 53.

Lowest flowering-glume awnless ; upper male,
or in the Cape species neuter, awned . . . 54.

Spikelet, except in 1 Cape species of Trisetum,
with 2 or more lower flowers fertile.

Flowering glume never awned 55.

Flowering glume with a slender awn between
the middle and base. Spikelets small, oblong
or ovate 56.

Flowering glume long-awned, cleft at the top
into 2 acute-pointed teeth.

Maltebrunia.
Flirharta will be

Microchloa.

Ctenium.

Harpechloa.

Cynodon.

Eustachys.

Dactyloctenium.

Eleusine.

Chloris.

Spartina.

Tetrachne.

Leptochloa.

Diplachne.

Anisopogon.

Holcus.

Achneria.

Aira.

2 F

434

CXLII. GEAMINEiE.

Awn between the teeth of flowering glume

proceeding from the 3 united middle nerves. 57. Danthonia.
Awn below the top proceeding from mid-
nerve only.

Flowering glume compressed, keeled.

Awn bent or flexuous 58. Trisetum.

Flowering glume rounded on back. Awn

twisted 59. A vena.

Spikelet with lowest flowering glume imperfect.

Outer glumes 3-nerved 60. Trichopteryx.

Outer glumes many-nerved 61. Ch&tobromus.

Spikelets with 2 lowest flowering glume male or

neuter, awned ; upper fertile, awnless . . . 62. Hierochloa.

Subtribe 6. Festucaceje.

Stamens never more than 3.

Spikelet articulated below the outer glumes (as

in Panicea), 2-4-flowered 63. Fingerhuthia.

Spikelet articulated above the outer glumes,
which are persistent.

G-rain free, not adhering to upper palea.

Kachis of spikelet bearded with long hairs.

Lowest flowering glume hermaphrodite. 64. Arundo.

Lowest flowering glume male or neuter. 65. Phragmites.
Kachis of spikelet not bearded with long
. hairs.

One or both outer glumes 5- or more-
nerved.

Flowering glume many-nerved, deeply
divided, into 9-13 nearly equal
points 66. Pappophorum.

Flowering glume 9-nerved, obovate,

2-fid at top 67. Schismus.

Flowering glume 7-nerved, with a

very long flexuous point . . . .68. Urochljena.

Flowering glume faintly 9-nerved,

very thin, acute- or short-pointed . 69. LaSIOCHLOA.

Flowering glume many-nerved, coria-
ceous, pointless or acute (Cape spe-
cies with club-shaped hairs on back) 70. Brizopyrtjm.

Flowering glume 7- or more-nerved,
flattish-convex, membranous at top,
blunt (in Cape species with very
long silky hairs on back) . . . .71. Melica.

Flowering glume obsoletely 3-nerved,

blunt or with very short point . .72. Chondrola;na.

Outer glume never more than 3-nerved.

Flowering glume pointed, awned or
acute ; nerves, when present,
running into the point.

Flowering glume herbaceous,
pointed, compressed, keeled.

Panicle contracted, branclilets in

l-sided clusters 73. Dactylis.

Flowering glume membranous,

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

435

keeled, acute or awned or rarely
blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-

like 74. Kosleria.

Flowering glume and palea pointless,
thick, the nerves parallel.

Flowering glume convex or rounded

on back, faintly 5-nerved . . .75. AteopiS.

The section of Festuca , called Schoe-

nodorus , would come here . .79. Festtjca (sect.

Flowering glume generally com- Schoenodorus).

fk’essed, keeled, 5-nerved, mem-
branous ; palea falling off with

flowering glume 76. POA.

Flowering glume keeled, 3-nerved,

deciduous ; palea persistent . . 77. EragrostiS.

Grain adhering to palea, except in the sect.

Schoenodorus of Festuca.

Spikelets all similar, equally fertile.

Flowering glume rounded at back, very

obtuse, pointless, many-nerved . . 78. Briza.

Flowering glume rounded on back, acute

pointed or awned at top, few-nerved. 79. Festuca.
Flowering glume convex or keeled on
back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing
below the 2-cleft top, 5-9-nerved.

Grain not 3-horned or angled . . . 80. Beohus.

Grain 3-horned, otherwise as in Bromus 81. Ceratocrloa.
Spikelets dissimilar, some fertile, some

sterile 82. Cynosurus.

Stamens 6, rarely 3.

Two lowest flowering glumes male or neuter,

very unlike the solitary fertile one .... 83. Eheharta.

Subtribe 7. Bambusea.

Spikelets with only 1 perfect flowering glume,

nearly sessile. Stamens 6. Stigma deeply 3-fid 84. Nastus.

Subtribe 8. Hordeaceje.

Spikelets placed singly at each joint of therachis.

Spikelets decidedly sessile.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a terminal rudi-
mentary glume, somewhat immersed in

the rachis 85. Monerma.

Spikelets several-flowered, 1 glume obsolete ;

ovary glabrous 86. Lolium.

Spikelets several-flowered, both glumes pre-
sent ; ovary hirsute 87. Triticuh.

Spikelets shortly pedicellate 88. Brachypodiuh.

Spikelets placed in threes at each joint of the

rachis 89. Hoedeum.

Tribe 1. Paxtice^j.

Subtribe 1. Eupahicea:.

1. P ASP ALUM, Linn.

Snikelets in slender unilateral spikes, 1-flowered, not awned

2 f 2

436

CXLII. GftAMIKEiE.

nor callous at base. Outer glumes 2, both empty. Flowering
glume concave, of a firmer texture. Palea like the flowering
glume, but smaller and 2-nerved. Grain enclosed in the
hardened palea and flowering glume. — Nees , Z. c. p. 15 ; Benth.
FI. Honqk. p. 408.

Grasses of variable habits. — 1 Cape species.

2. TRAGUS, Hall.

Spikelets racemose, 2-5 on common shbrt pedicels, 1-
flowered. Outer glumes 2 ; the lower minute, flat, thinly
membranous ; the upper (a barren flower, fide Nees ) concave,
cartilaginous, in the lowest spikelets covered with hard, rough
points. Flowering glume and palea oblong, acute, papery-
membranous, concave, the flowering glume embracing the
shorter, 2-nerved palea. Grain oblong, glabrous, enclosed in
the flowering glume and palea. — Lappago, Schreb. ; Kunth ,
Enum. i. p. 169 ; Nees , Z. c. p. 72.

Small, rigid grasses, with annual roots. — 1 or 2 species.

3. PANICUM, Linn.

Spikelets either in slender unilateral spikes or in close-
cylindrical or diffusely-branched panicles, 1-2-flowered ; the
lower flowers, when present, male. Glumes always 4, the
lowest small or very small, empty ; the next larger and empty ;
the third empty or with an imperfect or male flower; the
innermost or flowering glume of a firmer texture, more faintly
nerved. Palea like the flowering glume, but smaller and 2-
nerved. Grain enclosed in the hardened flowering glume and
palea. — Nees , Z. e. p. 20; also Oplismenus, l.c.p. 60; Benth.
FI. Hongk. p . 409.

A vast genus, chiefly tropical ; several yield food for man. — 40 or 42 Cape
species, chiefly on or beyond the Eastern frontier.

4. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin.

Spikelets in spikes, 2 or more inserted in alternate hollows
along a broad, flattened, unjointed rachis, 2-flowered. Outer
glumes 2, the lower smaller. Lower flower male ; upper her-
maphrodite or female. Flowering glume and palea coriaceous,
the former concave, enclosing and clasping the latter. Grain
free, glabrous. — Nees , Z. c. p. 62.

1 Cape species.

5. BLUFFIA, Nees.

Spikelets in digitate racemes, 2-flowered, with a rudimentary
third flower. Outer glumes 2, membranous-herbaceous, su-

CXLII. GRAMINE2E.

437

bulate-acuminate, the lower smaller 3-nerved, the upper 5-
nerved. Lower flower male ; its flowering glume like the
upper outer glume, subulate-acuminate ; its palea 2-parted,
membranous, shorter, the segments acuminate, eared in front
and clasping the stamens. Upper flower hermaphrodite, the
flowering glume and palea subequal, taper-pointed ; the former
convex, with an awn-like point ; the latter dorsally concave,
mucronate, eared on each side at base, the ears clasping the
flowers. — Nees, l. c. p. 61.

B. EcTcloniana , Nees, is a handsome grass, common to the east of Uiten-
hage.

6. SETARXA, Beauv.

Spikelets generally swollen on one side, in dense spiked
panicles, or apparently cylindrical spikes, 2-flowered, awnless,
with a persistent involucre (abortive branchlets), composed of
simple scabrous bristles, principally placed on one side. Outer
glumes 2, the lowest very short. Lower flowers male or
neuter ; upper flowers hermaphrodite ; the flowering glumes
often mucronate, generally wrinkled on the back, and often
marked on each side with a curious horseshoe-shaped impres-
sion ; otherwise as in Panicum. — Panicum, Nees , l.c. p. 52-56 ;
Kunth , Enum.p. 149.

A widely-distributed genus, affording good fodder grasses. — 8 species at
the Cape.

7. PENICILLARIA, Willd.

Spikelets 2-flowered, in a spike-like raceme, each 1-2 spike-
lets with an involucre of 2 sorts of bristles ; the outer bristles
short, scabrid ; the inner longer, mostly plumose towards the
base. Outer glumes 2, very short, membranous, nearly nerve-
less. Lower flower either neuter and 1-valve or male 2-valved ;
its flowering glume entire or emarginate. Upper flower
hermaphrodite, rarely female ; the flowering glume and palea
convolute, papery, either entire, truncate or 2-fid, hardening
in fruit. Anthers bearded at the apex. Grain enclosed in the
flowering glume and palea. — Nees , l.c. p. 71.

Usually tall grasses, affording a millet in several species, — P. PluJcenetii
is in Drege’s collections, and P. spicata in Burchell’s.

8. TRICHOLJENA, Schrad.

Spikelets in diffuse panicles, 2-flowered. Outer glumes 2,
membranous, softly silky, the lower very small or reduced to
a silky ring ; upper as long as the lower flowering glume,
mucronate or setigerous below the 2-fid apex. Lower flower
male or neuter, its flowering glume very like the upper outer

438

CXLTT. ORAMINEiE.

glume ; palea smaller, 2-dentate, closely wrapping the stamens.
Upper flower hermaphrodite, smaller than the male, its flower-
ing glume and palea rigid. Grain enclosed in the hardened
flowering glume and palea. — Nees , l.c. p. 16.

Elegant grasses, with slender panicles of silky, white or rosy flowers. — 5
Cape species.

RhyncJielytrum, Nees, l.c. p. 64, seems to be the same genus with rather
longer and harsher spikelets, and longer points or awns to the 2nd and 3rd
glumes.

9. GYMMQTHRIX, R, Br.

Spikelets and flowers of Banicum , but each spikelet sur-
rounded by an involucre of long, simple, unequal, awn-like
bristles, and all arranged in a long, cylindrical, simple and
dense spike or raceme. — Nees, l.c. p. 65 ; Benth. l.c. p. 413.

4 Cape species.

10. PENNXSETUM, Beauv.

Spikelets 2-flowered, spiked, each with an involucre of two
sorts of bristles ; the outer bristles short, slender, scabrous ;
the inner longer (very unequal), feathery in the lower half.
Outer glumes either 2, the lower minute ; or 1, the lower
being deficient ; membranous, subscarious, acute. Lower
flower male, with flowering glume and palea, or neuter without
palea ; the flowering glume membrano-scarious, 3-fid. Upper
flower either hermaphrodite or female. Glume and palea
convolute, papery, ciliate at the apex, hardening in fruit.
Grain free, enclosed in the flowering glume and palea. — Nees,
l.c. p. 70.

1 Cape species.

11. ANTEPHORA, Schreb.

Spikelets 1-5, in a 4-5-fid hardening involucre, composed of
the united lower glumes, arranged in simple, unjointed spikes.
Second glume membranous, subulate, short; supporting a
neuter, membranous flowering glume, and above it a herma-
phrodite flowering glume. Flowering glume and palea of the
fertile flower papery, concave, subequal, hardening in fruit
and enclosing the mucronulate grain. — Nees, l.c. p. 73.

A. pubescens, Nees, found on the Giariep by Lichtenstein.

Subteibe 2. Tbisteginea:.

12. ARUNDINTELLA, Raddi.

Spikelets 1-flowered or with a second (lower) male flowers
in a loose panicle. Glumes 4 ; the 2 lowest empty, pointed,
but not awned ; the third smaller, similar, but often with a

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

439

male flower in its axil ; the terminal flowering one smaller,
thinner, with an awn twisted at the base, and bent back at or
below the middle; palea smaller, awnless. Grain enclosed
in the slightly stiffened glume and palea. — j Yees, l.c.p. 79;
Benth. FI. Hongk. p. 415.

2 Cape species.

13. TRISTACHYA, Nees.

Spikelets in threes or solitary, at the ends of the branches
of a panicle, containing 1 fertile pedicellate flower, and a neu-
ter or male rudimentary glume. Lowest outer glume shorter,
mucronate. Flowering glumes herbaceous ; those of the
barren flower 3-toothed at apex ; of the fertile bearded at
base, 2-fid, with a long, basally twisted awn between the lobes.
— Nees , l.c. p. 266.

Coarse grasses, with large, hairy spikelets, somewhat resembling those of
the Live Oat {Avena fatua). — 1 or 2 Cape species.

SlTBTBIBE 3. ANDEOPOGONE.2E.

14. PEROTIS, Ait.

Spikelets 1 -flowered, lanceolate, small, on minute pedicels,
closely placed in a simple spike. Outer glumes 2, subequal, half
membranous, tapering into a long, slender bristle. Flowering
glume and palea membranous, hyaline, either subequal or the
glume larger, lanceolate, the palea small, subulate. Grain
free, enclosed in the glumes. — Nees, l.c. p. 139 ; Benth. l.c.p.
418.

P. latifolia , Ait., a widely-diffused tropical grass, occurs at Natal. Culm
slender, leafy in its lower parts ; the spike 2-4 inches long, barren in the
lower parts ; leaves short and broad, spreading, taper-pointed.

15. HEMARTHRIA, Br.

Spikelets solitary, half- sunk in hollows of the unjointed
rachis of a simple spike, with 1 flowering glume, which is
sometimes male or neuter. Empty glumes 3 ; the lowest
rigid, nerved; the next boat-shaped, somewhat thinner but
rigid ; the third membranous. Flowering glume membranous ;
palea also membranous, but smaller and narrow. Scales mem-
branous, plaited, truncate, toothed, clasping the ovary. Grain
free. — Lodicularia, Beauv. ; Nees, l.c.p. 127.

H. Capensis, diffused through the colony, is a marsh or water-grass, with
branching, leafy culms, the branches ending in simple spikes.

16. IMPERATA, Cyr.

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, pedicellate, in a dense, cylin-

440

CXLII. GUAMINE2E.

drical, spike-like panicle. Grlumes thin and delicate ; the two
outer clothed with very long, silky hairs ; the third smaller,
glabrous, empty ; the flowering glume and palea still shorter,
broad, entire or toothed. Stamens 2. Stigmas long and
narrow, plumose, reddish. Grain free, enclosed in the glumes.
— Nees , l.c.p. 88 ; Benth. FI. Hongh. p. 419.

I. arundinacea , Cyr., a common grass of warm countries, occurs on the
Eastern frontier and at Natal.

17. ERIOCHRYSIS, Beauv.

Spikelets in pairs (the terminal in threes), 1 -flowered, along
the jointed branches of a much-divided panicle ; 1 sessile, the
other pedicellate, both fertile. Outer glumes 2, rigid, boat-
shaped, nerved, pointless, nearly equal. Flowering glume and
palea very thin and transparent, pointless ; the glume longer
and broader than the palea, concave, ciliate. Grain free. —
Kunth , Enum. i. p. 473.

12. pallida, Munro, found at Magalisberg by Burke and Zeyher, is a rigid
grass, with involute leaves, and a culm about 2 feet high, bearing a close
panicle, clothed with long silky, fulvous hairs, a whorl of which surrounds
every joint of the rachis, forming an involucre to each spikelet.

18. EULALIA, Trin.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, both pedicellate, along the
slender, unjointed branches of a diffuse panicle, each spikelet
girt at base with rufous hairs. Outer glumes 2, rigid, papery,
pointless, villous, the lower 2-nerved ; third glume also empty,
thinner. Flowering glume very narrow, 2-fid, ending in a long
awn ; palea very small and narrow. Grain free. — Erianthus,
Nees, l.c.p. 92.

Tall, rigid grasses, 3-4 feet high (like small reeds), with convolute leaves ;
the culm bearing a large, much-branched, softly hairy, fulvous panicle.
— 3 Cape species.

