CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon, Charles Stewart, Minister; Charles Camsell, Deputy Minister NATIONAL MUSEUM OF CANADA W. H. Collins, Acting Director BULLETIN No. 55 Biological Series, No. 16 A Generic Revision of North American Agrotid Moths BY J. H, McDunnough, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa UNIVERSITY lTbrariTs 3 9007 0381 6863 9 Date Due 1 .... York Form — Cooper Graphics CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon, Charles Stewart, Minister; Charles Camsell, Deputy Minister NATIONAL MUSEUM OF CANADA W. H. Collins, Acting Director BULLETIN No. 55 Biological Series, No. 16 A Generic Revision of North American Agrotid Moths BY J. H. McDunnough, Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1928 QH 1 B85 no. 55 STEACIE CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Types of Agrotid genera 6 Structural details of Agrotids 15 Sequence of genera 19 Species not examined or unplaced 20 Key to North American Agrotid genera 21 Systematic descriptions 24 List of genera and species 73 66022— li Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/genericrevisionoOOmcdu A GENERIC REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGROTID MOTHS INTRODUCTION For several years the writer has been devoting as much time as he could spare from other duties to a rather intensive study of the species of moths generally known as Agrotids.^ This has been done with a view to- determining whether it was possible to secure some better arrangement and grouping of the numerous North American species than that proposed by Hampson (1903, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus., vol. IV) and followed in the Barnes and McDunnough Check List, 1917, more or less closely. To most students of this group, it has been evident for some time past that the associations of our North American species as made by Hampson have in many instances been very arbitrary and artificial — -species superficially very similar have been widely separated and other species very obviously dissimilar, both in wing-form and maculation (such for instance as fennica Tausch. and oblata Morr. under Agrotis), have been placed close together. The group under consideration does not comprise Hampson's entire subfamily Agrotinae, but rather merely the Agrotes of Smith's revision (1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M.), for the writer is not at all sure that the Heliothid-like forms, associated by Hampson with the true Agrotids on account of the spined tibiae, have any very close relationship; in any case they are sufl^iciently distinct to fall outside the scope of the present paper, which, roughly speaking, deals with the genera of the 1917 Check List from Porosagrotis (page 40) to Protagrotis (page 48) inclusive. Following along the lines used in the writer's revision of the Cleorini (1920, Bull. 18, Dept. Agr., Canada) slides have been made of the male genitalia of as many of the species of the group as could be obtained, and the main groupings have been based largely on the similarity or dissimilar- ity of the structure of these organs. The groups thus formed have been carefully examined, both individually and comparatively, in regard to their further structural characters, especially such ones as have been used by Smith and Hampson for generic separation. The writer found that the genitalia afford an excellent check on the value of these characters, and has, it is believed, definitely proved that certain characters must be dis- carded or only used with extreme caution when separating genera. The group has always been a very difficult one to divide satisfactorily and no two revisers have been able to agree as to how it should best be done. Even to the present day in Europe many entomologists place practically all the Palaearctic species (which in many respects are very closely allied to our Nearctic ones) under the one heading Agrotis, prefer- ring a single unwieldy genus to a number of smaller ones (such as we use in North America) which do not seem to bring out satisfactorily either the generic or the specific affinities of the species involved. Before proceeding, 1 It has recently been shown by Barnes and Benjamin (Contributions, V, 55, 1923) that the name Phalaenina« will in all probability replace Agrotinae, but in the present paper, for the sake of convenience, the better known designation has been adhered to. 2 therefore, to a discussion of the results of the present investigation, a short historical sketch will be necessary in order that readers may better appreci- ate both the work that has already been accomplished, and the lines along which previous investigators have worked in their attempts to discover good characters for generic separation in so far, at least, as the Palaearctic and Nearctic faunas are concerned. Leaving out of consideration the works of some of the older authors of the early nineteenth century, such as Hiibner, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, etc., who, though they created vaUd Agrotid genera, had little conception of the actual limitations of this subfamily as recognized today, we find that Guenee in his Essai pour servir d la Classification des Noctuelides (1837, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (1), VI, 347) first attempted to separate the group as a tribe under the name ''Noctuelidi," even mentioning that it had first been his intention to split off one section of this tribe under the name ^'Agrotidi.'' In this work Guenee lays a good deal of stress in his subdivisions on larval characters and those drawn from the adult are very general and of little value from our modern standpoints. The tribe is divided into seven genera, chief of which are Agrotis, Noctua, and Triphaena, but Xylophasia is also included, proof that Guenee had as yet placed no value on the spining of the tibise. In his Index Methodicus (1841, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (1), X, 239) Xylophasia is removed and the number of genera increased to ten, as follows: Triphaena Ochs., Cerigo Steph., Segetia Steph., Rusina Steph., Noctua L., Agrotis, Pachetra Gn., Heliophohus Bdv., Neuria Gn., and Charaeas Steph., most of the species being again included in the three before- mentioned genera which contain practically all the Agrotids as we now know them. In 1840, a year prior to the issuing of Guenee's Index, Boisduval published his Genera et Index Methodicus, evidently following very closely Guenee's earlier work. He designates his tribe as ^'Noctuides'' and divides it into nine genera: Segetia, Cerigo, Triphaena, Opigena Bdv., Chersotis Bdv., Noctua, Spaelotis Bdv., Agrotis, and Heliophohus, three of these genera being new. Duponchel in 1844 in his Catalogue Methodique des Lepidopteres d' Europe uses the tribal name ' 'Noctuelides" and divides it into twelve genera: Hiria Dup., Triphaena, Segetia, Noctua, Opigena, Actebia, Chersotis, Agrotis, Spaelotis, Charaeas, Heliophohus, and Rusina, the first named being a new monotypical genus erected for linogrisea Fabr. He follows very closely along the lines laid down by Boisduval and Guenee. With the exception of the last three genera all still belong to the Agrotinae. In 1848 Rambur, in some useful critical observations on the group (Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. (2), VI, 65), raises it to family rank under the name "Agrotides" and calls attention to the spined tibise as an excellent char- acter. He creates the new genus Cladocera (preocc.) and is disposed to lump several of Boisduval's genera with Agrotis. In 1852 Guenee (Sp. Gen. des Lepid. V, 253) follows Rambur in giving the group family rank, but uses the term ''Noctuidae." He only recognizes five genera: Rusina, Agrotis, Hiria, Triphaena, and Noctua, but Agrotis is subdivided into thirteen and Noctua into nine groups; none of these groups is characterized, but in some instances available names are added in a subgeneric sense. 3 The writer has not had access to Herrich-Schaeffer's Systematische Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa, but judging by his Systematisches Verzeichniss der Europaeischen Schmetterlinge, which appeared in 1854 in the Korrespondenzblatt des zooL miner. Vereins in Regensburg, he made little alteration on Guenee's system, merely substituting the generic term Graphophora for Noctua. In 1857 Lederer published his well-known work, Die Noctuinen Europas; he discards the usage of any families or subfamilies and includes practically the whole group under the one generic heading '^Agrotis," subdividing the species, however, into numerous sections based on the shape of the male claspers (a distinctly new feature), the presence or absence of spines on the fore tibiae, and the male antennal structure. Until quite recently this system is the one which has been most generally followed by European authorities. The first real attempt at a classification of our North American species seems to have been made by Grote in 1874 (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. II, 9) who characterizes the genus Agrotis as follows: ''Eyes naked, without lashes. Thorax without divided dorsal longitudinal or posterior scale tuft; abdomen untufted. Middle and hind tibiae always, fore tibiae sometimes, with spines." Under this generic heading he includes ail the Agrotids then known with the exception of an odd one or two placed in the genera Pleo- nectopoda Grt., Adita Grt., Eurois Hbn., and Ammoconia Led. In his 1875 Check List he abandons the genera Ammoconia and Pleon- ectopoda and sinks Eurois as a subgenus of Agrotis, using further Pachnobia Gn., Matuta Grt., and Anicla Grt., in a subgeneric sense. Several papers pubhshed by Grote during the next seven or eight years deal with the Agrotids, but offer little of real value as a basis for classi- fication. These are: On the Genus Agrotis with Additions to the List of North American Noctuidae (1875, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. II, 301); On the Genus Agrotis (1882, Can. Ent. XV, 51); Introduction to a Study of the North American Noctuidae (1883, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, 134). The 1882 Check List in which Grote first uses the family name Noc- tuidae for the group embodies the results of these papers. Under this family name are included as genera, Agrotis (containing the bulk of the species), Anytus, Ammoconia, Pachnobia, Agrotiphila, Eucoptocnemis, and Adita. The 1883 Check List appended to his paper mentioned above is similar, with the addition of Carneades Grt. for two species with tuberculate front. In 1890 a Revised Check List of the North American Noctuidae was published by the same author, the group in question being designated as Tribe Agrotini of the subfamily Noctuinae. Though the bulk of the species still remain undivided in the genus Agrotis, the following generic terms are also employed for limited groups: Tryphaena Hbn., Eurois Hbn., Richia Grt., Anytus Grt., Adita Grt., Carneades Grt., Copablepharon Harv., Ufeus Grt., Pteroscia Morr., and Eucoptocnemis Grt. The author states that ''the species of Agrotis need rearrangement. There should be first grouped together the forms with unarmed fore tibiae, then the male char- acteristics drawn from antennae and genitalia should be used to group the species." 4 In the same year (1890) J. B. Smith pubHshed his Revision of the Species of the Genus Agrotis (Bull. 38, U. S. N. M.); the system of classification proposed is vastly superior to any of the previous ones. The species are primarily separated on the armature of the fore tibiae and further sub- divided on characters such as wing-shape, tuberculate front, thoracic and abdominal tufting, male antennse, shape of palpi, and genital structure of the male. A number of new generic terms are introduced, the author himself stating that he "felt free to propose new names for the groups into which the species have been formed, quite satisfied to have the names relegated into the patient synonymy when the study of generic types proves their identity with others already proposed." Smith's classification was largely followed in Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera (1902, Bull. 52, U. S. N. M.) and also by Grote in his List of North American Eupterotidae, etc. (1895, Bremen), who, however, attempted to synonymize a number of Smith's genera with older existing names, notably those of Htibner's Verzeichniss, and treated the majority of them in a subgeneric sense only. A very useful and important contribution to our knowledge of the group was made by P. C. T. Snellen in a paper entitled Eenige Opmerkingen over de nadere verdeeling van het genus Agrotis, appearing in the Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1896, page 142. The author makes no attempt at generic divisions, but is content to indicate the groupings into which the European Agrotids fall, based on a very careful study of numerous struc- tural details. Putting aside his first subdivision, based on the colour of the hind wings, as rather unscientific, his remaining sections show a very careful attention to the minute differences found in the spining of the fore tibia and its length as compared with the first tarsal joint, the varied vestiture of the thorax and palpi and the shape of the third palpal joint, and in the final instance the nature of the male antennse. As far as the writer has been able to check the work, Snellen's grouping is the most natural of any proposed up to this time. Hampson's work (1903), which has already been referred to, is the first that deals with the genera and species of the world and his generic keys are based on a combination of structural characters used by previous workers and numerous other ones employed for the first time. The least satisfactory feature of the work is the arbitrary selection of the genotype as the first species included in the original description and the consequent clashing with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Though it was recognized that a careful generic revision would sooner or later prove a necessity, Hampson's arrangement was more or less closely adhered to in the Barnes and McDunnough Check List, 1917. The following generic key has been adapted from Hampson and includes all the genera to which North American species are assigned; it will give a good idea of the structural characters employed by this author in separating genera. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN AGROTID GENERA ACCORDING TO HAMPSON (1) Fore tibiae with spines or claws Fore tibise without spines or claws (2) Frons with prominence Frons without prominence 2 12 3 5 5 (3) Frons with truncate conical prominence 4 Frons with vertical ridge F dtia Frons with slightly roughened prominences Pseudorthosia (4) Fore tibise with spines at extremity very stout Porosagrotis Fore tibise with spines at extremity slender Euxoa (5) Eyes strongly ciHated Metalepsis Eyes not cihated 6 (6) Head and thorax clothed with hair only and without crests 7 Head and thorax clothed with hair and scales and with more or less developed thoracic crests 8 (7) Fore tibise short and broad with long, curved claw on inner side and short claw on outer Eucoptocnemis Fore tibise normal, without claws Epipsilia (8) Prothorax with ridge-like crest Richia Prothorax with spreading crest 9 (9) Fore tibia short and broad with 2 claws on inner side and 7 on outer OnychagroHs Fore tibia with long, curved claw on inner side Adita Fore tibise spined at sides 10 (10) Abdomen dorsally rather flattened, fore wing broad, triangular Agrotis Abdomen not flattened dorsally 11 (11) Fore tibise strongly spined, thorax smoothly scaled Lycophotia Fore tibise slightly spined on inner side only Aplectoides (12) Mid tibise spined 13 Mid tibise not spined Protagrotis (13) Head and thorax clothed with hair only Mythimna Head and thorax clothed with hair and scales 14 (14) Abdomen with dorsal crests towards base Anytus Abdomen without dorsal crests towards base 15 (15) Palpi with third joint porrect and hairy below, the second broadly scaled in front 16 Palpi with third joint upturned, nearly naked 18 (16) Thorax with distinct crests on pro- and metathorax 17 Thorax with very slight dorsal crests Pronoctua (17) Head and thorax clothed with rough spatulate hair Anomogyna Head and thorax smoothly clothed with hair and scales Eurois (18) Palpi with second joint broadly fringed with hair in front Eueretagrotis Palpi with second joint slightly fringed with hair in front Rhynchagrotis In 1914, W. T. M. Forbes published a Table of the Genera of Noctuidae of North Eastern North America (Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XXII, 1), and the following key is an excerpt from this paper covering the Agrotid genera. KEY TO AGROTID GENIERA ACCORDING TO FORBES (1) Fore tibise with single terminal claw Adita Fore tibiae with several terminal claws 2 Fore tibise unarmed 9 (2) Front rough with a distinct raised ring or truncate elliptical projection Euxoa Front merely rough and prominent or smooth 3 (3) Tongue rudimentary much shorter than thorax; front rough but fairly flat, fore tibiae about twice as long as wide with one terminal claw about one-half as long as itself Eucoptocnemis Tongue functional or with lightly spined fore tibiae 4 (4) Front rough and granular, dull, strongly rounded out, fore tibiae normally with heavy claws or spines Feltia Front shining and rarely projecting more than a third the width of the eyes; fore tibiae slender and usually with light spines 5 6 (5) Palpi upturned to vertex, wings large, broad with even outer margin, tongue weak Pteroscia Palpi upturned to middle of front or porrect 6 (6) Vestiture deeply overlaid with plain or forked hair 7 Vestiture flattened or mixed 8 (7) Tongue weak, shorter than thorax; wings broad and thin with even outer margin, resembling Pteroscia; metatarsi with three rows of spinules Choephora Tongue normal, wings smaller and heavy, metatarsi often with four rows of spinules Pachnobia (8) Spinulation of fore tibiae strong, or if weak and concealed in the vestiture (baja) with strongly flattened body .Noctua Spinulation concealed in vestiture, body rather slender and cylindrical, wings broad with arched costa; largely arctic Eurois (group Aplectoides) (9) Abdomen strongly tufted, eyes more or less lashed 10 Abdomen untuf ted 11 (10) Thorax with fine, feathery, spatulate vestiture, wings normal, our species light grey Anytus Vestiture of flattened hair, wings more lanceolate, our species black Fishia (11) Spines of tarsus regular, eyes not lashed Eurois Eyes distinctly lashed 12 (12) Vestiture mixed, largely spatulate Apharetra Vestiture of rough hairs, spinules of tarsus distinctly in four well-spaced rows, but all four rows are ventral Ufeus On pages 24-27 Forbes discusses subordinate groupings for his genera Euxoa, Feltia, Noctua, Pachnohia, and Eurois, in some instances indicating the subgeneric name to be used. He states, ''secondary sexual characters are not really satisfactory for general use and in this, the Agrotid group, their use would separate very closely related species, so I have gone back to Grote's point of view and combined a number of Smith's genera." The whole work shows a very careful study of structural characters (excepting genitaha), but its permanent value is greatly limited, due to the fact that no attempt has been made to definitely fix the genotypes of the various genera employed according to the rules of the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature. In consequence, Forbes' terms, just as is the case with those of Hampson and of Smith, are frequently misapplied. Warren in Seitz, Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, vol. Ill, largely follows Hampson in his classification of the Palaearctic Agrotids; he, however, employs the subfamily term Euxoinae and lumps all the species placed by Hampson in the genera Agrotis, Epipsilia and Lycophotia in the one genus Rhyacia Hbn., forming a very unwieldy mass of species, many of which show no close relationship, as has been admirably pointed out by Corti in his recent papers on Agrotids in various continental European journals; Warren creates the new genera Amphitrota (type unicolor Wlk.) and Perissandria (type argillacea Alph.). Draudt in the Nearctic portion of the same work (vol. VII) follows Hampson and the Barnes and McDunnough 1917 Check List, with the exception that Lampra Hbn. is used in place of Rhynchagrotis Sm., in accordance with Benjamin's revision of this group (1921, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. XX, 73). TYPES OF AGROTID GENERA The above very brief and frequently rather inadequate review will at least serve to emphasize the fact that no stable system of generic nomen- clature is possible in the Agrotinae until a definite fixation of generic types, 7 along the lines laid down by the International Rules above mentioned, has been made. Once the genotypes are fixed, it is possible, by a study of the structure of the species representing these types, to determine the limits and relationships of the various generic terms involved. The writer has attempted, therefore, such a generic sketch, following strictly Article 30 of the above Rules; in the case of subsequent designation of the genotype he has invariably accepted the first valid designation, irrespective of any previous restrictions which may have been made under the so-called "law of the first reviser." In a former paper (1916, Ent. News XXVII, 393) the writer accepted this "law,'' but has since become convinced that there is no clause in the International Rules which can be cited in justi- fication of this action, even though, to the present day, it is a common procedure among European taxonomists. The writer has also disregarded the so-called "Tentamen" genera of Hiibner as of the date 1806, following "Opinion 97'' of the "International Committee on Nomenclature." Such of these genera as occur in the Agrotinae are credited to Ochsenheimer (1816) who seems to be the first author to have pubhshed these names with more definite data, as required by the last sentence of the summary of the above "Opinion." In the following sketch the genera have been arranged alphabetically for the sake of convenience; the list is fairly complete, although certain obscure genera of the Palaearctic fauna which have been erected for highly specialized groups or for single species, are not included. It is thought, however, that all genera which could possibly be used in our North Ameri- can fauna have been considered, but those genera which the writer recently excluded from the Agrotinae (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 64) are omitted, as is also Ufeus Grt., which is only doubtfully Agrotid and which in any case is not likely to cause any trouble. The references given under the various generic headings are merely those dealing with type fixations; the terms used to designate genotypes are taken from Van Duzee's "Catalogue of the Hemiptera." Abagrotis Haplotype Agrotis erratica Sm. 1890, Smith, BuU. