UMASS/ AMHERST inn 3120bb 02^3 7051 11 FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITORY DDDDDDDDDDDnaanaDDDODaDDDDDDDDDD D a D D a D D D a '^TST^ g a a j UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS ° D a n D a a D n a D a a D a □ □ a a D D D □ D □ n D a c a a a n a □ a □ a a LIBRARY D D .^_^__^^_^_^__ O D D D SPECIAL COLL£CTiOAiS g 4 ARCHIVES g D □ D D D D □ D D D D D D D D D D D □ D D a a a oaDOQnanDnoDDDDoonaaQaoQQDaQDQQn THE GENESEE FARMER AND Gardener's Journal. A WEEKLY PAPER, DEVOTED TO n&titultuvtf flfoiHrnltmt # Mmal ^roiioni „ If- GOODSELL, EDITOR VOLUME I. ROCHESTER. PUBLISHED BY LUTHER TUCKER & CO. 1831. wfdov ot xaa INDEX TO VOLUME I. EDITORIAL. Agricultural Reading 9 Asparagus 101 Apples 69 92 100 321 401 April 140 Age of Trees 28 118 Agri. Papers 116 Agri. Experience 29 Apple Sauce 321 Aphis or Plant Louse 149 Atmosphere 91 Agri. Society Jef. Co. 153 Amer. Wines 266 274 297 Alb. Hort. Soc. 282 Amer. Institute 330 Amer. Productions 385. Bruff's Elevating Machine 363 JInsects 187 227 233 Indian Cakes 156 .' Insects on Trees 124 156 Irrigation 209 | Incisions in Fruit Trees 265 | Indian Corn 157 273 Impr. Plough 289 S Improvement Hudson River 335 I Improving Fruit Trees 274, JJeff. Co. Ag. Soc. 153 Jeff. Ag Keeping Fruit 289 Co. 179 209. Kraken 323 £ Keeping Farmers' Accounts 329. * Life Preserver 410 Locusts 187 209 330 * Lampas of Horses 69 Lucerne 110 330 Bees and Bee Hives 10 178 * Large Fruit 322 337 Long Wool 329 Beer 156-Butter 157 Broom Corn 12 | Lib. Ent. Knowledge 337 Libraries 330 Brocoli 76 Bass Matting 84 Budding 250 \ Laying down Plants 361. Breeding Animals 117 Bulbous Roots 249 * Melitot 140 Mandrake 322 Manures 86 Barometer 30 Bonnets 157. 5 Manufactures 179 370 377 385 394 Calves 94 361 Cider 2 289 313 ? Melons 201 250 Metheghn 241 Cheese 68 76 84 194 Chesnuts 68 J Meteor. Obs. at Silver Lake 242 Canal Tolls 6 163 330 363 Cranberries 10 § Maple Sugar 60 69 69 185 * Vulgar Errors 10 45 193 273 ? Vegetable Physiology 2 22 37 70 l Vegetable Life 369 377. J Work for March 92 April 116 May 13S <| June 170 Aug. 249 257 Oct 322 Nov St5 I Watermelons 250 Wants 23 Woad 61 % White Oak Timber 265 Wheat 21 281 i Walnuts 68 Weather 1830, 6 Winter 70 I Weather 46 70 156 227 337 362 I White Beet 69 White Washing 125 1 Wet Feet 353 Woodpeckers 281. S Yellows in Peach Trees 44 l Yellow Bugs 170. 1 Zinc 297. Currants 12 Changing Seeds 36 Coffee 20 171 Cattle 36 60 134 Carrots 44 Crops 242 Caps 410 Corn Plough 410 Corn Crops 410 Cow Cabbage 241 Canada Thistle 203 Mulberry 118 S62 Mustard 101 Meteorology 21 Madder 12 Mon. Hort. Soc. 9 124 194 313 keting Wheat 281 Mushroom 282 \ Meterological Table, Aug. 275 Sept 314 JM Cucumbers 15G 137 212 281 Cherries 202 j Oct 354 Nov 333 Curculio 169 185 £49 Caterpillars 137 \ Nutritive Matter 20 Nurseries 36 Currant Wine 193 Chimney Swallows 195 J Niag. Agri, Soc. 257 Nothing new 361. Covent Garden Market S62 Cellars377 ?Okra«11293 Ornament. Hort. 241 Cincinnati Market 362 Cider Casks 289 e Opinions and Truths 91». Cap of Liberty 336 Comets 410 JPafasitic Plant 209 Pears 227 233 321 Chinese Mulberry 362 Cucum. Seeds 281. J Peaches and Peach Trees 250 289 Diseases of the Horse 329 Dandelions 140 \ Paring and burning Soils 257 D. Thomas' Letter 321 Door Yards 156 SPickles27S Purslane 140 Patatoes 148 Domestic Exports 369 Dom. Economy 218 ? Primrose 85 Pomology 52 92 J00 Dom. Hort. Soc. 13 195 274 306 'Puddings 86 Ploughing 100 Eggs 125 Egg Plant 233 Eclipse 54 'Percus. Powder 410 Pumpkins 125 157 Evaporation 76 Effects of Whiskey 363 \ Peach Borer 109 149 273 Patents 338 Education of Farmers 393 Eels 353 | Pruning 5 116 Pomolog. Manual 337 Effects of Winter at Alb. &, at Rochester 161 ' Prosperous Times 337. Feeding Hogs 281 Fall Ploughing 370 \ Quebec Cattle Show S33. Fires S21 Fences 361 Flowers 179 185 Revenue of G. Britain 370 Filberts 76 Fig Tree 85 234 Fish 29 53 Floral Calendar 94 163 171 179 195 211 218 227 234 265 266 Flax 28 44 125 225 260 Fruit and Fruit Trees 22 7" 193 201 265 274 289 321 385 "Flour 6 363 394 Foddering Cattle 36 Grafting Grapes 125 Guinea Grass 37 Grub or Peach Borer 109 149 273 Gooseberries 101 109 -Geology 52 60 77 Grafting 37 68 85 103 125 156 Grafting Wax 37 Genesee Country 1 394 $ Sea Kale 61 134 Shade Tfafes 93 Grapes and Grape Vines 2 12 20 29 37 45 ' ' Roses 20 193 $ Real Estate Sale 315 Itain 217 t Rochester Manufac's 410 Rabbits 233 I Rail Road Statistics 315 Reflections 22 SRens.Hoit. Soc. 93 Rosebug 134 J Rochester Veg. Market 257 Rye 273. | Swamp Mud 202 Silk Culture 250 fSalt Petre 162 Slips 29 Soap 162 l Sunflower 20 Summer Fallows IS | Strawberries 173 233 262 314 Scions 5 £ Sheep 28 53 124 193 305 411 ? Snow 46 62 Seed Coin 46 93 125 202 233 289 297 321 345 353 377 885 409 Gardens 169 170 Grouting or Puddling 140 Gold 362 Greenhouse Plants 305. Hogs 281 Hops 289 Hedging 386 'Sweet Potatoes 109 Stocmsll8 314 \ Shape of Trees 1 16 Sap in Plants 337 \ Strawberry Apple 321 Siberian Crab 321 ' September Pear 321 Season, Sept. 289 % Sugar from Beets 314 % Smoky Chimneys 369 Horticulture 377 242 250 282 306 313 149? Tanners' Convention 362 Timber 53 Hampton Court Vine 202 Hessian Fly 202 \ Transplanting 9 Transfer Varnish 322 Hay and Haymaking 210 227 227 Harvesting Grain 217 House Plants 227 Honey 241 Homminy 273 Hats 410 Horses 69 133 157 109 177 179 185 217 329 401 Horn Distemper 134 Hints to Farmers 5 61 77 306 353 361 Hotbeds 86 102 Hazlenuts 76. Introduction 1 Innoculating 217 J Tariff Convention S46 353 | The Farmer 354 362 4 Terminology 5 11 30 38 53 61 I Threshing Machines 132 Tulips 163 * Tea 171 370 Toads 218 Turnips 21 .> Tomatoes 233 266. * Temperature of April 14o May 171 | COMMUNICATIONS. § Apricots 308 A " Young Farmer" S3 | Amer. Silk and Wine 42 <|Ag. Almanac 90 Ag. Schools 114. ; Benefits of Ag. Papers 383 Botany 150 I Breeding Animals 309 Budding 228 S Bees and Beehives 41 Bass Matting 97 t Barley 105 126 244 Beer S32. t Cure for Salt Rheum 58 Carrots 67 | Cider Apples 85 Cider 89 308 5 Calves 89 93 Cock Turkey 82 | Currant Wine 188 Caper Tree 9T 'Curculio 196 293 Caterpillars 196 301 ? Cow Cabbage 244 Cherries 252 300 ?Coffee49 73 106 Cheap Paint 11 I Chinese Mulberry 412 Coxe's View 308 jCatalpa412 Currants 325 i Cherries on Plum Stocks 332. £ Diseased Plants 204 "Dioecia"17 Planting 100 'Diseased Fruit Trees 220 £ Duration of Vegetable Life 372 5 Dr. Spafford's Address 332 I Dr. Spafford's Reply to E. Y. 374. I Eel 324 S56 Experiments 244 ' Effects of Winter at Grealfield 189 5 Effects of Winter at Albany 161 ; Effects of Frost 73 " Economist" 41 . 5 Fuel and Stoves 035 * Flowers S89 Fish 324 Frosts 356 I Fruit and Fruit Trees 808 Fire Blight 5 i Fruit from D. Thomas 321 340 Flax 74 | Fall Ploughing 373 397 5 Fattening Hogs 105. I Grape Culture 801 Gooseberries 245 325 | Grapes and Grape Vines S40 340 412 "? Grafting the Vine 57 66 Green Crops 313 $ Green House Plants 58 \ Girdled Fruit Trees 41 Garden Insects 10."' \ Grub or Peach Borer 129 172 $ Genesee Country 65 356 374. ■JHort. Exhibition 212 Horse Beans 89 ^Hort. Conversations 244 Hotbed 17 34 | Hints to Florists 286 Hawley's Address 4 * Haymaking 237 Hemp 105 Hones 42 I Hedging 373 Heaves 97 g Hogs 42 Hams 97. i Irrigation 286 Indigestion 301 Insects 173 j* Intemperance 381 Isabella Grape 412. | Judge Buel's Letter 33. \ Linnea?n Botanic Garden 308 5 Lime Plant 42 Leghorn Bonnets 25 i Lightning Rods 220 Locusts 187 212. u. States Debt 351 'Mildew on Grapes 245 Mandrake 316 Vegetable Oyster 14llM. Floy's list of Shrubs 57 82 113 121 116 INDEX Milk Sickness 310 Man Root SG 1 Military Trainings 349 356 364 373 381 381 389 405 Meteors 66 Means of inducing fertility in Fruit trees 404 \ Culture of Fruit Trees 395. | Calcareous Manures 342 Corn Crops 395 J Chapin's Address 357 364 Cider 399 « Cobbett's First Love 384 Clover Mill 399 Meadow Mice 34. Nurseryman 82 121 2l3 Nectarine S08 N. E. Storms 41 49. Oyster Ponds 74 Okra 260. Peaches 292 Parasitic Plant 285 Primrose 121 Planting 380 Pruning 17 Potatoe Onions 51 Preserving Butter 11 Plants in bloom 11 mo. 20. 389 Plugging Trees 389 Poison Ivy 373 Pigeons 284 324 S96 Potatoes 348 396 Petrifactions 228 252 277 Peas 97 Pear on Apple Stocks 106 Prickly Comfrey 90. " Q" s Criticisms 213 236 237 252 276 285 293 325 Quince Trees 380. Robbing Gardens 34 Rabbits 137 204 Rhubarb 81. Sea Kale 81 Slips 57 Snow Storm 89 Silk Culture 49 66 Shade Trees 343 364 Sheep 26 58 Spring 97 Seed Corn 213 Southern Rail Road 316 Snails 277 Sweet Potatoe 41 50 137 309 364 380 Slate Manufacture 285 Squashes 381 Snowball and High Cranberry 57 Spontaneous Vegetation 3 25 34 g Cobb's Manual 406. «; Domes. Hort. Soc. 357 Ditching 267 I Diversity of Temperature 27 | Deception in Flowers 286 | Durability of Timber 296 j Dr. Cutbush's Address 347 i First and Last Census 48 | Ergot in Spear Grass 75 „ Effects of Agri Societies 382. | Fire Department 360 Flowers 166 * Farm School for the Poor 415 Fattening Hogs 355 Flour Mill 355 £ National Prosperity 400. £ Onions 106 Okra 211 Oats 227 | Orange Farm 83 131 190 | Orchard Grass 298. Orcadian Sketches 36P f Penn. Hort. Exhibition 197 Pigs 298 272 £ Plugging Trees 56 Pears 83 93 107 27 | Potatoe Cheese 54 299 Pork 382 g Potatoes 51 56 83 158 182 * Premium Agri. Essays 99 SPeas 75 91 290 ,>Pork and Whiskey 376 I Prince's Hort. 74 Prince's Nursery 366 5 Peaches and Peach Trees 126 150 215 262 | 271 Penn. Canal Expend. 402 | Packing Butter 310 350. I Quinoa 394. Vs „ . Z„ *"° ""tune Lirape Sugar from Potatoes 380. Sachrometer 49 $ Grape Butter 331 Graftine 134 The Eclipse 53 Talavera Wheat 89 Tea Plant 106 Temperature 129 Transplanting 17 Tomatoes 293 Threshing Machines 285. Use of Salt in Ag. and Manufactures 50 U. States and England 332. Vegetable Life 81 113 228 245 Vitality of Plants 11 i r aliening nogs 355 Mour Mill 355 I Quinoa 39 t Farmer's Work Feb. 54 Mar. 88 May 138 | Radishes 190 Robbing Gardens 18 88 | June 181 189 197 July and August 247 J Roller 181 189 Rouge Plant 147 | Sept. 295 Der. 403 » Recipes 23 80 171 256 263 359 | Fruit and Fruit Trees 160 175 181 245 268 t Reus. Hort. Soc. 46 93 168 203 267 > 274 275 278 290 302 395 S Rural Cemetery, Boston 205 214 * Flax 225 237 245 253 260 ? Report on Farms. Bristol, Ms 350 ' b oddering Cattle 27 Female Industry 294 '* Royal Printing Office, Paris 328 I Flour 47 48 70 87 248 355 Figs 290 334 < Rep. of View. Com. Jeff. Co. Ae. Soc 3^6 > t rench Agri. 307 Farms 59 239 243 \ Rail Road Celebration 312. } Geology 7 26 38 Grass Grounds 382 f Silk Culture 46 80 83 91 107 114 122 126 5 Gov. Throop's Proc. 343 Grain 95 ? 167 182 198 231 243 275 278 279 294 310 § Grapes and GrapeVines 67 91 152 155 172$ 318 331 339 347 363 371 374 387 406 % Sedgwick's Address 51 Stock Farm 131 \ Spayed Cows 147 Shallow Sowing 219 I Sheep 122 145 175 181 271 Swine 334 \ Spesutia Farm 218 Swiss Chard 203 | Strawberries 262 268 277 286 | Shakers 254 Spurred Rye 235 | Sweet Potatoes 220 302 334 % 174 180 203 Grafting Grapes 125 % Greville's China Rose 51 | Gooseberries 175 215 245 339 % Green Dressing 115 123 i Grain on Light Soils 407. Hay and Haymaking 195 221 230 I Hemp 225 237 245 253 260 319 Hops 48 \ Sugar from Beets 160 Stout's Address 13 Horses 64 133 141 146 1S9 176 184 185 I Salt for Milk Cows 15 Saving Seed. 33. 251 258 302 359 383 Hogs 163 \ Sunflower Oil 16 379 S m 7.i w 1 » „r , , |„ al *ao d0B d3B 383 Hogs 163 \ Sunflower Oil 16 379 „ ,, J~%, ^ ire Worm s43 Wabash 413 j Hints to Farmers 411 House Keeping 415 X Staves and Heading 352 Wild Black Cherry 237 260 \ Horticulture 328 Ham, 17,1 P b \ Star* AcriSnr A 11 A Wild Black Cherry 237 260 Webster's Dictionary 405 " X " 42. I Horticulture 328 Hams 174 ^ Hudson and Ohio Rail Road 344. I Imprisonment for Debt 343 g Improved Lands 205 Improved Stock "3 ,.Indian Corn 130 139 152 175 181 231 323 8 298. SELECTIONS, Alb. Co. Ag. Report, 1830 43 do. 1831 402 I ,taJian Agri; '" Ice Houses 399 Agricultural Education 167 216 1 Influence of Chmate on Plants 316 Agri. Board 98 Apricots 223 I ,ro" Ma™ftclures 399 Insects IS Agri. Hofwyl 317 Amer. Navy 352 W^»' Le"er l41 Agri. Conven. 411 413 Amer. Rivers 376 J l^:,^!"- Soc' 3°6' Alb. Co. Hort. Soc. 150 163 295 298 203 i„y. S Address 390 39T 215 242 Amer. Silk 318 Apples 152 I £-?Pr, & farmer's Accounts23l Amer. Wine 403 Alabama Wine 408 \ , ''" Dned Corn 402- Asparagus 174 Agave Americana 219. t d"16, J81 Lightning Rods 220 Bees and Beehives 56 126 139 152 155 174? , Kayde Chaumom's Address 153 164 234 £82 Bloating in Cattle 46 Botts 59 \ T^6 P™duce 371 39/ Lamhs 230 Buffalo Berry Tree 139 251 Barley 160 ^iberia Colonists 287 Locusts 209 Butter 166 310 350 Budding 269 1 l'Ve l e"cres 355 382. Barnard's Letters 96 102 104 112 1»0 1«8 t™g Wurtzel 106 Milk Cows 158 5 136 144 199 Broom Corn Whiskey 392 J mE-T" 1? lS?J39 174 222 22ii 2« Blidn in Pear Trees 359 *S1 . oyi,l,st of Trees and Shrubs 26 3£ Market Garden at Paris 269 158 207 State Agri. Soc. 411 413 5 System in Farming 411 $ Sayings for Farmers 411 *, Strange Affection 407 § Stockfeeding in Ohio 400. | Tulips 166 Turnips 190 Tomatoes 269 |Topdressing Grass Grounds 198 < Transplanting Trees 206 |T:rnip Butterfly 222 ? Taliacotian Operation 400 $ Temperance 375 391. 5 Use of Snow 19 Underdraing 286 338 I Unfermented Manures 19. 5 Village Gardens 58. i Wheat 27 56 78 141 174 182 192 211 235 t 243 283 338 Wild Rice 130 % Wool 24 70 130 255 Weril 270 J Zinc Ware 190. I POETRY. e 1 Birds and Insects 411. Chloride of Lime 19 167 6~35 42 r6 104176 256 271 328 344 352 376 408 41c. Cellars 272 >M r. Coke, Eng. Farmer 251 Census N.York 7 Arkansas 15 Mississippi \ »oral doughboy 254 Melons 152 189 15 Cities and Towns 16 U. States 152 416 \ », ,ms,for Ma"'ed Ladies 243 Currant Wine 220 Cream Cheese 203 \ m". Inducin? fertility hi Fruit trees 404 : Cattle 145 147 158 166 196 | ^{ount Auburn Cemetery 318 383 Cucumbers 189 Canal Tolls 312 $ "Jontreal Cattle Show 339 J Calves 90 Carpet Weaving 78 % v'lk S'ckness 340. (Jure for Consumption 118 Castor Oil 290 $ xTec,arlne.sI.1 5* 21 5 Na""-a' History 6 7 Criminal Suits against Animals 18 t ^0,es°" Mlch|gan 158 " Chii MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. 27 47 70 87 30 48 71 88 31 54 72 91 32 55 75 95 7 15 19 23 24 35 38 39 40 46 56 59 62 63 64 78 79 80 83 86 99 110 111 119 126 127 134 135 136 139 142 143 144 151 152 158 159 167 175 176 182 183 184 191 195 200 207 208 215 216 224 231 232 240 243 247 248 255 256 263 264 268 271 272 275 279 280 295 296 302 303 304 312 315 320 328 334 335 336 338 344 368 39? 415. VOLUME I. KOCHESTER, JANUARY 1, 1831. NUMBRR I. THE GENESEE FARMER AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Econo- my, &e. Af The first number of a paper under the above title, was published at Rochester, on Saturday. Jan. 1, 1831 — conducted by a gentleman long experienced in the science of Agriculture, Hor- ticulture, and other gsetul arts, assisted by man) of the best practical firmers in this section of the country, and particularly by some of the Jlfambers of the Western and Sloaroe County Horticultural Societies. No part of the world is more richly blessed with soil and climate, for a great and flourish ing Agricultural and Horticultural interest, than the western part of the state of New York — that part called Old Genesee. Thi6 section of country is supposed by competent judges to be as favorable to the growth of the Vine and 'fulborry as the middle of France ; and as wine and silk are becoming matters of national in- terest and legislation, a portion of ihe columns of the Farmer will be devoted to these sub- jects. This section of country has become densely populated with an industrious and thriving lass of Citizens, who have made themselves rich by their own labors and who have now ac quired ihe time and means of becomiug The- oretically and Practically learned in the arts for cultivating Scientifically the soil they have gn lately reclaimed from the wilderness & prepar- ed for the highest stale of Agriculture. While must otherbrar.ches of science have been pro- gressing, aided by the unwearied eiertionsof men of learning and invention ; and while practical improvements have flowed like a stream from the press, Agriculture and Horti- culture (twin-sisters) have been comparatively speak.ng, neglected and forgotten ; and those who have been pursuing the primitive mode: of tillage for subsistencehave been left to strug gle onward, (maided in their progress byjthosc means which have been given to other bran cbes of science, and which have proved the cause of their rapid advancement. These are among the reasons that have indu ••.edthe subscribers to embark in the cnterprize, and to direct ii part of their tirr e and attemion to the diffusion 'of Agricultural and Horticul- lural information which will occupy a lar«e por- tion of their paper. They further expect through the aid of the Franklin Institute of this place to be able oc- casionally to present such essays as shall he Thought useful in meehanical Philosophy. The undertaking is one which must neces- sarily require much labor and expense in its prosecution, and without the aid of a liberal patronage cannot long be sustained ; yet aware of all these difficulties to be encountered, the subscribers flatter themselves that, if they suc- ceed in rendering their paper worthy of sup port, itp merits will be duly appreciated by an enlightened community, and their labors re- warded in proportion to the profitable informa- tion distributed to their Patrons. In addition to the above there will be pub iVied monthly aMetesrologica! Table, givin-> the temperature and slate of the Atmosphere, course of the winds, &c It will also contain > Horticultural and Pomological register; giv- ing the time of leafing and blossoming o plants, and the time of ripening of the various kinds of fruit, lor the benefit of those who reside in different latitudes, as well as to compare dif- ferent seasons in the same latitude. ST A Price Current and Bank Note Table, carefully corrected each week, will be given. The paper will be printed every Saturday, in quarto form, ob fine paper and fair type, ma- king 416 pages a year, besides a Title Page and Index, at $"2,50 per annum, payable in six months, or $2,00, if paid at the time of sub scribing. TUCKER & STEA'ENS. Rochester, Jan. 1, 1631. Editors who will give the above two or three inser- tions, will confer a favor which will be reciprocated the first opportunity. HTJMBER ONE. We are aware that this season of the year is rather an unfavorable time to commence a work like this, when every subjeotof whiohwc shall treat is frozen in " thick ribbed ice," — the field, the garden, and the forest, shorn of their glorias, dressed in the habiliments of death, have gone to their night of repose ; and man, with his fine bounding animal spirits, which expand and exhilarate the frame at the return of spring and the re-appearance of all things that are fair — he whose " eye in a fine frenzy rolling, doth glance fiom heaven to earth, from earth to heaven" — now frigid and torpid, driv en like the " silvery sap" of vegetables to their hidden recesses — we say. that this period. when all things aro a " chaos of hard clay," mav he rather an unfavorable one to commence our work ,of which this number is a specimen ; but as this little plant is the only one of the class. ;>rdor, genus, or species, of the kind, in this Slate, except a monthly publication in ISew York city, we intend to nurse it with peculiar care, and fondly hope that this bud which we now set will increase and multiply, blossom and bear fruit to the satisfaction of all concern- ed. With this number we strike off, and shall continue at that ratio 1000 copies, trustin" that when the genial sun of public approbation and liberality shall kindle it into life, the bene- fits on the score of mutuality may be in favor of our patrons. We shall not be disappointed nor discouragi d if a part of our edition should lie dormant for a while, until the season of hy bernation, both of the animal and vegetable systems, shall pass away. In the mean, time, maugre as the season is with subjects, we hope to be able, not only to assure but to instruct a great portion of our rea- ders by uch suggestions on general topics, and such philosophical speculations as our experi ence and research has endowed ns with, to gether with the kind favors we anticipate from a large and able promised correspondence, and selective facts, regarding the physiology of the vegetable kingdom, from staple authors and periodical works as we shall regard worth the attention of our readers. With this peroration, I we make our congee to our patrons. * GENESEE COUNTRY. We were forcibly struck with the wonder ful and magic change that the region once cal led the "Genesee Country," has undergone in the brief space of thirty years— brief space because many of our readers can look back te that length of time as yesterday, and see in the mirror of memory events shadowed forth with more palpable boldness and reality than even the events of yesterday. We say we were forcibly effected by the wonderful change of thirty years on looking over a little work pub- lished by the Messrs. T. A- J. Sword in 1799 ontitled, " A Series of Letters from a Gentle- man to his Friend, describing the Genese« Country." He says, " in 1790, all that part oi the Stale, lying west of the above mentioned line to lake Ontario, including the Genesee Country, was ereoted into a county by the name of Ontario ; it is bounded on the north by lake Ontario, on the west by Niagara river, and lake Erie; on the south by Pennsylvania, and on the east by the counties of Tioga and Onondaga.'' " In 1796, a printing office was established in the town of Eatb, entitled the Bath Gazette— another paper is also printed in the Genesee, en- titled the Ontario Gazette, The same year a sloop of forty tons was built and launched on the Genesee lake." Quere? Where was the •■ Ontario Gazette" printed, and where is the " Genesee lake?" That portion ofcountry once called ihe ''Ge- nesee Country," although its exact boundaries were rather vague and uncertain, probably now contains some two hundred towns with more than 800,000 inhabitants, with cities and villa- ges at every four corners, and newspapers as thick as blackberries. The Genesee Country, at that time a wilderness of forest, now teems with an active, industrious and wholesome po- pulation. The forests have fallen uefore the axe, and the bread stuffs, and all the luxuries of life arise behind the plough share, and the young lion of the west, from a purblind whelp, now shews his gnashing fangs and bristles his waving mane, in proud confidence to ihe mam- moth of the east. Possessing one of the most luxurious soils of the globe, with a climate that for mildness will compare with New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and situated on the great inland seas of America, the production of their soil can lay under contribution Quebec and Mon- treal, New York, Boston, and the cities of the east— New Orleans— even (under the modern discoveries which defy time and space) Colum- bia rivar, and Kamschatka. These are not chateaus d' Espagne, and Time, that old hoary headed truth-teller,will endorse it a '"true bill." Feeling, as we do, the importance and wo.th of the Genesee Countiy, we trust our reader? will not ihink the title of our paper "The Genesee Farmer"— too local or trivial to pat- ronize it even beyond the counties of "Tioaa. and Onondaga;" and although they may ask what good can come out ofGallilee, like tbem of old let them wait, and hear what he hath to say for himself. » BtFTwo weeks will elapse before tho pub- lication of No. 2, after which this paper wilfc be published every Satnrday. 