19. POLLINIA, Trin.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate
along the spike-like branches of a simple panicle ; the rachis
jointed at each pair, each spikelet surrounded by silky hairs.
2 outer empty glumes, stiff, awnless ; the lowest with 2 of the
lateral nerves prominent, the central faint ; second glume
keeled, stiff ; third also empty, smaller, thin and transparent ;
flowering glume small and thin, with a long awn, twisted at
base. Grain free. — Benth. FI. HongJc. p. 420 ; Eulalia, Nees ,

l.c. p. 90.

P. villosa , Munro ( Eulalia villosa, Nees), a rather coarse grass, 1-2 feet
high ; the culm bearing 3-4 hairy, fulvous, awned spikes, is common on
and beyond the Eastern frontier. — There are 3 or 4 other Cape species.

CXLII. GRAMINE^E.

441

20. SPODIOPOGON, Trin.

Spikelets in pairs along the jointed, angularly-compressed
rachis of simple or branched spikes, 1 subsessile, the other
pedicellate, both 2-flowered ; the lower flowers male. Outer
glumes rigid, often hairy ; the lower seyeral-nerved (sometimes
2-fid) ; the upper keeled, pointed or 2-fid and setigerous.
Flowering glume and palea thin and membranous, the glume
of the fertile flowers 2-fid, with a twisted awn. — Nees, l.c. p.
96 ; Benth. FI. Hongk. p. 426.

S. arcuatus, Nees, a grass with leafy culms, the leaves flat and much-
acuminate, and bearing 2-3 fulvous spikes, is found in British Caflraria
and Natal.

21. TRACHYPOGON, Trin.

Spikelets cylindrical, in pairs along the slender rachis of
solitary or tufted spikes ; the lower male, pointless ; upper
female, awned. Lowest outer glume several-nerved ; the
next narrower, 3-nerved ; a third empty hyaline. Flow-
ering glume (in the fertile spikelets) very thin, narrowed at
base, then linear-expanded, obtuse and ending in a long, more
or less hairy, twisted awn. — Nees , l.c. p. 99.

T. Capensis, Nees, has a culm 1-2 feet high, flat, narrow leaves and soli-
tary spikes.

22. ELIONURUS, Kth.

Spikelets pointless, in pairs along the jointed axis of a
simple spike ; one male or neuter, pedicellate ; the other ses-
sile, with a hermaphrodite flower. Two outer glumes of the
fertile spikelets rigid, but thin ; the outer much larger, many-
nerved, taper-pointed or 2-fid, silky without, the second
smaller, keeled, entire ; third also empty, shorter and thinner.
Flowering glume still thinner, convolute. Scales truncate.
Grain compressed, free. — Nees , l.c. p. 94.

Rigid grasses, with filiform leaves and nearly nude culms, ending in a
silky and silvery spike. — Nees has 2 species, one of which, B. argenteus , is
common in the Eastern district and at Natal.

23. VOSSIA, Wall, and Griff.

Spikelets in pairs on each excavated joint of a flattened-
jointed spike ; sessile spikelets slightly sunk in the rachis, 2-
flowered, lowest flowers male ; upper fertile, both very mem-
branous or transparent, pedicellate spikelets also 2-flowered ;
both flowers male or occasionally neuter, similar to those
of sessile spikelets. Outer glumes 2, dissimilar, the outer
very thick, in the pedicellate spikelets always, and in both

442

CXLIT. ORAMIXEiE.

spikelets occasionally prolonged into a flattened hairy-margined
ensiform point, 2-3 inches long. (In the Cape species this is
only the case in the pedicellate spikelet.) Inner glume boat-
keeled, not quite as thick as the outer. Flowering glume and
palea very membranous and unusually large. Grain free,
much shorter than the palea. — Wall, et Griff, in Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal, v. (1836) p. 572 ; Griff. Not. p. 71 ; Endl. Gen.
Pl.p. 1354.

Tallish grasses, with, in the 2 Cape species, solitary spikes more than 6
inches long. One ( Rottbcellia hordeoides , Munro, mss.) found on the Mori
river by Burke, the other (Burchell, n. 2200) found by him at Litakun.

24. HETEROPOGON, Pers.

Spikelets in pairs along the slender rachis of simple spikes ;
one sessile, cylindrical, female ; the other male, shortly pedi-
celled. Lowest glume of the fertile spikelet rigid, convolute,
truncate, the next keeled, the third very thin and membranous.
Flowering glume reduced to a long, thick, hairy, twisted and
flexuous awn. Male spikelets lanceolate, awnless. Grain
free, enclosed in the glumes. — Nees, l. c. p. 100 ; Benth. FI.
Hongfc. p. 424.

3 Cape species, with solitary or geminate spikes, narrow leaves and
slender culms ; H. contortus is common. — The lowest spikelets of the spike
are frequently all male.

25. ANDROPOGON, Linn.

Spikelets in pairs along the jointed rachis of solitary, gemi-
nate, tufted or panicled spikes ; one sessile, fertile ; the other
shortly pedicelled, male or reduced to a glume. Outer glume
of fertile spikelet rigid, with 2 lateral nerves stronger, the
second keeled, the third very thin, transparent. Flowering
glume very small and delicate, ending in or reduced to a long
twisted awn. Grain free. — Nees , l.c. p. 103; Benth. l.c. p.
422; Lepeocercis, Nees, l.c.p. 97.

Rigid, rather coarse grasses, very various in habit ; the spikes in some
nude, in others enclosed in persistent, spathe-like sheathes. — 16 Cape
species.

In the subgenus Schizachyrium the spikes are solitary, slender, and al-
most cylindrical. The pedicelled spikelet rudimentary on a flattened
pedicel.

In the subgenus Lepeocercis the spikelets are quadrifarious, 2 rows of
male on one side, and 2 rows of females on the other side of the flattened
rachis. All the lower glumes are very blunt, and often toothed at the apex.

26. SORGHUM, Pers.

Spikelets at the ends of the twigs of a branching panicle,
either fertile, male, or neuter, dissimilar. Outer glumes 2 ; in

CXLIT. GEAMIKE2E.

443

the fertile and male spikelets coriaceous, hardening, with
scarcely obvious, immersed nerves ; in the neuter spikelets
membranous, nerved. Flowering glumes thinly membranous,
ciliate ; the lower neuter ; the upper fertile, with a short,
twisted awn, or awnless ; palea small, narrow. Scales fimbri-
ate. Grain thick, short, hard, closely wrapped in the hardened
glume and palea. — JVees, l.c. p. 85.

Tall, strong, broad-leaved grasses, with villous or pubescent glumes.
Grain used for food in India. — 2 Cape species.

27. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin.

Spikelets bearded at the base in threes at the ends of the
branches of an erect panicle, central one sessile, hermaphro-
dite ; 2 lateral ones pedicellate and male. Outer glumes 2 ;
in the fertile spikelet the lower is 4-nerved, blunt or short-
pointed, the inner decidedly keeled and long-pointed ; lowest
flowering glumes neuter, hyaline ; upper fertile, long-awned,
palea wanting; in the pedicellate spikelets both glumes are
pointed, awnless, and without palea ; one flower male, the other
neuter. Grain small, oblong. — Trin. Fund. p. 188 ; Icon. p.
331 ; Benth. 1. c. p. 424.

Erect, 1-2 feet high in Cape species, leaves fringed, somewhat waved. — 1
Cape species, found near the Gariep by Burchell.

28. ANTHISTIRIA, Linn.

Spikelets heterogamous, in simple or 2-3-fid tufts, several
sessile awnless male or neuter spikelets surrounding a single
awned fertile sessile spikelet, and 2 male or neuter pedicelled
ones. Structure of the fertile spikelets similar to that of
Andropogon. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened glumes. —
Nees , l.c. p. 120.

Grasses resembling Andropogon , differing in inflorescence. — 4 Cape spe-
cies ; A . ciliata is common.

Subtribe 4. Mayadea:.

29. COIX, Linn.

Spikelets monoecious. Males above spiked in threes at the
joints, 1 pedicelled and 2 sessile, all with 2 flowers; fertile
sessile, 2-flowered ; lowest flower neuter, upper female, sup-
ported by 2 neutral, pedicelled spikelets, which are occasionally
abortive, remaining enclosed in the bony involucre, through
the top of which the peduncle carrying the male spikelets
emerges. Outer glumes in male spikelets 2, about equal in
length, the lower flattened and winged on the margins, the
upper keeled. Flowering glumes and palese membranous and

444

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

unawned. Stamens 3. — In fertile spikelets the outer glume
is at first fleshy, becoming hardened and surrounding the
inner, no palea to the neutral flower. Flowering glume and
palea of female flower rather fleshy, unawned. Stamens
effete. Fruit globose. — Nees in Agrost. Bras. p. 310 ; P. et B.
t. 24. p. 5.

Pretty, striking-looking grasses, generally growing in damp spots. — One
species ( C . lachryma ), is cultivated occasionally, the hardened bony invo-
lucres of which are called “ Job’s tears.”

Tribe 2. Phalaride^:.

30. PHALARIS, Linn.

Spikelets crowded in an ovate, oblong or cylindrical dense
panicle, with 1 perfect flowering glume and 1-2 imperfect,
scale-like ones below it. Outer glumes 2, equal* keeled or
dorsally winged, 3-nerved, larger than the flowering. Flower-
ing glume sub coriaceous, entire, pointless, 5-nerved ; palea
entire, coriaceous, half-enclosed. Grain free, compressed, not
furrowed, enclosed in the hardened flowering glume and palea.
— Nees, l.c. p. 5.

2 Cape species. The common Canary-grass is a familiar example of this
genus.

Tribe 3. Poace^:.

Subtribe 1. Agrostidea:.

31. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in a loose or close and spike-
like panicle. Outer glumes 2, rigid, subcarinate, mostly 1-
nerved, the lower smaller or very small. Flowering glume
nerveless or 1-3-nerved; palea subequal, 2-carinate. Grain
free. — Nees , l.c.p. 151.

Annual or perennial grasses ; leaves slender, often rigid, with involute
margins ; inflorescence much more rigid than in the following genera.-
Several Cape species.

32. AGROSTIS, Linn.

Spikelets 1-flowered, , usually in a diffuse panicle. Outer
glumes pointless, keeled, the lower somewhat larger. Flowering
glume shorter than the outer, membranous, pointless or dor-
sally awned ; palea smaller, membranous, sometimes obsolete.
Grain free. — Nees, l. c. p. 147, 148, 150.

A. Bergina is a slender, pale grass of the Western district. — A. wnbel-
lulata, Trin. ( Colpodium pusillum , Nees), a somewhat doubtful species, is

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

445

a small grass, resembling Poa annua , found bj Drege on Table Mountain.
I have not se«n it.

A. Neesii and A. lachnantha , Trim, ( Podoscemum lachnanthum and P.
angustum, Nees, 1. c.), are slender annual grasses, with very pale, diffuse
inflorescence.

33. POLYPOGON, Desf.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a dense but much-branched oblong
panicle. Outer glumes 2, equal, ending in a slender, straight
awn. Flowering glume shorter, membranous, with or without
an awn;' palea small, thin, — JVees , l.c. p. 143 ; Benth. l.c. p.
426.

Annual grasses, often with knee-bent stems, and very pale inflorescence.
— 2 Cape species.

34. CALAMAGBOSTIS, Adans.

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a compound panicle. Outer glumes
membranous, channelled, subequal or the lower larger, much
longer than the flowering. Flowering glume girt with long
hairs, dor sally setigerous ; palea 2-nerved. — JVees, l. c. p. 162.

C. epigejos, Roth, a European and N. Asiatic grass, occurs in the
Western district, but rarely.

' SlJBTEIBE 2. StIPACE-E.

35. LASIAGPOSTIS, Link.

Spikelets diffusely panicled, 1-flowered, the flowering glume
shortly stipitate. Outer glumes 2, membranous, pointless,
longer than the flowering, the lower rather longer. Flowering
glume subcarinate, silky, awned at the 2 -fid apex, the awn
slender, simple, scarcely twisted, not jointed; palea shorter,
involute, 2-nerved. Ovary stipitate. Grain free, enclosed in
the flowering glume and palea. — JVees, l. c. p. 167.

2 Cape species, Eastern.

36. STIPA, Linn.

Spikelets panicled, 1-flowered, the flowering glume stipitate.
Outer glumes 2, membranous, pointless, longer than the
flowering. Flowering glume and palea hard and dry, cylin-
drical, margins involute ; the glume with a terminal, twisted
awn, jointed at base, the palea much shorter, 2-nerved.
Scales 3. Ovary stipitate. — Nees, l. c. p. 169.

A considerable genus, of which there are 2 Cape species.

37. STIPAGROSTIS, Nees.

Spikelets in racemose panicles, 1-flowered. Outer glumes

446

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

2, membranous, equal, longer than the flower. Flowering
glume on a hard, raised point, papery, convolute, "2-lobed, be-
tween the lobes bearing a jointed, 3-fid awn ; palea short,
obtuse. — Nees, l. c. p. 171.

3 Cape species. Genus scarcely distinct from tlie following.

38. ARISTIDA, Linn.

Spikelets panicled or subracemose, 1-flowered, the flowering
glume stipitate. Outer glumes 2, membranous, unequal, mostly
pointless, the lower shorter. Flowering glume hard, convo-
lute, awned at the apex, the awn 3-partite or 3-fid, with or
without a joint at base. Palea minute. Grain terete, en-
closed in the flowering glume. — Kuntli , Enum. 1. c. p. 187.
Arthratherum and ChsBtaria, Nees, l. c. pp. 174, 186.

A widely-dispersed genus, containing about 15 Cape species. — The awn
is jointed and caducous in Arthratherum ; unjointed and persistent in
Chcetaria.

Subtribe 3. Oryzea:.

39. LEERSIA, Soland.

Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, racemoso - paniculate.
Outer empty glumes 0. Flowering glunie and palea herba-
ceous, rigid, compressed, keeled, pointless, closed, about equal
in length. Stamens 1-3-6. Grain compressed, free, covered
by the valves. — Nees , l. c. p. 193.

L. Mexicana is found in Uitenhage. Stamens 6 in this species.

40. MALTEBRUNIA, Kunth.

Spikelets 1-flowered, panicled. Outer glumes 2, small,
membranous, channelled and keeled, pointless. Flowering
glume and palea membranous, boat-like, subequal, compressed,
the glume much the wider, pointless. Stamens 6. — Nees , l. c.
p. 194.

M. prehensilis , found by Drege, is unknown to me. Culm much
branched ; leaves subsessile, hairy on the margin and keel armed with
recurved, minute prickles.

Subtribe 4. Chlorides.

41. MICROCHLOA, R. Br.

Spikelets 1-flowered, unilateral, in solitary spikes. Outer
glumes 2, oblong, subacute, subequal, membranous, pointless,
the lower 3-nerved, keeled. Flowering glume and palea
shorter than the outer glumes, thinly membranous, transpa-

CXLII. GRAMINEJE.

447

rent ; the glume broadly ovate, truncate, concave, 3-nerved ;
palea 2-keeled. — Nees, l. c. p. 246.

M. Caffra :, Nees, the only Cape species, is a tufted grass ; leaves slender,
rigid, curled, with involute margins ; culms short, 1-spiked. — Eastern
district.

42. CTENTIUM, Panz.

Spikelets in a double row along one side of a common
rachis, with 1 fertile flowering glume, and 2 lower and 1-2
upper imperfect male or neuter glumes. Outer glumes 2 ;
the lower minute, membranous, persistent, the upper herba-
ceous, with a reflexed, dorsal bristle. • Imperfect flowering
glumes, pointless or setigerous. Fertile flowering glume se-
tigerous below the apex, keeled, ciliate ; palea longer, 2-keeled.
— Nees, l. c. p. 237.

Very beautiful grasses. C. concinnum , Nees, which is said to resemble
the C. elegans of Senegal, was found by Drege near Natal ; it is unknown
to me.

43. HAKPECHLOA, Kunth.

Spikelets in a double row along one side of a common
rachis, with 1 (lowest) flowering glume fertile and 3 upper
neuter ones. Outer glumes 2, pointless, keeled ; the outer
longer than the spikelet, the inner thrice as short, persistent.
Flowering glume and palea membranous, pointless ; the glume
obovate, keeled at back, and margins densely ciliate; palea
scarcely shorter, 2-keeled. — Nees , l. c. p . 238.

II. Capensis is an elegant grass of the Eastern district.

44. CYNODON, Eich.

Spikelet with 1 fertile and a rudimentary upper flowering
glume sessile on one side of a rachis, in digitate or geminate
spikes. Outer glumes 2, keeled, membranous, pointless,
nearly equal. Flowering glume membranous, acute, keeled,
sometimes mucronulate under the tip ; palea 2-keeled, com-
pressed.— Nees , l.c.p. 241.