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. AcTEBiA Haplotype Noctua praecox Linn. 1829, Stephens, 111., Brit. Ent. Haust. Ill, 20. Adelphagrotis Orthotype Agrotis stellaris Grt. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. Agronoma Logotype Noctua vestigialis Rott. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227. Includes crassa Hbn., cornea Hbn. {tritici Schiff.), valligera Schiff. (=vestigialis Rott.), exclamationis L. 1895, Grote, List N. Am. Eupter., etc., 23. Cites valligera (vestigialis) as type. 1896, Grote, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 85. Pseudotype, crassa Hbn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Pseudotype, crassa Hbn. Falls to Agrotis Ochs. Agrotis ^ Logotype Ph. Noctua segetum Schiff. 1816, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV, 66. Cites many species, including segetum Schiff. 1827, Curtis, Brit. Ent. IV, PI. 165. Cites segetum as type. In this he is followed by Westwood, Grote, Butler, et al. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 363. Pseudotype, rectangula Schiff. 8 Amathes liOi^otype Ph. Noclua baja Schiff. 1822, Hlinner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222. Includes lilura L. and baja Schiff. 1889, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 382. Cites hnja as type. 1895, Grote, Ent. Rec. VI, 30. Confirms Butler's citation. 1906, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. VI, 470. Pseudotype, litura L. 1916, McDunnough, Ent. News XXVII, 397. Cites Hampson's action as ultra vires. Falls to Graphiphora Ochs. Ammoconia Logotype Ph. Noclua caecimacula Schiff. 1857, Lederer, Noct. Europ. 97. Includes caecimacula Schiff. and vetula Bdv. ( =senez Cram.). 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 12. Cites caecimacula as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 603. Cites same species. Ammogrotis Haplotype Ammogrotis suavis Staud. 1895, Staudinger, Iris, VIII, 358. Amphitrota Orthotype Mamestra unicolor Wlk. 1909, Warren, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. d. Erde, Pake. Noct. Ill, 57. Anicla Haplotype Agrotis infecta Ochs. 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 159. Erected for alabamae Grt. which is a synonym of infecta Ochs. Anomogyna Haplotype Hadena laetabilis Zett. 1871, Staudinger, Cat. Pal. Lep. 110. Aplectoides Orthotype Aplecta condita Gn. 1878, Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I, 193. Axylia Logotype Ph. Noctua putris Linn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 242. Includes exsoleta L., vetusta Hbn., and putris L. 1852, Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 134. Cites putris as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. VI, 280. Pseudotype, exoleta L. The genitalia of putris are distinctly non-Agrotine (vide Pierce, Gen. Brit. Noct. PI. IX) and most British entomologists place Axylia near Hydroecia in spite of the spined tibiae. Brotis Logotype Phalaena Noctua nigricans Linn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 226. Includes /wwosa Schiff. and sordida Schiff. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites as type nigricans L., of which /umosa Schiff. is a synonym. Falls to Euxoa. Caradrina Logotype Noctua margaritacea ViU. 1816, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV, 80. Includes glareosa Esp. {i-intactum Hbn., margaritacea Bork.), cubicularis Schiff., morpheus Hfn., alsines Brahm., respersa Schiff., and nine other species. 1829, Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr. VII (2), 72. Cites i-intactum as type. 1837, Curtis, Brit. Ent. XIV, 651. Pseudotype, morpheus Ochs. 1840, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. Gen. Synop., 94. Pseudotype, cubicularis Schiff. 1852, Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 244. Pseudotype, alsines Bork. 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. II, 22. Pseudotype, respersa Schiff. 1894, Hampson, Moths Brit. Ind. II, 259. Pseudotype, taraxaci Hbn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 360. Pseudotype, glareosa Esp. 1916, McDunnough, Ent. News XXVII, 397. Pseudotype, alsines Bork. In view of the fact that both the original reference and the synonymy of later authors show that glareosa pi Ochsenheimer was the same as i-iniactum of Hiibner, but not the same species as glareosa Esp., Duponchel's type designation will hold. The genus is apparently a good one and falls close to Rhyacia Hbn. 9 Carneades Haplotype Carneades moerens Grt. 1883, Grote, Can. Ent. XV, 4. The genus is preoccupied by Carneades Bates (1869) in Coleoptera. In any case would fall to Euxoa Hbn. Ce astis Logotype Ph. Noctua rubricosa Schiff. 1816, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Europ. IV, 84. Includes rubricosa Schiff., rubiginea Schiff., vaccina Linn., and seven other species. 1829, Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr. VII (2), 72. Cites rubricosa as type. 1852, Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 379. Pseudotype, vaccinii Linn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 602. Cites rubricosa as type. 1927, MclDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Confirms Duponchel's citation. According to the International Rules the genus is not preoccupied, as some authors have stated, by Cerastes Laur. (1768) in Reptilia. Choephora Haplotype Choephora fungorum Grt. 1868, Grote, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 199. Chersotis Logotype Ph. Noctua rectangula Schiff. 1840, Boisduval, Gen. et Index Meth. 103. Includes rectangula Schiff. and nine other species in four sections. 1895, Grote, List N. Am. Eupterot., etc., 21. Sinks to Amathes with type designated as baja, a non-included species. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 364. Cites rectangula as type. Chorizagrotis Orthotype Agrotis auziliaris Grt. 1890, Smith, BuU. 38, U. S. N. M. 10. Cryptocala Orthotype Anarta acadiensis Beth. 1921, Benjamin, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. XX (3), 74. Type designated as Agrotis gilvipennis Grt., a synonym of acadiensis Beth. Cyrebia Logotype Cyrebia luperinoides Gn. 1852, Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. VI, 195. Includes luperinoides Gn. and anachoreta H. S. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 467. Cites luperinoides as type. The genus would appear to be a good one. DiARSiA Logotype Noctua dahlii Hbn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222. Includes dahlii Hbn., festiva Schiff., carnea Thun. (tecta Hbn.), and three other species. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 363. Cites dahlii as type. DiCHAGYRis Haplotype Agrotis melanura KoU. 1857, Lederer, Noct. Europ. 206. Epilecta Haplotype Ph. Noctua linogrisea Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 220. Epipsilia Logotype Noctua latens Hbn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 210. Includes latens Hbn., pyrophila Schiff., and four others. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 467. Cites latens as type. Eucoptocnemis Haplotype Heliophobus fimbriaris Gn. 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 13. EuERETAGROTis Orthotypc Noctua sigmoides Gn. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. 10 EuGRAPHE Logotype Ph. Noctua sigma Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmefct. 224. Includes characterea Schiff. (signum Fabr., Sigma Khn.), and three others. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 364. Cites signa as type. There appears to be a slight mixup in the synynomy of the genotype. Hiibner cites the three names characterea Schiff., signum Fabr., and sigma Hbn. under his species 2243, evidentl;y regarding them as synonyms. Signum Fabr. is merely a misspelling or correction of sigma Schiff. as the text clearly shows, and Hiibner's f. 122 of sigma is regarded by European workers as representing the sigma of the Wiener Verzeichniss. Whether characterea is the same species or not the writer has been unable to discover, but in any case sigma Schiff. has line priority and it would seem that Hampson's designation can be followed, with the change of signa Fabr. to sigma Schiff. EuROis Logotype Ph. Noctua occulta Linn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 217. Includes herbida Schiff. {egregia Esp.), tullia Cram., speciosa Hbn., occulta L., and three others. 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 12. Cites occulta as type. 1894, Hampson, Moths Brit. Ind. II, 227. Uses in same sense as Grote. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 612. Pseudotype, prasina Schiff. (herbida Hbn.). 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 66. Confirms Grote's citation. EusCHESis Logotype Ph. Noctua janthina Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 221. Includes jari^Mm Schiff., unxia Hbn., and Clotilda Stoll. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 622. Cites janthina as type. EuxoA Logotype Euxoa nivens Hbn. (tdecora Schiff.). 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 209. Includes nivens Hbn. {decora Schiff.) and candelisequa Schiff. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites decora as type. Ph, Noctua decora Schiff. is preoccupied by Ph. Noctua decora Linn. (1767, Syst. Nat. Ed. XIII, App. No. 14). For this reason Hiibner evidently proposed the name nivens in the Verzeichniss. ExARNis Logotype Ph. Noctua obelisca Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 225. Includes ruris Hbn., ypsilon Schiff., and three others. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites as type obelisca Schiff., of which ruris Hbn. is a synonym. The genus falls to Euxoa. Feltia Haplotype Feltia ducens Wlk. 1856, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. IX, 202. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U.S. N. M. 10. Pseudotype, subgothica Haw. Georyx Logotype Ph. Noctuxi segetum Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227. Includes segetum Schiff., corticea Schiff., and two others. 1895, Grote, List. N. Am. Eupterot., etc., 16. Sinks to Agrotis without citing type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep., Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites segetis {em^n. for segetum) as type. The genus falls to Agrotis. Glaea Logotype Ph. Noctua rubricosa Schiff. 1829, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 159. Includes rubricosa Schiff., vaccinii L., and five other species. 1840, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. Gen. Synop. 94. Cites rubricosa as type. 1874, Grote, Biill. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 26. Pseudotype, vaccinii Linn, following iliibner's Tentamen. The genus falls to Cerastis Ochs. 11 Graphiphora Logotype Ph. Noctua c-nigrum Linn. 1816, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Eur. IV, 68. Includes ravida Schiff., augur Fabr., baja Schiff., c-nigrum Linn., and many others. 1840, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. Gen. Synop. 93. Cites c-nigrum as type. 1889, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 382. Pseudotype, augur Fabr. 1895, Grote, Ent. Rec. VI, 29. Pseudotype, gothica Linn, following Hiibner's Tentamen. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 363. Pseudotype, ravida Schiff. 1916, McDunnough, Ent. News XXVII, 396. Confirm's Westwood's citation. Hapalia Logotype Ph. Noctua praecox Linn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 220. Includes praecox L., infecta Ochs., and mitis Hbn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 514. Cites praecox as type. Preoccupied by Hapalia Hbn. (1818, Zutraege, No. 95) in the Pyralidae; Actebia Steph. may be used in its place. HiPTELiA Logotype Noctua ochreago Hbn. 1852, Guen^e, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 399. Includes ochreago Hbn. and miniago Frey. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 593. Cites ochreago as type. Hiptelia will replace Xestia as used by Hampson and Warren with type ochreago Xestia Hbn. is a monotypical genus, erected 1818 (Zutraege, 16, Fig. 73 /4) for chloropha Hbn. and falls in the Heliothid group, outside the scope of the present sketch. HiRiA Haplotype Ph. Noctua linogrisea Schiff. 1844, Duponchel, Cat. Meth. Lep. Eur. 145. Falls to Epilecta Hbn. Lampra Haplotype Ph. Noctua fimbria Linn. 1822, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 221. Lycophotia Logotype Ph. Noctua porphyria Schiff. 1822, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 215. Includes porphyria Schiff., lidia Cram., cuprea Schiff., graminis Linn., and sannio Cram. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 514. Cites porphyria as type. The genotype, according to Pierce's figure of the genitalia, lacks nearly all the char- acters of the Agrotid group. The generic concept Lycophotia, as used by Hamp- son, cannot, therefore, be maintained. Lytaea Haplotype Noctua sexstrigata Haw. 1829, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 107. Erected for umbrosa Hbn., which is a synonym of sexstrigata Haw. Very close to, if not identical with, Graphiphora Ochs. Matuta Haplotype Hadena tenebrifera Wlk. 1874, Grote, Can. Ent. VI, 116. Erected for catherina Grt., which is a synonjan of tenebrifera Wlk. 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Sinks to Cerastis Ochs. Megasema Logotype Phalaena triangulum Hfn. 1822, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222. Includes triangulum Hfn. (rhomboidea Esp.) ditrapezium Schiff., c-^igrum L., and two others. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 363. Cites triangulum as type. Falls to Graphiphora Ochs. 12 Mesogona Logotype Ph. Noctua acetosellae Schiff. 1840, Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth. 144. Includes dcelosellae 8chiff. and oxalina Hbn. 1852, Guence, Spec. Gen. Lep. V, 405. Cites acetosellae as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 602. Cites same species as type, but sinks genus to Mythimna. 1916, McDunnough, Ent. News XXVII, 395. Follows Hampson. 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Confirms citation, and points out Hamp- son's error. Metalepsis Haplotype Pachnobia cornuta Grt. 1875, Grote, Check List Noct. 13, 25. 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Notes close relationship to Cerastis Ochs. Metaxyja Logotype Noctua vitta Esp. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 223. Includes vitta Bork., obelisca Schifif., and seven others. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites vitta as type. Falls to Euxoa Hbn. MiMETES Logotype Noctua nivens Hbn. {Xdecora Schiff.). 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 210. Includes nubilosa Hbn., caesia Schiff., and xanthocyanea Hbn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites decora Schiff. as type, of which nubilosa (spelt nebulosa by Hampson, op. cit., 240) is a synonym. Falls to Euxoa Hbn. Naenia Haplotype Ph. Noctua typica Linn. 1829, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 165. The genus falls to Phalaena Linn, and Noctua Linn, and according to genitalia is scarcely Agrotid, a view shared by Pierce (Gen. Brit. Noct. 78). For a comprehensive review of the two Linnaean genera, refer to Barnes and Benjamin's article in Contributions Nat. Hist. Lep. N. Am. V (2), 53. OcHROPLEURA Logotype Ph. Noctua plecta Linn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 223. Includes musiva Hbn. and plecta Linn. 1895, Grote, Ent. Rec. VI, 30. Cites plecta as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 363. Pseudotype, musiva Hbn. Ogygia Logotype Ph. Noctua signifera Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 224. Includes fiammatra Schiff., signifera Schiff., and three others. 1895, Grote, List. N. Am. Eupterot., etc., 22. Cites signifera as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 364. Pseudotype, flamrnatra Schiff. Onychagrotis Haplotype Agrotis rileyana Morr. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 465. Opigena Haplotype Ph. Noctua polygona Schiff. 1840, Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth. 103. Pachnobia Logotype A^ocfwo iecia Hbn. (camea Auct.). 1852, Guenee, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 342. Includes carnea Thun. (ampla Hbn., tecta Hbn.), hyperborea Dalm., carnica Herr, and glacialis H. S. 1874, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 23. Pseudot3^e, rubricosa Schiff., a species not included by Guenee. 1895, Grote, List. N. Am. Eupterot., etc., 19. Cites carnea as type, evidently in the Guenee sense, no authorship being given. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. B. M. IV, 467. Cites tecta as type. Tecta Hbn. was, for a long time, generally considered to be synonymous with carnea Thun. and only comparatively recently has this synonymy been changed. Guenee and Grote certainly followed the prevaihng idea of the time and their carnea would, therefore, be equivalent to Hampson's tecta. 13 Peridroma Logotype Noctua margaritosa Haw. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227, Includes saucia Hbn., aequa Hbn., idonea Cram., and suffusa Schiff. 1889, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 380. Cites saucia as type and is followed by Smith (1890) and Grote (1895). 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 514. Cites margaritosa Haw. as type, of which saucia Hbn. is a synonym. Plata GROTTS Orthotype Noctua speciosa Hbn. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. Pleonectopoda Orthotype Pleonectopoda lewisi Grt. 1873, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. I, 136. Falls to Euxoa Hbn. PoROSAGROTis Logotype Mythimna vetusta Wlk. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 11. Cites as type muraenula G. and R. which falls to vetusta Wlk. Falls to Agrotis Hbn. Praina Orthotype Praina radiata Schaus. 1898, Schaus, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. VI, 114. Probably a good genus according to male genitalia of radiata, which the writer exam- ined, owing to the kindness of Mr. W. Schaus. Pronoctua Orthotype Pronoctua typica Sm. 1894, Smith, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXI, 44. PsAPHARA Orthotype Psaphara interclusa Wlk. 1857, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. XI, ,607. Probably a good genus and possibly Mexican; through the kindness of Mr. W. T. Tams, the writer saw a figure of the male clasper of interclusa; it seems closest to Diarsia Hbn., but possesses both poUex and corona. PsEUDOGLAEA Orthotypc Glaea olivata Harv. 1876, Grote, Can. Ent. VIII, 18. Includes hlanda Grt. and taedata Grt., the latter being merely a form of the first species. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 602. Cites hlanda as type. 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Cites olivata Harv. {hlanda Grt.) as type. Pseud ORTHOsiA Orthotype Pseudorthosia variabilis Grt. 1874, Grote, BuU. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 161. Pteroscia Orthotype Pteroscia atrata Morr. 1874, Morrison, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XVII, 155. Falls to Anomogyna Staud. Raddea Orthotype Raddea digna Alph. 1892, Alpheraki, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. XXVI, 450. Rhyacia Logotype Ph. Noctua lucipeta Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 209. Includes lucipeta Schiff. and hirivia Schiff. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites lucipeta as type. Warren's usage of this genus in Seitz is far too extended and must be greatly curtailed. 66022—2 14 Rhynchaorotis Orthotype Noclua cvpida Grt. 1890, Smith, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 648. Pseudotype, gilvipennis Grt. 1927, McDunnough, Can. Ent. LIX, 65. Douots correctness of Benjamin's action in sinking to Lampra Hbn. RiCHiA Orthotype Agrotis chortalis Harv. 1887, Grote, Can. Ent. XIX, 44. Scotia Logotype Ph. Nociua cinerea Schiff. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 226. Includes obscura Hbn., tenehrosa Hbn., umbrosa Hbn., and cinerea Schiff. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites as type cinerea Schiff., of which obscura Hbn. is a synonym. Falls to Agrotis judging by Pierce's figure of the male genitalia (Plate XVI). Scotophila Haplotype Ph. Noctua porphyria Schiff. 1829, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. Ill, 18. Falls to Lycophotia Hbn. Segetia Logotype Ph. Noctua xanthographa Schiff. 1829, Stephens, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 153. Includes xanthographa Schiff. and neglecta Hbn. 1840, Westwood, Intro. Mod. Class. Ins. Gen. Synop. 