2 THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 1, 1831. THE VINE. There is "°t a section of country in the United States better adapted to the growth of the vine than that bordering onthesoui" side lfLak? Ontario, taking intoconsideratiun climate and soil; and so far as experiments have been made, most of the European varie- ties, which have been introduced into this sec lion, have endured our winters without any pro tection, as well, apparently, as they do in th> middle of Fiance. There is, upon the south side of tho Lake, a glade of land, stretching al- most the whole length of it, from east to west and varying in width from three to eight miles of aligln sandy soil, deep and dry, and dis'in "uished bvthe name of Oak, Lands, or (Jali O- ptninns. These lands are extremely well cal- culated for vineyards, as it is acknowledged that few lands are too dry for vines. Another important advantage this country has over the territory for the first hundred miles south is the influence the lake has upon the atmosphere. In the spring vegetation is not so forward as i; is farther south, the difference being often ten days in the first fifty miles. This retarding of vegetation on the shores of the lake, secure- fruit from late frosts in the spring. Again, in the fall, as the early frosts are generally accom pained with moderate northerly winds which moving across tho waters, become charged ■with exhalations from the Lake, which, being warmer than t'ue atmosphere, is condensed an/ i9 driven several miles inland, preventing the frost as far as it extends ; owing t» this circum- stance vegetation continues fresh a? late as it does as far south as New Jersey or Pennsy! vania. The influence of the lake is quite con- siderable during mid-summer by preventing the scorching heat which injures grapes in south- ern latitudes ; and it is well known that tem perate climates are best for the vine. It has been said that in this latitude in the United States, the seasons were not long enough for the perfection of grapes. This is not the case as I have eaten grapes this season which were the second crop, and were ripe before frost had checked the vegetation of the Vines. — Theygrew in the garden of G. H. Holden, E.-q. on the shore of the lake, at the mouth of Gen- esee river ; and it I were to judge from the growth, the Vineswere as much accommodated as to soil and climate as any Vines I ever saw. They had been planted out but one season before the past, during which thev made shoots from Ifteen to twenty feet in length, and as thick as a man's thumb, which were remarka- bly short jointed. In this neighborhood, I have examined Isabella grape Vines which have grown twenty feet the past season, and ripened the wood perfectly. These facts go far to prove that the county of Monroe is a good location for Vineyard*, and we hope soon to =ee our farmers as much en- gaged in making wine as they arc at present in making cider. It maybe asked, if this section is so natural to Grapes, why do we not find the native fox grape growing upon those lands 1 — Because nature had not providoior completed any method by which the seeds of the fox grape should be scattered over tho face of this country. The fox grape is not often eaten by birds, and if so it is at a season when birds are emigrating to the south, and the seeds would be carried in an opposite direction, as there are none found growing wild north of the lakes. But these observations will not apply to the ch-ken or frost grape, which, from its • ize & time of ripening, is readily destroyed by birds. These grapes often remain hanging u- pon ihe Vines until spring, and >t may be readily imagined that they would thus be trans- pi rted to every part of the United States. which we find is the case, and particularly the district spoken of, and if any easy method could be found out of grafting the fox or Eu- ropean upon the wild frost grape stocks then an- already vines enoush growing in this vt cinity to furnish the country with wine. We i herefore invite our readers or any oher per- son who mny possess practical information u- pon tins subject to communicate the same thro' :his paper for the benefit of the public. CIDER. Perhaps there is not in the whole round of farming any one operation more neglected than Cider making. Cider, when well manufactur- ed, is a cheap and wholesome beverage, and one of the readiest substitu;cs for wine which our country can afford; but when it is made in •i slovenlv negligent manner anil allowed to run imo the acetous fermentation, it has a very deleterious effect upon the constituiion. A little aiti ntion to facts will inure a fine arttclo in this section of the country, which is one of the finest in the world for produ- cing the apple in perfection Many attempts have been made to increase the strength of Ci- der, such as boiling the must, freezing, adding spirits, &c. all of which have a direct tenden- cy !o destroy the fine vinous flavor accompany- ing the well made article. Much is said is to particular kinds of apples, withoul which good Cider cannot be made. Now th is is all a mis- take— not but that some apples coniain more malic or tartaric acid and sacharine matter than others, and will of course make a stronger li- quor ; some also possess peculiar flavor which is desirable — but any of our apples, produ- ced by common orchards, are c tpable of ma- king what is called first rate Cider, and of suf- ficient strength for the temperate use of any man. First let the apples be gathered free from leaves, but more particularly from rotten or decayed ones, as both these will communi cate a bad taste to the cider, which cannot be got rid of after it is made — apples should not be allowed to lie too long in a heap as they sometimes contract a bad flavor, and it is not as important that apples should be perfectly ripo, as has generally been supposed, as green apples make good Cidor. After the juice has been pressed out and carried to the cellar or placo where it is to be fermented, the better way is to put it into vats or tubs. It should re- main in this situation until the fermentation has brought all the pumice to the top in a thick scum; it should then he drawn off. through a hole near the bottom, into barrels, passing it through a number of thicknesses of flannel pla ced in the tunnel, or what is -till better, thro' alternate layers of sand and flannel, which will more completely retain all the feculent matter, which is the thing desired iu this operation. — Let the casks, into which the Cider is to be drawn,be made perfectly clean before they are filled, after which they may be left with the bungs out for a short time, during which the operator should frequently taste the liquor to watch the progress ofthr fermentation, (which will be very slow;) when it has advanced far enough, and the Cider has acquired sufficient body, there should be added about two quarts of skim milk to each barrel, and well incorpo- rated with the Cider, either by drawing off a part of it and returning it, or by means of a stick introduced at the bung. Let the cask low be bunged perfectly tight, and set in a cool place for two months, after which it may again be racked, when it is wished to be kept thro' the summei or may be drawn from the cask for use. When Cider has been allowed to fer- ment in barrels it should be racked off" as soon as the white bubbles begin to appear on the surface, strained, fined and bunged as above, which will always insure a fine and pleasant beverage. VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY— NO. 1. In commencing this paper, the editors are desirous to begin with the first rudiments of those branches of science to which it is to be principally devoted, in order to render it a complete text-book for the prac- tical Farmer and Horticulturist. In doing which, they are not to suppose that each reader has become perfectly acquainted with every branch of science of the present day, and therefore they ask the indulgent < of those who have become more perfectly acquainted in those branches, to introduce some of the Leading principles of systematic Botany. When we consider that Agriculture and Horticulture are so immediatel) connected with this study, and that much of the sne cess in either must depend upon the knowledge the pperator has of this science, we are convinced of th< necessity of becoming at least familiar with the more common laws which govern the Vegetable kingdom. It does not follow that each farmer or gardener, in order to avail himself of the improvements of the present day, should become a profound Botanist ; — but a very little attention to the subject will convince him that the most of the modern improvements arc far from having been accidental, and in order to a- vail themselves of similar improvements it is neces sary that they should become familiar with (hose functions of Vegetables which may be denominated Vegetable Physiology. It has been found necessary in every branch ofsci ence, in order to express the multitude of objects in- cluded, to make use of certain technical terms, cho, sen for the sake of brevity and perspicuity; these phrases are often perplexing to those who do not fee] a particular interest In that branch in which the; are used, and the editors will studiously avoid all such as do not appear necessary for the benefit of tin readers. Philosophers have divided all matter into tuoclas- jses — organized and unorganized bodies. Annua! and plants belong to the former, and minerals in the latter. This arrangement is again divided into sei sibleand insensible. Sensibility is confined t<> an mals; but Irritability, Contractibility, and Elasticity, bclnng in all organized bodies. Oneofthc most useful, interesting, and amusing parts of the study of Vegetable Physiology, is th, fructification and reproduction ofplants. That plants are endowed with sexual organs, and are capable of reproducing their kind according to given l:e\s, isa t.iet so generally admitted as 1 < no argument in its favour, and from a knowledge of those laws the justly celebrated T. A. Knight, now President of the Horticultural Societj of London. has been enabled to make those improvements which laitl the foundation of his exalted reputation. — This reprodction, or continuation plants is the seed containing in embrio ihe rudiments of the riew plants, and although the last produce of main plants, (this, together with the blossom, will first come under consideration. Vol. 1.— No 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. Every perfect Flower is composed of seven ele- mentary organs, including the seed vessels and seed, and the receptacle, stem, or base on which the other parts rest, and by which they are connected with the plant. There are a number of other appendages attached to some flowers whieh seem as if designed by nature to facilitate, though not essential to, the reproduction of plants ; as the nectary or part con- taining honey, which seems designed, in the econo- my of nature, to allure bees and other insects which pass over the stamens and pistils of the plants and greatly assist the fecundation of the latter. The seven elementary organs of a Flower arc as follow, viz : 1. Calyx.— The outer covering of the flower before it is expanded : its colour is generally green. The poppy affords a familiar example. ■2. Curol— The coloured leaves of the flower which arc included in the Calyx. 3. Stamens.— The mealy knobs supported on the ends of small fillaments ; they contain the pollen of the plant. These are considered the male or- gans and on their number and situation is founded the artificial classification of Linnseus. I. PutS. — The central organ of the flower, projec- ting from the pericarp orseed-vesscl. This is con- sidered the female part of the flower ; and without this no flower will produce seed. 5. Pericarp. — The vessel which contains the seed whether a pood, as in the bean and cabbage, or a pulpy substance, as th" apple, currant, or mellon 6. Seed.— Containing the rudiments of the young plant. 7. Receptacle. — The stem or base on which the other six parts rest, and connecting them with the plant. The Seed is divided into four essential parts, viz : 1st. Corclc— The embryo of the new plant, which exhibits the plume or top, and the rostil or root of the new plant. 2d. Cotladojis.— The thick fleshy lobes of the seed, which, rising above the ground, when the seeds germinate, become the seed leaves. 3d. Tegument. — The skin or bark of seeds which separate from the lobes when the seeds germinate. 1th. Hilum. — The external scar to whieh the membrane is attached, by whieh the young seed is suspended in the receptacle, and through which nutriment is conveyed to the young seed in 'ts immature state. SPONTANEOUS VEGETATION. " And God said, let the earth bring forth grass., the herb yielding seed, and the fruit-tree yiebting fruit, after his kind, whose seed is in itself upon the earth ; — and it was so." — Gen. 1, 11. Messrs. Editors. — I perceive, by the papers, that you are about to publish a weekly work, devo- ted to the arts of farming and gardening and other branches connected therewith. Now, as 1 have a little taste that way, beyond the mere "ditching and hedging," appertaining to 'those pursuits, and am heartily tired with the point-no-point politics of the day; I am determined" to give up entirely that un profitable contest, which is very justly said to be " the strife of the many for the good of the few." I am truly glad to find the country is about to be served with a paper, which, if it is as well conducted as you promise and the talent of the country wai rants* will be a most important desideratum, and the vehicle of doing much good. The following remarks and speculations are sent to you for the purpose r{ helping you to start, as all new machines move rather hard at first ; and to so- licit the opinions and suggestions of your readers and correspondents. I ask, what is the cause of the apparent self-pro. duction of many weeds and plants, and the probabil- ities whether they are spontaneously produced, or whether they are the produce of a former parent, "yielding seed after its kind." It is a well known fact that, on clearing up a new country, thousands of weeds, herbs, and grasses, pring up almost simultaneously, as though they were all sown atone time and by some invisible hand. There are several kinds of vegetables that only seem to acquire life by fire, and the more intense the greater theproduct. I have known the bird cherry to come up as thick as I have ever seon flax growing in the field, the seeds of which must have lain dor- mant for numbers of years, until a great fire laid waste the forest and revivified them into life. I once saw a piece of intervale which had laid in n natural pasture for more than twenty years, ploughed, immediately planted to corn on the turf ; on which :prung up all those common kinds of noxious weeds that commonly infest the oldest cornfields. I once knew a field, which, 19 years before, had borne tur- nips, and subsequently had lain as pasture and mead- ow, on being ploughed up, came up with turnips al- most thick enough for a crop. I once came into the possession of a lot of land on which was a wood- vard, which had been used as such for about thirty years. About 4 square rods of which was fenced into the garden, from whence was t aken about 60 loads of chip manure. After coming to the surface earth, it appeared so good and in so fine order that I planted it with onions, but in a few days there arose such innumerable hosts of every thing but onions, that it seemed like Hamlet's " unweeded Garden, things rank and gross possessed it merely." Again. Marl, which is dug and transported consid- erable distances as a manure, is taken'put of pits 10 to 20 feet in depth pieces of which have been taken immediately from the pit, covered with glass, kept wet and exposed to light, and in a short time white clover has sprung up, grown and matured itself. It is a well known fact that seeds sown too deep in the earth rot and will not grow; and farmers and gard- ners are often disappointed, during a wet spring, par- ticularly, on having to plant a second time :— In fact, we know of no instance of any of our field or garden eeds lying in the ground over the year and then coming up. Now the question I demand is, Whence come all of these cases of Vegetation ? Were they produced naturally from the earth without seed ? Do we live in a day of [miracles, when material "form, shape, and comeliness," spring from nothing? Will a hun" dred grains of sand, congregated together under any circumstance, produce a pig-weed large enough for the birds of heaven to rest upon ? Or, are they all produced from seed, after its own kind, which have 'ain buried for 10, 30, or nan hundreds of years, be- yond the reach of light or heat ? and if so, why have they not shared, by decomposition, the fate of all other vegetable matter ? A. B peach or contagion in tbo animal Bjii'.em— which is analogous to appoplexy, or perhaps gangrene. Some writers alledge that seedling trees, and new seedling grafts on sebdling stock, are not effected. Others that confinement in close planted orchards, and want of circulation of air is the cause. Others that those trees which blight have a long tap root that runs deep into the earth and brings up water as sap which is not charged with carbonic acid and the salts of the surface, and kills the tree, as taking too much cold water does into the animal stomach , or introducing it into an artery of a living sub- ject; and another person, well skilled in these matters, says that he has lost all of his trees (20 or 30) in the crotches of which he has not hung old scythes, sickles, chains and other heavy iron articles. Now, who shall decide when doctors disagree ? The conjectures are as various as the minds employed in investiga- ting the subject. The vulgar term, fire blight is in reality not badly chosen — for the appearance is the very same 36 1 have observed in trees that have stood so near a fire as to have their leaves scorch»d and the vitality of the small branches destroy- ed. Such a tree, in the course of three or four days, puts on exactly the same appear- ance and smell as the blight. Now comes my hypothesis. Is not the eause, the primum mobile of this destructive diseaoe some defect, in the leaves, which arc the lungs of the plant, and which elaborates the sap and without which neither the venous ncr arterial system can proceed — the rising sap accumulates, stagnates, firmentalion commen- ce*, heat is generated, acetous acid is formed, which would produce exactly the state of things wo find in the blighted tree. The leaves may become unhealthv by excre- ting some morbid or acrid substance, or by ho- ney dew. which as yet is not satisfactorily ex- plained, or by some small insects destroying the secreting or excreting vessels of the leaf or puncturing the pettiole and desiroying the tubes that carry and return the sap, at a period when the tree is too far exhausted by bearing and the lateness of the season to push out the new bud. H Y. West Bloomtield, 