Roots creeping ; culms short ; leaves rigid, margins involute. — 4 Cape
species, dispersed.

45. EUSTACHYS, Desv.

Spikelets with 1 fertile and 1 (upper) sterile flowering
glume, sessile, unilateral, in digitate spikes. Outer glumes 2,
membranous, the upper awned below the emarginate apex.
Flowering glume and palea membranous ; the glume keeled,
the palea 2-keeled. — Nees , l. c. p. 248.

E. petrcea , a widely-diffused and very elegant grass, occurs in the Eastern
district and Caffraria.

418

CXLIL GRAMINEiE.

46. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd.

Spikelets 2-several-flowered, unilateral, in digitate spikes ;
flowers distichous. Outer glumes 2, compressed, keeled, shorter
than the flowering, membranous, the upper awned. Flowering
glume strongly keeled, subulate-aristate, 3-nerved, the lateral
nerves near the margin ; palea 2-nerved. — Nees, l.c.p. 249.

An annual grass, found in most hot countries ; at Natal.

47. ElEUSINE, Ghertn.

Spikelets 2-several-flowered, unilateral in tufted spikes ;
flowering glumes distichous, imbricate. Outer glumes 2,
keeled, membranous, pointless, shorter than the flower, the
lower smaller. Flowering glume pointless, obtuse, entire,
keeled, closely 3-nerved at back; palea 2-nerved, obtuse. —
Nees, l. c. p. 250.

Tropical grasses, often cultivated. — E. Indica and E. Coracana occur in
Caffraria and at Natal.

48. CHLORIS, Sw.

Spikelets 2-8-flowered, sessile along one side of a common
rachis, in digitate spikes, 1-3 of the lower flowering glumes
fertile, awned under the apex, the rest neuter, awned or
pointless. Outer glumes 2, membranous, persistent, acute,
the upper sometimes short-awned. Flowering glume 3-nerved,
triangular-keeled, awned under the apex, and usually ciliated
at the back and margin ; palea 2-keeled, with a straight,
unjointed awn. Grain elongate. — Nees, l. e. p. 239.

2 Cape species, Eastern.

49. SPARTINA, Schreb.

Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, racemose. Outer glumes
2, rigid, keeled, unequal, the lower smaller, narrower, 1-
nerved, upper 3-nerved, much larger. Flowering glume mem-
branous, pointless, compressed-keeled ; palea longer, boat-like,
2-nerved. — Nees , l. c.p. 260.

A widely-dispersed genus, of which there is 1 Cape species.

50. TETRACHNE, Nees.

Spikelets many-flowered, sessile in a compound spike.
Outer glumes keeled, 1-nerved. Flowering glumes imbri-
cated, with 2 interior empty glumes below the fertile ones.
Flowering glume rigidly herbaceous, acutely keeled, 3-5-
nerved, somewhat mucronate below the apex ; palea sub-
equal, sharply and prominently 2-keeled, subacute, with

CXLTI. GUAMTNEiE.

449

inflexed edges. Ovary glabrous, stipitate. — Nees, l. c. p.
375.

T. Dregei , Nees, an Eastern district grass, is the only species.

51. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv.

Spikelets 2-several-flowered, sessile, unilateral, in racemose
spikes. Outer glumes 2, keeled, membranous, either shorter
than the flowering or (as in our Cape species) rarely rigid, and
longer than the flowers, pointless, persistent, keeled. Flower-
ing glume membranous, 3-nerved, keeled, pointless, or mucro-
nate or aristate ; palea shorter, 2-keeled, with a straight,
unjointed awn. — Nees , l. c. p. 252.

L. grandiglumis, Nees, is the only Cape species.

52. DIPLACHNE, Beauv.

Spikelets several-flowered, in compound racemes. Outer
glumes unequal, the upper mucronate. Flowering glume 3-
nerved, at the sides more or less silky or pubescent, 2-fid at
apex, setigerous between the lobes. — Nees, l. c. p. 254.

Poa-like grasses, usually with livid or brownish flowers. — 5 Cape species.

Subteibe 5. Avenace^:.

53. ANISOPOG-ON, B. Br.

Spikelets loosely panicled, with 1 fertile, pedicellate flower-
ing glume and a rudimentary one. Outer glumes 2, membra-
nous, subequal, 3- or several-nerved, longer than the flowers.
Flowering glume subcoriaceous, oblong, convolute, 2-fid, the
segments setaceous, with a very long awn, twisted at base,
between the segments ; palea longer, 2-fid. Ovary stipitate.
— Nees , l. c. p. 265.

A. Capensis , Nees, is an oat-like grass, found near Tulbagh.

54. HOLCUS, Linn.

Spikelets in a branching panicle, 2-flowered, the flowering
glumes subdistant, the lower hermaphrodite, pointless, upper
awned, often only male, or in the Cape species neuter. Outer
glumes membranous, keeled, longer than the flowers. Flower-
ing glumes and palese membranous, of about equal length, the
former keeled, the lower awnless, the upper, which is 2-keeled,
awned below the tip. Grain glabrous, free. — Nees, l. c. p. 9.

1 Cape species.

55. ACHNERIA, Beauv.

Spikelets 2-flowered, small, in loose or close panicles.

450

CXLII. GKAMINEvE.

Flowering glumes sessile or subsessile, hermaphrodite. Outer
glumes membranous, few-nerved, equal, pointless. Flowering
glume concave, either pointless or with a terminal, simple
point ; palea 2-keeled. — Nees, l. c. p. 273, sub Eriachne.

Slender grasses, resembling Aira, and differing in the absence of a dorsal
or basal awn. — 7 Cape species.

I think this genus would be more correctly placed in Festucacea. In
true Friachne the outer glumes are many-nerved ; in the 7 Cape species
they are 1- or 3-nerved.

56. AIRA, Linn.

Spikelets 2-flowered, panicled. Outer glumes subequal,
equalling the flower or longer, membranous. Flowering
glume 2-fid or entire, with a slender, dorsal or nearly basal,
knee-bent awn; lower sessile, upper pedicellate; palea 2-
keeled. — Nees, l. c. p. 272.

A. caryo’phyllea , a common but very elegant annual European grass, is
found in many parts of the colony. Culm 2-6 inches high, all parts very
slender.

57. DANTHONIA, DC.

Spikelets 2- or several-flowered, panicled or racemose.
Outer glumes 2, membranous, subcarinate, pointless, sub-
equal, equalling the flowering or longer. Flowering glume
rather rigid, concave, many-nerved, 2-fid between the pointed
or 1-2 bristle-tipped lobes, and there furnished with a basally-
flattened and spirally-twisted or rarely straight awn ; palea 2-
keeled. — Nees , l. c. p. 280.

A large genus of rigid, often coarse grasses, the panicle sometimes loose,
sometimes very dense and spike-like. — Upwards of 50 Cape species.

D. radicans, Steud. ( Trirhajphis Capensis), Nees, 1. c. 270, has all the
points of the flowering glume more terete or cylindrical than usual. It is
a slender grass, with narrow leaves and very pale inflorescence : found at
Dutoits Kloof.

58. TRISETUM, Pers.

Spikelets 2-7-flowered, in close or racemose panicles. Outer
glumes 2, membranous, keeled, pointed, 1-3-nerved. Flower-
ing glume herbaceous, 3-5-nerved, 2-fid and setigerous at
apices of lobes, with a dorsal, twisted or bent awn, rising
from the mid nerve ; palea 2-keeled, 2-fid. — Nees, l. c. p. 345.

Grasses resembling Danthonice. — 6 Cape species.

59. AVENA, Linn.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, panicled. Outer glumes un-
equal, rigidly membranous, often longer than the flowering,
lower 1-9 nerved, upper 3-ll-nerved. Flowering glume sub-

CXLTI. GUAMINEiE.

451

distant, rigid, often hardening, 5-11-nerved, 2-dentate, with a
dorsal knee-bent and basally-twisted awn. Grain channelled,
pubescent, clothed with the persistent palea. — Nees, l. c. p.

351.

Oats ; A. sativa, A. orientalis, and A. fatua are more or less naturalized ;
A. hirsuta , Roth, may be indigenous.

60. TRICHOPTERYX, Nees.

Spikelets 2-flowered, with a rudimentary glume, panicled.
Outer glumes longer than the flowering, unequal, membra-
nous, 3-nerved, the lower smaller. Flowering glume sessile ;
the lower male, pointless, similar to the outer glume ; the
upper fertile, rather more rigid, 2-fid, the lobes bristle-tipped,
with an interposed straightish, basally-twisted awn. — Nees , l. c.
p. 339.

T. Dregeana, the only species, is a slender grass from Natal.

61. CHJETOBROMUS, Nees.

Spikelets 2- or several-flowered, in close, rigid panicles.
Outer glumes longer than the flowering, many -nerved, acute.
Flowering glumes faintly 9 -nerved, mostly 2-fid, with entire,
bristle-pointed segments, with an interposed, basally-twisted
awn ; lower sessile, unlike the others, or all of different sexes.
— Nees, l.c. p. 340.

Rigid grasses, resembling Danthonice . — 5 Cape species.

62. HIEROCHLOA, Gm.

Spikelets in a diffuse or close panicle, 3-flowered. Outer
glumes keeled, membranous, subequal. Flowering glumes
keeled, the terminal hermaphrodite, diandrous, pointless ; 2
lower male (1 rarely neuter), triandrous, mostly awned; palea 2-
keeled, the terminal flower 1-keeled. Ovary glabrous. Grain
free, oblique, slightly compressed, glabrous, covered by the
flowering glume and palea. — Nees, l. c. p. 6.

Sweet-scented grasses. — 3 Cape species.

Subtbjbe 6. Festtjcace.®.

63. FINGERHUTHIA, Nees.

Spikelets articulated below the lower glumes, with 1-2
fertile flowering glumes and a pedicellate, neuter one, on
minute pedicels, which are very closely set in spiral order
round the rachis of an oval-oblong, dense spike, many empty
glumes (abortive spikelets) occupying the base of the spike.

2 g 2

452

CXLII. GRAMINE2E.

Glumes 2, equal, subopposite, tapering off to a setaceous
point, keeled, 1-nerved, submembranous. Lower flowering
glume (or 2 lower) fertile, rigid, the glume longer, keeled,
shortly setigerous or mucronate, 5-7 -nerved ; palea rigid,
boat-shaped, bluntly 2-toothed, 2-nerved. Ovary stipitate. —
Nees, l.c. p. 135.

Tufted grasses of dry ground, with rigid, involute leaves, the simple
culm bearing an oblong, brush-like or foxtail-like spike, bristling with the
hard, slender points of the glumes. — 2 species, of which F. ciliata is the
commonest.

64. ARUSTDO.

Spikelets in a very large effuse panicle, 2-5-flowered, all
the flowering glumes except the terminal one hermaphrodite ;
rachis of the spikelet silkily hairy. Outer glumes acute,
nearly equal, very long, in the Cape species as long as the
flowering. Flowering glume membranous, 2-fid at the top,
and bearing a short awn between the awl-shaped lobes, hairy
with silky hairs, especially below ; palea shorter than the
flowering glume, 2-keeled. Grain free. — Nees , l. c. p. 347.

1 Cape species. A fine, handsome grass, found ia many parts of the
world. — Donax arundinaceus , De Beauv.

65. PHRAGMITES, Trin.

Spikelets in a much-branched panicle, 3-6-flowered, the
flowering glumes distichous, distant, awnless, the lowest male,
the rest fertile. Rachis of the spikelet clothed with long, silky
hairs. Outer glumes acute, keeled, shorter than the flowering,
membranous, unequal, the upper larger. Flowering glume
membranous very long, subulate, often bristle-tipped; palea
2-keeled. Grain free. — Nees, l. c. p. 356.

Large grasses of wet places (reeds). — 3 Cape species, of which P. com-
munis is common to Europe, N. Asia, America, and New Holland.

66. PAPPOPHORUM, Schreb.

Spikelets in close, spike-like panicles, with 1 fertile flower-
ing glume at base, and 1-3 upper sterile ones. Outer glumes
2, membranous, pointless, longer than the flowering. Flower-
ing glume membranous, broad, concave, its apex cut into 9-13
subulate bristles; palea longer, membranous, 2-keeled. — Kunth,
l. c. p . 254. Enneapogon, Nees , l. c. p. 233.

2 Cape species, belonging to the section with 9 bristles, both Eastern.

67. SCHISMUS, Beauv.

Spikelets 5-7-flowered, in close panicles; glumes distichous,

CXLII. GRAMlNEiE.

453

standing apart. Outer glumes 2, subequal, membranous,
ovate-oblong, subacute, concave, ratber shorter than the
flowers ; lower 4-7-nerved, upper 3-5 -nerved. Flowering

glume obovate, 2-fid, pointless or mucronate, 9-nerved, con-
cave, membranous, pellucid at tip, ciliate on back and margin ;
palea subequal, oblong, acute, 2-nerved. Grain obovate, gla-
brous.— Nees , l. c. p. 420.

Tufted, annual grasses, with narrow leaves, more or less hairy, — 4 Cape
species.

68. UROCHLIENA, Nees.

Spikelets many-flowered, in an ovate, spike-like raceme.
Glumes all herbaceous, tapering into flexuous bristles ; the
outer 5-nerved. Flowering glume 7-9-nerved, hairy at base ;
palea enfolded, 2-toothed. Grain glabrous, free. — Nees , l. c.
p. 437.

U. pusilla, Nees, the only species, a small annual of dry ground, with
knee-bent culms ; the spike bracteate by the dilated sheath of the upper
leaf, and falling with it.

69. LASIOCHLOA, Kth.

Spikelets in close panicles, 2-4-flowered, the glumes dis-
tichous, callous at base, on an articulated rachis. Outer
glumes subequal, 5-nerved, convex, longer than the flowers,
herbaceous, on the outside (mostly) papillose-pilose. Flower-
ing glume 9-nerved, convex, herbaceo-membranous, acute or
mucronate ; palea shorter, 2-keeled, sometimes subciliate.
Grain glabrous, free. — Nees , Z. c. p. 430.

Tufted grasses, all South African, with narrow leaves and glomerate
panicles. — 7 species.

70. BRIZOPYRUM, Link.

Spikelets many-flowered, compressed, in simple or com-
pound spikes, subsecund. Outer glumes herbaceous, nerved,
subequilateral, the lower many-nerved. Flowering glume
convex, rigid at base, obsoletely nerved, more or less clothed
with clavate hairs, at the apex herbaceous, 5- or more nerved,
acute. Ovary glabrous, stipitate. Grain free. — Nees , l.c. p.
369.

Kigid grasses. — 4 Cape species.

71. MELICA, Linn.

Spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2-3 of the upper glumes neuter, all
pointless, panicled or subracemose. Outer glumes 2, rigidly -
membranous, about as long as the flowering, often very ample,
with a wide margin, the upper one 7-9-nerved. Fertile

454

CXLII. GRAMINE^}.

flowering glumes 1-2, subcoriaceous, concave, 7-nerved, with
or without intermediate nerves ; palea 2-keeled. — Nees , l. c. p.
417.

Slender grasses, with flat leaves. In the 2 or 3 Cape species the flower-
ing glumes are very hairy on the back.

72. CHONDROLJENA, Nees.

Spikelets in pairs or solitary, along the unjointed rachis of a
simple spike, sessile or minutely pedicelled. Outer glumes 2,
equal, callous at base, rigid, strongly compressed, many-
nerved, unequal-sided, sharply keeled. Flowering glumes 2,
membranous, both fertile, sessile, subopposite, boat-shaped ; pa-
lea membranous, ciliate, linear, narrow, 2-dentate, distantly 2-
nerved. — Nees , l. c. p. 134.

An elegant grass of the Western district, 1^—2 feet high, with narrow
leaves and simple, 1-spiked culms. The keel of the outer glumes is very
generally, but not always, ciliate, with short, rigid, blunt bristles.

73. DACTYLIS, Linn.

Spikelets compressed, 2-7-flowered, in glomerate panicles.
Outer glumes suboblique, sharply keeled, mucronate-aristate,
unilateral at the apex, unequal, the upper often smaller,
thinner, nerveless and concave. Flowering glume 5-nerved,
keeled, mucronate-setigerous, ciliate on the keel ; palea 2-
keeled. Grain glabrous, free. — Nees, l. c. p. 428.

Coarse, tufted grasses, with sharply-keeled leaves, and densely tufted,
secund spikelets. — 1 Cape species.

74. KCEHLERIA, Pers.

Spikelets compressed, 2-7-flowered, distichous, pedicelled,
in close, spike-like panicles. Outer glumes 2, unequal or
subequal, membranous, keeled. Flowering glume membra-
nous, acute, pointless, or shortly awned at or below the apex,
the awn straight ; palea 2-keeled, 2-fid. Grain glabrous, free.
— Airochloa and Koehleria, Nees , l. c. pp. 424, 427.