94. Cites xanthographa as type. Falls to Graphiphora Ochs. Setagrotis Orthotype Setagrotis planifrons Sm. 1890, Smith, BuU. 38, U. S. N. M. 9. SoRA Haplotype Ph. Noctua lev^ographa Schiff. 1859, Heinemann, Schmett. Deutsch. I, xvii, 459. Spaelotis Logotype Ph. Noctvxi ravida Schiff. 1840, Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth. 106. Includes augur Fabr., ravida Schiff., and many others, divided into seven sections. 1889, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond, 381"! Cites ravida as type. 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 364. Pseudot3T)e, augur Fabr. Telmia Logotype Phalaena cursoria Hfn. 1822, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227. Includes sagitta Hbn., spinula Hbn., and exigua Hbn. 1903, Hampson, Cat. I^ep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 153. Cites as type cursoria Hfn., of which sagitta is a synonym. Falls to Euxoa Hbn. Trichosilia Haplotype Noctua acarnea Sm. 1928, Hampson, Nov. Zool. XXV, 112. Trifhaena Logotype Ph. Noctua pronuba Linn. 1816, Ochsenheimer, Schmett. Europ. IV, 69. Includes interjecta Hbn., subsequa Schiff,, pronuba Linn., and six others. 1829, Duponchel, Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr. IV, 71. Cites pronuba as type and is foUowed by Curtis (1831), Westwood (1840), and Grote (1902). 1903, Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 622. Pseudotype, interjecta Hbn., which is followed by Warren in Seitz. From a perusal of the above list of genera it is at once evident that there are a large number of valid generic names available for use, a good proportion of which (notably those created by Hiibner) are based on 15 species belonging to the Palaearctic fauna. With the genitalia of these genotypes the writer is familiar, partly through the drawings of Pierce in his excellent, but restricted work on ''The Genitalia of the British Noc- tuidae," and partly through the writer's dissections of specimens pur- chased in Europe. In the generic keys to our North American species the writer has endeavoured, therefore, to employ these terms correctly, includ- ing under each individual head only those species which show an obvious similarity of genitalia. This procedure has considerably augmented the number of genera employed and in certain cases it has been found necessary to create new generic terms. It is quite possible that many workers will disagree with this procedure and consider that the groups have been spHt much too finely; as, however, the purpose of the present paper is to em- phasize structural differences, rather than similarities, it is hardly felt that an apology for this action is necessary; in any case it will be quite easy, if so desired, to lump the species again under one generic head, using the terms the writer employs in a subgeneric sense. STRUCTURAL DETAILS OF AGROTIDS Before proceeding with the main scheme of the ''Classification of the North American Agrotids," it may be of value to discuss briefly the various structural details present in the group and the value of each as a means of generic separation. Palpi. The vestiture of the second and third palpal joints, notably on the under side, shows considerable variability. In a few species, of which fennica Tausch. and malefida On. are excellent examples, the second joint beneath is thickly and evenly scaled; in the majority of species, however, there is a fringe of rough hair of varying length and thickness below this joint which frequently forms at the apex of the joint a triangular or pointed tuft, very characteristic of such genera as Feltia Wlk. and Graphiphora Ochs.; this condition Smith has termed "clavate." In certain groups, notably Ahagrotis Sm. and its allies, there is a similar, but much less dis- tinct, tufting below the apex of the third joint; such a feature crops up in a more or less isolated way all through the Agrotids and has been used to a considerable extent by Snellen and Hampson as a means of separation in their keys; although by no means convinced that in every instance such a character is of generic value, the writer has employed it in the present paper to a limited extent. The length of the third joint, as seen in an undenuded condition, seems at times to afford a useful character; generally the joint is short and bluntly conical, scarcely longer than broad; in some groups, however, of which Anomogyna Staud. is a good example, it is noticeably longer and thinner. The one requisite in studying palpal vestiture is to have fresh, un- rubbed specimens before one for examination and as this is by no means always feasible, the general run of specimens being more or less worn, the writer has not paid as much attention to the subject as it possibly deserves. Snellen, in the paper already mentioned, has illustrated a number of palpal types, and a more careful study of our North American species than the writer has been able to give along the lines indicated in this article might be productive of interesting results. 66022— 2i 16 Eyes. Until quite recently the Agrotids were considered to possess non-hairy eyes. A few southwestern species, associated with Trichorthosia parallela Grt., show, however, very strongly haired eyes, forming a distinct group which may have Mexican afhnities. In the northern Rocky moun- tains there is a further species, Trichosilia ocarnea Sm., with weakly haired eyes, which is closely allied to the typical Agrotis group in all other char- acters and is very evidently an offshoot from this genus. A few genera, notably those with rough, hairy vestiture, show lashed eyes; as such may be cited Metalepsis Grt. and Pachnobia Gn., in which latter genus the eyes are also smaller and deep-set, a feature often noticed in species occurring in high altitudes or northern latitude. Antennce. No use has been made by the writer of the various forms of the male antennje as a means of generic separation, except in the case of Feltia Wlk. and this only with certain misgivings. As a general rule the male antennae, though forming often a good specific character, show no correlation with other characters which would even warrant their usage for subgeneric divisions. Front. The roughened or tuberculate condition as compared with the smooth front has been largely used by Smith, Hampson, and others as one of the primary means of subdividing Agrotid genera. As far as the writer is able to judge by his present researches, this has been a great mistake and has been responsible for more misplacements of species than any other character that has been used. The gradual forming of a raised tubercle on the front, as in Euxoa Hbn., is apparently a fairly recent acquisition in the Agrotids and should by no means be used as an infallible character for generic separation. Undoubtedly it is very useful in deter- mining Euxoa species, but even in this genus, as the v/riter has shown in previous papers, occasional species occur without the tubercle which on other characters are undoubtedly Euxoas. In a single instance, viz., longidens Sm.,the writer has erected a new genus on the strength of the frontal structure, but in this case a very high degree of specialization is shown and the type of prominence is quite unique in the Agrotids and reminiscent of Nocloa and its allies. Vestiture. The type of thoracic vestiture appears to be entirely an individual character and possibly considerably influenced by climatic conditions. The writer has noticed that the species indigenous to cold regions exhibit a marked tendency toward a rough hairy clothing, w^hereas in warmer regions the vestiture is more likely to be composed of mixed hairs and scales or scales alone; occasionally, as in the case of Pachnobia Gn., a genus entirely limited to semiarctic species, the hairy vestiture may be used as a final means of separation from allied genera, but in general it is not a safe character to employ. The writer has emphasized the thoracic tufting as little as possible in his keys, and then generally in conjunction with some other character. It can only be accurately determined in perfect specimens; in a few genera, such as Graphiphora Ochs., Eueretagrotis Sm., and Aplectoides Butl., tufts on both pro- and metathorax are quite evident, but in general the tufting is obscure and at times apparently merely individual; in the hairy species it is not at all evident. 17 Legs. It is characteristic of Agrotids that the mid and hind tibise are spined to a greater or less degree. Hampson places several genera among the Agrotids which show no spining on the mid tibiae and a greatly reduced spining on the hind tibiae. The writer has, however, in a previous article pointed out that the only North American genus included, viz., Protagrotis Hamp., is essentially non-Agrotid and is much better placed near Luperina and Sidemia. It is well-known that Sidemia devastator Br. frequently shows a single spine on the hind tibia. The fore tibiae may be spined or unspined, and this character has been largely used by most recent revisers as one of the primary means of separ- ation. The writer, too, has found it a very useful character, but on the border-line between ''spined" and ''unspined" it cannot be satisfactorily used without separating species obviously allied on genitalic characters. For this reason the writer has included in such genera as Anomogyna and Anaplect aides, species which may be entirely without fore-tibial spines along with those in which one or two weak (and generally concealed) spines may be discovered by careful examination. In the higher, and possibly more recent, genera, such as Euxoa and Agrotis, the fore tibiae constantly show complete inner and outer rows of strong spines (at times almost claws), this development going hand in hand with a shortening of the tibia as compared with the first tarsal joint. As we descend the line of genera we note that the spines become weaker, next that the outer row is reduced to spining on the apical half with lateral hair-tufts replacing the spines on the basal portion; following this there is a corresponding reduction of the inner row until we reach forms, as men- tioned above, in which only a single weak apical spine on the inner side persists, and other allied forms which appear to be entirely unspined. Farther down the scale again are genera such as Ahagrotis in which the un- spined condition of the fore tibia is a normal and constant feature. The presence of a fourth outer and sublateral row of spines on the tarsi (best seen on the mid tarsi), noted by Forbes, seems to offer at times a very satisfactory character for separation. It is quite generally present in the higher, strongly spined genera, and for this reason the writer is inclined to consider it a recent acquisition, indicating a more advanced degree of development. The spines in this row are never so numerous as in the three ventral rows and, as usual, species occur in which only traces of these spines are present; in such instances, for example prasina Schiff., the character must be used with great caution. On the other hand the writer has noted that in cases where species, heretofore closely associated in our lists, have differed in the presence or absence of this row of spines, the genitalia have also shown marked distinctions, and, therefore, the writer is inclined to lay considerably more stress on the value of the char- acter than did Benjamin in his Lampra revision. Male Genitalia. Since Smith's revision in 1890 no further detailed and comparative study has been made of the male genitalia of our North American species. In this bulletin a single clasper (or as Smith called it, harpe) of numerous species was figured, but Smith's method is open to criticism in that his rather crude figures give no idea of the whole organ and the interrelationships of the various parts; the writer believes it was his custom to break off one clasper in a dried condition and figure as much 18 or as little of it and its armament as could be seen in this condition. As a character of generic value Smith only employs the genitalia in a single instance, viz., to separate Carneades (or as we now call it, Euxoa) from his Feltia and Porosagrotis groups. As frequently stated in previous papers, the writer is a firm believer in the value of the characters found in the male genitalia when used with discretion, both as a means of specific and of generic separation. The writer is, therefore, inclined, in reviewing a list of such characters as may be so used, to put considerable stress (possibly an undue amount) on genitalic similarity or dissimilarity. It naturally followed then that when the writer first commenced the present study he made balsam mounts of the male genitalia of as many species as possible, and after a long study of these arrived at the conclusion that, out of the multiplicity of details presented by these complicated organs, the harpe (clasper of Smith and others) was the portion that offered the best possibilities along the fines of generic separation. Throughout the whole group it is apparently possible to trace (with one or two minor exceptions where the harpe is entirely absent, as in Heptagrotis or greatly altered as in Hemieuxoa) two types of harpe with their modifications. The first type, which would seem to be the more primitive, consists of a sHghtly excurved chitinous rod projecting con- siderably at right angles over the costal margin of the clasper and attached to a chitinous foot more or less approximate to the ventral margin of the clasper, and the proximal end of which is loosely connected with or con- tiguous to the apex of the sacculus. Such form of harpe is typical in the genus Peridroma and present with slight modifications in Diarsia, certain Graphiphora species, and Anomogyna. In other species (hadinodis Grt., etc.) which for the present the writer is also including in Graphiphora, we find the distal portion of the foot-like base reduced and the attachment to the apex of the sacculus more definite. This form is present not only in Euere- tagrotis with unspined fore tibiae, but also in Adelphagrotis where traces of spining are found and Setagrotis where weak spining is constant; we also meet with practically the same type in the strongly spined genera Pseudor- thosia, Loxagroiis, and Euxoa. The second form of harpe is the typical Agrotid one, consisting of a more or less recurved hook of variable length attached to the apex of the sacculus and lying parallel to the costal margin of the clasper. It is typical in Agrotis, Feltia, and their allies, and occurs in a slightly modified form in Eurois, Adebia, and Euagrotis; we also find it with further modifications in such genera as Apledoides, Anaplectoides, and Pseudoglaea where the fore tibial spining is either greatly reduced or entirely absent. A few genera, such as Richia, in which the harpe is oblique, are difficult to place accurately. It may be that they represent a connecting link between the two types of harpe pr they may, on the other hand, be merely further modifications. Most of these odd forms occur in species which are natives of the southern or southwestern states and it will in all probability be necessary to study the Mexican and South American Agrotid fauna before their correct relationships can be established. Numerous other features of the genitaha, such as the presence or absence of the corona and pollex, the form of the sacculus and uncus, the nature of the anellus, etc., offer good minor points of differentiation and 19 have been used in the key to genera. The nature of these differences can best be appreciated by a study of the figures given of the genitaUa of each genotype in connexion with the comments on the genitaha under each generic heading. SEQUENCE OF GENERA In the present sequence of genera the writer has followed to a con- siderable extent the old order, based on the spined or unspined nature of the fore tibiae. In a linear system of classification the relationships of genera can never be other than inadequately indicated and there is Httle to be gained, therefore, by introducing an entirely new sequence. The writer has not attempted to work out any key indicating the phylogeny of the various genera; such keys, at the present time, are largely guess work and of little lasting value, and though the writer certainly cannot subscribe to the one given by Hampson (Cat. Lep. Phal. IV, 6), he does not feel that his views on the subject have sufficiently crystallized to enable him to offer anything better. The writer has, therefore, placed Euxoa at the commencement of his system of classification for no other reason than that it seems to be the present culmination of one line of development and of comparatively recent origin, containing as it does a large number of species with very similar male genitalia and in most cases a very characteristic frontal tubercle, as well as complete and heavy fore-tibial spining and a fourth tarsal row of spines. Following Euxoa are the allied genera Chorizagrotis, Protexarnis, Loxagrotis, and Pseudorthosia, which all agree as far as spining is concerned. The next genus, Pseudoseptis, has been erected for one of the puzzling southwestern species and seems to have no particular affinities in North America; it owes its present position to its complete fore-tibial spining and the presence of a fourth row of tarsal spines. The same may be said of the genus Richia which is next on the list. The typical Agrotid group then follows, representing the end-point of another line of development and with no particularly close relationship to the preceding groups. This comprises the genera Trichosilia, Onycha- grotis, Eucoptocnemis, Proragrotis, Agrotis, Feltia, and Adehia, all with complete fore-tibial spining and fourth tarsal row. Protogygia is only sHghtly modified, but lacks the fourth tarsal row of spines. Spaelotis and Choephora are aberrant as far as genitalia are concerned and the former possibly shows affinities to the Euxoa group; in both, however, the tarsal spining is reduced. Eurois, Ochropleura, Anicla, and Euagrotis have the typical Agrotid form of harpe but show a reduction of the fore-tibial spining, the outer row being incomplete and the spines limited to the apical portion. At this point a break in the logical sequence follows and the aberrant southern genus Hemieuxoa, with no close relationships, as well as the two closely allied genera Metalepsis and Cerastis are interpolated. Taking up the Euxoa series again we have Hemipachnohia, sl highly speciaHzed genus with fourth row of tarsal spines and harpe of the Graphi- phora type, followed by Paradiarsia which would have been placed closer 20 to Pseudorthosia but for the reduced fore-tibial spin in j>;; then the aberrant Pseudospaelotis with tibial spining as in the preceding genus but with fourth tarsal row absent, and Peridroma with similar spining };ut a type of harpe that leads over to the Graphiphora-AnomogTjna section. Again an interpolation follows of the genera Caradrina and Cher satis, with peculiar free arm at base of sacculus, and Heptagrotis, in which the harpe is entirely absent; following this we reach the Graphiphora section in which the fore-tibial spining becomes more and more reduced and the fourth tarsal row is always absent; this includes Diarsia, Graphiphora, Pachnobia, Setagrotis, and Anomogyna. Then a few hairy-eyed genera of southwestern distribution are intro- duced; they bear no particular connexion with any group, although the type of harpe is more or less that of Agrotis; these are Trichagrotis, Tricho- feltia, Trichorthosia, and Mimoharathra. Adelphagrotis again connects up with the Euxoa section, the fore- tibial spining being practically absent, whereas Apledoides, Anapledoides, Protolampra, and Pseudoglaea show a modified Agrotis type of harpe with the fore-tibial spining much reduced or lacking, and the last-named genus with the spines of the fore tarsus strengthened to form small claws. Cryptocala and Eueretagrotis once more bring us back to the Euxoa group, whereas the final group of genera, Hemigraphiphora, Ahagrotis, Rhynchagrotis, and Pronoctua, present a modified and mostly much reduced harpe of the Graphiphora type, along with entirely unspined fore tibiae. This last group need not, however^ be necessarily considered to represent the most primitive type of Agrotid; to the writer, it is much more likely that, through the reduction or elimination of certain characters, the species have evolved from Graphiphora-like ancestors. In order to facilitate the study of the genitalic structures of the group the writer has given figures in nearly every instance of the male genitalia of the genotypes, or, if not of the genotype, at least of a typical member of the respective genus. In a few cases for the sake of clarity the aedoeagus has been omitted from the drawing, but wherever it presented characteristic features it has been included. In conclusion the writer wishes to express his cordial appreciation of numerous kindnesses received from Dr. Wm. Barnes, Decatur, 111., who has unreservedly placed his magnificent collection at the writer's disposal and has greatly facilitated in consequence this present study. Thanks are also due Dr. Wm. Schaus, of the United States National Museum, and Mr. W. H. T. Tams, of the British Museum, for their ready response to all queries addressed to them. SPECIES NOT EXAMINED OR UNPLACED Noctua holteri Sm. — Placed by Hampson in Agrotis. Mythimna suhporphyrea Wlk. — -Placed by Hampson in Agrotis. Psaphara interclusa Wlk. — Placed by Hampson in Epipsilia, but Psaphara is probably worthy of generic rank. Agrotis bollii Grt. {hilaris Grt.) — -Placed by Hampson in Epipsilia, Judging by the figure and by a sketch of the right clasper of the type, received from Mr. W. H. T. Tams, it looks as if it might fall near hadinodis Grt. 21 Agrotis haesitans Wlk. — Placed by Hampson in Epipsilia. According to a sketch of the right clasper of the type, kindly made by Mr. Tarns, the genitalia are typically Agrotid. Epipsilia pyrsogromma Dyar. — -1916, Proc. U. S. N. M., LI, 9; B. and B., 1924, Cont. V, 115. Lycophotia triphaenoides Dyar. (Rhynckagrotis orhipuncta B. and McD.) — Benjamin placed this in Agrotis between larga Sm. and suhporphyria Wlk. Rhizagrotis epipsilioides B. and B. — -1926, Pan. Pac. Ent., II, 106. Agrotis scaramangoides B. and B. — '1926, Pan. Pac. Ent., II, 107. Agrotis tedoides Corti.