26th 12th mo. 1830. FIRE BLIGHT. , Messrs. Emtors— I see by the papers, and learn from persons from various quarters, that blight, or fire blight, as it is called, is producing great ravages on apple, quince, and particularly on pear trees, of the grafted and best kinds, which threatens total annihilation to some of the finest varieties hitherto known ; and as the same disease is obtaining in this country, many instances of which I observed the past setson, I beg leave to add my mite to the stock of con- jecture, which seems to be the only advance- ment that the best physiologists of the coun- try have as yet been ablo to oft'er as to its cause — in fact it seems to be shrouded in the most impenetrable veil of mystery, and as yet has eluded the closest and most critical analysis of our best Horticulturists. It has been imputed to a redundancy ofsip, a surfeit, to the too great heat of the sun, to in- sects and to disease received by impregnation of the blossom, analogous to the yellows in the Sy Those gentlemen to whom we have ta- ken the liberty to forward this number, and its extra, if they shall think favorably of the under- taking, and of the merits of the work, will ob- lige us by forwarding iheir names and those of am friend to whom such a paper as this would be desirable. As it is of its kind unique in this state, and intended lor genera! circulation, we expect to look abroad for a great part of our patronage O3 The proprietors have undertaken the publication wi'h the determination of makiug it permanent : they therefore suggest to those gentlemen who would wish to see the Farmer become a durable and useful paper, the propri- ety of not only interesting themselves in its circulation but also of contributing to its col iimns. ACCTIONS- The duties paid by auctioneers in Philadel phia duriog the last quarter amount to $32, 944.90. THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 1,1831. H0RTICULTUR4I. SOCIETY OF MONROE: COOXTT. The following Address was prepared by a Committee appointed for the purpose, and submitted by Jesse Hawley, Esq. to the meet- ing at which was organized the Horticultural Society of the County of Monroe : Hobticdltobe, means the cultivation of a garden — in tho general icciptation it is exten- ded to include fruit and forost trees, also laud scape and flower, as well as culinary garden- ing- According to the Mosaic history, gardening Was the first occupation of man, taught by the Creator himself, to Adam: — "And tho Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed:" •'And God said, Behold I have given you cv ery herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed ; to you it shall be for meat :" — " And the Lord God took the man and put him in the garden to dress and keep it:" — and commanded him to " Be fruit- ful and multiply and replenish the earth, and subdue it." Hero then, we find the history of Horticul- ture commenceswith that of the creation ; un der the immediate superintendence of the Al- mighty Parent, on the day when he created Man with the Heavens and the Earth. How ancient the date! how natural the pur- suit, when we consider it as a part of the grand design of God in the creation of all things j for, in his enumeration of the generations of the heaven3 and the earth, and before the crea- tion of man, he said, " there was not a man to till the ground." How sublime tho idea, — when we further consider the moral design of the whole crea- tion, that man, by the toils of his labor in the peaceful and quiet pursuits of the tillage of the earth, should bo made to increase the means of the sustenance of his species; and by his con nubial affections, to multiply and replenish the human family, for tho purpose of increasing the number of souls for the Almighty Father to bless and save through the munificence of hi- Grace, as the only positivo act of duty which man could render to his God; all other acts of duty being necessarily relative, as rendered to his fellow man 1 But Adam by his transgression, soon fell. and lost his garden with his innocence, and his primeval happiness ; and was turned out to till the crude ground " cursed for his sake, infested with thorns and thistles, and made to eat of it in sorrow all the days of his life." Tho posterity of Adam, for many ages and centuries afterwards, -was contented to subsist upon the wild and uncultivated productions of nature, in the field and in the forest. In this rude state, man was a pursuer of the chase — a hunter; in which condition it took many acres — a township of land, to subsist an individual A small increase in their numbers soon served to over-stock a portion of the country, then when the stronger began to cortend with the •weaker for the better choice, and from whence wars, conquests and desolation ensued among the vagrant tribes and hordes of men. Thi strife for his subsistence, made man ferocious an lus disposition tottrard his fellow-man; and thus we have been led to call him lavage while in the hunter state. The Indians of our forests, who still retain these primitive habits, well illustrate to us the miserable condition of human society in the early ages, for the pancity of their numbers; for their precarious and scanty means of sub- sistence ; for the coarseness of tho fare and fla- vor ot their food; and for the impotency of their skill, ingenuity, and productive labors to provide themselves with the comforts of life . I :n ail the vanetieo of food, raiment and shelter Irom tho weather. For many ages, man did surely eat his bread in sorrow ' With all the energies and resources of the human mind, man but slowly emerged and pro gressed from the hunter's, to the shepherd'.- Iife. Tho propagation of the flocks and herds of animals for the food of man, greatly increas- ed the means of subsistence and reduced the requisite acres for his supply, from thousands to hundreds. This increased supply of fcod Boftened the disposition and improved the mor- al character of man and fitted him for more so- cial habits — yet as be still increased in num bers there were strifes for right and choice a- mong them. Abraham, Lot, and Jacob, had iheii conflicts and difficulties respecting their possessions. It was even still slower that man made his advances from the shepherd, to the agricultur- ist, or farmer's life. The tillage of land, duly proportioned with! the propagation of flocks and herds, so mnch the past ; — until the human family shall increase- in the myriads of their numbers, corering the face of the earth " as the stars of the heavens: and as the sands which id upon the sea-shore." In taking a retrospect through the vista of time, the progressive improvement in nature is obvious — animals, by being domeslicateili by feeding, and by cross-breeding, have been made to advance from a wild buffalo of the wil- derness, to the many varieties in the herdt of our farm yards — vegetables, by redeeming ullage, by natural seedlings, selected and extended by inocculation, ingrafting and in- arching, have been made to advance from the oriental crab Apple up to the hnndred varie- ties of our orchards ; the delicious and melting Peach originated from the bitter Almond, and from which it is scarcely distinguished while it is in the green state. The rich and juicy Plumb from the wild stock of the hedges, which produce the uneatable haws. The. Egyptian corn, was formerly but little better than our illet seed. The Potatoe, in its o- riginal state, and which is still found in the val- ley of the Mississippi, was a small uneatable production, not larger than a walnut, by culti- vation has become a v?luable esculent, and with some nations, almost a staple article of human food. The first coffee tree planted in the island of Jamaica, was in 1728; the berries produced from this tree were sold at sixpence each, si/ rapid was the extention of its culture that in 21' years the exportation of coffee amounted tc farther increased the supplies of his food, as toij 60,0011 pounds ; and in SO years to nearly thirty reduce the requisite acres of land for his main- ij million pounds. The cotton of the southern tenance from hundreds to units— giving avast I states in the space of 40 years, has grown from deal more room for the progressive increase of his numbers; location and stability to his res- idence, with social and moral dispositions ; in- troduced the idea of each man holding tho right of his home and property in severalty; and producing a powerful excitement to individual industry and enterprize to acquire it — hence originated the purchase of farms for a fixed home and residence — this led to the re-intro- duction of Gardens, Orchards, &c. The Agricultural state of society called for stable governments, to guarantee and secure individuals in the quiet enjoyment of the pro- duct of their labor. When thus secured in tho fruits of his labor, man sought to extend the means of his imme- diate necessities ; from a daily and precarious, to a yearly and adequate supply ; and thence onward to provide a patrimony for his succeed- ing generations. All nature, both animate and inanimate, has been most wisely and providentially endued with the capacity of progressive improvement; constituting a principle of self-regeneration. — And ibis principle of progressive improvement seems to have been given to all organized bo- dies of creation, for the purpose of giving em- ployment to the rational and moral energies of tho human mind in multiplying the means of sustenance, as mankind shall progress in de- veloping the urts and scienees and render them applicable to the enlargement of the comforts of human life : — each keeping pace with the other throngh the successive generations of time to an infinite scries of variety and exten sion, unconceived by the present, as tho pres- ent march of htrman 'im*elJcct wits flntiiiqwn to units to millions of dollars. It is not within the limits of our design to trace the history of Horticulture from Eden through the ages of time to the present; tc describe the groves of the ancients, or the hanging gardens of Rabylon, but merely to pre- sent a few faots accompanied with some gen eral observations to serve as inducements for us to form a Soeiety in our county for the pur- pose of combining the exertion of spirited indi- viduals into an united operation in the collec- tion and diffusion of practical knowledge on the subject, that shall contribute something to- ward an improvement of the vegetable and fruit market in the village of Rochester. We have been invited to the undertaking br the consideration that all nations have been characterized by their attention to Horticul- ture, in proportion to their advancement in civ- ilization. Holland formerly took the lead of the Euro- pean nations in the science of Horticulture and extended the luxuries of her flower gardens to that excess that she has become proverbial Ibr her whimsical Tulip mania in which Tulip roots were sold from $1,000 te $10,000 each, England, from being an almost barren island not having in its natural productions more thai; half a dozen species of vegetables suitable for human aliment, has, by her industry, enterprize- and science, borrowed, acclimated and natur- alized almost all the productions of northern latitudes, until she is rendered a garden al- most from one extremely of the kingdom it the other — and she now sustains a population ef 13 millions — equal to that of the U. S.— avera- ging SO? to a square- mire—that of fhe' V. 9.' Vol. I —No. 1. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. Only 10 — and only 3 seres of land to each in- habitant. France.deprivedof her West India colonies, has undertaken to extract sugar from beets. — But the grape vine is her boast, and of which she is more proud than of her Bourbons. Her Wines diffuse nourishment, health and tempe- rance among her population. It is worth a passing remark to say VY ine countries enjoy more temperance, than those countries that substitute alcohol for wine. It is a singular ard pecaliar fact, that these various and impoitaut improvements in the e- conomy of nations, havo been achieved more by the efforts of enterpnzing and patriotic in- dividuals and at their private expense, than by all the public authorities and revenues of the got erntnents under which they have lived. England has been highly gified with a nu- merous list of those worthy individuals, among whom some of the most prominent are Arthur Young, John Bakewell, Humphrey Davy, John Sinclair, and Thomas Andrew Knight, who is now the President of the London Horticultural Society; whose profound science invegotable physiology, and whose singular improvements in cross-breeding the several varieties among the same species of fruit and vegetables (as the former characters had done with animals) will consecrate his fame to posterity, equal with the warrior Wellington. In America we have a number of men of tal- ents who are engaged in diffusing Horticultural science, blessing their country with their la- bors, and who will in turn obtain the gratitude of an enlightened people. The moat pro-eminent of those isJUaj. J. Ad- 'ura of the District of Columbia, a veieran of PRUNING. This is the season of the year when farmers often take it upon them to prune their orchards. This is a bad practice and should be discontin- ued. It is desirable, when a limb of a tree is cut off, to have the new growth cover the wound as soon as possible. When trees are pruned in winter, by the action of the san and air upon the parts cut, the wood, to a small distance, becomes dried, with the balk firmly attached to it, and all circulation of sap per- leclly suspended. It requires some years, more or less, according to the size of the limb, be- fore the young wood can break through the old bark in order to cover the wound. Never prune until the sap begins to circulate freely in the BpriBg, or until the tree is in leaf. At this time the bark is loose from the wood, and the elaborated juice of the tree will be seen pro- jecting from between tho bark and wood, for- ming a lip which is covered with a thin bark which continues to extend and soon covers the wound. As to nurseries, when you approach them be careful to keep your knife in your pocket. — There has been nine nurseries spoiled by over pruning to where one ever suffered for the want of it, I know it is easier work to prune a small tree than to dig about it. Whoofyou; would ever think of fattening your horse by brushing without feeding him, or that he could digest his food without his stomach; but it would be equally natural to trim and brush him after he was in flesh before taking him to mar- ket. So with trees. Many of the elements nf nutrition are taken ap by the roots; but the leaves are as essential to the elaboration of those elements as the stomach of a horse is to the digestion of bis food— without these either t0 years; who alter many years of effort and i, . , , , - , . y would perish: but when trees have attained a experiment, has achieved the science and sini- ' phtied tlie art of making American Wine from native grapes with such masterly tact as fully equals the best of our imported wines, even that of the celebrated Tokay ; and in a man- ner that will supercede our further importation of foreign grape vines, and eventually of wines. In 20 years bo will become tho reputed, and esteemed Father of American wines. Next to him in order is the Messrs. Prince, Jesse Buel, D.Thomas, Floy, Parmenlicr, Lou bat, and others. The last named are residents of our State. As new and as novel as the suggestion of an Horticultural Society is to us ; as inexperienced and untaught as we are in its science ; as in- competent as we feel ourselves to imitate mid equal the example of these worthies of their age and country, — yet we are favored with a prospect of at least a partial success in our un- dertaking, by the goodness of our climate, suil and location. Our soil is mostly a warm, light, pliable and fertile loam, the chosen kiud for gardens and fruit orchards. Tho marine at- mosphere of Lake Ontario renders our climate nearly as temperate as that of Now York aud Long Iiland ; and our village market promises a rensonable remuneration for a part of otlf la- bors ; to be divided between profit and enjoy- ment. _ Gentlemen, shall we attejnpt the Un.de.rta- In bthalf of the Corrrmiuee. . J. IlA\VL-nY. RocheSTe^ 2Qfh Scjpt, 1^ * ufficient size for sale, it is well to give such pruning as may give a desirable shape to the tops, and this should be done one year before transplanting. HINTS TO FARMERS, Nevee feed potatoes to stock without boil- in" or steaming, as this increases their nutri- tive qualities. Grind your corn with the cobs — it is better feed ami pays Well for the trouble. One bushel of flax-seed, ground with eight bushels ofoats, isbetterfor horsesthan sixteen bnshels of oats alone, and will effectually de- stroy the bolts. Never burn nil dry wood inyourfire place — nor iu o a firo pluce when you can get a stove. Cut your trees for rails in winter, as they are more durable. Nover dew ret your flax or homp, unless you wish to render it worthless. Never select your seed corn from the ciibi but from the stalk. Never feed out your best potatoes and plant the refuse — nor sell your best sheep and keep the poorest. A fat ox is worth more than a poor horse, TERMINOLOGY. As we wikh to cultivate a taste for the pur suits of Agriculture and Horticulture with all classes, and a great part of our readers will ho farmers, plain, honest and unlettered, we hope the initiated will not think it lost time if we: in each number, give a short vocabulary of terms, all of which must be cnore or less used in the course of our pursuits in these arts: Seedling — a natural stock, growing fronj,lbe seed. Stock — that part of the tree opoa whiob tne cion or bud is set. Cion — a limb or twig of the tree intended to be graftod on the stock. Bud or Gem— the germ of tlie new leaf or flower. Layer — that part of a tree or vine which is bent down and covered with earth till it takes root. Slip — a limb or twig cut with one or move buds, and stuck into the ground to take root. Suckers or Sprouts — young shoots that spring up spontaneously from the roots of trees. Runners — a slender vine thrown off which a> gain takes root like the strawberry. Bulbs — those plants in which are enclosed the perfect plant, as the onion, garlic andtir.- lip. Tubers — those with roots like the potatoe,. artichoke, &c. wagon harness. Keep plenty of cows and bees as the surest way of having milk and honey. Confine your cows with gofri (JnStes, but let your bees go at forge-. though he does not eat as much — and a yoke and chain can be bought for less money than a| l0 ,|)e;r piace 0f destination, may be put in the CIONS. I am frequently inquired of, as to the proper season for cutting Cions for Gralting, to which inquiries my reply is, " at any time when you find a kind of fruit you wish to cultivate." There is no season of the year at which cions may not be taken and transported two or three hundred miles, if done with care, and he iu condition for Grafting or Inoculating. As winter is the season when farmers do most of their travelling, visiting their friends, &c, it oilers greater opportunities for them to collect Cions of choice fruits than any othei season of the year. But then opportunities are often neglected, under the impression that cions should be cat in February, and even at that period many think that stone fruit cannot bo grafted. To correct these errors a few di- rections may be acceptable. Wcon yeu find a variety of fruityou wish to cultivate, procure some Cions of the kind — it in summer, select strait, healthy shoots of the present year'a growth, of such length as shall suit your convenience for carrying ; let them he done np in a wet linnen cloth and carried in such a manner as not to be bruised. Budding may bodone any time during the summer when the bark will part from lite stock freely, whira'i it will generally do from June until the last o4- August. It is not essential that the bark should part from llie wood of the cion as the bud may be inserted with the wood attached to it — after the season ofbudding is past, cions cut in autumn should be cut with a few inchet of the preceding years wood, and when carried garden sticking the lower end or old wood u few inches in the ground. If put in the cellar they are very apt to be destroyed by rats or mice — cions may be kept in this way (or graft- ing until June. Apples, feats". plumliSj chei « THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 1, 183 1. rie*, arid quinces may lie grafted wilh much certainty. Peaches, apricots, and nectarines are more difficult but will succeed if carefully done; also most kinds of forest trees: but there are very few trees or shrubs of any kind that may not he budded. Currants, gooseberries, and grapes are gen- erally cultivated by cuttings winch may be ta- ken from September until June. In procuring cions, persons should be very careful in ascer taining the names and qualities of the fruit and equally careful in labelling and recording the same. that they may cultivate from them or dis- tribute them to their friends in turn without the possibility of mistake. THE WEATHER, The past season has been marked at this place with many striking peculiarities. The spring opened with a very pleasant, growing, and forward April — a backward, rainy; and cold May, the frosts of which month only departed on its last day, that on the 31st being the most severe. The ripening of fruits, and the whole summer crop, was retarded about 10 days later than usual. The full has also been an uncom- mon one ; and in the immediate vicinity of the lake and ilie Genesee river, there was not frost onough to lull moderately tender vegetable- tilljj rity the Glh of December — the chrysanthemum o artemisia, blossomed in the ope > air, faded and perfected its seed. Mr. Silas Cornell, nursery man, in this neighborhood, showed us three full blown monthly ruses, plucked in his garden on the 12th of December. In shirt, the mild- NATIIBAL HISTORY. There appeared in tho 9th number of the Family Library Borne facts on this subjoct, which prove it a much more interesting matter than people have generally supposed The in sect creation by nioBt persons, but particularly by the superficial observers of nature, has been passed over as an item too small to be deserving of noticee, among the numereus works o" the Great Architect of all things. But the phi losopher whose delight is the continued in> crease of knowledge, and approximation to wards the great fountain of wisdom, find? in this part of the economy of nature, as clear, certain, anddemonstrative proof.not only of the existence of a Great First Cause, but also of his wisdom, power, benevolence and good, as ho does in the examination of nature in a high- er range, or of the formation of men — so " fear- fully and wonderfully made " Man has a deeper interest in this minute part of creation than he generally supposos : much of his weal or woe is in some way or manner, dependent upon the operations of the insect world. '• An accurate knowledge of the properties of insects is of grpat importance to man, mere- ly with relation to his own comfort-and secu- The injuries which they indict upon us are extensive and complicated ; and the rem- j ed'es which we attempt, by the destruction of those creatures, both insects, birds and quad- rupeds, who keep then ravages m check, are generally aggravations of the evil, because they are directed by an ignorance of tho econ- omy of nature. The little knowledge which ness of the fall is unprecedented even in tlii-ll we have of the modes by which insects may region. This day the thermometer stands sit 'i be impeded in their destruction of much thai tin the eful luable to us. lias probably proceeded from jur contempt of their individual insignificance. The security of properly has ceased to be 42, with a very dense fog — rain full diirm last ii'glitto the Jdepth if 1.3-10 imhes- river and canal clear of ice; with a boj prospect ofa plentiful supply of that great sta- endangered by quadrupeds of prey, and yet , ... ' j »<■ ,u- i i our gardens are ravaged by apuides aud cat- pie of this country — mvrl. Alter this week we! b , . , ~ r, ., , , ■ i • i. ii leipillars. It is somewhat startling to aUirm shall rciruarv give a meteorological table, to- , . .. ,-.