Rather rigid, flat-leaved grasses. — 3 Cape species, of which K. cristata , a
European grass, is common.

75. ATROPIS, Griseb.

Spikelets many-flowered, subcylindrical, panicled. Outer
glumes rigidly herbaceous, unequal, obtuse. Flowering glume
subdistant, papery, obtuse, subdenticulate or mucronulate.
Ovary glabrous, acute. — Nees, l. c.p. 380, sub Sclerochloa.

Rigid, Poa-like grasses. — 2 Cape species.

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

455

76. PoA, Linn.

Spikelets 2-7-flowered, compressed, panicled. Outer glumes
keeled, herbaceous, not setigerous, mostly shorter than the
flowering, the lower 1-3-nerved, the upper 5-7-nerved. Flower-
ing glumes thinly herbaceous, keeled, persistent, 5-3-nerved,
the lateral nerves distant, often pubescent ; palea 2-toothed,
flattish, with indexed edges, 2 -nerved, the nerves hispid.
Ovary glabrous. — Nees, l. c. p. 377.

A large genus, dispersed over the world. — 3 Cape species, one of which,
P. annua , is a garden weed.

77. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv.

Spikelets 2-many-flowered, more or less strongly com-
pressed, panicled or rarely subspicate. Outer glumes keeled,
distichous, pointless, deciduous, 1-nerved, lower smaller.
Flowering glumes keeled, 3-nerved, deciduous ; palea persis-
tent, reflexed, the folded margins distinctly nerved, entire,
more or less ciliate. — Nees , l. c. p. 382.

A large genus, in warm countries, chiefly differing from Poa by its flattened
spikelets and more regularly distichous glumes. — About 30 Cape species.

78. BRIZA, Linn.

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or 4-sided, compressed,
panicled or racemose. Outer glumes herbaceous, unequal,
keeled, ventricose, shorter than the spikelet, 5-7-nerved.
Flowering glumes closely imbricate, cordate, keeled, com-
pressed, round-topped, entire, pointless, 7-15-nerved ; palea
much smaller, entire, flat, ovate, 2-nerved. Grain flattened.
— Nees , l.c.p. 415.

Of this dispersed genus there are 1 indigenous, perennial, and 2 natural-
ized, annual Cape species. — B. maxima is found everywhere.

79. FESTUCA, Linn.

Spikelets many-flowered, flattened, in panicles. Outer
glumes unequal, shorter than the spikelet. Flowering glumes
imbricated, keeled toward the apex, mucronate or tapering
into a bristle ; palea 2-dentate, with indexed sides. Grain
tomentose or glabrous at the apex. — Nees , l. c. p. 442, and
p. 440, sub Yulpia.

A large, widely-diffused genus, many of them pasture grasses. — 7 Cape
species.

In the subgenus Vulpia, one of the lower glumes is occasionally extremely
short, and the flowering glume is often very long-pointed.

456

CXLII. GHAMINEJ3.

80. BROMUS, Linn.

Spikelets many-flowered, in loose panicles. Outer glumes
membranous, unequal, pointless, shorter than the flowering, the
lower 1-7 -nerved, the upper 3-11-nerved. Flowering glumes
convex and moderately keeled, under the 2-dentate apex seti-
gerous or entire and pointless, with 7 primary nerves ; palea
iufolded, entire or 2-fid. Ovary pubescent at the apex. Grain
mostly attached to the palea. — Nees , l.c. p. 450.

A large, widely-spread genus. — 6 Cape species.

81. CERATOCHLOA, Beauv.

Spikelets many-flowered, compressed, in spreading panicles.
Outer glumes subequal, shorter than the lower flowering
glumes. Flowering glumes imbricate, with a callus at base
and palea sharply keeled, setigerous under the apex. “ Ovary
3-horned ” {Nees). — Nees, l. e. p. 449.

C. unioloides , an American grass, is naturalized about Capetown.

82. CYNOSURE'S, Linn.

Spikelets in spike-like, secund panicles, 2-5-flowered, inter-
mixed with pectinate abortive spikelets or cut-glumes. Outer
glumes 2, lanceolate, membranous, 1-nerved, keeled, shortly
awned. Flowering glume convex, 5-nerved, mucronate or
awned ; palea membranous, 2-nerved, folded, 2-toothed. Grain
glabrous, adherent. — Nees, l.c. p. 439.

Rigid, narrow-leaved grasses. — 2 Cape species ; one scarcely different from
C. echinatus, Linn.

83. EHRHARTA, Thunb.

Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed, panicled. Outer glumes
membranous, pointless, often short ; within there are 2 inner
hard and dry, strongly keeled, mucronate or subulate-awned
empty glumes. Flowering glume and palea membranous or
subcoriaceous, keeled ; palea shorter and narrower. Stamens
6-3. Grrain covered by the flowering glume and palea. — Nees,
l.c. p. 196.

A large genus, containing 24 Cape species, of very elegant grasses ; the 2
inner empty glumes often ribbed and furrowed crosswise.

An interesting link between ordinary Festucacece and Bambusece.

Subtkibe 7. Bambuse^:.

84. NASTUS, Juss.

Spikelets terete-compressed, nearly sessile, panicled, with
several empty glumes in the lower part, 1 fertile glume, and
a terminal pedicellate rudiment. Outer glumes 2, short,

CXLII. GrRAMINE-E.

457

pointless, rigid. Flowering glumes oblique and palea rather
rigid, boat-keeled, pointless, about equal ; the palea 2-keeled.
Stamens 6. Scales 3. Stigmas 3. Grrain glabrous. — Nees,
l.c. p. 463.

Arborescent grasses, branched at the nodes, with articulated leaves ;
branches tufted, floriferous at apex. — 1 Cape species.

The Cape species has never been found in flower, and its genus is there-
fore uncertain. Colonel Munro, in consequence of similarity of foliage, has
placed the Cape plant in the genus Arundinaria, in which the stamens are
3 in number, and the spikelets contain several perfect flowers.

Dr. Harvey’s ms. does not contain a description of the genus Bambusa, in
consequence, I suppose, of his considering the species found at the Cape to
have been undoubtedly introduced.

Subtribe 8. Hordeace.®.

85. MONERMA, Beauv.

Spikelets solitary, half-sunk in hollows of the jointed rachis
of a simple spike, 1-flowered. Outer glume 1, cartilaginous,
rib-furrowed. Flowering glume and palea membranous, hya-
line, pointless ; with mere rudiment of an upper glume — Nees,
l.c. p. 126.

M. subulata is a slender, rigid, narrow-leaved grass ; its pale culm end-
ing in a long, slender, pointed, cylindrical spike, barren in its upper nodes ;
the spikelets are very erect, lying close on the rachis. — Eastern and Western
districts.

86. LOLIUM, Linn.

Spikelets compressed, many-flowered, distichously-spiked on
opposite sides of the rachis. Outer glume usually 1, herba-
ceous, entire-nerved. Flowering glume herbaceous, convex,
5-nerved, pointless or dorsally setigerous below the apex ;
palea 2-keeled, with indexed edges. Grain furrowed, adhering
to the palea. — Nees , l.c. p. 364.

L. temnlentum (Darnel), a weed of cultivation, occurs in cornfields.

87. TRITICUM, Linn.

Spikelets 3- several-flowered, spiked, distichous. Outer
glumes 2, herbaceous, both placed towards one side, subequal,
pointless or awned. Flowering glumes convex, 5-nerved, mu-
cronate or awned ; palea flat, entire or cloven, 2-keeled, with
indexed edges. Grrain free or adherent, furrowed on one side.
— Nees , l.c. p. 365.

Annual or perennial grasses ; wild Wheat. — 2 Cape species.

88. BRACHYPODIUM, Beauv.

Spikelets many-flowered, semiterete, imbricate, in simple
racemes, subdistichous, on short pedicels. Outer glumes

458

CXLII. GRAMINEiE.

pointless, herbaceous, many-nerved. Flowering glume ab-
ruptly setigerous from its entire apex, rarely pointless ; palea
flat, 2-nerved, with inflexed edges, ciliate on the nerves. —
Nees, l.c. p. 456, and p. 457 sub Trachynia.

Differing from Bromus chiefly in inflorescence. — 3 Cape species.

In the subgenus Trachynia , the spikelets are generally few in number,
with more than 10 flowers in each, and are often more flattened than in or-
dinary Brachypodium.

89. HORDEUM, Linn.

Spikelets spiked, set three together on a toothed, jointed
rachis, 1-flowered, the middle spikelet sfertile, the lateral ste-
rile. Outer glumes 2, subopposite, subulate-aristate, narrow,
rigid. Flowering glume subcoriaceous, convex, tapering into a
long, straight, terminal awn ; palea oblong or lanceolate, 2-
nerved, the nerves raised and ciliate. Grain mostly adhering
to the flowering glume and palea.— Nees, l.c. p. 361.

Wild Barley ; H. Capensis, peculiar to the Cape, and H. murinum , a
cosmopolitan species, found about roads and old walls, in seaport towns.

Class III. ACOTYLEDONES.

Order CXLIII. FILICES.*

Fructification usually minute, consisting of microscopic
spores contained in very small, almost microscopic, capsules
(sporangia), which are 1-celled and gathered together in heaps
(sori) of various shapes on the under side of the leafy portion
of the plant (called the frond), or arranged in a separate spike
or panicle, or joined together in concrete masses. Sori often
enclosed in or hidden under an involucre, which may consist
of a membranous scale or cup, or of the reflexed margin of
the frond. Capsules mostly stalked and surrounded by an in-
complete jointed ring, but sometimes the ring is absent or
confined to the apex of the capsule. — In most of the South
African species the caudex or main stem is but slightly ele-
vated, but in the tribe Cyathece , represented by two Cape spe-
cies, it is woody, and the trunk often reaches a considerable
height. In all but Ophioglossece the vernation is circinate, the
young frond being rolled inwards like the head of a crosier.

Suborder 1. Gleichenieae. Vernation circinate. Sori dorsal, of few
capsules, which are sessile, open vertically, and have a broad, transverse,
complete ring.

The only genus 1. Gleichenia.

By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

CXLIII. FILICES.

459

Suborder 2. Cyatheeae. Vernation circinate. Trunk woody. Sori
dorsal, of many capsules, which are sessile or nearly so, open at the side,
and have a slightly excentric vertical ring.

Sori at first enclosed in a complete cup .... 2. Cyathea.

Cup very incomplete 3. Hemitelia.

Suborder 3. Polypodieae. Vernation circinate. Trunk in none of the
Cape species arborescent, the sori usually dorsal, of numerous capsules,
which open down the side, and have an incomplete vertical ring, except in
Hymenophyllece, which see.

Tribe 1. Picksonie.e. Frond herbaceous ; sori dorsal enclosed in a
complete cup.

The only genus 4. Woodsia.

Tribe 2. Hymenophylle^e. Frond beautifully pellucid ; sori terminal,
enclosed in a complete cup ; ring of capsule almost transverse, and dehis-
cence subvertical.

Cup shallow, 2-valved, being split half or quite

down to the base 5. Hymenophyllttm.

Cup many times deeper than broad, entire or 2-

valved at the apex only 6. Trichomanes.

Tribe 3. Dayallieje. Involucre attached by the base on the side of the
sorus furthest from the edge of the frond, roundish or oblong, not forming
a complete cup.

Involucre (in Cape species) attached by the sides

and base 7. Dayallia.

Involucre attached by the base only 8. Cystopteris.

Tribe 4. Lindsays. A 2-lipped involucre in a line along the edge of
the frond, enclosing the linear sori.

The only genus 9. Lindsaya.

Tribe 5. Pteride.®. Sori marginal, round or linear. Involucre formed
of the more or less modified edge of the frond, and wrapped over the sorus.
Sori from the under side of the recurved edge of
the frond, in Cape species globose. Texture of

frond papery, veining fan-like 10. Adiantum.

Sori erect, with the edge of the frond wrapped
over them,

Sori globose, confined to the sinuses of the

frond, always distinct, veins not uniting . . 11. Hypolepis.

Sori oblong or linear, confined to the sinuses of

the frond. Veins joining copiously . . . .12. Lonchttis.

Sori at first globose, but, together with the invo-
lucres, becoming more or less confluent . . 13. Cheilanthes.

Sori and involucres linear, but not absolutely

continuous. Fronds small and coriaceous . 14. Pelljea.

Sori and involucres quite linear and continuous,
occupying the edge of the segments only.

Fronds large and herbaceous, barren and fer-
tile nearly alike 15. Pteris.

Like Pteris in the sori, but the frond small and

rigid, and like a Fan-palm in miniature . . 16. Actiniopteris.

Sori and involucres quite linear and continuous,

460

CXLIII. TILICES.

occupying the whole under surface of the nar-
rowed segments of a modified (fertile) frond . 17. Lomaria.

Tribe 6. Blechnee. Sori and involucres linear, parallel to the edge of

the frond, but not close to it.

The only genus 18. Blechnum.

Tribe 7. Aspleniee. Sori and involucres linear or oblong, running
down the veins.

The only genus 19. Asplenium.

Tribe 8. Aspidiee. Involucre placed over the sorus, globose or oblong.
Involucre large, elliptical, attached to a linear re-
ceptacle 20. Didymochlena.

Involucre orbicular, peltately attached .... 21. Aspiditjm.
Involucre reniform, attached by the sinus. Pinnae

divided and not articulated at the base . . . 22. Nephrodium.

Involucre reniform. Pinnae simple, articulated at

the base 23. Nephrolepis.

Involucre reniform. Frond quite simple . . . 24. Oleandra.

Tribe 9. Eupolypodiee. Sori without an involucre, globose or rarely
suboblong.

The only genus 25. Polypoditjm.

Tribe 10. Grammitidee. Sori linear or linear-oblong, without an in-
volucre.

Frond simple, like leaves of grass.

Fronds with a midrib only 26. Monogramme.

Fronds with copious veins in addition to the

midrib 27. Yittaria.

Fronds compound, orbicular or ovate.

Sori marginal 28. Notochlena.

Sori running down the veins 29. Gymnogramme.

Tribe 11. Acrostichee. Sori spread over under surface of the frond.
The only genus 30. Acrostichum.

Suborder 4. Osmundese. Yernation circinate. Capsules with an in-
complete horizontal ring, opening at the apex.

Fructification in special thyrsoid clusters (modified

portions of the frond) 31. Osmunda.

Fructification on the back of the leafy part of the

frond 32. Todea.

Suborder 5. Scbizsese. Yernation circinate. Capsules opening down
the side, crowned with a small, complete ring.

Capsules in special distichous spikes 33. Schizea.

Capsules in special dense thyrsoid clusters . . . 34. Anemia.

Capsules on the back of the leafy part of the frond 35. Mohria.

Suborder 0. Marattieae. Yernation circinate. Capsules concrete in
boat-shaped masses in the only Cape genus . . .36. Marattia.

Suborder 7- Ophioglosseae. Yernation not circinate. Capsules deeply
2-valved, without a ring, forming a dense, 2-ranked spike in the only Cape
genus 37. Ophioglossum.

CXLITT. EILICES.

40 1

Suborder 1. Gleicheniese.

Vernation circinate. Sori dorsal, of a few, generally 4-8,
large, sessile capsules, without an involucre, having a broad,
transverse, complete riMg and a slit across the top.

1. GLEICHENIA, Smith.

The only genus, represented in Cape colony by 2 species,
1 belonging to the subgenus Fugleichenia , which has very
small, rounded or oblong lobes, and sori terminal on the veins,
and the other to Mecosorus ( Mertensia , Willd. not Both), with
linear segments arranged like the teeth of a comb, and sori on
the back or at the forking of the veins. Texture always more
or less coriaceous or chartaceous. — Bappe and Bawson , p. 10 ;
Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 11.

Suborder 2. Cyatheeae.

Vernation circinate. Trunk woody, sometimes attaining a
height of 80 feet. Sori dorsal, of numerous capsules, which
are sessile or nearly so, have a broad, slightly excentric, nearly
or quite complete ring and slit down the side.

2. CYATHEA, Smith.

Sori at first enclosed in a complete cup, which opens at the
apex, and is either truncate at the mouth or breaks away in
various modes. — Bappe and Bawson, p. 11; Hook, and Baker ,
Syn. Fil. p. 16.

Vernation always simple, the fronds usually very large, and 3- or 4-pinna-
tifid. — 1 South African species, confined to Cafiraria and Natal.

3. HEMITELIA, E. Br.

Involucre a depressed half-cup, generally lobed. — Bappe and
Bawson, p. 11 (Alsophila) ; Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil.p. 27.

The single Cape species is like Alsophila and Cyathea in veining and
general habit, and has a curious geographical distribution, being found also
in Java and Brazil. It produces curiously -modified pinnse with capillary
segments from the base of the stipe, which have been described as a species
of Trichomanes . Several of the South American have much larger divi-
sions, and groups of veins connected at the base.