— 1926, Rep. 3rd Int. Ent. Cong. II, 132. Possibly a synonym of scropulana Morr., but the species is too insufficiently diagnosed to determine accurately. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN AGROTID GENERA (1) Eyes hairy 2 Eyes smooth 6 (2) Mid tarsi with fourth row of spines; eyes weakly haired Trichosilia Hamp. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines; eyes strongly haired 3 (3) Fore tibia spined 4 Fore tibia unspined 5 (4) Fore tibia spined on both inner and outer sides in at least the apical half Trichagrotis gen. nov. Fore tibia with only several apical spines on outer side Trichofeltia gen. nov. (5) Fore femur swollen on inner side; fore tibia about three times as long as first tarsal joint Mimobarathra B. and McD. Fore femur normal; fore tibia about twice as long as first tarsal joint Trichorthosia Grt. (6) Sacculus with a strongly curved chitinous arm from costa at base Sacculus normal, without any basal arm (7) Process very broad and boomerang-shaped, spiculate on upper half. . . .Chersotis Bdv. Process more slender and curved, with several apical spines Caradrina Ochs. (8) Harpe entirely lacking Heptagrotis gen. nov. Harpe present 9 (9) Harpe bifid, one strong arm curved downward and projecting over a hollowed out portion of the ventral margin of clasper, the other arm weak, oblique, and sHghtly projecting over costa Hemieuxoa gen. nov. Harpe simple 10 (10) Harpe a slightly recurved corneous hook, attached to the apex of the sacculus and lying mostly in a groove of the clasper subparallel to sides of same, rarely oblique or projecting over dorsal edge, but if so never excurved. ... 11 Harpe excurved, attached, more or less at right angles to the plane of the clasper, either directly to the apical portion of sacculus by a cm-ved rod of chitin or to a f oot-hke base a short distance above same 29 22 (11) Fore tibia smoothly scaled with a complete row of well-developed spines on both outer and inner sides and no hair-fringe (except Choephora) 12 Fore tibia with only the row of spines on inner side complete; the outer side showing a few spines distally, fringed with hair proximally 22 Fore tibia with only a few spines distally on both sides, largely hidden in hair- fringe 25 Fore tibiia unspined 26 (12) Fore tibia very short and broad, much shorter than first tarsal joint; apical spines heavy and claw-hke 13 Fore tibia longer, with less heavy spining 15 (13) Frons with large prominence with raised edges, containing a central truncate process Proragrolis gen. nov. Frons without such prominence, merely at times with simple tubercle 14 (14) Fore tibia with long curved apical claw on inner side and shorter one on outer side; frons smooth Eucoptocnemis Grt. Fore tibia with all spines on outer side heavy and claw-hke and two similar apical ones on inner side; frons tuberculate Onychagrotis Hamp. (15) Male clasper with corona 16 Male clasper without corona 19 (16) Thorax with median crest; harpe more or less oblique with traces of ampulla Richia Grt. Thorax without median crest; harpe normal 17 (17) Palpi with pointed tuft at extremity of second joint below; male antennae with two tufts of cilia on each joint (bifasciculate) (except geniculata); front generally smooth (except annexa) Feltia Wlk. Palpi either smoothly scaled or with rough hair below, without noticeably pointed tuft; male antennae not bifasciculate 18 (18) Mid tarsi with four well-developed rows of spines; vesica with lunate apical scobinate plate; front tuberculate (except ypsilon and manifesta) . . .Agrotis Ochs. Mid tarsi with three rows of spines; vesica with single apical short spine; front smooth or roughened Protogygia gen. nov. (19) Anellus strongly developed and Vvdth scobinate lateral flaps Metalepsis Grt. Anellus without scobinate flaps 20 (20) Vestiture of thorax smooth, scaly; fore tibia without hair-fringe; fore wings narrow 21 Vestiture of thorax rough, hairy; fore tibia with hair-fringe on outer side; forewings broad Choephora Grt. (21) Clasper very narrow and pointed apically Spaelotis Bdv. Clasper broad and rounded apically Actebia St. (22) Palpi with triangularly pointed tuft at apex of second joint; clasper excavated about middle of ventral margin Anicla Grt. Palpi without such tuft; clasper of even width throughout 23 (23) Vesica armed with a long stout spine; clavus small; hair tuft on outer side of fore tibia reduced Ochropleura Hbn. Vesica without such long spine 24 (24) Three rows of mid-tarsal spines; aedoeagus with an apical lateral triangular tooth; clavus strongly developed, broad Euagrotis gen. nov. Four rows of mid-tarsal spines; aedoeagus finely spiculate; clavus weak or obsolete Eurois Hbn. 23 (25) Clasper drawn out to a long pont; harpe apical and oblique Aplectoides Putl. Clasper rounded apically; harpe basal and elbowed Anaplectoides gen. nov. (26) Anellus with lateral scobinate flaps Cerastis Ochs. Anellus without scobinate flaps 27 (27) First joint of fore tarsus with curved claw-like spines on outer side; corona present; edges of tegumen curved upward at base of claspers into conical projections Pseudoglaea Grt. First joint of fore tarsus normally spined; corona absent; tegumen normal. . . 28 (28) Third palpal joint smooth-scaled; thoracic tufting evident Anaplectoides (partim) Third palpal joint with slight hair-tuft below; thoracic tufting absent Protolampra gen. nov. (29) Fore tibia smooth-scaled, with a complete row of spines on both outer and inner sides and no hair-fringe 30 Fore tibia with a complete inner row of spines; outer side with fringe of hair and only apical spines 36 Fore-tibial spining reduced to one or two apical spines, usually concealed in hair-fringe, or tibia entirely unspined 45 (30) Corona absent, sacculus not drawn out to a free arm 31 Corona present 34 (31) Pollex present 33 Pollex absent 32 (32) Palpi with third joint triangularly tufted with hair below; genitalia asym- metrical, claspers broad, sacculus strong, digitus present Protexarnis gen. nov. Palpi with third joint smooth; genitaha symmetrical, claspers narrow, sacculus weak, no digitus Pseudorthosia Grt. (3o) Harpe much reduced, subapical, with foot-hke base; ventral margin of tegumen broadly truncate Hemipachnohia gen. nov. Harpe strong, subbasal; tegumen pointed ventrally Pseudosepiis gen. nov. (34) Corona reduced; sacculus not drawn out to a free arm Loxagrotis gen. nov. Corona well developed; sacculus drawn out to a free arm, forming with the harpe a bifid prong 35 (35) Apex of free arm of sacculus pointed (except mimallonis) Euxoa Hbn. Apex of free arm of sacculus spoon-shaped Chorizagrotis Sm . (36) Harpe often weak, attached at base to a foot-like, chitinous strip which more or less parallels the ventral margin of clasper distad of the sacculus 41 Harpe with no definite foot-like base but more or less attached to apex of sacculus by a curved or straight strip of chitin 37 (37) Four rows of mid-tarsal spines Paradiarsia gen. nov. Three rows of mid-tarsal spines 38 (38) Uncus broadening in central portion, roughly diamond-shaped Setagrotis Sm. Uncus very thin and of even width throughout 39 (39) Third palpal joint with strong pointed hair-tuft below Graphiphora, Group III Third palpal joint with no pronounced tuft 40 (40) Second palpal joint triangularly tufted apically; third joint short, harpe short, broad at base and pointed apically Graphiphora, Group IV Scond palpal joint without triangular apical tuft; third joint long; harpe long, sinuate, strongly hooked apically Pseudospaelotis gen. nov. 24 (41) Corona and ampulla present, no pollex 42 Corona and ampulla absent; pollex present 43 (42) Clasper of even width, strong corona; fore wings long and of rather even width Peridroma Hbn. Fore wings short and broadening apically, weak corona; clasper usually strongly bulged centrally Diarsia Hbn. (43) Vestiture of hair and scales with well-developed thoracic tufting 44 Vestiture entirely of rough hair; no thoracic tufting, wings narrow. . .Pflchnohia Gn. (44) Third palpal joint without tuft below Graphiphora, Group I Third palpal joint with pointed tuft below Graphiphora, Group II (45) Third palpal joint with distinct pointed hair-tuft below 51 Third palpal joint without hair-tuft 46 (46) Pollex present 47 Pollex absent 48 (47) Harpe with foot-like base Anomogyna Stand. Harpe without foot-like base, large, and overhung at base by strongly bulging sacculus Adelphagrotis Sm. (48) Palpi with visible portion of third joint rather long and narrow (twice as long as wide) 49 Palpi with visible portion of third joint short and blunt (about as long as wide) 50 (49) Palpi with second joint heavily and smoothly scaled; clasper rounded apic- ally Cryptocala Benj. Palpi with second joint more roughly haired with slight apical pointed tuft; clasper pointed Euereixtgrotis Sm. (50) Second palpal joint very closely and evenly scaled with no trace of pointed tuft, clasper drawn out to a long point Pronoctua Sm. Second palpal joint with rough hairs in front and a pointed tuft; clasper narrow and rounded apically Hemigraphiphora gen. nov. (51) Harpe reduced to a mere thinly chitinized tubercle, generally partly hidden by the strongly bulging sacculus Abagrotis Sm. Harpe well developed Rhynchagrotis Sm. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS Euxoa Hbn. 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 209 [type, nivens Hbn. (decora Schiff.)]. Brotis Hbn., 1822, op. cit. 226 (type, nigricans L.). Exarnis Hbn., 1822, op. cit. 225 (type, ohelisca Schiff.). Metaxyja Hbn., 1822, op. cit. 223 (type, litta Esp.). Mimetes Hbn., 1822, op. cit. 210 (type, decora Schiff.). Telmia Hbn., 1822, op. cit. 227 (type, cursoria Hfn.). Pleonectopoda Grt., 1873, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. I, 136 (type, lewisi Grt.). Carneades Grt., 1883, Can. Ent. XV, 4 (type, moerens Grt.). 25 Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint sHghtly porrected; second joint fringed with long hair below which at times tends to form an apical tuft; third joint more or less smooth-scaled. Front normally strongly tuberculate, occasionally with the tubercle reduced or entirely lacking. Male antennae variable, either ciliate, or serrate and fasciculate, or bipectinate. Tibiae all strongly spined; fore tibia shorter than or sub- equal to first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete row of spines on each side, the terminal ones being stoutest. Mid tarsi with a fourth row of spines situated on outer side laterally. Thoracic vestiture variable, generally of mixed scales and hair, but at times entirely hairy; tufting improminent, but usually with indications of divided tufts anteriorly and posteriorly. Figure 1. Male genitalia of Euxoa moerens Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper moderately long, of more or less even width throughout, with well-developed corona; sacculus strong with its lower edge drawn out to a free arm of variable length, usually narrow and pointed, but occasionally broad and truncate; harpe attached more or less at right angles to apex of sacculus, excurved, and generally projecting somewhat over costal margin of clasper, forming with the free arm of sacculus the characteristic prong which is typical of this genus. Uncus narrow, curved. Clavus minute or absent. Juxta a weak chitinous plate of varying shape. Vesica frequently unarmed, but at times with minute apical cornutus. Besides the long list of species already included in this genus in the 1917 Check List, the writer has referred here (1925, Can. Ent. LVII, 242) perolivalis Sm. and flavicollis Sm. and later (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 65) added viclaris G. and R., aurulenta Grt., and scandens Riley, these three latter species lacking the tuberculate front, but possessing the same char- acteristic male genitalia. Chorizagrotis Sm. 1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 10 (type, auxiliaris Grt.). Scarcely separable from Euxoa except on genitalic characters. Front tuberculate. Second palpal joint fringed below with hair. Male antennae ciliate. Tibial and tarsal spining as in Euxoa. Abdomen rather depressed. 26 Male Genitalia. The free arm of the sacculus is very'strong, broad, and somewhat spoon-shaped as compared with the normally pointed one of Euxoa; the harpe is reduced. The juxta shows a much heavier plate, which at times is armed centrally with a projecting spine. Figure 2. Male genitalia of Chorizagrotis auxiliaris Grt. The genus is not a very well-defined one but the writer leaves it for the present, including in it, however, merely auxiliaris Grt., with its forms intr of evens, sorror, and agrestis; inconcinna Harv., which is a good species on genitalic characters; thanatologia Dyar, with its forms sordida, horetha, and perfida; and possibly terrealis Grt., which is unknown to the writer except by a figure. Protexarnis gen. nov. Type, Agrotis balanitis Grt. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint somewhat porrected; second joint fringed beneath with long hairs which form a slight apical triangular tuft; third joint with similar tuft beneath. Front bulging and shghtly roughened, but without central tubercle. Male antennae finely ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia subequal in length to first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete row of strong spines on each side. Mid tarsi with a fourth row of lateral spines outwardly. Thorax smoothly clothed with single and forked hairs without much evidence of tufts. Abdomen somewhat depressed. 27 Male Genitalia. Clasper rather short and broad, rounded apically, without corona; digitus present, situated subapically near costal margin; sacculus strongly developed, asymmetrical, continued from about the middle of the ventral margin to just before apex of clasper by a broad chitinous band somewhat recurved and free at apex; harpe a strong, obliquely placed chitinous rod, rounded apically and attached at base, not to the sacculus direct, but to the chitinous band forming the extension of same. Uncus rather short, broader than usual, and truncate apically. Clavus absent. Juxta strongly chitinized, rear margin of plate strongly convex, apical margin concave. Aedoeagus with apical edges strengthened by a thicken- ing of the chitin; vesica with minute apical spine. The great divergence in the genitalia of balanitis, the sole included species, from those of either Chorizagrotis or Euxoa, makes a new generic term advisable. In some ways the species seems to be a connecting link between Chorizagrotis and Graphiphora, but sufficient characters in the front- al and palpal structure on the one hand and in the spining of the tibiae and tarsi on the other hand may be found to separate the present genus from both of the others. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint more or less porrect; second joint fringed with hair below, tending to form a triangular tuft apically; third joint smooth-scaled. Front bulging and roughenejd, but without central tubercle. Male antennae typically serrate and fasciculate (often merely cihate). Tibiae all spined; fore tibia shghtly shorter than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete row of spines on each side, these rather weak except the apical ones which are strong and claw- like. Mid tarsi with at least a partial fourth row of spines laterally on the outer side. Vestiture of thorax largely scaly with the tufting generally improminent. Figure 3. Male genitalia of Protexarnis balanitis Grt. Loxagrotis gen. nov. Type, Agrotis proclivis Sm. 28 Male Genitalia. Clasper moderate in length, slightly bulging in basal portion of costa, corona reduced and generally confined to costo-apical section which tends to form a slight flap; sacculus moderately strong; harpe variable in shape, typically as in Euxoa with a curved basal attach- ment, below which is frequently a bunch of stiff black hair. Clavus weak to moderately strong. Uncus very narrow and long. Juxta weak. Aedo- eagus strengthened apically by a curved chitinous strip which generally is faintly scobinate; vesica armed with a short terminal cornutus. Figure 4. Male genitalia of Loxagrotis proclivis Sm. It has been necessary to erect a new generic name for this group, the specie,s of which have heretofore been included in various genera and prob- ably represent a northern offshoot from the Mexican fauna. Along with proclivis Sm. and neodivis B. and B., which are typical, the writer includes apicalis Grt. together with acclivis Morr. and its southwestern race opaca Harv., in which the harpe is broadened apically to a mushroom shape but which otherwise is close to proclivis. Serano Sm. may also be included; it agrees in outward structural details quite closely, showing, however, a better developed metathoracic tuft; the individual characteristics of the genitalia are the presence of an ampulla and the sudden broadening of the basal portion of the harpe. For the present salina Barnes, capota Sm., alhicosta Sm., and socorro Barnes are placed here although the latter two are quite atypical, the palpi being heavily but smoothly scaled, not fringed with hair, and the genitalia of each showing a complete corona and considerable individual difference in the position and shape of the harpe. With, however, the writer's limited material and his lack of knowledge of the JMexican forms with which they are probably aUied, he does not feel justified in splitting any further than he has already done. 29 Pseudorthosia Grt. 1874, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. II, 161 (type, variabilis Grt.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned with slightly porrected third joint; second joint fringed with long hair beneath; third joint smooth-scaled. Front bulging and roughened. Male antenn® bifasciculate. Tibiae all strongly spined; fore tibia subequal in length to first tarsal joint, smooth- scaled, with a complete row of strong spines on each side; terminal spines stoutest; mid tarsi with a fourth row of spines on outer side laterally. Thoracic vestiture rough, hairy, with no appreciable tufting. Figure 5. Male genitalia of Pseudorthosia variabilis Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper rounded apically, without corona; harpe attached at an angle to the apex of the rather weak sacculus; slightly excurved and projecting over costa. Uncus narrow, curved, with pointed apex. Clavus obsolescent. Juxta a broad, weakly chitinized plate with rounded posterior margin. Aedoeagus strengthened at apex by a thicken- ing of the chitin, forming a slightly curved bar; vesica with minute apical cornutus. The position of this highly specialized genus, containing the single species variabilis Grt., is a little doubtful. The tibial and tarsal armature and the roughened front seem, however, to indicate a position near Euxoa^ and this is more or less borne out by the type of genitalia. Pseudoseptis gen. nov. Type, Agrotis grandipennis Grt. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with slightly porrect third joint; second joint moderately fringed with hair below, third joint smooth-scaled. Front somewhat bulging but smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, with complete row of spines on both inner and outer sides; mid tarsi with partial fourth row of spines on outer side laterally. Thoracic vestiture appressed, consisting of hair and hair- like scales with traces of small pro- and metathoracic tufts. 66022—3 30 Male Genitalia. Clamper long, narrow, with truncate apex, at the lower angle of which is a broad, blunt pollex; corona absent; sacculus weak; harpe a well-developed hook, at right angles to plane of clasper near base, with strongly curved attachment. Clavus minute. Juxta a small plate with excavated apical margin and pointed base. Uncus long, narrow, pointed. Aedoeagus strengthened apically with a curved, dark- coloured band of chitin; vesica with minute apical cornutus. Figure 6. Male genitalia of Pseudoseptis grandipennis Grt. The single included species, grandipennis Grt., has more the appear- ance of a Septis than of an Agrotid. Jalapa Hamp. from Mexico, judging by the illustration (Cat. Lep. Phal. IV., PL LXXII, fig. 7), must be very close, if not identical. Trichosilia Hamp. 1918, Nov. Zool. XXV, 112 (type, acarnea Sm.). Eyes slightly hairy. Palpi upturned, the third joint porrect and partly concealed in hair; second joint fringed with long hairs below. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia dis- Figure 7. Male genitalia of Trichosilia acarnea Sm. 31 tinctly longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete ro w of spines on each side, the outer row somewhat conceale d in vestiture; mid tarsi with fourth row of spines as in Agrotis. Vestiture of thorax composed of simple hairs intermingled with a few forked ones. Male Genitalia. Very similar to that of Agrotis, but the armature of the vesica consists of a short bulbed cornutus. The genus was erected for the single species acarnea on the strength of the haired eyes. Were it not for this fact the writer would be much inclined to include manifesta Morr. and geniculata G. and R. in the same group. Trichosilia is undoubtedly a slight offshoot from Agrotis. Richia Grt. 1887, Can. Ent. XIX, 44 (type, chortalis Harv.