- c »i i = ' 6 ° ' ii that the condition of the human race is sen gotherwith regular notices of all the apparent ouslj inj,lred by these petty annoyances ; but phenomenaof the atmospheric influences; and |lt js prefectly true that the art and industry ol at the opening of the spring, a register of the flr.t appearance of vegetation and blossoms of all the plants within our observation. A 0.1IEST1ON. nan have not yet been able to overcome the collective force, the individual persevereance, and the complicated machinery of destruction which insect- employ. A small ant, accord- ding to a most careful and philosophical ohser ii- ' ™ . ' j A gentleman bought from a nursery man four trees and desired his gardener to plant them) urHgre8S 0f civilization. in many pari out in such a form that they should be cquidis lant, each and every individual relatively with j he other, or in such manner that a rope fasten. ed to any one would reach the other three. — j Now in what form would they set to comply with his order. X. of 111 A KOOD BUSINBSS. We learn that between the I tth of August and the 14th of December, 1830, Me srs. E. S. Beech, (V Co. have floured at their mill in this village 164,000 bushels of wheat, making be '.ween 37 and 33,000 barrels of flour. Large as is this amount, it is only a small item in the general average of ihe flouring business done ;n this place during that time. Canal Tolls — 'I ho collector's office in this village closed yesterday, having received dur- ing the Beason tolls to the amount of $150,188 S3. Last year the amount of tolls was $!>8, 518,17, making an increase this year of S."> t . [110,06. The amount of flour entered at this >f!ico during the season is $337,484 Barrels. equinoctial /.one. These animals devour paper and parchment ; they destroy every hook and manuscript. Many provinces of Spanish America cannot in consequence, show a writ- ten document of one hundred years' exis- tence. ' What development,' he adds, 'can the civilization of a people assume, if there be nothing to connect the present with (he past — if the depositories of human knowledge must constantly be renewed — if (lie 'noun ments of genius and «vislo:n cannot he trans mitted to posterity ?' Again, there are bee lies which deposit their larvx in tires, in such formidable numbers, that whole forests perish, beyond the power of remedy. The pines of the Hartz have thus been destroyed to an enormous extent ; aud in North Amer- ica, at one place in North Carolina, at least ninty tress in every hundred, upon a tract ol two thousand acres, wire swept away by a -mall, black, winged bug, And yet accor- ding to Willson, the historian of American bird-, the people in the l.'nited States were in the habit of destroying the red headed I woodpecker, Ibe great enemy of th< se inserts becauat be uccasiooly spoilt an apple. The * same delightful writer, and true naturalist, speaking of the labours of the ivory billed woodpecker, says, ' would it be believed that that the larvx of an insect, or fly, not larger than a graio of rice, should silently and in one season destroy some thousand acres of pine trees, many of them from two to three feet in diameter, and a bundered and fifty feet high ? In some places the whole woodf , as far as you can see around you, are dead, stripped of their bark, there wintiy looking arms and bare trunks bleaching in the sun. and tumbling in ruins before every blast.— The subteraneous larva of a species of beetle (Z'irbus Gthl/us,) has often caused * complete failure of seed corn, as in thedistrict of Halle, in 1812. The corn weevil, which extracts (he flour from the grain, leaving the husks behind, will destroy the eontents of the largest storehouse iu a very short period. The wire- worm, and the turnip-fly are dreaded by every farmer. The ravages of the locust are too well known not to be at once recollected, as an example of the formidable collective pow- er of the insect race. The white ants of torp- lcal countries sweep away whole villages, with as much certainty as a fire or an inundation ; and even ships have been destroyed by lliese indefatigable republics. Our own docks and embankments have been threatened by such minute ravagers. '• The enormus injuries which insects cause to man inn thus be held as one reason for ceasing to consider thesiudy of them as an in- significant pursuit ; for a knowledge of their structure, their food, their enemies, and theii general habits, may lead as it often has led. to the means of guarding against their inju- ries. At ibe same time we der've from them both direct and indirect benefits. The hon- ey of the bee, the dye of the cochineal, and the web of the silk worm the advantage of which are obvious, may well be balanced a- gainst the destructive propensities of insects which are offensive to man. But a philosoph- ical siudy of natural history will teach us, that the direct benefits which insects confer upon us are even less important than their general uses in maintaining the economy ol the world The mischiefs which icsult lo us from the ra- pid increase and ibe activity of msecls, are merely results of the very principle I v which they confer upon us numberless indirect ad- vantages. Forc-ts aie swept away by minute flies; but the same agencies relieve us from (hat extreme abundance of vegilable matter, which weu.d render the earth uninhabitable were this excess not periodically dcslroytd- In hot countries, the great business of remov- ing corrupt animal matter, which the vulture and the hyaena imperfectly perform, is effect- ed with certainty and speed by the myriads of insects that spring from the eggs deposited in every'carcass, by some fly necking therein tin means of life for her progeny. Destruction aud production, the great law of Nature, are carried on very greatly thtough the in- strumental]'}' of insects; and the same prin- ciple regulates even the increase of pralicular species of insects themselves. When aphides are so abundant that we know not how lo es- cape their ravages, flocks of lady birds instant- ly cover our fields and gardens to deslroi them. Such considerations as these are thrown out to show that the subject of insects has a great importance — and what portion of the works of Nature has not ? The habits of all God's creatures, whether they are noxious or harmless or beneficial, are irort y objects of our study. II they affect ourselves, in our !iealih or uur possessions, whether for good Vol. I— TVo. 1. AND GARDENER'S .JOURNAL. or for evil, and an addition; i impulse is ualu- rally giuen to our desire to attain a knowl- edge of their properties. Such studies form oDeof the most interesting occupations which can engage a rational anJ inquisitive mind ; and, perhaps none of the employments of hu- man life are more dignified than the iovesli "ation and survey of the workings and the way of Nature in Ibe minutest of her produc- tions " GEOLOGY. ' Governor Crafts, in his late message to the Legislature of Vermont, recommended the subject of Geology and Mineralogy to public attention as a souice of uidustry and wealth. Sonv'of the papers in that state have warmly approved of tins suggestion of their Governor and proposed that a Lyceum in er.ch town collect its own specimens, and furnish a de- posit for each county Lyceum, by which means all the specimens could be named and described at the semi annual meetings. A late covention of ( lie friends of educa- tion and general improvement in Utica, rec- ommended that the second number of the Scientific Tracts, which treats upon Geology, be read in each town in the state, at meetings for appointing delegates to attend an adjouru- ed meeting of the Convention in January, — The exhibition and explanation of a few Geo- logical specimens at the various county con- ventions of teachers have induced and ena- bled very manv of those who witnessed them, to introduce the subject into their schools, by which means several thousand children are now familiar with the common rocks and min- erals which come under their observation. The experiments already made upon this subject, are proof that if Lyceums gpuerally should make Geology a speciGc object of at- tention for a few months, the whole country would be thoroughly explored, our resources of industry and wealth opened to individuals and the bublic. — Boston Traveller. Gigantic Flower. — The most im- portant discovery throughout our journey was made at Sumatra ; i: was a gigantic flower, of which I can hardly attempt to give you any thing like a just description. It measured across from the petals rather more than a yard, the neetarum was nine inches wide, and as deep, and estimated to contain a gallon and a half of water ; and the weight of the whole flower wa fifteen pounds! — The Sumatran name of this extraordinary production is Petimtin Sikin'oili, or Devil's Siri (beetle) box — It is a native of the forest. This gigan- tic flower is parasite.on the lower stems and roots of the Cisus Augusttfolia of Box, and of a deep dusky red. The flower when fully expanded is in point ol size, the wonder of ihe vegetable king- dom ; the breadth across from the top of the one petal to the other is three feet. The cup may be estimated capable of containing twelve pints ; its inside is of an intense purple, and more or less dense' ly yellow, with soft flexible spines of the same color. The Iruit. never bursts, hut the whole plant gradually rots away, and the seeds mix with th<- putrid mass. — [Memoirs of Sir J. Roffles. District Attorney. — General Vincent Math- ews was appointed District A-ttorney of this county. CENSUS OF NEW YORK. The followr g relurns we give as furnished for the Commercial Advertiser, and with a few exceptions are official. Those marker' with asterisks are not official, but the esti- mate is so nearly correct as not to vary more lhaa a hundred from the actual amount In ten years our population has increased 41 per cent, being now nearly two millions, and entitling us at the present ratio to 48 Repre- sentatives. A new ratio of representation is cootem plated, and probably will be adjusted this win- ter by the present ■ ongress. The one pre posed is 50,000 which would entitle us to 38 representatives, leaving a large fraction. — If fixed at 48,000 we should be entitled to 40 representatives, and the county of Monioe to one, leaving a fraction of 1,810. and at 50- 000 it would fall short of the ratio only 190 ; and being one of the largest fractions would probably be considered a District entitled to a representative. 1825 43821 18,164 13893 8643 42743 2n039 34215 14486 37970 2H271 29565 46G93 24316 16993 7978 40905 26229 1196 33040 41659 14679 11669 23S6D 35646 391U8 39706 166086 14069 57847 48435 37422 41732 14460 17S75 47698 11860 20331 44065 0932 8016 302115 12876 2592G 20169 250U4 27595 23695 10373 19951 32908 32015 10906 39280 2G761 33131 17455 Total 1,016,458 1,934,496 Population of JVew York at various periods 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 340,120 586,060 959,049 1,372,S12 1.934,496 Gaining in 10 years 561,684, or over 40 pr. ct *A small part of this population included by estimate. Counties. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauque Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutcness Erie Essex Franklin Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Rings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Seneca Steuben St. Lawrence Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Yates 1830. 53532 26276 17593 16724 47947 34668 37417 19344 39952 23988 33025 50926 35712 192S 7 11312 52154 29525 1325 35869 48495 2U539 15239 27729 39u37 49810 46447 '213-170 18482 ♦69847 5S974 40372 4.3372 iss;!? 27110 51372 12701 22276 49453 7084 9388 -4f.i2a 12334 279.51 21031 33977 36351 26780 12372 27768 36541 36551 11795 '43280 33553 30456 19019 Gain. 111711 8612 3700 8081 5204 14029 3202 4858 1982 3717 3460 4228 11396 3294 3334 11249 3296 129 2829 6845 580H 3570 3809 3391 ■10702 6741 *47384 4413 *12000 10539 2950 3040 4383 9230 3474 835 1945 53S8 1252 1372 '3827 loss, 542 2025 862 8973 8756 30S5 1999 7817 3033 4536 889 4000 0791 3325 1564 318,038 Di-MtSTIC MANUFACTURES The Palladium states that the mannfacturc of Palm Le.if Hals has becomo In Massachu- setts, a business of considerable importance, and gives employment to many persons A friend calculates that a million of those will be made for the next season. Formerly they wore imported from Cuba, and sold, we bo- lieve, for about $2 each Now the raw mate- rial is imported, and the hats made here, which sell for 3 or $4 per dozen Formerly we had the trifling business of selling a few — now we have the whole business of making and selling The same paper says — We are glad to hear chat Massachusetts Site Leather is in high es- timation The Philadelphia Leather is in high repute ; but we understand that many now give the preference to that manufactured bv Mr. Tufts, of Charlestown. NATURAL HISTORY. At a recent meeting of the New- York Lit- erary and Philosophical Society, Dr. S L- Mitchill made the following communications. Two specimens of the Ovoviviparous Shark from the Atlantic ocean, off Cape Hatieras. This animal, though a fish, is viviparous — that is, it brings forth its young alive. But what is very peculiar, to its little fish, is ap- pended an egg, and yet this egg ha'S no con- nexion with the dam or mother fish. The brood of foetuses have a separated existence in the uterus ; and each draws it9 supply of nourishment, before birth, from the egg Tins peculiar organization is one of the great curiosities of the animal race ; and richly de- serves the particular attention of anatomist and physiologists, Mr. Bloodgood, who fur- nished the articles, look them alive from the body of the parent. A specimen of the elegant calcareous Breccia, from the quarry near Summenille, m New Jersey. It is entirely composed or 'traginpn'.- ihat are firmly aggregated, and which receive a splendid p. dish. The con- slitutent pieces are of various colors, and ex- pose a beautiful -url'ace. It is slated, that this marble fnrmaiion is of considerable ex- tent. The present preperation was received i.om Mr. William Frazee, at whose manuf.ic- loiv, in Amity street, large blocks may be seen. Jt is much more elegant than the Ma- ryland production, of which Ihe pillars ol the Capitol at Washington are made. A sample of the famous antidote against the bite ol venomous serpents, from Guatimala. in Central America, as forwarded by Mi. Consul Perrine. He said he had put a living plant under the protection of Andrew Smith. our well known horticulturist and seeds- man. HORTICULTURE. Thomas Cody gardener of Commodore Channcey, at the Navy Yard, in B-ooklyn; has raised a Savoy cabbage, weighing nine pounds and a half, without the stalk and under leaves. It i-i considered large for thai peculiar kind, and was produced from foreign seed by Mr Cody. ' Lyceum. — A Lyceum has been established je Cambridge, Washington co , for the promo- tion of literature and the arts and sciences.— At their next meeting a lecture is to be de- livered on Popular Education This is the first institution of the kind in that conntry. NEW POEMS. White, Gallaher fy White, publishers, N. Y have in the press and will soon publish a vol- ume of poems by Mrs. Emma Willard, of the Troy Female Seminary. They are published at the request of numerous pupils nowscatlei ed through every part of the United States- « THE GENESEE FARMER. Jan. 1, 1831. HYMN TO THE STARS. We cut the following lines from a newspaper several years since : we know not who is the author of them, but whoever he was, he has written a hymn which, for sublimity of thought and expression, we do not remember ever to liave seen surpassed. — St. Louis Times. Ave ! there, ye shine, and there have shone, la one eternal ' hour of prime ;' Each rolling, burningly, alone, Through boundless space and countless time; Ay ! there, ye shine, the golden dews That pave tho realms by seraphs trod ; There, through yon echoing vault, diffuse The song of choral worlds to God. Ye vis'bln spirits ! bright as erst Young Eden's birthnight saw ye shine On all her flowers and fountains first, Ye sparkle from the hand divine : Yea ! bright as then ye smiled to catch The music of a sphere so fair, To hold your high, immortal watch, And gird your God's pavillion there. Gold frets to dust ; yet there ye are ; Time rots the diamond ; there ye roll In primal light, as if each star Enshrined an everlasting soul. And do they not ? since yon bright throngs One alUenlightening Spirit own, Praised there by pure sidereal tongues, Eternal glorious, blest, and lone. Could man but see what yo have seen, Unfold awhile the shrouded past, From all that is, to what has been : The glance how rich, the range how vast ! The birth of time ! the rise, the fall Of empires ; myriads, ages flown ; Thrones, cities, tongues, arts, worships ; all The things whose echoes are not gone. Ye saw red Zoroaster send His soul into your mystic reign ; Ye saw the adoring Sabian bond, The living hills his mighty fane : Beneath his blue and beaming sky, He worshipped at your lo'ty shrine, And deemed he saw, with gifted eye, The Godhead, in bis works divine. Aud there ye shine, as if to mock The children of an earthly sire : The storm, the bolt, the earthquake's shock, The red volcano's cat'ract fire, Drought, famine, plague, and blood, and (Time, All nature's ills, and life's vrorA woes, Are nought to you : ye smile the same. And scorn alike their dawn and close. Ay '. there ye roll, emblems sublime Of him whose spirit o'er us moves Beyond the clouds of grief and crime, Still shining on tho world he loves. Nor is one scene to mortals giv'n, That more divides the soul and sod, Than yon proud heraldry of heav'n, Yon burning blnz mry of God. SYMBOLS. In youth the heart is like tl e bird — The humming bird in eastern bowers— That ever, (take the traveller's word,) Feeds flying, on the dews of flowers. irtmanhood. 