Suborder 3. Polypodiese.

Vernation circinate, the trunk woody in a few species of
Bicksonia , none of which occur in the Cape colonies ; the cap-
sules stalked and furnished with an incomplete vertical ring,
bursting on the side, placed on the back of the leafy part of the
frond, except in the tribe Hymenophyllece.

402

CXLTII. FILICES.

Tribe 1. Dicksonieaj.

Frond herbaceous. Sori on the back or at the edge of the
frond. Involucre cup-shaped, often more or less completely
2-valved.

4. WOODSIA, E. Br.

Involucre globose, membranous, cup-shaped, placed on the
back of the frond and dorsal also on the veins, the edge
fringed or irregularly-lobed. — Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 40.

Fronds small, herbaceous, ovate-lanceolate, 2- or 3-pinnatifid, the veins
always free. — A genus principally inhabiting the high mountains of the
northern hemisphere, a single species of which has been recently discovered
in the Natal Mountains.

Tribe 2. Hymenophylleaj.

Texture of the frond beautifully pellucid and membranous ;
the cells larger and laxer than in other ferns ; the sori placed
on the edge of the leafy portion, enclosed in tubular or cup-
shaped involucres. Capsules seated on a filiform or clavate
receptacle, which is often protruded beyond the mouth of the
cup.

5. HYMEN OPH YLLUM, Smith.

Involucre a cup, deeply divided into 2 valves. — Pappe and
Bawson, p. 44 ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 56.

Fronds small or middle-sized, generally decompound with narrow divi-
sions, and only a single vein in the centre. Caudex a wide-creeping, thread-
like rhizome. — 3 South African species are known, 1 of which represents
§ Leptocionium , and has toothed segments and involucres.

6. TRICHOMANES, Linn.

Involucre a deep tube-like cup, not at all slit or with the
mouth only slightly 2-valved. — Pappe and Bawson, pAb ; Hook,
and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 71.

General habit as in Hymenophyllum , but frond usually less divided, and
the receptacle more constantly and conspicuously protruded. — 5 South
African species are known, 3 of which grow nearly everywhere in damp
tropical regions.

Tribe 3. Davalliea:.

Involucre roundish or oblong, marginal or dorsal on the
veins and segments, always attached on the inner side of the
sorus by the base, and usually, but not always, by the sides
also, leaving the apex free.

CXLITI. FILICES.

463

7. DAVALLIA, Smith.

Sori always terminal on the veins, but often more or less
intramarginal ; in the South African species attached by the
sides as well as the base, leaving only the apex free. — Hook,
and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 88. Microlepia and Davallia, Pappe
and Bawson, p. 24.

The 4 South African species represent 3 subgenera ; 2, Eudavallia, with
coriaceous fronds and stems jointed at the base as in Polypodium ; 1, Mi-
crolepia, with ample decompound herbaceous fronds, membranous involu-
cres and stipes continuous with the caudex ; and 1, Loxoscaphe , which has
the sori in lateral pouches, connects this tribe with Aspleniea through
Darea.

8. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernh.

Sori dorsal both as regards the veins and segments ; the in-
volucre an ovate, membranous scale, attached only by the base.
— Pappe and Bawson, p. 16 ; Hook, and Baker, p. 103.

A small genus, principally found in the north temperate zone ; the single
South African species is one of the most cosmopolitan of plants.

Tribe 4. Lindsateas.

Sori linear, placed along the very edge of the segments of
the frond, enclosed in a similarly- shaped involucre, composed
of 2 subequal valves.

9. LINDSAYA, Dryand.

The only genus. — Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 104. Schi-
zolema, Pappe and Bawson, p. 25.

One species, which is widely diffused through the tropics of the Old
World, extends into Natal. — The typical Lindsay ce have dimidiate papy-
raceous ultimate divisions and free venation, but in this the divisions are
equal-sided, and the veins anastomose copiously.

Tribe 5. Pteride^:.

Sori quite marginal as regards the segments of the frond,
terminal on the veins, round or oblong or linear. Involucres
similar to the sori in shape and rolled over them or bearing
the sori on their lower surfaces.

10. ADIANTUM, Linn.

Involucres bearing the sori from their under surface, round
or oblong or linear. — Pappe and Bawson , p. 32 ; Hook, and
Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 113.

Colour and texture of the frond usually bright green and papyraceous, the
veining more or less clearly fan-like, and the divisions often dimidiate. — In

CXLTII. FILTCES.

404

the 2 Cape species, both of which occur everywhere in humid, warm re-
gions, the divisions are roundish and equal-sided, and the sori and involucres
globose.

11. HYPOLEPIS, Bernh. non Pers.

Sori globose, confined to tbe sinuses of the ultimate divisions
of the decompound frond, with involucres of the same shape.
— Fappe and Rawson, p. 37, and Cheilanthes, p. 34, in part ;
HooJc. and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 128.

Fronds ample, decompound, the ultimate divisions small, the veining
always free. — 2 Cape species.

12. LONCHITIS, Linn.

Sori oblong or linear, confined to the sinuses of the divisions
of the frond. Veins joining copiously. — Fappe and Rawson ,
p. 38 ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 128.

A single Cape species (with 2 varieties) . Had probably better be united
with JPteris.

13. CHEILANTHES, Swartz.

Sori commencing as distinct globose dots at the ends of the
veins, but often becoming more or less confluent. Involucres
globose, quite distinct or often more or less confluent. — Fappe
and Rawson , p. 33 (in part ) ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p.
131.

Fronds small and coriaceous, the veining always free. — Of the 5 Cape
species 2 belong to sect. Adiantopsis , in which the sori and involucres re-
main permanently distinct, and 3 to sect. Eucheilanthes, in which they
show a more or less marked tendency to unite as the plant grows older.

14. PELLJEA, Link.

Sori and involucres linear, but not so clearly continuous as
in Pteris. Prond of small size, and usually coriaceous in
texture.— Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 141. Allosorus (in
greater part), Fappe and Rawson, p. 30, and Cryptogamma, l.c.
p. 32.

Intermediate between Cheilanthes and Pteris in fructification, with the
general habit of the former. — 12 Cape species, all but 1 with free venation ;
2 others belonging to sect. Platyloma , in which the involucre is so narrow
that it is soon hidden as the fruit developes.

15. PTERIS, Linn.

Sori and involucre both linear and quite continuous. Fronds
ample and herbaceous. — Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 153.
Pteris, Campteria, and Allosorus (in part), Fappe and Rawson.

5 Cape species, belonging to sect. Eupteris, which has free veins, and a
suberect caudex ; 1 ( aquilina ), to sect. Pcesia, which has a wide-creeping

CXLIII. FILICES.

465

rhizome, and a second inner membranous involucre often developed ; and
1 (P. incisa), to sect. Litobrochia, which has copiously anastomosing veins.

1G. ACTINIOPTEBIS, Link.

Sori and involucre linear and continuous. Frond rigid, like
the leaf of a fan-palm in miniature. — Hook, and Baker, Syn.
Fil. p. 246. Blechnum, Bappe and Baicson, p. 16 (in part).

A single species, common in tropical Africa, extending southward to
Magalisberg.

17. LOMAEIA, Willd.

Involucres linear. Sori occupying the whole under surface
of the narrow linear pinnae of a modified frond. — Bappe and
Bawson, p. 27 ; Hook, and Baker, Sp. Fil. p. 174.

4 South African species. — Barren and fertile fronds, in all of them simply
pinnate, quite distinct from one another. One of the species (L. punctulata )
passes gradually into a very curious Scolopendrium- like variety ( Scolopen -
drium Krebsii, Kunze).

Tribe 6. Blechne^:.

Sori and involucres linear, more or less intramarginal,
parallel with the midrib and edge of the pinnae, and conse-
quently crossing the veins.

18. BLECHNUM, Linn.

The only genus, represented by a single species. In general
habit the genus quite corresponds with Lomaria , the difference
being, that the involucre arises from a line more or less clearly
within the edge.

1 South African pinnate species ; also found in Bourbon and Mada-
gascar.

Tribe 7. Asplehie^.

Sori and involucres running down the veins, linear or oblong,
sometimes 2 placed back to back, sometimes a little curved,
oblique with regard to the midrib.

19. ASPLENIUM, Linn.

The only genus. — Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 190. As-
plenium and Athyrium, Bappe and Bawson, pp. 16 and 17.

A very large genus, represented by 28 species in South Africa, 21 of
which belong to sect. JEuasplenium , which has free veins and^ single linear
sori quite upon the back of the segments ; 5 to sect. Darea , in which the
sori are linear, and the divisions so narrow that the sori are nearly or quite
marginal, and the veins usually restricted to a single central costa ; and 2
to sect. Athyrium, which approximates to Nephr odium by its much shorter
sori, often considerably curved ; sect. Diplazium , with free veins and gemi-

2 H

4G0

CXLTII. FILICES.

nate sori, is not represented in South Africa, nor are any of the groups with
anastomosing venation. Some of the species vary remarkably in the
cutting of the frond.

Tribe 8. Aspidie^:.

Sori globose or oblong, placed on tbe back of the segments
with an involucre of the same shape covering them, of which
the edges are free nearly or quite all round.

20. DIDYMOCHLJEWA, Desv.

Sori elliptical, terminal on the veinlets ; the involucre
emarginate at the base, attached to the linear receptacle, free
all round the edge. — Fappe and Rawson , p. 15 ; Hook, and
Baker, Syn. Fil.p. 248.

A single cosmopolitan tropical species, which extends into Natal.

21. ASPIDIUM, Swartz (in part), E. Br.

Sori subglobose. Involucre orbicular, fixed by the centre.
— Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 248. Polystichum and Cyr-
tomium, Bappe and Rawson, pp. 14, 15.

5 Cape species, 4 belonging to sect. Polystichum, with ample 2- or 3-
pinnate, coriaceous fronds and free venation ; and 1 to sect. Cyrtomium ,
with simply pinnate fronds and veins uniting slightly towards the edge.

22. NEPHRODIUM, Eich.

Sori subglobose ; the involucre cordate-reniform, attached
by the sinus. — Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 259. Lastrea
and Nephrodium, Fappe and Rawson, pp. 12 and 14.

Texture of the frond herbaceous ; the pinnse pinnatifid or still more di-
vided, not jointed at the base. — 5 Cape species, belonging to sect. Lastrea ,
which has the veins free ; and 2 to Eunephrodium , in which the lower
veinlets of the contiguous regularly-pinnated groups join at their points.

23. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott.

Sori globose, on the apex of an upper branch of a vein,
generally near the edge of the frond. Involucre reniform or
suborbicular. Pinnae simple, articulated at the base, marked
on the upper surface with white, chalk-like dots. — Hook, and
Baker, Syn. Fil.p. 300.

A single common cosmopolitan tropical species reaches Natal.

24. OLEANDRA, Cavan.

Sori globose, inserted in a row near the base or below the
centre of the compact, free veinlets. Fronds quite simple,
the rhizomes wide- trailing and stems jointed. — Fappe and
Rawson, p. 13 ; Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 302.

1 tropical African species reaches Natal.

CXLIII. FILICES.

407

Tribe 9. Eupoltpodie^:.

Sori without an involucre, globose or rarely suboblong,
placed on the back of the segments, dorsal or terminal on the
veins.

25. POLYPODIUM, Linn.

Characters of the tribe. — HooTc. and BaJcer, Syn. Fil. p. 304.
Polypodium, Groniopteris, Marginaria, Pleopeltis, Phymatodes,
and Niphobolus, Fappe and Bawson, p. 39-41.

A very large genus, and variable as to habit, and veining. There are two
principal sections, viz. Phegopteris , with fronds like those of the Aspidie<e ,
stipes continuous with the caudex, and sori always medial on the veins ; —
and Eupolypodium , in which the stipes is jointed at the base, and the sori
usually terminal on the veins. The first section is represented at the Cape
by 2 species of subsection Goniopteris, which has the veining of Eunephro-
dium. Of the subsections of Eupolypodium , there are —

Subsection Eupolypodium proper. Veins all free. — 3 species.

Subsection Goniophlebium. Veins forming ample uniform areolae, with
the sori terminal on single free veinlets in the centre. — 1 species.

Subsection Niphololus , with matted fronds, and a more complicated
venation. — 1 species.

Subsection Phymatodes. Fronds not matted, veins uniting copiously
and irregularly. — 5 species.

Tribe 10. Gtrammitide^i.

Sori linear or linear-oblong, without an involucre, dorsal or
marginal.

26. MONOGRAMME, Schk.

Eronds like small leaves of grass, with only a central mid-
rib. Sori in a line close to the midrib. — Hook, and Baker ,
Syn. Fil.p. 374.

The simplest in structure of all the plants of the Order. — 1 Cape species.

27. VITTAKIA, Smith.

Eronds grass-like, with copious, lateral, free veins. Sori
linear, continuous, marginal. — Fappe and Bawson, pp. 38, 53 ;
Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 395.

A. single Cape species.

28. NOTOCHLJENA, E. Br.

Eronds ovate, compound. Sori marginal, at first oblong or
subglobose, soon confluent into a continuous marginal line. — •
Fappe and Bawson, p. 42 ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil.p. 370.

4 Cape species, 3 of which are very rare, and nearly or quite endemic,
the other probably identical with a plant common round the shores of the
Mediterranean.

2 n 2

CXLTII. FILICES.

4G8

29. GYMNOGRAMMA, Desv.

Sori arising from veins over the under surface of the com-
pound frond, simple or forked. — Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p.
37G. Grammitis, Ceterach, and Grymnogramma, Bappe and
Bawson, p. 23 and 41-42.

5 Cape species, which range under the sections as under : —

Section Leptogramma . Habit and mode of growth of Aspidium. Veins
free. — 1 species.

Section Bugymnogramma. Habit and mode of growth of Cheilanthes.
Veins free. Fronds not waxy on the under surface. — 1 species.

Section Ceropteris. Like the last, but the fronds covered all over below
with white or yellow powder. — 2 species.

Section Selliguea. Veins anastomosing copiously. Habit and mode of
growth of Bupolypodium. — 1 species.

Tribe 11. Acrostiche^:.

Sori forming a stratum over the under surface of the frond
of some or all the pinnae, not confined to the veins only.

30. ACROSTICHUM, Linn.

Patches of sori covering the whole of the under surface of
the frond, or in one species of the upper pinnae only. — Hook,
and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 399. Stenochlaena, Olfersia, and Acro-
stichum, Pappe and Bawson, p. 43-44.

6 Cape species, falling under 3 sections, viz. -. —

Section Blaphoglossum. Fronds quite simple. Veins free. — 4 species.

Section Stenochlcena. Barren fronds, simply pinnate, fertile 2-pinnate,
with very narrow divisions like those of Lomaria. Veins close, free,
parallel. — 1 species.

Section Chrysodium. Fronds simply pinnate. Veins anastomosing co-
piously ; lower pinnae barren. — 1 species.

%

Suborder 4. Osmundese.

Vernation circinate. Capsules 2-valved, opening across the
apex, furnished with a very incomplete horizontal ring.

31. OSMUNDA, Linn.

Pruit bearing part quite distinct from the leafy part of the
frond, forming a panicle made up of copious thyrsoid clusters.
— Pappe and Bawson, p. 4G. Ilook. and Baker , Syn. Fil.p. 42G.

1 Cape species. The well-known, widely-diffused O. regalis.

32. TODEA, Willd.

Sori on the back of the leafy part of the frond. — Pappe and
Bawson, p. 47 ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 427.

CXLIII. EILICES.

469

Combines the capsules of Osmundea with the habit of Polypodiece. — 1
species, also occurring in Australia and New Zealand.

t

Suborder 5. Schizeese.

Vernation circinate. Capsules 2-valved, opening down the
side, crowned by a complete operculiform ring.

33. SCHIZ^EA, Smith.

Capsules sessile, in 2-4 rows, covering one side of close
distichous spikes, which form separate fertile segments at the
apex of the fronds. — Pappe and Bawson , p. 45 ; Hook, and
Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 428.

2 Cape species, both with unbranched, rush-like fronds, and pinnate fer-
tile segments.

34. ANEMIA, Swartz.

Capsules minute, very abundant, forming a copiously-
branched panicle, with thyrsoid branches, which is quite dis-
tinct from the leafy part of the frond. — Pappe and Bawson ,
p. 46 ; Hook, and Baker , Syn. Fil. p. 431.

A curious and distinctly-marked genus, almost confined to tropical
America. — 1 Cape species.

35. MOHRIA, Swartz.

Capsules sessile, placed on the back of the leafy part of the
frond near the margin. — Pappe and Bawson, p. 46 j Hook, and
Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 436.

Combines the capsules of the suborder with the general habit of a Chei-
lanthes. — The only species, is confined to the Cape and Mascaren isles.