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned with rather long, conical third joint, slightly porrected; second joint moderately fringed with long hair below; third joint smooth-scaled. Front bulging, but smooth. Male antennse fasciculate. Tibiae all spined, the fore tibia shorter than or subequal to the first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled with complete row of spines on each side; mid tarsus normal except in chortalis where it is extraordinarily swollen and lengthened at the expense of the other joints, the under- surface with the median row of spines extended to form three or more rows; a fourth lateral row of spines well indicated. Vestiture of thorax composed of scales and hair with a well-developed median crest and traces of a divided posterior tuft. Figure 8. Male genitalia of Richia chortalis Harv. Male Genitalia. Clasper rather short, the costa bulging beyond base; corona present but weak and confined to the costo-apical portion; harpe a stout hook, attached in the genotype obliquely to apex of sacculus by a chitinous rod and projecting shghtly over costal edge of clasper, in the 66022— 3 i 32 other species more normal; a weak ampulla present. Uncus narrow, curved, pointed apically. Clavus well-developed but thin. Juxta faint. Aedoeagus armed apically with a narrow, curved, chitinous band, finely dentate; vesica with stout cornutus with bulbous base. The position of this highly specialized genus is puzzHng, but on account of the spining of the tibiae and tarsi the writer is inclined to place it closer to Agrotis than is done in the present lists. It includes parentalis Grt., distichoides Grt., and chortalis Harv. with their forms. The writer also places lohato Barnes here for the present on account of the great similarity of genitalia between it and parentalis and because, apart from the lack of a thoracic crest and the hairier vestiture, it agrees excellently in external structural characters. Onychagrotis Hamp. 1903, Cat. Lep. Phal. Brit. Mus. IV, 465 (type, rileyana Morr.). Only to be distinguished from Agrotis by the short, broad fore tibiae with very heavy spines, the apical ones being practically claws. Figure 9. Male genitalia of Onychagrotis rileyana Morr. The genus contains the single species, rileyana, and is only doubtfully distinct from Agrotis; the genitalia show no differences. Rileyana is probably an offshoot from orthogonia; the wing pattern in both species is very similar. Eucoptocnemis Grt. 1874, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 13 (type, fimbriaris Gn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned with rather long narrow third joint; second joint heavily clothed beneath with long hairs and scales; third joint rather roughly scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly bipectinate. Tibiae all spined, fore tibia short and broad, considerably shorter than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled with complete row of spines 33 on each side, terminating in a strong claw, the inner one especially long. Fourth row of tarsal spines obsolescent, only an occasional spine being present. Vestiture of thorax rather rough, composed of single and forked hairs. Figure 10. Male genitalia of Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris Gn. Male Genitalia. Corona present, but weak; harpe as in Agrotis; no editum. Uncus rather broad with truncate apex. Clavus minute. Juxta weak at base, but with faintly spiculate side-flaps. Vesica arm.ed apically with a small cornutus without bulbed base. Includes fimbriaris Gn., tripars Wlk., and dapsilis Grt. The genus is obviously an offshoot from Agrotis and the type of genitalia is closest to that of daedalus Sm. Proragrotis gen. no v. Type, Porosagrotis longidens Sm. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint slightly porrect; second joint fringed below with long hairs; third joint smooth. Front with large saucer-like prominence with raised edges, containing a central truncate process. Male antennae lengthily bifasciculate. Tibiae all spined, fore tibia short and broad, much shorter than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with complete row of spines on each side, terminating in stout claws. Fourth row of mid-tarsal spines present. Vestiture of thorax smooth, scaly, with metathoracic tuft moderately developed. Figure 11. Male genitalia of Proragrotis longidens Sm. 34 Male Genitalia. Clasper of even width throughout, corona present; sacculus weak; harpe much as in Agrotis, but placed rather more apically; no editum. Clavus moderate. Juxta pointed at base. Uncus tbin, pointed. Vesica armed apically with small spine. Includes only the single North American species, longidens Sm. The nature of the frontal process is reminiscent of that of Nocloa and quite unique among our North American species. Agrotis Ochs. 1816, Schmett. Europ. IV, 66 (type, seqetum Schiff.)- Scotia Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 226 (type, cinerea Schiff.). Agronoma Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227 (type, vestigialis Rott.). Georyx Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227 (type, segetum Schiff.). Porosagrotis Sm. Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 11 (type, vetusta Wlk.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with the third joint conical, more or less porrect; second joint normally fringed with long hairs below (occasionally heavily but smoothly scaled); third joint smooth-scaled, without tufts. Front normally roughened or with slight prominence (occasionally smooth). Male antennae bipectinate in the basal half at least (occasionally fascicu- late). Tibiae all spined, fore tibia subequal in length to first tarsal joint, smooth scaled, with a complete row of well-developed spines on each side, the terminal spine of each row being strongest. Mid tarsi with at least a partly developed fourth row of spines situated on outer side laterally. Vestiture of thorax heavily overlaid with forked hairs; thoracic tufting scarcely evident, at times a slight divided posterior tuft; abdomen strongly hairy at base. Figure 12. Male genitaha of Agrotis vetusta Wlk. Male Genitalia. Corona present; harpe a somewhat recurved hook, attached to apex of sacculus; costa at base with a slightly raised, oval, chitinous plate, contiguous to the base of harpe (? editum of Pierce). Uncus long, narrow, strap-like. Clavus minute. Juxta pointed at base. Vesica armed apically with a lunate, scobinate plate. The writer includes under this generic heading the following North American species: vetusta Wlk., daedalus Sm., orthogonia Morr., patula Wlk., gladiaria Wlk., rohustior Sm., venerahilis Wlk., Vancouver ensis Grt., gravis Grt., musa Sm. (not examined), atha Stkr., volubilis Harv., aenei- pennis Grt., obliqua Sm., malefida Gn., ypsilon Rott., and manifesta Morr. 35 All these species are so closely allied in type of male genitalia to segetum (vide Pierce, op. cit., PI. XVI) and to one another that frequently a specific differentiation, based on this character, is not possible. The last three species are somewhat atypical but, in the opinion of the writer, are sufficiently allied to be included under the one generic head. In malefida and ypsilon the palpi lack the rough hairs beneath the second joint, being heavily and closely scaled; ypsilon further is unique in having a smooth front, and in the genitalia of both we find the costal margin curved upward apically far more than in any of the other species. Manifesta would seem at first rather misplaced, due to its distinctly hairier vestiture, but the writer can find no better position for it unless it be transposed to Feltia. On genitalic characters it is not misplaced here, although it is still more closely allied to Trichosilia acarnea Sm., a hairy-eyed species. It might also be noted that the fore tibia is distinctly longer than the first tarsal joint. With regard to Porosagrotis, the only possible way of retaining this generic name would be on the strength of the fasciculate male antennae of the genotype, vetusta, as differentiated from the normal bipectinate type; this seems scarcely sufficient. Feltia Wlk. 1856, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus. IX, 202 (type, ducens Wlk.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned with third joint conical, more or less porrect; second joint normally with long, heavy scaling beneath, projecting forward apically into a conical tuft; third joint with traces of a similar tuft. Front normally smooth (occasionally slightly tuberculate). Male antennae serrate and fasciculate, with norm.ally two tufts at the extremity of each lamella. Tibiae all spined, the fore tibia subequal in length to first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with complete row of spines on each side, the terminal spines being strongest. Mid tarsi with fourth row of lateral spines as in Agrotis. Vestiture of thorax rather smooth-scaled with im- prominent tufting. Figure 13. Male genitalia of Feltia ducens Wlk. Male Genitalia. Very similar to those of Agrotis but the costa of the c asper is more upcurved apically than in normal Agrotis, the harpe is 36 decidedly longer and narrower, and the armature of the vesica consists of a single short bulbed cornutus. The clavus is small but rather broad. Under this generic heading are included the species: ducens Wlk., hudsoni Sm., evanidalis Grt., subgothica Haw., herilis Grt., pectinicornis Sm., edentata Sm. (not examined), annexa Tr., and geniculata G. and R. The genus could readily be sunk to Agrotis; it is retained, however, for the ducens group on the strength of the slight genitalic differences, as well as modifications of the palpi and male antennae. The two last species are aberrant. Annexa shows a roughened front and the fore tibia has stronger terminal spines; in the genitalia the aedoeagus does not appear to possess any armature. Geniculata is only doubtfully placed here, as the antennae are not bifasciculate; however, taking into consideration the armature of the aedoeagus and the shape of the clavus no better position could be found. The genitalia are very close to those of manifesta and acarnea. 1829, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 20 (type, praecox L.). XHapalia Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 220. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with conical third joint slightly por- rected; second joint heavily but smoothly clothed with scales beneath; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia slightly longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled with a complete row of well-developed spines on each side, terminating in a stronger spine. Mid tarsi with a fourth row of spines as in Agrotis. Vestiture of thorax scaly, smooth, with slight median anterior and divided posterior tufts. Abdomen rather flattened. Male Genitalia. Corona absent. Costal margin of clasper excurved beyond base. Harpe strong, scarcely recurved, attached to apex of sacculus. No editum. Undus long, narrow, shghtly broadened in median section, Actebia Steph. Figure 14. Male genitalia of Actebia jennica Tausch. 37 and with a bunch of apical bristles. Clavus lacking. Juxta emarginate at base. Aedoeagus with its apical edge serrate (in our North American species) and the vesica armed with a small apical, slightly serrate, chitinous plate. The only North American species definitely included is fennica Tausch. which, though superficially rather dissimilar to praecox L., is almost identical in genitalia (vide Pierce, op. cit., PI. XVI) and other structural details, including the narrow wings. Rather than create a new genus for larga Sm. without a better knowl- edge of the Mexican fauna it is provisionally placed here, on account of the strong similarity of genitalia. It is to be noted, however, that the vestiture is hairy and that the fourth row of tarsal spines is lacking. In general appearance larga and fennica are very dissimilar, the former, in this respect being closer to lobato Barnes than to anything else. Protogygia gen. no v. Type, Agrotis lagena Grt. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint conical and sHghtly porrected; second joint fringed below with long hairs and scales; third joint rather smooth-scaled. Front roundedly protuberant, at times slightly roughened. Male antennae ciliate. All tibiae spined, fore tibia either subequal to or shorter than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with complete lateral rows of spines, terminating in a heavier spine. Tarsi lacking the fourth row of spines found in Agrotis. Vestiture of thorax rather smooth, scaly, with at times a rather distinct metathoracic scale- tuft. Figure 15. Male genitalia of Protogygia lagena Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper long, narrow, at times with a spine-like projection on ventral margin near base; corona present; harpe attached to apex of sacculus and much as in Agrotis; editum absent. Uncus narrow, curved, with pointed apex. Clavus well developed, rather broad, leaf- like. Juxta rounded at base. Aedoeagus strengthened apically by a narrow, curved, chitinous band, vesica armed with a short cornutus with- out base. 38 It has seemed necessary to create a new generic term for certain western and southwestern species, formerly included in Rhizagrotis, and which, in form of genitaUa, approach closest to the European signifera Schiff., type of the genus Ogygia Hbn. Besides the type species, lagena Grt., the writer includes querula Dod and polingi B. and B.; also milleri Grt., hiclavis Grt., and elevata Sm. (terrifica Sm.). The first two species are distinctly congeneric, both show- ing the short projection on outer margin of clasper, but specifically distinct in the finer details. Polingi lacks this projection, but otherwise fits in well with the other two. The next two are more aberrant, but closely related to each other; they show hairier vestiture, a rougher front, bipectinate or dentate and fasciculate antennae, a stronger metathoracic tuft and weak spining on the fore tibiae; on genitalic characters they are quite close to polingi with rather weaker corona, and in the case of milleri a rather broader and stumpier clasper. Elevata also is distinctly related to milleri: the fore-tibial spines are better developed and the vestiture is hairier; in the genitalia the harpe is broad and shovel-shaped, but the general similarity is unmistakable. It is quite probable that a study of neotropical material will show the true relationship of this group. Spaelotis Bdv. 1840, Ind. Meth. 106 (type, ravida Schiff.). Amphitrota Warren, 1909, Seitz, Gross-Schmett. d. Erde, Palae. Noct. Ill, 57 [type, clandestina Harr. (unicolor Wlk.)]. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, third joint somewhat porrected; second joint fringed below with moderately long hairs; third joint with slight pointed apical tuft of hair beneath. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with complete row of spines on each side. Fourth row of spines on tarsi lacking or only indicated by an occasional odd spine. Vestiture of thorax rather flat, scaly, with no distinct tufts. Abdomen flattened, the female (in our North American species) with a pair of sublateral foveae near extremity. Figure 16. Male genitalia of Spaelotis clandestina Harr. Male Genitalia. Clasper long, narrow, pointed apically, without corona; sacculus strong, with harpe attached to apex but not lying quite 39 in the same plane, being bent upwards beyond point of origin and then recurved, almost reaching apex of clasper. Uncus short, pointed. Clavus very minute. Juxta a thin plate. Aedoeagus with rectangular apex, the lateral walls slightly thickened with chitinous plates, no armature. The genus Amphitrota was erected for our North American species with abdominal fovese in the female sex; as, however, the male genitalia of the two included species, clandestina Harr. (unicolor Wlk.) and havilae Grt., are very similar to those of ravida, the genotype of Spaelotis Bdv., this name is preferred. The genital organs are quite unique and show no close affinities to those of any other species; on general characters, how- ever, the writer inclines to group the genus with the typical Agrotids. It might be pointed out that the name clandestina Harr. (1841) has priority over unicolor Wlk. (1856) and that the present listing, following Hampson's error, should be altered. Choephora Grt. 1868, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. II, 199 (type, fungorum Grt.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint somewhat porrect; both joints heavily fringed below with long hair. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly bipectinate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, with a row of moderately stout spines on each side, neither of which extends completely to base; on outer side a fringe of long hair in basal portion. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture very rough and hairy. Wings broadly triangular. Figure 17. Male genitalia of Choephora fungorum Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper narrow and pointed, without corona; harpe attached to apex of sacculus, very broad and short, scoop-shaped with 40 slightly spiculate apex. Clavus absent. Juxta armed with a strong finger- like projection. Uncus broad with truncate apex. Aedoeagus armed with an apical spine and vesica with a bulbed cornutus. This rather aberrant genus is difficult to place, but the type of genitalia on the whole seems to indicate a position with the typical Agrotid group rather than with the Pachnohia-Graphiphora section. Fungorum Grt. is the only included species and is distinct enough to warrant the retention of the generic name. Eurois Hbn. 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 217 (type, occulta Linn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with conical, somewhat porrect, third joint; second joint typically heavily and evenly clothed with scales beneath which tend to form an apical tuft (in other species heavily fringed with hair beneath) ; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae normally ciliate (occasionally serrate and fasciculate). Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, furnished with a complete and visible inner row of weak spines and with outer row reduced to several apical spines, more or less concealed in heavy tufting of hair; fourth row of tarsal spines well developed. Thoracic vestiture scaly with distinct anterior and posterior, divided, median tufts. Figure 18. Male genitalia of Eurois occulta Linn. Male Genitalia. Clasper broad apically, terminating " in a blunt point; no corona; harpe a strong recurved hook attached to the end of the long heavy sacculus and, therefore, subapical. Uncus narrow, curved, pointed apically. Clavus small, heavily haired. Juxta a thin, rectangular plate. Aedoeagus heavily scobinate apically; vesica at times armed with a small cornutus. 41 The writer has already pointed out (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 66) that Hampson's usage of this generic term was incorrect and that Eurois should include occulta Linn., astricta Morr., and nigra Sm. The latter two species agree very closely with the genotype in all features except palpal vestiture, having a heavy fringe of hair beneath which is lacking in occulta. To these species is added, for the present, docilis Grt., which is decidedly atypical in form of genitalia but otherwise agrees pretty closely; the genitaha of this species, in fact, are more like those of Richia, but such an association is scarcely advisable and, rather than create a new generic term, it is left in Eurois. Praefixa Morr., which the writer does not know, may also fall here; Smith suggests that it is identical with docilis (Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XV, 148, 1907). Ochropleura Hbn. 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 223 (type, plecta Linn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint conical, sHghtly por- rected; second joint heavily but smoothly scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae fasciculate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete inner row of lateral spines, but with the outer row reduced to two or three apical ones; all these spines rather weak. Fourth row of tarsal spines lacking. Thoracic vestiture smooth, scaly, with no appreciable tufting. Figure 19. Male genitalia of Ochropleura plecta Linn. Male Genitalia. Clasper long, narrow, with corona; harpe a recurved hook, situated slightly beyond apex of sacculus, but connected with it by an oblique bar of chitin ; at the connecting point a small spine near ventral margin of clasper. Uncus rather shorter than in Agrotis. Clavus moder- ately vv^ell developed, broad at base, tapering apically. Juxta weak, slightly pointed at base. Vesica armed with a huge cornutus. 42 The single species, plecta hinn., seems sufficiently distinct to warrant the usage of the generic term Ochropleura. The nature of the spining of the fore tibia alone will separate it from Agrotis, and from the Graphiphora group, with which it has been generally associated, it must be separated on genitalic characters. Anicla Grt. 1874, Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci. II, 159 (type, infecta Ochs.