'lis the eagle bold, Borne upward to the cloud, the sky — That soorns the rock and mountain bold, Except to build on, or to die. The sparkler of the woods is caug/it, The eagle's bosom pierced ere Ion" — What symbol s!i;ill for age be aoygut I What bird its emblem lie in sun;; ? The mocking-bird it? likeness be, That hath no music of its own — TJiat sings with imitative glee : The bird of memory alone. CONSOLATION. The philosopher Citophilus was endeavoring ono day to console a lady overwhelmed with sudden and unutterable affliction — Madam, said he, the fate of the dueen of England, daughter of tho great Henry, was still more unfortunate than yours. She was driven from her king- doms, was on the point of perishing by ship- wreck and was doomed to behold her royal and affectionate husband lay down his life upon the scaffold — I am sorry '.or her, replied the la- dy, and continued to deplore her own misfor- tunes. But madam, said the- philosopher, re- member Mary Stuart, who was dethroned and imprisoned by her rebellious subjects, and be- headed by her cousin the Queen Elizabeth, to whom she had flown for succour and assist- ance. She was very cruel, said the lady, and relapsed immediately into her own melancholy. You have heard of the beautiful Joan of Naplos, who was captured and strangled by the inhu- man monster Charles de Duras, whom she had educated as her own son. I remember her, said the afflicted lady. I must relate to you the history of a sovereign of my own time, said Citophilus, who was dethroned one evening after supper and passed tho remainder of his life in a desert Isle. I know the whole story, replied the lady. Well then, let me inform you of what hap- pened to another great Princess to whom 1 had the honor to teach philosophy. She had a lov- er without the knowledge of hor father, who having one day surprised him in her company gave him aviolentblow in the face. The lover seized a pair of tongs and broke tho head of his good father-in-law, who was cured with diffi- culty and carries the mark of it to the present hour. The princess affrighted, jumped from a window and broke her log sa that, although previously possessed of the finest figure in the world, she has now became a cripple aud can- nm walk without limpiug —Her lover was con- demned to death for the vioienoe offered to his King — You may imagine the slate of the priu- cess when her lover was conducted to the scaffold — I saw her lover often while in prison and she never spoke to me but of her sorrows. Why then will you not allow me to think of] nine? replied tho lady. 'Tis because, said| the Philosopher, it is not proper to think ol: them; and since so many great ladies have! been unfortnnate, it ill becomes von to despair | Think of Hecuba. Think of Niobe— Ah! said the lady, if I had lived in their times it those of the beautiful princesses you mention, and if to console them yon had recounted my misfortunes to them— do you think they would have listened, K> you? The next day our philosopher lost his only sou. and was frantic with grief. The lady pre- pared a list of all the great men who bad lost their children, and sent it to him wiib her af fectionate regards. He ra.id it, allowed it to be accurate and uue, but was not the less af- flicted for the loss of his son. Three months afterwards they met again and were astonish- ed mfind each other sereno and choerful. — They erected a statue to Time, with this in- scription : " TO HIM THAT CONSOLES." ROCHESTER PRICES CVRRENT. Jan. 1,1831. Ashes por 2340 lbs Fox, cross 1000200 Pot S91 Beeswax do 18o20 Gray Fox 18o2T) Butler do )0al2 rirassSeed per bush 62 Beef— Mess per bbl $8o9 Hops per lb 12al5 Do prime do 5a7 Honey do 09 Do fresb per lb 02a03 Lard do 06007 Barley per bushel 38n44IMutlon do 02a Hi Beans e Catskill Recorder of the 16th inst. says, on Vlonday last, the sloop Catskill sailed from the 'wharf of Messrs. Donnelly, Cookes k Co., having on board 10,00(1 sides of leather, worth more than £5^000, all manufactured io thai county. This they say is but a small item of the immense amount uf the products of the Oak and Hemlocks of (heir mountains. On the same day other sloops sailed from there. freighted with the same article ; and from ten to twenty loads of leather have been received daily, for many da)s past, iu that village, aach .load averaging in value, from five to six nun- Idrcd doll3is. So much for cultivating our , ?wn resources. Do dipped do Do sperm do 28 " Com per bushel 44o50 Cheese per lb U4a05 Do prime Clover Seed per bush $4 Cm Do fresh per lb Flour per bbl 4 25 QailU per 100 Flu per lb 07a08]Rye per bash Flax Seed per bush 78 in this state, par. lAll banks, 3 to 3 per ctr.i except the following except the Broken Banks. Casiiue,) Upper Cans, at Kingston vYiscauet, Hallowetl &. Au- and Unchartered banks. guita, Kennebec, and Pas-| U The above table trhen speaking of foreign Bills, re fers to those of $ii, and over, as none of a less denomin- ation are receivable. IMPORTANT LAW DECISION A case has lately been decided at the eourt of King's Bench for the district of Montreal, which ie of some importance to common car- riers of goods, in (he British colonies. A quantity of merchandise, brought from Que- bec, was landed in Montreal without the con signees knowledge, and lost. The proprietor broaght an action against the steamboat com- pany for the value ot the goods, as there had been no delivery to him or to his agent He obtaiued judgement for the amount with costs The chiefjustice decared that selamboat pro- prietors were liable, not only for the safe pas sage, but also for the safe delivery, of proper- ty delivered to them, although a clause to the contrary might be contained in the bill of lan- ding. Too same principles are also applica- ble to stage propretors, notwithstanding any notification to Ins contrary in handbills or waybills.— V. V, E Post. AMERICAN SILK. A gentleman from Mansfield- Con. informs .js that i; is computed that at least four tooe of raw silk have been raised in ''onnecticut ihisseason ; and that the Silk raised in Mans- field and the adjoining towns this year lias a- mounted to g.!4.000\ — all of which bas founfl a ready sale.— W, E. Farmer. TOM ^I^2Sf^! VOLUME I. ROCHESTER, JANUARY 15, 1831. NUMBER 2. THE GENESEE FARMER AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Econo- my, &c, &c. Published on Saturdays, at $2 50 per annum, payable in six months, or at $2 00, it' paid at the time of subscribing, by Tucker & Stevens, ut the office of the Rochester Daily Advertiser. 33" The proprietors have undertaken the publication with the determination of making it permanent : they would therefore suggest to all those wbo would wish to see the Farmer become a durable and useful paper, the propri cty of not only interesting themselves in its circulation, but also of contributing to its col- umns. 33" Those gentlemen to whom we have ta- ken the liberty to forward this number, if they shall think favorably of the undertaking, and of the merits of the work, will oblige us by forwarding us their names, and those of a- ny friends to whom ^uch a paper as this would be desirable. As it is of its kind unique in this stale, and intended for general circulation, we expect to look abroad for a great part of our patronage. HORTICULTURAL, SOCIETY OF MOW ROE COUNTY. This Society, which was formed after the delivery of the Address contained in our first number, held its first annual meeting at the Ar- cade in this village on the 8th October, 1830 in the Atheiueum rooms, which were politely tendered to the Socie.y by the Managers of that Institution, when the following officers were elected for the ensuing year ; James K. Guernsey, President, Elisha B. Strong, ) Silas Cornel, > Vice Presidents. Henry Fellows, ) L. B. Langworthv, ) , , ■ „ , N.GoodseU JcorspondtngSecys. O. E. Gibbs, Treasurer, H. Stevens, Recording Sec'y. At a subsequent meeting of the executive Committee, the following persons were appoin ted a committee for receiving and examining such specimens of fruits, flowers, or vegeta hies, as might be presented in their season, and report the same at the next annaal meeting of the Society: J. L. D. Mathies, Ebenezer Watts, and H. N. Langworthy. The committee appointed to examine fruits, &c. will meet on Wednesday of each week at their room in the Arcade. Persons presenting specimens will please to leave them with J. L. I). Mathies, chairman of the committee, togeth- er with their names, plac.es of residence, and name of the fruit, whether it is a seedling or graft, and whether they can supply cions if cal- led for. At their meeting last week, they examined many kinds of apples, some very fine, among •which was the Nova Scotia or Roxbury Rus- set, Rhode Island Greening, aud a new variety of Russet without name, of fine size and fla- vor ; the New York Gloria Mundi of large size, and many other kinds richly worth cultivating; but as those who presented them did not leave Uleir descriptions as required, they will not be particularized. Gentlemen having choice kinds of fruit which they wish to distribute among their friends, are invited to present specimens as a- bove, when particular notice will ba given of the same, AGRICULTURAL, READING. As winter is the season when farmers have most leisure for reading, so it is a very important season to such as wish to make the most of their time; and as Mr. Fessenden has very justly ob- served, " the seeds of knowledge may be sown in winter, and the horticulturist may cultivate his mind when his soil is bound in frozen fet- ters." Therefore let the young farmer consid- er that the science of Agriculture is the most complicated, and, when taken in that extensive signification which we give it, including the management of farm, stock of different kinds, the making of butter, chaese, cider, &c. re- quires more study to become perfect in it, than any other profession whatsoever. He should consider that the present age is an age of im- provement, that the arts and sciences are pro- gressing, and he that would win the prize must run for it, otherwise he will have the mortifi- cation of seeing many, with smaller means but with more application, passing by, and soon leaving him at an irrecoverable distance behind them. The time has been when it was diffi- cult to obtain elementary works on Agriculture in all its different branches, at such pjrices as were within the power of every man; and ev- en when procured, most of them were mere pieces of plagiarism, taken from European au- thors, and no better calculated for our climate than our course of cropping would be for the West Indies. But those times are past. Ag riculture is assuming that place which was giv- en to it by our Creator on that day " when he created the Heavens and the Earth." We find men of talents and education not only be coming its patrons, but actual operators and experimentors, and sending forth the results of those experiments, like so many streams of pure and wholesome water, to make glad the face of ouf most highly favored country. Our bookstores already abound with practi- cal works on Agriculture, and Gazettes, Maga- zines, and Journals, aie increased to that ex- tent that he that will " may read." But the body politic, as well as the animal system, ts subject to disease — the dog has his mange and the horse his distemper ; and most nations have had the novel mania ; but as this, like the two former, rarely makes its appearance more than once with the same subject, we hope theyoung er class of agriculturists will hereafter bo ben efitted by a more healthy and profitable course of reading. We have already many men in the United States who are becoming justly cele brated for their writings on subjects connected with farming — men who already enjoy the con fidence of the public, and who are entitled to the gratitude of their countrymen for the con- cise and correct manner of detailing whatever they find by experiment worth communicating. As temperance, like a redeeming spirit, is now hovering about our land, we hope that many young agriculturists will devote a part of the amount formerly applied to the purchase of ar- dent spirit to the purchase of such works ap- pertaining to their vocations as will prove profitable to themselves and a blessing to our country. What more profitable and amusing intellectual repast than to spend a winter even- ing in loohing over Prinze's Treatise on the j Vine and Horticulture, Fessenden on Garden- ing, or Adlum on Wine making. So far as an- ticipation is concerned we seem transported to ihe feast of fruits and flowers and exhilarated in fancy as though we had been partaking of ■' Wine which maketh glad the heart of man." TRANSPLANTING TREES. As this operation is often performed in open winters as well as during fall and spring months a few remarks may be acceptable. We shall not enter into any arguments in this article as to the particular time neeessary for this opera- tion, as at any season, if well done, is better than not done at all. There is a great conven. ience in being able to procure trees near by bo that they may be put in the ground the same day on which they are taken up ; this, when done in warm days, prevents the danger of the roots being frozen, which often happens when trues are kept out of ground many days during late fall and winter setting. If tke roots of tiees are frozen and thawed when they are out of ground in open air they are killed. As the fine roots are important to the growth of trees when transplanted, care should be taken not to expose tbem to the air when it is cold enough to freeze, as in that case they are instantly de- stroyed. If the ground into which you trans- plant your trees is hard or barren, the holes should be made large and filled up with good rich earth in preference to using any kind of manure. The roots should be laid in without being crowded, and covered with fine earth — when there is sufficient earth laid upon the roots to cover them, a pail of water should be poured in and the young tree stirred up and down by which the earth will be made into a wash, which will settle in among the small roots and prevent their molding, which is often the case when they are pressed together, by having the dirt thrown upon them, or when manure is put in the holes with the earth. — Many are so particular as to mark the trees so as to set the same side to a given point of com- pass as before they were taken up ; this is well enough, but i3 not important Pruning at the time of transplanting is bad, but may be done after the trees begin to vegetate In spring. It is well to set young trees a few inches deeper in the earth than they were before taken up, but to set too deep is injurious. Trees in open orchards in this section should bo set with the heaviest part of their tops to the southwest and be allowed to lean a little in that direction tfs we have the most of our winds from that quar- ter which are apt to bend them in an opposite direction. Answer to " Ji question," in JS'o. \,p. C. The Gardener must set them an trM four exr tromities of a solid equiangular tetragon, to he formed by placing three of them on a level at. the extremities of an equiangular triangle, and the fourth, either on a bill or in a valley, so that its angles of inclination to the three oth- er trees shall be equ»l — the trees will then Be eqai-dstant. P. 10 THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 15, lS3i. VULGAR ERRORS-NO. I. "Prick lite moon calf till be roar again.' — Shakspeare. The incongruities of the human mind are so manifold, and its discrepancies are so at vari- ance with sober reason, established fact, and eternal truths that the wild vagaries of one age are no sooner exploded by its own research and experience, than the next, seizing the mon- strosities of the last in preference to their weli established truths, hug them to their hearts, and defend them as creeds, with all the zeal of fa- natics. And it is a truth not to be denied, that we profit but very liitlu by the knowledge and experience of past times, and each succeeding age has to arrive at ihe former's perfection by the tedious process of experience and inven- tion, and even then if unfavorably situated as respects laws and governors, they not only re- main stationary, but frequently retrograde in moral, political, and philosophical science. Another of ihe palpable absurdities of our natures, is that eternal shy larking of our minds after something that we cannot comprehend, or hardly figure to our glowing imaginations, even when fancy runs wildin her most mettle- some career; and that religion, society, or av- ocation, that carries in its train the most "pomp and circums'ance," pageantry, idle and unmea- ning and imposing ceremonies, and dark and undefined anticipations, has and ever will num- ber the bulk of mankind as its votaries, — now as ever, " Pleased with a rattle, tickled witi a straw." The splendid trappings of the god of war, has laid many a " tall fellow" low, who Jiever would have thought of exposing himself to the " mooving accidents of flood and field" in Ins native "hodden gray." It is the great engine by which kings maintain their power, and priestcraft its influence. The gorgeous mosque and ihe magnific nt Pagoda, are mure powerful arguments, than the everlasting truths of reason. The morgana of the mind is not more deceptive ami illusive than lhat of the vision. We look in t' e clouds, in the moon and the stars for our motions and our fate, and many an act of necessity and duty are left undone, ltecause it is not right in the sign, or quarter of the moon. The stars arc in fault for our vices, and the clouds are fruitful sources of procras- tination. In these enlightened days, is it not the cli- max of absurdity, to suppose that the moon go- verns the vegetable world, or lias any influence on the animal. According to the prevailing pre judioes, different grains and vegetables must bo planled m different quarters of the moot the garden esculents, when the moon is incroa- iiimant! the grains when it is declining. Hogs are to be killed near the full, and castration per- formed near ihe wane. Sheep shorn in the crescent near the change, ground manured in the last quarter lhat weeds may not abound. — Trees planted and grafted just after the full, &c. Children arc to be weaned in one sign, and their hair cut in another; and in fact it would seem by the daily conduct of a majority of mankind, that business of the greatest import was put otT from day to day waiting for the si. and as the relics of the astrology of the ancients, the Salem witchcraft of a later period, and the grannyism of our own times, and only gains credence with any class of men, even of the must moderate capacities, by the ease and non- cnalence with which they receive these chime- ras, in preference to giving their mind the least trouole of investigation, or even a question. In our next number, we shall examine the propriety and probabilities, that the planets and constellations, exercise any, or what, influence on the matter of this globe ; and if to,what they are. * CRANBERRIES. A new field is opon for speculation, to those who have low lands, and it is hoped that some of our Monroe farmers will be wise enough to profit by it. The New England Farmer states that Capt. Henry Hall, of Barnstable, has been engaged for20 years in the cultivation of Cran- berries; lhat his grounds have averaged for the last ten years 70 bushels per acre, and t:tat some seasons, he has had 100 bushels. " Mr. F. A. Hayden of Lincoln, has gathered from! his farm, this season, 40U bushels of cranber- ries, which he sold in this city (Boston) for $600." Now, where is the propriety of far mers emigrating to the Michigan, or to the Rocky Mountains, when tbey can be compen- sated for their labor in this manner, in the im- mediate vicinity of our large cilies, where ihe comforts of life, and the blessings of civiliza tion are so easily obtained. Now let us look a httle further into this business — If we go to raising cranberries, where shall we find a mar- ket? This is a very natural question, but is easily answered; go.where Mr. Hayden went, if you are not suited with the New York mar- ket. Cranberries, unlike most other kinds of small fruits, are capable of being transported to Eu ripe, without suffering by the voyage, and we have seen American cranberries sellmg in Lon don at eight dollars per bushel, as fresh. as when first gathered from the marshes Now let us compare this kind of farming, with rais- ing wheat in the northern part of Ohio, and Michigan, where we believe the price the last season, has been about 40 cents per bushel, and the produce 25 bushels per acre. We will suppose that the cultivation of one acre of land in either crop to be the same, but this is for ihe sake of brevity, and is in favor of the wheat: wo will allow the wheat to he threshed for every tenth bushel, and that the cranberries cost twenty cents per bushel for harvesting. The produce of one acre of wheat, '25 bush gan ; now this is all well; t* ere are some peo- ple who seem to require care to make them happy, and thus by emigration, they can in- crease their cares twenty fold, on the same amount of business. TO FARMERS. As the forepart of winter has been mild, i'. should occur to you that bees eat more during mild than cold weather; they should he looked to — perhaps some of the late swarms want feeding; and a few pounds of honey, given them after they have consumed their stock, may save the swarm. Do not give it to them in such a manner that they will get into it — put it on dry comb or on pieces of soft bread. There is no stock pays better for the attention you bestow upon them than bees, and none suffer sooner by neglect, therefore look to them often. els at 48 cents is Cultivating same Threshing same Net profit $5 1 6 *«0 to come right, a contingency that seems never Thus it would appear that the net proffit of ■to arrive. Now, kind reader, we are sceptics one acre of cranberries in N«w England, would enough to consider signs and times, as meta- be equal to twenty-one acres and a quarter of physical humkqg and astrological nonsejise;, |l wheat in the northern part of Ohio and Michi- Thc produce of one acre of cranberries 70 bushels at $1,50 is Cultivating same Packing same Net profit $6 14 CO 20 $85 INVENTION FOR REPUBLICS. A new kind of Bee Hive has lately been in vented, which promises to be of great utility to those engaged in raising bees. It consists of a number of cells, about the size of small beehives, or about from twelve to fifteen inch- es square, and from fifteen to eighteen inches deep, arranged like the pigeon holes in a wri- ting desk, or a number of bee-hives piled upon their sides. The number of these cells may be according to the taste of the builder : say four rows up and down, and ten long, making forty cells. These should be enclosed in a tight house, of sufficient dimensions to allow a oerson room to pass freely before and behind them, and they should be supported at such a distance from the floor as to be convenient for examination. In front of these there should be a number of small holes made through the side of the building, sufficient fur the bees to pass in and out. In the back end nf each cell there may be a slide, or door, for the purpose of taking out the honey. The building, if made of wood, should be carefully made, not allowing cracks or joints, through which mice cuuld enter, and a door in tlio rear for the kee- ner to go in and out at. Into these cells a number of swarms of bees are introduced, and it is said that they work as well as in hives of common construction — that they never leave the hcuse by swarms, as long as there is an empty cell for the young colony to emigrate to. There is no necessity for destroying the bees to gettbe honey. They are not troubled with the moth, where the house is tightly made, and where the door is well secured, they are not so liable to be r-rhbed by — man, O" It is a fact worth recurring to, that the ti pier, and those generally intemperate, arc not fond of fruits, particularly those of fine and delicate flavors, while temperate persons, fe- males aud children, possessing unvitiated pal- ates, have tastes and propensities directly the contrary ; and observe it when yon will, the debauched, the intemperate, and the boorish, care but little about the garden, the flower, or the fruit tree There is nothing in their coirr- posilion that is congenial with their natures. but to the intellectual, thinking, and unsophis- ticated lover of natnre, and its productions, the garden and the field is the paradise of earth; and its blooming, verdant, and fragrant inhab- itants, the Fairies and Uouris created to ad- minister to their necessities, pleasure and pro. fit. Vol. 1.