Suborder 6. Marattiese.

Vernation circinate. Capsules opening by a slit down one
side or a pore at the apex, entirely without a ring, usually
joined together in concrete masses (synangia) . Caudex a suc-
culent, tuberous mass, upon which the stipites are articulated,
furnished at the base with large, flap-like, leathery auricles.

36. MARATTIA, Smith.

Capsules in the Cape species sessile, 10-12 together, con-
crete in boat-shaped masses, which consist of 2 opposite rows
of capsules, opening by slits down their inner faces. — Pappe
and Bawson, p. 47 ; Hook, and Baker, Syn. Fil. p. 440.

Only 1 Cape species, a variety of a plant spread through the tropics of
the Old World.

470

CXLIII. FILICES.

Suborder 7. Ophioglosseae.

Vernation erect. Capsules deeply 2-valved, without any
ring, opening down the side nearly to the base.

37. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn.

Capsules sessile, arranged in 2 rows, so as to form a dense
spike. — Bappe and Bawson, p. 47 ; Hook. and Baker, Syn. Fit.
p. 444.

3 Cape species, 1 a form of the cosmopolitan O. vulgatum, and 1, which
is confined to the Cape and very rare, forming the sect. Rhizoglossum, Presl,
characterized by having the barren and fertile fronds distinct.

Order CXLIV. LYCOPODIACEiE.

Capsules sessile in the axils of the leaves, deeply 2- or 3-
valved, 1-3-celled, without a ring, uniform or of 2 kinds ; when
of 2 kinds, 1 is larger than the other, and contains 3 or 4
large spores (macrospores) ; the smaller capsules, or all of
them if of one kind only, containing a large mass of minute,
dust-like spores (microspores). — Leaves uniform and imbri-
cated all round the stem, or of 2 kinds, arranged in fours, the
smaller pair adpressed to the stem, and the larger spreading
from it in a single plane. Capsules dispersed amongst the
leaves down the stem or confined to a few of the upper leaves,
which are then often different from the others and form a sort
of cone.

1. LYCOPODIUM, Linn.

Capsules and spores all of one kind, the former 2-valved
and 1-celled; the leaves usually equal and spreading uni-
formly.— Bappe and Bawson (in part), p. 48.

Species 6 ; the leaves in all spreading uniformly.

2. SELAGX3STELLA, Spring.

Capsules and spores of 2 kinds, the former 2-valved and 1-
celled, aggregated in terminal heads. Leaves usually of two
forms and sizes, the larger pairs spreading distichously. — Ly-
copodium, Bappe and Bawson {in part).

4 Cape species, in 2 of which the leaves spread uniformly.

3. PSILOTUM, Swartz.

Capsules 3-celled, 3-valved. Leaves minute, rigid and very
much scattered. — Bappe and Bawson, p. 50.

A single, widely -diffused, tropical species (P. triquetrum), reaches Natal.

CXLTY. LYCOPODlACEiE.

471

— Stems rigid, erect, slender, angled, irregularly-branclied. Leaves few and
scale-like. Capsules in the angles of the scales.

Order CXLY. MARSILEACEiE.

Capsules of 2 kinds, 1 containing a single large spore, and
the other numerous minute ones. In some genera both kinds
of capsule enclosed in a common, many-celled receptacle.

Marsh or water plants of very various habit.

1. MARSILEA, Linn.

Spores of both kinds contained in the same receptacle,
which is placed at or near the base of the long petioles of the
4-foliolate fronds.

1 Cape species, with the fronds of a 4-leaved shamrock.

2. AZOLLA, Lam.

Receptacles very minute, of 2 kinds, hanging from the lower
side of the branches of a pinnate frond with minute imbrica-
ted leaves.

1 Cape species ; a minute, pinnately-branched, moss-like, floating water-
plant.

Order CXLYI. EQUISETACE^l.

Spores surrounded by elaters, placed on the under side of
stalked, peltate scales, which form cones at the apex of the
stems. Stems erect, cylindrical, fluted, jointed, hollow be-
tween the joints, which terminate in toothed sheaths.

Only 1 genus, JSquisetum, represented at the Cape by a single species, in
which there are no whorls of small branchlets, as is often the case, from the
nodes of the main stem, which is erect, copiously and regularly striated,
and abounds in silica.

ADDENDUM.

America triphylla, A. DC. in DC. Drod. v. 9, p. 513
(Ehretia triphylla, Hochst. Herb.), a plant gathered in Natal
by Krauss, and doubtfully referred by A. De Candolle to the
American genus Amerina , is wholly unknown to me

473

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

The Synonyms are in Italics.

Aberia, 16.
Abildgaardia, 420.
Abrus, 87.

Abutilon, 29.

Acacia, 92.

Acaciese, 92.

Acaena, 95.
Acalypha, 338.
Acanthace^e, 279.
Acanthidese, 283.
Acanthopsis, 284.
Acanthus, 284.
Acanthotheca, 200.
Acharia, 122.
Achneria, 449.
Achyrantheae, 317.
Achyranthes, 318.
Acmadenia, 43.
Acmena, 112.
Acridocarpus, 35.
Acrolepis, 425.
Acrosanthes, 131.
Acrostemon, 217.
Acrostichum, 468.
Acrotome, 306.
Actiniopteris, 465.
Adenachaena, 184.
Adenandra, 44.
Adenium, 247.
Adenocline, 338.
Adenogramma, 133.
Adenosolen, 186.
Adenostemma, 170.
Adhatoda, 285.
Adiantum, 463.
iEolanthus, 304.
TErva, 317.

iEschynomene, 81.
Agapanthus, 398.
Agathelpis, 293.
Agathosma, 44.
Ageratum, 170.
Agrimonia, 95.
Agrostemma, 22.
Agrostis, 444.

Aira, 450.

Airochloa , 454.
Aitonia, 60.

Aizoon, 131.

Ajuga, 308.

Alberta, 152.
Alberteae, 152.
Albizzia, 92.

Albuca, 397.
Alchemilla, 96.
Alciope, 171.
Alectra, 266.
Alepidea, 138.
Alhagi, 83.
ALISMACEiE, 385.
Allieae, 398.
Allosorus, 464.
Alnus, 346.

Aloe, 399.

Alsineae, 22.
Alsophila, 461.
Altemanthera, 319.
Althaea, 27.
Alysicarpus, 82.
Alyssum, 8.
Amarantacete, 315.
Amarantus, 317.
Amaryllide.®, 378.
Amaryllideae, 379.

Amaryllis, 381.
Ambraria, 156.
Amellus, 171.
Amerina, 471.
Ammocharis, 382.
Ammannia, 115.
Ampelide^e, 57.
Amphidoxa, 189.
Amphiglossa, 191.
Amphithalea, 71.
Anabcena, 339.
Anacampseros, 24.
Anacardiaceab, 62.
Anacardieae, 63.
Anagallis, 222.
Anaglypha, 172.
Anarthrosyne, 82.
Anastrabe, 265.
Anaxeton, 193.
Anchusa, 300.
Ancylanthus, 152.
Androcymbium, 404.
Andropogon, 442.
Aneilema, 409.
Anemia, 469.
Anemone, 1.
Anesorhiza, 141.
Anethum, 144.
Angrsecum, 361.
Aniseia, 254.
Anisochaeta, 170.
Anisopogon, 449.
Anisoramphus, 209.
Anomatheca, 373.
Anona, 3.

Anon ace jE, 2.
Anstrutheria, 109.

474

INDEX OF OliDEKS AND GENEEA.

Anthemid,eae, 182.
Anthericese, 399.
Anthistiria, 443.
Anthochortus, 416.
Antholyza, 374.
Anthospermeae, 155.
Anthospermum, 156.
Antidesma, 341.
Antiphora, 438.
Antirrhinideae, 262.
Antirrhinese, 263.
Antithrixia, 194.
Antizoma, 4.

Apium, 138.
Apocynee, 244.
Apodytes, 50.
Aponogeton, 386.
Aptosimum, 266.
Apuleia, 205.

Arabis, 8.

Arachis, 81.
Araliacee, 146.
Arctopus, 145.
Arctotheca, 202.
Arctotidese, 201.
Arctotis, 201.
Argyrella, 113.
Argyrolobium, 74.
Aristea, 372.
Aristida, 446.
Aroidee, 388.
Arrowsmithia, 207.
Artemisia, 185.
Arthratherum , 446.
Arthrocnemum, 314.
Arthrosolen, 325.
Arundinella, 438.
Arundo, 452.
Asclepiadee, 226.
Askidiosperma, 413.
Aspalathus, 76.
Asparagopsis , 406.
Asparagus, 406.
Asparagus , 406.
Aspidium, 466.
Aspidoglossum, 235.
Asplenium, 465.
Astephanus, 231.
Aster, 172.

Astereae, 171.
Asterocbaete, 423.
Asteroidcae, 1 71.
Astragalcae, 80.
Astragalus, 80.
Asystasia, 287.
Atiianasia, 188.

Athrixia, 193.
Athyrium , 465.
Atriplex, 313.
Atropis, 454.
Audouinia, 105.
Augea, 37.

Aulacorhyncbus, 426.
Aulaya, 272.

Aulax, 329.
Aurantieae, 46.
Avena, 450.
Avicennia, 292.
Avicennieae, 292.
Aviceps, 365.

Azolla, 471.

Babiana, 373.
Baccharideae, 174.
Baeomitra, 404.
Balanophoree, 107.
Ballota, 306.
Balsamineae, 41.
Balsamodendron, 47.
Barbarea, 7.
Barberetta, 377.
Barleria, 283.
Barosma, 44.
Barringtonia, 112.
Barringtonieae, 112.
Barrowia, 240.
Bartholina, 364.
Batatas, 253.
Bauhinia, 91.
Begonia, 128.
Begoniacee, 128.
Belmontia, 252.
Berardia, 104.

Bergia, 25.

Berkheya, 235.
Bersama, 61.

Berzelia, 103.
Betulacee, 346.
Bidens, 179.
Bignoniacee, 274.
Bignonieae, 275.
Bixacee, 13.
Bixineae, 14.

Blaeria, 217.
Blechnum, 465.
Blepharis, 284.
Bluffia, 436.

Blumea, 175.

Bceckhia , 414.
Bochmerieae, 344.
Boerhaavia, 308.
Bonateay 363.

Borageae, 299.
Boraginee;, 296.
Borbonia, 72.

Boscia, 12.

Botryceras, 63.
Bouchea, 290.

Bowiea, 401.
Bowkeria, 264.
Brabeium, 332.
Brachycarpaea, 10.
Bracbycorythis, 367.
Bracbylaena, 175.
Brachymeris, 184.
Brachypodium, 457.
Brachyrhynchos, 199.
Bracbysipbon, 322.
Brachystelma, 241.
Bracteolaria, 89.
Brassica, 9.

Brehmla, 249.

Brexia, 99.

Brexieae, 99.
Briedelia, 341.

Briza, 455.
Brizopyrum, 453.
Bromus, 456.
Brownleea, 365.
Bruguiera, 108.
Brunia, 104.
Bruniacee, 103.
Brunsvigia, 382.
Bryomorphe, 191.
Bryophyllum, 102.
Bubon, 144.
Bucculina, 363.
Buchenrcedera, 76.
Bucbnera, 270.
Bucbnereae, 270.
Buddlea, 249.
Buddleieae, 249.
Buekia, 423.

Bulbine, 400.
Bulbinella, 400.
Bulliarda, 100.
Bunburya, 154.
Buphane, 382.
Bupleurum, 140.
Burchellia, 150.
Burkea, 90.
Burmannia, 370.
Burmanniacee, 369.
Burseracee, 47.

Cacalia, 197.

Cactee, 128.

Cadaba, 12.

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

475

Cadiscus, 180.
Cgesalpiniose, 89.

Caesia, 401.
Calamagrostis, 445.
Calanthe, 361.
Calendulese, 200.
Callilepis, 181.
Calodendron, 42.
Calophanes, 282.
Calopsis , 413.
Calpurnia, 88.
Calystegia, 254.
Campanulaceee, 209.
Campanuleae, 212.
Campteria , 464.
Camptoloma, 270.
Campylospermeae, 145.
Campy lostachys, 293.
Cana valia, 84.
Cannomois, 414.
Canthium, 153.
Capnophyllum, 144.
Cappareae, 12.

CAPPARIDEiE, 11.
Capparis, 13.

Capsella, 9.

Cardamine, 8.
Cardiospermum, 58.
Carex, 425.

Caricineae, 425.
Carissa, 244.
Caroxylon, 315.
Carpacoce, 156.
Carpolyza, 383.
Carponema, 10.

Carum, 139.
Caryophylle^e, 20.
Cassia, 90.

Cassine , 54.

Cassinopsis, 50.
Cassytha, 328.

Catha, 53.

Cathastrum, 53.
Catophractes, 275.
Celastreae, 52.
Celastrine^e, 51.
Celastrus , 52.

Celosia, 316.

Celosieae, 316.
Celtideae, 345.

Celtis, 345.

Cenia, 187.
Cephalandra, 125.
Cephalaria, 158.
Cerastium, 22.
Ceratandra, 368.

Ceratiosicyos, 121.
Ceratocaryum, 415.
Ceratochloa, 456.
Ceratophorus, 337.
Ceropegia, 240.
Ceterach, 468.
Chaenostoma, 267.
Chcetacanthus , 282.
Ch.Eetach.me, 346.
Chaetobromus, 451.
ChEetospora, 424.
Chailletia, 49.
Chailletiaceje, 49.
Chamira, 9.

Charieis, 172.
Cheilanthes, 464.
Cheloneae, 264.
Chenopodie.e, 311.
Chenopodium, 312.
Chilianthus, 249.
Chironia, 251.

Chloris, 448.
Chlorophytum, 401.
Chcetaria, 446.
Chondrolaena, 454.
Choristylis, 99.
Christy a, 247.
Chrysanthemum, 184.
Chrysithrix, 425.
Chrysobalaneae, 94.
Chrysocoma, 174.
Chrysopogon, 443.
Chymococca, 325.
Chymocormus, 238.
Cichoraceae, 207.
Cienkowskia , 356.
Cineraria, 197.
Cissampelos, 4.

Cissus , 57.

Citrullus, 124.
Cladium, 422.
Claoxylon, 339.
Clausena, 46.
Clematis, 1.

Cleome, 11.

Cleomese, 11.
Clerodendron, 291.
Cliffortia, 96.

Clivia, 380.

Cluytia, 337.

Cnestis, 65.

Cnidium, 143.
Coccohryon, 349.
Codon, 256.
Codonanthemum, 218.
Codonostiyma} 218.

Coelanthum, 133.
Coelanthus, 394.
Coelidium, 72.
Coffeaeeae, 153.
Coilostigma, 218.

Coix, 443.

Coleonema, 43.
Colpias, 263.
CoMBRETACEJE, 109.
Combretum, 110.
Commelyna, 409.
CoMMELYNE^i, 408.
Compositje, 158.
Conifers, 352.
Conium, 146.
Connarace^e, 65.
CoNVOLVULACE^E, 253.
Convolvuleae, 253.
Convolvulus, 254.
Conyza, 175.
Corchorus, 33.

Cordia, 298.

Cordieae, 298.
Cordylogyne, 232.
Corneas, 147.
Corrigiola, 320.
Corycium, 369.
Corydalis, 6.
Corymbium, 169.
Cotula, 187.
Cotyledon, 101.
Crabbea, 283.
Craspedolepis, 416.
Crassula, 101.
Crassulaceas, 99.
Crescentieae, 276.
Crinum, 380.
Crotalaria, 73.

Croton, 337.
Crucifers, 6.
Cryptadenia, 326.
Cryptocarya, 328.
Cryptogramma , 464.
Cryptostemma, 202.
Ctenium, 447.
Ctenomeria, 339.
Cubeba, 349.
Cucullifera , 414.
Cucumis, 123.
Cucurbita, 126.
Cucurbit ace je, 122.
Cucurbiteae, 123.
Cullumia, 204.
Cunonia, 98.
Cunomeae, 98.
Cupressineae, 353.

476

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Curculigo, 385.
Curtisia, 147.
Cuscuta, 255.
Cuscuteae, 255.
Cussonia, 147.
Cyanella, 402.
Cyanotis, 410.
Cyathea, 461.
Cyathocoma, 424.
Cyathula, 318.
Cycade^e, 353.
Cyclolobeae, 312.
Cyclonema, 292.
Cyclopia, 70.
Cycloptychis, 10.
Cyclostemon, 340.
Cycnium, 271.
Cymbidium, 359.
Cynareae, 201.
Cynoctonum, 236.
Cynodon, 447.
Cynoglossum, 301.
Cynosurus, 456.
Cyperace^e, 416.
Cypereae, 418.
Cyperus, 418.