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with conical third joint slightly por- rected; second joint heavily and smoothly scaled with distinct apical pointed tuft beneath; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, the scales on the outer side forming a broad fringe which obscures the spines; these are rather weak, forming a complete visible row on inner side but reduced to two or three apical spines on outer side, concealed in the vestiture; fourth tarsal row of spines reduced to an occasional spine. Thoracic vestiture smooth, scaly, with no obvious tufting. Abdomen somewhat flattened. Figure 20. Male genitalia of Anicla infecta Ochs. Male Genitalia. Clasper very long compared with the size of the tegumen, with prominent excavation at middle of ventral margin; corona very heavy, consisting of several rows of stout spines; sacculus reduced; harpe a rather weak hook with bifid attachment at base. Uncus vertically bifid. Clavus well-developed, broad. Juxta a thin, shield-like plate. Aedoeagus with a c-shaped chitinous band apically; vesica armed with two scobinate chitinous bands. The utterly different type of male genitalia makes it advisable to revive the generic term Anicla for the single species infecta. The affinities of this species are probably neotropical. 43 Euagrotis gen. nov. Type, Noctua luhricans Gn. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with short, conical, somewhat porrected third joint; second joint heavily but smoothly scaled beneath with normally no indication of a triangular apical tuft; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibise all spined; fore tibia subequal in length to first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a weak hair-fringe on outer side; inner row of spines complete, outer row limited to two or three weak apical ones. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture smooth, scaly, with practically no indication of tufting. Figure 21. Male genitalia of Euagrotis luhricans Gn. Male Genitalia. Clasper long and narrow, costa somewhat bulging at base and curving upward apically forming a blunt point with the apical margin; corona present and well developed; sacculus rather weak; harpe recurved, with slight bulbous base and with faint editum; occasionally traces of an ampulla. Uncus long and narrow, with recurved apical portion. Clavus strongly developed, broad. Juxta weak. Aedoeagus armed with a stout latero-apical spine, projecting from a chitinous plate of variable shape; vesica frequently armed with a finger-like chitinous rod. The following species are included in this rather homogeneous group which is probably a forerunner of, or an offshoot from, such species of the Agrotis group as ypsilon and malefida: luhricans Gn., illapsa Wlk., heata Grt. (both distinct from luhricans on genitalic characters), exuherans Sm., hairdi Sm. (the writer has not examined this but the figure indicates a close relationship to exuherans), simplicia Morr., digna Morr. (and prob- ably tenuescens Sm. which has not been seen), and finally tepperi Sm. which has very similar genitalia but has a strong fringe of hair on under side of second palpal joint and a better-developed fringe on outer side of fore tibia. 44 Hemieuxoa gen. nov. Type, Agrotis rudens Harv. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint somewhat porrect; second joint fringed with hair beneath, which forms apically a triangularly pointed tuft; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibise all spined; fore tibia longer than the first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with well-developed fringe of hair on the entire outer side, concealing partly a few apical spines; inner side with complete row of spines. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Vestiture of thorax scaly with fairly well-developed pro- and metathoracic tufts. Male Genitalia. Strikingly aberrant. Clasper with deep rounded excavation in middle of ventral margin; costal margin drawn out apically; corona well developed; sacculus strong, the blunt apex forming the lower margin of the excavation; harpe attached to sacculus by a stout raised rod, bent downwards, curved and partly filling the excavation; from the dorsal side, at the bend, a fine, straight, chitinous finger projects slightly over the costa of clasper. Uncus with bulbous apex, furnished with several short spines. Clavus absent. Juxta with a short median spine. Tegumen strongly upcurved at the junction with the clasper, forming a pad from which the peniculus arises. Vesica armed with two thin cornuti. Rudens Harv. and pellucidalis Grt. are the only included species; the genitalia of the latter show no differences from those of rudens and it is quite probable that one is merely a form of the other. The general appear- ance is rather Euxoa-like, but there are numerous characters to separate the genus from Euxoa. It is placed along with Anicla and Euagrotis from which, apart from genitalia, it differs on palpal and thoracic tuftings. Figure 22. Male genitalia of Hemieuxoa rudens Harv. 45 Metalepsis Grt. 1875, Check List Noct. 13, 25 (type, cornuta Grt.) Eyes naked, lashed. Palpi upturned, third joint porrect; both second and third joints heavily fringed below with long hairs. Front smooth. Male antennae serrate and fasciculate or bipectinate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, heavily fringed with hair on outer side; inner row of spines complete, distinct; outer row confined to a few apical ones, and more or less hidden in vestiture. Fourth row of tarsal spines lacking. Vestiture of thorax hairy with indications of anterior and posterior tufting. Male Genitalia. Clasper long and narrow, apex rather truncate with- out corona; sacculus long and heavy with harpe obliquely attached at apex and projecting slightly over costal edge of clasper; digitus present or absent. Uncus somewhat diamond-shaped apically. Clavus absent. Juxta weak; anellus with two lateral scobinate flaps. Vesica armed with a large heavy cornutus. The writer previously (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 65) noted the close relationship between this genus and Cerastis Ochs. and included in it the three species cornuta Grt., fishi Grt., and salicarum Wlk. The genitalia of these species are very similar, but in cornuta we find a digitus which is lacking in the other two. The type of armature of the vesica is reminiscent of Ochropleura plecta. 1816, Schmett. Europ. IV, 84 (type, rubricosa Schiff.). Glaea Stephens, 1829, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 159 (type, ruhricosa Schiff.). Matuta Grote, 1874, Can. Ent. VI, 116 (type, tenebrifera Wlk.). Differs chiefly from Metalepsis in the entire absence of spining on the fore tibia. Figure 23. Male genitalia of Metalepsis cornuta Grt. Cerastis Ochs. 66022—4 46 The single North American species, tenehrifera Wlk., which is included in this genus, differs from the type in the shorter vestiture of the palpi, the bipectinate antennae, and the intermingling of numerous forked hairs in the thoracic vestiture. The genitalia, however, are very similar, with the characteristic scobinate flaps to the anellus. The vesica is armed with two long cornuti instead of the single one of rubricosa. Figure 24. Male genitalia of Cerastis tenehrifera Wlk. These differences are believed to be merely of specific value; in any case, for those who wish, we have the term Matuta Grt. available for tene- hrifera. Peridroma Hbn. 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 227 (type, margaritosa Haw.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint porrect; second joint rather roughly fringed with scales and hair beneath and with distinct triangular apical tuft; third joint with rather rough vestiture. Front smooth. Male antennae shortly fasciculate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia slightly longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a broad curved fringe of scales and hair on outer side partly concealing the few apical spines; inner margin with a complete row of weak spines. Mid tarsi with- out fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture scaly with well-developed, divided, pro- and metathoracic tufts. Abdomen rather flattened. Male Genitalia. Clasper of average length with strong corona; harpe slightly excurved and projecting over costa, attached at base to a broad foot of chitin, the proximal portion of which is contiguous with the fairly strong sacculus; ampulla present. Clavus a very minute tubercle. Uncus bulbous at base, drawn out to a fine and slightly recurved point apically. Juxta a heavily chitinized plate, the medio-apical portion strongly bulging and armed with a sharp spine. Aedoeagus armed with apical chitinous plate, one edge of which is drawn out to a sharp tooth with dentate edge. 47 Figure 25. Male genitalia of Peridroma margaritosa Haw. The writer has revived the old name Peridroma for the single species margaritosa which evidently represents a primitive form. Hemipachnobia gen. nov. Type, Agrotis monochromatea Morr. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint somewhat porrect; second joint strongly fringed with hair below, third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly bipectinate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with a complete row of spines on both inner and outer sides ; mid tarsi with fourth row of spines on outer side laterally. Thoracic vestiture in cf roughened, consisting of hair-like scales, in 9 smoother and with broader scales ;|tufting obsolescent. Figure 26. Male genitalia of Hemipachnobia monochromatea Morr. 66022-4^ 48 Male Genitalia. Clasper moderate in width with slight bulge about the middle of costa; apex rounded, without corona, but with a strong pollex projecting forward from lower angle; sacculus strong; harpe weak, much as in Pachnobia, with the distal portion of the foot-like attachment obsolescent; editum present. Clavus obsolescent. Juxta armed with a strong apical spine. Uncus narrow. Tegumen with its base (ventral side) broadly truncate. Aedoeagus long, narrow, armed apically with a spined chitinous band; vesica with small bulbed cornutus. This genus, which is erected for monochromatea, is distinctly allied to Pachnobia and Anomogyna in type of genitalia, the harpe and aedoeagus being notably similar. The complete spining of the fore tibia, however, and the presence of the fourth row of tarsal spines make the separation from both of these genera advisable. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint somewhat porrect; second joint with long rough fringe of hair beneath; third joint smooth- scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae bipectinate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint and with a complete row of spines on the inner side; several apical spines and a fringe of hair on the outer side. Mid tarsi with a fourth row of spines on outer side laterally. Thor- acic vestiture hairy and rough, without distinct tufts. Male Genitalia. Clasper narrow with very pointed apex and neither corona nor pollex; harpe well developed; connected more or less with apex of sacculus by a curved rod of chitin; a small chitinous mound with patch of hair at inner base of harpe probably represents the editum. Clavus obsolescent. Juxta with strong finger-like projection. Uncus very thin and long. Vesica armed with a long spiculate chitinous band. The sole species, littoralis Pack., seems sufficiently distinct from other members of the Graphiphora group to warrant the new generic name. The four rows of tarsal spines, the hairy vestiture, and the bipectinate male Paradiarsia gen. nov. Type, Agrotis littoralis Pack. Figure 27. Male genitalia of Paradiarsia littoralis Pack. 49 antennae keep it apart from all other species except certain ones placed in the genus Pachnohia; with these there is, however, no affinity on genita lie characters. Grote's association with Pseudorthosia was as good as any, but from this genus it may be separated on the armature of the fore tibia. Pseudospaelotis gen. nov. Type, Agrotis haruspica Grt. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with long third joint; second joint heavily but rather shortly and evenly fringed with hair beneath, without triangular apical tuft; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. All tibiae spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, with complete row of weak spines on inner side; on outer side with hair- fringe and several apical spines. Mid tarsi without fourth row^pf spines. Thoracic vestiture smooth, largely composed of hair, without noticeable tufts. Figure 28. Male genitalia of Pseudospaelotis haruspica Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper long and narrow, tapering to a point, with a slight tubercle about the middle of the ventral margin; sacculus short and weak; harpe situated basally, long and strongly hooked apically, much the shape of a question mark. Clavus absent. Uncus thin, curbed. Juxta squarely projected apically. Aedoeagus scobinate apically; vesica armed with a short spine on a broadly bulbous base. 50 Along with the European augur Fabr. the writer includes our North American forms haruspica Grt. ( unimacula Morr.), sierrae Harv., and inopinatus Sm. which, judging by the genitalia, are probably all forms of one species. It is believed that the different type of genitalia, combined with the differences found in the palpal and thoracic vestiture, warrant the separation from the Graphiphora group and also from Spaelotis unicolor Wlk., with which it has frequently been associated, largely on account of a certain superficial similarity. The writer agrees with Pierce who regards augur as leading over to what he calls the Triphaenidae (op. cit., page 47). 1816, Schmett. Europ. IV, 80 (type, margaritacea Vill.)- Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint more or less porrect; second and third joints fringed below with rough hair. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, smooth-scaled, with fringe of hair on outer side and a couple of apical spines; on inner side a complete row of weak spines. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture rough, hairy, without well-defined tufting. Male Genitalia. Clasper rounded apically, without corona; sacculus with a strongly chitinized free arm projecting from the base over the costal margin of clasper; harpe oblique, finger-like, and attached to apex of sacculus. Clavus absent. Juxta weakly chitinized. Uncus narrow with pointed apex. Aedoeagus very long and armed apically with a short spine. The writer has placed quadrangula Zett. and clemens Sm. under this generic heading for the present on account of the peculiar free arm jutting out from the base of the sacculus; this is also present in margaritacea Vill., the generic type, but shaped differently, and as superficially there is little resemblance between the two species, it would not be at all surprising if the necessity arises for the creation of a new genus to include quadrangula; it is very closely allied to the European simulans. Rhyacia Hbn., with genotype lucipcta Schiff., will also belong in this group, but may be separ- ated by the smoothly scaled palpi. Caradrina Ochs. Figure 29. Male genitalia of Caradrina quadrangula Zett. 51 The above generic definition has been drawn up from quadrangula and does not agree in some of the minor details with the characters of margar- itacea. Clemens Sm. shows no difference in genitaha from quadrangula and a specimen from the Barnes collection which has been compared with Smith's type agrees in maculation with our Labrador and Alberta series of quadrangula; it is imagined that, at the best, clemens can only be regarded as a race of this species. 1840, Gen. et Ind. Meth. 103 (type, rectangvla Schiff.). Male Genitalia. Clasper broadening suddenly in central portion and then narrowing gradually to the rounded apex; no corona; sacculus strong with a heavily chitinized elbowed free arm at base, this arm being spined apically and spiculate over a considerable portion of the dorsal surface; harpe very heavily chitinized, broadly scoop-shaped, projecting over costa. Clavus absent. Juxta weak. Uncus long and thin. Tegumen with ventral margin broadly truncate, not pointed as usual. Aedoeagus strengthened apically with a triangular chitinous plate. Very similar to the preceding genus in outer structural characters and differentiated solely on account of the male genitalia and the fact that our North American species, juncta Grt., is very closely allied in all respects to the European rectangula Schiff., the genotype of Chersotis. The avail- ability of this generic term has led the writer to adopt it for the present, but the whole group with this pecuHar type of basal arm to the sacculus will have to be studied in connexion with European species before deciding whether one generic term is sufficient; juncta is the only North American species with this type of genitalia. Chersotis Bdv. Figure 30. Male genitalia of Chersotis juncta Grt. 52 Heptagrotis gen. nov. Type, Agrotis phyllophora Grt. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint somewhat porrect; second joint heavily fringed below with hair; third joint smooth, with traces of an apical tuft below. Front smooth. Male antennae weakly fasciculate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia much longer than first tarsal joint with complete row of spines on inner side and a fringe of hair on outer side, concealing a couple of apical spines. Mid tarsi with fourth row of spines laterally on outer side. Thoracic vestiture largely composed of hair or hair-like scales, rather rough without distinct tufting. Male Genitalia. Strongly aberrant. Clasper short, broad, and ir- regularly rounded apically with neither corona nor pollex; sacculus very strongly developed, bulging strongly over costa at base and then narrow- ing and continued along lower margin to apex of clasper; harpe lacking. Clavus lacking. Juxta a long, rather narrow plate. Uncus thin, pointed. Aedoeagus with spiculate apical band of chitin and small lateral protuber- ance covered with short spines. On account of the marked divergence of the genitalia it has been necessary to separate phyllophora from its usual associations; it would seem to show more relationship with the Ahagrotis group than with the Graphiphora section. In dealing with the following section, which largely comprises the species formerly placed in the genus Noctua, the writer was at once struck by the extraordinary divergence between the species on genitalic char- acters, whereas in outward structural characters, notably the spining of the fore tibiae, there was an equally great similarity. Two courses were open — either to split the group into a number of small genera, based largely on genitalic characters, necessitating the creation of a number of new generic terms, or to lump the species under the oldest available generic name, leaving genitalic characters out of consideration. Figure 31. Male genitalia of Heptagrotis^^phyllophora Grt. 53 The writer finally decided on a sort of compromise, using in a generic sense such terms as have already been created and which could be correctly applied to any given group, and lumping several groups under the one genus Graphiphora where no term was available. The species contained in this section appear to be rather primitive and possibly the remnants of an old insect fauna which was more or less common to both the Palaearctic and Nearactic regions, and in which the specific differences of the male genitalia were very marked. It might be deduced from this that the species comprising genera such as Euxoa and Agrotis which show marked similarity of genitalic structure are more recent and that in such cases the genitalia are of better generic than of specific value. Though inclined to think that such may actually be the case, the writer is not yet prepared to follow the matter to its logical conclusion and raise each group of Graphiphora to generic rank. Diarsia Hbn. 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222 (type, dahlii Hbn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with slightly porrected third joint; second joint fringed with rather rough hair and scales, terminating apically in a more or less evident triangular tuft; third joint rather long and smooth- scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate or weakly fasciculate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia somewhat longer than first tarsal joint, smooth- scaled, with outer fringe of hair and only a single apical spine (occasionally a preapical one also) on outer side; a complete row of weak spines on inner side. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture slightly roughened, composed of mixed single and bifid or trifid hairs, with- out noticeable tufting. Figure 32. Male genitalia of Diarsia cynica Sm. Male Genitalia, Clasper with the ventral margin strongly bulging centrally; corona present and supplemented by rows or tufts of spine- like hair; harpe of variable shape, at right angles to sacculus on a foot-like base; ampulla present, a narrow ridge of chitin between base of clasper and base of harpe, parallel to costa. Clavus absent. Uncus typically narrow and strap-shaped, at times with very broad truncate apex. Juxta strong with medio-apical margin typically strongly pointed. Vesica vari- ably armed with chitinous plates, single strong cornuti or bundles of small cornuti. 54 The genus appears best separable from Graphiphora on genitalic char- acters and the lack of any apparent thoracic tufting. Of our North Anieri- can species, the writer includes here calgary Sm., cynica Sm., rubifera Grt. (which has not been examined, but of which cynica may prove a synonym), dislocata Sm. (probably a North American form of the European f estiva), jucunda Wlk., esurialis Grt., and hospitalis Grt. (not examined, but prob- ably a synonym of the European brunnea Schiff.). Also, for the present, rosaria Grt. may be placed here; this species is decidedly atypical in form of genitaha and is very close to the European rubi View, (vide Pierce, op. cit., PI. 18 for figure of genitalia). 