— No- 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 11 For thw Genesoo Farmtr. ON PRESERVING BUTTER. Addressed to Farm.ra and Citizen House-WiveE. Butter baa become an article of such prima- ry importance, and such a leading material in tbe daily consumption of mankind, that it seems to ma that if one quarter of the atten- tion had been paid to its improvement, that (here has to subjects of minor importance, our markets and tables would not so often be the subject of complaint. I shall not attempt to give a chomical anal- ysis of butter, or even directions for making it, as it is only a good article that can obtain buyers, or gain admittance to the tables of private families, who provide for themselves, but I would here observe that there is nut such a marked difference in particular districts or pastures, or in breeds of cows, or even skill in the manufacturing, except as to neatness and cleanliness, as most persons imagine. In buying your butter, the most sensible question you can ask, is "how many cows do you keep "," tne chance of a good article is generally in favor of the larger number ; any other inquiries are mere moonshine. Tasting, smelling, seeing, and feeling, are the only true criterions. Fresh, sweet, and clean, is all that is required: the grand secrot is preservation, and this is so simple thatno one who loves a good article should ever complain of having bad,rancid, or frewey butter. Butter is an oil, rather more appertaining to animal than vegetable origin, and when pure, does not contain the elements of sponta- neous fermentation, or decomposition, and if not exposed to the air, is as unchangeable as gold, or the diamond itself; and the first pound flat was made by the Scythians, who were the first discoverers, 600 years before the Christian Era, if properly prepared, and her-> mettcally sealed, would be as fine and palata- ble this day, as the best pound made in the " Genesee cojuntry" this year. Allow rao to give one fact within my own knowledge, to support this assertion. In the jammer of 1827, I had presented to me a piece of butter SI years old, and which to t.a^te and smell, was as fine and sweet as tbe day it was churned, and for aught I know, e- ven sweeter, for it was the very cream of but- ter. It had been prosorved under tbe follow- ing circumstances. A farmer's wijfe, during vary hot weather, had put a large roll on a yewter plate, and tied it over with a white napkin, and lowered it into a deep well to cool and fit it for the table. In withdrawing it the 3tjing broke, and it sunk to the bottom. — Twenty-one years after, the well was cleaned and during the opfejation, it got loosed from its imprisonment, rote and swam on the sur- face, to the no small annoyance and surprise of the man who was in the well. It was Carefully drawn up as the egg of some land or sea serpent, but the good wife soon laid the sjook, and explained the mystery. Now for the g.and secret of preservation for the promulgation of which, I only ask my readers to try it once, and they may forever After do as they please. After butter is made, or comes ioto your possession, K in warm weather, tbe first ope- ration, is to put it either into a cool cellar or ?nto eu-M well or spring water., nil tt oreotnen of as hard a consistency as it can readily be worked with a ladle or paddle. In small por- tions work out all the milk or whey that it contains, which is best done in a wooden bowli held in a sloping direction. You may even work it with cold water, changing it till it comes off clear, except in which case, it will need an additional quantity of salt, and if you will do it with the following compound, you will decidedly find your account in it ; viz: — Two parts common salt, (not too fine) one part saltpetre, and one part sugar.by measure And above all, remember that the working must be thoroughly done, if you wish it to keep a long time, and that it can only be done when cooled down to a proper temperature ; for by this process you purify it of all self ac ting and putrefying particles, that are capable of spontaneous change and decomposition and it now only wants to be kept from contact with air, to render it perfectly unchangeable To do this, take any sweet wooden cask, tnb, or firkin, that has been used at least one year before, and lost its wood flavor, or what is de- cidedly belter, stone and earthern jars or pots, make the butter into rolls of that convenient size, that the half of one shall be fit for the ta- ble, and lay them carefully and snugly down, till tho vessel is full, or within a few inches, then make a brine of cold water, as strong as salt will make it, or to saturation, and cover fairly the whole of the butter. If properly packed, it will not swim, as you use from it, and if kept covered, it is as sweet and good at the end of ten years as when put down. It is important to be in rolls, to prevent its coming too much in contact with the wood, whereby it would receive air and be inconven- ient to come at when wanted. If it is desira- ble to pack it in bulk and solid, for market, the best way is to work it well as above, pack down firmly, and on tbe top put about a haif inch of fine salt, leave it about 8 or 10 days and you will find it has shrunk from the side about an eight or quarter of an inch, then head up, and through a hole in the head fill it with brine, H. Y. A CHEAP AND DURABLE PAINT, FOB GARDEN FENCES, OCT HOUSES, EVE TKOUGHS, &C. I propose, Messrs Editors, in a few days, to give you my ideas and speculations on the short duration of the modern paints used on houses and works exposed to the weather, and particularly of the prevailing colour, white, lead, and ttiose with which it is compounded, the undurability of wliieh, is a general com- plaint, aDd a great tax opon the, public, and needs redress. In the mean time I offer the following cheap substitute fur linseed oil painting, for all coar9e uut door works : Melt over a slow fire, in an iron pot or kettle, two lbs. of rosin, and one lb. of roll brimstone; when perfectly liquified, add slowly three gal- lons of train or fish oil, and wheu perfectly incorporated, add Spanish brown, Venetian red, yellow ochre, or any other dark calour, till of sufficient consistency to cover wood of a uni- form colour; nse it warm, with a brtjsh, and when dry, give it a second coat, and you will have a pabt that the weather is incapable of affecting. It takes linger to dry than common paints, but if rightly managed, usuajly be- dtimes Itljrd in five or six clays. O. B. VITALITY OF PLANTS. Borne of the ancient philosophers supposed the trocs, and the whole vegetable kingdom, to bo endowed with souls, vitality and intelli gence. The Druids held the misletoe sacred, and some of our savages have certain trees that they converse with, and pay their adora lions to, 1 He sees, God in the rocks, and SpiritB in the trees.' And in fact the idea is not so barbarous, nor so preposterous, whon we look on the shrink- ing sensibility of the mimosa or sensitive plants, or the trembling and nodding of the anthers of the Barberry, on the slighest touch ol any foreign substance; the sensibility and voli- tion of several flowers of the fly-trap kind, which close upon any of the insect tribe, who invade their nectared cells, and hold them in durance, till they are smothered in sweets, be- fore they again expand their flowers — All this, with many other curious facts, connected with the sexual intercourse of those plants, whose reproductive organs are contained in different flowers, and even on different plants— these, with thousands of other wonderful properties of vegetable organic matter, to those who view them thinkingly and critically, certainly go to show that the vegetable economy and struc ture, is something more than the mere carpen- ter's frame work of inert snbstances ; — but arc endowed with feeling, sensibility, and voli- tion. The ascending and descending of the sap; nay, the very simple fact, that they all incline to grow perpendicularly, rather than haphazard, at the angles of chance, all show design and wisdom in their formation; and the exercise of these secret and inscrutable prin- ciples, which the mere natural reasoner may spin out into the attenuated cobweb's fino- ness of analysis arid sophistry without finding the course. Then where is the monstrosity of the ancient's belief, or the irrationality of a creed formed in those bye-gone ages, wlieji those daring and mighty spirits groped their way in the natural sciences, in more than t^- berian darkness? Why is it unphilosophioal to allow all organic matter, from the humble moss to god-like man, to possess its due pre portion of the spirit, soul, mind, or intelli. gence, that constitutes our pre-eminence ov»Er the brute? " Vast chain of beings! which from God begoji Nature's ethereal, human, angel, man, Beast, bird, fish, insect, what no eye can see'. Noglass can reach, from infinite to thee I" "FromNature's chain, whatever linkyou strike, Tenth, or ten thousandth, breaks the chain alike Y. TERMINOLOGY. Roots, trunk, limbs, stems, branches, twigs, pith, bark, leaves, flower, seed and fruit, com- pose a complete vegetable. Epidermis— the outer rough part of the ba,rk, without a circulation of sap, and is supposed to be the excremental part of the plant. Parenchyma — the part next the epideimVs, and is jjsually of a greenish color. Cortical layers — the soft and flexible part of in e bark next the wood. Qamb or granulated matter— the soft pulpy mass next within the cortical layers in the con. dition of forming new wood. Ligneous fibre — the woo8 or struct^e and frame WorB of the tree or vegetable. 12 THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 15, 1831, GRAPE VINES. As public opinion is now in favor of wine- making, and that too from our native grapes, 1 hope farmers who live in those parts of the country where they abound will turn their at* tention to the subject; and if they would spend a few days during the winter in gathering cut- tings from such vines within their knowledge as possess good qualities and distribute them among their friends they would confer a lasting benefit on their country. Many practical men are now satisfied that the native American grapes are the finest in the world for making ivine. The peculiar fragrance of the wine, when properly made, from the fox grape, can- not fail to give it superiority over most other wines now in use ; and it is ascertained that a wine may be made from the summer or chicken grape, equal in quality to the finest Claret or Burgundy. As vines are generally propaga. ted from cuttings, which should be taken from the old stock, during fall or winter, I hope those who feel interested in the temperance cause and advancement of our country, will think proper to devote a little time to so laud- able an object. A few directions for taking cuttings may be acceptable to the unpractised. Three points are to be kept in view. 1st. Select good bear- ers. 2d. Such fruits as have the most desirable flavor, either for the table or for wine; and here allow me to observe that those grapes that are the most desirable for the talle are not always so for wine. 3d. Se ect those vines which are best growers. There are three principal ways of propagating vines by cuttings. 1st By a short piece of the preceding year's wood, containing but one eye or bud — this is buried with the bud up one or two inches be- neath the surface. 2d. By pieces of the last year's wood of one foot or more in length con- taining at least three joints, which are to be buried two thirds their length in the ground. 3d. By two joints of the hist year's, with one of thejpreceding year's wood, making the form of the cutting like an inverted T. The second is the method generally practised in France. The cuttings, after being taken from theparen' stock should be kept in a damp place or buried in the ground till spring, then set in a rich soil, if you have a situation where the cuttings will be sheltered from the-noon day sun they will succeed much better than in a southern expo- sure. The torms for. and chicken grapes may not be familiar to all. The fox grape is the name applied to the large American grape growing io the New England, and most of the Middle States ; it ripens in September, varying in she and color from white to deep purple, posses- sing a peculiar fragrance which is not found with any other kind of grape. The chicken or summer grape, is an interme- diate kind between the fox and late frost grape, both as to size and time of ripening, of a dark purple color, quite sour, and moderately astrin- gent; and there is no doubt but this kind wil' he found an excellent w,ne grape, and will sup- ply the place of the tender grapes of Europe for making red wines, and might with propriety be called the American Burgundy grape. Both these kinds of grapes are capable of enduring the Severest winters of the northern parts of (he United States. CURRANTS. Among all the fruit of the garden, there is none more useful than the Currant. The bush- es will thrive in most soils ; they endure our most severe winters ; are constant bearers ; the fruit continues long in use, and they are not liable to be destroyed by insects. Who will neglect to cultivate so valuable a fruit ? There are four kinds of this fruit which should be found in every garden. The largo red and white Dutch, the Champaigne pale led, and the black English Currant. We find this Iruit in different shapes upon our table for three months or one quarter of the year, and always acceptable. As for wine. I know it will be said that they make a heavy kind of wine, which may be drank when we can get no other. Let the reader consider this is an age of improve- ment, and we know of a cask of currant wine in this county, made the last season, which will be pronounced equal in quality to any imported wine which can be purchased in this place ai two dollars per gallon. As there will be an account given hereafter of the manufacture of this wine, by the gentleman who made it, we shall only observe that the materials were all the produce of his farm, and such wine can well be made at half a dollar per gallon. We see attempts made to train the currant as a dwarf standard; this requires much time in cutting down the sprouts which are constantly springing from the root, but which may be a- voided by commencing right at first. As this ts a proper season for commencing the prepar- ations for forming currant plantations, a few di- rections to young gardeners maybe usefu.. The best method of propagating currants is by cuttings; these maj be taken from the fall- ing of the leaf in autumn until spring. Select the straightest & most thrifty shoots of the pre- ceding year's wood, which should be eighteen inches long or more, let them be cut at such distance from the old wood that the buds are found regular, and are large and distinct. When you have collected as many of these straight shoots as you wish, cut the lower end to a point, that it may more easily be stuck in the ground, then, with a sharp budding knife, cut out each bud much in the manner of cutting them from a cion for budding — proceed in this i manner as far as you wish the body of your bush to remain without limbs, as no sprouts will ever come out of that part deprived of buds* and the greatest care should be taken that not one bud, however small, should be left, as that would defeat all your calculations — alter this stick themjin the ground from four to six inches, keeping them perpendicular. The first summer they will take root and make small growths, af- ter which they may be set in the places where you wish them to remain. As they increase in size the topi should be pruned and shaped to ihe tasto of the operator. Currant bushes, managed in thi- way, will continue in bearing fifty years — ihe fruit will be larger and better flavored than from those hushes left to grow in the common manner; the borders will not ho infested with sprouts ; and dwarf standards are ornamental, and should be found in evory well regulated garden. Among the giants for the public service of 1830, the French chamber of deputies have voted 5,100,000 francs (rather more than $1,- 000,000) for the completion pf varTrjifs canal* BROOM CORN. From the unlimited use of this article it has become of great consequence, and for several years past the growing of it, as a field crop has been attended with a handsome profit ; and the manufacturing of it into brooms gives em- ployment to the farmer within doors at that season of the year when his timo is of least worth We do not know whether the increase in price the present season is owing to the fail- ure of the crop, or the increasing demand for brooms, when manufactured ; but from some cause the price, both of the unmanufactured and manufactured article, has increased from fifty to seventy-five per cent, within the last year. Brooms which were worth one year since one dollar and fifty cents per dozen, are worth this season two dollars and sixty-three cents, and the unmanufactured brush has been sold as high as ten cents per pound. Allow* ing the produce of an acre of good land to be one thousand pounds, this wuuldgive the far- mer one hundred dollars as the product, and the labor required would be but little more than that for cultivating an acre of Indian corn ; beside the broom corn would prodnce from twenty to twenty-five bushels of seed per acre, which 13 worth as much as oats to feed lo fowls. Great care should be given to the selection of seed by those who intend to plant, using only such as grow upon the best stalks, which pro- duced the longest brush. As it is of import- ance to farmers to raise those crops which wilj give them the greatest profit we would recom- mend to those who have land suitable, to in- quire into the prospects for this crop. MADDER. This is theRubia tinctoria of Linneus, and is thus described :— Calyx, four toothed ; Co- ral, four cleft and bellform ; stem, square and piickly ; leaves, whorled ; plant, perennial. — In growth and habits this plant bears a strong resemblance to one growing by the side of ditches and commonly known by the name of Clivers. It is propagated either by seeds or offsets ; the latter method is the one generally practised. This plant has been long cultiva- ted as a dyeing material. Madder thrives best in a deep rich soil, rather wet than otherwise it is cultivated in rows or drills, not unlike po- tatoes, or in bods of four or five feet wide, which are to be earthed over from the space between them. A person of our acquaintance, who has cultivated this plant for a number of years, prefers planting in rows and plowing and dressing it much in the manner of pota- toes. The roots are taken up after two years if from offsets, but not till the third year when raised from seed. This operation is performed1 in autumn, and the crown oT the roots are set in a new plantation. The roots are dried and ground, or sold without, as the market offers . the price varying from twenty to thirty cents per pound. The produce of an acre may be calculated at from fifteen hundred to two thou- sand pounds. It is with a variety of this plant that many of onr western Indians make their beautiful red colore. The root is sometime!: attacked by the grub, which prov.es very inju- rious to the crop. Vol. 1.