Cypbia, 214.
Cyphieae, 214.
Cyphonema, 380.
Cypselodontia, 177.
Cyrtanthus, 380.
Cyrtomium , 466.
Cyrtopera, 360.
Cysticapnos, 5.
Cystopteris, 463.
Cytineae, 348.
Cytinus, 348.

Dactylis, 454.
Dactyloctenium, 448.
Daemia, 237.

Dais, 325.

Dalbergia, 88.
Dalbergieae, 87.
Dalechampia, 339.
Danthonia, 450.
Daphneae, 324.
Datura, 258.
Daubenya, 395.
Daucus, 145.
Davallia, 463.
Decaceras, 242. .
Denekia, 176.
Dcsmodium, 82.
Deverra, 142.
Dianthera , 11.

Dianthus, 21.
Diascia, 262.

Diasia, 375.
Dichaelia, 241.
Dichilus, 74.
Dichisma, 295.
Dichondra, 255.
Dichondreae, 255.
Dichrocephala, 175.
Dichrostachys, 92.
Dicliptera, 285.
Diclis, 263.

Dicoma, 206.
Dictyopsis, 406.
Didelta, 205.
Didymocarpeae, 279.
Didymochlaena, 466.
Didymodoxa, 345.
Dilatris, 377.
Dinacria, 100.
Dioscorea, 370.
Dioscoride.®, 370.
Diosma, 43.
Diosmeae, 42.
Diospyros, 225.
Diplachne, 449.
Diplochonium , 135.
Diplopappus, 173.
Dipsace^e, 158.
Disa, 365.
Discocapnos, 6.
Disparago, 192.
Disperis, 369.
Dissotis, 113.
Dithyrocarpus, 409.
Dobrowskya, 212.
Dodonea, 60.
Dodoneae, 60.
Dolichos, 85.
Dombeya, 31.
Dombeyeae, 31.
Doria, 198.

Dovea, 413.
Dovyalis, 16.
Dregea, 239.
Drimia, 397.
Droguetia, 344.
Drosera, 18.
Droseraceje, 17.
Dryadeae, 94.
Drymaria, 22.
Dumasia, 83.
Duranta, 291.
Duvemoia, 284.

Ebenaceje, 224.

Echinopsilon, 313.
Echinospermum, 300.
Echium, 299.

EcJclonio, , 422.

Eclipta, 178.

Eclopes , 195.
Ectadium, 230.
Ecteinanthus, 285.
Ehretia, 298.
Ehretieae, 298.
Ehrharta, 456.
Ekebergia, 48.
Elaeodendron, 54.
Elatinace^e, 25.
Elegia, 415.
Eleocharis, 419.
Elephantorhiza, 91.
Eleusine, 448.
Elionurus, 441.
Elynanthus, 423.
Elytropappus, 191.
Embelia, 221.

Emex, 310.
Empleuridium, 45.
Empleurum, 44.
Encepbalartos, 354.
Encbysia, 212.
Endonema, 323.
Endonemeae, 322.
Endotropis, 237.
Enneapogon, 452.
Entada, 91.
Epilobium, 118.
Epiphora , 359.
Equisetace^e, 471.
Eragrostis, 455.
Eremia, 217.

Eriachne , 450.
Erianthus, 440.

Erica, 216.
Ericaceae. 215.
Ericeae, 215.
Ericinella, 217.
Erigeron, 173.
Eriocaulineab, 411.
Eriocaulon, 411.
Eriocephalus, 188.
Eriochrysis, 440.
Eriosema, 86.
Eriospermum, 402.
Eriosphaera, 189.
Erodium, 40.
Erythrina, 84.
Erythrophysa, 59.
Erythi’oxylon, 34.
Escallonieae, 99.

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

477

Escobedieae, 265.
Ethulia, 168.
Euasclepiadeae, 231.
Euchaetis, 42.
Euchlora, 73.

Euclea, 225.

Eucomis, 396.
Eugenia, 112.
Eugentianeae, 251.
Eulalia, 440.

Eulalia , 440.
Eulophia, 360.
Eumimoseae, 91.
Eumorphia, 182.
Eupatoriaceae, 170.
Euphorbia, 336.
Euphorbiaceas, 334.
Euphrasieae, 273.
Euryops, 199.
Eustacbys, 447.
Eustegia, 238.
Euverbeneae, 289.
Evolvulus, 255.
Exochaenium, 252.
Exomis, 312.

Fabria , 282.

Fagelia, 85.

Fagonia, 37.

Falkia, 255.
Fanninia, 235.
Faurea, 332.
Ferraria, 372.
Festuca, 455.

Ficinia, 421.
FlCOIDEiE, 129.
Ficus, 346.

Filices, 458.
Fimbristylis, 420.
Fingerhuthia, 451.
Flagellaria, 408.
Fleurya, 343.
Fockea, 238.
Foeniculum, 142.
Forficaria, 367.
Forskohlea, 344.
Forskohlieae, 344.
Frankenia, 20.
FRANKENIACE2E, 20.
Fresenia, 174.
Freylinia, 264.
Fugosia, 29.
Fuirena, 420.
Fumaria, 6.
Fumariaceas, 5.

Galactia, 84.

Galaxia, 376.

. Galegeae, 79.

Galenia, 131.

Galium, 157.
Galopina, 155.
Gamolepis, 183.
Garcinia, 26.
Gardenia, 151.
Gardenieae, 150.
Garuleum, 173.
Gazania, 203.
Geigeria, 178.
Geissoloma, 323.
Geissolome^e, 323.
Geissorhiza, 375.
Gelonium , 337.
Genistese, 72.
Genlisea, 274.
Gentiane^e, 250.
Geraniace^e, 38.
Geraniae, 39.
Geranium, 40.
Gerardieae, 272.
Gerbera, 206.
Gerrardanthus, 127.
Gesneriacece, 276.
Gethyllis, 384.

Geum, 95.

Giesekia, 134.
Gladiolus, 373.
Gleichenia, 461.

Glia, 141.
Glischrocolla, 322.
Glossostephanus, 234.
Glossostigma, 269.
Gnaphalieae, 188.
Gnaphalium, 189.
GNETACEiE, 351.
Gnidia, 327.

Gnidieae, 326.
Gomphocarpus, 235.
Gomphrenese, 319.
Gonioma, 246.
Goniopteris, 467.
Goodenovieae, 215.
Gorteria, 203.

Gosela, 293.

Graderia, 272.
Gramine^e, 427.
Grammanthes, 101.
Grammatotheca, 210.
Grammitis, 468.
Gratioleae, 266.
Grewia, 33.

Greyia, 61.

Grielum, 97.
Griesbachia, 217.
Grubbia, 103.
Grumilea, 153.
Gueinzia , 389.
Guettardeae, 152.
Guilandina, 89.
Gunnera, 106.
Guttieer^e, 26.
Gynandropsis, 12.
Gymnema, 239.
Gymnodiscus, 198.
Gymnogramma, 468.
Gymnosperm^e, 351.
Gymnosporia, 52.
Gymnostephium, 172.
Gymnothrix, 438.

Habenaria, 363.
Haemanthus, 381.
Haemax, 233.
HtemodoracejE, 376.
Hallackia, 368.
Halleria, 264.

Hallia, 83.
Halorage^e, 106.
Hamamelide^e, 102.
Haplocarpha, 202.
Harpachloa, 447.
Harpagophytum , 278.
Harpephyllum, 64.
Hartogia, 53.
Hartwegia , 401.
Harvey a, 273.
Hebenstreitia, 295.
Hedyotideae, 151.
Hedyotis, 151.
Hedysareae, 80.
Helenieae, 180.
Heliantheae, 178.
Helichrysum, 189.
Helinus, 56.
Heliophila, 9.
Heliophytum, 299.
Heliotropeae, 298.
Heliotropium, 298.
Helipterum, 189.
Helophytum, 100.
'Helosciadium, 139.
Hemarthria, 439.
Hemicarpha, 421.
Hemichlaena, 424.
Hemimerideae, 262.
Hemimeris, 262.
Hemitelia, 461.
Hermannia, 32.

478

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Hermanniae, 31.
Hennas, 146.
Hermbstaedtia, 317.
Hemiaria, 320.
Herpestis, 268.
Herscbelia, 367.
Hesperantba, 37 5.
Hessea, 384.

Heterolepis, 203.
Heteromorpha, 140.
Heteropogon, 442.
Heteropyxideae, 116.
Heteropyxis, 116.
Hibisceae, 29.

Hibiscus, 29.

Hieracium, 208.
Hierochloe, 451.

Hippia, 185.
Hippobromus, 59.
Hippocrateae, 54.
Hirpicium, 204.

Holcus, 449.
Holophyllmn, 169.
Holothrix, 361.
Homalineae, 16.
Homalium, 16.

Hoodia, 243.

Hordeum, 458.
Hoslundia, 304.
Huernia, 243.
Huttonaea, 367.
Hyaenanche, 340.
Hyacintbeae, 394.
Hydnora, 348.
Hydnoreae, 348.
HYDROCHARIDEiE, 355.
Hydrocotyle, 137.
Hydrophyllacete, 256.
Hydrophylax, 155.
Hydrostachys, 350.
Hymenophyllum, 462.
Hyobanche, 271.
Hypericineje, 25.
Hypericum, 26.
Sypertelis , 133.
Hyphaene, 391.
Hypocalyptus, 75.
Hypochaeris, 207.
Hypodiscus, 414.
Hypoestes, 286.
Hypolaena, 415.
Hypolepis, 464.
Hypolytreae, 421.
Hypoxideae, 385.
Hypoxis, 385.

Hyptis, 305.

Ideleria, 423.

Idothea, 397.

Ilex, 51.

Ilicineje, 51.
Ilysanthes, 269.
Imantophyllum, 381.
Imantophyllum , 381.
Imhofia, 383.
Impatiens, 41.
Imperata, 439.
Indigofera, 78.
Indigofereae, 78.
Inula, 177.

Inuleae, 176.

Iocaste, 183.

Ionidium, 17.

Ipomoea, 254.

Irideas, 370.
Ischyrolepis , 413.
Isolepis, 420.

Isolobus, 211.

Ixia, 375.

Ixiantbes, 265.

Jasmines, 219.
Jasminum, 219.
Jatropha, 336.
Junce^e, 407.

Juncus, 407.

Jussiaea, 117.

Jussieae, 117.

Justicia, 285.

Justicia , 285.

Kaempferia, 356.
Kalanchoe, 102.
Kigelia, 276.
Kiggelaria, 16.
Kissenia, 119.

Kleinia, 198.
Kniphofia, 399.
Knowltonia, 2.
Kocbia, 313.
Koehleria, 454.
Kraussia, 154.
Krebsia, 233.
Kyllingia, 419.

Labiate, 301.
Labourdonnaisia, 224.
Lachenalia, 394.
Lachnaea, 326.
Lachnospermum, 190.
Lacbnostylis, 342.
Lactuca, 207.
Lagarinthus, 235.

Lagarosiphon, 355.
Lagenaria, 125.
Lagenias, 251.
Lagenocarpus , 218.
Lanaria, 377.

Landtia, 202.

Lantana, 291.
lappago , 436.
Lasiagrostis, 445.
Lasiocbloa, 453.
Lasiocorys, 307.
Lasiopogon, 190.
Lasiosiphon, 327.
Lasiospermum, 182.
Lastrea , 466.
Lathriogyne, 72.
Laurentia, 212.
Lauridia, 54.
Laurine^e, 327.
Lebeckia, 75.

Leersia, 446.
Leguminose:, 65.
Lenma, 389.
Lentibularinee;, 273.
Leonotis, 307.
Leontonyx, 181.
lepidanthus , 414.
Lepidium, 9.
lepigonum , 22.

Lepisia, 423.
Leptocarpus, 413.
Leptochloa, 449.
Leptocodon, 213.
Leptopaetia, 231.
leptorhachis , 340.
Leptospermeae, 111.
Leptothamnus, 174.
Lessertia, 80.
Leucadendron, 330.
Leucas, 307.
leucoplceus , 414.
Leucosidea, 95.
Leucospermum, 330.
Levisticum, 143.
Leyssera, 194.
Lichtensteinia, 141.
Lidbeckia, 182.
Lightfootia, 212.
Liliaceas, 391.
Limeum, 135.
Limnanthemum, 252.
Limosella, 269.
Linaria, 263.

Linconia, 105.

Lindsay a, 4Q3.

LlNEiE, 34.

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

479

Linostylis , 282.
Linum, 34.

Liparia, 71.
Liparieae, 71.
Liparis, 359.

Lippia, 291.
Lipotriche, 180.
Lissochilus, 360.
Listia, 74.
Litanthus, 399.
Lithospermum, 300.
Litogyne, 168.
Littonia, 403.
Loasaceje, 119.
Lobelia, 211.
Lobelieae, 210.
Lobostemon, 299.
Loddigesia, 75.
lodicularia , 439.
Loganiacea;, 248.
Lolium, 457.
Lomaria, 465.
Loncbitis, 464.
Lonchocarpus, 87.
Lonchostoma, 105.
Lopholsena, 197.
Lopbostepbus, 242.
LoRANTHACEAI, 148.
Loranthus, 148.
Lotononis, 74.
Lotus, 77.
Loxostylis, 64.
Ludwigia, 117.
Luffa, 125.

Luzula, 408.
Lycium, 258.
Lyperia, 268.
Lysimachia, 222.
Lythrariea, 114.
Lythrariese, 115.
Lytbrum, 115.

Maba, 226.
Macaranga, 337.
Mackaya, 287.
Mackenia, 233.
Macnabia, 216.
Macropetalum, 241.
Macrostylis, 43.
Maerua, 12.

Maesa, 221.
Mabernia, 32.
Mairea, 171.
Malaxideae, 359.
Malpighiacea, 35.
Maltebrunia, 446.

Malva, 28.
Malvaceae, 27.
Malvastrum, 28.
Malveae, 27.

Manulea, 268.

Mappa, 337.
Marasmodes, 186.
Marattia, 469.
Marginaria, 467.
Mariscus, 419.
Marsilea, 471.
Marsileacea, 471.
Massonia, 395.
Matricaria, 184.
Mattbiola, 7.
Maurocenia, 54.
Medicago, 78.
Melancranis, 421.
Melanosticta, 89.
Melanthaceje, 403.
Melanthium, 404.
Melasma, 265.
Melastomacea, 112.
Melhania, 31.

Melia, 49.

Meliacea, 47.
Melianthese, 61.
Meliantbus, 61.
Melica, 453.
Melilotus, 78.
Melolobium, 74.
Memecylon, 114.
Menispermaceje, 3.
Mentha, 305.
Menyanthese, 252.
Merciera, 214.
Mercurialis , 338.
Mesanthus , 414.
Mesembryanthemum,
130.

Mesogramma, 196.
Metalasia, 190.
Methonica, 402.
Methonicese, 402.
Metrosideros, 111.
Metzleria, 211.
Micraster, 242.
Microchloa, 446.
Microcodon, 213.
Microdon, 294.
Microlepia , 463.
Microloma, 232.
Micromeria, 305.
Microrhyncus, 208.
Microstephium, 202.
Mikania, 170.

Millettia, 79.
Mimetes, 330.
Mimosese, 91.
Mimusops, 224.
Minurothamnus, 178.
Mitracarpum, 155.
Modecca, 121.
Mohria, 479.
Mollugo, 132.
Momordica, 124.
Monadenia, 366.
Monechma , 285.
Monerma, 457.
Monetia, 220.
Monogramme, 467.
Monopsis, 211.
Monotris, 362.
Monsonia, 39.
Montbretia, 374.
Montinia, 118.
Montiniese, 118.
Morsea, 372.

More®, 346.
Moschosma, 303.
Mutria, 127.

Mundtia, 19.
Muraltia, 19.
Mutisiacese, 205.
Myosotis, 300.
Myrica, 348.
Myriceae, 347.
Myriophyllum, 106.
Myrsine, 221.
Myrsinea, 220.
Myrsiphyllum, 406.
Myrtacea, 110.
Myrtese, 111.
Mystacidium, 361.
Mystropetalon, 107.
Mystroxylon , 54.

Naiadea:, 386.
Nasturtium, 7.
Nastus, 456.

Natalia , 61.
Nematanthus , 415.
Nemesia, 263.
Nephrodium, 466.
Nephrolepis, 466.
Nerine, 382.

Nessea, 116.

Nestlera, 194.
Neuradeae, 97.
Nicandra, 257.
Nicotiana, 258.
NidorelTa, 173.

480

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

Nicbuhria, 12.

Niebuhr ia, 12.
Niphobolus , 467.
Nivenia, 331.

Noltea, 56.
Notochlaena, 467.
Nuxia, 249.
Nycterinia, 267.
Nyctagine^e, 308.
Nymplisea, 4.
Nymph.® ace je, 4.