1816, Schmett. Europe IV, 68 (type, c-nigrum Linn.). Amathes Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222 (type, baja Schiff.). Megasema Hbn., 1822, Verz. bek. Schmett. 222 (type, triangulum Hfn.). Lytaea Steph., 1829, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 107 (type, sexstrigata Haw.). Segetia Steph., 1829, 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. II, 153 (type, xanthographa Schiff.). Very similar to Diarsia Hbn., but with smoother and sometimes scalier thoracic vestiture and better-developed thoracic tuftings; the fore- tibial spining is weaker and at times entirely hidden in hair. Male Genitalia. Clasper typically of even width throughout, at times somewhat bulging on ventral margin; apex more or less rounded; corona lacking, but frequently replaced by spine-like hairs; pollex present; ampulla absent; harpe rather weak, scarcely exceeding costal margin, but with foot-hke base long and attached to ventral margin of clasper. Uncus narrow and pointed. Clavus absent. Juxta strong, variable in shape. Vesica with variable armature as in Diarsia. Graphiphora Ochs. Figure 33. Male genitalia of Graphiphora c-nigrum Linn. Group I 55 This is the typical section of Graphiphora and besides the genotype, c-nigrum Linn., the writer includes smithi Snell. (which is distinct genitalic- ally from baja Schiff . and in which the fore tibial spining is present out hard to see beneath the vestiture), normaniana Grt., ditrapezium Schiff., conchis Grt., trumani Sm. (probably same as the European xanthographa Schiff. and atypical as regards thoracic vestiture, which is hairier and un tufted), and oblata Morr., which has a double pollex and spiculate bands at apex of aedoeagus, also smaller eyes as in Pachnohia. Group II Male Genitalia. Differs from those of Group I in having a stronger harpe, projecting considerably over costa; the base is also strong, with a tendency for the distal end to be raised free from the clasper. Figure 34. Male genitalia of Graphiphora substrigata Sm. The writer includes the two rather dissimilar species substrigata Sm. and cinerascens Sm. in this group; in both the third palpal joint is tufted with hair apically, but in the former the spining of the fore tibia is stronger than usual, especially the outer row. As far as can be judged from the limited material of cinerascens before the writer, the thoracic tufting is less developed in this species than in substrigata, which in this respect resembles the typical section. The following groups agree among themselves and show a distinct divergence from the two preceding ones in that the foot-like attachment of the harpe is no longer evident; the distal portion has become obsolete, and the proximal section forms a curved chitinous rod more or less attached to the apex of sacculus. The shape of the clasper is variable. Group III Third palpal joint with pointed tuft of hair below. Vestiture rather hairy with no prominent tufting on thorax. 56 In this group are included the two species hadinodis Grt. and collaris G. and R. The genitaHa are strongly aberrant and have little in common; in the former the clasper is short, broad, and strongly rounded apically with a short spine (? pollex) at distal end of the inner margin as well as a Figure 35. Male genitalia of Graphiphora hadinodis Grt. raised chitinous flap; the harpe is strong, excurved, the uncus very long and thin, and the juxta armed with a strong spine. In the latter, the shape of the uncus and harpe is more or less similar but the clasper is narrow, pointed apically, with a reduced pollex at middle of inner margin and a small digitus at apex. The juxta is weak and the aedoeagus is scobinate. Group IV Palpal and thoracic vestiture as in Group I, with tufting quite evident. Figure 36. Male genitalia of Graphiphora bicarnea Gn. 57 Male Genitalia. Characterized by the harpe, which is very broad basally, tapering to a fine point rather Hke a pruning-knife or a Phrygian cap. The apex of the clasper is variable, being either rounded, truncate, or pointed; generally a reduced pollex is present; the uncus is thin and moderately long, the juxta usually strong, and the aedoeagus heavily scobinate apically. The following species fall here: bicarnea Gn., flavotincta Sm., tenuicula Morr. {treatii Grt.) (rather aberrant, the clasper being without pollex), and opacifrons Grt. This latter species is only placed here for lack of a better place; it is very closely allied to the European subrosea Steph. (vide Pierce, op. cit., PI. XVIII). Pachnobia Gn. 1852, Sp. Gen. Lep. V, 342 (type, teda Hbn.). Differs from Graphiphora in the entirely hairy, and rough vestiture of palpi, front, and thorax, with no thoracic tufting. The eyes are smaller, partly concealed, and generally lashed. Figure 37. Male genitalia of Pachnobia tec^a Hbn. This genus may be very conveniently retained to include a few semi- arctic species. Besides tecta Hbn. (carnea Auct.) the writer would place here wockei Moesch., scropulana Morr. {moeschleri Bang Haas), and okakensis Pack, (cinerea Staud.). The general type of genitalia is very similar to that of Graphiphora^ but the species vary considerably in the minor details. In the clasper a pollex is present and a corona absent in all the species, but in okakensis the apex of clasper is pointed and in the others rounded. In tecta the uncus is very broad basally, much less so in okakensis, and in the other two narrow and strap-like; the shape of the juxta and the armature of the vesica are also variable, but such characters are probably specific rather than generic. A further point which might be mentioned is that in certain specimens of scropulana and okakensis the tibial spining is very heavy and irregular and there appears to be a partial fourth row of spines; this was not present 58 in all specimens exanained and was not noticed in tecta or wockei, but, as material of these latter two is very limited, it may readily be present when longer series are available. There is also a marked similarity between the genotypes of Pachnobia and Anomogyna in genitalia, but the latter genus shows in general weaker fore-tibial spining and a longer third palpal joint. 1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9 (type, planifrons Sm.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, third joint slightly porrect; second joint heavily but rather evenly fringed with hair below and with scarcely an indication of a pointed apical tuft; third joint smoothly clothed. Front smooth. Male antennae finely fasciculate. All tibise spined; fore tibia subequal to or longer than first tarsal joint, with complete inner row of weak spines; on outer side fringed with hair with a couple of apical spines. Thoracic vestiture mixed, rather smooth, with fairly evident pro- and metathoracic tufts. Male Genitalia. Clasper narrow and tapering to a point apically; no corona and only an indication of a pollex; harpe strong, excurved, and attached by a bent rod of chitin to apex of sacculus. Clavus lacking. Uncus diamond-shaped with pointed apex. Juxta strong with produced apex. Vesica armed with bundles of short cornuti. The typical section includes planifrons Sm. and cinereicollis Grt., which are distinct species on genitalic characters, the harpe of the former being broadened at the base and reminiscent of that of Group IV of Graphiphora. Radiatus Sm. very evidently falls here; it shows a better-developed pollex and a reduced uncus, but the vesica armature is the same. As a second group the writer includes atrifrons Grt. and piscipellis Grt. (with its races which have not been examined). These shovv^ stronger spining on the fore tibise with less prominent hair-fringe; the palpi are Setagrotis Sm. Figure 38. Male genitalia of Setagrotis planifrons Sm. 59 rather more smoothly clothed and the thoracic tufting is obsolescent. The genitaha show the diamond-shaped uncus with blunter tip; the harpe is longer and sinuate, a distinct editum is present, the apex of clasper is more or less emarginate, and the armature of the vesica consists of a short bulbed cornutus. The writer is inclined to think that the two groups may not be so closely related as the superficial resemblance of the species would appear to indicate. Anomogyna Staud. 1871, Cat. Pal. Lep. 110 (type, laetabilis Zett.). Pteroscia Morrison, 1874, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVII, 155 (type, atrata Morr.). Platagrotis Smith, 1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9 (type, speciosa Hbn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, third joint long and rather pointed; second joint with rough fringe of hair beneath, with tendency to form a slight pointed apical tuft; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth.^ Male antennae typically ciliate, at times serrate and fasciculate or bipectinate. Mid and hind tibiae spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint with spining generally consisting of one or two weak apical spines hidden in vestiture, or entirely unspined, occasionally (Pteroscia) with almost a comp ete row of weak inner spines; a strong hair fringe on outer side. Thoracic vestiture variable, normally of mixed scales and hair, occasionally entirely hairy; tufting quite evident, except in the hairier species. Figure 39. Male genitalia of Anomogyna laetabilis Zett. Male Genitalia. Clasper narrow, with either rounded or emarginate apex and no corona; pollex present, mostly well developed and frequently forming the lower edge of the emargination ; harpe recurved, on a distinct foot-hke attachment, either short and broad, scarcely projecting over costa, or narrower and projecting. Sacculus usually well developed and pro- jecting over costa at base, partly concealing a weak editum. Clavus absent. Juxta rather weak. Uncus of variable width. Aedoeagus generally scobinate or dentate apically. The writer has been unable to find any characters which would permit of the retention of the above three generic names. It was hoped that the heavier spining of the fore tibia of atrata could be used to save Pteroscia, 60 but in sincera, which has almost identical genitalia and thoracic vestiture, there is only a single apical spine present (at the most) just as in laetabilis. The genitalia of atrata and speciosa are also far too much alike to permit of the thoracic vestiture being used as a means of generic separation, and the type of maculation of the latter obviously connects it with laetabilis, although in the one case the clasper is rounded apically and in the other emarginate. Under the generic heading Anomogyna the writer, therefore, includes the following species in which at least some trace of spining on the fore tibiae remains — most frequently a single weak apical spine on inner side concealed in vestiture and easily overlooked: atrata Morr. and its race yukona McD., sincera H. S., speciosa Hbn. (all with rounded apex of clasper), laetabilis Zett., beddeki Hamp. and its western form partita McD., livalis Sm. (presumably), homogena McD., imperita Hbn., arufa Sm. (which I do not know), and occidens Hamp. On account of genitalic similarity there is also added youngi Sm., elimata Gn. and its so-called forms dilucida Morr., badicollis Grt., and janualis Grt., grisatra Sm., and atoma Sm. These possess bipectinate antennae and apparently lack all trace of fore-tibial spining; they show, however, the same long third palpal joint and the thoracic tufting found in the first group, and the type of wing-maculation is only a slight modi- fication of that found in sincera. In the genitalia all these are practically identical and the only marked distinction from the preceding group is the longer and better-developed harpe, but as this is a variable feature even in the first group it is regarded as merely of specific value. Finally, the writer includes infimatis Grt. and vernilis Grt., with serrate and fasciculate antennae, no fore-tibial spining, and narrower wings, with a rather different type of maculation. In the genitaha the most noticeable difference is in the shape of the tegumen, which in both species is very similar to that of c-nigrum (vide figure) and quite atypical. No generic term is available for either of the two last groups and a separation from Anomogyna would involve the erection of new genera, which at the moment is scarcely advisable. Smith's usage of Semiophora Steph. for the first of the two groups, on the strength of Butler's recom- mendation, is an error. Trichagrotis gen. no v. Type, Trichorthosia spinosa B. and McD. Eyes strongly hairy. Palpi upturned, the third joint slightly porrect; second joint rather closely fringed with scales beneath (as far as can be told from single rather worn specimen), third joint rather long, smooth- scaled. Front smooth. All tibiae well spined; fore tibia about twice the length of first tarsal joint, with irregularly placed spines on both outer and inner sides in at least the distal half. Tarsi with only three rows of spines but these heavy, the median one being frequently supplemented by addi- tional finer spines, irregularly placed. Thoracic vestiture largely scaly (specimen too crushed to note the tufting, if any). 61 At the time spinosa was described attention was called to the structural differences between this species and parallela Grt. In the light of the writer's present studies these seem of generic value and he, therefore, proposes the above generic name. As yet no males of the genotype have been seen and, therefore, no comment can be made on the male genitalia, but the heavy spining, as indicated by the name spinosa, is sufficient to distinguish the genus readily from Trichorthosia. Trichofeltia gen. nov. Type, Agrotis circumdata Grt. Eyes strongly hairy. Palpi upturned, the third joint somewhat porrect; second joint with strong fringe of hair below, third joint rather long and smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly lamellate, giving the appearance of being bipectinate. Fore tibia scarcely twice as long as first tarsal joint, unspined on inner side, but with two or three apical spines on the outer side and weak hair-fringe proximally. Mid and hind tibiae moderately well spined. No fourth row of spines on mid tarsus. Vestiture of thorax rather rough, hiairy, without noticeable tufting. Figure 40. Male genitalia of Trichofeliia circumdata Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper of moderate width throughout, with a strong sacculus projecting shghtly at base over costa; apex of clasper rounded, with hair-fringe but no corona; harpe a very stout, slightly twisted, chitinous bar, situated subapically; ampulla free, strong, forming a re- curved hook ventrad of the harpe. Clavus absent. Juxta a diamond-shaped plate with strongly pointed base and apex. Uncus short, broadly spatulate. Vesica armed with bundles of long and short cornuti. Circumdata is the only species included in this genus which is obviously related to Trichorthosia and Mimoharathra in the type of genitalia but retains a few spines on the fore tibia; in contradistinction to the usual condition in the Agrotids these spines are on the outer side. Heretofore the hairy eyes in circumdata have been overlooked, resulting in its misplacement in Feltia. 66022—5 62 Trichorthosia Grt. 1883, Papilio, III, 31 (type, parallela Grt.). Eyes strongly hairy. Palpi upturned, the third joint slightly porrect; second joint moderately fringed with hair below, third joint smooth-scaled and rather elongated. Front smooth. Male antennae fasciculate. Fore tibia unspined, about twice as long as first tarsal joint, with weak hair- fringe on outer side; mid and hind tibiae weakly spined in apical section. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Vestiture rather smooth, composed of hair and hair-like scales, with no obvious tufting. Figure 41. Male genitalia of Trichorthosia parallela Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper rather short with a strong sac cuius, pro- jecting over costal margin at base and with basal hair tufts; apex of clasper truncate with no corona; harpe long, thin, somewhat recurved, and projecting slightly over apical margin of clasper; ampulla strong, free, forming with the harpe a bifid prong. Clavus absent. Juxta weak. Uncus diamond-shaped with blunt tip; tegumen recurved at junction with clasper, forming a conical projection. Aedoeagus armed apically with a small tooth; vesica with numerous short cornuti and a single larger one with bulbous base. Contains only the species parallela Grt. Mimobarathra B. and McD. 1915, Can. Ent., XLVII, 21 (type, antonito Barnes). Eyes strongly hairy. Palpi rather short, upturned, with somewhat porrect third joint; second joint moderately fringed with hair below, third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly and 63 asymmetrically lamellate. Fore femur with a strong swelling on inner side; fore tibia unspined, narrowed slightly proximally, and about three times the length of the first tarsal joint. Mid and hind tibiae weakly spined distally. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture loose, scaly, with an evident divided tuft on metathorax. Male" Genitalia. Clasper long, narrow, with well-developed sacculus projecting somewhat over costa at base, and with basal hair-tuft; apex of clasper rounded, with corona; harpe a stout recurved hook; ampulla free, forming a smaller hook, distad of the harpe. Clavus obsolescent. Juxta a triangular plate with apex drawn out to a long spine. Uncus rather short, moderately broad, narrowing apically. Aedoeagus with weak apical curved band of chitin; vesica armed with twelve or more stout tack-hke cornuti. The only included species is antonito Barnes. 1890, BuU. 38, U. S. N. M. 9 (type, stellans Grt.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with long, somewhat porrect third joint; second joint with rough fringe of hair beneath, tending to form an apical triangular tuft; third joint smooth. Front smooth. Male an tennis finely serrate and fasciculate or ciliate. Mid and hind tibise spined; fore tibia unspined or with single weak apical spine on inner side, longer than first tarsal joint, with strong fringe of scales on outer side. Mid tarsi without fourth row of spines. Thoracic vestiture largely scaly with decided pro- and metathoracic tufts. Figure 42. Male genitalia of Mwiobarathra antonito Barnes. Adelphagrotis Sm. 66022—6 64 Male Genitalia. Clasper broad basally, narrowing apically, the apex incurved and pointed, forming with the well-developed pollex a h)ifid prong; no corona; sacciiliis strongly developed and extending over basal portion of harpe; harpe strong, excurved, and projecting far beyond costal margin, basal attachment a strongly curved bar of chitin, joining underside Figure 43. Male genitalia of Adelphagrotis siellaris Grt. of sacculus near middle of inner margin. Clavus absent. Juxta reduced to a narrow chitinous band. Uncus narrow^ curved. Armature of vesica consisting of scobinate plates of chitin with the addition in the genotype of a single large cornutus. The genus must be restricted to the species stellaris Grt., iiideterminaia Wlk., and, presumably, qiiartu Grt., of which the writer has not examined a male specimen. The tj'pe of genitaha is quite distinct from that of Anomogyna. Aplectoides Butl. 1878, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) I, 193 (type, condUa Gn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with long, smooth-scaled third joint; second joint roughly fringed with hair below. Front smooth. Male antennae cihate. Tibiae all spined; fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, Figure 44. Male genitalia of Aplectoides condUa Gn. 65 with only a few weak spines on inner side at apex and strongly fringed with hair on outer side. No fourth row of tarsal spines. Thoracic vestiture largely scaly with well-developed pro- and metathoracic tufts. Male Genitalia. Clasper rather broad, of even width throughout, but apex drawn out to a long curved point; no corona; sacculus broad and bulg- ing at base, overhanging costa; harpe subapical, oblique, rigid, attached by a long rod to sacculus near inner margin; parallel to costa in basal section is a raised ridge clothed with sparse hair, probably representing the editum. Clavus absent. Juxta peaked apically. Uncus long, thin. Aedoeagus short and chunky with curved strip of chitin at apex and faint spiculation; vesica armed with a minute cornutus. On account of the radical difference in genitaha the writer has been obliged to restrict the genus to the single species condita Gn. which shows no particular affinity to the Anomogyna group but seems rather to be a forerunner of the typical Agrotid section. The type of harpe is distinctly reminiscent of that of Richia, although the wing-maculation hardly points to this association. Anaplectoides gen. nov. Type, Eurois pressus Grt. Similar in outward structural characters to Aplectoides, but differing markedly in genitalic characters. Figure 45. Male genitaUa of Anaplectoides pressits Grt. Male Genitalia. Clasper long and of moderate width, broadening slightly apically and with well-rounded apex, covered inwardly with long fine hairs; no corona; sacculus weak; harpe subbasal, slightly recurved, and strongly elbowed at base. Clavus absent. Juxta with emarginate apical margin. Uncus thin. Aedoeagus with a bent scobinate strip of chitin apically; vesica armed with a rounded, scobinate plate. Includes pressus Grt., fales Sm., and, presumably, discolor Sm. and ahhea Sm., which are quite possibly all forms or races of a single species. 