— No- 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 13 SUMMER FALLOWS. To summer fallow, sward land is a com- mon practice in this section of country, bat we are convinced from our own observation, that this is not the most economical method. After the crop of wheat, the stubble ground is often planted with corn ; now this is get- ting the cart before the horse Let your sward land be ploughed late in the fall or ear- ly in the spring, and made ready for corn. If the corn is well tended, the grass will all be killed, and the decomposing vegetable matter will furnish its greatest supply of food to the roots, at the time the ears are filling out ; and as a general rule, we get the finest yield of corn from turf ground, although we do not get as large a growth of stalks. This is as it should be, to get the most corn with the least oxpense of soil. The contrary is the case, wben we plant stubble land— we get larger stalks, but less corn, as the greatest quantity of vegetable nutrition, from the decaying turf, is furnished the roots in the fore part of sum- mer and there seems a lack af it at the time the ears are filling out. Itwill eo fbund by obser vation, that corn raised on sward land, where it is well tended, is laways 'more full at the points of the ears, than that raised upon stub- ble land. Again, when sward land is summer fallowed, unless the season is very favorable, the roots of grass are not entirely killed, and it will be found upon examination, that most of the sods which lie upon the surface in the spring after the wheat is sowed, have roots and runners of gi ass leading out from them in every direction, claiming the right of pri- mogeniture, over the wheat, and depriving it of a share of vegetable nuirition ; and it will be found by actual calculation, in many instan- ces, that tbese sods and roots extend over one quarter of the surface; and it is from this cir- cumstance, that many pieces of stubble land produce so much pasturage after the wheat is taken oft', where they have not been seeded with grass or clover ; which sometimes ren- ders the hoeing of the succeeding corn crop more difficult than when it succeeds the sward. When corn is made the first crop, the land is in a state of fallowing all summer ; that is, the hoeing in the fore part of llio season, and the shading from the corn, in the latter part, is as effectual in subduing the roots of the jrass, as summer fallowing would have been, continued Tor the same length of time. By making wheat the second crop, ar.d summer fallowing •he stalk ground, tho subduing process iscon- 'inued twice as long as it would have been incase vou had made wheat the first. The breaking up of your stalk ground, does not require as much strength of team, (and team-work at this faintt season of the year, is important,) neither do the after ploughings, as when the crops are reversed. Your grounds become completely subdued, the grass roots nil dead, and such seeds as were in the ground, have had an op-> portunity ta vegetate, and are destroyed, and the whole surface prepared to give nutrition to the wheat alone. It often happens that mowing lands are of prime importance, and tbat a rotation of crops are resorted to as ren- ovators for such lands, and it is desirable to re- turn them to grass as soon as possible after the surface is made fine and smooth. This can fte done by stocking with the wheat ; but SI wheat was the first, then corn, it would require a third crop before it could be returned to grass. Now if the farmers will give this a fair trial, they will find that the saving of la- bor will be about one quarter, and the increase in the two crops will be in an inverse latio, or an average gain of twenty-five per cent, over the method commonly practiced for the two crops- DOMESTIC HORTICULTURAL SOCIE- TY OF THE WESTERN PART OP NEW YORK. This Society was formed at Geneva, 27th November, 1828. and was designed to include the counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Tompkins, Seneca, Ontario, Yates, Wayne, Livingston, Monroe and Genesee. They held their autum- nal exhibition for 1829, at the village of Lyons, and for 1830, at Geneva. The officers, for the current year, are. John Greig, President James K. Guernsey, ~) William S. De Zeng, David Thomas, j Vice James Wadsworth, } Presidents. Wm. H. Adams, Alexander Duncan, J Joseph Fellows, Treasurer, Myron Holley, Corresponding Sec'y. Z. Barton Stout, Recording Sec'y. At their meeting at Geneva, Sept. 28, 1830, the following Address was delivered by Z. Bar- ton Stout, Esq., which we trust will be read with much pleasure by all the friends of Horti- culture. Gentlemen of the Society: The progress made, during the two years of the existence of the Domestic Horticultural Society of the Western Part of New York, has been gratifying and encouraging. The autumnal exhibition at Lyons, a yoar a- go, of fruits, flowers, and culinary vegetables, was as such might have competed success- fully, with the supplies of the best markets of our oldest cities. The recent summer exhibi- tion at Canandaigua, though the early season had been particularly unfavorable, afforded tin exulting proof «if the triumph c,f horticultural taste and skill. And the various and excellent collection of the " kindly fruits of the earth," brought together to-day shows, that zeal in the cause has not diminished, nor industry re- laxed. May wo not therefore conclude, that we are bid to " go on rind prosper;" that the laudable objects had in view in the formation of this So- ciety, are likely to be realized; and that wes- tern New York is becoming, by improvement, what it was evidently designed to be, by na- ture, nml what we have often heard it called, one of the garden spots of the nation. Our social ion has already been honored with the friendly correspondence or' a number of the most distinguished botanists and (horticulturists of the United States. Several of our membprs cultivate gardens, which, for the variety and excellence of their products, would be highly creditable to older countries. It will not be deemed indelicate, now that our respected President is absent with his family in Europe, to recall to your recollection, that while this eouutry was scarcely reclaimed from its wil- derness state, he was distinguished for his taste iH horticulture, as lie has ever been for the a- miable courtesies of social life. Altogether then, our Society has been commenced under favorable auspices, has already been rewarded with flattering encouragements, and has (ob- tained successes, that should stimulate the members to untiring future exertion. In the late able address before the Society, at Canandaigua, a common botanioal and ex- perimental garden, to belong to the Society, was spoken of; and on the whole, discourag- ingly — the orator deeming that individual expe- riments would belter secure the expected ben- efits. As, owing to the various professions and pursuits of the members, horticulture can have but the occasional attention of most of them, and will be deemed rather an ele»ant and useful recreation, than a business it strikes me, that all the advantages to be derived from experimental culture, will hardly be obtained by such scattered exertions. Much doubtless may be done by the practice and observations of the members, regularly communicated to the Society, at its stated meetings; but the fullest success would be most likely to attend the skillful industry of some competent mem- ber, who would make horticulture his princi- pal study and occupation. The chief reason, probably, why an experimental garden of the Sociejy would not prove all we could wish, is, that it would be a sort of common domain, un- watched by the vigilant eye of private interest. I will, with due reference, suggest to the mem bers a plan, which may afford them the facilities and advantages of a society garden, under the fostering security of individual vigilance : That they create the office of chief gardener to the Horticultural Society; that they select, to fill this office, some member of suitable botanical knowledge and skill, who will engage to make the cultivation of an extensive botanical and experimental garden, his chief business. The members of the Society always to have the pre- ference as purchasers of the various trees, piants, roots and flo'wers, he may have for sale. The Society to engage him its patronage; and the members to furnish him gratis with any rare seeds, plants, &c. that may come into their possession. Such an establishment, situ- ated at, or adjaceut to some one of the villages where our meetings are held, would place the means of improving and ornamenting our pri- vate gardens immediately within our reach, and could not fail to prove of great public utility. A garden of this kind has been successfully established near Albany. Several in the vicin- ity of New York are very flourishing. The neighborhood of Philadelphia mav boast of a number of beautiful gardens, equal to any in the United States. Landreth's and Bar- tram's are of the kind and for the purposes, I I have been recommending. The Woodlands and Lemon Hill are private establishments, on the most tasteful and munif- icent scale. The latter of these, once the country seat of the celebrated Robert Morris, now better known by the appellation of Pratt's ;ardcn, contains a most extensive collection, indigenous and exotic, which is freely submit- ted, by the liberality of the proprietor, to the examination, the study and the enjoyment of all respectable visitors. And crowds avail them- selves of this liberality, enjoying its beauties, with intense delight, " Along the blushing borders, bright with dew, And iu the mingled wilderness of flowers." Bartram's, the above mentioned, is, perhaps, the very oldest botanic garden in the United Slates. 1: is situated on the right bank of the Schuylkill, a few miles below ihe city, and was begun more than a hundred years ago, by John IWtram the elder. He was early encouraged in his unlerprize by scientific gentlemen in England, membars of the Royal Sooiety, and others ; and Ins garden was the nursery, whence were distributed over the Old world, the pecu- liar vegetables of the New. Bartram, the son. known to the readers of the last generation by his travels in Florida and Georgia, continued through a long life, terminated but a few years ago, to cultivate and improve the garden. His eyes though dimmed with the lapse of more than four score years, brtghteoed, as he once pointed out to me, a stately elm, which, when a small sapling, and he a little boy, he had held for his falher to plant. It had attained the size of forest tree. lie was taking the last steps ol the downhill of life. This garden ha9 long been the improving icsort of the professors an(i students of botany, rhymistry, and materia mediea. Though not so highly and expensive- 14 THE GENESEE FARMER Jan. 15,1831. ly embellished as Pra:t's garden, having more of the wildness of nature, it is a charming re- sort ; an 1 the visitor of lasle will scarcely won- der, that ihe enthusiastic and amiable Wilson, the ornithologist, expressed the wish thu his remains might repose under the spreadins branches of Bartram's garden. As if 'he wild mudic of the birds, rioting amidst the foliage, which had so often lent a charm to his life, could also " Soothe the dull, cold ear of death. The London Horticultural Society have bo tanical gardens to the extent of thirty acres, maguificently covered with the productions of everyknown part of the world. They contain five thousand species and varieties of fruits a lone. The society send explorers to all parts, who are still constantly enriching the gardens, with nowly discovered plants. One of these has traversed our own country, quite to the Pa- cific- The London Gardener's Magazine for 1828, pronounced this country " rich beyond all others in stores of botanical wealth." Botanical and horticultural soienco is adap- ted in some degree, to almost every condition of life. It has attractions and enjoyments for all ages, and both sexes. Ladies frequently excel in botanical attainments and skilful culti- vation. They have honored our exhibition to- day, with their grateful offerings, and have manifested by their piesence and attention, the interest they take in our success, Woman is indeed most attractively nngaged, when busied in the care and culture of plants and flowers — tjie apt emblems of virtue, of love, and of fjuth. If we may denominate Agriculture the prose so we may rank Horticulture as the poetry of rural life. On the former, we depend for the necessary and the substantial, '('be latter a- dorns, refines, and heightens the pleasures of existence. It invites us to take interest in the smiling offspring of the earth, dressed in Ran- diest and variegated hues, and offering us an atmosphere of riehest odors. It affords us a- rnuscment, refreshment and recreation. It ex- hibits nature to us in her garb of loveliness, and calls up to light and usefulness, her hidden treasures. The trackless swamp, the deep glen, the wild crag, the prairie and the forest, all yield their tribute to the botanist's claim. As the poetry oflanguage is a valued auxilia- ry in the service of religion, so what we have denominated the poetry uf rural life, is no mean minister ill teaching man his love, his duly, and his countless obligations to our Heavenly father. It has been well remarked, that the order, the beamy, the laws of motion of the vast uni few years, have been witnessed with eatisfac-l tion by all. All therefore will be gratified, if there be reasonable prospect, that ours may become a wine-producing country; for the people of almost every nation famous for this product, have been comparatively temperate. In the south and south-western parts of En- gland, vineyards appear to have flourished at an early perod, and down to tie time of the Reformation, were attached to all the princi- pal religious foundations in the kingdom. — Since the Reformation, the vineyards have generally disappeared — forthe reason perhaps, that the passiuns and prejudices of men rarely admit of their retaining the good, while they are engaged in extirpating the evil of obnoxious institutions. Tlie great commercial facilities of England have rendered the replanting of her vineyards almost unnecessary to her in modern limes: butgrapes for the table, in great varie- ty, excellence and abundance, continue to bo cultivated. We surely therefore, need not be discouraged, from making the experiments of establishing vineyards, in our climate. And among the other valuable and ornamen- tal products, that this Hoiticuluiral Society may be the means of introducing and diffusing through the country, we trust it may ere long be said, •• The vine too, here, her curling tendrils shoots; Hangs out her clusters, glowing to the south, And scarcely wishes for a warmer sky." We d'ire hope that some future voyager upon the Susqnebannah, the Hudson, or the Gene* see, may sing of the culture of their banks, as song the inimitable Childu Harold of " the wide and winding Rhine, Whose breast of waters broadly swells Between the banks, that bear the vine, And hills all rich with blossomed trees, And fields which promise corn and wine, And scattered cit.es crowning these, Whose far white walls around them shine, ****** The river nobly foams and flows, The charm of this enchanted ground, And all its thousand turns discluse Some fresher beauty varying room!. The picturesque lakes of this region already show many spots where the advantages of na- ture and the embellishments of art, combine to produce scenes of surpassing beauty. Hereon the shore of the Seneca, the eye is regaled with terrace gardens, rich in fruits, flowers and ver- dure, springing beautifully op, from the very bosom of the waters. As the topics of the three able addresses, that verse, demonstrate the existence of Divine |i liave already been delivered before this Soeie- wisdom. The botanist, not less than the as- \ ly< are Jet lr,!sl1 '" lne recollection of" all of us tronoruer, learns at every step, some furtf'er; proof of a protecting Providence. He discerns | hi the tree, the shrub, and the flower, marks of r.ifinite coptrivance and all-sustaining care. — i The seal of Omnipotence is stamped alike, on' 'ho simplest plant of the field, as on the bright] "st orb of I he heavens. In Ilia glorious works, [ liowever magnificent or minute, tho philoso-j jjher and the religionist find constant cause for wonder aud adoration 1 — and in the broad vcl- |imc of creation, carry their studies, with over increasing delight, " up to nature's God" — and read on its ample pages, in ulestial characters,' a.revelation of boundless goodness, which "uoi ume can change, no copier can corrupt." The attention of horticulturists in the United rilatos is at this time generally, and very prop- erly, directed to inquiries in relation to the cul- ture of the viae. The opinion is gaining ground. that ortr soil and climate are well adapted to various kinds of wine-yielding grapes. The njfccefsful experiments of many, among whom I may particularize Col. Carr, of Rarlram's gar- den, and Maj. Adluin, of tin " l!.:urgetnwe, have proved that good aiid wliole-, -I'M.' .vim's may be made from sever."}! kinds of unr native, and long ricglectfidgrapes. Tlieylutary effects of the weight of public: hpiniun hi Hid if igurpavjftCe, wiflffB i — the two first by members not only well ac- quainted with the theory of their subject, but both eminently successful as practical horticul- turists; and the last by a young gentleman, to whom it has evidently been not les a pleasure than a duty to become u proficient in botanical science, and whoso recommendations to the Society were as judicious as they were happily conveyed — little is left me at this time to ob- trude upon your notice. Under these circumstances, though I yielded to tho invitation of the committee, I did so un- der the conviction that the custom of making an address, would be, at least on tho present occasion, " more honored in the breach, than in the observance." Since, however, I am before yon, 1 beg leave to call your attention to one other object, hith- erto neglected among us— tho culture of SU.K. It may he deemed worth; the best attention of the Society. And that bramli of ihe subject, tho cultivation of the food fur the silk worms, is strictly within its province. And the whole VineynrJ nearj subject bolongs to all who have the best inter- ests of our country at bean ; fur it is an axiom) In several parts of the United States, silk of very superior quality has been produced, on a small scale. The culture of it, however, has been retarded, from the want of persons skil- led in the roelim; and other processes of prep aration. This discouragement is now about to be removed. About a, year ago, the attentioi. of the public was called, through the National Gazette, to this subject, by a series of able es- says on American silk, by Mr. D'Hornerguc, then recently arrived in Pennsylvania from France. He was educated in an extensive French silk manufactory, and well acquainted with all the processes, from the raising of Ihe silk worm to the fabrication of the finest stufis. Mr. D'Homergue first gave us the pleasing in- telligence, that American silk is decidedly su- perior to that of France or of Italy; not only n the weight of the cocoons, but in the quality and ihe color, or to use his own expression, the .dazzling whiteness,'' and consequent fitness to receive the most delicate dyes He believes that a rich field of national wealth lies invitingly open to us; that raw silk maybe made a most important and profitable article of asportation, even should we not choose to go largely into the manufacture of it ourselves. Mr. D'Homerguo is now at the head of a silk establishment in Philadelphia, made either di- rectly by, or under the immediate patronage of the venerable P. S. Da Ponceau, President of the American Philosophical Society. Not on- ly are the preparative processes, before un- known iu our country, here in successful ac- tion, but silk dyeing is also performed, in n style equal to the French. I hope therefore, that this Society will deem the cultivation of the Italian white mulberry tree, with a view to the production of silk, ap object worthy its immediate attention. In oUY interior situation, silk would be a particularly desirable product, from its high value, the tri- fling expense atiending its transportation to market, and the delicate and interesting em- ployment it would afford to many of the fe- males of our country. Well established and extended in our country, the silk worm will, in the progress of taste and improvement, have made the circuit of the globe. It seems to bt> a native of China, where it has been reared from a moslreinoio period. It was introduced into Europe in tho year 555, by two monks;, who under the patronage of Justinian, brought great quantities of the worms from India to Constantinople. Venio supplied the west of Europe with silk for many centuries, from the manufactories of Greece, whence the art pas> sed to Sicily, Italy and Spain. It afterwards came into France, acid was introduced into En- gland about three hundred and fifty years ago. It affords ground for vheering exultation, thai the most sagacious mindi are now convinced, "that tlie United States are destined to be: come a rich silk growing and silk manufacturing country." And it much depends on societies like this, to accelerate this " consummation, devoutly to be wished." Rural pursuits have ever been the recreation and the solace of the wisosl and the bes*. o.f men. \ long catalogue of distinguished names., aucicnt and modern, who have delighted in, the improvement and culture of their fields and gardens, could be presented to you. But time is denied (is. He, who lived aud died "first in the hearts of his countrymen," sought, after having cqh- tributed largely to the happiness of his country and of mankind, quiet enjoyment amid ihe shades of Mount Vernon ; and these of us, who have made the pilgrimage to that consecrated spot, have seen the yet living ami fruit fill preof,s thut he. whose great employment had beeli ebtainnig freedom for an empire could also ap- preciate the pure pleasures of superintending his fields and his gardens. The late high It respected Judge Peters, of Belmont, on the in political economy, that the more we extend If Schuylkill, used to show in Iris garden a fine and diversity tho valuable productions of then well grown chesnut tree, which sprung from a soil, the more i ilu ibl d i v. e fender ljip.se ni-f nut. plant"'! bv Washington, (in the occasion realty esfabMiod. •*,- \Ts1f ' • flint dlSjirj3O.is.hed agriciflTij'- Vol. I.