Obione, 313.

Ochna, 46.

OCHNACEiE, 46.
Ocimese, 303.
Ocimum, 303.

Odina, 63.

CEdera, 181.
(Enanthe, 141.
CEnothera, 118.
Olacineae, 49.
Oldenburgia, 205.
Olea, 219.

Oleandra, 466.
Olfersia, 468.
Oligocarpus, 200.
Oligodora, 195.
Oligomeris, 13.
Oligothrix, 196.
Olinia, 114.
Ommatodium, 368.
Onagrarie.®, 116.
Oncinema, 234.
Oncoba, 14.
Ophiocaulon, 121.
Ophioglossum, 470.
Ophrydeae, 361.
Oplismenus , 436.
Orchidaceas, 356.
Oreodaphne, 328.
Ornithogalum, 397.
Omithoglossum, 405.
OroranchEjE, 274.
Orphium, 251.
Orygia, 132.

Osbeckia , 113.
Osmites, 195.
Osmitopsis, 196.
Osmunda, 468.
OsteoSpermum, 201.
Osyridocarpus, 333.
Osyris, 333.

Othonna, 198.
Otochlamys, 186.
Ovicda, 373. 9

Oxalideae, 39.

Oxalis, 39.
Oxyanthus, 150.
Oxygonum, 309.

Pachites, 362.

Pachy carpus, 234.
Pachypodium, 247.
Pachy rhynchus, 190.
Palmae, 390.
Palmstruckia, 10.
Panax, 147.
Pancratium, 384.
Panicum, 436.
Panicum , 437.
Papaver, 5.
Papaverace^e, 5.
Papilionaceae, 70.
Pappea, 145.
Pappophorum, 452.
Parapo'dium, 232.
Parastranthus, 211.
Parinarium, 94.
Paritium, 30.
Parkinsonia, 89.
Paronychie^e, 319.
Paspalum, 435.
Passerina, 325.

P ASSIFLOREiE, 120.
Pastinaca, 144.
Pauridia, 385.
Pavetta, 153.
Pavonia, 29.
Pedalinese, 277.
Peddiea, 324.
Pegolettia, 177.
Pelargonium, 40.
Peliostomum, 266.
Pellaea, 464.
Peltophorum, 90.
Penaea, 321.
PEN^EACEiE, 321.
Penseeae, 321.
Pennicillaria, 437.
Pennisetirm, 438.
Pentanisia, 154.
Pentarrhinum, 236.
Penthea, 366.
Pentzia, 186.
Peperomia, 350.
Perdicium, 206.
Periboea, 394.
Periglossum, 233.
Periploceae, 230.
Peristrophe, 286.
Peristylis, 362.

Perotis, 439.
Perotriche, 192.
Petalacte, 193.
Petalidium, 282.
Petroselinum, 138.
Peucedanum, 143.
Peyrousea, 186.
Phalaris, 444.
Pharbitis, 254.
Phamaceum, 132.
Pharnaceum , 133.
Phaseoleae, 83.
Phaylopsis, 283.
Phelipaea, 274.
Philippia, 217.
Phoberos , 15.

Phoenix, 391.
Phoenocoma, 193.
Phragmites, 452.
Phygelius, 264.
Phylica, 57.
Phyllanthus, 341.
Phyllanthus , 341.
Phyllopodium, 267.
Phymaspermum, 183.
Phymatodes , 467.
Physalis, 257.
Phytolacca, 311.
Phytolacceje, 310.
Piaranthus, 243.
Pimpinella, 139.

Pipe raceme, 349.
Piptolaena, 245.
Pircunia , 311.
Pisosperma, 126.
Pistia, 389.
Pittosporeae, 19.
Pittosporum, 20.
Plantagineje, 223. 7
Plantago, 223.
Platycarpha, 169.
Platylepis, 421.
Platylophus, 98.
Plectranthus, 304.
Plectronia, 153.
Pleiospora, 73.
Pleiostemon, 341.
Pleopeltis , ^*76.
Plinthus, 132.
Plocandra, 251.
Plukenetia, 339.
Plukenetia , 339.
Plumeagineas, 295.
Plumbago, 295.

Poa, 455.

Podalyria, 71.

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

481

Podalyrieae, 70.
Podocarpeae, 352.
Podocarpus, 353.
Podostemace^e, 350.
Poivrea, 110.
Polanisia, 11.
Polemannia, 142.
Pollichia, 320.
Pollinia, 440.
Polpoda, 134.
Polycarena, 267.
Polycarpaea, 23.
Polycarpeae, 22.
Polycarpon, 23.
Polycenia, 294.

Poly gala, 18.
PoLYGALEJE, 18.

P olygonea?, 309.
Polygonum, 310.
Polypodium, 467.
Polypogon, 445.
Polystachya, 359.
Polystichum, 466.
Polyxena, 395.
Popowia, 3.
Portulaca, 24.
Portulacaria, 24.

P ORTULACEA?, 23.
Potamogeton, 387.
Potentilla, 94.
Poterium, 96.
Pouzolsia, 344.
Pretrea, 277.
Priestleya, 71.
Primulaceje, 221.
Printzia, 205.
Prionum, 408.
Prismatocarpus, 213.
Priva, 289.
Proteacee, 328.
Protea, 330.

Protium, 47.
Psammotropha, 133.
Pseudobarleria, 282.
Psilotrichum, 317.
Psilotum, 470.
Psoralea, 77.
Psoralieae, 77.

Pteris, 464.
Pterocarpus, 87.
Pterocelastrus, 53.
Pterodiscus, 278.
Pteronia, 174.
Pterothrix, 191.
Pteroxylon, 60.
Pterygodium, 368.

Ptychotis, 139.
Pulicaria, 177.
Pupalia, 319.
Putterlichia, 52.
Pycnostachys, 304.

Quisqualis, 110.

Raffle si ace a:, 348.
Rafnia, 73.

Ramusia, 286.
Randia, 151.
Rahunculacea, 1.
Ranunculus, 2.
Raphidospora , 285.
Raphionacone, 230.
Rauwolfia, 245.
Rawsonia, 14.
Relhania, 195.
Pelhania , 195.
Requienia, 82.
Resedacea, 13.
Restiacea, 411.
Restio, 412.

Retzia, 259.
Rhamnea, 55.
Rhamnus, 56.
Rhamphicarpa, 271.
Rhigiophyllum, 214.
Rhigozum, 276.
Rhinacanthus, 286.
Rhinanthideae, 269.
Rhipsalis, 129.
Rhizophora, 108.
Rhizophore;e, 108.
Ehodocoma, 413.
Rhoiocarpus, 333.
Rhus, 63.

Rhynchocarpa, 126.

R hyn chopsidiam, 195.
Rhynchosia, 86.
Rhynchospora, 422.
Rhynchosporeae, 422.
Rhynea, 188.
Rhyssolobium, 239.
Rhyticarpus, 140.
Rhytiglossa , 285.
Rich&ia, 109.
Richardia, 388.
Ricinus, 336.
Riocreuxia, 240.
Rochea, 101.

Roella, 213.

Rogeria, 277.
Roridula, 18.
Rosacea?, 93.

Rosenia, 194.
Rostellularia , 285.
Royena, 225.

Rubia, 156.
Rubiaceje, 148.
Rubus, 94.

Ruckeria, 199.
Ruellia, 282.
Ruellideae, 282.
Rumex, 310.

Ruppia, 387.
Rutaceje, 41.

Ruttya, 287.

Saccidium, 362.
Sajorium , 339.
Salacia, 54.

Salaxis, 218.
SalicinejE, 347.
Salicomia, 314.

Salix, 347.
Salvadoraceje, 220.
Salvia, 305.

Samolus, 222.
Sandersonia, 403.
Sanguisorbeae, 95.
Sanicula, 138.
Sanseviera, 405.
Santalace^e, 332.
Sapindaceje, 58.
Sapindeae, 58.
Sapindus, 60.
Sapoteje, 223.
Sarcocaulon, 39.
Sarcocolla, 322.
Sarcocyphula, 237.
Sarcophyte, 107.
Sarcostemma, 237.
Satyridium, 365.
Satyrium, 364.
Saxifrageje, 97.
Saxifrageae, 98.
Scabiosa, 158.
Scaevola, 215.
Schepperia , 13.
Schismus, 452.
Schistanthe , 262.
Schistostephium, 185.
Schizaea, 469.
Schizochilus, 364.
Schizodium, 366.
Schizoglossum, 236.
Schizolema , 463.
Schizostylis, 375.
Schmidelia, 59.
Schoenoxiphium, 426.
2 I

482

INDEX OE ORDERS AND GENERA.

Schcenus, 425.

Schotia, 91.

Schrebera, 219.

Scilla, 396.

Scirpeae, 419.

Scirpus, 419.
Scitamine®, 355.
Scleranthus, 321.
Scleria, 425.

Sclerineae, 425.
Sclerocarya, 64.
Sclerochaetium, 424.
Sclerochiton, 284.
Sclerochloa , 454.
Sclerocroton , 340.
Scolopia, 15.

Scoparia, 270.
Scopularia, 363.
ScROPHULARIACE®, 259
Scutia, 56.

Scyphogyne, 218.
Scytanthus , 243.
Scytophyllum, 52.
Sebaea, 251.

Secamone, 231.
Secamoneae, 231.
Securidaca, 19.
Seetzenia, 38.

Seidelia, 338.
Selagineae, 293.
Selaginella, 470.

Selago, 294.
Semonvillea, 134.
Senebiera, 8.

Senecio, 199.

Senecio, 199.
Senecionidese, 178.
Sericocoma, 318.
Serpicula, 106.
Serruria, 331.

Sesameae, 278.
Sesamopteris, 278.
Sesbania, 79.

Seseli, 142.

Setaria, 437.

Shutereia, 255.
Sibthorpieae, 269.

Sida, 28.

Sideroxylon, 223.
Siegesbeckia, 179.
Silene, 21.

Silenese, 21.
Simocheilus, 218.
Siphocodon, 214.
Sisymbrium, 8.
Sisyndite, 37.

Sisyranthus, 242.
Sium, 140.
Smilaceas, 405.
Smilax, 407.
Sinodingium, 63.
SoLANEJE, 256.
Solanum, 257.
Soncbus, 208.
Sopbora, 88.
Sophoreae, 88.
Sopubia, 272.
Sorghum, 442.
Sorocephalus, 331.
Sphaeranthus, 175.
Sparaxis, 374.
Sparmannia, 32.
Spartina, 448.
Spatalla, 332.
Sphenogyne, 181.
Spergula, 22.
Spergularia, 22.
Spermacoce, 155.
Spermacoceae, 154.
Sphaenandra, 267.
Sphaeralcca, 28.
Spharoma, 28.
Sphaerothylax, 351.
Spielmannia, 289.
Spilanthes, 180.
Spirolobeae, 315.
Spirostachys , 340.
Spodiopogon, 441.
Sponia, 345.
Spondieae, 64.
Sporledera, 279.
Sporobolus, 444.
Staavia, 105.
Staberoha, 414.
Stacbys, 306.
Stachytarpha, 290.
Stangeria, 354.
Stapelia, 243.
Stapelieae, 238.
Statice, 296.
Steirodiscus, 183.
Stellaria, 22.
Stellatae, 156.

S tenochlcenci, 468.
Stenoglottis, 364.
Stenosemis, 143.
Stenotapbrum, 436.
Stephania, 3.
Stephanocoma, 204.
Sterculia, 30.
Sterculiacea?, 30.
Sterculieae, 30.

Stilbe, 293.

Stilbineae, 293.
Stillingia, 340.
Stilpnogyne, 196.
Stilpnophytum, 187.
Stipa, 445.

Stipagrostis, 445.
Stoebe, 192. ‘

Stoboea, 204.
Stomatechium, 299.
Streptocarpus, 279.
Striga, 271.
Stropbanthus, 246.
Strumaria, 383.
Strutbiola, 326.
Strychneae, 248.
Strycbnos, 248.
Stylapterus, 322.
Stylochiton, 389.
Stylocoryne, 151.
Stylosanthes, 81.
Suaeda, 315.

Suffrenia, 115.
Sutberlandia, 79.
Sylitra, 80.

Sympieza, 218.
Syncolostemon, 303.
Syndesmanthus , 218.
Syzygium, 111.

Tabemaemontana, 246.
- Talinum, 24.
Tamariscine.®, 25.
Tamarix, 25.
Tanacetiun, 185.
Taraxacum, 208.
Tarcbonantheae, 175.
Tarchonanthus, 176.
Tecoma, 275.

Teedia, 265.
Telanthera, 319.
Tenaris, 238.
Tephrosia, 79.
Teramnus, 84.
Terminalia, 109.
Terminalieae, 109.
Tetrachne, 448.
Tetragonia, 131.
Tetratelia , 11.
Teucrium, 308.
Thalamiflor®, 1.
Thalictrum, 1.
Thamnea, 104.
Thamniophyllum, 182.
Thamnochortus, 414.
Thosidium, 334.

INDEX OF ORDERS AND GENERA.

483

Thesium, 334.
Thunbergia, 281.
Thunbergideae, 281.
Thymele^e, 323.
Tiliace^e, 32.
Tittmannia, 104.
Toddaba, 45.
Toddabeae,*45.
Todea, 468.

Torenia, 269.
Torilis, 145.
Tournefortia, 298.
Toxicopbloea, 245.
Tracbyandra, 400.
Trachynia , 455.
Tracbypogon, 441.
Tragia, 338.

Tragia , 338.

Tragus, 436.

Trapa, 118.

Trapese, 118.
Trianoptiles, 422.
Trianthema, 135.
Trianthema , 135.
Triaspis, 35.
Tribuleae, 36.
Tribulus, 36.
Trichilia, 48.
Trichinium, 317.
Trichocladus, 102.
Trichodesma, 301.
Trichogyne, 192.
Tricholaena, 437.
Trichomanes, 462.
Tricbonema, 376.
Tricbopterix, 451.
Trifobeae, 77.
Trifobum, 77.
Triglochin, 386.
TrigoneUa, 78.
Trimeria, 15.
Tripteris, 200.
Trisetum, 450.
Tristachya, 439.
Tristellateia, 35.
Tristicha, 351.
Triticum, 457.
Tritoma , 400.
Triumfetta, 33.
Trixago, 273.

Trocbomeria, 124.
Tryphia, 363.
Trypbostenuna, 120.
Tulbaghia, 398.
Tumera, 119.
Turneraceje, 119.
Turrsea, 48.
Tylopbora, 238.
Typha, 390.
Typhace^e, 390.

UmbelliferjE, 135.
Uncaria, 278.
Uncinia, 426.
Ureneae, 29.

Urereae, 343.
Urochlaena, 453.
Uropetalum, 398.
Urospermum, 207.
Ursinia, 181.

Urtica, 343.
Urticace^:, 342.
Urticeae, 343.
Utricularia, 273.
Uvaria, 2.

Yablia, 98.
Valeriana, 157.
Valeriane^e, 157.
Valerianella, 157.
Vallota, 379.
Vandeae, 359.
Vangueria, 152.
Veltbeimia, 394.
Veltheimia , 400.
Venidium, 201.
Vepris , 45.

Verbena, 290.
Verbenace^e, 287.
Verbeneae, 289.
Vemonia, 169.
Vemonieae, 168.
Veronica, 270.
Veroniceae, 270.
Viborgia, 76.

Vicia, 83.

Vicieae, 83.
Vieusseuxia, 372.
Vigna, 85.

Villarsia, 252.

Viola, 17.
Violarie^e, 17.
Virgiba, 88.
Viscum, 148.

Vitex, 292.

Viticeae, 291.

Vitis, 57.

Vittaria, 467.
Vogeba, 296.
Vossia, 44 1-.

Yulpia , 455.

Wacbendorfia, 377.
Wablenbergia, 213.
Walafrida, 294.
Wallinia, 314.
Walpersia, 72.
Waltheria, 31.
Watsonia, 374.
Wedeba, 179.
Weibea, 109.
Welwitschia, 352.
Whiteheadia, 396.
Widdringtonia, 353.
Willdenovia, 415.
Withania, 258.
Witsenia, 373.
Woodsia, 462.
Wurmbea, 404.

Xenisnna, 201.
Xerocladia, 92.
Ximenia, 50.
Xylosma, 15.
Xyride.e, 410.
Xyris, 410.
Xysmalobium, 234.

Zannichelba, 387.
Zanonieae, 127.
Zantboxyleae, 45.
Zantboxylon, 45.
Zebneria, 126.
Zizypbus, 55.
Zornia, 80.

Zostera, 388.

Zygia, 93.
Zygophylle^e, 36.
Zygophylleae, 37.
ZygopbyUum, 38.

PRINTED BY J. E. TAYLOR AND CO., LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS.

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