66022—61 66 Owing to the similarity in both genitalia and maculation of prasina Schiff. to the genotype the writer is also including this species under Anapledoidesy although there is no spining on the fore tibia. It is another of those cases on the border Une between '^spined" and ^'unspined" where spining can scarcely be satisfactorily used as a means of generic differentia- tion. It might also be noted that prasina at times shows odd spines belonging to the fourth tarsal row, notably on the hind tarsus. Protolampra gen. nov. Type, Agrotis rufipectus Morr. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint rather short and slightly porrect; second joint fringed below with rough hair; third joint similarly fringed, forming a shght pointed apical tuft. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Mid and hind tibiae spined; fore tibia unspined, longer than first tarsal joint, and fringed with hair on outer side. Thoracic vestiture of mixed hair and scales, rather smooth and with no obvious tufting. Figure 46. Male genitalia of Protolampra rufipectus Morr. Male Genitalia. Clasper gradually narrowed apically with rounded apex and no corona; sacculus rather strong and projecting slightly over costa at base; harpe strong, elbowed basally as in Anaplec- toides and reaching nearly to apex of clasper. Clavus absent. Juxta narrow and conical. Uncus strongly broadened by two lateral flaps of chitin. Aedoeagus unarmed. The writer has removed rufipectus iromAhagrotis, as the genitalia seem to indicate a much closer relationship with Anaplectoides (and through it with the typical Agrotids) than with the placida group. Brunneicollis Grt. may be placed here for the present although in several points, notably the shape of the uncus, the genitaha do not show any very close agreement. 67 Pseudoglaea Grt. 1876, Can. Ent. VIII, 18 (type, olivata Harv.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint long and slightly porrect; second joint with fringe of long hair below; third joint smooth. Front smooth. Male antennae strongly ciliate. Mid and hind tibiae spined, the latter only between the spurs. Fore tibia longer than first tarsal joint, unspined and fringed with scales outwardly. Fore tarsi with row of strong spines on outer side of first joint terminating in a strong claw; mid tarsi with only three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture hairy without obvious tufting. Male Genitalia. Clasper very long and narrow, somewhat broader at base, rounded apically, with weak corona; harpe strong, situated at the apex of a rather weak but extended sacculus, somewhat bulbed at base. Clavus absent. Juxta hat-shaped. Uncus thin, curved. Tegumen with its lateral edges at the junction with the claspers drawn up into conical protuberances which bear the peniculus. Vesica armed with a large spindle-shaped bundle of small cornuti and a second smaller, band-like one. As the writer already has noted (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 65) the genus may be retained for olivata Harv. on the strength of the spining of the fore tarsus. It is very close to Mesogona Bdv. 1921, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. XX, 133 (type, acadiensis Beth.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the second joint rather closely and evenly scaled and the third joint long and smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Mid and hind tibiae spined; fore tibia unspined, longer than first tarsal joint, and fringed with hair outwardly. Tarsi with three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture smooth, composed of mixed scales and hair, and without tufts. Figure 47. Male genitalia of Pseudoglaea olivata Harv. Cryptocala Benj. 68 Male Genitalia. Clasper broad at base with narrow, rounded apex and no corona or pollex; sacculus strongly developed and bulging over costa at base; harpe strong, excurved, with a very heavily chitinized, curved basal attachnaent. Clavus absent. Juxta a weak plate. Uncus broadened centrally, somewhat diamond-shaped. Aedoeagus armed apic- ally with a finely dentate band of chitin. Figure 48. Male genitalia of Cryptocala acadiensis Beth. Includes the sole species acadiensis Beth, (gilvipennis Grt.). The writer has already commented on the synonymy in Can. Ent. LVII, 308, 1925. Eueretagrotis Sm. 1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9 (type, dgmmdes Gn.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint long and somewhat por- rect; second joint broadly and evenly fringed below with hair; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciliate. Mid and hind tibiae spined; fore tibia unspined, longer than first tarsal joint, with fringe of hair on outer side. Tarsi with three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture of mixed scales and hair with well-developed divided tufts on pro- and metathorax. Male Genitalia. Clasper pointed apically with no corona or pollex; harpe long and narrow, excurved, and projecting far beyond costa; sacculus generally rather weak; a sUght trace of the editum. Clavus absent. Juxta with a more or less developed median ridge. Uncus thin. Aedoeagus finely spiculate at apex. The genus stands as indicated by Smith and includes sigmoides Gn., perattenta Grt., attenta Grt., and inattenta Sm. 69 Figure 49. Male genitalia of Eueretagrotis sigmoides Gn, Hemigraphiphora gen. nov. Type, Noctua plebeia Sm. Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, the third joint somewhat porrect; second joint heavily fringed with hair below, with weak triangular apical tuft; third joint smooth-scaled, slightly roughened below. Front smooth. Male antennae cihate. Mid and hind tibije spined; fore tibia unspined, much longer than first tarsal joint, and heavily fringed with hair on outer side. Mid tarsi with only three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture largely scaly with well-developed pro- and metathoracic divided tufts. Figure 50. Male genitalia of Hemigraphiphora plebeia Sm. 70 Male Genitalia. Clasper rather narrow and bluntly pointed apically; no corona nor pollex, but with slightly raised chitinous, subapical flap. Sacculus well developed; harpe weak, much as in Graphiphora, but the distal portion of foot-like attachment more or less obliterated. Clavus lacking. Juxta weak. Uncus thin, curved. Aedoeagus with a spiculate band at apex. On account of the unspined fore tibiae, a feature overlooked by other revisers, pleheia Sm. cannot be included in Graphiphora, although the type of genitalia shows considerable relationship. It probably leads over to the Ahagrotis section. Abagrotis Sm. 1890, Bull. 38, U. S. N. M. 9 (type, erratica Sm.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, third joint somewhat porrect, both joints with fringe of rough hair below forming more or less obvious tri- angular apical tufts. Front smooth. Male antennae either fasciculate or ciliate. Mid and hind tibise spined; fore tibia unspined, longer than first tarsal joint, with fringe of hair on outer side. Mid tarsi with three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture composed of mixed scales and hair with variable tufting; typically there is an anterior ridge-like crest, but this may be reduced to a small divided crest or tufts may be practically lacking. Figure 51. Male genitalia of Ahagrotis erratica Sm. Male Genitalia. Clasper rather short and chunky with variably shaped apex, which is most commonly pointed and curved or twisted, but always without corona and pollex; sacculus broad, bulging, mostly covering the costa at base; harpe reduced to a weak tubercle, the base of which is often covered by the sacculus. Clavus lacking. Juxta weak. Uncus thin. Armature of vesica variable but never strong, consisting of either a weak single spine, bulbed or otherwise, or a spiculate plate. 71 The writer has extended the scope of this generic term to include, in addition to the typical section with fasciculate antenna and crested thorax, most of the species placed by Benjamin under the genus Lampra (1921, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. XX, pt. 3). The writer excludes, however, the rufipectus group, the exsertistigma group, and the cupida group, for which latter Smith's genus Rhynchagroiis is available. With these removed the type of genitalia of the remaining species is essentially the same and the writer is not inclined to separate any further on the strength of antennal characters or thoracic tufting. Reasons have already (1927, Can. Ent. LIX, 65) been given for not using Lampra Hbn. and the writer has also noted that the species nanalis Grt. must be transferred; apposita Grt. is also best placed here as the type of genitalia is distinctly similar and the maculation bears out excellently this association. Rhynchagrotis Sm. 1890, Bull. S8, U. S. N. M. 8 (type, cupida Grt.). Very similar to Abagrotis, but with the harpe better developed, pro- jecting obliquely over costa near apex. Figure 52. Male genitalia of Rhynchagrotis cupida Grt. Both the cupida group (cupida Grt., belfragei Sm., anchocelioides Gn.) and the exsertistigma group (exsertistigma Morr. with its numerous races, and insularis Grt.) are included under this generic heading, although in the latter group a pollex is present and the harpe is practically fused with the clasper (vide Benjamin 1921, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. XX, PI. 3); the thoracic tufting is also much better developed. It is quite possible that eventually the two groups must be separated. 72 Pronoctua Sm. 1894, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXI, 44 (type, tyjdca Sm.). Eyes naked. Palpi upturned, with third joint short and somewhat porrected; second joint heavily but rather evenly clothed with scales below, not noticeably rough-fringed; third joint smooth-scaled. Front smooth. Male antennae ciUate. Mid and hind tibiae spined; fore tibia unspined, longer than first tarsal joint, fringed with hair outwardly. Mid tarsi with three rows of spines. Thoracic vestiture largely scaly, but with some hairs intermixed. No distinct tufting, traces of a metathoracic divided tuft. Figure 53. Male genitalia of Pronoctua iypica Sm. Male Genitalia. Clasper moderately broad, with costal portion of apex drawn out to a long, curved tip; no corona nor pollex; harpe weak, recumbent, subapical, jointed to sacculus by long, curving rod of chitin; sacculus moderately strong with a raised chitinous flap near apex. Clavus absent. Juxta weak. Uncus thin. Aedoeagus weakly spined apically; vesica armed with a long, finger-like cornutus. The type of genitalia is not markedly Agrotid, but the present position of the genus is as good as any for the present. Only iypica Sm. and pyro- philoides Harv. are included; it is doubtful if the two are anything more than races of a single species. 73 LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES Euxoa Hbn. edictalis Sm. obesula Sm. siccata Sm. wilsoni Grt. a specialis Grt. b aequalis Harv. riversi Dyar. Olivia Morr. lacunosa Grt. segregata Sm. vanidica Sm. fieldi Dyar. form, anacosta Sm. form, enteridis Sm. zembla Sm. brevipennis Sm. ab. angulirena Sm. a brevistriga Sm. cicatricosa G. and R. teplia Sm. « recula Harv. b neomexicana Sm. cinereopallida Sm. dargo Stkr. rumatana Sm. niveilinea Grt. a rabiata Sm. quadridentata G. and R. pugionis Sm. a flutea Sm. flavidens Sm. laetificans Sm. masculinus Sm, plagigera Morr, olivalis Grt. oblongistigma Sm. agema Stkr. ridingsiana Grt. maimes Sm. perolivalis Sm. a manitobana McD. flavicollis Sm. ducalis Sm. cooki McD. hoUemani Grt. andera Sm. atristrigata Sm. a coUocata Sm. nevada Sm. floramina Sm. xasta B. and McD. citricolor Grt. tronellus Sm. ab. postmedialis Strand. lindseyi Blkmre. catenula Grt. contagionis Sm. pallipennis Sm. alcesta Sm. satiens Sm. misturata Sm. a perturbata Sm. Candida Sm. b gian Stkr. vertesta Sm. mitis Sm. a ura Sm. uramina Sm. 6 coUa Stkr. moerens Grt. luteola Sm. orbicularis Sm. sotnia Sm. cona Stkr. falerina Sm. mercedes B. and McD. dodi McD. feniseca Harv. conjuncta Sm. aurulenta Grt. ab. aurulentoides Strand. latro B. and B. detersa Wlk. pitychrous Grt. a personata Morr. b azif Stkr. intrita Morr. form, strigilis Grt. titubaiis Sm. form, reuda Stkr. a alticola Sm. rufula Sm. a basiflava Sm. infracta Morr. rubefactalis Grt. infausta Wlk. numa Stkr. micronyx Grt. satis Harv. sponsa Sm. holoberba Sm. obscura Hill. bicollaris Grt. loya Sm. monteclara Sm. perfusca Grt. a compressipennis Sm. b cocklei Sm. excogita Sm. selenis Sm. claromonta Sm. immixta Grt. punctigera Wlk. pastoralis Grt. perpolita Morr. exculta Sm. a criddlei Sm. stigmatalis Sm. a atrofusca Sm. stygialis B. and McD. velleripennis Grt. scandens Riley elata Sm. acornis Sm. 9megastigma Sm. form, testula Sm. taura Sm. alko Stkr. sessile Sm. termessa Sm. naevula Sm. 74 choris Harv. cogitans Sm. achor Stkr. nostra Sm. pluralis Grt. biformata Sm. serrioornis Sm. a itodes Sm. epiciata Sm. b tocoyac Sm. tetrica Sm.. medialis Sm. kerrvillei Sm. a truva Sm. h poncha Sm. placid a B and McD. miinallonis Grt. rufipennis Grt. a gagates Grt. form, caenis Grt. muscosa Grt. lenola Sm. messoria Harris, spissa Gn. inextricata Wlk. indirecta Wlk. displiciens Wlk. expulsa Wlk. ordinata Wlk. reticens Wlk. cochrani Riley. repentis G. and R. confracta Morr. ab. friabilis Grt. a territorialis Sm. fulda Sm. septentrionalis Wlk. incubita Sm. relaxa Sm. a inordita B. and B. difformis Sm. fuscigera Grt. terrena Sm. lagganae Sm. scholastica McD. brunneigera Grt. ab. coloradensis Strand. atropulverea Sm, a ternaria Sm. b masoni Ckll. setonia McD. bifasciata Sm. fumalis Grt. permunda Morr. a vestitura Sm. Ontario Sm. comosa Morr. quinquelinea Sm. a lutulenta Sm. b incallida Sm. lucida B. and McD. vallus Sm. macleani McD. bostoniensis Grt. vulpina Sm. quebecensis Sm. a dolens Sm. b quinta Sm. c moxa Sm. dakota Sm, lineifrons Sm. audentis Sm. annir Stkr. oncocnemoides B. and B. cincta B. and B. annulipes Sm,. pcdalis Sm. teleboa Sm. recticineta Sm. murdocki Sm. tessellata Harris insignata Wlk. illata Wlk. maisi Fitch. insulsa Wlk. subsignata Wlk. parlentans Wlk. nigricans Riley. a atropurpurea Grt. finis Sm. 6 nordica Sm.. c flaviscapula Sm. d tesselloides Grt. neotelis Sm. objurgata Sm. cariosa Sm. focina Sm. laminis Sm. form, acutifrons Sm. remota Sm. intrusa Sm. esta Sm. atomaris Sm. a detesta Sm. abnormis Sm. noctuiformis Sm. pleuritica Grt. pestula Sm. declarata Wlk. decolor Morr. campestris Grt. verticalis Grt. a spectanda Sm. albipennis Grt. 9 nigripennis Grt. a malis Sm. form, indensa Sm. b bialba Sm. lillooet McD. colata Grt. lewisi Grt. trifasciata Sm. extranea Sm. mollis Wlk. fernaldi Morr. drewseni Stand. luteosita Sm. dissona Moesch. form, opipara Morr. labradoriensis Staud. munis Grt. stiblatis Grt. rena Sm. a cervinea Sm. divergens Wlk. versipellis Grt, ab. fusimacula Sm. a abar Stkr. factoris Sm. b caesia Sm. 75 cinnabarina B. and McD. henrietta Sm. form, adusta B. and McD. delicata B. and McD. obeliscoides Gn. sexaiilis Grt. form, infusa Sm. redimicula Morr. ab. servita Sm. costata Grt. a idahoensis Grt. furtiva Sm. clausa McD. westermanni Stand, a polaris B. Haas. foeiQinalis Sm. basalie Grt. solitaria Sm. ochrogaster Gn. turris Grt. form, insignata Wlk. cinereomacula Morr. form, gularis Grt. excellens Grt. perexcellens Grt. a infelix iSw, atrifera Grt. pindar Sm. silens Grt. pimensis B. and McD. tristicula Morr. form, nesilens *Sw. brocha Morr. bochus Morr. sculptilis Harv. xyliniformis Sm. violaris G. and R. vetusta Wlk. ictra Wlk. euroides Grt. perpura Morr. Chorizagrotis Sm. auxiliaris Crrt. form, introferens Grt. form, sorror Sm. form, agrestis Grt. mecenaria Grt. form, tegularis Strand. inconcinna Harv. differ ens Druce. thanatologia Dyar. form, sordida Sm. form, boretha Sm. form, perfida Dod. terrealis Grt. Protexarnis McD. balanitis Grt. Loxagrotis McD. proclivis Sm. oaxacana Schaus. neoclivis B. and B. apicalis Grt. acclivis Morr. a opaca Harv. serano Sm. salina Barnes. arabella Dyar. capota Sm. albicosta Sm. socorro Barnes. form, pampolycala Dyar. Pseudoseptis McD grand ipennis Grt. f jalapa Hamp. Pseudorthosia Grt. variabilis Grt. a pallidior Ckll. Trichosilia Hamp. acarnea Sm. Richia Grt. chortalis Harv. form, aratrix Harv. parentalis Grt. form, decipiens Grt. distichoides Grt. lobato Barnes. hahama Dyar. Onychagrotis Hamp. rileyana Morr. Eucoptocnemis Grt. fimbriaris Gn. obvia Wlk. form, sordida Grt. tripars Wlk. worthingtoni Grt. dapsilis Grt. Proragrotis McD. longidens Sm. Agrotis Ochs. vetusta Wlk. muraenula G. and R. a catenuloides Sm.. b mutata B. and B. daedalus Sm. doUi Grt. orthogonia Morr. a delorata Sm. b duae B. and B. patula Wlk. septentrionalis Moesch. gladiaria Wlk. morrisoniana Riley, robust ior Sm. venerabilis Wlk. a arida Ckll. vancouverensis Grt. hortulana Morr. agilis Grt. 76 a semiclarata Grt. gravis Grt. vapularis Grt. musa Sm. atha Stkr. aeneipennis Grt. clodiana Grt. volubilis IJarv. stigmosa Morr. form, dentilinoa Sm, obliqua Sm. malefida Gn. inspinosa Gn. consulta Wlk. ypsilon Rott. suffusa Schiff. telifera Harr. manifesta Morr. impingens Dyar. Feltia Wlk ducens Wlk. radiata Harr. hudsoni Sm . cvanidalis Grt. subgothica Haw. aculifera Gn. tricosa Lint, herilis Grt. pectinicornis Sm. edentata Sm. annexa Treit. anteposita Gn. decernens Wlk. geniculata G. and R. Actebia Steph. fennica Tausch. intracta Wlk. larga Sm. Protogy^a McD. lagena Grt. querula Dod. polingi B. and B. milleri Grt. biclavis Grt. demutabilis Sm. elevata Sm. terrifica Sm. Spaelotis Bdv. clandestina Harr. unicolor Wlk. nigriceps Wlk. havilae Grt. Choephora Grt. fungorum G. and R. Eurois Hbn. occulta Linn. astricta Morr. a Bubjugata Dyar. h elcnae B. and B. nigra Sm.. docilis Grt. ingeniculata Sm . praefixa Morr. Ochropleura Hbn. plecta Linn, vicaria Wlk. Anicla Grt. infecta Ochs. incivis Gn. alabamae Grt. Euagrotis McD. lubricans Gn. spreta Sm. associans Wlk. illapsa Wlk. beata Grt. exuberans Sm. bairdi Sm. simplicia Morr. simplaria Morr. digna Morr. nigrovittata Grt. tenuescens Sm. tepperi Sm. airicincta Sm. Hemieuxoa McD . rudens Harv. form, pellucidalis Grt. Metalepsis^Grt. cornuta Grt. fishi Grt. salicarum Wlk. claviformis Morr. orilliana Grt. Cerastis Ochs. tenebrifera Wlk. catherina Grt. manifestolahes Morr. Peridroma Hbn. margaritosa Haw. inermis Harr. form, saucia Hbn. Hemipachnobia McD. monochromatea Morr. Paradiarsia McD. littoralis Pack, a pectinata Sm. ferruginoides Sm. 77 Pscudospaelotis McD. hanispica Grt. % unimacula Morr. grandis Speyer. a sierrae Harv. b inopinatus Sm. Caradrina Ochs. quadrangula Zett. rata H. S. umbratus Pack. a clemens Sm. Chersotis Bdv. juncta Grt. a patefacta Sm. Heptagrotis McD. phyllophora Grt. Diarsia Hbn. Calgary Sm. cynica Sm. a perumbrosa Dyar. t umbrosa Dyar. rub if era Grt. ab. perversa Strand. dislocata Sm. jucunda Wlk. perconfiua Grt. ericnsis Grt. esurialis Grt. hospitalis Grt. rosaria Grt. Graphiphora Ochs. c-nigrum Linn. smithi Snell. baja Auct. normaniana Grt. obtusa Speyer. ditrapezium Schiff. tristigma Treit. conchis Grt. trumani Sm. oblata Morr. hilliana Harv. ** substrigata Sm. cinerascens Sm. *** badinodis Grt. collaris G. and R. **** bicarnea Gn. plagiata Wlk. flavotincta Sm. a evelynae B. and B. tenuicula Morr. treatii Grt. opacifrons Grt. Pachnobia Gn. tecta Hbn. carnea Auct. a roosta *Sw. wockei Moesch. scropulana Morr. moeschleri Bang-Haas, okakensis Pack. cinerea Staud. Setagrotis Sm. planifrons Sm. cinereicoUis Grt. pallidicollis Grt. congrua Sm. a vocalis Grt. form, invenusta Grt. radiatus Sm. radiola Hamp. atrifrons Grt. piscipellis Grt. a amia Dyar. b exculpatrix Dyar. c corrodera Sm. d cinibarina Hill. for titer B. and McD. Anomogyna Staud. * atrata Morr. a yukona McD. sincera H. S. speciosa Hbn. perquiritata Morr. baileyana Grt. a arctica Zett. b mixta Wlk. laetabilis Zett. livalis Sm. beddeki Hamp. a partita McD. homogena McD. imperita Hbn. arufa Sm. occidens Hamp. ** youngi Sm. elimata Gn. a dilucida Morr. b badicollis Chrt. c janualis Grt. grisatra Sm. atoma Sm. *** infimatis Grt. a dernarius Sm. vernilis Grt. filiis Sm. Trichagroas McD. spinosa B. and McD. TrichofeltiaMcD. circumdata Grt. 78 Trichorthosia Grt. parallela Grt. terminatissima Dyar. Mimobarathra B. and McD. antonito Barnes Adelphagrotis Sm. stcUaris Grt. quarta Grt. indeterminata Wlk. washingtoniensis Grt. a innotabilis Grt. Aplectoides Butl. condita Gn. trabalis Grt. Anaplectoides McD. pressus Grt. a fales Sm. b discolor Sm. c abbea Sm . prasina Schiff. herbacea Gn. Protolampra McD. rufi pectus Morr. brunneicollis Grt. hero Morr. Pseudoglaea Grt. olivata Harv. blanda Grt. taedata Grt. decepta Grt. Cryptocala Benj. acadiensis Beth, gilvipennis Grt. Eueretagrotis Sm. sigmoides Gn. perattenta Grt. attenta Grt. inattenta Sm. Hemigraphiphora McD. plebeia Sm. Abagrotis Sm. erratica Sm. a ornatus Sm. alcandola Sm. tristis B. and McD. bimarginalis Grt. vittifrons Grt. nanalis Grt. mantalini Sm. mirabilis Grt. apposita Grt. discoidalis Grt. trigona Sm. sambo Sm. dodi McD. turbulenta McD. placida Grt. form, minimalis Grt. barnesi Benj. form., ncvadensis Benj. forbesi Benj. duanca Sm. nefascia Sm. variata Grt. varix Grt. ab. orbis Grt. ab. orbitis Strand. scopeops Dyar. pulchrata Blkmre. altemata Grt. ab. alternatella Strand. ab. uniformis Strand. Bhynchagrotis Sm. cupida Grt. velata Wlk. form, brunneipennis Grt. belfragei Sm. anchocelioides Gn. exsertistigma Morr. form, oberservabilis Grt. form, formalis Grt. form, facula Grt. form, niger S7n. form, meta Sm. form, emarginata Grt. inelegans Sm. faculana Strand. i form, carissima Harv. form, cupidissima Grt. ab. laetula G)-t. distracta Sm. form, morrisonistigma Grt. binominalis Sm. crenulata Sm. insularis Ch t. form, confusa Sm. Pronoctua Sm. typica Svi. pyrophiloides Harx. a peabodyae Dyar. ^faculoides Strand, and faculella Strand., as well as Strand's other aberrations under Abagrotis, cannot be placed until British Museum material has been carefully studied.