— No. 2. AND GARDENER'S JOURNAL. 15 rist. The Sago of Monticello, whose name will be the watch-word of liberty, wherever oppressed man shall dare to declare himself free, toolt much pleasure in the cultivation of his grounds, as often as the claims of his coun- try would permit his retirement to his classic retreat. And the venerated failier and draughts- man of our incomparable national coositution, is passing the evening of his useful and illustri- ous lif«. in the rural avocations of his own Montpelier. There is yet another bright exemplar of blen- ded horticultural taste and political greatness — the apostle of liberty of two worlds — the de- fender of man's dearest rights, during two gen- erations of men. His aged brows, entwined with unfading wreaths, placed there by bene- fitted and grateful millions, he is yet once more called from under his own " vine and fig-tree" at La Grange, to assist at the do wifall of a ty- rant, and the re establishment of the violated liberties of his country. American liberty he had aided to achieve, half a century ago ; and, most enviable life and oareer! — he is spared to see tvranny hide its diminished head in his native land, and the glories of civil and reli- gious freedom dawning in radiant promise upon his own beautiful France. Among the pleasures attendant on our horti- cultural usspciation, the semi-annual meetings may not be accounted the smallest. It is wholesome, occasionally to pass a day with our assembled friends from various sections, to partake of the bounties of nature, with cheer- ful hearts, grateful 'o" t lie Giverof every good and perfect gift," and happily forgetful for a time, of the cares of life, the differences of creeds, and the distentions of polities. For oven in our free ami highly favored land, we often witness storms of parly violence and con- tending factions. And, albeit, these political tornadoes may some times, "like their physi- cal prototypes, purify the air and the earth they desolate, they can never become the objects of sympathy and affection" to those who love •'peace on earth and good will among men." It is grateful then to the best feelings of pa- triotism, to mingle with our fellow citizens, in a mode, and under circumstances calculated to produce temporary oblivion — would it could be perpetual ! — to the acerbity of party rancor calculated to make us believe, for the time be ing, that the great mass are good American citizens, trust-worthy and friendly to equal rights ; and all having the same single aim at heart, the best interests of our common country, the perpetuity of our free institutions, the spread of tolerant and liberal principles — how- ever we may dissent from one another's mode of compassing the end. From th* New England Farmer. SALT OSEFDL FOR MILCH COWS. Collyns, in his " Ten Minutes' Advice on the Use and Abuse of Salt, as a Manure," says that a lump of salt, hung up for cows to lick occasionally, entirely removes the peculiar turnip taste from milk agd butter My cows have eaten turnips, spring and fall, for ten years ; yet in two or three instances only, do 1 remember that this food imparted any bad flavor to the milk and butter. I never conjec- tured the reason, until the remark of Collyns met my view. My practice for years has been to have salt troughs under my cattle sheds daily accessible to my cows; and probably in the instances noticed, the salt troughs were from negligence empty. Salt is beneficial to cattle, as a condiment, as well as to men. — Why then is it not as important that the for- mer should have it with their daily food a, well as the latter? I have never known ani- mals do themselves injury by using it to ex- Cess. The consumption of salt is but very little inoreased by the practice I adopt, while the waste is diminished. The books tell us Chat the free use of salt among cattle, is a great preventive of disease, and powerful promote of thrift. Reason and e.Tperienee seem to jus tify the remark. Mbany. Dec. 23. J. BUEL. THE < i E N E s K E FARMER AND GARDENERS JOURNAL. Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Econo- my, &c. &c. The first number of a paper under the above title, was published at Rochester, on Saturday. Jan. 1, 1831 — conducted by a gentleman long experienced in the science of Agriculture, Hor- ticulture.and other useful arts,assisted by manv of the best practical farmers in this section of the country, and particularly by some of the Members ef the Western and Monroe County Horticultural Societies. No part of the world is more richly blessed with soil and climate, for a great and flourish- ing Agricultural and Horticultural interest, than the western part of the state of New York — that part called Old Genesee . This section of country is supposed by competent judges to be as favorable to the growth of the Vine and Mulberry as the middle of France : and as wine and silk aro becoming matters of national in- terest and legislation, a portion of the column-) of the Farmer will be devoted to those sub- jects. This section of country has become densely populated with an industrious and thriving class of Citizens, who have made themselves rich by their own labors and who have now acqui red the time and means of becoming Theoreti- cally and Practically learned in the arts for cul- tivating Scientifically the soil they have so lately reclaimed from the wilderness and pre- pared for the highest slate of Agriculture. — While most other branches of science have been progressing, aided by the unwearied ex er'ious of men of learning and invention ; and while practical improvements have flowed like a stream from the press, Agriculture and Hor- ticulture (twin-sisters) have been comparative ly speaking, neglected and forgotten ; and those who have been pursuing the primitive modes of tillage for subsistence have been left to strug- gle onward, unaided in their progress by those means which have been given to other branch- es of science, and which have proved the cause of their rapid advancement. These are among the reasons that have indu- ced the subscribers to embark in the enterprize, and to direct a part of their time and attention to the diffusion of Agricultural and Horticultu- ral information which will occupy a large por- tion of their paper. They further expect through the aid of the Franklin Institute of this place to be able oc- casionally to present such essays as shall be thought useful in mechanical Philosophy. The undertaking is one which must necessa rily require much labor and expense in its pros- ecutioo.and without the aid of aliberal patron- age cannot long be sustained; yet aware of all these difficulties to be encountered, the subscri- bers flatter themseltes ihat, if they succeed in rendering their paper woithy of support, its merits will be duly appreciated by an enlight- ened community, and their labors rewarded in proportion to the profitable information distrib- uted to their Pairons. In addition to the above there will be pub- lished monthly a Meteorological Table, giving the temperature and state of the Atmosphere, course of the winds, &c. It will also contain a Horticultural and Pomological register ; giv- ing the time of leafing and blossoming of plants, ind the time of ripening of the various kinds of fruit, for the benefit of those who reside in different latitude :. as well as to compare differ- ent seasons in the same latitude. EP A Price Current and Bank Note Table, carefully corrected each week will be giveD. The paper will be printed every Saturday, in quarto form, on fine paper and fair type, mak- ing 416 pages a year, besides a Title Page and Index, at $2,50 per annum, payable in six months, or $2,00, if paid at the lime of subscri- bing. TUCKER & STEVENS. Rochester, Jan 1831. Editors who will give the above two or three insertions will confer a favor wln>h will be reciprocated ihe first opportunity. DOMESTIC WlNrt. A Mr.Linck, near Nashville, Tenn. has for a few years past, directed his attention to the cultivation of the grape, and with great suc- cess; and during the past year has manufactu- red several kinds of light wines, agreeable in taste, and much resembling the European Port and Cape wines. We are pleased to hoar of instances of enterprize of this kind. The fact has long been settled, that the grapo call be cultivated among us to advantage ; and as mankind are a sympathetic race of beings, the faster the really enterprising go into this mat- ter, the sooner its cultivation will become gen- eral. EX-PRESIDENT MONROE. A large meeting has been held in New York on behalf of Mr. Monroe's claims on the U. S. government. A good deal of interest and feeling was evinced at the meeting in favor of the aged applicant. A memorial to congress was adopted, and resolutions passed requesting the members of congress from that city to use (heir endeavors in effecting the passage of a law recognizing his claims. HUDSON AND MOHAWK HAIL ROAD. We learn from the Albany Argus that Ibis work is in a state of rapid progression. More tbao two thirds of the excavation and em- bankment is finished ; and the whole will be completed by the first of April. The stone blocks are nearly all delivered, and will be laid by first of April. The timber is all con, traded for, and together wilh Ihe iron rails will be delivered by the first of May. The Company will have a locomotive engine in operation by the 15th of July between Lydius slreet, Albany, and the brow of the hill Sche- neciady. LEAD. Tire following statement exhibits the im- mense falling off in the manufacture of Ibis article which is constantly taking place. The quantity made at the U. S. mines including ttie year ending 30th Sept. last is '8,332,05R pounds, while during the previous year it did not fall short of 14,341,310 pounds. ARKANSAS The population of this teiritory has increas- ed more than 100 percent, since 1820, it uow amounting to29,000- MISSISSIPPI. This state contaios36,517 males, and 31,- 343 females— total '67,865. This would give that state but one representative in Congress for the next ten years. SMALL POX. This dreadful disease prevails in tbe islands of Dominica, Antigua and Guadaloup. It is lepiesenled as unusually fatal. UMBRELLA MAKING. There is an establishment in Philadelphia where rising of four hundred umbrellas and parasols are manufactured daily. METEOROLOGICAL TABLE, for the I--' week in Jan, 1831. Tber Barorael'r Wi nds a Si . a S 3 a > a o S 9 > 1 28 30 29,25 29.55 Ol » 2 •28 3D 211,65 29,70 n w nw 3 28 38 29,60 29,50 s e s 4 98 42 29,20 29,25 3 s ?c fi 33 25 29,50 29,58 » nto i 6 28i24|29,65 20,65 »» » 7 30 24 29,73 29,75 w nw Weather Observalrs c ■J Hi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I-JOin.raiu fair do 3-lOinrain raiu fair do XTThc Barometrical and Thermometrieal observa- tions are registered at 10 o'clock A M.and- P. M., which by a long series of experiments mode for ihe purpost - sheiD that time to give the nearest mean average cftht r dative heat of a day than any otftcr timx- 16 THE GENESEE FARMER. Jan. 15, 1831. A NEW YEAR'S WISH. When winter shall sternly appear, And nature in gloor be array'd ; When the mariner shudders through fear, Lest his bark should by winds be betray'd ; Then, in safety, well sheltered from snow, May you all, putting sorrow aside, In domestic tranquility know All the joys of a social fireside. When Spring in young beauty shall smile, And charm following charm shall unfold, In rapture beholding the while, May your portion be pleasures untold. May each songster tliat chirps on the spray, May each floweret that blows in the field, For you be more cheerful and gay, For you its choice fragrances yield. When Summer shall sultry advance, And flocks from their sports shall retire ; May friendship your pleasures enhance, And sages your virtues admire. Mav the grape-vine firm arbors of ease, While the eglantine skirts them around : And then may the fresh balmy breeze Waft perfumes from each neighbouring ground. When Autnmn his treasures shall bring, When each fruit tree shall bend with its load; May your hearts ever gratefully sing, The Hand that such blessings bestowed. Thus sweetly shall time roll away, Not shall you once wish it in haste; And the Year that commences to day, Shall be happier far than the past. Then, when Winter and Springs shall decay, When Summers and Autumns are o'er, j And Phrebus, the Prince of the day, Shall wake the glad seasons no more ; To you, each forgetting his mirth, May beauty immortal be given, May you change the faint joys of this earth, For transports uncloying in heaven. SUNFLOWER OIL. We recur to this subject again, for tlft pur pose of answering the numerous enquiries of our correspondents, relative to the culture ol the Sunflower, the quantity and quality of the oil expressed, its uses and value. The culti- vation ol the sunflower differs in no respect from that of corn and the soil adapted to the' latter is proper for the former. The sunflow- er thrives in all our various climates. Uudei proper cultivation, and with a medium soil, it yields from 60 to ?0 bushels to the acre. — The mach nery ler crushing and expressing, j will cost about $300. One bushel of the seed i will yield three quarts of cold and one of hot pressed oil. The uses to which this oil is adapted are various. It is equal to olive oil for table use, and superior in many important respets to sperm, for lamps, while for paints and machine- ry, it i* well adapted to supersede the oils now used in them. For burning in lamps, the sun- flower possesses one advantage, which has been an object of deep solicitude ever since sperm oil came into use — it has no perceptible ' smell; hence sick persons and others, to whom the smell of sperm oil is so offensive, can use the sunflower oil with perfect freedom. Its advantages in this respect have been fully tes- ted in Philadelphia, where it is recommended by some eminent physicians, and in constant use by their patents. It has another important advantage over sperm oil — it affords about one third more light, that is, sunflower will last one third longer than sperm, both while burn- ing, affording the same quantity of light. As to a market for the seed and the price, at pre- sent there is none of either. At present, Mr. Barniu, the intelligent inventor of the new process of crushing '11111 expressing the seed, reccommends the producer to crush the seed, and express his own oil. There is no doubt but oil uiillt will soon bo established, at which .'lie seed may bo sold, for this oil is too impor- tant an addition to our resources to be lost. — Charles A. Barnitz, of York, Pa. will give any information that may be required — American Farmer. Under the new CENSUS, the cities and towns in the United States, containing a pop- ulation exceeding five thousand, will range in the following order: New York (estimated) 213,000 City of Philadelphia 80,477 Incorp'd N. Liberties 28,923 Kensington 13,320 Spring Garden 11,141 Southwark 20,723 Moyamensing 6,822- -161,412 Baltimore 80,519 Boston and Charlestown 70,164 New Orleans Charleston 30,289 Cincinnati and Liberties 26,513 Albany 24.216 Washington 18,823 Providence 16832 Pittsburg 12,540 Allegheny <^ Bayardstown 4,825- - 17,365 Ricbmond 16,085 Salem 13,826 Portland 12,521 Brooklyn Troy, N. Y. 12,403 11,406 Newark, N. J. 10,900 Rochester 10,885 New Haven 10,653 Louisville 10,126 Norfolk 9,80o Hartford 9,617 Georgetown 8,441 Ulica 8,324 Petersburg 8,300 Alexandria 8,221 Newport 8,010 Lancaster, Penu. 7,684 New Bedford, Ma*:-. 7,547 Sayannah 7,173 Springfield, Mass. 0,896 Middletown, Conn 6,870 Augusta, Geo. G;696 Wilmington, Del. 6,026 L.owel), Mass. 6,477 Nowburyport 0,375 Buffalo, N. Y. 0,353 Lynn, Mass 0,130 Lexington, Ky. 0,087 Cambridge, Mass. 6,071 Taunton, Mass. 5,898 Reading 5.021 Nashyille 5,500 Wheeling ."..'.'ll YoratowD, Va. 5,2i 6 Roxbury, Mass. 5,100 Marblehcad, Mass. 5.13:: AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND. A illelan chol)' proof of the distressed state of agricul- ture in Buckinghamshire, is furnished by the fact that the entire parish ot Wot Con Under- wood (with the exception of a small faim be- longing to another individual) conpnsiug a* bout 2300 acres of land, the properly of the Duke of Buckiuham, is advertised to be let, the tenants either havug left or given notice to quit. ^^__^ A disappointed author, indulging in a veui of abuse against a successful rival, exclaimed, " lie is without exception, the most superfi- cial, self-sufficient, ignorant, shallow creature that ever made any pretensions lo literature " 11 Gently, my dear sir," interrupted a gentle tnao present, "you quite forgot yourself" A short time since a man was heard lamenting the death of his two sons — 'two stout, hearty byees,'' said he, "and- die*] jist afore baying time— it eeneymost ondid me.'* BANK NOTE TABLE. Corrected Weekly for the Rochester Daily Advertiser, BY C W. DUNDAS. NEW-YORK All backs in this state, par, except the following BrokenBanks. Washing too & Wa>reo, Barker's I.x change, Franklin Bank, M iri- dic Dist-, Columbia, Greene County, Marble Manuf. Co. Plattsburgh, and Niagara. MASSACHUSETTS. Al banks in this state, par, except the following Broken Banks. Farmers' b'nk of Belchertown, Sutton Berkshire, Essex and Brigh- ton banks. VERMONT. All banks in this state, par UHOD1MSLAND All banks in this state, par, except the following Broken Banks farmers' Exchange, and Farmers' tfc Mechanics' banks. CONNECTICUT. All banks in this state, par, except the fellowing Broken Banks. Eagle, Eagle pay'ble at Union bank New-York, Derby, and Der- by payable at Fulton bank New-York. NEW-HAMPSHIRE. All banks in this state, par. MAINE samaqnoddy banks. NEW-JERSEY. State b'nh. & Trenton Bank ing Company, par All other banks, 2 per cent, except tbe following Broken Banks. Salem & Phil. Manuf. Co., Monmouth, Hoboken and Grazing Co., N.Jersey Manuf & Banking Co. at Hoboken, State Bank at Trenton, Protection and Lombard, and Jersey City. PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia Banks, par, AH other banks, 2per cent. except the following Broken Bunkz. Fanners-' ^Mechanics' atN.Sa.,Cou tre, Huctingtpn, Meadville, Marietta, Juniata, Greeucas- tle, Bedford, Beaver, Wash mgton, Uniontown, Agricul- tural,Si). Lake, Westmore- land at Greenburgh, New- Hope Bridge Co new emis- sion, and 3rownville banks OHIO. All banks, 4 to 6 per cent MICHIGAN. All banks, 2 per cati except the following Broken Banks. Monroe, and Detroit. CANADA. All banks in this state, par.*1 Ml banks, 2 to 3 per ccjit . except tbe following except the Broken Banks. Castine,1 Upper (.'una. at Kiogston- Wtscasset, Uallowell & Au-|and Unchartered banks, gusta, Kennebec, and Pas-| IT The above table when speaking of foreign Bills, re - fers to those of $5, and over, as none of a less denomin- ation are receivable. ROCHESTER PRICES CURRENT. Jan. 15,1831. Ashes, per 2210 lbs Pot $9Io92 50 Pearl 100al02 50 Apples per bushel 25a44 Ho dried 75 Bristles, comb'd per lb 2\)a3l Beeswax do 18a20 Butter do Beef— Mess per bbl Do prime do Po fresh per lb Barley per bushel Beans do Candles, mould per lb 9 ctB Mink I2a31 Raccoon 18o31 Martin 25aG2 Fisher 37o50 Wild Cat 16o25 Gray Fox lSo25 GrassSeed per bush 62 Hops per lb tSalS $6aS Honey do Q9 5a7|Lard do 06o07 0£